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vl={bundleType:ul.bundleType,version:ul.version,rendererPackageName:ul.rendererPackageName,rendererConfig:ul.rendererConfig,overrideHookState:null,overrideHookStateDeletePath:null,overrideHookStateRenamePath:null,overrideProps:null,overridePropsDeletePath:null,overridePropsRenamePath:null,setErrorHandler:null,setSuspenseHandler:null,scheduleUpdate:null,currentDispatcherRef:ua.ReactCurrentDispatcher,findHostInstanceByFiber:function(a){a=Zb(a);return null===a?null:a.stateNode},findFiberByHostInstance:ul.findFiberByHostInstance||\nkl,findHostInstancesForRefresh:null,scheduleRefresh:null,scheduleRoot:null,setRefreshHandler:null,getCurrentFiber:null,reconcilerVersion:\"18.2.0-next-9e3b772b8-20220608\"};if(\"undefined\"!==typeof __REACT_DEVTOOLS_GLOBAL_HOOK__){var wl=__REACT_DEVTOOLS_GLOBAL_HOOK__;if(!wl.isDisabled&&wl.supportsFiber)try{kc=wl.inject(vl),lc=wl}catch(a){}}exports.__SECRET_INTERNALS_DO_NOT_USE_OR_YOU_WILL_BE_FIRED=tl;\nexports.createPortal=function(a,b){var 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React DevTools relies on it. Also make sure\n    // this message doesn't occur elsewhere in this function, or it will cause\n    // a false positive.\n    throw new Error('^_^');\n  }\n  try {\n    // Verify that the code above has been dead code eliminated (DCE'd).\n    __REACT_DEVTOOLS_GLOBAL_HOOK__.checkDCE(checkDCE);\n  } catch (err) {\n    // DevTools shouldn't crash React, no matter what.\n    // We should still report in case we break this code.\n    console.error(err);\n  }\n}\n\nif (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production') {\n  // DCE check should happen before ReactDOM bundle executes so that\n  // DevTools can report bad minification during injection.\n  checkDCE();\n  module.exports = require('./cjs/react-dom.production.min.js');\n} else {\n  module.exports = require('./cjs/react-dom.development.js');\n}\n","/**\n * @license React\n * react-jsx-runtime.production.min.js\n *\n * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.\n *\n * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the\n * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.\n */\n'use strict';var f=require(\"react\"),k=Symbol.for(\"react.element\"),l=Symbol.for(\"react.fragment\"),m=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,n=f.__SECRET_INTERNALS_DO_NOT_USE_OR_YOU_WILL_BE_FIRED.ReactCurrentOwner,p={key:!0,ref:!0,__self:!0,__source:!0};\nfunction q(c,a,g){var b,d={},e=null,h=null;void 0!==g&&(e=\"\"+g);void 0!==a.key&&(e=\"\"+a.key);void 0!==a.ref&&(h=a.ref);for(b in a)m.call(a,b)&&!p.hasOwnProperty(b)&&(d[b]=a[b]);if(c&&c.defaultProps)for(b in a=c.defaultProps,a)void 0===d[b]&&(d[b]=a[b]);return{$$typeof:k,type:c,key:e,ref:h,props:d,_owner:n.current}}exports.Fragment=l;exports.jsx=q;exports.jsxs=q;\n","/**\n * @license React\n * react.production.min.js\n *\n * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.\n *\n * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the\n * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.\n */\n'use strict';var l=Symbol.for(\"react.element\"),n=Symbol.for(\"react.portal\"),p=Symbol.for(\"react.fragment\"),q=Symbol.for(\"react.strict_mode\"),r=Symbol.for(\"react.profiler\"),t=Symbol.for(\"react.provider\"),u=Symbol.for(\"react.context\"),v=Symbol.for(\"react.forward_ref\"),w=Symbol.for(\"react.suspense\"),x=Symbol.for(\"react.memo\"),y=Symbol.for(\"react.lazy\"),z=Symbol.iterator;function A(a){if(null===a||\"object\"!==typeof a)return null;a=z&&a[z]||a[\"@@iterator\"];return\"function\"===typeof a?a:null}\nvar B={isMounted:function(){return!1},enqueueForceUpdate:function(){},enqueueReplaceState:function(){},enqueueSetState:function(){}},C=Object.assign,D={};function E(a,b,e){this.props=a;this.context=b;this.refs=D;this.updater=e||B}E.prototype.isReactComponent={};\nE.prototype.setState=function(a,b){if(\"object\"!==typeof a&&\"function\"!==typeof a&&null!=a)throw Error(\"setState(...): takes an object of state variables to update or a function which returns an object of state 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null : typeof Symbol !== \"undefined\" && arr[Symbol.iterator] || arr[\"@@iterator\"];\n\n  if (_i == null) return;\n  var _arr = [];\n  var _n = true;\n  var _d = false;\n\n  var _s, _e;\n\n  try {\n    for (_i = _i.call(arr); !(_n = (_s = _i.next()).done); _n = true) {\n      _arr.push(_s.value);\n\n      if (i && _arr.length === i) break;\n    }\n  } catch (err) {\n    _d = true;\n    _e = err;\n  } finally {\n    try {\n      if (!_n && _i[\"return\"] != null) _i[\"return\"]();\n    } finally {\n      if (_d) throw _e;\n    }\n  }\n\n  return _arr;\n}","export default function _nonIterableRest() {\n  throw new TypeError(\"Invalid attempt to destructure non-iterable instance.\\nIn order to be iterable, non-array objects must have a [Symbol.iterator]() method.\");\n}","export default function _defineProperty(obj, key, value) {\n  if (key in obj) {\n    Object.defineProperty(obj, key, {\n      value: value,\n      enumerable: true,\n      configurable: true,\n      writable: true\n    });\n  } else {\n    obj[key] = value;\n  }\n\n  return obj;\n}","import defineProperty from \"./defineProperty.js\";\n\nfunction ownKeys(object, enumerableOnly) {\n  var keys = Object.keys(object);\n\n  if (Object.getOwnPropertySymbols) {\n    var symbols = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(object);\n    enumerableOnly && (symbols = symbols.filter(function (sym) {\n      return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object, sym).enumerable;\n    })), keys.push.apply(keys, symbols);\n  }\n\n  return keys;\n}\n\nexport default function _objectSpread2(target) {\n  for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) {\n    var source = null != arguments[i] ? arguments[i] : {};\n    i % 2 ? ownKeys(Object(source), !0).forEach(function (key) {\n      defineProperty(target, key, source[key]);\n    }) : Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors ? Object.defineProperties(target, Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(source)) : ownKeys(Object(source)).forEach(function (key) {\n      Object.defineProperty(target, key, Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(source, key));\n    });\n  }\n\n  return target;\n}","import arrayWithoutHoles from \"./arrayWithoutHoles.js\";\nimport iterableToArray from \"./iterableToArray.js\";\nimport unsupportedIterableToArray from \"./unsupportedIterableToArray.js\";\nimport nonIterableSpread from \"./nonIterableSpread.js\";\nexport default function _toConsumableArray(arr) {\n  return arrayWithoutHoles(arr) || iterableToArray(arr) || unsupportedIterableToArray(arr) || nonIterableSpread();\n}","import arrayLikeToArray from \"./arrayLikeToArray.js\";\nexport default function _arrayWithoutHoles(arr) {\n  if (Array.isArray(arr)) return arrayLikeToArray(arr);\n}","export default function _iterableToArray(iter) {\n  if (typeof Symbol !== \"undefined\" && iter[Symbol.iterator] != null || iter[\"@@iterator\"] != null) return Array.from(iter);\n}","export default function _nonIterableSpread() {\n  throw new TypeError(\"Invalid attempt to spread non-iterable instance.\\nIn order to be iterable, non-array objects must have a [Symbol.iterator]() method.\");\n}","// extracted by mini-css-extract-plugin\nexport default {\"OracleContainer\":\"Oracle_OracleContainer__wYYeO\",\"OracleText\":\"Oracle_OracleText__3OkWY\",\"InterventionPointCount\":\"Oracle_InterventionPointCount__-YKNc\",\"StrikeCounter\":\"Oracle_StrikeCounter__6kCL1\",\"OracleLog\":\"Oracle_OracleLog__mXPA3\",\"OracleControls\":\"Oracle_OracleControls__Pi-9G\",\"Question\":\"Oracle_Question__A3CSc\",\"Answer\":\"Oracle_Answer__HeP8q\",\"EndOfLog\":\"Oracle_EndOfLog__2NZX5\"};","// extracted by mini-css-extract-plugin\nexport default {\"FadeIn\":\"Fader_FadeIn__wHPhm\",\"fadeIn\":\"Fader_fadeIn__0zUvU\",\"FadeOut\":\"Fader_FadeOut__FD0wk\",\"fadeOut\":\"Fader_fadeOut__gW7+j\"};","import React, { useEffect, useState } from 'react';\r\nimport classes from './Oracle.module.css';\r\nimport faders from '../Fader.module.css';\r\n\r\nconst OracleDisplay = (props) => {\r\n    const [textClasses, setTextClasses] = useState([ classes.OracleText, faders.FadeIn ]);\r\n    const [oracle, setOracle] = useState('');\r\n\r\n    useEffect(() => {\r\n        setTextClasses([ classes.OracleText, faders.FadeOut ]);\r\n        setTimeout(() => {\r\n            setTextClasses([ classes.OracleText, faders.FadeIn ]);\r\n            setOracle(props.oracle);\r\n        }, 250);\r\n    }, [props.oracle]);\r\n\r\n    let strikeCount = '';\r\n    for(let i = 0; i < props.strikes; ++i) {\r\n        strikeCount += '* ';\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    let interventionCount = '';\r\n    for(let i = 0; i < props.interventionPoints; ++i) {\r\n        interventionCount += '! ';\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return (\r\n        <div title=\"Oracle\" className={classes.OracleContainer}>\r\n            <span className={textClasses.join(' ')}>{oracle}</span>\r\n            <span className={classes.StrikeCounter}>{strikeCount}</span>\r\n            <span className={classes.InterventionPointCount}>{interventionCount}</span>\r\n        </div>\r\n    )\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport default OracleDisplay;","export default function _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) {\n  if (source == null) return {};\n  var target = {};\n  var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source);\n  var key, i;\n\n  for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) {\n    key = sourceKeys[i];\n    if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue;\n    target[key] = source[key];\n  }\n\n  return target;\n}","import objectWithoutPropertiesLoose from \"./objectWithoutPropertiesLoose.js\";\nexport default function _objectWithoutProperties(source, excluded) {\n  if (source == null) return {};\n  var target = objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded);\n  var key, i;\n\n  if (Object.getOwnPropertySymbols) {\n    var sourceSymbolKeys = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(source);\n\n    for (i = 0; i < sourceSymbolKeys.length; i++) {\n      key = sourceSymbolKeys[i];\n      if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue;\n      if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(source, key)) continue;\n      target[key] = source[key];\n    }\n  }\n\n  return target;\n}","const _excluded = [\"as\", \"disabled\"];\n\nfunction _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = {}; var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source); var key, i; for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } return target; }\n\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nexport function isTrivialHref(href) {\n  return !href || href.trim() === '#';\n}\nexport function useButtonProps({\n  tagName,\n  disabled,\n  href,\n  target,\n  rel,\n  role,\n  onClick,\n  tabIndex = 0,\n  type\n}) {\n  if (!tagName) {\n    if (href != null || target != null || rel != null) {\n      tagName = 'a';\n    } else {\n      tagName = 'button';\n    }\n  }\n\n  const meta = {\n    tagName\n  };\n\n  if (tagName === 'button') {\n    return [{\n      type: type || 'button',\n      disabled\n    }, meta];\n  }\n\n  const handleClick = event => {\n    if (disabled || tagName === 'a' && isTrivialHref(href)) {\n      event.preventDefault();\n    }\n\n    if (disabled) {\n      event.stopPropagation();\n      return;\n    }\n\n    onClick == null ? void 0 : onClick(event);\n  };\n\n  const handleKeyDown = event => {\n    if (event.key === ' ') {\n      event.preventDefault();\n      handleClick(event);\n    }\n  };\n\n  if (tagName === 'a') {\n    // Ensure there's a href so Enter can trigger anchor button.\n    href || (href = '#');\n\n    if (disabled) {\n      href = undefined;\n    }\n  }\n\n  return [{\n    role: role != null ? role : 'button',\n    // explicitly undefined so that it overrides the props disabled in a spread\n    // e.g. <Tag {...props} {...hookProps} />\n    disabled: undefined,\n    tabIndex: disabled ? undefined : tabIndex,\n    href,\n    target: tagName === 'a' ? target : undefined,\n    'aria-disabled': !disabled ? undefined : disabled,\n    rel: tagName === 'a' ? rel : undefined,\n    onClick: handleClick,\n    onKeyDown: handleKeyDown\n  }, meta];\n}\nconst Button = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef((_ref, ref) => {\n  let {\n    as: asProp,\n    disabled\n  } = _ref,\n      props = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(_ref, _excluded);\n\n  const [buttonProps, {\n    tagName: Component\n  }] = useButtonProps(Object.assign({\n    tagName: asProp,\n    disabled\n  }, props));\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Component, Object.assign({}, props, buttonProps, {\n    ref: ref\n  }));\n});\nButton.displayName = 'Button';\nexport default Button;","import * as React from 'react';\nimport { useContext, useMemo } from 'react';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nexport const DEFAULT_BREAKPOINTS = ['xxl', 'xl', 'lg', 'md', 'sm', 'xs'];\nexport const DEFAULT_MIN_BREAKPOINT = 'xs';\nconst ThemeContext = /*#__PURE__*/React.createContext({\n  prefixes: {},\n  breakpoints: DEFAULT_BREAKPOINTS,\n  minBreakpoint: DEFAULT_MIN_BREAKPOINT\n});\nconst {\n  Consumer,\n  Provider\n} = ThemeContext;\n\nfunction ThemeProvider({\n  prefixes = {},\n  breakpoints = DEFAULT_BREAKPOINTS,\n  minBreakpoint = DEFAULT_MIN_BREAKPOINT,\n  dir,\n  children\n}) {\n  const contextValue = useMemo(() => ({\n    prefixes: { ...prefixes\n    },\n    breakpoints,\n    minBreakpoint,\n    dir\n  }), [prefixes, breakpoints, minBreakpoint, dir]);\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Provider, {\n    value: contextValue,\n    children: children\n  });\n}\n\nexport function useBootstrapPrefix(prefix, defaultPrefix) {\n  const {\n    prefixes\n  } = useContext(ThemeContext);\n  return prefix || prefixes[defaultPrefix] || defaultPrefix;\n}\nexport function useBootstrapBreakpoints() {\n  const {\n    breakpoints\n  } = useContext(ThemeContext);\n  return breakpoints;\n}\nexport function useBootstrapMinBreakpoint() {\n  const {\n    minBreakpoint\n  } = useContext(ThemeContext);\n  return minBreakpoint;\n}\nexport function useIsRTL() {\n  const {\n    dir\n  } = useContext(ThemeContext);\n  return dir === 'rtl';\n}\n\nfunction createBootstrapComponent(Component, opts) {\n  if (typeof opts === 'string') opts = {\n    prefix: opts\n  };\n  const isClassy = Component.prototype && Component.prototype.isReactComponent; // If it's a functional component make sure we don't break it with a ref\n\n  const {\n    prefix,\n    forwardRefAs = isClassy ? 'ref' : 'innerRef'\n  } = opts;\n  const Wrapped = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({ ...props\n  }, ref) => {\n    props[forwardRefAs] = ref;\n    const bsPrefix = useBootstrapPrefix(props.bsPrefix, prefix);\n    return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Component, { ...props,\n      bsPrefix: bsPrefix\n    });\n  });\n  Wrapped.displayName = `Bootstrap(${Component.displayName || Component.name})`;\n  return Wrapped;\n}\n\nexport { createBootstrapComponent, Consumer as ThemeConsumer };\nexport default ThemeProvider;","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { useButtonProps } from '@restart/ui/Button';\nimport { useBootstrapPrefix } from './ThemeProvider';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst defaultProps = {\n  variant: 'primary',\n  active: false,\n  disabled: false\n};\nconst Button = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  as,\n  bsPrefix,\n  variant,\n  size,\n  active,\n  className,\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  const prefix = useBootstrapPrefix(bsPrefix, 'btn');\n  const [buttonProps, {\n    tagName\n  }] = useButtonProps({\n    tagName: as,\n    ...props\n  });\n  const Component = tagName;\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Component, { ...buttonProps,\n    ...props,\n    ref: ref,\n    className: classNames(className, prefix, active && 'active', variant && `${prefix}-${variant}`, size && `${prefix}-${size}`, props.href && props.disabled && 'disabled')\n  });\n});\nButton.displayName = 'Button';\nButton.defaultProps = defaultProps;\nexport default Button;","import React, { useEffect, useState } from 'react';\r\nimport { Button } from 'react-bootstrap';\r\n\r\nconst DownloadLog = (props) => {\r\n    const [data, setData] = useState('');\r\n    const log = props.story;\r\n\r\n    useEffect(() => {\r\n        if(log.length > 0) {\r\n            setData(log.map((item) => `${item.type === 'q' ? '👥' : '💻'} ${item.text}`).join('\\r\\n'));\r\n        }\r\n        else {\r\n            setData('');\r\n        }\r\n    }, [log]);\r\n\r\n    const downloadFile = () => {\r\n        const element = document.createElement('a');\r\n        console.info(`data: ${data}`);\r\n        const file = new Blob([`MUNE Session Ending ${new Date().toLocaleString('en-US')}\\r\\n${data}`], {type: 'text/plain'});\r\n        element.href = URL.createObjectURL(file);\r\n        element.download = \"MUNE_log.txt\";\r\n        document.body.appendChild(element);\r\n        element.click();\r\n    }\r\n    \r\n    return <Button variant=\"danger\" onClick={downloadFile}>Download</Button>\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport default DownloadLog;","const oracleList = [\r\n    { answer: 'No, and ...', strike: 1, interventionPoints: 0 },\r\n    { answer: 'No.', strike: 0, interventionPoints: 0 },\r\n    { answer: 'No, but ...', strike: 1, interventionPoints: 0 },\r\n    { answer: 'Yes, but ...', strike: 1, interventionPoints: 0 },\r\n    { answer: 'Yes.', strike: 0, interventionPoints: 0 },\r\n    { answer: 'Yes, and ...', strike: 1, interventionPoints: 1 }\r\n];\r\n\r\nexport const getOracle = (mode = NORMAL) => {\r\n    if(mode === NORMAL) {\r\n        let n = Math.floor(Math.random() * oracleList.length);\r\n        return oracleList[n];\r\n    }\r\n    if(mode === LIKELY_YES) {\r\n        return likelyYes();\r\n    }\r\n    if(mode === LIKELY_NO) {\r\n        return likelyNo();\r\n    }\r\n    if(mode === YES_OR_NO) {\r\n        return yesOrNo();\r\n    }\r\n};\r\n\r\nexport const likelyYes = () => {\r\n    let m = Math.floor(Math.random() * oracleList.length);\r\n    let n = Math.floor(Math.random() * oracleList.length);\r\n    return oracleList[Math.max(m, n)]\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport const likelyNo = () => {\r\n    let m = Math.floor(Math.random() * oracleList.length);\r\n    let n = Math.floor(Math.random() * oracleList.length);\r\n    return oracleList[Math.min(m, n)]\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport const yesOrNo = () => {\r\n    let n = Math.floor(Math.random() * 2);\r\n    return oracleList[(n + 1) * (n + 1)];\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport const LIKELY_YES = 1;\r\nexport const LIKELY_NO = -1;\r\nexport const NORMAL = 0;\r\nexport const YES_OR_NO = 9;","import React from 'react';\r\nimport { Button } from 'react-bootstrap';\r\nimport DownloadLog from './DownloadLog';\r\nimport * as oracleService from '../../services/oracleService';\r\nimport classes from './Oracle.module.css';\r\n\r\nconst OracleControls = (props) => {\r\n    const checkInput = (event) => {\r\n        if(event.key === 'Enter' && props.question !== '') {\r\n            props.ask(props.question, 0);\r\n            props.setQuestion('');\r\n        }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return(\r\n        <div className={classes.OracleControls}>\r\n            <label htmlFor=\"question\">Question: </label> \r\n            <div className=\"input-group flex-nowrap\">\r\n                <input id=\"question\" className=\"form-control\" type=\"text\" value={props.question} onChange={(e) => { props.setQuestion(e.target.value) }} onKeyDown={checkInput} />\r\n            </div>\r\n            <div className=\"input-group flex-nowrap\">\r\n                <Button variant=\"primary\" disabled={props.question === ''} onClick={() => { props.ask(props.question, oracleService.NORMAL); props.setQuestion(''); }}>Ask</Button>\r\n                <Button variant=\"secondary\" disabled={props.question === ''} onClick={() => { props.ask(props.question, oracleService.YES_OR_NO); props.setQuestion(''); }}>Y/N</Button>\r\n                <Button variant=\"secondary\" disabled={props.question === ''} onClick={() => { props.ask(props.question, oracleService.LIKELY_NO); props.setQuestion(''); }}>Likely</Button>\r\n                <Button variant=\"secondary\" disabled={props.question === ''} onClick={() => { props.ask(props.question, oracleService.LIKELY_YES); props.setQuestion(''); }}>Unlikely</Button>\r\n                <Button variant=\"info\" onClick={props.normal}>Normal?</Button>\r\n                <Button variant=\"success\" disabled={props.question === ''} onClick={() => { props.log(props.question); props.setQuestion(''); }}>Log</Button>\r\n                <DownloadLog {...props} />\r\n            </div>\r\n        </div>\r\n    )\r\n};\r\n\r\nexport default OracleControls;","import React, { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';\r\nimport OracleControls from './OracleControls';\r\n// \r\nimport classes from './Oracle.module.css';\r\n\r\nconst OracleLog = (props) => {\r\n    const [question, setQuestion] = useState('');\r\n    const endOfLog = useRef(null);\r\n    let story = props.story;\r\n\r\n    useEffect(() => {\r\n        if(story.length > 0) {\r\n            endOfLog.current.scrollIntoView({ behavior: \"smooth\" });\r\n        }\r\n    }, [story]);\r\n\r\n    return (\r\n        <div>\r\n            <OracleControls {...props} question={question} setQuestion={setQuestion} />\r\n            <div className={classes.OracleLog}>\r\n                {props.story.map((item, i) => {\r\n                    let icon = item.type === 'q' ? '👥' : '💻';\r\n                    return <div key={i} className={item.type === 'q' ? classes.Question : classes.Answer}>{icon} {item.text}</div> })}\r\n                <div id=\"endOfLog\" className={classes.EndOfLog} ref={endOfLog} />\r\n            </div>\r\n        </div>\r\n    )\r\n};\r\n\r\nexport default OracleLog;","const interventionList = [\r\n    { type: 'New entity', description: 'You encounter a new entity.' },\r\n    { type: 'Entity positive event', description: 'Something positive happens to an existing entity.' },\r\n    { type: 'Entity negative event', description: 'Something negative happens to an existing entity.' },\r\n    { type: 'Advance plot', description: 'The plot advances in a positive direction.' },\r\n    { type: 'Regress plot', description: 'The plot advances in a negative direction.' },\r\n    { type: 'Wild', description: 'Something completely unexpected happens.' },\r\n]\r\n\r\nexport const getIntervention = () => {\r\n    let n = Math.floor(Math.random() * interventionList.length);\r\n    return interventionList[n];\r\n}","const tweneEntryList = [\r\n    'Increase a simple element.',\r\n    'Decrease a simple element.',\r\n    'Add a simple element.',\r\n    'Remove a simple element.',\r\n    'Increase a major element.',\r\n    'Decrease a major element.',\r\n    'Add a major element.',\r\n    'Remove a major element.',\r\n    'There is a wild negative element.',\r\n    'There is a wild positive element.'\r\n];\r\n\r\nexport const getTweneEntry = () => {\r\n    let n = Math.floor(Math.random() * tweneEntryList.length);\r\n    return tweneEntryList[n];\r\n}","import React, { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react';\r\nimport OracleDisplay from './OracleDisplay';\r\nimport OracleLog from './OracleLog';\r\nimport * as oracleService from '../../services/oracleService';\r\nimport * as interventionService from '../../services/interventionService';\r\nimport * as tweneService from '../../services/tweneService';\r\n\r\nconst Oracle = (props) => {\r\n    const [oracle, setOracle] = useState('');\r\n    const [strikes, setStrikes] = useState(0);\r\n    const [interventionPoints, setInterventionPoints] = useState(0);\r\n    const story = props.story;\r\n    const setStory = props.setStory;\r\n\r\n    const addStory = useCallback((question, answer) => {\r\n        let tempStory = [...story];\r\n        if(question) {\r\n            tempStory.push({ text: question, type: 'q' });\r\n        }\r\n        if(answer) {\r\n            tempStory.push({ text: answer, type: 'a' });\r\n        }\r\n        setStory(tempStory);\r\n    }, [story, setStory]);\r\n\r\n    const intervention = useCallback(() => {\r\n        let dmIntervention = interventionService.getIntervention();\r\n        alert(dmIntervention.description);\r\n        // TODO: tie intervention in with the aiService\r\n        addStory(null, dmIntervention.description);\r\n    }, [addStory]);\r\n\r\n    useEffect(() => {\r\n        if(interventionPoints === 3) {\r\n            setInterventionPoints(0);\r\n            intervention();\r\n        }\r\n    }, [intervention, interventionPoints]);\r\n\r\n    const consultOracle = (question, mode) => {\r\n        setTimeout(() => {\r\n            let answer;\r\n            if(strikes > 2) {\r\n                setStrikes(0);\r\n                mode = oracleService.YES_OR_NO;\r\n            }\r\n            answer = oracleService.getOracle(mode);\r\n            if(answer.answer === 'Yes.' || answer.answer === 'No.') {\r\n                setStrikes(0);\r\n            }\r\n            else {\r\n                setStrikes(strikes => strikes + 1);\r\n            }\r\n            setOracle(answer.answer);\r\n            addStory(question, answer.answer);\r\n            setInterventionPoints(interventionPoints => interventionPoints + answer.interventionPoints);\r\n        }, 500);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    const isEverythingNormal = () => {\r\n        setTimeout(() => {\r\n            let answer;\r\n            answer = oracleService.getOracle(oracleService.YES_OR_NO);\r\n            setOracle(answer.answer);\r\n            if(answer.answer === 'No.') {\r\n                addStory('Is everything normal?', `${answer.answer}  ${tweneService.getTweneEntry()}`);\r\n            }\r\n            else {\r\n                addStory('Is everything normal?', answer.answer);\r\n            }\r\n        }, 500);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return (\r\n        <React.Fragment>\r\n            <OracleDisplay oracle={oracle} consultOracle={consultOracle} strikes={strikes} interventionPoints={interventionPoints} />\r\n            <OracleLog ask={consultOracle} {...props} log={(question) => addStory(question, null)} normal={isEverythingNormal} />\r\n        </React.Fragment>\r\n    )\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport default Oracle;","export const nouns = ['entity', 'physical_entity', 'abstraction', 'thing', 'object', 'whole', 'congener', 'living_thing', 'organism', 'benthos', 'dwarf', 'heterotroph', 'parent', 'life', 'biont', 'cell', 'causal_agent', 'person', 'animal', 'plant', 'native', 'natural_object', 'substance', 'substance', 'matter', 'food', 'nutrient', 'artifact', 'article', 'psychological_feature', 'cognition', 'motivation', 'attribute', 'state', 'feeling', 'location', 'shape', 'time', 'space', 'absolute_space', 'phase_space', 'event', 'process', 'act', 'group', 'relation', 'possession', 'social_relation', 'communication', 'measure', 'phenomenon', 'thing', 'kindness', 'abdominoplasty', 'abort', 'accomplishment', 'agon', 'alienation', 'application', 'beachhead', 'cakewalk', 'feat', 'masterpiece', 'masterstroke', 'credit', 'action', 'res_gestae', 'course', 'blind_alley', 'collision_course', 'interaction', 'interplay', 'contact', 'brush', 'eye_contact', 'fetch', 'placement', 'interchange', 'reciprocity', 'cross-fertilization', 'dealings', 'relation', 'playing', 'play', 'boondoggle', 'bowling', 'acquiring', 'causing', 'delivery', 'departure', 'derring-do', 'discovery', 'disposal', 'hit', 'implementation', 'egress', 'equalization', 'exhumation', 'mitzvah', 'propulsion', 'rally', 'recovery', 'running_away', 'stunt', 'touch', 'tour_de_force', 'performance', 'overachievement', 'underachievement', 'record', 'fait_accompli', 'going', 'arrival', 'arrival', 'attainment', 'advent', 'entrance', 'incursion', 'intrusion', 'irruption', 'entree', 'entail', 'registration', 'appearance', 'apparition', 'emergence', 'reappearance', 'comeback', 'return', 'repatriation', 'penetration', 'interpenetration', 'market_penetration', 'anchorage', 'docking', 'landing', 'landing', 'forced_landing', 'breaking_away', 'farewell', 'French_leave', 'valediction', 'disappearance', 'vanishing', 'withdrawal', 'effacement', 'retreat', 'retirement', 'evacuation', 'medical_evacuation', 'decampment', 'desertion', 'abscondment', 'absence_without_leave', 'deviationism', 'emigration', 'immigration', 'aliyah', 'pullback', 'retreat', 'standdown', 'disengagement', 'receding', 'sailing', 'amphibious_landing', 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'intravenous_injection', 'fix', 'subcutaneous_injection', 'infusion', 'exchange_transfusion', 'transfusion', 'transfusion', 'perfusion', 'rise', 'levitation', 'heave', 'funambulism', 'climb', 'scaling', 'clamber', 'escalade', 'mountain_climbing', 'Alpinism', 'rock_climbing', 'soar', 'descent', 'dive', 'rappel', 'swoop', 'power_dive', 'crash_dive', 'drop', 'flop', 'lowering', 'swing', 'return', 'reentry', 'remand', 'slide', 'slippage', 'skid', 'flow', 'snowboarding', 'spill', 'flood', 'effusion', 'crawl', 'speed', 'acceleration', 'deceleration', 'scud', 'translation', 'transplant', 'troop_movement', 'shift', 'motion', 'abduction', 'adduction', 'agitation', 'body_English', 'circumduction', 'disturbance', 'fetal_movement', 'flit', 'gesture', 'headshake', 'jab', 'mudra', 'inclination', 'inversion', 'inversion', 'jerk', 'bob', 'nod', 'nutation', 'stoop', 'kick', 'kneel', 'lurch', 'eye_movement', 'nystagmus', 'physiological_nystagmus', 'rotational_nystagmus', 'saccade', 'post-rotational_nystagmus', 'opening', 'rearrangement', 'juggle', 'musical_chairs', 'reordering', 'permutation', 'transposition', 'transposition', 'passing', 'shuffle', 'reshuffle', 'riffle', 'twiddle', 'prostration', 'reach', 'reciprocation', 'reclining', 'retraction', 'retroflection', 'rotation', 'circumvolution', 'feather', 'gyration', 'pivot', 'pronation', 'spin', 'spiral', 'pirouette', 'birling', 'shutting', 'sitting', 'sitting', 'snap', 'squat', 'sweep', 'supination', 'twist', 'wind', 'toss', 'vibration', 'wave', 'change_of_direction', 'turn', 'reversion', 'about-face', 'u-turn', 'shaking', 'joggle', 'stirring', 'wag', 'worrying', 'rock', 'upset', 'waver', 'tremor', 'outreach', 'standing', 'straddle', 'stroke', 'keystroke', 'wiggle', 'change_of_course', 'turn', 'diversion', 'red_herring', 'right', 'left', 'tack', 'change_of_magnitude', 'decrease', 'cut', 'budget_cut', 'pay_cut', 'cost_cutting', 'price_cutting', 'spending_cut', 'tax_cut', 'moderation', 'lowering', 'tapering', 'cutback', 'service_cutback', 'devaluation', 'devitalization', 'evisceration', 'extenuation', 'spasmolysis', 'easing', 'de-escalation', 'detente', 'palliation', 'liberalization', 'minimization', 'depletion', 'consumption', 'burnup', 'exhaustion', 'compression', 'squeeze', 'pinch', 'decompression', 'condensing', 'thickening', 'crush', 'grind', 'expression', 'extrusion', 'shortening', 'abbreviation', 'cut', 'severance', 'clip', 'haircut', 'trim', 'pruning', 'shearing', 'sheepshearing', 'shrinking', 'miniaturization', 'subtraction', 'bite', 'withholding', 'abatement', 'abatement_of_a_nuisance', 'asbestos_abatement', 'attrition', 'deflation', 'discount', 'rollback', 'weakening', 'wilt', 'dilution', 'etiolation', 'cutting', 'increase', 'addition', 'retrofit', 'advance', 'appreciation', 'depreciation', 'surge', 'fluoridation', 'augmentation', 'amplification', 'contraction', 'expansion', 'dilation', 'vasodilation', 'distention', 'stretching', 'tension', 'escalation', 'maximization', 'inflation', 'magnification', 'exaggeration', 'extension', 'spread', 'circulation', 'recirculation', 'dispersion', 'crop-dusting', 'scatter', 'contracture', 'extension', 'hyperextension', 'contraction', 'tetanus', 'truncation', 'uterine_contraction', 'Braxton-Hicks_contraction', 'vaginismus', 'stretch', 'expansion', 'amplification', 'annotation', 'supplementation', 'accumulation', 'buildup', 'deposit', 'repositing', 'stockpiling', 'inclusion', 'incorporation', 'annexation', 'aggrandizement', 'self-aggrandizement', 'strengthening', 'intensification', 'roughness', 'intensification', 'aggravation', 'concentration', 'pervaporation', 'focalization', 'refocusing', 'change_of_integrity', 'breakage', 'rupture', 'smashing', 'fracture', 'chip', 'explosion', 'detonation', 'percussion', 'fulmination', 'burning', 'arson', 'ignition', 'incineration', 'cremation', 'combination', 'attachment', 'graft', 'confusion', 'babel', 'mix', 'fusion', 'blend', 'confluence', 'homogenization', 'interspersion', 'temperance', 'union', 'coalescence', 'reunion', 'tribalization', 'detribalization', 'umbrella', 'homecoming', 'opening', 'separation', 'break', 'cut-in', 'cut-in', 'avulsion', 'dissociation', 'secession', 'Secession', 'breakaway', 'disunion', 'disconnection', 'division', 'parcellation', 'cleavage', 'bisection', 'quartering', 'schism', 'cut', 'dissection', 'scission', 'slicing', 'undercut', 'cut', 'notch', 'slash', 'atomization', 'branching', 'bifurcation', 'trifurcation', 'divarication', 'fibrillation', 'dichotomization', 'quantization', 'fractionation', 'pairing', 'buddy_system', 'match-up', 'punctuation', 'hyphenation', 'syllabication', 'word_division', 'detachment', 'tear', 'laceration', 'rent', 'removal', 'drawing', 'derivation', 'derivation', 'derivation', 'abscission', 'abstraction', 'extraction', 'threshing', 'ablation', 'autotomy', 'decontamination', 'deletion', 'denudation', 'dermabrasion', 'dislodgment', 'elimination', 'elimination', 'circumcision', 'emptying', 'drain', 'bank_withdrawal', 'bank_run', 'disinvestment', 'rinse', 'bowdlerization', 'expurgation', 'bowdlerization', 'censoring', 'Bowdlerism', 'Comstockery', 'expunction', 'division', 'subdivision', 'septation', 'transformation', 'transformation', 'permutation', 'revision', 'transfiguration', 'transmogrification', 'conversion', 'afforestation', 'reforestation', 'rehabilitation', 'correctional_rehabilitation', 'physical_rehabilitation', 'urban_renewal', 'vocational_rehabilitation', 'reinstatement', 'rejuvenation', 'refreshment', 'metamorphosis', 'transfiguration', 'filling', 'saturation', 'hardening', 'annealing', 'damage', 'impairment', 'defacement', 'wound', 'burn', 'scald', 'updating', 'change_of_shape', 'contortion', 'convolution', 'angulation', 'bending', 'flexion', 'flex', 'crouch', 'dorsiflexion', 'elongation', 'hunch', 'incurvation', 'involution', 'corrugation', 'fold', 'plication', 'indentation', 'protrusion', 'widening', 'narrowing', 'activity', 'domesticity', 'operation', 'operation', 'rescue_operation', 'undercover_operation', 'buy-and-bust_operation', 'practice', 'practice', 'biologism', 'cooperation', 'featherbedding', 'formalism', 'mycophagy', 'one-upmanship', 'pluralism', 'symbolism', 'modernism', 'occult', 'ornamentalism', 'cannibalism', 'anthropophagy', 'careerism', 'custom', 'Americanism', 'Anglicism', 'consuetude', 'couvade', 'Germanism', 'habit', 'hijab', 'ritual', 'second_nature', 'habitude', 'round', 'fashion', 'lobbyism', 'slavery', 'peonage', 'way', 'ambages', 'primrose_path', 'straight_and_narrow', 'Sunnah', 'warpath', 'line_of_least_resistance', 'unwritten_law', 'lynch_law', 'chokehold', 'embrace', 'cuddle', 'hug', 'mistreatment', 'nonconformism', 'annoyance', 'disregard', 'despite', 'exploitation', 'blaxploitation', 'sexploitation', 'harassment', 'maltreatment', 'child_abuse', 'child_neglect', 'persecution', 'repression', 'impalement', 'oppression', 'pogrom', 'rendition', 'torture', 'bastinado', 'boot', 'burning', 'crucifixion', 'genital_torture', 'judicial_torture', 'kia_quen', 'kittee', 'nail_pulling', 'picket', 'prolonged_interrogation', 'rack', 'sensory_deprivation', 'sleep_deprivation', 'strappado', 'cruelty', 'atrocity', 'brutality', 'outrage', 'baiting', 'badgering', 'exasperation', 'red_flag', 'sexual_harassment', 'tease', 'witch-hunt', 'McCarthyism', 'colonialism', 'neocolonialism', 'diversion', 'antic', 'bathing', 'celebration', 'dancing', 'entertainment', 'escapade', 'escape', 'eurythmy', 'fun', 'gambling', 'game', 'jest', 'nightlife', 'pastime', 'play', 'house', 'doctor', 'fireman', 'avocation', 'cup_of_tea', 'confectionery', 'sport', 'contact_sport', 'outdoor_sport', 'gymnastics', 'acrobatics', 'backbend', 'back_circle', 'walkover', 'cartwheel', 'crucifix', 'dip', 'double_leg_circle', 'grand_circle', 'cardiopulmonary_exercise', 'gymnastic_exercise', 'handstand', 'hang', 'bent_hang', 'inverted_hang', 'lever_hang', 'reverse_hang', 'straight_hang', 'piked_reverse_hang', 'kick_up', 'handspring', 'headstand', 'tumble', 'split', 'acrobatic_stunt', 'kip', 'long_fly', 'scissors', 'straddle', 'split', 'reverse_split', 'somersault', 'flip-flop', 'track_and_field', 'track', 'jumping', 'broad_jump', 'high_jump', 'Fosbury_flop', 'skiing', 'cross-country_skiing', 'ski_jumping', 'kick_turn', 'stem_turn', 'telemark', 'water_sport', 'swimming', 'bathe', 'sea_bathing', 'skinny-dip', 'sun_bathing', 'dip', 'dive', 'floating', \"dead-man's_float\", 'belly_flop', 'cliff_diving', 'flip', 'gainer', 'half_gainer', 'jackknife', 'swan_dive', 'skin_diving', 'scuba_diving', 'snorkeling', 'surfing', 'water-skiing', 'rowing', 'crab', 'sculling', 'boxing', 'professional_boxing', 'in-fighting', 'fight', 'rope-a-dope', 'spar', 'archery', 'sledding', 'tobogganing', 'luging', 'bobsledding', 'wrestling', 'flying_mare', 'Greco-Roman_wrestling', 'professional_wrestling', 'sumo', 'skating', 'ice_skating', 'figure_skating', 'rollerblading', 'roller_skating', 'skateboarding', 'speed_skating', 'racing', 'auto_racing', 'boat_racing', 'hydroplane_racing', 'camel_racing', 'greyhound_racing', 'horse_racing', 'thoroughbred_racing', 'riding', 'equestrian_sport', 'pony-trekking', 'showjumping', 'cross-country_riding', 'cycling', 'bicycling', 'motorcycling', 'dune_cycling', 'blood_sport', 'bullfighting', 'cockfighting', 'hunt', 'battue', 'beagling', 'canned_hunt', 'coursing', 'deer_hunting', 'ducking', 'fox_hunting', 'pigsticking', 'farming', 'fishing', 'fishing', 'angling', 'fly-fishing', 'troll', 'casting', 'bait_casting', 'fly_casting', 'overcast', 'surf_casting', 'follow-up', 'game', 'game', 'day_game', 'night_game', 'away_game', 'home_game', 'exhibition_game', 'follow-on', 'innings', 'turn', 'attack', 'opening', 'counterattack', 'down', 'bat', 'catch', 'party_game', 'computer_game', 'virtual_reality', 'pinball', 'pachinko', 'guessing_game', 'charades', 'ducks_and_drakes', 'mind_game', 'paper_chase', 'ring-around-the-rosy', \"prisoner's_base\", 'treasure_hunt', 'nightcap', 'twin_bill', 'playoff_game', 'cup_tie', 'war_game', 'curling', 'bowling', 'frame', 'tenpins', 'ninepins', 'duckpins', 'candlepins', 'lawn_bowling', 'bocce', 'pall-mall', 'athletic_game', 'ice_hockey', 'goalkeeper', 'tetherball', 'water_polo', 'outdoor_game', 'golf', 'professional_golf', 'round_of_golf', 'medal_play', 'match_play', 'miniature_golf', 'croquet', 'paintball', 'quoits', 'shuffleboard', 'field_game', 'field_hockey', 'shinny', 'football', 'American_football', 'professional_football', 'touch_football', 'hurling', 'rugby', 'knock_on', 'ball_game', 'baseball', 'ball', 'professional_baseball', 'hardball', 'perfect_game', 'no-hit_game', 'one-hitter', 'two-hitter', 'three-hitter', 'four-hitter', 'five-hitter', 'softball', 'rounders', 'stickball', 'cricket', 'run-up', 'Chinaman', 'googly', 'no_ball', 'lacrosse', 'polo', 'pushball', 'ultimate_frisbee', 'soccer', 'dribble', 'double_dribble', 'court_game', 'handball', 'racquetball', 'fives', 'squash', 'volleyball', 'jai_alai', 'badminton', 'battledore', 'basketball', 'tip-off', 'professional_basketball', 'deck_tennis', 'netball', 'tennis', 'break', 'equalizer', 'professional_tennis', 'singles', 'singles', 'doubles', 'doubles', 'royal_tennis', 'pallone', \"child's_game\", \"blindman's_bluff\", 'cat_and_mouse', \"cat's_cradle\", 'hide-and-seek', 'hopscotch', 'jacks', 'jackstraws', 'jump_rope', 'double_Dutch', 'leapfrog', 'leapfrog', 'marbles', 'mumblety-peg', 'musical_chairs', 'peekaboo', 'pillow_fight', 'post_office', 'spin_the_bottle', 'spin_the_plate', 'tag', 'tiddlywinks', 'card_game', 'cut', 'all_fours', 'baccarat', 'beggar-my-neighbor', 'blackjack', 'bridge', 'bridge_whist', 'auction', 'contract', 'no-trump', 'casino', 'cribbage', 'crib', 'ecarte', 'euchre', 'fantan', 'faro', 'Go_Fish', 'monte', 'Michigan', 'Napoleon', 'old_maid', 'pinochle', 'piquet', 'pisha_paysha', 'poker', 'rouge_et_noir', 'rummy', 'solitaire', 'canfield', 'klondike', 'whist', 'dummy_whist', 'hearts', 'Russian_bank', 'gin', 'canasta', 'bolivia', 'samba', 'draw', 'high-low', 'penny_ante', 'straight_poker', 'strip_poker', 'stud', 'cinch', 'pitch', 'seven-up', 'royal_casino', 'spade_casino', 'table_game', 'table_tennis', 'dominoes', 'nim', 'billiards', 'break', 'carom', 'masse', 'miscue', 'pool', 'snooker', 'bagatelle', 'parlor_game', 'word_game', 'anagrams', 'Scrabble', 'board_game', 'backgammon', 'checkers', 'chess', 'Chinese_checkers', 'darts', 'go', 'halma', 'lotto', 'tombola', 'ludo', 'Mah-Jongg', 'Monopoly', 'pachisi', 'Parcheesi', 'shogi', 'shovel_board', 'snakes_and_ladders', 'ticktacktoe', 'sporting_life', 'bet', 'daily_double', 'exacta', 'parimutuel', 'parlay', 'place_bet', 'superfecta', 'game_of_chance', 'fantan', 'lottery', 'lucky_dip', 'numbers_pool', 'raffle', 'sweepstakes', 'craps', 'crap_shooting', 'roulette', 'banking_game', 'zero-sum_game', 'merrymaking', 'jinks', 'revel', 'sexcapade', 'spree', 'spending_spree', 'bust', 'piss-up', 'carouse', 'orgy', 'carnival', 'Dionysia', 'play', 'caper', 'capriole', 'flirt', 'folly', 'game', 'meshugaas', 'buffoonery', 'shtik', 'horseplay', 'teasing', 'word_play', 'dirty_trick', 'practical_joke', 'April_fool', 'hotfoot', 'rag', 'snipe_hunt', 'drollery', 'leg-pull', 'pleasantry', 'beguilement', 'edutainment', 'extravaganza', 'militainment', 'nightlife', 'celebration', 'Isthmian_Games', 'Nemean_Games', 'Olympian_Games', 'Pythian_Games', 'Royal_National_Eisteddfod', 'eisteddfod', 'film_festival', 'feria', 'festival', 'jazz_festival', 'Kwanzaa', 'Oktoberfest', 'Saturnalia', 'sheepshearing', 'gala', 'Ludi_Saeculares', 'victory_celebration', 'whoopee', 'carnival', 'dog_show', 'horseshow', 'raree-show', 'circus', 'three-ring_circus', 'Mardi_Gras', 'show', 'cabaret', 'ice_show', 'interlude', 'parade', 'display', 'light_show', 'presentation', 'demonstration', 'exhibition', 'repudiation', 'exposure', 'production', 'rodeo', 'road_show', 'sideshow', 'Wild_West_Show', 'sport', 'adagio', 'break_dancing', 'courante', 'nautch', 'pavane', 'phrase', 'saraband', 'skank', 'slam_dancing', 'step_dancing', 'tap_dancing', 'toe_dancing', 'soft-shoe', 'buck-and-wing', 'stage_dancing', 'ballet', 'pas_seul', 'pas_de_deux', 'pas_de_trois', 'pas_de_quatre', 'classical_ballet', 'modern_ballet', 'comedy_ballet', 'modern_dance', 'clog_dance', 'apache_dance', 'belly_dance', 'bolero', 'cakewalk', 'cancan', 'nude_dancing', 'fan_dance', 'strip', 'bubble_dance', 'interpretive_dance', 'social_dancing', 'jitterbug', 'lindy', 'fandango', 'farandole', 'flamenco', 'gavotte', 'habanera', 'shag', 'shimmy', 'stomp', 'tarantella', 'dance_step', 'chasse', 'glissade', 'turnout', 'twist', 'ballroom_dancing', 'beguine', 'carioca', 'cha-cha', 'one-step', 'turkey_trot', 'fox-trot', 'two-step', 'bunny_hug', 'Charleston', 'conga', 'cotillion', 'minuet', 'paso_doble', 'quickstep', 'rumba', 'samba', 'round_dance', 'tango', 'waltz', 'folk_dancing', 'mazurka', 'polka', 'schottische', 'morris_dance', 'sword_dance', 'mambo', 'highland_fling', 'hornpipe', 'jig', 'country-dance', 'longways', 'Virginia_reel', 'round_dance', 'square_dance', 'reel', 'eightsome', 'quadrille', 'lancers', 'do-si-do', 'promenade', 'sashay', 'swing', 'landler', 'ritual_dancing', 'rumba', 'apache_devil_dance', 'corn_dance', 'danse_macabre', 'ghost_dance', 'hula', 'pyrrhic', 'rain_dance', 'snake_dance', 'sun_dance', 'war_dance', 'music', 'bell_ringing', 'change_ringing', 'instrumental_music', 'intonation', 'percussion', 'drumming', 'vocal_music', 'singing', 'a_cappella_singing', 'bel_canto', 'coloratura', 'song', 'carol', 'lullaby', 'caroling', 'crooning', 'crooning', 'scat', 'whistling', 'beat', 'bow', 'down-bow', 'up-bow', 'officiation', 'acting', 'portrayal', 'impression', 'impersonation', 'apery', 'parody', 'method_acting', 'mime', 'panto', 'business', 'shtik', 'performance', 'program', 'bill', 'skit', 'hamming', 'heroics', 'reenactment', 'roleplaying', 'card_trick', 'prestidigitation', 'liveliness', 'brouhaha', 'circus', 'disorganization', 'disruption', 'dislocation', 'surprise', 'commotion', 'furor', 'havoc', 'melee', 'agitation', 'outburst', 'rampage', 'wilding', 'upset', 'bustle', 'burst', 'fits_and_starts', 'haste', 'dash', 'scamper', 'maneuver', 'takeaway', 'figure', 'figure_eight', 'spread_eagle', 'completion', 'play', 'ball_hawking', 'assist', 'icing', 'power_play', 'football_play', 'run', 'draw', 'end_run', 'return', 'reverse', 'double_reverse', 'rush', 'pass', 'power_play', 'handoff', 'forward_pass', 'flare_pass', 'screen_pass', 'lateral_pass', 'spot_pass', 'tackle', 'jugglery', 'obstruction', 'blocking', 'interference', 'trap_block', 'check', 'crosscheck', 'poke_check', 'razzle-dazzle', 'basketball_play', 'pick', 'switch', 'give-and-go', 'baseball_play', 'double_play', 'triple_play', 'pick-off', 'squeeze_play', 'suicide_squeeze_play', 'safety_squeeze_play', 'footwork', 'stroke', 'cut', 'swipe', 'tennis_stroke', 'return', 'backhand', 'chop', 'drive', 'drop_shot', 'forehand', 'forehand_drive', 'get', 'backhand_drive', 'two-handed_backhand', 'ground_stroke', 'serve', 'ace', 'fault', 'let', 'half_volley', 'lob', 'overhead', 'passing_shot', 'volley', 'stroke', 'swimming_stroke', 'crawl', 'dog_paddle', 'sidestroke', 'butterfly', 'breaststroke', 'backstroke', 'baseball_swing', 'golf_stroke', 'downswing', 'slice', 'hook', 'drive', 'explosion', 'putt', 'clock_golf', 'approach', 'chip', 'pitch', 'sclaff', 'shank', 'teeoff', 'swimming_kick', 'flutter_kick', 'frog_kick', 'dolphin_kick', 'scissors_kick', 'thrash', 'treading_water', 'cinch', 'doddle', 'work', 'action', 'job', 'job', 'operation', 'works', 'service', 'consulting_service', 'advisory_service', 'attestation_service', 'financial_audit', 'facility', 'laundering', 'shining', 'shoeshine', 'national_service', 'utility', 'service', 'socage', 'military_service', \"knight's_service\", 'heavy_lifting', 'housecleaning', 'housecleaning', 'housewifery', 'housework', 'ironing', 'workload', 'case_load', 'piecework', 'busywork', 'logging', 'loose_end', 'nightwork', 'paperwork', 'welfare_work', 'occupation', 'occupation', 'game', 'career', 'specialization', 'specialization', 'spiritualization', 'lifework', 'walk_of_life', 'employment', 'job', 'service', 'telecommuting', 'services', 'facility', 'public_service', 'minister', 'cabinet_minister', 'appointment', 'position', 'academicianship', 'accountantship', 'admiralty', 'ambassadorship', 'apostleship', 'apprenticeship', 'associateship', 'attorneyship', 'bailiffship', 'baronetage', 'bishopry', 'cadetship', 'caliphate', 'captainship', 'cardinalship', 'chairmanship', 'chancellorship', 'chaplaincy', 'chieftaincy', 'clerkship', 'commandership', 'comptrollership', 'consulship', 'controllership', 'councillorship', 'counselorship', 'curacy', 'curatorship', 'custodianship', 'deanship', 'directorship', 'discipleship', 'editorship', 'eldership', 'emirate', 'fatherhood', 'fatherhood', 'foremanship', 'generalship', 'governorship', 'headmastership', 'headmistressship', 'headship', 'headship', 'hot_seat', 'incumbency', 'inspectorship', 'instructorship', 'internship', 'judgeship', 'khanate', 'lectureship', 'legation', 'legislatorship', 'librarianship', 'lieutenancy', 'magistracy', 'managership', 'manhood', 'marshalship', 'mastership', 'mayoralty', 'messiahship', 'moderatorship', 'overlordship', 'pastorship', 'peasanthood', 'plum', 'praetorship', 'precentorship', 'preceptorship', 'prefecture', 'prelacy', 'premiership', 'presidency', 'President_of_the_United_States', 'primateship', 'principalship', 'priorship', 'proconsulship', 'proctorship', 'professorship', 'protectorship', 'public_office', 'bully_pulpit', 'rabbinate', 'receivership', 'rectorship', 'regency', 'residency', 'rulership', 'sainthood', 'secretaryship', 'Attorney_General', 'Secretary_of_Agriculture', 'Secretary_of_Commerce', 'Secretary_of_Defense', 'Secretary_of_Education', 'Secretary_of_Energy', 'Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services', 'Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development', 'Secretary_of_Labor', 'Secretary_of_State', 'Secretary_of_the_Interior', 'Secretary_of_the_Treasury', 'Secretary_of_Transportation', 'Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs', 'Secretary_of_War', 'Secretary_of_the_Navy', 'Secretary_of_Commerce_and_Labor', 'Secretary_of_Health_Education_and_Welfare', 'seigniory', 'seismography', 'senatorship', 'sinecure', 'solicitorship', 'speakership', 'stewardship', 'studentship', 'teachership', 'thaneship', 'throne', 'treasurership', 'tribuneship', 'trusteeship', 'vice-presidency', 'viceroyship', 'viziership', 'wardenship', 'wardership', 'womanhood', 'treadmill', 'business_life', 'trade', 'airplane_mechanics', 'auto_mechanics', 'basketry', 'bookbinding', 'bricklaying', 'cabinetwork', 'carpentry', 'drafting', 'dressmaking', 'electrical_work', 'interior_decoration', 'furnishing', 'lighting', 'lumbering', 'masonry', 'oculism', 'painting', 'papermaking', 'piloting', 'plumbing', 'pottery', 'profession', 'metier', 'learned_profession', 'literature', 'architecture', 'law', 'education', 'journalism', 'newspapering', 'politics', 'medicine', 'preventive_medicine', 'alternative_medicine', 'herbal_medicine', 'complementary_medicine', 'theology', 'writing', 'cryptography', 'handwriting', 'inscription', 'notation', 'superscription', 'stenography', 'subscription', 'encoding', 'compression', 'image_compression', 'MPEG', 'decompression', 'data_encryption', 'recoding', 'decoding', 'triangulation', 'cabinetmaking', 'pyrotechnics', 'shoemaking', 'roofing', 'sheet-metal_work', 'shingling', 'tailoring', 'tool-and-die_work', 'couture', 'accountancy', 'cost_accounting', 'costing', 'bookkeeping', 'single_entry', 'double_entry', 'inventory_accounting', 'inventory_control', 'first_in_first_out', 'last_in_first_out', 'butchery', 'photography', 'labor', 'strikebreaking', 'corvee', 'drudgery', 'effort', 'struggle', 'wrestle', 'hunt', 'hackwork', 'haymaking', 'haymaking', 'manual_labor', 'overwork', 'slavery', 'subbing', 'trouble', 'the_devil', 'tsuris', 'least_effort', 'strain', 'exercise', 'pull', 'conditioner', 'set', 'aerobics', 'bodybuilding', 'weightlift', 'jerk', 'bench_press', 'incline_bench_press', 'clean_and_jerk', 'press', 'snatch', 'weight_gaining', 'calisthenics', 'calisthenics', 'isometrics', 'isotonic_exercise', 'jogging', 'Kegel_exercises', 'stretch', 'pandiculation', 'power_walking', 'arm_exercise', 'pushup', 'widegrip_pushup', 'pull-up', 'back_exercise', 'leg_exercise', 'knee_bend', 'leg_curl', 'leg_extensor', 'neck_exercise', 'stomach_exercise', 'sit-up', 'yoga', 'hatha_yoga', 'practice', 'consultancy', 'cosmetology', 'dental_practice', 'law_practice', 'medical_practice', 'family_practice', 'group_practice', 'optometry', 'private_practice', 'quackery', 'application', 'overkill', 'supererogation', 'overexertion', 'investigation', 'analysis', 'count', 'police_work', 'detection', 'forensics', 'roundup', 'empiricism', 'examination', 'examination', 'inquiry', 'research', 'eleven-plus', 'search', 'operations_research', 'means_test', 'inquest', 'big_science', 'biological_research', 'cloning', 'reproductive_cloning', 'human_reproductive_cloning', 'somatic_cell_nuclear_transplantation', 'therapeutic_cloning', 'stem-cell_research', 'embryonic_stem-cell_research', 'experiment', 'field_work', 'testing', 'marketing_research', 'market_analysis', 'product_research', 'consumer_research', 'microscopy', 'electron_microscopy', 'electron_spin_resonance', 'trial_and_error', 'probe', 'Human_Genome_Project', 'scientific_research', 'endoscopy', 'celioscopy', 'colonoscopy', 'culdoscopy', 'gastroscopy', 'hysteroscopy', 'proctoscopy', 'sigmoidoscopy', 'gonioscopy', 'keratoscopy', 'rhinoscopy', 'scan', 'scanning', 'search', 'survey', 'testing', 'screening', 'genetic_screening', 'time_and_motion_study', 'dark_ground_illumination', 'fluorescence_microscopy', 'indirect_immunofluorescence', 'anatomy', 'urinalysis', 'scatology', 'case_study', 'chemical_analysis', 'polarography', 'quantitative_analysis', 'colorimetry', 'volumetric_analysis', 'acidimetry', 'alkalimetry', 'titration', 'volumetric_analysis', 'gravimetric_analysis', 'cost_analysis', 'dissection', 'fundamental_analysis', 'technical_analysis', 'spectroscopy', 'dialysis', 'apheresis', 'plasmapheresis', 'plateletpheresis', 'hemodialysis', 'mass_spectroscopy', 'microwave_spectroscopy', 'likening', 'analogy', 'collation', 'confrontation', 'contrast', 'lighterage', 'visitation', 'site_visit', 'surveillance', 'tabulation', 'blood_count', 'complete_blood_count', 'differential_blood_count', 'census', 'countdown', 'miscount', 'poll', 'recount', 'sperm_count', 'spying', 'wiretap', 'espionage', 'counterespionage', 'electronic_surveillance', 'care', 'maternalism', 'babysitting', 'pet_sitting', 'primary_care', 'aftercare', 'dental_care', 'brush', 'first_aid', 'eyedrop', 'adrenergic_agonist_eyedrop', 'beta_blocker_eyedrop', 'miotic_eyedrop', 'topical_prostaglandin_eyedrop', 'medical_care', 'treatment', 'hospitalization', 'incubation', 'livery', 'massage', 'cardiac_massage', 'effleurage', 'petrissage', 'reflexology', 'Swedish_massage', 'tapotement', 'makeover', 'manicure', 'pedicure', 'therapy', 'modality', 'diathermy', 'aromatherapy', 'chemotherapy', 'correction', 'electrotherapy', 'heliotherapy', 'hormone_replacement_therapy', 'immunotherapy', 'infrared_therapy', 'inflation_therapy', 'iontophoresis', 'medication', 'antipyresis', 'megavitamin_therapy', 'occupational_therapy', 'nourishment', 'nursing_care', 'nursing', 'tender_loving_care', 'nurturance', 'personal_care', 'skin_care', 'facial', 'adenoidectomy', 'adrenalectomy', 'appendectomy', 'amputation', 'angioplasty', 'arthrodesis', 'arthroplasty', 'arthroscopy', 'autoplasty', 'brain_surgery', 'psychosurgery', 'split-brain_technique', 'castration', 'cautery', 'chemosurgery', 'colostomy', 'craniotomy', 'cryosurgery', 'cholecystectomy', 'clitoridectomy', 'laparoscopic_cholecystectomy', 'curettage', 'suction_curettage', 'debridement', 'decortication', 'dilation_and_curettage', 'disembowelment', 'electrosurgery', 'enterostomy', 'enucleation', 'operation', 'wrong-site_surgery', 'embolectomy', 'endarterectomy', 'enervation', 'evisceration', 'exenteration', 'eye_operation', 'face_lift', 'fenestration', 'gastrectomy', 'gastroenterostomy', 'gastrostomy', 'heart_surgery', 'closed-heart_surgery', 'open-heart_surgery', 'coronary_bypass', 'port-access_coronary_bypass_surgery', 'minimally_invasive_coronary_bypass_surgery', 'hemorrhoidectomy', 'hemostasis', 'hypophysectomy', 'hysterectomy', 'hysterotomy', 'radical_hysterectomy', 'total_hysterectomy', 'gastromy', 'implantation', 'incision', 'cataract_surgery', 'intracapsular_surgery', 'extracapsular_surgery', 'cyclodestructive_surgery', 'phacoemulsification', 'filtration_surgery', 'iridectomy', 'iridotomy', 'keratotomy', 'radial_keratotomy', 'laser-assisted_subepithelial_keratomileusis', 'laser_trabecular_surgery', 'laser-assisted_in_situ_keratomileusis', 'vitrectomy', 'perineotomy', 'episiotomy', 'ileostomy', 'intestinal_bypass', 'jejunostomy', 'keratoplasty', 'epikeratophakia', 'lipectomy', 'liposuction', 'mastopexy', 'neuroplasty', 'otoplasty', 'laminectomy', 'laparotomy', 'laparoscopy', 'laryngectomy', 'lithotomy', 'cholelithotomy', 'lobectomy', 'amygdalotomy', 'callosotomy', 'lobotomy', 'transorbital_lobotomy', 'lumpectomy', 'major_surgery', 'microsurgery', 'robotic_telesurgery', 'minor_surgery', 'mastectomy', 'modified_radical_mastectomy', 'radical_mastectomy', 'simple_mastectomy', 'mastoidectomy', 'meniscectomy', 'nephrectomy', 'neurectomy', 'oophorectomy', 'oophorosalpingectomy', 'ophthalmectomy', 'orchidectomy', 'pancreatectomy', 'pneumonectomy', 'prostatectomy', 'salpingectomy', 'septectomy', 'sigmoidectomy', 'splenectomy', 'stapedectomy', 'sympathectomy', 'thrombectomy', 'thyroidectomy', 'tonsillectomy', 'myotomy', 'myringectomy', 'myringoplasty', 'myringotomy', 'neurosurgery', 'nose_job', 'orchiopexy', 'orchotomy', 'osteotomy', 'ostomy', 'palatopharyngoplasty', 'phalloplasty', 'phlebectomy', 'photocoagulation', 'plastic_surgery', 'polypectomy', 'proctoplasty', 'resection', 'rhinotomy', 'rhizotomy', 'sclerotomy', 'sex-change_operation', \"Shirodkar's_operation\", 'sterilization', 'castration', 'neutering', 'spaying', 'strabotomy', 'taxis', 'Michelson-Morley_experiment', 'tracheostomy', 'transplant', 'transurethral_resection_of_the_prostate', 'trephination', 'tympanoplasty', 'uranoplasty', 'justice', 'administration', 'administration', 'drip_feed', 'sedation', 'irrigation', 'douche', 'enema', 'colonic_irrigation', 'barium_enema', 'lavage', 'gastric_lavage', 'dressing', 'holistic_medicine', 'hospice', 'injection', 'cryocautery', 'electrocautery', 'thermocautery', 'bloodletting', 'nephrotomy', 'thoracotomy', 'valvotomy', 'venesection', 'cupping', 'defibrillation', 'detoxification', 'detoxification', 'fusion', 'faith_healing', 'laying_on_of_hands', 'physical_therapy', 'rehabilitation', 'phytotherapy', 'psychotherapy', 'behavior_therapy', 'assertiveness_training', 'aversion_therapy', 'desensitization_technique', 'exposure_therapy', 'implosion_therapy', 'reciprocal_inhibition', 'token_economy', 'client-centered_therapy', 'crisis_intervention', 'group_therapy', 'family_therapy', 'hypnotherapy', 'play_therapy', 'psychoanalysis', 'hypnoanalysis', 'self-analysis', 'radiotherapy', 'phototherapy', 'radium_therapy', 'X-ray_therapy', 'chrysotherapy', 'shock_therapy', 'electroconvulsive_therapy', 'insulin_shock', 'metrazol_shock', 'speech_therapy', 'refrigeration', 'thermotherapy', 'thrombolytic_therapy', 'chiropractic', 'fomentation', 'naturopathy', 'naprapathy', 'orthodontic_treatment', 'orthoptics', 'osteopathy', 'osteoclasis', 'disinfection', 'chlorination', 'digitalization', 'anticoagulation', 'acupuncture', 'acupressure', 'autogenic_therapy', 'allopathy', 'homeopathy', 'hydropathy', 'intensive_care', 'rest-cure', 'stalk', 'deerstalking', 'birdnesting', 'predation', 'friction', 'application', 'anointing', 'fumigation', 'foliation', 'galvanization', 'bodywork', 'handling', 'materials_handling', 'loading', 'unloading', 'picking', 'pickings', 'planking', 'wiring', 'handicraft', 'sewing', 'baking', 'blind_stitching', 'suturing', 'vasectomy', 'vasotomy', 'vasovasostomy', 'vulvectomy', 'vivisection', 'lubrication', 'paving', 'painting', 'spraying', 'spray_painting', 'spatter', 'finger-painting', 'tinning', 'tinning', 'papering', 'pargeting', 'plastering', 'plating', 'scumble', 'tiling', 'waxing', 'duty', 'job', 'ball-buster', 'paper_route', 'stint', 'function', 'capacity', 'hat', 'portfolio', 'stead', 'behalf', 'second_fiddle', 'role', 'gender_role', 'position', 'pitcher', 'catcher', 'first_base', 'second_base', 'shortstop', 'third_base', 'left_field', 'center_field', 'right_field', 'steal', 'forward', 'center', 'guard', 'back', 'lineman', 'linebacker', 'quarterback', 'fullback', 'halfback', 'tailback', 'wingback', 'center', 'guard', 'tackle', 'end', 'mid-off', 'mid-on', 'center', 'school_assignment', 'classroom_project', 'classwork', 'homework', 'lesson', 'language_lesson', 'French_lesson', 'German_lesson', 'Hebrew_lesson', 'exercise', 'reading_assignment', 'assignment', 'guard_duty', 'fatigue_duty', 'mission', \"da'wah\", 'mission', \"fool's_errand\", 'mission_impossible', 'suicide_mission', 'errand', 'reassignment', 'secondment', 'sea-duty', 'shore_duty', 'scut_work', 'wrongdoing', 'brutalization', 'trespass', 'inroad', 'tort', 'alienation_of_affection', 'invasion_of_privacy', 'trespass', 'continuing_trespass', 'trespass_de_bonis_asportatis', 'trespass_on_the_case', 'trespass_quare_clausum_fregit', 'trespass_viet_armis', 'malversation', 'misbehavior', 'delinquency', 'mischief', 'hell', 'monkey_business', 'ruffianism', 'familiarity', 'abnormality', 'deviation', 'indecency', 'paraphilia', 'exhibitionism', 'fetishism', 'pedophilia', 'voyeurism', 'zoophilia', 'obscenity', 'indiscretion', 'infantilism', 'dereliction', 'nonfeasance', 'negligence', 'comparative_negligence', 'concurrent_negligence', 'contributory_negligence', 'criminal_negligence', 'neglect_of_duty', 'evasion', 'escape_mechanism', 'malingering', 'shirking', 'circumvention', 'tax_evasion', 'malfeasance', 'misfeasance', 'malpractice', 'malpractice', 'perversion', 'waste', 'waste_of_effort', 'waste_of_material', 'waste_of_money', 'waste_of_time', 'extravagance', 'squandering', 'squandermania', 'wrong', 'injury', 'injury', 'injustice', 'infliction', 'transgression', 'transgression', 'abomination', 'evil', 'villainy', 'deviltry', 'enormity', 'foul_play', 'irreverence', 'sexual_immorality', 'profanation', 'depravity', 'vice', 'pornography', 'child_pornography', 'intemperance', 'intemperance', 'prostitution', 'profligacy', 'drink', 'drinking_bout', 'package_tour', 'pub_crawl', 'whistle-stop_tour', 'jag', 'dishonesty', 'treachery', 'double_cross', 'sellout', 'charlatanism', 'plagiarism', 'trick', 'falsification', 'falsification', 'frame-up', 'distortion', 'equivocation', 'lying', 'fibbing', 'fakery', 'deception', 'indirection', 'trickery', 'duplicity', 'sophistication', 'fraud', 'goldbrick', 'jugglery', 'scam', 'cheat', 'gerrymander', 'delusion', 'pretense', 'appearance', 'make-believe', 'affectation', 'attitude', 'radical_chic', 'masquerade', 'imposture', 'obscurantism', 'bluff', 'take-in', 'fall', 'sin', 'actual_sin', 'original_sin', 'mortal_sin', 'venial_sin', 'pride', 'envy', 'avarice', 'sloth', 'wrath', 'gluttony', 'lust', 'terror', 'terrorism', 'bioterrorism', 'chemical_terrorism', 'cyber-terrorism', 'domestic_terrorism', 'ecoterrorism', 'international_terrorism', 'narcoterrorism', 'nuclear_terrorism', 'state-sponsored_terrorism', 'theoterrorism', 'terrorization', 'barratry', 'champerty', 'maintenance', 'crime', 'crime', 'inside_job', 'assault', 'aggravated_assault', 'battery', 'capital_offense', 'cybercrime', 'felony', 'forgery', 'fraud', 'barratry', 'Had_crime', 'hijack', 'mayhem', 'misdemeanor', 'violation', 'copyright_infringement', 'foul', 'personal_foul', 'technical_foul', 'patent_infringement', 'disorderly_conduct', 'false_pretense', 'indecent_exposure', 'perjury', 'resisting_arrest', 'sedition', 'molestation', 'perpetration', 'rape', 'date_rape', 'attack', 'mugging', 'sexual_assault', 'Tazir_crime', 'statutory_offense', 'thuggery', 'bigamy', 'capture', 'abduction', 'kidnapping', 'racket', 'racketeering', 'bribery', 'barratry', 'commercial_bribery', 'embezzlement', 'identity_theft', 'raid', 'plunderage', 'mail_fraud', 'election_fraud', 'constructive_fraud', 'extrinsic_fraud', 'fraud_in_fact', 'fraud_in_law', 'fraud_in_the_factum', 'fraud_in_the_inducement', 'intrinsic_fraud', 'bunco', 'sting_operation', 'pyramiding', 'swindle', 'holdout', 'swiz', 'shell_game', 'larceny', 'pilferage', 'shoplifting', 'robbery', 'armed_robbery', 'treason', 'vice_crime', 'victimless_crime', 'war_crime', 'biopiracy', 'caper', 'dacoity', 'heist', 'highjacking', 'highway_robbery', 'piracy', 'rolling', 'grand_larceny', 'petit_larceny', 'skimming', 'extortion', 'blackmail', 'protection', 'shakedown', 'burglary', 'housebreaking', 'home_invasion', 'joint_venture', 'foreign_direct_investment', 'experiment', 'forlorn_hope', 'attempt', 'bid', 'crack', 'essay', 'foray', 'contribution', 'end', 'liberation', \"mug's_game\", 'power_play', 'seeking', 'shot', 'shot', 'striving', 'struggle', 'duel', 'scramble', 'buyout', 'strategic_buyout', 'takeover', 'anti-takeover_defense', 'takeover_attempt', 'takeover_bid', 'two-tier_bid', 'any-and-all_bid', 'hostile_takeover', 'friendly_takeover', 'test', 'assay', 'enzyme-linked-immunosorbent_serologic_assay', 'immunohistochemistry', 'clinical_trial', 'phase_I_clinical_trial', 'phase_II_clinical_trial', 'phase_III_clinical_trial', 'phase_IV_clinical_trial', 'double_blind', 'preclinical_trial', 'test', 'audition', 'screen_test', 'field_trial', 'fitting', 'MOT', 'pilot_project', 'spadework', 'timework', 'undertaking', 'written_assignment', 'adventure', 'assignment', 'baby', 'enterprise', 'labor_of_love', 'marathon', 'no-brainer', 'proposition', 'tall_order', 'venture', 'speleology', 'campaign', 'advertising_campaign', 'anti-war_movement', 'charm_campaign', 'consumerism', 'campaigning', 'front-porch_campaigning', 'hustings', 'fund-raising_campaign', 'feminist_movement', 'gay_liberation_movement', 'lost_cause', 'reform', 'war', 'youth_movement', 'whispering_campaign', 'stumping', 'sales_campaign', 'public-relations_campaign', 'sally', 'self-help', 'risk', 'chance', 'crapshoot', 'gamble', 'long_shot', 'raise', 'doubling', 'control', 'crowd_control', 'damage_control', 'federalization', 'flight_control', 'flood_control', 'imperialism', 'regulation', 'deregulation', 'devaluation', 'gun_control', 'indexation', 'internal_control', 'management_control', 'quality_control', 'acceptance_sampling', 'regulation', 'timing', 'coordination', 'synchronization', 'load-shedding', 'proration', 'limitation', 'arms_control', 'hold-down', 'freeze', 'clampdown', 'hire', 'hiring_freeze', 'price_freeze', 'wage_freeze', 'possession', 'possession', 'actual_possession', 'constructive_possession', 'criminal_possession', 'illegal_possession', 'retention', 'withholding', 'power_trip', 'defecation_reflex', 'storage', 'filing', 'storage', 'cold_storage', 'stowage', 'tankage', 'riot_control', 'grasping', 'clasp', 'wrestling_hold', 'bear_hug', 'nelson', 'full_nelson', 'half_nelson', 'hammerlock', 'headlock', 'Japanese_stranglehold', 'lock', 'scissors', 'stranglehold', 'toehold', 'steering', 'steering', 'aim', 'navigation', 'instrument_flying', 'celestial_navigation', 'celestial_guidance', 'inertial_guidance', 'command_guidance', 'terrestrial_guidance', 'dead_reckoning', 'fire_watching', 'protection', 'air_cover', 'shielding', 'guardianship', 'hands', 'preservation', 'conservation', 'conservancy', 'soil_conservation', 'oil_conservation', 'water_conservation', 'self-preservation', 'reservation', 'Manhattan_Project', 'embalmment', 'mummification', 'momism', 'security_intelligence', 'censoring', 'military_censorship', 'civil_censorship', 'field_press_censorship', 'prisoner_of_war_censorship', 'armed_forces_censorship', 'primary_censorship', 'secondary_censorship', 'national_censorship', 'precaution', 'security', 'defense', 'defense', 'inoculation', 'inoculating', 'ring_vaccination', 'variolation', 'patrol', 'airborne_patrol', 'round-the-clock_patrol', 'self-defense', 'aikido', 'martial_art', 'judo', 'jujutsu', 'ninjutsu', 'karate', 'kung_fu', 'tae_kwon_do', \"t'ai_chi\", 'insulation', 'lining', 'lining', 'babbitting', 'locking', 'escort', 'convoy', 'covering', 'dressing', 'investment', 'primping', 'toilet', 'dressing', 'immunization', 'sensitizing', 'care', 'ruggedization', 'umbrella', 'waterproofing', 'wear', 'control', 'motor_control', 'respiration', 'breathing', 'respiration', 'artificial_respiration', 'cardiography', 'echocardiography', 'echoencephalography', 'cardiopulmonary_resuscitation', 'Heimlich_maneuver', 'abdominal_breathing', 'eupnea', 'hyperpnea', 'hypopnea', 'hyperventilation', 'panting', 'periodic_breathing', 'puffing', 'smoke', 'puffing', 'breath', 'exhalation', 'blow', 'insufflation', 'snore', 'snuffle', 'wheeze', 'wind', 'second_wind', 'inhalation', 'gasp', 'yawn', 'puff', 'toke', 'consumption', 'eating', 'bite', 'browse', 'coprophagy', 'electric_shock', 'fart', 'swallow', 'aerophagia', 'gulp', 'gulp', 'dining', 'engorgement', 'feasting', 'geophagy', 'graze', 'lunching', 'munch', 'Dutch_treat', 'repletion', 'supping', 'tasting', 'nibble', 'nip', 'necrophagia', 'omophagia', 'scatophagy', 'sucking', 'suckling', 'drinking', 'gulping', 'sip', 'potation', 'bondage', 'outercourse', 'safe_sex', 'sexual_activity', 'conception', 'defloration', 'insemination', 'artificial_insemination', 'sexual_intercourse', 'fuck', 'pleasure', 'hank_panky', 'sexual_love', 'penetration', 'statutory_rape', 'carnal_abuse', 'coupling', 'assortative_mating', 'disassortative_mating', 'unlawful_carnal_knowledge', 'extramarital_sex', 'adultery', 'fornication', 'incest', 'coitus_interruptus', 'sodomy', 'reproduction', 'miscegenation', 'generation', 'biogenesis', 'hybridization', 'dihybrid_cross', 'monohybrid_cross', 'reciprocal_cross', 'testcross', 'inbreeding', 'natural_family_planning', 'birth_control', 'contraception', 'oral_contraception', 'basal_body_temperature_method_of_family_planning', 'ovulation_method_of_family_planning', 'rhythm_method_of_birth_control', 'surgical_contraception', 'servicing', 'foreplay', 'caressing', 'snogging', 'feel', 'perversion', 'oral_sex', 'cunnilingus', 'fellatio', 'cock_sucking', 'soixante-neuf', 'autoeroticism', 'masturbation', 'self-stimulation', 'frottage', 'jacking_off', 'promiscuity', 'one-night_stand', 'lechery', 'homosexuality', 'bisexuality', 'inversion', 'lesbianism', 'tribadism', 'heterosexuality', 'pederasty', 'bestiality', 'sleeping', 'nap', 'siesta', 'zizz', 'doze', 'reaction', 'automatism', 'rebound', 'overreaction', 'galvanic_skin_response', 'immune_response', 'anamnestic_response', 'humoral_immune_response', 'cell-mediated_immune_response', 'complement_fixation', 'tropism', 'ergotropism', 'geotropism', 'heliotropism', 'meteortropism', 'neurotropism', 'phototropism', 'trophotropism', 'thermotropism', 'taxis', 'chemotaxis', 'negative_chemotaxis', 'positive_chemotaxis', 'kinesis', 'double_take', 'reflex', 'conditional_reflex', 'learned_reaction', 'conditioned_avoidance', 'knee_jerk', 'startle_response', 'startle_reflex', 'wince', 'passage', 'light_reflex', 'mydriasis', 'micturition_reflex', 'pharyngeal_reflex', 'pilomotor_reflex', 'plantar_reflex', 'rooting_reflex', 'startle', 'stretch_reflex', 'suckling_reflex', 'tremble', 'crying', 'snivel', 'sob', 'wailing', 'calculation', 'transposition', 'number_crunching', 'mathematical_process', 'recalculation', 'permutation', 'combination', 'differentiation', 'maximization', 'division', 'long_division', 'short_division', 'integration', 'multiplication', 'subtraction', 'summation', 'exponentiation', 'arithmetic_operation', 'matrix_operation', 'matrix_addition', 'matrix_multiplication', 'matrix_inversion', 'matrix_transposition', 'construction', 'quadrature', 'relaxation', 'judgment', 'adjudication', 'disapproval', 'evaluation', 'marking', 'estimate', 'appraisal', 'logistic_assessment', 'value_judgment', 'moralism', 'percussion', 'succussion', 'auscultation', 'sensory_activity', 'sensing', 'look', 'glance', 'eye-beaming', 'side-glance', 'scrutiny', 'peek', 'squint', 'stare', 'gaze', 'glare', 'contemplation', 'gape', 'evil_eye', 'inspection', 'resurvey', 'sightseeing', 'observation', 'monitoring', 'sighting', 'landfall', 'stargazing', 'watch', 'stakeout', 'surveillance_of_disease', 'listening_watch', 'spying', 'lookout', 'view', 'eyeful', 'dekko', 'listening', 'relistening', 'lipreading', 'taste', 'smell', 'sniff', 'education', 'coeducation', 'continuing_education', 'course', 'coursework', 'adult_education', 'art_class', 'childbirth-preparation_class', 'life_class', 'elementary_education', 'extension', 'extracurricular_activity', 'dramatics', 'athletics', 'higher_education', 'secondary_education', 'spectator_sport', 'teaching', 'team_sport', 'team_teaching', 'catechesis', 'catechetical_instruction', 'language_teaching', 'teaching_reading', 'phonics', 'whole-word_method', 'schooling', 'indoctrination', 'brainwashing', 'inculcation', 'tutelage', 'lesson', 'dance_lesson', 'music_lesson', 'piano_lesson', 'violin_lesson', 'tennis_lesson', 'golf_lesson', 'history_lesson', 'correspondence_course', 'course_of_lectures', 'directed_study', 'elective_course', 'extension_course', 'work-study_program', 'home_study', 'industrial_arts', 'orientation_course', 'propaedeutic', 'refresher_course', 'required_course', 'seminar', 'shop_class', 'workshop', 'sleep-learning', 'spoonfeeding', 'lecture', 'lecture_demonstration', 'talk', 'chalk_talk', 'athletic_training', 'fartlek', 'discipline', 'training', 'drill', 'exercise', 'fire_drill', 'manual_of_arms', 'order_arms', 'military_training', 'basic_training', 'retraining', 'schooling', 'skull_session', 'toilet_training', 'military_drill', 'close-order_drill', 'square-bashing', 'rehearsal', 'rehearsal', 'dress_rehearsal', 'run-through', 'walk-through', 'review', 'rub_up', 'scrimmage', 'shadowboxing', 'target_practice', 'representation', 'model', 'simulation', 'dramatization', 'guerrilla_theater', 'puppetry', 'pageant', 'figuration', 'symbolizing', 'schematization', 'pictorial_representation', 'typification', 'depiction', 'portraiture', 'imaging', 'X-raying', 'computerized_tomography', 'sonography', 'A-scan_ultrasonography', 'B-scan_ultrasonography', 'positron_emission_tomography', 'magnetic_resonance_imaging', 'functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging', 'blood-oxygenation_level_dependent_functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging', 'fluoroscopy', 'radioscopy', 'photography', 'radiography', 'roentgenography', 'xerography', 'xeroradiography', 'angiography', 'lymphangiography', 'arteriography', 'arthrography', 'venography', 'cholangiography', 'encephalography', 'myelography', 'pyelography', 'intravenous_pyelography', 'telephotography', 'telephotography', 'radiophotography', 'exposure', 'overexposure', 'underexposure', 'time_exposure', 'filming', 'take', 'retake', 'animation', 'creation', 're-creation', 'creating_from_raw_materials', 'spinning', 'weaving', 'netting', 'knitting', 'crocheting', 'lace_making', 'mintage', 'molding', 'needlework', 'recording', 'lip_synchronization', 'mastering', 'construction', 'crenelation', 'erecting', 'house-raising', 'fabrication', 'dry_walling', 'dismantling', 'grading', 'road_construction', 'shipbuilding', 'production', 'rustication', 'cottage_industry', 'production', 'production', 'mass_production', 'overproduction', 'underproduction', 'output', 'capacity', 'breeding', 'brewing', 'autosexing', 'cattle_breeding', 'dog_breeding', 'horse_breeding', 'cultivation', 'cultivation', 'aquaculture', 'beekeeping', 'farming', 'animal_husbandry', 'arboriculture', 'culture', 'cranberry_culture', 'monoculture', 'tillage', 'dairying', 'gardening', 'plowing', 'tilling', 'hydroponics', 'drip_culture', 'mixed_farming', 'planting', 'insemination', 'stratification', 'ranching', 'strip_cropping', 'subsistence_farming', 'culture', 'starter', 'naturalization', 'landscaping', 'market_gardening', 'flower_gardening', 'tree_surgery', 'roundup', 'harvest', 'haying', 'rainmaking', 'generation', 'mining', 'placer_mining', 'strip_mining', 'quarrying', 'boring', 'sericulture', 'industry', 'industrialization', 'devising', 'foliation', 'mapmaking', 'moviemaking', 'fabrication', 'formation', 'filing', 'forging', 'metalworking', 'granulation', 'grooving', 'turning', 'newspeak', 'prefabrication', 'confection', 'lamination', 'tanning', 'veneering', 'creating_by_mental_acts', 'formation', 'affixation', 'prefixation', 'suffixation', 'design', 'planning', 'city_planning', 'zoning', 'programming', 'logic_programming', 'object-oriented_programming', 'verbal_creation', 'writing', 'adoxography', 'drafting', 'dramatization', 'fabrication', 'historiography', 'metrification', 'novelization', 'redaction', 'lexicography', 'realization', 'objectification', 'depersonalization', 'externalization', 'hypostatization', 'embodiment', 'soul', 'personification', 'art', 'arts_and_crafts', 'ceramics', 'decalcomania', 'decantation', 'decoupage', 'drawing', 'glyptography', 'gastronomy', 'origami', 'painting', 'distemper', 'fresco', 'impasto', 'perfumery', 'printmaking', 'sculpture', 'modeling', 'topiary', 'pyrography', 'tracing', 'oil_painting', 'watercolor', 'engraving', 'steel_engraving', 'aquatint', 'serigraphy', 'lithography', 'composing', 'arrangement', 'orchestration', 'realization', 'recapitulation', 'invention', 'neologism', 'devisal', 'conceptualization', 'approach', 'framing', 'avenue', 'creating_by_removal', 'excavation', 'carving', 'petroglyph', 'truncation', 'drilling', 'gouge', 'puncture', 'centesis', 'abdominocentesis', 'amniocentesis', 'arthrocentesis', 'celiocentesis', 'lumbar_puncture', 'thoracocentesis', 'fetoscopy', 'perforation', 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'close-quarter_fighting', 'contretemps', 'class_struggle', 'maneuver', 'air_defense', 'active_air_defense', 'passive_air_defense', 'civil_defense', 'stand', 'repulsion', 'hasty_defense', 'deliberate_defense', 'biological_defense', 'chemical_defense', 'mining', 'rebellion', 'civil_war', 'revolution', 'counterrevolution', 'insurgency', 'intifada', 'pacification', 'mutiny', \"Peasant's_Revolt\", 'combat', 'aggression', 'hostilities', 'trench_warfare', 'meat_grinder', 'violence', 'domestic_violence', 'plundering', 'banditry', 'rape', 'rustling', 'looting', 'defloration', 'spoil', 'ravaging', 'depredation', 'sack', 'chemical_warfare', 'biological_warfare', 'biological_warfare_defense', 'campaign', 'expedition', 'Crusade', 'First_Crusade', 'Second_Crusade', 'Third_Crusade', 'Fourth_Crusade', 'Fifth_Crusade', 'Sixth_Crusade', 'Seventh_Crusade', 'naval_campaign', 'mission', 'combat_mission', 'search_mission', 'search_and_destroy_mission', 'sortie', 'support', 'dogfight', 'close_support', 'direct_support', 'amphibious_demonstration', 'diversionary_landing', 'attack', 'war', 'air_raid', 'dogfight', 'ground_attack', 'assault', 'storm', 'charge', 'countercharge', 'banzai_attack', 'diversion', 'penetration', 'interpenetration', 'blitz', 'breakthrough', 'safety_blitz', 'mousetrap', 'invasion', 'infiltration', 'foray', 'inroad', 'swoop', 'strike', 'first_strike', 'surgical_strike', 'preventive_strike', 'counterattack', 'bombing', 'bombardment', 'bombing_run', 'carpet_bombing', 'dive-bombing', 'loft_bombing', 'over-the-shoulder_bombing', 'bombing', 'suicide_bombing', 'offense', 'counteroffensive', 'dirty_war', 'rollback', 'peacekeeping', 'amphibious_operation', 'amphibious_assault', 'information_gathering', 'intelligence', 'current_intelligence', 'tactical_intelligence', 'terrain_intelligence', 'strategic_intelligence', 'signals_intelligence', 'electronics_intelligence', 'communications_intelligence', 'telemetry_intelligence', 'clandestine_operation', 'exfiltration_operation', 'psychological_operation', 'covert_operation', 'black_operation', 'overt_operation', 'reconnaissance', 'recce', 'scouting', 'air_reconnaissance', 'reconnaissance_by_fire', 'reconnaissance_in_force', 'shufti', 'electronic_reconnaissance', 'counterintelligence', 'countersubversion', 'counter-sabotage', 'fire', 'antiaircraft_fire', 'barrage', 'broadside', 'fusillade', 'call_fire', 'close_supporting_fire', 'cover', 'deep_supporting_fire', 'direct_supporting_fire', 'concentrated_fire', 'counterfire', 'counterbattery_fire', 'counterbombardment', 'countermortar_fire', 'counterpreparation_fire', 'crossfire', 'destruction_fire', 'direct_fire', 'distributed_fire', 'friendly_fire', 'hostile_fire', 'grazing_fire', 'harassing_fire', 'indirect_fire', 'interdiction_fire', 'neutralization_fire', 'observed_fire', 'preparation_fire', 'radar_fire', 'dating', 'potassium-argon_dating', 'radiocarbon_dating', 'rubidium-strontium_dating', 'registration_fire', 'scheduled_fire', 'scouring', 'searching_fire', 'shakedown', 'supporting_fire', 'suppressive_fire', 'unobserved_fire', 'artillery_fire', 'cannonade', 'high-angle_fire', 'mortar_fire', 'zone_fire', 'electronic_countermeasures', 'electronic_counter-countermeasures', 'electronic_warfare-support_measures', 'electromagnetic_intrusion', 'germ_warfare', 'information_warfare', 'jihad', 'jihad', 'world_war', 'measurement', 'actinometry', 'algometry', 'anemography', 'anemometry', 'angulation', 'anthropometry', 'arterial_blood_gases', 'audiometry', 'bathymetry', 'calibration', 'tuning', 'adjustment', 'alignment', 'collimation', 'temperament', 'equal_temperament', 'tune', 'tune-up', 'synchronization', 'camber', 'toe-in', 'voicing', 'calorimetry', 'cephalometry', 'densitometry', 'dosimetry', 'fetometry', 'hydrometry', 'hypsometry', 'mental_measurement', 'micrometry', 'observation', 'pelvimetry', 'photometry', 'cytophotometry', 'quantification', 'gradation', 'shading', 'divergence', 'radioactive_dating', 'reading', 'sampling', 'sounding', 'sound_ranging', 'scaling', 'spirometry', 'surveying', 'scalage', 'scalage', 'electromyography', 'mammography', 'thermography', 'mammothermography', 'test', 'intelligence_test', 'Stanford-Binet_test', 'Binet-Simon_Scale', 'personality_test', 'projective_test', 'Rorschach', 'Thematic_Apperception_Test', 'sub-test', 'organization', 'orchestration', 'randomization', 'systematization', 'codification', 'formalization', 'order', 'rank_order', 'scaling', 'succession', 'alternation', 'layout', 'alphabetization', 'listing', 'inventory', 'stocktake', 'roll_call', 'mail_call', 'muster_call', 'attendance_check', 'grouping', 'phrasing', 'categorization', 'indexing', 'reclassification', 'relegation', 'stratification', 'taxonomy', 'typology', 'collection', 'agglomeration', 'collation', 'compilation', 'gather', 'centralization', 'harvest', 'haying', 'bottle_collection', 'conchology', 'garbage_collection', 'numismatics', 'pickup', 'philately', 'aerophilately', 'tax_collection', 'sorting', 'territorialization', 'triage', 'support', 'shoring', 'suspension', 'continuance', 'prolongation', 'repetition', 'echolalia', 'iteration', 'redundancy', 'reduplication', 'copying', 'duplication', 'reproduction', 'replay', 'sound_reproduction', 'high_fidelity', 'headroom', 'playback', 'imitation', 'echo', 'emulation', 'mimicry', 'perseverance', 'abidance', 'pursuance', 'survival', 'hangover', 'discontinuance', 'disfranchisement', 'disinheritance', 'phase-out', 'intervention', 'procedure', 'procedure', 'medical_procedure', 'dental_procedure', 'mapping', 'operating_procedure', 'standing_operating_procedure', 'lockstep', 'stiffening', 'bureaucratic_procedure', 'objection', 'recusation', 'indirection', 'rigmarole', 'routine', 'rat_race', 'rut', 'ceremony', 'tea_ceremony', 'ceremony', 'lustrum', 'ritual', 'religious_ceremony', 'military_ceremony', 'agape', 'worship', 'deification', 'ancestor_worship', 'rite', 'vigil', 'wake', 'agrypnia', 'last_rites', 'orgy', 'popery', 'quotation', 'ritual', 'ritualism', 'circumcision', 'Berith', 'nudism', 'systematism', 'transvestism', 'service', 'church_service', 'devotional', 'prayer_meeting', 'chapel_service', 'liturgy', 'Christian_liturgy', 'office', 'Divine_Office', 'Little_Office', 'Office_of_the_Dead', 'committal_service', 'none', 'vesper', 'placebo', 'watch_night', 'sacrament', 'Last_Supper', 'Seder', 'Holy_Eucharist', 'Offertory', 'Communion', 'intercommunion', 'betrothal', 'matrimony', 'marriage', 'rite_of_passage', 'bridal', 'civil_marriage', 'love_match', 'baptism', 'affusion', 'aspersion', 'christening', 'immersion', 'trine_immersion', 'confirmation', 'confirmation', 'penance', 'confession', 'shrift', 'anointing_of_the_sick', 'holy_order', 'sanctification', 'beatification', 'canonization', 'consecration', 'communalism', 'consecration', 'Oblation', 'oblation', 'unction', 'libation', 'prayer', 'Mass', 'High_Mass', 'Low_Mass', 'Requiem', 'devotion', 'bhakti', 'novena', 'Stations', 'blessing', 'idolization', 'adoration', 'idolatry', 'bardolatry', 'iconolatry', 'idolatry', 'idiolatry', 'bibliolatry', 'verbolatry', 'symbolatry', 'anthropolatry', 'gyneolatry', 'lordolatry', 'thaumatolatry', 'topolatry', 'arborolatry', 'astrolatry', 'cosmolatry', 'diabolatry', 'pyrolatry', 'hagiolatry', 'heliolatry', 'zoolatry', 'ichthyolatry', 'monolatry', 'ophiolatry', 'moon-worship', 'energizing', 'electrification', 'revival', 'rebirth', 'regeneration', 'resurrection', 'resuscitation', 'vivification', 'presentation', 'concealment', 'disguise', 'mask', 'cover', 'cover', 'cover-up', 'blue_wall_of_silence', 'burying', 'reburying', 'smoke_screen', 'stealth', 'money_laundering', 'placement', 'juxtaposition', 'tessellation', 'interposition', 'orientation', 'planting', 'implantation', 'repositioning', 'set', 'superposition', 'fingering', 'superposition', 'stay', 'residency', 'lodging', 'occupancy', 'inhabitancy', 'cohabitation', 'concubinage', 'camping', 'sojourn', 'call', 'round', 'call', 'visiting', 'stop', 'night-stop', 'pit_stop', 'pit_stop', 'stand', 'provision', 'irrigation', 'feeding', 'infant_feeding', 'demand_feeding', 'forced_feeding', 'nasogastric_feeding', 'gastrogavage', 'nursing', 'intravenous_feeding', 'overfeeding', 'spoonfeeding', 'schedule_feeding', 'total_parenteral_nutrition', 'fueling', 'healthcare', 'healthcare_delivery', 'issue', 'stock_issue', 'logistics', 'purveyance', 'stocking', 'subvention', 'demand', 'exaction', 'extortion', 'claim', 'insurance_claim', 'drain', 'brain_drain', 'inactivity', 'pause', 'respite', 'spring_break', 'hesitation', 'intermission', 'freeze', 'wait', 'rest', 'bedrest', 'laziness', 'lie-in', 'quiescence', 'vegetation', 'leisure', 'idleness', 'dolce_far_niente', 'free_time', 'vacationing', \"busman's_holiday\", 'caravanning', 'delay', 'demurrage', 'forbearance', 'postponement', 'adjournment', 'prorogation', 'procrastination', 'slowdown', 'dalliance', 'filibuster', 'interjection', 'tarriance', 'breaking_off', 'heckling', 'abstinence', 'asceticism', 'chastity', 'mortification', 'self-denial', 'sobriety', 'teetotaling', 'fast', 'diet', 'traffic_control', 'point_duty', 'price-fixing', 'inhibition', 'tolerance', 'lenience', 'clemency', 'pleasure', 'luxuriation', 'enjoyment', 'lamentation', 'laughter', 'satisfaction', 'gratification', 'satiation', 'self-gratification', 'indulgence', 'pleasing', 'overindulgence', 'orgy', 'hindrance', 'antagonism', 'obstruction', 'blockage', 'naval_blockade', 'siege', 'relief', 'stall', 'stonewalling', 'stop', 'complication', 'deterrence', 'discouragement', 'nuclear_deterrence', 'countermine', 'prevention', 'averting', 'debarment', 'disqualification', 'interception', 'nonproliferation', 'obviation', 'prophylaxis', 'save', 'suppression', 'tax_avoidance', 'recusation', 'group_action', 'social_activity', 'communalism', 'confederation', 'association', 'fraternization', 'affiliation', 'reaffiliation', 'mingling', 'decolonization', 'disbandment', 'disestablishment', 'distribution', 'redistribution', 'dispensation', 'allotment', 'reallotment', 'reshuffle', 'deal', 'new_deal', 'rationing', 'parcel', 'deal', 'misdeal', 'revenue_sharing', 'sharing', 'generosity', 'giving', 'bestowal', 'accordance', 'endowment', 'social_welfare', 'social_insurance', 'national_insurance', 'supplementary_benefit', 'Social_Security', 'relief', 'dole', 'unemployment_compensation', 'old-age_insurance', 'survivors_insurance', 'disability_insurance', 'health_care', 'Medicare', 'Medicaid', 'primary_health_care', 'philanthropy', 'charity', 'contribution', 'subscription', 'alms', 'alms-giving', 'handout', 'commerce', 'trade', 'fair_trade', 'fair_trade', 'free_trade', 'North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement', 'e-commerce', 'exchange', 'conversion', 'unitization', 'lending', 'usury', 'arbitrage', 'risk_arbitrage', 'initial_public_offering', 'commercial_enterprise', 'business_activity', 'operation', 'business', 'trade', 'wash', 'custom', 'land-office_business', 'field', 'market', 'black_market', \"buyer's_market\", 'grey_market', \"seller's_market\", 'labor_market', 'employee-owned_enterprise', 'finance', 'corporate_finance', 'financing', 'high_finance', 'investing', 'foreign_direct_investment', 'leverage', 'flotation', 'banking', 'home_banking', 'banking', 'cooperative', 'discount_business', 'real-estate_business', 'advertising', 'hard_sell', 'soft_sell', 'circularization', 'publication', 'desktop_publishing', 'publication', 'republication', 'contribution', 'serialization', 'typography', 'printing', 'gravure', 'photogravure', 'issue', 'packaging', 'meatpacking', 'unitization', 'catering', 'agribusiness', 'truck_farming', 'construction', 'jerry-building', 'slating', 'transportation', 'air_transportation', 'navigation', 'hauling', 'cartage', 'freight', 'express', 'ferry', 'carriage_trade', 'transaction', 'affairs', 'world_affairs', 'operations', 'transfer', 'alienation', 'conveyance', 'quitclaim', 'delivery', 'bailment', 'lend-lease', 'secularization', 'exchange', 'barter', 'horse_trade', 'logrolling', 'deal', 'arms_deal', 'penny_ante', 'downtick', 'uptick', 'borrowing', 'pawn', 'rental', \"Seward's_Folly\", 'importing', 'exporting', 'smuggling', 'gunrunning', 'marketing', 'direct_marketing', 'distribution', 'selling', 'distribution_channel', 'traffic', 'drug_traffic', 'simony', 'slave_trade', 'retail', 'wholesale', 'sale', 'divestiture', 'sell', 'syndication', 'dumping', 'dutch_auction', 'retailing', 'telemarketing', 'telemetry', 'thermometry', 'thermogravimetry', 'tonometry', 'telephone_order', 'vending', 'venture', 'viscometry', 'resale', 'sale', 'sale', 'bazaar', 'book_fair', 'craft_fair', 'car_boot_sale', 'clearance_sale', 'closeout', 'fire_sale', 'fire_sale', 'garage_sale', 'going-out-of-business_sale', 'realization', 'rummage_sale', 'selloff', 'white_sale', 'undertaking', 'upholstery', 'payment', 'evasion', 'amortization', 'fee_splitting', 'overpayment', 'prepayment', 'ransom', 'refund', 'remuneration', 'rendering', 'spending', 'tribute', 'underpayment', 'expending', 'deficit_spending', 'amortization', 'migration', 'gold_rush', 'stampede', 'social_control', 'auto_limitation', 'sanction', 'population_control', 'politics', 'government', 'misgovernment', 'legislation', 'criminalization', 'decriminalization', 'trust_busting', 'winemaking', 'viticulture', 'enactment', 'enforcement', 'coercion', 'execution', 'imposition', 'protection', 'law_enforcement', 'vigilantism', 'domination', 'bossism', 'mastery', 'monopolization', 'socialization', 'cultivation', 'breeding', 'duty', 'moral_obligation', 'noblesse_oblige', 'burden_of_proof', 'civic_duty', 'jury_duty', 'filial_duty', 'imperative', 'incumbency', 'legal_duty', 'fiduciary_duty', 'due_care', 'foster_care', 'great_care', 'providence', 'slight_care', 'line_of_duty', \"white_man's_burden\", 'obedience', 'occupation', 'management', 'conducting', 'database_management', 'finance', 'homemaking', 'misconduct', 'mismanagement', 'screwup', 'treatment', 'bioremediation', 'dealing', 'supervision', 'invigilation', 'administration', 'conducting', 'line_management', 'organization', 'running', 'administrivia', 'polity', 'nonprofit_organization', 'rationalization', 'reorganization', 'self-organization', 'syndication', 'authorization', 'sanction', 'license', 'benefit_of_clergy', 'name', 'nihil_obstat', 'certification', 'disenfranchisement', 'accreditation', 'commission', 'mandate', 'delegating', 'devolution', 'loan_approval', 'rubber_stamp', 'clearance', 'conge', 'allowance', 'dispensation', 'variance', 'toleration', 'channelization', 'canalization', 'preparation', 'deployment', 'groundwork', 'redeployment', 'makeready', 'priming', 'planning', 'scheduling', 'turnaround', 'warm-up', 'guidance', \"coup_d'etat\", 'countercoup', 'restraint', 'collar', 'damper', 'bridle', 'immobilization', 'confinement', 'imprisonment', 'lockdown', 'house_arrest', 'false_imprisonment', 'custody', 'containment', 'ring_containment', 'suppression', 'crackdown', 'regimentation', 'reimposition', 'restraint_of_trade', 'restriction', 'classification', 'declassification', 'stipulation', 'circumscription', 'constraint', 'swaddling_clothes', 'constriction', 'vasoconstriction', 'privation', 'pauperization', 'starvation', 'appeasement', 'pacification', 'placation', 'internationalization', 'nationalization', 'denationalization', 'nationalization', 'nationalization', 'detribalization', 'collectivization', 'communization', 'communization', 'federation', 'discrimination', 'patronage', 'nomenklatura', 'ableism', 'ageism', 'cronyism', 'fattism', 'heterosexism', 'nepotism', 'racism', 'racial_profiling', 'secularization', 'rollover', 'sexism', 'male_chauvinism', 'sexual_discrimination', 'mobilization', 'arming', 'outfitting', 'refit', 'rearmament', 'disarming', 'conscription', 'levy', 'demobilization', 'remilitarization', 'standardization', 'stabilization', 'destabilization', 'stylization', 'conventionalization', 'taxation', 'punishment', 'beating', 'castigation', 'corporal_punishment', 'cruel_and_unusual_punishment', 'detention', 'discipline', 'economic_strangulation', 'self-flagellation', 'imprisonment', 'music', 'self-punishment', 'spanking', 'stick', 'whipping', 'flagellation', 'horsewhipping', 'electric_shock', 'execution', 'gauntlet', 'kick_in_the_butt', 'stoning', 'burning', 'auto-da-fe', 'hanging', 'electrocution', 'decapitation', 'crucifixion', 'penance', 'commitment', 'commutation', 'corrections', 'exchange', 'rally', 'tradeoff', 'submission', 'obedience', 'truckling', 'prostration', 'strife', 'tug-of-war', 'turf_war', 'countercurrent', 'direct_action', 'competition', 'battle_of_wits', 'contest', 'bidding_contest', 'popularity_contest', 'resistance', 'nonresistance', 'confrontation', 'sales_resistance', 'discord', 'defiance', 'road_rage', 'riot', 'race_riot', 'dispute', 'fight', 'fencing', 'in-fighting', 'set-to', 'shock', 'hassle', 'aggro', 'duel', 'blow', 'counterblow', 'swing', 'fistfight', 'stab', 'lunge', 'parry', 'remise', 'riposte', 'stinger', 'thump', 'uppercut', 'hammer', 'shot', 'cheap_shot', 'wallop', 'battering', 'beating', 'affray', 'brawl', 'knife_fight', 'rumble', 'single_combat', 'obstructionism', 'protest', 'rebellion', 'punch-up', 'demonstration', 'counterdemonstration', 'walkout', 'Boston_Tea_Party', 'peace_march', 'sit-in', 'work-in', 'protest_march', 'insubordination', 'contumacy', 'disobedience', 'civil_disobedience', 'contempt', 'contempt_of_Congress', 'contempt_of_court', 'civil_contempt', 'contumacy', 'criminal_contempt', 'obstruction_of_justice', 'due_process', 'legal_action', 'action', 'lawsuit', 'civil_suit', 'class_action', 'countersuit', 'criminal_suit', 'moot', 'paternity_suit', 'antitrust_case', 'civil_action', 'counterclaim', 'custody_case', 'lis_pendens', 'proceeding', 'adoption', 'appeal', 'reversal', 'affirmation', 'bankruptcy', 'receivership', 'litigation', 'custody_battle', 'vexatious_litigation', 'presentment', 'naturalization', 'judgment', 'confession_of_judgment', 'default_judgment', 'non_prosequitur', 'final_judgment', 'conviction', 'judgment_in_personam', 'judgment_in_rem', 'judgment_of_dismissal', 'judgment_on_the_merits', 'summary_judgment', 'arbitration', 'opinion', 'Bakke_decision', 'fatwa', 'umpirage', 'finding', 'verdict', 'finding_of_law', 'compromise_verdict', 'directed_verdict', 'false_verdict', 'general_verdict', 'partial_verdict', 'quotient_verdict', 'special_verdict', 'acquittal', 'murder_conviction', 'rape_conviction', 'robbery_conviction', 'eviction', 'ouster', 'actual_eviction', 'eviction', 'retaliatory_eviction', 'legalization', 'legitimation', 'trial', 'court-martial', 'ordeal', 'Scopes_trial', 'show_trial', 'review', 'bill_of_review', 'judicial_review', 'plea', 'double_jeopardy', 'prosecution', 'test_case', 'defense', 'entrapment', 'mistrial', 'retrial', 'hearing', 'administrative_hearing', 'competence_hearing', 'fair_hearing', 'quo_warranto', 'separation', 'divorce', 'legal_separation', 'quarantine', 'seclusion', 'cocooning', 'isolation', 'segregation', 'integration', 'separationism', 'withdrawal', 'cooperation', 'brainstorming', 'teamwork', 'conformity', 'formality', 'line', 'honoring', 'punctilio', 'nonobservance', 'nonconformity', 'keeping', 'collaboration', 'collaboration', 'compromise', 'concurrence', 'reconciliation', 'selflessness', 'commitment', 'devotion', 'cultism', 'hobbyism', 'enlistment', 'reenlistment', 'faith', 'fetish', 'party_spirit', 'aid', 'facilitation', 'hand', 'recourse', 'thanks', 'social_work', 'casework', 'relief', 'lift', 'service', 'disservice', 'childcare', 'community_service', 'community_service', 'daycare', 'help_desk', 'seating', 'accommodation', 'boost', 'comfort', 'boost', 'morale_building', 'consolation', 'simplification', 'oversimplification', 'rationalization', 'support', 'attachment', 'ecclesiasticism', 'kabbalism', 'royalism', 'traditionalism', 'backing', 'advocacy', 'drumbeat', 'insistence', 'urging', 'auspices', 'sponsorship', 'endorsement', 'blessing', 'reassurance', 'support', 'sustenance', 'logistic_support', 'integrated_logistic_support', 'mutual_aid', 'interdepartmental_support', 'inter-service_support', 'representation', 'proportional_representation', 'employment', 'shape-up', 'call-back', 'booking', 'admiration', 'adoration', 'glorification', 'idealization', 'sentimentalization', 'reward', 'carrot', 'disparagement', 'belittling', 'deprecation', 'aspersion', 'attack', 'detraction', 'behavior', 'behavior', 'territoriality', 'aggression', 'aggravation', 'last_straw', 'exacerbation', 'bitchery', 'bullying', 'terrorization', 'twit', 'raising_hell', 'self-assertion', 'condemnation', 'stigmatization', 'bohemianism', 'dirty_pool', 'dirty_tricks', 'discourtesy', 'easiness', 'derision', 'mock', 'indelicacy', 'insolence', 'insult', 'indignity', 'scandalization', 'presumption', 'rebuff', 'snub', 'silent_treatment', 'the_way_of_the_world', 'benevolence', 'cupboard_love', 'favor', 'turn', 'forgiveness', 'condonation', 'mercy', 'exculpation', 'endearment', 'politeness', 'reverence', 'courtesy', 'gesture', 'beau_geste', 'attention', 'gallantry', 'deference', 'court', 'last_respects', 'props', 'devoir', 'consideration', 'assembly', 'mobilization', 'economic_mobilization', 'rallying', 'convocation', 'meeting', 'service_call', 'assignation', 'rendezvous', 'congregation', 'convention', 'concentration', 'session', 'course_session', 'socialization', 'visit', 'visit', 'flying_visit', 'visit', 'attendance', 'appearance', 'presence', 'turnout', 'nonattendance', 'nonappearance', 'absence', 'absenteeism', 'truancy', 'return', 'answer', 'requital', 'retaliation', 'vengeance', 'reprisal', 'reciprocation', 'feud', 'war', 'drug_war', 'trench_warfare', 'vendetta', 'tit_for_tat', 'aggression', 'democratization', 'consolidation', 'centralization', 'decentralization', 'incorporation', 'amalgamation', 'vertical_integration', 'horizontal_integration', 'engagement', 'non-engagement', 'isolation', 'commitment', 'incurrence', 'intervention', 'mediation', 'matchmaking', 'group_participation', 'neutrality', 'annulment', 'dissolution_of_marriage', 'vindication', 'whitewash', 'justification', 'rehabilitation', 'job_action', 'go-slow', 'work_to_rule', 'passive_resistance', 'hunger_strike', 'Ramadan', 'Satyagraha', 'recusancy', 'strike', 'sit-down', 'sympathy_strike', 'walkout', 'wildcat_strike', 'unsnarling', 'sabotage', 'extermination', 'genocide', 'holocaust', 'Holocaust', 'throw', 'cast', 'natural', 'flip', 'flip', 'strafe', 'surprise_attack', 'terrorist_attack', 'ambush', 'pre-emptive_strike', 'dry-gulching', 'emancipation', 'clearing', 'manumission', 'radio_observation', 'stupidity', 'admission', 'readmission', 'matriculation', 'remarriage', 'renewal', 'self-renewal', 'replication', 'amnesty', 'demolition', 'spoliation', 'vandalism', 'recession', 'amendment', 'emendation', 'hit', 'infanticide', 'shoot-down', 'tyrannicide', 'thuggee', 'transmutation', 'barrage_jamming', 'spot_jamming', 'electronic_deception', 'manipulative_electronic_deception', 'simulative_electronic_deception', 'imitative_electronic_deception', 'waste', 'colonization', 'resettlement', 'dismount', 'radiation', 'emission', 'discharge', 'jamming', 'vacation', 'harmonization', 'humming', 'winnow', 'separation', 'teleportation', 'intonation', 'cantillation', 'intonation', 'fixed_intonation', 'karaoke', 'part-singing', 'psalmody', 'singalong', 'solfege', 'solmization', 'yodeling', 'lead', 'leadership', 'helm', 'lead', 'trend_setting', 'precession', 'solo', 'flood', 'parole', 'population', 'pounce', 'probation', 'quarter', 'recall', 'revocation', 'reprieve', 'revoke', 'ruff', 'trick', 'awakening', 'buzz', 'fixation', 'immobilization', 'fun', 'sin', 'excitation', 'hair-raiser', 'thrill', 'incitation', 'inflammation', 'inspiration', 'stimulation', 'galvanization', 'titillation', 'deforestation', 'skimming', 'withdrawal', 'withdrawal', 'spoil', 'swerve', 'three-point_turn', 'face_saver', 'recruitment', 'smooth', 'reference', 'emphasizing', 'release', 'last', 'slapshot', 'headshot', 'cornhusking', 'palpebration', 'bank_examination', 'beatification', 'equilibration', 'ethnic_cleansing', 'jumpstart', 'mystification', 'negotiation', 'proclamation', 'socialization', 'stabilization', 'stupefaction', 'transfusion_reaction', 'upgrade', 'vampirism', 'version', 'vulgarization', 'witching', 'xenotransplant', 'Actium', 'Aegates_Isles', 'Aegospotami', 'Agincourt', 'Alamo', 'Atlanta', 'Austerlitz', 'Bannockburn', 'Bataan', 'Battle_of_Britain', 'Battle_of_Kerbala', 'Battle_of_the_Ardennes_Bulge', 'Battle_of_the_Marne', 'Bismarck_Sea', 'Blenheim', 'Borodino', 'Bosworth_Field', 'Bouvines', 'Boyne', 'Brunanburh', 'Buena_Vista', 'Bull_Run', 'Bunker_Hill', 'Cannae', 'Caporetto', 'Caudine_Forks', 'Chaeronea', 'Chalons', 'Chancellorsville', 'Chapultepec', 'Chattanooga', 'Chickamauga', 'Chino-Japanese_War', 'Coral_Sea', 'Cowpens', 'Crecy', 'Cunaxa', 'Cynoscephalae', 'Dardanelles', 'Dien_Bien_Phu', 'Drogheda', 'Dunkirk', 'El_Alamein', 'Eniwetok', 'Flodden', 'Fontenoy', 'Fort_Ticonderoga', 'Fredericksburg', 'Gettysburg', 'Granicus', 'Guadalcanal', 'Hampton_Roads', 'Hastings', 'Hohenlinden', 'Inchon', 'Indian_Mutiny', 'Ipsus', 'Issus', 'Ivry', 'Iwo', 'Jena', 'Jutland', 'Kennesaw_Mountain', 'Kwajalein', 'Lake_Trasimenus', 'Langside', 'Lepanto', 'Leuctra', 'Lexington', 'Leyte', 'Little_Bighorn', 'Lucknow', 'Lule_Burgas', 'Lutzen', 'Macedonian_War', 'Magenta', 'Maldon', 'Manila_Bay', 'Mantinea', 'Marathon', 'Marengo', 'Marston_Moor', 'Metaurus_River', 'Meuse', 'Midway', 'Minden', 'Monmouth_Court_House', 'Naseby', 'Navarino', 'Okinawa', 'Omdurman', 'Operation_Desert_Storm', 'Orleans', 'Panipat', 'Passero', 'Petersburg', 'Pharsalus', 'Philippi', 'Philippine_Sea', 'Plassey', 'Plataea', 'Plevna', 'Poitiers', 'Port_Arthur', 'Battle_of_Puebla', 'Pydna', 'Ravenna', 'Rocroi', 'Rossbach', 'Saint-Mihiel', 'Saipan', 'Salerno', 'Santiago', 'Saratoga', 'Sempatch', 'Shiloh', 'Soissons', 'Solferino', 'Somme', 'Somme', 'Battle_of_the_Spanish_Armada', 'Spotsylvania', 'Syracuse', 'Syracuse', 'Tannenberg', 'Tarawa', 'Tertry', 'Teutoburger_Wald', 'Tewkesbury', 'Thermopylae', 'Trafalgar', 'Trasimeno', 'Tsushima', 'Valmy', 'Verdun', 'Vicksburg', 'Wagram', 'Battle_of_Wake', 'Waterloo', 'Wilderness_Campaign', 'Yalu_River', 'Yorktown', 'Ypres', 'Ypres', 'Ypres', 'Zama', 'American_Civil_War', 'American_Revolution', 'Arab-Israeli_War', 'Arab-Israeli_War', 'Balkan_Wars', 'Boer_War', 'Chinese_Revolution', 'Crimean_War', 'Cuban_Revolution', 'English_Civil_War', 'English_Revolution', 'Franco-Prussian_War', 'French_and_Indian_War', 'French_Revolution', \"Hundred_Years'_War\", 'Iran-Iraq_War', 'Korean_War', 'Mexican_Revolution', 'Mexican_War', 'Napoleonic_Wars', 'Norman_Conquest', 'Peloponnesian_War', 'Persian_Gulf_War', 'Punic_War', 'Restoration', 'Russian_Revolution', 'Russian_Revolution', 'Russo-Japanese_War', \"Seven_Years'_War\", 'Spanish-American_War', 'Spanish_Civil_War', \"Thirty_Years'_War\", 'Trojan_War', 'Vietnam_War', 'War_of_Greek_Independence', 'War_of_the_Austrian_Succession', 'War_of_the_Grand_Alliance', 'War_of_the_Spanish_Succession', 'War_of_the_Roses', 'War_of_1812', 'World_War_I', 'World_War_II', 'Animalia', 'recombinant', 'conspecific', 'carrier', 'pest', 'critter', 'creepy-crawly', 'darter', 'denizen', 'peeper', 'homeotherm', 'poikilotherm', 'range_animal', 'vermin', 'varmint', 'scavenger', 'bottom-feeder', 'bottom-feeder', 'bottom_lurkers', 'work_animal', 'beast_of_burden', 'draft_animal', 'pack_animal', 'domestic_animal', 'feeder', 'feeder', 'stocker', 'hatchling', 'head', 'migrator', 'molter', 'pet', 'stayer', 'stunt', 'pollard', 'marine_animal', 'by-catch', 'amphidiploid', 'diploid', 'haploid', 'heteroploid', 'polyploid', 'female', 'hen', 'male', 'adult', 'young', 'orphan', 'young_mammal', 'baby', 'pup', 'wolf_pup', 'puppy', 'cub', 'lion_cub', 'bear_cub', 'tiger_cub', 'kit', 'suckling', 'sire', 'dam', 'thoroughbred', 'giant', 'vent', 'animalcule', 'survivor', 'mutant', 'carnivore', 'herbivore', 'insectivore', 'acrodont', 'pleurodont', 'form_genus', 'horn', 'antler', 'tuft', 'horn', 'crest', 'topknot', 'microorganism', 'monad', 'aerobe', 'anaerobe', 'obligate_anaerobe', 'hybrid', 'dihybrid', 'monohybrid', 'polymorph', 'relative', 'intestinal_flora', 'virus', 'arbovirus', 'capsid', 'virion', 'adenovirus', 'parainfluenza_virus', 'arenavirus', 'Junin_virus', 'Lassa_virus', 'lymphocytic_choriomeningitis_virus', 'Machupo_virus', 'Bunyaviridae', 'bunyavirus', 'Filoviridae', 'filovirus', 'Ebola_virus', 'Marburg_virus', 'Togaviridae', 'alphavirus', 'Flaviviridae', 'flavivirus', 'West_Nile_virus', 'Arenaviridae', 'Rhabdoviridae', 'vesiculovirus', 'Reoviridae', 'poxvirus', 'myxoma_virus', 'variola_virus', 'variola_major', 'variola_minor', 'tobacco_mosaic_virus', 'viroid', 'bacteriophage', 'coliphage', 'typhoid_bacteriophage', 'plant_virus', 'animal_virus', 'hepadnavirus', 'retrovirus', 'human_T-cell_leukemia_virus-1', 'human_immunodeficiency_virus', 'myxovirus', 'orthomyxovirus', 'paramyxovirus', 'respiratory_syncytial_virus', 'picornavirus', 'poliovirus', 'hepatitis_A_virus', 'enterovirus', 'coxsackievirus', 'echovirus', 'rhinovirus', 'herpes', 'herpes_simplex', 'herpes_simplex_1', 'herpes_simplex_2', 'herpes_zoster', 'herpes_varicella_zoster', 'Epstein-Barr_virus', 'cytomegalovirus', 'varicella_zoster_virus', 'papovavirus', 'human_papilloma_virus', 'polyoma', 'rhabdovirus', 'lyssavirus', 'reovirus', 'rotavirus', 'parvovirus', 'slow_virus', 'onion_yellow-dwarf_virus', 'potato_yellow-dwarf_virus', 'Monera', 'moneran', 'animal_order', 'protoctist_order', 'division_Archaebacteria', 'archaebacteria', 'methanogen', 'halophile', 'halobacteria', 'thermoacidophile', 'bacteria', 'acidophil', 'probiotic', 'bacteroid', 'bacillus', 'Bacillus_anthracis', 'Bacillus_subtilis', 'Yersinia_pestis', 'coccus', 'coccobacillus', 'Brucella', 'spirillum', 'Heliobacter', 'Heliobacter_pylori', 'bacteria_order', 'bacteria_family', 'bacteria_genus', 'bacteria_species', 'Pseudomonas_pyocanea', 'Aerobacter', 'Aerobacter_aerogenes', 'Rhizobiaceae', 'Rhizobium', 'Agrobacterium', 'Agrobacterium_tumefaciens', 'division_Eubacteria', 'eubacteria', 'Eubacteriales', 'Bacillaceae', 'genus_Bacillus', 'genus_Clostridium', 'clostridium', 'botulinus', 'clostridium_perfringens', 'Cyanophyta', 'Schizophyta', 'Schizomycetes', 'class_Cyanobacteria', 'cyanobacteria', 'Myxophyceae', 'Nostocaceae', 'genus_Nostoc', 'nostoc', 'Oscillatoriaceae', 'genus_Trichodesmium', 'trichodesmium', 'phototrophic_bacteria', 'purple_bacteria', 'Pseudomonadales', 'Pseudomonodaceae', 'Pseudomonas', 'ring_rot_bacteria', 'pseudomonad', 'Xanthomonas', 'xanthomonad', 'Athiorhodaceae', 'Nitrobacteriaceae', 'Nitrobacter', 'nitric_bacteria', 'Nitrosomonas', 'nitrosobacteria', 'Thiobacteriaceae', 'genus_Thiobacillus', 'thiobacillus', 'thiobacteria', 'Spirillaceae', 'genus_Spirillum', 'spirillum', 'ratbite_fever_bacterium', 'genus_Vibrio', 'vibrio', 'comma_bacillus', 'Vibrio_fetus', 'Bacteroidaceae', 'Bacteroides', 'Calymmatobacterium', 'Calymmatobacterium_granulomatis', 'Francisella', 'Francisella_tularensis', 'gonococcus', 'Corynebacteriaceae', 'corynebacterium', 'genus_Corynebacterium', 'Corynebacterium_diphtheriae', 'genus_Listeria', 'listeria', 'Listeria_monocytogenes', 'Enterobacteriaceae', 'enteric_bacteria', 'genus_Escherichia', 'escherichia', 'Escherichia_coli', 'genus_Klebsiella', 'klebsiella', 'genus_Salmonella', 'salmonella', 'Salmonella_enteritidis', 'Salmonella_typhimurium', 'typhoid_bacillus', 'genus_Serratia', 'Serratia_marcescens', 'genus_Shigella', 'shigella', 'shiga_bacillus', 'genus_Erwinia', 'erwinia', 'endospore-forming_bacteria', 'Rickettsiales', 'Rickettsiaceae', 'genus_Rickettsia', 'rickettsia', 'tumor_virus', 'wound_tumor_virus', 'vector', 'cosmid', 'Chlamydiaceae', 'genus_Chlamydia', 'chlamydia', 'Chlamydia_psittaci', 'Chlamydia_trachomatis', 'Mycoplasmatales', 'Mycoplasmataceae', 'genus_Mycoplasma', 'mycoplasma', 'pleuropneumonialike_organism', 'Legionella_pneumophilia', 'nitrobacterium', 'nitrate_bacterium', 'nitrite_bacterium', 'Actinomycetales', 'actinomycete', 'Actinomycetaceae', 'genus_Actinomyces', 'actinomyces', 'Streptomycetaceae', 'genus_Streptomyces', 'streptomyces', 'Streptomyces_erythreus', 'Streptomyces_griseus', 'potato_scab_bacteria', 'Mycobacteriaceae', 'genus_Mycobacterium', 'mycobacteria', 'tubercle_bacillus', 'penicillin-resistant_bacteria', 'pus-forming_bacteria', 'rod', 'streptobacillus', 'leprosy_bacillus', 'order_Myxobacteria', 'Polyangiaceae', 'Polyangium', 'myxobacteria', 'Micrococcaceae', 'Micrococcus', 'genus_Staphylococcus', 'staphylococcus', 'Lactobacillaceae', 'genus_Lactobacillus', 'lactobacillus', 'acidophilus', 'genus_Diplococcus', 'diplococcus', 'pneumococcus', 'genus_Streptococcus', 'streptococcus', 'Streptococcus_anhemolyticus', 'Spirochaetales', 'Spirochaetaceae', 'Spirochaeta', 'spirochete', 'Treponemataceae', 'genus_Treponema', 'treponema', 'genus_Borrelia', 'borrelia', 'Borrelia_burgdorferi', 'genus_Leptospira', 'leptospira', 'plankton', 'phytoplankton', 'planktonic_algae', 'zooplankton', 'nekton', 'microbe', 'parasite', 'endoparasite', 'ectoparasite', 'host', 'intermediate_host', 'definitive_host', 'pathogen', 'commensal', 'myrmecophile', 'Protoctista', 'protoctist', 'Protista', 'protist', 'protoctist_family', 'protoctist_genus', 'Pyrrophyta', 'Protozoa', 'protozoan', 'Sarcodina', 'sarcodinian', 'Actinopoda', 'actinopod', 'Heliozoa', 'heliozoan', 'Radiolaria', 'radiolarian', 'Rhizopoda', 'rhizopod', 'Amoebida', 'genus_Amoeba', 'Endamoebidae', 'Endamoeba', 'endameba', 'ameba', 'Endamoeba_histolytica', 'Foraminifera', 'foram', 'Globigerinidae', 'genus_Globigerina', 'globigerina', 'Nummulitidae', 'nummulite', 'Testacea', 'testacean', 'Arcellidae', 'genus_Arcella', 'arcella', 'genus_Difflugia', 'difflugia', 'Ciliata', 'ciliate', 'Infusoria', 'infusorian', 'genus_Paramecium', 'paramecium', 'genus_Tetrahymena', 'tetrahymena', 'genus_Stentor', 'stentor', 'genus_Vorticella', 'vorticella', 'alga', 'seaweed', 'arame', 'wrack', 'seagrass', 'sea_wrack', 'chlorophyll', 'chlorophyll_a', 'chlorophyll_b', 'chlorophyll_c', 'chlorophyll_d', 'bacteriochlorophyll', 'phycobilin', 'phycoerythrin', 'phycocyanin', 'Heterokontophyta', 'Chrysophyta', 'golden_algae', 'yellow-green_algae', 'Chrysophyceae', 'Xanthophyceae', 'Bacillariophyceae', 'diatom', 'Heterotrichales', 'Tribonemaceae', 'Tribonema', 'conferva', 'confervoid_algae', 'Phaeophyceae', 'Phaeophyta', 'brown_algae', 'Laminariales', 'Laminariaceae', 'Laminaria', 'kelp', 'sea_tangle', 'tang', 'Fucales', 'Cyclosporeae', 'Fucaceae', 'fucoid', 'fucoid', 'rockweed', 'genus_Fucus', 'fucus', 'serrated_wrack', 'bladderwrack', 'Ascophyllum', 'bladderwrack', 'genus_Sargassum', 'gulfweed', 'Euglenophyta', 'Euglenophyceae', 'Euglenaceae', 'genus_Euglena', 'euglena', 'euglenoid', 'Chlorophyta', 'Chlorophyceae', 'green_algae', 'Ulvophyceae', 'Ulvales', 'Ulvaceae', 'Ulva', 'sea_lettuce', 'Volvocales', 'Volvocaceae', 'Volvox', 'Chlamydomonadaceae', 'Chlamydomonas', 'Zygnematales', 'Zygnemataceae', 'Zygnema', 'pond_scum', 'genus_Spirogyra', 'spirogyra', 'Chlorococcales', 'Chlorococcum', 'genus_Chlorella', 'chlorella', 'Oedogoniales', 'Oedogoniaceae', 'Oedogonium', 'Charophyceae', 'Charales', 'Characeae', 'stonewort', 'Chara', 'Nitella', 'Desmidiaceae', 'Desmidium', 'desmid', 'Rhodophyta', 'Rhodophyceae', 'red_algae', 'sea_moss', 'Gigartinaceae', 'Chondrus', 'Irish_moss', 'Rhodymeniaceae', 'Rhodymenia', 'dulse', 'Bangiaceae', 'Porphyra', 'red_laver', 'eukaryote', 'prokaryote', 'zooid', 'Mastigophora', 'flagellate', 'Dinoflagellata', 'dinoflagellate', 'genus_Noctiluca', 'noctiluca', 'Peridiniidae', 'Peridinium', 'peridinian', 'Zoomastigina', 'Leishmania', 'zoomastigote', 'Hypermastigina', 'hypermastigote', 'Polymastigina', 'polymastigote', 'genus_Costia', 'costia', 'genus_Giardia', 'giardia', 'Chilomastix', 'Hexamita', 'genus_Trichomonas', 'trichomonad', 'Phytomastigina', 'plantlike_flagellate', 'Cryptophyta', 'Cryptophyceae', 'cryptomonad', 'Sporozoa', 'sporozoan', 'sporozoite', 'trophozoite', 'merozoite', 'Telosporidia', 'Coccidia', 'Eimeriidae', 'genus_Eimeria', 'coccidium', 'Gregarinida', 'gregarine', 'Haemosporidia', 'haemosporidian', 'Plasmodiidae', 'genus_Plasmodium', 'plasmodium', 'Haemoproteidae', 'haemoproteid', 'Haemoproteus', 'genus_Leucocytozoon', 'leucocytozoan', 'Babesiidae', 'genus_Babesia', 'piroplasm', 'Acnidosporidia', 'Sarcosporidia', 'Sarcocystis', 'sarcosporidian', 'Haplosporidia', 'haplosporidian', 'Cnidosporidia', 'Actinomyxidia', 'actinomyxidian', 'Mycrosporidia', 'microsporidian', 'Myxosporidia', 'myxosporidian', 'pseudopod', 'plasmodium', 'Malacopterygii', 'soft-finned_fish', 'Ostariophysi', 'fish_family', 'fish_genus', 'Cypriniformes', 'cypriniform_fish', 'Cobitidae', 'loach', 'Cyprinidae', 'cyprinid', 'carp', 'Cyprinus', 'domestic_carp', 'leather_carp', 'mirror_carp', 'Abramis', 'European_bream', 'Tinca', 'tench', 'Leuciscus', 'dace', 'chub', 'shiner', 'Notropis', 'emerald_shiner', 'common_shiner', 'Notemigonus', 'golden_shiner', 'Rutilus', 'roach', 'Scardinius', 'rudd', 'Phoxinus', 'minnow', 'Gobio', 'gudgeon', 'Carassius', 'goldfish', 'silverfish', 'crucian_carp', 'Electrophoridae', 'Electrophorus', 'electric_eel', 'Catostomidae', 'catostomid', 'sucker', 'Catostomus', 'Ictiobus', 'buffalo_fish', 'black_buffalo', 'Hypentelium', 'hog_sucker', 'Maxostoma', 'redhorse', 'Cyprinodontidae', 'cyprinodont', 'killifish', 'Fundulus', 'mummichog', 'striped_killifish', 'genus_Rivulus', 'rivulus', 'Jordanella', 'flagfish', 'Xyphophorus', 'swordtail', 'Lebistes', 'guppy', 'Poeciliidae', 'topminnow', 'Gambusia', 'mosquitofish', 'Platypoecilus', 'platy', 'Mollienesia', 'mollie', 'Berycomorphi', 'Holocentridae', 'Holocentrus', 'squirrelfish', 'reef_squirrelfish', 'deepwater_squirrelfish', 'Holocentrus_ascensionis', 'soldierfish', 'Anomalopidae', 'genus_Anomalops', 'anomalops', 'Krypterophaneron', 'Photoblepharon', 'flashlight_fish', 'Zeomorphi', 'Zeidae', 'dory', 'Zeus', 'John_Dory', 'Caproidae', 'Capros', 'boarfish', 'Antigonia', 'boarfish', 'Solenichthyes', 'Fistulariidae', 'Fistularia', 'cornetfish', 'Gasterosteidae', 'stickleback', 'Gasterosteus', 'three-spined_stickleback', 'ten-spined_stickleback', 'Syngnathidae', 'pipefish', 'Syngnathus', 'dwarf_pipefish', 'Cosmocampus', 'deepwater_pipefish', 'Hippocampus', 'seahorse', 'Macrorhamphosidae', 'snipefish', 'Centriscidae', 'shrimpfish', 'Aulostomidae', 'Aulostomus', 'trumpetfish', 'cytostome', 'cilium', 'flagellum', 'flame_cell', 'investment', 'pellicle', 'embryo', 'blastocoel', 'blastoderm', 'blastomere', 'fetus', 'monster', 'abortus', 'egg', 'ovipositor', 'chalaza', 'nit', 'spawn', 'roe', 'roe', 'blastula', 'blastocyst', 'trophoblast', 'gastrula', 'morula', 'archenteron', 'blastopore', 'layer', 'embryonic_tissue', 'germ_layer', 'ectoderm', 'neural_tube', 'mesoderm', 'chordamesoderm', 'mesenchyme', 'endoderm', 'silkworm_seed', 'yolk', 'yolk_sac', 'yolk_sac', 'fang', 'fang', 'tusk', 'Chordata', 'chordate', 'notochord', 'urochord', 'chordate_family', 'chordate_genus', 'Cephalochordata', 'cephalochordate', 'Amphioxidae', 'genus_Amphioxus', 'lancelet', 'Urochordata', 'tunicate', 'Ascidiaceae', 'ascidian', 'siphon', 'sea_squirt', 'Thaliacea', 'Salpidae', 'genus_Salpa', 'salp', 'Doliolidae', 'genus_Doliolum', 'doliolum', 'Larvacea', 'larvacean', 'genus_Appendicularia', 'appendicularia', 'ascidian_tadpole', 'Vertebrata', 'vertebrate', 'Amniota', 'amniote', 'amnion', 'chorion', 'chorionic_villus', 'allantois', 'chorioallantois', 'aquatic_vertebrate', 'Agnatha', 'jawless_vertebrate', 'Ostracodermi', 'ostracoderm', 'Heterostraci', 'heterostracan', 'Osteostraci', 'osteostracan', 'Anaspida', 'anaspid', 'Conodonta', 'conodont', 'conodont', 'Cyclostomata', 'cyclostome', 'Petromyzoniformes', 'Petromyzontidae', 'lamprey', 'Petromyzon', 'sea_lamprey', 'Myxiniformes', 'Myxinidae', 'hagfish', 'Myxine', 'Myxine_glutinosa', 'genus_Eptatretus', 'eptatretus', 'Myxinikela', 'Myxinikela_siroka', 'Gnathostomata', 'gnathostome', 'Placodermi', 'placoderm', 'Chondrichthyes', 'cartilaginous_fish', 'Holocephali', 'holocephalan', 'Chimaeridae', 'genus_Chimaera', 'chimaera', 'rabbitfish', 'Elasmobranchii', 'elasmobranch', 'shark', 'Hexanchidae', 'Hexanchus', 'cow_shark', 'Lamnidae', 'Isuridae', 'mackerel_shark', 'Lamna', 'porbeagle', 'Isurus', 'mako', 'shortfin_mako', 'longfin_mako', 'bonito_shark', 'Carcharodon', 'great_white_shark', 'Cetorhinus', 'Cetorhinidae', 'basking_shark', 'Alopiidae', 'Alopius', 'thresher', 'Orectolobidae', 'Orectolobus', 'carpet_shark', 'Ginglymostoma', 'nurse_shark', 'Carchariidae', 'Carcharias', 'sand_tiger', 'Rhincodontidae', 'Rhincodon', 'whale_shark', 'Scyliorhinidae', 'cat_shark', 'Carcharhinidae', 'requiem_shark', 'Carcharhinus', 'bull_shark', 'sandbar_shark', 'blacktip_shark', 'whitetip_shark', 'dusky_shark', 'Negaprion', 'lemon_shark', 'Prionace', 'blue_shark', 'Galeocerdo', 'tiger_shark', 'Galeorhinus', 'soupfin_shark', 'dogfish', 'Triakidae', 'Mustelus', 'smooth_dogfish', 'smoothhound', 'American_smooth_dogfish', 'Florida_smoothhound', 'Triaenodon', 'whitetip_shark', 'Squalidae', 'spiny_dogfish', 'Squalus', 'Atlantic_spiny_dogfish', 'Pacific_spiny_dogfish', 'Sphyrnidae', 'Sphyrna', 'hammerhead', 'smooth_hammerhead', 'smalleye_hammerhead', 'shovelhead', 'Squatinidae', 'Squatina', 'angel_shark', 'ray', 'Torpediniformes', 'Torpedinidae', 'electric_ray', 'Rajiformes', 'Pristidae', 'sawfish', 'Pristis', 'smalltooth_sawfish', 'Rhinobatidae', 'guitarfish', 'Dasyatidae', 'stingray', 'Dasyatis', 'roughtail_stingray', 'Gymnura', 'butterfly_ray', 'Myliobatidae', 'eagle_ray', 'Aetobatus', 'spotted_eagle_ray', 'Rhinoptera', 'cownose_ray', 'Mobulidae', 'manta', 'genus_Manta', 'Atlantic_manta', 'Mobula', 'devil_ray', 'Rajidae', 'skate', 'Raja', 'grey_skate', 'little_skate', 'thorny_skate', 'barndoor_skate', 'Aves', 'bird', 'dickeybird', 'fledgling', 'nestling', 'bird_family', 'bird_genus', 'breast', 'throat', 'cock', 'gamecock', 'hen', 'nester', 'night_bird', 'night_raven', 'bird_of_passage', 'genus_Protoavis', 'protoavis', 'Archaeornithes', 'genus_Archaeopteryx', 'archaeopteryx', 'genus_Sinornis', 'Sinornis', 'genus_Ibero-mesornis', 'Ibero-mesornis', 'genus_Archaeornis', 'archaeornis', 'ratite', 'carinate', 'Ratitae', 'Struthioniformes', 'Struthionidae', 'Struthio', 'ostrich', 'Casuariiformes', 'Casuaridae', 'Casuarius', 'cassowary', 'Dromaius', 'emu', 'Apterygiformes', 'Apterygidae', 'genus_Apteryx', 'kiwi', 'Rheiformes', 'Rheidae', 'genus_Rhea', 'rhea', 'Pterocnemia', 'rhea', 'Aepyorniformes', 'Aepyornidae', 'genus_Aepyornis', 'elephant_bird', 'Dinornithiformes', 'Dinornithidae', 'Dinornis', 'moa', 'giant_moa', 'genus_Anomalopteryx', 'anomalopteryx', 'Insessores', 'Passeriformes', 'passerine', 'nonpasserine_bird', 'Oscines', 'oscine', 'songbird', 'Meliphagidae', 'honey_eater', 'Prunellidae', 'Prunella', 'accentor', 'hedge_sparrow', 'Alaudidae', 'lark', 'Alauda', 'skylark', 'Motacillidae', 'Motacilla', 'wagtail', 'Anthus', 'pipit', 'meadow_pipit', 'Fringillidae', 'finch', 'Fringilla', 'chaffinch', 'brambling', 'Carduelinae', 'Carduelis', 'goldfinch', 'linnet', 'siskin', 'red_siskin', 'redpoll', 'redpoll', 'Spinus', 'New_World_goldfinch', 'pine_siskin', 'Carpodacus', 'house_finch', 'purple_finch', 'Serinus', 'canary', 'common_canary', 'serin', 'Loxia', 'crossbill', 'Pyrrhula', 'bullfinch', 'genus_Junco', 'junco', 'dark-eyed_junco', 'New_World_sparrow', 'Pooecetes', 'vesper_sparrow', 'Zonotrichia', 'white-throated_sparrow', 'white-crowned_sparrow', 'Spizella', 'chipping_sparrow', 'field_sparrow', 'tree_sparrow', 'Melospiza', 'song_sparrow', 'swamp_sparrow', 'Emberizidae', 'bunting', 'Passerina', 'indigo_bunting', 'Emberiza', 'ortolan', 'reed_bunting', 'yellowhammer', 'yellow-breasted_bunting', 'Plectrophenax', 'snow_bunting', 'Coerebidae', 'honeycreeper', 'Coereba', 'banana_quit', 'Passeridae', 'sparrow', 'Passer', 'English_sparrow', 'tree_sparrow', 'grosbeak', 'Hesperiphona', 'evening_grosbeak', 'Coccothraustes', 'hawfinch', 'Pinicola', 'pine_grosbeak', 'Richmondena', 'cardinal', 'genus_Pyrrhuloxia', 'pyrrhuloxia', 'towhee', 'Pipilo', 'chewink', 'Chlorura', 'green-tailed_towhee', 'Ploceidae', 'weaver', 'Ploceus', 'baya', 'Vidua', 'whydah', 'Padda', 'Java_sparrow', 'Estrilda', 'avadavat', 'Poephila', 'grassfinch', 'zebra_finch', 'Drepanididae', 'honeycreeper', 'Drepanis', 'mamo', 'Menurae', 'Menuridae', 'Menura', 'lyrebird', 'Atrichornithidae', 'Atrichornis', 'scrubbird', 'Eurylaimi', 'Eurylaimidae', 'broadbill', 'Tyranni', 'tyrannid', 'Clamatores', 'Tyrannidae', 'New_World_flycatcher', 'Tyrannus', 'kingbird', 'Arkansas_kingbird', \"Cassin's_kingbird\", 'eastern_kingbird', 'grey_kingbird', 'Contopus', 'pewee', 'western_wood_pewee', 'Sayornis', 'phoebe', 'Pyrocephalus', 'vermillion_flycatcher', 'Cotingidae', 'genus_Cotinga', 'cotinga', 'Rupicola', 'cock_of_the_rock', 'cock_of_the_rock', 'Pipridae', 'Pipra', 'manakin', 'Procnias', 'bellbird', 'Cephalopterus', 'umbrella_bird', 'Furnariidae', 'Furnarius', 'ovenbird', 'Formicariidae', 'antbird', 'Formicarius', 'ant_thrush', 'Thamnophilus', 'ant_shrike', 'Hylophylax', 'spotted_antbird', 'Dendrocolaptidae', 'Dendrocolaptes', 'woodhewer', 'Pittidae', 'genus_Pitta', 'pitta', 'Muscivora', 'scissortail', 'Muscicapidae', 'Old_World_flycatcher', 'Muscicapa', 'spotted_flycatcher', 'Pachycephala', 'thickhead', 'Turdidae', 'Turdinae', 'thrush', 'Turdus', 'missel_thrush', 'song_thrush', 'fieldfare', 'redwing', 'blackbird', 'ring_ouzel', 'robin', 'clay-colored_robin', 'Hylocichla', 'hermit_thrush', 'veery', 'wood_thrush', 'Luscinia', 'nightingale', 'thrush_nightingale', 'bulbul', 'Saxicola', 'Old_World_chat', 'stonechat', 'whinchat', 'Myadestes', 'solitaire', 'Phoenicurus', 'redstart', 'Oenanthe', 'wheatear', 'Sialia', 'bluebird', 'Erithacus', 'robin', 'bluethroat', 'Sylviidae', 'Sylviinae', 'warbler', 'Polioptila', 'gnatcatcher', 'Regulus', 'kinglet', 'goldcrest', 'gold-crowned_kinglet', 'ruby-crowned_kinglet', 'Old_World_warbler', 'Silvia', 'blackcap', 'greater_whitethroat', 'lesser_whitethroat', 'Phylloscopus', 'wood_warbler', 'Acrocephalus', 'sedge_warbler', 'Prinia', 'wren_warbler', 'Orthotomus', 'tailorbird', 'Timaliidae', 'Timalia', 'babbler', 'Parulidae', 'New_World_warbler', 'Parula', 'parula_warbler', \"Wilson's_warbler\", 'Setophaga', 'flycatching_warbler', 'American_redstart', 'Dendroica', 'Cape_May_warbler', 'yellow_warbler', 'Blackburn', \"Audubon's_warbler\", 'myrtle_warbler', 'blackpoll', 'Icteria', 'New_World_chat', 'yellow-breasted_chat', 'Seiurus', 'ovenbird', 'water_thrush', 'Geothlypis', 'yellowthroat', 'common_yellowthroat', 'Paradisaeidae', 'bird_of_paradise', 'Ptloris', 'riflebird', 'Icteridae', 'New_World_oriole', 'Icterus', 'northern_oriole', 'Baltimore_oriole', \"Bullock's_oriole\", 'orchard_oriole', 'Sturnella', 'meadowlark', 'eastern_meadowlark', 'western_meadowlark', 'Cacicus', 'cacique', 'Dolichonyx', 'bobolink', 'New_World_blackbird', 'Quiscalus', 'grackle', 'purple_grackle', 'Euphagus', 'rusty_blackbird', 'Molothrus', 'cowbird', 'Agelaius', 'red-winged_blackbird', 'Oriolidae', 'Old_World_oriole', 'Oriolus', 'golden_oriole', 'Sphecotheres', 'fig-bird', 'Sturnidae', 'starling', 'Sturnus', 'common_starling', 'Pastor', 'rose-colored_starling', 'myna', 'Acridotheres', 'crested_myna', 'Gracula', 'hill_myna', 'Corvidae', 'corvine_bird', 'Corvus', 'crow', 'American_crow', 'raven', 'rook', 'jackdaw', 'chough', 'Garrulinae', 'jay', 'Garrulus', 'Old_World_jay', 'common_European_jay', 'Cyanocitta', 'New_World_jay', 'blue_jay', 'Perisoreus', 'Canada_jay', 'Rocky_Mountain_jay', 'Nucifraga', 'nutcracker', 'common_nutcracker', \"Clark's_nutcracker\", 'Pica', 'magpie', 'European_magpie', 'American_magpie', 'Cracticidae', 'Australian_magpie', 'Cracticus', 'butcherbird', 'Strepera', 'currawong', 'Gymnorhina', 'piping_crow', 'Troglodytidae', 'wren', 'Troglodytes', 'winter_wren', 'house_wren', 'Cistothorus', 'marsh_wren', 'long-billed_marsh_wren', 'sedge_wren', 'Salpinctes', 'rock_wren', 'Thryothorus', 'Carolina_wren', 'Campylorhynchus', 'cactus_wren', 'Mimidae', 'Mimus', 'mockingbird', 'Melanotis', 'blue_mockingbird', 'Dumetella', 'catbird', 'Toxostoma', 'thrasher', 'brown_thrasher', 'Xenicidae', 'New_Zealand_wren', 'Xenicus', 'rock_wren', 'Acanthisitta', 'rifleman_bird', 'Certhiidae', 'creeper', 'Certhia', 'brown_creeper', 'European_creeper', 'Tichodroma', 'wall_creeper', 'Sittidae', 'nuthatch', 'Sitta', 'European_nuthatch', 'red-breasted_nuthatch', 'white-breasted_nuthatch', 'Paridae', 'titmouse', 'Parus', 'chickadee', 'black-capped_chickadee', 'tufted_titmouse', 'Carolina_chickadee', 'blue_tit', 'Psaltriparus', 'bushtit', 'Chamaea', 'wren-tit', 'Auriparus', 'verdin', 'Irenidae', 'Irena', 'fairy_bluebird', 'Hirundinidae', 'swallow', 'Hirundo', 'barn_swallow', 'cliff_swallow', 'tree_swallow', 'Iridoprocne', 'white-bellied_swallow', 'martin', 'Delichon', 'house_martin', 'Riparia', 'bank_martin', 'Progne', 'purple_martin', 'Artamidae', 'Artamus', 'wood_swallow', 'Thraupidae', 'tanager', 'Piranga', 'scarlet_tanager', 'western_tanager', 'summer_tanager', 'hepatic_tanager', 'Laniidae', 'shrike', 'Lanius', 'butcherbird', 'European_shrike', 'northern_shrike', 'white-rumped_shrike', 'loggerhead_shrike', 'migrant_shrike', 'Malaconotinae', 'bush_shrike', 'Chlorophoneus', 'black-fronted_bush_shrike', 'Ptilonorhynchidae', 'bowerbird', 'Ptilonorhynchus', 'satin_bowerbird', 'Chlamydera', 'great_bowerbird', 'Cinclidae', 'water_ouzel', 'Cinclus', 'European_water_ouzel', 'American_water_ouzel', 'Vireonidae', 'genus_Vireo', 'vireo', 'red-eyed_vireo', 'solitary_vireo', 'blue-headed_vireo', 'Bombycillidae', 'Bombycilla', 'waxwing', 'cedar_waxwing', 'Bohemian_waxwing', 'Raptores', 'bird_of_prey', 'Falconiformes', 'Accipitriformes', 'Accipitridae', 'hawk', 'eyas', 'tiercel', 'Accipiter', 'goshawk', 'sparrow_hawk', \"Cooper's_hawk\", 'chicken_hawk', 'Buteo', 'buteonine', 'redtail', 'rough-legged_hawk', 'red-shouldered_hawk', 'buzzard', 'Pernis', 'honey_buzzard', 'kite', 'Milvus', 'black_kite', 'Elanoides', 'swallow-tailed_kite', 'Elanus', 'white-tailed_kite', 'Circus', 'harrier', 'marsh_harrier', \"Montagu's_harrier\", 'marsh_hawk', 'Circaetus', 'harrier_eagle', 'Falconidae', 'falcon', 'Falco', 'peregrine', 'falcon-gentle', 'gyrfalcon', 'kestrel', 'sparrow_hawk', 'pigeon_hawk', 'hobby', 'caracara', 'Polyborus', \"Audubon's_caracara\", 'carancha', 'eagle', 'young_bird', 'eaglet', 'Harpia', 'harpy', 'Aquila', 'golden_eagle', 'tawny_eagle', 'ringtail', 'Haliaeetus', 'bald_eagle', 'sea_eagle', 'Kamchatkan_sea_eagle', 'ern', 'fishing_eagle', 'Pandionidae', 'Pandion', 'osprey', 'vulture', 'Aegypiidae', 'Old_World_vulture', 'Gyps', 'griffon_vulture', 'Gypaetus', 'bearded_vulture', 'Neophron', 'Egyptian_vulture', 'Aegypius', 'black_vulture', 'Sagittariidae', 'Sagittarius', 'secretary_bird', 'Cathartidae', 'New_World_vulture', 'Cathartes', 'buzzard', 'condor', 'Vultur', 'Andean_condor', 'Gymnogyps', 'California_condor', 'Coragyps', 'black_vulture', 'Sarcorhamphus', 'king_vulture', 'Strigiformes', 'owl', 'owlet', 'Strigidae', 'Athene', 'little_owl', 'Bubo', 'horned_owl', 'great_horned_owl', 'Strix', 'great_grey_owl', 'tawny_owl', 'barred_owl', 'Otus', 'screech_owl', 'screech_owl', 'scops_owl', 'spotted_owl', 'Old_World_scops_owl', 'Oriental_scops_owl', 'hoot_owl', 'Surnia', 'hawk_owl', 'Asio', 'long-eared_owl', 'Sceloglaux', 'laughing_owl', 'Tytonidae', 'Tyto', 'barn_owl', 'amphibia', 'amphibian_family', 'amphibian_genus', 'amphibian', 'Hynerpeton', 'Hynerpeton_bassetti', 'genus_Ichthyostega', 'Ichyostega', 'Urodella', 'urodele', 'Salamandridae', 'Salamandra', 'salamander', 'European_fire_salamander', 'spotted_salamander', 'alpine_salamander', 'newt', 'Triturus', 'common_newt', 'Notophthalmus', 'red_eft', 'Taricha', 'Pacific_newt', 'rough-skinned_newt', 'California_newt', 'eft', 'Ambystomatidae', 'Ambystoma', 'ambystomid', 'mole_salamander', 'spotted_salamander', 'tiger_salamander', 'axolotl', 'waterdog', 'Cryptobranchidae', 'Cryptobranchus', 'hellbender', 'Megalobatrachus', 'giant_salamander', 'Proteidae', 'Proteus', 'olm', 'Necturus', 'mud_puppy', 'Dicamptodontidae', 'genus_Dicamptodon', 'dicamptodon', 'Pacific_giant_salamander', 'Rhyacotriton', 'olympic_salamander', 'Plethodontidae', 'Plethodon', 'lungless_salamander', 'eastern_red-backed_salamander', 'western_red-backed_salamander', 'Desmograthus', 'dusky_salamander', 'Aneides', 'climbing_salamander', 'arboreal_salamander', 'Batrachoseps', 'slender_salamander', 'Hydromantes', 'web-toed_salamander', 'Shasta_salamander', 'limestone_salamander', 'Amphiumidae', 'genus_Amphiuma', 'amphiuma', 'Sirenidae', 'genus_Siren', 'siren', 'Salientia', 'frog', 'Ranidae', 'Rana', 'true_frog', 'wood-frog', 'leopard_frog', 'bullfrog', 'green_frog', 'cascades_frog', 'goliath_frog', 'pickerel_frog', 'tarahumara_frog', 'grass_frog', 'Leptodactylidae', 'leptodactylid_frog', 'Eleutherodactylus', 'robber_frog', 'Hylactophryne', 'barking_frog', 'Leptodactylus', 'crapaud', 'Polypedatidae', 'Polypedates', 'tree_frog', 'Ascaphidae', 'Ascaphus', 'tailed_frog', 'Leiopelmatidae', 'Leiopelma', 'Liopelma_hamiltoni', 'Bufonidae', 'true_toad', 'genus_Bufo', 'bufo', 'agua', 'European_toad', 'natterjack', 'American_toad', 'Eurasian_green_toad', 'American_green_toad', 'Yosemite_toad', 'Texas_toad', 'southwestern_toad', 'western_toad', 'Discoglossidae', 'Alytes', 'obstetrical_toad', 'midwife_toad', 'Bombina', 'fire-bellied_toad', 'Pelobatidae', 'Scaphiopus', 'spadefoot', 'western_spadefoot', 'southern_spadefoot', 'plains_spadefoot', 'Hylidae', 'tree_toad', 'Hyla', 'spring_peeper', 'Pacific_tree_toad', 'canyon_treefrog', 'chameleon_tree_frog', 'Acris', 'cricket_frog', 'northern_cricket_frog', 'eastern_cricket_frog', 'Pseudacris', 'chorus_frog', 'Pternohyla', 'lowland_burrowing_treefrog', 'Microhylidae', 'Gastrophryne', 'western_narrow-mouthed_toad', 'eastern_narrow-mouthed_toad', 'Hypopachus', 'sheep_frog', 'Pipidae', 'tongueless_frog', 'Pipa', 'Surinam_toad', 'Xenopodidae', 'Xenopus', 'African_clawed_frog', 'South_American_poison_toad', 'Gymnophiona', 'Caeciliidae', 'caecilian', 'Labyrinthodontia', 'labyrinthodont', 'Stereospondyli', 'Stegocephalia', 'Temnospondyli', 'reptile_family', 'reptile_genus', 'Reptilia', 'reptile', 'Anapsida', 'anapsid', 'diapsid', 'Diapsida', 'Chelonia', 'chelonian', 'turtle', 'Cheloniidae', 'sea_turtle', 'Chelonia', 'green_turtle', 'Caretta', 'loggerhead', 'Lepidochelys', 'ridley', 'Atlantic_ridley', 'Pacific_ridley', 'Eretmochelys', 'hawksbill_turtle', 'Dermochelyidae', 'Dermochelys', 'leatherback_turtle', 'Chelydridae', 'snapping_turtle', 'Chelydra', 'common_snapping_turtle', 'Macroclemys', 'alligator_snapping_turtle', 'Kinosternidae', 'Kinosternon', 'mud_turtle', 'Sternotherus', 'musk_turtle', 'Emydidae', 'terrapin', 'Malaclemys', 'diamondback_terrapin', 'Pseudemys', 'red-bellied_terrapin', 'slider', 'cooter', 'Terrapene', 'box_turtle', 'Western_box_turtle', 'Chrysemys', 'painted_turtle', 'Testudinidae', 'tortoise', 'Testudo', 'European_tortoise', 'Geochelone', 'giant_tortoise', 'Gopherus', 'gopher_tortoise', 'Xerobates', 'desert_tortoise', 'Texas_tortoise', 'Trionychidae', 'soft-shelled_turtle', 'Trionyx', 'spiny_softshell', 'smooth_softshell', 'Lepidosauria', 'Rhynchocephalia', 'Sphenodon', 'tuatara', 'Squamata', 'Sauria', 'saurian', 'lizard', 'Gekkonidae', 'gecko', 'Ptychozoon', 'flying_gecko', 'Coleonyx', 'banded_gecko', 'Pygopodidae', 'Pygopus', 'Iguanidae', 'iguanid', 'genus_Iguana', 'common_iguana', 'Amblyrhynchus', 'marine_iguana', 'Dipsosaurus', 'desert_iguana', 'Sauromalus', 'chuckwalla', 'Callisaurus', 'zebra-tailed_lizard', 'Uma', 'fringe-toed_lizard', 'Holbrookia', 'earless_lizard', 'Crotaphytus', 'collared_lizard', 'Gambelia', 'leopard_lizard', 'Sceloporus', 'spiny_lizard', 'fence_lizard', 'western_fence_lizard', 'eastern_fence_lizard', 'sagebrush_lizard', 'Uta', 'side-blotched_lizard', 'Urosaurus', 'tree_lizard', 'Phrynosoma', 'horned_lizard', 'Texas_horned_lizard', 'Basiliscus', 'basilisk', 'Anolis', 'American_chameleon', 'Amphisbaenidae', 'Amphisbaena', 'worm_lizard', 'Xantusiidae', 'night_lizard', 'Scincidae', 'Scincus', 'Scincella', 'skink', 'Eumeces', 'western_skink', 'mountain_skink', 'Cordylidae', 'Cordylus', 'Teiidae', 'teiid_lizard', 'Cnemidophorus', 'whiptail', 'racerunner', 'plateau_striped_whiptail', 'Chihuahuan_spotted_whiptail', 'western_whiptail', 'checkered_whiptail', 'Tupinambis', 'teju', 'caiman_lizard', 'Agamidae', 'agamid', 'genus_Agama', 'agama', 'Chlamydosaurus', 'frilled_lizard', 'Draco', 'dragon', 'genus_Moloch', 'moloch', 'mountain_devil', 'Anguidae', 'anguid_lizard', 'Gerrhonotus', 'alligator_lizard', 'Anguis', 'blindworm', 'Ophisaurus', 'glass_lizard', 'Xenosauridae', 'Xenosaurus', 'Anniellidae', 'legless_lizard', 'Lanthanotidae', 'Lanthanotus', 'Lanthanotus_borneensis', 'Helodermatidae', 'venomous_lizard', 'Heloderma', 'Gila_monster', 'beaded_lizard', 'Lacertidae', 'lacertid_lizard', 'Lacerta', 'sand_lizard', 'green_lizard', 'Chamaeleontidae', 'chameleon', 'Chamaeleo', 'African_chameleon', 'horned_chameleon', 'Varanidae', 'Varanus', 'monitor', 'African_monitor', 'Komodo_dragon', 'Archosauria', 'archosaur', 'Saurosuchus', 'Proterochampsa', 'Crocodylia', 'Loricata', 'crocodilian_reptile', 'Crocodylidae', 'Crocodylus', 'crocodile', 'African_crocodile', 'Asian_crocodile', \"Morlett's_crocodile\", 'Tomistoma', 'false_gavial', 'Alligatoridae', 'genus_Alligator', 'alligator', 'American_alligator', 'Chinese_alligator', 'genus_Caiman', 'caiman', 'spectacled_caiman', 'Gavialidae', 'Gavialis', 'gavial', 'dinosaur', 'Ornithischia', 'ornithischian', 'genus_Pisanosaurus', 'pisanosaur', 'genus_Staurikosaurus', 'staurikosaur', 'Thyreophora', 'armored_dinosaur', 'genus_Stegosaurus', 'stegosaur', 'genus_Ankylosaurus', 'ankylosaur', 'Edmontonia', 'Marginocephalia', 'suborder_Pachycephalosaurus', 'bone-headed_dinosaur', 'pachycephalosaur', 'Ceratopsia', 'ceratopsian', 'Ceratopsidae', 'genus_Protoceratops', 'protoceratops', 'genus_Triceratops', 'triceratops', 'genus_Styracosaurus', 'styracosaur', 'genus_Psittacosaurus', 'psittacosaur', 'Euronithopoda', 'ornithopod', 'Hadrosauridae', 'hadrosaur', 'genus_Anatotitan', 'anatotitan', 'genus_Corythosaurus', 'corythosaur', 'genus_Edmontosaurus', 'edmontosaurus', 'genus_Trachodon', 'trachodon', 'Iguanodontidae', 'genus_Iguanodon', 'iguanodon', 'Saurischia', 'saurischian', 'Sauropodomorpha', 'Prosauropoda', 'Sauropoda', 'sauropod', 'genus_Apatosaurus', 'apatosaur', 'genus_Barosaurus', 'barosaur', 'genus_Diplodocus', 'diplodocus', 'Titanosauridae', 'Titanosaurus', 'titanosaur', 'genus_Argentinosaurus', 'argentinosaur', 'Seismosaurus', 'ground-shaker', 'Theropoda', 'theropod', 'suborder_Ceratosaura', 'genus_Ceratosaurus', 'ceratosaur', 'genus_Coelophysis', 'coelophysis', 'Carnosaura', 'carnosaur', 'genus_Tyrannosaurus', 'tyrannosaur', 'genus_Allosaurus', 'allosaur', 'genus_Compsognathus', 'compsognathus', 'genus_Herrerasaurus', 'herrerasaur', 'genus_Eoraptor', 'eoraptor', 'Megalosauridae', 'genus_Megalosaurus', 'megalosaur', 'Ornithomimida', 'ornithomimid', 'genus_Struthiomimus', 'struthiomimus', 'genus_Deinocheirus', 'deinocheirus', 'Maniraptora', 'maniraptor', 'oviraptorid', 'genus_Velociraptor', 'velociraptor', 'Dromaeosauridae', 'dromaeosaur', 'genus_Deinonychus', 'deinonychus', 'genus_Utahraptor', 'utahraptor', 'genus_Mononychus', 'Mononychus_olecranus', 'Synapsida', 'synapsid', 'Therapsida', 'therapsid', 'Chronoperates', 'Chronoperates_paradoxus', 'Cynodontia', 'cynodont', 'Exaeretodon', 'Dicynodontia', 'dicynodont', 'Ischigualastia', 'Ictodosauria', 'ictodosaur', 'Pelycosauria', 'pelycosaur', 'Edaphosauridae', 'genus_Edaphosaurus', 'edaphosaurus', 'genus_Dimetrodon', 'dimetrodon', 'Pterosauria', 'pterosaur', 'Pterodactylidae', 'Pterodactylus', 'pterodactyl', 'Thecodontia', 'thecodont', 'Ichthyosauria', 'ichthyosaur', 'Ichthyosauridae', 'genus_Ichthyosaurus', 'ichthyosaurus', 'genus_Stenopterygius', 'stenopterygius', 'Sauropterygia', 'Plesiosauria', 'genus_Plesiosaurus', 'plesiosaur', 'Nothosauria', 'genus_Nothosaurus', 'nothosaur', 'Serpentes', 'snake', 'Colubridae', 'colubrid_snake', 'hoop_snake', 'Carphophis', 'thunder_snake', 'Diadophis', 'ringneck_snake', 'Heterodon', 'hognose_snake', 'Phyllorhynchus', 'leaf-nosed_snake', 'Opheodrys', 'green_snake', 'smooth_green_snake', 'rough_green_snake', 'Chlorophis', 'green_snake', 'Coluber', 'racer', 'blacksnake', 'blue_racer', 'horseshoe_whipsnake', 'Masticophis', 'whip-snake', 'coachwhip', 'California_whipsnake', 'Sonoran_whipsnake', 'rat_snake', 'Elaphe', 'corn_snake', 'black_rat_snake', 'chicken_snake', 'Ptyas', 'Indian_rat_snake', 'Arizona', 'glossy_snake', 'Pituophis', 'bull_snake', 'gopher_snake', 'pine_snake', 'Lampropeltis', 'king_snake', 'common_kingsnake', 'milk_snake', 'Thamnophis', 'garter_snake', 'common_garter_snake', 'ribbon_snake', 'Western_ribbon_snake', 'Tropidoclonion', 'lined_snake', 'Sonora', 'ground_snake', 'Potamophis', 'Haldea', 'eastern_ground_snake', 'water_snake', 'Natrix', 'Nerodia', 'common_water_snake', 'water_moccasin', 'grass_snake', 'viperine_grass_snake', 'Storeria', 'red-bellied_snake', 'Chilomeniscus', 'sand_snake', 'banded_sand_snake', 'Tantilla', 'black-headed_snake', 'Oxybelis', 'vine_snake', 'Trimorphodon', 'lyre_snake', 'Sonoran_lyre_snake', 'Hypsiglena', 'night_snake', 'Typhlopidae', 'Leptotyphlopidae', 'blind_snake', 'Leptotyphlops', 'western_blind_snake', 'Drymarchon', 'indigo_snake', 'eastern_indigo_snake', 'constrictor', 'Boidae', 'boa', 'boa_constrictor', 'Charina', 'rubber_boa', 'Lichanura', 'rosy_boa', 'Eunectes', 'anaconda', 'Pythoninae', 'Pythonidae', 'python', 'genus_Python', 'carpet_snake', 'reticulated_python', 'Indian_python', 'rock_python', 'amethystine_python', 'Elapidae', 'elapid', 'coral_snake', 'Micrurus', 'eastern_coral_snake', 'Micruroides', 'western_coral_snake', 'coral_snake', 'Calliophis', 'Asian_coral_snake', 'Aspidelaps', 'African_coral_snake', 'Rhynchoelaps', 'Australian_coral_snake', 'Denisonia', 'copperhead', 'Naja', 'cobra', 'hood', 'Indian_cobra', 'asp', 'Ophiophagus', 'black-necked_cobra', 'hamadryad', 'Hemachatus', 'ringhals', 'Dendroaspis', 'mamba', 'black_mamba', 'green_mamba', 'Acanthophis', 'death_adder', 'Notechis', 'tiger_snake', 'Pseudechis', 'Australian_blacksnake', 'Bungarus', 'krait', 'banded_krait', 'Oxyuranus', 'taipan', 'Hydrophidae', 'sea_snake', 'Viperidae', 'viper', 'Vipera', 'adder', 'asp', 'Bitis', 'puff_adder', 'gaboon_viper', 'genus_Cerastes', 'horned_viper', 'Crotalidae', 'pit_viper', 'Agkistrodon', 'copperhead', 'water_moccasin', 'rattle', 'rattlesnake', 'Crotalus', 'diamondback', 'timber_rattlesnake', 'canebrake_rattlesnake', 'prairie_rattlesnake', 'sidewinder', 'Western_diamondback', 'rock_rattlesnake', 'tiger_rattlesnake', 'Mojave_rattlesnake', 'speckled_rattlesnake', 'Sistrurus', 'massasauga', 'ground_rattler', 'Bothrops', 'fer-de-lance', 'beak', 'beak', 'cere', 'carcase', 'carrion', 'roadkill', 'arthropod_family', 'arthropod_genus', 'Arthropoda', 'arthropod', 'trilobite', 'Chelicerata', 'chelicera', 'mouthpart', 'Arachnida', 'arachnid', 'Phalangida', 'Phalangiidae', 'Phalangium', 'harvestman', 'Scorpionida', 'scorpion', 'Chelonethida', 'false_scorpion', 'Chelifer', 'book_scorpion', 'Pedipalpi', 'whip-scorpion', 'Mastigoproctus', 'vinegarroon', 'Araneae', 'spider', 'orb-weaving_spider', 'Argiopidae', 'Argiope', 'black_and_gold_garden_spider', 'Aranea', 'barn_spider', 'garden_spider', 'Theridiidae', 'comb-footed_spider', 'Latrodectus', 'black_widow', 'Theraphosidae', 'tarantula', 'Lycosidae', 'wolf_spider', 'Lycosa', 'European_wolf_spider', 'Ctenizidae', 'trap-door_spider', 'Acarina', 'acarine', 'tick', 'Ixodidae', 'hard_tick', 'Ixodes', 'Ixodes_dammini', 'Ixodes_neotomae', 'Ixodes_pacificus', 'Ixodes_scapularis', 'sheep-tick', 'Ixodes_persulcatus', 'Ixodes_dentatus', 'Ixodes_spinipalpis', 'Dermacentor', 'wood_tick', 'Argasidae', 'soft_tick', 'mite', 'web-spinning_mite', 'Acaridae', 'acarid', 'Trombidiidae', 'trombidiid', 'Trombiculidae', 'trombiculid', 'Trombicula', 'harvest_mite', 'Sarcoptidae', 'Sarcoptes', 'acarus', 'itch_mite', 'rust_mite', 'Tetranychidae', 'spider_mite', 'Panonychus', 'red_spider', 'superclass_Myriapoda', 'myriapod', 'Pauropoda', 'Symphyla', 'Scutigerella', 'garden_centipede', 'Tardigrada', 'tardigrade', 'Chilopoda', 'centipede', 'prehensor', 'toxicognath', 'fang', 'Scutigeridae', 'Scutigera', 'house_centipede', 'Geophilomorpha', 'Geophilidae', 'Geophilus', 'Diplopoda', 'millipede', 'Pycnogonida', 'sea_spider', 'Merostomata', 'Xiphosura', 'Limulidae', 'Limulus', 'horseshoe_crab', 'Tachypleus', 'Asian_horseshoe_crab', 'Eurypterida', 'eurypterid', 'Pentastomida', 'tongue_worm', 'Galliformes', 'gallinaceous_bird', 'domestic_fowl', 'Dorking', 'Plymouth_Rock', 'Cornish', 'Rock_Cornish', 'game_fowl', 'cochin', 'Gallus', 'jungle_fowl', 'jungle_cock', 'jungle_hen', 'red_jungle_fowl', 'chicken', 'bantam', 'chick', 'cock', 'comb', 'cockerel', 'capon', 'hen', 'cackler', 'brood_hen', 'mother_hen', 'layer', 'pullet', 'spring_chicken', 'Rhode_Island_red', 'Dominique', 'Orpington', 'Meleagrididae', 'Meleagris', 'turkey', 'turkey_cock', 'Agriocharis', 'ocellated_turkey', 'Tetraonidae', 'grouse', 'Lyrurus', 'black_grouse', 'European_black_grouse', 'Asian_black_grouse', 'blackcock', 'greyhen', 'Lagopus', 'ptarmigan', 'red_grouse', 'moorhen', 'moorcock', 'Tetrao', 'capercaillie', 'Canachites', 'spruce_grouse', 'Centrocercus', 'sage_grouse', 'Bonasa', 'ruffed_grouse', 'Pedioecetes', 'sharp-tailed_grouse', 'Tympanuchus', 'prairie_chicken', 'greater_prairie_chicken', 'lesser_prairie_chicken', 'heath_hen', 'Cracidae', 'guan', 'Crax', 'curassow', 'Penelope', 'Pipile', 'piping_guan', 'Ortalis', 'chachalaca', 'Texas_chachalaca', 'Megapodiidae', 'Megapodius', 'megapode', 'genus_Leipoa', 'mallee_fowl', 'mallee_hen', 'Alectura', 'brush_turkey', 'Macrocephalon', 'maleo', 'Phasianidae', 'phasianid', 'Phasianus', 'pheasant', 'ring-necked_pheasant', 'genus_Afropavo', 'afropavo', 'Argusianus', 'argus', 'Chrysolophus', 'golden_pheasant', 'Colinus', 'bobwhite', 'northern_bobwhite', 'Coturnix', 'Old_World_quail', 'migratory_quail', 'Lophophorus', 'monal', 'Odontophorus', 'Pavo', 'peafowl', 'peachick', 'peacock', 'peahen', 'blue_peafowl', 'green_peafowl', 'quail', 'Lofortyx', 'California_quail', 'genus_Tragopan', 'tragopan', 'Perdicidae', 'partridge', 'Perdix', 'Hungarian_partridge', 'Alectoris', 'red-legged_partridge', 'Greek_partridge', 'Oreortyx', 'mountain_quail', 'Numididae', 'Numida', 'guinea_fowl', 'guinea_hen', 'Opisthocomidae', 'Opisthocomus', 'hoatzin', 'Tinamiformes', 'Tinamidae', 'tinamou', 'Columbiformes', 'columbiform_bird', 'Raphidae', 'Raphus', 'dodo', 'Pezophaps', 'solitaire', 'Columbidae', 'pigeon', 'pouter_pigeon', 'dove', 'Columba', 'rock_dove', 'band-tailed_pigeon', 'wood_pigeon', 'Streptopelia', 'turtledove', 'Streptopelia_turtur', 'ringdove', 'Stictopelia', 'Australian_turtledove', 'Zenaidura', 'mourning_dove', 'domestic_pigeon', 'squab', 'fairy_swallow', 'roller', 'homing_pigeon', 'carrier_pigeon', 'Ectopistes', 'passenger_pigeon', 'Pteroclididae', 'sandgrouse', 'Pterocles', 'painted_sandgrouse', 'pin-tailed_sandgrouse', 'Syrrhaptes', \"pallas's_sandgrouse\", 'Psittaciformes', 'parrot', 'popinjay', 'poll', 'Psittacidae', 'Psittacus', 'African_grey', 'Amazona', 'amazon', 'Ara', 'macaw', 'Nestor', 'kea', 'Kakatoe', 'cockatoo', 'sulphur-crested_cockatoo', 'pink_cockatoo', 'Nymphicus', 'cockateel', 'Agapornis', 'lovebird', 'Loriinae', 'lory', 'lorikeet', 'Glossopsitta', 'varied_Lorikeet', 'Trichoglossus', 'rainbow_lorikeet', 'parakeet', 'Conuropsis', 'Carolina_parakeet', 'Melopsittacus', 'budgerigar', 'Psittacula', 'ring-necked_parakeet', 'Cuculiformes', 'cuculiform_bird', 'Cuculidae', 'cuckoo', 'Cuculus', 'European_cuckoo', 'Coccyzus', 'black-billed_cuckoo', 'Geococcyx', 'roadrunner', 'Crotophaga', 'ani', 'Centropus', 'coucal', 'crow_pheasant', 'pheasant_coucal', 'Musophagidae', 'Musophaga', 'touraco', 'Coraciiformes', 'Picariae', 'coraciiform_bird', 'Coraciidae', 'roller', 'Coracias', 'European_roller', 'ground_roller', 'Alcedinidae', 'halcyon', 'kingfisher', 'Alcedo', 'Eurasian_kingfisher', 'Ceryle', 'belted_kingfisher', 'Dacelo', 'Halcyon', 'kookaburra', 'Meropidae', 'Merops', 'bee_eater', 'Bucerotidae', 'Buceros', 'hornbill', 'Upupidae', 'Upupa', 'hoopoe', 'Euopean_hoopoe', 'Phoeniculidae', 'Phoeniculus', 'wood_hoopoe', 'Momotidae', 'Momotus', 'motmot', 'Todidae', 'Todus', 'tody', 'Apodiformes', 'apodiform_bird', 'Apodidae', 'swift', 'Apus', 'European_swift', 'Chateura', 'chimney_swift', 'Collocalia', 'swiftlet', 'Hemiprocnidae', 'tree_swift', 'Trochilidae', 'hummingbird', 'Archilochus', 'Archilochus_colubris', 'Chalcostigma', 'Ramphomicron', 'thornbill', 'Caprimulgiformes', 'caprimulgiform_bird', 'Caprimulgidae', 'goatsucker', 'Caprimulgus', 'European_goatsucker', \"chuck-will's-widow\", 'whippoorwill', 'Chordeiles', 'nighthawk', 'Phalaenoptilus', 'poorwill', 'Podargidae', 'Podargus', 'frogmouth', 'Steatornithidae', 'Steatornis', 'oilbird', 'Piciformes', 'piciform_bird', 'Picidae', 'woodpecker', 'Picus', 'green_woodpecker', 'Picoides', 'downy_woodpecker', 'Colaptes', 'flicker', 'yellow-shafted_flicker', 'gilded_flicker', 'red-shafted_flicker', 'Campephilus', 'ivorybill', 'Melanerpes', 'redheaded_woodpecker', 'Sphyrapicus', 'sapsucker', 'yellow-bellied_sapsucker', 'red-breasted_sapsucker', 'Jynx', 'wryneck', 'Picumnus', 'piculet', 'Capitonidae', 'barbet', 'Bucconidae', 'puffbird', 'Indicatoridae', 'honey_guide', 'Galbulidae', 'jacamar', 'Ramphastidae', 'toucan', 'Aulacorhyncus', 'toucanet', 'Trogoniformes', 'Trogonidae', 'genus_Trogon', 'trogon', 'Pharomacrus', 'quetzal', 'resplendent_quetzel', 'aquatic_bird', 'waterfowl', 'Anseriformes', 'anseriform_bird', 'Anatidae', 'Anseres', 'duck', 'drake', 'quack-quack', 'duckling', 'diving_duck', 'dabbling_duck', 'Anas', 'mallard', 'black_duck', 'teal', 'greenwing', 'bluewing', 'garganey', 'widgeon', 'American_widgeon', 'shoveler', 'pintail', 'Tadorna', 'sheldrake', 'shelduck', 'Oxyura', 'ruddy_duck', 'Bucephala', 'bufflehead', 'goldeneye', \"Barrow's_goldeneye\", 'Aythya', 'canvasback', 'pochard', 'redhead', 'scaup', 'greater_scaup', 'lesser_scaup', 'wild_duck', 'Aix', 'wood_duck', 'wood_drake', 'mandarin_duck', 'Cairina', 'muscovy_duck', 'sea_duck', 'Somateria', 'eider', 'Melanitta', 'scoter', 'common_scoter', 'Clangula', 'old_squaw', 'Merginae', 'Mergus', 'merganser', 'goosander', 'American_merganser', 'red-breasted_merganser', 'smew', 'Lophodytes', 'hooded_merganser', 'goose', 'gosling', 'gander', 'Anser', 'Chinese_goose', 'greylag', 'Chen', 'blue_goose', 'snow_goose', 'Branta', 'brant', 'common_brant_goose', 'honker', 'barnacle_goose', 'Anserinae', 'genus_Coscoroba', 'coscoroba', 'swan', 'cob', 'pen', 'cygnet', 'Cygnus', 'mute_swan', 'whooper', 'tundra_swan', 'whistling_swan', \"Bewick's_swan\", 'trumpeter', 'black_swan', 'Anhimidae', 'screamer', 'Anhima', 'horned_screamer', 'Chauna', 'crested_screamer', 'chaja', 'Mammalia', 'mammal', 'female_mammal', 'mammal_family', 'mammal_genus', 'tusker', 'Prototheria', 'prototherian', 'Monotremata', 'monotreme', 'Tachyglossidae', 'Tachyglossus', 'echidna', 'Zaglossus', 'echidna', 'Ornithorhynchidae', 'Ornithorhynchus', 'platypus', 'Pantotheria', 'Metatheria', 'metatherian', 'Marsupialia', 'marsupial', 'Didelphidae', 'opossum', 'Didelphis', 'common_opossum', 'crab-eating_opossum', 'Caenolestidae', 'Caenolestes', 'opossum_rat', 'Peramelidae', 'bandicoot', 'Macrotis', 'rabbit-eared_bandicoot', 'Macropodidae', 'kangaroo', 'Macropus', 'giant_kangaroo', 'wallaby', 'common_wallaby', 'Lagorchestes', 'hare_wallaby', 'Onychogalea', 'nail-tailed_wallaby', 'Petrogale', 'rock_wallaby', 'Thylogale', 'pademelon', 'Dendrolagus', 'tree_wallaby', 'Hypsiprymnodon', 'musk_kangaroo', 'Potoroinae', 'rat_kangaroo', 'Potorous', 'potoroo', 'Bettongia', 'bettong', 'jerboa_kangaroo', 'Phalangeridae', 'phalanger', 'genus_Phalanger', 'cuscus', 'Trichosurus', 'brush-tailed_phalanger', 'Petaurus', 'flying_phalanger', 'Acrobates', 'flying_mouse', 'Phascolarctos', 'koala', 'Vombatidae', 'wombat', 'Dasyuridae', 'dasyurid_marsupial', 'Dasyurus', 'dasyure', 'eastern_dasyure', 'native_cat', 'Thylacinus', 'thylacine', 'Sarcophilus', 'Tasmanian_devil', 'Phascogale', 'pouched_mouse', 'Myrmecobius', 'numbat', 'Notoryctidae', 'Notoryctus', 'pouched_mole', 'Eutheria', 'placental', 'livestock', 'bull', 'cow', 'calf', 'calf', 'yearling', 'buck', 'doe', 'Insectivora', 'Lipotyphla', 'Menotyphla', 'insectivore', 'Talpidae', 'mole', 'Condylura', 'starnose_mole', 'Parascalops', \"brewer's_mole\", 'Chrysochloridae', 'Chrysochloris', 'golden_mole', 'Uropsilus', 'shrew_mole', 'Asiatic_shrew_mole', 'Neurotrichus', 'American_shrew_mole', 'Soricidae', 'shrew', 'Sorex', 'common_shrew', 'masked_shrew', 'Blarina', 'short-tailed_shrew', 'water_shrew', 'American_water_shrew', 'Neomys', 'European_water_shrew', 'Mediterranean_water_shrew', 'Cryptotis', 'least_shrew', 'Erinaceidae', 'Erinaceus', 'hedgehog', 'Tenrecidae', 'tenrec', 'genus_Tenrec', 'tailless_tenrec', 'Potamogalidae', 'genus_Potamogale', 'otter_shrew', 'chine', 'saddle', 'furcula', 'wishbone', 'cuticula', 'hide', 'hypodermis', 'feather', 'down', 'duck_down', 'eiderdown', 'goose_down', \"swan's_down\", 'plumule', 'aftershaft', 'sickle_feather', 'contour_feather', 'bastard_wing', 'marabou', 'vane', 'barb', 'web', 'hackle', 'saddle_hackle', 'coat', 'guard_hair', 'fur', 'undercoat', 'underpart', 'wool', 'mane', 'encolure', 'forelock', 'hair', 'cirrus', 'spine', 'ray', 'quill', 'aculea', 'aculeus', 'style', 'stylet', 'villus', 'bristle', 'chaeta', 'whisker', 'seta', 'pilus', 'horseback', 'operculum', 'protective_covering', 'armor', 'scale', 'fish_scale', 'squama', 'scute', 'sclerite', 'clypeus', 'carapace', 'plastron', 'shell', 'valve', 'valve', 'test', 'scallop_shell', 'oyster_shell', 'phragmocone', 'apodeme', 'theca', 'lorica', 'coelenteron', 'invertebrate', 'zoophyte', 'Parazoa', 'Porifera', 'sponge', 'sponge_genus', 'flagellated_cell', 'choanocyte', 'Hyalospongiae', 'glass_sponge', 'Euplectella', \"Venus's_flower_basket\", 'coelenterate_family', 'coelenterate_genus', 'Metazoa', 'metazoan', 'Cnidaria', 'coelenterate', 'planula', 'polyp', 'medusa', 'Scyphozoa', 'jellyfish', 'Aegina', 'scyphozoan', 'Chrysaora', 'Chrysaora_quinquecirrha', 'Hydrozoa', 'hydrozoan', 'genus_Hydra', 'hydra', 'Siphonophora', 'siphonophore', 'genus_Nanomia', 'nanomia', 'Physalia', 'Portuguese_man-of-war', 'praya', 'apolemia', 'Sertularia', 'sertularian', 'Anthozoa', 'anthozoan', 'Actiniaria', 'sea_anemone', 'actinia', 'Actinia', 'Alcyonaria', 'Alcyonacea', 'Pennatulidae', 'Pennatula', 'sea_pen', 'coral', 'Gorgonacea', 'gorgonian', 'sea_feather', 'sea_fan', 'red_coral', 'Madreporaria', 'stony_coral', 'Maeandra', 'brain_coral', 'Acropora', 'staghorn_coral', 'Fungia', 'mushroom_coral', 'ctenophore_family', 'ctenophore_genus', 'Ctenophora', 'ctene', 'ctenophore', 'Nuda', 'genus_Beroe', 'beroe', 'Tentaculata', 'Cydippida', 'Platyctenea', 'platyctenean', 'Pleurobrachiidae', 'Pleurobrachia', 'sea_gooseberry', 'Cestida', 'Cestidae', 'Cestum', \"Venus's_girdle\", 'Lobata', 'comb', 'worm_family', 'worm_genus', 'worm', 'helminth', 'woodworm', 'woodborer', 'Acanthocephala', 'acanthocephalan', 'Chaetognatha', 'arrowworm', 'genus_Sagitta', 'sagitta', 'genus_Spadella', 'Platyhelminthes', 'bladder_worm', 'flatworm', 'Turbellaria', 'planarian', 'Trematoda', 'fluke', 'cercaria', 'Fasciolidae', 'Fasciola', 'liver_fluke', 'Fasciolopsis', 'Fasciolopsis_buski', 'Schistosomatidae', 'Schistosoma', 'schistosome', 'Cestoda', 'tapeworm', 'Taeniidae', 'genus_Echinococcus', 'echinococcus', 'genus_Taenia', 'taenia', 'Nemertea', 'ribbon_worm', 'Pogonophora', 'beard_worm', 'Rotifera', 'rotifer', 'Nematoda', 'Aphasmidia', 'Phasmidia', 'nematode', 'Ascaridae', 'Ascaris', 'common_roundworm', 'Ascaridia', 'chicken_roundworm', 'Oxyuridae', 'Enterobius', 'pinworm', 'eelworm', 'Cephalobidae', 'Anguillula', 'vinegar_eel', 'Tylenchidae', 'Tylenchus', 'wheatworm', 'Ancylostomatidae', 'trichina', 'hookworm', 'Filariidae', 'filaria', 'Dracunculidae', 'Dracunculus', 'Guinea_worm', 'Annelida', 'annelid', 'Archiannelida', 'archiannelid', 'Oligochaeta', 'oligochaete', 'earthworm', 'Branchiobdellidae', 'Branchiobdella', 'Polychaeta', 'polychaete', 'lugworm', 'sea_mouse', 'Terebellidae', 'Terebella', 'Polycirrus', 'bloodworm', 'Hirudinea', 'leech', 'Hirudinidae', 'Hirudo', 'medicinal_leech', 'Haemopis', 'horseleech', 'mollusk_family', 'mollusk_genus', 'Mollusca', 'mollusk', 'Scaphopoda', 'scaphopod', 'tooth_shell', 'lip', 'Gastropoda', 'gastropod', 'Haliotidae', 'Haliotis', 'abalone', 'ormer', 'Strombidae', 'Lambis', 'scorpion_shell', 'Strombus', 'conch', 'giant_conch', 'Helicidae', 'snail', 'Helix', 'edible_snail', 'garden_snail', 'brown_snail', 'Helix_hortensis', 'Limacidae', 'Limax', 'slug', 'seasnail', 'Neritidae', 'neritid', 'genus_Nerita', 'nerita', 'bleeding_tooth', 'genus_Neritina', 'neritina', 'Buccinidae', 'whelk', 'Cymatiidae', 'triton', 'Naticidae', 'moon_shell', 'Littorinidae', 'Littorina', 'periwinkle', 'limpet', 'Patellidae', 'Patella', 'common_limpet', 'Fissurellidae', 'Fissurella', 'keyhole_limpet', 'Ancylidae', 'Ancylus', 'river_limpet', 'Opisthobranchia', 'Nudibranchia', 'sea_slug', 'Aplysiidae', 'Aplysia', 'sea_hare', 'Hermissenda', 'Hermissenda_crassicornis', 'Akeridae', 'Haminoea', 'bubble_shell', 'Pulmonata', 'Physidae', 'genus_Physa', 'physa', 'Pectinibranchia', 'Cypraeidae', 'Cypraea', 'cowrie', 'money_cowrie', 'tiger_cowrie', 'ctenidium', 'ceras', 'Amphineura', 'Solenogastres', 'solenogaster', 'Polyplacophora', 'genus_Chiton', 'chiton', 'byssus', 'Bivalvia', 'bivalve', 'spat', 'clam', 'seashell', 'clamshell', 'Myaceae', 'Myacidae', 'Mya', 'soft-shell_clam', 'Veneridae', 'Venus', 'Mercenaria', 'quahog', 'littleneck', 'cherrystone', 'geoduck', 'Solenidae', 'Ensis', 'razor_clam', 'Tridacnidae', 'Tridacna', 'giant_clam', 'Cardiidae', 'Cardium', 'cockle', 'edible_cockle', 'Ostreidae', 'oyster', 'seed_oyster', 'Ostrea', 'bluepoint', 'Japanese_oyster', 'Crassostrea', 'Virginia_oyster', 'Pteriidae', 'Pinctada', 'pearl_oyster', 'Anomiidae', 'Anomia', 'saddle_oyster', 'Placuna', 'window_oyster', 'Arcidae', 'Arca', 'ark_shell', 'blood_clam', 'mussel', 'Mytilidae', 'Mytilus', 'marine_mussel', 'edible_mussel', 'freshwater_mussel', 'Unionidae', 'Unio', 'pearly-shelled_mussel', 'Anodonta', 'thin-shelled_mussel', 'Dreissena', 'zebra_mussel', 'Pectinidae', 'scallop', 'genus_Pecten', 'bay_scallop', 'sea_scallop', 'Teredinidae', 'genus_Teredo', 'shipworm', 'teredo', 'Bankia', 'giant_northwest_shipworm', 'Pholadidae', 'Pholas', 'piddock', 'Cephalopoda', 'cephalopod', 'Nautilidae', 'genus_Nautilus', 'chambered_nautilus', 'Dibranchiata', 'dibranchiate', 'Octopoda', 'octopod', 'Octopodidae', 'genus_Octopus', 'octopus', 'Argonautidae', 'Argonauta', 'paper_nautilus', 'Decapoda', 'decapod', 'squid', 'genus_Loligo', 'loligo', 'genus_Ommastrephes', 'ommastrephes', 'genus_Architeuthis', 'architeuthis', 'Sepiidae', 'Sepia', 'cuttlefish', 'Spirulidae', 'genus_Spirula', 'spirula', 'Belemnoidea', 'Belemnitidae', 'belemnite', 'craw', 'gizzard', 'Crustacea', 'crustacean', 'green_gland', 'Malacostraca', 'malacostracan_crustacean', 'Decapoda', 'decapod_crustacean', 'Brachyura', 'brachyuran', 'crab', 'Menippe', 'stone_crab', 'Cancridae', 'Cancer', 'hard-shell_crab', 'soft-shell_crab', 'Dungeness_crab', 'rock_crab', 'Jonah_crab', 'Portunidae', 'swimming_crab', 'Portunus', 'English_lady_crab', 'Ovalipes', 'American_lady_crab', 'Callinectes', 'blue_crab', 'Uca', 'fiddler_crab', 'Pinnotheridae', 'Pinnotheres', 'pea_crab', 'oyster_crab', 'Lithodidae', 'Paralithodes', 'king_crab', 'Majidae', 'spider_crab', 'Maja', 'European_spider_crab', 'Macrocheira', 'giant_crab', 'Reptantia', 'lobster', 'Homaridae', 'true_lobster', 'Homarus', 'American_lobster', 'European_lobster', 'Cape_lobster', 'Nephropsidae', 'Nephrops', 'Norway_lobster', 'Palinuridae', 'Palinurus', 'spiny_lobster', 'Astacidae', 'crayfish', 'Astacus', 'Old_World_crayfish', 'Cambarus', 'American_crayfish', 'Paguridae', 'Pagurus', 'hermit_crab', 'Natantia', 'Crangonidae', 'Crangon', 'shrimp', 'snapping_shrimp', 'Palaemonidae', 'Palaemon', 'prawn', 'long-clawed_prawn', 'Peneidae', 'Peneus', 'tropical_prawn', 'Schizopoda', 'Euphausiacea', 'krill', 'Euphausia_pacifica', 'Mysidacea', 'Mysidae', 'Mysis', 'Praunus', 'opossum_shrimp', 'Stomatopoda', 'stomatopod', 'mantis_shrimp', 'Squillidae', 'genus_Squilla', 'squilla', 'Isopoda', 'isopod', 'woodlouse', 'Armadillidiidae', 'Armadillidium', 'pill_bug', 'Oniscidae', 'Oniscus', 'Porcellionidae', 'Porcellio', 'sow_bug', 'sea_louse', 'Amphipoda', 'amphipod', 'Orchestiidae', 'Orchestia', 'beach_flea', 'Caprella', 'skeleton_shrimp', 'Cyamus', 'whale_louse', 'Entomostraca', 'Branchiopoda', 'branchiopod_crustacean', 'genus_Daphnia', 'daphnia', 'Anostraca', 'Artemia', 'fairy_shrimp', 'brine_shrimp', 'Notostraca', 'Triopidae', 'Triops', 'tadpole_shrimp', 'Copepoda', 'copepod', 'brit', 'genus_Cyclops', 'cyclops', 'Branchiura', 'fish_louse', 'Ostracoda', 'seed_shrimp', 'Cirripedia', 'barnacle', 'Balanidae', 'Balanus', 'acorn_barnacle', 'Lepadidae', 'Lepas', 'goose_barnacle', 'Onychophora', 'onychophoran', 'Peripatidae', 'genus_Peripatus', 'Plicatoperipatus', 'Plicatoperipatus_jamaicensis', 'Peripatopsidae', 'Peripatopsis', 'wading_bird', 'Ciconiiformes', 'Ciconiidae', 'stork', 'Ciconia', 'white_stork', 'black_stork', 'Leptoptilus', 'adjutant_bird', 'marabou', 'Anastomus', 'openbill', 'genus_Jabiru', 'jabiru', 'Ephippiorhynchus', 'saddlebill', 'Xenorhyncus', 'policeman_bird', 'Mycteria', 'wood_ibis', 'Balaenicipitidae', 'Balaeniceps', 'shoebill', 'Threskiornithidae', 'ibis', 'genus_Ibis', 'wood_ibis', 'Threskiornis', 'sacred_ibis', 'Plataleidae', 'spoonbill', 'Platalea', 'common_spoonbill', 'Ajaia', 'roseate_spoonbill', 'Phoenicopteridae', 'flamingo', 'Ardeidae', 'heron', 'Ardea', 'great_blue_heron', 'great_white_heron', 'egret', 'Egretta', 'little_blue_heron', 'snowy_egret', 'little_egret', 'Casmerodius', 'great_white_heron', 'American_egret', 'Bubulcus', 'cattle_egret', 'night_heron', 'Nycticorax', 'black-crowned_night_heron', 'Nyctanassa', 'yellow-crowned_night_heron', 'Cochlearius', 'boatbill', 'bittern', 'Botaurus', 'American_bittern', 'European_bittern', 'Ixobrychus', 'least_bittern', 'Gruiformes', 'Gruidae', 'crane', 'Grus', 'whooping_crane', 'Aramus', 'courlan', 'limpkin', 'Cariamidae', 'Cariama', 'crested_cariama', 'genus_Chunga', 'chunga', 'Rallidae', 'rail', 'Gallirallus', 'weka', 'crake', 'Crex', 'corncrake', 'Porzana', 'spotted_crake', 'Gallinula', 'gallinule', 'Florida_gallinule', 'moorhen', 'purple_gallinule', 'Porphyrio', 'European_gallinule', 'Porphyrula', 'American_gallinule', 'genus_Notornis', 'notornis', 'Fulica', 'coot', 'American_coot', 'Old_World_coot', 'Otides', 'Otididae', 'bustard', 'Otis', 'great_bustard', 'Choriotis', 'plain_turkey', 'Turnicidae', 'Turnix', 'button_quail', 'striped_button_quail', 'ortygan', 'Pedionomus', 'plain_wanderer', 'Psophiidae', 'Psophia', 'trumpeter', 'Brazilian_trumpeter', 'Charadriiformes', 'seabird', 'Charadrii', 'Limicolae', 'shorebird', 'Charadriidae', 'plover', 'Charadrius', 'piping_plover', 'killdeer', 'dotterel', 'Pluvialis', 'golden_plover', 'Vanellus', 'lapwing', 'Arenaria', 'turnstone', 'ruddy_turnstone', 'black_turnstone', 'Scolopacidae', 'sandpiper', 'Aphriza', 'surfbird', 'Actitis', 'European_sandpiper', 'spotted_sandpiper', 'Erolia', 'least_sandpiper', 'red-backed_sandpiper', 'Tringa', 'greenshank', 'redshank', 'yellowlegs', 'greater_yellowlegs', 'lesser_yellowlegs', 'Calidris', 'pectoral_sandpiper', 'knot', 'curlew_sandpiper', 'Crocethia', 'sanderling', 'Bartramia', 'upland_sandpiper', 'Philomachus', 'ruff', 'reeve', 'tattler', 'Heteroscelus', 'Polynesian_tattler', 'Catoptrophorus', 'willet', 'woodcock', 'Scolopax', 'Eurasian_woodcock', 'Philohela', 'American_woodcock', 'Gallinago', 'snipe', 'whole_snipe', \"Wilson's_snipe\", 'great_snipe', 'Limnocryptes', 'jacksnipe', 'Limnodromus', 'dowitcher', 'greyback', 'red-breasted_snipe', 'Numenius', 'curlew', 'European_curlew', 'Eskimo_curlew', 'Limosa', 'godwit', 'Hudsonian_godwit', 'Himantopus', 'stilt', 'black-necked_stilt', 'black-winged_stilt', 'white-headed_stilt', 'kaki', 'Cladorhyncus', 'stilt', 'banded_stilt', 'Recurvirostridae', 'Recurvirostra', 'avocet', 'Haematopodidae', 'Haematopus', 'oystercatcher', 'Phalaropidae', 'phalarope', 'Phalaropus', 'red_phalarope', 'Lobipes', 'northern_phalarope', 'Steganopus', \"Wilson's_phalarope\", 'Glareolidae', 'Glareola', 'pratincole', 'courser', 'Cursorius', 'cream-colored_courser', 'Pluvianus', 'crocodile_bird', 'Burhinidae', 'Burhinus', 'stone_curlew', 'coastal_diving_bird', 'Lari', 'Laridae', 'larid', 'gull', 'Larus', 'mew', 'black-backed_gull', 'herring_gull', 'laughing_gull', 'Pagophila', 'ivory_gull', 'Rissa', 'kittiwake', 'Sterninae', 'tern', 'Sterna', 'sea_swallow', 'Rynchopidae', 'Rynchops', 'skimmer', 'Stercorariidae', 'jaeger', 'Stercorarius', 'parasitic_jaeger', 'Catharacta', 'skua', 'great_skua', 'Alcidae', 'auk', 'auklet', 'Alca', 'razorbill', 'Plautus', 'little_auk', 'Pinguinus', 'great_auk', 'Cepphus', 'guillemot', 'black_guillemot', 'pigeon_guillemot', 'Uria', 'murre', 'common_murre', 'thick-billed_murre', 'puffin', 'Fratercula', 'Atlantic_puffin', 'horned_puffin', 'Lunda', 'tufted_puffin', 'Gaviiformes', 'gaviiform_seabird', 'Gavidae', 'Gavia', 'loon', 'Podicipitiformes', 'podicipitiform_seabird', 'Podicipedidae', 'Podiceps', 'grebe', 'great_crested_grebe', 'red-necked_grebe', 'black-necked_grebe', 'dabchick', 'Podilymbus', 'pied-billed_grebe', 'Pelecaniformes', 'pelecaniform_seabird', 'Pelecanidae', 'pelican', 'Pelecanus', 'white_pelican', 'Old_world_white_pelican', 'Fregatidae', 'Fregata', 'frigate_bird', 'Sulidae', 'gannet', 'Sula', 'solan', 'booby', 'Phalacrocoracidae', 'Phalacrocorax', 'cormorant', 'Anhingidae', 'genus_Anhinga', 'snakebird', 'water_turkey', 'Phaethontidae', 'Phaethon', 'tropic_bird', 'Sphenisciformes', 'Spheniscidae', 'sphenisciform_seabird', 'penguin', 'Pygoscelis', 'Adelie', 'Aptenodytes', 'king_penguin', 'emperor_penguin', 'Spheniscus', 'jackass_penguin', 'Eudyptes', 'rock_hopper', 'Procellariiformes', 'pelagic_bird', 'procellariiform_seabird', 'Diomedeidae', 'albatross', 'genus_Diomedea', 'wandering_albatross', 'black-footed_albatross', 'Procellariidae', 'petrel', 'Procellaria', 'white-chinned_petrel', 'Macronectes', 'giant_petrel', 'Fulmarus', 'fulmar', 'Puffinus', 'shearwater', 'Manx_shearwater', 'Hydrobatidae', 'storm_petrel', 'Hydrobates', 'stormy_petrel', 'Oceanites', \"Mother_Carey's_chicken\", 'Pelecanoididae', 'diving_petrel', 'aquatic_mammal', 'Cetacea', 'cetacean', 'whale', 'Mysticeti', 'baleen_whale', 'Balaenidae', 'right_whale', 'Balaena', 'bowhead', 'Balaenopteridae', 'rorqual', 'Balaenoptera', 'blue_whale', 'finback', 'sei_whale', 'lesser_rorqual', 'Megaptera', 'humpback', 'Eschrichtiidae', 'Eschrichtius', 'grey_whale', 'Odontoceti', 'toothed_whale', 'Physeteridae', 'Physeter', 'sperm_whale', 'Kogia', 'pygmy_sperm_whale', 'dwarf_sperm_whale', 'Ziphiidae', 'beaked_whale', 'Hyperoodon', 'bottle-nosed_whale', 'Delphinidae', 'dolphin', 'Delphinus', 'common_dolphin', 'Tursiops', 'bottlenose_dolphin', 'Atlantic_bottlenose_dolphin', 'Pacific_bottlenose_dolphin', 'Phocoena', 'porpoise', 'harbor_porpoise', 'vaquita', 'genus_Grampus', 'grampus', 'Orcinus', 'killer_whale', 'Globicephala', 'pilot_whale', 'Platanistidae', 'river_dolphin', 'Monodontidae', 'Monodon', 'narwhal', 'Delphinapterus', 'white_whale', 'spouter', 'Sirenia', 'sea_cow', 'Trichechidae', 'Trichechus', 'manatee', 'Dugongidae', 'genus_Dugong', 'dugong', 'Hydrodamalis', \"Steller's_sea_cow\", 'Carnivora', 'carnivore', 'omnivore', 'Pinnipedia', 'pinniped_mammal', 'seal', 'crabeater_seal', 'Otariidae', 'eared_seal', 'Arctocephalus', 'fur_seal', 'guadalupe_fur_seal', 'Callorhinus', 'fur_seal', 'Alaska_fur_seal', 'sea_lion', 'Otaria', 'South_American_sea_lion', 'Zalophus', 'California_sea_lion', 'Australian_sea_lion', 'Eumetopias', 'Steller_sea_lion', 'Phocidae', 'earless_seal', 'Phoca', 'harbor_seal', 'Pagophilus', 'harp_seal', 'Mirounga', 'elephant_seal', 'Erignathus', 'bearded_seal', 'Cystophora', 'hooded_seal', 'Odobenidae', 'Odobenus', 'walrus', 'Atlantic_walrus', 'Pacific_walrus', 'Fissipedia', 'fissiped_mammal', 'Tubulidentata', 'Orycteropodidae', 'Orycteropus', 'aardvark', 'Canidae', 'canine', 'bitch', 'brood_bitch', 'Canis', 'dog', 'pooch', 'cur', 'feist', 'pariah_dog', 'lapdog', 'toy_dog', 'Chihuahua', 'Japanese_spaniel', 'Maltese_dog', 'Pekinese', 'Shih-Tzu', 'toy_spaniel', 'English_toy_spaniel', 'Blenheim_spaniel', 'King_Charles_spaniel', 'papillon', 'toy_terrier', 'hunting_dog', 'courser', 'Rhodesian_ridgeback', 'hound', 'Afghan_hound', 'basset', 'beagle', 'bloodhound', 'bluetick', 'boarhound', 'coonhound', 'coondog', 'black-and-tan_coonhound', 'dachshund', 'sausage_dog', 'foxhound', 'American_foxhound', 'Walker_hound', 'English_foxhound', 'harrier', 'Plott_hound', 'redbone', 'wolfhound', 'borzoi', 'Irish_wolfhound', 'greyhound', 'Italian_greyhound', 'whippet', 'Ibizan_hound', 'Norwegian_elkhound', 'otterhound', 'Saluki', 'Scottish_deerhound', 'staghound', 'Weimaraner', 'terrier', 'bullterrier', 'Staffordshire_bullterrier', 'American_Staffordshire_terrier', 'Bedlington_terrier', 'Border_terrier', 'Kerry_blue_terrier', 'Irish_terrier', 'Norfolk_terrier', 'Norwich_terrier', 'Yorkshire_terrier', 'rat_terrier', 'Manchester_terrier', 'toy_Manchester', 'fox_terrier', 'smooth-haired_fox_terrier', 'wire-haired_fox_terrier', 'wirehair', 'Lakeland_terrier', 'Welsh_terrier', 'Sealyham_terrier', 'Airedale', 'cairn', 'Australian_terrier', 'Dandie_Dinmont', 'Boston_bull', 'schnauzer', 'miniature_schnauzer', 'giant_schnauzer', 'standard_schnauzer', 'Scotch_terrier', 'Tibetan_terrier', 'silky_terrier', 'Skye_terrier', 'Clydesdale_terrier', 'soft-coated_wheaten_terrier', 'West_Highland_white_terrier', 'Lhasa', 'sporting_dog', 'bird_dog', 'water_dog', 'retriever', 'flat-coated_retriever', 'curly-coated_retriever', 'golden_retriever', 'Labrador_retriever', 'Chesapeake_Bay_retriever', 'pointer', 'German_short-haired_pointer', 'setter', 'vizsla', 'English_setter', 'Irish_setter', 'Gordon_setter', 'spaniel', 'Brittany_spaniel', 'clumber', 'field_spaniel', 'springer_spaniel', 'English_springer', 'Welsh_springer_spaniel', 'cocker_spaniel', 'Sussex_spaniel', 'water_spaniel', 'American_water_spaniel', 'Irish_water_spaniel', 'griffon', 'working_dog', 'watchdog', 'kuvasz', 'attack_dog', 'housedog', 'schipperke', 'shepherd_dog', 'Belgian_sheepdog', 'groenendael', 'malinois', 'briard', 'kelpie', 'komondor', 'Old_English_sheepdog', 'Shetland_sheepdog', 'collie', 'Border_collie', 'Bouvier_des_Flandres', 'Rottweiler', 'German_shepherd', 'police_dog', 'pinscher', 'Doberman', 'miniature_pinscher', 'Sennenhunde', 'Greater_Swiss_Mountain_dog', 'Bernese_mountain_dog', 'Appenzeller', 'EntleBucher', 'boxer', 'mastiff', 'bull_mastiff', 'Tibetan_mastiff', 'bulldog', 'French_bulldog', 'Great_Dane', 'guide_dog', 'Seeing_Eye_dog', 'hearing_dog', 'Saint_Bernard', 'seizure-alert_dog', 'sled_dog', 'Eskimo_dog', 'malamute', 'Siberian_husky', 'dalmatian', 'liver-spotted_dalmatian', 'affenpinscher', 'basenji', 'pug', 'Leonberg', 'Newfoundland', 'Great_Pyrenees', 'spitz', 'Samoyed', 'Pomeranian', 'chow', 'keeshond', 'griffon', 'Brabancon_griffon', 'corgi', 'Pembroke', 'Cardigan', 'poodle', 'toy_poodle', 'miniature_poodle', 'standard_poodle', 'large_poodle', 'Mexican_hairless', 'wolf', 'timber_wolf', 'white_wolf', 'red_wolf', 'coyote', 'coydog', 'jackal', 'wild_dog', 'dingo', 'Cuon', 'dhole', 'Dusicyon', 'crab-eating_dog', 'Nyctereutes', 'raccoon_dog', 'Lycaeon', 'African_hunting_dog', 'Hyaenidae', 'hyena', 'genus_Hyaena', 'striped_hyena', 'brown_hyena', 'Crocuta', 'spotted_hyena', 'Proteles', 'aardwolf', 'fox', 'vixen', 'Reynard', 'Vulpes', 'red_fox', 'black_fox', 'silver_fox', 'red_fox', 'kit_fox', 'kit_fox', 'Alopex', 'Arctic_fox', 'blue_fox', 'Urocyon', 'grey_fox', 'Felidae', 'feline', 'Felis', 'cat', 'domestic_cat', 'kitty', 'mouser', 'alley_cat', 'stray', 'tom', 'gib', 'tabby', 'kitten', 'tabby', 'tiger_cat', 'tortoiseshell', 'Persian_cat', 'Angora', 'Siamese_cat', 'blue_point_Siamese', 'Burmese_cat', 'Egyptian_cat', 'Maltese', 'Abyssinian', 'Manx', 'wildcat', 'sand_cat', 'European_wildcat', 'cougar', 'ocelot', 'jaguarundi', 'kaffir_cat', 'jungle_cat', 'serval', 'leopard_cat', 'tiger_cat', 'margay', 'manul', 'genus_Lynx', 'lynx', 'common_lynx', 'Canada_lynx', 'bobcat', 'spotted_lynx', 'caracal', 'big_cat', 'Panthera', 'leopard', 'leopardess', 'panther', 'snow_leopard', 'jaguar', 'lion', 'lioness', 'lionet', 'tiger', 'Bengal_tiger', 'tigress', 'liger', 'tiglon', 'Acinonyx', 'cheetah', 'saber-toothed_tiger', 'Smiledon', 'Smiledon_californicus', 'Nimravus', 'false_saber-toothed_tiger', 'Ursidae', 'bear', 'Ursus', 'brown_bear', 'bruin', 'Syrian_bear', 'grizzly', 'Alaskan_brown_bear', 'Euarctos', 'American_black_bear', 'cinnamon_bear', 'Selenarctos', 'Asiatic_black_bear', 'Thalarctos', 'ice_bear', 'Melursus', 'sloth_bear', 'Viverridae', 'viverrine', 'civet', 'Viverra', 'large_civet', 'Viverricula', 'small_civet', 'Arctictis', 'binturong', 'Cryptoprocta', 'fossa', 'Fossa', 'fanaloka', 'Genetta', 'genet', 'Hemigalus', 'banded_palm_civet', 'Herpestes', 'mongoose', 'Indian_mongoose', 'ichneumon', 'Paradoxurus', 'palm_cat', 'Suricata', 'meerkat', 'slender-tailed_meerkat', 'suricate', 'Chiroptera', 'bat', 'Megachiroptera', 'fruit_bat', 'Pteropus', 'flying_fox', 'Pteropus_capestratus', 'Pteropus_hypomelanus', 'Nyctimene', 'harpy', 'Cynopterus', 'Cynopterus_sphinx', 'Microchiroptera', 'carnivorous_bat', 'mouse-eared_bat', 'leafnose_bat', 'Phyllostomidae', 'genus_Macrotus', 'macrotus', 'Phyllostomus', 'spearnose_bat', 'Phyllostomus_hastatus', 'Choeronycteris', 'hognose_bat', 'Rhinolophidae', 'horseshoe_bat', 'Hipposideridae', 'Hipposideros', 'horseshoe_bat', 'Rhinonicteris', 'orange_bat', 'Megadermatidae', 'false_vampire', 'Megaderma', 'big-eared_bat', 'Vespertilionidae', 'vespertilian_bat', 'Vespertilio', 'frosted_bat', 'Lasiurus', 'red_bat', 'brown_bat', 'Myotis', 'little_brown_bat', 'cave_myotis', 'Eptesicus', 'big_brown_bat', 'serotine', 'Antrozous', 'pallid_bat', 'Pipistrellus', 'pipistrelle', 'eastern_pipistrel', 'western_pipistrel', 'Euderma', 'jackass_bat', 'Plecotus', 'long-eared_bat', 'western_big-eared_bat', 'Molossidae', 'Tadarida', 'freetail', 'guano_bat', 'pocketed_bat', 'Eumops', 'mastiff_bat', 'Desmodontidae', 'vampire_bat', 'Desmodus', 'Desmodus_rotundus', 'Diphylla', 'hairy-legged_vampire_bat', 'water_vascular_system', 'wing', 'ala', 'forewing', 'halter', 'pennon', 'wing_case', 'predator', 'prey', 'game', 'big_game', 'game_bird', 'animal_foot', 'fossorial_foot', 'fossorial_mammal', 'hoof', 'hoof', 'cloven_foot', \"bird's_foot\", 'webfoot', 'claw', 'zygodactyl_foot', 'heterodactyl_foot', 'webbed_foot', 'lobate_foot', 'calyculus', 'optic_cup', 'tooth', 'denticle', 'claw', 'bear_claw', 'talon', 'claw', 'tetrapod', 'quadruped', 'hexapod', 'biped', 'belly', 'tail', 'brush', 'bobtail', 'caudal_appendage', 'uropygium', 'oxtail', 'fluke', 'scut', 'flag', 'dock', \"horse's_foot\", 'Insecta', 'insect', 'social_insect', 'ephemeron', 'holometabola', 'defoliator', 'pollinator', 'gallfly', 'Mantophasmatodea', 'Mecoptera', 'mecopteran', 'Panorpidae', 'scorpion_fly', 'Bittacidae', 'hanging_fly', 'Collembola', 'collembolan', 'Protura', 'proturan', 'Coleoptera', 'beetle', 'Cicindelidae', 'tiger_beetle', 'Coccinellidae', 'ladybug', 'Adalia', 'two-spotted_ladybug', 'Epilachna', 'Mexican_bean_beetle', 'Hippodamia', 'Hippodamia_convergens', 'Rodolia', 'vedalia', 'Carabidae', 'ground_beetle', 'Brachinus', 'bombardier_beetle', 'genus_Calosoma', 'calosoma', 'searcher', 'Lampyridae', 'firefly', 'glowworm', 'Cerambycidae', 'long-horned_beetle', 'Monochamus', 'sawyer', 'pine_sawyer', 'Chrysomelidae', 'leaf_beetle', 'flea_beetle', 'Leptinotarsa', 'Colorado_potato_beetle', 'Dermestidae', 'carpet_beetle', 'buffalo_carpet_beetle', 'black_carpet_beetle', 'Cleridae', 'clerid_beetle', 'bee_beetle', 'Lamellicornia', 'lamellicorn_beetle', 'Scarabaeidae', 'scarabaeid_beetle', 'dung_beetle', 'genus_Scarabaeus', 'scarab', 'tumblebug', 'dorbeetle', 'June_beetle', 'green_June_beetle', 'Popillia', 'Japanese_beetle', 'Anomala', 'Oriental_beetle', 'rhinoceros_beetle', 'Melolonthidae', 'melolonthid_beetle', 'Melolontha', 'cockchafer', 'Macrodactylus', 'rose_chafer', 'Cetoniidae', 'Cetonia', 'rose_chafer', 'Lucanidae', 'stag_beetle', 'Elateridae', 'elaterid_beetle', 'click_beetle', 'Pyrophorus', 'firefly', 'wireworm', 'Dytiscidae', 'water_beetle', 'Gyrinidae', 'whirligig_beetle', 'Anobiidae', 'deathwatch_beetle', 'weevil', 'Curculionidae', 'snout_beetle', 'Anthonomus', 'boll_weevil', 'Meloidae', 'blister_beetle', 'oil_beetle', 'Spanish_fly', 'Scolytidae', 'Scolytus', 'Dutch-elm_beetle', 'Dendroctonus', 'bark_beetle', 'spruce_bark_beetle', 'Staphylinidae', 'rove_beetle', 'Tenebrionidae', 'darkling_beetle', 'mealworm', 'Tribolium', 'flour_beetle', 'Bruchidae', 'seed_beetle', 'Bruchus', 'pea_weevil', 'Acanthoscelides', 'bean_weevil', 'Sitophylus', 'rice_weevil', 'Asian_longhorned_beetle', 'Embioptera', 'web_spinner', 'Anoplura', 'louse', 'Pediculidae', 'Pediculus', 'common_louse', 'head_louse', 'body_louse', 'Phthiriidae', 'Phthirius', 'crab_louse', 'Mallophaga', 'bird_louse', 'Menopon', 'chicken_louse', 'Siphonaptera', 'flea', 'Pulicidae', 'Pulex', 'Pulex_irritans', 'Ctenocephalides', 'Ctenocephalus', 'dog_flea', 'cat_flea', 'Tunga', 'chigoe', 'Echidnophaga', 'sticktight', 'Diptera', 'dipterous_insect', 'Cecidomyidae', 'gall_midge', 'Mayetiola', 'Hessian_fly', 'Muscoidea', 'Muscidae', 'fly', 'alula', 'Musca', 'housefly', 'Glossinidae', 'genus_Glossina', 'tsetse_fly', 'Calliphoridae', 'Calliphora', 'blowfly', 'bluebottle', 'Lucilia', 'greenbottle', 'Sarcophaga', 'flesh_fly', 'Tachinidae', 'tachina_fly', 'gadfly', 'botfly', 'Gasterophilidae', 'Gasterophilus', 'horse_botfly', 'Cuterebridae', 'Cuterebra', 'Dermatobia', 'human_botfly', 'Oestridae', 'Oestrus', 'sheep_botfly', 'Hypoderma', 'warble_fly', 'warble', 'Tabanidae', 'horsefly', 'Bombyliidae', 'bee_fly', 'Asilidae', 'robber_fly', 'fruit_fly', 'Trypetidae', 'Rhagoletis', 'apple_maggot', 'Ceratitis', 'Mediterranean_fruit_fly', 'Drosophilidae', 'genus_Drosophila', 'drosophila', 'vinegar_fly', 'Philophylla', 'leaf_miner', 'Hippoboscidae', 'louse_fly', 'Hippobosca', 'horse_tick', 'Melophagus', 'sheep_ked', 'Haematobia', 'horn_fly', 'Nematocera', 'Culicidae', 'mosquito', 'wiggler', 'gnat', 'Aedes', 'yellow-fever_mosquito', 'Asian_tiger_mosquito', 'Anopheles', 'anopheline', 'malarial_mosquito', 'Culex', 'common_mosquito', 'Culex_quinquefasciatus', 'gnat', 'Ceratopogonidae', 'punkie', 'Ceratopogon', 'Chironomidae', 'midge', 'Chironomus', 'Mycetophilidae', 'fungus_gnat', 'Psychodidae', 'psychodid', 'Phlebotomus', 'sand_fly', 'Sciaridae', 'genus_Sciara', 'fungus_gnat', 'armyworm', 'Tipulidae', 'crane_fly', 'Simuliidae', 'Simulium', 'blackfly', 'Hymenoptera', 'hymenopterous_insect', 'Apoidea', 'bee', 'drone', 'queen_bee', 'worker', 'soldier', 'worker_bee', 'Apidae', 'Apis', 'honeybee', 'Africanized_bee', 'black_bee', 'Carniolan_bee', 'Italian_bee', 'Xylocopa', 'carpenter_bee', 'Bombus', 'bumblebee', 'Psithyrus', 'cuckoo-bumblebee', 'Andrenidae', 'genus_Andrena', 'andrena', 'nomia', 'Halictidae', 'Nomia_melanderi', 'Megachilidae', 'Megachile', 'leaf-cutting_bee', 'mason_bee', 'Anthidium', 'potter_bee', 'wasp', 'Vespidae', 'vespid', 'Vespa', 'paper_wasp', 'hornet', 'giant_hornet', 'Vespula', 'common_wasp', 'bald-faced_hornet', 'yellow_jacket', 'Polistes', 'Polistes_annularis', 'Eumenes', 'mason_wasp', 'potter_wasp', 'Mutillidae', 'velvet_ant', 'Sphecoidea', 'sphecoid_wasp', 'Sphecidae', 'Sceliphron', 'mason_wasp', 'digger_wasp', 'Stizidae', 'Sphecius', 'cicada_killer', 'mud_dauber', 'Cynipidae', 'gall_wasp', 'Cynips', 'Amphibolips', 'Andricus', 'Chalcididae', 'chalcid_fly', 'strawworm', 'Chalcis', 'chalcis_fly', 'Ichneumonidae', 'ichneumon_fly', 'Tenthredinidae', 'sawfly', 'Fenusa', 'birch_leaf_miner', 'Formicidae', 'ant', 'Monomorium', 'pharaoh_ant', 'little_black_ant', 'Dorylinae', 'army_ant', 'Camponotus', 'carpenter_ant', 'Solenopsis', 'fire_ant', 'Formica', 'wood_ant', 'slave_ant', 'Formica_fusca', 'slave-making_ant', 'sanguinary_ant', 'Myrmecia', 'bulldog_ant', 'Polyergus', 'Amazon_ant', 'Isoptera', 'Termitidae', 'Termes', 'termite', 'dry-wood_termite', 'Reticulitermes', 'Reticulitermes_flanipes', 'Reticulitermes_lucifugus', 'Rhinotermitidae', 'Mastotermitidae', 'Mastotermes', 'Mastotermes_darwiniensis', 'Mastotermes_electromexicus', 'Mastotermes_electrodominicus', 'Kalotermitidae', 'Kalotermes', 'Cryptotermes', 'powder-post_termite', 'Orthoptera', 'orthopterous_insect', 'grasshopper', 'Acrididae', 'short-horned_grasshopper', 'locust', 'Locusta', 'migratory_locust', 'Melanoplus', 'migratory_grasshopper', 'Tettigoniidae', 'long-horned_grasshopper', 'Microcentrum', 'katydid', 'Anabrus', 'mormon_cricket', 'Stenopelmatidae', 'Stenopelmatus', 'sand_cricket', 'Gryllidae', 'cricket', 'mole_cricket', 'Acheta', 'European_house_cricket', 'field_cricket', 'Oecanthus', 'tree_cricket', 'snowy_tree_cricket', 'Phasmida', 'phasmid', 'Phasmidae', 'walking_stick', 'genus_Diapheromera', 'diapheromera', 'Phyllidae', 'Phyllium', 'walking_leaf', 'Exopterygota', 'Dictyoptera', 'dictyopterous_insect', 'Blattodea', 'cockroach', 'Blattidae', 'Blatta', 'oriental_cockroach', 'Periplaneta', 'American_cockroach', 'Australian_cockroach', 'Blattella', 'German_cockroach', 'Blaberus', 'giant_cockroach', 'Cryptocercidae', 'Cryptocercus', 'Manteodea', 'Mantidae', 'genus_Mantis', 'mantis', 'praying_mantis', 'bug', 'Hemiptera', 'hemipterous_insect', 'Miridae', 'leaf_bug', 'mirid_bug', 'Poecilocapsus', 'four-lined_plant_bug', 'Lygus', 'lygus_bug', 'tarnished_plant_bug', 'Tingidae', 'lace_bug', 'Lygaeidae', 'lygaeid', 'Blissus', 'chinch_bug', 'Coreidae', 'coreid_bug', 'Anasa', 'squash_bug', 'Leptoglossus', 'leaf-footed_bug', 'Cimicidae', 'Cimex', 'bedbug', 'Notonectidae', 'Notonecta', 'backswimmer', 'Heteroptera', 'true_bug', 'heteropterous_insect', 'water_bug', 'Belostomatidae', 'giant_water_bug', 'Nepidae', 'water_scorpion', 'Nepa', 'Ranatra', 'Corixidae', 'Corixa', 'water_boatman', 'Gerrididae', 'water_strider', 'Gerris', 'common_pond-skater', 'Reduviidae', 'assassin_bug', 'Triatoma', 'conenose', 'Arilus', 'wheel_bug', 'Pyrrhocoridae', 'firebug', 'Dysdercus', 'cotton_stainer', 'Homoptera', 'homopterous_insect', 'Aleyrodidae', 'Aleyrodes', 'whitefly', 'Dialeurodes', 'citrus_whitefly', 'Trialeurodes', 'greenhouse_whitefly', 'Bemisia', 'sweet-potato_whitefly', 'superbug', 'superbug', 'cotton_strain', 'Coccoidea', 'coccid_insect', 'scale_insect', 'Coccidae', 'soft_scale', 'genus_Coccus', 'brown_soft_scale', 'wax_insect', 'Diaspididae', 'armored_scale', 'Aspidiotus', 'San_Jose_scale', 'Dactylopiidae', 'Dactylopius', 'cochineal_insect', 'Pseudococcidae', 'Pseudococcus', 'mealybug', 'citrophilous_mealybug', 'Comstock_mealybug', 'Planococcus', 'citrus_mealybug', 'plant_louse', 'Aphidoidea', 'aphid', 'Aphididae', 'Aphis', 'apple_aphid', 'blackfly', 'greenfly', 'green_peach_aphid', 'pale_chrysanthemum_aphid', 'ant_cow', 'Eriosoma', 'woolly_aphid', 'woolly_apple_aphid', 'Prociphilus', 'woolly_alder_aphid', 'Adelgidae', 'Adelges', 'adelgid', 'balsam_woolly_aphid', 'spruce_gall_aphid', 'Pineus', 'pine_leaf_aphid', 'woolly_adelgid', 'Phylloxeridae', 'Phylloxera', 'grape_louse', 'Psyllidae', 'jumping_plant_louse', 'Cicadidae', 'genus_Cicada', 'cicada', 'Tibicen', 'dog-day_cicada', 'Magicicada', 'seventeen-year_locust', 'Cercopidae', 'spittle_insect', 'froghopper', 'Philaenus', 'meadow_spittlebug', 'Aphrophora', 'pine_spittlebug', 'Saratoga_spittlebug', 'Cicadellidae', 'Jassidae', 'jassid', 'leafhopper', 'plant_hopper', 'Membracidae', 'treehopper', 'Fulgoridae', 'lantern_fly', 'Psocoptera', 'psocopterous_insect', 'Psocidae', 'psocid', 'bark-louse', 'Atropidae', 'Liposcelis', 'booklouse', 'Trogium', 'common_booklouse', 'Ephemeroptera', 'Plectophera', 'ephemerid', 'Ephemeridae', 'mayfly', 'Plecoptera', 'stonefly', 'Neuroptera', 'neuropteron', 'Myrmeleontidae', 'Myrmeleon', 'ant_lion', 'doodlebug', 'lacewing', 'aphid_lion', 'Chrysopidae', 'green_lacewing', 'goldeneye', 'Hemerobiidae', 'brown_lacewing', 'Megaloptera', 'Corydalidae', 'Corydalus', 'dobson', 'hellgrammiate', 'fish_fly', 'Sialidae', 'Sialis', 'alderfly', 'Raphidiidae', 'snakefly', 'Mantispidae', 'mantispid', 'Sisyridae', 'spongefly', 'Odonata', 'odonate', 'Anisoptera', 'dragonfly', 'Zygoptera', 'damselfly', 'Trichoptera', 'trichopterous_insect', 'caddis_fly', 'caseworm', 'caddisworm', 'Thysanura', 'thysanuran_insect', 'bristletail', 'Lepismatidae', 'Lepisma', 'silverfish', 'Thermobia', 'firebrat', 'Machilidae', 'jumping_bristletail', 'Thysanoptera', 'thysanopter', 'Thripidae', 'thrips', 'Frankliniella', 'tobacco_thrips', 'genus_Thrips', 'onion_thrips', 'Dermaptera', 'earwig', 'Forficulidae', 'Forficula', 'common_European_earwig', 'Lepidoptera', 'lepidopterous_insect', 'butterfly', 'Nymphalidae', 'nymphalid', 'Nymphalis', 'mourning_cloak', 'tortoiseshell', 'Vanessa', 'painted_beauty', 'admiral', 'red_admiral', 'Limenitis', 'white_admiral', 'banded_purple', 'red-spotted_purple', 'viceroy', 'anglewing', 'Satyridae', 'ringlet', 'Polygonia', 'comma', 'fritillary', 'Spyeria', 'silverspot', 'Argynnis', 'Apatura', 'emperor_butterfly', 'purple_emperor', 'Inachis', 'peacock', 'Danaidae', 'danaid', 'Danaus', 'monarch', 'Pieridae', 'pierid', 'cabbage_butterfly', 'Pieris', 'small_white', 'large_white', 'southern_cabbage_butterfly', 'sulphur_butterfly', 'Lycaenidae', 'lycaenid', 'Lycaena', 'blue', 'copper', 'American_copper', 'Strymon', 'hairstreak', 'Strymon_melinus', 'moth', 'moth_miller', 'Tortricidae', 'tortricid', 'leaf_roller', 'genus_Tortrix', 'Homona', 'tea_tortrix', 'Argyrotaenia', 'orange_tortrix', 'Carpocapsa', 'codling_moth', 'Lymantriidae', 'lymantriid', 'tussock_caterpillar', 'Lymantria', 'gypsy_moth', 'Euproctis', 'browntail', 'gold-tail_moth', 'Geometridae', 'geometrid', 'Paleacrita', 'Paleacrita_vernata', 'Alsophila', 'Alsophila_pometaria', 'cankerworm', 'spring_cankerworm', 'fall_cankerworm', 'measuring_worm', 'Pyralidae', 'pyralid', 'Pyralis', 'Galleria', 'bee_moth', 'Pyrausta', 'corn_borer', 'Anagasta', 'Mediterranean_flour_moth', 'Ephestia', 'tobacco_moth', 'Cadra', 'almond_moth', 'raisin_moth', 'Tineoidea', 'tineoid', 'Tineidae', 'tineid', 'clothes_moth', 'Tinea', 'casemaking_clothes_moth', 'Tineola', 'webbing_clothes_moth', 'Trichophaga', 'carpet_moth', 'Gracilariidae', 'gracilariid', 'Gelechiidae', 'gelechiid', 'Gelechia', 'Gelechia_gossypiella', 'grain_moth', 'Sitotroga', 'angoumois_moth', 'Phthorimaea', 'potato_moth', 'potato_tuberworm', 'Noctuidae', 'noctuid_moth', 'cutworm', 'Noctua', 'Catacala', 'underwing', 'red_underwing', 'Cerapteryx', 'antler_moth', 'Heliothis', 'heliothis_moth', 'Chorizagrotis', 'army_cutworm', 'Pseudaletia', 'armyworm', 'armyworm', 'Spodoptera', 'Spodoptera_exigua', 'beet_armyworm', 'Spodoptera_frugiperda', 'fall_armyworm', 'Sphingidae', 'hawkmoth', 'Manduca', 'Manduca_sexta', 'tobacco_hornworm', 'Manduca_quinquemaculata', 'tomato_hornworm', 'Acherontia', \"death's-head_moth\", 'Bombycidae', 'bombycid', 'Bombyx', 'domestic_silkworm_moth', 'silkworm', 'Saturniidae', 'saturniid', 'Saturnia', 'emperor', 'Eacles', 'imperial_moth', 'giant_silkworm_moth', 'silkworm', 'Actias', 'luna_moth', 'Hyalophora', 'cecropia', 'Samia', 'cynthia_moth', 'ailanthus_silkworm', 'Automeris', 'io_moth', 'Antheraea', 'polyphemus_moth', 'pernyi_moth', 'tussah', 'Atticus', 'atlas_moth', 'Arctiidae', 'arctiid', 'tiger_moth', 'Callimorpha', 'cinnabar', 'Lasiocampidae', 'lasiocampid', 'Lasiocampa', 'eggar', 'Malacosoma', 'tent-caterpillar_moth', 'tent_caterpillar', 'tent-caterpillar_moth', 'forest_tent_caterpillar', 'lappet', 'lappet_caterpillar', 'webworm', 'Hyphantria', 'webworm_moth', 'Hyphantria_cunea', 'fall_webworm', 'Loxostege', 'Loxostege_similalis', 'garden_webworm', 'instar', 'caterpillar', 'corn_borer', 'bollworm', 'pink_bollworm', 'corn_earworm', 'cabbageworm', 'woolly_bear', 'woolly_bear_moth', 'larva', 'nymph', 'leptocephalus', 'bot', 'grub', 'maggot', 'leatherjacket', 'pupa', 'chrysalis', 'cocoon', 'imago', 'queen', 'Phoronida', 'phoronid', 'Bryozoa', 'bryozoan', 'Ectoprocta', 'ectoproct', 'Entoprocta', 'entoproct', 'Cycliophora', 'Symbion_pandora', 'Brachiopoda', 'brachiopod', 'Sipuncula', 'peanut_worm', 'echinoderm_family', 'echinoderm_genus', 'Echinodermata', 'echinoderm', 'ambulacrum', 'Asteroidea', 'starfish', 'Ophiuroidea', 'Ophiurida', 'brittle_star', 'Euryalida', 'basket_star', 'Euryale', 'Astrophyton', 'Astrophyton_muricatum', 'Gorgonocephalus', 'Echinoidea', 'sea_urchin', 'edible_sea_urchin', 'Exocycloida', 'sand_dollar', 'Spatangoida', 'heart_urchin', 'Crinoidea', 'crinoid', 'Ptilocrinus', 'sea_lily', 'Antedonidae', 'Comatulidae', 'Antedon', 'Comatula', 'feather_star', 'Holothuroidea', 'sea_cucumber', 'Holothuridae', 'Holothuria', 'trepang', 'foot', 'tube_foot', 'roe', 'milt', 'splint_bone', 'Duplicidentata', 'Lagomorpha', 'lagomorph', 'Leporidae', 'leporid', 'rabbit', 'rabbit_ears', 'lapin', 'bunny', 'Oryctolagus', 'European_rabbit', 'Sylvilagus', 'wood_rabbit', 'eastern_cottontail', 'swamp_rabbit', 'marsh_hare', 'Lepus', 'hare', 'leveret', 'European_hare', 'jackrabbit', 'white-tailed_jackrabbit', 'blacktail_jackrabbit', 'polar_hare', 'snowshoe_hare', 'Belgian_hare', 'Angora', 'Ochotonidae', 'pika', 'Ochotona', 'little_chief_hare', 'collared_pika', 'Rodentia', 'rodent', 'mouse', 'Myomorpha', 'Muroidea', 'rat', 'pocket_rat', 'Muridae', 'murine', 'Mus', 'house_mouse', 'Micromyx', 'harvest_mouse', 'Apodemus', 'field_mouse', 'nude_mouse', 'European_wood_mouse', 'Rattus', 'brown_rat', 'wharf_rat', 'sewer_rat', 'black_rat', 'Nesokia', 'bandicoot_rat', 'Conilurus', 'jerboa_rat', 'Notomys', 'kangaroo_mouse', 'Hydromyinae', 'Hydromys', 'water_rat', 'beaver_rat', 'Cricetidae', 'New_World_mouse', 'Reithrodontomys', 'American_harvest_mouse', 'Peromyscus', 'wood_mouse', 'white-footed_mouse', 'deer_mouse', 'cactus_mouse', 'cotton_mouse', 'Baiomys', 'pygmy_mouse', 'Onychomys', 'grasshopper_mouse', 'Ondatra', 'muskrat', 'Neofiber', 'round-tailed_muskrat', 'Sigmodon', 'cotton_rat', 'wood_rat', 'dusky-footed_wood_rat', 'vole', 'Neotoma', 'packrat', 'dusky-footed_woodrat', 'eastern_woodrat', 'Oryzomys', 'rice_rat', 'Pitymys', 'pine_vole', 'Microtus', 'meadow_vole', 'water_vole', 'prairie_vole', 'Arvicola', 'water_vole', 'Clethrionomys', 'red-backed_mouse', 'genus_Phenacomys', 'phenacomys', 'Cricetus', 'hamster', 'Eurasian_hamster', 'Mesocricetus', 'golden_hamster', 'Gerbillinae', 'Gerbillus', 'gerbil', 'Meriones', 'jird', 'tamarisk_gerbil', 'sand_rat', 'lemming', 'Lemmus', 'European_lemming', 'brown_lemming', 'Myopus', 'grey_lemming', 'Dicrostonyx', 'pied_lemming', 'Hudson_bay_collared_lemming', 'Synaptomys', 'southern_bog_lemming', 'northern_bog_lemming', 'Hystricomorpha', 'porcupine', 'Hystricidae', 'Old_World_porcupine', 'Atherurus', 'brush-tailed_porcupine', 'Trichys', 'long-tailed_porcupine', 'New_World_porcupine', 'Erethizontidae', 'Erethizon', 'Canada_porcupine', 'Heteromyidae', 'pocket_mouse', 'Perognathus', 'silky_pocket_mouse', 'plains_pocket_mouse', 'hispid_pocket_mouse', 'Liomys', 'Mexican_pocket_mouse', 'Dipodomys', 'kangaroo_rat', 'Ord_kangaroo_rat', 'Microdipodops', 'kangaroo_mouse', 'Zapodidae', 'jumping_mouse', 'Zapus', 'meadow_jumping_mouse', 'Dipodidae', 'Dipus', 'jerboa', 'typical_jerboa', 'Jaculus', 'Jaculus_jaculus', 'Gliridae', 'dormouse', 'Glis', 'loir', 'Muscardinus', 'hazel_mouse', 'Eliomys', 'lerot', 'Geomyidae', 'Geomys', 'gopher', 'plains_pocket_gopher', 'southeastern_pocket_gopher', 'Thomomys', 'valley_pocket_gopher', 'northern_pocket_gopher', 'Sciuromorpha', 'squirrel', 'tree_squirrel', 'Sciuridae', 'Sciurus', 'eastern_grey_squirrel', 'western_grey_squirrel', 'fox_squirrel', 'black_squirrel', 'red_squirrel', 'Tamiasciurus', 'American_red_squirrel', 'chickeree', 'Citellus', 'antelope_squirrel', 'ground_squirrel', 'mantled_ground_squirrel', 'suslik', 'flickertail', 'rock_squirrel', 'Arctic_ground_squirrel', 'Cynomys', 'prairie_dog', 'blacktail_prairie_dog', 'whitetail_prairie_dog', 'Tamias', 'eastern_chipmunk', 'Eutamias', 'chipmunk', 'baronduki', 'Glaucomys', 'American_flying_squirrel', 'southern_flying_squirrel', 'northern_flying_squirrel', 'Marmota', 'marmot', 'groundhog', 'hoary_marmot', 'yellowbelly_marmot', 'Petauristidae', 'Asiatic_flying_squirrel', 'Petaurista', 'taguan', 'Castoridae', 'Castor', 'beaver', 'Old_World_beaver', 'New_World_beaver', 'Castoroides', 'Aplodontiidae', 'Aplodontia', 'mountain_beaver', 'Caviidae', 'Cavia', 'cavy', 'guinea_pig', 'aperea', 'Dolichotis', 'mara', 'Hydrochoeridae', 'Hydrochoerus', 'capybara', 'Dasyproctidae', 'Dasyprocta', 'agouti', 'Cuniculus', 'paca', 'Stictomys', 'mountain_paca', 'Capromyidae', 'Myocastor', 'coypu', 'Chinchillidae', 'genus_Chinchilla', 'chinchilla', 'Lagidium', 'mountain_chinchilla', 'Lagostomus', 'viscacha', 'Abrocoma', 'abrocome', 'Spalacidae', 'Spalax', 'mole_rat', 'Bathyergidae', 'Bathyergus', 'mole_rat', 'Heterocephalus', 'sand_rat', 'naked_mole_rat', 'queen', 'Damaraland_mole_rat', 'dug', 'udder', 'Ungulata', 'ungulate', 'Unguiculata', 'unguiculate', 'Dinocerata', 'Uintatheriidae', 'Uintatherium', 'dinocerate', 'dinoceras', 'Hyracoidea', 'Procaviidae', 'hyrax', 'Procavia', 'rock_hyrax', 'Perissodactyla', 'odd-toed_ungulate', 'Equidae', 'Equus', 'equine', 'horse', 'roan', 'stablemate', 'Hyracotherium', 'gee-gee', 'eohippus', 'genus_Mesohippus', 'mesohippus', 'genus_Protohippus', 'protohippus', 'foal', 'filly', 'colt', 'male_horse', 'ridgeling', 'stallion', 'stud', 'gelding', 'mare', 'broodmare', 'saddle_horse', 'remount', 'palfrey', 'warhorse', 'cavalry_horse', 'charger', 'steed', 'prancer', 'hack', 'cow_pony', 'quarter_horse', 'Morgan', 'Tennessee_walker', 'American_saddle_horse', 'Appaloosa', 'Arabian', 'Lippizan', 'pony', 'polo_pony', 'mustang', 'bronco', 'bucking_bronco', 'buckskin', 'crowbait', 'dun', 'grey', 'wild_horse', 'tarpan', 'warrigal', \"Przewalski's_horse\", 'cayuse', 'hack', 'hack', 'plow_horse', 'pony', 'Shetland_pony', 'Welsh_pony', 'Exmoor', 'racehorse', 'thoroughbred', 'Sir_Barton', 'Gallant_Fox', 'Omaha', 'War_Admiral', 'Whirlaway', 'Count_Fleet', 'Assault', 'Citation', 'Secretariat', 'Seattle_Slew', 'Affirmed', 'steeplechaser', 'racer', 'finisher', 'pony', 'yearling', 'two-year-old_horse', 'three-year-old_horse', 'dark_horse', 'mudder', 'nonstarter', 'stalking-horse', 'harness_horse', 'cob', 'hackney', 'workhorse', 'draft_horse', 'packhorse', 'carthorse', 'Clydesdale', 'Percheron', 'farm_horse', 'shire', 'pole_horse', 'wheel_horse', 'post_horse', 'coach_horse', 'pacer', 'pacer', 'trotting_horse', 'pole_horse', 'stepper', 'chestnut', 'liver_chestnut', 'bay', 'sorrel', 'palomino', 'pinto', 'ass', 'domestic_ass', 'burro', 'moke', 'jack', 'jennet', 'mule', 'hinny', 'wild_ass', 'African_wild_ass', 'kiang', 'onager', 'chigetai', 'zebra', 'common_zebra', 'mountain_zebra', \"grevy's_zebra\", 'quagga', 'Rhinocerotidae', 'rhinoceros', 'genus_Rhinoceros', 'Indian_rhinoceros', 'woolly_rhinoceros', 'Ceratotherium', 'white_rhinoceros', 'Diceros', 'black_rhinoceros', 'Tapiridae', 'Tapirus', 'tapir', 'New_World_tapir', 'Malayan_tapir', 'Artiodactyla', 'even-toed_ungulate', 'Suidae', 'swine', 'Sus', 'hog', 'piglet', 'sucking_pig', 'porker', 'boar', 'sow', 'razorback', 'wild_boar', 'Babyrousa', 'babirusa', 'Phacochoerus', 'warthog', 'Tayassuidae', 'Tayassu', 'peccary', 'collared_peccary', 'white-lipped_peccary', 'Chiacoan_peccary', 'Hippopotamidae', 'genus_Hippopotamus', 'hippopotamus', 'Ruminantia', 'ruminant', 'rumen', 'reticulum', 'psalterium', 'abomasum', 'Bovidae', 'bovid', 'Bovinae', 'Bovini', 'Bos', 'bovine', 'ox', 'cattle', 'ox', 'stirk', 'bullock', 'bull', 'cow', 'springer', 'heifer', 'bullock', 'dogie', 'maverick', 'beef', 'longhorn', 'Brahman', 'zebu', 'aurochs', 'yak', 'banteng', 'Welsh', 'red_poll', 'Santa_Gertrudis', 'Aberdeen_Angus', 'Africander', 'dairy_cattle', 'Ayrshire', 'Brown_Swiss', 'Charolais', 'Jersey', 'Devon', 'grade', 'Durham', 'milking_shorthorn', 'Galloway', 'Friesian', 'Guernsey', 'Hereford', 'cattalo', 'Old_World_buffalo', 'Bubalus', 'water_buffalo', 'Indian_buffalo', 'carabao', 'genus_Anoa', 'anoa', 'tamarau', 'Synercus', 'Cape_buffalo', 'Bibos', 'Asian_wild_ox', 'gaur', 'gayal', 'genus_Bison', 'bison', 'American_bison', 'wisent', 'Ovibos', 'musk_ox', 'Ovis', 'sheep', 'ewe', 'ram', 'wether', 'bellwether', 'lamb', 'lambkin', 'baa-lamb', 'hog', 'teg', 'Persian_lamb', 'black_sheep', 'domestic_sheep', 'Cotswold', 'Hampshire', 'Lincoln', 'Exmoor', 'Cheviot', 'broadtail', 'longwool', 'merino', 'Rambouillet', 'wild_sheep', 'argali', 'Marco_Polo_sheep', 'urial', 'Dall_sheep', 'mountain_sheep', 'bighorn', 'mouflon', 'Ammotragus', 'aoudad', 'beard', 'Capra', 'goat', 'kid', 'billy', 'nanny', 'domestic_goat', 'Cashmere_goat', 'Angora', 'wild_goat', 'bezoar_goat', 'markhor', 'ibex', 'goat_antelope', 'Oreamnos', 'mountain_goat', 'Naemorhedus', 'goral', 'Capricornis', 'serow', 'Rupicapra', 'chamois', 'Budorcas', 'takin', 'antelope', 'Antilope', 'blackbuck', 'Litocranius', 'gerenuk', 'genus_Addax', 'addax', 'Connochaetes', 'gnu', 'Madoqua', 'dik-dik', 'Alcelaphus', 'hartebeest', 'Damaliscus', 'sassaby', 'Aepyceros', 'impala', 'Gazella', 'gazelle', \"Thomson's_gazelle\", 'Gazella_subgutturosa', 'Antidorcas', 'springbok', 'Tragelaphus', 'bongo', 'kudu', 'greater_kudu', 'lesser_kudu', 'harnessed_antelope', 'nyala', 'mountain_nyala', 'bushbuck', 'Boselaphus', 'nilgai', 'Hippotragus', 'sable_antelope', 'genus_Saiga', 'saiga', 'Raphicerus', 'steenbok', 'Taurotragus', 'eland', 'common_eland', 'giant_eland', 'Kobus', 'kob', 'lechwe', 'waterbuck', 'Adenota', 'puku', 'genus_Oryx', 'oryx', 'gemsbok', 'Pseudoryx', 'forest_goat', 'Antilocapridae', 'Antilocapra', 'pronghorn', 'Cervidae', 'deer', 'stag', 'royal', 'pricket', 'fawn', 'Cervus', 'red_deer', 'hart', 'hind', 'brocket', 'sambar', 'wapiti', 'Japanese_deer', 'Odocoileus', 'Virginia_deer', 'mule_deer', 'black-tailed_deer', 'Alces', 'elk', 'Dama', 'fallow_deer', 'Capreolus', 'roe_deer', 'roebuck', 'Rangifer', 'caribou', 'woodland_caribou', 'barren_ground_caribou', 'Mazama', 'brocket', 'Muntiacus', 'muntjac', 'Moschus', 'musk_deer', 'Elaphurus', \"pere_david's_deer\", 'Tragulidae', 'chevrotain', 'Tragulus', 'kanchil', 'napu', 'Hyemoschus', 'water_chevrotain', 'Camelidae', 'Camelus', 'camel', 'Arabian_camel', 'Bactrian_camel', 'llama', 'Lama', 'domestic_llama', 'guanaco', 'alpaca', 'Vicugna', 'vicuna', 'Giraffidae', 'Giraffa', 'giraffe', 'Okapia', 'okapi', 'trotter', 'forefoot', 'hindfoot', 'paw', 'forepaw', 'hand', 'pad', 'Mustelidae', 'musteline_mammal', 'Mustela', 'weasel', 'ermine', 'stoat', 'New_World_least_weasel', 'Old_World_least_weasel', 'longtail_weasel', 'mink', 'American_mink', 'polecat', 'ferret', 'black-footed_ferret', 'Poecilogale', 'muishond', 'snake_muishond', 'Ictonyx', 'striped_muishond', 'zoril', 'Lutrinae', 'Lutra', 'otter', 'river_otter', 'Eurasian_otter', 'Enhydra', 'sea_otter', 'Mephitinae', 'skunk', 'Mephitis', 'striped_skunk', 'hooded_skunk', 'Conepatus', 'hog-nosed_skunk', 'Spilogale', 'spotted_skunk', 'Melinae', 'badger', 'Taxidea', 'American_badger', 'Meles', 'Eurasian_badger', 'Mellivora', 'ratel', 'Melogale', 'ferret_badger', 'Arctonyx', 'hog_badger', 'Gulo', 'wolverine', 'glutton', 'genus_Grison', 'genus_Galictis', 'grison', 'Martes', 'marten', 'pine_marten', 'sable', 'American_marten', 'stone_marten', 'fisher', 'Charronia', 'yellow-throated_marten', 'Eira', 'tayra', 'fictional_animal', 'Easter_bunny', 'church_mouse', 'Mickey_Mouse', 'Minnie_Mouse', 'Donald_Duck', 'Mighty_Mouse', 'muzzle', 'snout', 'snout', 'proboscis', 'pachyderm', 'Edentata', 'edentate', 'Xenarthra', 'Dasypodidae', 'armadillo', 'Dasypus', 'peba', 'Tolypeutes', 'apar', 'genus_Cabassous', 'tatouay', 'Euphractus', 'peludo', 'Priodontes', 'giant_armadillo', 'Chlamyphorus', 'pichiciago', 'Burmeisteria', 'greater_pichiciego', 'Bradypodidae', 'sloth', 'Bradypus', 'three-toed_sloth', 'Megalonychidae', 'Choloepus', 'two-toed_sloth', 'two-toed_sloth', 'Megatheriidae', 'megatherian', 'Megatherium', 'ground_sloth', 'Mylodontidae', 'mylodontid', 'genus_Mylodon', 'mylodon', 'mapinguari', 'Myrmecophagidae', 'anteater', 'Myrmecophaga', 'ant_bear', 'Cyclopes', 'silky_anteater', 'genus_Tamandua', 'tamandua', 'Pholidota', 'Manidae', 'Manis', 'pangolin', 'pastern', 'coronet', 'fetlock', 'fetlock', 'withers', 'cannon', 'cannon_bone', 'hock', 'loin', 'hindquarters', 'haunch', 'gaskin', 'stifle', 'flank', 'animal_leg', 'hind_limb', 'hind_leg', 'forelimb', 'foreleg', 'flipper', 'parapodium', 'sucker', 'cupule', 'stinger', 'lateral_line', 'fin', 'dorsal_fin', 'pectoral_fin', 'pelvic_fin', 'tail_fin', 'heterocercal_fin', 'homocercal_fin', 'fishbone', 'air_bladder', 'air_sac', 'air_sac', 'uropygial_gland', 'silk_gland', 'elbow', 'chestnut', 'quill', 'vein', 'flight_feather', 'primary', 'scapular', 'tail_feather', 'tadpole', 'Primates', 'primate', 'simian', 'ape', 'Anthropoidea', 'anthropoid', 'anthropoid_ape', 'Hominoidea', 'hominoid', 'Hominidae', 'hominid', 'genus_Homo', 'homo', 'world', 'Homo_erectus', 'Pithecanthropus', 'Java_man', 'Peking_man', 'Sinanthropus', 'Homo_soloensis', 'Javanthropus', 'Solo_man', 'Homo_habilis', 'Homo_sapiens', 'Neandertal_man', 'Cro-magnon', 'Boskop_man', 'Homo_sapiens_sapiens', 'genus_Australopithecus', 'Plesianthropus', 'australopithecine', 'Australopithecus_afarensis', 'Lucy', 'Australopithecus_africanus', 'Australopithecus_boisei', 'Zinjanthropus', 'Australopithecus_robustus', 'Paranthropus', 'genus_Sivapithecus', 'Sivapithecus', 'Dryopithecus', 'dryopithecine', 'rudapithecus', 'Ouranopithecus', 'Lufengpithecus', 'genus_Proconsul', 'proconsul', 'Kenyapithecus', 'genus_Aegyptopithecus', 'Aegyptopithecus', 'Algeripithecus', 'Algeripithecus_minutus', 'Pongidae', 'great_ape', 'Pongo', 'orangutan', 'genus_Gorilla', 'gorilla', 'western_lowland_gorilla', 'eastern_lowland_gorilla', 'mountain_gorilla', 'silverback', 'Pan', 'chimpanzee', 'western_chimpanzee', 'eastern_chimpanzee', 'central_chimpanzee', 'pygmy_chimpanzee', 'Hylobatidae', 'lesser_ape', 'Hylobates', 'gibbon', 'Symphalangus', 'siamang', 'Cercopithecidae', 'monkey', 'Old_World_monkey', 'Cercopithecus', 'guenon', 'talapoin', 'grivet', 'vervet', 'green_monkey', 'Cercocebus', 'mangabey', 'Erythrocebus', 'patas', 'baboon', 'Papio', 'chacma', 'Mandrillus', 'mandrill', 'drill', 'Macaca', 'macaque', 'rhesus', 'bonnet_macaque', 'Barbary_ape', 'crab-eating_macaque', 'Presbytes', 'langur', 'entellus', 'genus_Colobus', 'colobus', 'guereza', 'Nasalis', 'proboscis_monkey', 'Platyrrhini', 'New_World_monkey', 'Callithricidae', 'marmoset', 'Callithrix', 'true_marmoset', 'Cebuella', 'pygmy_marmoset', 'Leontocebus', 'tamarin', 'silky_tamarin', 'pinche', 'Cebidae', 'Cebus', 'capuchin', 'Aotus', 'douroucouli', 'Alouatta', 'howler_monkey', 'Pithecia', 'saki', 'Cacajao', 'uakari', 'Callicebus', 'titi', 'Ateles', 'spider_monkey', 'Saimiri', 'squirrel_monkey', 'Lagothrix', 'woolly_monkey', 'Scandentia', 'Tupaiidae', 'Tupaia', 'tree_shrew', 'Ptilocercus', 'pentail', 'Prosimii', 'prosimian', 'Adapid', 'Lemuroidea', 'lemur', 'Strepsirhini', 'Lemuridae', 'genus_Lemur', 'Madagascar_cat', 'Daubentoniidae', 'Daubentonia', 'aye-aye', 'Lorisidae', 'genus_Loris', 'slender_loris', 'Nycticebus', 'slow_loris', 'Perodicticus', 'potto', 'Arctocebus', 'angwantibo', 'genus_Galago', 'galago', 'Indriidae', 'genus_Indri', 'indri', 'Avahi', 'woolly_indris', 'Omomyid', 'Tarsioidea', 'Tarsiidae', 'Tarsius', 'tarsier', 'Tarsius_syrichta', 'Tarsius_glis', 'Dermoptera', 'Cynocephalidae', 'Cynocephalus', 'flying_lemur', 'Cynocephalus_variegatus', 'Proboscidea', 'proboscidean', 'Elephantidae', 'elephant', 'rogue_elephant', 'Elephas', 'Indian_elephant', 'white_elephant', 'Loxodonta', 'African_elephant', 'Mammuthus', 'mammoth', 'woolly_mammoth', 'columbian_mammoth', 'Archidiskidon', 'imperial_mammoth', 'Mammutidae', 'Mammut', 'mastodon', 'American_mastodon', 'Gomphotheriidae', 'Gomphotherium', 'gomphothere', 'plantigrade_mammal', 'digitigrade_mammal', 'Procyonidae', 'procyonid', 'Procyon', 'raccoon', 'common_raccoon', 'crab-eating_raccoon', 'Bassariscidae', 'Bassariscus', 'bassarisk', 'Potos', 'kinkajou', 'Nasua', 'coati', 'Ailurus', 'lesser_panda', 'Ailuropodidae', 'Ailuropoda', 'giant_panda', 'gill', 'external_gill', 'gill_slit', 'gill_arch', 'peristome', 'syrinx', 'twitterer', 'Pisces', 'fish', 'fingerling', 'game_fish', 'food_fish', 'rough_fish', 'groundfish', 'young_fish', 'parr', 'mouthbreeder', 'spawner', 'barracouta', 'Channidae', 'northern_snakehead', 'Osteichthyes', 'bony_fish', 'Crossopterygii', 'crossopterygian', 'Latimeridae', 'Latimeria', 'coelacanth', 'Dipnoi', 'lungfish', 'Ceratodontidae', 'genus_Ceratodus', 'ceratodus', 'Neoceratodus', 'Australian_lungfish', 'Siluriformes', 'catfish', 'Siluridae', 'silurid', 'Silurus', 'European_catfish', 'Malopterurus', 'electric_catfish', 'Ameiuridae', 'Ameiurus', 'bullhead', 'horned_pout', 'brown_bullhead', 'Ictalurus', 'channel_catfish', 'blue_catfish', 'Pylodictus', 'flathead_catfish', 'Laricariidae', 'armored_catfish', 'Ariidae', 'sea_catfish', 'Arius', 'crucifix_fish', 'Gadiformes', 'Anacanthini', 'gadoid', 'Gadidae', 'Gadus', 'cod', 'codling', 'Atlantic_cod', 'Pacific_cod', 'Merlangus', 'whiting', 'Lota', 'burbot', 'scrod', 'Melanogrammus', 'haddock', 'Pollachius', 'pollack', 'Merluccius', 'hake', 'silver_hake', 'Urophycis', 'ling', 'Molva', 'ling', 'Brosmius', 'cusk', 'Macrouridae', 'grenadier', 'Anguilliformes', 'eel', 'elver', 'Anguillidae', 'Anguilla', 'common_eel', 'tuna', 'Muraenidae', 'moray', 'Congridae', 'conger', 'Teleostei', 'teleost_fish', 'Isospondyli', 'Gonorhynchidae', 'Gonorhynchus', 'beaked_salmon', 'Clupeidae', 'clupeid_fish', 'whitebait', 'brit', 'Alosa', 'shad', 'common_American_shad', 'river_shad', 'allice_shad', 'alewife', 'Pomolobus', 'Brevoortia', 'menhaden', 'Clupea', 'herring', 'Atlantic_herring', 'Pacific_herring', 'sardine', 'sild', 'brisling', 'Sardina', 'pilchard', 'Sardinops', 'Pacific_sardine', 'Engraulidae', 'anchovy', 'Engraulis', 'mediterranean_anchovy', 'Salmonidae', 'salmonid', 'salmon', 'parr', 'blackfish', 'redfish', 'Salmo', 'Atlantic_salmon', 'landlocked_salmon', 'Oncorhynchus', 'sockeye', 'chinook', 'chum_salmon', 'coho', 'trout', 'brown_trout', 'rainbow_trout', 'sea_trout', 'Salvelinus', 'lake_trout', 'brook_trout', 'char', 'Arctic_char', 'Coregonidae', 'whitefish', 'Coregonus', 'lake_whitefish', 'cisco', 'Prosopium', 'round_whitefish', 'Rocky_Mountain_whitefish', 'Osmeridae', 'smelt', 'Osmerus', 'rainbow_smelt', 'sparling', 'Mallotus', 'capelin', 'Elopidae', 'genus_Tarpon', 'tarpon', 'Elops', 'ladyfish', 'Albulidae', 'Albula', 'bonefish', 'Argentinidae', 'Argentina', 'argentine', 'Myctophidae', 'lanternfish', 'Synodontidae', 'lizardfish', 'Chlorophthalmidae', 'greeneye', 'Alepisaurus', 'lancetfish', 'handsaw_fish', 'Osteoglossiformes', 'Osteoglossidae', 'Scleropages', 'Australian_arowana', 'Australian_bonytongue', 'Lampridae', 'Lampris', 'opah', 'New_World_opah', 'Trachipteridae', 'ribbonfish', 'Trachipterus', 'dealfish', 'Regalecidae', 'Reglaecus', 'oarfish', 'Pediculati', 'Ogcocephalidae', 'batfish', 'Lophiidae', 'Lophius', 'goosefish', 'Batrachoididae', 'toadfish', 'oyster_fish', 'Antennariidae', 'frogfish', 'sargassum_fish', 'Synentognathi', 'Belonidae', 'needlefish', 'timucu', 'Exocoetidae', 'flying_fish', 'monoplane_flying_fish', 'biplane_flying_fish', 'Hemiramphidae', 'halfbeak', 'Scomberesocidae', 'Scomberesox', 'saury', 'Acanthopterygii', 'spiny-finned_fish', 'Ophiodontidae', 'Ophiodon', 'lingcod', 'Perciformes', 'Percoidea', 'percoid_fish', 'perch', 'Anabantidae', 'Anabas', 'climbing_perch', 'Percidae', 'perch', 'Perca', 'yellow_perch', 'European_perch', 'Stizostedion', 'pike-perch', 'walleye', 'blue_pike', 'Percina', 'snail_darter', 'Trichodontidae', 'sandfish', 'Ophidiidae', 'cusk-eel', 'Brotulidae', 'brotula', 'Carapidae', 'pearlfish', 'Centropomidae', 'robalo', 'Centropomus', 'snook', 'Latinae', 'Lates', 'barramundi', 'Esocidae', 'Esox', 'pike', 'northern_pike', 'muskellunge', 'pickerel', 'chain_pickerel', 'redfin_pickerel', 'Centrarchidae', 'sunfish', 'Pomoxis', 'crappie', 'black_crappie', 'white_crappie', 'freshwater_bream', 'Lepomis', 'pumpkinseed', 'bluegill', 'spotted_sunfish', 'Ambloplites', 'freshwater_bass', 'rock_bass', 'Micropterus', 'black_bass', 'Kentucky_black_bass', 'smallmouth', 'largemouth', 'bass', 'Serranidae', 'serranid_fish', 'Morone', 'white_perch', 'yellow_bass', 'sea_bass', 'Synagrops', 'blackmouth_bass', 'Centropristis', 'rock_sea_bass', 'black_sea_bass', 'Roccus', 'striped_bass', 'Polyprion', 'stone_bass', 'Serranus', 'belted_sandfish', 'grouper', 'Epinephelus', 'coney', 'hind', 'rock_hind', 'Paranthias', 'creole-fish', 'Mycteroperca', 'jewfish', 'Rypticus', 'soapfish', 'Embiotocidae', 'surfperch', 'Hipsurus', 'rainbow_seaperch', 'Priacanthidae', 'Priacanthus', 'bigeye', 'catalufa', 'Apogonidae', 'cardinalfish', 'Apogon', 'flame_fish', 'Astropogon', 'conchfish', 'Malacanthidae', 'Lopholatilus', 'tilefish', 'Pomatomidae', 'Pomatomus', 'bluefish', 'Rachycentridae', 'Rachycentron', 'cobia', 'Discocephali', 'Echeneididae', 'remora', 'Echeneis', 'sharksucker', 'Remilegia', 'whale_sucker', 'Carangidae', 'carangid_fish', 'Caranx', 'jack', 'crevalle_jack', 'yellow_jack', 'runner', 'Elagatis', 'rainbow_runner', 'Oligoplites', 'leatherjacket', 'Alectis', 'threadfish', 'Selene', 'moonfish', 'lookdown', 'Seriola', 'amberjack', 'yellowtail', 'rudderfish', 'kingfish', 'Trachinotus', 'pompano', 'Florida_pompano', 'permit', 'Naucrates', 'pilotfish', 'scad', 'Trachurus', 'horse_mackerel', 'horse_mackerel', 'Selar', 'bigeye_scad', 'Decapterus', 'mackerel_scad', 'round_scad', 'Coryphaenidae', 'dolphinfish', 'Coryphaena_hippurus', 'Coryphaena_equisetis', 'Bramidae', 'Brama', 'pomfret', 'Branchiostegidae', 'blanquillo', 'Characidae', 'Characinidae', 'characin', 'Hemigrammus', 'tetra', 'Paracheirodon', 'cardinal_tetra', 'Serrasalmus', 'piranha', 'tentacle', 'antenna', 'arista', 'barbel', 'swimmeret', 'Cichlidae', 'cichlid', 'Tilapia', 'bolti', 'Lutjanidae', 'snapper', 'Lutjanus', 'red_snapper', 'grey_snapper', 'mutton_snapper', 'schoolmaster', 'Ocyurus', 'yellowtail', 'Haemulidae', 'grunt', 'Haemulon', 'margate', 'Spanish_grunt', 'tomtate', 'cottonwick', \"sailor's-choice\", 'Anisotremus', 'porkfish', 'pompon', 'Orthopristis', 'pigfish', 'Sparidae', 'sparid', 'sea_bream', 'porgy', 'Pagrus', 'red_porgy', 'Pagellus', 'European_sea_bream', 'Archosargus', 'Atlantic_sea_bream', 'sheepshead', 'Lagodon', 'pinfish', 'Calamus', 'sheepshead_porgy', 'Chrysophrys', 'snapper', 'black_bream', 'Stenotomus', 'scup', 'scup', 'Sciaenidae', 'sciaenid_fish', 'drum', 'Equetus', 'striped_drum', 'jackknife-fish', 'Bairdiella', 'silver_perch', 'Sciaenops', 'red_drum', 'Sciaena', 'mulloway', 'maigre', 'croaker', 'Micropogonias', 'Atlantic_croaker', 'Umbrina', 'yellowfin_croaker', 'Menticirrhus', 'whiting', 'kingfish', 'king_whiting', 'northern_whiting', 'corbina', 'silver_whiting', 'Genyonemus', 'white_croaker', 'Seriphus', 'white_croaker', 'sea_trout', 'Cynoscion', 'weakfish', 'spotted_weakfish', 'Mullidae', 'mullet', 'Mullus', 'goatfish', 'red_goatfish', 'Mulloidichthys', 'yellow_goatfish', 'Mugiloidea', 'Mugilidae', 'mullet', 'Mugil', 'striped_mullet', 'white_mullet', 'liza', 'Atherinidae', 'silversides', 'Atherinopsis', 'jacksmelt', 'Sphyraenidae', 'Sphyraena', 'barracuda', 'great_barracuda', 'Pempheridae', 'sweeper', 'Kyphosidae', 'sea_chub', 'Kyphosus', 'Bermuda_chub', 'Ephippidae', 'Chaetodipterus', 'spadefish', 'Chaetodontidae', 'butterfly_fish', 'genus_Chaetodon', 'chaetodon', 'Pomacanthus', 'angelfish', 'rock_beauty', 'Pomacentridae', 'damselfish', 'Pomacentrus', 'beaugregory', 'Amphiprion', 'anemone_fish', 'clown_anemone_fish', 'Abudefduf', 'sergeant_major', 'Labridae', 'wrasse', 'Achoerodus', 'pigfish', 'Lachnolaimus', 'hogfish', 'Halicoeres', 'slippery_dick', 'puddingwife', 'Thalassoma', 'bluehead', 'Hemipteronatus', 'razor_fish', 'pearly_razorfish', 'Tautoga', 'tautog', 'Tautogolabrus', 'cunner', 'Scaridae', 'parrotfish', 'Polynemidae', 'threadfin', 'Polydactylus', 'barbu', 'Opisthognathidae', 'jawfish', 'Uranoscopidae', 'stargazer', 'Dactyloscopidae', 'sand_stargazer', 'Blennioidea', 'blennioid_fish', 'Blenniidae', 'blenny', 'Blennius', 'shanny', 'Scartella', 'Molly_Miller', 'Clinidae', 'clinid', 'Chaenopsis', 'pikeblenny', 'bluethroat_pikeblenny', 'Pholidae', 'gunnel', 'Pholis', 'rock_gunnel', 'Stichaeidae', 'prickleback', 'Lumpenus', 'snakeblenny', 'eelblenny', 'Cryptacanthodes', 'wrymouth', 'Anarhichadidae', 'Anarhichas', 'wolffish', 'Zoarcidae', 'eelpout', 'Zoarces', 'viviparous_eelpout', 'Gymnelis', 'fish_doctor', 'Macrozoarces', 'ocean_pout', 'Ammodytidae', 'Ammodytes', 'sand_lance', 'Callionymidae', 'dragonet', 'Gobiidae', 'goby', 'Periophthalmus', 'mudskipper', 'Eleotridae', 'sleeper', 'Percophidae', 'flathead', 'Toxotidae', 'Toxotes', 'archerfish', 'Microdesmidae', 'worm_fish', 'Acanthuridae', 'surgeonfish', 'Acanthurus', 'doctorfish', 'Gempylidae', 'gempylid', 'Gempylus', 'snake_mackerel', 'Lepidocybium', 'escolar', 'oilfish', 'Trichiuridae', 'cutlassfish', 'Scombroidea', 'scombroid', 'Scombridae', 'mackerel', 'Scomber', 'common_mackerel', 'Spanish_mackerel', 'chub_mackerel', 'Acanthocybium', 'wahoo', 'Scomberomorus', 'Spanish_mackerel', 'king_mackerel', 'Scomberomorus_maculatus', 'cero', 'sierra', 'Thunnus', 'tuna', 'albacore', 'bluefin', 'yellowfin', 'Sarda', 'bonito', 'skipjack', 'Chile_bonito', 'Euthynnus', 'skipjack', 'Katsuwonus', 'Katsuwonidae', 'bonito', 'Xiphiidae', 'Xiphias', 'swordfish', 'Istiophoridae', 'sailfish', 'Istiophorus', 'Atlantic_sailfish', 'billfish', 'Makaira', 'marlin', 'blue_marlin', 'black_marlin', 'striped_marlin', 'white_marlin', 'Tetrapturus', 'spearfish', 'Luvaridae', 'Luvarus', 'louvar', 'Stromateidae', 'butterfish', 'Poronotus', 'dollarfish', 'genus_Palometa', 'palometa', 'Paprilus', 'harvestfish', 'Psenes', 'driftfish', 'Ariomma', 'driftfish', 'Tetragonurus', 'squaretail', 'Hyperoglyphe', 'barrelfish', 'Gobiesocidae', 'Gobiesox', 'clingfish', 'skillet_fish', 'Lobotidae', 'Lobotes', 'tripletail', 'Atlantic_tripletail', 'Pacific_tripletail', 'Gerreidae', 'mojarra', 'Gerres', 'yellowfin_mojarra', 'Eucinostomus', 'silver_jenny', 'Sillaginidae', 'Sillago', 'whiting', 'ganoin', 'Ganoidei', 'ganoid', 'Amiidae', 'Amia', 'bowfin', 'Polyodontidae', 'Polyodon', 'paddlefish', 'Psephurus', 'Chinese_paddlefish', 'Acipenseridae', 'sturgeon', 'Acipenser', 'Pacific_sturgeon', 'beluga', 'Lepisosteidae', 'Lepisosteus', 'gar', 'Scleroparei', 'Scorpaenoidea', 'scorpaenoid', 'Scorpaenidae', 'scorpaenid', 'Scorpaena', 'scorpionfish', 'plumed_scorpionfish', 'Pterois', 'lionfish', 'Synanceja', 'stonefish', 'Sebastodes', 'rockfish', 'copper_rockfish', 'vermillion_rockfish', 'red_rockfish', 'rosefish', 'Cottidae', 'Cottus', 'sculpin', 'bullhead', \"miller's-thumb\", 'Hemitripterus', 'sea_raven', 'Myxocephalus', 'grubby', 'Cyclopteridae', 'Cyclopterus', 'lumpfish', 'lumpsucker', 'Liparididae', 'Liparis', 'snailfish', 'Agonidae', 'poacher', 'Agonus', 'pogge', 'Aspidophoroides', 'alligatorfish', 'Hexagrammidae', 'greenling', 'Hexagrammos', 'kelp_greenling', 'Oxylebius', 'painted_greenling', 'Platycephalidae', 'flathead', 'Triglidae', 'gurnard', 'Triga', 'tub_gurnard', 'sea_robin', 'Triglinae', 'Prionotus', 'northern_sea_robin', 'Peristediinae', 'Peristedion', 'armored_searobin', 'Dactylopteridae', 'Dactylopterus', 'flying_gurnard', 'Plectognathi', 'plectognath', 'Balistidae', 'triggerfish', 'Balistes', 'queen_triggerfish', 'Monocanthidae', 'filefish', 'Monocanthus', 'leatherjacket', 'Ostraciidae', 'boxfish', 'Lactophrys', 'cowfish', 'Tetraodontidae', 'puffer', 'Diodontidae', 'spiny_puffer', 'Diodon', 'porcupinefish', 'balloonfish', 'Chilomycterus', 'burrfish', 'Molidae', 'genus_Mola', 'ocean_sunfish', 'sharptail_mola', 'Heterosomata', 'flatfish', 'flounder', 'Pleuronectidae', 'righteye_flounder', 'Pleuronectes', 'plaice', 'Platichthys', 'European_flatfish', 'Limanda', 'yellowtail_flounder', 'Pseudopleuronectes', 'winter_flounder', 'Microstomus', 'lemon_sole', 'Hippoglossoides', 'American_plaice', 'halibut', 'Hippoglossus', 'Atlantic_halibut', 'Pacific_halibut', 'Bothidae', 'lefteye_flounder', 'Paralichthys', 'southern_flounder', 'summer_flounder', 'Etropus', 'grey_flounder', 'Citharichthys', 'whiff', 'horned_whiff', 'sand_dab', 'Scophthalmus', 'windowpane', 'brill', 'Psetta', 'turbot', 'Cynoglossidae', 'tonguefish', 'Soleidae', 'sole', 'Solea', 'European_sole', 'lemon_sole', 'Parophrys', 'English_sole', 'Psettichthys', 'sand_sole', 'Trinectes', 'hogchoker', 'thick_skin', 'thorax', 'prothorax', 'metamere', 'aba', 'aba', 'abacus', 'abacus', 'abandoned_ship', 'A_battery', 'abattis', 'abattoir', 'abaya', 'Abbe_condenser', 'abbey', 'abbey', 'abbey', 'Abney_level', 'abortifacient', 'abortion_pill', 'abrader', 'abrading_stone', 'Abstract_Expressionism', 'abstraction', 'abstractionism', 'abutment', 'abutment_arch', 'academic_costume', 'academic_gown', 'academy', 'Acapulco_gold', 'accelerator', 'accelerator', 'accelerator', 'accelerometer', 'access', 'access', 'accessory', 'accessory', 'access_road', 'accommodating_lens_implant', 'accommodation', 'accommodation_ladder', 'accordion', 'accumulator', 'ace', 'acebutolol', 'ACE_inhibitor', 'ace_of_clubs', 'ace_of_diamonds', 'ace_of_hearts', 'ace_of_spades', 'acetaminophen', 'acetanilide', 'acetate_disk', 'acetate_rayon', 'acetophenetidin', 'achromatic_lens', 'acid', 'acorn_tube', 'acoustic', 'acoustic_delay_line', 'acoustic_device', 'acoustic_guitar', 'acoustic_modem', 'acoustic_storage', 'acropolis', 'acrylic', 'acrylic', 'Actifed', 'actinometer', 'actinomycin', 'action', 'active_matrix_screen', 'active_placebo', 'actuator', 'acyclovir', 'Adam', 'adapter', 'adder', 'adding_machine', 'addition', 'additive', 'addressing_machine', 'adhesive_bandage', 'adhesive_tape', 'adit', 'adjoining_room', 'adjustable_wrench', 'adjuvant', 'admixture', 'adobe', 'adornment', 'adrenergic', 'adumbration', 'adz', 'aeolian_harp', 'aerator', 'aerial_ladder', 'aerial_torpedo', 'aerosol', 'Aertex', 'afghan', 'Afro-wig', 'afterburner', 'afterdeck', 'after-shave', 'afterthought', 'agal', 'agateware', 'agglomerator', 'aglet', 'aglet', 'agonist', 'agora', 'aigrette', 'aileron', 'air_bag', 'air_base', 'airbrake', 'airbrake', 'airbrush', 'airbus', 'air_compressor', 'air_conditioner', 'aircraft', 'aircraft_carrier', 'aircraft_engine', 'air_cushion', 'air_cushion', 'airdock', 'airfield', 'air_filter', 'airfoil', 'Air_Force_Research_Laboratory', 'airframe', 'air_gun', 'air_hammer', 'air_hole', 'air_horn', 'air_horn', 'airing_cupboard', 'air-intake', 'airline', 'airline', 'airliner', 'airlock', 'airmailer', 'air_mattress', 'air_passage', 'airplane', 'airplane_propeller', 'airport', 'air_pump', 'air_search_radar', 'air_shaft', 'airship', 'airstrip', 'air_terminal', 'air-to-air_missile', 'air-to-ground_missile', 'air_transportation_system', 'aisle', 'aisle', 'aisle', \"Aladdin's_lamp\", 'alarm', 'alarm_clock', 'Alaskan_pipeline', 'alb', 'album', 'albuterol', 'alcazar', 'alcohol_thermometer', 'alcove', 'alehouse', 'alembic', 'alendronate', 'algometer', 'Alhambra', 'alidade', 'alidade', 'A-line', 'alkylating_agent', 'Allen_screw', 'Allen_wrench', 'alley', 'alligator_wrench', 'allopurinol', 'alms_dish', 'aloes', 'alpaca', 'alpenstock', 'alpha_blocker', 'alpha-interferon', 'alprazolam', 'altar', 'altar', 'altarpiece', 'altazimuth', 'alternator', 'altimeter', 'alto_relievo', 'alum', 'aluminum_foil', 'Amati', 'ambulance', 'ambulatory', 'amen_corner', 'Americana', 'American_flag', 'American_organ', 'American_Stock_Exchange', 'aminophylline', 'aminopyrine', 'amiodarone', 'amitriptyline', 'amlodipine_besylate', 'ammeter', 'ammonia_clock', 'ammunition', 'amobarbital', 'amobarbital_sodium', 'amoxicillin', 'amphetamine', 'amphetamine_sulfate', 'amphibian', 'amphibian', 'amphitheater', 'amphitheater', 'amphora', 'amphotericin', 'ampicillin', 'amplifier', 'ampulla', 'amrinone', 'amulet', 'amusement_arcade', 'amyl_nitrate', 'anachronism', 'anaglyph', 'anaglyph', 'analeptic', 'analgesic', 'analog_clock', 'analog_computer', 'analog_watch', 'analytical_balance', 'analyzer', 'anamorphosis', 'anastigmat', 'anastigmatic_lens', 'anchor', 'anchor_chain', 'anchor_light', 'AND_circuit', 'andiron', 'android', 'anechoic_chamber', 'anemometer', 'aneroid_barometer', 'anesthetic', 'anesthyl', 'angiocardiogram', 'angiogenesis_inhibitor', 'angiogram', 'angioscope', 'angiotensin', 'angiotensin_I', 'angiotensin_II', 'angiotensin_II_inhibitor', 'angle_bracket', 'angledozer', 'Angostura_Bridge', 'animalization', 'ankle_brace', 'anklet', 'anklet', 'anklet', 'ankus', 'annex', 'annulet', 'annulet', 'annulet', 'annunciator', 'anode', 'anode', 'answering_machine', 'antagonist', 'antefix', 'antenna', 'anteroom', 'antiaircraft', 'antiarrhythmic', 'antibacterial', 'antiballistic_missile', 'antibiotic', 'anticholinergic', 'anticholinesterase', 'anticoagulant', 'anticonvulsant', 'antidepressant', 'antidiabetic', 'antidiarrheal', 'antidiuretic', 'antidote', 'antiemetic', 'antiflatulent', 'antifouling_paint', 'antifungal', 'anti-G_suit', 'antihistamine', 'antihypertensive', 'anti-inflammatory', 'antimacassar', 'antimalarial', 'antimetabolite', 'antimycin', 'antineoplastic', 'antineoplastic_antibiotic', 'antiperspirant', 'antiprotozoal', 'antipruritic', 'antipyretic', 'antique', 'antiquity', 'antiseptic', 'antispasmodic', 'anti-submarine_rocket', 'antisyphilitic', 'anti-TNF_compound', 'antitussive', 'antiviral', 'Antonine_Wall', 'anvil', 'ao_dai', 'apadana', 'apartment', 'apartment_building', 'APC', 'aperture', 'aperture', 'aphrodisiac', 'apiary', 'apishamore', 'apomorphine', 'apparatus', 'apparel', 'appendage', 'appendicle', 'Appian_Way', 'applecart', 'apple_of_discord', 'apple_orchard', 'appliance', 'appliance', 'applicator', 'applique', 'appointment', 'approach_trench', 'apron', 'apron', 'apron_string', 'apse', 'aqualung', 'aquaplane', 'aquarium', 'aquatint', 'aqueduct', 'arabesque', 'araroba', 'arbor', 'arboretum', 'arcade', 'arcade', 'arch', 'arch', 'architectural_ornament', 'architecture', 'architrave', 'architrave', 'archive', 'arch_support', 'arc_lamp', 'arctic', 'area', 'areaway', 'arena', 'arena_theater', 'argyle', 'argyle', 'argyll', 'ark', 'Ark', 'arm', 'arm', 'armament', 'armature', 'armband', 'armchair', 'armet', 'arm_guard', 'armhole', 'armilla', 'armillary_sphere', 'armlet', 'armoire', 'armor', 'armored_car', 'armored_car', 'armored_personnel_carrier', 'armored_vehicle', 'armor_plate', 'armory', 'armrest', 'army_base', 'Army_High_Performance_Computing_Research_Center', 'arnica', 'arquebus', 'array', 'array', 'arrester', 'arrival_gate', 'arrow', 'arrowhead', 'arsenal', 'arsenal', 'art', 'Artemision_at_Ephesus', 'arterial_road', 'arteriogram', 'artery', 'artesian_well', 'arthrogram', 'arthroscope', 'article_of_commerce', 'articulated_ladder', 'artificial_flower', 'artificial_heart', 'artificial_horizon', 'artificial_joint', 'artificial_kidney', 'artificial_skin', 'artillery', 'artillery_shell', \"artist's_loft\", \"artist's_workroom\", 'art_school', 'ascot', 'ashcan', 'Ash_Can', 'ashlar', 'ash-pan', 'ashtray', 'asparaginase', 'asparagus_bed', 'aspergill', 'aspersorium', 'aspirator', 'aspirin', 'aspirin_powder', 'assault_gun', 'assault_rifle', 'assegai', 'assembly', 'assembly', 'assembly_hall', 'assembly_plant', 'astatic_coils', 'astatic_galvanometer', 'astringent', 'astrodome', 'astrolabe', 'astronomical_telescope', 'astronomy_satellite', 'Aswan_High_Dam', 'atenolol', 'athanor', 'athenaeum', 'athletic_facility', 'athletic_sock', 'athletic_supporter', 'atlas', 'atmometer', 'atom_bomb', 'atomic_clock', 'atomic_cocktail', 'atomic_pile', 'atomic_warhead', 'atomizer', 'atorvastatin', 'atrium', 'atropine', 'attache_case', 'attachment', 'attachment', 'attack_submarine', 'attenuator', 'attic', 'attic_fan', 'attire', 'auction_block', 'audio', 'audio_amplifier', 'audiocassette', 'audio_CD', 'audiogram', 'audiometer', 'audio_system', 'audiotape', 'audiotape', 'audiovisual', 'auditorium', 'Augean_stables', 'auger', 'Auschwitz', 'auto_accessory', 'autobahn', 'autoclave', 'autofocus', 'autogiro', 'autograph_album', 'autoinjector', 'autoloader', 'automat', 'automat', 'automatic_choke', 'automatic_firearm', 'automatic_pistol', 'automatic_rifle', 'automatic_transmission', 'automation', 'automaton', 'automobile_engine', 'automobile_factory', 'automobile_horn', 'auto_part', 'autopilot', 'autoradiograph', 'autostrada', 'auxiliary_airfield', 'auxiliary_boiler', 'auxiliary_engine', 'auxiliary_pump', 'auxiliary_research_submarine', 'auxiliary_storage', 'avenue', 'aviary', 'awl', 'awning', 'ax', 'ax_handle', 'ax_head', 'axis', 'axle', 'axle_bar', 'axletree', 'azathioprine', 'zidovudine', 'azithromycin', 'aztreonam', 'B-52', 'babushka', 'baby_bed', 'baby_buggy', 'baby_grand', 'baby_oil', 'baby_powder', 'baby_shoe', 'bacitracin', 'back', 'back', 'backband', 'backbench', 'backboard', 'backboard', 'backbone', 'back_brace', 'back_door', 'backdrop', 'backgammon_board', 'background', 'backhoe', 'backing', 'backlighting', 'backpack', 'backpacking_tent', 'backplate', 'back_porch', 'back_room', 'backroom', 'backsaw', 'backscratcher', 'backseat', 'backspace_key', 'backstairs', 'backstay', 'backstitch', 'backstop', 'backsword', 'backup', 'backup_system', 'backyard', 'bacteria_bed', 'badminton_court', 'badminton_equipment', 'badminton_racket', 'baffle', 'bag', 'bag', 'bag', 'bagatelle', 'baggage', 'baggage', 'baggage_car', 'baggage_claim', 'bagger', 'bagpipe', 'bailey', 'bailey', 'Bailey_bridge', 'bain-marie', 'bait', 'baize', 'bakery', 'balaclava', 'balalaika', 'balance', 'balance_beam', 'balance_wheel', 'balbriggan', 'balcony', 'balcony', 'baldachin', 'baldric', 'bale', 'baling_wire', 'ball', 'ball', 'ball_and_chain', 'ball-and-socket_joint', 'ballast', 'ballast', 'ballast_resistor', 'ball_bearing', 'ball_cartridge', 'ballcock', 'balldress', 'ballet_skirt', 'ball_field', 'ball_gown', 'ballistic_galvanometer', 'ballistic_missile', 'ballistic_pendulum', 'ballistocardiograph', 'balloon', 'balloon', 'balloon_bomb', 'balloon_sail', 'ballot_box', 'ballpark', 'ball-peen_hammer', 'ballpoint', 'ballroom', 'ball_valve', 'Balmoral', 'balmoral', 'balsam', 'balsa_raft', 'baluster', 'banana_boat', 'band', 'band', 'band', 'band', 'band', 'band', 'bandage', 'Band_Aid', 'bandanna', 'bandbox', 'banderilla', 'bandoleer', 'bandoneon', 'bandsaw', 'bandstand', 'bandwagon', 'bangalore_torpedo', 'bangle', 'banjo', 'bank', 'banner', 'bannister', 'banquette', 'banyan', 'baptismal_font', 'bar', 'bar', 'bar', 'bar', 'bar', 'bar', 'barb', 'barb', 'barbecue', 'barbed_wire', 'barbell', 'barber_chair', 'barbershop', 'barbette', 'barbette_carriage', 'barbican', 'bar_bit', 'barbital', 'barbiturate', 'bard', 'bareboat', 'barge', 'bargello', 'barge_pole', 'baritone', 'bark', 'bar_magnet', 'bar_mask', 'barn', 'barndoor', 'barn_door', 'barnyard', 'barograph', 'barometer', 'barong', 'barouche', 'bar_printer', 'barrack', 'barrage_balloon', 'barrel', 'barrel', 'barrelhouse', 'barrel_knot', 'barrel_organ', 'barrel_vault', 'barrette', 'barricade', 'barrier', 'barroom', 'barrow', 'bar_soap', 'bascule', 'base', 'base', 'base', 'base', 'base', 'base', 'baseball', 'baseball_bat', 'baseball_cap', 'baseball_card', 'baseball_diamond', 'baseball_equipment', 'baseball_glove', 'baseboard', 'basement', 'basement', 'basic', 'basic_point_defense_missile_system', 'basilica', 'basilica', 'basilisk', 'basin', 'basinet', 'basket', 'basket', 'basketball', 'basketball_court', 'basketball_equipment', 'basket_hilt', 'basket_weave', 'bas_relief', 'bass', 'bass_clarinet', 'bass_drum', 'basset_horn', 'bass_fiddle', 'bass_guitar', 'bass_horn', 'bassinet', 'bassinet', 'bassoon', 'bastard', 'baste', 'baster', 'bastille', 'Bastille', 'bastinado', 'bastion', 'bastion', 'basuco', 'bat', 'bath', 'bath_chair', 'bathhouse', 'bathhouse', 'bathing_cap', 'bath_linen', 'bath_mat', 'bath_oil', 'bathrobe', 'bathroom', 'bathroom_cleaner', 'bathroom_fixture', 'bath_salts', 'bath_towel', 'bathtub', 'bathymeter', 'bathyscaphe', 'bathysphere', 'batik', 'batiste', 'baton', 'baton', 'baton', 'baton', 'Baton_Rouge_Bridge', 'batten', 'battering_ram', \"batter's_box\", 'battery', 'battery', 'batting', 'batting_cage', 'batting_glove', 'batting_helmet', 'battle-ax', 'battle_cruiser', 'battle_dress', 'battle_flag', 'battlement', 'battleship', 'battle_sight', 'batwing', 'bay', 'bay', 'bayonet', 'Bayonne_Bridge', 'bay_rum', 'bay_window', 'bazaar', 'bazaar', 'bazooka', 'BB', 'B_battery', 'BB_gun', 'beach_ball', 'beach_house', 'beach_towel', 'beach_wagon', 'beachwear', 'beacon', 'bead', 'beading', 'beading', 'beading_plane', 'beads', 'beaker', 'beaker', 'beam', 'beam', 'beam_balance', 'beanbag', 'beanie', 'bear_claw', 'bearing', 'bearing_rein', 'bearing_wall', 'bearskin', 'beater', 'beating-reed_instrument', 'beauty_spot', 'beaver', 'beaver', 'beaver_board', 'becket', 'Beckman_thermometer', 'bed', 'bed', 'bed', 'bed', 'bed_and_breakfast', 'bedclothes', 'bedding_material', 'Bedford_cord', 'bed_jacket', 'Bedlam', 'bed_linen', 'bedpan', 'bed_pillow', 'bedpost', 'bedroll', 'bedroom', 'bedroom_furniture', 'bedsitting_room', 'bedspread', 'bedspring', 'bedstead', 'beefcake', 'beehive', 'beehive', 'beeper', 'beer_barrel', 'beer_bottle', 'beer_can', 'beer_garden', 'beer_glass', 'beer_hall', 'beer_mat', 'beer_mug', 'belaying_pin', 'belfry', 'bell', 'bell', 'belladonna', 'bell_arch', 'bellarmine', 'bellbottom_trousers', 'bell_cote', 'bell_deck', 'bell_foundry', 'bell_gable', 'bell_jar', 'bellows', 'bellpull', 'bell_push', 'bell_seat', 'bell_tent', 'bell_tower', 'bellyband', 'bellyband', 'Belmont_Park', 'Belsen', 'belt', 'belt', 'belt', 'belt_buckle', 'belting', 'belvedere', 'beltway', 'bench', 'bench', 'bench_clamp', 'bench_hook', 'bench_lathe', 'bench_press', 'bend', 'bend', 'bender', 'Benjamin_Franklin_Bridge', 'bentwood', 'Benzedrine', 'benzocaine', 'benzodiazepine', 'beret', 'berlin', 'Bermuda_rig', 'Bermuda_shorts', 'berth', 'besom', 'Bessemer_converter', 'beta_blocker', 'beta-interferon', 'betatron', 'bethel', 'betting_shop', 'bevatron', 'bevel', 'bevel', 'bevel_gear', 'bezel', 'B-flat_clarinet', 'bhang', 'bib', 'bib', 'bib-and-tucker', 'bicorn', 'bicycle', 'bicycle-built-for-two', 'bicycle_chain', 'bicycle_clip', 'bicycle_pump', 'bicycle_rack', 'bicycle_seat', 'bicycle_wheel', 'bidet', 'bier', 'bier', 'bi-fold_door', 'bifocals', 'Big_Ben', 'Big_Blue', 'big_board', 'biggin', 'big_H', 'bight', 'bijou', 'bikini', 'bikini_pants', 'bilge', 'bilge_keel', 'bilge_pump', 'bilges', 'bilge_well', 'bill', 'bill', 'billboard', 'billet', 'billiard_ball', 'billiard_marker', 'billiard_room', 'bimetallic_strip', 'bin', 'binder', 'binder', 'binder', 'bindery', 'binding', 'binding', 'bin_liner', 'binnacle', 'binoculars', 'binocular_microscope', 'biochip', 'biohazard_suit', 'biology_lab', 'bioscope', 'bioscope', 'bioweapon', 'biplane', 'biprism', 'birch', 'birchbark_canoe', 'birdbath', 'birdcage', 'birdcage_mask', 'birdcall', 'bird_feeder', 'birdhouse', 'bird_shot', 'biretta', 'bishop', 'bistro', 'bit', 'bit', 'bit', 'bite_plate', 'bitewing', 'bitmap', 'bitter_end', 'bitthead', 'bitt_pin', 'bitumastic', 'black', 'black', 'black_and_white', 'blackboard', 'blackboard_eraser', 'black_box', 'blackface', 'black_flag', 'Black_Hole_of_Calcutta', 'blackjack', 'black_tie', 'Blackwall_hitch', 'blackwash', 'blackwash', 'bladder', 'blade', 'blade', 'blade', 'blank', 'blank', 'blanket', 'blanket', 'blanket_stitch', 'Blarney_Stone', 'blast_furnace', 'blasting_cap', 'blasting_gelatin', 'blazer', 'bleachers', 'blender', 'blimp', 'blind', 'blind', 'blind_alley', 'blind_corner', 'blind_curve', 'blindfold', 'bling', 'blinker', 'blister_pack', 'block', 'block', 'blockade', 'blockade-runner', 'blockage', 'block_and_tackle', 'blockbuster', 'block_diagram', 'blocker', 'blockhouse', 'block_plane', 'bloodmobile', 'bloomers', 'blouse', 'blower', 'blowgun', 'blowtorch', 'blowtube', 'blucher', 'bludgeon', 'blue', 'blue_chip', 'blueprint', 'blunderbuss', 'blunt_file', 'board', 'board', 'boarding', 'boarding_house', 'boardroom', 'board_rule', 'boards', 'boards', 'boardwalk', 'boat', 'boat_deck', 'boater', 'boat_hook', 'boathouse', \"boatswain's_chair\", 'boat_train', 'boat_whistle', 'boatyard', 'bob', 'bob', 'bobbin', 'bobby_pin', 'bobsled', 'bobsled', 'bocce_ball', 'bodega', 'bodice', 'bodkin', 'bodkin', 'bodkin', 'body', 'body_armor', 'body_bag', 'body_lotion', 'body_stocking', 'body_plethysmograph', 'body_pad', 'bodywork', 'Bofors_gun', 'bogy', 'boiler', 'boilerplate', 'boiling_water_reactor', 'bola', 'bolero', 'bollard', 'bollock', 'bolo', 'bologram', 'bolometer', 'bolo_tie', 'bolster', 'bolt', 'bolt', 'bolt', 'bolt', 'bolt_cutter', 'bolus', 'bomb', 'bombardon', 'bombazine', 'bomb_calorimeter', 'bomber', 'bomber_jacket', 'bombie', 'bomblet', 'bomb_rack', 'bombshell', 'bomb_shelter', 'bombsight', 'bone-ash_cup', 'bone_china', 'bones', 'boneshaker', 'bongo', 'bonnet', 'booby_prize', 'book', 'book', 'book_bag', 'bookbindery', 'bookcase', 'bookend', 'bookmark', 'bookmobile', 'bookshelf', 'bookshop', 'boom', 'boom', 'boomerang', 'booster', 'booster', 'booster', 'boot', 'boot', 'boot', 'boot', 'boot_camp', 'bootee', 'booth', 'booth', 'booth', 'boothose', 'bootjack', 'bootlace', 'bootleg', 'bootstrap', 'Bordeaux_mixture', 'border', 'bore', 'bore_bit', 'boron_chamber', 'boron_counter_tube', 'borstal', 'bosom', 'Bosporus_Bridge', 'Boston_rocker', 'bota', 'botanical', 'bottle', 'bottle', 'bottle_bank', 'bottlebrush', 'bottlecap', 'bottleneck', 'bottle_opener', 'bottling_plant', 'bottom', 'boucle', 'boudoir', 'boulle', 'bouncing_betty', 'Bounty', 'bouquet', 'Bourse', 'boutique', 'boutonniere', 'bow', 'bow', 'bow', 'bow', 'bow', 'bow_and_arrow', 'bowed_stringed_instrument', 'Bowie_knife', 'bowl', 'bowl', 'bowl', 'bowl', 'bowler_hat', 'bowline', 'bowling_alley', 'bowling_alley', 'bowling_ball', 'bowling_equipment', 'bowling_pin', 'bowling_shoe', 'bowsprit', 'bowstring', 'bow_tie', 'box', 'box', 'box', 'box', 'box', 'box_beam', 'box_camera', 'boxcar', 'box_coat', 'boxing_equipment', 'boxing_glove', 'boxing_ring', 'box_kite', 'box_office', 'box_pleat', 'box_seat', 'box_spring', 'box_wrench', 'brace', 'brace', 'brace', 'brace', 'brace', 'brace', 'brace_and_bit', 'bracelet', 'bracer', 'bracer', 'brace_wrench', 'bracket', 'brad', 'bradawl', 'braid', 'brail', 'brail', 'brake', 'brake', 'brake_band', 'brake_cylinder', 'brake_disk', 'brake_drum', 'brake_lining', 'brake_pad', 'brake_pedal', 'brake_shoe', 'brake_system', 'branch_line', 'brand-name_drug', 'brass', 'brass', 'brass', 'brassard', 'brasserie', 'brassie', 'brassiere', 'brass_knucks', 'brass_monkey', 'brattice', 'brazier', 'breadbasket', 'bread-bin', 'breadboard', 'bread_knife', 'breakable', 'breakfast_area', 'breakfast_table', 'break_seal', 'breakwater', 'breast_drill', 'breast_implant', 'breastplate', 'breast_pocket', 'breathalyzer', 'breathing_device', 'breech', 'breechblock', 'breechcloth', 'breeches', 'breeches_buoy', 'breechloader', 'breeder_reactor', 'Bren', 'brewery', 'brewpub', 'briar', 'bric-a-brac', 'brick', 'brickkiln', \"bricklayer's_hammer\", 'brick_trowel', 'brickwork', 'brickyard', 'bridal_gown', 'bridge', 'bridge', 'bridge', 'bridge', 'bridge', 'bridge', 'bridged-T', 'bridle', 'bridle_path', 'bridoon', 'briefcase', 'briefcase_bomb', 'briefcase_computer', 'briefs', 'brig', 'brig', 'brigandine', 'brigantine', 'brilliantine', 'brilliant_pebble', 'brim', 'brim', 'briquette', 'bristle', 'bristle_brush', 'britches', 'broad_arrow', 'broadax', 'brochette', 'broadcaster', 'broadcasting_station', 'broadcasting_studio', 'broadcloth', 'broadcloth', 'broad_gauge', 'broad_hatchet', 'broadloom', 'broadside', 'broadside', 'broadsword', 'brocade', 'brogan', 'broiler', 'broken_arch', 'brokerage_house', 'brompheniramine_maleate', 'bronchodilator', 'bronchoscope', 'Bronx-Whitestone_Bridge', 'bronze', 'bronze_medal', 'brooch', 'Brooklyn_Bridge', 'broom', 'broom_closet', 'broomstick', 'brougham', 'brougham', 'Browning_automatic_rifle', 'Browning_machine_gun', 'brownstone', 'Brown_University', 'brunch_coat', 'brush', 'brush', 'Brussels_carpet', 'Brussels_lace', 'bubble', 'bubble_chamber', 'bubble_jet_printer', 'bubbler', 'Buchenwald', 'buckboard', 'bucket', 'bucket_seat', 'bucket_shop', 'buckle', 'buckram', 'bucksaw', 'buckskins', 'buff', 'buffer', 'buffer', 'buffer', 'buffered_aspirin', 'buffet', 'buffing_wheel', 'bug', 'buggy', 'buggy_whip', 'bugle', 'bugle', 'building', 'building_block', 'building_complex', 'building_supply_store', 'built-in_bed', 'bulb', 'bulkhead', 'bulla', 'bulldog_clip', 'bulldog_wrench', 'bulldozer', 'bullet', 'bulletin_board', 'bulletin_board_system', 'bulletproof_vest', 'bullet_train', 'bullfight', 'bullhorn', 'bullion', 'bullnose', 'bullpen', 'bullpen', 'bullring', 'bull_tongue', 'bulwark', 'bumboat', 'bumper', 'bumper', 'bumper_car', 'bumper_guard', 'bumper_jack', 'bundle', 'bung', 'bungalow', 'bungee', 'bunghole', 'bunk', 'bunk', 'bunk_bed', 'bunker', 'bunker', 'bunker', 'Bunker_Buster', 'bunsen_burner', 'bunting', 'bur', 'Burberry', 'burette', 'burglar_alarm', 'burial_chamber', 'burial_garment', 'burial_mound', 'burin', 'burqa', 'burlap', 'burn_bag', 'burn_center', 'burner', 'burner', 'burnous', 'burp_gun', 'burr', 'burr', 'burthen', 'bus', 'bus', 'busbar', 'bushel_basket', 'bushing', 'bushing', 'bush_jacket', 'business_suit', 'buskin', 'bus_lane', 'bus_line', 'buspirone', 'bust', 'bus_terminal', 'bustier', 'bustle', 'butacaine', 'butcher_board', 'butcher_knife', 'butcher_shop', 'butt', 'butt', 'butt', 'butter_dish', 'butterfly_valve', 'butter_knife', 'buttery', 'butt_hinge', 'butt_joint', 'button', 'button', 'buttonhole', 'buttonhole_stitch', 'buttonhook', 'buttress', 'butt_shaft', 'butt_weld', 'butyl_nitrite', 'buzz_bomb', 'buzzer', 'BVD', 'bypass_condenser', 'by-product', 'byway', 'cab', 'cab', 'cab', 'cabana', 'cabaret', 'caber', 'cabin', 'cabin', 'cabin', 'cabin_car', 'cabin_class', 'cabin_cruiser', 'cabinet', 'cabinet', 'cabinet', 'cabinetwork', 'cabin_liner', 'cable', 'cable', 'cable', 'cable_car', 'cable_railway', 'cache', 'cache', 'cachet', 'caddy', 'caesium_clock', 'cafe', 'cafeteria', 'cafeteria_facility', 'cafeteria_tray', 'caff', 'caftan', 'caftan', 'cage', 'cage', 'cagoule', 'caisson', 'caisson', 'caisson', 'cake', 'calabash', 'calamine_lotion', 'calash', 'calash', 'calceus', 'calcimine', 'calcium_blocker', 'calculator', 'caldron', 'Caledonian_Canal', 'calender', 'calico', 'caliper', 'calk', 'call-board', 'call_center', 'caller_ID', 'calliope', 'Caloosahatchee_Canal', 'calorimeter', 'calpac', 'calumet', 'Calvary_cross', 'cam', 'camail', 'camber_arch', 'cambric', 'Cambridge_University', 'camcorder', \"camel's_hair\", 'cameo', 'camera', 'camera_lens', 'camera_lucida', 'camera_obscura', 'camera_tripod', 'camise', 'camisole', 'camisole', 'camlet', 'camlet', 'camouflage', 'camouflage', 'camp', 'camp', 'camp', 'camp', 'camp', 'campaign_hat', 'campanile', 'camp_chair', 'camper', 'camper_trailer', 'camphor_ice', 'campstool', 'camshaft', 'can', 'canal', 'canal_boat', 'candelabrum', 'candid_camera', 'candle', 'candlepin', 'candlesnuffer', 'candlestick', 'candlewick', 'candlewick', 'candy_thermometer', 'cane', 'cane', 'cangue', 'canister', 'cannabis', 'cannery', 'cannikin', 'cannikin', 'cannon', 'cannon', 'cannon', 'cannon', 'cannonball', 'cannon_cracker', 'cannula', 'canoe', 'can_opener', 'canopic_jar', 'canopy', 'canopy', 'canopy', 'canteen', 'canteen', 'canteen', 'canteen', 'canteen', 'cant_hook', 'cantilever', 'cantilever_bridge', 'cantle', 'Canton_crepe', 'canvas', 'canvas', 'canvas', 'canvas_tent', 'cap', 'cap', 'cap', 'capacitor', 'caparison', 'cape', 'capeline_bandage', 'capillary', 'capital', 'capital_ship', 'Capitol', 'capitol', 'cap_opener', 'capote', 'capote', 'cap_screw', 'capstan', 'capstone', 'capsule', 'capsule', \"captain's_chair\", 'captopril', 'capuchin', 'car', 'car', 'car', 'car', 'carabiner', 'carafe', 'caravansary', 'car_battery', 'carbine', 'car_bomb', 'carbomycin', 'carbon', 'carbon_arc_lamp', 'carboy', 'carburetor', 'car_carrier', 'card', 'cardcase', 'cardiac_monitor', 'cardigan', 'card_index', 'cardiograph', 'cardioid_microphone', 'car_door', 'cardroom', 'card_table', 'card_table', 'car-ferry', 'cargo', 'cargo_area', 'cargo_container', 'cargo_door', 'cargo_hatch', 'cargo_helicopter', 'cargo_liner', 'cargo_ship', 'carillon', 'carminative', 'car_mirror', 'Carnegie_Mellon_University', 'caroche', 'carousel', 'carousel', \"carpenter's_hammer\", \"carpenter's_kit\", \"carpenter's_level\", \"carpenter's_mallet\", \"carpenter's_rule\", \"carpenter's_square\", 'carpetbag', 'carpet_beater', 'carpet_loom', 'carpet_pad', 'carpet_sweeper', 'carpet_tack', 'carport', 'carrack', 'carrel', 'carriage', 'carriage', 'carriage_bolt', 'carriageway', 'carriage_wrench', 'carrick_bend', 'carrick_bitt', 'carrier', 'carrier', 'carron_oil', 'carryall', 'carrycot', 'car_seat', 'cart', 'car_tire', 'carton', 'cartouche', 'car_train', 'cartridge', 'cartridge', 'cartridge', 'cartridge_belt', 'cartridge_ejector', 'cartridge_extractor', 'cartridge_fuse', 'cartridge_holder', 'cartwheel', 'carvedilol', 'carving', 'carving_fork', 'carving_knife', 'car_wheel', 'car_window', 'caryatid', 'cascade_liquefier', 'cascade_transformer', 'case', 'case', 'case', 'case', 'casein_paint', 'case_knife', 'case_knife', 'casement', 'casement_window', 'casern', 'case_shot', 'cash_bar', 'cashbox', 'cash_machine', 'cashmere', 'cash_register', 'casing', 'casing', 'casino', 'casket', 'casque', 'casquet', 'Cassegrainian_telescope', 'casserole', 'cassette', 'cassette_deck', 'cassette_player', 'cassette_recorder', 'cassette_tape', 'cassock', 'cast', 'cast', 'caster', 'caster', 'castile_soap', 'castle', 'castle', 'castor_oil', 'catacomb', 'catafalque', 'catalytic_converter', 'catalytic_cracker', 'catamaran', 'catapult', 'catapult', 'catboat', 'cat_box', 'catch', 'catch', 'catchall', \"catcher's_mask\", 'catchment', 'Caterpillar', 'catgut', 'cathedra', 'cathedral', 'cathedral', 'catherine_wheel', 'catheter', 'cathode', 'cathode', 'cathode-ray_tube', 'catling', \"cat-o'-nine-tails\", 'cat_rig', \"cat's-paw\", 'catsup_bottle', 'cattle_car', 'cattle_guard', 'cattleship', 'cattle_trail', 'catwalk', 'catwalk', 'causeway', 'cautery', 'cavalier_hat', 'cavalry_sword', 'cavetto', 'cavity_wall', 'C_battery', 'C-clamp', 'CD_drive', 'CD_player', 'CD-R', 'CD-ROM', 'CD-ROM_drive', 'cedar_chest', 'cefadroxil', 'cefoperazone', 'cefotaxime', 'ceftazidime', 'ceftriaxone', 'cefuroxime', 'ceiling', 'celecoxib', 'celesta', 'celestial_globe', 'cell', 'cell', 'cell', 'cell', 'cellar', 'cellarage', 'cellblock', 'cello', 'cellophane', 'cellular_telephone', 'cellulose_tape', 'Celtic_cross', 'cenotaph', 'censer', 'center', 'center_bit', 'centerboard', 'center_field', 'centerpiece', 'center_punch', 'Centigrade_thermometer', 'central', 'central_heating', 'central_processing_unit', 'centrex', 'centrifugal_pump', 'centrifuge', 'cephalexin', 'cephaloglycin', 'cephaloridine', 'cephalosporin', 'cephalothin', 'ceramic', 'ceramic_ware', 'cerate', 'cereal_bowl', 'cereal_box', 'cerecloth', 'cerivastatin', 'cervical_cap', 'cesspool', 'chachka', 'chador', 'chaff', 'chafing_dish', 'chafing_gear', 'chain', 'chain', 'chain', 'chain', 'chainlink_fence', 'chain_mail', 'chain_printer', 'chain_saw', 'chain_stitch', 'chain_stitch', 'chain_store', 'chain_tongs', 'chain_wrench', 'chair', 'chair', 'chair_of_state', 'chairlift', 'chaise', 'chaise_longue', 'chalet', 'chalice', 'chalk', 'chalk_line', 'chalkpit', 'challis', 'chamber', 'chamber', 'chamberpot', 'chambray', 'chamfer_bit', 'chamfer_plane', 'chamois_cloth', 'chancel', 'chancellery', 'chancery', 'chandelier', 'chandlery', 'chandlery', 'chanfron', 'change', 'change', 'channel', 'channel', 'chanter', 'chantry', 'chap', 'chapel', 'chapterhouse', 'chapterhouse', 'character_printer', 'charcoal', 'charcoal', 'charcoal_burner', 'charcuterie', 'charge', 'charge', 'charge-exchange_accelerator', 'charger', 'chariot', 'chariot', 'Charlestown_Navy_Yard', 'charm', 'charnel_house', 'chart', 'charterhouse', 'Chartres_Cathedral', 'chase', 'chassis', 'chassis', 'chasuble', 'chateau', 'chatelaine', 'check', 'checker', 'checkerboard', 'checkout', 'checkroom', 'cheekpiece', 'cheeseboard', 'cheesecake', 'cheesecloth', 'cheese_cutter', 'cheese_press', 'chemical_bomb', 'chemical_plant', 'chemical_reactor', 'chemical_weapon', 'chemise', 'chemise', 'chemistry_lab', 'chenille', 'chenille', 'cheroot', 'cherry_bomb', 'chessboard', 'chessman', 'chest', 'chesterfield', 'chesterfield', 'chest_of_drawers', 'chest_protector', 'cheval-de-frise', 'cheval_glass', 'chevron', 'chiaroscuro', 'chicane', 'chicken_coop', 'chicken_farm', 'chicken_wire', 'chicken_yard', 'chiffon', 'chiffonier', \"child's_room\", 'chime', 'chimney', 'chimney_breast', 'chimney_corner', 'chimneypot', 'chimneystack', 'china', 'china_cabinet', 'chinaware', 'chinchilla', 'Chinese_lantern', 'Chinese_puzzle', 'Chinese_Wall', 'chinning_bar', 'chino', 'chino', 'chinoiserie', 'chin_rest', 'chin_strap', 'chintz', 'chip', 'chip', 'chip', 'chisel', 'Chisholm_Trail', 'chiton', 'chlamys', 'chloral_hydrate', 'chlorambucil', 'chloramine', 'chloramphenicol', 'chlordiazepoxide', 'chlorhexidine', 'chloroform', 'chloroquine', 'chlorothiazide', 'chlorpheniramine_maleate', 'chlorpromazine', 'chlortetracycline', 'chlorthalidone', 'chock', 'choir', 'choir_loft', 'choke', 'choke', 'choker', 'choker', 'chokey', 'choo-choo', 'chopine', 'chopping_block', 'chopping_board', 'chop_shop', 'chopstick', 'chordophone', 'choropleth_map', 'chrism', 'Christmas_stocking', 'Christmas_tree', 'chromatogram', 'chronograph', 'chronometer', 'chronoscope', 'chuck', 'chuck_wagon', 'chukka', 'chum', 'chunnel', 'church', 'church_bell', 'church_hat', 'Churchill_Downs', 'church_key', 'church_tower', 'churidars', 'churn', 'chute', 'cider_mill', 'ciderpress', 'cigar', 'cigar_band', 'cigar_box', 'cigar_butt', 'cigar_cutter', 'cigarette', 'cigarette_butt', 'cigarette_case', 'cigarette_holder', 'cigarillo', 'cigar_lighter', 'cimetidine', 'cinch', 'cinder_block', 'cinder_track', 'cinema', 'cinquefoil', 'ciprofloxacin', 'circle', 'circle', 'circlet', 'circuit', 'circuit_board', 'circuit_breaker', 'circuitry', 'circular_plane', 'circular_saw', 'circus', 'circus', 'circus_tent', 'cistern', 'cistern', 'cittern', 'city_hall', 'cityscape', 'city_university', 'civies', 'civilian_clothing', 'clack_valve', 'clamp', 'clamshell', 'clapper', 'clapperboard', 'clarence', 'clarinet', 'clarion', 'Clark_cell', 'claro', 'clasp', 'clasp_knife', 'classic', 'classroom', 'clavichord', 'clavier', 'claw_hatchet', 'clay_pigeon', 'claymore_mine', 'claymore', 'clay_pipe', 'clean_bomb', 'cleaners', 'cleaning_implement', 'cleaning_pad', 'clean_room', 'cleansing_agent', 'clearway', 'cleat', 'cleat', 'cleat', 'cleats', 'cleaver', 'clerestory', 'clerical_collar', 'clevis', 'clews', 'cliff_dwelling', 'climbing_frame', 'clinch', 'clinch', 'clincher', 'clinic', 'clinical_thermometer', 'clinker', 'clinometer', 'clip', 'clip', 'clip_art', 'clipboard', 'clip_joint', 'clip_lead', 'clip-on', 'clipper', 'clipper', 'clipper', 'cloak', 'cloak', 'cloakroom', 'cloakroom', 'cloche', 'cloche', 'clock', 'clock_face', 'clock_pendulum', 'clock_radio', 'clock_tower', 'clockwork', 'clofibrate', 'clog', 'clog', 'cloisonne', 'cloister', 'clomiphene', 'clomipramine', 'clonidine', 'clopidogrel_bisulfate', 'closed_circuit', 'closed-circuit_television', 'closed_loop', 'closet', 'closet_auger', 'closeup', 'closeup_lens', 'cloth_cap', 'cloth_covering', 'clothesbrush', 'clothes_closet', 'clothes_dryer', 'clothes_hamper', 'clotheshorse', 'clothesline', 'clothespin', 'clothes_tree', 'clothing', 'clothing_store', 'cloud_chamber', 'clout_nail', 'clove_hitch', 'cloverleaf', 'clozapine', 'club', 'club', 'club_car', 'club_drug', 'clubhouse', 'clubroom', 'cluster_bomb', 'clutch', 'clutch', 'clutch_bag', 'CN_Tower', 'coach', 'coach_house', 'coalbin', 'coal_car', 'coal_chute', 'coal_house', 'coal_mine', 'coal_shovel', 'coaming', 'coaster', 'coaster_brake', 'coat', 'coat_button', 'coat_closet', 'coatdress', 'coatee', 'coat_hanger', 'coating', 'coating', 'coat_of_arms', 'coat_of_paint', 'coatrack', 'coattail', 'coaxial_cable', 'cobble', 'cobweb', 'cobweb', 'cobweb', 'coca', 'cocaine', 'cockade', 'Cockcroft_and_Walton_accelerator', 'cocked_hat', 'cockhorse', 'cockleshell', 'cockloft', 'cockpit', 'cockpit', 'cockpit', 'cockscomb', 'cocktail_dress', 'cocktail_lounge', 'cocktail_shaker', 'cocotte', 'codeine', 'codpiece', 'coelostat', 'coffee_can', 'coffee_cup', 'coffee_filter', 'coffee_maker', 'coffee_mill', 'coffee_mug', 'coffeepot', 'coffee_stall', 'coffee_table', 'coffee-table_book', 'coffee_urn', 'coffer', 'coffer', 'Coffey_still', 'coffin', 'cog', 'cog_railway', 'coif', 'coil', 'coil', 'coil', 'coil', 'coil', 'coil_spring', 'coin_box', 'coin_slot', 'coke', 'colander', 'colchicine', 'cold_cathode', 'cold_chisel', 'cold_cream', 'cold_frame', 'cold_medicine', 'cold-water_flat', 'collage', 'collar', 'collar', 'collar', 'collar', 'collar', 'collectible', 'collector', \"collector's_item\", 'college', 'collet', 'collet', 'collider', 'colliery', 'collimator', 'collimator', 'cologne', 'colonnade', 'colonoscope', 'colophon', 'colorimeter', 'coloring_book', 'colors', 'colors', 'color_television', 'color_tube', 'color_wash', 'Colosseum', 'Colossus_of_Rhodes', 'Colt', 'colter', 'columbarium', 'columbarium', 'Columbia_University', 'column', 'column', 'column', 'comb', 'comb', 'comber', 'combination_lock', 'combination_plane', 'combine', 'comforter', 'command_module', 'command_post', 'commercial_art', 'commissary', 'commissary', 'commodity', 'commodity_exchange', 'Commodore_John_Barry_Bridge', 'common_ax', 'common_room', 'communications_satellite', 'communication_system', 'communication_system', 'community_center', 'commutator', 'commuter', 'compact', 'compact', 'compact_disk', 'compact-disk_burner', 'companionway', 'compartment', 'compartment', 'compass', 'compass', 'compass_card', 'compass_saw', 'component', 'composition', 'compound', 'compound_lens', 'compound_lever', 'compound_microscope', 'compress', 'compression_bandage', 'compressor', 'computer', 'computer_accessory', 'computer_circuit', 'computer_graphics', 'computerized_axial_tomography_scanner', 'computer_keyboard', 'computer_monitor', 'computer_network', 'computer_screen', 'computer_store', 'computer_system', 'concentration_camp', 'concert_grand', 'concert_hall', 'concertina', 'concertina', 'concourse', 'concrete_mixer', 'condensation_pump', 'condenser', 'condenser', 'condenser', 'condenser_microphone', 'conditioner', 'condom', 'condominium', 'condominium', 'conductor', 'conduit', 'cone', 'cone_clutch', 'confectionery', 'conference_center', 'conference_room', 'conference_table', 'confessional', 'confetti', 'conformal_projection', 'conge', 'congress_boot', 'conic_projection', 'connecting_rod', 'connecting_room', 'connection', 'conning_tower', 'conning_tower', 'conservatory', 'conservatory', 'console', 'console', 'console_table', 'Constitution', 'consulate', 'consumer_goods', 'contact', 'contact', 'contact_print', 'container', 'container_ship', 'containment', 'contour_map', 'contraband', 'contrabassoon', 'contraceptive', 'control', 'control_center', 'control_circuit', 'control_key', 'controlled_substance', 'control_panel', 'control_rod', 'control_room', 'control_system', 'control_tower', 'convector', 'convenience_store', 'convent', 'conventicle', 'converging_lens', 'converter', 'convertible', 'convertible', 'conveyance', 'conveyer_belt', 'cooker', 'cookfire', 'cookhouse', 'cookie_cutter', 'cookie_jar', 'cookie_sheet', 'cooking_utensil', 'cookstove', 'coolant_system', 'cooler', 'cooler', 'cooling_system', 'cooling_system', 'cooling_tower', 'coonskin_cap', 'Cooper_Union', 'cope', 'coping_saw', 'copper_mine', 'copperplate', 'copperplate', 'copperware', 'copy', 'copyholder', 'coquille', 'coracle', 'corbel', 'corbel_arch', 'corbel_step', 'corbie_gable', 'cord', 'cord', 'cord', 'cordage', 'cordite', 'cordon', 'cords', 'corduroy', 'core', 'core', 'core', 'core_bit', 'core_drill', 'corer', 'cork', 'corker', 'corkscrew', 'corncrib', 'Cornell_University', 'corner', 'corner', 'corner', 'corner_pocket', 'corner_post', 'cornerstone', 'cornerstone', 'cornet', 'corn_exchange', 'cornice', 'cornice', 'cornice', 'corona', 'coronet', 'correctional_institution', 'corrective', 'corridor', 'corrugated_fastener', 'corrugated_iron', 'corsair', 'corselet', 'corset', 'corvette', 'cosmetic', 'cosmography', 'cosmotron', 'costume', 'costume', 'costume', 'costume', 'cosy', 'cot', 'cote', 'cottage_tent', 'cotter', 'cotter_pin', 'cotton', 'cotton', 'cotton_flannel', 'cotton_gin', 'cotton_mill', 'couch', 'couch', 'couchette', 'coude_telescope', 'coulisse', 'coulisse', 'counter', 'counter', 'counter', 'counter', 'counter', 'counterbore', 'counterirritant', 'counterpart', 'countersink', 'countertop', 'counter_tube', 'counterweight', 'countinghouse', 'country_house', 'country_store', 'coupe', 'coupling', 'course', 'course', 'court', 'court', 'court', 'court', 'Courtelle', 'courthouse', 'courthouse', 'court_plaster', 'cover', 'coverall', 'covered_bridge', 'covered_couch', 'covered_wagon', 'cover_glass', 'covering', 'coverlet', 'cover_plate', 'cowbarn', 'cowbell', 'cowboy_boot', 'cowboy_hat', 'cowhide', 'cowl', 'cow_pen', 'Cox-2_inhibitor', 'CPU_board', 'crack', 'cracker', 'crackle', 'cradle', 'craft', 'cramp', 'cramp', 'crampon', 'crampon', 'crane', 'craniometer', 'crank', 'crankcase', 'crank_handle', 'crankshaft', 'crash_barrier', 'crash_helmet', 'crate', 'cravat', 'crayon', 'crazy_quilt', 'cream', 'creamery', 'cream_pitcher', 'creation', 'creche', 'creche', 'credenza', 'creel', 'creep', 'crematory', 'crematory', 'crenel', 'crepe', 'crepe_de_Chine', 'crescent_wrench', 'crest', 'cretonne', 'crewelwork', 'crew_neck', 'crib', 'crib', 'cribbage_board', 'cricket_ball', 'cricket_bat', 'cricket_equipment', 'cringle', 'crinoline', 'crinoline', 'crochet', 'crochet_needle', 'crochet_stitch', 'crock', 'crockery', 'crocket', 'Crock_Pot', 'croft', 'crook', 'Crookes_radiometer', 'Crookes_tube', 'crop', 'crop', 'croquet_ball', 'croquet_equipment', 'croquet_mallet', 'Cross', 'cross', 'crossbar', 'crossbar', 'crossbar', 'crossbench', 'cross_bit', 'crossbow', 'crosscut_saw', 'crosse', 'cross_hair', 'crosshead', 'crossing', 'crossjack', 'crosspiece', 'cross-stitch', 'cross-stitch', 'cross_street', 'crotchet', \"croupier's_rake\", 'crowbar', 'crown', 'crown', 'crown', 'crown', 'crown', 'crown_jewel', 'crown_jewels', 'crown_lens', 'crown_of_thorns', 'crown_saw', \"crow's_nest\", 'crucible', 'crucifix', 'cruet', 'cruet-stand', 'cruise_control', 'cruise_missile', 'cruiser', 'cruiser', 'cruise_ship', 'crupper', 'cruse', 'crusher', 'crutch', 'cryocautery', 'cryometer', 'cryoscope', 'cryostat', 'crypt', 'cryptograph', 'crystal', 'crystal', 'crystal', 'crystal_ball', 'crystal_counter', 'crystal_detector', 'crystal_microphone', 'crystal_oscillator', 'crystal_pickup', 'crystal_set', 'Cuban_heel', 'cubby', 'cubbyhole', 'cube', 'cubeb', 'cubitiere', 'cucking_stool', 'cuckoo_clock', 'cuddy', 'cudgel', 'cue', 'cue_ball', 'cuff', 'cufflink', 'cuirass', 'cuisse', 'cul', 'culdoscope', 'cullis', 'culotte', 'cultivator', 'culverin', 'culverin', 'culvert', 'cummerbund', 'cup', 'cup', 'cup', 'cupboard', 'cup_hook', \"Cupid's_bow\", 'cupola', 'cupola', 'curb', 'curb', 'curb_market', 'curb_roof', 'curbside', 'curbstone', 'curette', 'curio', 'curler', 'curling_iron', 'currycomb', 'cursor', 'curtain', 'curtain_ring', 'cushion', 'cushion', 'cusp', 'cuspidation', 'custard_pie', 'customhouse', 'custom-made', 'cut', 'cut', 'cutaway', 'cutaway', 'cut_glass', 'cutlas', 'cutlery', 'cutoff', 'cutout', 'cutout', 'cutout', 'cutter', 'cutter', 'cutting_implement', 'cutting_room', 'cutty_stool', 'cutwork', 'cyberart', 'cybercafe', 'cyclobenzaprine', 'cyclopean_masonry', 'cyclopropane', 'cycloserine', 'cyclostyle', 'cyclotron', 'cylinder', 'cylinder', 'cylinder_head', 'cylinder_lock', 'cyma', 'cyma_recta', 'cymbal', 'cyproheptadine', 'cytophotometer', 'cytotoxic_drug', 'dacha', 'Dachau', 'Dacron', 'dado', 'dado', 'dado_plane', 'dagger', 'daggerboard', 'daguerreotype', 'dairy', 'dais', 'daisy_chain', 'daisy_print_wheel', 'daisywheel_printer', 'dam', 'damascene', 'damask', 'damask', 'dampener', 'damp-proof_course', 'damper', 'damper', 'damper_block', 'dance_floor', 'dapsone', 'dark_lantern', 'darkroom', 'darning_needle', 'dart', 'dart', 'dartboard', 'Dartmouth_College', 'dashboard', 'dashiki', 'dash-pot', 'dasymeter', 'data_converter', 'data_input_device', 'data_multiplexer', 'data_system', 'daub', 'davenport', 'davenport', 'Davis_Cup', 'davit', 'daybed', 'daybook', 'day_camp', 'day_nursery', 'day_school', 'dead-air_space', 'dead_axle', 'deadeye', 'deadhead', 'deadlight', 'dead_load', 'deanery', 'deathbed', 'death_camp', 'death_house', 'death_knell', 'death_mask', 'death_seat', 'deathtrap', 'decal', 'deck', 'deck', 'deck', 'deck_chair', 'decker', 'deck-house', 'deckle', 'deckle_edge', 'declinometer', 'decoder', 'decolletage', 'decongestant', 'decoration', 'decoupage', 'dedicated_file_server', 'deep-freeze', 'deerstalker', 'deer_trail', 'defense_laboratory', 'defense_system', 'defensive_structure', 'defibrillator', 'defilade', 'deflector', 'defroster', 'delavirdine', 'Delaware_Memorial_Bridge', 'delayed_action', 'delay_line', 'delf', 'delft', 'delicatessen', 'delineation', 'deliverable', 'delivery_truck', 'delta_wing', 'demeclocycline_hydrochloride', 'demijohn', 'demister', 'demitasse', 'demulcent', 'Demulen', 'den', 'denim', 'densimeter', 'densitometer', 'dental_appliance', 'dental_floss', 'dental_implant', 'dentifrice', \"dentist's_drill\", 'denture', 'deodorant', 'department_store', 'departure_gate', 'departure_lounge', 'depilatory', 'depository', 'depressor', 'depth_charge', 'depth_finder', 'depth_gauge', 'dermatome', 'derrick', 'derrick', 'derringer', 'design', 'design', 'designer_drug', 'desk', 'desk_phone', 'desktop_computer', 'desipramine', 'dessert_plate', 'dessert_spoon', 'destroyer', 'destroyer_escort', 'detached_house', 'detector', 'detector', 'detector', 'detention_home', 'detergent', 'detonating_fuse', 'detonator', 'detour', 'detox', 'deuce', 'developer', 'device', 'device', 'device', 'Dewar_flask', 'dextroamphetamine_sulphate', 'dhoti', 'dhow', 'diagram', 'dial', 'dial', 'dial', 'dial', 'dialog_box', 'dial_telephone', 'dialyzer', 'diamond', 'diamond_point', 'diamante', 'diapason', 'diaper', 'diaper', 'diaphone', 'diaphoretic', 'diaphragm', 'diaphragm', 'diaphragm', 'diary', 'diathermy_machine', 'diazepam', 'diazoxide', 'dibble', 'dibucaine', 'dideoxycytosine', 'dideoxyinosine', 'die', 'dice_cup', 'dicer', 'dickey', 'dickey', 'diclofenac_potassium', 'diclofenac_sodium', 'dicloxacillin', 'Dictaphone', 'dicumarol', 'die', 'die', 'diesel', 'diesel-electric_locomotive', 'diesel-hydraulic_locomotive', 'diesel_locomotive', 'diestock', 'diethylstilbesterol', 'differential_analyzer', 'differential_gear', 'diffraction_grating', 'diffuser', 'diffuser', 'diflunisal', 'digester', 'diggings', 'diggings', 'digital-analog_converter', 'digital_audiotape', 'digital_camera', 'digital_clock', 'digital_computer', 'digital_display', 'digital_plethysmograph', 'digital_subscriber_line', 'digital_voltmeter', 'digital_watch', 'digitizer', 'digitoxin', 'digoxin', 'dihydrostreptomycin', 'dilator', 'dilator', 'dildo', 'diltiazem', 'dime_bag', 'dimenhydrinate', 'Dimetapp', 'dimity', 'dimmer', 'diner', 'dinette', 'dinghy', 'dinky', 'dining_area', 'dining_car', 'dining-hall', 'dining_room', 'dining-room_furniture', 'dining-room_table', 'dining_table', 'dinner_bell', 'dinner_dress', 'dinner_jacket', 'dinner_napkin', 'dinner_pail', 'dinner_plate', 'dinner_service', 'dinner_table', 'dinner_theater', 'dinnerware', 'diode', 'diode', 'dip', 'diphenhydramine', 'diphenylhydantoin', 'diphenylbutyl_piperidine', 'diplomatic_building', 'diplomatic_pouch', 'dipole', 'dipper', 'dipstick', 'DIP_switch', 'diptych', 'directional_antenna', 'directional_microphone', 'direction_finder', 'dirk', 'dirndl', 'dirndl', 'dirt_track', 'dirty_bomb', 'discharge_lamp', 'discharge_pipe', 'disco', 'discount_house', 'discus', 'disguise', 'dish', 'dish', 'dishpan', 'dish_rack', 'dishrag', 'dishtowel', 'dishwasher', 'dishwasher_detergent', 'disinfectant', 'disk', 'disk_access', 'disk_brake', 'disk_cache', 'disk_clutch', 'disk_controller', 'disk_drive', 'diskette', 'disk_harrow', 'dispatch_case', 'dispensary', 'dispenser', 'display', 'display', 'display_adapter', 'display_panel', 'display_window', 'disposable', 'disposal', 'disrupting_explosive', 'distaff', 'distemper', 'distemper', 'distillery', 'distributor', 'distributor_cam', 'distributor_cap', 'distributor_housing', 'distributor_point', 'disulfiram', 'ditch', 'ditch_spade', 'ditty_bag', 'diuretic_drug', 'divan', 'divan', 'dive_bomber', 'diverging_lens', 'divided_highway', 'divider', 'diving_bell', 'diving_board', 'divining_rod', 'diving_suit', 'dixie', 'Dixie_cup', 'dock', 'dock', 'dock', 'document', 'doeskin', 'dogcart', 'dog_collar', 'doggie_bag', 'dogleg', 'dogsled', 'dogtooth', 'dog_wrench', 'doodad', 'doily', 'doll', 'dollhouse', 'dollhouse', 'dolly', 'dolly', 'dolman', 'dolman', 'dolman_sleeve', 'dolmen', 'dolphin_striker', 'dome', 'dome', 'domino', 'domino', 'domino', 'dongle', 'donkey_jacket', 'doodlebug', 'door', 'door', 'door', 'doorbell', 'doorframe', 'doorjamb', 'doorknob', 'doorlock', 'doormat', 'doornail', 'doorplate', 'doorsill', 'doorstop', 'doorway', 'dooryard', 'Doppler_radar', 'dormer', 'dormer_window', 'dormitory', 'dormitory', 'dose', 'dosemeter', 'dossal', 'dot_matrix_printer', 'double_bed', 'double-bitted_ax', 'double_boiler', 'double-breasted_jacket', 'double-breasted_suit', 'double_clinch', 'double_crochet', 'double_door', 'double_glazing', 'double-hung_window', 'double_knit', 'double-prop', 'doubler', 'double_reed', 'double-reed_instrument', 'doublet', 'doubletree', 'douche', 'dovecote', \"Dover's_powder\", 'dovetail', 'dovetail_plane', 'dowel', 'downcast', 'downstage', 'doxazosin', 'doxepin', 'doxorubicin', 'doxycycline', 'DPT_vaccine', 'draft', 'draft', 'draft', 'drafting_board', 'drafting_instrument', 'drafting_table', 'drag', 'dragee', 'Dragunov', 'drain', 'drain', 'drainage_ditch', 'drainage_system', 'drain_basket', 'drainboard', 'drainplug', 'drape', 'drapery', 'draw', 'draw', 'drawbar', 'drawbridge', 'drawer', 'drawers', 'drawing', 'drawing_card', 'drawing_chalk', 'drawing_room', 'drawing_room', 'drawknife', 'drawnwork', 'drawstring', 'drawstring_bag', 'dray', 'dreadnought', 'dredge', 'dredger', 'dredging_bucket', 'dress', 'dress_blues', 'dresser', 'dress_hat', 'dressing', 'dressing_case', 'dressing_gown', 'dressing_room', 'dressing_sack', 'dressing_station', 'dressing_table', 'dress_rack', 'dress_shirt', 'dress_suit', 'dress_uniform', 'drift', 'drift_net', 'drill', 'electric_drill', 'drilling_bit', 'drilling_pipe', 'drilling_platform', 'drill_press', 'drill_rig', 'drill_site', 'drinking_fountain', 'drinking_vessel', 'drip', 'drip_loop', 'drip_mat', 'drip_pan', 'dripping_pan', 'drip_pot', 'dripstone', 'drive', 'drive', 'drive', 'drive-in', 'drive_line', 'driven_well', 'driver', 'driveshaft', 'driveway', 'driving_belt', 'driving_iron', 'driving_wheel', 'Drixoral', 'drogue', 'drogue_parachute', 'dronabinol', 'drone', 'drone', 'drop', 'drop_arch', 'drop_cloth', 'drop_curtain', 'drop_forge', 'drop-leaf', 'drop-leaf_table', 'dropper', 'droshky', 'drove', 'drug', 'drug_cocktail', 'drugget', 'drug_of_abuse', 'drugstore', 'drum', 'drum', 'drum_brake', 'drumhead', 'drum_printer', 'drum_sander', 'drumstick', 'dry_battery', 'dry-bulb_thermometer', 'dry_cell', 'dry_dock', 'dryer', 'dry_fly', 'drygoods', 'dry_kiln', 'dry_masonry', 'dry_point', 'dry_point', 'dry_wall', 'dual_scan_display', 'dubbing', 'duck', 'duckboard', 'duckpin', 'duct', 'duct_tape', 'dudeen', 'duffel', 'duffel_bag', 'duffel_coat', 'dugout', 'dugout_canoe', 'Duke_University', 'dulciana', 'dulcimer', 'dulcimer', 'dumbbell', 'dumb_bomb', 'dumbwaiter', 'dumdum', 'dummy', 'dump', 'dumpcart', 'Dumpster', 'dump_truck', 'Dumpy_level', 'dunce_cap', 'dune_buggy', 'dungeon', 'duplex_apartment', 'duplex_house', 'duplicate', 'duplicator', 'durables', 'durbar', 'dust_bag', 'dustcloth', 'dust_cover', 'dust_cover', 'duster', 'dustmop', 'dustpan', 'Dutch_door', 'Dutch_oven', 'Dutch_oven', 'dwelling', 'dye-works', 'dynamite', 'dynamo', 'dynamometer', 'Eames_chair', 'earflap', 'ear_hole', 'early_warning_radar', 'early_warning_system', 'earmuff', 'earphone', 'earplug', 'earplug', 'earring', 'earthenware', 'earthwork', 'easel', 'easy_chair', 'eaves', 'ecce_homo', 'ecclesiastical_attire', 'echelon', 'echinus', 'echocardiograph', 'echoencephalograph', 'echo_chamber', 'edge', 'edge', 'edger', 'edge_tool', 'edging', 'efficiency_apartment', 'effigy', 'egg-and-dart', 'eggbeater', 'eggcup', 'egg_timer', 'eiderdown', 'Eiffel_Tower', 'eight_ball', 'eightpenny_nail', 'eight-spot', 'ejection_seat', 'elastic', 'elastic_bandage', 'elastic_device', 'Elastoplast', 'elbow', 'elbow', 'elbow', 'elbow_pad', 'electric', 'electrical_cable', 'electrical_contact', 'electrical_converter', 'electrical_device', 'electrical_system', 'electrical_system', 'electric_bell', 'electric_blanket', 'electric_chair', 'electric_clock', 'electric-discharge_lamp', 'electric_fan', 'electric_frying_pan', 'electric_furnace', 'electric_guitar', 'electric_hammer', 'electric_heater', 'electric_lamp', 'electric_locomotive', 'electric_main', 'electric_meter', 'electric_mixer', 'electric_motor', 'electric_organ', 'electric_range', 'electric_refrigerator', 'electric_socket', 'electric_toothbrush', 'electric_typewriter', 'electro-acoustic_transducer', 'electrode', 'electrodynamometer', 'electroencephalograph', 'electrograph', 'electrograph', 'electrolytic', 'electrolytic_cell', 'electromagnet', 'electromagnetic_delay_line', 'electromechanical_device', 'electrometer', 'electromyograph', 'electron_accelerator', 'electron_gun', 'electronic_balance', 'electronic_converter', 'electronic_device', 'electronic_equipment', 'electronic_fetal_monitor', 'electronic_instrument', 'electronic_voltmeter', 'electron_microscope', 'electron_multiplier', 'electrophorus', 'electroplate', 'electroscope', 'electrostatic_generator', 'electrostatic_printer', 'elevated_railway', 'elevation', 'elevator', 'elevator', 'elevator_shaft', 'ell', 'elongation', 'embankment', 'embassy', 'embellishment', 'emblem', 'embroidery', 'emergency_room', 'emesis_basin', 'emetic', 'Emetrol', 'emitter', 'Empire_State_Building', 'emplacement', 'empty', 'emulsion', 'enamel', 'enamel', 'enamelware', 'enalapril', 'encainide', 'encaustic', 'encephalogram', 'enclosure', 'end', 'endoscope', 'endotracheal_tube', 'end_product', 'energizer', 'enflurane', 'engagement_ring', 'engine', 'engine', 'engine_block', 'engineering', 'enginery', 'English_horn', 'English_saddle', 'engraving', 'engraving', 'enlargement', 'enlarger', 'Enovid', 'ensemble', 'ensign', 'entablature', 'enteric-coated_aspirin', 'entertainment_center', 'entrance', 'entrant', 'entrenching_tool', 'entrenchment', 'envelope', 'envelope', 'envelope', 'eolith', 'epaulet', 'epauliere', 'epee', 'epergne', 'epicyclic_train', 'epidiascope', 'epilating_wax', 'Epsom_salts', 'equal-area_projection', 'equalizer', 'equatorial', 'equipment', 'erasable_programmable_read-only_memory', 'eraser', 'erecting_prism', 'erection', 'Erlenmeyer_flask', 'erythromycin', 'escalator', 'escape_hatch', 'escapement', 'escape_wheel', 'escarpment', 'escutcheon', 'escutcheon', 'esmolol', 'esophagoscope', 'espadrille', 'espalier', 'esplanade', 'espresso_maker', 'espresso_shop', 'establishment', 'estaminet', 'estazolam', 'estradiol_patch', 'estrogen_antagonist', 'etagere', 'etamine', 'etanercept', 'etcetera', 'etching', 'etching', 'ethacrynic_acid', 'ethchlorvynol', 'ether', 'ethernet', 'ethernet_cable', 'ethosuximide', 'ethyl_chloride', 'etodolac', 'Eton_collar', 'Eton_jacket', 'etui', 'eudiometer', 'euphonium', 'euphoriant', 'evaporative_cooler', 'evening_bag', 'Excalibur', 'excavation', 'exchange', 'exercise_bike', 'exercise_device', 'exhaust', 'exhaust_fan', 'exhaust_manifold', 'exhaust_pipe', 'exhaust_valve', 'exhibition_hall', 'exit', 'Exocet', 'expansion_bit', 'expansion_bolt', 'expectorant', 'explosive', 'explosive_compound', 'explosive_detection_system', 'explosive_device', 'explosive_mixture', 'explosive_trace_detection', 'export', 'express', 'expressway', 'extension', 'extension_cord', 'extension_ladder', 'exterior_door', 'external-combustion_engine', 'external_drive', 'extra', 'extractor', 'eye', 'eyebrow_pencil', 'eyecup', 'eyelet', 'eyeliner', 'eye-lotion', 'eyepatch', 'eyepiece', 'eyeshadow', 'fabric', 'facade', 'face', 'face', 'face', 'face_card', 'face_guard', 'face_mask', 'faceplate', 'face_powder', 'face_veil', 'facility', 'facing', 'facing', 'facing', 'facsimile', 'facsimile', 'factory', 'factory_ship', 'factory_whistle', 'fag_end', 'fagot', 'fagoting', 'fagot_stitch', 'Fahrenheit_thermometer', 'faience', 'faille', 'fail-safe', 'fairlead', 'fairy_light', 'fake', 'fake_book', 'falchion', 'fallboard', 'fallout_shelter', 'false_bottom', 'false_face', 'false_teeth', 'falsie', 'family_room', 'famotidine', 'fan', 'fan_belt', 'fan_blade', 'fancy_dress', 'fancy_goods', 'fanion', 'fanlight', 'fanjet', 'fanjet', 'fanny_pack', 'fantail', 'fan_tracery', 'fan_vaulting', 'farm', 'farm_building', \"farmer's_market\", 'farmhouse', 'farm_machine', 'farmplace', 'farmyard', 'farthingale', 'fashion_plate', 'fashion', 'fastener', 'fast_lane', 'fast_reactor', 'fat_farm', 'fatigues', 'faucet', 'fauld', 'fauteuil', 'feather_bed', 'feather_boa', 'featheredge', 'feature', 'fedora', 'feedback_circuit', 'feeder_line', 'feedlot', 'fell', 'felloe', 'felt', 'felt-tip_pen', 'felucca', 'fence', 'fencing_mask', 'fencing_sword', 'fender', 'fender', 'fender', 'fenoprofen', 'Fentanyl', 'Feosol', 'Fergon', 'Ferris_wheel', 'ferrule', 'ferry', 'fertility_drug', 'ferule', 'fesse', 'festoon', 'festoon', 'festoon', 'fetoscope', 'fetter', 'fez', 'fiber', 'fiberboard', 'fiber_optic_cable', 'fiber-optic_transmission_system', 'fiberscope', 'fichu', 'fiddlestick', 'field_artillery', 'field_coil', 'field-effect_transistor', 'field-emission_microscope', 'field_glass', 'field_hockey_ball', 'field_hospital', 'field_house', 'field_house', 'field_lens', 'field_magnet', 'field-sequential_color_television', 'field_tent', 'fieldwork', 'fife', 'fife_rail', 'fifth_wheel', 'fifth_wheel', 'fighter', 'fighting_chair', 'fig_leaf', 'figure', 'figure_eight', 'figurehead', 'figure_loom', 'figure_skate', 'figurine', 'filament', 'filature', 'file', 'file', 'file_folder', 'file_server', 'filet', 'filigree', 'filler', 'fillet', 'filling', 'film', 'film', 'film', 'film_advance', 'filter', 'filter', 'filter_bed', 'filter_tip', 'filter-tipped_cigarette', 'fin', 'finder', 'finery', 'fine-tooth_comb', 'finger', 'fingerboard', 'finger_bowl', 'finger_hole', 'finger_hole', 'finger_paint', 'finger-painting', 'finger_plate', 'fingerstall', 'finial', 'finish_coat', 'finish_coat', 'finisher', 'fin_keel', 'fipple', 'fipple_flute', 'fire', 'fire_alarm', 'firearm', 'firebase', 'fire_bell', 'fireboat', 'firebox', 'firebrick', 'fire_control_radar', 'fire_control_system', 'firecracker', 'fire_door', 'fire_engine', 'fire_escape', 'fire_extinguisher', 'fire_hose', 'fire_iron', \"fireman's_ax\", 'fireplace', 'fireplug', 'fire_screen', 'fire_ship', 'fire_station', 'fire_tongs', 'fire_tower', 'firetrap', 'fire_trench', 'firewall', 'firewall', 'firework', 'firing_chamber', 'firing_pin', 'firing_range', 'firkin', 'firmer_chisel', 'first-aid_kit', 'first-aid_station', 'first_base', 'first_class', 'first_gear', 'fishbowl', \"fisherman's_bend\", \"fisherman's_knot\", \"fisherman's_lure\", 'fishery', 'fish_farm', 'fishhook', 'fishing_boat', 'fishing_gear', 'fishing_line', 'fishing_rod', 'fish_joint', 'fish_knife', 'fish_ladder', 'fishnet', 'fishplate', 'fish_slice', 'fishtail_bit', 'fitment', 'fitted_sheet', 'fitting', 'five-spot', 'fixative', 'fixed-combination_drug', 'fixer-upper', 'fixings', 'fixture', 'fizgig', 'flag', 'flag', 'flageolet', 'flagging', 'flagon', 'flagpole', 'flagship', 'flagship', 'flail', 'flambeau', 'flamethrower', 'Flaminian_Way', 'flange', 'flannel', 'flannel', 'flannelette', 'flap', 'flap', 'flare', 'flare_path', 'flash', 'flash', 'flashboard', 'flash_camera', 'flasher', 'flashing', 'flashlight', 'flashlight_battery', 'flash_memory', 'flask', 'flat', 'flat', 'flat', 'flat_arch', 'flatbed', 'flatbed_press', 'flat_bench', 'flatcar', 'flat_coat', 'flat_file', 'flatiron', 'flatlet', 'flat_panel_display', 'flats', 'flat_tip_screwdriver', 'flatware', 'flatware', 'flatwork', 'fleabag', 'fleapit', 'flecainide', 'fleece', 'fleet_ballistic_missile_submarine', 'fleur-de-lis', 'flight', 'flight_deck', 'flight_simulator', 'flintlock', 'flintlock', 'flip-flop', 'flip-flop', 'flipper', 'float', 'float', 'float', 'floating_dock', 'floating_mine', 'floatplane', 'flood', 'floor', 'floor', 'floor', 'floor', 'floorboard', 'floorboard', 'floor_cover', 'floor_joist', 'floor_lamp', 'floor_plan', 'flophouse', 'florist', 'floss', 'flotilla', 'flotilla', 'flotsam', 'flour_bin', 'flour_mill', 'flower_arrangement', 'flowerbed', 'flower_chain', 'flower_garden', 'floxuridine', 'flue', 'flue_pipe', 'flue_stop', 'flugelhorn', 'fluid_drive', 'fluid_flywheel', 'fluke', 'fluke', 'flume', 'flunitrazepan', 'fluorescent', 'fluorescent_lamp', 'fluoroscope', 'fluorouracil', 'fluoxetine', 'fluphenazine', 'flurazepam', 'flurbiprofen', 'flushless_toilet', 'flush_toilet', 'flute', 'flute', 'flute', 'fluvastatin', 'flux_applicator', 'fluxmeter', 'fly', 'fly', 'fly_gallery', 'flying_boat', 'flying_bridge', 'flying_buttress', 'flying_carpet', 'flying_jib', 'fly_rod', 'fly_tent', 'flytrap', 'flywheel', 'fob', 'fob', 'fob', 'foghorn', 'foglamp', 'foible', 'foil', 'foil', 'foil', 'fold', 'folder', 'folderal', 'folding_chair', 'folding_door', 'folding_saw', 'foliation', 'folio', 'folk_art', 'follow-up', 'food_additive', 'food_court', 'food_processor', 'food_hamper', 'foot', 'footage', 'football', 'football_field', 'football_helmet', 'football_stadium', 'footbath', 'footboard', 'footboard', 'foot_brake', 'footbridge', 'foothold', 'footlights', 'footlocker', 'footplate', 'foot_rule', 'footstool', 'footwear', 'footwear', 'forceps', 'force_pump', 'fore-and-after', 'fore-and-aft_rig', 'fore-and-aft_sail', 'forecastle', 'forecourt', 'foredeck', 'fore_edge', 'foreground', 'foremast', 'fore_plane', 'foresail', 'forestay', 'foretop', 'fore-topmast', 'fore-topsail', 'forge', 'forge', 'fork', 'fork', 'forklift', 'form', 'formal_garden', 'formalwear', 'formation', 'Formica', 'forte', 'fortification', 'fortress', 'forty-five', 'forum', 'Foucault_pendulum', 'foulard', 'foul-weather_gear', 'foundation', 'foundation_garment', 'foundation_stone', 'foundry', 'fountain', 'fountain', 'fountain', 'fountain_pen', 'four-in-hand', 'fourpenny_nail', 'four-poster', 'four-pounder', 'four-spot', 'four-stroke_engine', 'four-tailed_bandage', 'four-wheel_drive', 'four-wheel_drive', 'four-wheeler', 'fowling_piece', 'foxhole', 'fraction', 'fragmentation_bomb', 'frail', 'fraise', 'fraise', 'frame', 'frame', 'frame', 'frame_buffer', 'framework', 'Francis_turbine', 'franking_machine', 'freeboard_deck', 'free_house', 'free-reed', 'free-reed_instrument', 'free_throw_lane', 'freewheel', 'freight_car', 'freight_elevator', 'freight_liner', 'freight_train', 'French_door', 'French_heel', 'French_horn', 'French_knot', 'French_polish', 'French_roof', 'French_window', 'fresco', 'freshener', 'Fresnel_lens', 'fret', 'fret', 'friary', 'friction_clutch', 'friction_tape', 'frieze', 'frieze', 'frigate', 'frigate', 'frill', 'fringe', 'Frisbee', 'frock', 'frock_coat', 'frog', 'front', 'frontage_road', 'frontal', 'front_bench', 'front_door', 'frontispiece', 'frontispiece', 'frontlet', 'front_porch', 'front_projector', 'front_yard', 'fruit_machine', 'frying_pan', 'fuel-air_explosive', 'fuel_cell', 'fuel_filter', 'fuel_gauge', 'fuel_injection', 'fuel_line', 'fuel_system', 'fulcrum', 'full-dress_uniform', 'full_metal_jacket', 'full_skirt', 'full-wave_rectifier', 'fumigator', 'funeral_home', 'fungible', 'funk_hole', 'funnel', 'funnel', 'funnel_web', 'funny_wagon', 'fur', 'fur_coat', 'fur_hat', 'furnace', 'furnace_lining', 'furnace_room', 'furnishing', 'furnishing', 'furniture', 'furosemide', 'fur-piece', 'furring_strip', 'furrow', 'fuse', 'fuse', 'fusee', 'fusee', 'fusee_drive', 'fuselage', 'fusil', 'fustian', 'futon', 'futtock_shroud', 'future', 'futures_exchange', 'gabapentin', 'gabardine', 'gable', 'gable_roof', 'gaddi', 'gadgetry', 'gaff', 'gaff', 'gaff', 'gaffsail', 'gaff_topsail', 'gag', 'gaiter', 'gaiter', 'Galilean_telescope', 'galleon', 'gallery', 'gallery', 'gallery', 'gallery', 'galley', 'galley', 'galley', 'galley', 'gallows', 'gallows_tree', 'galvanometer', 'gambling_house', 'gambrel', 'game', 'gamebag', 'game_equipment', 'gaming_card', 'gaming_table', 'gamma_hydroxybutyrate', 'gamma-interferon', 'gamp', 'gang', 'gangplank', 'gangsaw', 'gangway', 'gantlet', 'gantry', 'gap', 'garage', 'garage', 'Garand_rifle', 'garbage', 'garbage_truck', 'garboard', 'garden', 'garden', 'garden_hose', 'garden_rake', 'garden_roller', 'garden_spade', 'garden_tool', 'garden_trowel', 'gargoyle', 'gargoyle', 'garibaldi', 'garlic_press', 'garment', 'garment_bag', 'garnish', 'garrison', 'garrison_cap', 'garrote', 'garter', 'garter_belt', 'garter_stitch', 'gas_guzzler', 'gas_shell', 'gas_bracket', 'gas_burner', 'gas_chamber', 'gas-cooled_reactor', 'gas-discharge_tube', 'gas_engine', 'gas_fitting', 'gas_fixture', 'gas_furnace', 'gas_gun', 'gas_heat', 'gas_heater', 'gas_holder', 'gasket', 'gas_lamp', 'gas_line', 'gas_main', 'gas_maser', 'gasmask', 'gas_meter', 'gasoline_engine', 'gasoline_gauge', 'gasoline_station', 'gas_oven', 'gas_oven', 'gas_pump', 'gas_range', 'gas_ring', 'gas_system', 'gas_tank', 'gas_thermometer', 'gastroscope', 'gas_turbine', 'gas-turbine_ship', 'gas_well', 'gasworks', 'gat', 'gate', 'gate', 'gate', 'gatehouse', 'gateleg_table', 'gatepost', 'gateway', 'gateway_drug', 'gather', 'gathered_skirt', 'Gatling_gun', 'gauge', 'gauntlet', 'gauntlet', 'gauze', 'gauze', 'gavel', 'gazebo', 'gear', 'gear', 'gear', 'gearbox', 'gearing', 'gearset', 'gearshift', 'Geiger_counter', 'Geiger_tube', 'gelatin', 'gelignite', 'gem', 'gemfibrozil', 'gene_chip', 'general_anesthetic', 'general-purpose_bomb', 'generator', 'generator', 'generator', 'generic', 'generic_drug', 'Geneva_gown', 'genre', 'genre_painting', 'gentamicin', 'geodesic_dome', 'georgette', 'George_Washington_Bridge', 'gharry', 'ghat', 'ghetto_blaster', 'ghillie', 'gift_shop', 'gift_wrapping', 'gig', 'gig', 'gig', 'gig', 'gildhall', 'gill_net', 'gilt', 'gimbal', 'gingham', 'girandole', 'girder', 'girdle', 'glass', 'glass', 'glass_cutter', 'glasses_case', 'glass_eye', 'glassware', 'glassworks', 'glebe_house', 'Glen_Canyon_Dam', 'Glengarry', 'glider', 'glipizide', 'Global_Positioning_System', 'globe', 'glockenspiel', 'glory_hole', 'glossy', 'glove', 'glove_compartment', 'glow_lamp', 'glow_tube', 'glutethimide', 'glyburide', 'glyph', 'glyptic_art', 'glyptics', 'gnomon', 'goal', 'goalmouth', 'goalpost', 'goblet', 'go_board', 'godown', 'goffer', 'goffer', 'goggles', 'go-kart', 'Golconda', 'goldbrick', 'golden_calf', 'Golden_Gate_Bridge', 'gold_foil', 'gold_leaf', 'gold_medal', 'goldmine', 'goldmine', 'gold_plate', 'gold_plate', 'golf_bag', 'golf_ball', 'golfcart', 'golf_club', 'golf-club_head', 'golf_course', 'golf_equipment', 'golf_glove', 'golf_range', 'golliwog', 'gondola', 'gondola_car', 'gong', 'goniometer', 'Gordian_knot', 'gore', 'gorgerin', 'gorget', 'gossamer', 'Gota_Canal', 'Gothic_arch', 'gouache', 'gouache', 'gouge', 'gourd', 'government_building', 'government_office', 'governor', 'gown', 'gown', 'gown', 'grab', 'grab_bag', 'grab_bar', 'grace_cup', 'grade_separation', 'graduate', 'graduated_cylinder', 'graffito', 'grail', 'gramicidin', 'gramophone', 'granary', 'grandfather_clock', 'grand_piano', 'grandstand', 'grange', 'graniteware', 'granny_knot', 'grape_arbor', 'grapeshot', 'graphic', 'graphic_art', 'graphics', 'grapnel', 'grapnel', 'grass_skirt', 'grate', 'grate', 'grater', 'grave', 'gravel_pit', 'graver', 'gravestone', 'gravimeter', 'gravure', 'gravure', 'gravy_boat', 'grey', 'grease-gun', 'greasepaint', 'greasy_spoon', 'greatcoat', 'Greater_New_Orleans_Bridge', 'great_hall', 'great_seal', 'Great_Seal_of_the_United_States', 'greave', 'Greek_cross', 'greengrocery', 'greengrocery', 'greenhouse', 'greenroom', 'grenade', 'grid', 'grid', 'grid', 'reef', 'reference_grid', 'griddle', 'grigri', 'grill', 'grille', 'grillroom', 'grinder', 'grinding_wheel', 'grindstone', 'gripsack', 'grisaille', 'griseofulvin', 'gristmill', 'grizzle', 'grocery', 'grocery_bag', 'grocery_store', 'grogram', 'groin', 'groined_vault', 'groover', 'grosgrain', 'gros_point', 'gros_point', 'grotesque', 'ground', 'ground', 'ground_bait', 'ground_cable', 'ground_control', 'ground_floor', 'ground_plan', 'groundsheet', 'grove', 'G-string', 'guanabenz', 'guard', 'guard_boat', 'guardhouse', 'guardroom', 'guardroom', 'guard_ship', \"guard's_van\", 'gueridon', 'Guarnerius', 'guesthouse', 'guestroom', 'guidance_system', 'guide', 'guided_missile', 'guided_missile_cruiser', 'guided_missile_frigate', 'guide_rope', 'guildhall', 'guilloche', 'guillotine', 'guimpe', 'guimpe', 'guitar', 'guitar_pick', 'gulag', 'gun', 'gunboat', 'gun_carriage', 'gun_case', 'gun_deck', 'gun_emplacement', 'gun_enclosure', 'gunflint', 'gunlock', 'gun_muzzle', 'gunnery', 'gunnysack', 'gun_pendulum', 'gun_room', 'gunsight', 'gun_trigger', 'gunwale', 'gurney', 'gusher', 'gusset', 'gusset', 'gutter', 'gutter', 'guy', 'Guy', 'gymnasium', 'gymnastic_apparatus', 'gym_shoe', 'gym_suit', 'gymslip', 'gypsy_cab', 'gyrocompass', 'gyroscope', 'gyrostabilizer', 'haberdashery', 'habergeon', 'habit', 'habit', 'hacienda', 'hack', 'hackney', 'hacksaw', 'haft', 'Hagia_Sophia', 'haik', 'hairbrush', 'haircloth', 'hairdressing', 'hairnet', 'hairpiece', 'hairpin', 'hairpin_bend', 'hair_shirt', 'hair_slide', 'hair_space', 'hair_spray', 'hairspring', 'hair_trigger', 'halberd', 'half_binding', 'half_cross_stitch', 'half_hatchet', 'half_hitch', 'half-length', 'half_sole', 'halftone', 'halftone', 'half_track', 'half_track', 'hall', 'hall', 'hall', 'Hall_of_Fame', 'hall_of_residence', 'hallstand', 'hallucinogen', 'hallway', 'haloperidol', 'halothane', 'halter', 'halter', 'halyard', 'hame', 'hammer', 'hammer', 'hammer', 'hammer', 'hammer', 'hammerhead', 'hammock', 'hamper', 'hand', 'hand_ax', 'handball', 'handball_court', 'handbarrow', 'handbell', 'hand_blower', 'handbow', 'hand_brake', 'hand_calculator', 'handcar', 'handcart', 'hand_cream', 'handcuff', 'hand_drill', 'hand_glass', 'hand_glass', 'hand_grenade', 'hand-held_computer', 'handhold', 'handicraft', 'handkerchief', 'handle', 'handlebar', 'handline', 'handloom', 'hand_lotion', 'hand_luggage', 'hand-me-down', 'hand_mower', 'hand_pump', 'hand_puppet', 'handrest', 'handsaw', 'handset', 'hand_shovel', 'handspike', 'handstamp', 'hand_throttle', 'hand_tool', 'hand_towel', 'hand_truck', 'handwear', 'handwheel', 'handwheel', 'hangar_queen', 'hanger', 'hang_glider', 'hanging', 'Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon', \"hangman's_rope\", 'hank', 'hansom', 'harbor', 'hardback', 'hard_disc', 'hard_drug', 'hard_hat', 'hard_shoulder', 'hardtop', 'hardware', 'hardware', 'hardware', 'hardware_store', 'harem', 'harmonica', 'harmonium', 'harness', 'harness', 'harp', 'harp', 'harpoon', 'harpoon_gun', 'harpoon_line', 'harpoon_log', 'harpsichord', 'Harris_Tweed', 'harrow', 'Harvard_University', 'harvester', 'hash_house', 'hashish', 'hasp', 'hassock', 'hat', 'hatband', 'hatbox', 'hatch', 'hatchback', 'hatchback', 'hatchel', 'hatchet', 'hatchway', 'hatpin', 'hauberk', 'havelock', 'haven', 'Hawaiian_guitar', 'hawse', 'hawser', 'hawser_bend', 'hay_bale', 'hayfork', 'hayloft', 'haymaker', 'hayrack', 'hayrack', 'haywire', 'hazard', 'head', 'head', 'head', 'head', 'headband', 'headboard', 'head_covering', 'headdress', 'header', 'header', 'header', 'header', 'headfast', 'head_gasket', 'head_gate', 'headgear', 'headgear', 'headlight', 'headpiece', 'headpin', 'headquarters', 'headquarters', 'headrace', 'headrest', 'headrest', 'headsail', 'headscarf', 'headset', 'head_shop', 'headshot', 'headstall', 'headstock', 'health_spa', 'hearing_aid', 'hearing_aid', 'hearse', 'heart', 'hearth', 'hearthrug', 'hearthstone', 'heart-lung_machine', 'heart_valve', 'heat_engine', 'heater', 'heat_exchanger', 'heating_element', 'heating_pad', 'heating_system', 'heat_lamp', 'heat_pump', 'heat-seeking_missile', 'heat_shield', 'heat_sink', 'heaume', 'heaver', 'heavier-than-air_craft', 'heckelphone', 'hectograph', 'hedge', 'hedge_trimmer', 'heel', 'heel', 'heel', 'helicon', 'helicopter', 'heliograph', 'heliometer', 'heliport', 'helm', 'helmet', 'helmet', 'hem', 'hematinic', 'hematocrit', 'hemming-stitch', 'hemostat', 'hemstitch', 'hemstitch', 'henroost', 'heparin', 'heraldry', 'herbal_medicine', 'herb_garden', 'herm', 'hermitage', 'heroin', 'herringbone', 'herringbone', 'Herschelian_telescope', 'Hessian_boot', 'heterodyne_receiver', 'hexachlorophene', 'hex_nut', 'hibachi', 'hideaway', 'hi-fi', 'high_altar', 'high-angle_gun', 'highball_glass', 'highboard', 'highboy', 'highchair', 'high_gear', 'high-hat_cymbal', 'highlighter', 'highlighter', 'high-pass_filter', 'high-rise', 'highroad', 'high_table', 'high-warp_loom', 'highway', 'highway_system', 'high_wire', 'hijab', 'hilt', 'hindrance', 'hinge', 'hinging_post', 'hip_boot', 'hipflask', 'hip_pad', 'hip_pocket', 'hippodrome', 'hip_roof', 'histamine_blocker', 'hit', 'hitch', 'hitch', 'hitching_post', 'hitchrack', 'hob', 'hob', 'hobble_skirt', 'hobby', 'hobnail', 'hockey_skate', 'hockey_stick', 'hod', 'hodoscope', 'hoe', 'hoe_handle', 'hogan', 'hogshead', 'hoist', 'hold', 'hold', 'holder', 'holding_cell', 'holding_device', 'holding_pen', 'hole', 'hole', 'hole_card', 'hollowware', 'hologram', 'holster', 'holster', 'holy_of_holies', 'Holy_Sepulcher', 'home', 'home_appliance', 'home_computer', 'home_court', 'home-farm', 'home_plate', 'home_room', 'homespun', 'homestead', 'homestretch', 'home_theater', 'homing_device', 'homing_torpedo', 'homolosine_projection', 'hone', 'honeycomb', 'honkytonk', 'hood', 'hood', 'hood', 'hood', 'hood', 'hood', 'hood_latch', 'hoodoo', 'hood_ornament', 'hook', 'hook', 'hook', 'hookah', 'hook_and_eye', 'hookup', 'hookup', 'hook_wrench', 'hoop', 'hoop', 'hoopskirt', 'hoosegow', 'Hoover', 'Hoover_Dam', 'hope_chest', 'hop_garden', 'hopper', 'hop-picker', 'hop_pole', 'hopsacking', 'horizontal_bar', 'horizontal_section', 'horizontal_stabilizer', 'horizontal_surface', 'horizontal_tail', 'horn', 'horn', 'horn', 'horn', 'horn_button', 'hornpipe', 'horoscope', 'horror', 'horse', 'horsebox', 'horsecar', 'horse_cart', 'horsecloth', 'horse-drawn_vehicle', 'horsehair', 'horsehair_wig', 'horseless_carriage', 'horse_pistol', 'horseshoe', 'horseshoe', 'horse-trail', 'horsewhip', 'hose', 'hose', 'hosiery', 'hospice', 'hospital', 'hospital_bed', 'hospital_room', 'hospital_ship', 'hospital_train', 'hostel', 'hostel', 'hot-air_balloon', 'hotbed', 'hotbox', 'hotel', 'hotel-casino', 'hotel-casino', 'hotel_room', 'hot_line', 'hot_pants', 'hot_plate', 'hot_rod', 'hot_spot', 'hot_tub', 'hot-water_bottle', 'houndstooth_check', 'hourglass', 'hour_hand', 'house', 'house', 'houseboat', 'houselights', 'house_of_cards', 'house_of_correction', 'house_paint', 'housetop', 'housing', 'housing', 'hovel', 'hovercraft', 'howdah', 'huarache', 'hub', 'hub-and-spoke', 'hubcap', 'huck', 'hug-me-tight', 'hula-hoop', 'hulk', 'hull', 'Humber_Bridge', 'humeral_veil', 'humming_top', 'Humvee', 'hunter', 'hunting_knife', 'hurdle', 'hurricane_deck', 'hurricane_lamp', 'hut', 'hutch', 'hutment', 'hydantoin', 'hydralazine', 'hydrant', 'hydraulic_brake', 'hydraulic_press', 'hydraulic_pump', 'hydraulic_system', 'hydraulic_transmission', 'hydrochlorothiazide', 'hydroelectric_turbine', 'hydroflumethiazide', 'hydrofoil', 'hydrofoil', 'hydrogen_bomb', 'hydrometer', 'hydromorphone_hydrochloride', 'hydroxychloroquine', 'hydroxyzine_hydrochloride', 'hygrodeik', 'hygrometer', 'hygroscope', 'hyoscyamine', 'hyperbaric_chamber', 'hypercoaster', 'hypermarket', 'hypodermic_needle', 'hypodermic_syringe', 'hypsometer', 'hysterosalpingogram', 'I-beam', 'ibuprofen', 'ice_ax', 'iceboat', 'icebreaker', 'ice_cube', 'iced-tea_spoon', 'ice_hockey_rink', 'icehouse', 'ice_machine', 'ice_maker', 'ice_pack', 'icepick', 'ice_rink', 'ice_skate', 'ice_tongs', 'icetray', 'ice_wagon', 'icon', 'iconography', 'iconoscope', 'Identikit', 'Iditarod_Trail', 'idle_pulley', 'idol', 'igloo', 'ignition', 'ignition_coil', 'ignition_key', 'ignition_switch', 'illustration', 'imaret', 'imbrication', 'imipramine', 'imitation', 'counterfeit', 'immersion_heater', 'immovable_bandage', 'immunogen', 'immunosuppressant', 'impact_printer', 'impedimenta', 'impeller', 'imperial', 'implant', 'implement', 'import', 'impression', 'Impressionism', 'imprint', 'improvisation', 'improvised_explosive_device', 'impulse_turbine', 'in-basket', 'incendiary_bomb', 'incinerator', 'inclined_plane', 'inclinometer', 'inclinometer', 'incrustation', 'incubator', 'indapamide', 'Independence_Hall', 'index_register', 'Indiaman', 'Indian_club', 'Indian_trail', 'indicator', 'indinavir', 'indirect_lighting', 'indomethacin', 'induction_coil', 'inductor', 'industrial_watercourse', 'inertial_guidance_system', 'inflater', 'infliximab', 'infrastructure', 'infrastructure', 'ingot', 'ingredient', 'inhalation_anesthetic', 'inhalant', 'inhaler', 'injector', 'ink_bottle', 'ink_cartridge', 'ink_eraser', 'ink-jet_printer', 'inkle', 'inkstand', 'inkwell', 'inlay', 'inlay', 'inlet_manifold', 'inner_tube', 'input', 'insert', 'inset', 'inside_caliper', 'inside_clinch', 'insole', 'inspiration', 'instep', 'instillator', 'institution', 'instrument', 'instrumentality', 'instrument_of_execution', 'instrument_of_punishment', 'instrument_of_torture', 'intaglio', 'intake', 'intake_manifold', 'intake_valve', 'integrated_circuit', 'integrator', 'Intelnet', 'interceptor', 'interchange', 'intercommunication_system', 'intercontinental_ballistic_missile', 'interface', 'interface', 'interferometer', 'interferon', 'interior_decoration', 'interior_door', 'interlayer', 'interlock', 'internal-combustion_engine', 'internal_drive', 'internet', 'interphone', 'interrupter', 'intersection', 'interstate', 'interstice', 'intoxicant', 'intranet', 'intraocular_lens', 'intrauterine_device', 'intravenous_anesthetic', 'intravenous_pyelogram', 'invention', 'inverted_pleat', 'inverter', 'iodochlorhydroxyquin', 'iodoform', 'ion_engine', 'ionization_chamber', 'ion_pump', 'ipecac', 'ipratropium_bromide', 'iPod', 'video_iPod', 'iproclozide', 'iris', 'iron', 'iron', 'iron', 'irons', 'ironclad', 'iron_foundry', 'iron_horse', 'ironing', 'ironing_board', 'iron_lung', 'iron_maiden', 'ironmongery', 'ironwork', 'ironworks', 'irregular', 'irrigation_ditch', 'island', 'isocarboxazid', 'isoflurane', 'isoniazid', 'isoproterenol', 'isosorbide', 'izar', 'item', 'itraconazole', 'jabot', 'jack', 'jack', 'jack', 'jack', 'jack', 'jack', 'jacket', 'jacket', 'jacket', 'jack-in-the-box', 'jacklight', \"jack-o'-lantern\", 'jack_plane', 'jackscrew', \"Jacob's_ladder\", 'jaconet', 'jackstraw', 'Jacquard_loom', 'jacquard', 'jag', 'jag', 'jail', 'jalousie', 'jamb', 'jammer', 'jampan', 'jampot', 'japan', 'japan', 'jar', 'Jarvik_heart', 'jaunting_car', 'javelin', 'jaw', 'Jaws_of_Life', 'jean', 'jeep', 'jellaba', 'je_ne_sais_quoi', 'jerkin', 'jeroboam', 'jersey', 'jersey', 'Jerusalem_cross', 'jet', 'jet_bridge', 'jet_engine', 'jetliner', 'jetsam', 'jewel', \"jeweler's_glass\", 'jewelled_headdress', 'jewelry', \"jew's_harp\", 'jib', 'jibboom', 'jig', 'jig', 'jiggermast', 'jigsaw', 'jigsaw_puzzle', 'jim_crow', 'jimdandy', 'jimmy', 'jinrikisha', 'job', 'job', 'jobcentre', 'job-oriented_terminal', 'jodhpurs', 'jodhpur', 'Johns_Hopkins', 'joinery', 'joint', 'joint', 'joint', 'Joint_Direct_Attack_Munition', 'jointer', 'joist', 'joker', 'jolly_boat', 'jorum', 'joss', 'joss_house', 'journal', 'journal', 'journal_bearing', 'journal_box', 'joystick', 'judas', 'juke', 'jungle_gym', 'junk', 'jug', 'Juggernaut', 'juju', 'jukebox', 'jumbojet', 'jumper', 'jumper', 'jumper', 'jumper', 'jumper_cable', 'jumping_jack', 'jump_rope', 'jump_seat', 'jump_suit', 'jump_suit', 'junction', 'junction', 'junction_barrier', 'junk_shop', 'jury_box', 'jury_mast', 'K', 'Kaaba', 'kachina', 'kaffiyeh', 'Kakemono', 'kalansuwa', 'Kalashnikov', 'kaleidoscope', 'kameez', 'kamikaze', 'Kammon_Strait_Bridge', 'kanamycin', 'kanzu', 'Kaopectate', 'kat', 'katharometer', 'kayak', 'kazoo', 'keel', 'keelboat', 'keelson', 'keep', 'keepsake', 'keg', 'kennel', 'kepi', 'keratoscope', 'kerchief', 'kern', 'Kerr_cell', 'ketamine', 'ketch', 'ketoprofen', 'ketorolac', 'ketorolac_tromethamine', 'kettle', 'kettle', 'key', 'key', 'keyboard', 'keyboard', 'keyboard_buffer', 'keyboard_instrument', 'keyhole', 'keyhole_saw', 'key_ring', 'keystone', 'khadi', 'khaki', 'khakis', 'khimar', 'khukuri', 'kibble', 'kick_pleat', 'kicksorter', 'kickstand', 'kick_starter', 'kid_glove', 'kiln', 'kilt', 'kimono', 'kinescope', 'Kinetoscope', 'king', 'king', 'king', 'kingbolt', 'king_post', \"Kipp's_apparatus\", 'kirk', 'kirpan', 'kirtle', 'kirtle', 'kit', 'kit', 'kitbag', 'kitchen', 'kitchen_appliance', 'kitchenette', 'kitchen_garden', 'kitchen_island', 'kitchen_match', 'kitchen_sink', 'kitchen_table', 'kitchen_utensil', 'kitchenware', 'kite', 'kite_balloon', 'kite_tail', 'kitsch', 'klaxon', 'Klein_bottle', 'klieg_light', 'klystron', 'knee', 'knee_brace', 'knee-high', 'kneeler', 'knee_pad', 'knee_piece', 'knickknack', 'knife', 'knife', 'knife_blade', 'knife_edge', 'knife_pleat', 'knight', 'knit', 'knit', 'knit', 'knitting_machine', 'knitting_needle', 'knitting_stitch', 'knitwear', 'knob', 'knob', 'knob', 'knobble', 'knobkerrie', 'knockabout', 'knocker', 'knockoff', 'knockout_drops', 'knot', 'knout', 'knuckle_joint', 'kohl', 'koto', 'kraal', 'kremlin', 'Kremlin', 'kris', 'krummhorn', \"Kundt's_tube\", 'Kurdistan', 'kurta', 'kylie', 'kylix', 'kymograph', 'laager', 'lab', 'lab_bench', 'lab_coat', 'labetalol', 'labor_camp', 'Labyrinth_of_Minos', 'lace', 'lace', 'lacework', 'lacquer', 'lacquerware', 'lacrosse_ball', 'lacuna', 'ladder', 'ladder-back', 'ladder-back', 'ladder_truck', \"ladies'_room\", 'ladle', 'lady_chapel', 'lagan', 'lagerphone', 'lag_screw', 'lake_dwelling', 'Lake_Mead', 'Lake_Powell', 'Lake_Volta', 'lally', 'lamasery', 'lambrequin', 'lambrequin', 'lame', 'lamella', 'laminar_flow_clean_room', 'laminate', 'lamination', 'lamivudine', 'lamp', 'lamp', 'lamp_chimney', 'lamp_house', 'lamppost', 'lampshade', 'lanai', 'lancet', 'lancet_arch', 'lancet_window', 'landau', 'lander', 'landing', 'landing', 'landing_craft', 'landing_flap', 'landing_gear', 'landing_net', 'landing_skid', 'landing_stage', 'land_line', 'land_mine', 'land_office', 'landscape', 'landscape', 'landscaping', 'landside', 'lane', 'lane', 'lanolin', 'lantern', 'lantern_pinion', 'lanyard', 'lanyard', 'lanyard', 'lap', 'lap', 'laparoscope', 'lapboard', 'lapel', 'lap_joint', 'lappet', 'laptop', 'larboard', 'laryngoscope', 'laser', 'laser-guided_bomb', 'laser_printer', 'lash', 'lashing', 'lash-up', 'lasso', 'last', 'Lastex', 'latch', 'latch', 'latchet', 'latchkey', 'latchstring', 'lateen', 'lateen-rig', 'Lateran_Palace', 'latex_paint', 'lath', 'lathe', 'lathi', 'Latin_cross', 'latrine', 'lattice', 'laudanum', 'laugh_track', 'launch', 'launcher', 'launching_pad', 'launderette', 'laundry', 'laundry', 'laundry_cart', 'laundry_detergent', 'laundry_truck', 'laurel', 'lavalava', 'lavaliere', 'laver', 'court', 'lawn_chair', 'lawn_furniture', 'lawn_mower', 'laxative', 'layer', 'layette', 'lay_figure', 'lazaretto', 'lazy_daisy_stitch', 'lead', 'lead', 'lead-acid_battery', 'lead-in', 'leading_edge', 'leading_rein', 'lead_line', 'lead_pencil', 'leaf', 'leaf_spring', 'Leaning_Tower', 'lean-to', 'lean-to_tent', 'leash', 'leatherette', 'leather_strip', 'leatherwork', 'Leclanche_cell', 'lectern', 'lecture_room', 'lederhosen', 'ledger_board', 'leflunomide', 'left_field', 'leg', 'leg', 'legging', 'Lego', 'Leiden_jar', 'leister', 'leisure_wear', 'lemon', 'lemon_grove', 'lending_library', 'length', 'lenitive', 'lens', 'lens', 'lens_cap', 'lens_implant', 'leotard', 'lethal_dose', 'letter_bomb', 'letter_case', 'letter_opener', 'levallorphan', 'levee', 'levee', 'level', 'level_crossing', 'lever', 'lever', 'lever', 'lever_lock', \"Levi's\", 'Liberty_Bell', 'liberty_cap', 'Liberty_ship', 'library', 'library', 'library', 'license_plate', 'lid', 'lidar', 'lido', 'Lidocaine', 'lido_deck', 'Liebig_condenser', 'lie_detector', 'lifeboat', 'life_buoy', 'life_jacket', 'lifeline', 'lifeline', 'life_mask', 'life_office', 'life_preserver', 'life_raft', 'life-support_system', 'life-support_system', 'lift', 'lift', 'lifting_device', 'lift_pump', 'ligament', 'ligature', 'ligature', 'light', 'light_arm', 'light_bulb', 'light_circuit', 'light-emitting_diode', 'lighter', 'lighter-than-air_craft', 'light_filter', 'lighting', 'lighting_fixture', 'light_machine_gun', 'light_meter', 'light_microscope', 'lightning_rod', 'light_pen', 'lightship', 'likeness', 'Lilo', 'limb', 'limb', 'limber', 'limbers', 'limekiln', 'limelight', 'limiter', 'limousine', 'linchpin', 'Lincoln_Memorial', 'lincomycin', 'line', 'line', 'line', 'line', 'linear_accelerator', 'linecut', 'linecut', 'linen', 'linen', 'line_of_defense', 'line_printer', 'liner', 'liner', 'lingerie', 'liniment', 'lining', 'link', 'link', 'linkage', 'links', 'Link_trainer', 'linocut', 'linocut', 'linoleum_knife', 'Linotype', 'linsey-woolsey', 'linstock', 'lint', 'lion-jaw_forceps', 'lip_balm', 'lip-gloss', 'lipid-lowering_medicine', 'lipstick', 'liqueur_glass', 'liquid_crystal_display', 'liquid_detergent', 'liquid_metal_reactor', 'liquid_soap', 'lisinopril', 'lisle', 'lisle', 'lister', 'lithograph', 'lithograph', 'litter', 'litterbin', 'little_theater', 'live_axle', 'live_load', 'livery', 'livery_stable', 'living_quarters', 'living_room', 'load', 'load', 'Loafer', 'loaner', 'loan_office', 'lobe', 'lobster_pot', 'local', 'local_anesthetic', 'local_area_network', 'local_oscillator', 'local_road', 'location', 'Lochaber_ax', 'lock', 'lock', 'lock', 'lock', 'lockage', 'locker', 'locker_room', 'locket', 'lock-gate', 'locking_pliers', 'locknut', 'lockring', 'lockstitch', 'lockup', 'locomotive', 'lodge', 'lodge', 'lodge', 'lodging_house', 'Loestrin', 'loft', 'loft', 'loft', 'log', 'log_cabin', 'loge', 'loggia', 'logic_element', 'log_line', 'Lomotil', 'lomustine', 'longboat', 'longbow', 'long_iron', 'long_johns', 'longshot', 'long_sleeve', 'long_tom', 'long_trousers', 'long_underwear', 'looking_glass', 'lookout', 'loom', 'loop', 'loophole', 'loop_knot', 'loop-line', 'Lo/Ovral', 'lorazepam', 'lorgnette', 'Lorraine_cross', 'lorry', 'lorry', 'lost-and-found', 'lota', 'lotion', 'lotion', 'loudspeaker', 'lounge', 'lounger', 'lounging_jacket', 'lounging_pajama', 'loungewear', 'loupe', 'louver', 'louvered_window', 'Louvre', 'lovastatin', 'love_knot', 'love_seat', 'love-token', 'loving_cup', 'lowboy', 'lower_berth', 'lower_deck', 'low-pass_filter', 'low-warp-loom', 'loxapine', 'LP', 'L-plate', \"lubber's_hole\", 'lubricating_system', 'luff', 'lug', 'luge', 'Luger', 'luggage_carrier', 'luggage_compartment', 'luggage_rack', 'lugger', 'lugsail', 'lug_wrench', 'lumberjack', 'lumbermill', 'lumber_room', 'lumberyard', 'lunar_excursion_module', 'lunchroom', 'lunette', 'lunette', 'lungi', 'lunula', 'lusterware', 'lute', 'luxury_liner', 'lyceum', 'lychgate', 'lymphangiogram', 'lypressin', 'lyre', 'lysergic_acid_diethylamide', 'machete', 'machicolation', 'machine', 'machine', 'machine_bolt', 'machine_gun', 'machinery', 'machine_screw', 'machine_shop', 'machine_stitch', 'machine_tool', \"machinist's_vise\", 'machmeter', 'macintosh', 'Mackinac_Bridge', 'mackinaw', 'mackinaw', 'mackinaw', 'mackinaw', 'mackintosh', 'macrame', 'madras', 'Mae_West', 'magazine', 'magazine', 'magazine', 'magazine_rack', 'magic_bullet', 'magic_lantern', 'magic_realism', 'Maginot_Line', 'magnet', 'magnetic_bottle', 'magnetic_bubble_memory', 'magnetic_compass', 'magnetic_core_memory', 'magnetic_disk', 'magnetic_head', 'magnetic_mine', 'magnetic_needle', 'magnetic_recorder', 'magnetic_stripe', 'magnetic_tape', 'magneto', 'magnetograph', 'magnetometer', 'magnetron', 'magnifier', 'magnum', 'magnum_opus', 'magnus_hitch', 'mail', 'mailbag', 'mailbag', 'mailboat', 'mailbox', 'mail_car', 'maildrop', 'mailer', 'maillot', 'maillot', 'mail_slot', 'mailsorter', 'mail_train', 'main', 'main_course', 'main_deck', 'main_drag', 'mainframe', 'main_line', 'mainmast', 'main_rotor', 'mainsail', 'mainspring', 'mainstay', 'main_street', 'main-topmast', 'main-topsail', 'main_yard', 'maisonette', 'maisonette', 'majolica', 'major_suit', 'major_tranquilizer', 'makeup', 'makeweight', 'makeweight', 'making', 'Maksutov_telescope', 'malacca', 'mallet', 'mallet', 'mallet', 'Maltese_cross', 'mammogram', 'man', 'mandala', 'mandola', 'mandolin', 'manger', 'mangle', 'manhole', 'manhole_cover', 'manifold', 'mannequin', 'mannitol', 'man-of-war', 'manometer', 'manor', 'manor_hall', 'MANPAD', 'mansard', 'manse', 'mansion', 'manta', 'mantel', 'mantelet', 'mantelet', 'mantilla', 'mantrap', 'mantua', 'Mao_jacket', 'map', 'map_projection', 'maquiladora', 'maraca', 'marble', 'marble', 'marching_order', 'marimba', 'marina', 'Marineland', 'marker', 'marker', 'market_garden', 'marketplace', 'marline', 'marlinespike', 'marmite', 'marocain', 'maroon', 'marquee', 'marquetry', 'marriage_bed', 'marseille', 'marshalling_yard', 'martello_tower', 'martingale', 'mascara', 'maser', 'masher', 'mashie', 'mashie_niblick', 'masjid', 'mask', 'mask', 'masking_piece', 'masking_tape', 'Masonite', 'Mason_jar', 'masonry', \"mason's_level\", 'Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology', 'massage_parlor', 'massage_parlor', 'mass_spectrograph', 'mass_spectrometer', 'mast', 'mast', 'mastaba', 'master', 'master_bedroom', 'masterpiece', 'masthead', 'mat', 'mat', 'mat', 'mat', 'match', 'match', 'match', 'matchboard', 'matchbook', 'matchbox', 'matchlock', 'match_plane', 'matchstick', 'material', 'materiel', 'maternity_hospital', 'maternity_ward', 'matrix', 'Matthew_Walker', 'matting', 'mattock', 'mattress', 'mattress_cover', 'mattress_pad', 'maul', 'maulstick', 'Mauser', 'mausoleum', 'Mausoleum_at_Halicarnasus', 'maxi', 'Maxim_gun', 'maximum_and_minimum_thermometer', 'Maxzide', 'Mayflower', 'maypole', 'maze', 'mazer', 'means', 'measure', 'measuring_cup', 'measuring_instrument', 'measuring_stick', 'meat_counter', 'meat_grinder', 'meat_hook', 'meat_house', 'meat_safe', 'meat_thermometer', 'mebendazole', 'Meccano', 'mechanical_device', 'mechanical_drawing', 'mechanical_piano', 'mechanical_system', 'mechanism', 'meclizine', 'meclofenamate', 'medical_building', 'medical_instrument', 'medicine', 'medicine_ball', 'medicine_chest', 'MEDLINE', 'meerschaum', 'mefenamic_acid', 'mefloquine', 'megalith', 'megaphone', 'megaton_bomb', 'melphalan', 'membrane', 'memorial', 'memory', 'memory_chip', 'memory_device', 'menagerie', 'mend', 'mending', 'menhir', 'meniscus', 'meniscus', 'menorah', 'Menorah', \"man's_clothing\", \"men's_room\", 'mental_hospital', 'menthol', 'mentholated_salve', 'meperidine', 'mephenytoin', 'mephobarbital', 'meprobamate', 'merbromine', 'mercantile_establishment', 'mercaptopurine', 'Mercator_projection', 'merchandise', 'mercurial_ointment', 'mercury_barometer', 'mercury_cell', 'mercury_thermometer', 'mercury-vapor_lamp', 'mercy_seat', 'mercy_seat', 'merlon', 'Merrimac', 'mescaline', 'mess', 'mess_jacket', 'mess_kit', 'messuage', 'metal_detector', 'metallic', 'metallic', 'metal_screw', 'metalware', 'metal_wood', 'metalwork', 'metaproterenol', 'meteorological_balloon', 'meter', 'meterstick', 'metformin', 'methacholine', 'methadone', 'methamphetamine', 'methapyrilene', 'methaqualone', 'metharbital', 'methenamine', 'methicillin', 'methocarbamol', 'methotrexate', 'methyldopa', 'methylenedioxymethamphetamine', 'methylphenidate', 'metoprolol', 'metro', 'metronidazole', 'metronome', 'mews', 'mexiletine', 'mezzanine', 'mezzanine', 'mezzo-relievo', 'mezzotint', 'Mickey_Finn', 'miconazole', 'microbalance', 'microbrewery', 'microdot', 'microfiche', 'microfilm', 'micrometer', 'Micronor', 'microphone', 'microphotometer', 'microprocessor', 'microscope', 'microtome', 'microwave', 'microwave_bomb', 'microwave_diathermy_machine', 'microwave_linear_accelerator', 'midazolam', 'middling', 'middy', 'midiron', 'mihrab', 'mihrab', 'mild_silver_protein', 'military_hospital', 'military_installation', 'military_post', 'military_quarters', 'military_uniform', 'military_vehicle', 'milk_bar', 'milk_can', 'milk_float', 'milking_machine', 'milking_stool', 'milk_of_magnesia', 'milk_wagon', 'mill', 'milldam', 'miller', 'milliammeter', 'millinery', 'millinery', 'milling', 'millivoltmeter', 'millrace', 'millstone', 'millstone', 'millwheel', 'millwork', 'mimeograph', 'minaret', 'Minato_Ohashi_Bridge', 'mincer', 'mine', 'mine', 'mine_detector', 'minelayer', 'mineshaft', 'minesweeper', 'miniature', 'miniature', 'minibar', 'minibike', 'minibus', 'minicab', 'minicar', 'minicomputer', 'ministry', 'miniskirt', 'minisub', 'minivan', 'miniver', 'mink', 'minocycline', 'minor_suit', 'minor_tranquilizer', 'minoxidil', 'minster', 'mint', 'minute_gun', 'minute_hand', 'Minuteman', 'miotic_drug', 'mirror', 'mise_en_scene', 'missile', 'missile_defense_system', 'miter', 'miter', 'miter_box', 'miter_joint', 'mithramycin', 'mitomycin', 'mitten', 'mixer', 'mixer', 'mixing_bowl', 'mixing_faucet', 'mizzen', 'mizzenmast', 'moat', 'mobcap', 'mobile', 'mobile_home', 'Mobius_strip', 'moccasin', 'mock-up', 'mod_con', 'model', 'Model_T', 'modem', 'modernism', 'Modicon', 'modification', 'modillion', 'module', 'module', 'module', 'mohair', 'moire', 'mold', 'mold', 'moldboard', 'moldboard_plow', 'molding', 'molding', 'moleskin', 'molindone', 'Molotov_cocktail', 'monastery', 'monastic_habit', 'moneybag', 'money_belt', 'monitor', 'monitor', 'monitor', 'Monitor', 'monkey_bridge', 'monkey_ladder', 'monkey-wrench', \"monk's_cloth\", 'monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor', 'monochrome', 'monocle', 'monofocal_lens_implant', 'monolith', 'monoplane', 'monopoly_board', 'monorail', 'monotype', 'monstrance', 'mooring', 'mooring_anchor', 'mooring_tower', 'Moorish_arch', 'moped', 'mop_handle', 'moquette', 'moreen', 'morgue', 'morion', 'morning-after_pill', 'morning_dress', 'morning_dress', 'morning_room', 'morphine', 'Morris_chair', 'mortar', 'mortar', 'mortarboard', 'mortarboard', 'mortise', 'mortise_joint', 'mosaic', 'mosaic', 'mosaic', 'mosque', 'mosquito_net', 'motel', 'motel_room', 'mothball', 'Mother_Hubbard', 'motif', 'motion-picture_camera', 'motion-picture_film', 'motley', 'motley', 'motor', 'motorboat', 'motorcycle', 'motor_hotel', 'motorized_wheelchair', 'motor_scooter', 'motor_vehicle', 'mound', 'mound', 'mount', 'mountain_bike', 'mountain_tent', 'mountain_trail', 'mounting', 'mourning_ring', 'mouse', 'mouse_button', 'mouse-tooth_forceps', 'mousetrap', 'mousse', 'mousseline_de_sole', 'mouth', 'mouth_hole', 'mousepad', 'mouthpiece', 'mouthpiece', 'mouthpiece', 'mouthpiece', 'mouthpiece', 'movable_barrier', 'movement', 'movie_projector', 'moving-coil_galvanometer', 'moving_van', 'mud_brick', 'mudguard', 'mudhif', 'muff', 'muffle', 'muffler', 'mufti', 'mug', 'mug_shot', 'mukataa', 'mulch', 'mule', 'muller', 'mullion', 'multichannel_recorder', 'multiengine_airplane', 'multifocal_lens_implant', 'multiplex', 'multiplexer', 'multiprocessor', 'multistage_rocket', 'munition', 'mural', 'Murphy_bed', 'muscle_relaxant', 'musette', 'musette_pipe', 'museum', 'mushroom_anchor', 'musical_instrument', 'music_box', 'music_hall', 'music_school', 'music_stand', 'music_stool', 'musket', 'musket_ball', 'muslin', 'musnud', 'mustache_cup', 'mustard_plaster', 'mute', 'muzzle_loader', 'muzzle', 'mycomycin', 'mydriatic', 'myelogram', 'mystification', 'nabumetone', 'nacelle', 'nadolol', 'nafcillin', 'nail', 'nailbrush', 'nailfile', 'nailhead', 'nailhead', 'nail_hole', 'nail_polish', 'nainsook', 'nalidixic_acid', 'nalorphine', 'naloxone', 'naltrexone', 'nameplate', 'NAND_circuit', 'nankeen', 'naphazoline', \"Napier's_bones\", 'napkin', 'napkin_ring', 'naproxen', 'naproxen_sodium', 'narcoleptic', 'narcotic', 'narcotic_antagonist', 'nard', 'narrowbody_aircraft', 'narrow_gauge', 'narrow_wale', 'narthex', 'narthex', 'nasal_decongestant', 'National_Association_of_Securities_Dealers_Automated_Quotations', 'nasotracheal_tube', 'National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame', 'National_Library_of_Medicine', 'national_monument', 'naumachy', 'nautilus', 'navigational_system', 'naval_chart', 'naval_equipment', 'naval_gun', 'naval_installation', 'naval_missile', 'naval_radar', 'Naval_Research_Laboratory', 'naval_tactical_data_system', 'naval_weaponry', 'nave', 'navigational_instrument', 'navigation_light', 'navy_base', 'navy_yard', 'nearside', 'nebuchadnezzar', 'neck', 'neck', 'neckband', 'neck_brace', 'neckcloth', 'neckerchief', 'necklace', 'necklet', 'neckline', 'neckpiece', 'necktie', 'neckwear', 'needle', 'needle', 'needlenose_pliers', 'needlepoint', 'needlework', 'nefazodone', 'negative', 'negative_magnetic_pole', 'negative_pole', 'negligee', 'nelfinavir', 'neolith', 'neomycin', 'neon_lamp', 'Neosporin', 'neostigmine', 'nephoscope', 'nest', 'nest', 'nest_egg', 'net', 'net', 'net', 'net', 'network', 'network', 'network', 'neutron_bomb', 'nevirapine', 'newel', 'newel_post', 'Newgate', 'newmarket', 'New_River_Gorge_Bridge', 'newspaper', 'newsroom', 'newsroom', 'newsstand', 'Newtonian_telescope', 'New_York_Stock_Exchange', 'nib', 'niblick', 'nicad', 'nick', 'nickel-iron_battery', 'Nicol_prism', 'nifedipine', 'night_bell', 'nightcap', 'nightgown', 'night_latch', 'night-light', 'night-line', 'nightshirt', 'nightwear', 'ninepin', 'ninepin_ball', 'nine-spot', 'ninon', 'nipple', 'nipple_shield', 'niqab', 'Nissen_hut', 'nitrazepam', 'nitrofurantoin', 'Nitrospan', 'nitrous_oxide', 'node', 'nog', 'nogging', 'noisemaker', 'nomogram', 'non-dedicated_file_server', 'nonsmoker', 'non-nucleoside_reverse_transcriptase_inhibitor', 'nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory', 'nontricyclic', 'non-volatile_storage', 'noose', 'Norfolk_jacket', 'noria', 'Norinyl', 'Norlestrin', 'Nor-Q-D', 'nortriptyline', 'nose', 'nose', 'nosebag', 'noseband', 'nose_cone', 'nose_flute', 'nosepiece', 'nose_ring', 'nosewheel', 'nostrum', 'notch', 'notebook', 'notion', 'notions_counter', 'novel', 'novillada', 'novobiocin', 'nozzle', 'n-type_semiconductor', 'nuclear-powered_ship', 'nuclear_reactor', 'nuclear_rocket', 'nuclear_weapon', 'nucleoside_reverse_transcriptase_inhibitor', 'nude', 'nude', 'number', 'number_cruncher', 'numdah', 'nunnery', \"nun's_habit\", 'nursery', 'nut', 'nut_and_bolt', 'nutcracker', 'nux_vomica', 'nylon', 'nylons', 'nystatin', 'oar', 'oast', 'oast_house', 'obelisk', 'object_ball', 'objectification', 'objective', \"objet_d'art\", 'oblique_bandage', 'oboe', 'oboe_da_caccia', \"oboe_d'amore\", 'observation_dome', 'observation_station', 'observatory', 'obstacle', 'obstruction', 'obturator', 'obverse', 'ocarina', 'octant', 'odd-leg_caliper', 'odometer', 'oeil_de_boeuf', 'oeuvre', 'office', 'office_building', 'office_furniture', \"officer's_mess\", 'off-line_equipment', 'ogee', 'ogee_arch', 'Ohio_State_University', 'ohmmeter', 'oil', 'oil_burner', 'oilcan', 'oilcloth', 'oil_filter', 'oil_future', 'oil_heater', 'oil_lamp', 'oil_paint', 'oil_painting', 'oil_pipeline', 'oil_pump', 'oil_refinery', 'oilskin', 'oil_slick', 'oilstone', 'oil_tanker', 'oil_well', 'ointment', 'old_school_tie', 'olive_drab', 'olive_drab', 'Olympian_Zeus', 'omelet_pan', 'omnidirectional_antenna', 'omnirange', 'one-spot', 'one-way_street', 'onion_dome', 'op_art', 'open-air_market', 'open_circuit', 'open-end_wrench', 'opener', 'open-hearth_furnace', 'opening', 'openside_plane', 'open_sight', 'open_weave', 'openwork', 'opera', 'opera_cloak', 'operating_microscope', 'operating_room', 'operating_table', 'ophthalmoscope', 'opiate', 'opium', 'opium_den', 'optical_bench', 'optical_device', 'optical_disk', 'optical_fiber', 'optical_instrument', 'optical_pyrometer', 'optical_telescope', 'oracle', 'orange_grove', 'orb_web', 'orchestra', 'orchestra_pit', 'OR_circuit', 'order_book', 'ordinary', 'ordinary', 'organ', 'organdy', 'organic_light-emitting_diode', 'organ_loft', 'organ_pipe', 'organ_stop', 'organza', 'oriel', 'oriflamme', 'O_ring', 'Orlon', 'orlop_deck', 'orphanage', 'orphenadrine', 'orphrey', 'orrery', 'orthicon', 'orthochromatic_film', 'orthopter', 'orthoscope', 'oscillator', 'oscillogram', 'oscillograph', 'oscilloscope', 'ossuary', 'otoscope', 'ottoman', 'oubliette', 'Ouija', 'out-basket', 'outboard_motor', 'outboard_motorboat', 'outbuilding', 'outerwear', 'outfall', 'outfield', 'outfit', 'outfitter', 'outhouse', 'outlet_box', 'outpost', 'output', 'output_device', 'outrigger', 'outrigger_canoe', 'outside_caliper', 'outside_clinch', 'outside_mirror', 'outsider_art', 'outsole', 'outwork', 'Oval_Office', 'oven', 'oven_thermometer', 'ovenware', 'overall', 'overall', 'overcast', 'overcoat', 'overdrive', 'overgarment', 'overhand_knot', 'overhand_stitch', 'overhang', 'overhead', 'overhead_projector', 'overlay', 'overload', 'overload', 'overmantel', 'overnighter', 'overpass', 'overprint', 'override', 'overshoe', 'overskirt', 'over-the-counter_drug', 'over-the-counter_market', 'Ovocon', 'ovolo', 'Ovral', 'Ovrette', 'Ovulen', 'oxacillin', 'oxaprozin', 'oxazepam', 'oxbow', 'Oxbridge', 'oxcart', 'oxeye', 'oxford', 'Oxford_University', 'oximeter', 'oxyacetylene_torch', 'oxygen_mask', 'oxyphenbutazone', 'oxyphencyclimine', 'oxytetracycline', 'oxytocic', 'oyster_bar', 'oyster_bed', 'pace_car', 'pacemaker', 'pacifier', 'pack', 'pack', 'pack', 'pack', 'package', 'packaged_goods', 'package_store', 'packaging', 'packet', 'packing_box', 'packinghouse', 'packinghouse', 'packing_needle', 'packsaddle', 'packthread', 'pad', 'pad', 'padding', 'paddle', 'paddle', 'paddle', 'paddle', 'paddle_box', 'paddle_steamer', 'paddlewheel', 'paddock', 'padlock', 'page_printer', 'pagoda', 'paillasse', 'paint', 'paintball', 'paintball_gun', 'paintbox', 'paintbrush', 'painter', 'painting', 'paint_roller', 'paisley', 'pajama', 'pajama', 'palace', 'palace', 'palace', 'palanquin', 'paleolith', 'palestra', 'palette', 'palette_knife', 'palisade', 'pall', 'pallet', 'pallet', 'pallet', 'pallette', 'palliative', 'pallium', 'pallium', 'pan', 'pan', 'panacea', 'panache', 'Panama_Canal', 'panatela', 'pancake_turner', 'panchromatic_film', 'panda_car', \"Pandora's_box\", 'pane', 'panel', 'panel', 'panel_heating', 'paneling', 'panel_light', 'panhandle', 'panic_button', 'pannier', 'pannier', 'pannier', 'pannikin', 'panopticon', 'panopticon', 'panorama', 'panoramic_sight', 'panpipe', 'pantaloon', 'pantechnicon', 'pantheon', 'pantheon', 'pantie', 'panting', 'pant_leg', 'pantograph', 'pantry', 'pants_suit', 'panty_girdle', 'pantyhose', 'panzer', 'papal_cross', 'papaverine', 'paperback_book', 'paper_chain', 'paper_clip', 'paper_cutter', 'paper_doll', 'paper_fastener', 'paper_feed', 'paper_mill', 'paper_plate', 'paper_towel', 'paperweight', 'parabolic_mirror', 'parabolic_reflector', 'parachute', 'parallel_bars', 'parallel_circuit', 'parallel_interface', 'paramagnet', 'parang', 'parapet', 'parapet', 'parasail', 'parasol', 'paregoric', 'parer', 'parfait_glass', 'pargeting', 'pari-mutuel_machine', 'Paris_University', 'park', 'parka', 'park_bench', 'parking_meter', 'parlor', 'parlor_car', 'paroxetime', 'parquet', 'parquet', 'parquet_circle', 'parquetry', 'parsonage', 'Parsons_table', 'part', 'parterre', 'Parthenon', 'partial_denture', 'particle_detector', 'partisan', 'partition', 'parts_bin', 'party_favor', 'party_line', 'party_wall', 'parvis', 'passage', 'passageway', 'passenger_car', 'passenger_ship', 'passenger_train', 'passenger_van', 'passe-partout', 'passive_matrix_display', 'passkey', 'pass-through', 'paste-up', 'pastiche', 'pastry_cart', 'pasty', 'patch', 'patchcord', 'patchouli', 'patch_pocket', 'patchwork', 'patchwork', 'patent_log', 'patent_medicine', 'paternoster', 'path', 'pathway', 'patina', 'patio', 'patisserie', 'patka', 'patriarchal_cross', 'patrol_boat', 'patty-pan', 'pave', 'paved_surface', 'pavement', 'pavilion', 'paving_stone', 'pavior', 'pavis', 'pawl', 'pawn', \"pawnbroker's_shop\", 'pay-phone', 'PC_board', 'peacekeeper', 'peach_orchard', 'peacock-throne', 'pea_jacket', 'pearl_fishery', 'pea_shooter', 'peavey', 'pectoral', 'pedal', 'pedal_pusher', 'pedestal', 'pedestal_table', 'pedestrian_crossing', 'pedicab', 'pediment', 'pedometer', 'peeler', 'peen', 'peephole', 'peep_sight', 'peg', 'peg', 'peg', 'peg', 'pegboard', 'peg_top', 'Pelham', 'pelican_crossing', 'pelisse', 'pelvimeter', 'pen', 'pen', 'penal_colony', 'penal_institution', 'penalty_box', 'pen-and-ink', 'pencil', 'pencil', 'pencil_box', 'pencil_sharpener', 'pendant', 'pendant_earring', 'pendulum', 'pendulum_clock', 'pendulum_watch', 'penetration_bomb', 'penicillamine', 'penicillin', 'penicillinase-resistant_antibiotic', 'penicillin_F', 'penicillin_G', 'penicillin_O', 'penicillin_V', 'penicillin_V_potassium', 'penile_implant', 'penitentiary', 'penknife', 'penlight', 'pennant', 'pennoncel', 'penny_arcade', 'pennywhistle', 'pentaerythritol', 'Pentagon', 'pentazocine', 'penthouse', 'pentimento', 'pentobarbital_sodium', 'pentode', 'pentoxifylline', 'pentylenetetrazol', 'peplos', 'peplum', 'pepper-and-salt', 'pepper_mill', 'pepper_shaker', 'pepper_spray', 'percale', 'perch', 'percolator', 'percussion_cap', 'percussion_instrument', 'perforation', 'perfume', 'perfumery', 'perfumery', 'perfumery', 'period_piece', 'peripheral', 'periscope', 'peristyle', 'periwig', 'periwinkle_plant_derivative', 'permanent_magnet', 'permanent_press', 'perpendicular', 'perpetual_motion_machine', 'perphenazine', 'personal_computer', 'personal_digital_assistant', 'personnel_carrier', 'pestle', 'pestle', 'petard', 'petcock', 'Peter_Pan_collar', 'petit_point', 'petit_point', 'Petri_dish', 'petrolatum_gauze', 'Petronas_Towers', 'pet_shop', 'petticoat', 'pew', 'pharmaceutical', 'pharmacopoeia', 'phenazopyridine', 'phencyclidine', 'phenelzine', 'pheniramine', 'phenolphthalein', 'phensuximide', 'phentolamine', 'phenylbutazone', 'phenylephrine', 'phenylpropanolamine', 'phenyltoloxamine', 'phial', 'Phillips_screw', 'Phillips_screwdriver', 'phonograph_album', 'phonograph_needle', 'phonograph_record', 'photocathode', 'photocoagulator', 'photocopier', 'photocopy', 'photoelectric_cell', 'photograph', 'photograph_album', 'photographic_equipment', 'photographic_paper', 'photographic_print', 'photolithograph', 'photometer', 'photomicrograph', 'photomontage', 'Photostat', 'photostat', 'phrontistery', 'physical_pendulum', 'physics_lab', 'piano', 'piano_action', 'piano_keyboard', 'piano_wire', 'piccolo', 'pick', 'pick', 'pick', 'pickelhaube', 'picket', 'picket', 'picket_boat', 'picket_fence', 'picket_ship', 'pickle_barrel', 'pickup', 'pickup', 'picot', 'picture', 'picture_book', 'picture_frame', 'picture_hat', 'picture_rail', 'picture_window', 'piece', 'piece', 'piece_of_cloth', 'piece_of_leather', 'pied-a-terre', 'pier', 'pier', 'pier', 'pier_arch', 'pier_glass', 'Pierre_Laporte_Bridge', 'pier_table', 'pieta', 'piezoelectric_crystal', 'piezometer', 'pig', 'pig_bed', 'piggery', 'piggy_bank', 'pike', 'pike', 'pikestaff', 'pilaster', 'pile', 'pile', 'pile_driver', 'pill', 'pill', 'pill', 'pillar_box', 'pill_bottle', 'pillbox', 'pillbox', 'pillbox', 'pillion', 'pillory', 'pillow', 'pillow_block', 'pillow_lace', 'pillow_sham', 'pilocarpine', 'pilot_balloon', 'pilot_bit', 'pilot_boat', 'pilot_burner', 'pilot_cloth', 'pilot_engine', 'pilothouse', 'pilot_light', 'Pimlico', 'pimozide', 'pin', 'pin', 'pin', 'pin', 'pinata', 'pinball_machine', 'pince-nez', 'pincer', 'pinch_bar', 'pincurl_clip', 'pincushion', 'pindolol', 'pine-tar_rag', 'pinfold', 'pinger', 'ping-pong_ball', 'pinhead', 'pinhole', 'pinion', 'pinnacle', 'pinner', 'pinpoint', 'pinprick', 'pinstripe', 'pinstripe', 'pinstripe', 'pintle', 'pinwheel', 'pinwheel', 'pin_wrench', 'pipe', 'pipe', 'tabor_pipe', 'pipe', 'pipe_bomb', 'pipe_cleaner', 'pipe_cutter', 'pipefitting', 'pipeline', 'piperacillin', 'pipe_rack', 'piperazine', 'piperocaine', 'pipet', 'pipe_vise', 'pipe_wrench', 'piping', 'pique', 'pirate', 'piroxicam', 'piste', 'piste', 'pistol', 'pistol_grip', 'piston', 'piston_ring', 'piston_rod', 'pit', 'pit', 'pit', 'pit', 'pit', 'pitcher', 'pitchfork', 'pitching_wedge', 'pitch_pipe', 'pithead', 'pith_hat', 'piton', 'Pitot-static_tube', 'Pitot_tube', 'pitprop', 'pitsaw', 'pivot', 'pivoting_window', 'pixel', 'pizzeria', 'placebo', 'place_mat', 'place_of_business', 'place_of_worship', 'place_setting', 'placket', 'plain_weave', 'plan', 'planchet', 'planchette', 'plane', 'plane', 'plane_seat', 'plane_table', 'planetarium', 'planetarium', 'planetarium', 'planetary_gear', 'plank-bed', 'planking', 'planner', 'plant', 'planter', 'plaster', 'plaster', 'plasterboard', 'plastering_trowel', 'plastic_art', 'plastic_bag', 'plastic_bomb', 'plastic_explosive', 'plastic_laminate', 'plastic_wrap', 'plastron', 'plastron', 'plastron', 'plastron', 'plat', 'plate', 'plate', 'plate', 'plate', 'plate', 'plate', 'plate', 'plate', 'plate_glass', 'plate_iron', 'platen', 'platen', 'platen', 'plate_rack', 'plate_rail', 'platform', 'platform', 'platform', 'platform_bed', 'platform_rocker', 'plating', 'platter', 'playback', 'playbox', 'playground', 'playhouse', 'playing_card', 'playpen', 'playsuit', 'plaything', 'plaza', 'pleat', 'plenum', 'plethysmograph', 'pleximeter', 'plexor', 'pliers', 'plimsoll', 'plotter', 'plow', 'plowshare', 'plug', 'plug', 'plug_fuse', 'plughole', 'plumb_bob', \"plumber's_snake\", 'plumbing', 'plumbing_fixture', 'plumb_level', 'plumb_line', 'plumb_rule', 'plume', 'plunger', 'plus_fours', 'plush', 'plutonium_trigger', 'ply', 'ply', 'plywood', 'pneumatic_drill', 'pneumatic_tire', 'pneumococcal_vaccine', 'p-n_junction', 'p-n-p_transistor', 'poacher', 'pocket', 'pocket', 'pocket_battleship', 'pocketbook', 'pocketcomb', 'pocket_flap', 'pocket-handkerchief', 'pocketknife', 'pocket_watch', 'pod', 'pogo_stick', 'point', 'point', 'point', 'point-and-shoot_camera', 'pointed_arch', 'pointer', 'pointillism', 'pointing_trowel', 'point_lace', 'poker', 'polarimeter', 'Polaroid', 'Polaroid_camera', 'pole', 'pole', 'pole', 'poleax', 'poleax', 'police_boat', 'police_station', 'police_van', 'poliovirus_vaccine', 'polka_dot', 'polling_booth', 'polo_ball', 'polo_mallet', 'polonaise', 'polo_shirt', 'polychrome', 'polyconic_projection', 'polyester', 'polygraph', 'polymyxin', 'polypropenonitrile', 'pomade', 'pommel', 'pommel', 'pommel_horse', 'pompon', 'poncho', 'pongee', 'poniard', 'Ponte_25_de_Abril', 'pontifical', 'pontoon', 'pontoon', 'pontoon_bridge', 'pony_cart', 'pool', 'pool_ball', 'poolroom', 'pool_table', 'poop_deck', 'poor_box', 'poorhouse', 'Pop_Art', 'pop_bottle', 'popgun', 'poplin', 'popper', 'popper', 'poppet', 'pop_tent', 'porcelain', 'porch', 'porkpie', 'porringer', 'port', 'portable', 'portable_computer', 'portable_circular_saw', 'portage', 'portal', 'portcullis', 'porte-cochere', 'porte-cochere', 'portfolio', 'porthole', 'portico', 'portiere', 'portmanteau', 'portrait', 'portrait_camera', 'portrait_lens', 'positive', 'positive_pole', 'positive_pole', 'positron_emission_tomography_scanner', 'post', 'postage_meter', 'post_and_lintel', 'postbox', 'post_chaise', 'postern', 'post_exchange', 'posthole', 'posthole_digger', 'post_horn', 'posthouse', 'postmodernism', 'Post-Office_box', 'post_road', 'pot', 'pot', 'pot', 'potbelly', 'Potemkin_village', 'potential_divider', 'potentiometer', 'potentiometer', 'pot_farm', 'potholder', 'pothook', 'potpourri', 'potsherd', \"potter's_wheel\", 'pottery', 'pottery', 'pottle', 'potty_seat', 'pouch', 'poultice', 'pound', 'pound_net', 'powder', 'powder_and_shot', 'powdered_mustard', 'powder_horn', 'powder_keg', 'powderpuff', 'power_brake', 'power_cord', 'power_drill', 'power_line', 'power_loom', 'power_module', 'power_mower', 'power_pack', 'power_saw', 'power_shovel', 'power_station', 'power_steering', 'power_system', 'power_takeoff', 'power_tool', 'practice_range', 'praetorium', 'pravastatin', 'prayer_rug', 'prayer_shawl', 'prazosin', 'precipitator', 'predictor', 'prefab', 'presbytery', 'prescription_drug', 'presence_chamber', 'presidio', 'press', 'press', 'press', 'press_box', 'press_gallery', 'pressing', 'press_of_sail', 'pressure_cabin', 'pressure_cooker', 'pressure_dome', 'pressure_gauge', 'pressurized_water_reactor', 'pressure_suit', 'preventive', 'pricket', 'prie-dieu', 'primaquine', 'Primaxin', 'primary_coil', 'primidone', 'primitivism', 'Primus_stove', 'Prince_Albert', 'Princeton_University', 'print', 'print', 'print', 'print_buffer', 'printed_circuit', 'printer', 'printer', 'printer_cable', 'print_shop', 'priory', 'prism', 'prison', 'prison_camp', 'privateer', 'private_line', 'privet_hedge', 'probe', 'probenecid', 'procaine', 'procaine_hydrochloride', 'procarbazine', 'prochlorperazine', 'proctoscope', 'procyclidine', 'prod', 'product', 'production_line', 'projectile', 'projection', 'projection', 'projector', 'projector', 'prolonge', 'prolonge_knot', 'promenade', 'promethazine', 'prompt_box', 'prompter', 'prong', 'proof', 'prop', 'propanolol', 'propellant_explosive', 'propeller', 'propeller_plane', 'property', 'propjet', 'proportional_counter_tube', 'propoxyphene', 'propulsion_system', 'proscenium', 'proscenium', 'proscenium_arch', 'prosthesis', 'protease_inhibitor', 'protective_covering', 'protective_garment', 'proteosome_vaccine', 'proton_accelerator', 'protractor', 'protriptyline', 'proving_ground', 'pruner', 'pruning_knife', 'pruning_saw', 'pruning_shears', 'psaltery', 'psilocybin', 'psychoactive_drug', 'psychotropic_agent', 'psychrometer', 'PT_boat', 'p-type_semiconductor', 'public_address_system', 'public_house', 'public_toilet', 'public_transit', 'public_transport', 'public_works', 'puck', 'pull', 'pullback', 'pull_chain', 'pulley', 'pull-in', 'pull-off', 'Pullman', 'pullover', 'pull-through', 'pulse_counter', 'pulse_generator', 'pulse_timing_circuit', 'pump', 'pump', 'pump_action', 'pump_house', 'pump_room', 'pump-type_pliers', 'pump_well', 'punch', 'punchboard', 'punch_bowl', 'punched_card', 'punching_bag', 'punch_pliers', 'punch_press', 'puncture', 'pung', 'punkah', 'punnet', 'punt', 'puppet', 'puppet', 'pup_tent', 'purdah', 'purgative', 'purifier', 'purl', 'purl', 'purse', 'purse_seine', 'purse_string', 'push-bike', 'push_broom', 'push_button', 'push-button_radio', 'push-down_storage', 'pusher', 'put-put', 'puttee', 'putter', 'putty_knife', 'puzzle', 'pyelogram', 'pylon', 'pylon', 'pyocyanase', 'pyocyanin', 'Pyramid', 'pyramidal_tent', 'pyrilamine', 'pyrograph', 'pyrometer', 'pyrometric_cone', 'pyrostat', 'pyx', 'pyx', 'pyxis', 'quad', 'quad', 'quadrant', 'quadraphony', 'quadruplicate', 'Quaker_gun', 'quarrel', 'quarter', 'quarterdeck', 'quartering', 'quartering', 'quarterlight', 'quarter_plate', 'quarterstaff', 'quartz_battery', 'quartz_crystal', 'quartz_lamp', 'quay', 'Quebec_Bridge', 'queen', 'queen', 'queen_post', 'Queensboro_Bridge', 'quern', 'quill', 'quilt', 'quilted_bedspread', 'quilting', 'quilting', 'quinacrine', 'quinidine', 'quinine', 'quipu', 'quirk', 'quirk_bead', 'quirk_molding', 'quirt', 'quiver', 'quoin', 'quoin', 'quoit', 'QWERTY_keyboard', 'R-2', 'rabato', 'rabbet', 'rabbet_joint', 'rabbit_ears', 'rabbit_hutch', 'raceabout', 'racer', 'racetrack', 'raceway', 'racing_boat', 'racing_circuit', 'racing_gig', 'racing_skiff', 'rack', 'rack', 'rack', 'rack_and_pinion', 'racket', 'racquetball', 'radar', 'radial', 'radial_engine', 'radiation_pyrometer', 'radiator', 'radiator', 'radiator_cap', 'radiator_hose', 'radio', 'radio_antenna', 'radio_beacon', 'radio_chassis', 'radio_compass', 'radiogram', 'radio_interferometer', 'radio_link', 'radiometer', 'radiomicrometer', 'radiopharmaceutical', 'radio-phonograph', 'radiophotograph', 'radio_receiver', 'radio_station', 'radiotelegraph', 'radiotelephone', 'radio_telescope', 'radiotherapy_equipment', 'radio_transmitter', 'radome', 'raft', 'rafter', 'raft_foundation', 'rag', 'ragbag', 'rag_doll', 'raglan', 'raglan_sleeve', 'rail', 'rail', 'rail_fence', 'railhead', 'railhead', 'railing', 'railing', 'railroad_bed', 'railroad_flat', 'railroad_track', 'railroad_tunnel', 'railway', 'railway_junction', 'railway_station', 'rain_barrel', 'raincoat', 'rain_gauge', 'rain_stick', 'rake', 'rake_handle', 'ram', 'RAM_disk', 'ramekin', 'ramipril', 'ramjet', 'rammer', 'ramp', 'rampant_arch', 'rampart', 'ramrod', 'ramrod', 'ranch', 'ranch_house', 'random-access_memory', 'range', 'rangefinder', 'range_hood', 'range_pole', 'ranitidine', 'rapid_transit', 'rapier', 'rappee', 'rariora', 'rasp', 'raster', 'rat', 'ratchet', 'ratchet_wheel', 'rathole', 'rathskeller', 'ratline', 'rat-tail_file', 'rattan', 'rattle', 'rattrap', 'rattrap', 'ravehook', 'Rayleigh_disk', 'rayon', 'razor', 'razorblade', 'razor_edge', 'reaction-propulsion_engine', 'reaction_turbine', 'reactor', 'reading_lamp', 'reading_room', 'read-only_memory', 'read-only_memory_chip', 'readout', 'read/write_head', 'ready-made', 'ready-to-wear', 'real_storage', 'reamer', 'reamer', 'rear', 'rearview_mirror', 'rear_window', 'Reaumur_thermometer', 'reboxetine', 'rebozo', 'receiver', 'receptacle', 'receptacle', 'reception_desk', 'reception_room', 'recess', 'reciprocating_engine', 'recliner', 'reconnaissance_plane', 'reconnaissance_vehicle', 'restoration', 'record_changer', 'recorder', 'recording', 'recording', 'recording_studio', 'recording_system', 'record_jacket', 'record_player', 'record_sleeve', 'recovery_room', 'recreational_drug', 'recreational_facility', 'recreational_vehicle', 'recreation_room', 'rectifier', 'recycling_bin', 'recycling_plant', 'redbrick_university', 'red_carpet', 'redoubt', 'redoubt', 'reducer', 'reduction_gear', 'reed', 'reed_pipe', 'reed_stop', 'reef_knot', 'reel', 'reel', 'refectory', 'refectory_table', 'refill', 'refill', 'refinery', 'reflecting_telescope', 'reflection', 'reflectometer', 'reflector', 'reflex_camera', 'reflux_condenser', 'reformatory', 'reformer', 'refracting_telescope', 'refractometer', 'refrigeration_system', 'refrigerator', 'refrigerator_car', 'refuge', 'regalia', 'regimentals', 'register', 'register', 'register', 'regulator', 'rein', 'relaxant', 'relay', 'release', 'release', 'relic', 'relief', 'religious_residence', 'reliquary', 'remake', 'remedy', 'remise', 'remote_control', 'remote-control_bomb', 'remote_terminal', 'removable_disk', 'rendering', 'rendering', 'rep', 'repair_shop', 'repeater', 'repeating_firearm', 'repertory', 'replica', 'repository', 'representation', 'reproducer', 'rerebrace', 'rescue_equipment', 'research_center', 'reseau', 'reseau', 'reserpine', 'reservoir', 'reservoir', 'reset', 'reset_button', 'residence', 'resistance_pyrometer', 'resistance_thermometer', 'resistor', 'resonator', 'resonator', 'resonator', 'resort_hotel', 'respirator', 'rest', 'restaurant', 'rest_house', 'restraint', 'resuscitator', 'retainer', 'retaining_wall', 'reticle', 'reticulation', 'reticule', 'restoration', 'retort', 'retractor', 'retread', 'retrenchment', 'retrofit', 'retrorocket', 'return_key', 'reverberatory_furnace', 'revers', 'reverse', 'reverse', 'reverse_transcriptase_inhibitor', 'reversible', 'reversing_thermometer', 'revetment', 'revetment', 'reviewing_stand', 'revolver', 'revolving_door', 'rheometer', 'rheostat', 'rhinoscope', 'rib', 'rib', 'riband', 'ribavirin', 'ribbed_vault', 'ribbing', 'ribbon', 'ribbon', 'ribbon_development', 'rib_joint_pliers', 'ricer', 'rickrack', 'riddle', 'ride', 'rider_plate', 'ridge', 'ridge_rope', 'riding_bitt', 'riding_boot', 'riding_crop', 'riding_mower', 'rifampin', 'rifle', 'rifle_ball', 'rifle_butt', 'rifle_grenade', 'rifle_range', 'rig', 'rig', 'rigger', 'rigger', 'rigging', 'right_field', 'right_of_way', 'rigout', 'rim', 'rim', 'ring', 'ring', 'ringlet', 'rings', 'ringside', 'rink', 'riot_gun', 'ripcord', 'ripcord', 'ripping_bar', 'ripping_chisel', 'ripsaw', 'riser', 'riser', 'ritonavir', 'Ritz', 'river_boat', 'rivet', 'riveting_machine', 'rivet_line', 'roach', 'roach_clip', 'road', 'roadbed', 'roadblock', 'roadhouse', 'road_map', 'roadster', 'road_surface', 'roadway', 'roaster', 'robe', 'Robitussin', 'robotics_equipment', 'Rochon_prism', 'rock_bit', 'rocker', 'rocker', 'rocker', 'rocker_arm', 'rocket', 'rocket', 'rocket_base', 'rocket_range', 'rock_garden', 'rocking_chair', 'rod', 'rodeo', 'roentgenogram', 'rofecoxib', 'roll', 'roll', 'roller', 'roller', 'roller_bandage', 'in-line_skate', 'Rollerblade', 'roller_blind', 'roller_coaster', 'roller_skate', 'roller_towel', 'roll_film', 'rolling_hitch', 'rolling_mill', 'rolling_pin', 'rolling_stock', 'roll_of_tobacco', 'roll-on', 'roll-on', 'roll-on_roll-off', 'Rolodex', 'Roman_arch', 'Roman_building', 'Roman_candle', 'romper', 'rood_screen', 'roof', 'roof', 'roof_garden', 'roofing', 'roof_peak', 'room', 'roomette', 'room_light', 'roost', 'roost', 'root_cellar', 'rope', 'rope_bridge', 'rope_ladder', 'rope_tow', 'ropewalk', 'rope_yarn', 'rosary', 'rose_bed', 'rose_garden', 'rosemaling', 'rosette', 'rose_water', 'rose_window', 'rosin_bag', 'rotary_actuator', 'rotary_engine', 'rotary_press', 'rotating_mechanism', 'rotating_shaft', 'rotisserie', 'rotisserie', 'rotor', 'rotor', 'rotor', 'rotor_blade', 'rotor_head', 'rotunda', 'rotunda', 'rouge', 'roughcast', 'rouleau', 'rouleau', 'roulette', 'roulette_ball', 'roulette_wheel', 'round', 'round_arch', 'round-bottom_flask', 'roundel', 'rounder', 'round_file', 'roundhouse', 'Round_Table', 'router', 'router', 'router_plane', 'rowel', 'row_house', 'rowing_boat', 'rowlock_arch', 'row_of_bricks', 'royal', 'royal_brace', 'royal_mast', 'rubber_band', 'rubber_boot', 'rubber_bullet', 'rubber_eraser', 'rubbing', 'rubbing_alcohol', 'rubefacient', 'rudder', 'rudder', 'rudder_blade', 'rudderpost', 'rue', 'rug', 'rugby_ball', 'ruin', 'rule', 'rumble', 'rumble_seat', 'rummer', 'rumpus_room', 'runcible_spoon', 'rundle', 'rung', 'runner', 'runner', 'running_board', 'running_shoe', 'running_stitch', 'running_suit', 'runway', 'runway', 'runway', 'rushlight', 'russet', 'rya', 'saber', 'saber_saw', 'Sabin_vaccine', 'sable', 'sable', 'sable_coat', 'sabot', 'sachet', 'sack', 'sack', 'sackbut', 'sackcloth', 'sackcloth', 'sack_coat', 'sacking', 'saddle', 'saddle', 'saddlebag', 'saddle_blanket', 'saddle_oxford', 'saddlery', 'saddle_seat', 'saddle_soap', 'saddle_stitch', 'safe', 'safe', 'safe-deposit', 'safehold', 'safe_house', 'safety_arch', 'safety_belt', 'safety_bicycle', 'safety_bolt', 'safety_catch', 'safety_curtain', 'safety_fuse', 'safety_lamp', 'safety_match', 'safety_net', 'safety_pin', 'safety_rail', 'safety_razor', 'safety_valve', 'sail', 'sail', 'sailboat', 'sailcloth', 'sailing_vessel', 'sailing_warship', 'sailor_cap', 'sailor_suit', 'Saint_Lawrence_Seaway', 'salad_bar', 'salad_bowl', 'salad_fork', 'salad_plate', 'salinometer', 'Salk_vaccine', 'sallet', 'salon', 'salon', 'salon', 'saltbox', 'saltcellar', 'salt_mine', 'saltshaker', 'saltworks', 'salver', 'salvinorin', 'salwar', 'Salyut', 'Sam_Browne_belt', 'samisen', 'samite', 'samovar', 'sampan', 'sampler', 'sampling_station', 'sanatorium', 'sanctuary', 'sandal', 'sandbag', 'sandblaster', 'sandbox', 'sandbox', 'sandglass', 'sand_painting', 'sand_wedge', 'sandwich_board', 'sanitary_napkin', 'Santa_Fe_Trail', 'cling_film', 'sarcenet', 'sarcophagus', 'sari', 'sarong', 'sash', 'sash_cord', 'sash_fastener', 'sash_weight', 'sash_window', 'satchel', 'sateen', 'satellite', 'satellite_receiver', 'satellite_television', 'satellite_transmitter', 'satin', 'satinet', 'satin_stitch', 'satin_weave', 'Saturday_night_special', 'saucepan', 'saucepot', 'saucer', 'sauna', 'save-all', 'save-all', 'save-all', 'savings_bank', 'saw', 'sawdust_doll', 'sawdust_saloon', 'sawed-off_shotgun', 'sawhorse', 'sawmill', 'saw_set', 'sawtooth', 'sax', 'saxhorn', 'scabbard', 'scaffold', 'scaffold', 'scaffolding', 'scale', 'scale', 'scaler', 'scaling_ladder', 'scalpel', 'scan', 'scanner', 'scanner', 'scanner', 'scantling', 'scapular', 'scarecrow', 'scarf', 'scarf_joint', 'scatter_pin', 'scatter_rug', 'scauper', 'scene', 'scenery', 'scenic_railway', 'scheduler', 'schematic', 'schlock', 'Schmidt_telescope', 'school', 'schoolbag', 'school_bell', 'school_bus', 'school_crossing', 'school_ship', 'school_system', 'schooner', 'schooner', 'science_museum', 'scientific_instrument', 'scimitar', 'scintillation_counter', 'scissors', 'sclerometer', 'scoinson_arch', 'sconce', 'sconce', 'sconce', 'sconce', 'scoop', 'scoop', 'scooter', 'scopolamine', 'scoreboard', 'scourge', 'scouring_pad', 'scow', 'scow', 'scrambler', 'scrap', 'scrapbook', 'scraper', 'scratcher', 'scratchpad', 'screed', 'screen', 'screen', 'screen', 'screen', 'screen', 'screen_door', 'screening', 'screen_saver', 'screw', 'screw', 'screw', 'screwdriver', 'screw_eye', 'screw_key', 'screw_thread', 'screwtop', 'screw_wrench', 'scribble', 'scriber', 'scrim', 'scrimshaw', 'scriptorium', 'scrubber', 'scrub_brush', 'scrub_plane', 'scuffer', 'scuffle', 'scull', 'scull', 'scull', 'scullery', 'sculpture', 'scum', 'scupper', 'scuttle', 'scyphus', 'scythe', 'sea_anchor', 'seabag', 'sea_boat', 'sea_chest', 'seal', 'seal', 'seal', 'sea_ladder', 'seal_bomb', 'sealing_wax', 'sealskin', 'seam', 'seaplane', 'searchlight', 'searing_iron', 'Sears_Tower', 'seascape', 'seat', 'seat', 'seat', 'seat', 'seat_belt', 'seat_cushion', 'seating', 'seaway', 'secateurs', 'secobarbital_sodium', 'secondary_coil', 'second_balcony', 'second_base', 'second_gear', 'second_hand', 'secretary', 'section', 'sectional', 'sector', 'security_blanket', 'security_blanket', 'security_system', 'security_system', 'sedan', 'sedan', 'sedative', 'sedative-hypnotic', 'seedbed', 'seeder', 'seeder', 'seeker', 'seersucker', 'seesaw', 'segmental_arch', 'Segway', 'seidel', 'seine', 'seismogram', 'seismograph', 'seizing', 'selective-serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor', 'selector', 'selenium_cell', 'self-feeder', 'self-portrait', 'self-propelled_vehicle', 'self-registering_thermometer', 'self-starter', 'selsyn', 'selvage', 'selvage', 'semaphore', 'semi-abstraction', 'semiautomatic_firearm', 'semiautomatic_pistol', 'semiconductor_device', 'semi-detached_house', 'semigloss', 'semitrailer', 'sennit', 'sensitometer', 'sentry_box', 'separate', 'septic_tank', 'sequence', 'sequencer', 'sequencer', 'sequin', 'serape', 'serge', 'serger', 'serial_port', 'series_circuit', 'serpent', 'serpent', 'serration', 'sertraline', 'server', 'server', 'service', 'service_club', 'service_door', 'service_station', 'serving_cart', 'serving_dish', 'servo', 'set', 'set-back', 'set_decoration', 'set_gun', 'set_piece', 'setscrew', 'setscrew', 'set_square', 'settee', 'settle', 'settlement_house', 'seven-spot', 'seventy-eight', 'Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World', 'sewage_disposal_plant', 'sewage_farm', 'sewage_system', 'sewer', 'sewer_main', 'sewing', 'sewing_basket', 'sewing_kit', 'sewing_machine', 'sewing_needle', 'sewing_room', 'sewing_stitch', 'sextant', 'sgraffito', 'shackle', 'shackle', 'shade', 'shade', 'shadow_box', 'shaft', 'shaft', 'shaft', 'shaft', 'shag', 'shag_rug', 'shaker', 'shampoo', 'shank', 'shank', 'shank', 'shank', 'shantung', 'shaper', 'shaping_tool', 'shard', 'sharkskin', 'sharp', 'sharpener', 'sharpie', 'Sharpie', 'sharpshooter', 'shaver', 'shaving_brush', 'shaving_cream', 'shaving_foam', 'shawl', 'shawm', 'shear', 'shears', 'sheath', 'sheathing', 'shed', 'sheep_bell', 'sheepshank', 'sheepskin_coat', 'sheepwalk', 'sheet', 'sheet', 'sheet', 'sheet_anchor', 'sheet_bend', 'sheeting', 'sheet_iron', 'sheet_metal', 'sheet_pile', 'Sheetrock', 'sheet_web', 'shelf', 'shelf_bracket', 'shell', 'shell', 'shell', 'shellac', 'shell_plating', 'shell_stitch', 'shelter', 'shelter', 'shelter', 'sheltered_workshop', 'Sheraton', 'shield', 'shield', 'shielding', 'shielding', 'shift_key', 'shift_register', 'shillelagh', 'shim', 'shingle', 'shin_guard', 'ship', 'shipboard_system', 'ship_canal', 'shipping', 'shipping_office', 'shipping_room', 'ship-towed_long-range_acoustic_detection_system', 'shipwreck', 'shipyard', 'shirt', 'shirt_button', 'shirtdress', 'shirtfront', 'shirting', 'shirtsleeve', 'shirttail', 'shirtwaist', 'shiv', 'shock_absorber', 'shoe', 'shoe', 'shoe_bomb', 'shoebox', 'shoebox', 'shoehorn', 'shoelace', 'shoe_shop', 'shoetree', 'shofar', 'shoji', 'shoofly', 'shook', 'shooting_brake', 'shooting_gallery', 'shooting_gallery', 'shooting_lodge', 'shooting_stick', 'shop', 'shop_bell', 'shop_floor', 'shopfront', 'shopping', 'shopping_bag', 'shopping_basket', 'shopping_cart', 'shore', 'short', 'short_circuit', 'shortcut', 'short_iron', 'short_line', 'short_pants', 'short_sleeve', 'shortwave_diathermy_machine', 'shot', 'shot', 'shot', 'shot_glass', 'shotgun', 'shotgun_shell', 'shot_hole', 'shot_tower', 'shoulder', 'shoulder', 'shoulder_bag', 'shoulder_board', 'shouldered_arch', 'shoulder_holster', 'shoulder_pad', 'shoulder_patch', 'shovel', 'shovel', 'shovel_hat', 'showboat', 'shower', 'shower_cap', 'shower_curtain', 'showerhead', 'shower_room', 'shower_stall', 'showroom', 'shrapnel', 'shredder', 'shrimper', 'shrine', 'shrink-wrap', 'shroud', 'shunt', 'shunt', 'shunter', 'shutter', 'shutter', 'shutting_post', 'shuttle', 'shuttle', 'shuttle_bus', 'shuttlecock', 'shuttle_helicopter', 'siamese', 'Sibley_tent', 'sick_bag', 'sickbay', 'sickbed', 'sickle', 'sickroom', 'side', 'sideboard', 'sideboard', 'sidecar', 'side_chapel', 'side_door', 'sidelight', 'sideline', 'side_pocket', 'side_road', 'sidesaddle', 'side_street', 'sidewalk', 'sidewall', 'sidewall', 'side-wheeler', 'sidewinder', 'side_yard', 'siding', 'Siege_Perilous', 'Siegfried_line', 'sieve', 'sifter', 'sights', 'sight_setting', 'sigmoidoscope', 'signal_box', 'signaling_device', 'signboard', 'signet', 'signet_ring', 'sildenafil', 'silencer', 'silencer', 'silent_butler', 'silesia', 'Silex', 'silhouette', 'silk', 'silks', 'silkscreen', 'sill', 'silo', 'silo', 'silver_medal', 'silver_mine', 'silver_plate', 'silver_plate', 'silverpoint', 'silver_protein', 'silverware', 'silverwork', 'simple_pendulum', 'simulator', 'simvastatin', 'single_bed', 'single-breasted_jacket', 'single-breasted_suit', 'single_crochet', 'single_prop', 'single-reed_instrument', 'single-rotor_helicopter', 'singlestick', 'singlet', 'singleton', 'sink', 'sinker', 'sinusoidal_projection', 'siphon', 'siren', 'sister_ship', 'Sistine_Chapel', 'sitar', 'sitz_bath', 'six-pack', 'sixpenny_nail', 'six-spot', 'size_stick', 'skate', 'skateboard', 'skeen_arch', 'skeg', 'skein', 'skeleton', 'skeleton_key', 'skep', 'skep', 'sketch', 'sketchbook', 'sketcher', 'sketch_map', 'skew_arch', 'skewer', 'ski', 'ski_binding', 'skibob', 'ski_boot', 'ski_cap', 'skid', 'skidder', 'skid_lid', 'skidpan', 'skid_road', 'skiff', 'ski_jump', 'ski_lodge', 'ski_mask', 'skimmer', 'skin', 'skin', 'ski_parka', 'ski-plane', 'ski_pole', 'ski_rack', 'skirt', 'skirt', 'skirt_of_tasses', 'ski_run', 'ski_tow', 'Skivvies', 'skull_and_crossbones', 'skullcap', 'skybox', 'skyhook', 'skyhook', 'Skylab', 'skylight', 'skyrocket', 'skysail', 'skyscraper', 'skywalk', 'slab', 'slack', 'slacks', 'slack_suit', 'slapstick', 'slasher', 'slash_pocket', 'slat', 'slate', 'slate_pencil', 'slate_roof', 'slave_market', 'slave_ship', 'sled', 'sleeper', 'sleeper', 'sleeping_bag', 'sleeping_car', 'sleeping_pill', 'sleeve', 'sleeve', 'sleigh_bed', 'sleigh_bell', 'slice', 'slice_bar', 'slicer', 'slicer', 'slick', 'slick', 'slide', 'slide', 'slide', 'slide_fastener', 'slide_projector', 'slide_rule', 'slide_valve', 'sliding_door', 'sliding_seat', 'sliding_window', 'sling', 'sling', 'slingback', 'slinger_ring', 'slingshot', 'slip', 'slip_clutch', 'slip_coach', 'slipcover', 'slip-joint_pliers', 'slipknot', 'slip-on', 'slipper', 'slip_ring', 'slip_stitch', 'slit', 'slit_lamp', 'slit_trench', 'sloop', 'sloop_of_war', 'slop_basin', 'slop_chest', 'slop_pail', 'slops', 'slopshop', 'slot', 'slot', 'slot', 'slot_machine', 'slow_lane', 'slow_match', 'sluice', 'sluicegate', 'smack', 'small_boat', 'small_computer_system_interface', 'small_ship', 'small_stores', 'small_stuff', 'smart_bomb', 'smelling_bottle', 'smelter', 'smocking', 'smoke_bomb', 'smoke_hole', 'smokehouse', 'smoker', 'smoke_screen', 'smokestack', 'smoking_mixture', 'smoking_room', 'smoothbore', 'smooth_plane', 'snack_bar', 'snaffle', 'snake', 'snap', 'snap_brim', 'snap-brim_hat', 'snapshot', 'snare', 'snare', 'snare', 'snare_drum', 'snatch_block', 'Snellen_chart', 'snifter', 'snip', 'sniper_rifle', 'snips', 'Sno-cat', 'snood', 'snorkel', 'snorkel', 'snorter', 'snowball', 'snowbank', 'snowboard', 'snowman', 'snowmobile', 'snowplow', 'snowshoe', 'snowsuit', 'snow_thrower', 'snow_tire', 'snuff', 'snuffbox', 'snuffer', 'snuffers', 'soap', 'soap', 'soapbox', 'soap_dish', 'soap_dispenser', 'soap_film', 'soap_flakes', 'soap_pad', 'soap_powder', 'soccer_ball', 'sock', 'socket', 'socket', 'socket_wrench', 'socle', 'soda_can', 'soda_fountain', 'soda_fountain', 'sod_house', 'sodium_salicylate', 'sodium_thiopental', 'sodium-vapor_lamp', 'sofa', 'soffit', 'softball', 'soft_drug', 'soft_pedal', 'soft_soap', 'software_package', 'soil_pipe', 'solar_array', 'solar_cell', 'solar_dish', 'solar_heater', 'solar_house', 'solar_telescope', 'solar_thermal_system', 'soldering_iron', 'sole', 'solenoid', 'solitaire', 'solleret', 'sombrero', 'sonar', 'sonic_depth_finder', 'sonogram', 'sonograph', 'soothing_syrup', 'soporific', 'sorter', 'souk', 'sound_bow', 'soundbox', 'sound_camera', 'sounder', 'sound_film', 'sound_hole', 'sounding_board', 'sounding_lead', 'sounding_rocket', 'sound_recording', 'sound_spectrograph', 'soundtrack', 'sound_truck', 'soup_bowl', 'soup_ladle', 'soup_plate', 'soupspoon', 'source', 'source_of_illumination', 'sourdine', 'sourdine', 'soutache', 'soutane', \"sou'wester\", 'soybean_future', 'space_bar', 'space_capsule', 'spacecraft', 'space_heater', 'space_helmet', 'Space_Needle', 'space_probe', 'space_rocket', 'space_shuttle', 'space_station', 'spacesuit', 'spade', 'spade', 'spade_bit', 'spaghetti_junction', 'Spandau', 'spandex', 'spandrel', 'spanker', 'spar', 'spare_part', 'sparge_pipe', 'spark_arrester', 'spark_arrester', 'spark_chamber', 'spark_coil', 'spark_gap', 'spark_gap', 'sparkler', 'spark_lever', 'spark_plug', 'sparkplug_wrench', 'spark_transmitter', 'spat', 'spatula', 'spatula', 'speakeasy', 'speakerphone', 'speaking_trumpet', 'speaking_tube', 'spear', 'spear', 'spearhead', 'specialty_store', 'specific', 'specimen_bottle', 'spectacle', 'spectacles', 'spectator_pump', 'spectinomycin', 'spectrogram', 'spectrograph', 'spectrophotometer', 'spectroscope', 'speculum', 'speculum', 'speedboat', 'speed_bump', 'speedometer', 'speed_skate', 'speedway', 'speedway', 'sperm_bank', 'spermicide', 'sphere', 'spherometer', 'sphinx', 'sphygmomanometer', 'spicemill', 'spice_rack', 'spider', 'spider_web', 'spider_web', 'spike', 'spike', 'spike', 'spike', 'spike', 'spike', 'spike_heel', 'spike_mike', 'spillway', 'spinal_anesthetic', 'spindle', 'spindle', 'spindle', 'spin_dryer', 'spine', 'spinet', 'spinet', 'spinnaker', 'spinner', 'spinner', 'spinning_frame', 'spinning_jenny', 'spinning_machine', 'spinning_rod', 'spinning_wheel', 'spiral', 'spiral_bandage', 'spiral_ratchet_screwdriver', 'spiral_spring', 'spirit_lamp', 'spirit_stove', 'spirogram', 'spirograph', 'spirometer', 'spit', 'spitball', 'spittoon', 'splashboard', 'splasher', 'splat', 'splay', 'splice', 'splicer', 'spline', 'splint', 'split', 'split_rail', 'Spode', 'spoiler', 'spoiler', 'spoke', 'spokeshave', 'sponge_cloth', 'sponge_mop', 'spoon', 'spoon', 'Spork', 'sporran', 'sporting_goods', 'sport_kite', 'sports_car', 'sports_equipment', 'sports_implement', 'sportswear', 'sport_utility', 'spot', 'spot', 'spotlight', 'spot_market', 'spot_weld', 'spout', 'spouter', 'sprag', 'spray', 'spray_gun', 'spray_paint', 'spreader', 'sprig', 'spring', 'spring_balance', 'springboard', 'springer', 'spring_mattress', 'sprinkler', 'sprinkler_system', 'sprit', 'spritsail', 'sprocket', 'sprocket', 'spud', 'spun_yarn', 'spur', 'spur_gear', 'sputnik', 'spy_satellite', 'squab', 'squad_room', 'squad_room', 'square', 'square', 'square_knot', 'square_nut', 'square-rigger', 'square_sail', 'squash_ball', 'squash_court', 'squash_racket', 'squawk_box', 'squeaker', 'squeegee', 'squeezer', 'squelch_circuit', 'squib', 'saquinavir', 'squinch', 'squirrel_cage', 'stabile', 'stabilizer', 'stabilizer', 'stabilizer_bar', 'stable', 'stable_gear', 'stabling', 'stacked_heel', 'stacks', 'staddle', 'stadium', 'staff', 'stage', 'stage', 'stagecoach', 'stage_door', 'stage_set', 'stained-glass_window', 'stair-carpet', 'stairhead', 'stair-rod', 'stairs', 'stairway', 'stairwell', 'stake', 'stake', 'stalking-horse', 'stall', 'stall', 'stall_bar', 'stall', 'stammel', 'stamp', 'stamp', 'stamp_album', 'stamp_mill', 'stamping_machine', 'stanchion', 'stand', 'stand', 'standard', 'standard', 'standard_cell', 'standard_gauge', 'standard_transmission', 'standby', 'standee', 'standing_press', 'standing_room', 'standpipe', \"St._Andrew's_cross\", 'Stanford_University', 'stanhope', 'Stanley_Steamer', 'staple', 'staple', 'staple_gun', 'stapler', 'starboard', 'star_drill', 'Stars_and_Bars', 'starship', 'starter', 'starting_block', 'starting_gate', 'stash_house', 'Stassano_furnace', 'Statehouse', 'stately_home', 'state_prison', 'stateroom', 'static_line', 'static_tube', 'station', 'Station_of_the_Cross', 'stator', 'statue', 'Statue_of_Liberty', 'stave', 'stay', 'stay', 'staysail', 'steakhouse', 'steak_knife', 'stealth_aircraft', 'stealth_bomber', 'stealth_fighter', 'steam_bath', 'steamboat', 'steam_chest', 'steam_engine', 'steamer', 'steamer', 'steam_heat', 'steam_iron', 'steam_line', 'steam_locomotive', 'steamroller', 'steamship_company', 'steam_shovel', 'steam_turbine', 'steam_whistle', 'steel', 'steel_arch_bridge', 'steel_drum', 'steel_engraving', 'steel_engraving', 'steel_mill', 'steel_plate', 'steel_trap', 'steel-wool_pad', 'steelyard', 'steeper', 'steeple', 'steerage', 'steering_gear', 'steering_linkage', 'steering_system', 'steering_wheel', 'stele', 'stem', 'stemmer', 'stemmer', 'stem-winder', 'stencil', 'Sten_gun', 'stenograph', 'stent', 'step', 'step', 'step-down_transformer', 'stepper', 'step_ladder', 'step_stool', 'step-up_transformer', 'stereo', 'stereo', 'stereoscope', 'stern', 'stern_chaser', 'sternpost', 'sternwheeler', 'stethoscope', 'stewing_pan', 'stick', 'stick', 'stick', 'stick', 'stick_figure', 'stick_horse', 'stickpin', 'stile', 'stiletto', 'still', 'still', 'still_life', 'stillroom', 'Stillson_wrench', 'stilt', 'stimulant', 'Stinger', 'stink_bomb', 'stinker', 'stirrer', 'stirrup', 'stirrup_pump', 'stitch', 'stob', 'stock', 'stock', 'stock', 'stock', 'stockade', 'stockcar', 'stock_car', 'stock_car', 'stock_exchange', 'stockinet', 'stockinette_stitch', 'stocking', 'stock-in-trade', 'stockpot', 'stockroom', 'stocks', 'stocks', 'stocks', 'stock_saddle', 'stockyard', 'stogy', 'stokehold', 'stoker', 'stole', 'stomacher', 'stomach_pump', 'stone', 'stone_wall', 'stoneware', 'stonework', 'stool', 'stool_pigeon', 'stoop', 'stop', 'stop_bath', 'stopcock', 'stopper', 'stopper_knot', 'stopwatch', 'storage_battery', 'storage_cell', 'storage_ring', 'storage_space', 'storehouse', 'storeroom', 'storm_cellar', 'storm_door', 'storm_window', 'stoup', 'stoup', 'stove', 'stove', 'stove_bolt', 'stovepipe', 'stovepipe_iron', 'Stradavarius', 'straightaway', 'straight_chair', 'straightedge', 'straightener', 'straight_flute', 'straight_pin', 'straight_razor', 'strainer', 'strain_gauge', 'straitjacket', 'strand', 'strap', 'strap', 'strap', 'strap', 'strap_hinge', 'strapless', 'straw', 'streamer_fly', 'streamliner', 'street', 'street', 'streetcar', 'street_clothes', 'streetlight', 'strengthener', 'streptomycin', 'streptothricin', 'stretch', 'stretcher', 'stretcher', 'stretcher', 'stretch_pants', 'strickle', 'strickle', 'strickle', 'striker', 'string', 'string', 'string', 'stringed_instrument', 'stringer', 'stringer', 'string_tie', 'strip', 'strip', 'strip_lighting', 'strip_mall', 'strip_mine', 'stripper_well', 'stroboscope', 'strongbox', 'stronghold', 'strongroom', 'strop', 'structural_member', 'structure', 'strut', 'stub_nail', 'stud', 'student_center', 'student_lamp', 'student_union', 'stud_farm', 'stud_finder', 'studio', 'studio', 'studio_apartment', 'studio_couch', 'study', 'study_hall', 'stuff', 'stuffing', 'stuffing_box', 'stuffing_nut', 'stumbling_block', 'stump', 'stun_gun', 'stupa', 'sty', 'stylus', 'stylus', 'sub-assembly', 'subbase', 'subcompact', 'subject', 'submachine_gun', 'submarine', 'submarine_torpedo', 'submersible', 'submersible', 'subsection', 'substation', 'subtilin', 'subtracter', 'subway_station', 'subway_token', 'subway_train', 'subwoofer', 'succinylcholine', 'sucralfate', 'suction_cup', 'suction_pump', 'sudatorium', 'sudorific', 'suede_cloth', 'sugar_bowl', 'sugar_refinery', 'sugar_spoon', 'suit', 'suit', 'suite', 'suiting', 'sulfacetamide', 'sulfadiazine', 'sulfa_drug', 'sulfamethazine', 'sulfamethoxazole', 'sulfanilamide', 'sulfapyridine', 'sulfisoxazole', 'sulfonylurea', 'sulindac', 'sulky', 'sulphur_mine', 'sum', 'summer_house', 'sumo_ring', 'sump', 'sump', 'sump_pump', 'sunbonnet', 'sunburst', 'sunburst', 'sunburst_pleat', 'Sunday_best', 'sun_deck', 'sundial', 'sundress', 'sundries', 'sun_gear', 'sunglass', 'sunglasses', 'sunken_garden', 'sunk_fence', 'sunhat', 'sunlamp', 'sun_parlor', 'sunroof', 'sunscreen', 'sunsuit', 'suntrap', 'sun_visor', 'supercharger', 'supercomputer', 'superconducting_supercollider', 'superficies', 'superhighway', 'supermarket', 'superstructure', 'supertanker', 'supper_club', 'supplejack', 'supply_chamber', 'supply_closet', 'support', 'support', 'support_column', 'support_hose', 'supporting_structure', 'supporting_tower', 'suppository', 'suppressant', 'suppressor', 'surbase', 'surcoat', 'surface', 'surface_gauge', 'surface_lift', 'surface_search_radar', 'surface_ship', 'surface-to-air_missile', 'surface-to-air_missile_system', 'surfboard', 'surfboat', 'surcoat', \"surgeon's_knot\", 'surgery', 'surge_suppressor', 'surgical_dressing', 'surgical_instrument', 'surgical_knife', 'surplice', 'surrey', 'surtout', 'surveillance_system', 'surveying_instrument', \"surveyor's_level\", 'sushi_bar', 'suspension', 'suspension_bridge', 'suspensory', 'sustaining_pedal', 'suture', 'suture', 'swab', 'swab', 'swaddling_clothes', 'swag', 'swage_block', 'swagger_stick', 'swallow-tailed_coat', 'swamp_buggy', \"swan's_down\", 'swatch', 'swathe', 'swathing', 'swatter', 'sweat_bag', 'sweatband', 'sweatband', 'sweatbox', 'sweatbox', 'sweater', 'sweat_pants', 'sweatshirt', 'sweatshop', 'sweat_suit', 'sweep', 'sweep_hand', 'swimming_pool', 'swimming_trunks', 'swimsuit', 'swing', 'swing_door', 'switch', 'switch', 'switch', 'switch', 'switchblade', 'switchboard', 'switch_engine', 'swivel', 'swivel_chair', 'swizzle_stick', 'sword', 'sword_cane', 'sword_knot', 'S_wrench', 'Sydney_Harbor_Bridge', 'synagogue', 'synchrocyclotron', 'synchroflash', 'synchromesh', 'synchronous_converter', 'synchronous_motor', 'synchrotron', 'synchroscope', 'synergist', 'synthesizer', 'synthetism', 'syringe', 'system', 'system_clock', 'system_clock', 'tab', 'tabard', 'Tabernacle', 'Tabernacle', 'tabi', 'tab_key', 'table', 'table', 'tablecloth', 'tablefork', 'table_knife', 'table_lamp', 'table_linen', 'table_mat', 'table_saw', 'tablespoon', 'tablet', 'tablet', 'tablet-armed_chair', 'table-tennis_table', 'table-tennis_racquet', 'tabletop', 'tableware', 'tabor', 'taboret', 'tachistoscope', 'tachograph', 'tachometer', 'tachymeter', 'tack', 'tack_hammer', 'Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge', 'tadalafil', 'taenia', 'taffeta', 'taffrail', 'tail', 'tail', 'tail_fin', 'tailgate', 'tail_gate', 'taillight', 'tailor-made', \"tailor's_chalk\", \"tailor's_tack\", 'tailpiece', 'tailpipe', 'tailrace', 'tail_rotor', 'tailstock', 'Taj_Mahal', 'take-up', 'talaria', 'talcum', 'talking_book', 'tam', 'tambour', 'tambour', 'tambourine', 'tammy', 'tamp', 'Tampax', 'tampion', 'tampon', 'tandem_trailer', 'tandoor', 'tangram', 'tank', 'tank', 'tanka', 'tankard', 'tank_car', 'tank_circuit', 'tank_destroyer', 'tank_engine', 'tanker_plane', 'tank_furnace', 'tank_iron', 'tank_shell', 'tank_top', 'tannery', 'tannoy', 'tap', 'tap', 'tap', 'tapa', 'tape', 'tape', 'tape', 'tape_cartridge', 'tape_deck', 'tape_drive', 'tape_player', 'tape_recorder', 'taper_file', 'tapestry', 'tapestry', 'Tappan_Zee_Bridge', 'tappet', 'tap_wrench', 'tare', 'target', 'target_acquisition_system', 'tarmacadam', 'tarot_card', 'tarpaulin', 'tartan', 'tassel', 'tasset', 'tatting', 'tattoo', 'tau_cross', 'tavern', 'taw', 'tawse', 'taximeter', 'taxiway', 'T-bar_lift', 'tea_bag', 'tea_ball', 'tea_cart', 'tea_chest', 'teaching_aid', 'tea_cloth', 'teacup', 'tea_garden', 'tea_gown', 'teakettle', 'tea_maker', 'tea_napkin', 'teapot', 'teaser', 'tea_service', 'teashop', 'teaspoon', 'tea-strainer', 'tea_table', 'tea_tray', 'tea_urn', 'technical', 'teddy', 'tee', 'tee', 'tee_hinge', 'telecom_hotel', 'telecommunication_system', 'telegraph', 'telegraph_key', 'telemeter', 'telephone', 'telephone_bell', 'telephone_booth', 'telephone_cord', 'telephone_jack', 'telephone_line', 'telephone_plug', 'telephone_pole', 'telephone_receiver', 'telephone_system', 'telephone_wire', 'telephotograph', 'telephotograph', 'telephoto_lens', 'Teleprompter', 'telescope', 'telescopic_sight', 'telethermometer', 'teletypewriter', 'television', 'television_antenna', 'television_camera', 'television-camera_tube', 'television_equipment', 'television_monitor', 'television_receiver', 'television_room', 'television_station', 'television_transmitter', 'telpher', 'telpherage', 'temazepam', 'tempera', 'temple', 'temple', 'Temple_of_Apollo', 'Temple_of_Artemis', 'Temple_of_Jerusalem', 'temporary_hookup', 'tender', 'tender', 'tender', 'tenement', 'tennis_ball', 'tennis_camp', 'tennis_court', 'tennis_racket', 'tenon', 'tenor_drum', 'Tenoretic', 'tenoroon', 'tenpenny_nail', 'tenpin', 'tensimeter', 'tensiometer', 'tensiometer', 'tensiometer', 'ten-spot', 'tent', 'tenter', 'tenterhook', 'tent-fly', 'tent_peg', 'tepee', 'terazosin', 'terbinafine', 'terminal', 'terminal', 'terminal', 'terminus', 'terminus', 'terraced_house', 'terra_cotta', 'terrarium', 'terra_sigillata', 'terry', 'Tesla_coil', 'tessella', 'tessera', 'test_bed', 'test_equipment', 'tester', 'test_paper', 'test_range', 'test_rocket', 'test_room', 'test_tube', 'testudo', 'tetracaine', 'tetrachlorethylene', 'tetracycline', 'tetrahydrocannabinol', 'tetraskelion', 'tetrode', 'textile_machine', 'textile_mill', 'thalidomide', 'thatch', 'theater', 'theater_curtain', 'theater_light', 'theater_stage', 'theodolite', 'theophylline', 'theremin', 'thermal_printer', 'thermal_reactor', 'thermistor', 'thermobaric_bomb', 'thermocouple', 'thermoelectric_thermometer', 'thermograph', 'thermograph', 'thermohydrometer', 'thermojunction', 'thermometer', 'thermonuclear_reactor', 'thermopile', 'thermos', 'thermostat', 'thiabendazole', 'thiazide', 'thigh_pad', 'thill', 'thimble', 'thimerosal', 'thing', 'thing', 'thinning_shears', 'thioguanine', 'thiopental', 'thioridazine', 'Thiosulfil', 'thiotepa', 'thiothixene', 'third_base', 'third_gear', 'third_rail', 'thong', 'thong', 'thoroughfare', 'thread', 'three-centered_arch', 'three-decker', 'three-decker', 'three-dimensional_radar', 'three-piece_suit', 'three-quarter_binding', 'three-way_switch', 'thresher', 'threshing_floor', 'threshold_element', 'thriftshop', 'throat', 'throat', 'throat_protector', 'thrombolytic', 'throne', 'throstle', 'throughput', 'throw', 'throwing_stick', 'throw_pillow', 'thrust_bearing', 'thruster', 'thrust_stage', 'thumb', 'thumbhole', 'thumbhole', 'thumb_index', 'thumbscrew', 'thumbscrew', 'thumbstall', 'thumbtack', 'thunderer', 'thwart', 'tiara', 'tick', 'ticker', 'ticket_window', 'ticking', 'tickler_coil', 'tidemark', 'tidy', 'tie', 'tie', 'tie', 'tie_clip', 'tier', 'tier', 'tie_rack', 'tiered_seat', 'tie_rod', 'tie_tack', 'tightrope', 'tights', 'tile', 'tile', 'tile_cutter', 'tile_roof', 'tiller', 'tilter', 'tilt-top_table', 'timber', 'timber', 'timber_hitch', 'timbrel', 'time-ball', 'time_bomb', 'time_capsule', 'timecard', 'time_clock', 'time-delay_measuring_instrument', 'time_exposure', 'time-fuse', 'time_machine', 'timepiece', 'timer', 'timer', 'time-switch', 'timolol', 'tin', 'tin_can', 'tincture', 'tincture_of_iodine', 'tinderbox', 'tine', 'tinfoil', 'tin_plate', 'tinsel', 'tinsel', 'tintack', 'tinware', 'tippet', 'tire', 'tire_chain', 'tire_iron', 'tissue_plasminogen_activator', 'titfer', 'tithe_barn', 'titrator', 'T-junction', 'T-network', 'TNT', 'toaster', 'toaster_oven', 'toasting_fork', 'toastrack', 'tobacco', 'tobacco_pouch', 'tobacco_shop', 'toboggan', 'tobramycin', 'toby', 'tocainide', 'tocsin', 'toe', 'toe', 'toe_box', 'toecap', 'toehold', 'toga', 'toga_virilis', 'toggle', 'toggle_bolt', 'toggle_joint', 'toggle_switch', 'togs', 'toilet', 'toilet', 'toilet_bag', 'toilet_bowl', 'toilet_kit', 'toilet_powder', 'toiletry', 'toilet_seat', 'toilet_soap', 'toilet_water', 'tokamak', 'token', 'tolazamide', 'tolazoline', 'tolbutamide', 'tole', 'tollbooth', 'toll_bridge', 'tollgate', 'toll_line', 'tolmetin_sodium', 'tomahawk', 'Tommy_gun', 'tomograph', 'tone_arm', 'toner', 'tongs', 'tongue', 'tongue_and_groove_joint', 'tongue_depressor', 'tonic', 'tonometer', 'tool', 'tool_bag', 'toolbox', 'toolshed', 'tooth', 'tooth', 'toothbrush', 'toothpaste', 'toothpick', 'tooth_powder', 'top', 'top', 'top', 'top', 'topgallant', 'topgallant', 'topiary', 'topknot', 'top_lift', 'topmast', 'top_of_the_line', 'topper', 'topsail', 'topside', 'toque', 'torch', 'tormenter', 'torpedo', 'torpedo', 'torpedo', 'torpedo', 'torpedo_boat', 'torpedo-boat_destroyer', 'torpedo_tube', 'torque_converter', 'torque_wrench', 'torsion_balance', 'torture_chamber', 'torus', 'totem', 'totem_pole', 'touch_screen', 'toupee', 'touring_car', 'tourist_class', 'towel', 'toweling', 'towel_rack', 'towel_rail', 'towel_ring', 'tower', 'Tower_of_Babel', 'Tower_of_London', 'Tower_of_Pharos', 'towline', 'town_hall', 'towpath', 'tow_truck', 'toy', 'toy_box', 'toy', 'toyshop', 'toy_soldier', 'trace', 'trace_detector', 'tracer', 'tracer', 'tracer', 'tracery', 'tracing', 'track', 'track', 'track', 'track', 'track', 'track', 'trackball', 'tracked_vehicle', 'tract_house', 'tract_housing', 'traction_engine', 'tractor', 'tractor', 'trading_card', 'traffic_circle', 'traffic_island', 'traffic_lane', 'trail', 'trail_bike', 'trailer', 'trailer', 'trailer_camp', 'trailer_truck', 'trailing_edge', 'train', 'train', 'train_set', 'tramcar', 'tramline', 'trammel', 'trammel', 'trammel_net', 'trampoline', 'tramp_steamer', 'tramway', 'trandolapril', 'tranquilizer', 'transcription', 'transdermal_patch', 'transducer', 'transept', 'transformer', 'transistor', 'transit_instrument', 'transit_line', 'transmission', 'transmission_shaft', 'transmitter', 'transom', 'transom', 'transponder', 'transportation_system', 'transporter', 'transporter', 'transport_ship', 'tranylcypromine', 'trap', 'trap', 'trap', 'trap', 'trap-and-drain_auger', 'trap_door', 'trapeze', 'trave', 'travel_iron', 'trawl', 'trawl', 'trawler', 'tray', 'tray_cloth', 'trazodone', 'tread', 'tread', 'tread', 'treadmill', 'treadmill', 'treasure_chest', 'treasure_house', 'treasure_ship', 'treasury', 'tree_house', 'treenail', 'trefoil', 'trefoil_arch', 'trellis', 'trench', 'trench', 'trench_coat', 'trencher', 'trench_knife', 'trepan', 'trepan', 'trestle', 'trestle', 'trestle_bridge', 'trestle_table', 'trestlework', 'trews', 'trey', 'trial_balloon', 'triazolam', 'triangle', 'triangle', 'tribromoethanol', 'tribune', 'trichlormethiazide', 'triclinium', 'triclinium', 'tricolor', 'tricolor_television_tube', 'tricorn', 'tricot', 'tricycle', 'tricyclic', 'trident', 'trigger', 'trigon', 'trimaran', 'trimipramine', 'trimmer', 'trimmer', 'trimmer', 'trimmer_arch', 'trimming', 'triode', 'triphammer', 'triplicate', 'trip_line', 'tripod', 'tripper', 'triptych', 'trip_wire', 'trireme', 'triskelion', 'triumphal_arch', 'trivet', 'trivet', 'triviality', 'troika', 'Trojan_Horse', 'troll', 'trolleybus', 'trolley_line', 'trombone', \"trompe_l'oeil\", 'troop_carrier', 'troopship', 'trophy', 'trophy_case', 'trou-de-loup', 'trough', 'trouser', 'trouser_cuff', 'trouser_press', 'trouser', 'trousseau', 'trowel', 'truck', 'truck_bed', 'truck_farm', 'truck_stop', 'trump', 'trump', 'trumpet_arch', 'truncheon', 'trundle', 'trundle_bed', 'trunk', 'trunk_hose', 'trunk_lid', 'trunk_line', 'trunk_line', 'truss', 'truss', 'truss_bridge', 'truth_serum', 'try_square', 'T-square', 'tub', 'tube', 'tube', 'tubeless', 'tuck', 'tuck_box', 'tucker', 'tucker-bag', 'tuck_shop', 'Tudor_arch', 'tudung', 'tugboat', 'Tuileries', 'Tuileries', 'tuille', 'tulip_bed', 'tulle', 'tumble-dryer', 'tumbler', 'tumbler', 'tumbrel', 'tun', 'tunic', 'tuning_fork', 'tunnel', 'tupik', 'turban', 'turbine', 'turbogenerator', 'tureen', 'Turing_machine', 'Turkish_bath', 'Turkish_towel', \"Turk's_head\", 'turnaround', 'turnbuckle', 'turner', 'turnery', 'turnery', 'turning', 'turnip_bed', 'turnoff', 'turnout', 'turnpike', 'turnpike', 'turnspit', 'turnstile', 'turntable', 'turntable', 'turntable', 'turret', 'turret_clock', 'turtleneck', 'turtleneck_collar', 'tweed', 'tweeter', 'twenty-two', 'twenty-two_pistol', 'twenty-two_rifle', 'twill', 'twill', 'twin_bed', 'twinjet', 'twist_bit', 'two-by-four', 'two-handed_saw', 'two-man_tent', 'two-piece', 'two-way_street', 'type', 'typesetting_machine', 'type_slug', 'typewriter', 'typewriter_carriage', 'typewriter_keyboard', 'tyrocidine', 'tyrolean', 'tyrosine_kinase_inhibitor', 'tyrothricin', 'uke', 'ulster', 'ultracentrifuge', 'ultramicroscope', 'Ultrasuede', 'ultraviolet_lamp', 'umbrella', 'umbrella_tent', 'undercarriage', 'undercharge', 'undercoat', 'undercut', 'underfelt', 'undergarment', 'underpants', 'underpass', 'underwear', 'undies', 'uneven_parallel_bars', 'unicycle', 'uniform', 'union', 'Union_Jack', 'United_States_Army_Criminal_Investigation_Laboratory', 'United_States_Mint', 'universal_joint', 'university', 'University_of_California_at_Berkeley', 'University_of_Chicago', 'University_of_Michigan', 'University_of_Nebraska', 'University_of_North_Carolina', 'University_of_Pennsylvania', 'University_of_Pittsburgh', 'University_of_Sussex', 'University_of_Texas', 'University_of_Vermont', 'University_of_Washington', 'University_of_West_Virginia', 'University_of_Wisconsin', 'upcast', 'upgrade', 'upholstery', 'upholstery_material', 'upholstery_needle', 'uplift', 'upper', 'upper_berth', 'upper_deck', 'upper_surface', 'upright', 'upright', 'upset', 'upstage', 'upstairs', 'urceole', 'urinal', 'urn', 'urn', 'used-car', 'USS_Cole', 'utensil', 'utility', 'Uzi', 'vacation_home', 'vaccine', 'vacuum', 'vacuum_chamber', 'vacuum_flask', 'vacuum_gauge', 'valdecoxib', 'Valenciennes', 'valise', 'valproic_acid', 'valsartan', 'valve', 'valve', 'valve-in-head_engine', 'vambrace', 'vamp', 'van', 'van', 'van', 'vancomycin', 'vane', 'vaporizer', 'vapor_lock', 'vardenafil', 'variable-pitch_propeller', 'variation', 'variometer', 'varnish', 'vase', 'Vaseline', 'vasoconstrictor', 'vasodilator', 'vasopressor', 'Vatican', 'vault', 'vault', 'vault', 'vaulting', 'vaulting_horse', 'vehicle', 'Velcro', 'velocipede', 'velodrome', 'velour', 'velvet', 'velveteen', 'vending_machine', 'veneer', 'Venetian_blind', 'Venetian_glass', 'Venn_diagram', 'venogram', 'vent', 'vent', 'ventilation', 'ventilation_shaft', 'ventilator', \"ventriloquist's_dummy\", 'venturi', 'Venturi_tube', 'veranda', 'verapamil', 'verdigris', 'verge', 'vermicide', 'vermiculation', 'vermifuge', 'vernier_caliper', 'vernier_scale', 'Verrazano-Narrows_Bridge', 'Versailles', 'vertical_file', 'vertical_section', 'vertical_stabilizer', 'vertical_surface', 'vertical_tail', 'Very_pistol', 'vessel', 'vessel', 'vest', 'vestiture', 'vestment', 'vest_pocket', 'vestry', 'viaduct', 'vibraphone', 'vibrator', 'vibrator', 'victory_garden', 'Victrola', 'vicuna', 'videocassette', 'videocassette_recorder', 'videodisk', 'video_recording', 'videotape', 'videotape', 'viewer', 'viewgraph', 'vigil_light', 'vignette', 'vignette', 'villa', 'villa', 'villa', 'vinblastine', 'vincristine', 'vineyard', 'viol', 'viola', 'viola_da_braccio', 'viola_da_gamba', \"viola_d'amore\", 'violin', 'viomycin', 'virginal', 'virility_drug', 'virtu', 'virtual_memory', 'viscometer', 'viscose_rayon', 'vise', 'visible_speech', 'visor', 'visual_display_unit', 'vivarium', 'Viyella', 'V_neck', 'voider', 'voile', 'volatile_storage', 'volleyball', 'volleyball_court', 'volleyball_net', 'voltage_regulator', 'voltaic_battery', 'voltaic_cell', 'voltaic_pile', 'voltmeter', 'volumeter', 'vomitory', 'von_Neumann_machine', 'voting_booth', 'voting_machine', 'vouge', 'voussoir', 'vox_angelica', 'vox_humana', 'waders', 'wading_pool', 'waffle_iron', 'wagon', 'wagon', 'wagon_tire', 'wagon_wheel', 'wain', 'wainscot', 'wainscot', 'wainscoting', 'waist_pack', 'wake_board', 'wale', 'walk', 'walker', 'walker', 'walker', 'walkie-talkie', 'walk-in', 'walking_shoe', 'walking_stick', 'Walkman', 'walk-up', 'walk-up_apartment', 'walk-through', 'wall', 'wall', 'wall', 'wallboard', 'wall_clock', 'wallet', 'wall_panel', 'wall_plate', 'wall_socket', 'wall_tent', 'wall_unit', 'Walt_Whitman_Bridge', 'wampum', 'wand', 'Wankel_engine', 'ward', 'wardrobe', 'wardrobe', 'wardrobe', 'wardroom', 'ware', 'warehouse', 'warfarin', 'warhead', 'warhorse', 'warming_pan', 'warp', 'war_paint', 'war_paint', 'warplane', 'war_room', 'warship', 'wash', 'wash', 'wash-and-wear', 'washbasin', 'washbasin', 'washboard', 'washboard', 'washcloth', 'washer', 'washer', 'washhouse', 'Washington_Monument', 'washroom', 'washstand', 'washtub', 'wastepaper_basket', 'watch', 'watchband', 'watch_cap', 'watch_case', 'watch_glass', 'watch_key', 'watchtower', 'water_back', 'water-base_paint', 'water_bed', 'water_bottle', 'water_butt', 'water_cannon', 'water_cart', 'water_chute', 'water_clock', 'water_closet', 'watercolor', 'watercolor', 'water-cooled_reactor', 'water_cooler', 'watercourse', 'water_faucet', 'water_filter', 'water_gauge', 'water_glass', 'water_hazard', 'water_heater', 'watering_can', 'watering_cart', 'water_jacket', 'water_jug', 'water_jump', 'water_level', 'water_main', 'water_meter', 'water_mill', 'water_pistol', 'waterproof', 'waterproofing', 'water_pump', 'water_scooter', 'water_ski', 'waterskin', 'waterspout', 'water_system', 'water_tower', 'water_wagon', 'waterwheel', 'waterwheel', 'water_wings', 'waterworks', 'WATS', 'wattle', 'wattmeter', 'waveguide', 'waxwork', 'way', 'ways', 'wayside', 'weapon', 'weapon_of_mass_destruction', 'weaponry', 'weapons_carrier', 'weathercock', 'weather_deck', 'weatherglass', 'weather_map', 'weather_radar', 'weather_satellite', 'weather_ship', 'weather_strip', 'weathervane', 'weave', 'web', 'web', 'webbing', 'webbing', 'webcam', 'wedding_picture', 'wedding_ring', 'wedge', 'wedge', 'wedge_heel', 'wedgie', 'Wedgwood', 'weeder', 'weeds', 'weed', 'weekender', 'weighbridge', 'weight', 'weight', 'weir', 'weir', 'welcome_wagon', 'weld', \"welder's_mask\", 'weldment', 'well', 'well', 'well', 'well', 'wellhead', 'well_point', 'welt', 'Weston_cell', 'wet_bar', 'wet-bulb_thermometer', 'wet_cell', 'wet_fly', 'wet_suit', 'whacker', 'whaleboat', 'whaler', 'whaling_gun', 'Wheatstone_bridge', 'wheat_future', 'wheel', 'wheel', 'wheel_and_axle', 'wheelchair', 'wheeled_vehicle', 'wheel_lock', 'wheelwork', 'wherry', 'wherry', 'whetstone', 'whiffletree', 'whip', 'whipcord', 'whipcord', 'whipping_post', 'whipping_top', 'whipstitch', 'whirler', 'whisk', 'whisk', 'whiskey_bottle', 'whiskey_jug', 'whispering_gallery', 'whistle', 'whistle', 'whistle_stop', 'white', 'white_flag', 'white_goods', 'white_goods', 'White_House', 'white_tie', 'whitewash', 'whizbang', 'whizbang', 'whorehouse', 'wick', 'wick', 'wicker', 'wicker_basket', 'wicket', 'wicket', 'wicket', 'wicket', 'wickiup', 'wide-angle_lens', 'wide_area_network', 'widebody_aircraft', 'wide_screen', 'wide_wale', \"widow's_walk\", 'Wiffle', 'wig', 'wigwam', 'wild_card', 'wildcat_well', 'willow', 'willowware', 'Wilton', 'wimple', 'wincey', 'winceyette', 'winch', 'Winchester', 'windbreak', 'wind_chime', 'winder', 'winder', 'wind_farm', 'wind_instrument', 'windjammer', 'windmill', 'windmill', 'window', 'window', 'window', 'window', 'window', 'window_blind', 'window_box', 'window_envelope', 'window_frame', 'windowpane', 'window_screen', 'window_seat', 'window_shade', 'windowsill', 'wind_rose', 'windshield', 'windshield_wiper', 'Windsor_chair', 'Windsor_knot', 'Windsor_tie', 'wind_tee', 'wind_tunnel', 'wind_turbine', 'wine_bar', 'wine_bottle', 'wine_bucket', 'wine_cask', 'wineglass', 'wineglass_heel', 'winepress', 'winery', 'wineskin', 'wing', 'wing', 'wing_chair', 'wing_nut', 'wing_tip', 'wing_tip', 'winker', 'wiper', 'wiper_motor', 'wire', 'wire', 'wire_cloth', 'wire_cutter', 'wire_gauge', 'wireless_local_area_network', 'wire_matrix_printer', 'wire_recorder', 'wire_stripper', 'wirework', 'wiring', 'wiring_diagram', 'wishing_cap', 'witch_hazel', 'withe', 'witness_box', 'wobbler', 'wok', \"woman's_clothing\", 'wood', 'woodcarving', 'wood_chisel', 'woodcut', 'woodcut', 'woodenware', 'wooden_spoon', 'wooden_spoon', 'woodscrew', 'woodshed', 'wood_vise', 'woodwind', 'woodwork', 'woof', 'woofer', 'wool', 'work', 'worldly_possession', 'workbasket', 'workbench', 'workboard', 'work_camp', 'work-clothing', 'workhouse', 'workhouse', 'workhorse', 'working', 'work_in_progress', 'work_of_art', 'workpiece', 'workplace', 'workroom', 'works', 'work-shirt', 'workshop', 'workstation', 'work_surface', 'worktable', 'workwear', 'World_Trade_Center', 'World_Wide_Web', 'worm', 'worm_fence', 'worm_gear', 'worm_wheel', 'worsted', 'worsted', 'wrap', 'wraparound', 'wrapping', 'wreath', 'wreck', 'wreckage', 'wrench', 'wrestling_mat', 'wrestling_ring', 'wringer', 'wristband', 'wristlet', 'wrist_pad', 'wrist_pin', 'wristwatch', 'writing_arm', 'writing_board', 'writing_desk', 'writing_desk', 'writing_implement', 'xerographic_printer', 'Xerox', 'xerox', 'X-OR_circuit', 'X-ray_film', 'X-ray_machine', 'X-ray_tube', 'yacht', 'yacht_chair', 'yagi', 'Yale_University', 'yard', 'yard', 'yard', 'yard', 'yardarm', 'yarder', 'yard_goods', 'yard_marker', 'yardstick', 'yarmulke', 'yashmak', 'yataghan', 'yawl', 'yawl', 'yellow_jack', 'yield', 'yoke', 'yoke', 'yoke', 'yoke', 'yo-yo', 'yurt', 'Zamboni', 'zapper', 'zarf', 'zeppelin', 'zero', 'ziggurat', 'zill', 'zinc_ointment', 'zip_gun', 'zither', 'zodiac', 'zoot_suit', 'ramp', 'human_nature', 'trait', 'character', 'unit_character', 'thing', 'common_denominator', 'personality', 'identity', 'gender_identity', 'identification', 'personhood', 'personableness', 'anal_personality', 'genital_personality', 'narcissistic_personality', 'obsessive-compulsive_personality', 'oral_personality', 'character', 'spirit', 'outwardness', 'inwardness', 'spirituality', 'worldliness', 'extraversion', 'introversion', 'ambiversion', 'aloneness', 'friendlessness', 'reclusiveness', 'privacy', 'nature', 'animality', 'disposition', 'complexion', 'animalism', 'bloodiness', 'heart', 'nervousness', 'esprit_de_corps', 'restlessness', 'jactitation', 'skittishness', 'compulsiveness', 'obsessiveness', 'workaholism', 'emotionality', 'drama', 'demonstrativeness', 'affectionateness', 'tenderness', 'uxoriousness', 'mawkishness', 'corn', 'schmaltz', 'sentimentalism', 'heat', 'fieriness', 'temperament', 'moodiness', 'blood', 'excitability', 'boiling_point', 'unemotionality', 'blandness', 'coldness', 'stone', 'dispassion', 'stoicism', 'tepidness', 'cheerfulness', 'good-temperedness', 'uncheerfulness', 'gloominess', 'animation', 'chirpiness', 'liveliness', 'pertness', 'airiness', 'alacrity', 'energy', 'vitality', 'elan', 'esprit', 'breeziness', 'irrepressibility', 'high-spiritedness', 'vivacity', 'mettlesomeness', 'exuberance', 'lyricism', 'pep', 'inanition', 'activeness', 'dynamism', 'inactiveness', 'languor', 'restfulness', 'passivity', 'apathy', 'listlessness', 'indolence', 'faineance', 'sloth', 'shiftlessness', 'perfectionism', 'permissiveness', 'toleration', 'self_acceptance', 'indulgence', 'softness', 'overtolerance', 'unpermissiveness', 'sternness', 'Puritanism', 'severity', 'good_nature', 'grace', 'patience', 'easygoingness', 'risibility', 'agreeableness', 'complaisance', 'ill_nature', 'crabbiness', 'crankiness', 'sulkiness', 'temper', 'impatience', 'intolerance', 'shrewishness', 'querulousness', 'asperity', 'disagreeableness', 'bitterness', 'aggressiveness', 'bellicosity', 'quarrelsomeness', 'truculence', 'litigiousness', 'willingness', 'readiness', 'receptiveness', 'wholeheartedness', 'unwillingness', 'reluctance', 'resistance', 'seriousness', 'committedness', 'investment', 'graveness', 'sedateness', 'stodginess', 'frivolity', 'giddiness', 'lightsomeness', 'levity', 'flippancy', 'jocoseness', 'playfulness', 'facetiousness', 'impertinence', 'friskiness', 'impishness', 'humor', 'communicativeness', 'frankness', 'bluffness', 'effusiveness', 'fluency', 'garrulity', 'leresis', 'uncommunicativeness', 'muteness', 'secrecy', 'mum', 'reserve', 'sociality', 'sociability', 'conviviality', 'companionability', 'chumminess', 'gregariousness', 'openness', 'friendliness', 'affability', 'amicability', 'condescension', 'familiarity', 'approachability', 'congeniality', 'amity', 'neighborliness', 'hospitableness', 'mellowness', 'sweetness_and_light', 'unsociability', 'aloofness', 'unapproachability', 'closeness', 'furtiveness', 'unfriendliness', 'hostility', 'aggression', 'virulence', 'misanthropy', 'uncongeniality', 'unneighborliness', 'inhospitableness', 'adaptability', 'flexibility', 'wiggle_room', 'pliability', 'unadaptability', 'inflexibility', 'thoughtfulness', 'pensiveness', 'introspectiveness', 'deliberation', 'intentionality', 'reflectiveness', 'unthoughtfulness', 'recklessness', 'adventurism', 'brashness', 'desperation', 'impulsiveness', 'impetuousness', 'hastiness', 'attentiveness', 'attentiveness', 'inattentiveness', 'carefulness', 'mindfulness', 'caution', 'precaution', 'wariness', 'alertness', 'watchfulness', 'carelessness', 'incaution', 'unwariness', 'unmindfulness', 'negligence', 'delinquency', 'laxness', 'masculinity', 'manfulness', 'boyishness', 'machismo', 'hoydenism', 'femininity', 'womanliness', 'ladylikeness', 'maidenliness', 'girlishness', 'effeminacy', 'emasculation', 'trustworthiness', 'creditworthiness', 'responsibility', 'fault', 'accountability', 'dependability', 'untrustworthiness', 'irresponsibility', 'solidity', 'undependability', 'flightiness', 'carefreeness', 'conscientiousness', 'meticulousness', 'thoroughness', 'diligence', 'strictness', 'unconscientiousness', 'nonchalance', 'recommendation', 'appearance', 'agerasia', 'look', 'view', 'color', 'complexion', 'impression', 'figure', 'image', 'mark', 'perspective', 'phase', 'tout_ensemble', 'vanishing_point', 'superficies', 'format', 'form', 'persona', 'semblance', 'color_of_law', 'simulacrum', 'face_value', 'guise', 'disguise', 'verisimilitude', 'face', 'countenance', 'expression', 'leer', 'poker_face', 'marking', 'band', 'collar', 'stretch_mark', 'blaze', 'speck', 'crisscross', 'eyespot', 'hatch', 'shading', 'nebula', 'splash', 'spot', 'worn_spot', 'stripe', 'hairiness', 'hirsuteness', 'hairlessness', 'beauty', 'raw_beauty', 'glory', 'exquisiteness', 'picturesqueness', 'pleasingness', 'pulchritude', 'glamor', 'comeliness', 'prettiness', 'handsomeness', 'attractiveness', 'adorability', 'bewitchery', 'charisma', 'curvaceousness', 'sex_appeal', 'sultriness', 'appeal', 'siren_call', 'spiff', 'winsomeness', 'associability', 'attraction', 'affinity', 'allure', 'invitation', 'binding', 'drawing_power', 'fascination', 'lure', 'sexual_attraction', 'show-stopper', 'ugliness', 'unsightliness', 'grotesqueness', 'garishness', 'unpleasingness', 'hideousness', 'disfigurement', 'unattractiveness', 'homeliness', 'shapelessness', 'ballast', 'blemish', 'birthmark', 'chatter_mark', 'check', 'crack', 'craze', 'dent', 'dig', 'eyesore', 'mole', 'scratch', 'burn', 'cigarette_burn', 'smudge', 'blotch', 'fingermark', 'inkblot', 'stain', 'scorch', 'bloodstain', 'iron_mold', 'mud_stain', 'oil_stain', 'tarnish', 'stigma', 'port-wine_stain', 'strawberry', 'wart', 'common_wart', 'genital_wart', 'juvenile_wart', 'plantar_wart', 'plainness', 'chasteness', 'austereness', 'bareness', 'ornateness', 'baroque', 'classical_style', 'order', 'Doric_order', 'Ionic_order', 'Corinthian_order', 'Composite_order', 'Tuscan_order', 'rococo', 'flamboyance', 'fussiness', 'decorativeness', 'etiolation', 'coating', 'glaze', 'luster', 'shoeshine', 'clearness', 'pellucidness', 'transparency', 'translucence', 'visibility', 'distinctness', 'definition', 'discernability', 'focus', 'opacity', 'cloudiness', 'turbidity', 'haziness', 'indistinctness', 'dimness', 'vagueness', 'divisibility', 'fissiparity', 'sharpness', 'acuteness', 'dullness', 'obtuseness', 'conspicuousness', 'obviousness', 'apparentness', 'blatancy', 'obtrusiveness', 'boldness', 'predomination', 'inconspicuousness', 'unnoticeableness', 'unobtrusiveness', 'ease', 'effortlessness', 'facility', 'smoothness', 'difficulty', 'effortfulness', 'arduousness', 'laboriousness', 'asperity', 'sternness', 'hardness', 'formidability', 'burdensomeness', 'subtlety', 'troublesomeness', 'awkwardness', 'flea_bite', 'fly_in_the_ointment', 'unwieldiness', 'combustibility', 'flammability', 'compatibility', 'congenialness', 'harmony', 'accord', 'agreement', 'conformity', 'justness', 'normality', 'congruity', 'incompatibility', 'conflict', 'incongruity', 'irony', 'Socratic_irony', 'suitability', 'arability', 'appropriateness', 'felicity', 'aptness', 'ticket', 'fitness', 'qualification', 'eligibility', 'insurability', 'marriageability', 'ineligibility', 'uninsurability', 'convenience', 'opportuneness', 'handiness', 'command', 'impressiveness', 'navigability', 'neediness', 'painfulness', 'sharpness', 'piquancy', 'publicity', 'spinnability', 'spinnbarkeit', 'unsuitability', 'inaptness', 'inappropriateness', 'infelicity', 'habitability', 'unfitness', 'disqualification', 'inconvenience', 'inaccessibility', 'inopportuneness', 'ethos', 'eidos', 'protectiveness', 'quality', 'nature', 'humanness', 'air', 'mystique', 'note', 'vibration', 'quality', 'superiority', 'fineness', 'excellence', 'ultimate', 'admirability', 'impressiveness', 'expansiveness', 'stateliness', 'first_class', 'first_water', 'ingenuity', 'inferiority', 'poorness', 'scrawniness', 'second_class', 'wretchedness', 'characteristic', 'point', 'point', 'salability', 'selling_point', 'hallmark', 'mold', 'saving_grace', 'aspect', 'gaseousness', 'bubbliness', 'foaminess', 'changeableness', 'commutability', 'fluidity', 'reversibility', 'shiftiness', 'inconstancy', 'capriciousness', 'variability', 'variedness', 'diversity', 'variegation', 'exchangeability', 'duality', 'transferability', 'convertibility', 'inconvertibility', 'replaceability', 'liquidity', 'permutability', 'progressiveness', 'changelessness', 'absoluteness', 'constancy', 'invariance', 'metastability', 'monotony', 'innateness', 'irreversibility', 'invariability', 'unvariedness', 'monotony', 'fixedness', 'unexchangeability', 'incommutability', 'irreplaceableness', 'mutability', 'alterability', 'vicissitude', 'immutability', 'unalterability', 'incurability', 'agelessness', 'sameness', 'otherness', 'identity', 'oneness', 'selfsameness', 'similarity', 'approximation', 'homogeny', 'homology', 'homomorphism', 'isomorphism', 'likeness', 'parallelism', 'uniformity', 'homogeneity', 'consistency', 'approach', 'sort', 'analogue', 'echo', 'comparison', 'mirror_image', 'naturalness', 'resemblance', 'spitting_image', 'mutual_resemblance', 'affinity', 'equality', 'equatability', 'equivalence', 'parity', 'evenness', 'isometry', 'difference', 'differential', 'differentia', 'distinction', 'discrepancy', 'allowance', 'dissimilarity', 'disparateness', 'heterology', 'unlikeness', 'nonuniformity', 'heterogeneity', 'diverseness', 'biodiversity', 'inconsistency', 'variety', 'inequality', 'nonequivalence', 'disparity', 'far_cry', 'gap', 'gulf', 'unevenness', 'certainty', 'cert', 'ineluctability', 'inevitability', 'determinateness', 'finality', 'surety', 'indisputability', 'incontrovertibility', 'demonstrability', 'givenness', 'moral_certainty', 'predictability', 'probability', 'odds', 'likelihood', 'uncertainty', 'slam_dunk', 'doubt', 'indefiniteness', 'inconclusiveness', 'unpredictability', 'improbability', 'unlikelihood', 'fortuitousness', 'speculativeness', 'factuality', 'counterfactuality', 'concreteness', 'tangibility', 'intangibility', 'literalness', 'materiality', 'substantiality', 'immateriality', 'insubstantiality', 'smoke', 'abstractness', 'reality', 'unreality', 'particularity', 'specificity', 'specificity', 'individuality', 'singularity', 'peculiarity', 'idiosyncrasy', 'generality', 'commonality', 'solidarity', 'pervasiveness', 'prevalence', 'currency', 'universality', 'totality', 'simplicity', 'complexity', 'complicatedness', 'elaborateness', 'tapestry', 'trickiness', 'regularity', 'cyclicity', 'rhythm', 'cardiac_rhythm', 'atrioventricular_nodal_rhythm', 'orderliness', 'organization', 'uniformity', 'homogeneity', 'inhomogeneity', 'evenness', 'smoothness', 'even_spacing', 'steadiness', 'irregularity', 'fitfulness', 'intermittence', 'fluctuation', 'scintillation', 'randomness', 'ergodicity', 'spasticity', 'unevenness', 'rockiness', 'ruggedness', 'hilliness', 'jaggedness', 'patchiness', 'waviness', 'personal_equation', 'unsteadiness', 'mobility', 'locomotion', 'motility', 'movability', 'maneuverability', 'manipulability', 'looseness', 'restlessness', 'weatherliness', 'wiggliness', 'slack', 'unsteadiness', 'instability', 'shakiness', 'portability', 'immobility', 'immotility', 'inertness', 'immovability', 'tightness', 'fastness', 'looseness', 'lodgment', 'steadiness', 'granite', 'sureness', 'stability', 'pleasantness', 'agreeableness', 'enjoyableness', 'niceness', 'unpleasantness', 'disagreeableness', 'abrasiveness', 'acridity', 'unpalatability', 'disgustingness', 'nastiness', 'offensiveness', 'loathsomeness', 'hatefulness', 'beastliness', 'awfulness', 'frightfulness', 'ghastliness', 'credibility', 'authenticity', 'real_McCoy', 'cogency', 'plausibility', 'reasonableness', 'incredibility', 'implausibility', 'street_credibility', 'logicality', 'rationality', 'consistency', 'completeness', 'illogicality', 'naturalness', 'unaffectedness', 'simplicity', 'sincerity', 'spontaneity', 'ease', 'unpretentiousness', 'naturalization', 'unnaturalness', 'affectedness', 'airs', 'coyness', 'preciosity', 'artificiality', 'staginess', 'pretension', 'pretentiousness', 'ostentation', 'supernaturalism', 'virtu', 'wholesomeness', 'nutritiousness', 'healthfulness', 'salubrity', 'unwholesomeness', 'harmfulness', 'perniciousness', 'deadliness', 'fatality', 'jejunity', 'putrescence', 'unhealthfulness', 'insalubrity', 'satisfactoriness', 'adequacy', 'acceptability', 'admissibility', 'permissibility', 'unsatisfactoriness', 'inadequacy', 'perishability', 'unacceptability', 'inadmissibility', 'impermissibility', 'palatability', 'ordinariness', 'averageness', 'expectedness', 'normality', 'commonness', 'prosiness', 'usualness', 'familiarity', 'extraordinariness', 'unexpectedness', 'uncommonness', 'uncommonness', 'unusualness', 'unfamiliarity', 'oddity', 'eeriness', 'abnormality', 'singularity', 'outlandishness', 'quaintness', 'eccentricity', 'oddity', 'ethnicity', 'foreignness', 'exoticism', 'alienage', 'nativeness', 'indigenousness', 'originality', 'freshness', 'unorthodoxy', 'unconventionality', 'nonconformity', 'unoriginality', 'orthodoxy', 'conventionality', 'ossification', 'traditionalism', 'scholasticism', 'correctness', 'incorrectness', 'erroneousness', 'deviation', 'accuracy', 'accuracy', 'exactness', 'minuteness', 'preciseness', 'trueness', 'fidelity', 'inaccuracy', 'inexactness', 'impreciseness', 'looseness', 'infallibility', 'inerrancy', 'errancy', 'papal_infallibility', 'errancy', 'instability', 'reproducibility', 'irreproducibility', 'fallibility', 'distinction', 'worthiness', 'deservingness', 'praiseworthiness', 'quotability', 'roadworthiness', 'unworthiness', 'baseness', 'shamefulness', 'scandalousness', 'popularity', 'hot_stuff', 'unpopularity', 'legality', 'validity', 'effect', 'lawfulness', 'legitimacy', 'licitness', 'illegality', 'invalidity', 'fallaciousness', 'unlawfulness', 'lawlessness', 'infection', 'illegitimacy', 'illicitness', 'shadiness', 'refinement', 'elegance', 'elegance', 'dash', 'daintiness', 'courtliness', 'tastefulness', 'breeding', 'chic', 'jauntiness', 'magnificence', 'eclat', 'pomp', 'class', 'inelegance', 'awkwardness', 'woodenness', 'rusticity', 'urbanity', 'dowdiness', 'shabbiness', 'tweediness', 'raggedness', 'coarseness', 'crudeness', 'boorishness', 'ostentation', 'tastelessness', 'cheapness', 'flashiness', 'comprehensibility', 'legibility', 'intelligibility', 'expressiveness', 'picturesqueness', 'readability', 'speech_intelligibility', 'clarity', 'monosemy', 'focus', 'coherence', 'preciseness', 'perspicuity', 'unambiguity', 'explicitness', 'incomprehensibility', 'inscrutability', 'illegibility', 'impenetrability', 'noise', 'opacity', 'obscureness', 'unintelligibility', 'unclearness', 'elusiveness', 'vagueness', 'haziness', 'inexplicitness', 'implicitness', 'ambiguity', 'equivocation', 'polysemy', 'twilight_zone', 'righteousness', 'impeccability', 'uprightness', 'piety', 'devoutness', 'religiosity', 'dutifulness', 'godliness', 'unrighteousness', 'sin', 'mark_of_Cain', 'impiety', 'undutifulness', 'irreligiousness', 'ungodliness', 'humaneness', 'humanity', 'mercifulness', 'compassion', 'forgivingness', 'lenience', 'inhumaneness', 'atrocity', 'bestiality', 'ferociousness', 'murderousness', 'mercilessness', 'pitilessness', 'relentlessness', 'generosity', 'charitableness', 'bounty', 'bigheartedness', 'liberality', 'munificence', 'unselfishness', 'altruism', 'stinginess', 'meanness', 'pettiness', 'miserliness', 'penuriousness', 'illiberality', 'selfishness', 'greediness', 'egoism', 'self-love', 'opportunism', 'drive', 'action', 'enterprise', 'ambition', 'aspiration', 'power_hunger', 'energy', 'second_wind', 'aggressiveness', 'competitiveness', 'combativeness', 'scrappiness', 'intrusiveness', 'boldness', 'audacity', 'presumption', 'uppityness', 'fairness', 'non-discrimination', 'sportsmanship', 'unfairness', 'gamesmanship', 'kindness', 'benevolence', 'charity', 'beneficence', 'grace', 'benignity', 'loving-kindness', 'consideration', 'kindliness', 'tact', 'delicacy', 'savoir-faire', 'malevolence', 'cattiness', 'malignity', 'sensitivity', 'antenna', 'defensiveness', 'bunker_mentality', 'perceptiveness', 'insensitivity', 'crassness', 'tin_ear', 'unfeelingness', 'dullness', 'unperceptiveness', 'unkindness', 'cruelty', 'beastliness', 'unhelpfulness', 'inconsideration', 'tactlessness', 'bluntness', 'maleficence', 'morality', 'rightness', 'virtue', 'virtue', 'cardinal_virtue', 'natural_virtue', 'theological_virtue', 'hope', 'saintliness', 'conscience', 'conscientiousness', 'religiousness', 'unconscientiousness', 'good', 'summum_bonum', 'virtue', 'honor', 'justice', 'right', 'immorality', 'corruption', 'infection', 'corruptibility', 'licentiousness', 'anomie', 'wrongness', 'evil', 'worst', 'nefariousness', 'filthiness', 'enormity', 'reprehensibility', 'villainy', 'perversity', 'error', 'frailty', 'corruptness', 'venality', 'injustice', 'wrong', 'amorality', 'divinity', 'holiness', 'sacredness', 'ideality', 'holy_of_holies', 'unholiness', 'profaneness', 'sacrilegiousness', 'safeness', 'dangerousness', 'precariousness', 'curability', 'incurability', 'courage', 'heart', 'heroism', 'dauntlessness', 'Dutch_courage', 'stoutheartedness', 'fearlessness', 'coolness', 'boldness', 'adventurousness', 'daredevilry', 'audacity', 'shamelessness', 'gutsiness', 'cowardice', 'cravenness', 'faintheartedness', 'fearfulness', 'timidity', 'pusillanimity', 'poltroonery', 'dastardliness', 'gutlessness', 'resoluteness', 'self-control', 'nerves', 'steadiness', 'sturdiness', 'presence_of_mind', 'stiffness', 'stubbornness', 'impenitence', 'intransigency', 'single-mindedness', 'adamance', 'decisiveness', 'determination', 'doggedness', 'indefatigability', 'steadfastness', 'diligence', 'assiduity', 'intentness', 'singleness', 'sedulity', 'studiousness', 'bookishness', 'irresoluteness', 'volatility', 'indecisiveness', 'sincerity', 'sooth', 'heartiness', 'singleness', 'insincerity', 'hypocrisy', 'sanctimoniousness', 'fulsomeness', 'honorableness', 'honor', 'scrupulousness', 'venerability', 'integrity', 'probity', 'incorruptness', 'incorruptibility', 'nobility', 'high-mindedness', 'sublimity', 'respectability', 'decency', 'honesty', 'candor', 'good_faith', 'truthfulness', 'veracity', 'ingenuousness', 'artlessness', 'parental_quality', 'motherliness', 'fatherliness', 'dishonorableness', 'ignobleness', 'dishonor', 'unscrupulousness', 'sleaziness', 'unrespectability', 'dishonesty', 'deceptiveness', 'speciousness', 'fraudulence', 'jobbery', 'crookedness', 'rascality', 'thievishness', 'untruthfulness', 'mendacity', 'disingenuousness', 'craftiness', 'artfulness', 'cunning', 'fidelity', 'constancy', 'dedication', 'loyalty', 'steadfastness', 'allegiance', 'patriotism', 'regionalism', 'Americanism', 'chauvinism', 'infidelity', 'faithlessness', 'disloyalty', 'disaffection', 'treason', 'betrayal', 'perfidy', 'insidiousness', 'sophistication', 'naivete', 'artlessness', 'innocency', 'credulousness', 'simplicity', 'discipline', 'self-discipline', 'austerity', 'monasticism', 'eremitism', 'abstinence', 'continence', 'restraint', 'self-restraint', 'stiff_upper_lip', 'temperance', 'sobriety', 'abstemiousness', 'inhibition', 'continence', 'taboo', 'indiscipline', 'indulgence', 'dissoluteness', 'rakishness', 'unrestraint', 'intemperance', 'abandon', 'looseness', 'madness', 'sottishness', 'gluttony', 'greediness', 'edacity', 'pride', 'civic_pride', 'dignity', 'conceit', 'boastfulness', 'egotism', 'posturing', 'superiority_complex', 'arrogance', 'condescension', 'contemptuousness', 'hubris', 'imperiousness', 'superiority', 'snobbery', 'clannishness', 'humility', 'meekness', 'spinelessness', 'wisdom', 'judiciousness', 'knowledgeability', 'statesmanship', 'discretion', 'circumspection', 'folly', 'indiscretion', 'absurdity', 'asininity', 'judgment', 'objectivity', 'subjectivity', 'prudence', 'providence', 'foresight', 'frugality', 'parsimony', 'economy', 'imprudence', 'heedlessness', 'lightheadedness', 'improvidence', 'extravagance', 'thriftlessness', 'trust', 'credulity', 'overcredulity', 'distrust', 'suspicion', 'cleanliness', 'fastidiousness', 'tidiness', 'uncleanliness', 'slovenliness', 'slatternliness', 'squeamishness', 'untidiness', 'disarray', 'demeanor', 'manners', 'citizenship', 'swashbuckling', 'propriety', 'decorum', 'appropriateness', 'correctness', 'good_form', 'faultlessness', 'political_correctness', 'priggishness', 'modesty', 'demureness', 'seemliness', 'becomingness', 'decency', 'modesty', 'primness', 'impropriety', 'incorrectness', 'political_incorrectness', 'inappropriateness', 'indelicacy', 'gaminess', 'indecorum', 'unseemliness', 'unbecomingness', 'indecency', 'immodesty', 'outrageousness', 'obscenity', 'smuttiness', 'composure', 'aplomb', 'repose', 'ataraxia', 'discomposure', 'disquiet', 'perturbation', 'tractability', 'manageability', 'docility', 'tameness', 'amenability', 'obedience', 'submissiveness', 'obsequiousness', 'sycophancy', 'passivity', 'subordination', 'intractability', 'refractoriness', 'wildness', 'defiance', 'insubordination', 'obstreperousness', 'unruliness', 'balkiness', 'stubbornness', 'contrariness', 'cussedness', 'disobedience', 'naughtiness', 'prankishness', 'wildness', 'manner', 'bearing', 'bedside_manner', 'dignity', 'foppishness', 'gentleness', 'formality', 'ceremoniousness', 'stateliness', 'informality', 'casualness', 'slanginess', 'unceremoniousness', 'courtesy', 'politeness', 'urbanity', 'suavity', 'graciousness', 'chivalry', 'deference', 'civility', 'discourtesy', 'boorishness', 'impoliteness', 'bad_manners', 'ungraciousness', 'crudeness', 'incivility', 'abruptness', 'contempt', 'crust', 'chutzpa', 'property', 'actinism', 'isotropy', 'anisotropy', 'characteristic', 'connectivity', 'directness', 'downrightness', 'immediacy', 'pointedness', 'indirectness', 'allusiveness', 'mediacy', 'deviousness', 'discursiveness', 'robustness', 'rurality', 'streak', 'duality', 'heredity', 'inheritance', 'birthright', 'background', 'birthright', 'upbringing', 'education', 'raising', 'inheritance', 'heterosis', 'ancestry', 'linkage', 'X-linked_dominant_inheritance', 'X-linked_recessive_inheritance', 'origin', 'pedigree', 'full_blood', 'age', 'chronological_age', 'bone_age', 'developmental_age', 'fetal_age', 'mental_age', 'oldness', 'obsoleteness', 'ancientness', 'old-fashionedness', 'quaintness', 'vintage', 'hoariness', 'newness', 'brand-newness', 'freshness', 'crispness', 'recency', 'oldness', 'agedness', 'senility', 'longevity', 'staleness', 'mustiness', 'youngness', 'youth', 'childishness', 'manner', 'artistic_style', 'High_Renaissance', 'treatment', 'drape', 'fit', 'form', 'life_style', 'fast_lane', 'free_living', 'vanity_fair', 'setup', 'touch', 'common_touch', 'wise', 'hang', 'structure', 'computer_architecture', 'complex_instruction_set_computing', 'reduced_instruction_set_computing', 'cytoarchitecture', 'framework', 'constitution', 'phenotype', 'genotype', 'texture', 'consistency', 'viscosity', 'stickiness', 'sliminess', 'adhesiveness', 'cohesiveness', 'gelatinousness', 'thickness', 'semifluidity', 'creaminess', 'thinness', 'fluidity', 'wateriness', 'hardness', 'hardness', 'firmness', 'softness', 'compressibility', 'incompressibility', 'downiness', 'flabbiness', 'mushiness', 'breakableness', 'brittleness', 'crumbliness', 'flakiness', 'unbreakableness', 'porosity', 'sponginess', 'permeability', 'penetrability', 'absorbency', 'solidity', 'compactness', 'density', 'specific_gravity', 'vapor_density', 'impermeability', 'retentiveness', 'urinary_retention', 'impenetrability', 'nonabsorbency', 'disposition', 'aptness', 'mordacity', 'predisposition', 'proneness', 'separatism', 'tendency', 'buoyancy', 'electronegativity', 'stainability', 'basophilia', 'desire', 'hunger', 'greed', 'avarice', 'possessiveness', 'acquisitiveness', 'bibliomania', 'retentiveness', 'tactile_property', 'touch', 'texture', 'nap', 'smoothness', 'silkiness', 'slickness', 'soapiness', 'fineness', 'roughness', 'scaliness', 'coarseness', 'slub', 'harshness', 'coarseness', 'sandiness', 'shagginess', 'bumpiness', 'prickliness', 'optics', 'visual_property', 'sleekness', 'texture', 'grain', 'wood_grain', 'graining', 'marbleization', 'light', 'aura', 'sunniness', 'cloudlessness', 'highlight', 'brightness', 'glare', 'dazzle', 'glitter', 'flash', 'glint', 'sparkle', 'opalescence', 'radiance', 'radio_brightness', 'gleam', 'shininess', 'luster', 'polish', 'French_polish', 'glaze', 'dullness', 'dimness', 'flatness', 'softness', 'color', 'primary_color', 'primary_color_for_pigments', 'primary_color_for_light', 'primary_subtractive_color_for_light', 'heather_mixture', 'mellowness', 'richness', 'colorlessness', 'mottle', 'achromia', 'shade', 'undertone', 'chromatic_color', 'achromatic_color', 'black', 'coal_black', 'white', 'alabaster', 'bleach', 'bone', 'chalk', 'frostiness', 'gray', 'ash_grey', 'charcoal', 'dapple-grey', 'iron-grey', 'tattletale_grey', 'red', 'sanguine', 'chrome_red', 'Turkey_red', 'cardinal', 'crimson', 'dark_red', 'burgundy', 'claret', 'oxblood_red', 'wine', 'purplish_red', 'cerise', 'magenta', 'fuschia', 'maroon', 'scarlet', 'orange', 'salmon', 'reddish_orange', 'tangerine', 'yellow', 'blond', 'canary_yellow', 'amber', 'brownish_yellow', 'gamboge', 'old_gold', 'orange_yellow', 'ocher', 'pale_yellow', 'greenish_yellow', 'green', 'greenishness', 'sea_green', 'sage_green', 'bottle_green', 'chrome_green', 'emerald', 'olive_green', 'yellow_green', 'bluish_green', 'cyan', 'jade_green', 'blue', 'azure', 'powder_blue', 'steel_blue', 'Prussian_blue', 'dark_blue', 'greenish_blue', 'purplish_blue', 'purple', 'Tyrian_purple', 'indigo', 'lavender', 'mauve', 'reddish_purple', 'violet', 'pink', 'pinkness', 'carnation', 'rose', 'old_rose', 'solferino', 'yellowish_pink', 'coral', 'brown', 'Vandyke_brown', 'chestnut', 'chocolate', 'hazel', 'light_brown', 'mocha', 'tan', 'dun', 'beige', 'reddish_brown', 'brick_red', 'copper', 'Indian_red', 'yellowish_brown', 'puce', 'olive_brown', 'olive', 'olive_drab', 'pastel', 'snuff-color', 'taupe', 'ultramarine', 'color_property', 'hue', 'saturation', 'paleness', 'complementary_color', 'coloration', 'hair_coloring', 'pigmentation', 'chromatism', 'melanoderma', 'depigmentation', 'poliosis', 'complexion', 'paleness', 'ruddiness', 'lividness', 'sallowness', 'tawniness', 'darkness', 'whiteness', 'nonsolid_color', 'protective_coloration', 'aposematic_coloration', 'apatetic_coloration', 'cryptic_coloration', 'value', 'lightness', 'darkness', 'olfactory_property', 'bouquet', 'malodorousness', 'body_odor', 'muskiness', 'sound', 'noisiness', 'ring', 'unison', 'voice', 'androglossia', 'silence', 'hush', 'speechlessness', 'quietness', 'noiselessness', 'sound_property', 'musicality', 'lyricality', 'melodiousness', 'texture', 'harmony', 'consonance', 'dissonance', 'discordance', 'disharmony', 'cacophony', 'boisterousness', 'pitch', 'concert_pitch', 'high_pitch', 'soprano', 'tenor', 'key', 'low_pitch', 'deepness', 'alto', 'alto', 'bass', 'tone', 'tune', 'registration', 'timbre', 'harmonic', 'resonance', 'color', 'harshness', 'gruffness', 'fullness', 'nasality', 'twang', 'plangency', 'shrillness', 'volume', 'crescendo', 'swell', 'forte', 'softness', 'faintness', 'decrescendo', 'piano', 'rhythmicity', 'meter', 'cadence', 'lilt', 'taste_property', 'rancidness', 'spiciness', 'pungency', 'nip', 'hotness', 'saltiness', 'brininess', 'brackishness', 'sourness', 'acerbity', 'vinegariness', 'sweetness', 'saccharinity', 'sugariness', 'bitterness', 'acerbity', 'acridity', 'palatability', 'pleasingness', 'appetizingness', 'delectability', 'flavorsomeness', 'sapidity', 'succulence', 'unpalatability', 'disgustingness', 'unappetizingness', 'flavorlessness', 'blandness', 'edibility', 'digestibility', 'indigestibility', 'bodily_property', 'bipedalism', 'laterality', 'physique', 'lankiness', 'dumpiness', 'body_type', 'asthenic_type', 'endomorphy', 'athletic_type', 'fatness', 'adiposity', 'abdominousness', 'greasiness', 'fleshiness', 'corpulence', 'exogenous_obesity', 'steatopygia', 'plumpness', 'chubbiness', 'buxomness', 'leanness', 'skinniness', 'bonyness', 'slenderness', 'stature', 'tallness', 'shortness', 'carriage', 'walk', 'slouch', 'gracefulness', 'grace', 'agility', 'lissomeness', 'awkwardness', 'gracelessness', 'gawkiness', 'stiffness', 'physiology', 'physiological_property', 'animateness', 'animation', 'sentience', 'inanimateness', 'deadness', 'insentience', 'sex', 'sex_characteristic', 'primary_sex_characteristic', 'secondary_sex_characteristic', 'asexuality', 'maleness', 'virility', 'virilism', 'androgyny', 'femaleness', 'physical_property', 'chemical_property', 'volatility', 'absorptivity', 'dissolubility', 'drippiness', 'reflection', 'echo', 're-echo', 'echo', 'deflection', 'windage', 'refractivity', 'temperature', 'heat_content', 'randomness', 'conformational_entropy', 'absolute_temperature', 'absolute_zero', 'Curie_temperature', 'dew_point', 'flash_point', 'freezing_point', 'boiling_point', 'mercury', 'room_temperature', 'simmer', 'basal_body_temperature', 'body_temperature', 'coldness', 'chill', 'chilliness', 'frostiness', 'cool', 'hotness', 'calefaction', 'fieriness', 'torridity', 'warmth', 'lukewarmness', 'white_heat', 'perceptibility', 'visibility', 'visual_range', 'invisibility', 'luminosity', 'illuminance', 'incandescence', 'luminescence', 'audibility', 'inaudibility', 'imperceptibility', 'reluctivity', 'sensitivity', 'frequency_response', 'magnetization', 'elasticity', 'resilience', 'bounce', 'give', 'stretch', 'temper', 'elasticity_of_shear', 'malleability', 'ductility', 'fibrosity', 'flexibility', 'bendability', 'whip', 'pliancy', 'inelasticity', 'deadness', 'stiffness', 'rigidity', 'unmalleability', 'inflexibility', 'mass', 'body', 'biomass', 'critical_mass', 'rest_mass', 'relativistic_mass', 'bulk', 'gravitational_mass', 'inertial_mass', 'atomic_mass', 'mass_energy', 'molecular_weight', 'equivalent', 'milliequivalent', 'weight', 'body_weight', 'reporting_weight', 'dead_weight', 'heaviness', 'heft', 'preponderance', 'poundage', 'tare', 'throw-weight', 'lightness', 'airiness', 'momentum', 'angular_momentum', 'sustainability', 'strength', 'good_part', 'tensile_strength', 'brawn', 'might', 'vigor', 'robustness', 'huskiness', 'smallness', 'stoutness', 'sturdiness', 'firmness', 'indomitability', 'fortitude', 'backbone', 'endurance', 'sufferance', 'stamina', 'legs', 'wiriness', 'long-sufferance', 'tolerance', 'capacity', 'invulnerability', 'immunity', 'power_of_appointment', 'potency', 'valence', 'covalence', 'valence', 'sea_power', 'force', 'brunt', 'momentum', 'energy', 'athleticism', 'intensity', 'badness', 'foulness', 'seriousness', 'vehemence', 'top', 'overemphasis', 'ferocity', 'savageness', 'concentration', 'titer', 'hydrogen_ion_concentration', 'pH', 'acidity', 'hyperacidity', 'alkalinity', 'neutrality', 'molality', 'molarity', 'weakness', 'adynamia', 'feebleness', 'faintness', 'flimsiness', 'fragility', 'insubstantiality', 'attenuation', 'enervation', 'fatigability', 'inanition', 'weak_part', \"Achilles'_heel\", 'jugular', 'underbelly', 'vulnerability', 'defenselessness', 'assailability', 'destructibility', 'indestructibility', 'fragility', 'exposure', 'windage', 'solarization', 'temporal_property', 'temporal_arrangement', 'sequence', 'rain', 'rotation', 'row', 'run', 'timing', 'approach', 'earliness', 'forwardness', 'lateness', 'priority', 'posteriority', 'punctuality', 'tardiness', 'simultaneity', 'concurrence', 'concomitance', 'overlap', 'contemporaneity', 'unison', 'seasonableness', 'unseasonableness', 'pastness', 'recency', 'futurity', 'presentness', 'currentness', 'modernity', 'spark_advance', 'duration', 'longness', 'longevity', 'lengthiness', 'fermata', 'endlessness', 'continuousness', 'shortness', 'brevity', 'permanence', 'perpetuity', 'lastingness', 'continuity', 'changelessness', 'everlastingness', 'imperishability', 'perdurability', 'impermanence', 'temporariness', 'transience', 'fugacity', 'ephemerality', 'fugacity', 'mortality', 'immortality', 'viability', 'audio', 'radio_frequency', 'infrared', 'station', 'extremely_low_frequency', 'very_low_frequency', 'low_frequency', 'medium_frequency', 'high_frequency', 'very_high_frequency', 'ultrahigh_frequency', 'superhigh_frequency', 'extremely_high_frequency', 'speed', 'pace', 'beat', 'fleetness', 'celerity', 'immediacy', 'dispatch', 'promptness', 'haste', 'abruptness', 'acceleration', 'pickup', 'precipitation', 'deceleration', 'execution_speed', 'graduality', 'slowness', 'leisureliness', 'dilatoriness', 'sluggishness', 'spatial_property', 'dimensionality', 'one-dimensionality', 'two-dimensionality', 'three-dimensionality', 'cubicity', 'directionality', 'shape', 'topography', 'lobularity', 'symmetry', 'regularity', 'bilaterality', 'radial_symmetry', 'asymmetry', 'irregularity', 'lopsidedness', 'obliqueness', 'radial_asymmetry', 'directivity', 'directivity', 'handedness', 'ambidexterity', 'left-handedness', 'right-handedness', 'footedness', 'eyedness', 'occlusion', 'tilt', 'gradient', 'grade', 'upgrade', 'downgrade', 'pitch', 'loft', 'abruptness', 'gradualness', 'concavity', 'hollowness', 'convexity', 'roundedness', 'oblateness', 'angularity', 'narrowing', 'coarctation', 'taper', 'point', 'unpointedness', 'rectangularity', 'orthogonality', 'perpendicularity', 'squareness', 'triangularity', 'curvature', 'roundness', 'sphericity', 'cylindricality', 'circularity', 'concentricity', 'eccentricity', 'straightness', 'crookedness', 'curliness', 'straightness', 'stratification', 'position', 'placement', 'columniation', 'point_of_view', 'camera_angle', 'composition', 'fenestration', 'proportion', 'alignment', 'true', 'misalignment', 'coincidence', 'dead_center', 'centrality', 'marginality', 'anteriority', 'posteriority', 'outwardness', 'inwardness', 'malposition', 'northernness', 'southernness', 'horizontality', 'verticality', 'position', 'ballet_position', 'decubitus', 'eversion', 'lithotomy_position', 'lotus_position', 'missionary_position', 'pose', 'presentation', 'ectopia', 'arabesque', 'asana', 'matsyendra', 'guard', 'sprawl', 'stance', 'address', 'attention', 'erectness', 'ramification', 'spacing', 'tandem', 'tuck', 'openness', 'patency', 'distance', 'way', 'piece', 'mean_distance', 'farness', 'far_cry', 'nearness', 'proximity', 'adjacency', 'wavelength', 'focal_distance', 'hyperfocal_distance', 'leap', 'elevation', 'span', 'wheelbase', 'distribution', 'complementary_distribution', 'diaspora', 'dissemination', 'innervation', 'scatter', 'diffuseness', 'concentration', 'bits_per_inch', 'flux_density', 'optical_density', 'rarity', 'relative_density', 'interval', 'clearance', 'remove', 'magnitude', 'absolute_magnitude', 'proportion', 'order', 'information', 'probability', 'conditional_probability', 'cross_section', 'exceedance', 'fair_chance', 'fat_chance', 'joint_probability', 'risk', 'risk', 'dimension', 'degree', 'grind', 'degree', 'depth', 'profundity', 'superficiality', 'glibness', 'sciolism', 'size', 'extra_large', 'large', 'number', 'octavo', 'outsize', 'petite', 'quarto', 'regular', 'small', 'stout', 'tall', 'highness', 'high', 'low', 'lowness', 'extreme', 'extremeness', 'amplitude', 'amplitude_level', 'signal_level', 'noise_level', 'multiplicity', 'triplicity', 'size', 'size', 'bulk', 'muchness', 'intensity', 'threshold_level', 'field_strength', 'magnetic_field_strength', 'candlepower', 'acoustic_power', 'acoustic_radiation_pressure', 'half-intensity', 'circumference', 'girth', 'spread', 'circumference', 'diameter', 'radius', 'semidiameter', 'curvature', 'radius_of_curvature', 'center_of_curvature', 'circle_of_curvature', 'thickness', 'bore', 'gauge', 'windage', 'thinness', 'largeness', 'ampleness', 'bulkiness', 'enormousness', 'enormity', 'capaciousness', 'airiness', 'seating_capacity', 'fullness', 'gigantism', 'largeness', 'smallness', 'diminutiveness', 'delicacy', 'grain', 'puniness', 'dwarfishness', 'amount', 'positivity', 'negativity', 'critical_mass', 'quantity', 'increase', 'amplification', 'complement', 'decrease', 'fare_increase', 'price_increase', 'raise', 'rise', 'smallness', 'supplement', 'tax-increase', 'up-tick', 'loop_gain', 'correction', 'voltage_drop', 'drop', 'shrinkage', 'dollar_volume', 'stuffiness', 'sufficiency', 'ampleness', 'insufficiency', 'meagerness', 'wateriness', 'abstemiousness', 'deficit', 'oxygen_deficit', 'sparseness', 'abundance', 'amplitude', 'plenty', 'profusion', 'wealth', 'luxuriance', 'overgrowth', 'greenness', 'wilderness', 'scarcity', 'dearth', 'rarity', 'slenderness', 'moderation', 'golden_mean', 'reasonableness', 'immoderation', 'excess', 'sun_protection_factor', 'extravagance', 'exorbitance', 'luxury', 'overabundance', 'excess', 'glut', 'bellyful', 'overplus', 'redundancy', 'fifth_wheel', 'margin', 'margin_of_safety', 'narrow_margin', 'number', 'numerousness', 'preponderance', 'multitudinousness', 'innumerableness', 'majority', 'minority', 'fewness', 'roundness', 'extent', 'coverage', 'frontage', 'limit', 'knife-edge', 'starkness', 'thermal_barrier', 'utmost', 'verge', 'scope', 'approximate_range', 'confines', 'contrast', 'internationality', 'register', 'head_register', 'falsetto', 'chest_register', 'latitude', 'horizon', 'sweep', 'gamut', 'spectrum', 'palette', 'area', 'acreage', 'footprint', 'length', 'distance', \"arm's_length\", 'gauge', 'light_time', 'skip_distance', 'wingspan', 'wingspread', 'yardage', 'hour', 'mileage', 'elevation', 'isometry', 'altitude', 'level', 'grade', 'water_level', 'sea_level', 'ceiling', 'ceiling', 'absolute_ceiling', 'combat_ceiling', 'length', 'longness', 'extension', 'coextension', 'elongation', 'shortness', 'curtailment', 'briefness', 'depth', 'depth', 'deepness', 'draft', 'penetration', 'sounding', 'bottomlessness', 'shallowness', 'superficiality', 'width', 'wideness', 'beam', 'thickness', 'narrowness', 'fineness', 'height', 'highness', 'lowness', 'squatness', 'shortness', 'third_dimension', 'worth', 'value', 'merit', 'demerit', 'praisworthiness', 'worthwhileness', 'worthlessness', 'fecklessness', 'groundlessness', 'paltriness', 'valuelessness', 'shoddiness', 'damn', 'vanity', 'invaluableness', 'gold', 'price', 'desirability', 'undesirability', 'good', 'benefit', 'advantage', 'sake', 'behalf', 'better', 'better', 'optimum', 'bad', 'worse', 'evil', 'Four_Horsemen', 'monetary_value', 'average_cost', 'marginal_cost', 'expensiveness', 'assessment', 'tax_assessment', 'costliness', 'lavishness', 'inexpensiveness', 'reasonableness', 'bargain_rate', 'fruitfulness', 'richness', 'productiveness', 'fruitlessness', 'poorness', 'unproductiveness', 'utility', 'detergency', 'function', \"raison_d'etre\", 'helpfulness', 'avail', 'use', 'serviceability', 'instrumentality', 'inutility', 'futility', 'worthlessness', 'practicality', 'functionality', 'viability', 'sensibleness', 'realism', 'practicability', 'feasibility', 'impracticality', 'idealism', 'romanticism', 'knight_errantry', 'impracticability', 'infeasibility', 'competence', 'fitness', 'linguistic_competence', 'proficiency', 'incompetence', 'asset', 'resource', 'aid', 'recourse', 'shadow', 'resourcefulness', 'inner_resource', 'advantage', 'favor', 'leverage', 'bargaining_chip', 'handicap', 'homecourt_advantage', 'lead', 'pull', 'start', 'profit', 'account', 'profitableness', 'preference', 'privilege', 'expedience', 'superiority', 'edge', 'inside_track', 'upper_hand', 'forte', 'green_thumb', 'weak_point', 'good', 'common_good', 'wisdom', 'unsoundness', 'advisability', 'reasonableness', 'favorableness', 'auspiciousness', 'liability', 'disadvantage', 'unfavorableness', 'inauspiciousness', 'limitation', 'defect', 'awkwardness', 'loss', 'penalty', 'scratch', 'game_misconduct', 'price', 'richness', 'death_toll', 'drawback', 'catch', 'penalty', 'inadvisability', 'inferiority', 'inexpedience', 'unprofitableness', 'constructiveness', 'destructiveness', 'harmfulness', 'insidiousness', 'poison', 'virulence', 'positivity', 'affirmativeness', 'assertiveness', 'bumptiousness', 'negativity', 'occidentalism', 'orientalism', 'importance', 'big_deal', 'face', 'magnitude', 'account', 'matter', 'momentousness', 'prominence', 'greatness', 'significance', 'historicalness', 'meaningfulness', 'purposefulness', 'consequence', 'hell_to_pay', 'essentiality', 'vitalness', 'indispensability', 'urgency', 'edge', 'imperativeness', 'weight', 'unimportance', 'inessentiality', 'dispensability', 'pettiness', 'joke', 'insignificance', 'meaninglessness', 'inanity', 'purposelessness', 'inconsequence', 'right', 'access', 'advowson', 'cabotage', 'claim', 'due', 'entree', 'floor', 'grant', 'authority', 'human_right', 'legal_right', 'compulsory_process', 'conjugal_right', 'conjugal_visitation_right', 'preemption', 'preemption', 'prerogative', 'public_easement', 'easement', 'privilege_of_the_floor', 'privilege', 'attorney-client_privilege', \"informer's_privilege\", \"journalist's_privilege\", 'marital_communications_privilege', 'physician-patient_privilege', 'priest-penitent_privilege', 'door', 'open_door', 'title', 'own_right', 'entitlement', 'right_to_privacy', 'right_to_life', 'right_to_liberty', 'right_to_the_pursuit_of_happiness', 'freedom_of_thought', 'equality_before_the_law', 'civil_right', 'civil_liberty', 'habeas_corpus', 'freedom_of_religion', 'freedom_of_speech', 'freedom_of_the_press', 'freedom_of_assembly', 'freedom_to_bear_arms', 'freedom_from_search_and_seizure', 'right_to_due_process', 'freedom_from_self-incrimination', 'freedom_from_double_jeopardy', 'right_to_speedy_and_public_trial_by_jury', 'right_to_an_attorney', 'right_to_confront_accusors', 'freedom_from_cruel_and_unusual_punishment', 'freedom_from_involuntary_servitude', 'equal_protection_of_the_laws', 'right_to_vote', 'universal_suffrage', 'freedom_from_discrimination', 'equal_opportunity', 'eminent_domain', 'franchise', 'representation', 'right_of_action', 'right_of_search', 'right_of_way', \"states'_rights\", 'voting_right', 'water_right', 'patent_right', 'right_of_election', 'right_of_entry', 'right_of_re-entry', 'right_of_offset', 'right_of_privacy', 'right_of_way', 'seat', 'use', 'usufruct', 'visitation_right', 'power', 'preponderance', 'puissance', 'persuasiveness', 'convincingness', 'irresistibility', 'interest', 'newsworthiness', 'topicality', 'color', 'shrillness', 'stranglehold', 'sway', 'influence', 'dead_hand', 'force', 'grip', 'tentacle', 'pressure', 'duress', 'heartbeat', 'lifeblood', 'wheel', 'repellent', 'hydrophobicity', 'control', 'authority', 'corporatism', 'hold', 'iron_fist', 'rein', 'carte_blanche', 'command', 'imperium', 'lordship', 'muscle', 'sovereignty', 'legal_power', 'disposal', 'free_will', 'veto', 'self-determination', 'effectiveness', 'incisiveness', 'efficacy', 'ability', 'form', 'interoperability', 'magical_ability', 'lycanthropy', 'Midas_touch', 'penetration', 'physical_ability', 'contractility', 'astringency', 'voice', 'lung-power', 'capability', 'defensibility', 'executability', 'capacity', 'military_capability', 'firepower', 'operating_capability', 'overkill', 'envelope', 'powerlessness', 'helplessness', 'unpersuasiveness', 'uninterestingness', 'voicelessness', 'dullness', 'boringness', 'tediousness', 'drag', 'jejunity', 'ponderousness', 'inability', 'paper_tiger', 'incapability', 'incapacity', 'ineffectiveness', 'inefficacy', 'romanticism', 'stardust', 'analyticity', 'compositeness', 'primality', 'selectivity', 'domesticity', 'infiniteness', 'finiteness', 'quantifiability', 'ratability', 'scalability', 'solubility', 'insolubility', 'stuff', 'comicality', 'hot_stuff', 'humor', 'pathos', 'tone', 'optimism', 'pessimism', 'epicurism', 'gourmandism', 'brachycephaly', 'dolichocephaly', 'relativity', 'response', 'responsiveness', 'unresponsiveness', 'frigidity', 'resistance', 'subjectivism', 'fair_use', 'fruition', 'vascularity', 'extension', 'snootiness', 'totipotency', 'ulteriority', 'solvability', 'unsolvability', 'memorability', 'woodiness', 'waxiness', 'body', 'life_form', 'human_body', 'person', 'body', 'cadaver', 'cremains', 'mummy', 'live_body', 'apparatus', 'system', 'juvenile_body', \"child's_body\", 'adult_body', 'male_body', 'female_body', 'adult_female_body', 'adult_male_body', 'body_part', 'corpus', 'adnexa', 'area', 'dilator', 'groove', 'partition', 'septum', 'nasal_septum', 'costal_groove', 'fissure', 'sulcus', 'fissure_of_Rolando', 'fissure_of_Sylvius', 'parieto-occipital_sulcus', 'calcarine_sulcus', 'hilus', 'erogenous_zone', 'external_body_part', 'arthromere', 'structure', 'birth_canal', 'bulb', 'carina', 'carina_fornicis', 'fornix', 'fornix', 'mamillary_body', 'cauda', 'keel', 'chiasma', 'cingulum', 'optic_chiasma', 'optic_radiation', 'concha', 'nasal_concha', 'filament', 'fiber', 'germ', 'infundibulum', 'interstice', 'landmark', 'craniometric_point', 'acanthion', 'asterion', 'auriculare', 'bregma', 'condylion', 'coronion', 'crotaphion', 'dacryon', 'entomion', 'glabella', 'gnathion', 'gonion', 'inion', 'jugale', 'lambda', 'mandibular_notch', 'mastoidale', 'metopion', 'nasion', 'obelion', 'ophryon', 'orbitale', 'pogonion', 'prosthion', 'pterion', 'rhinion', 'sphenion', 'stephanion', 'symphysion', 'limbus', 'rib', 'blade', 'radicle', 'plexus', 'aortic_plexus', 'autonomic_plexus', 'nerve_plexus', 'system', 'body_covering', 'sheath', 'skin', 'pressure_point', 'integument', 'skin_graft', 'buff', 'dewlap', 'epithelium', 'exuviae', 'epidermis', 'endothelium', 'mesothelium', 'neuroepithelium', 'skin_cell', 'epidermal_cell', 'melanoblast', 'melanocyte', 'prickle_cell', 'epithelial_cell', 'columnar_cell', 'spongioblast', 'cuboidal_cell', 'goblet_cell', 'hair_cell', \"Kupffer's_cell\", 'squamous_cell', 'stratum_corneum', 'stratum_lucidum', 'stratum_granulosum', 'stratum_germinativum', 'dermis', 'mantle', 'plaque', 'amyloid_plaque', 'arterial_plaque', 'dental_plaque', 'macule', 'freckle', 'liver_spot', 'plague_spot', 'whitehead', 'blackhead', 'pore', 'aortic_orifice', 'stoma', 'tube', 'tubule', 'microtubule', 'salpinx', 'nephron', 'malpighian_body', \"Bowman's_capsule\", 'glomerulus', 'tomentum', 'passage', 'meatus', 'auditory_meatus', 'deltoid_tuberosity', 'nasal_meatus', 'spinal_canal', 'anastomosis', 'orifice', 'porta_hepatis', 'spiracle', 'blowhole', 'stigma', 'duct', 'ductule', 'canaliculus', 'canal_of_Schlemm', 'venous_sinus', 'cavernous_sinus', 'coronary_sinus', 'sigmoid_sinus', 'straight_sinus', 'transverse_sinus', 'sinus', 'ethmoid_sinus', 'frontal_sinus', 'maxillary_sinus', 'paranasal_sinus', 'sinusoid', 'locule', 'lumen', 'ampulla', 'hair', 'ingrown_hair', 'hair', 'headful', 'body_hair', 'down', 'lanugo', 'mane', 'hairline', 'part', \"widow's_peak\", 'cowlick', 'hairdo', 'beehive', 'bouffant', 'haircut', 'lock', 'sausage_curl', 'forelock', 'quiff', 'crimp', 'pin_curl', 'spit_curl', 'dreadlock', 'Afro', 'bang', 'bob', 'wave', 'finger_wave', 'braid', 'chignon', 'queue', 'pigtail', 'marcel', 'pageboy', 'pompadour', 'ponytail', 'permanent_wave', 'brush_cut', 'crew_cut', 'mohawk', 'roach', 'scalp_lock', 'thatch', 'facial_hair', 'beard', 'fuzz', 'imperial', 'beaver', 'mustache', 'soup-strainer', 'mustachio', 'walrus_mustache', 'sideburn', 'goatee', 'stubble', 'vandyke_beard', 'soul_patch', 'pubic_hair', 'minge', 'body_substance', 'solid_body_substance', 'scab', 'eschar', 'fundus', 'funiculus', 'node', 'nodule', 'smear', 'alimentary_tract_smear', 'esophageal_smear', 'gastric_smear', 'oral_smear', 'paraduodenal_smear', 'cervical_smear', 'lower_respiratory_tract_smear', 'vaginal_smear', 'specimen', 'cytologic_specimen', 'isthmus', 'tissue', 'animal_tissue', 'flesh', 'areolar_tissue', 'beta_cell', 'capillary_bed', 'parenchyma', 'interstitial_tissue', 'adipose_tissue', 'flab', 'atheroma', 'cellulite', 'puppy_fat', 'bone', 'anklebone', 'bare_bone', 'cuboid_bone', 'carpal_bone', 'carpal_tunnel', 'scaphoid_bone', 'lunate_bone', 'triquetral', 'pisiform', 'trapezium', 'trapezoid', 'capitate', 'hamate', 'cartilage_bone', 'centrum', 'cheekbone', 'clavicle', 'coccyx', 'dentine', 'ethmoid', 'heelbone', 'hipbone', 'hyoid', 'ilium', 'ischium', 'long_bone', 'lower_jaw', 'ramus', 'raphe', 'palatine_raphe', 'mandibular_joint', 'membrane_bone', 'mentum', 'metacarpal', 'metatarsal', 'nasal', 'ossicle', 'auditory_ossicle', 'palatine', 'patella', 'phalanx', 'pubis', 'punctum', 'rib', 'round_bone', 'sacrum', 'scapula', 'glenoid_fossa', 'glenoid_fossa', 'acromion', 'sesamoid_bone', 'short_bone', 'socket', 'sphenoid_bone', 'sternum', 'gladiolus', 'manubrium', 'xiphoid_process', 'tarsal', 'temporal_bone', 'primary_dentition', 'secondary_dentition', 'dentition', 'diastema', 'tooth', 'pulp_cavity', 'chopper', 'carnassial_tooth', 'turbinate_bone', 'tympanic_bone', 'upper_jaw', 'vertebra', 'intervertebral_disc', 'zygoma', 'hip_socket', 'eye_socket', 'tooth_socket', 'marrow', 'red_marrow', 'yellow_marrow', 'axolemma', 'basilar_membrane', 'cambium', 'connective_tissue', 'collagen', 'elastic_tissue', 'endoneurium', 'elastin', 'lymphatic_tissue', 'cartilage', 'meniscus', 'fibrocartilage', 'hyaline_cartilage', 'erectile_tissue', 'muscle', 'muscle', 'contractile_organ', 'striated_muscle_tissue', 'skeletal_muscle', 'head', 'voluntary_muscle', 'abductor', 'musculus_abductor_digiti_minimi_manus', 'musculus_abductor_digiti_minimi_pedis', 'musculus_abductor_hallucis', 'musculus_abductor_pollicis', 'adductor', 'musculus_adductor_brevis', 'musculus_adductor_longus', 'musculus_adductor_magnus', 'musculus_adductor_hallucis', 'pronator', 'supinator', 'levator', 'anconeous_muscle', 'antagonistic_muscle', 'agonist', 'antagonist', 'articular_muscle', 'musculus_articularis_cubiti', 'musculus_articularis_genus', 'cheek_muscle', 'masseter', 'platysma', 'extensor_muscle', 'quadriceps', 'fibrous_tissue', 'trabecula', 'ligament', 'falciform_ligament', 'round_ligament_of_the_uterus', 'perineurium', 'perimysium', 'tendon', 'flexor_muscle', 'articulatory_system', 'nervous_tissue', 'ganglion', 'autonomic_ganglion', 'otic_ganglion', 'organ', 'primordium', 'vital_organ', 'effector', 'external_organ', 'internal_organ', 'viscera', 'sense_organ', 'interoceptor', 'exteroceptor', 'third_eye', 'baroreceptor', 'chemoreceptor', 'thermoreceptor', 'auditory_system', 'auditory_apparatus', 'visual_system', 'tongue', 'articulator', 'glottis', 'epiglottis', 'mouth', 'trap', 'os', 'mouth', 'buccal_cavity', 'incompetent_cervix', 'cervix', 'cavity', 'antrum', 'cloaca', 'vestibule', 'vestibule_of_the_ear', 'gingiva', 'tastebud', 'taste_cell', 'speech_organ', 'lip', 'overlip', 'underlip', 'front_tooth', 'bucktooth', 'back_tooth', 'malposed_tooth', 'permanent_tooth', 'primary_tooth', 'canine', 'premolar', 'cusp', 'incisor', 'molar', 'wisdom_tooth', 'crown', 'root', 'root_canal', 'enamel', 'cementum', 'pulp', 'tonsil', 'uvula', 'soft_palate', 'hard_palate', 'palate', 'ala', 'alveolar_arch', 'alveolar_ridge', 'caul', 'fetal_membrane', 'eye', 'naked_eye', 'peeper', 'oculus_dexter', 'oculus_sinister', 'simple_eye', 'compound_eye', 'ommatidium', 'cell_membrane', 'choroid', 'ciliary_body', 'eyebrow', 'protective_fold', 'eyelid', 'canthus', 'epicanthus', 'nasal_canthus', 'temporal_canthus', 'nictitating_membrane', 'haw', 'eyelash', 'conjunctiva', 'bulbar_conjunctiva', 'palpebra_conjunctiva', 'pinguecula', 'eyeball', 'ocular_muscle', 'abducens_muscle', 'rectus', 'inferior_rectus_muscle', 'medial_rectus_muscle', 'superior_rectus_muscle', 'capsule', 'cornea', 'pterygium', 'arcus', 'uvea', 'uveoscleral_pathway', 'aqueous_humor', 'vitreous_humor', 'diaphragm', 'eardrum', 'endocranium', 'endosteum', 'ependyma', 'fertilization_membrane', 'hyaloid_membrane', 'intima', 'iris', 'pupil', 'lens', 'lens_cortex', 'lens_nucleus', 'ear', 'organ_of_hearing', 'inner_ear', 'membranous_labyrinth', 'bony_labyrinth', 'endolymph', 'perilymph', 'utricle', 'saccule', 'modiolus', 'organ_of_Corti', 'vestibular_apparatus', 'semicircular_canal', 'stretch_receptor', 'earlobe', 'external_ear', 'auricle', 'tragus', 'cauliflower_ear', 'perforated_eardrum', 'umbo', 'mediastinum', 'middle_ear', 'Eustachian_tube', 'fenestra', 'fenestra_ovalis', 'fenestra_rotunda', 'malleus', 'lamella', 'lens_capsule', 'incus', 'stapes', 'cochlea', 'meninx', 'mucous_membrane', 'periosteum', 'perithelium', 'gland', 'oil_gland', 'sebaceous_gland', 'Meibomian_gland', \"Montgomery's_tubercle\", 'exocrine_gland', 'digestive_system', 'endocrine_system', 'endocrine_gland', 'thyroid_gland', 'parathyroid_gland', 'sweat_duct', 'sweat_gland', 'apocrine_gland', 'eccrine_gland', 'adrenal_gland', 'prostate_gland', 'lacrimal_gland', 'lacrimal_duct', 'lacrimal_sac', 'lacrimal_bone', 'nasolacrimal_duct', 'thymus_gland', 'kidney', 'excretory_organ', 'spleen', 'artery', 'alveolar_artery', 'inferior_alveolar_artery', 'superior_alveolar_artery', 'angular_artery', 'aorta', 'ascending_aorta', 'aortic_arch', 'descending_aorta', 'abdominal_aorta', 'thoracic_aorta', 'appendicular_artery', 'arcuate_artery', 'arcuate_artery_of_the_kidney', 'arteriole', 'artery_of_the_penis_bulb', 'artery_of_the_vestibule_bulb', 'ascending_artery', 'auricular_artery', 'axillary_artery', 'basilar_artery', 'brachial_artery', 'radial_artery', 'bronchial_artery', 'buccal_artery', 'carotid_artery', 'common_carotid_artery', 'external_carotid_artery', 'internal_carotid_artery', 'carotid_body', 'celiac_trunk', 'central_artery_of_the_retina', 'cerebellar_artery', 'inferior_cerebellar_artery', 'superior_cerebellar_artery', 'cerebral_artery', 'anterior_cerebral_artery', 'middle_cerebral_artery', 'posterior_cerebral_artery', 'cervical_artery', 'choroidal_artery', 'ciliary_artery', 'circle_of_Willis', 'circumflex_artery', 'circumflex_artery_of_the_thigh', 'circumflex_humeral_artery', 'circumflex_iliac_artery', 'circumflex_scapular_artery', 'colic_artery', 'communicating_artery', 'coronary_artery', 'atrial_artery', 'right_coronary_artery', 'left_coronary_artery', 'cystic_artery', 'digital_arteries', 'epigastric_artery', 'ethmoidal_artery', 'facial_artery', 'femoral_artery', 'popliteal_artery', 'gastric_artery', 'right_gastric_artery', 'left_gastric_artery', 'short_gastric_artery', 'gluteal_artery', 'hepatic_artery', 'ileal_artery', 'ileocolic_artery', 'iliac_artery', 'common_iliac_artery', 'external_iliac_artery', 'internal_iliac_artery', 'iliolumbar_artery', 'infraorbital_artery', 'innominate_artery', 'intercostal_artery', 'jejunal_artery', 'labial_artery', 'inferior_labial_artery', 'superior_labial_artery', 'labyrinthine_artery', 'lacrimal_artery', 'laryngeal_artery', 'lienal_artery', 'lingual_artery', 'lumbar_artery', 'maxillary_artery', 'internal_maxillary_artery', 'meningeal_artery', 'anterior_meningeal_artery', 'middle_meningeal_artery', 'posterior_meningeal_artery', 'mesenteric_artery', 'inferior_mesenteric_artery', 'superior_mesenteric_artery', 'metacarpal_artery', 'metatarsal_artery', 'musculophrenic_artery', 'nutrient_artery', 'ophthalmic_artery', 'ovarian_artery', 'palatine_artery', 'pancreatic_artery', 'perineal_artery', 'pudendal_artery', 'pulmonary_artery', 'pulmonary_trunk', 'rectal_artery', 'renal_artery', 'subclavian_artery', 'temporal_artery', 'anterior_temporal_artery', 'intermediate_temporal_artery', 'posterior_temporal_artery', 'testicular_artery', 'ulnar_artery', 'uterine_artery', 'vaginal_artery', 'vertebral_artery', 'accessory_cephalic_vein', 'accessory_hemiazygos_vein', 'accessory_vertebral_vein', 'accompanying_vein', 'anastomotic_vein', 'angular_vein', 'anterior_vertebral_vein', 'appendicular_vein', 'arcuate_vein_of_the_kidney', 'auricular_vein', 'axillary_vein', 'azygos_vein', 'basal_vein', 'basilic_vein', 'basivertebral_vein', 'brachial_vein', 'brachiocephalic_vein', 'bronchial_vein', 'cardinal_vein', 'anterior_cardinal_vein', 'posterior_cardinal_vein', 'common_cardinal_vein', 'central_veins_of_liver', 'central_vein_of_retina', 'central_vein_of_suprarenal_gland', 'cephalic_vein', 'cerebellar_vein', 'cerebral_vein', 'anterior_cerebral_vein', 'anterior_facial_vein', 'great_cerebral_vein', 'inferior_cerebral_vein', 'internal_cerebral_vein', 'middle_cerebral_vein', 'deep_middle_cerebral_vein', 'superficial_middle_cerebral_vein', 'superior_cerebral_vein', 'cervical_vein', 'choroid_vein', 'ciliary_veins', 'circumflex_vein', 'circumflex_iliac_vein', 'circumflex_femoral_vein', 'clitoral_vein', 'colic_vein', 'common_facial_vein', 'conjunctival_veins', 'costoaxillary_vein', 'cutaneous_vein', 'cystic_vein', 'digital_vein', 'diploic_vein', 'dorsal_scapular_vein', 'dorsal_root', 'emissary_vein', 'epigastric_vein', 'inferior_epigastric_vein', 'superficial_epigastric_vein', 'superior_epigastric_veins', 'episcleral_veins', 'esophageal_veins', 'ethmoidal_vein', 'external_nasal_vein', 'facial_vein', 'femoral_vein', 'gastric_vein', 'gastroomental_vein', 'genicular_vein', 'glans', 'glans_clitoridis', 'glans_penis', 'gluteal_vein', 'hemizygos_vein', 'hemorrhoidal_vein', 'hepatic_vein', 'hypogastric_vein', 'ileocolic_vein', 'external_iliac_vein', 'common_iliac_vein', 'iliac_vein', 'iliolumbar_vein', 'intercapitular_vein', 'intercostal_vein', 'intervertebral_vein', 'jugular_vein', 'anterior_jugular_vein', 'external_jugular_vein', 'internal_jugular_vein', 'labial_vein', 'inferior_labial_vein', 'superior_labial_vein', 'labial_vein', 'labyrinthine_vein', 'lacrimal_vein', 'laryngeal_vein', 'left_gastric_vein', 'lingual_vein', 'lumbar_vein', 'maxillary_vein', 'meningeal_veins', 'mesenteric_vein', 'metacarpal_vein', 'metatarsal_vein', 'musculophrenic_vein', 'nasofrontal_vein', 'oblique_vein_of_the_left_atrium', 'obturator_vein', 'occipital_vein', 'ophthalmic_vein', 'inferior_ophthalmic_vein', 'superior_ophthalmic_vein', 'ovarian_vein', 'palatine_vein', 'pancreatic_vein', 'paraumbilical_vein', 'parotid_vein', 'pectoral_vein', 'perforating_vein', 'pericardial_vein', 'peroneal_vein', 'pharyngeal_vein', 'phrenic_vein', 'popliteal_vein', 'portal_system', 'portal_vein', 'posterior_vein_of_the_left_ventricle', 'prepyloric_vein', 'pudendal_vein', 'pulmonary_vein', 'inferior_pulmonary_vein', 'superior_pulmonary_vein', 'pyloric_vein', 'radial_vein', 'renal_vein', 'retromandibular_vein', 'sacral_vein', 'saphenous_vein', 'long_saphenous_vein', 'short_saphenous_vein', 'scleral_veins', 'scrotal_vein', 'sigmoid_vein', 'spinal_vein', 'splenic_vein', 'stellate_venule', 'sternocleidomastoid_vein', 'stylomastoid_vein', 'subclavian_vein', 'sublingual_vein', 'supraorbital_vein', 'supratrochlear_vein', 'temporal_vein', 'deep_temporal_vein', 'middle_temporal_vein', 'superficial_temporal_vein', 'testicular_vein', 'thalamostriate_vein', 'thoracoepigastric_vein', 'superior_thalamostriate_vein', 'inferior_thalamostriate_vein', 'thoracic_vein', 'thyroid_vein', 'inferior_thyroid_vein', 'middle_thyroid_vein', 'superior_thyroid_vein', 'tibial_vein', 'tracheal_vein', 'tympanic_vein', 'ulnar_vein', 'umbilical_vein', 'uterine_vein', 'gallbladder', 'hypochondrium', 'liver', 'Haversian_canal', 'hepatic_lobe', 'hepatic_duct', 'inguinal_canal', 'common_bile_duct', 'biliary_ductule', 'pancreas', 'pancreatic_duct', 'lung', 'alveolar_bed', 'lobe_of_the_lung', 'pleura', 'parietal_pleura', 'visceral_pleura', 'pleural_cavity', 'pleural_space', 'heart', \"athlete's_heart\", 'biauriculate_heart', 'pacemaker', 'cusp', 'flap', 'cardiac_muscle', 'papillary_muscle', 'atrioventricular_bundle', 'atrioventricular_node', 'myocardium', 'Purkinje_fiber', 'Purkinje_network', 'area_of_cardiac_dullness', 'ventricle', 'left_ventricle', 'right_ventricle', 'auricle', 'auricula', 'chamber', 'cranial_cavity', 'atrium', 'atrium_cordis', 'right_atrium', 'left_atrium', 'mitral_valve', 'tricuspid_valve', 'atrioventricular_valve', 'aortic_valve', 'pulmonary_valve', 'semilunar_valve', 'heart_valve', 'valve', 'valvule', 'stomach', 'epigastrium', 'cardia', 'lymphatic_system', 'thoracic_duct', 'lymph_vessel', 'lacteal', 'vascular_structure', 'vessel', 'liquid_body_substance', 'extracellular_fluid', 'interstitial_fluid', 'intracellular_fluid', 'juice', 'cancer_juice', 'karyolymph', 'milk', \"mother's_milk\", 'colostrum', 'amniotic_cavity', 'amniotic_fluid', 'blood', 'arterial_blood', 'blood_group', 'A', 'B', 'AB', 'O', 'Rh-positive_blood_type', 'Rh-negative_blood_type', 'gore', 'lifeblood', 'bloodstream', 'clot', 'blood_clot', 'cord_blood', 'menorrhea', 'venous_blood', 'whole_blood', 'serum', 'plasma', 'antiserum', 'chyle', 'lymph', 'semen', 'ink', 'secretion', 'lacrimal_secretion', 'tear', 'lacrimal_apparatus', 'perspiration', 'digestive_juice', 'gastric_juice', 'pancreatic_juice', 'bile', 'black_bile', 'yellow_bile', 'hormone', 'intestinal_juice', 'noradrenaline', 'adrenocorticotropic_hormone', 'epinephrine', 'gastrointestinal_hormone', 'gastrin', 'cholecystokinin', 'secretin', 'ghrelin', 'motilin', 'glucagon', 'gonadotropin', 'insulin', 'Lente_Insulin', 'recombinant_human_insulin', 'melatonin', 'neurohormone', 'oxytocin', 'parathyroid_hormone', 'relaxin', 'releasing_hormone', 'somatotropin', 'Protropin', 'thymosin', 'thyroid_hormone', 'calcitonin', 'thyroxine', 'triiodothyronine', 'vasopressin', 'autacoid', 'histamine', 'prostaglandin', 'synovia', 'mucus', 'phlegm', 'snot', 'booger', 'saliva', 'salivary_duct', 'drool', 'tobacco_juice', 'sebum', 'smegma', 'lochia', 'pus', 'gleet', 'leukorrhea', 'blood_vessel', 'ductus_arteriosus', 'patent_ductus_arteriosus', 'vasa_vasorum', 'vein', 'venation', 'varicose_vein', 'vena_bulbi_penis', 'vena_canaliculi_cochleae', 'vein_of_penis', 'venae_dorsales_penis_superficiales', 'venae_dorsales_penis_profunda', 'vena_profunda_penis', 'vena_bulbi_vestibuli', 'vena_cava', 'inferior_vena_cava', 'superior_vena_cava', 'venae_profundae_clitoridis', 'vena_dorsalis_clitoridis_profunda', 'venae_dorsales_clitoridis_superficiales', 'venae_palpebrales', 'venae_interlobulares_renis', 'venae_interlobulares_hepatis', 'venae_renis', 'venae_labiales_anteriores', 'venae_labiales_posteriores', 'venter', 'venter', 'ventral_root', 'vertebral_vein', 'vesical_vein', 'vestibular_vein', 'vortex_vein', 'capillary', 'venule', 'membrane', 'retina', 'ganglion_cell', 'sarcolemma', 'peritoneum', 'peritoneal_cavity', 'bursa_omentalis', 'endocardium', 'pericardium', 'epicardium', 'parietal_pericardium', 'pericardial_cavity', 'mesentery', 'mesocolon', 'omentum', 'greater_omentum', 'lesser_omentum', 'submucosa', 'lymph_node', 'axillary_node', \"Peyer's_patch\", 'somatic_cell', 'neoplastic_cell', 'cancer_cell', 'blastema', 'energid', 'pronucleus', 'zygote', 'heterozygote', 'homozygote', 'parthenote', 'protoplasm', 'cytoplasm', 'cytoplast', 'cytoskeleton', 'cytosol', 'ectoplasm', 'endoplasm', 'hyaloplasm', 'lysosome', 'microsome', 'Golgi_body', 'nucleoplasm', 'nucleus', 'nucleolus', 'nucleolus_organizer', 'germ_plasm', 'sex_chromatin', 'chromatin', 'achromatin', 'linin', 'gene', 'dominant_gene', 'allele', 'dominant_allele', 'recessive_allele', 'genetic_marker', 'homeotic_gene', 'homeobox', 'lethal_gene', 'linkage_group', 'modifier', 'mutant_gene', 'haplotype', 'cystic_fibrosis_transport_regulator', 'nonallele', 'operator_gene', 'operon', 'oncogene', 'polygene', 'proto-oncogene', 'recessive_gene', 'regulatory_gene', 'repressor_gene', 'structural_gene', 'suppressor', 'transgene', 'tumor_suppressor_gene', 'X-linked_gene', 'Y-linked_gene', 'chromosome', 'X_chromosome', 'XX', 'XXX', 'XXY', 'XY', 'XYY', 'Y_chromosome', 'sex_chromosome', 'autosome', 'chromatid', 'centromere', 'acentric_chromosome', 'acrocentric_chromosome', 'karyotype', 'metacentric_chromosome', 'telocentric_chromosome', 'mitochondrion', 'sarcosome', 'organelle', 'aster', 'centriole', 'ribosome', 'centrosome', 'sarcoplasm', 'vacuole', 'sclera', 'semipermeable_membrane', 'bone_cell', 'embryonic_cell', 'blastocyte', 'ameloblast', 'osteoblast', 'erythroblast', 'fibroblast', 'neuroblast', 'myelocyte', 'myeloblast', 'sideroblast', 'megakaryocyte', 'osteoclast', 'osteocyte', 'blood_cell', 'akaryocyte', 'megalocyte', 'megaloblast', 'leukocyte', 'packed_cells', 'histiocyte', 'macrophage', 'phagocyte', 'fixed_phagocyte', 'free_phagocyte', 'lymphocyte', 'B_cell', 'T_cell', 'helper_T_cell', 'killer_T_cell', 'lymphoblast', 'plasma_cell', 'plasmablast', 'granulocyte', 'monocyte', 'monoblast', 'basophil', 'neutrophil', 'microphage', 'eosinophil', 'red_blood_cell', 'acanthocyte', 'microcyte', 'reticulocyte', 'sickle_cell', 'siderocyte', 'spherocyte', 'target_cell', 'fovea', 'parafovea', 'macula', 'visual_cell', 'blind_spot', 'cone', 'rod', 'fat_cell', 'reproductive_cell', 'gamete', 'anisogamete', 'isogamete', 'sperm', 'acrosome', 'ovum', 'ootid', 'ovule', 'gametocyte', 'oocyte', 'polar_body', 'spermatocele', 'spermatocyte', 'spermatid', 'muscle_cell', 'Leydig_cell', 'Sertoli_cell', 'striated_muscle_cell', 'myofibril', 'sarcomere', 'smooth_muscle', 'smooth_muscle', 'smooth_muscle_cell', 'immune_system', 'integumentary_system', 'reticuloendothelial_system', 'mononuclear_phagocyte_system', 'muscular_structure', 'musculoskeletal_system', 'nervous_system', 'neural_structure', 'reflex_arc', 'center', 'auditory_center', 'nerve_fiber', 'medullated_nerve_fiber', \"Ranvier's_nodes\", 'medullary_sheath', 'neurolemma', 'Schwann_cell', 'effector', 'end_organ', 'nerve_cell', 'brain_cell', \"Golgi's_cell\", 'Purkinje_cell', 'end-plate', 'osmoreceptor', 'motor_neuron', 'sensory_neuron', 'neuroglia', 'neurogliacyte', 'astroglia', 'astrocyte', 'fibrous_astrocyte', 'protoplasmic_astrocyte', 'microglia', 'microgliacyte', 'oligodendroglia', 'oligodendrocyte', 'axon', 'nerve_ending', 'free_nerve_ending', 'Pacinian_corpuscle', 'proprioceptor', 'dendrite', 'hybridoma', 'process', 'caruncle', 'wattle', 'condyle', 'condylar_process', 'coronoid_process', 'coronoid_process_of_the_mandible', 'lateral_condyle', 'medial_condyle', 'epicondyle', 'lateral_epicondyle', 'fimbria', 'apophysis', 'spicule', 'osteophyte', 'papilla', 'papilla', 'synapse', 'neuromuscular_junction', 'nerve', 'motor_nerve', 'motor_fiber', 'sensory_nerve', 'sensory_fiber', 'lemniscus', 'fiber_bundle', 'nerve_pathway', 'commissure', 'cranial_nerve', 'depressor', 'peduncle', 'hemisphere', 'left_hemisphere', 'pyriform_area', 'right_hemisphere', 'rhinencephalon', 'olfactory_nerve', 'olfactory_bulb', 'optic_nerve', 'oculomotor', 'trochlear', 'trigeminal', 'abducent', 'facial', 'acoustic_nerve', 'glossopharyngeal_nerve', 'vagus', 'accessory_nerve', 'hypoglossal', 'central_nervous_system', 'brain', 'neencephalon', 'neopallium', 'archipallium', 'metencephalon', 'paleencephalon', 'leptomeninges', 'dura_mater', 'arachnoid', 'pia_mater', 'subarachnoid_space', 'neuropil', 'grey_matter', 'white_matter', 'pituitary', 'hypophyseal_stalk', 'anterior_pituitary', 'pars_distilis', 'pars_intermedia', 'posterior_pituitary', 'pineal_gland', 'islands_of_Langerhans', 'cerebellum', 'cerebellar_hemisphere', 'dentate_nucleus', 'vermis', 'paleocerebellum', 'cerebral_cortex', 'cortical_area', 'association_area', 'geniculate_body', 'lateral_geniculate_body', 'medial_geniculate_body', 'auditory_area', \"Broca's_area\", \"Brodmann's_area\", 'frontal_gyrus', 'temporal_gyrus', 'parietal_gyrus', 'occipital_gyrus', 'language_area', 'motor_area', 'sensorium', 'sensorimotor_area', 'visual_area', \"Wernicke's_area\", 'cortex', 'medulla', 'adrenal_cortex', 'renal_cortex', 'adrenal_medulla', 'corpus_callosum', 'pyramidal_tract', 'cerebrum', 'fold', 'gyrus', 'central_gyrus', 'precentral_gyrus', 'precordium', 'postcentral_gyrus', 'lobe', 'lobule', 'frontal_lobe', 'prefrontal_lobe', 'parietal_lobe', 'occipital_lobe', 'striate_cortex', 'temporal_lobe', 'medulla_oblongata', 'amygdala', 'forebrain', 'hippocampus', 'cingulate_gyrus', 'telencephalon', 'diencephalon', 'basal_ganglion', 'caudate_nucleus', 'claustrum', 'lenticular_nucleus', 'pallidum', 'putamen', 'subthalamic_nucleus', 'limbic_system', 'subthalamus', 'thalamus', 'hypothalamus', 'corpus_striatum', 'midbrain', 'substantia_nigra', 'superior_colliculus', 'inferior_colliculus', 'hindbrain', 'myelencephalon', 'pons', 'brainstem', 'reticulum', 'neural_network', 'nucleus', 'reticular_formation', 'reticular_activating_system', 'ventricle', 'fourth_ventricle', 'third_ventricle', 'lateral_ventricle', 'cerebral_aqueduct', 'radiation', 'spinal_cord', 'spinal_fluid', 'peripheral_nervous_system', 'autonomic_nervous_system', 'radial_nerve', 'sympathetic_nervous_system', 'splanchnic_nerve', 'parasympathetic_nervous_system', 'brachial_plexus', 'cardiac_plexus', 'carotid_plexus', 'cervical_plexus', 'choroid_plexus', 'coccygeal_plexus', 'hypogastric_plexus', 'lumbar_plexus', 'lumbar_plexus', 'lumbosacral_plexus', 'mesenteric_plexus', 'myenteric_plexus', 'periarterial_plexus', 'plexus_dentalis', 'pterygoid_plexus', 'pulmonary_plexis', 'sacral_plexus', 'solar_plexus', 'pit_of_the_stomach', 'reproductive_system', 'urogenital_system', 'respiratory_system', 'respiratory_tract', 'lower_respiratory_tract', 'upper_respiratory_tract', 'sensory_system', 'tract', 'urinary_tract', 'vascular_system', 'circulatory_system', 'fetal_circulation', 'bladder', 'urinary_bladder', 'introitus', 'urethral_orifice', 'ureter', 'urethra', 'reproductive_organ', 'female_reproductive_system', 'male_reproductive_system', 'genitalia', 'pudendum', 'female_genitalia', 'female_internal_reproductive_organ', 'male_genitalia', 'male_internal_reproductive_organ', 'ovary', 'ovotestis', 'sac', 'target_organ', 'taret_organ', 'acinus', 'bursa', 'cisterna', 'pouch', 'cheek_pouch', 'marsupium', 'scrotum', 'vesicle', 'blister', 'follicle', 'hair_follicle', 'Graafian_follicle', 'corpus_luteum', 'Fallopian_tube', 'uterus', 'uterine_cavity', 'cervical_canal', 'decidua', 'endometrium', 'myometrium', 'liposome', 'umbilical_cord', 'placenta', 'afterbirth', 'vagina', 'cunt', 'vulva', 'hymen', 'imperforate_hymen', 'mons', 'labium', 'labia_majora', 'pudendal_cleft', 'labia_minora', 'vestibule_of_the_vagina', 'erectile_organ', 'clitoris', \"Cowper's_gland\", \"Bartholin's_gland\", 'cervical_glands', 'seminiferous_tubule', 'gonad', 'testis', 'cobblers', 'male_reproductive_gland', 'undescended_testis', 'epididymis', 'rete_testis', 'vasa_efferentia', 'vas_deferens', 'penis', 'cock', 'micropenis', 'prepuce', 'prepuce', 'seminal_duct', 'ejaculatory_duct', 'seminal_vesicle', 'spermatic_cord', 'respiratory_organ', 'book_lung', 'alveolus', 'nasal_cavity', 'nasopharynx', 'oropharynx', 'laryngopharynx', 'pharyngeal_tonsil', 'larynx', 'arytenoid', 'thyroid_cartilage', 'vocal_cord', 'false_vocal_cord', 'true_vocal_cord', 'cartilaginous_structure', 'cartilaginous_tube', 'bronchus', 'bronchiole', 'trachea', 'trachea', 'alimentary_canal', 'enteron', 'digestive_gland', 'salivary_gland', 'parotid_gland', 'sublingual_gland', 'submaxillary_gland', 'esophagus', 'epicardia', 'intestine', 'hindgut', 'small_intestine', 'duodenum', 'pylorus', 'jejunum', 'ileum', 'large_intestine', 'colon', 'megacolon', 'cecum', 'ileocecal_valve', 'transverse_colon', 'ascending_colon', 'descending_colon', 'sigmoid_colon', 'appendix', 'rectum', 'anus', 'arse', 'imperforate_anus', 'perineum', 'head', 'poll', 'human_head', 'bullethead', 'attic', 'pate', 'tonsure', 'epicranium', 'scalp', 'skull', 'calvaria', 'cranium', 'occiput', 'sinciput', 'frontal_bone', 'frontal_eminence', 'parietal_bone', 'occipital_bone', 'occipital_protuberance', 'mastoid', 'styloid_process', 'pterygoid_process', 'tuberosity', 'suture', 'synovial_joint', 'anterior_fontanelle', 'sphenoid_fontanelle', 'coronal_suture', 'frontal_suture', 'intermaxillary_suture', 'internasal_suture', 'lamboid_suture', 'occipitomastoid_suture', 'parietomastoid_suture', 'sagittal_suture', 'fontanelle', 'foramen', 'interventricular_foramen', 'foramen_magnum', 'jaw', 'chop', 'zygomatic_process', 'neck', 'frill', 'frill', 'bull_neck', 'nape', 'throat', 'fauces', 'fistula', 'bypass', 'portacaval_shunt', 'shunt', 'tubular_cavity', 'shoulder', 'shoulder', 'deltoid', 'armpit', 'torso', 'serratus', 'anterior_serratus_muscle', 'posterior_serratus_muscle', 'serratus_posterior_inferior', 'serratus_posterior_superior', 'side', 'female_chest', 'male_chest', 'pectoral', 'pectoralis_major', 'pectoralis_minor', 'intercostal', 'depressor', 'thorax', 'chest_cavity', 'breast', 'bosom', 'thorax', 'rib_cage', 'cleavage', 'lactiferous_duct', 'mammary_gland', 'breast', 'nipple', 'areola', 'areola', 'nabothian_gland', 'vestibular_gland', 'middle', 'waist', 'wasp_waist', 'belly', 'pot', 'spare_tire', 'hip', 'haunch', 'navel', 'abdomen', 'abdominal', 'dorsum', 'underbelly', 'external_oblique_muscle', 'transversus_abdominis_muscle', 'abdominal_cavity', 'pubes', 'back', 'small', 'latissimus_dorsi', 'buttocks', 'buttock', 'extremity', 'limb', 'stump', 'leg', 'crus', 'leg', 'pin', 'bowleg', \"shank's_mare\", 'spindlelegs', 'thigh', 'lap', 'shank', 'shin', 'vertebrate_foot', 'foot', 'arm', 'cubitus', 'forearm', 'hand', 'fist', 'hooks', 'right', 'left', 'palm', 'thenar', 'digit', 'minimus', 'finger', 'extremity', 'fingertip', 'thumb', 'index', 'ring_finger', 'middle_finger', 'little_finger', 'sciatic_nerve', 'femoral_nerve', 'saphenous_nerve', 'phrenic_nerve', 'ulnar_nerve', 'spinal_nerve', 'cervical_nerve', 'coccygeal_nerve', 'lumbar_nerve', 'sacral_nerve', 'thoracic_nerve', 'gluteus', 'gluteus_maximus', 'gluteus_medius', 'gluteus_minimus', 'hamstring', 'sphincter', 'cardiac_sphincter', 'esophagogastric_junction', 'physiological_sphincter', 'anal_sphincter', 'musculus_sphincter_ani_externus', 'musculus_sphincter_ani_internus', 'urethral_sphincter', 'bladder_sphincter', 'musculus_sphincter_ductus_choledochi', 'musculus_sphincter_ductus_pancreatici', 'pupillary_sphincter', 'pyloric_sphincter', 'tensor', 'tensor_tympani', 'knee', 'femur', 'trochanter', 'calf', 'mid-calf', 'gastrocnemius', 'psoas', 'rhomboid', 'rhomboideus_major_muscle', 'rhomboid_minor_muscle', 'soleus', 'splenius', 'peroneus', 'pterygoid_muscle', 'ball', 'flatfoot', 'arch', 'metatarsal_arch', 'instep', 'sunken_arch', 'sole', 'tiptoe', 'toe', 'toe', 'big_toe', 'hammertoe', 'little_toe', 'heel', 'gliding_joint', 'ankle', 'Achilles_tendon', 'girdle', 'musculus_biceps_femoris', 'biceps', 'biceps_brachii', 'triceps', 'triceps_brachii', 'elbow', 'interphalangeal_joint', 'hinge_joint', 'funny_bone', 'lamina', 'lamina_arcus_vertebrae', 'plate', 'horny_structure', 'nail', 'cuticle', 'half-moon', 'matrix', 'matrix', 'fascia', 'aponeurosis', 'graft', 'autograft', 'homograft', 'heterograft', 'scar_tissue', 'adhesion', 'stroma', 'fingernail', 'thumbnail', 'toenail', 'ingrown_toenail', 'hangnail', 'wrist', 'knuckle', 'skeletal_system', 'skeletal_structure', 'column', 'pectoral_girdle', 'shoulder_girdle', 'endoskeleton', 'exoskeleton', 'appendicular_skeleton', 'axial_skeleton', 'axial_muscle', 'transverse_process', 'hemal_arch', 'neural_arch', 'spinal_column', 'cervical_vertebra', 'atlas', 'axis', 'odontoid_process', 'thoracic_vertebra', 'lumbar_vertebra', 'sacral_vertebra', 'coccygeal_vertebra', 'sartorius', 'scalenus', 'sternocleidomastoid', 'teres', 'teres_major', 'teres_minor', 'tibialis', 'tibialis_anticus', 'tibialis_posticus', 'trapezius', 'true_rib', 'costa', 'costal_cartilage', 'epiphysis', 'diaphysis', 'metaphysis', 'arm_bone', 'humerus', 'radius', 'ulna', 'olecranon', 'metacarpus', 'leg_bone', 'fibula', 'tibia', 'metatarsus', 'tarsus', 'joint', 'ball-and-socket_joint', 'head', 'hip', 'acetabulum', 'pelvis', 'pelvis', 'pelvic_cavity', 'pivot_joint', 'crotch', 'loins', 'groin', 'quick', 'nose', 'beak', 'conk', 'hawk_nose', 'proboscis', 'bridge', 'pug_nose', 'Roman_nose', 'chin', 'double_chin', 'dimple', 'lantern_jaw', 'nostril', 'posterior_naris', 'naris', 'face', 'face', 'countenance', 'pudding_face', 'feature', 'facial_muscle', 'temporalis_muscle', 'brow', 'temple', 'cheek', 'jowl', 'jaw', 'ridge', 'supraorbital_ridge', 'excrescence', 'vegetation', 'rudiment', 'wall', 'abdominal_wall', 'humor', 'pericardial_sac', 'rotator_cuff', 'respiratory_center', 'spindle', 'syncytium', 'serous_membrane', 'synovial_membrane', 'tunica_albuginea_testes', 'albuginea', 'tunic', 'celom', 'cornu', 'corona', 'ruga', 'tentorium', 'mast_cell', 'stem_cell', 'hematopoeitic_stem_cell', 'target_cell', \"McBurney's_point\", 'zona_pellucida', 'receptor', 'alpha_receptor', 'beta_receptor', 'pharyngeal_recess', 'rima', 'rima_glottidis', 'rima_vestibuli', 'telomere', 'vomer', 'Wormian_bone', 'zone', 'zonule', 'mind', 'noddle', 'place', 'public_knowledge', 'common_knowledge', 'episteme', 'ancient_history', 'light', 'open', 'tabula_rasa', 'ego', 'unconscious_mind', 'subconscious_mind', 'superego', 'id', 'astuteness', 'sagacity', 'eye', 'common_sense', 'logic', 'nous', 'road_sense', 'judiciousness', 'discretion', 'confidentiality', 'caution', 'injudiciousness', 'ability', 'know-how', 'bag_of_tricks', 'wisdom', 'leadership', 'generalship', 'intelligence', 'brain', 'breadth', 'capaciousness', 'mind', 'nonverbal_intelligence', 'verbal_intelligence', 'mental_quickness', 'nimbleness', 'brilliance', 'coruscation', 'pyrotechnics', 'scintillation', 'precociousness', 'acuteness', 'steel_trap', 'brightness', 'craft', 'shrewdness', 'insightfulness', 'knowingness', 'street_smarts', 'wits', 'aptitude', 'bilingualism', 'instinct', 'capacity', 'capability', 'perfectibility', 'compass', 'sight', 'natural_ability', 'endowment', 'bent', 'flair', 'raw_talent', 'creativity', 'fecundity', 'flight', 'genius', 'imagination', 'imaginary_place', 'afterworld', 'Annwfn', 'Asgard', 'Atlantis', 'Brobdingnag', 'cloud-cuckoo-land', 'Cockaigne', 'El_Dorado', 'fairyland', 'Heaven', \"Abraham's_bosom\", 'Celestial_City', 'Elysium', 'Elysium', 'Eden', 'Paradise', 'Promised_Land', 'Valhalla', 'Hell', 'Hell', 'Houyhnhnms', 'Gehenna', 'hellfire', 'Laputa', 'Lilliput', 'limbo', 'limbo', 'Midgard', 'never-never_land', 'purgatory', 'Ruritania', 'spirit_world', 'Utopia', 'wonderland', 'fancy', 'fantasy', 'pipe_dream', 'fantasy_life', 'fantasy_world', 'paracosm', 'invention', 'inventiveness', 'resource', 'armory', 'concoction', 'contrivance', 'originality', 'innovativeness', 'unconventionality', 'novelty', 'aviation', 'eristic', 'falconry', 'fortification', 'homiletics', 'horology', 'minstrelsy', 'musicianship', 'enology', 'puppetry', 'taxidermy', 'telescopy', 'ventriloquism', 'skill', 'nose', 'virtuosity', 'bravura', 'skill', 'hand', 'craft', 'horsemanship', 'literacy', 'marksmanship', 'mastership', 'mixology', 'superior_skill', 'art', 'numeracy', 'oarsmanship', 'salesmanship', 'seamanship', 'boatmanship', 'showmanship', 'soldiering', 'swordsmanship', 'skillfulness', 'expertness', 'handiness', 'professionalism', 'sophistication', 'coordination', 'coordination', 'incoordination', 'versatility', 'command', 'adeptness', 'touch', 'finishing_touch', 'dexterity', 'fluency', 'disfluency', 'proficiency', 'brushwork', 'musketry', 'housecraft', 'priestcraft', 'stagecraft', 'tradecraft', 'watercraft', 'woodcraft', 'efficiency', 'economy', 'inability', 'block', \"writer's_block\", 'stupidity', 'denseness', 'dullness', 'retardation', 'abnormality', 'feeblemindedness', 'moronity', 'idiocy', 'imbecility', 'folly', 'vacuousness', 'inaptitude', 'talentlessness', 'incapability', 'imperfectibility', 'incapacity', 'unskillfulness', 'awkwardness', 'rustiness', 'inefficiency', 'amateurishness', 'illiteracy', 'uncreativeness', 'fruitlessness', 'unoriginality', 'triteness', 'camp', 'conventionality', 'faculty', 'attention', 'language', 'lexis', 'vocabulary', 'memory', 'reason', 'sense', 'modality', 'volition', 'velleity', 'sensitivity', 'acuteness', 'hypersensitivity', 'responsiveness', 'excitability', 'exteroception', 'interoception', 'photosensitivity', 'sight', 'stigmatism', 'somatosense', 'touch', 'achromatic_vision', 'acuity', 'twenty-twenty', 'oxyopia', 'binocular_vision', 'central_vision', 'color_vision', 'distance_vision', 'eyesight', 'foveal_vision', 'monocular_vision', 'near_vision', 'night_vision', 'daylight_vision', 'peripheral_vision', 'stereoscopic_vision', 'hearing', 'ear', 'absolute_pitch', 'taste', 'smell', 'nose', 'kinesthesis', 'kinanesthesia', 'equilibrium', 'proprioception', 'somesthesia', 'method', 'scientific_method', 'experimental_method', 'teaching_method', 'Socratic_method', 'method_of_choice', 'methodology', 'mnemonics', 'solution', 'silver_bullet', 'system', 'accounting', 'discipline', 'frame_of_reference', 'vocabulary', 'gambling_system', 'government', 'honor_system', 'logic', 'Aristotelian_logic', 'merit_system', 'point_system', 'spoils_system', 'organon', 'technique', 'antialiasing', 'Benday_process', 'bonding', 'emulation', 'terminal_emulation', 'immunofluorescence', 'photomechanics', 'simulation', 'technicolor', 'practice', 'custom', 'convention', 'mores', 'code_of_conduct', 'universal', 'courtly_love', 'knight_errantry', 'protocol', 'habit', 'Hadith', 'institution', 'levirate', 'heritage', 'cognitive_state', 'enthusiasm', 'Anglomania', 'balletomania', 'concern', 'worldly_concern', 'interestedness', 'matter', 'least', 'personal_business', 'dirty_linen', 'part', 'point_of_honor', 'cult_of_personality', 'amnesia', 'paramnesia', 'anterograde_amnesia', 'retrograde_amnesia', 'forgetfulness', 'senior_moment', 'selective_amnesia', 'posthypnotic_amnesia', 'forgetfulness', 'obliviousness', 'transient_global_amnesia', 'set', 'ivory_tower', 'consciousness', 'stream_of_consciousness', 'self', 'anima', 'awareness', 'incognizance', 'self-awareness', 'orientation', 'self-consciousness', 'unselfconsciousness', 'feel', 'sense', 'sense_of_direction', 'sense_of_responsibility', 'awareness', 'sensibility', 'waking', 'wakefulness', 'arousal', 'vigil', 'unconsciousness', 'automatic_pilot', 'unknowingness', 'blackout', 'grogginess', 'coma', 'diabetic_coma', 'hepatic_coma', 'electrosleep', 'semicoma', 'insensibility', 'sleeping', 'hebetude', 'trance', 'semitrance', 'hypnotic_trance', 'religious_trance', 'narcosis', 'nitrogen_narcosis', 'subconsciousness', 'curiosity', 'desire_to_know', 'interest', 'curiousness', 'nosiness', 'confusion', 'disorientation', 'culture_shock', 'distraction', 'daze', 'half-cock', 'jamais_vu', 'bewilderment', 'perplexity', 'mystery', 'tangle', 'dilemma', 'double_bind', 'cognitive_factor', 'divine_guidance', 'difficulty', 'trouble', 'pressure_point', 'can_of_worms', 'deep_water', 'growing_pains', 'hydra', 'matter', 'facer', 'killer', 'kink', 'pisser', 'pitfall', 'snorter', 'hindrance', 'albatross', 'bind', 'diriment_impediment', 'drag', 'obstacle', 'straitjacket', 'barrier', 'hang-up', 'hurdle', 'stymie', 'ideological_barrier', 'iron_curtain', 'language_barrier', 'bamboo_curtain', 'color_bar', 'determinant', 'clincher', 'influence', 'imponderable', 'imprint', 'morale_builder', 'pestilence', 'support', 'anchor', 'lifeline', 'temptation', 'forbidden_fruit', 'bait', 'allurement', 'equivalent', 'counterpart', 'match', 'mismatch', 'complement', 'substitute', 'ersatz', 'successor', 'succedaneum', 'certainty', 'assurance', 'certitude', 'reliance', 'doubt', 'mental_reservation', 'misgiving', 'incredulity', 'indecision', 'hesitation', 'peradventure', 'suspense', 'morbidity', 'preoccupation', 'obsession', 'abstractedness', 'reverie', 'dream', 'brown_study', 'absentmindedness', 'process', 'process', 'basic_cognitive_process', 'attention', 'attention_span', 'attentiveness', 'clock-watching', 'ear', 'eye', 'notice', 'notice', 'mind', 'advertence', 'concentration', 'mental_note', 'focus', 'particularism', 'specialism', 'study', 'hang-up', 'hobbyhorse', 'watchfulness', 'jealousy', 'inattention', 'inattentiveness', 'distraction', 'disregard', 'oversight', 'omission', 'pretermission', 'exception', 'intuition', 'feeling', 'sprachgefuhl', 'gnosis', 'insight', 'immediacy', 'perception', 'apperception', 'constancy', 'brightness_constancy', 'color_constancy', 'shape_constancy', 'size_constancy', 'perception', 'discernment', 'penetration', 'cognizance', 'remark', 'detection', 'visual_perception', 'contrast', 'face_recognition', 'object_recognition', 'visual_space', 'auditory_perception', 'speech_perception', 'musical_perception', 'melody', 'sensation', 'threshold', 'absolute_threshold', 'pain_threshold', 'difference_threshold', 'just-noticeable_difference', 'masking', 'vision', 'smell', 'scent', 'musk', 'aroma', 'incense', 'malodor', 'niff', 'taste', 'relish', 'lemon', 'vanilla', 'sweet', 'sour', 'acidity', 'bitter', 'acridity', 'salt', 'astringency', 'finish', 'flatness', 'mellowness', 'sound', 'music', 'music', 'piano_music', 'music_of_the_spheres', 'tone', 'harmonic', 'fundamental', 'overtone', 'noise', 'dub', 'synesthesia', 'chromesthesia', 'colored_hearing', 'somesthesia', 'feeling', 'constriction', 'tactual_sensation', 'kinesthesia', 'touch', 'pins_and_needles', 'prickling', 'creepiness', 'cutaneous_sensation', 'tickle', 'itch', 'pruritus', 'pruritus_ani', 'pruritus_vulvae', 'topognosia', 'urtication', 'pressure', 'pain', 'mittelschmerz', 'phantom_limb_pain', 'twinge', 'temperature', 'heat', 'cold', 'comfort_zone', 'believing', 'doublethink', 'structure', 'arrangement', 'classification_system', 'Dewey_decimal_classification', 'contrivance', 'coordinate_system', 'Cartesian_coordinate_system', 'data_structure', 'design', 'distribution', 'equidistribution', 'genetic_map', 'kinship_system', 'lattice', 'living_arrangement', 'redundancy', 'topology', 'bus_topology', 'loop_topology', 'star_topology', 'mesh_topology', 'physical_topology', 'logical_topology', 'unitization', 'configuration', 'space_lattice', 'hierarchical_structure', 'hierarchical_classification_system', 'file_system', 'classification', 'grouping', 'rating_system', 'ABO_blood_group_system', 'appraisal', 'critical_appraisal', 'criticism', 'examen', 'knock', 'self-criticism', 'attribution', 'attribution', 'zoomorphism', 'animatism', 'imputation', 'externalization', 'cross-classification', 'subsumption', 'evaluation', 'overvaluation', 'undervaluation', 'pricing', 'price_gouging', 'reevaluation', 'mark', 'grade_point', 'percentile', 'decile', 'quartile', 'bond_rating', 'assay', 'countercheck', 'diagnostic_test', 'Apgar_score', 'agglutination_test', 'heterophil_test', 'Widal_test', 'bioassay', 'immunoassay', 'radioimmunoassay', 'biopsy', 'cloze_procedure', 'fecal_occult_test', 'GI_series', 'glucose_tolerance_test', 'complement_fixation_test', 'Wassermann_test', 'blood_test', 'PSA_blood_test', 'chorionic_villus_sampling', 'needle_biopsy', 'Pap_test', 'paternity_test', 'PKU_test', 'pregnancy_test', 'Friedman_test', \"Queckenstedt's_test\", 'radioactive_iodine_test', 'radioactive_iodine_excretion_test', 'radioactive_iodine_uptake_test', 'Rubin_test', 'skin_test', 'Dick_test', 'patch_test', 'Schick_test', 'scratch_test', 'tuberculin_test', 'Mantoux_test', 'tine_test', 'intradermal_test', 'tissue_typing', 'Snellen_test', 'stress_test', 'treadmill_test', 'acid_test', 'reappraisal', 'stocktaking', 'underevaluation', 'discrimination', 'differentiation', 'contradistinction', 'line', 'Rubicon', 'hairsplitting', 'individualization', 'taste', 'virtu', 'vogue', 'New_Look', 'fashion', 'cut', 'haute_couture', 'fad', 'retro', 'bandwagon', 'delicacy', 'culture', 'counterculture', 'mass_culture', 'flower_power', 'letters', 'learning', 'conditioning', 'developmental_learning', 'digestion', 'education', 'internalization', 'introjection', 'introjection', 'imprinting', 'language_learning', 'audio_lingual_acquisition', 'memorization', 'rote', 'accommodation', 'assimilation', 'study', 'transfer', 'generalization', 'irradiation', 'physical_education', 'acculturation', 'mastering', 'self-education', 'school', 'special_education', 'vocational_training', 'experience', 'familiarization', 'woodcraft', 'extinction', 'aversive_conditioning', 'conditioned_emotional_response', 'classical_conditioning', 'instrumental_conditioning', 'operant_conditioning', 'counter_conditioning', 'memory', 'short-term_memory', 'working_memory', 'long-term_memory', 'episodic_memory', 'semantic_memory', 'motor_memory', 'retrieval', 'recall', 'remembrance', 'mind', 'reconstruction', 'reproduction', 'regurgitation', 'reminiscence', 'recognition', 'identity', 'speaker_identification', 'association', 'colligation', 'overlap', 'crossroads', 'interface', 'retrospection', 'representational_process', 'symbol', 'typification', 'picture', 'interpretation', 'broad_interpretation', 'depicting', 'mirror', 'anthropomorphism', 'theanthropism', 'imagination', \"mind's_eye\", 'vision', 'picturing', 'dream', 'dream', 'nightmare', 'wet_dream', 'chimera', 'reverie', 'woolgathering', 'evocation', 'pretense', 'search', 'hunt', 'pursuit', 'higher_cognitive_process', 'thinking', 'free_association', 'suggestion', 'construction', 'crystallization', 'gestation', 'reasoning', 'analysis', 'argumentation', 'line_of_thought', 'train_of_thought', 'line_of_inquiry', 'conjecture', 'deduction', 'generalization', 'inference', 'prediction', 'projection', 'prophecy', 'crystal_gazing', 'prevision', 'retrovision', 'prefiguration', 'divination', 'arithmancy', 'dowse', 'geomancy', 'hydromancy', 'lithomancy', 'necromancy', 'oneiromancy', 'onomancy', 'palmistry', 'pyromancy', 'astrology', 'horoscopy', 'alchemy', 'pseudoscience', 'syllogism', 'theorization', 'ideology', 'supposition', 'presupposition', 'abstraction', 'analogy', 'corollary', 'derivation', 'deduction', 'extrapolation', 'presumption', 'conclusion', 'non_sequitur', 'breakdown', 'cost-benefit_analysis', 'dissection', 'elimination', 'reductionism', 'reductionism', 'systems_analysis', 'resolution', 'factorization', 'diagonalization', 'ratiocination', 'regress', 'synthesis', 'trend_analysis', 'cogitation', 'lucubration', 'mysticism', 'ideation', 'consideration', 'deliberation', 'exploration', 'contemplation', 'meditation', 'meditation', 'think', 'introspection', 'soul-searching', 'examen', 'inwardness', 'outwardness', 'omphaloskepsis', 'retrospect', 'decision_making', 'determination', 'eclecticism', 'groupthink', 'settlement', 'judgment', 'prejudgment', 'reversal', 'reconsideration', 'choice', 'pleasure', 'cull', 'favorite', 'option', 'obverse', 'preference', 'wish', 'way', 'default_option', 'possibility', 'possible', 'impossibility', 'impossible', \"Hobson's_choice\", 'soft_option', 'excogitation', 'explanation', 'rationale', 'basis', 'meat_and_potatoes', 'key', 'natural_history', 'rationalization', \"raison_d'etre\", 'planning', 'agreement', 'collusion', 'prearrangement', 'reservation', 'upgrade', 'applecart', 'mens_rea', 'premeditation', 'calculation', 'premeditation', 'problem_solving', 'convergent_thinking', 'divergent_thinking', 'inspiration', 'inquiry', 'nature_study', 'experiment', 'empirical_research', 'control_experiment', 'control_condition', 'condition', 'pilot_experiment', 'trial', 'field_trial', 'alpha_test', 'beta_test', 'road_test', 'testament', 'test_drive', 'trial_balloon', 'probe', 'fishing_expedition', 'poll', 'exit_poll', 'straw_vote', 'heraldry', 'calculation', 'extrapolation', 'interpolation', 'conversion', 'data_conversion', 'digitization', 'estimate', 'credit_rating', 'guess', 'guesstimate', 'overestimate', 'underestimate', 'knowing', 'know', 'cognizance', 'prevision', 'understanding', 'comprehension', 'incomprehension', 'self-knowledge', 'smattering', 'appreciation', 'grasping', 'sense', 'hindsight', 'insight', 'realization', 'light', 'revelation', 'discovery', 'flash', 'linguistic_process', 'reading', 'speed-reading', 'content', 'tradition', 'world', 'otherworld', 'real_world', 'deja_vu', 'life', 'reliving', 'object', 'food', 'pabulum', 'antipathy', 'bugbear', 'execration', 'center', 'conversation_piece', 'crosshairs', 'cynosure', 'eye-catcher', 'hallucination', 'infatuation', 'love', 'noumenon', 'reminder', 'memento', 'memento_mori', 'shades_of', 'universe', 'topic', 'issue', 'gut_issue', 'paramount_issue', 'pocketbook_issue', 'quodlibet', 'area', 'blind_spot', 'remit', 'res_judicata', 'information', 'datum', 'reading', 'acquaintance', 'fact', 'case', 'detail', 'particular', 'general', 'matter_of_fact', 'observation', 'scientific_fact', 'reason', 'score', 'truth', 'home_truth', 'verity', 'minutia', 'nook_and_cranny', 'respect', 'sticking_point', 'technicality', 'example', 'apology', 'exception', 'precedent', 'quintessence', 'sample', 'coupon', 'cross_section', 'specimen', 'grab_sample', 'random_sample', 'tasting', 'circumstance', 'justification', 'mitigating_circumstance', 'background', 'descriptor', 'evidence', 'predictor', 'probable_cause', 'proof', 'reductio_ad_absurdum', 'confirmation', 'bed_check', 'crosscheck', 'parity_check', 'checksum', 'establishment', 'disproof', 'confutation', 'counterexample', 'lead', 'tip-off', 'evocation', 'kick', 'stimulation', 'turn-on', 'turnoff', 'conditioned_stimulus', 'reinforcing_stimulus', 'positive_reinforcing_stimulus', 'negative_reinforcing_stimulus', 'discriminative_stimulus', 'positive_stimulus', 'negative_stimulus', 'bonus', 'joy', 'annoyance', 'nuisance', 'abatable_nuisance', 'attractive_nuisance', 'mixed_nuisance', 'private_nuisance', 'public_nuisance', 'irritant', 'plague', 'aversive_stimulus', 'concern', 'bugaboo', 'burden', 'business', 'dead_weight', 'fardel', 'imposition', 'pill', 'grief', 'idea', 'inspiration', 'source', 'taproot', 'muse', 'mother', 'afflatus', 'cogitation', 'concept', 'conceptualization', 'perception', 'notion', 'mumpsimus', 'preoccupation', 'self-absorption', 'layout', 'trap', 'iron_trap', 'speed_trap', 'idea', 'judgment', 'decision', 'predetermination', 'category', 'kind', 'breed', 'pigeonhole', 'rubric', 'way', 'description', 'type', 'nature', 'version', 'antitype', 'art_form', 'architectural_style', 'Bauhaus', 'Byzantine_architecture', 'classical_architecture', 'Greek_architecture', 'Roman_architecture', 'Gothic', 'Romanesque', 'Norman_architecture', 'perpendicular', 'Tudor_architecture', 'Moorish', 'Victorian_architecture', 'style', 'flavor', 'charm', 'strangeness', 'color', 'species', 'genus', 'brand', 'genre', 'like', 'manner', 'model', 'stripe', 'like', 'rule', 'restriction', 'narrowness', 'rule', 'metarule', 'algorithm', 'sorting_algorithm', 'stemmer', 'heuristic', 'lateral_thinking', 'recursion', 'guidepost', 'cy_pres', 'working_principle', 'property', 'quality', 'texture', 'feature', 'feature_of_speech', 'invariant', 'aspect', 'attraction', 'badge', 'centerpiece', 'contour', 'excellence', 'external', 'peculiarity', 'calling_card', 'safety_feature', 'side', 'downside', 'hand', 'sector', 'department', 'surface', 'attention', 'tourist_attraction', 'foil', 'abstraction', 'absolute', 'teacher', 'thing', 'quantity', 'quantum', 'quantum', 'term', 'numerical_quantity', 'zero', 'value', 'eigenvalue', 'scale_value', 'average', 'vote', 'operand', 'variable', 'argument', 'arity', 'independent_variable', 'factor', 'correlate', 'degree_of_freedom', 'dependent_variable', 'constant', 'parameter', 'parameter', 'degree_of_freedom', 'product', 'factorial', 'multiple', 'double', 'triple', 'quadruple', 'lowest_common_multiple', 'grand_total', 'subtotal', 'sum', 'degree', 'degree_of_a_term', 'degree_of_a_polynomial', 'first_degree', 'polynomial', 'biquadratic', 'homogeneous_polynomial', 'monic_polynomial', 'quadratic', 'quantic', 'series', 'power_series', 'convergence', 'divergence', 'geometric_series', 'Fourier_series', 'predictor_variable', 'proportional', 'infinitesimal', 'random_variable', 'scalar', 'tensor', 'vector', 'vector_product', 'scalar_product', 'vector_sum', 'radius_vector', 'radius_vector', 'be-all_and_end-all', 'plot_element', 'McGuffin', 'point', 'attractor', 'strange_attractor', 'intersection', 'metacenter', 'vertex', 'part', 'beginning', 'middle', 'end', 'high_point', 'component', 'leaven', 'whole', 'unit', 'one', 'compound', 'complex', 'hybrid', 'syndrome', 'law', 'divine_law', 'dictate', 'fundamentals', 'logic', 'pleasure_principle', 'reality_principle', 'insurrectionism', 'principle', 'rudiment', 'law', 'lexicalized_concept', 'all-or-none_law', 'principle', \"Archimedes'_principle\", \"Avogadro's_law\", \"Bernoulli's_law\", \"Benford's_law\", 'Bose-Einstein_statistics', \"Boyle's_law\", \"Coulomb's_Law\", \"Dalton's_law\", 'distribution_law', 'Maxwell-Boltzmann_distribution_law', 'equilibrium_law', \"Fechner's_law\", 'Fermi-Dirac_statistics', \"Gay-Lussac's_law\", 'Gestalt_law_of_organization', \"Henry's_law\", \"Hooke's_law\", \"Hubble's_law\", \"Kepler's_law\", \"Kepler's_first_law\", \"Kepler's_second_law\", \"Kepler's_third_law\", \"Kirchhoff's_laws\", 'law_of_averages', 'law_of_constant_proportion', 'law_of_diminishing_returns', 'law_of_effect', 'law_of_equivalent_proportions', 'law_of_gravitation', 'law_of_multiple_proportions', 'law_of_mass_action', 'law_of_thermodynamics', 'second_law_of_thermodynamics', 'third_law_of_thermodynamics', 'zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics', \"Le_Chatelier's_principle\", \"Gresham's_Law\", \"Mendel's_law\", 'law_of_segregation', 'law_of_independent_assortment', 'mass-energy_equivalence', \"Naegele's_rule\", \"Newton's_law_of_motion\", 'first_law_of_motion', 'second_law_of_motion', 'third_law_of_motion', \"Ohm's_law\", \"Pascal's_law\", 'Pauli_exclusion_principle', 'periodic_law', \"Planck's_law\", \"Planck's_radiation_law\", 'big-bang_theory', 'nebular_hypothesis', 'planetesimal_hypothesis', 'steady_state_theory', 'hypothesis', 'hypothetical', 'gemmule', 'fact', 'mean_sun', 'model', 'Copernican_system', 'Ptolemaic_system', 'M-theory', 'string_theory', 'audit_program', 'outline', 'speculation', 'assumption', 'prerequisite', 'requirement', 'precondition', 'academic_requirement', 'language_requirement', 'essential_condition', 'given', 'basic_assumption', 'misconception', 'fallacy', 'logical_fallacy', 'hysteron_proteron', 'ignoratio_elenchi', 'pathetic_fallacy', 'petitio_principii', 'post_hoc', 'sophism', 'paralogism', 'error', 'self-deception', 'mistake', 'illusion', 'bubble', \"will-o'-the-wisp\", 'wishful_thinking', 'delusion', 'autism', 'infantile_autism', 'apparition', 'unidentified_flying_object', 'Flying_Dutchman', 'ghost', 'disorientation', 'plan', 'program', 'master_plan', 'Apollo_program', 'Gemini_program', 'Mercury_program', 'defense_program', 'educational_program', 'rehabilitation_program', 'space_program', 'Superfund_program', 'vocational_rehabilitation_program', 'tax_program', 'policy', 'activism', 'beggar-my-neighbor_policy', 'blueprint', 'plan_of_action', 'battle_plan', 'system', 'credit_system', 'legal_system', 'bail', 'jury_system', 'patent_system', 'tax_system', 'voting_system', 'uninominal_system', 'list_system', 'pricing_system', 'promotion_system', 'tactic', 'scheme', 'travel_plan', 'contrivance', 'plant', 'pump-and-dump_scheme', 'wangle', 'counterterrorism', 'game_plan', 'game_plan', 'house_of_cards', 'playbook', 'plot', 'pyramid_scheme', 'counterplot', 'intrigue', 'priestcraft', 'conspiracy', 'Gunpowder_Plot', 'waiting_game', 'wheeze', 'regimen', 'academic_program', 'training_program', 'biofeedback', 'preemployment_training_program', 'project', 'moneymaker', 'vocational_program', 'works_program', 'agenda', 'menu', 'pension_plan', '401-k_plan', 'individual_retirement_account', 'Keogh_plan', 'employee_savings_plan', 'road_map', 'stock_purchase_plan', 'employee_stock_ownership_plan', 'figment', 'generalization', 'principle', 'pillar', 'pillar_of_Islam', 'shahadah', 'salat', 'sawm', 'zakat', 'hajj', 'yang', 'yin', 'feng_shui', 'suggestion', 'inkling', 'posthypnotic_suggestion', 'impression', 'presence', 'reaction', 'effect', 'first_blush', 'sound_effect', 'special_effect', 'stage_effect', 'theorem', \"Bayes'_theorem\", \"Bayes'_postulate\", 'intuition', 'heart', 'prescience', 'notion', 'meaning', 'burden', 'theme', 'topos', 'semantics', 'significance', 'kernel', 'bare_bones', 'hypostasis', 'quiddity', 'quintessence', 'stuff', 'tenor', 'drift', 'undertone', 'reference', 'reference', 'connotation', 'ideal', 'value', 'introject', 'idealization', 'paragon', 'gold_standard', 'criterion', 'design_criteria', 'exemplar', 'beauty', 'ego_ideal', 'keynote', 'kink', 'wisdom', 'reconditeness', 'representation', 'instantiation', 'antitype', 'stereotype', 'schema', 'image', 'imagination_image', 'interpretation', 'reinterpretation', 'phantasmagoria', 'character', 'bit_part', 'soubrette', 'heavy', 'hero', 'ingenue', 'title_role', 'psychosexuality', 'percept', 'figure', 'ground', 'form', 'fractal', 'gestalt', 'grid', 'Amsler_grid', 'kaleidoscope', 'mosaic', 'strand', 'sonata_form', 'visual_percept', 'eye_candy', 'field', 'sight', 'view', 'visual_field', 'background', 'coast', 'exposure', 'foreground', 'glimpse', 'middle_distance', 'side_view', 'tableau', 'microscopic_field', 'operative_field', 'memory', 'recollection', 'engram', 'confabulation', 'screen_memory', 'memory_image', 'memory_picture', 'afterimage', 'aftertaste', 'visual_image', 'fusion', 'mental_picture', 'auditory_image', 'model', 'lodestar', 'prototype', 'concentrate', 'imago', 'type_specimen', 'microcosm', 'original', 'pacesetter', 'pattern', 'template', 'prefiguration', 'prodigy', 'appearance', 'illusion', 'irradiation', 'three-D', 'phantom_limb', 'mirage', 'front', 'blur', 'unsoundness', 'abstractionism', 'concretism', 'shape', 'belief', 'apophatism', 'cataphatism', 'doctrine_of_analogy', 'conviction', 'faith', 'doctrine', 'philosophy', 'expectation', 'fetishism', 'geneticism', 'meliorism', 'opinion', 'autotelism', 'originalism', 'pacifism', 'predestinarianism', 'religion', 'cult', 'cult', 'ecclesiasticism', 'mysticism', 'quietism', 'Sufism', 'nature_worship', 'revealed_religion', 'eyes', 'public_opinion', 'preconception', 'taboo', 'irrational_hostility', 'pole', 'promise', 'rainbow', 'foretaste', 'possibility', 'anticipation', 'apprehension', 'revolutionism', 'sacerdotalism', 'spiritualism', 'spiritual_world', 'suffragism', 'supernaturalism', 'superstition', 'supremacism', 'theory', 'egoism', 'patchwork', 'theosophy', 'theosophism', 'anthroposophy', 'Kabbalah', 'Kabbalism', 'thought', 'totemism', 'tribalism', 'values', 'vampirism', 'mainstream', 'principle', 'accounting_principle', 'chivalry', 'ethic', 'Chartism', 'Hellenism', 'legal_principle', 'jus_sanguinis', 'jus_soli', 'preemption', 'relation_back', 'scruple', 'Golden_Rule', 'Athanasian_Creed', 'abolitionism', 'absolutism', 'amoralism', 'animalism', 'animism', 'antiestablishmentarianism', 'asceticism', 'British_empiricism', 'contextualism', 'creationism', 'creation_science', 'creed', 'divine_right', 'dogma', 'dualism', 'dynamism', 'epicureanism', 'establishmentarianism', 'ethicism', 'expansionism', 'experimentalism', 'formalism', 'functionalism', 'Girondism', 'gospel', 'gymnosophy', 'imitation', 'mimesis', 'individualism', 'individualism', 'rugged_individualism', 'internationalism', 'unilateralism', 'one-way_street', 'irredentism', 'literalism', 'majority_rule', 'monism', 'multiculturalism', 'nationalism', 'nationalism', 'nihilism', 'pacifism', 'pluralism', 'populism', 'predestination', 'presentism', 'election', 'rationalism', 'reformism', 'humanism', 'humanitarianism', 'egalitarianism', 'feminism', 'juju', 'magic', 'mojo', 'occultism', 'occultism', 'reincarnationism', 'secessionism', 'secularism', 'aesthetic', 'Aristotelianism', 'conceptualism', 'Confucianism', 'deconstruction', 'empiricism', 'environmentalism', 'existentialism', 'determinism', 'fatalism', 'formalism', 'hereditarianism', 'idealism', 'intuitionism', 'logicism', 'materialism', 'mechanism', 'mentalism', 'nativism', 'naturalism', 'Neoplatonism', 'nominalism', 'operationalism', 'Platonism', 'pragmatism', 'instrumentalism', 'probabilism', 'rationalism', 'realism', 'relativism', 'Scholasticism', 'semiotics', 'sensualism', 'solipsism', 'spiritualism', 'Stoicism', 'subjectivism', 'Taoism', 'teleology', 'traditionalism', 'vitalism', 'conjuring', \"old_wives'_tale\", 'exorcism', 'evocation', 'sorcery', 'theurgy', 'witchcraft', 'enchantment', 'diabolism', 'white_magic', 'unbelief', 'agnosticism', 'atheism', 'heresy', 'iconoclasm', 'goal', 'aim', 'bourn', 'end-all', 'destination', 'grail', 'no-goal', 'purpose', 'intention', 'mind', 'cross-purpose', 'final_cause', 'sake', 'view', 'will', 'business', 'occasions', 'point', 'thing', 'education', 'experience', 'acculturation', 'meme', 'lore', 'folklore', 'eruditeness', 'letters', 'enlightenment', 'foundation', 'centralism', 'containment', 'moderationism', 'obscurantism', 'Thatcherism', 'ultramontanism', 'edification', 'satori', 'disenchantment', 'ignorance', 'dark', 'ignorantness', 'inexperience', 'unenlightenment', 'illiteracy', 'theory', 'theory_of_gravitation', 'principle_of_relativity', \"Occam's_Razor\", 'principle_of_equivalence', 'principle_of_liquid_displacement', 'principle_of_superposition', 'principle_of_superposition', 'mass-action_principle', 'localization_of_function', 'lateralization', 'blastogenesis', 'preformation', 'dialectical_materialism', 'positivism', 'Comtism', 'scientific_theory', 'field_theory', 'organicism', 'economic_theory', 'consumerism', 'Keynesianism', 'liberalism', 'Malthusianism', 'monetarism', \"Stevens'_law\", \"Weber's_law\", 'discipline', 'communications', 'major', 'region', 'frontier', 'genealogy', 'allometry', 'bibliotics', 'ology', 'symbology', 'grey_area', 'territory', 'knowledge_domain', 'metaknowledge', 'scientific_knowledge', 'science', 'natural_science', 'mathematics', 'pure_mathematics', 'arithmetic', 'algorism', 'geometry', 'affine_geometry', 'elementary_geometry', \"Euclid's_axiom\", \"Euclid's_first_axiom\", \"Euclid's_second_axiom\", \"Euclid's_third_axiom\", \"Euclid's_fourth_axiom\", \"Euclid's_fifth_axiom\", 'fractal_geometry', 'non-Euclidean_geometry', 'hyperbolic_geometry', 'elliptic_geometry', 'numerical_analysis', 'spherical_geometry', 'spherical_trigonometry', 'triangulation', 'analytic_geometry', 'axis', 'coordinate_axis', 'origin', 'x-axis', 'y-axis', 'z-axis', 'major_axis', 'semimajor_axis', 'minor_axis', 'semiminor_axis', 'principal_axis', 'optic_axis', 'inertial_reference_frame', 'space-time', 'coordinate', 'Cartesian_coordinate', 'dimension', 'abscissa', 'ordinate', 'intercept', 'polar_coordinate', 'plane_geometry', 'solid_geometry', 'projective_geometry', 'trigonometry', 'algebra', 'quadratics', 'linear_algebra', 'vector_algebra', 'decomposition', 'matrix_algebra', 'calculus', 'analysis', 'Fourier_analysis', 'differential_calculus', 'derived_function', 'partial_derivative', 'integral_calculus', 'integral', 'indefinite_integral', 'definite_integral', 'calculus_of_variations', 'set_theory', 'interval', 'closed_interval', 'open_interval', 'sub-interval', 'group', 'subgroup', 'group_theory', 'Galois_theory', 'Abelian_group', 'topology', 'metamathematics', 'applied_mathematics', 'linear_programming', 'statistics', 'statistical_method', 'least_squares', 'multivariate_analysis', 'statistic', 'average', 'demographic', 'deviation', 'moment', 'nonparametric_statistic', 'parametric_statistic', 'age_norm', 'outlier', 'mean_deviation', 'mode', 'median', 'mean', 'arithmetic_mean', 'geometric_mean', 'harmonic_mean', 'second_moment', 'variance', 'standard_deviation', 'covariance', 'frequency_distribution', 'normal_distribution', 'Poisson_distribution', 'normal_curve', 'population', 'subpopulation', 'sample_distribution', 'random_sample', 'stratified_sample', 'regression', 'multiple_regression', 'multicollinearity', 'regression_analysis', 'regression_equation', 'regression_coefficient', 'linear_regression', 'curvilinear_regression', 'regression_line', 'time_series', 'vital_statistics', 'correlational_analysis', 'correlation_matrix', 'factor_analysis', 'analysis_of_variance', 'correlation_table', 'correlation', 'curvilinear_correlation', 'partial_correlation', 'first-order_correlation', 'correlation_coefficient', 'covariation', 'positive_correlation', 'negative_correlation', 'product-moment_correlation_coefficient', 'multiple_correlation_coefficient', 'biserial_correlation_coefficient', 'nonparametric_statistics', 'rank-order_correlation_coefficient', 'Kendall_test', 'Kendall_partial_rank_correlation', 'coefficient_of_concordance', 'tau_coefficient_of_correlation', 'phi_coefficient', 'split-half_correlation', 'tetrachoric_correlation_coefficient', 'spurious_correlation', 'binomial', 'binomial_distribution', 'binomial_theorem', 'probability_theory', 'life_science', 'biology', 'biomedical_science', 'biometrics', 'craniology', 'dermatoglyphics', 'dietetics', 'macrobiotics', 'eugenics', 'dysgenics', 'euthenics', 'medicine', 'medical_science', 'phrenology', 'aeromedicine', 'allergology', 'anesthesiology', 'angiology', 'bacteriology', 'biomedicine', 'biomedicine', 'cardiology', 'dentistry', 'cosmetic_dentistry', 'dental_surgery', 'endodontics', 'exodontics', 'orthodontics', 'periodontics', 'prosthetics', 'prosthodontics', 'dermatology', 'emergency_medicine', 'endocrinology', 'epidemiology', 'forensic_medicine', 'gastroenterology', 'geriatrics', 'gynecology', 'hematology', 'hygiene', 'immunology', 'immunochemistry', 'immunopathology', 'internal_medicine', 'nephrology', 'nuclear_medicine', 'neurology', 'neuropsychiatry', 'nosology', 'obstetrics', 'fetology', 'perinatology', 'oncology', 'ophthalmology', 'otology', 'pharmacology', 'pharmacy', 'pharmacokinetics', 'posology', 'psychopharmacology', 'psychiatry', 'alienism', 'psychotherapy', 'clinical_psychology', 'Freudian_psychology', 'Jungian_psychology', 'anatomy', 'clinical_anatomy', 'comparative_anatomy', 'dental_anatomy', 'developmental_anatomy', 'functional_anatomy', 'gross_anatomy', 'microscopic_anatomy', 'neuroanatomy', 'osteology', 'regional_anatomy', 'audiology', 'pathology', 'pediatrics', 'neonatology', 'podiatry', 'proctology', 'radiology', 'rheumatology', 'rhinolaryngology', 'serology', 'space_medicine', 'sports_medicine', 'surgery', 'orthopedics', 'therapeutics', 'toxicology', 'thoracic_medicine', 'traumatology', 'tropical_medicine', 'urology', 'veterinary_medicine', 'virology', 'agronomy', 'agrobiology', 'agrology', 'biogeography', 'botany', 'mycology', 'pomology', 'cryobiology', 'cryonics', 'cytology', 'cytogenetics', 'ecology', 'embryology', 'exobiology', 'forestry', 'silviculture', 'entomology', 'lepidopterology', 'ethology', 'herpetology', 'ichthyology', 'malacology', 'mammalogy', 'oology', 'ornithology', 'primatology', 'protozoology', 'paleontology', 'paleoanthropology', 'paleobotany', 'phycology', 'pteridology', 'paleodendrology', 'paleozoology', 'paleomammalogy', 'paleornithology', 'functional_genomics', 'structural_genomics', 'genetics', 'genomics', 'proteomics', 'histology', 'microbiology', 'molecular_genetics', 'molecular_biology', 'morphology', 'neurobiology', 'paleobiology', 'neurology', 'pharmacogenetics', 'teratology', 'biochemistry', 'enzymology', 'zymology', 'physiology', 'neurophysiology', 'neuroscience', 'brain_science', 'cognitive_neuroscience', 'hemodynamics', 'kinesiology', 'myology', 'paleoecology', 'radiobiology', 'sociobiology', 'zoology', 'chemistry', 'organic_chemistry', 'inorganic_chemistry', 'physical_chemistry', 'phytochemistry', 'electrochemistry', 'femtochemistry', 'geochemistry', 'photochemistry', 'radiochemistry', 'surface_chemistry', 'physics', 'physics', 'acoustics', 'astronomy', 'astrodynamics', 'astrometry', 'radio_astronomy', 'aeronautics', 'avionics', 'biophysics', 'celestial_mechanics', 'astrophysics', 'selenology', 'solar_physics', 'cosmology', 'cryogenics', 'crystallography', 'electromagnetism', 'electronics', 'electrostatics', 'mechanics', 'nuclear_physics', 'optics', 'catoptrics', 'holography', 'particle_physics', 'plasma_physics', 'quantum_physics', 'quasiparticle', 'rheology', 'atomism', 'holism', 'atomic_theory', 'Bohr_theory', 'Rutherford_atom', 'conservation', 'conservation_of_charge', 'conservation_of_energy', 'conservation_of_mass', 'conservation_of_momentum', 'parity', 'cell_theory', 'wave_theory', 'corpuscular_theory', 'kinetic_theory', 'relativity', 'general_relativity', 'special_relativity', 'supersymmetry', 'quantum_theory', 'wave_mechanics', 'uncertainty_principle', 'kinetic_theory_of_heat', 'germ_theory', 'information_theory', 'theory_of_dissociation', 'theory_of_evolution', 'theory_of_indicators', 'theory_of_inheritance', 'Mendelism', 'Darwinism', 'neo-Darwinism', 'Lamarckism', 'Neo-Lamarckism', 'thermochemistry', 'punctuated_equilibrium', 'harmonics', 'classical_mechanics', 'solid-state_physics', 'statistical_mechanics', 'quantum_mechanics', 'quantum_field_theory', 'quantum_electrodynamics', 'quantum_chromodynamics', 'fluid_mechanics', 'pneumatics', 'statics', 'hydrostatics', 'dynamics', 'kinematics', 'hydrodynamics', 'magnetohydrodynamics', 'ballistics', 'aeromechanics', 'thermodynamics', 'thermostatics', 'electron_optics', 'microelectronics', 'thermionics', 'earth_science', 'geology', 'hypsography', 'paleogeology', 'geophysics', 'morphology', 'orology', 'stratigraphy', 'tectonics', 'meteorology', 'aerology', 'climatology', 'bioclimatology', 'nephology', 'hydrology', 'oceanography', 'hydrography', 'limnology', 'seismology', 'volcanology', 'magnetism', 'geodesy', 'mineralogy', 'petrology', 'speleology', 'petroleum_geology', 'economic_geology', 'mining_geology', 'geography', 'physical_geography', 'topography', 'topology', 'economic_geography', 'cosmography', 'architecture', 'architectonics', 'landscape_architecture', 'urban_planning', 'interior_design', 'engineering', 'metallurgy', 'powder_metallurgy', 'aeronautical_engineering', 'bionics', 'biotechnology', 'biotechnology', 'bioremediation', 'genetic_engineering', 'chemical_engineering', 'civil_engineering', 'hydraulic_engineering', 'electrical_engineering', 'telecommunication', 'computer_science', 'object', 'logic', 'artificial_intelligence', 'machine_translation', 'robotics', 'animatronics', 'telerobotics', 'architectural_engineering', 'industrial_engineering', 'information_technology', 'mechanical_engineering', 'nanotechnology', 'tribology', 'nuclear_engineering', 'naval_engineering', 'rocketry', 'metrology', 'nutrition', 'futurology', 'psychology', 'abnormal_psychology', 'associationism', 'atomism', 'applied_psychology', 'cognitive_psychology', 'comparative_psychology', 'developmental_psychology', 'differential_psychology', 'experimental_psychology', 'psychophysics', 'behaviorism', 'functionalism', 'memory', 'problem_solving', 'psycholinguistics', 'physiological_psychology', 'psychometry', 'reflexology', 'Gestalt_psychology', 'social_psychology', 'psychodynamics', 'group_dynamics', 'information_science', 'natural_language_processing', 'cybernetics', 'cognitive_science', 'social_science', 'civics', 'anthropology', 'archeology', 'Assyriology', 'Egyptology', 'Sumerology', 'micropaleontology', 'marine_archeology', 'paleoclimatology', 'paleogeography', 'paleography', 'paleopathology', 'paletiology', 'epigraphy', 'paleology', 'protohistory', 'protoarcheology', 'ethnography', 'paleoethnography', 'ethnology', 'physical_anthropology', 'craniometry', 'social_anthropology', 'garbology', 'mythology', 'ritualism', 'politics', 'geopolitics', 'geostrategy', 'realpolitik', 'politics', 'home_economics', 'economics', 'game_theory', 'econometrics', 'finance', 'macroeconomics', 'microeconomics', 'supply-side_economics', 'proxemics', 'sociology', 'criminology', 'demography', 'psephology', 'penology', 'sociometry', 'strategics', 'systematics', 'biosystematics', 'taxonomy', 'cladistics', 'thanatology', 'humanistic_discipline', 'neoclassicism', 'classicism', 'Romanticism', 'English', 'history', 'historicism', 'art_history', 'iconology', 'chronology', 'glottochronology', 'history', 'fine_arts', 'performing_arts', 'Occidentalism', 'Orientalism', 'philosophy', 'ethics', 'bioethics', 'neuroethics', 'casuistry', 'casuistry', 'eudemonism', 'hedonism', 'probabilism', 'etiology', 'aesthetics', 'axiology', 'jurisprudence', 'contract_law', 'corporation_law', 'matrimonial_law', 'patent_law', 'metaphysics', 'ontology', 'ontology', 'cosmology', 'dialectics', 'dialectic', 'logic', 'symbolic_logic', 'Boolean_logic', 'propositional_logic', 'predicate_calculus', 'quantification', 'modal_logic', 'alethic_logic', 'deontic_logic', 'epistemic_logic', 'doxastic_logic', 'fuzzy_logic', 'modal_logic', 'epistemology', 'methodology', 'phenomenology', 'philosophical_doctrine', 'structuralism', 'structuralism', 'computational_linguistics', 'dialect_geography', 'etymology', 'historical_linguistics', 'literary_study', 'literature', 'comparative_literature', 'literary_criticism', 'poetics', 'prosody', 'classics', 'rhetoric', 'library_science', 'linguistics', 'dialectology', 'musicology', 'Sinology', 'stemmatology', 'trivium', 'quadrivium', 'cryptanalysis', 'linguistics', 'grammar', 'descriptive_grammar', 'prescriptive_grammar', 'syntax', 'syntax', 'generative_grammar', 'orthoepy', 'phonetics', 'phonology', 'morphology', 'affixation', 'morphology', 'inflectional_morphology', 'derivational_morphology', 'compound_morphology', 'morphophonemics', 'lexicology', 'onomastics', 'toponymy', 'neurolinguistics', 'pragmatics', 'lexicostatistics', 'semantics', 'deixis', 'formal_semantics', 'lexical_semantics', 'cognitive_semantics', 'sound_law', \"Grimm's_law\", \"Verner's_law\", 'sociolinguistics', 'structuralism', 'synchronic_linguistics', 'descriptive_linguistics', 'prescriptive_linguistics', 'theology', 'angelology', 'apologetics', 'ecclesiology', 'eschatology', 'hermeneutics', 'homiletics', 'liturgics', 'theodicy', 'theology', 'Christian_theology', 'Christology', 'liberation_theology', 'natural_theology', 'Jesuitism', 'patristics', 'polemics', \"states'_rights\", 'nullification', 'teaching', 'mitzvah', 'theological_doctrine', 'Christology', 'antinomianism', 'Thomism', 'utilitarianism', 'Arianism', 'Athanasianism', 'Boehmenism', 'consubstantiation', 'Episcopalianism', 'Erastianism', 'Hinayanism', 'Jansenism', 'Mahayanism', 'Marcionism', 'millenarianism', 'Monophysitism', 'Monothelitism', 'Nestorianism', 'Pelagianism', 'Quakerism', 'rationalism', 'reincarnation', 'Rosicrucianism', 'soteriology', 'synergism', 'total_depravity', 'transcendentalism', 'transubstantiation', 'universalism', 'vertebrate_paleontology', 'Virgin_Birth', 'attitude', 'credence', 'fatalism', 'recognition', 'culture', 'cyberculture', 'Kalashnikov_culture', 'mosaic_culture', 'defensive', 'hardball', 'high_horse', 'southernism', 'mentality', 'paternalism', 'position', 'hard_line', 'inclination', 'direction', 'tenor', 'drift', 'evolutionary_trend', 'neoteny', 'gravitation', 'Call', 'denominationalism', 'devices', 'sympathy', 'favoritism', 'proclivity', 'bent', 'literalism', 'perseveration', 'predisposition', 'predilection', 'favor', 'disfavor', 'doghouse', 'reprobation', 'partiality', 'anthropocentrism', 'ethnocentrism', 'Eurocentrism', 'bias', 'tilt', 'sectionalism', 'unfairness', 'impartiality', 'disinterestedness', 'fairness', 'experimenter_bias', 'homophobia', 'Islamophobia', 'racism', 'anti-Semitism', 'white_supremacy', 'tendentiousness', 'tolerance', 'broad-mindedness', 'liberality', 'disinterest', 'intolerance', 'narrow-mindedness', 'parochialism', 'pettiness', 'provincialism', 'sectarianism', 'bigotry', 'fanaticism', 'religionism', 'zero_tolerance', 'respect', 'estimate', 'reputation', 'disrespect', 'reverence', 'irreverence', 'profaneness', 'orientation', 'wavelength', 'experimentalism', 'reorientation', 'position', \"bird's_eye_view\", 'futurism', 'vanguard', 'cityscape', 'landscape', 'paradigm', 'point_of_view', 'light', 'sight', 'slant', 'complexion', 'Weltanschauung', 'clockwork_universe', 'straddle', 'orthodoxy', 'conformity', 'conventionality', 'legalism', 'unorthodoxy', 'nonconformity', 'political_orientation', 'absolutism', 'anarchism', 'autocracy', 'Machiavellianism', 'centrism', 'collectivism', 'communism', 'Castroism', 'Leninism', 'Maoism', 'Marxism', 'Trotskyism', 'conservatism', 'neoconservatism', 'reaction', 'segregationism', 'constitutionalism', 'democracy', 'social_democracy', 'domino_theory', 'elitism', 'extremism', 'fascism', 'federalism', 'imperialism', 'leftism', 'liberalism', 'meritocracy', 'neoliberalism', 'libertarianism', 'monarchism', 'Negritude', 'Orleanism', 'progressivism', 'radicalism', 'Jacobinism', 'reactionism', 'republicanism', 'rightism', 'socialism', 'Fabianism', 'guild_socialism', 'utopian_socialism', 'theocracy', 'Utopianism', 'dovishness', 'peace_advocacy', 'hawkishness', 'militarism', 'warmongering', 'religious_orientation', 'agnosticism', 'Docetism', 'Gnosticism', 'Mandaeanism', 'atheism', 'theism', 'deism', 'monotheism', 'polytheism', 'tritheism', 'paganism', 'druidism', 'pantheism', 'pantheism', 'cargo_cult', 'macumba', 'obeah', 'Rastafarianism', 'Christianity', 'Adventism', 'Seventh-Day_Adventism', 'Catholicism', 'anti-Catholicism', 'Romanism', 'Albigensianism', 'Donatism', 'Eastern_Catholicism', 'Protestantism', 'Anglicanism', 'Anglo-Catholicism', 'Tractarianism', 'Arminianism', 'Calvinism', 'Christian_Science', 'Lutheranism', 'Unitarianism', 'Trinitarianism', 'Congregationalism', 'Mennonitism', 'evangelicalism', 'revivalism', 'fundamentalism', 'Methodism', 'Wesleyanism', 'Anabaptism', 'Baptistic_doctrine', 'Mormonism', 'pentecostalism', 'Presbyterianism', 'Puritanism', 'Judaism', 'Orthodox_Judaism', 'Hasidism', 'Chabad', 'Conservative_Judaism', 'Reform_Judaism', 'Islam', 'Mahdism', 'Salafism', 'Shiism', 'Ismailism', 'Wahhabism', 'Hinduism', 'Brahmanism', 'Darsana', 'Mimamsa', 'Vedanta', 'Krishnaism', 'Shivaism', 'Shaktism', 'Vaishnavism', 'yoga', 'Jainism', 'Sikhism', 'Buddhism', 'Mahayana', 'Theravada', 'Hinayana', 'Lamaism', 'Zen', 'Shingon', 'Tantra', 'Yogacara', 'Tao', 'Taoism', 'Shinto', 'Manichaeism', 'Mithraism', 'Zoroastrianism', 'Parsiism', 'Bahaism', 'shamanism', 'shamanism', 'Vedism', 'Wicca', 'obiism', 'voodoo', 'amateurism', 'anagoge', 'dynamical_system', 'chaos', 'condensation', 'level', 'transference', 'countertransference', 'restraint', 'floodgate', 'military_science', 'escapology', 'graphology', 'numerology', 'protology', 'theogony', 'tactics', 'strategy', 'closure', 'common_fate', 'descriptivism', 'descriptivism', 'good_continuation', 'prescriptivism', 'prescriptivism', 'proximity', 'similarity', 'wrinkle', 'wrinkle', 'Zurvanism', 'transmission', 'communication', 'intercommunication', 'conveyance', 'dissemination', 'circulation', 'propagation', 'message', 'broadcast', 'cipher', 'heliogram', 'medium', 'medium', 'ether', 'vehicle', 'air', 'paper', 'sheet', 'signature', 'leaf', 'flyleaf', 'interleaf', 'page', 'tear_sheet', 'full_page', 'half_page', 'recto', 'verso', 'title_page', 'half_title', 'sports_page', 'spread', 'center_spread', 'centerfold', 'foldout', 'pagination', 'stationery', 'letterhead', 'notepaper', 'Post-It', 'foolscap', 'style_sheet', 'worksheet', 'channel', 'channel', 'band', 'frequency_band', 'back_channel', 'lens', 'liaison', 'channels', 'medium', 'multimedia', 'hypermedia', 'hypertext', 'film', 'silver_screen', 'gutter_press', 'free_press', 'press', 'print_media', 'storage_medium', 'magnetic_storage_medium', 'broadcast_medium', 'mail', 'airmail', 'snail_mail', 'rural_free_delivery', 'first_class', 'express', 'poste_restante', 'pony_express', 'parcel_post', 'bulk_mail', 'direct_mail', 'journalism', 'Fleet_Street', 'photojournalism', 'news_photography', 'rotogravure', 'newspaper', 'daily', 'gazette', 'school_newspaper', 'tabloid', 'yellow_journalism', 'article', 'column', 'column', 'feature', 'magazine_article', 'news_article', 'piece', 'morceau', 'offprint', 'paper', 'think_piece', 'reissue', 'new_edition', 'article_of_faith', 'lead', 'opening_line', 'lead', 'personal', 'sidebar', 'agony_column', 'samizdat', 'telecommunication', 'telephone', 'voice_mail', 'call', 'call-back', 'collect_call', 'call_forwarding', 'call-in', 'call_waiting', 'crank_call', 'local_call', 'long_distance', 'toll_call', 'conference_call', 'wake-up_call', 'three-way_calling', 'telegraphy', 'cable', 'letter_telegram', 'wireless', 'radiotelegraph', 'mail', 'third-class_mail', 'junk_mail', 'phone_message', 'radiogram', 'radiotelephone', 'broadcasting', 'Rediffusion', 'multiplex', 'radio', 'television', 'video', 'video', 'audio', 'cable_television', 'high-definition_television', 'electronic_communication', 'digital_communication', 'asynchronous_transfer_mode', 'electronic_mail', 'freemail', 'emoticon', 'smiley', 'smoking_gun', 'spam', 'messaging', 'prompt', 'fiber_optics', 'reception', 'signal_detection', 'modulation', 'amplitude_modulation', 'frequency_modulation', 'phase_modulation', 'pulse_modulation', 'pulse-time_modulation', 'demodulation', 'contagion', 'language', 'usage', 'dead_language', 'words', 'source_language', 'object_language', 'language_unit', 'slot', 'discourse', 'context', 'sentence', 'simple_sentence', 'complex_sentence', 'loose_sentence', 'periodic_sentence', 'compound_sentence', 'sentential_function', 'word', 'anagram', 'anaphor', 'antonym', 'back-formation', 'blend', 'charade', 'cognate', 'content_word', 'contraction', 'deictic', 'derivative', 'diminutive', 'dirty_word', 'disyllable', 'form', 'four-letter_word', 'function_word', 'guide_word', 'head', 'headword', 'headword', 'heteronym', 'holonym', 'homonym', 'hypernym', 'hyponym', 'key_word', 'loanblend', 'loanword', 'Latinism', 'meronym', 'metonym', 'antigram', 'monosyllable', 'neologism', 'nonce_word', 'oxytone', 'palindrome', 'primitive', 'primitive', 'plural', 'singular', 'ghost_word', 'root', 'etymon', 'citation_form', 'lexical_entry', 'Beatitude', 'logion', 'calque', 'paroxytone', 'partitive', 'polysemant', 'polysyllable', 'proparoxytone', 'quantifier', 'quantifier', 'existential_quantifier', 'universal_quantifier', 'reduplication', 'retronym', 'substantive', 'synonym', 'term', 'terminology', 'trisyllable', 'troponym', 'vocable', 'syllable', 'ultima', 'penult', 'antepenult', 'jawbreaker', 'sesquipedalian', 'reduplication', 'direct_antonym', 'indirect_antonym', 'lexeme', 'morpheme', 'formative', 'allomorph', 'free_morpheme', 'bound_morpheme', 'combining_form', 'affix', 'prefix', 'classifier', 'alpha_privative', 'ending', 'suffix', 'inflectional_ending', 'infix', 'grammatical_category', 'substitution_class', 'subject', 'subject', 'object', 'prepositional_object', 'direct_object', 'indirect_object', 'retained_object', 'case', 'nominative', 'oblique', 'accusative', 'dative', 'genitive', 'attributive_genitive', 'vocative', 'ablative', 'ablative_absolute', 'adjunct', 'constituent', 'immediate_constituent', 'syntagma', 'construction', 'misconstruction', 'clause', 'main_clause', 'coordinate_clause', 'subordinate_clause', 'relative_clause', 'restrictive_clause', 'nonrestrictive_clause', 'complement', 'involution', 'parenthetical_expression', 'phrase', 'predicator', 'noun_phrase', 'predicate', 'predicate', 'split_infinitive', 'prepositional_phrase', 'pronominal_phrase', 'part_of_speech', 'major_form_class', 'noun', 'verb', 'gerund', 'auxiliary_verb', 'modal_auxiliary_verb', 'infinitive', 'adjective', 'adverb', 'noun', 'collective_noun', 'mass_noun', 'count_noun', 'generic_noun', 'proper_noun', 'common_noun', 'verbal_noun', 'adnoun', 'verb', 'modifier', 'intensifier', 'adjective', 'descriptive_adjective', 'relational_adjective', 'pertainym', 'positive', 'comparative', 'superlative', 'adverb', 'dangling_modifier', 'dangling_participle', 'adverbial', 'determiner', 'article', 'definite_article', 'indefinite_article', 'preposition', 'pronoun', 'anaphoric_pronoun', 'demonstrative_pronoun', 'conjunction', 'coordinating_conjunction', 'subordinating_conjunction', 'particle', 'number', 'person', 'personal_pronoun', 'reciprocal_pronoun', 'relative_pronoun', 'first_person', 'second_person', 'third_person', 'reflexive_pronoun', 'reflexive_verb', 'gender', 'feminine', 'masculine', 'neuter', 'tense', 'present', 'historical_present', 'aorist', 'past', 'future', 'participle', 'phrasal_verb', 'present_participle', 'past_participle', 'transitive_verb', 'doubly_transitive_verb', 'intransitive_verb', 'semantic_role', 'affected_role', 'agentive_role', 'benefactive_role', 'instrumental_role', 'locative_role', 'recipient_role', 'resultant_role', 'temporal_role', 'name', 'agnomen', 'assumed_name', 'eponym', 'eponym', 'extension', 'filename', 'patronymic', 'matronymic', 'street_name', 'street_name', 'street_name', 'street_name', 'surname', 'maiden_name', 'middle_name', 'first_name', 'Christian_name', 'praenomen', 'nickname', 'nickname', 'alias', 'pseudonym', 'misnomer', 'stage_name', 'pen_name', \"writer's_name\", 'appellation', 'pet_name', 'title', 'Aga', 'Defender_of_the_Faith', 'Don', 'Dona', 'Frau', 'Fraulein', 'Hakham', 'Herr', 'Miss', 'Mister', 'Mrs', 'Ms', 'Rabbi', 'Reverend', 'Senor', 'Senora', 'Senorita', 'Signora', 'Signorina', 'Very_Reverend', 'Lordship', 'Ladyship', 'title', 'baronetcy', 'viscountcy', 'title', 'place_name', 'heading', 'crossheading', 'headline', 'lemma', 'masthead', 'rubric', 'running_head', 'subheading', 'running_title', 'dropline', 'screamer', 'streamer', 'title', 'title', 'title', 'credit', 'caption', 'subtitle', 'mistranslation', 'pony', 'retroversion', 'subtitle', 'supertitle', 'line_of_poetry', 'acatalectic', 'Alexandrine', 'catalectic', 'hypercatalectic', 'by-line', 'dateline', 'written_communication', 'transcription', 'transliteration', 'phonetic_transcription', 'shorthand', 'longhand', 'minuscule', 'copperplate', 'italic', 'round_hand', 'orthography', 'script', 'Aramaic', 'Armenian', 'Avestan', 'Babylonian', 'Brahmi', 'Devanagari', 'Pahlavi', 'Uighur', 'uncial', 'spelling', 'misspelling', 'coding_system', 'code', 'access', 'back_door', 'area_code', 'bar_code', 'color_code', 'cryptogram', 'cipher', 'Morse', 'ZIP_code', 'code', 'argument', 'address', 'American_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange', 'ASCII_character_set', 'binary_code', 'error_correction_code', 'cyclic_redundancy_check', 'firmware', 'machine_code', 'object_code', 'operation_code', 'source_code', 'URL', 'web_page', 'home_page', 'web_site', 'chat_room', 'portal_site', 'writing', 'written_word', 'bigram', 'trigram', 'tetragram', 'Tetragrammaton', 'picture_writing', 'alphabetic_writing', 'boustrophedon', 'cuneiform', 'syllabary', 'Linear_A', 'Linear_B', 'ideography', 'hieratic', 'hieroglyph', 'point_system', 'braille', 'writing', 'writing', 'patristics', 'rewrite', 'literary_composition', 'literature', 'literature', 'historiography', 'matter', 'prescription', 'prescription', 'acrostic', 'belles-lettres', 'dialogue', 'allegory', 'euphuism', 'fiction', 'fictionalization', 'nonfiction', 'dystopia', 'novel', 'detective_novel', 'dime_novel', 'fantasy', 'science_fiction', 'cyberpunk', 'novelette', 'roman_a_clef', 'romance', 'Gothic_romance', 'bodice_ripper', 'roman_fleuve', 'story', 'utopia', 'adventure_story', 'thriller', 'saga', 'mystery', 'detective_story', 'murder_mystery', 'love_story', 'legend', 'Arthurian_legend', 'short_story', 'fable', \"Aesop's_fables\", \"Pilgrim's_Progress\", 'myth', 'Gotterdammerung', 'parable', 'plot', 'action', 'storyline', 'climax', 'anticlimax', 'tearjerker', 'interior_monologue', 'stream_of_consciousness', 'criticism', 'explication_de_texte', 'textual_criticism', 'new_criticism', 'higher_criticism', 'lower_criticism', 'Masorah', 'analysis', 'drama', 'prose', 'prose_poem', 'polyphonic_prose', 'hagiology', 'lucubration', 'pastoral', 'poem', 'abecedarius', 'Alcaic', 'ballad', 'ballade', 'blank_verse', 'clerihew', 'couplet', 'dithyramb', 'doggerel', 'eclogue', 'elegy', 'epic_poem', 'Aeneid', 'Divine_Comedy', 'free_verse', 'haiku', 'limerick', 'lyric', 'rondeau', 'roundel', 'rondelet', 'sonnet', 'tanka', 'terza_rima', 'verse', 'Iliad', 'Odyssey', 'Nibelungenlied', 'chanson_de_geste', 'rhapsody', 'Petrarchan_sonnet', 'octave', 'sestet', 'Shakespearean_sonnet', 'Spenserian_sonnet', 'epos', 'ode', 'epithalamium', 'Horatian_ode', 'Pindaric_ode', 'choral_ode', 'canto', 'envoy', 'quatrain', 'elegiac_stanza', 'verse', 'iambic', 'Adonic', 'versicle', 'sursum_corda', 'response', 'closed_couplet', 'heroic_couplet', 'heroic_stanza', 'heroic_verse', 'mock-heroic', 'Spenserian_stanza', 'strophe', 'antistrophe', 'potboiler', 'tushery', 'dictation', 'cookie', 'session_cookie', 'precision_cookie', 'text', 'text', 'machine-displayable_text', 'machine-readable_text', 'typescript', 'erasure', 'margin', 'space', 'indentation', 'word_order', 'core_dump', 'dump', 'fair_copy', 'copy', 'front_matter', 'back_matter', 'draft', 'electronic_text', 'soft_copy', 'hard_copy', 'installment', 'fascicle', 'section', 'above', 'sports_section', 'article', 'arbitration_clause', 'deductible', 'double_indemnity', 'escalator_clause', 'joker', 'reserve_clause', 'rider', 'body', 'book', 'chapter', 'episode', 'spot', 'spot', 'insert', 'introduction', 'exordium', 'narration', 'opening', 'teaser', 'salutation', 'foreword', 'preamble', 'prolegomenon', 'conclusion', 'epilogue', 'epilogue', 'peroration', 'appendix', 'sequel', 'addendum', 'shirttail', 'paragraph', 'passage', 'excerpt', 'chrestomathy', 'locus_classicus', 'place', 'purple_passage', 'transition', 'flashback', 'flash-forward', 'diary', 'web_log', 'capitalization', 'typing', 'double-spacing', 'single-spacing', 'triple-spacing', 'touch_typing', 'printing', 'handwriting', 'hieroglyph', 'skywriting', 'calligraphy', 'scribble', 'chicken_scratch', 'squiggle', 'signature', 'allograph', 'autograph', 'countersignature', 'endorsement', 'blank_endorsement', 'sign_manual', 'inscription', 'Rosetta_Stone', 'superscription', 'dedication', 'epigraph', 'epitaph', 'epitaph', 'festschrift', 'manuscript', 'autograph', 'manuscript', 'codex', 'palimpsest', 'scroll', 'Dead_Sea_scrolls', 'Megillah', 'Torah', 'treatise', 'adaptation', 'modernization', 'dissertation', 'tract', 'monograph', 'essay', 'composition', 'term_paper', 'disquisition', 'memoir', 'thanatopsis', 'review', 'book_review', 'notice', 'book', 'authority', 'curiosa', 'formulary', 'last_word', 'trade_book', 'best_seller', 'bestiary', 'catechism', 'cookbook', 'instruction_book', 'pop-up_book', 'storybook', 'tome', 'volume', 'booklet', 'blue_book', 'ticket_book', 'textbook', 'crammer', 'introduction', 'primer', 'reader', 'McGuffey_Eclectic_Readers', 'speller', 'notebook', 'commonplace_book', 'jotter', 'workbook', 'copybook', 'appointment_book', 'catalog', 'phrase_book', 'playbook', 'playbook', 'prayer_book', 'breviary', 'missal', 'Psalter', 'reference_book', 'review_copy', 'songbook', 'hymnal', 'prayer_wheel', 'source_book', 'wordbook', 'dictionary', 'bilingual_dictionary', 'desk_dictionary', 'etymological_dictionary', 'gazetteer', \"learner's_dictionary\", 'pocket_dictionary', 'spell-checker', 'unabridged_dictionary', 'Oxford_English_Dictionary', 'onomasticon', 'vocabulary', 'glossary', 'thesaurus', 'word_finder', 'handbook', 'hornbook', 'manual', 'consuetudinary', 'grimoire', 'instruction_manual', 'reference_manual', 'sex_manual', 'bible', 'guidebook', 'field_guide', 'roadbook', 'baedeker', 'travel_guidebook', 'reckoner', 'directory', 'phonebook', 'ballistic_identification', 'biometric_identification', 'key', 'number', 'business_card', 'bank_identification_number', 'license_number', 'Social_Security_number', 'phone_number', 'almanac', 'annual', 'almanac', 'ephemeris', 'atlas', 'dialect_atlas', 'encyclopedia', 'book_of_knowledge', 'editing', 'copy_editing', 'deletion', 'correction', 'erasure', 'rewriting', 'revision', 'rewording', 'paraphrase', 'translation', 'sacred_text', 'screed', 'scripture', 'canon', 'Adi_Granth', 'Avesta', 'Bhagavad-Gita', 'Mahabharata', 'Bible', 'Genesis', 'Exodus', 'Leviticus', 'Numbers', 'Deuteronomy', 'mezuzah', 'Joshua', 'Judges', 'Ruth', 'I_Samuel', 'II_Samuel', 'I_Kings', 'II_Kings', 'Paralipomenon', 'I_Chronicles', 'II_Chronicles', 'Ezra', 'Nehemiah', 'Esther', 'Job', 'Psalms', 'Proverbs', 'Ecclesiastes', 'Song_of_Songs', 'Isaiah', 'Jeremiah', 'Lamentations', 'Ezekiel', 'Daniel', 'Hosea', 'Joel', 'Amos', 'Obadiah', 'Jonah', 'Micah', 'Nahum', 'Habakkuk', 'Zephaniah', 'Haggai', 'Zechariah', 'Malachi', 'Matthew', 'Mark', 'Luke', 'John', 'Acts_of_the_Apostles', 'Epistle', 'Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Romans', 'First_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Corinthians', 'Second_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Corinthians', 'Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Galatians', 'Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Ephesians', 'Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Philippians', 'Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Colossians', 'First_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Thessalonians', 'Second_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Thessalonians', 'First_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_Timothy', 'Second_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_Timothy', 'Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_Titus', 'Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_Philemon', 'Epistle_to_the_Hebrews', 'Epistle_of_James', 'First_Epistle_of_Peter', 'Second_Epistle_of_Peter', 'First_Epistle_of_John', 'Second_Epistel_of_John', 'Third_Epistel_of_John', 'Epistle_of_Jude', 'Revelation', 'family_Bible', 'Septuagint', 'Vulgate', 'Douay_Bible', 'Authorized_Version', 'Revised_Version', 'New_English_Bible', 'American_Standard_Version', 'Revised_Standard_Version', 'Old_Testament', 'Torah', 'Torah', 'Tanakh', 'Prophets', 'Haftorah', 'Hagiographa', 'Testament', 'New_Testament', 'Gospel', 'Synoptic_Gospels', 'Word_of_God', 'Book_of_Mormon', 'prayer', 'Agnus_Dei', 'Angelus', 'Ave_Maria', 'Canticle_of_Simeon', 'Evening_Prayer', 'Kol_Nidre', 'service_book', 'Book_of_Common_Prayer', 'Litany', \"Lord's_Prayer\", 'Paternoster', 'Apocrypha', 'Additions_to_Esther', 'Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Children', 'Susanna', 'Bel_and_the_Dragon', 'Baruch', 'Letter_of_Jeremiah', 'Tobit', 'Judith', 'I_Esdra', 'II_Esdras', 'Ben_Sira', 'Wisdom_of_Solomon', 'I_Maccabees', 'II_Maccabees', 'sapiential_book', 'Pseudepigrapha', 'Koran', 'sura', 'Fatiha', 'Talmudic_literature', 'Talmud', 'Gemara', 'Mishna', 'Haggadah', 'Halakah', 'Sanskrit_literature', 'Hastinapura', 'Purana', 'Ramayana', 'tantra', 'Vedic_literature', 'Samhita', 'Rig-Veda', 'Sama-Veda', 'Atharva-Veda', 'Yajur-Veda', 'Brahmana', 'Aranyaka', 'Vedanga', 'Ayurveda', 'Upanishad', 'mantra', 'psalm', 'Psalm', 'summary', 'summarization', 'argument', 'capitulation', 'compendium', 'condensation', 'conspectus', 'curriculum_vitae', 'line_score', 'brief', 'apercu', 'epitome', 'outline', 'overview', 'recapitulation', 'roundup', 'sketch', 'summation', 'document', 'articles_of_incorporation', 'ballot', 'brevet', 'capitulation', 'certificate', 'charter', 'commercial_document', 'confession', 'confession', 'Augsburg_Confession', 'copula', 'frequentative', 'copyright', 'enclosure', 'form', 'application_form', 'claim_form', 'order_form', 'questionnaire', 'personality_inventory', 'self-report_personality_inventory', 'California_Personality_Inventory', 'Eysenck_Personality_Inventory', 'Minnesota_Multiphasic_Personality_Inventory', 'Sixteen_Personality_Factor_Questionnaire', 'requisition', 'tax_form', 'telegraph_form', 'absentee_ballot', 'certificate_of_incorporation', 'bank_charter', 'Magna_Carta', 'royal_charter', 'card', 'donor_card', 'keycard', 'membership_card', 'union_card', 'library_card', 'ration_card', 'birth_certificate', 'diploma', 'Higher_National_Diploma', 'commission', 'bill_of_health', 'registration', 'teaching_certificate', 'legal_document', 'derivative_instrument', 'futures_contract', 'stock-index_futures', 'negotiable_instrument', 'list', 'item', 'agenda_item', 'incidental', 'inventory_item', 'line_item', 'news_item', 'place', 'postposition', 'preposition', 'topicalization', 'ammunition', 'factoid', 'factoid', 'papyrus', 'agenda', 'A-list', 'docket', 'order_of_the_day', 'order_paper', 'network_programming', 'batting_order', 'cleanup', 'bibliography', 'bill', 'bill_of_entry', 'bill_of_goods', 'blacklist', 'calendar', 'calorie_chart', 'canon', 'catalog', 'discography', 'library_catalog', 'card_catalog', 'parts_catalog', 'seed_catalog', 'character_set', 'checklist', 'class_list', 'clericalism', 'codex', 'contents', 'corrigenda', 'credits', 'criminal_record', 'directory', 'distribution_list', 'subdirectory', 'enumeration', 'FAQ', 'free_list', 'grocery_list', 'grocery_list', 'hit_list', 'hit_parade', 'index', 'concordance', 'key', 'key_word', 'key', 'parts_inventory', 'inventory', 'mailing_list', 'menu', 'masthead', 'menu', 'drop-down_menu', 'hierarchical_menu', 'necrology', 'playlist', 'portfolio', 'posting', 'price_list', 'push-down_list', 'queue', 'roll', 'death-roll', 'schedule', 'shopping_list', 'short_list', 'sick_list', 'slate', 'standing', 'wish_list', 'timetable', 'timetable', 'muster_roll', 'church_roll', 'rota', 'waiting_list', 'a_la_carte', 'prix_fixe', \"table_d'hote\", 'alphabet', 'Roman_alphabet', 'Hebrew_alphabet', 'Greek_alphabet', 'Cyrillic_alphabet', 'Arabic_alphabet', 'alphanumerics', 'phonetic_alphabet', 'visible_speech', 'manual_alphabet', 'passport', 'patent', 'platform', 'plank', \"ship's_papers\", 'manifest', 'push-down_queue', 'cadaster', 'written_record', 'blotter', 'casebook', 'chronology', 'Domesday_Book', 'dossier', 'entry', 'log', 'logbook', 'log', 'bell_book', 'note', 'paper_trail', 'timecard', 'timeline', 'time_sheet', 'nolle_prosequi', 'notebook_entry', 'transcript', 'memorabilia', 'jotting', 'marginalia', 'scholium', 'memo', 'minute', 'aide-memoire', 'corker', 'reminder', 'check_register', 'register', 'studbook', 'rent-roll', 'won-lost_record', 'blue_book', 'stub', 'card', 'minutes', 'minute_book', 'Congressional_Record', 'Hansard', 'file', 'Combined_DNA_Index_System', 'computer_file', 'backup_file', 'binary_file', 'master_file', 'disk_file', 'transaction_file', 'input_file', 'output_file', 'read-only_file', 'text_file', 'ASCII_text_file', 'mug_file', 'resignation', 'abdication', 'resolution', 'Declaration_of_Independence', 'joint_resolution', 'application', 'job_application', 'credit_application', 'loan_application', 'mortgage_application', 'patent_application', 'request', 'memorial', 'solicitation', 'whip-round', 'history', 'ancient_history', 'etymology', 'folk_etymology', 'case_history', 'family_history', 'medical_history', 'historical_document', 'annals', 'biography', 'autobiography', 'hagiography', 'profile', 'memoir', 'statement', 'bank_statement', 'bill', 'electric_bill', 'hotel_bill', 'medical_bill', 'phone_bill', 'reckoning', 'tax_bill', 'check', 'coupon', 'book_token', 'meal_ticket', 'twofer', 'ticket', 'commutation_ticket', 'plane_ticket', 'pass', 'transfer', 'railroad_ticket', 'theater_ticket', 'bus_ticket', 'round-trip_ticket', 'day_return', 'receipt', 'stub', 'rain_check', 'bill_of_lading', 'contract', 'adhesion_contract', 'aleatory_contract', 'bilateral_contract', 'charter', 'conditional_contract', 'cost-plus_contract', 'gambling_contract', 'lease', 'marriage_contract', 'output_contract', 'policy', 'purchase_contract', 'quasi_contract', 'requirements_contract', 'sealed_instrument', 'service_contract', 'severable_contract', 'subcontract', 'conspiracy', 'fair-trade_agreement', 'conspiracy_of_silence', 'covenant', 'unilateral_contract', 'debenture', 'floater', 'partnership', 'articles_of_agreement', 'concession', 'franchise', 'labor_contract', 'yellow-dog_contract', 'employment_contract', 'distribution_agreement', 'licensing_agreement', 'merger_agreement', 'sale', 'conditional_sale', 'sale_in_gross', \"sheriff's_sale\", 'appraisal', 'overestimate', 'order', 'credit_order', 'open_account', 'indent', 'market_order', 'production_order', 'reorder', 'stop_order', 'stop_payment', 'mail_order', 'power_of_attorney', 'stock_power', 'proxy', 'stock_symbol', 'letters_of_administration', 'letters_testamentary', 'working_papers', 'act', 'law', 'nullity', 'anti-drug_law', 'anti-racketeering_law', 'antitrust_legislation', 'statute_of_limitations', 'fundamental_law', 'Articles_of_Confederation', 'United_States_Constitution', 'public_law', 'Roman_law', 'Salic_law', 'case_law', 'legislation', 'enabling_legislation', 'occupational_safety_and_health_act', 'advice_and_consent', 'statute_book', 'translation', 'worksheet', 'bill', 'appropriation_bill', 'bill_of_attainder', 'bottle_bill', 'farm_bill', 'trade_bill', 'bylaw', 'blue_law', 'blue_sky_law', 'gag_law', 'game_law', 'homestead_law', 'poor_law', 'Riot_Act', 'riot_act', 'criminal_law', 'court_order', 'decree', 'consent_decree', 'curfew', 'decree_nisi', 'divestiture', 'imperial_decree', 'ukase', 'legal_separation', 'pragmatic_sanction', 'programma', 'prohibition', 'prohibition', 'stay', 'stay_of_execution', 'banning-order', 'injunction', 'mandatory_injunction', 'permanent_injunction', 'temporary_injunction', 'brief', 'amicus_curiae_brief', 'will', 'probate', 'codicil', 'living_will', 'deed', 'assignment', 'bill_of_sale', 'deed_poll', 'enfeoffment', 'mortgage_deed', 'title_deed', 'trust_deed', 'conveyance', 'quitclaim', 'muniments', 'warrant', 'search_warrant', 'bench_warrant', 'pickup', 'death_warrant', 'cachet', 'reprieve', 'commutation', 'tax_return', 'amended_return', 'declaration_of_estimated_tax', 'false_return', 'information_return', 'joint_return', 'license', 'building_permit', \"driver's_license\", 'fishing_license', 'hunting_license', \"learner's_permit\", 'letter_of_marque', 'liquor_license', 'on-license', 'marriage_license', 'occupation_license', 'patent', 'opinion', 'concurring_opinion', 'dissenting_opinion', 'majority_opinion', 'pardon', 'acquittance', 'writ', 'assize', 'certiorari', 'execution', 'execution', 'habeas_corpus', 'venire_facias', 'mandamus', 'attachment', 'fieri_facias', 'scire_facias', 'sequestration', 'writ_of_detinue', 'writ_of_election', 'writ_of_error', 'writ_of_prohibition', 'writ_of_right', 'mandate', 'summons', 'subpoena', 'subpoena_duces_tecum', 'gag_order', 'garnishment', 'interdict', 'citation', 'monition', 'ticket', 'speeding_ticket', 'parking_ticket', 'bill_of_Particulars', 'pleading', 'affirmative_pleading', 'alternative_pleading', 'answer', 'evasive_answer', 'nolo_contendere', 'plea', 'counterplea', 'dilatory_plea', 'insanity_plea', 'charge', 'complaint', 'libel', 'defective_pleading', 'demurrer', 'rebutter', 'replication', 'rejoinder', 'special_pleading', 'surrebutter', 'surrejoinder', 'plea_bargain', 'legislative_act', 'fair-trade_act', 'Stamp_Act', 'enabling_act', 'Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act', 'ordinance', 'special_act', 'software', 'alpha_software', 'authoring_language', 'beta_software', 'compatible_software', 'compatible_software', 'computer-aided_design', 'freeware', 'groupware', 'operating_system', 'DOS', 'MS-DOS', 'UNIX', 'Linux', 'program', 'anti-virus_program', 'application', 'active_application', 'applet', 'frame', 'binary', 'browser', 'Internet_Explorer', 'Konqueror', 'lynx', 'Mosaic', 'Netscape', 'Opera', 'natural_language_processor', 'disambiguator', 'job', 'word_processor', 'loop', 'malevolent_program', 'patch', 'assembler', 'checking_program', 'compiler', 'C_compiler', 'Fortran_compiler', 'LISP_compiler', 'Pascal_compiler', 'debugger', 'driver', 'diagnostic_program', 'editor_program', 'input_program', 'interface', 'command_line_interface', 'graphical_user_interface', 'interpreter', 'job_control', 'library_program', 'linkage_editor', 'monitor_program', 'text_editor', 'object_program', 'source_program', 'output_program', 'parser', 'tagger', 'sense_tagger', 'part-of-speech_tagger', 'relocatable_program', 'reusable_program', 'Web_Map_Service', 'MapQuest', 'search_engine', 'Google', 'Yahoo', 'Ask_Jeeves', 'self-adapting_program', 'snapshot_program', 'spider', 'spreadsheet', 'sort_program', 'stored_program', 'supervisory_program', 'syntax_checker', 'system_program', 'trace_program', 'text-matching', 'translator', 'utility_program', 'Windows', 'decision_table', 'flow_chart', 'logic_diagram', 'routine', 'call', 'function_call', 'cataloged_procedure', 'contingency_procedure', 'dump_routine', 'input_routine', 'library_routine', 'output_routine', 'random_number_generator', 'recursive_routine', 'reusable_routine', 'supervisory_routine', 'tracing_routine', 'utility_routine', 'instruction', 'logic_bomb', 'trojan', 'virus', 'worm', 'command_line', 'link', 'hyperlink', 'macro', 'system_error', 'system_call', 'toggle', 'shareware', 'shrink-wrapped_software', 'spyware', 'supervisory_software', 'software_documentation', 'electronic_database', 'database_management_system', 'relational_database_management_system', 'object-oriented_database_management_system', 'hypertext_system', 'publication', 'read', 'impression', 'edition', 'limited_edition', 'variorum', 'proof', 'galley_proof', 'foundry_proof', 'mackle', 'collection', 'anthology', 'album', 'concept_album', 'rock_opera', 'tribute_album', 'divan', 'florilegium', 'omnibus', 'archives', 'compilation', 'periodical', 'digest', 'pictorial', 'series', 'semiweekly', 'weekly', 'semimonthly', 'monthly', 'quarterly', 'bimonthly', 'biweekly', 'organ', 'house_organ', 'magazine', 'tip_sheet', 'dope_sheet', 'colour_supplement', 'comic_book', 'news_magazine', 'pulp', 'slick', 'trade_magazine', 'issue', 'edition', 'extra', 'journal', 'annals', 'review', 'literary_review', 'reading', 'bumf', 'perusal', 'browse', 'skim', 'message', 'latent_content', 'subject', 'bone_of_contention', 'precedent', 'didacticism', 'digression', 'declarative_sentence', 'run-on_sentence', 'topic_sentence', 'meaning', 'lexical_meaning', 'grammatical_meaning', 'symbolization', 'sense', 'word_meaning', 'intension', 'referent', 'referent', 'relatum', 'referent', 'antecedent', 'denotatum', 'designatum', 'effect', 'alpha_and_omega', 'ambiguity', 'loophole', 'amphibology', 'parisology', 'euphemism', 'dysphemism', 'shucks', 'double_entendre', 'intent', 'moral', 'nuance', 'overtone', 'bottom_line', 'crux', 'point', 'rallying_point', 'talking_point', 'nonsense', 'absurdity', 'amphigory', 'balderdash', 'buzzword', 'cobblers', 'crock', 'fa_la', 'gibberish', 'incoherence', 'word_salad', 'jabberwocky', 'mummery', 'palaver', 'rigmarole', 'shmegegge', 'stuff', 'abracadabra', 'babble', 'blather', 'double_Dutch', 'bill_of_goods', 'humbug', 'double_talk', 'jabber', 'baloney', 'bullshit', 'bunk', 'chickenshit', 'folderol', 'pap', 'drivel', 'mumbo_jumbo', 'analects', 'clipping', 'cut', 'quotation', 'epigraph', 'mimesis', 'misquotation', 'movie', 'telefilm', 'scene', 'outtake', 'feature', 'final_cut', 'travelogue', 'home_movie', 'attraction', 'counterattraction', 'collage_film', 'coming_attraction', 'Western', \"shoot-'em-up\", 'short_subject', 'cartoon', 'newsreel', 'documentary', 'cinema_verite', 'film_noir', 'skin_flick', 'peepshow', 'rough_cut', 'silent_movie', 'slow_motion', 'dissolve', 'cut', 'jump', 'jump_cut', 'spaghetti_Western', 'talking_picture', 'three-D', 'show', 'broadcast', 'rebroadcast', 'news_program', 'rerun', 'talk_show', 'phone-in', 'television_program', 'colorcast', 'pilot_program', 'game_show', 'quiz_program', 'film_clip', 'serial', 'cliffhanger', 'episode', 'sustaining_program', 'soap_opera', 'tetralogy', 'radio_broadcast', 'simulcast', 'telecast', 'telegram', 'night_letter', 'airmail', 'air_mail', 'surface_mail', 'registered_mail', 'special_delivery', 'correspondence', 'Kamasutra', 'sutra', 'letter', 'business_letter', 'covering_letter', 'crank_letter', 'encyclical', 'fan_letter', 'personal_letter', 'form_letter', 'open_letter', 'chain_letter', 'pastoral', 'round_robin', 'airmail_letter', 'epistle', 'note', 'excuse', 'love_letter', 'dead_letter', 'letter_of_intent', 'card', 'birthday_card', 'get-well_card', 'greeting_card', 'Christmas_card', 'Easter_card', 'Valentine', 'postcard', 'lettercard', 'picture_postcard', 'sympathy_card', 'Mass_card', 'spiritual_bouquet', 'acknowledgment', 'farewell', 'adieu', 'bon_voyage', 'greeting', 'well-wishing', 'regard', 'reception', 'hail', 'pax', 'welcome', 'cordial_reception', 'inhospitality', 'glad_hand', 'aloha', 'handshake', 'salute', 'hello', 'good_morning', 'good_afternoon', 'good_night', 'salute', 'calling_card', 'apology', 'mea_culpa', 'condolence', 'congratulation', 'refusal', 'declination', 'information', 'misinformation', 'blowback', 'disinformation', 'material', 'rehash', 'details', 'dope', 'fact', 'record', 'format', 'high-level_formatting', 'low-level_formatting', 'gen', 'database', 'relational_database', 'Medical_Literature_Analysis_and_Retrieval_System', 'object-oriented_database', 'subdata_base', 'lexical_database', 'machine_readable_dictionary', 'WordNet', 'wordnet', 'basics', 'index', 'body_mass_index', 'business_index', 'Dow_Jones', \"Standard_and_Poor's\", 'leading_indicator', 'price_index', 'retail_price_index', 'producer_price_index', 'consumer_price_index', 'short_account', 'stock_index', 'news', 'news', 'nuts_and_bolts', 'intelligence', 'military_intelligence', 'good_word', 'latest', 'update', 'evidence', 'clue', 'DNA_fingerprint', 'face_recognition', 'fingerprint', 'finger_scan', 'loop', 'thumbprint', 'footprint', 'footprint_evidence', 'iris_scanning', 'signature_recognition', 'retinal_scanning', 'voiceprint', 'sign', 'token', 'trace', 'footprint', 'trace', 'record', 'proof', 'mathematical_proof', 'logical_proof', 'demonstration', 'testimony', 'good_authority', 'testament', 'argument', 'counterargument', 'pro', 'con', 'case', 'clincher', 'adducing', 'last_word', 'attestation', 'confirmation', 'reinforcement', 'documentation', 'guidance', 'career_counseling', 'cynosure', 'genetic_counseling', 'marriage_counseling', 'tip', 'insider_information', 'rule', 'rule', 'rubric', 'rubric', 'order', 'interpellation', 'rule_of_evidence', 'best_evidence_rule', 'estoppel', 'exclusionary_rule', 'fruit_of_the_poisonous_tree', 'hearsay_rule', 'parol_evidence_rule', 'res_ipsa_loquitur', 'standing_order', 'Miranda_rule', 'principle', 'higher_law', 'moral_principle', 'golden_rule', 'GIGO', 'categorical_imperative', 'hypothetical_imperative', 'policy', 'economic_policy', 'fiscal_policy', 'New_Deal', 'control', 'price_control', 'ceiling', 'glass_ceiling', 'floor', 'price_floor', 'wage_floor', 'perestroika', 'protectionism', 'social_policy', 'apartheid', 'glasnost', 'social_action', 'affirmative_action', 'fence_mending', 'trade_barrier', 'quota', 'embargo', 'nativism', 'party_line', 'foreign_policy', 'brinkmanship', 'imperialism', 'intervention', 'nonintervention', 'nonaggression', 'manifest_destiny', 'isolationism', 'Monroe_Doctrine', 'Truman_doctrine', 'neutralism', 'regionalism', 'trade_policy', 'open-door_policy', 'zero-tolerance_policy', 'Zionism', 'ethic', 'caveat_emptor', 'dictate', 'regulation', 'age_limit', 'assize', 'speed_limit', 'canon', 'etiquette', 'protocol', 'protocol', 'file_transfer_protocol', 'anonymous_ftp', 'hypertext_transfer_protocol', 'musical_instrument_digital_interface', 'transmission_control_protocol', 'transmission_control_protocol/internet_protocol', 'punctilio', 'closure', 'closure_by_compartment', 'point_of_order', 'code', 'Bushido', 'legal_code', 'penal_code', 'United_States_Code', 'building_code', 'dress_code', 'fire_code', 'omerta', 'sanitary_code', 'Highway_Code', 'double_standard', 'double_standard_of_sexual_behavior', 'equation', 'linear_equation', 'quadratic_equation', 'biquadratic_equation', 'differential_equation', \"Maxwell's_equations\", 'partial_differential_equation', 'Schrodinger_equation', 'simultaneous_equations', 'wave_equation', 'advice', 'recommendation', 'indication', 'referral', 'admonition', 'example', 'secret', 'secret', 'confidence', 'esoterica', 'cabala', 'open_secret', 'password', 'trade_secret', 'propaganda', 'agitprop', 'course_catalog', 'source', 'specification', 'source_materials', 'voucher', 'working_papers', 'well', 'copy', 'filler', 'course_of_study', 'crash_course', 'reading_program', 'degree_program', 'printing', 'typography', 'print', 'print', 'small_print', 'relief_printing', 'intaglio_printing', 'process_printing', 'photogravure', 'rotogravure', 'planographic_printing', 'collotype', 'lithography', 'photolithography', 'chromolithography', 'photo-offset_printing', 'offset', 'offset_lithography', 'letterset_printing', 'carbon_process', 'news', 'business_news', 'report', 'newsletter', 'market_letter', 'bulletin', 'news_bulletin', 'information_bulletin', 'dispatch', 'urban_legend', 'exclusive', 'newscast', 'radio_news', 'sportscast', 'television_news', 'coverage', 'hard_news', 'soft_news', 'stop_press', 'commitment', 'oath', 'affirmation', 'profession', 'giving', 'guarantee', 'security', 'deposit', 'stock_warrant', 'guarantee', 'safety_net', 'full_faith_and_credit', 'approval', 'approbation', 'sanction', 'O.K.', 'visa', 'nihil_obstat', 'recognition', 'memorial', 'ovation', 'salute', 'connivance', 'permission', 'all_clear', 'consent', 'dismissal', 'green_light', 'leave', 'pass', 'pass', 'boarding_card', 'hall_pass', 'ticket-of-leave', 'pass', 'safe-conduct', 'encouragement', 'acclaim', 'applause', 'hand', 'handclap', 'round', 'cheer', 'banzai', 'bravo', 'hurrah', 'salvo', 'praise', 'praise', 'hallelujah', 'rave', 'superlative', 'encomium', 'eulogy', 'recommendation', 'character', 'puff', 'compliment', 'trade-last', 'flattery', 'adulation', 'blandishment', 'blarney', 'puffery', 'unction', 'award', 'aliyah', 'tribute', 'academic_degree', 'associate_degree', 'Associate_in_Arts', 'Associate_in_Applied_Science', 'Associate_in_Nursing', \"bachelor's_degree\", 'Bachelor_of_Arts', 'Bachelor_of_Arts_in_Library_Science', 'Bachelor_of_Arts_in_Nursing', 'Bachelor_of_Divinity', 'Bachelor_of_Literature', 'Bachelor_of_Medicine', 'Bachelor_of_Music', 'Bachelor_of_Naval_Science', 'Bachelor_of_Science', 'Bachelor_of_Science_in_Architecture', 'Bachelor_of_Science_in_Engineering', 'Bachelor_of_Theology', 'honours', 'first', 'double_first', \"master's_degree\", 'Master_of_Architecture', 'Master_of_Arts', 'Master_of_Arts_in_Library_Science', 'Master_of_Arts_in_Teaching', 'Master_in_Business', 'Master_of_Divinity', 'Master_of_Education', 'Master_of_Fine_Arts', 'Master_of_Literature', 'Master_of_Library_Science', 'Master_in_Public_Affairs', 'Master_of_Science', 'Master_of_Science_in_Engineering', 'Master_of_Theology', \"doctor's_degree\", 'Doctor_of_Dental_Medicine', 'Doctor_of_Dental_Surgery', 'Doctor_of_Divinity', 'Doctor_of_Education', 'Doctor_of_Medicine', 'Doctor_of_Music', 'Doctor_of_Musical_Arts', 'Doctor_of_Optometry', 'Doctor_of_Osteopathy', 'Doctor_of_Arts', 'Doctor_of_Philosophy', 'Ph.D.', 'DPhil', 'Doctor_of_Public_Health', 'Doctor_of_Theology', 'Doctor_of_Sacred_Theology', 'law_degree', 'Bachelor_of_Laws', 'Master_of_Laws', 'honorary_degree', 'Doctor_of_Arts', 'Doctor_of_Fine_Arts', 'Doctor_of_Humane_Letters', 'Doctor_of_Humanities', 'Doctor_of_Laws', 'Doctor_of_Science', 'pennant', 'cachet', 'citation', 'mention', 'letter', 'decoration', 'Medal_of_Honor', 'Distinguished_Service_Medal', 'Distinguished_Service_Cross', 'Navy_Cross', 'Distinguished_Flying_Cross', 'Air_Medal', 'Silver_Star_Medal', 'Bronze_Star_Medal', 'Order_of_the_Purple_Heart', 'Oak_Leaf_Cluster', 'Victoria_Cross', 'Distinguished_Conduct_Medal', 'Distinguished_Service_Order', 'Croix_de_Guerre', 'Medaille_Militaire', 'trophy', 'disapproval', 'disapprobation', 'censure', 'demonization', 'interdict', 'criticism', 'brickbat', 'faultfinding', 'fire', 'thrust', 'potshot', 'counterblast', 'rebuke', 'sermon', 'slating', 'static', 'stricture', 'chiding', 'what_for', 'wig', 'castigation', 'berating', 'reproach', 'self-reproach', 'blame', 'lecture', 'curtain_lecture', 'correction', 'admonition', 'respects', 'ad-lib', 'courtesy', 'disrespect', 'abuse', 'derision', 'ridicule', 'contempt', 'fleer', 'jeer', 'sneer', 'sneer', 'put-down', 'stultification', 'disparagement', 'cold_water', 'denigration', 'aspersion', 'ethnic_slur', 'detraction', 'sour_grapes', 'condescension', 'defamation', 'character_assassination', 'mud', 'smear', 'libel', 'slander', 'name_calling', 'name', 'smear_word', 'low_blow', 'scurrility', 'stinger', 'vituperation', 'impudence', 'sass', 'interpolation', 'statement', 'statement', 'amendment', 'thing', 'truth', 'gospel', 'antinomy', 'paradox', 'description', 'job_description', 'specification', 'computer_architecture', 'neural_network', 'network_architecture', 'declaration', 'announcement', 'bastardization', 'edict', 'bull', 'promulgation', 'confession', 'manifesto', 'Communist_Manifesto', 'pronouncement', 'Bill_of_Rights', 'First_Amendment', 'Fifth_Amendment', 'Fourteenth_Amendment', 'Eighteenth_Amendment', 'Nineteenth_Amendment', 'assertion', 'claim', 'cause_of_action', 'dibs', 'pretension', 'claim', 'accusation', 'countercharge', 'allegation', 'contention', 'submission', 'ipse_dixit', 'formula', 'formula', 'mathematical_statement', 'avowal', 'reassertion', 'testimony', 'profession', 'protestation', 'postulation', 'threat', 'commination', 'menace', 'evidence', 'exhibit', 'testimony', 'witness', 'corpus_delicti', 'direct_evidence', 'res_gestae', 'circumstantial_evidence', 'corroborating_evidence', 'hearsay_evidence', \"state's_evidence\", 'declaration', 'attestation', 'affidavit', 'verification', 'subornation', 'bid', 'contract', 'takeout', 'overbid', 'preemptive_bid', 'word', 'explanation', 'explicandum', 'explanans', 'simplification', 'oversimplification', 'accounting', 'value_statement', 'representation', 'reason', 'justification', 'cause', 'defense', 'apology', 'alibi', 'excuse', 'extenuation', 'exposition', 'exposition', 'exposition', 'construal', 'philosophizing', 'moralizing', 'preachification', 'explication', 'solution', 'denouement', 'gloss', 'deriving', 'definition', 'contextual_definition', 'dictionary_definition', 'explicit_definition', 'ostensive_definition', 'recursive_definition', 'redefinition', 'stipulative_definition', 'answer', 'rescript', 'feedback', 'announcement', 'advisory', 'Annunciation', 'banns', 'handout', 'notice', 'caveat', 'obituary', 'Parallel_Lives', 'program', 'playbill', 'racecard', 'prediction', 'extropy', 'fortunetelling', 'horoscope', 'meteorology', 'prognosis', 'prophecy', 'oracle', 'financial_forecast', 'weather_forecast', 'proposition', 'particular', 'universal', 'negation', 'converse', 'lemma', 'term', 'theorem', 'categorem', 'syncategorem', 'conclusion', 'postulate', 'axiom', 'premise', 'major_premise', 'minor_premise', 'major_term', 'minor_term', 'middle_term', 'specious_argument', 'vicious_circle', 'thesis', 'condition', 'boundary_condition', 'provision', 'scenario', 'quotation', 'falsehood', 'dodge', 'lie', 'fib', 'fairytale', 'jactitation', 'whopper', 'white_lie', 'fabrication', 'canard', 'misrepresentation', 'half-truth', 'facade', 'exaggeration', 'understatement', 'snow_job', 'pretense', 'bluff', 'pretext', 'putoff', 'hypocrisy', 'crocodile_tears', 'subterfuge', 'trickery', 'fraudulence', 'evasion', 'circumlocution', 'doublespeak', 'hedge', 'quibble', 'fine_print', 'weasel_word', 'reservation', 'cautious_statement', 'comment', 'Midrash', 'note', 'citation', 'footnote', 'nota_bene', 'postscript', 'photo_credit', 'cross-reference', 'remark', 'gambit', 'fatwah', 'obiter_dictum', 'obiter_dictum', 'mention', 'allusion', 'retrospection', 'name-dropping', 'observation', \"Parkinson's_law\", \"Parkinson's_law\", 'rib', 'wisecrack', 'shot', 'cheap_shot', 'conversation_stopper', 'rhetorical_question', 'misstatement', 'restatement', 'demythologization', 'mythologization', 'error', 'corrigendum', 'misprint', 'malapropism', 'slip_of_the_tongue', 'spoonerism', 'agreement', 'condition', 'bargain', 'working_agreement', \"gentlemen's_agreement\", 'written_agreement', 'submission', 'submission', 'covenant', 'entente', 'oral_contract', 'indenture', 'indenture', 'obligation', 'debt', 'treaty', 'alliance', 'commercial_treaty', 'peace', 'Peace_of_Westphalia', 'convention', 'Chemical_Weapons_Convention', 'Geneva_Convention', 'Lateran_Treaty', 'North_Atlantic_Treaty', 'SALT_I', 'SALT_II', 'Treaty_of_Versailles', 'sentimentalism', 'treacle', 'wit', \"jeu_d'esprit\", 'bon_mot', \"esprit_de_l'escalier\", 'pungency', 'sarcasm', 'repartee', 'banter', 'badinage', 'persiflage', 'joke', 'punch_line', 'belly_laugh', 'dirty_joke', 'ethnic_joke', 'funny_story', 'in-joke', 'one-liner', 'shaggy_dog_story', 'sick_joke', 'sight_gag', 'caricature', 'parody', 'cartoon', 'fun', 'jocosity', 'waggery', 'drollery', 'pun', 'ribaldry', 'topper', 'opinion', 'adverse_opinion', 'guess', 'divination', 'side', 'approximation', 'estimate', 'question', 'problem', 'question_of_fact', 'question_of_law', 'puzzle', 'case', 'homework_problem', 'riddle', 'poser', 'Gordian_knot', 'crossword_puzzle', 'koan', 'sudoku', 'word_square', 'pons_asinorum', 'rebus', 'direction', 'misdirection', 'address', 'return_address', 'markup', 'markup_language', 'standard_generalized_markup_language', 'hypertext_markup_language', 'toponymy', 'prescription', 'recipe', 'rule', 'stage_direction', 'style', 'religious_doctrine', 'ahimsa', 'dogma', 'ecumenism', 'Immaculate_Conception', 'Incarnation', 'Nicene_Creed', 'real_presence', 'signal', 'starting_signal', 'storm_signal', 'storm_cone', 'radio_beam', 'tickler', 'ticktack', 'time_signal', 'sign', 'poster', 'show_bill', 'flash_card', 'street_sign', 'address', 'signpost', 'fingerpost', 'mark', 'demerit', 'dog-ear', 'bar_sinister', 'earmark', 'brand', 'cloven_hoof', 'token', 'type', 'postage', 'trading_stamp', 'animal_communication', 'birdcall', 'bell-like_call', 'two-note_call', 'indication', 'indication', 'contraindication', 'symptom', 'signalization', 'pointing_out', 'manifestation', 'mark', 'mintmark', 'stroke', 'downstroke', 'upstroke', 'flick', 'hoofprint', 'line', 'dotted_line', 'ascender', 'bar_line', 'descender', 'squiggle', 'spectrum_line', 'trend_line', 'underscore', 'contour', 'isometric_line', 'thalweg', 'graduation', 'guideline', 'hairline', 'hair_stroke', 'glimpse', 'harbinger', 'hint', 'smoke', 'air_alert', 'alarm', 'burglar_alarm', 'distress_signal', 'SOS', 'Mayday', 'all_clear', 'bugle_call', 'recall', 'taps', 'curfew', 'reveille', 'retreat', 'retreat', 'drumbeat', 'tattle', 'tattoo', 'telegraphic_signal', 'dot', 'dash', 'whistle', 'high_sign', 'symbol', 'nose', 'numeral', 'Arabic_numeral', 'Roman_numeral', 'symbolism', 'crossbones', 'horn_of_plenty', \"death's_head\", 'lingam', 'notation', 'mathematical_notation', 'numeration_system', 'oriflamme', 'positional_notation', 'pound', 'binary_notation', 'binary_numeration_system', 'octal_numeration_system', 'decimal_notation', 'octal_notation', 'algorism', 'decimal_numeration_system', 'duodecimal_notation', 'duodecimal_number_system', 'hexadecimal_notation', 'hexadecimal_number_system', 'sign', 'equal_sign', 'plus_sign', 'minus_sign', 'radical_sign', 'decimal_point', 'exponent', 'logarithm', 'antilogarithm', 'common_logarithm', 'natural_logarithm', 'mantissa', 'characteristic', 'fixed-point_notation', 'floating-point_notation', 'infix_notation', 'parenthesis-free_notation', 'prefix_notation', 'postfix_notation', 'musical_notation', 'lead_sheet', 'piano_music', 'score', 'obbligato', 'sheet_music', 'tablature', 'choreography', 'Labanotation', 'chemical_notation', 'formula', 'molecular_formula', 'structural_formula', 'empirical_formula', 'written_symbol', 'mark', 'arrow', 'broad_arrow', 'call_mark', 'caret', 'check_mark', 'character', 'allograph', 'readout', 'check_character', 'superscript', 'subscript', 'ASCII_character', 'control_character', 'backspace_character', 'diacritical_mark', 'ditto_mark', 'dollar_mark', 'dollar', 'shaft', 'phonogram', 'point', 'accent', 'stress_mark', 'acute_accent', 'grave_accent', 'breve', 'cedilla', 'circumflex', 'hacek', 'macron', 'tilde', 'umlaut', 'ligature', 'monogram', 'capital', 'small_letter', 'small_capital', 'type', 'type_family', 'font', 'unicameral_script', 'bicameral_script', 'typewriter_font', 'proportional_font', 'font_cartridge', 'Gothic', 'modern', 'old_style', 'boldface', 'italic', 'roman', 'screen_font', 'sans_serif', 'serif', 'percent_sign', 'asterisk', 'dagger', 'double_dagger', 'letter', 'ascender', 'descender', 'digraph', 'initial', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'alpha', 'beta', 'gamma', 'delta', 'epsilon', 'zeta', 'eta', 'theta', 'iota', 'kappa', 'lambda', 'mu', 'nu', 'xi', 'omicron', 'pi', 'rho', 'sigma', 'tau', 'upsilon', 'phi', 'chi', 'psi', 'omega', 'aleph', 'beth', 'gimel', 'daleth', 'he', 'waw', 'zayin', 'heth', 'teth', 'yodh', 'kaph', 'lamedh', 'mem', 'nun', 'samekh', 'ayin', 'pe', 'sadhe', 'qoph', 'resh', 'sin', 'shin', 'taw', 'space', 'polyphone', 'block_letter', 'scarlet_letter', 'phonetic_symbol', 'mathematical_symbol', 'rune', 'thorn', 'pictograph', 'ideogram', 'logogram', 'radical', 'stenograph', 'punctuation', 'ampersand', 'apostrophe', 'brace', 'bracket', 'bracket', 'colon', 'comma', 'exclamation_mark', 'hyphen', 'parenthesis', 'period', 'suspension_point', 'question_mark', 'quotation_mark', 'single_quote', 'double_quotes', 'scare_quote', 'semicolon', 'solidus', 'swung_dash', 'company_name', 'domain_name', 'trade_name', 'label', 'trademark', 'authentication', 'stamp', 'imprint', 'imprint', 'revenue_stamp', 'seal', 'phylactery', 'white_feather', 'scale', 'flourish', 'glissando', 'swoop', 'gamut', 'roulade', 'tonic', 'supertonic', 'mediant', 'subdominant', 'dominant', 'submediant', 'subtonic', 'pedal_point', 'interval', 'tone', 'semitone', 'quarter_tone', 'octave', 'third', 'fourth', 'fifth', 'sixth', 'seventh', 'trill', 'diatonic_scale', 'ecclesiastical_mode', 'Greek_mode', 'major_scale', 'minor_scale', 'chromatic_scale', 'gapped_scale', 'pentatonic_scale', 'mode', 'staff', 'staff_line', 'space', 'ledger_line', 'clef', 'treble_clef', 'bass_clef', 'alto_clef', 'C_clef', 'soprano_clef', 'tenor_clef', 'key_signature', 'key', 'atonality', 'major_key', 'minor_key', 'tonic_key', 'time_signature', 'measure', 'double_bar', 'alla_breve', 'rest', 'note', 'slur', 'tie', 'C', 'C_major', 'sharp', 'double_sharp', 'flat', 'double_flat', 'natural', 'accidental', 'fermata', 'solmization', 'tonic_solfa', 'solfa_syllable', 'do', 're', 'mi', 'fa', 'sol', 'la', 'ti', 'segno', 'sforzando', 'arpeggio', 'sforzando', 'middle_C', 'chord', 'common_chord', 'seventh_chord', 'passing_note', 'whole_note', 'whole_rest', 'half_note', 'half_rest', 'quarter_note', 'quarter_rest', 'eighth_note', 'sixteenth_note', 'thirty-second_note', 'sixty-fourth_note', 'grace_note', 'singing_voice', 'bass', 'basso_profundo', 'baritone', 'tenor', 'countertenor', 'contralto', 'mezzo-soprano', 'soprano', 'visual_communication', 'visual_signal', 'watch_fire', 'light', 'traffic_light', 'green_light', 'red_light', 'red_light', 'idiot_light', 'yellow_light', 'flare', 'flag', 'pennant', 'code_flag', 'blue_peter', 'sign_language', 'finger_spelling', 'ASL', 'sign', 'gesture', 'gesticulation', 'body_language', 'beck', 'facial_expression', 'gape', 'rictus', 'grimace', 'pout', 'frown', 'simper', 'smile', 'laugh', 'smirk', 'snarl', 'straight_face', 'wink', 'wince', 'demonstration', 'display', 'eye_contact', 'big_stick', 'gaudery', 'expression', 'exemplification', 'emblem', 'cupid', 'donkey', 'dove', 'eagle', 'elephant', 'fasces', 'national_flag', 'hammer_and_sickle', 'red_flag', 'Star_of_David', 'badge', 'merit_badge', 'insignia', 'Agnus_Dei', 'maple-leaf', 'medallion', 'spread_eagle', 'swastika', 'mantle', 'Crown', 'British_Crown', 'caduceus', 'insignia_of_rank', 'shoulder_flash', 'service_stripe', 'identification', 'positive_identification', 'negative_identification', 'facial_profiling', 'fingerprint', 'linguistic_profiling', 'profiling', 'green_card', 'ID', 'personal_identification_number', 'projection', 'display', 'acting_out', 'array', 'screening', 'preview', 'preview', 'sneak_preview', 'sight', 'spectacle', 'ostentation', 'bravado', 'exhibitionism', 'ritz', 'splurge', 'pedantry', 'flourish', 'flourish', 'flourish', 'flourish', 'paraph', 'flaunt', 'presentation', 'unveiling', 'performance', 'act', 'show-stopper', 'benefit', 'benefit_concert', 'concert', 'rock_concert', 'pianism', 'play_reading', 'premiere', 'recital', 'rendition', 'song_and_dance', 'theatrical_performance', 'matinee', 'spectacular', 'world_premiere', 'artificial_language', 'Antido', 'Arulo', 'Basic_English', 'Blaia_Zimondal', 'Esperantido', 'Esperanto', 'Europan', 'Idiom_Neutral', 'Interlingua', 'Ido', 'Latinesce', 'Latino', 'Latino_sine_flexione', 'Lingualumina', 'Lingvo_Kosmopolita', 'Monario', 'Nov-Esperanto', 'Novial', 'Nov-Latin', 'Occidental', 'Optez', 'Pasigraphy', 'Ro', 'Romanal', 'Solresol', 'Volapuk', 'programming_language', 'algebraic_language', 'algorithmic_language', 'application-oriented_language', 'assembly_language', 'command_language', 'computer_language', 'high-level_language', 'job-control_language', 'metalanguage', 'multidimensional_language', 'object_language', 'object-oriented_programming_language', 'Java', 'one-dimensional_language', 'stratified_language', 'syntax_language', 'unstratified_language', 'ALGOL', 'LISP', 'LISP_program', 'Prolog', 'FORTRAN', 'FORTRAN_program', 'COBOL', 'C', 'C_program', 'BASIC', 'Pascal', 'upgrade', 'native_language', 'indigenous_language', 'substrate', 'superstrate', 'natural_language', 'mother_tongue', 'tone_language', 'contour_language', 'register_language', 'creole', 'Haitian_Creole', 'pidgin', 'Chinook_Jargon', 'Sango', 'lingua_franca', 'Amerind', 'Algonquian', 'Atakapa', 'Athapaskan', 'Abnaki', 'Algonkian', 'Arapaho', 'Biloxi', 'Blackfoot', 'Catawba', 'Cheyenne', 'Chiwere', 'Iowa', 'Missouri', 'Oto', 'Cree', 'Crow', 'Dakota', 'Delaware', 'Dhegiha', 'Fox', 'Hidatsa', 'Hunkpapa', 'Illinois', 'Haida', 'Kansa', 'Kickapoo', 'Malecite', 'Massachuset', 'Menomini', 'Micmac', 'Mohican', 'Nanticoke', 'Ofo', 'Oglala', 'Ojibwa', 'Omaha', 'Osage', 'Pamlico', 'Ponca', 'Potawatomi', 'Powhatan', 'Quapaw', 'Shawnee', 'Alabama', 'Chickasaw', 'Choctaw', 'Hitchiti', 'Koasati', 'Muskogee', 'Santee', 'Seminole', 'Tlingit', 'Tutelo', 'Winnebago', 'Muskhogean', 'Na-Dene', 'Mosan', 'Chemakuan', 'Chemakum', 'Salish', 'Skagit', 'Wakashan', 'Kwakiutl', 'Nootka', 'Shoshone', 'Comanche', 'Hopi', 'Paiute', 'Ute', 'Shoshonean', 'Caddo', 'Arikara', 'Pawnee', 'Wichita', 'Cherokee', 'Cayuga', 'Mohawk', 'Seneca', 'Oneida', 'Onondaga', 'Tuscarora', 'Iroquoian', 'Quechua', 'Guarani', 'Maraco', 'Tupi', 'Tupi-Guarani', 'Arawak', 'Carib', 'Eskimo-Aleut', 'Eskimo', 'Aleut', 'Uto-Aztecan', 'Pima', 'Aztecan', 'Nahuatl', 'Cahita', 'Tatahumara', 'Zapotec', 'Maya', 'Apache', 'Chiricahua_Apache', 'San_Carlos_Apache', 'Navaho', 'Hupa', 'Mattole', 'Chipewyan', 'Siouan', 'Tanoan', 'Kiowa', 'Hokan', 'Chimariko', 'Esselen', 'Kulanapan', 'Pomo', 'Quoratean', 'Karok', 'Shastan', 'Achomawi', 'Atsugewi', 'Shasta', 'Yuman', \"Akwa'ala\", 'Cochimi', 'Cocopa', 'Diegueno', 'Havasupai', 'Kamia', 'Kiliwa', 'Maricopa', 'Mohave', 'Walapai', 'Yavapai', 'Yuma', 'Yanan', 'Yahi', 'Yana', 'Penutian', 'Copehan', 'Patwin', 'Wintun', 'Costanoan', 'Mariposan', 'Moquelumnan', 'Pujunan', 'Chinookan', 'Kalapooian', 'Kusan', 'Shahaptian', 'Nez_Perce', 'Takilman', 'Tsimshian', 'Kekchi', 'Mam', 'Yucatec', 'Quiche', 'Cakchiquel', 'Altaic', 'Turki', 'Turkish', 'Turkmen', 'Azerbaijani', 'Kazak', 'Tatar', 'Uzbek', 'Uighur', 'Yakut', 'Kirghiz', 'Karakalpak', 'Chuvash', 'Chagatai', 'Chukchi', 'Tungusic', 'Tungus', 'Manchu', 'Mongolian', 'Khalkha', 'Korean', 'Japanese', 'Ryukyuan', 'Sinitic', 'Chinese', 'Mandarin', 'Wu', 'Yue', 'Min', 'Hakka', 'Sino-Tibetan', 'Tibeto-Burman', 'Qiang', 'Bai', 'Himalayish', 'Kamarupan', 'Karen', 'Lolo-Burmese', 'Burmese', 'Loloish', 'Lisu', 'Hani', 'Lahu', 'Lolo', 'Kachin', 'Jinghpo', 'Kuki', 'Naga', 'Mikir-Meithei', 'Bodo-Garo', 'Miri', 'Tibetan', 'Newari', 'Kadai', 'Kam-Sui', 'Tai', 'White_Tai', 'Red_Tai', 'Tai_Dam', 'Tai_Nuea', 'Tai_Long', 'Tai_Lue', 'Tai_Yuan', 'Khuen', 'Lao', 'Khamti', 'Southern_Tai', 'Tay', 'Nung', 'Tho', 'Thai', 'Bouyei', 'Zhuang', 'Yay', 'Saek', 'Austro-Asiatic', 'Munda', 'Mon-Khmer', 'Hmong', 'Vietnamese', 'Khmer', 'Mon', 'Austronesian', 'Malayo-Polynesian', 'Oceanic', 'Tongan', 'Tahitian', 'Maori', 'Hawaiian', 'Fijian', 'Western_Malayo-Polynesian', 'Malay', 'Malaysian', 'Indonesian', 'Javanese', 'Sundanese', 'Balinese', 'Philippine', 'Tagalog', 'Cebuan', 'Australian', 'Dyirbal', 'Walbiri', 'Formosan', 'Tayalic', 'Tsouic', 'Paiwanic', 'Papuan', 'Khoisan', 'Khoikhoin', 'Indo-European', 'Proto-Indo_European', 'Albanian', 'Gheg', 'Tosk', 'Armenian', 'Illyrian', 'Thraco-Phrygian', 'Thracian', 'Phrygian', 'Balto-Slavic', 'Slavic', 'Old_Church_Slavonic', 'Russian', 'Belarusian', 'Ukrainian', 'Polish', 'Slovak', 'Czech', 'Slovene', 'Serbo-Croat', 'Sorbian', 'Macedonian', 'Bulgarian', 'Baltic', 'Old_Prussian', 'Lithuanian', 'Latvian', 'Germanic', 'West_Germanic', 'English', 'American_English', 'African_American_Vernacular_English', 'cockney', 'geordie', \"King's_English\", 'Received_Pronunciation', 'Middle_English', 'East_Midland', 'West_Midland', 'Northern', 'Kentish', 'Southwestern', 'Modern_English', 'Old_English', 'West_Saxon', 'Anglian', 'Kentish', 'Oxford_English', 'Scottish', 'Lallans', 'German', 'Old_High_German', 'Middle_High_German', 'Yiddish', 'Pennsylvania_Dutch', 'Low_German', 'Old_Saxon', 'Middle_Low_German', 'Dutch', 'Flemish', 'Afrikaans', 'Proto-Norse', 'Old_Norse', 'Old_Icelandic', 'Edda', 'Scandinavian', 'Danish', 'Icelandic', 'Norwegian', 'Bokmal', 'Riksmal', 'Nynorsk', 'Swedish', 'Faroese', 'Frisian', 'Old_Frisian', 'East_Germanic', 'Gothic', 'Ural-Altaic', 'Uralic', 'Finno-Ugric', 'Fennic', 'Udmurt', 'Permic', 'Komi', 'Volgaic', 'Cheremis', 'Mordva', 'Baltic-Finnic', 'Livonian', 'Estonian', 'Karelian', 'Ludian', 'Finnish', 'Veps', 'Ingrian', 'Ugric', 'Hungarian', 'Khanty', 'Mansi', 'Lappic', 'Lapp', 'Samoyedic', 'Nenets', 'Enets', 'Nganasan', 'Selkup', 'Celtic', 'Gaelic', 'Irish', 'Old_Irish', 'Middle_Irish', 'Scottish_Gaelic', 'Manx', 'Brythonic', 'Welsh', 'Cornish', 'Breton', 'Italic', 'Osco-Umbrian', 'Umbrian', 'Oscan', 'Sabellian', 'Latin', 'Old_Latin', 'classical_Latin', 'Low_Latin', 'Vulgar_Latin', 'Late_Latin', 'Medieval_Latin', 'Neo-Latin', 'Romance', 'Italian', 'Old_Italian', 'Sardinian', 'Tuscan', 'French', \"Langue_d'oil\", \"Langue_d'oc\", 'Old_French', 'Norman-French', 'Anglo-French', 'Canadian_French', 'Walloon', 'Provencal', 'Portuguese', 'Galician', 'Basque', 'Spanish', 'Castilian', 'Judeo-Spanish', 'Mexican_Spanish', 'Catalan', 'Rhaeto-Romance', 'Friulian', 'Ladin', 'Romansh', 'Romanian', 'Elamitic', 'Kassite', 'Tocharian', 'Turfan', 'Kuchean', 'Sanskrit', 'Sindhi', 'Romany', 'Urdu', 'Hindi', 'Hindustani', 'Bihari', 'Magadhan', 'Assamese', 'Bengali', 'Oriya', 'Marathi', 'Gujarati', 'Punjabi', 'Sinhalese', 'Indo-Iranian', 'Indic', 'Dard', 'Shina', 'Khowar', 'Kafiri', 'Kashmiri', 'Nepali', 'Prakrit', 'Pali', 'Prakrit', 'Iranian', 'Avestan', 'Gathic', 'Persian', 'Dari', 'Tajiki', 'Kurdish', 'Balochi', 'Pahlavi', 'Parthian', 'Pashto', 'Ossete', 'Scythian', 'Anatolian', 'Hittite', 'Lycian', 'Luwian', 'Lydian', 'Palaic', 'Greek', 'Modern_Greek', 'Romaic', 'Katharevusa', 'Late_Greek', 'Medieval_Greek', 'Koine', 'Ancient_Greek', 'Attic', 'Aeolic', 'Arcadic', 'Doric', 'Caucasian', 'Chechen', 'Circassian', 'Abkhazian', 'Georgian', 'Ubykh', 'Dravidian', 'South_Dravidian', 'Irula', 'Kota', 'Toda', 'Badaga', 'Kannada', 'Tulu', 'Malayalam', 'Tamil', 'South-Central_Dravidian', 'Telugu', 'Savara', 'Gondi', 'Pengo', 'Manda', 'Kui', 'Kuvi', 'Central_Dravidian', 'Kolami', 'Naiki', 'Parji', 'Ollari', 'Gadaba', 'North_Dravidian', 'Kurux', 'Malto', 'Brahui', 'Hausa', 'Bole', 'Angas', 'Ron', 'Bade', 'Warji', 'Zaar', 'West_Chadic', 'Tera', 'Bura', 'Higi', 'Mandara', 'Matakam', 'Sukur', 'Daba', 'Bata', 'Kotoko', 'Musgu', 'Gidar', 'Biu-Mandara', 'Somrai', 'Nancere', 'Kera', 'Dangla', 'Mokulu', 'Sokoro', 'East_Chadic', 'Masa', 'Chad', 'Afroasiatic', 'Semitic', 'Hebrew', 'Modern_Hebrew', 'Akkadian', 'Assyrian_Akkadian', 'Amharic', 'Arabic', 'Aramaic', 'Biblical_Aramaic', 'Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic', 'Mandaean', 'Maltese', 'Canaanitic', 'Canaanite', 'Phoenician', 'Punic', 'Ugaritic', 'Hamitic', 'Egyptian', 'Demotic', 'Coptic', 'Berber', 'Tuareg', 'Cushitic', 'Somali', 'Omotic', 'Niger-Kordofanian', 'Kordofanian', 'Niger-Congo', 'Bantu', 'Chichewa', 'ChiMwini', 'Chishona', 'Fang', 'Gikuyu', 'Giriama', 'Herero', 'Kamba', 'Kichaga', 'Kinyarwanda', 'Kiswahili', 'Kongo', 'Luba', 'LuGanda', 'Luyia', 'Mashi', 'Mwera', 'Nguni', 'Ndebele', 'Swazi', 'Xhosa', 'Zulu', 'Nyamwezi', 'Pokomo', 'Shona', 'Sotho', 'Umbundu', 'Sesotho', 'Tswana', 'Swahili', 'Tonga', 'Gur', 'West_African', 'Fula', 'Serer', 'Wolof', 'Mande', 'Kwa', 'Yoruba', 'Akan', 'Ewe', 'Nilo-Saharan', 'Chari-Nile', 'Nilotic', 'Dinka', 'Luo', 'Masai', 'Saharan', 'Songhai', 'artwork', 'graphic_design', 'illustration', 'picture', 'figure', 'chart', 'plot', 'graph', 'frequency-response_curve', 'curve', 'characteristic_curve', 'organization_chart', 'color_chart', 'color_circle', 'bar_chart', 'histogram', 'eye_chart', 'flip_chart', 'pie_chart', 'star_chart', 'profile', 'population_profile', 'tabulation', 'drawing', 'comic_strip', 'frame', 'ballistocardiogram', 'echoencephalogram', 'echocardiogram', 'electrocardiogram', 'electroencephalogram', 'electromyogram', 'electroretinogram', 'Laffer_curve', 'learning_curve', 'myogram', 'radiation_pattern', 'lobe', 'major_lobe', 'tachogram', 'thermogram', 'dramaturgy', 'stage', 'production', 'theatrical_production', 'coup_de_theatre', 'coup_de_theatre', 'summer_stock', 'dramatic_composition', 'play', 'afterpiece', 'fragment', 'Grand_Guignol', 'hiatus', 'snatch', 'theater_of_the_absurd', 'prologue', 'playlet', 'act', 'scene', 'script', 'promptbook', 'continuity', 'dialogue', 'duologue', \"actor's_line\", 'aside', 'cue', 'monologue', 'soliloquy', 'throwaway', 'prompt', 'libretto', 'scenario', 'screenplay', 'shooting_script', 'line', 'line', 'orphan', 'spiel', 'string', 'string_of_words', 'substring', 'act', 'lipogram', 'effusion', 'acting_out', 'cry', 'explosion', 'flare', 'collocation', 'high-five', 'closet_drama', 'comedy', 'black_comedy', \"commedia_dell'arte\", 'dark_comedy', 'farce', 'high_comedy', 'low_comedy', 'melodrama', 'seriocomedy', 'tragedy', 'tragicomedy', 'situation_comedy', 'special', 'situation_comedy', 'slapstick', 'burlesque', 'exode', 'miracle_play', 'morality_play', 'mystery_play', 'Passion_play', 'satyr_play', 'play', 'musical', 'curtain_raiser', 'galanty_show', 'puppet_show', 'minstrel_show', 'revue', 'follies', 'Ziegfeld_Follies', 'variety_show', 'vaudeville', 'dance', 'choreography', 'music', 'pizzicato', 'monophony', 'polyphony', 'polytonality', 'popularism', 'counterpoint', 'black_music', 'classical_music', 'chamber_music', 'opera', 'comic_opera', 'grand_opera', 'musical_drama', 'operetta', 'harmony', 'harmonization', 'reharmonization', 'four-part_harmony', 'preparation', 'resolution', 'tune', 'leitmotiv', 'theme_song', 'signature', 'theme', 'obbligato', 'motif', 'statement', 'variation', 'inversion', 'augmentation', 'diminution', 'part', 'part_music', 'homophony', 'primo', 'secondo', 'voice_part', 'canto', 'accompaniment', 'descant', 'vamp', 'bass', 'ground_bass', 'figured_bass', 'crossover', 'religious_music', 'antiphon', 'gradual', 'Mass', 'Mass', 'Requiem', 'Shema', 'processional', 'antiphonary', 'chant', 'Hallel', 'Hare_Krishna', 'plainsong', 'cantus_firmus', 'religious_song', 'spiritual', 'carol', 'hymn', 'doxology', 'chorale', 'canticle', 'Dies_Irae', 'hymeneal', 'Internationale', 'paean', 'Magnificat', 'recessional', 'Te_Deum', 'musical_composition', 'musical_arrangement', 'orchestration', 'instrumental_music', 'instrumentation', 'realization', 'recapitulation', 'finale', 'intermezzo', 'allegro', 'allegretto', 'andante', 'intermezzo', 'introit', 'prelude', 'chorale_prelude', 'overture', 'solo', 'voluntary', 'postlude', 'duet', 'trio', 'quartet', 'quintet', 'sextet', 'septet', 'octet', 'cantata', 'Messiah', 'bagatelle', 'divertimento', 'keen', 'canon', 'enigma_canon', 'concerto', 'concerto_grosso', 'etude', 'fugue', 'pastorale', 'rondo', 'sonata', 'piano_sonata', 'toccata', 'fantasia', 'sonatina', 'symphony', 'passage', 'intro', 'phrase', 'ligature', 'ostinato', 'riff', 'cadence', 'plagal_cadence', 'cadenza', 'movement', 'largo', 'larghetto', 'scherzo', 'suite', 'partita', 'partita', 'symphonic_poem', 'medley', 'nocturne', 'adagio', 'song', 'study', 'antiphony', 'anthem', 'national_anthem', 'Marseillaise', 'The_Star-Spangled_Banner', 'aria', 'arietta', 'ballad', 'minstrelsy', 'barcarole', 'chantey', 'refrain', 'tra-la', 'ditty', 'dirge', 'drinking_song', 'folk_song', 'blues', 'fado', 'blue_note', 'lied', 'love_song', 'lullaby', 'lyric', 'stanza', 'love_lyric', 'oldie', 'partsong', 'madrigal', 'round', 'prothalamion', 'roundelay', 'scolion', 'serenade', 'torch_song', 'work_song', 'shivaree', 'ballet', 'dance_music', 'beguine', 'bolero', 'carioca', 'conga', 'flamenco', 'gavotte', 'habanera', 'hornpipe', 'jig', 'landler', 'mazurka', 'minuet', 'paso_doble', 'pavane', 'polka', 'quadrille', 'reel', 'rumba', 'samba', 'saraband', 'schottische', 'serialism', 'syncopation', 'twelve-tone_music', 'tango', 'tarantella', 'techno', 'waltz', 'marching_music', 'military_march', 'quickstep', 'pibroch', 'processional_march', 'funeral_march', 'wedding_march', 'popular_music', 'disco', 'macumba', 'pop_music', 'folk_music', 'country_music', 'dance_music', 'ragtime', 'jazz', 'kwela', 'gospel', 'doo-wop', 'soul', 'bluegrass', 'hillbilly_music', 'square-dance_music', 'zydeco', 'jazz', 'bop', 'boogie', 'cool_jazz', 'funk', 'hot_jazz', 'modern_jazz', 'rap', 'rhythm_and_blues', 'rockabilly', \"rock_'n'_roll\", 'heavy_metal', 'progressive_rock', 'psychedelic_rock', 'punk_rock', 'trad', 'swing', 'reggae', 'skiffle', 'expressive_style', 'address', 'catch', 'analysis', 'bathos', 'black_humor', 'Gongorism', 'conceit', 'development', 'device', 'doctorspeak', 'ecobabble', 'eloquence', 'euphuism', 'Eurobabble', 'flatness', 'formulation', 'gobbledygook', 'grandiosity', 'headlinese', 'honorific', 'jargon', 'journalese', 'legalese', 'manner_of_speaking', 'music_genre', 'officialese', 'pathos', 'prose', 'psychobabble', 'rhetoric', 'saltiness', 'self-expression', 'articulation', 'archaism', 'boilerplate', 'colloquialism', 'mot_juste', 'verbalization', 'verbalization', 'parlance', 'Americanism', 'Anglicism', 'Gallicism', 'wording', 'paralanguage', 'tongue', 'sharp_tongue', 'shibboleth', 'tone', 'note', 'roundness', 'undertone', 'elocution', 'barrage', 'prosody', 'modulation', 'intonation', 'intonation_pattern', 'monotone', 'monotone', 'singsong', 'caesura', 'enjambment', 'stress', 'accentuation', 'tonic_accent', 'word_stress', 'sentence_stress', 'rhythm', 'rhythm', 'backbeat', 'downbeat', 'upbeat', 'syncopation', 'recitative', 'arioso', 'transition', 'bombast', 'sesquipedality', 'sensationalism', 'technobabble', 'terseness', 'turn_of_phrase', 'conceit', 'conciseness', 'crispness', 'brevity', 'laconism', 'vein', 'verboseness', 'verbiage', 'prolixity', 'circumlocution', 'turgidity', 'repetitiveness', 'redundancy', 'pleonasm', 'tautology', 'tautology', 'abbreviation', 'apocope', 'acronym', 'writing_style', 'form', 'poetry', 'heroic_poetry', 'poetry', 'versification', 'versification', 'versification', 'poetic_rhythm', 'meter', 'catalexis', 'scansion', 'sprung_rhythm', 'common_measure', 'metrical_foot', 'dactyl', 'iamb', 'anapest', 'amphibrach', 'trochee', 'spondee', 'pyrrhic', 'tetrameter', 'pentameter', 'hexameter', 'octameter', 'octosyllable', 'decasyllable', 'rhyme', 'internal_rhyme', 'alliteration', 'assonance', 'consonance', 'double_rhyme', 'rhyme_royal', 'ottava_rima', 'eye_rhyme', 'rhetorical_device', 'anacoluthia', 'asyndeton', 'repetition', 'anadiplosis', 'epanalepsis', 'epanodos', 'epanodos', 'epiphora', 'gemination', 'ploce', 'polyptoton', 'epanaphora', 'anaphora', 'symploce', 'anastrophe', 'antiphrasis', 'antithesis', 'antinomasia', 'apophasis', 'aposiopesis', 'apostrophe', 'catachresis', 'chiasmus', 'climax', 'conversion', 'dramatic_irony', 'ecphonesis', 'emphasis', 'enallage', 'epanorthosis', 'epiplexis', 'hendiadys', 'hypallage', 'hyperbaton', 'hypozeugma', 'hypozeuxis', 'hysteron_proteron', 'litotes', 'onomatopoeia', 'paralepsis', 'paregmenon', 'polysyndeton', 'prolepsis', 'wellerism', 'trope', 'conceit', 'irony', 'hyperbole', 'kenning', 'metaphor', 'dead_metaphor', 'mixed_metaphor', 'synesthetic_metaphor', 'metonymy', 'metalepsis', 'oxymoron', 'personification', 'simile', 'synecdoche', 'syllepsis', 'zeugma', 'auditory_communication', 'speech', 'words', 'utterance', 'speech', 'voice', 'phone', 'morphophoneme', 'phoneme', 'allophone', 'ablaut', 'grade', 'diphthong', 'vowel', 'accentual_system', 'consonant_system', 'morphophonemic_system', 'phonemic_system', 'phonological_system', 'syllabicity', 'tense_system', 'tone_system', 'vowel_system', 'schwa', 'murmur_vowel', 'stem_vowel', 'semivowel', 'palatal', 'vowel', 'vowel_point', 'consonant', 'consonant', 'alveolar_consonant', 'obstruent', 'stop_consonant', 'implosion', 'plosion', 'affrication', 'aspirate', 'aspiration', 'labial_consonant', 'labiodental_consonant', 'bilabial', 'labial_stop', 'glottal_stop', 'epenthesis', 'nasalization', 'suction_stop', 'continuant_consonant', 'fricative_consonant', 'sibilant', 'affricate', 'nasal_consonant', 'orinasal_phone', 'lingual', 'liquid', 'geminate', 'surd', 'velar', 'guttural', 'sonant', 'cry', 'cry', 'bellow', 'blue_murder', 'catcall', 'clamor', 'halloo', 'hoot', 'hosanna', 'noise', 'scream', 'whoop', 'war_cry', 'yelling', 'yodel', 'boo', 'blasphemy', 'obscenity', 'bawdry', 'scatology', 'curse', 'croak', 'exclamation', 'devil', 'ejaculation', 'expostulation', 'expletive', 'groan', 'hem', 'howl', 'laugh', 'mumble', 'cachinnation', 'cackle', 'chortle', 'giggle', 'guffaw', 'hee-haw', 'snicker', 'titter', 'paging', 'profanity', 'pronunciation', 'pronunciation', 'sibilation', 'exultation', 'sigh', 'snarl', 'speaking', 'speech', 'sputter', 'whisper', 'stage_whisper', 'rasp', 'mispronunciation', 'homograph', 'homophone', 'homophony', 'accent', 'drawl', 'articulation', 'retroflection', 'enunciation', 'mumbling', 'syncope', 'sandhi', 'thickness', 'tongue_twister', 'trill', 'conversation', 'crossfire', 'phatic_speech', 'intercourse', 'communion', 'exchange', 'chat', 'chitchat', 'gossiping', 'scandalmongering', 'talk', 'cant', 'dialogue', 'heart-to-heart', 'shmooze', 'shop_talk', 'wind', 'yak', 'prate', 'nothings', 'sweet_nothings', 'commerce', 'colloquy', 'detail', 'dilation', 'discussion', 'indirect_discourse', 'direct_discourse', 'consideration', 'expatiation', 'talk', 'reconsideration', 'exhortation', 'expression', 'cold_turkey', 'congratulation', 'discussion', 'argument', 'logomachy', 'parley', 'rap', 'rap_session', 'second-hand_speech', 'table_talk', 'telephone_conversation', 'tete-a-tete', 'pillow_talk', 'deliberation', 'conference', 'bull_session', 'colloquy', 'consultation', 'sidebar', 'consultation', 'panel_discussion', 'postmortem', 'public_discussion', 'huddle', 'backgrounder', 'press_conference', 'pretrial', 'round_table', 'session', 'teach-in', 'teleconference', 'sitting', 'clinic', 'reading_clinic', 'basketball_clinic', 'baseball_clinic', 'hockey_clinic', 'executive_session', 'hearing', 'confirmation_hearing', 'skull_session', 'special_session', 'tutorial', 'negotiation', 'diplomacy', 'dollar_diplomacy', 'power_politics', 'recognition', 'shuttle_diplomacy', 'Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks', 'bargaining', 'collective_bargaining', 'haggle', 'holdout', 'horse_trading', 'mediation', 'arbitration', 'conciliation', 'umpirage', 'saying', 'anatomical_reference', 'southernism', 'sound_bite', 'motto', 'catchphrase', 'mantra', 'war_cry', 'maxim', 'aphorism', 'gnome', \"Murphy's_Law\", 'moralism', 'epigram', 'proverb', 'platitude', 'truism', 'idiom', 'ruralism', 'agrapha', 'sumpsimus', 'non-standard_speech', 'baby_talk', 'baby_talk', 'dialect', 'eye_dialect', 'patois', 'localism', 'regionalism', 'idiolect', 'monologue', 'telegraphese', 'vernacular', 'slang', 'rhyming_slang', 'slang', 'spell', 'incantation', 'invocation', 'hex', 'dictation', 'soliloquy', 'speech_act', 'proposal', 'contract_offer', 'marriage_proposal', 'proposition', 'question', 'proposal', 'counterproposal', 'hypothesis', 'suggestion', 'introduction', 're-introduction', 'first_reading', 'second_reading', 'motion', 'previous_question', 'hint', 'touch', 'overture', 'offer', 'counteroffer', 'bid', 'overbid', 'buyout_bid', 'prospectus', 'preliminary_prospectus', 'tender_offer', 'reward', 'rights_offering', 'special', 'price', 'peace_offering', 'twofer', 'presentation', 'submission', 'filing', 'command', 'countermand', 'order', 'marching_orders', 'summons', 'word', 'call_up', 'commission', 'misdirection', 'commandment', 'Decalogue', 'directive', 'Presidential_Directive', 'injunction', 'behest', 'open_sesame', 'interpretation', 'clarification', 'disambiguation', 'lexical_disambiguation', 'eisegesis', 'exegesis', 'ijtihad', 'text', 'expansion', 'embellishment', 'literal_interpretation', 'letter', 'version', 'reading', 'construction', 'reconstruction', 'popularization', 'misinterpretation', 'imbroglio', 'misconstrual', 'misreading', 'agreement', 'assent', 'informed_consent', 'acceptance', 'concession', 'bye', 'concurrence', 'accord', 'connivance', 'cahoot', 'accession', 'accommodation', 'conclusion', 'reservation', 'settlement', 'out-of-court_settlement', 'property_settlement', 'accord_and_satisfaction', 'severance_agreement', 'golden_handshake', 'suicide_pact', 'modus_vivendi', 'compromise', 'Missouri_Compromise', 'subscription', 'ratification', 'harmony', 'second', 'citation', 'disagreement', 'confrontation', 'dissidence', 'dissent', 'nonconformity', 'discord', 'confrontation', 'division', 'dispute', 'straw_man', 'argy-bargy', 'firestorm', 'sparring', 'special_pleading', 'collision', 'controversy', 'polemic', 'gap', 'generation_gap', 'quarrel', 'fight', 'affray', 'batrachomyomachia', 'bicker', 'bust-up', 'offer', 'request', 'notification', 'wish', 'invitation', 'bidding', 'invite', 'entreaty', 'adjuration', 'demagoguery', 'flag_waving', 'supplication', 'solicitation', 'beggary', 'touch', 'importunity', 'suit', 'courtship', 'bundling', 'prayer', 'benediction', 'benison', 'collect', 'commination', 'deprecation', 'grace', 'intercession', 'invocation', 'rogation', 'requiescat', 'call', 'recall', 'charge', 'presentment', 'demand', 'challenge', 'ultimatum', 'insistence', 'purism', 'call', 'requisition', 'call', 'margin_call', 'wage_claim', 'trick_or_treat', 'questioning', 'challenge', 'question', 'interrogation', 'catechism', 'deposition', 'inquisition', 'third_degree', 'cross-examination', 'direct_examination', 'redirect_examination', 'cross-question', 'leading_question', 'yes-no_question', 'interview', 'job_interview', 'telephone_interview', 'question', 'examination', 'bar_examination', 'comprehensive_examination', 'entrance_examination', 'final_examination', 'litmus_test', 'midterm_examination', 'pop_quiz', 'oral', 'preliminary_examination', 'quiz', 'test_paper', 'tripos', 'reply', 'non_sequitur', 'rejoinder', 'echo', 'echolalia', 'answer', 'Urim_and_Thummim', 'refutation', 'confutation', 'rebuttal', 'description', 'characterization', 'word_picture', 'epithet', 'portrayal', 'label', 'particularization', 'sketch', 'affirmation', 'representation', 'say-so', 'affirmative', 'yes', 'yea', 'declaration', 'denial', 'denial', 'abnegation', 'naysaying', 'negative', 'no', 'nay', 'double_negative', 'double_negative', 'refusal', 'repudiation', 'disavowal', 'retraction', 'withdrawal', 'negation', 'contradiction', 'self-contradiction', 'contradiction', 'cancellation', 'rejection', 'repudiation', 'disclaimer', 'disownment', 'rebuff', 'short_shrift', 'objection', 'challenge', 'complaint', 'complaint', 'demur', 'dissent', 'exception', 'caption', 'exclamation', 'gripe', 'protest', 'protest', 'grievance', 'growling', 'grumble', 'jeremiad', 'kvetch', 'pet_peeve', 'whimper', 'lament', 'informing', 'telling', 'notice', 'warning', 'dismissal', 'revelation', 'disclosure', 'display', 'histrionics', 'production', 'sackcloth_and_ashes', 'divulgence', 'discovery', 'discovery', 'giveaway', 'informing', 'leak', 'exposure', 'expose', 'muckraking', 'admission', 'confession', 'self-accusation', 'concession', 'sop', 'stipulation', 'takeaway', 'wage_concession', 'presentation', 'debut', 'reintroduction', 'briefing', 'report', 'megillah', 'report', 'skinny', 'stuff', 'assay', 'case_study', 'white_book', 'blue_book', 'green_paper', 'progress_report', 'position_paper', 'medical_report', 'report_card', 'debriefing', 'anecdote', 'narration', 'narrative', 'Canterbury_Tales', 'recital', 'tall_tale', 'folktale', \"Arabian_Nights'_Entertainment\", 'sob_story', 'fairytale', 'nursery_rhyme', 'relation', 'earful', 'gossip', 'rumor', 'grapevine', 'scandal', 'talk', 'warning', 'wake-up_call', 'alarmism', 'alert', 'Emergency_Alert_System', 'caution', 'false_alarm', 'forewarning', 'heads-up', 'strategic_warning', 'tactical_warning', 'threat', 'warning_of_attack', 'warning_of_war', 'promise', 'oath', 'bayat', 'Hippocratic_oath', 'parole', 'assurance', 'clean_bill_of_health', 'assurance', 'plight', 'betrothal', 'pinning', 'ringing', 'rain_check', 'vow', 'thanks', 'appreciation', 'thank_you', 'bow', 'boast', 'brag', 'braggadocio', 'vaunt', 'self-assertion', 'naming', 'acrophony', 'numeration', 'indication', 'specification', 'challenge', 'dare', 'confrontation', 'call-out', 'defiance', 'calling_into_question', 'demand_for_identification', 'gauntlet', 'explanation', 'elucidation', 'explication', 'denunciation', 'excoriation', 'fulmination', 'tirade', 'damnation', 'execration', 'anathema', 'imprecation', 'accusation', 'recrimination', 'recital', 'recitation', 'recitation', 'indictment', 'murder_charge', 'true_bill', 'impeachment', 'arraignment', 'allegation', 'blame_game', 'grievance', 'lodgment', 'plaint', 'imprecation', 'imputation', 'finger-pointing', 'indictment', 'information', 'preferment', 'incrimination', 'implication', 'unspoken_accusation', 'insinuation', 'self-incrimination', 'address', 'allocution', 'colloquium', 'dithyramb', 'Gettysburg_Address', 'impromptu', 'impromptu', 'inaugural_address', 'keynote', 'keynote_speech', 'lecture', 'litany', 'nominating_speech', 'oratory', 'oration', 'peroration', 'public_speaking', 'debate', 'declamation', 'declamation', 'epideictic_oratory', 'harangue', 'screed', 'raving', 'stump_speech', 'salutatory_address', 'valediction', 'sermon', 'baccalaureate', 'kerygma', 'Sermon_on_the_Mount', 'evangelism', 'televangelism', 'homily', 'persuasion', 'arm-twisting', 'dissuasion', 'electioneering', 'exhortation', 'pep_talk', 'proselytism', 'sloganeering', 'suggestion', 'expostulation', 'weapon', 'promotion', 'buildup', 'sensationalism', 'shocker', 'public_relations', 'endorsement', 'book_jacket', 'ballyhoo', 'sales_talk', 'ad', 'advertorial', 'mailer', 'newspaper_ad', 'classified_ad', 'sales_promotion', 'want_ad', 'commercial', 'infomercial', 'circular', 'stuffer', 'teaser', 'top_billing', 'white_pages', 'yellow_pages', 'abetment', 'cheering', 'promotion', 'fostering', 'goad', 'provocation', 'subornation', 'subornation_of_perjury', 'vote_of_confidence', 'discouragement', 'disheartenment', 'dissuasion', 'determent', 'resignation', 'abdication', 'renunciation', 'relinquishment', 'giving_up', 'prohibition', 'interdiction', 'ban', 'test_ban', 'psychic_communication', 'telepathy', 'telegnosis', 'psychic_phenomena', 'clairvoyance', 'precognition', 'telekinesis', 'table_rapping', 'table_tipping', 'windsock', 'post', 'starting_post', 'winning_post', 'reference_point', 'reference', 'republication', 'benchmark', 'landmark', 'merestone', \"lubber's_line\", 'rule', 'universal', 'grammatical_rule', 'transformation', 'morphological_rule', 'standard', 'benchmark', 'earned_run_average', 'grade_point_average', 'procrustean_standard', 'yardstick', 'target', 'clout', 'drogue', 'white_line', 'indicator', 'blinker', 'armband', 'rocket', 'electronic_signal', 'blip', 'radar_echo', 'clutter', 'radar_beacon', 'radio_beacon', 'beacon', 'star_shell', 'Bengal_light', 'Very_light', 'signal_fire', 'input_signal', 'output_signal', 'printout', 'readout', 'fire_alarm', 'foghorn', 'horn', 'red_flag', 'siren', 'tocsin', 'stoplight', 'buoy', 'acoustic_buoy', 'bell_buoy', 'whistle_buoy', 'can', 'conical_buoy', 'spar_buoy', \"barber's_pole\", 'staff', 'crosier', 'mace', 'scepter', 'bauble', 'tipstaff', 'cordon', 'wings', 'black_belt', 'blue_ribbon', 'button', 'Emmy', 'Nobel_prize', 'Academy_Award', 'Prix_de_Rome', 'Prix_Goncourt', 'chevron', 'stripe', 'icon', 'marker', 'identifier', 'postmark', 'watermark', 'broad_arrow', 'milestone', 'variable', 'placeholder', 'unknown', 'peg', 'spot', 'logo', 'label', 'bookplate', 'gummed_label', 'dog_tag', 'dog_tag', 'name_tag', 'price_tag', 'tag', 'tag', 'title_bar', 'cairn', 'shrug', 'wave', 'V_sign', 'nod', 'bow', 'sign_of_the_cross', 'curtsy', 'genuflection', 'kowtow', 'scrape', 'salaam', 'ground_rule', 'sign', 'system_command', 'walking_papers', 'wanted_notice', 'International_Wanted_Notice', 'plagiarism', 'transcript', 'voice', 'Bach', 'Beethoven', 'Brahms', 'Chopin', 'Gilbert_and_Sullivan', 'Handel', 'Haydn', 'Mozart', 'Stravinsky', 'Wagner', 'language_system', 'contact', 'traffic', 'order', 'short_order', 'recall', 'uplink', 'capriccio', 'interrogation', 'motet', 'negation', 'packet', 'program_music', 'incidental_music', 'slanguage', \"Ta'ziyeh\", 'sprechgesang', 'vocal_music', 'voice_over', 'walk-through', 'yearbook', 'zinger', 'Das_Kapital', 'Erewhon', 'Utopia', 'might-have-been', 'nonevent', 'happening', 'accompaniment', 'associate', 'avalanche', 'background', 'experience', 'appalling', 'augury', 'war_cloud', 'omen', 'auspice', 'foreboding', 'death_knell', 'flash', 'good_time', 'loss', 'near-death_experience', 'ordeal', 'out-of-body_experience', 'taste', 'time', 'trip', 'vision', 'social_event', 'miracle', 'trouble', 'treat', 'miracle', 'wonder', 'thing', 'episode', 'feast', 'drama', 'night_terror', 'eventuality', 'beginning', 'casus_belli', 'ending', 'end', 'endgame', 'endgame', 'homestretch', 'passing', 'result', 'denouement', 'deal', 'fair_deal', 'raw_deal', 'decision', 'decision', 'split_decision', 'consequence', 'corollary', 'deserts', 'fruit', 'sequella', 'train', 'poetic_justice', 'offspring', 'separation', 'sequel', 'wages', 'foregone_conclusion', 'worst', 'one-off', 'periodic_event', 'change', 'avulsion', 'break', 'mutation', 'sublimation', 'surprise', 'bombshell', 'coup_de_theatre', 'eye_opener', 'peripeteia', 'shock', 'blip', 'stunner', 'error', 'hardware_error', 'disk_error', 'software_error', 'semantic_error', 'syntax_error', 'algorithm_error', 'accident', 'accident', 'collision', 'near_miss', 'crash', 'prang', 'derailment', 'ground_loop', 'collision', 'fire', 'backfire', 'bonfire', 'brush_fire', 'campfire', 'conflagration', 'forest_fire', 'grassfire', 'smoulder', 'smudge', 'crown_fire', 'ground_fire', 'surface_fire', 'wildfire', 'misfortune', 'pity', 'affliction', 'convulsion', 'embarrassment', 'disembarrassment', 'hell', 'calvary', 'onslaught', 'scandal', 'skeleton', 'Teapot_Dome', 'Watergate', 'chapter', 'idyll', 'incident', 'cause_celebre', 'discharge', 'electrical_discharge', 'nerve_impulse', 'action_potential', 'spike', 'explosion', 'case', 'humiliation', 'piece', 'time', 'movement', 'crustal_movement', 'approach', 'passing', 'deflection', 'bending', 'change_of_location', 'fender-bender', 'ascension', 'Ascension', 'Resurrection', 'circulation', 'creep', 'migration', 'migration', 'shrinking', 'compression', 'constriction', 'injury', 'rupture', 'schism', 'hap', 'mishap', 'puncture', 'calamity', 'act_of_God', 'apocalypse', 'famine', 'the_Irish_Famine', 'kiss_of_death', 'meltdown', 'plague', 'visitation', 'break', 'coincidence', 'lottery', 'pileup', 'smash', 'slip', 'failure', 'downfall', 'flame-out', 'malfunction', 'blowout', 'stall', 'success', 'barnburner', 'Godspeed', 'miscarriage', 'miss', 'emergence', 'eruption', 'birth', 'delivery', 'live_birth', 'blessed_event', 'posthumous_birth', 'posthumous_birth', 'reincarnation', 'transmigration', 'cycle_of_rebirth', 'moksa', 'appearance', 'reappearance', 'egress', 'ingress', 'Second_Coming', 'makeup', 'materialization', 'manifestation', 'apparition', 'epiphany', 'theophany', 'Word_of_God', 'origin', 'germination', 'genesis', 'ground_floor', 'emergence', 'rise', 'crime_wave', 'start', 'adrenarche', 'menarche', 'thelarche', 'onset', 'dawn', 'flying_start', 'opener', 'cause', 'antecedent', 'preliminary', 'emanation', 'etiology', 'factor', 'fundamental', 'parameter', 'unknown_quantity', 'wild_card', 'producer', 'creation', 'alpha', 'opening', 'kickoff', 'racing_start', 'flying_start', 'destiny', 'inevitable', 'karma', 'kismet', 'predestination', 'annihilation', 'eradication', 'debilitation', 'separation', 'diffusion', 'dispersion', 'Diaspora', 'dissipation', 'invasion', 'irradiation', 'extinction', 'Crucifixion', 'fatality', 'finish', 'martyrdom', 'megadeath', 'passing', 'wrongful_death', 'doom', 'destruction', 'ravage', 'razing', 'ruin', 'devastation', 'wrack', 'disappearance', 'evanescence', 'vanishing', 'receding', 'disappearance', 'adversity', 'hardship', 'knock', 'vagary', 'variation', 'vicissitude', 'allomerism', 'engagement', 'flick', 'impact', 'blow', 'slam', 'jolt', 'contact', 'damage', 'battle_damage', 'operational_damage', 'casualty', 'wound', 'blighty_wound', 'flesh_wound', 'personnel_casualty', 'sacrifice', 'cycle', 'cardiac_cycle', 'Carnot_cycle', 'pass', 'repeat', 'sequence', 'cycle', 'merry-go-round', 'samsara', 'replay', 'recurrence', 'atavism', 'flashback', 'sunrise', 'sunset', 'ground_swell', 'surf', 'wake', 'swash', 'ripple', 'gravity_wave', 'sine_wave', 'oscillation', 'ripple', 'wave', 'jitter', 'fluctuation', 'seiche', 'soliton', 'standing_wave', 'traveling_wave', 'sound_wave', 'air_wave', 'transient', 'wave_form', 'shock_wave', 'sonic_boom', 'swell', 'lift', 'billow', 'tidal_wave', 'tidal_wave', 'tidal_wave', 'tsunami', 'roller', 'periodic_motion', 'harmonic_motion', 'heave', 'recoil', 'bounce', 'resilience', 'recoil', 'seek', 'squeeze', 'throw', 'instroke', 'outstroke', 'turning', 'twist', 'undulation', 'wave', 'comber', 'whitecap', 'wave', 'shipwreck', 'capsizing', 'finish', 'draw', 'dead_heat', 'stalemate', 'photo_finish', 'second-place_finish', 'third-place_finish', 'win', 'first-place_finish', 'omega', 'conversion', 'Christianization', 'death', 'decrease', 'sinking', 'destabilization', 'increase', 'attrition', 'easing', 'breath_of_fresh_air', 'improvement', 'refinement', 'Assumption', 'deformation', 'Transfiguration', 'transition', 'ground_swell', 'leap', 'quantum_leap', 'quantum_jump', 'transformation', 'population_shift', 'pyrolysis', 'sea_change', 'sublimation', 'tin_pest', 'infection', 'scene', 'sideshow', 'collapse', 'cave_in', 'killing', 'fatal_accident', 'collateral_damage', 'cessation', 'settling', 'drop', 'free_fall', 'gravitation', 'levitation', 'lightening', 'descent', 'set', 'shower', 'sinking', 'submergence', 'dip', 'foundering', 'wobble', 'shimmy', 'flop', 'turkey', 'debacle', 'implosion', 'gravitational_collapse', 'stop', 'stand', 'deviation', 'discrepancy', 'driftage', 'inflection', 'malformation', 'monstrosity', 'dislocation', 'break', 'snap', 'interruption', 'punctuation', 'suspension', 'defervescence', 'eclipse', 'solar_eclipse', 'lunar_eclipse', 'annular_eclipse', 'total_eclipse', 'partial_eclipse', 'augmentation', 'adjustment', 'shakedown', 'entrance', 'fall', 'climb', 'elevation', 'heave', 'liftoff', 'sound', 'fuss', 'headway', 'trial', 'union', 'amphimixis', 'fusion', 'combining', 'recombination', 'recombination', 'consolidation', 'mix', 'concoction', 'conglomeration', 'blend', 'rapid_climb', 'takeoff', 'upheaval', 'uplifting', 'baa', 'bang', 'bong', 'banging', 'bark', 'bark', 'bay', 'beat', 'beep', 'bell', 'blare', 'boom', 'bleat', 'bray', 'bow-wow', 'buzz', 'cackle', 'caterwaul', 'caw', 'chatter', 'chatter', 'cheep', 'chink', 'chirp', 'chirrup', 'chorus', 'chug', 'clack', 'clang', 'clatter', 'click-clack', 'clickety-clack', 'clip-clop', 'cluck', 'cock-a-doodle-doo', 'coo', 'crack', 'crackle', 'creak', 'crepitation_rale', 'crow', 'crunch', 'cry', 'decrepitation', 'ding', 'drip', 'drum', 'ding-dong', 'explosion', 'footfall', 'gargle', 'gobble', 'grate', 'grinding', 'growl', 'grunt', 'gurgle', 'hiss', 'honk', 'howl', 'howl', 'hubbub', 'hum', 'jingle', 'knell', 'knock', 'meow', 'moo', 'mutter', 'neigh', 'noise', 'pant', 'paradiddle', 'pat', 'patter', 'peal', 'ping', 'pitter-patter', 'plonk', 'plop', 'plump', 'plunk', 'pop', 'purr', 'quack', 'quaver', 'racket', 'rat-a-tat-tat', 'rattle', 'report', 'rhonchus', 'ring', 'roar', 'rub-a-dub', 'rumble', 'rustle', 'scrape', 'screech', 'scrunch', 'shrilling', 'sigh', 'sizzle', 'skirl', 'slam', 'snap', 'snore', 'song', 'spatter', 'splash', 'splat', 'squawk', 'squeak', 'squeal', 'squish', 'stridulation', 'strum', 'susurration', 'swish', 'swoosh', 'tapping', 'throbbing', 'thump', 'thrum', 'thunder', 'thunderclap', 'thunk', 'tick', 'ticktock', 'ting', 'toot', 'tootle', 'tramp', 'trample', 'twang', 'tweet', 'vibrato', 'tremolo', 'voice', 'vroom', 'water_hammer', 'whack', 'whir', 'whistle', 'whiz', 'yip', 'zing', 'news_event', 'pulse', 'diastole', 'systole', 'extrasystole', 'throb', 'high_tide', 'ebb', 'low_tide', 'ebbtide', 'tide', 'direct_tide', 'flood_tide', 'neap_tide', 'springtide', 'leeward_tide', 'slack_water', 'tidal_bore', 'tidal_flow', 'undertow', 'riptide', 'rip', 'undertide', 'slide', 'avalanche', 'lahar', 'landslide', 'mudslide', 'Plinian_eruption', 'rockslide', 'flow', 'backflow', 'regurgitation', 'airflow', 'current', 'freshet', 'overflow', 'dripping', 'torrent', 'discharge', 'flux', 'airburst', 'blast', 'bomb_blast', 'nuclear_explosion', 'backblast', 'backfire', 'big_bang', 'blowback', 'fragmentation', 'inflation', 'ricochet', 'touch', 'concussion', 'rap', 'knock', 'pounding', 'sideswipe', 'slap', 'deflection', 'simple_harmonic_motion', 'reversal', 'yaw', 'concussion', 'twinkle', 'shimmer', 'flash', 'flicker', 'gleam', 'glitter', 'heat_flash', 'lightning', 'heat_lightning', 'sheet_lighting', 'streak', 'brush', 'stroke', 'concentration', 'explosion', 'jump', 'runup', 'waxing', 'convergence', 'meeting', 'conjunction', 'inferior_conjunction', 'superior_conjunction', 'conversion', 'glycogenesis', 'isomerization', 'rectification', 'transmutation', 'juncture', 'climax', 'conjuncture', 'emergency', 'crisis', 'landmark', 'Fall_of_Man', 'road_to_Damascus', 'milestone', 'pass', 'reality_check', 'compaction', 'rarefaction', 'conservation', 'recovery', 'remission', 'resolution', 'curse', 'fire', 'detriment', 'expense', 'damage', 'pulsation', 'breakdown', 'brake_failure', 'engine_failure', 'misfire', 'outage', 'power_outage', 'fault', 'blackout', 'flame-out', 'dwindling', 'waning', 'fading_away', 'turn', 'development', 'phenomenon', 'complication', 'revolution', 'Cultural_Revolution', 'green_revolution', 'mutation', 'sex_change', 'deletion', 'inversion', 'transposition', 'mutagenesis', 'insertional_mutagenesis', 'point_mutation', 'reversion', 'saltation', 'degeneration', 'atrophy', 'strengthening', 'weakening', 'attenuation', 'fall', 'anticlimax', 'abiotrophy', 'cataplasia', 'perturbation', 'magnetic_storm', 'earthquake', 'shock', 'tremor', 'aftershock', 'foreshock', 'seaquake', 'invasion', 'noise', 'background', 'background_noise', 'surface_noise', 'background_radiation', 'crosstalk', 'fadeout', 'jitter', 'static', 'white_noise', 'radio_noise', 'seepage', 'exudation', 'drip', 'intravenous_drip', 'eddy', 'whirlpool', 'Charybdis', 'dismemberment', 'mutilation', 'emission', 'distortion', 'warp', 'plunge', 'precipitation', 'fertilization', 'top_dressing', 'dissilience', 'outburst', 'salvo', 'outbreak', 'epidemic', 'pandemic', 'recrudescence', 'jet', 'rush', 'volcanic_eruption', 'escape', 'fertilization', 'pollination', 'cross-fertilization', 'allogamy', 'self-fertilization', 'superfecundation', 'superfetation', 'autogamy', 'cross-pollination', 'self-pollination', 'cleistogamy', 'flap', 'flush', 'radiation', 'adaptive_radiation', 'rush', 'debris_surge', 'onrush', 'springtide', 'rotation', 'dextrorotation', 'levorotation', 'axial_rotation', 'orbital_rotation', 'whirl', 'spin', 'backspin', 'English', 'topspin', 'wallow', 'run', 'relaxation', 'thaw', 'substitution', 'business_cycle', 'daily_variation', 'diurnal_variation', 'tide', 'shift', 'amplitude', 'luxation', 'subluxation', 'progress', 'rise', 'spread', 'stampede', 'translation', 'spray', 'spritz', 'angelus_bell', 'bell_ringing', 'return', 'volution', 'affair', 'party', 'bash', 'birthday_party', 'bunfight', 'ceilidh', 'cocktail_party', 'dance', 'ball', 'cotillion', 'masked_ball', 'promenade', 'barn_dance', 'hop', 'rave', 'fete', 'luau', 'house_party', 'jolly', 'tea_party', 'whist_drive', 'celebration', 'ceremony', 'circumstance', 'funeral', 'burial', 'sky_burial', 'wedding', 'pageant', 'dedication', 'rededication', 'opening', 'commemoration', 'military_ceremony', 'initiation', 'coronation', 'bar_mitzvah', 'bat_mitzvah', 'exercise', 'fire_walking', 'commencement', 'formality', 'Maundy', 'potlatch', 'fundraiser', 'photo_opportunity', 'sleepover', 'contest', 'athletic_contest', 'bout', 'decathlon', 'Olympic_Games', 'Special_Olympics', 'Winter_Olympic_Games', 'preliminary', 'pentathlon', 'championship', 'chicken', 'cliffhanger', 'dogfight', 'race', 'automobile_race', 'Grand_Prix', 'rally', 'bicycle_race', 'Tour_de_France', 'boat_race', 'burnup', 'chariot_race', 'dog_racing', 'sailing-race', 'footrace', 'funrun', 'marathon', 'freestyle', 'cross_country', 'Iditarod', 'three-day_event', 'heat', 'horse_race', 'claiming_race', 'selling_race', 'harness_race', 'Kentucky_Derby', 'Preakness', 'Belmont_Stakes', 'stake_race', 'steeplechase', 'Grand_National', 'obstacle_race', 'steeplechase', 'thoroughbred_race', 'potato_race', 'sack_race', 'scratch_race', 'ski_race', 'downhill', 'slalom', 'relay', 'repechage', 'torch_race', 'World_Cup', 'tournament', 'elimination_tournament', 'open', 'playoff', 'series', 'home_stand', 'World_Series', 'boxing_match', 'chess_match', 'cockfight', 'cricket_match', 'diving', 'field_event', 'final', 'cup_final', 'quarterfinal', 'semifinal', 'round_robin', 'field_trial', 'meet', 'gymkhana', 'race_meeting', 'regatta', 'swimming_meet', 'track_meet', 'track_event', 'dash', 'hurdles', 'mile', 'high_jump', 'long_jump', 'pole_vault', 'shot_put', 'hammer_throw', 'discus', 'javelin', 'swimming_event', 'match', 'tennis_match', 'test_match', 'wrestling_match', 'fall', 'takedown', 'sparring_match', 'prizefight', 'triple_jump', 'tug-of-war', 'tournament', 'joust', 'race', 'arms_race', 'political_campaign', \"governor's_race\", 'senate_campaign', 'victory', 'independence', 'landslide', 'last_laugh', 'Pyrrhic_victory', 'slam', 'grand_slam', 'little_slam', 'checkmate', 'runaway', 'service_break', 'defeat', 'walk-in', 'reverse', 'whammy', 'heartbreaker', 'lurch', 'rout', 'shutout', 'thrashing', 'waterloo', 'whitewash', 'spelling_bee', 'trial', 'bite', 'boom', 'crash', 'loss_of_consciousness', 'faint', 'Fall', 'shipwreck', 'crash', 'head_crash', 'spike', 'supervention', 'zap', 'zizz', 'affect', 'emotion', 'thing', 'glow', 'faintness', 'soul', 'passion', 'infatuation', 'wildness', 'ardor', 'storminess', 'zeal', 'sentiment', 'sentimentality', 'mawkishness', 'razbliuto', 'complex', 'Oedipus_complex', 'Electra_complex', 'inferiority_complex', 'ambivalence', 'conflict', 'apathy', 'emotionlessness', 'languor', 'desire', 'ambition', 'American_Dream', 'emulation', 'nationalism', 'bloodlust', 'temptation', 'craving', 'appetite', 'stomach', 'sweet_tooth', 'addiction', 'wish', 'velleity', 'longing', 'hankering', 'pining', 'wishfulness', 'wistfulness', 'nostalgia', 'lovesickness', 'homesickness', 'sex', 'sexual_desire', 'love', 'aphrodisia', 'anaphrodisia', 'passion', 'sensuality', 'amorousness', 'fetish', 'libido', 'lecherousness', 'nymphomania', 'satyriasis', 'the_hots', 'prurience', 'urge', 'caprice', 'pleasure', 'delight', 'entrancement', 'amusement', 'Schadenfreude', 'enjoyment', 'joie_de_vivre', 'gusto', 'pleasantness', 'afterglow', 'comfort', 'consolation', 'cold_comfort', 'silver_lining', 'relief', 'sexual_pleasure', 'algolagnia', 'sadism', 'sadomasochism', 'masochism', 'pain', 'growing_pains', 'unpleasantness', 'pang', 'guilt_pang', 'mental_anguish', 'suffering', 'agony', 'throes', 'discomfort', 'chafing', 'intertrigo', 'distress', 'anguish', 'self-torture', 'tsoris', 'wound', 'liking', 'fondness', 'captivation', 'preference', 'acquired_taste', 'weakness', 'mysophilia', 'inclination', 'leaning', 'stomach', 'undertow', 'friendliness', 'amicability', 'good_will', 'brotherhood', 'approval', 'favor', 'approbation', 'admiration', 'Anglophilia', 'hero_worship', 'philhellenism', 'philogyny', 'worship', 'dislike', 'disinclination', 'Anglophobia', 'unfriendliness', 'alienation', 'isolation', 'antipathy', 'disapproval', 'contempt', 'disgust', 'abhorrence', 'creepy-crawlies', 'scunner', 'repugnance', 'nausea', 'technophobia', 'gratitude', 'gratefulness', 'ingratitude', 'concern', 'care', 'solicitude', 'softheartedness', 'unconcern', 'indifference', 'distance', 'withdrawal', 'heartlessness', 'cruelty', 'shame', 'conscience', 'self-disgust', 'embarrassment', 'self-consciousness', 'shamefacedness', 'chagrin', 'confusion', 'abashment', 'discomfiture', 'pride', 'self-esteem', 'ego', 'amour_propre', 'humility', 'meekness', 'self-depreciation', 'astonishment', 'devastation', 'wonder', 'awe', 'surprise', 'stupefaction', 'daze', 'expectation', 'anticipation', 'suspense', 'fever', 'buck_fever', 'gold_fever', 'hope', 'levity', 'gaiety', 'gravity', 'earnestness', 'sensitivity', 'oversensitiveness', 'sensibility', 'feelings', 'insight', 'sensuousness', 'agitation', 'unrest', 'fidget', 'impatience', 'stewing', 'stir', 'tumult', 'electricity', 'sensation', 'calmness', 'placidity', 'coolness', 'tranquillity', 'peace', 'easiness', 'languor', 'anger', 'dudgeon', 'wrath', 'fury', 'lividity', 'infuriation', 'umbrage', 'indignation', 'huffiness', 'dander', 'bad_temper', 'annoyance', 'pique', 'frustration', 'aggravation', 'harassment', 'fear', 'alarm', 'creeps', 'frisson', 'horror', 'hysteria', 'panic', 'swivet', 'fear', 'scare', 'stage_fright', 'apprehension', 'trepidation', 'foreboding', 'shadow', 'presage', 'suspense', 'timidity', 'cold_feet', 'shyness', 'diffidence', 'hesitance', 'unassertiveness', 'intimidation', 'anxiety', 'worry', 'concern', 'anxiousness', 'insecurity', 'edginess', 'willies', 'sinking', 'scruple', 'jitteriness', 'angst', 'fearlessness', 'security', 'confidence', 'happiness', 'bonheur', 'gladness', 'joy', 'elation', 'exultation', 'triumph', 'exhilaration', 'bang', 'intoxication', 'titillation', 'euphoria', 'gaiety', 'hilarity', 'rejoicing', 'jocundity', 'belonging', 'comfortableness', 'closeness', 'togetherness', 'cheerfulness', 'buoyancy', 'carefreeness', 'contentment', 'satisfaction', 'pride', 'complacency', 'smugness', 'fulfillment', 'gloat', 'sadness', 'dolefulness', 'heaviness', 'melancholy', 'gloom', 'heavyheartedness', 'pensiveness', 'world-weariness', 'woe', 'misery', 'forlornness', 'weepiness', 'sorrow', 'attrition', 'broken_heart', 'grief', 'mournfulness', 'plaintiveness', 'dolor', 'sorrow', 'compunction', 'guilt', 'survivor_guilt', 'repentance', 'cheerlessness', 'chill', 'joylessness', 'depression', 'downheartedness', 'demoralization', 'helplessness', 'self-pity', 'despondency', 'oppression', 'weight', 'discontentment', 'disgruntlement', 'dysphoria', 'dissatisfaction', 'boredom', 'blahs', 'fatigue', 'displeasure', 'disappointment', 'frustration', 'hope', 'hopefulness', 'encouragement', 'optimism', 'sanguinity', 'despair', 'hopelessness', 'resignation', 'defeatism', 'discouragement', 'intimidation', 'pessimism', 'cynicism', 'love', 'agape', 'agape', 'filial_love', 'ardor', 'amorousness', 'puppy_love', 'devotion', 'affection', 'attachment', 'protectiveness', 'regard', 'soft_spot', 'benevolence', 'beneficence', 'heartstrings', 'lovingness', 'warmheartedness', 'loyalty', 'hate', 'misanthropy', 'misogamy', 'misogyny', 'misology', 'misoneism', 'misocainea', 'misopedia', 'murderousness', 'despisal', 'hostility', 'animosity', 'class_feeling', 'antagonism', 'aggression', 'belligerence', 'warpath', 'resentment', 'heartburning', 'sulkiness', 'grudge', 'envy', 'covetousness', 'jealousy', 'penis_envy', 'malevolence', 'maleficence', 'malice', 'vindictiveness', 'temper', 'peeve', 'sulk', 'good_humor', 'jollity', 'ill_humor', 'moodiness', 'moroseness', 'irascibility', 'irritability', 'testiness', 'pet', 'sympathy', 'kindheartedness', 'compassion', 'commiseration', 'mellowness', 'tenderness', 'mercifulness', 'forgiveness', 'compatibility', 'empathy', 'enthusiasm', 'eagerness', 'ardor', 'exuberance', 'technophilia', 'food', 'comfort_food', 'comestible', 'tuck', 'course', 'dainty', 'dish', 'fast_food', 'finger_food', 'ingesta', 'kosher', 'fare', 'diet', 'diet', 'dietary', 'allergy_diet', 'balanced_diet', 'bland_diet', 'clear_liquid_diet', 'diabetic_diet', 'dietary_supplement', 'carbohydrate_loading', 'fad_diet', 'gluten-free_diet', 'high-protein_diet', 'high-vitamin_diet', 'leftovers', 'light_diet', 'liquid_diet', 'low-calorie_diet', 'low-fat_diet', 'low-sodium_diet', 'macrobiotic_diet', 'reducing_diet', 'soft_diet', 'vegetarianism', 'menu', 'chow', 'board', 'training_table', 'mess', 'ration', 'field_ration', 'K_ration', 'C-ration', 'foodstuff', 'starches', 'breadstuff', 'coloring', 'concentrate', 'tomato_concentrate', 'meal', 'kibble', 'cornmeal', 'farina', 'matzo_meal', 'oatmeal', 'pea_flour', 'pinole', 'roughage', 'bran', 'flour', 'plain_flour', 'wheat_flour', 'whole_wheat_flour', 'soybean_meal', 'semolina', 'blood_meal', 'gluten', 'corn_gluten', 'corn_gluten_feed', 'wheat_gluten', 'nutriment', 'cuisine', 'dim_sum', 'haute_cuisine', 'nouvelle_cuisine', 'rechauffe', 'gastronomy', 'commissariat', 'food_cache', 'larder', 'fresh_food', 'frozen_food', 'canned_food', 'canned_meat', 'Fanny_Adams', 'Spam', 'dehydrated_food', 'square_meal', 'meal', 'potluck', 'refection', 'refreshment', 'breakfast', 'continental_breakfast', 'brunch', 'lunch', 'business_lunch', 'high_tea', 'tea', 'dinner', 'supper', 'buffet', 'TV_dinner', 'picnic', 'cookout', 'barbecue', 'clambake', 'fish_fry', 'wiener_roast', 'bite', 'nosh', 'nosh-up', \"ploughman's_lunch\", 'coffee_break', 'banquet', 'helping', 'taste', 'morsel', 'swallow', 'chew', 'entree', 'piece_de_resistance', 'plate', 'adobo', 'side_dish', 'special', 'casserole', 'chicken_casserole', 'chicken_cacciatore', 'roast', 'confit', 'antipasto', 'appetizer', 'canape', 'cocktail', 'fruit_cocktail', 'crab_cocktail', 'shrimp_cocktail', \"hors_d'oeuvre\", 'relish', 'dip', 'bean_dip', 'cheese_dip', 'clam_dip', 'guacamole', 'soup', 'soup_du_jour', 'alphabet_soup', 'consomme', 'madrilene', 'bisque', 'borsch', 'broth', 'liquor', 'barley_water', 'bouillon', 'beef_broth', 'chicken_broth', 'broth', 'stock_cube', 'chicken_soup', 'cock-a-leekie', 'gazpacho', 'gumbo', 'julienne', 'marmite', 'mock_turtle_soup', 'mulligatawny', 'oxtail_soup', 'pea_soup', 'pepper_pot', 'petite_marmite', 'potage', 'pottage', 'turtle_soup', 'eggdrop_soup', 'chowder', 'corn_chowder', 'clam_chowder', 'Manhattan_clam_chowder', 'New_England_clam_chowder', 'fish_chowder', 'won_ton', 'split-pea_soup', 'green_pea_soup', 'lentil_soup', 'Scotch_broth', 'vichyssoise', 'stew', 'bigos', 'Brunswick_stew', 'burgoo', 'burgoo', 'olla_podrida', 'mulligan_stew', 'purloo', 'goulash', 'hotchpotch', 'hot_pot', 'beef_goulash', 'pork-and-veal_goulash', 'porkholt', 'Irish_stew', 'oyster_stew', 'lobster_stew', 'lobscouse', 'fish_stew', 'bouillabaisse', 'matelote', 'paella', 'fricassee', 'chicken_stew', 'turkey_stew', 'beef_stew', 'stew_meat', 'ragout', 'ratatouille', 'salmi', 'pot-au-feu', 'slumgullion', 'smorgasbord', 'viand', 'convenience_food', 'ready-mix', 'brownie_mix', 'cake_mix', 'lemonade_mix', 'self-rising_flour', 'delicatessen', 'takeout', 'choice_morsel', 'savory', \"calf's-foot_jelly\", 'caramel', 'lump_sugar', 'sugarloaf', 'cane_sugar', 'castor_sugar', 'powdered_sugar', 'granulated_sugar', 'icing_sugar', 'beet_sugar', 'corn_sugar', 'brown_sugar', 'demerara', 'sweet', 'confectionery', 'confiture', 'sweetmeat', 'candy', 'candy_bar', 'carob', 'carob_bar', 'hardbake', 'hard_candy', 'barley-sugar', 'brandyball', 'jawbreaker', 'lemon_drop', 'sourball', 'patty', 'peppermint_patty', 'bonbon', 'brittle', 'peanut_brittle', 'chewing_gum', 'gum_ball', 'bubble_gum', 'butterscotch', 'candied_fruit', 'candied_apple', 'crystallized_ginger', 'grapefruit_peel', 'lemon_peel', 'orange_peel', 'candied_citrus_peel', 'candy_cane', 'candy_corn', 'caramel', 'chocolate', 'bitter_chocolate', 'chocolate_candy', 'center', 'chocolate_liquor', 'cocoa_butter', 'cocoa_powder', 'choc', 'chocolate_bar', 'Hershey_bar', 'bittersweet_chocolate', 'couverture', 'Dutch-processed_cocoa', 'jimmies', 'milk_chocolate', 'white_chocolate', 'nonpareil', 'comfit', 'cotton_candy', 'dragee', 'dragee', 'fondant', 'fudge', 'chocolate_fudge', 'divinity', 'penuche', 'gumdrop', 'jujube', 'honey_crisp', 'mint', 'horehound', 'peppermint', 'jelly_bean', 'kiss', 'molasses_kiss', 'meringue_kiss', 'chocolate_kiss', 'Scotch_kiss', 'licorice', 'Life_Saver', 'lollipop', 'lozenge', 'cachou', 'cough_drop', 'marshmallow', 'marzipan', 'nougat', 'nougat_bar', 'nut_bar', 'peanut_bar', 'popcorn_ball', 'praline', 'rock_candy', 'rock_candy', 'sugar_candy', 'sugarplum', 'taffy', 'molasses_taffy', 'truffle', 'Turkish_Delight', 'dessert', 'ambrosia', 'ambrosia', 'baked_Alaska', 'blancmange', 'charlotte', 'compote', 'dumpling', 'flan', 'frozen_dessert', 'junket', 'mousse', 'mousse', 'pavlova', 'peach_melba', 'whip', 'prune_whip', 'pudding', 'pudding', 'syllabub', 'tiramisu', 'trifle', 'tipsy_cake', 'jello', 'charlotte_russe', 'apple_dumpling', 'ice', 'water_ice', 'ice_cream', 'ice-cream_cone', 'chocolate_ice_cream', 'choc-ice', 'Neapolitan_ice_cream', 'peach_ice_cream', 'sherbert', 'strawberry_ice_cream', 'tutti-frutti', 'vanilla_ice_cream', 'ice_lolly', 'ice_milk', 'frozen_yogurt', 'snowball', 'snowball', 'parfait', 'ice-cream_sundae', 'split', 'banana_split', 'frozen_pudding', 'frozen_custard', 'pudding', 'flummery', 'fish_mousse', 'chicken_mousse', 'chocolate_mousse', 'plum_pudding', 'carrot_pudding', 'corn_pudding', 'steamed_pudding', 'duff', 'vanilla_pudding', 'chocolate_pudding', 'brown_Betty', 'Nesselrode', 'pease_pudding', 'custard', 'creme_caramel', 'creme_anglais', 'creme_brulee', 'fruit_custard', 'quiche', 'quiche_Lorraine', 'tapioca', 'tapioca_pudding', 'roly-poly', 'suet_pudding', 'spotted_dick', 'Bavarian_cream', 'maraschino', 'frosting', 'glaze', 'meringue', 'nonpareil', 'whipped_cream', 'zabaglione', 'garnish', 'topping', 'streusel', 'baked_goods', 'crumb', 'breadcrumb', 'cracker_crumbs', 'pastry', 'pastry', 'pie_crust', 'dowdy', 'frangipane', 'streusel', 'tart', 'apple_tart', 'tart', 'apple_tart', 'lobster_tart', 'tartlet', 'turnover', 'apple_turnover', 'knish', 'pirogi', 'samosa', 'timbale', 'timbale', 'pie', 'deep-dish_pie', 'shoofly_pie', 'mince_pie', 'apple_pie', 'lemon_meringue_pie', 'blueberry_pie', 'rhubarb_pie', 'pecan_pie', 'pumpkin_pie', 'squash_pie', 'French_pastry', 'napoleon', 'patty_shell', 'patty', 'sausage_roll', 'toad-in-the-hole', 'vol-au-vent', 'strudel', 'baklava', 'puff_paste', 'phyllo', 'puff_batter', 'profiterole', 'puff', 'cream_puff', 'eclair', 'chocolate_eclair', 'cake', 'applesauce_cake', 'baba', 'baba_au_rhum', 'birthday_cake', 'cheesecake', 'chiffon_cake', 'chocolate_cake', 'coconut_cake', 'coffeecake', 'babka', 'crumb_cake', 'crumpet', 'cupcake', \"devil's_food\", 'Eccles_cake', 'fruitcake', 'Christmas_cake', 'simnel', 'gateau', 'ice-cream_cake', 'sponge_cake', 'angel_cake', 'jellyroll', 'Madeira_cake', 'Twinkie', 'wedding_cake', 'white_cake', 'spice_cake', 'gingerbread', 'pound_cake', 'layer_cake', 'torte', 'petit_four', 'prune_cake', 'jumble', 'savarin', 'Boston_cream_pie', 'upside-down_cake', 'honey_cake', 'marble_cake', 'genoise', 'seedcake', 'teacake', 'teacake', 'Sally_Lunn', 'cookie', 'dog_biscuit', 'butter_cookie', 'spice_cookie', 'shortbread', 'almond_cookie', 'brownie', 'gingersnap', 'macaroon', 'ratafia', 'coconut_macaroon', 'kiss', 'ladyfinger', 'anise_cookie', 'molasses_cookie', 'oreo', 'raisin-nut_cookie', 'refrigerator_cookie', 'raisin_cookie', 'fruit_bar', 'apricot_bar', 'date_bar', 'sugar_cookie', 'oatmeal_cookie', 'chocolate_chip_cookie', 'fortune_cookie', 'gingerbread_man', 'friedcake', 'doughboy', 'doughnut', 'raised_doughnut', 'Berlin_doughnut', 'fastnacht', 'cruller', 'French_fritter', 'fritter', 'apple_fritter', 'corn_fritter', 'pancake', 'yeast_cake', 'buckwheat_cake', 'buttermilk_pancake', 'blini', 'blintz', 'crape', 'crepe_Suzette', 'pfannkuchen', 'potato_pancake', 'waffle', 'Belgian_waffle', 'fish_cake', 'rock_cake', 'Victoria_sandwich', 'fish_stick', 'conserve', 'apple_butter', 'chowchow', 'jam', 'lemon_curd', 'strawberry_jam', 'jelly', 'apple_jelly', 'crabapple_jelly', 'grape_jelly', 'marmalade', 'orange_marmalade', 'gelatin', 'gelatin_dessert', 'bird', 'poultry', 'chicken', 'broiler', 'capon', 'fryer', 'roaster', 'Oven_Stuffer', 'spatchcock', 'hen', 'Rock_Cornish_hen', 'guinea_hen', 'squab', 'duck', 'duckling', 'goose', 'wildfowl', 'grouse', 'quail', 'partridge', 'pheasant', 'turkey', 'drumstick', 'turkey_leg', 'chicken_leg', 'second_joint', 'breast', 'wing', 'turkey_wing', 'chicken_wing', 'buffalo_wing', 'barbecued_wing', 'giblet', 'medallion', 'oyster', \"parson's_nose\", 'loaf', 'meat', 'game', 'dark_meat', 'mess', 'mince', 'puree', 'raw_meat', 'gobbet', 'red_meat', 'variety_meat', 'offal', 'heart', 'liver', \"calves'_liver\", 'chicken_liver', 'goose_liver', 'sweetbread', 'brain', \"calf's_brain\", 'stomach_sweetbread', 'neck_sweetbread', 'tongue', 'beef_tongue', \"calf's_tongue\", 'venison', 'cut', 'chop', 'barbecue', 'biryani', 'cold_cuts', 'chine', 'piece', 'cutlet', 'escalope_de_veau_Orloff', 'saute', 'fillet', 'leg', 'side', 'side_of_beef', 'forequarter', 'hindquarter', 'cut_of_beef', 'chuck', 'chuck_short_ribs', 'rib', 'entrecote', 'sparerib', 'shank', 'foreshank', 'hindshank', 'shin', 'brisket', 'plate', 'flank', 'steak', 'fish_steak', 'beefsteak', 'flank_steak', 'minute_steak', 'loin', 'beef_loin', 'sirloin', 'wedge_bone', 'flat_bone', 'pin_bone', 'sirloin_tip', 'sirloin_steak', 'tenderloin', 'beef_tenderloin', 'fillet', 'pork_tenderloin', 'Chateaubriand', 'Delmonico_steak', 'tournedos', 'filet_mignon', 'porterhouse', 'T-bone_steak', 'blade', 'blade_roast', 'neck', 'beef_neck', 'shoulder', 'pot_roast', 'short_ribs', 'rib_roast', 'round', 'round_steak', 'top_round', 'bottom_round', 'rump_steak', 'strip_steak', 'rump', 'rump_roast', 'aitchbone', 'tripe', 'honeycomb_tripe', 'buffalo', 'beef', 'beef_roast', 'patty', 'ground_beef', 'chopped_steak', 'bully_beef', 'pastrami', 'carbonado', 'halal', 'jerky', 'beef_jerky', 'biltong', 'pemmican', 'veal', 'veal_parmesan', 'cut_of_veal', 'scrag', 'veal_roast', 'breast_of_veal', 'fricandeau', 'veal_cordon_bleu', \"calves'_feet\", 'horsemeat', 'rabbit', 'mouton', 'mutton_chop', 'scrag', 'cut_of_mutton', 'lamb', 'cut_of_lamb', 'breast_of_lamb', 'saddle', 'saddle_of_lamb', 'loin_of_lamb', 'lamb_chop', 'rack', 'lamb_roast', 'rack_of_lamb', 'ham_hock', 'leg_of_lamb', 'pork', 'cut_of_pork', 'cochon_de_lait', 'flitch', 'gammon', 'pork_loin', 'side_of_pork', 'pork_belly', 'pork_roast', 'ham', 'Virginia_ham', 'picnic_ham', 'porkchop', 'prosciutto', 'bacon', 'bacon_strip', 'rind', 'bacon_rind', 'Canadian_bacon', 'salt_pork', 'fatback', 'sowbelly', 'spareribs', \"pigs'_feet\", 'chitterlings', 'cracklings', 'haslet', 'edible_fat', 'lard', 'marbling', 'shortening', 'suet', 'margarine', 'cooking_oil', 'drippings', 'vegetable_oil', 'sweet_oil', 'canola_oil', 'coconut_oil', 'corn_oil', 'cottonseed_oil', 'olive_oil', 'palm_oil', 'peanut_oil', 'salad_oil', 'safflower_oil', 'sesame_oil', 'soybean_oil', 'sunflower_oil', 'walnut_oil', 'sausage', 'sausage_meat', 'blood_sausage', 'bologna', 'chipolata', 'chorizo', 'frank', 'Vienna_sausage', 'polony', 'headcheese', 'knackwurst', 'liver_pudding', 'pepperoni', 'pork_sausage', 'salami', 'banger', 'bratwurst', 'linguica', 'saveloy', 'souse', 'lunch_meat', 'mincemeat', 'stuffing', 'turkey_stuffing', 'oyster_stuffing', 'forcemeat', 'bread', 'anadama_bread', 'bap', 'barmbrack', 'breadstick', 'grissino', 'brown_bread', 'bun', 'tea_bread', 'caraway_seed_bread', 'challah', 'cinnamon_bread', 'cracked-wheat_bread', 'cracker', 'crouton', 'dark_bread', 'English_muffin', 'flatbread', 'garlic_bread', 'gluten_bread', 'graham_bread', 'Host', 'flatbrod', 'bannock', 'chapatti', 'pita', 'loaf_of_bread', 'heel', 'French_loaf', 'matzo', 'nan', 'onion_bread', 'raisin_bread', 'quick_bread', 'banana_bread', 'date_bread', 'date-nut_bread', 'nut_bread', 'oatcake', 'Irish_soda_bread', 'skillet_bread', 'rye_bread', 'black_bread', 'Jewish_rye_bread', 'limpa', 'Swedish_rye_bread', 'salt-rising_bread', 'simnel', 'sour_bread', 'toast', 'wafer', 'white_bread', 'baguet', 'French_bread', 'Italian_bread', 'cornbread', 'corn_cake', 'skillet_corn_bread', 'ashcake', 'hoecake', 'cornpone', 'corn_dab', 'hush_puppy', 'johnnycake', 'Shawnee_cake', 'spoon_bread', 'cinnamon_toast', 'orange_toast', 'Melba_toast', 'zwieback', 'frankfurter_bun', 'hamburger_bun', 'muffin', 'bran_muffin', 'corn_muffin', 'Yorkshire_pudding', 'popover', 'scone', 'drop_scone', 'cross_bun', 'coffee_ring', 'brioche', 'crescent_roll', 'hard_roll', 'soft_roll', 'kaiser_roll', 'Parker_House_roll', 'clover-leaf_roll', 'onion_roll', 'bialy', 'sweet_roll', 'bear_claw', 'cinnamon_roll', 'honey_bun', 'pinwheel_roll', 'danish', 'bagel', 'onion_bagel', 'biscuit', 'rolled_biscuit', 'drop_biscuit', 'baking-powder_biscuit', 'buttermilk_biscuit', 'shortcake', 'hardtack', 'wafer', 'brandysnap', 'saltine', 'soda_cracker', 'oyster_cracker', 'water_biscuit', 'graham_cracker', 'pretzel', 'soft_pretzel', 'sandwich', 'sandwich_plate', 'butty', 'ham_sandwich', 'chicken_sandwich', 'club_sandwich', 'open-face_sandwich', 'hamburger', 'cheeseburger', 'tunaburger', 'hotdog', 'Sloppy_Joe', 'bomber', 'gyro', 'bacon-lettuce-tomato_sandwich', 'Reuben', 'western', 'wrap', 'pasta', 'farfalle', 'noodle', 'orzo', 'egg_noodle', 'spaghetti', 'spaghetti', 'spaghettini', 'tortellini', 'ziti', 'rigatoni', 'fedelline', 'linguine', 'fettuccine', 'fettuccine_Alfredo', 'vermicelli', 'macaroni', 'lasagna', 'penne', 'ravioli', 'tagliatelle', 'manicotti', 'couscous', 'gnocchi', 'matzo_ball', 'won_ton', 'dumpling', 'health_food', 'junk_food', 'breakfast_food', 'cereal', 'muesli', 'Pablum', 'hot_cereal', 'mush', 'atole', 'hasty_pudding', 'polenta', 'hasty_pudding', 'gruel', 'congee', 'skilly', 'grits', 'kasha', 'frumenty', 'cold_cereal', 'granola', 'granola_bar', 'raisin_bran', 'corn_flake', 'bran_flake', 'wheatflake', 'puffed_rice', 'puffed_wheat', 'produce', 'edible_fruit', 'vegetable', 'julienne', 'eater', 'raw_vegetable', 'crudites', 'celery_stick', 'legume', 'pulse', 'potherb', 'greens', 'chop-suey_greens', 'bean_curd', 'solanaceous_vegetable', 'root_vegetable', 'potato', 'baked_potato', 'french_fries', 'home_fries', 'jacket_potato', 'jacket', 'mashed_potato', 'potato_skin', 'Uruguay_potato', 'yam', 'sweet_potato', 'yam', 'snack_food', 'chip', 'corn_chip', 'tortilla_chip', 'nacho', 'eggplant', 'pieplant', 'cruciferous_vegetable', 'mustard', 'cabbage', 'kale', 'collards', 'Chinese_cabbage', 'bok_choy', 'head_cabbage', 'red_cabbage', 'savoy_cabbage', 'broccoli', 'cauliflower', 'brussels_sprouts', 'broccoli_rabe', 'squash', 'summer_squash', 'yellow_squash', 'crookneck', 'zucchini', 'marrow', 'cocozelle', 'pattypan_squash', 'spaghetti_squash', 'winter_squash', 'acorn_squash', 'butternut_squash', 'hubbard_squash', 'turban_squash', 'buttercup_squash', 'cushaw', 'winter_crookneck_squash', 'cucumber', 'gherkin', 'artichoke', 'artichoke_heart', 'Jerusalem_artichoke', 'asparagus', 'bamboo_shoot', 'sprout', 'bean_sprout', 'alfalfa_sprout', 'beet', 'beet_green', 'sugar_beet', 'mangel-wurzel', 'chard', 'pepper', 'sweet_pepper', 'bell_pepper', 'green_pepper', 'globe_pepper', 'pimento', 'hot_pepper', 'chili', 'jalapeno', 'chipotle', 'cayenne', 'tabasco', 'onion', 'Bermuda_onion', 'green_onion', 'Vidalia_onion', 'Spanish_onion', 'purple_onion', 'leek', 'shallot', 'salad_green', 'lettuce', 'butterhead_lettuce', 'buttercrunch', 'Bibb_lettuce', 'Boston_lettuce', 'crisphead_lettuce', 'cos', 'leaf_lettuce', 'celtuce', 'bean', 'goa_bean', 'lentil', 'pea', 'green_pea', 'marrowfat_pea', 'snow_pea', 'sugar_snap_pea', 'split-pea', 'chickpea', 'cajan_pea', 'field_pea', 'mushy_peas', 'black-eyed_pea', 'common_bean', 'kidney_bean', 'navy_bean', 'pinto_bean', 'frijole', 'black_bean', 'fresh_bean', 'flageolet', 'green_bean', 'snap_bean', 'string_bean', 'Kentucky_wonder', 'scarlet_runner', 'haricot_vert', 'wax_bean', 'shell_bean', 'lima_bean', 'Fordhooks', 'sieva_bean', 'fava_bean', 'soy', 'green_soybean', 'field_soybean', 'cardoon', 'carrot', 'carrot_stick', 'celery', 'pascal_celery', 'celeriac', 'chicory', 'radicchio', 'coffee_substitute', 'chicory', 'Postum', 'chicory_escarole', 'Belgian_endive', 'corn', 'sweet_corn', 'hominy', 'lye_hominy', 'pearl_hominy', 'popcorn', 'cress', 'watercress', 'garden_cress', 'winter_cress', 'dandelion_green', 'gumbo', 'kohlrabi', \"lamb's-quarter\", 'wild_spinach', 'tomato', 'beefsteak_tomato', 'cherry_tomato', 'plum_tomato', 'tomatillo', 'mushroom', 'stuffed_mushroom', 'salsify', 'oyster_plant', 'scorzonera', 'parsnip', 'pumpkin', 'radish', 'turnip', 'white_turnip', 'rutabaga', 'turnip_greens', 'sorrel', 'French_sorrel', 'spinach', 'taro', 'truffle', 'edible_nut', 'bunya_bunya', 'peanut', 'water_chestnut', 'freestone', 'cling', 'peel', 'banana_peel', 'lemon_peel', 'orange_peel', 'windfall', 'apple', 'crab_apple', 'eating_apple', 'Baldwin', 'Cortland', \"Cox's_Orange_Pippin\", 'Delicious', 'Golden_Delicious', 'Red_Delicious', 'Empire', \"Grimes'_golden\", 'Jonathan', 'McIntosh', 'Macoun', 'Northern_Spy', 'Pearmain', 'Pippin', 'Prima', 'Stayman', 'Winesap', 'Stayman_Winesap', 'cooking_apple', \"Bramley's_Seedling\", 'Granny_Smith', \"Lane's_Prince_Albert\", 'Newtown_Wonder', 'Rome_Beauty', 'berry', 'bilberry', 'huckleberry', 'blueberry', 'wintergreen', 'cranberry', 'lingonberry', 'currant', 'gooseberry', 'black_currant', 'red_currant', 'blackberry', 'boysenberry', 'dewberry', 'loganberry', 'raspberry', 'saskatoon', 'lanseh', 'strawberry', 'sugarberry', 'persimmon', 'acerola', 'carambola', 'ceriman', 'carissa_plum', 'citrus', 'section', 'orange', 'temple_orange', 'mandarin', 'clementine', 'satsuma', 'tangerine', 'tangelo', 'bitter_orange', 'sweet_orange', 'Jaffa_orange', 'navel_orange', 'Valencia_orange', 'kumquat', 'lemon', 'lime', 'key_lime', 'grapefruit', 'pomelo', 'citrange', 'citron', 'almond', 'Jordan_almond', 'apricot', 'peach', 'nectarine', 'pitahaya', 'plum', 'damson', 'greengage', 'beach_plum', 'sloe', 'Victoria_plum', 'dried_fruit', 'dried_apricot', 'prune', 'raisin', 'seedless_raisin', 'seeded_raisin', 'currant', 'fig', 'pineapple', 'anchovy_pear', 'banana', 'passion_fruit', 'granadilla', 'sweet_calabash', 'bell_apple', 'breadfruit', 'jackfruit', 'cacao_bean', 'cocoa', 'canistel', 'melon', 'melon_ball', 'muskmelon', 'cantaloup', 'winter_melon', 'honeydew', 'Persian_melon', 'net_melon', 'casaba', 'watermelon', 'cherry', 'sweet_cherry', 'bing_cherry', 'heart_cherry', 'blackheart', 'capulin', 'sour_cherry', 'amarelle', 'morello', 'cocoa_plum', 'gherkin', 'grape', 'fox_grape', 'Concord_grape', 'Catawba', 'muscadine', 'scuppernong', 'slipskin_grape', 'vinifera_grape', 'emperor', 'muscat', 'ribier', 'sultana', 'Tokay', 'flame_tokay', 'Thompson_Seedless', 'custard_apple', 'cherimoya', 'soursop', \"bullock's_heart\", 'sweetsop', 'ilama', 'pond_apple', 'papaw', 'papaya', 'kai_apple', 'ketembilla', 'ackee', 'durian', 'feijoa', 'genip', 'genipap', 'kiwi', 'loquat', 'mangosteen', 'mango', 'sapodilla', 'sapote', 'tamarind', 'avocado', 'date', 'elderberry', 'guava', 'mombin', 'hog_plum', 'hog_plum', 'jaboticaba', 'jujube', 'litchi', 'longanberry', 'mamey', 'marang', 'medlar', 'medlar', 'mulberry', 'olive', 'black_olive', 'green_olive', 'pear', 'bosc', 'anjou', 'bartlett', 'seckel', 'plantain', 'plumcot', 'pomegranate', 'prickly_pear', 'garambulla', 'Barbados_gooseberry', 'quandong', 'quandong_nut', 'quince', 'rambutan', 'pulasan', 'rose_apple', 'sorb', 'sour_gourd', 'sour_gourd', 'edible_seed', 'pumpkin_seed', 'betel_nut', 'beechnut', 'walnut', 'black_walnut', 'English_walnut', 'brazil_nut', 'butternut', 'souari_nut', 'cashew', 'chestnut', 'chincapin', 'water_chinquapin', 'hazelnut', 'coconut', 'coconut', 'coconut_milk', 'copra', 'dika_nut', 'dika_bread', 'groundnut', 'grugru_nut', 'hickory_nut', 'cola_extract', 'macadamia_nut', 'pecan', 'pine_nut', 'pistachio', 'sunflower_seed', 'fish', 'saltwater_fish', 'freshwater_fish', 'seafood', 'bream', 'bream', 'freshwater_bass', 'largemouth_bass', 'smallmouth_bass', 'sea_bass', 'striped_bass', 'grouper', 'croaker', 'whiting', 'whiting', 'cusk', 'dolphinfish', 'carp', 'buffalofish', 'pike', 'muskellunge', 'pickerel', 'monkfish', 'sucker', 'catfish', 'perch', 'sunfish', 'crappie', 'tuna', 'albacore', 'bonito', 'bluefin', 'mackerel', 'Spanish_mackerel', 'pompano', 'squid', 'blowfish', 'fugu', 'octopus', 'escargot', 'periwinkle', 'whelk', 'panfish', 'stockfish', 'shellfish', 'mussel', 'anchovy', 'anchovy_paste', 'eel', 'smoked_eel', 'elver', 'mullet', 'herring', 'kingfish', 'lingcod', 'kipper', 'bloater', 'pickled_herring', 'rollmops', 'alewife', 'bluefish', 'swordfish', 'butterfish', 'huitre', 'oysters_Rockefeller', 'bluepoint', 'clam', 'quahaug', 'littleneck', 'cherrystone', 'soft-shell_clam', 'cockle', 'crab', 'blue_crab', 'crab_legs', 'soft-shell_crab', 'Japanese_crab', 'Alaska_king_crab', 'Dungeness_crab', 'stone_crab', 'crayfish', 'cod', 'pollack', 'schrod', 'haddock', 'finnan_haddie', 'salt_cod', 'porgy', 'scup', 'flatfish', 'flounder', 'yellowtail_flounder', 'plaice', 'turbot', 'sand_dab', 'sole', 'grey_sole', 'lemon_sole', 'lemon_sole', 'halibut', 'flitch', 'hake', 'redfish', 'rockfish', 'sailfish', 'weakfish', 'limpet', 'lobster', 'American_lobster', 'European_lobster', 'spiny_lobster', 'Norwegian_lobster', 'lobster_tail', 'coral', 'tomalley', 'sardine', 'prawn', 'river_prawn', 'trout', 'rainbow_trout', 'sea_trout', 'brook_trout', 'lake_trout', 'whitefish', 'whitefish', 'lake_herring', 'rock_salmon', 'salmon', 'Atlantic_salmon', 'red_salmon', 'chinook_salmon', 'silver_salmon', 'smoked_salmon', 'lox', 'Scandinavian_lox', 'Nova_Scotia_lox', 'snapper', 'red_snapper', 'red_rockfish', 'scallop', 'sea_scallop', 'bay_scallop', 'kippered_salmon', 'red_herring', 'shad', 'smelt', 'American_smelt', 'European_smelt', 'sprat', 'whitebait', 'roe', 'milt', 'caviar', 'beluga_caviar', 'shad_roe', 'smoked_mackerel', 'feed', 'cattle_cake', 'creep_feed', 'fodder', 'feed_grain', 'eatage', 'silage', 'oil_cake', 'oil_meal', 'alfalfa', 'broad_bean', 'hay', 'timothy', 'stover', 'grain', 'grist', 'groats', 'millet', 'barley', 'pearl_barley', 'buckwheat', 'bulgur', 'wheat', 'cracked_wheat', 'stodge', 'wheat_germ', 'oat', 'rice', 'brown_rice', 'white_rice', 'wild_rice', 'paddy', 'slop', 'mash', 'chicken_feed', 'cud', 'bird_feed', 'petfood', 'mast', 'dog_food', 'cat_food', 'canary_seed', 'salad', 'tossed_salad', 'green_salad', 'Caesar_salad', 'salmagundi', 'salad_nicoise', 'combination_salad', \"chef's_salad\", 'potato_salad', 'pasta_salad', 'macaroni_salad', 'fruit_salad', 'Waldorf_salad', 'crab_Louis', 'herring_salad', 'tuna_fish_salad', 'chicken_salad', 'coleslaw', 'aspic', 'molded_salad', 'tabbouleh', 'ingredient', 'flavorer', 'bouillon_cube', 'beef_tea', 'lemon_zest', 'orange_zest', 'condiment', 'herb', 'fines_herbes', 'spice', 'peppermint_oil', 'spearmint_oil', 'lemon_oil', 'wintergreen_oil', 'salt', 'celery_salt', 'garlic_salt', 'onion_salt', 'seasoned_salt', 'sour_salt', 'five_spice_powder', 'allspice', 'cinnamon', 'stick_cinnamon', 'clove', 'cumin', 'fennel', 'ginger', 'ginger', 'mace', 'nutmeg', 'pepper', 'black_pepper', 'white_pepper', 'sassafras', 'basil', 'bay_leaf', 'borage', 'hyssop', 'caraway', 'chervil', 'chives', 'comfrey', 'coriander', 'coriander', 'costmary', 'fennel', 'fennel', 'fennel_seed', 'fenugreek', 'garlic', 'clove', 'garlic_chive', 'lemon_balm', 'lovage', 'marjoram', 'mint', 'mustard_seed', 'mustard', 'Chinese_mustard', 'nasturtium', 'parsley', 'salad_burnet', 'rosemary', 'rue', 'sage', 'clary_sage', 'savory', 'summer_savory', 'winter_savory', 'sweet_woodruff', 'sweet_cicely', 'tarragon', 'thyme', 'turmeric', 'caper', 'catsup', 'cardamom', 'cayenne', 'chili_powder', 'chili_sauce', 'chili_vinegar', 'chutney', 'steak_sauce', 'taco_sauce', 'salsa', 'mint_sauce', 'cranberry_sauce', 'curry_powder', 'curry', 'lamb_curry', 'duck_sauce', 'horseradish', 'marinade', 'paprika', 'Spanish_paprika', 'pickle', 'dill_pickle', 'chowchow', 'bread_and_butter_pickle', 'pickle_relish', 'piccalilli', 'sweet_pickle', 'applesauce', 'soy_sauce', 'Tabasco', 'tomato_paste', 'angelica', 'angelica', 'almond_extract', 'anise', 'Chinese_anise', 'juniper_berries', 'saffron', 'sesame_seed', 'caraway_seed', 'poppy_seed', 'dill', 'dill_seed', 'celery_seed', 'lemon_extract', 'monosodium_glutamate', 'vanilla_bean', 'vanilla', 'vinegar', 'cider_vinegar', 'wine_vinegar', 'sauce', 'anchovy_sauce', 'hot_sauce', 'hard_sauce', 'horseradish_sauce', 'bolognese_pasta_sauce', 'carbonara', 'tomato_sauce', 'tartare_sauce', 'wine_sauce', 'marchand_de_vin', 'bread_sauce', 'plum_sauce', 'peach_sauce', 'apricot_sauce', 'pesto', 'ravigote', 'remoulade_sauce', 'dressing', 'sauce_Louis', 'bleu_cheese_dressing', 'blue_cheese_dressing', 'French_dressing', 'Lorenzo_dressing', 'anchovy_dressing', 'Italian_dressing', 'half-and-half_dressing', 'mayonnaise', 'green_mayonnaise', 'aioli', 'Russian_dressing', 'salad_cream', 'Thousand_Island_dressing', 'barbecue_sauce', 'hollandaise', 'bearnaise', 'Bercy', 'bordelaise', 'bourguignon', 'brown_sauce', 'Espagnole', 'Chinese_brown_sauce', 'blanc', 'cheese_sauce', 'chocolate_sauce', 'hot-fudge_sauce', 'cocktail_sauce', 'Colbert', 'white_sauce', 'cream_sauce', 'Mornay_sauce', 'demiglace', 'gravy', 'gravy', 'spaghetti_sauce', 'marinara', 'mole', \"hunter's_sauce\", 'mushroom_sauce', 'mustard_sauce', 'Nantua', 'Hungarian_sauce', 'pepper_sauce', 'roux', 'Smitane', 'Soubise', 'Lyonnaise_sauce', 'veloute', 'allemande', 'caper_sauce', 'poulette', 'curry_sauce', 'Worcester_sauce', 'coconut_milk', 'egg', 'egg_white', 'egg_yolk', 'boiled_egg', 'hard-boiled_egg', 'Easter_egg', 'Easter_egg', 'chocolate_egg', 'candy_egg', 'poached_egg', 'scrambled_eggs', 'deviled_egg', 'shirred_egg', 'omelet', 'firm_omelet', 'French_omelet', 'fluffy_omelet', 'western_omelet', 'souffle', 'fried_egg', 'dairy_product', 'milk', 'milk', 'sour_milk', 'soya_milk', 'formula', 'pasteurized_milk', \"cows'_milk\", \"yak's_milk\", \"goats'_milk\", 'acidophilus_milk', 'raw_milk', 'scalded_milk', 'homogenized_milk', 'certified_milk', 'powdered_milk', 'nonfat_dry_milk', 'evaporated_milk', 'condensed_milk', 'skim_milk', 'semi-skimmed_milk', 'whole_milk', 'low-fat_milk', 'buttermilk', 'cream', 'clotted_cream', 'double_creme', 'half-and-half', 'heavy_cream', 'light_cream', 'sour_cream', 'whipping_cream', 'butter', 'stick', 'clarified_butter', 'ghee', 'brown_butter', 'Meuniere_butter', 'yogurt', 'blueberry_yogurt', 'raita', 'whey', 'curd', 'curd', 'clabber', 'cheese', 'cheese_rind', 'paring', 'cream_cheese', 'double_cream', 'mascarpone', 'triple_cream', 'cottage_cheese', 'process_cheese', 'bleu', 'Stilton', 'Roquefort', 'gorgonzola', 'Danish_blue', 'Bavarian_blue', 'Brie', 'brick_cheese', 'Camembert', 'cheddar', 'rat_cheese', 'Cheshire_cheese', 'double_Gloucester', 'Edam', 'goat_cheese', 'Gouda', 'grated_cheese', 'hand_cheese', 'Liederkranz', 'Limburger', 'mozzarella', 'Muenster', 'Parmesan', 'quark_cheese', 'ricotta', 'string_cheese', 'Swiss_cheese', 'Emmenthal', 'Gruyere', 'sapsago', 'Velveeta', 'nut_butter', 'peanut_butter', 'marshmallow_fluff', 'onion_butter', 'pimento_butter', 'shrimp_butter', 'lobster_butter', 'yak_butter', 'spread', 'cheese_spread', 'anchovy_butter', 'fishpaste', 'garlic_butter', 'miso', 'wasabi', 'snail_butter', 'hummus', 'pate', 'duck_pate', 'foie_gras', 'tapenade', 'tahini', 'sweetening', 'aspartame', 'honey', 'saccharin', 'sugar', 'syrup', 'sugar_syrup', 'molasses', 'sorghum', 'treacle', 'grenadine', 'maple_syrup', 'corn_syrup', 'miraculous_food', 'batter', 'dough', 'bread_dough', 'pancake_batter', 'fritter_batter', 'sop', 'coq_au_vin', 'chicken_provencale', 'chicken_and_rice', 'moo_goo_gai_pan', 'arroz_con_pollo', 'bacon_and_eggs', 'barbecued_spareribs', 'beef_Bourguignonne', 'beef_Wellington', 'bitok', 'boiled_dinner', 'Boston_baked_beans', 'bubble_and_squeak', 'pasta', 'cannelloni', 'carbonnade_flamande', 'cheese_souffle', 'chicken_Marengo', 'chicken_cordon_bleu', 'Maryland_chicken', 'chicken_paprika', 'chicken_Tetrazzini', 'Tetrazzini', 'chicken_Kiev', 'chili', 'chili_dog', 'chop_suey', 'chow_mein', 'codfish_ball', 'coquille', 'coquilles_Saint-Jacques', 'Cornish_pasty', 'croquette', 'cottage_pie', 'rissole', 'dolmas', 'egg_foo_yong', 'egg_roll', 'eggs_Benedict', 'enchilada', 'falafel', 'fish_and_chips', 'fondue', 'cheese_fondue', 'chocolate_fondue', 'fondue', 'beef_fondue', 'French_toast', 'fried_rice', 'frittata', 'frog_legs', 'galantine', 'gefilte_fish', 'haggis', 'ham_and_eggs', 'hash', 'corned_beef_hash', 'jambalaya', 'kabob', 'kedgeree', 'souvlaki', 'lasagna', 'seafood_Newburg', 'lobster_Newburg', 'shrimp_Newburg', 'Newburg_sauce', 'lobster_thermidor', 'lutefisk', 'macaroni_and_cheese', 'macedoine', 'meatball', 'porcupine_ball', 'Swedish_meatball', 'meat_loaf', 'meat_pie', 'pasty', 'pork_pie', 'tourtiere', 'mostaccioli', 'moussaka', 'osso_buco', 'marrowbone', 'marrow', 'pheasant_under_glass', 'pigs_in_blankets', 'pilaf', 'bulgur_pilaf', 'pizza', 'sausage_pizza', 'pepperoni_pizza', 'cheese_pizza', 'anchovy_pizza', 'Sicilian_pizza', 'poi', 'pork_and_beans', 'porridge', 'oatmeal', 'loblolly', 'potpie', 'rijsttaffel', 'risotto', 'roulade', 'fish_loaf', 'salmon_loaf', 'Salisbury_steak', 'sauerbraten', 'sauerkraut', 'scallopine', 'veal_scallopini', 'scampi', 'Scotch_egg', 'Scotch_woodcock', 'scrapple', \"shepherd's_pie\", 'spaghetti_and_meatballs', 'Spanish_rice', 'steak_and_kidney_pie', 'kidney_pie', 'steak_tartare', 'pepper_steak', 'steak_au_poivre', 'beef_Stroganoff', 'stuffed_cabbage', 'kishke', 'stuffed_peppers', 'stuffed_tomato', 'stuffed_tomato', 'succotash', 'sukiyaki', 'sashimi', 'sushi', 'Swiss_steak', 'tamale', 'tamale_pie', 'tempura', 'teriyaki', 'terrine', 'Welsh_rarebit', 'schnitzel', 'tortilla', 'taco', 'chicken_taco', 'burrito', 'beef_burrito', 'quesadilla', 'tostada', 'tostada', 'bean_tostada', 'refried_beans', 'beverage', 'wish-wash', 'concoction', 'mix', 'filling', 'lekvar', 'potion', 'elixir', 'elixir_of_life', 'philter', 'chaser', 'draft', 'quaff', 'round', 'pledge', 'alcohol', 'drink', 'proof_spirit', 'libation', 'libation', 'home_brew', 'hooch', 'kava', 'aperitif', 'brew', 'beer', 'draft_beer', 'suds', 'Munich_beer', 'bock', 'lager', 'light_beer', 'Oktoberfest', 'Pilsner', 'shebeen', 'Weissbier', 'Weizenbier', 'Weizenbock', 'malt', 'wort', 'malt', 'ale', 'bitter', 'Burton', 'pale_ale', 'porter', 'stout', 'Guinness', 'kvass', 'mead', 'metheglin', 'hydromel', 'oenomel', 'near_beer', 'ginger_beer', 'sake', 'nipa', 'wine', 'vintage', 'red_wine', 'white_wine', 'blush_wine', 'altar_wine', 'sparkling_wine', 'champagne', 'cold_duck', 'Burgundy', 'Beaujolais', 'Medoc', 'Canary_wine', 'Chablis', 'Montrachet', 'Chardonnay', 'Pinot_noir', 'Pinot_blanc', 'Bordeaux', 'claret', 'Chianti', 'Cabernet', 'Merlot', 'Sauvignon_blanc', 'California_wine', 'Cotes_de_Provence', 'dessert_wine', 'Dubonnet', 'jug_wine', 'macon', 'Moselle', 'Muscadet', 'plonk', 'retsina', 'Rhine_wine', 'Riesling', 'liebfraumilch', 'Rhone_wine', 'Rioja', 'sack', 'Saint_Emilion', 'Soave', 'zinfandel', 'Sauterne', 'straw_wine', 'table_wine', 'Tokay', 'vin_ordinaire', 'vermouth', 'sweet_vermouth', 'dry_vermouth', 'Chenin_blanc', 'Verdicchio', 'Vouvray', 'Yquem', 'generic', 'varietal', 'fortified_wine', 'Madeira', 'malmsey', 'port', 'sherry', 'Manzanilla', 'Amontillado', 'Marsala', 'muscat', 'liquor', 'neutral_spirits', 'aqua_vitae', 'eau_de_vie', 'moonshine', 'bathtub_gin', 'aquavit', 'arrack', 'bitters', 'brandy', 'applejack', 'Calvados', 'Armagnac', 'Cognac', 'grappa', 'kirsch', 'marc', 'slivovitz', 'gin', 'sloe_gin', 'geneva', 'grog', 'ouzo', 'rum', 'demerara', 'Jamaica_rum', 'schnapps', 'pulque', 'mescal', 'tequila', 'vodka', 'whiskey', 'blended_whiskey', 'bourbon', 'corn_whiskey', 'firewater', 'Irish', 'poteen', 'rye', 'Scotch', 'sour_mash', 'liqueur', 'absinth', 'amaretto', 'anisette', 'benedictine', 'Chartreuse', 'coffee_liqueur', 'creme_de_cacao', 'creme_de_menthe', 'creme_de_fraise', 'Drambuie', 'Galliano', 'orange_liqueur', 'curacao', 'triple_sec', 'Grand_Marnier', 'kummel', 'maraschino', 'pastis', 'Pernod', 'pousse-cafe', 'Kahlua', 'ratafia', 'sambuca', 'mixed_drink', 'cocktail', 'Dom_Pedro', 'highball', 'eye_opener', 'nightcap', 'hair_of_the_dog', 'shandygaff', 'stirrup_cup', 'sundowner', 'mixer', 'bishop', 'Bloody_Mary', 'Virgin_Mary', 'bullshot', 'cobbler', 'collins', 'cooler', 'refresher', 'smoothie', 'daiquiri', 'strawberry_daiquiri', 'NADA_daiquiri', 'spritzer', 'flip', 'gimlet', 'gin_and_tonic', 'grasshopper', 'Harvey_Wallbanger', 'julep', 'manhattan', 'Rob_Roy', 'margarita', 'martini', 'gin_and_it', 'vodka_martini', 'old_fashioned', 'pink_lady', 'posset', 'syllabub', 'sangaree', 'Sazerac', 'screwdriver', 'sidecar', 'Scotch_and_soda', 'sling', 'brandy_sling', 'gin_sling', 'rum_sling', 'sour', 'whiskey_sour', 'stinger', 'whiskey_neat', 'whiskey_on_the_rocks', 'swizzle', 'hot_toddy', 'Tom_and_Jerry', 'zombie', 'fizz', 'Irish_coffee', 'cafe_au_lait', 'cafe_noir', 'decaffeinated_coffee', 'drip_coffee', 'espresso', 'caffe_latte', 'cappuccino', 'iced_coffee', 'instant_coffee', 'mocha', 'mocha', 'cassareep', 'Turkish_coffee', 'chocolate_milk', 'cider', 'hard_cider', 'scrumpy', 'sweet_cider', 'mulled_cider', 'perry', 'pruno', 'rotgut', 'slug', 'cocoa', 'criollo', 'ice-cream_soda', 'root_beer_float', 'milkshake', 'eggshake', 'frappe', 'frappe', 'juice', 'fruit_juice', 'nectar', 'apple_juice', 'cranberry_juice', 'grape_juice', 'must', 'grapefruit_juice', 'orange_juice', 'frozen_orange_juice', 'pineapple_juice', 'lemon_juice', 'lime_juice', 'papaya_juice', 'tomato_juice', 'carrot_juice', 'V-8_juice', 'koumiss', 'fruit_drink', 'lacing', 'lemonade', 'limeade', 'orangeade', 'malted_milk', 'malted', 'mate', 'mulled_wine', 'negus', 'soft_drink', 'pop', 'birch_beer', 'bitter_lemon', 'cola', 'cream_soda', 'egg_cream', 'ginger_ale', 'orange_soda', 'phosphate', 'Coca_Cola', 'Pepsi', 'root_beer', 'sarsaparilla', 'tonic', 'coffee_bean', 'coffee', 'cafe_royale', 'fruit_punch', 'milk_punch', 'mimosa', 'pina_colada', 'punch', 'cup', 'champagne_cup', 'claret_cup', 'wassail', \"planter's_punch\", 'White_Russian', 'fish_house_punch', 'May_wine', 'eggnog', 'glogg', 'cassiri', 'spruce_beer', 'rickey', 'gin_rickey', 'tea', 'tea_bag', 'tea', 'tea-like_drink', 'cambric_tea', 'cuppa', 'herb_tea', 'tisane', 'camomile_tea', 'ice_tea', 'sun_tea', 'black_tea', 'congou', 'Darjeeling', 'orange_pekoe', 'souchong', 'green_tea', 'hyson', 'oolong', 'water', 'bottled_water', 'branch_water', 'spring_water', 'sugar_water', 'tap_water', 'drinking_water', 'ice_water', 'soda_water', 'mineral_water', 'seltzer', 'Vichy_water', 'brine', 'perishable', 'couscous', 'ramekin', 'rugulah', 'multivitamin', 'vitamin_pill', 'soul_food', 'slop', 'mold', 'arrangement', 'straggle', 'array', 'classification', 'dichotomy', 'trichotomy', 'clone', 'kingdom', 'kingdom', 'subkingdom', 'mineral_kingdom', 'biological_group', 'genotype', 'biotype', 'community', 'biome', 'people', 'peoples', 'age_group', 'ancients', 'aged', 'young', 'baffled', 'blind', 'blood', 'brave', 'timid', 'business_people', 'country_people', 'country_people', 'damned', 'dead', 'living', 'deaf', 'defeated', 'disabled', 'the_halt', 'doomed', 'enemy', 'episcopacy', 'estivation', 'folk', 'gentlefolk', 'grass_roots', 'free', 'home_folk', 'homebound', 'homeless', 'initiate', 'uninitiate', 'mentally_retarded', 'network_army', 'nationality', 'peanut_gallery', 'pocket', 'retreated', 'sick', 'slain', 'tradespeople', 'wounded', 'social_group', 'collection', 'armamentarium', 'art_collection', 'backlog', 'battery', 'block', 'book', 'book', 'bottle_collection', 'bunch', 'coin_collection', 'collage', 'content', 'ensemble', 'corpus', 'crop', 'tenantry', 'loan_collection', 'findings', 'flagging', 'flinders', 'pack', 'disk_pack', 'pack_of_cards', 'hand', 'long_suit', 'bridge_hand', 'chicane', 'strong_suit', 'poker_hand', 'royal_flush', 'straight_flush', 'full_house', 'flush', 'straight', 'pair', 'herbarium', 'stamp_collection', 'statuary', 'Elgin_Marbles', 'sum', 'agglomeration', 'edition', 'electron_shell', 'gimmickry', 'bunch', 'knot', 'nuclear_club', 'swad', 'tuft', 'wisp', 'ball', 'gob', 'clew', 'pile', 'compost_heap', 'mass', 'dunghill', 'logjam', 'shock', 'scrapheap', 'shock', 'slagheap', 'stack', 'haystack', 'haycock', 'pyre', 'woodpile', 'combination', 'amalgam', 'color_scheme', 'complexion', 'combination', 'combination_in_restraint_of_trade', 'body', 'public', 'world', 'society', 'migration', 'minority', 'sector', 'business', 'big_business', 'ethnic_group', 'ethnic_minority', 'race', 'color', 'master_race', 'interest', 'special_interest', 'vested_interest', 'military-industrial_complex', 'kin', 'mishpocha', 'kith', 'family', 'family', 'folks', 'people', 'homefolk', 'house', 'dynasty', 'name', 'feudalism', 'patriarchy', 'matriarchy', 'meritocracy', 'building', 'broken_home', 'nuclear_family', 'extended_family', 'foster_family', 'foster_home', 'class', 'age_class', 'fringe', 'gathering', 'bee', 'carload', 'congregation', 'contingent', 'floor', 'love_feast', 'quilting_bee', 'pair', 'hit_parade', 'Judaica', 'kludge', 'library', 'library', 'bibliotheca', 'public_library', 'rental_collection', 'mythology', 'classical_mythology', 'Greek_mythology', 'Roman_mythology', 'Norse_mythology', 'Nag_Hammadi', 'singleton', 'pair', 'team', 'relay', 'couple', 'trilogy', 'room', 'trio', 'trio', 'trip_wire', 'Trimurti', 'triplicity', 'triumvirate', 'troika', 'turnout', 'quartet', 'quintet', 'sextet', 'septet', 'octet', 'quadrumvirate', 'quartet', 'quintet', 'sextet', 'septet', 'octet', 'Tweedledum_and_Tweedledee', 'couple', 'power_couple', 'DINK', 'marriage', 'Bronte_sisters', 'Marx_Brothers', 'same-sex_marriage', 'mixed_marriage', 'association', 'antibiosis', 'brood', 'flock', 'flock', 'flock', 'congregation', 'bevy', 'covert', 'covey', 'exaltation', 'gaggle', 'wisp', 'clade', 'taxonomic_group', 'biota', 'fauna', 'petting_zoo', 'avifauna', 'wildlife', 'animal_group', 'herd', 'herd', 'gam', 'remuda', 'pack', 'wolf_pack', 'pod', 'pride', 'clowder', 'school', 'caste', 'colony', 'colony', 'swarm', 'infestation', 'warren', 'set', 'chess_set', 'manicure_set', 'Victoriana', 'class', 'brass_family', 'violin_family', 'woodwind_family', 'stamp', 'union', 'direct_sum', 'intersection', 'sex', 'field', 'field', 'set', 'domain', 'image', 'universal_set', 'locus', 'subgroup', 'subset', 'null_set', 'Mandelbrot_set', 'mathematical_space', 'broadcasting_company', 'bureau_de_change', 'car_company', 'dot-com', 'drug_company', 'East_India_Company', 'electronics_company', 'film_company', 'indie', 'food_company', 'furniture_company', 'mining_company', 'shipping_company', 'steel_company', 'subsidiary_company', 'transportation_company', 'trucking_company', 'subspace', 'null_space', 'manifold', 'metric_space', 'Euclidean_space', 'Hilbert_space', 'field', 'field', 'bit_field', 'scalar_field', 'solution', 'bracket', 'income_bracket', 'price_bracket', 'declension', 'conjugation', 'conjugation', 'denomination', 'histocompatibility_complex', 'job_lot', 'suite', 'bedroom_suite', 'diningroom_suite', 'livingroom_suite', 'package', 'wisp', 'organization', 'adhocracy', 'affiliate', 'bureaucracy', 'nongovernmental_organization', 'Alcoholics_Anonymous', 'Abu_Hafs_al-Masri_Brigades', 'Abu_Sayyaf', 'Aksa_Martyrs_Brigades', 'Alex_Boncayao_Brigade', 'al-Fatah', \"al-Gama'a_al-Islamiyya\", 'al_Itihaad_al_Islamiya', 'al-Jihad', \"al-Ma'unah\", 'al-Muhajiroun', 'Al_Nathir', 'al-Qaeda', 'al-Rashid_Trust', 'al_Sunna_Wal_Jamma', 'al-Tawhid', 'al-Ummah', 'Ansar_al_Islam', 'Armata_Corsa', 'Armed_Islamic_Group', 'Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia', 'Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda', 'Asbat_al-Ansar', 'Aum_Shinrikyo', 'Baader_Meinhof_Gang', 'Basque_Homeland_and_Freedom', 'Black_September_Movement', 'Chukaku-Ha', 'Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army', 'Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine', 'East_Turkistan_Islamic_Movement', 'Fatah_Revolutionary_Council', 'Fatah_Tanzim', 'First_of_October_Antifascist_Resistance_Group', 'Force_17', 'Forces_of_Umar_Al-Mukhtar', 'Greenpeace', 'Hamas', 'Harkat-ul-Jihad-e-Islami', 'Harkat-ul-Mujahidin', 'Hizballah', 'Hizb_ut-Tahrir', 'International_Islamic_Front_for_Jihad_against_Jews_and_Crusaders', 'Irish_National_Liberation_Army', 'Irish_Republican_Army', 'Islamic_Army_of_Aden', 'Islamic_Great_Eastern_Raiders-Front', 'Islamic_Group_of_Uzbekistan', 'Jaish-i-Mohammed', 'Jamaat_ul-Fuqra', 'Japanese_Red_Army', 'Jayshullah', 'Jemaah_Islamiyah', 'Jerusalem_Warriors', 'Jund-ul-Islam', 'Kahane_Chai', 'Kaplan_Group', 'Khmer_Rouge', 'Ku_Klux_Klan', 'klavern', 'Kurdistan_Workers_Party', 'Contras', 'Pesh_Merga', 'Lashkar-e-Jhangvi', 'Lashkar-e-Omar', 'Lashkar-e-Taiba', 'Laskar_Jihad', 'Lautaro_Youth_Movement', 'Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam', 'Libyan_Islamic_Fighting_Group', \"Lord's_Resistance_Army\", 'Loyalist_Volunteer_Force', 'Maktab_al-Khidmat', 'Manuel_Rodriquez_Patriotic_Front', 'Moranzanist_Patriotic_Front', 'Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front', 'Mujahedeen_Kompak', 'Mujahidin-e_Khalq_Organization', 'National_Liberation_Army', 'National_Liberation_Army', 'National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica', \"New_People's_Army\", 'Orange_Order', 'Orange_Group', 'Palestine_Islamic_Jihad', 'Palestine_Liberation_Front', 'Palestinian_Hizballah', 'Pentagon_Gang', 'Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine', 'Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine-General_Command', 'Popular_Struggle_Front', '15_May_Organization', 'People_against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs', 'Puka_Inti', 'Qassam_Brigades', 'Qibla', 'Real_IRA', 'Red_Army_Faction', 'Red_Brigades', 'Red_Hand_Defenders', 'Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia', 'Revolutionary_Organization_17_November', \"Revolutionary_People's_Liberation_Party\", \"Revolutionary_People's_Struggle\", 'Revolutionary_Proletarian_Nucleus', 'Revolutionary_United_Front', 'Salafist_Group', 'Shining_Path', 'Sipah-e-Sahaba', 'Tareekh_e_Kasas', 'Tupac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement', 'Tupac_Katari_Guerrilla_Army', 'Turkish_Hizballah', 'Ulster_Defence_Association', 'United_Self-Defense_Force_of_Colombia', 'Markaz-ud-Dawa-wal-Irshad', 'Red_Cross', 'Salvation_Army', 'Tammany_Hall', 'Umma_Tameer-e-Nau', 'fiefdom', 'line_of_defense', 'line_organization', 'National_Trust', 'association', 'British_Commonwealth', 'polity', 'quango', 'government', 'authoritarian_state', 'bureaucracy', 'ancien_regime', 'court', \"Court_of_Saint_James's\", 'Porte', 'Downing_Street', 'empire', 'federal_government', 'government-in-exile', 'local_government', 'military_government', 'palace', 'papacy', 'Soviets', 'institution', 'medical_institution', 'clinic', 'extended_care_facility', 'hospital', 'eye_clinic', 'financial_institution', 'issuer', 'giro', 'clearing_house', 'lending_institution', 'charity', 'community_chest', 'soup_kitchen', 'enterprise', 'giant', 'collective', 'collective_farm', 'kibbutz', 'kolkhoz', 'agency', 'brokerage', 'carrier', 'chain', 'company', 'conglomerate', 'large_cap', 'small_cap', 'corporation', 'firm', 'franchise', 'manufacturer', 'partnership', 'copartnership', 'business', 'apparel_chain', 'discount_chain', 'restaurant_chain', 'distributor', 'direct_mailer', 'retail_chain', 'accounting_firm', 'consulting_firm', 'publisher', 'publishing_conglomerate', 'newspaper', 'newsroom', 'magazine', 'dealer', 'car_dealer', 'computer_dealer', 'jewelry_dealer', 'truck_dealer', 'law_firm', 'defense', 'bastion', 'defense', 'prosecution', 'planting', 'commercial_enterprise', 'industry', 'processor', 'armorer', 'aluminum_business', 'apparel_industry', 'banking_industry', 'bottler', 'car_manufacturer', 'computer_business', 'automobile_industry', 'aviation', 'chemical_industry', 'coal_industry', 'computer_industry', 'construction_industry', 'electronics_industry', 'entertainment_industry', 'film_industry', 'Bollywood', 'filmdom', 'Hollywood', 'growth_industry', 'lighting_industry', 'munitions_industry', 'oil_industry', 'oil_company', 'packaging_company', 'pipeline_company', 'printing_concern', 'plastics_industry', 'brokerage', 'bucket_shop', 'commodity_brokerage', 'marriage_brokerage', 'insurance_company', 'pension_fund', 'investment_company', 'hedge_fund', 'mutual_fund', 'index_fund', 'closed-end_fund', 'face-amount_certificate_company', 'Real_Estate_Investment_Trust', 'unit_investment_trust', 'market', 'bear_market', 'bull_market', 'the_City', 'Wall_Street', 'money_market', 'service_industry', 'management_consulting', 'shipbuilder', 'shipbuilding_industry', 'shoe_industry', 'sign_industry', 'signage', 'steel_industry', 'sunrise_industry', 'tobacco_industry', 'toy_industry', 'trucking_industry', 'agriculture', 'brotherhood', 'sisterhood', 'establishment', 'corporate_investor', 'target_company', 'raider', 'sleeping_beauty', 'underperformer', 'white_knight', 'white_squire', 'auction_house', 'A-team', 'battery', 'administrative_unit', 'company', 'coronary_care_unit', 'family', 'menage_a_trois', 'flying_squad', 'major-league_team', 'minor-league_team', 'farm_team', 'baseball_team', 'baseball_club', 'basketball_team', 'football_team', 'hockey_team', 'junior_varsity', 'varsity', 'second_string', 'police_squad', 'powerhouse', 'offense', 'defense', 'religion', 'Christendom', 'church', 'church', 'Armenian_Church', 'Catholic_Church', 'Roman_Catholic', 'Albigenses', 'Nestorian_Church', 'Rome', 'Curia', 'Sacred_College', 'Old_Catholic_Church', 'Eastern_Church', 'Orthodox_Church', 'Greek_Orthodox_Church', 'Russian_Orthodox_Church', 'Uniat_Church', 'Coptic_Church', 'Pentecostal_religion', 'Protestant_Church', 'Christian_Church', 'Anglican_Church', 'Episcopal_Church', 'Church_of_Ireland', 'Episcopal_Church', 'High_Church', 'Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints', 'Baptist_Church', 'Baptist_denomination', 'American_Baptist_Convention', 'Southern_Baptist_Convention', 'Arminian_Baptist', 'Calvinistic_Baptist', 'Church_of_the_Brethren', 'Christian_Science', 'Congregational_Church', 'Congregational_Christian_Church', 'Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church', 'United_Church_of_Christ', \"Jehovah's_Witnesses\", 'Lutheran_Church', 'Presbyterian_Church', 'Unitarian_Church', 'Arminian_Church', 'Methodist_Church', 'Methodist_denomination', 'Wesleyan_Methodist_Church', 'Evangelical_United_Brethren_Church', 'United_Methodist_Church', 'Anabaptist_denomination', 'Mennonite_Church', 'Unification_Church', 'Abecedarian', 'Amish_sect', 'Judaism', 'Sanhedrin', 'Karaites', 'Orthodox_Judaism', 'Hasidim', 'Conservative_Judaism', 'Reform_Judaism', 'Islam', 'Islamism', 'Shiah', 'Sunni', 'Hinduism', 'Brahmanism', 'Shivaism', 'Shaktism', 'Vaishnavism', 'Haredi', 'Hare_Krishna', 'Jainism', 'Taoism', 'Taoism', 'Buddhism', 'Zen', 'Mahayana', 'Hinayana', 'Tantrism', 'Khalsa', 'Scientology', 'Shinto', 'Kokka_Shinto', 'Shuha_Shinto', 'established_church', 'vicariate', 'variety', 'breed', 'bloodstock', 'pedigree', 'lineage', 'side', 'genealogy', 'phylum', 'subphylum', 'superphylum', 'phylum', 'class', 'subclass', 'superclass', 'order', 'suborder', 'superorder', 'family', 'superfamily', 'form_family', 'subfamily', 'tribe', 'genus', 'subgenus', 'monotype', 'type_genus', 'form_genus', 'species', 'subspecies', 'endangered_species', 'fish_species', 'form', 'type', 'type_species', 'civilization', 'profession', 'legal_profession', 'health_profession', 'medical_profession', 'nursing', 'businessmen', 'community_of_scholars', 'economics_profession', 'priesthood', 'pastorate', 'prelacy', 'ministry', 'rabbinate', 'ministry', 'Foreign_Office', 'Home_Office', 'French_Foreign_Office', 'Free_French', 'department', 'academic_department', 'anthropology_department', 'art_department', 'biology_department', 'chemistry_department', 'department_of_computer_science', 'economics_department', 'English_department', 'history_department', 'linguistics_department', 'mathematics_department', 'philosophy_department', 'physics_department', 'music_department', 'psychology_department', 'sociology_department', 'business_department', 'advertising_department', 'editorial_department', 'city_desk', 'sports_desk', 'parts_department', 'personnel_department', 'plant_department', 'purchasing_department', 'sales_department', 'service_department', 'government_department', 'payroll', 'treasury', 'local_department', 'corrections', 'security', 'fire_department', 'fire_brigade', 'fire_brigade', 'police_department', 'sanitation_department', 'Special_Branch', 'State_Department', 'federal_department', 'Atomic_Energy_Commission', 'Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission', 'Manhattan_Project', 'Environmental_Protection_Agency', 'executive_department', 'executive_agency', 'Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency', 'Food_and_Drug_Administration', 'Council_of_Economic_Advisors', 'Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention', 'Central_Intelligence_Agency', 'Counterterrorist_Center', 'Nonproliferation_Center', 'Interstate_Commerce_Commission', 'National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration', 'National_Archives_and_Records_Administration', 'National_Labor_Relations_Board', 'National_Science_Foundation', 'Postal_Rate_Commission', 'United_States_Postal_Service', 'United_States_Postal_Inspection_Service', 'National_Security_Council', 'Council_on_Environmental_Policy', 'Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff', 'Office_of_Management_and_Budget', 'United_States_Trade_Representative', 'White_House', 'Department_of_Agriculture', 'Department_of_Commerce', 'Bureau_of_the_Census', 'National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration', 'National_Climatic_Data_Center', 'National_Weather_Service', 'Technology_Administration', 'National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology', 'National_Technical_Information_Service', 'Department_of_Defense', 'Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency', 'Department_of_Defense_Laboratory_System', 'Department_of_Education', 'Department_of_Energy', 'Department_of_Energy_Intelligence', 'Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services', 'United_States_Public_Health_Service', 'National_Institutes_of_Health', 'Federal_Communications_Commission', 'Social_Security_Administration', 'Department_of_Homeland_Security', 'Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development', 'Department_of_Justice', 'Bureau_of_Justice_Assistance', 'Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics', 'Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation', 'Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service', 'United_States_Border_Patrol', 'Federal_Law_Enforcement_Training_Center', 'Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network', 'Department_of_Labor', 'Department_of_State', 'Foggy_Bottom', 'Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security', 'Foreign_Service', 'Bureau_of_Intelligence_and_Research', 'Department_of_the_Interior', 'United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service', 'National_Park_Service', 'Department_of_the_Treasury', 'Bureau_of_Alcohol_Tobacco_and_Firearms', 'Financial_Management_Service', 'Office_of_Intelligence_Support', 'Criminal_Investigation_Command', 'Drug_Enforcement_Administration', 'Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons', 'Federal_Judiciary', 'National_Institute_of_Justice', 'United_States_Marshals_Service', 'Comptroller_of_the_Currency', 'Bureau_of_Customs', 'Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing', 'Internal_Revenue_Service', 'Inland_Revenue', 'Department_of_Transportation', 'Federal_Aviation_Agency', 'Department_of_Veterans_Affairs', 'Transportation_Security_Administration', 'Department_of_Commerce_and_Labor', 'Department_of_Health_Education_and_Welfare', 'Navy_Department', 'War_Department', 'United_States_Post_Office', 'post_office', 'general_delivery', 'generally_accepted_accounting_principles', 'instrumentality', 'neonatal_intensive_care_unit', 'intensive_care_unit', 'denomination', 'communion', 'Protestant_denomination', 'brethren', 'order', 'Augustinian_order', 'Augustinian_Canons', 'Augustinian_Hermits', 'Austin_Friars', 'Benedictine_order', 'Carmelite_order', 'Carthusian_order', 'Dominican_order', 'Franciscan_order', 'Society_of_Jesus', 'sect', 'Religious_Society_of_Friends', 'Shakers', 'Assemblies_of_God', 'Waldenses', 'Zurvanism', 'cult', 'cult', 'cargo_cult', 'macumba', 'obeah', 'Rastafarian', 'voodoo', 'sainthood', 'clergy', 'cardinalate', 'laity', 'pantheon', 'royalty', 'Ordnance_Survey', 'Bourbon', 'Capetian_dynasty', 'Carolingian_dynasty', 'Flavian_dynasty', 'Han', 'Hanover', 'Habsburg', 'Hohenzollern', 'Lancaster', 'Liao', 'Merovingian', 'Ming', 'Ottoman', 'Plantagenet', 'Ptolemy', 'Qin', 'Qing', 'Romanov', 'Saxe-Coburg-Gotha', 'Seljuk', 'Shang', 'Stuart', 'Sung', 'Tang', 'Tudor', 'Umayyad', 'Valois', 'Wei', 'Windsor', 'York', 'Yuan', 'citizenry', 'Achaean', 'Aeolian', 'Dorian', 'Ionian', 'electorate', 'governed', 'senate', 'United_States_Senate', 'Congress', 'United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'Government_Accounting_Office', 'House_of_Burgesses', 'House_of_Commons', 'House_of_Lords', 'house', 'legislature', 'legislative_council', 'assembly', 'Areopagus', 'States_General', 'Estates_General', 'administration', 'top_brass', 'executive', 'Bush_administration', 'Clinton_administration', 'Bush_administration', 'Reagan_administration', 'Carter_administration', 'judiciary', 'judiciary', 'nation', 'commonwealth_country', 'developing_country', 'Dominion', 'estate_of_the_realm', 'first_estate', 'second_estate', 'third_estate', 'fourth_estate', 'foreign_country', 'tribe', 'Free_World', 'Third_World', 'state', 'Reich', 'Holy_Roman_Empire', 'Hohenzollern_empire', 'Weimar_Republic', 'Third_Reich', 'rogue_state', 'suzerain', 'member', 'allies', 'bloc', 'Allies', 'Central_Powers', 'Allies', 'Axis', 'entente', 'Arab_League', 'Europe', 'Asia', 'North_America', 'Central_America', 'South_America', 'European_Union', 'Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe', 'North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization', 'Allied_Command_Atlantic', 'Supreme_Allied_Commander_Atlantic', 'Allied_Command_Europe', 'Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe', 'Organization_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons', 'Organization_of_American_States', 'Pan_American_Union', 'Organization_of_Petroleum-Exporting_Countries', 'sea_power', 'world_power', 'hegemon', 'church-state', 'city_state', 'welfare_state', 'puppet_government', 'state', 'population', 'overpopulation', 'overspill', 'poor_people', 'rich_people', 'populace', 'population', 'home_front', 'multitude', 'admass', 'labor', 'labor_force', 'lumpenproletariat', 'organized_labor', 'Laurel_and_Hardy', 'lower_class', 'middle_class', 'booboisie', 'commonalty', 'petit_bourgeois', 'peasantry', 'crowd', 'multitude', 'hive', 'horde', 'ruck', 'army', 'crush', 'traffic_jam', 'gridlock', 'host', 'Roman_Legion', 'Sabaoth', 'drove', 'drove', 'huddle', 'mob', 'lynch_mob', 'company', 'attendance', 'limited_company', 'holding_company', 'bank_holding_company', 'multibank_holding_company', 'utility', 'service', 'telephone_company', 'power_company', 'water_company', 'gas_company', 'bus_company', 'livery_company', 'company', 'opera_company', 'theater_company', 'stock_company', 'ballet_company', 'chorus', 'chorus', 'ensemble', 'chorus', 'choir', 'choir', 'husking_bee', 'corps_de_ballet', 'circus', 'minstrel_show', 'minstrelsy', 'unit', 'command', 'enemy', 'task_force', 'army_unit', 'army', 'naval_unit', 'navy', 'United_States_Navy', 'coastguard', 'United_States_Coast_Guard', 'Marines', 'United_States_Marine_Corps', 'Naval_Air_Warfare_Center_Weapons_Division', 'Naval_Special_Warfare', 'Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center', 'Naval_Underwater_Warfare_Center', 'United_States_Naval_Academy', 'Office_of_Naval_Intelligence', 'Marine_Corps_Intelligence_Activity', 'Air_Corps', 'United_States_Air_Force_Academy', 'Royal_Air_Force', 'Luftwaffe', 'League_of_Nations', 'Peace_Corps', 'air_unit', 'air_force', 'United_States_Air_Force', 'Air_Combat_Command', 'Air_Force_Space_Command', 'Air_National_Guard', 'Air_Force_Intelligence_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance', 'armor', 'guerrilla_force', 'military_service', 'military_unit', 'military', 'military_reserve', 'mujahidin', 'Mujahedeen_Khalq', 'Pentagon', 'paramilitary', 'fedayeen', 'Fedayeen_Saddam', 'force', 'force', 'task_force', 'team', 'hit_squad', 'death_squad', 'Sparrow_Unit', 'bench', 'police', 'Europol', 'gendarmerie', \"Mutawa'een\", 'Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police', 'Scotland_Yard', 'security_force', 'vice_squad', 'military_police', 'shore_patrol', 'secret_police', 'Gestapo', 'Schutzstaffel', 'SA', 'work_force', 'corps', \"Women's_Army_Corps\", 'Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps', 'corps', 'division', 'Special_Forces', 'battle_group', 'regiment', 'brigade', 'battalion', 'company', 'platoon', 'platoon', 'section', 'den', 'platoon', 'detachment', 'vanguard', 'guard', 'bodyguard', 'yeomanry', 'patrol', 'picket', 'press_gang', 'provost_guard', 'rearguard', 'section', 'section', 'brass_section', 'string_section', 'violin_section', 'percussion_section', 'trumpet_section', 'reed_section', 'clarinet_section', 'squad', 'complement', 'shift', 'day_shift', 'evening_shift', 'night_shift', 'relay', \"ship's_company\", 'division', 'division', 'wing', 'air_group', 'squadron', 'escadrille', 'squadron', 'squadron', 'escadrille', 'flight', 'flight', 'flight', 'division', 'division', 'division', 'form_division', 'audience', 'gallery', 'audience', 'readership', 'viewing_audience', 'grandstand', 'house', 'claque', 'following', 'faithful', 'fandom', 'parish', 'community', 'community', 'convent', 'house', 'Ummah', 'speech_community', 'neighborhood', 'hood', 'street', 'municipality', 'municipal_government', 'commission_plan', 'state_government', 'totalitarian_state', 'city', 'town', 'village', 'moshav', 'hamlet', 'cooperative', 'club', 'family', 'koinonia', 'athenaeum', 'bookclub', 'chapter', 'chapter', 'American_Legion', 'Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars', 'chess_club', 'country_club', 'fraternity', 'glee_club', 'golf_club', 'hunt', 'investors_club', 'jockey_club', 'racket_club', 'rowing_club', 'slate_club', 'sorority', 'tennis_club', 'turnverein', 'yacht_club', 'yakuza', 'yoke', 'league', 'major_league', 'minor_league', 'baseball_league', 'little_league', 'little-league_team', 'basketball_league', 'bowling_league', 'football_league', 'hockey_league', 'Ivy_League', 'union', 'industrial_union', 'Teamsters_Union', 'United_Mine_Workers_of_America', 'American_Federation_of_Labor', 'American_Federation_of_Labor_and_Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations', 'Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations', 'craft_union', 'credit_union', 'company_union', 'open_shop', 'closed_shop', 'union_shop', 'secret_society', 'Freemasonry', 'Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh', 'service_club', 'Lions_Club', 'Rotary_Club', 'consortium', 'trust', 'drug_cartel', 'Medellin_cartel', 'Cali_cartel', 'oil_cartel', 'cast', 'ensemble', 'constituency', 'electoral_college', 'class', 'class', 'graduating_class', 'master_class', 'section', 'senior_class', 'junior_class', 'sophomore_class', 'freshman_class', 'class', 'revolving_door', 'set', 'car_pool', 'clique', 'Bloomsbury_Group', 'bohemia', 'kitchen_cabinet', 'loop', 'cabal', 'military_junta', 'cadre', 'core', 'portfolio', 'professional_association', 'gang', 'detail', 'chain_gang', 'ground_crew', 'road_gang', 'section_gang', 'stage_crew', 'Fabian_Society', 'gang', 'nest', 'sleeper_nest', 'youth_gang', 'demimonde', 'underworld', 'organized_crime', 'mafia', 'Mafia', 'Mafia', 'Black_Hand', 'Camorra', 'syndicate', 'yeomanry', 'musical_organization', 'duet', 'trio', 'quartet', 'barbershop_quartet', 'string_quartet', 'quintet', 'sextet', 'septet', 'octet', 'orchestra', 'chamber_orchestra', 'gamelan', 'string_orchestra', 'symphony_orchestra', 'band', 'marching_band', 'brass_band', 'concert_band', 'jug_band', 'pop_group', 'indie', 'dance_band', 'big_band', 'jazz_band', 'mariachi', 'rock_group', 'skiffle_group', 'steel_band', 'horde', 'Golden_Horde', 'cohort', 'cohort', 'conspiracy', 'Four_Hundred', 'horsy_set', 'jet_set', 'faction', 'splinter_group', 'social_gathering', 'function', 'party', 'shindig', 'dance', 'ball', 'masquerade', 'banquet', 'dinner', 'gaudy', 'beanfeast', 'reception', 'at_home', 'levee', 'tea', 'wedding_reception', 'open_house', 'housewarming', 'soiree', 'musical_soiree', 'garden_party', 'bachelor_party', 'shower', 'stag_party', 'hen_party', 'slumber_party', 'sociable', 'supper', 'wedding', 'party', 'American_Labor_Party', 'American_Party', 'Anti-Masonic_Party', 'Black_Panthers', 'Communist_Party', 'Conservative_Party', 'Constitutional_Union_Party', 'Democratic_Party', 'Democratic-Republican_Party', 'Farmer-Labor_Party', 'Federalist_Party', 'Free_Soil_Party', 'Gironde', 'Green_Party', 'Greenback_Party', 'Kuomintang', 'labor_party', 'Australian_Labor_Party', 'British_Labour_Party', 'Liberal_Democrat_Party', 'Liberal_Party', 'Liberty_Party', 'Militant_Tendency', \"National_Socialist_German_Workers'_Party\", \"People's_Party\", 'Progressive_Party', 'Prohibition_Party', 'Republican_Party', 'Social_Democratic_Party', 'Socialist_Labor_Party', 'Socialist_Party', \"States'_Rights_Democratic_Party\", 'war_party', 'Whig_Party', 'third_party', 'machine', 'machine', 'party', 'fatigue_party', 'landing_party', 'party_to_the_action', 'rescue_party', 'search_party', 'stretcher_party', 'war_party', 'professional_organization', 'table', 'actuarial_table', 'mortality_table', 'calendar', 'perpetual_calendar', 'file_allocation_table', 'periodic_table', 'matrix', 'dot_matrix', 'square_matrix', 'diagonal', 'main_diagonal', 'secondary_diagonal', 'diagonal_matrix', 'scalar_matrix', 'identity_matrix', 'determinant', 'Latin_square', 'magic_square', 'nonsingular_matrix', 'real_matrix', 'singular_matrix', 'transpose', 'diagonal', 'Oort_cloud', 'galaxy', 'galaxy', 'spiral_galaxy', 'Andromeda_galaxy', 'legion', 'foreign_legion', 'French_Foreign_Legion', 'legion', 'echelon', 'phalanx', 'phalanx', 'score', 'threescore', 'synset', 'combination', 'crew', 'aircrew', 'bomber_crew', 'merchant_marine', 'crew', 'crowd', 'shock_troops', 'SWAT_team', 'troop', 'troop', 'troop', 'troop', 'outfit', 'academia', 'Grub_Street', 'school', 'Ashcan_School', 'deconstructivism', 'historical_school', 'pointillism', 'educational_institution', 'preschool', 'school', 'school', 'junior_school', 'infant_school', 'academy', 'yeshiva', 'college', 'college', 'correspondence_school', 'crammer', 'dancing_school', 'direct-grant_school', 'driving_school', 'academy', 'police_academy', 'military_academy', 'naval_academy', 'air_force_academy', \"Plato's_Academy\", 'academy', 'Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences', 'Academy_of_Television_Arts_and_Sciences', 'French_Academy', 'National_Academy_of_Sciences', 'Royal_Academy', 'Royal_Society', 'business_college', 'business_school', 'dental_school', 'finishing_school', 'flying_school', 'junior_college', 'community_college', 'graduate_school', 'language_school', 'law_school', 'madrasa', 'medical_school', 'music_school', 'nursing_school', 'pesantran', 'religious_school', 'church_school', 'riding_school', 'secondary_school', 'secretarial_school', 'seminary', 'seminary', 'technical_school', 'polytechnic_institute', 'trade_school', 'trainband', 'training_college', 'training_school', 'university', 'gown', 'university', 'multiversity', 'Open_University', 'varsity', 'veterinary_school', 'conservatory', 'staff', 'culture', 'open_society', 'tribal_society', 'hunting_and_gathering_tribe', 'subculture', 'suburbia', 'youth_culture', 'hip-hop', 'youth_subculture', 'flower_people', 'Aegean_civilization', 'Helladic_civilization', 'Indus_civilization', 'Minoan_civilization', 'Cycladic_civilization', 'Mycenaean_civilization', 'Paleo-American_culture', 'Clovis_culture', 'Folsom_culture', 'Western_culture', 'psychedelia', 'Rastafari', 'fleet', 'armada', 'Spanish_Armada', 'battle_fleet', 'fleet', 'fleet', 'motor_pool', 'fleet', 'alliance', 'nonalignment', 'popular_front', 'world_organization', 'Commonwealth_of_Independent_States', 'United_Nations', 'deliberative_assembly', 'General_Assembly', 'United_Nations_Secretariat', 'Security_Council', 'Trusteeship_Council', 'Economic_and_Social_Council', 'Economic_and_Social_Council_commission', 'Commission_on_Human_Rights', 'Commission_on_Narcotic_Drugs', 'Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women', 'Economic_Commission_for_Africa', 'Economic_Commission_for_Asia_and_the_Far_East', 'Economic_Commission_for_Europe', 'Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America', 'Population_Commission', 'Social_Development_Commission', 'Statistical_Commission', 'International_Court_of_Justice', 'United_Nations_agency', \"United_Nations_Children's_Fund\", 'Food_and_Agriculture_Organization', 'General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade', 'International_Atomic_Energy_Agency', 'International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development', 'International_Civil_Aviation_Organization', 'International_Development_Association', 'International_Finance_Corporation', 'International_Labor_Organization', 'International_Maritime_Organization', 'International_Monetary_Fund', 'United_Nations_Educational_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization', 'United_Nations_Office_for_Drug_Control_and_Crime_Prevention', 'United_Nations_Crime_Prevention_and_Criminal_Justice', 'World_Health_Organization', 'World_Meteorological_Organization', 'sterling_area', 'confederation', 'federation', 'nation', 'Creek_Confederacy', 'Hanseatic_League', 'enosis', 'union', 'league', 'Iroquois_League', 'customs_union', 'Benelux', 'ally', 'caste', 'caste', 'jati', 'varna', 'brahman', 'rajanya', 'vaisya', 'sudra', 'meeting', 'board_meeting', 'camp_meeting', 'caucus', 'conclave', 'conference', 'congress', 'Congress_of_Racial_Equality', 'convention', 'Constitutional_Convention', 'council', 'encounter_group', 'forum', 'plenum', 'psychotherapy_group', 'stockholders_meeting', 'covey', 'meeting', 'North_Atlantic_Council', 'council', 'city_council', 'executive_council', 'panchayat', 'privy_council', 'divan', 'works_council', 'town_meeting', 'summit', 'town_meeting', 'council', 'ecumenical_council', 'Nicaea', 'Constantinople', 'Ephesus', 'Chalcedon', 'Constantinople', 'Constantinople', 'Nicaea', 'Constantinople', 'Lateran_Council', 'First_Lateran_Council', 'Second_Lateran_Council', 'Third_Lateran_Council', 'Fourth_Lateran_Council', 'Lyons', 'Lyons', 'Vienne', 'Constance', 'Council_of_Basel-Ferrara-Florence', 'Fifth_Lateran_Council', 'Council_of_Trent', 'Vatican_Council', 'First_Vatican_Council', 'Second_Vatican_Council', 'Continental_Congress', 'congress', 'diet', 'chamber', 'chamber_of_commerce', 'parliament', 'British_Parliament', 'Dail_Eireann', 'Knesset', 'Oireachtas', 'Seanad_Eireann', 'Duma', 'soviet', 'Palestine_Liberation_Organization', 'Palestine_National_Authority', 'Sinn_Fein', 'Red_Guard', 'syndicalism', 'indaba', 'Jirga', 'Loya_Jirga', 'powwow', 'synod', 'world_council', 'blue_ribbon_commission', 'board', 'appeal_board', 'board_of_selectmen', 'board_of_regents', 'board_of_trustees', 'Federal_Reserve_Board', 'governing_board', 'secretariat', 'committee', 'election_commission', 'fairness_commission', 'planning_commission', 'conservancy', 'committee', 'select_committee', 'subcommittee', 'vigilance_committee', 'welcoming_committee', 'standing_committee', 'Ways_and_Means_Committee', 'steering_committee', 'ethics_committee', 'finance_committee', 'politburo', 'political_action_committee', 'presidium', 'symposium', 'seminar', 'colloquium', 'Potsdam_Conference', 'Yalta_Conference', 'research_colloquium', 'Bench', 'border_patrol', 'harbor_patrol', 'patrol', 'court', 'court', 'appellate_court', 'circuit_court_of_appeals', 'circuit', 'assizes', 'chancery', 'consistory', 'criminal_court', 'drumhead_court-martial', 'court-martial', 'special_court-martial', 'divorce_court', 'family_court', 'federal_court', 'Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court', 'inferior_court', 'Inquisition', 'Spanish_Inquisition', 'Roman_Inquisition', 'juvenile_court', 'kangaroo_court', 'military_court', 'moot_court', 'night_court', 'Old_Bailey', 'provost_court', 'police_court', 'probate_court', 'quarter_sessions', 'Rota', 'Star_Chamber', 'superior_court', 'Supreme_Court', 'supreme_court', 'traffic_court', 'trial_court', 'repertoire', 'repertory', 'representation', 'agency', 'independent_agency', 'intelligence', 'military_intelligence', 'United_States_intelligence_agency', 'Intelligence_Community', 'Advanced_Research_and_Development_Activity', 'Defense_Intelligence_Agency', 'Defense_Logistics_Agency', 'Defense_Reutilization_and_Marketing_Service', 'Defense_Technical_Information_Center', 'international_intelligence_agency', 'Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service', 'Central_Intelligence_Machinery', 'Communications_Security_Establishment', 'Criminal_Intelligence_Services_of_Canada', 'Department_of_Justice_Canada', 'Directorate_for_Inter-Services_Intelligence', 'Foreign_Intelligence_Service', 'International_Relations_and_Security_Network', 'international_law_enforcement_agency', 'Interpol', 'Iraqi_Intelligence_Service', 'Republican_Guard', 'Haganah', 'Israeli_Defense_Force', 'Sayeret_Matkal', 'Special_Air_Service', \"A'man\", 'Mossad', 'Secret_Intelligence_Service', 'Security_Intelligence_Review_Committee', 'Security_Service', 'Shin_Bet', 'National_Reconnaissance_Office', 'National_Security_Agency', 'United_States_Secret_Service', 'law_enforcement_agency', 'Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration', 'organ', 'admiralty', 'Patent_and_Trademark_Office_Database', 'central_bank', 'European_Central_Bank', 'Federal_Reserve_System', 'Federal_Reserve_Bank', 'Federal_Trade_Commission', 'Office_of_Inspector_General', 'General_Services_Administration', 'Federal_Protective_Service', 'Bank_of_England', 'Bundesbank', 'Bank_of_Japan', 'office', 'research_staff', 'sales_staff', 'security_staff', 'service_staff', 'Small_Business_Administration', 'redevelopment_authority', 'regulatory_agency', 'Selective_Service', 'weather_bureau', 'advertising_agency', 'credit_bureau', 'detective_agency', 'employment_agency', 'placement_office', 'hiring_hall', 'mercantile_agency', 'news_agency', 'syndicate', 'service_agency', 'travel_agency', 'United_States_government', 'executive_branch', 'legislative_branch', 'United_States_Government_Printing_Office', 'judicial_branch', 'Capital', 'civil_service', 'Whitehall', 'county_council', 'diplomatic_service', 'government_officials', 'quorum', 'minyan', 'rally', 'pep_rally', 'cell', 'sleeper_cell', 'terrorist_cell', 'operational_cell', 'intelligence_cell', 'auxiliary_cell', 'fifth_column', 'political_unit', 'amphictyony', 'lunatic_fringe', 'revolutionary_group', 'underground', 'Maquis', 'autocracy', 'constitutionalism', 'democracy', 'diarchy', 'gerontocracy', 'gynecocracy', 'hegemony', 'mobocracy', 'oligarchy', 'plutocracy', 'republic', 'technocracy', 'theocracy', 'hierocracy', 'parliamentary_democracy', 'monarchy', 'parliamentary_monarchy', 'capitalism', 'venture_capitalism', 'black_economy', 'industrialism', 'market_economy', 'mixed_economy', 'non-market_economy', 'state_capitalism', 'state_socialism', 'communism', 'International', 'socialism', 'Nazism', 'Falange', 'economy', 'managed_economy', 'mercantilism', 'communist_economy', 'pluralism', 'political_system', 'Bolshevism', 'revisionism', 'revisionism', 'ecosystem', 'generation', 'posterity', 'descendants', 'coevals', 'beat_generation', 'Beatles', 'teddy_boys', 'punks', 'rockers', 'skinheads', 'mods', 'baby_boom', 'generation_X', 'peer_group', 'moiety', 'tribe', 'totem', 'tableau', 'Tribes_of_Israel', 'Lost_Tribes', 'venation', 'vernation', 'combination', 'combination', 'Fibonacci_sequence', 'phyle', 'colony', 'frontier_settlement', 'Plantation', 'proprietary_colony', 'commonwealth', 'commune', 'lobby', 'National_Rifle_Association', 'lobby', 'hierarchy', 'chain', 'catena', 'daisy_chain', 'cordon', 'course', 'cycle', 'electromotive_series', 'hierarchy', 'celestial_hierarchy', 'data_hierarchy', 'taxonomy', 'class_structure', 'caste_system', 'social_organization', 'racial_segregation', 'petty_apartheid', 'de_facto_segregation', 'de_jure_segregation', 'purdah', 'ulema', 'segregation', 'white_separatism', 'directorate', 'staggered_board_of_directors', 'management', 'house', 'leadership', 'advisory_board', 'cabinet', 'British_Cabinet', 'shadow_cabinet', 'United_States_Cabinet', 'draft_board', 'Kashag', 'stock_company', 'joint-stock_company', 'closed_corporation', 'family_business', 'closely_held_corporation', 'shell_corporation', 'Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation', 'Federal_Home_Loan_Mortgage_Corporation', 'Federal_National_Mortgage_Association', 'conventicle', 'date', 'visit', 'blind_date', 'double_date', 'tryst', 'luncheon_meeting', 'power_breakfast', 'revival', 'argosy', 'upper_class', 'elite', 'chosen', 'cream', 'gentry', 'intelligentsia', 'culturati', 'literati', 'landed_gentry', 'ruling_class', 'society', 'few', 'nobility', 'noblesse', 'peerage', 'baronetage', 'knighthood', 'samurai', 'ninja', 'artillery', 'musketry', 'battery', 'cavalry', 'horse_cavalry', 'mechanized_cavalry', 'infantry', 'paratroops', 'militia', 'militia', 'home_guard', 'territorial', 'National_Guard', 'National_Guard_Bureau', 'Territorial_Army', 'terrorist_organization', 'standing_army', 'Union_Army', 'Confederate_Army', 'Continental_Army', 'United_States_Army', 'United_States_Army_Rangers', 'United_States_Military_Academy', 'Army_Intelligence', 'Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Organization', 'Defense_Information_Systems_Agency', 'National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency', 'Casualty_Care_Research_Center', 'Army_National_Guard', 'military_personnel', 'friendly', 'hostile', 'cavalry', 'garrison', 'rank_and_file', 'coven', 'sabbat', 'assortment', 'grab_bag', \"witches'_brew\", 'range', 'selection', 'odds_and_ends', 'alphabet_soup', 'litter', 'batch', 'schmeer', 'batch', 'clutch', 'membership', 'branch', 'clientele', 'rank_and_file', 'rabble', 'smart_money', 'trash', 'convocation', 'alma_mater', 'deputation', 'diplomatic_mission', 'embassy', 'High_Commission', 'legation', 'mission', 'press_corps', 'occupational_group', 'opposition', 'Iraqi_National_Congress', 'Opposition', 'commando', 'contingent', 'general_staff', 'headquarters', 'headquarters_staff', 'high_command', 'posse', 'kingdom', 'empire', 'Mogul_empire', 'Second_Empire', \"rogue's_gallery\", 'galere', 'hard_core', 'foundation', 'charity', 'philanthropic_foundation', 'private_foundation', 'public_charity', 'institute', 'sisterhood', 'exhibition', 'art_exhibition', 'retrospective', 'peepshow', 'fair', 'book_fair', 'fair', 'side', 'working_group', 'expedition', 'Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition', 'senior_high_school', 'junior_high_school', 'preparatory_school', 'choir_school', 'public_school', 'charter_school', 'public_school', 'Eton_College', 'Winchester_College', 'private_school', 'Catholic_school', 'dance_school', 'day_school', 'boarding_school', 'day_school', 'night_school', 'kindergarten', 'nursery_school', 'playschool', 'Sunday_school', 'normal_school', 'grade_school', 'grammar_school', 'secondary_modern_school', 'comprehensive_school', 'school_board', 'zoning_board', 'zoning_commission', 'immigration', 'inspectorate', 'jury', 'panel', 'panel', 'jury', 'grand_jury', 'hung_jury', 'petit_jury', 'special_jury', 'spearhead', 'bevy', 'firing_line', 'immigrant_class', 'left', 'center', 'right', 'religious_right', 'hard_right', 'old_guard', 'pro-choice_faction', 'pro-life_faction', 'old_school', 'convoy', 'convoy', 'seance', 'aggregate', 'agent_bank', 'commercial_bank', 'national_bank', 'state_bank', 'lead_bank', 'member_bank', 'merchant_bank', 'acquirer', 'acquirer', 'transfer_agent', 'nondepository_financial_institution', 'depository_financial_institution', 'finance_company', 'consumer_finance_company', 'industrial_bank', 'captive_finance_company', 'sales_finance_company', 'commercial_finance_company', 'Farm_Credit_System', 'hawala', 'thrift_institution', 'savings_and_loan', 'building_society', 'savings_bank', 'Home_Loan_Bank', 'Federal_Home_Loan_Bank_System', 'Federal_Housing_Administration', 'child_welfare_agency', 'Securities_and_Exchange_Commission', 'trust_company', 'mutual_savings_bank', 'federal_savings_bank', 'firing_squad', 'market', 'black_market', 'traffic', 'air_traffic', 'commuter_traffic', 'pedestrian_traffic', 'vehicular_traffic', 'automobile_traffic', 'bicycle_traffic', 'bus_traffic', 'truck_traffic', 'formation', 'military_formation', 'open_order', 'close_order', 'extended_order', 'sick_call', 'caravan', 'cavalcade', 'march', 'hunger_march', 'motorcade', 'parade', 'callithump', 'file', 'snake_dance', 'column', 'cortege', 'Praetorian_Guard', 'cortege', 'recession', 'backfield', 'secondary', 'linemen', 'line', 'line', 'line_of_march', 'line_of_succession', 'lineup', 'picket_line', 'row', 'serration', 'terrace', 'rank', 'conga_line', 'trap_line', 'queue', 'breadline', 'checkout_line', 'chow_line', 'gas_line', 'reception_line', 'ticket_line', 'unemployment_line', 'row', 'column', 'aviation', 'dragnet', 'machinery', 'network', 'espionage_network', 'old_boy_network', 'support_system', 'nonlinear_system', 'system', 'subsystem', 'organism', 'syntax', 'body', 'shebang', 'craft', 'vegetation', 'browse', 'brush', 'brake', 'canebrake', 'spinney', 'growth', 'scrub', 'stand', 'forest', 'bosk', 'grove', 'jungle', 'rain_forest', 'temperate_rain_forest', 'tropical_rain_forest', 'underbrush', 'shrubbery', 'garden', 'staff', 'line_personnel', 'management_personnel', 'dictatorship', 'police_state', 'law', 'administrative_law', 'canon_law', 'civil_law', 'common_law', 'international_law', 'maritime_law', 'law_of_the_land', 'martial_law', 'mercantile_law', 'military_law', 'Mosaic_law', 'shariah', 'hudud', 'statutory_law', 'securities_law', 'tax_law', 'bureaucracy', 'menagerie', 'ordering', 'genetic_code', 'genome', 'triplet_code', 'series', 'series', 'nexus', 'progression', 'rash', 'sequence', 'string', 'succession', 'cascade', 'parade', 'streak', 'losing_streak', 'winning_streak', 'arithmetic_progression', 'geometric_progression', 'harmonic_progression', 'stream', 'wave_train', 'panoply', 'bank', 'stockpile', 'data', 'accounting_data', 'metadata', 'raw_data', 'ana', 'mail', 'fan_mail', 'hate_mail', 'mailing', 'sampler', 'treasure', 'treasure_trove', 'trinketry', 'troponymy', 'movement', 'deco', 'art_nouveau', 'avant-garde', 'constructivism', 'suprematism', 'cubism', 'dada', 'artistic_movement', 'expressionism', 'neoexpressionism', 'supra_expressionism', 'fauvism', 'futurism', 'Hudson_River_school', 'imagism', 'lake_poets', 'luminism', 'minimalism', 'naturalism', 'needy', 'neoromanticism', 'New_Wave', 'secession', 'surrealism', 'symbolism', 'Boy_Scouts', 'Boy_Scouts_of_America', 'Girl_Scouts', 'Civil_Rights_movement', 'common_front', 'cultural_movement', 'ecumenism', 'falun_gong', 'political_movement', 'Enlightenment', 'labor_movement', 'Industrial_Workers_of_the_World', 'unionism', 'reform_movement', 'religious_movement', 'Akhbari', 'Usuli', 'Counter_Reformation', 'ecumenical_movement', 'Gallicanism', 'Lubavitch', 'Oxford_movement', 'Pietism', 'Reformation', 'Taliban', 'Northern_Alliance', 'Nation_of_Islam', 'humanism', 'analytical_cubism', 'synthetic_cubism', 'unconfessed', 'unemployed_people', 'wolf_pack', 'womanhood', 'womankind', 'camp', 'hobo_camp', 'record_company', 'reunion', 'mover', 'think_tank', 'vestry', 'Jewry', 'Zionism', 'Zhou', 'muster', 'rap_group', 'rave-up', 'registration', 'table', 'World_Council_of_Churches', 'number', 'vote', 'blue', 'grey', 'host', 'pool', 'typing_pool', 'shipper', 'center', 'diaspora', 'flank', 'head', 'local_authority', 'rear', 'smithereens', 'chosen_people', 'Azeri', 'Bengali', 'Berbers', 'Dagestani', 'Flemish', 'Hebrews', 'Maori', 'Mayas', 'Mbundu', 'Pathan', 'Tajik', 'Walloons', 'Ferdinand_and_Isabella', 'Medici', 'Committee_for_State_Security', 'Federal_Security_Bureau', 'Russian_agency', 'Wicca', 'William_and_Mary', 'wine_tasting', 'wing', 'Wise_Men', 'World_Trade_Organization', 'Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Retired_Persons', 'National_Association_of_Realtors', 'Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations', 'Abkhaz', 'Achomawi', \"Akwa'ala\", 'Aleut', 'Circassian', 'Inca', 'Quechua', 'Xhosa', 'Zulu', 'here', 'there', 'somewhere', 'bilocation', 'seat', 'home', 'base', 'aclinic_line', 'agonic_line', 'isogonic_line', 'address', 'mailing_address', 'box_number', 'post-office_box_number', 'street_address', 'administrative_district', 'aerie', 'agora', 'air_lane', 'traffic_pattern', 'territory', 'Andalusia', 'Appalachia', 'flight_path', 'wing', 'approach_path', 'ambiance', 'amusement_park', 'Antarctic', 'Antarctic_Circle', 'Adelie_Land', 'apex', 'antapex', 'apogee', 'apoapsis', 'aphelion', 'apojove', 'aposelene', 'apron', 'Arctic', 'polar_circle', 'Arctic_Circle', 'arena', 'area', 'high_country', 'ascending_node', 'node', 'node', 'antinode', 'asteroid_belt', 'atmosphere', 'bed_ground', 'biosphere', 'back_of_beyond', 'colony', 'Crown_Colony', 'depth', 'outer_space', 'interplanetary_space', 'interstellar_space', 'frontier', 'heliopause', 'heliosphere', 'holding_pattern', 'intergalactic_space', 'deep_space', 'aerospace', 'airspace', 'backwater', 'backwoods', 'Bad_Lands', 'banana_republic', 'Barbary', 'Barbary_Coast', 'Barbary_Coast', 'Bithynia', 'Nicaea', 'Nubia', 'barren', 'heath', 'bush', 'outback', 'Never-Never', 'frontier', 'desert', 'semidesert', 'oasis', 'battlefield', 'Armageddon', 'Camlan', 'minefield', 'beat', 'beginning', 'derivation', 'spring', 'fountainhead', 'headwater', 'wellhead', 'jumping-off_place', 'jungle', 'concrete_jungle', 'zone', 'belt', 'Bible_Belt', 'fatherland', 'birthplace', 'birthplace', 'side', 'beam-ends', 'bottom', 'underbelly', 'foot', 'base', 'bottom', 'rock_bottom', 'boundary', 'boundary_line', 'bourn', 'borderland', 'narco-state', 'place', 'center', 'colony', 'nerve_center', 'circumference', 'fence_line', 'Green_Line', 'Line_of_Control', 'property_line', 'state_line', 'Mason-Dixon_line', 'district_line', 'county_line', 'city_line', 'balk', 'balkline', 'bomb_site', 'bowels', 'bowling_green', 'breadbasket', 'breeding_ground', 'bridgehead', 'brink', 'broadcast_area', 'buffer_state', \"bull's_eye\", 'bus_route', 'bus_stop', 'checkpoint', 'cabstand', 'campsite', 'campus', 'capital', 'capital', 'river_basin', 'detention_basin', 'retention_basin', 'Caucasia', 'Transcaucasia', 'celestial_equator', 'celestial_point', 'equinoctial_point', 'vernal_equinox', 'autumnal_equinox', 'celestial_sphere', 'cemetery', 'center', 'center_of_buoyancy', 'center_of_gravity', 'center_of_flotation', 'center_of_mass', 'barycenter', 'centroid', 'trichion', 'center', 'center_stage', 'city_center', 'core', 'navel', 'storm_center', 'city', 'megalopolis', 'city_district', 'precinct', 'police_precinct', 'voting_precinct', 'polling_place', 'business_district', 'outskirts', 'environs', 'Tin_Pan_Alley', 'conurbation', 'subtopia', 'borough', 'burgh', 'pocket_borough', 'rotten_borough', 'borough', 'canton', 'city', 'city_limit', 'clearing', 'Coats_Land', 'commune', 'zone', 'climatic_zone', 'commons', 'commonwealth', 'confluence', 'congressional_district', 'financial_center', 'hub', 'civic_center', 'inner_city', 'chokepoint', 'Corn_Belt', 'corncob', 'corner', 'corner', 'corner', 'cornfield', 'country', 'county', 'county', 'county_palatine', 'county_seat', 'county_town', 'cow_pasture', 'crest', 'timber_line', 'snow_line', 'crossing', 'cross_section', 'culmination', 'profile', 'soil_profile', 'department', 'descending_node', 'development', 'ghetto', 'housing_development', 'housing_estate', 'housing_project', 'dig', 'abbacy', 'archbishopric', 'archdeaconry', 'bailiwick', 'caliphate', 'archdiocese', 'diocese', 'disaster_area', 'eparchy', 'theater_of_war', 'field', 'zone_of_interior', 'district', 'enclave', 'federal_district', 'palatinate', 'residential_district', 'planned_community', 'retirement_community', 'uptown', 'red-light_district', 'suburb', 'exurbia', 'addition', 'bedroom_community', 'faubourg', 'stockbroker_belt', 'tenement_district', 'airspace', 'crawlspace', 'disk_space', 'disk_overhead', 'swap_space', 'distance', 'domain', 'archduchy', 'barony', 'duchy', 'earldom', 'emirate', 'empire', 'fiefdom', 'grand_duchy', 'viscounty', 'khanate', 'kingdom', 'Camelot', 'principality', 'Kingdom_of_God', 'sheikdom', 'suzerainty', 'residence', 'domicile', 'home', 'home_away_from_home', 'business_address', 'dump', 'dude_ranch', 'honeymoon_resort', 'eitchen_midden', 'earshot', 'view', 'north', 'northeast', 'east', 'southeast', 'south', 'southwest', 'west', 'northwest', 'Earth', 'eastern_hemisphere', 'Old_World', 'East', 'Far_East', 'northland', 'southland', 'East', 'Southeast', 'Southwest', 'Northeast', 'Northwest', 'Midwest', 'Pacific_Northwest', 'Rustbelt', 'ecliptic', 'Eden', 'edge', 'end', 'end', 'end_point', 'end', 'end', 'Enderby_Land', 'environment', 'Finger_Lakes', 'finish', 'medium', 'setting', 'scenario', 'element', 'equator', 'extremity', 'extreme_point', 'fairway', 'farmland', 'fault_line', 'field', 'field', 'field_of_fire', 'grounds', 'bent', 'hayfield', 'playing_field', 'medical_center', 'midfield', 'finishing_line', 'firebreak', 'firing_line', 'flea_market', 'Fleet_Street', 'flies', 'focus', 'forefront', 'foul_line', 'foul_line', 'foul_line', 'baseline', 'Frigid_Zone', 'front', 'battlefront', 'garbage_heap', 'toxic_waste_dump', 'gathering_place', 'geographical_area', 'epicenter', 'dust_bowl', 'biogeographical_region', 'benthos', 'geographic_point', 'ghetto', 'goal_line', 'goldfield', 'grainfield', 'great_circle', 'green', 'greenbelt', 'ground', 'ground_zero', 'ground_zero', 'habitat', 'habitation', 'half-mast', 'Harley_Street', 'hatchery', 'haunt', 'hearth', 'heartland', 'hunting_ground', 'D-layer', 'Appleton_layer', 'Heaviside_layer', 'hell', 'hemisphere', 'hemline', 'heronry', 'hipline', 'hipline', 'drop', 'dead_drop', 'hideout', 'lurking_place', 'hiding_place', 'high', 'hilltop', 'hole-in-the-wall', 'holy_place', 'home', 'point_source', 'trail_head', 'home_range', 'horizon', 'horizon', 'horse_latitude', 'hot_spot', 'hot_spot', 'hour_angle', 'hour_circle', 'see', 'junkyard', 'justiciary', 'reservation', 'Indian_reservation', 'preserve', 'shooting_preserve', 'school_district', 'shire', 'industrial_park', 'inside', 'inside', 'belly', 'midland', 'midst', 'penetralia', 'ionosphere', 'irredenta', 'isobar', 'isochrone', 'isoclinic_line', 'isogram', 'isohel', 'isotherm', 'jurisdiction', 'turf', 'key', 'kingdom', 'lair', 'launching_site', 'lawn', 'layer', 'lead', 'lee', 'limb', 'limit', 'upper_limit', 'lower_limit', 'limit', 'line', 'line', 'line', 'flight_line', 'line_of_battle', 'salient', 'battle_line', 'line_of_flight', 'line_of_march', 'line_of_sight', 'latitude', 'latitude', 'lunar_latitude', 'littoral', 'loading_zone', 'load_line', 'Lombard_Street', 'longitude', 'Whitehall', 'Trafalgar_Square', 'lookout', 'Maghreb', 'magnetic_pole', 'mandate', 'market_cross', 'maximum', 'grassland', 'mecca', 'melting_pot', 'meridian', \"observer's_meridian\", 'prime_meridian', 'Greenwich_Meridian', 'magnetic_meridian', 'dateline', 'meteorological_observation_post', 'midair', 'minimum', 'monument', 'mud_flat', 'nadir', 'national_park', 'Acadia_National_Park', 'Arches_National_Park', 'Badlands_National_Park', 'Big_Bend', 'Big_Bend_National_Park', 'Biscayne_National_Park', 'Bryce_Canyon_National_Park', 'Canyonlands_National_Park', 'Capitol_Reef_National_Park', 'Carlsbad_Caverns_National_Park', 'Channel_Islands_National_Park', 'Crater_Lake_National_Park', 'Denali_National_Park', 'Everglades_National_Park', 'Gates_of_the_Arctic_National_Park', 'Grand_Canyon_National_Park', 'Grand_Teton_National_Park', 'Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park', 'Guadalupe_Mountains_National_Park', 'Haleakala_National_Park', 'Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park', 'Hot_Springs_National_Park', 'Isle_Royal_National_Park', 'Katmai_National_Park', 'Kenai_Fjords_National_Park', 'Kings_Canyon_National_Park', 'Kobuk_Valley_National_Park', 'Lake_Clark_National_Park', 'Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park', 'Mammoth_Cave_National_Park', 'Mesa_Verde_National_Park', 'Mount_Ranier_National_Park', 'North_Cascades_National_Park', 'Olympic_National_Park', 'Petrified_Forest_National_Park', 'Platt_National_Park', 'Redwood_National_Park', 'Rocky_Mountain_National_Park', 'Sequoia_National_Park', 'Shenandoah_National_Park', 'Theodore_Roosevelt_Memorial_National_Park', 'Virgin_Islands_National_Park', 'Voyageurs_National_Park', 'Wind_Cave_National_Park', 'windward', 'Wrangell-St._Elias_National_Park', 'Yellowstone_National_Park', 'Yosemite_National_Park', 'Zion_National_Park', 'nesting_place', 'no-go_area', \"no_man's_land\", 'nombril', 'no-parking_zone', 'north_celestial_pole', 'northern_hemisphere', 'North_Pole', 'old_country', 'orbit', 'orbit', 'geosynchronous_orbit', 'geostationary_orbit', 'outline', 'coastline', 'paper_route', 'profile', 'silhouette', 'outside', 'outside', 'outdoors', 'outstation', 'overlook', 'paddy', 'panhandle', 'parade_ground', 'fairground', 'midway', 'fairway', 'parish', 'park', 'park', 'parking_lot', 'parking_space', 'parts', 'pasture', 'path', 'beeline', 'circuit', 'crosscut', 'supply_line', 'line_of_fire', 'migration_route', 'fairway', 'patriarchate', 'peak', 'periapsis', 'perigee', 'perihelion', 'perijove', 'periselene', 'pesthole', 'picnic_area', 'pinnacle', 'prairie', 'public_square', 'plaza', 'toll_plaza', 'point', 'abutment', 'pole', 'pole', 'pole_position', 'polls', 'pride_of_place', 'position', 'position', 'pressure_point', 'military_position', 'anomaly', 'site', 'active_site', 'close_quarters', 'locus', 'locus_of_infection', 'restriction_site', 'setting', 'juxtaposition', 'lie', 'post', 'pitch', 'landmark', 'right', 'stage_right', 'left', 'stage_left', 'back', 'front', 'municipality', 'new_town', 'perch', \"potter's_field\", 'prefecture', 'premises', 'protectorate', 'quadrant', 'quadrant', 'quadrant', 'quarter', 'kasbah', 'medina', 'Queen_Maud_Land', 'radius', 'rain_shadow', 'range', 'range', 'rear', 'rearward', 'red_line', 'region', 'region', 'possession', 'antipodes', 'rifle_range', 'unknown', 'staging_area', 'open', 'rhumb_line', 'declination', 'right_ascension', 'waterfront', 'seafront', 'port', 'entrepot', 'free_port', 'home_port', 'outport', 'port_of_entry', 'seaport', 'coaling_station', 'port_of_call', 'free_port', 'anchorage', 'treaty_port', 'mooring', 'roads', 'dockyard', 'resort', 'resort_area', 'rough', 'vicinity', 'gold_coast', \"'hood\", 'place', 'block', 'neighborhood', 'proximity', 'presence', 'rendezvous', 'retreat', 'ashram', 'ashram', 'Camp_David', 'nook', 'nest', 'pleasance', 'safety', 'harborage', 'danger', 'danger_line', 'rookery', 'Rubicon', 'country', 'countryside', 'scrubland', 'weald', 'wold', 'safari_park', 'sanctum', 'sandlot', 'savanna', 'scene', 'light', 'darkness', 'field_of_honor', 'stage', 'scenery', 'landscape', 'seascape', 'separation', 'schoolyard', 'churchyard', 'scour', 'seat', 'seat', 'section', 'section', 'sector', 'service_area', 'showplace', 'shrubbery', 'side', 'side', 'bedside', 'blind_side', 'dockside', 'east_side', 'hand', 'north_side', 'shipside', 'south_side', 'west_side', 'scrimmage_line', 'service_line', 'sideline', 'site', 'skyline', 'slum', 'shantytown', 'skid_road', 'skid_row', 'ski_resort', 'solitude', 'southern_hemisphere', 'South_Pole', 'south_celestial_pole', 'space', 'air', 'vacuum', 'sphere', 'stand', 'start', 'touchline', 'yard_line', 'eparchy', 'state', 'American_state', 'station', 'Stonehenge', 'stop', 'stopover', 'stratum', 'Strand', 'substrate', 'superstrate', 'horizon', 'soil_horizon', 'A-horizon', 'B-horizon', 'C-horizon', 'geological_horizon', 'seam', 'coal_seam', 'coalface', 'field', 'coalfield', 'gasfield', 'oilfield', 'corner', 'substrate', 'surface', 'tank_farm', 'target', 'ground_zero', 'tax_haven', 'tee', 'toxic_site', 'orphan_site', 'Temperate_Zone', 'North_Temperate_Zone', 'South_Temperate_Zone', 'terreplein', 'testing_ground', 'theme_park', 'three-mile_limit', 'tip', 'top', 'desktop', 'rooftop', 'top', 'head', 'tiptop', 'topographic_point', 'pool', 'Torrid_Zone', 'town', 'burg', 'boom_town', 'cow_town', 'ghost_town', 'hometown', 'Main_Street', 'market_town', 'township', 'ward', 'settlement', 'village', 'kampong', 'kraal', 'pueblo', 'tract', 'subdivision', 'subtropics', 'mine_field', 'terrain', 'plot', 'lot', 'tropic', 'Tropic_of_Cancer', 'Tropic_of_Capricorn', 'trust_territory', 'urban_area', 'barrio', 'barrio', 'used-car_lot', 'vacant_lot', 'Van_Allen_belt', 'vanishing_point', 'vantage', 'vantage_point', 'veld', 'venue', 'venue', 'vertex', 'vertical_circle', 'viceroyalty', 'Victoria_Land', 'village_green', 'warren', 'watering_place', 'waterline', 'water_line', 'high-water_mark', 'low-water_mark', 'watershed', 'continental_divide', 'Great_Divide', 'direction', 'trade_route', 'Silk_Road', 'Northwest_Passage', 'bearing', 'tack', 'course', 'east-west_direction', 'north-south_direction', 'qibla', 'tendency', 'wave_front', 'Wilkes_Land', 'western_hemisphere', 'West', 'West', 'Wild_West', 'wheatfield', 'whereabouts', 'wilderness', \"winner's_circle\", 'tape', 'wire', 'workspace', 'yard', 'tiltyard', 'yard', 'zenith', 'exaltation', 'zodiac', 'sign_of_the_zodiac', 'Aries', 'Taurus', 'Gemini', 'Cancer', 'Leo', 'Virgo', 'Libra', 'Scorpio', 'Sagittarius', 'Capricorn', 'Aquarius', 'Pisces', 'zone', 'buffer_zone', 'combat_zone', 'war_zone', 'bridgehead', 'airhead', 'beachhead', 'combat_zone', 'turf', 'danger_zone', 'demilitarized_zone', 'drop_zone', 'kill_zone', 'killing_field', 'enterprise_zone', 'outskirt', 'strike_zone', 'tidal_zone', 'time_zone', 'transit_zone', 'national_capital', 'provincial_capital', 'state_capital', 'Continent', 'European_country', 'Scandinavian_country', 'Balkans', 'Balkan_country', 'African_country', 'East_Africa', 'Namibia', 'Windhoek', 'Asian_country', 'Cappadocia', 'Galatia', 'Phrygia', 'Colossae', 'Pontus', 'Asia_Minor', 'South_American_country', 'North_American_country', 'Central_American_country', 'Afghanistan', 'Herat', 'Jalalabad', 'Kabul', 'Kandahar', 'Mazar-i-Sharif', 'Illyria', 'Albania', 'Tirana', 'Durres', 'Algeria', 'Algiers', 'Annaba', 'Batna', 'Blida', 'Oran', 'Constantine', 'Djanet', 'Hippo', 'Reggane', 'Timgad', 'Timimoun', 'Numidia', 'Angola', 'Luanda', 'Huambo', 'Lobito', 'Anguilla', 'Aran_Islands', 'Caribbean', 'Cayman_Islands', 'George_Town', 'Antigua_and_Barbuda', 'Antigua', 'Barbuda', 'Redonda', \"St._John's\", 'Bengal', 'Bermuda', 'Hamilton', 'Bermuda_Triangle', 'Bouvet_Island', 'Montserrat', 'Patagonia', 'Triple_Frontier', 'Argentina', 'Bahia_Blanca', 'Buenos_Aires', 'Cordoba', 'Moron', 'Rosario', 'Vicente_Lopez', 'pampas', 'Balkan_Peninsula', 'Bulgaria', 'Sofia', 'Dobrich', 'Plovdiv', 'Varna', 'Southeast_Asia', 'Myanmar', 'Yangon', 'Mandalay', 'Moulmein', 'Burundi', 'Bujumbura', 'Cambodia', 'Phnom_Penh', 'Cameroon', 'Yaounde', 'Douala', 'Cape_Verde_Islands', 'Cape_Verde', 'Praia', 'Sao_Tiago_Island', 'Falkland_Islands', 'Central_African_Republic', 'Bangui', 'Ceylon', 'Sri_Lanka', 'Colombo', 'Kandy', 'Eelam', 'Chad', \"N'Djamena\", 'Chile', 'Antofagasta', 'Chiloe', 'Concepcion', 'Gran_Santiago', 'Punta_Arenas', 'Temuco', 'Valparaiso', 'Vina_del_Mar', 'Tierra_del_Fuego', 'Cape_Horn', 'Manchuria', 'China', 'Turkistan', 'Beijing', 'Forbidden_City', 'Chongqing', 'Guangdong', 'Guangzhou', 'Gansu', 'Hebei', 'Hunan', 'Szechwan', 'Yunnan', 'Lanzhou', 'Luda', 'Dalian', 'Luoyang', 'Lushun', 'Hangzhou', 'Nanchang', 'Nanning', 'Nanjing', 'Shanghai', 'Shenyang', 'Taiyuan', 'Tangshan', 'Tianjin', 'Grand_Canal', 'Wuhan', 'Xian', 'Xinjiang', 'Inner_Mongolia', 'Hohhot', 'Taiwan', 'Taiwan', 'Taipei', 'Taichung', 'Hong_Kong', 'Macao', 'Indochina', 'French_Indochina', 'Colombia', 'Barranquilla', 'Bogota', 'Cali', 'Medellin', 'Cartagena', 'Soledad', 'Comoro_Islands', 'Comoros', 'Congo', 'Brazzaville', 'Congo', 'Goma', 'Kananga', 'Kinshasa', 'Lubumbashi', 'Mesoamerica', 'Central_America', 'Costa_Rica', 'San_Jose', 'Ivory_Coast', 'Abidjan', 'Yamoussukro', 'Guatemala', 'Guatemala_City', 'Belize', 'Honduras', 'Tegucigalpa', 'San_Pedro_Sula', 'El_Salvador', 'San_Salvador', 'Santa_Ana', 'Nicaragua', 'Managua', 'Panama', 'Panama_City', 'Colon', 'Panama_Canal_Zone', 'Yucatan', 'Yucatan', 'Merida', 'Campeche', 'Campeche', 'Cancun', 'Mexico', 'Acapulco', 'Chihuahua', 'Chihuahua', 'Ciudad_Juarez', 'Ciudad_Victoria', 'Coahuila', 'Culiacan', 'Durango', 'Guadalajara', 'Hermosillo', 'Leon', 'Matamoros', 'Mazatlan', 'Mexicali', 'Mexico_City', 'Monterrey', 'Nogales', 'Oaxaca', 'Orizaba', 'Puebla', 'Quintana_Roo', 'San_Luis_Potosi', 'Santa_Maria_del_Tule', 'Tabasco', 'Tepic', 'Tampico', 'Torreon', 'Tijuana', 'Tuxtla_Gutierrez', 'Veracruz', 'Villahermosa', 'Guadalupe_Island', 'Caribbean_Island', 'West_Indies', 'British_West_Indies', 'Antilles', 'French_West_Indies', 'Greater_Antilles', 'Lesser_Antilles', 'Netherlands_Antilles', 'Aruba', 'Bonaire', 'Curacao', 'Saba', 'Saint_Eustatius', 'Leeward_Islands', 'Saint_Martin', 'Windward_Islands', 'Cuba', 'Cuba', 'Havana', 'Santiago_de_Cuba', 'Guantanamo', 'Guadeloupe', 'Hispaniola', 'Haiti', 'Port-au-Prince', 'Dominican_Republic', 'Santo_Domingo', 'Santiago_de_los_Caballeros', 'Puerto_Rico', 'Puerto_Rico', 'San_Juan', 'Culebra', 'Vieques', 'Jamaica', 'Jamaica', 'Kingston', 'Montego_Bay', 'Virgin_Islands', 'British_Virgin_Islands', 'United_States_Virgin_Islands', 'Barbados', 'Barbados', 'Bridgetown', 'Trinidad', 'Tobago', 'Trinidad_and_Tobago', 'Port_of_Spain', 'Cyprus', 'Cyprus', 'Nicosia', 'Czech_Republic', 'Czechoslovakia', 'Pilsen', 'Prague', 'Austerlitz', 'Brno', 'Ostrava', 'Moravia', 'Bohemia', 'Slovakia', 'Bratislava', 'Benin', 'Porto_Novo', 'Cotonou', 'Togo', 'Lome', 'northern_Europe', 'Scandinavia', 'Scandinavia', 'Jutland', 'Denmark', 'Zealand', 'Copenhagen', 'Arhus', 'Aalborg', 'Viborg', 'Djibouti', 'Djibouti', 'Dominica', 'Dominica', 'Roseau', 'Equatorial_Guinea', 'Malabo', 'Bioko', 'Norway', 'Svalbard', 'Spitsbergen', 'Lofoten', 'Oslo', 'Bergen', 'Stavanger', 'Trondheim', 'Lindesnes', 'Sweden', 'Stockholm', 'Malmo', 'Lund', 'Goteborg', 'Uppsala', 'Germany', 'East_Germany', 'West_Germany', 'Saxony', 'Lower_Saxony', 'Aachen', 'Berlin', 'West_Berlin', 'Bremen', 'Bremerhaven', 'Chemnitz', 'Dortmund', 'Dresden', 'Leipzig', 'Solingen', 'Weimar', 'Bavaria', 'Hameln', 'Hohenlinden', 'Bonn', 'Cologne', 'Braunschweig', 'Dusseldorf', 'Essen', 'Frankfurt_on_the_Main', 'Halle', 'Hamburg', 'Hannover', 'Lubeck', 'Mannheim', 'Munich', 'Nuremberg', 'Potsdam', 'Rostock', 'Stuttgart', 'Wiesbaden', 'Wurzburg', 'Rhineland', 'Palatinate', 'Brandenburg', 'Prussia', 'Ruhr', 'Thuringia', 'East_Timor', 'Ecuador', 'Guayaquil', 'Quito', 'Galapagos_Islands', 'Eritrea', 'Asmara', 'Massawa', 'Ethiopia', 'Addis_Ababa', 'Fiji_Islands', 'Viti_Levu', 'Vanua_Levu', 'Fiji', 'Suva', 'Finland', 'Karelia', 'Helsinki', 'Espoo', 'Tampere', 'Aland_islands', 'Mariehamn', 'Greece', 'Greece', 'Achaea', 'Aegean_island', 'Aegina', 'Chios', 'Cyclades', 'Dodecanese', 'Doris', 'Lesbos', 'Rhodes', 'Aeolis', 'Crete', 'Knossos', 'Ithaca', 'Egadi_Islands', 'Athos', 'Athens', 'Areopagus', 'Dipylon_gate', 'Actium', 'Attica', 'Corinth', 'Argos', 'Delphi', 'Mycenae', 'Sparta', 'Epirus', 'Laconia', 'Lycia', 'Lydia', 'Nemea', 'Ephesus', 'Patras', 'Troy', 'Thebes', 'Boeotia', 'Plataea', 'Thessaloniki', 'Stagira', 'Thessalia', 'Cynoscephalae', 'Arcadia', 'Peloponnese', 'Lemnos', 'Olympia', 'Middle_East', 'Mashriq', 'Fertile_Crescent', 'Israel', 'Israel', 'Acre', 'West_Bank', 'Nablus', 'Galilee', 'Nazareth', 'Gaza_Strip', 'Golan_Heights', 'Jerusalem', 'Bethlehem', 'Caesarea', 'Sodom', 'sodom', 'Gomorrah', 'Calvary', 'Zion', 'Cotswolds', 'Cheviots', 'Pennines', 'Seven_Hills_of_Rome', 'Palatine', 'Wailing_Wall', 'Tel_Aviv', 'Hefa', 'Jaffa', 'Palestine', 'Palestine', 'Judah', 'Judea', 'Samaria', 'Philistia', 'Roman_Republic', 'Roman_Empire', 'Byzantine_Empire', 'Western_Roman_Empire', 'Byzantium', 'Italian_Peninsula', 'Ticino', 'Italy', 'Italian_region', 'Pompeii', 'Herculaneum', 'Abruzzi', 'Aquila', 'Basilicata', 'Bolzano', 'Brescia', 'Calabria', 'Campania', 'Ferrara', 'Naples', 'Messina', 'Capri', 'Ischia', 'Emilia-Romagna', 'Bologna', 'Friuli-Venezia_Giulia', 'Latium', 'Rome', 'Lateran', 'Anzio', 'Brindisi', 'Tivoli', 'Liguria', 'Genoa', 'Lombardy', 'Cremona', 'La_Spezia', 'Milan', 'Marche', 'Molise', 'Papal_States', 'Piedmont', 'Pisa', 'Syracuse', 'Turin', 'Puglia', 'Bari', 'Sardinia', 'Sardinia', 'Sicily', 'Sicily', 'Palermo', 'Cape_Passero', 'Agrigento', 'Tuscany', 'Firenze', 'Trentino-Alto_Adige', 'Trento', 'Umbria', \"Valle_D'Aosta\", 'Veneto', 'Padua', 'Venice', 'Grand_Canal', 'Verona', 'Etruria', 'Romania', 'Brasov', 'Bucharest', 'Constantina', 'Transylvania', 'Rwanda', 'Kigali', 'Yugoslavia', 'Croatia', 'Serbia_and_Montenegro', 'Kosovo', 'Serbia', 'Montenegro', 'Belgrade', 'Bosnia_and_Herzegovina', 'Bosnia', 'Sarajevo', 'Slovenia', 'Ljubljana', 'Dubrovnik', 'Split', 'Zagreb', 'Dalmatia', 'Greenland', 'Baffin_Island', 'Labrador', 'Canada', 'Acadia', 'Laurentian_Plateau', 'Maritime_Provinces', 'Canadian_province', 'Alberta', 'Banff', 'Calgary', 'Edmonton', 'British_Columbia', 'Nanaimo', 'Victoria', 'Vancouver', 'Vancouver_Island', 'Manitoba', 'Winnipeg', 'Churchill', 'New_Brunswick', 'Fredericton', 'Saint_John', 'Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'Newfoundland', \"Saint_John's\", 'Northwest_Territories', 'Nunavut', 'Arctic_Archipelago', 'Yellowknife', 'Nova_Scotia', 'Cape_Breton_Island', 'Nova_Scotia', 'Halifax', 'Ontario', 'Ottawa', 'Hamilton', 'Kingston', 'Sault_Sainte_Marie', 'Sudbury', 'Thunder_Bay', 'Toronto', 'Windsor', 'Prince_Edward_Island', 'Charlottetown', 'Quebec', 'Quebec', 'Montreal', 'Saskatchewan', 'Regina', 'Saskatoon', 'Dawson', 'Yukon', 'Klondike', 'Whitehorse', 'Australia', 'Canberra', 'Australian_state', 'Queensland', 'Brisbane', 'New_South_Wales', 'Sydney', 'Wagga_Wagga', 'Victoria', 'Melbourne', 'Tasmania', 'Tasmania', 'Hobart', 'South_Australia', 'Adelaide', 'Western_Australia', 'Perth', 'Northern_Territory', 'Darwin', 'Norfolk_Island', 'Nullarbor_Plain', 'Aleutian_Islands', 'Oceania', 'Australasia', 'Austronesia', 'Melanesia', 'Micronesia', 'Micronesia', 'Kolonia', 'Mariana_Islands', 'Northern_Marianas', 'Saipan', 'Guam', 'Wake_Island', 'Caroline_Islands', 'Marshall_Islands', 'Marshall_Islands', 'Bikini', 'Eniwetok', 'Kwajalein', 'Gilbert_Islands', 'Tuvalu', 'Tuvalu', 'Funafuti', 'Kiribati', 'Tarawa', 'Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands', 'Nauru', 'Nauru', 'Polynesia', 'Malay_Archipelago', 'Sunda_Islands', 'Greater_Sunda_Islands', 'Lesser_Sunda_Islands', 'Bismarck_Archipelago', 'Admiralty_Islands', 'Borneo', 'Bougainville', 'Guadalcanal', 'New_Britain', 'New_Caledonia', 'New_Guinea', 'Papua_New_Guinea', 'Papua', 'Port_Moresby', 'New_Ireland', 'Austria-Hungary', 'Austria', 'Tyrol', 'Vienna', 'Graz', 'Linz', 'Salzburg', 'Innsbruck', 'Wagram', 'Bahamas', 'Nassau', 'Arabian_Peninsula', 'Bahrain', 'Bahrain', 'Manama', 'Bangladesh', 'Dhaka', 'Chittagong', 'Flanders', 'Belgium', 'Bruxelles', 'Aalst', 'Antwerpen', 'Bruges', 'Charleroi', 'Gent', 'Liege', 'Namur', 'Waterloo', 'Bhutan', 'Botswana', 'Gaborone', 'Bolivia', 'La_Paz', 'Santa_Cruz', 'Sucre', 'Brazil', 'Acre', 'Belem', 'Belo_Horizonte', 'Brasilia', 'Curitiba', 'Joao_Pessoa', 'Governador_Valadares', 'Limeira', 'Natal', 'Osasco', 'Rio_de_Janeiro', 'Recife', 'Santos', 'Sao_Bernardo_do_Campo', 'Sao_Goncalo', 'Sao_Joao_de_Meriti', 'Sao_Jose_dos_Campos', 'Sao_Louis', 'Sao_Paulo', 'British_Empire', 'British_Isles', 'British_East_Africa', 'British_West_Africa', 'Great_Britain', 'Ireland', 'Erin', 'United_Kingdom', 'England', 'Albion', 'Anglia', 'Blighty', 'Lancaster', 'Lake_District', 'London', 'City_of_London', 'Home_Counties', 'Greenwich', 'Bloomsbury', 'Soho', 'Wembley', 'West_End', 'Westminster', 'Buckingham_Palace', 'Downing_Street', 'Pall_Mall', 'Houses_of_Parliament', 'Westminster_Abbey', 'Wimbledon', 'Manchester', 'Hull', 'Liverpool', 'Birmingham', 'Oxford', 'Cambridge', 'Bath', 'Blackpool', 'Brighton', 'Bristol', 'Cheddar', 'Leeds', 'Leicester', 'Newcastle', 'Portsmouth', 'Coventry', 'Gloucester', 'Reading', 'Sheffield', 'Stratford-on-Avon', 'Sunderland', 'Winchester', 'Worcester', 'Avon', 'Berkshire', 'Cornwall', 'Cumbria', 'Cumbria', 'Devon', 'Essex', 'Gloucestershire', 'Hampshire', 'New_Forest', 'Hertfordshire', 'Kent', 'Somerset', 'East_Sussex', 'Hastings', 'West_Sussex', 'Canterbury', 'Leicestershire', 'Lincolnshire', 'Northumberland', 'Flodden', 'East_Anglia', 'Lancashire', 'Surrey', 'Marston_Moor', 'Yorkshire', 'North_Yorkshire', 'West_Yorkshire', 'South_Yorkshire', 'Northamptonshire', 'Northampton', 'Naseby', 'Northumbria', 'West_Country', 'Sussex', 'Wessex', \"Hadrian's_Wall\", 'Channel_Island', 'Jersey', 'Guernsey', 'Scilly_Islands', 'Man', 'Northern_Ireland', 'Ulster', 'Bangor', 'Belfast', 'Ireland', 'Dublin', 'Cork', 'Galway', 'Limerick', 'Tara', 'Waterford', 'Scotland', 'Caledonia', 'Highlands', 'Lowlands', 'Galloway', 'Aberdeen', 'Ayr', 'Balmoral_Castle', 'Edinburgh', 'Lothian_Region', 'Glasgow', 'Hebrides', 'Inner_Hebrides', 'Isle_of_Skye', 'Islay', 'Mull', 'Staffa', 'Outer_Hebrides', 'Wales', 'Aberdare', 'Bangor', 'Cardiff', 'Newport', 'Sealyham', 'Swansea', 'Anglesey', 'Brunei', 'sultanate', 'Burkina_Faso', 'Sinai', 'Egyptian_Empire', 'Egypt', 'Lower_Egypt', 'Upper_Egypt', 'Alexandria', 'Aswan', 'Cairo', 'El_Alamein', 'Giza', 'Memphis', 'Nag_Hammadi', 'Luxor', 'Thebes', 'Saqqara', 'Suez', 'Suez_Canal', 'India', 'Assam', 'Karnataka', 'Manipur', 'Hindustan', 'Sikkim', 'Kanara', 'Punjab', 'New_Delhi', 'Delhi', 'Bangalore', 'Jabalpur', 'Kolkata', 'Mumbai', 'Agra', 'Hyderabad', 'Chennai', 'Lucknow', 'Mysore', 'Salem', 'Andhra_Pradesh', 'Bihar', 'Goa', 'Gujarat', 'Tamil_Nadu', 'Uttar_Pradesh', 'Gujarat', 'Maharashtra', 'Orissa', 'Nilgiri_Hills', 'West_Bengal', 'Nepal', 'Kathmandu', 'Tibet', 'Lhasa', 'Indonesia', 'Java', 'Bali', 'Timor', 'Sumatra', 'Celebes', 'Moluccas', 'Indonesian_Borneo', 'Jakarta', 'Bandung', 'Medan', 'Semarang', 'Gulf_States', 'Iran', 'Teheran', 'Abadan', 'Bam', 'Mashhad', 'Isfahan', 'Rasht', 'Shiraz', 'Tabriz', 'Urmia', 'Qum', 'Persia', 'Persepolis', 'Elam', 'Iraq', 'Baghdad', 'Basra', 'Kerbala', 'Kirkuk', 'Mosul', 'Levant', 'Macedon', 'Philippi', 'Thrace', 'Edirne', 'Mesopotamia', 'Babylon', 'Babylonia', 'Chaldea', 'Sumer', 'Ur', 'Assyria', 'Assur', 'Nineveh', 'Phoenicia', 'Carthage', 'Utica', 'Japan', 'Hokkaido', 'Honshu', 'Kyushu', 'Shikoku', 'Japan', 'Asahikawa', 'Tokyo', 'Nagano', 'Nagoya', 'Omiya', 'Osaka', 'Yokohama', 'Okinawa', 'Naha_City', 'Ryukyu_Islands', 'Kobe', 'Kyoto', 'Hiroshima', 'Sapporo', 'Kitakyushu', 'Fukuoka', 'Nagasaki', 'Toyohashi', 'Toyonaki', 'Toyota', 'Asama', 'Volcano_Islands', 'Iwo_Jima', 'Jordan', 'Amman', 'Al_Aqabah', 'Jericho', 'Az_Zarqa', 'Kenya', 'Nairobi', 'Kisumu', 'Mombasa', 'Nakuru', 'Kuwait', 'Kuwait', 'Gaul', 'France', 'Paris', 'Left_Bank', 'Montmartre', 'Clichy', 'Orly', \"Quai_d'Orsay\", 'Right_Bank', 'Ile-St-Louis', 'Champs_Elysees', 'Avignon', 'Bordeaux', 'Brest', 'Calais', 'Cannes', 'Chablis', 'Chartres', 'Cherbourg', 'Dijon', 'Dunkirk', 'Grenoble', 'Le_Havre', 'Lille', 'Lyon', 'Marseille', 'Nancy', 'Nantes', 'Nice', 'Orleans', 'Rheims', 'Strasbourg', 'Toulon', 'Toulouse', 'Tours', 'Valenciennes', 'Versailles', 'Vichy', 'Vienne', 'Riviera', 'French_Riviera', 'French_region', 'Alsace', 'Anjou', 'Aquitaine', 'Artois', 'Auvergne', 'Basse-Normandie', 'Bourgogne', 'Bretagne', 'Centre', 'Champagne', 'Ardennes', 'Corse', 'Corse', 'Franche-Comte', 'Gascogne', 'Haute-Normandie', 'Ile-de-France', 'Languedoc-Roussillon', 'Limousin', 'Lorraine', 'Martinique', 'Mayenne', 'Midi', 'Midi-Pyrenees', 'Nord-Pas-de-Calais', 'Pays_de_la_Loire', 'Picardie', 'Poitou-Charentes', 'Rhone-Alpes', 'Normandie', 'Orleanais', 'Provence', 'Lyonnais', 'Savoy', 'Gabon', 'Libreville', 'Gambia', 'Banjul', 'Ghana', 'Accra', 'Kumasi', 'Tamale', 'Grenada', \"St._George's\", 'Guinea', 'Conakry', 'Guinea-Bissau', 'Bissau', 'Guiana', 'Guyana', 'Georgetown', 'Demerara', 'Netherlands', 'Amsterdam', 'Apeldoorn', 'Arnhem', 'The_Hague', 'Eindhoven', 'Nijmegen', 'Rotterdam', 'Leiden', 'Utrecht', 'Friesland', 'Friesland', 'Frisia', 'Frisian_Islands', 'Hungary', 'Budapest', 'Faroe_Islands', 'Faroe_Islands', 'Thorshavn', 'Iceland', 'Iceland', 'Reykjavik', 'Orkney_Islands', 'Shetland', 'Thule', 'Thule', 'Korea', 'Chosen', 'North_Korea', 'Pyongyang', 'South_Korea', 'Seoul', 'Inchon', 'Kwangju', 'Taegu', 'Pusan', 'Laos', 'Vientiane', 'Lappland', 'Lebanon', 'Bayrut', 'Tarabulus', 'Sayda', 'Sur', 'Byblos', 'Lesotho', 'Maseru', 'Liberia', 'Monrovia', 'Libya', 'Tripoli', 'Benghazi', 'Liechtenstein', 'Vaduz', 'Luxembourg', 'Luxembourg-Ville', 'Macedonia', 'Skopje', 'Madagascar', 'Madagascar', 'Antananarivo', 'Malawi', 'Blantyre', 'Lilongwe', 'Zomba', 'Malaysia', 'Kuala_Lumpur', 'Putrajaya', 'East_Malaysia', 'Sabah', 'Sarawak', 'West_Malaysia', 'Malay_Peninsula', 'Maldives', 'Maldives', 'Male', 'Mali', 'Bamako', 'Timbuktu', 'Malta', 'Malta', 'Valletta', 'Mauritania', 'Nouakchott', 'Mauritius', 'Mauritius', 'Port_Louis', 'Monaco', 'Monaco-Ville', 'Monte_Carlo', 'Tartary', 'Mongolia', 'Mongolia', 'Ulan_Bator', 'Morocco', 'Casablanca', 'El_Aaium', 'Fez', 'Marrakesh', 'Oujda', 'Rabat', 'Tangier', 'Western_Sahara', 'Mozambique', 'Beira', 'Maputo', 'Natal', 'New_Zealand', 'North_Island', 'South_Island', 'New_Zealand', 'Auckland', 'Christchurch', 'Wellington', 'Niger', 'Niamey', 'Nigeria', 'Abuja', 'Ibadan', 'Katsina', 'Lagos', 'Maiduguri', 'Zaria', 'Oman', 'Muscat', 'Kashmir', 'Pakistan', 'Faisalabad', 'Hyderabad', 'Islamabad', 'Karachi', 'Lahore', 'Peshawar', 'Rawalpindi', 'Sind', 'Palau', 'Palau', 'Paraguay', 'Asuncion', 'Parthia', 'Peru', 'Arequipa', 'Cuzco', 'Lima', 'Machu_Picchu', 'Philippines', 'Cebu', 'Luzon', 'Mindanao', 'Mindoro', 'Philippines', 'Manila', 'Caloocan', 'Cebu', 'Quezon_City', 'Pinatubo', 'Visayan_Islands', 'Poland', 'Warszawa', 'Bydgoszcz', 'Cracow', 'Czestochowa', 'Gdansk', 'Katowice', 'Lodz', 'Lublin', 'Wroclaw', 'Zabrze', 'Iberian_Peninsula', 'Portugal', 'Azores', 'Madeira', 'Madeira_Islands', 'Braga', 'Lisbon', 'Porto', 'Setubal', 'Qatar', 'Qatar', 'Doha', 'Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis', 'Saint_Christopher', 'Basseterre', 'Nevis', 'Sombrero', 'Saint_Lucia', 'Saint_Lucia', 'Castries', 'Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines', 'Saint_Vincent', 'Kingstown', 'French_Polynesia', 'Tahiti', 'Papeete', 'Society_Islands', 'Tuamotu_Archipelago', 'Tubuai_Islands', 'Gambier_Islands', 'Marquesas_Islands', 'Samoa', 'Samoa', 'Apia', 'American_Samoa', 'Pago_Pago', 'San_Marino', 'San_Marino', 'Sao_Tome_and_Principe', 'Sao_Tome', 'Principe', 'Saudi_Arabia', 'Riyadh', 'Mecca', 'Medina', 'Dhahran', 'Jeddah', 'Tabuk', 'Taif', 'Nejd', 'Hejaz', 'Senegal', 'Dakar', 'Seychelles', 'Seychelles', 'Victoria', 'Sierra_Leone', 'Freetown', 'Singapore', 'Singapore', 'Singapore', 'Solomons', 'Solomon_Islands', 'Honiara', 'Somalia', 'Mogadishu', 'Hargeisa', 'Somali_peninsula', 'South_Africa', 'Pretoria', 'Cape_Town', 'Johannesburg', 'Kimberley', 'Durban', 'Free_State', 'Transvaal', 'Cape_Province', 'Witwatersrand', 'Cape_of_Good_Hope', 'Cape_of_Good_Hope', 'Bloemfontein', 'Soweto', 'Rus', 'Russia', 'Soviet_Union', 'Muscovy', 'Moscow', 'Astrakhan', 'Cherepovets', 'Chechnya', 'Grozny', 'Kaluga', 'Khabarovsk', 'Khabarovsk', 'Kursk', 'Siberia', 'Soviet_Socialist_Republic', 'Russia', 'European_Russia', 'Asian_Russia', 'Soviet_Russia', 'Nizhnyi_Novgorod', 'Kazan', 'St._Petersburg', 'Murmansk', 'Nalchik', 'Novgorod', 'Perm', 'Rostov', 'Saratov', 'Smolensk', 'Ufa', 'Volgograd', 'Novosibirsk', 'Chelyabinsk', 'Omsk', 'Vladivostok', 'Novaya_Zemlya', 'Kola_Peninsula', 'Belarus', 'Minsk', 'Homyel', 'Pinsk', 'Lubavitch', 'Baltic_State', 'Estonia', 'Tallinn', 'Tartu', 'Livonia', 'Latvia', 'Riga', 'Liepaja', 'Daugavpils', 'Lithuania', 'Klaipeda', 'Vilnius', 'Kaunas', 'Moldova', 'Kishinev', 'Ukraine', 'Crimea', 'Colchis', 'Kyyiv', 'Donetsk', 'Donets_Basin', 'Chernobyl', 'Dneprodzerzhinsk', 'Dnipropetrovsk', 'Kharkov', 'Odessa', 'Sebastopol', 'Yalta', 'Armenia', 'Yerevan', 'Azerbaijan', 'Baku', 'Iberia', 'Georgia', 'Tbilisi', 'Abkhaz', 'Adzhar', 'Kazakhstan', 'Astana', 'Almaty', 'Kyrgyzstan', 'Bishkek', 'Tajikistan', 'Dushanbe', 'Turkmenistan', 'Ashkhabad', 'Kamchatka_Peninsula', 'Taimyr_Peninsula', 'Uzbekistan', 'Tashkent', 'Samarkand', 'Latin_America', 'Andorra', 'Spain', 'Madrid', 'Balearic_Islands', 'Majorca', 'Canary_Islands', 'Barcelona', 'Cadiz', 'Cartagena', 'Cordoba', 'Granada', 'Jerez', 'Leon', 'Logrono', 'Malaga', 'Oviedo', 'San_Sebastian', 'Sevilla', 'Toledo', 'Aragon', 'Zaragoza', 'Castile', 'Catalonia', 'Galicia', 'Leon', 'Valencia', 'Tenerife', 'Gibraltar', 'Sudan', 'Sudan', 'Darfur', 'Kordofan', 'Khartoum', 'Nyala', 'Port_Sudan', 'Omdurman', 'Suriname', 'Paramaribo', 'Swaziland', 'Mbabane', 'Switzerland', 'Swiss_canton', 'Bern', 'Basel', 'Geneva', 'Interlaken', 'Lausanne', 'Zurich', 'Syria', 'Aram', 'Dimash', 'Halab', 'Al_Ladhiqiyah', 'Tanzania', 'Dar_es_Salaam', 'Dodoma', 'Tanganyika', 'Zanzibar', 'Mbeya', 'Mwanza', 'Tabora', 'Tanga', 'Serengeti', 'Serengeti_National_Park', 'Thailand', 'Bangkok', 'Tonga', 'Tunisia', 'Tunis', 'Ariana', 'Ehadhamen', 'Gafsa', 'Sfax', 'Sousse', 'Ottoman_Empire', 'Kurdistan', 'Iraqi_Kurdistan', 'Turkey', 'Abydos', 'Adana', 'Ankara', 'Antalya', 'Antioch', 'Chalcedon', 'Dardanelles', 'Halicarnassus', 'Istanbul', 'Bursa', 'Izmir', 'Pergamum', 'Sardis', 'Ionia', 'Uganda', 'Buganda', 'Entebbe', 'Jinja', 'Kampala', 'Gulu', 'United_Arab_Emirates', 'Abu_Dhabi', 'Dubai', 'United_States', 'East_Coast', 'West_Coast', 'Colony', 'New_England', 'Mid-Atlantic_states', 'Gulf_States', 'slave_state', 'free_state', 'Confederacy', 'South', 'Deep_South', 'Old_South', 'Sunbelt', 'Tidewater', 'Piedmont', 'Union', 'North', 'Carolina', 'Dakota', 'Alabama', 'Montgomery', 'Birmingham', 'Decatur', 'Gadsden', 'Huntsville', 'Mobile', 'Selma', 'Tuscaloosa', 'Tuskegee', 'Alaska', 'Juneau', 'Anchorage', 'Nome', 'Sitka', 'Skagway', 'Valdez', 'Seward_Peninsula', 'Alexander_Archipelago', 'Admiralty_Island', 'Arizona', 'Flagstaff', 'Mesa', 'Nogales', 'Phoenix', 'Prescott', 'Sun_City', 'Tucson', 'Yuma', 'Arkansas', 'Fayetteville', 'Fort_Smith', 'Hot_Springs', 'Jonesboro', 'Little_Rock', 'Pine_Bluff', 'Texarkana', 'California', 'Anaheim', 'Disneyland', 'Bakersfield', 'Barstow', 'Berkeley', 'Beverly_Hills', 'Chula_Vista', 'Eureka', 'Fresno', 'Long_Beach', 'Los_Angeles', 'Hollywood', 'Monterey', 'Oakland', 'Palo_Alto', 'Pasadena', 'Redding', 'Riverside', 'Sacramento', 'San_Bernardino', 'San_Diego', 'San_Francisco', 'Nob_Hill', 'San_Jose', 'San_Mateo', 'San_Pablo', 'Santa_Ana', 'Santa_Barbara', 'Santa_Clara', 'Santa_Catalina', 'Santa_Cruz', 'Colorado', 'Boulder', 'Colorado_Springs', 'Denver', 'Pueblo', 'Connecticut', 'Connecticut', 'Bridgeport', 'Farmington', 'Hartford', 'New_Haven', 'New_London', 'Waterbury', 'Delaware', 'Delaware', 'Dover', 'Wilmington', 'District_of_Columbia', 'Washington', 'Potomac', 'Capitol_Hill', 'Georgetown', 'Florida', 'Daytona_Beach', 'Fort_Lauderdale', 'Fort_Myers', 'Gainesville', 'Jacksonville', 'Key_West', 'Melbourne', 'Miami', 'Miami_Beach', 'Orlando', 'Palm_Beach', 'Panama_City', 'Pensacola', 'Sarasota', 'St._Augustine', 'St._Petersburg', 'Tallahassee', 'Tampa', 'West_Palm_Beach', 'Walt_Disney_World', 'Georgia', 'Georgia', 'Albany', 'Atlanta', 'Athens', 'Augusta', 'Brunswick', 'Columbus', 'Macon', 'Oxford', 'Savannah', 'Valdosta', 'Vidalia', 'Hawaii', 'Hilo', 'Honolulu', 'Waikiki', 'Hawaiian_Islands', 'Hawaii', 'Kahoolawe', 'Kauai', 'Lanai', 'Maui', 'Molokai', 'Nihau', 'Oahu', 'Pearl_Harbor', 'Midway_Islands', 'Idaho', 'Boise', \"Coeur_d'Alene\", 'Idaho_Falls', 'Lewiston', 'Nampa', 'Pocatello', 'Sun_Valley', 'Twin_Falls', 'Illinois', 'Cairo', 'Carbondale', 'Champaign', 'Chicago', 'Decatur', 'East_Saint_Louis', 'Moline', 'Peoria', 'Rockford', 'Rock_Island', 'Springfield', 'Urbana', 'Indiana', 'Bloomington', 'Evansville', 'Fort_Wayne', 'Gary', 'Indianapolis', 'Lafayette', 'Muncie', 'South_Bend', 'Iowa', 'Council_Bluffs', 'Davenport', 'Cedar_Rapids', 'Clinton', 'Des_Moines', 'Dubuque', 'Mason_City', 'Ottumwa', 'Sioux_City', 'Kansas', 'Dodge_City', 'Abilene', 'Hays', 'Kansas_City', 'Lawrence', 'Salina', 'Topeka', 'Wichita', 'Kentucky', 'Bowling_Green', 'Frankfort', 'Lexington', 'Louisville', 'Owensboro', 'Paducah', 'Bluegrass', 'Louisiana_Purchase', 'Louisiana', 'Alexandria', 'Baton_Rouge', 'Lafayette', 'Monroe', 'Morgan_City', 'New_Orleans', 'Shreveport', 'Maine', 'Augusta', 'Bangor', 'Brunswick', 'Lewiston', 'Orono', 'Portland', 'Maryland', 'Maryland', 'Aberdeen', 'Annapolis', 'Baltimore', 'Fort_Meade', 'Frederick', 'Hagerstown', 'Massachusetts', 'Massachusetts', 'Boston', 'Boston_Harbor', 'Beacon_Hill', \"Breed's_Hill\", 'Charlestown', 'Cambridge', 'Concord', 'Gloucester', 'Lexington', 'Medford', 'Pittsfield', 'Springfield', 'Worcester', 'Cape_Ann', 'Cape_Cod', 'Cape_Cod_Canal', \"Martha's_Vineyard\", 'Nantucket', 'Plymouth', 'Plymouth_Colony', 'Plymouth_Rock', 'Salem', 'Williamstown', 'Michigan', 'Alpena', 'Ann_Arbor', 'Detroit', 'Flint', 'Grand_Rapids', 'Houghton', 'Jackson', 'Kalamazoo', 'Lansing', 'Marquette', 'Monroe', 'Saginaw', 'Traverse_City', 'Minnesota', 'Bemidji', 'Duluth', 'Hibbing', 'Mankato', 'Minneapolis', 'Rochester', 'Saint_Cloud', 'Saint_Paul', 'Twin_Cities', 'Virginia', 'Mississippi', 'Biloxi', 'Columbus', 'Greenville', 'Hattiesburg', 'Jackson', 'Meridian', 'Natchez', 'Tupelo', 'Vicksburg', 'Missouri', 'Cape_Girardeau', 'Columbia', 'Hannibal', 'Independence', 'Jefferson_City', 'Kansas_City', 'Poplar_Bluff', 'Saint_Joseph', 'Saint_Louis', 'Sedalia', 'Springfield', 'Montana', 'Bozeman', 'Billings', 'Butte', 'Great_Falls', 'Helena', 'Missoula', 'Nebraska', 'Grand_Island', 'Lincoln', 'North_Platte', 'Omaha', 'Nevada', 'Carson_City', 'Las_Vegas', 'Reno', 'New_Hampshire', 'New_Hampshire', 'Concord', 'Manchester', 'Portsmouth', 'New_Jersey', 'New_Jersey', 'Atlantic_City', 'Trenton', 'Bayonne', 'Camden', 'Jersey_City', 'Morristown', 'Newark', 'New_Brunswick', 'Paterson', 'Princeton', 'Cape_May', 'Liberty_Island', 'New_Mexico', 'Albuquerque', 'Carlsbad', 'Farmington', 'Gallup', 'Las_Cruces', 'Los_Alamos', 'Roswell', 'Santa_Fe', 'Silver_City', 'Taos', 'Manhattan_Island', 'New_Amsterdam', 'New_Netherland', 'New_York', 'New_York', 'Albany', 'Buffalo', 'Cooperstown', 'Erie_Canal', 'New_York_State_Barge_Canal', 'New_York', 'Bronx', 'Brooklyn', 'Coney_Island', 'Ellis_Island', 'Manhattan', 'Fifth_Avenue', 'Seventh_Avenue', 'Central_Park', 'Harlem', \"Hell's_Kitchen\", 'SoHo', 'Ithaca', 'Bowery', 'Broadway', 'Park_Avenue', 'off-Broadway', 'Times_Square', 'Wall_Street', 'Greenwich_Village', 'Queens', 'Staten_Island', 'East_River', 'Harlem_River', 'Verrazano_Narrows', 'West_Point', 'Long_Island', 'Elmont', 'Kennedy', 'Binghamton', 'Kingston', 'Newburgh', 'Niagara_Falls', 'Rochester', 'Schenectady', 'Syracuse', 'Utica', 'Saratoga_Springs', 'Watertown', 'borscht_circuit', 'North_Carolina', 'North_Carolina', 'Cape_Fear', 'Cape_Flattery', 'Cape_Froward', 'Cape_Hatteras', 'Hatteras_Island', 'Raleigh', 'Asheville', 'Chapel_Hill', 'Charlotte', 'Durham', 'Fayetteville', 'Goldsboro', 'Greensboro', 'Greenville', 'Wilmington', 'Winston-Salem', 'North_Dakota', 'Bismarck', 'Fargo', 'Ohio', 'Akron', 'Athens', 'Cleveland', 'Cincinnati', 'Columbus', 'Dayton', 'Mansfield', 'Toledo', 'Youngstown', 'Oklahoma', 'Bartlesville', 'Enid', 'Lawton', 'McAlester', 'Muskogee', 'Oklahoma_City', 'Tulsa', 'Oregon', 'Bend', 'Eugene', 'Klamath_Falls', 'Medford', 'Portland', 'Salem', 'Pennsylvania', 'Pennsylvania', 'Allentown', 'Altoona', 'Bethlehem', 'Erie', 'Gettysburg', 'Harrisburg', 'Hershey', 'Chester', 'Philadelphia', 'Pittsburgh', 'Scranton', 'Rhode_Island', 'Rhode_Island', 'Providence', 'Newport', 'South_Carolina', 'South_Carolina', 'Columbia', 'Charleston', 'Florence', 'Greenville', 'South_Dakota', 'Aberdeen', 'Pierre', 'Rapid_City', 'Sioux_Falls', 'Black_Hills', 'Tennessee', 'Chattanooga', 'Columbia', 'Jackson', 'Johnson_City', 'Knoxville', 'Memphis', 'Nashville', 'Texas', 'Abilene', 'Amarillo', 'Arlington', 'Austin', 'Beaumont', 'Brownsville', 'Bryan', 'Corpus_Christi', 'Dallas', 'Del_Rio', 'El_Paso', 'Fort_Worth', 'Galveston', 'Galveston_Island', 'Garland', 'Houston', 'Laredo', 'Lubbock', 'Lufkin', 'McAllen', 'Midland', 'Odessa', 'Paris', 'Plano', 'San_Angelo', 'San_Antonio', 'Sherman', 'Texarkana', 'Tyler', 'Victoria', 'Waco', 'Wichita_Falls', 'Utah', 'Ogden', 'Provo', 'Salt_Lake_City', 'Vermont', 'Montpelier', 'Bennington', 'Brattleboro', 'Burlington', 'Rutland', 'Virginia', 'Virginia', 'Richmond', 'Blacksburg', 'Jamestown', 'Newport_News', 'Norfolk', 'Lynchburg', 'Portsmouth', 'Roanoke', 'Virginia_Beach', 'Bull_Run', 'Chancellorsville', 'Fredericksburg', 'Petersburg', 'Spotsylvania', 'Yorktown', 'Mount_Vernon', 'Washington', 'Aberdeen', 'Bellingham', 'Kennewick', 'Olympia', 'Seattle', 'Spokane', 'Tacoma', 'Vancouver', 'Walla_Walla', 'Yakima', 'West_Virginia', 'Beckley', 'Charleston', 'Clarksburg', 'Fayetteville', 'Huntington', 'Harpers_Ferry', 'Morgantown', 'Parkersburg', 'Wheeling', 'Wisconsin', 'Appleton', 'Eau_Claire', 'Green_Bay', 'La_Crosse', 'Madison', 'Milwaukee', 'Racine', 'Superior', 'Watertown', 'Wausau', 'Wyoming', 'Casper', 'Cheyenne', 'Jackson', 'Lander', 'Laramie', 'Rock_Springs', 'Uruguay', 'Montevideo', 'Vanuatu', 'Port_Vila', 'Holy_See', 'Vatican_City', 'Guiana_Highlands', 'Venezuela', 'Caracas', 'Ciudad_Bolivar', 'Cumana', 'Maracaibo', 'Maracay', 'Valencia', 'Vietnam', 'North_Vietnam', 'South_Vietnam', 'Hanoi', 'Ho_Chi_Minh_City', 'Haiphong', 'Yemen', 'Aden', 'Hodeida', 'Mukalla', 'Sana', 'Zambia', 'Lusaka', 'Low_Countries', 'Lusitania', 'Silesia', 'Big_Sur', 'Silicon_Valley', 'Zimbabwe', 'Harare', 'Bulawayo', 'Arabian_Desert', 'Arabian_Desert', 'Atacama_Desert', 'Australian_Desert', 'Black_Rock_Desert', 'Chihuahuan_Desert', 'Colorado_Desert', 'Dasht-e-Kavir', 'Dasht-e-Lut', 'Death_Valley', 'Gibson_Desert', 'Gila_Desert', 'Gobi', 'Great_Sandy_Desert', 'Great_Victoria_Desert', 'Kalahari', 'Kara_Kum', 'Kyzyl_Kum', 'Libyan_Desert', 'Mojave', 'Namib_Desert', 'Nefud', 'Negev', 'Nubian_Desert', 'Painted_Desert', 'Patagonian_Desert', 'Rub_al-Khali', 'Sahara', 'Sub-Saharan_Africa', 'Simpson_Desert', 'Sinai', 'Sonoran_Desert', 'Syrian_Desert', 'Taklimakan_Desert', 'Thar_Desert', 'Cameroon', 'Citlaltepetl', 'Colima', 'Cotacachi', 'Cotopaxi', 'Demavend', 'El_Misti', 'Etna', 'Fuego', 'Fuji', 'Galeras', 'Guallatiri', 'Huainaputina', 'Klyuchevskaya', 'Krakatau', 'New_Siberian_Islands', 'Lascar', 'Mauna_Kea', 'Mauna_Loa', 'Nyamuragira', 'Nyiragongo', 'Purace', 'Sangay', 'Tupungatito', 'Mount_Saint_Helens', 'Scythia', 'Vesuvius', 'North_Africa', 'West_Africa', 'Dar_al-Islam', 'Dar_al-harb', 'life', 'rational_motive', 'reason', 'occasion', 'score', 'why', 'incentive', 'moral_force', 'disincentive', 'irrational_motive', 'urge', 'abience', 'adience', 'death_instinct', 'irrational_impulse', 'compulsion', 'mania', 'agromania', 'dipsomania', 'egomania', 'kleptomania', 'logorrhea', 'monomania', 'necrophilia', 'phaneromania', 'pyromania', 'trichotillomania', 'wanderlust', 'compulsion', 'onomatomania', 'ethical_motive', 'hedonism', 'conscience', 'wee_small_voice', 'sense_of_shame', 'Inner_Light', 'psychic_energy', 'incitement', 'signal', 'libidinal_energy', 'cathexis', 'acathexis', 'Aare', 'Abukir', 'abyss', 'abyssal_zone', 'Acheron', 'achondrite', 'acicula', 'Aconcagua', 'Adams', \"Adam's_Peak\", 'Adige', 'Adirondacks', 'Admiralty_Range', 'adjunct', 'Adriatic', 'Aegean', 'Aegospotami', 'aerie', 'aerolite', 'Africa', 'agent', 'airborne_transmission', 'air_bubble', 'Aire', 'Alabama', 'Alaska_Peninsula', 'Alaska_Range', 'Aldebaran', 'Algol', 'Alleghenies', 'Allegheny', 'alluvial_sediment', 'alluvial_flat', 'alp', 'Alpha_Centauri', 'Alpha_Crucis', 'alpha_particle', 'Alpine_glacier', 'Alps', 'Altai_Mountains', 'Altair', 'altocumulus', 'altostratus', 'Amazon', 'America', 'American_Falls', 'ammonite', 'Amur', 'Ancohuma', 'Andaman_Sea', 'Andes', 'Andromeda', 'Angara', 'Angel', 'anion', 'Annapurna', 'Antarctica', 'Antarctic_Ocean', 'Antarctic_Peninsula', 'Antares', 'anthill', 'antibaryon', 'antilepton', 'antimeson', 'antimuon', 'antineutrino', 'antineutron', 'antiparticle', 'antiproton', 'antiquark', 'antitauon', 'Antlia', 'Apalachicola', 'Apennines', 'aperture', 'Apollo_asteroid', 'Appalachians', 'Apus', 'Aquarius', 'aquifer', 'Aquila', 'Ara', 'Arabian_Sea', 'Arafura_Sea', 'Araguaia', 'Ararat', 'Aras', 'Arauca', 'archeological_remains', 'archipelago', 'Arctic_Ocean', 'Arcturus', 'arete', 'Argo', 'Argun', 'Aries', 'Aristarchus', 'Arkansas', 'Arno', 'arroyo', 'ascent', 'Asia', 'asterism', 'asteroid', 'asthenosphere', 'Atacama_Trench', 'Atlantic', 'Atlantic_Coast', 'Atlas_Mountains', 'atmosphere', 'atoll', 'Auriga', 'Australia', 'Australian_Alps', 'Avon', 'Avon', 'backwater', 'badlands', 'Baffin_Bay', 'Balaton', 'Balkans', 'Baltic', 'bank', 'bank', 'bank', 'bar', 'barbecue_pit', 'Barents_Sea', 'barrier', 'barrier_island', 'barrier_reef', 'baryon', 'base', 'basin', 'bay', 'Bay_of_Bengal', 'Bay_of_Biscay', 'Bay_of_Fundy', 'Bay_of_Naples', 'bayou', 'beach', 'beachfront', 'Beaufort_Sea', 'bed', 'bed', 'bedrock', 'beehive', 'honeycomb', 'belay', 'ben', 'Bering_Sea', 'Bering_Strait', 'Berkshires', 'berm', 'Beta_Centauri', 'Beta_Crucis', 'beta_particle', 'Betelgeuse', 'Big_Dipper', 'Bighorn', 'bight', 'Bight_of_Benin', 'Big_Sioux_River', 'billabong', 'billabong', 'binary_star', 'biological_agent', \"bird's_nest\", 'Biscayne_Bay', 'Bismarck_Sea', 'bit', 'black_body', 'Black_Forest', 'Black_Hills', 'black_hole', 'Black_Sea', 'bladder_stone', 'blade', 'blanket', 'blood-brain_barrier', 'Blue_Nile', 'Blue_Ridge_Mountains', 'blue_sky', 'bluff', 'b-meson', 'body', 'body_of_water', 'bog', 'Bo_Hai', 'bolt-hole', 'bonanza', 'Bonete', 'Bootes', 'borrow_pit', 'boson', 'Bosporus', 'bottomland', 'bottom_quark', 'Bougainville_Trench', 'boulder', 'brae', 'Brahmaputra', 'branch', 'branched_chain', 'Brazos', 'breach', 'Brenner_Pass', 'brickbat', 'Bristol_Channel', 'brook', 'brooklet', 'bubble', 'bullet_hole', 'burrow', 'butte', 'Buzzards_Bay', 'Cachi', 'Caelum', 'calculus', 'caldera', 'Callisto', 'Caloosahatchee', 'Cam', 'Cambrian_Mountains', 'Canadian', 'Canadian_Falls', 'canal', 'Canandaigua_Lake', 'Cancer', 'Canis_Major', 'Canis_Minor', 'Canopus', 'Cantabrian_Mountains', 'canyon', 'canyonside', 'cape', 'Cape_Canaveral', 'Cape_Cod_Bay', 'Cape_Fear_River', 'Capella', 'Cape_Sable', 'Cape_Sable', 'Cape_Trafalgar', 'Cape_York', 'Cape_York_Peninsula', 'Capricornus', 'Caribbean', 'Carina', 'Carlsbad_Caverns', 'Carpathians', 'carpet', 'cascade', 'Cascades', 'Caspian', 'Cassiopeia', 'Castor', 'cataract', 'Cataract_Canyon', 'catch', 'cation', 'Catskills', 'Caucasus', 'cave', 'cavern', 'cavern', 'Cayuga_Lake', 'celestial_body', 'Centaurus', 'Cepheus', 'Ceres', 'Cetus', 'chain', 'Chamaeleon', 'Changtzu', 'channel', 'Chao_Phraya', 'chap', 'Charles', 'charm_quark', 'chasm', 'Chattahoochee', 'Baikal', 'Lake_Chelan', \"Coeur_d'Alene_Lake\", 'Lake_Tahoe', 'Chesapeake_Bay', 'Chimborazo', 'chink', 'chip', 'Chiron', 'chondrite', 'chondrule', 'chromosphere', 'Chukchi_Peninsula', 'Chukchi_Sea', 'Cimarron', 'cinder', 'Circinus', 'cirque', 'cirrocumulus', 'cirrostratus', 'cirrus', 'clast', 'clastic_rock', 'cliff', 'Clinch_River', 'closed_chain', 'closed_universe', 'cloud', 'cloud_bank', 'Clyde', 'coast', 'coastal_plain', 'coastland', 'Coast_Range', 'Cocytus', 'coffee_grounds', 'col', 'collector', 'collision_course', 'Colorado', 'Colorado', 'Colorado_Plateau', 'Columba', 'Columbia', 'coma', 'Coma_Berenices', 'comet', 'commemorative', 'Communism_Peak', 'Congo', 'Connecticut', 'consolidation', 'Constance', 'constellation', 'continent', 'continental_glacier', 'continental_shelf', 'continental_slope', 'contrail', 'Cook_Strait', 'Coosa', 'Copernicus', 'coprolite', 'coprolith', 'coral_reef', 'Coral_Sea', 'core', 'core', 'corner', 'Corona_Borealis', 'Coropuna', 'Corvus', 'couple', 'cove', 'cove', 'covering', 'Crab_Nebula', 'crack', 'crag', 'cranny', 'crater', 'Crater', 'craton', 'crevasse', 'Cross-Florida_Waterway', 'crust', 'crust', 'crystal', 'crystallite', 'cultivated_land', 'Cumberland', 'Cumberland_Gap', 'Cumberland_Mountains', 'cumulonimbus', 'cumulus', 'Cuquenan', 'curtain', 'cutting', 'Cygnus', 'dale', 'dander', 'dandruff', 'Danube', 'Darling', 'Dead_Sea', 'deep', 'defile', 'Deimos', 'Delaware', 'Delaware_Bay', 'dell', 'Delphinus', 'delta', 'delta_ray', 'Demerara', 'Denali_Fault', 'Deneb', 'Denebola', 'descent', 'desideratum', 'Detroit_River', 'deuteron', 'Dhaulagiri', 'diapir', 'diffuse_nebula', 'dipole', 'dipole_molecule', 'direct_transmission', 'discard', 'distributary', 'ditch', 'divot', 'divot', 'Dnieper', 'dog_shit', 'Dolomite_Alps', 'Don', 'Donner_Pass', 'Dorado', 'down', 'downhill', 'down_quark', 'Draco', 'draw', 'dregs', 'drey', 'drift', 'drift_ice', 'drink', 'drumlin', 'dune', 'Earth', 'East_China_Sea', 'Ebro', 'Elbe', 'electric_dipole', 'electron', 'elementary_particle', 'eliminator', 'Elizabeth_River', 'El_Libertador', 'El_Muerto', 'ember', 'enclosure', 'English_Channel', 'enterolith', 'envelope', 'Epsilon_Aurigae', 'Eridanus', 'escarpment', 'esker', 'estuary', 'Euphrates', 'Eurasia', 'Europa', 'Europe', 'evening_star', 'Everest', 'Everglades', 'exosphere', 'expanse', 'extraterrestrial_object', 'Eyre', 'Eyre_Peninsula', 'fallow', 'fatigue_crack', 'fault', 'feeder', 'fermion', 'filing', 'finding', \"Fingal's_Cave\", 'fireball', 'fireball', 'fire_pit', 'firestone', 'firth', 'Firth_of_Clyde', 'Firth_of_Forth', 'fishpond', 'fixed_star', 'fjord', 'flare_star', 'flat', 'Flint', 'floater', 'floodplain', 'floor', 'floor', 'floor', 'flowage', 'foam', 'folium', 'fomite', 'foothill', 'footwall', 'ford', 'foreland', 'foreshore', 'forest', 'Fornax', 'Forth', 'fossil', 'Fountain_of_Youth', 'Fox_River', 'fragment', 'free_electron', 'Galan', 'Galilean_satellite', 'gallstone', 'Galveston_Bay', 'Galway_Bay', 'Ganges', 'Gan_Jiang', 'Ganymede', 'Garonne', 'Gasherbrum', 'gauge_boson', 'Gemini', 'geode', 'geological_formation', 'geyser', 'giant_star', 'Gila', 'glacial_boulder', 'glacier', 'glen', 'globule', 'gluon', 'Golden_Gate', 'Gondwanaland', 'gopher_hole', 'gorge', 'Gosainthan', 'grain', 'Grand_Canyon', 'Grand_River', 'Grand_Teton', 'granule', 'graviton', 'Great_Attractor', 'Great_Australian_Bight', 'Great_Bear', 'Great_Barrier_Reef', 'Great_Dividing_Range', 'Great_Lakes', 'Great_Plains', 'Great_Rift_Valley', 'Great_Salt_Lake', 'Great_Slave_Lake', 'Great_Smoky_Mountains', 'Green', 'Greenland_Sea', 'Green_Mountains', 'greenwood', 'grinding', 'grotto', 'grounds', 'growler', 'growth', 'Grus', 'Guadalupe_Mountains', 'Guantanamo_Bay', 'gulch', 'gulf', 'gulf', 'Gulf_Coast', 'Gulf_of_Aden', 'Gulf_of_Alaska', 'Gulf_of_Antalya', 'Gulf_of_Aqaba', 'Gulf_of_Bothnia', 'Gulf_of_California', 'Gulf_of_Campeche', 'Gulf_of_Carpentaria', 'Gulf_of_Corinth', 'Gulf_of_Finland', 'Gulf_of_Guinea', 'Gulf_of_Martaban', 'Gulf_of_Mexico', 'Gulf_of_Ob', 'Gulf_of_Oman', 'Gulf_of_Riga', 'Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence', 'Gulf_of_Sidra', 'Gulf_of_Suez', 'Gulf_of_Tehuantepec', 'Gulf_of_Thailand', 'Gulf_of_Venice', 'gully', 'gut', 'guyot', 'hadron', 'hail', 'hairball', 'Hampton_Roads', 'Handies_Peak', 'hanging_wall', 'Hangzhou_Bay', 'head', 'head', 'headstream', 'Hercules', 'heterocyclic_ring', 'highland', 'high_sea', 'hill', 'hillside', 'Himalayas', 'Hindu_Kush', 'hogback', 'hole', 'hole', 'hollow', 'holystone', 'hood', 'Hook_of_Holland', 'horsepond', 'horst', 'hot_spring', 'Housatonic', 'Huang_He', 'Huascaran', 'Hubbard', 'Hudson', 'Hudson_Bay', 'Humber', 'hunk', 'Hydra', 'hydrogen_ion', 'hydrosphere', 'Hydrus', 'hyperon', 'ice', 'iceberg', 'icecap', 'icefall', 'ice_field', 'ice_floe', 'ice_mass', 'Iguazu', 'IJssel', 'IJsselmeer', 'Illampu', 'Illimani', 'Illinois_River', 'impairer', 'inclined_fault', 'inclusion_body', 'index_fossil', 'Indian_Ocean', 'Indigirka', 'indirect_transmission', 'indumentum', 'Indus', 'Indus', 'inessential', 'infectious_agent', 'inferior_planet', 'ingrowth', 'Inland_Passage', 'Inland_Sea', 'inlet', 'inside_track', 'intermediate_vector_boson', 'interplanetary_dust', 'interplanetary_gas', 'interplanetary_medium', 'interstellar_medium', 'intrusion', 'Io', 'ion', 'Ionian_Sea', 'Irish_Sea', 'iron_filing', 'Irrawaddy', 'Irtish', 'Isere', 'island', 'isle', 'isthmus', 'Isthmus_of_Corinth', 'Isthmus_of_Kra', 'Isthmus_of_Panama', 'Isthmus_of_Suez', 'Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec', 'jag', 'James', 'James', 'James_Bay', 'Japan_Trench', 'Jebel_Musa', 'Jordan', 'Jovian_planet', 'J_particle', 'Jupiter', 'K2', 'Kamet', 'Kanawha', 'Kanchenjunga', 'Kansas', 'kaon', 'Karakoram', 'Kara_Sea', 'Karelian_Isthmus', 'Kasai', 'Kattegatt', 'kettle_hole', 'Keuka_Lake', 'key', 'Khyber_Pass', 'kidney_stone', 'Kilimanjaro', 'Kissimmee', 'Kivu', 'Klamath', 'knoll', 'Kodiak', 'kopje', 'Korea_Bay', 'Korean_Strait', 'Kuiper_belt', 'Kuiper_belt_object', 'Kunlun', 'Kura', 'Labrador-Ungava_Peninsula', 'Labrador_Sea', 'lagoon', 'lake', 'Lake_Albert', 'Lake_Aral', 'lake_bed', 'Lake_Chad', 'Lake_Champlain', 'Lake_Edward', 'Lake_Erie', 'lakefront', 'Lake_Geneva', 'Lake_Huron', 'Lake_Ilmen', 'Lake_Ladoga', 'Lake_Michigan', 'Lake_Nasser', 'Lake_Nyasa', 'Lake_Onega', 'Lake_Ontario', 'lakeside', 'Lake_St._Clair', 'Lake_Superior', 'Lake_Tana', 'Lake_Tanganyika', 'Lake_Urmia', 'Lake_Vanern', 'Lake_Victoria', 'lambda_particle', 'land', 'land', 'landfall', 'landfill', 'landmass', 'Laptev_Sea', 'Large_Magellanic_Cloud', 'Lascaux', 'lather', 'Laudo', 'Laurasia', 'leak', 'ledge', 'lees', 'Lehigh_River', 'Lena', 'Leo', 'lepton', 'Lepus', 'lethal_agent', 'Lethe', 'Lhotse', 'Liaodong_Peninsula', 'Libra', 'Ligurian_Sea', 'liman', 'Limpopo', 'liposomal_delivery_vector', 'lithosphere', 'Little_Bear', 'Little_Bighorn', 'Little_Dipper', 'Little_Missouri', 'Little_Sioux_River', 'Little_Wabash', 'llano', 'Llano_Estacado', 'Llullaillaco', 'loch', 'loch', 'Loch_Achray', 'Loch_Linnhe', 'Loch_Ness', 'lodestar', 'Logan', 'Loire', 'Loire_Valley', 'long_chain', 'Long_Island_Sound', 'lough', 'lough', 'Lower_California', 'lower_mantle', 'Lower_Peninsula', 'lowland', 'lunar_crater', 'Lupus', 'Lyra', 'maar', 'Mackenzie', 'mackerel_sky', 'Madeira', 'Magdalena', 'Magellanic_Cloud', 'magnetic_dipole', 'magnetic_monopole', 'main', 'mainland', 'Makalu', 'mantle', 'mare', 'mare_clausum', 'mare_liberum', 'mare_nostrum', \"mare's_tail\", 'Marmara', 'Mars', 'marsh', 'mass', 'Massachusetts_Bay', 'massif', 'Massif_Central', 'mat', 'matchwood', 'matrix', 'Matterhorn', 'McKinley', 'meander', 'mechanism', 'Mediterranean', 'Mekong', 'Menai_Strait', 'Mendenhall_Glacier', 'Mensa', 'Mercedario', 'Mercury', 'mere', 'Merrimack', 'mesa', 'Mesabi_Range', 'meson', 'mesosphere', 'metal_filing', 'meteorite', 'meteoroid', 'meteor_swarm', 'Meuse', 'micelle', 'microfossil', 'micrometeorite', 'Microscopium', 'Mid-Atlantic_Ridge', 'midstream', 'mid-water', 'Milk', 'Milky_Way', 'millpond', 'Minamata_Bay', 'minor_planet', 'mire', 'Mississippi', 'Missouri', 'Mobile', 'Mobile_Bay', 'Mohawk_River', 'Mohorovicic_discontinuity', 'molehill', 'monocline', 'Monongahela', 'Mont_Blanc', 'Monterey_Bay', 'moon', 'Moon', 'moon', 'moor', 'moraine', 'Moray_Firth', 'Moreau_River', 'Moreton_Bay', 'morning_star', 'motor', 'mountain', 'mountain_peak', 'mountainside', 'Mount_Bartle_Frere', 'Mount_Carmel', 'Mount_Elbert', 'mouse_nest', 'mouth', 'mouth', 'Mozambique_Channel', 'mud_puddle', 'mull', 'multiple_star', 'muon', 'Murray', 'Murrumbidgee', 'Musca', 'must', 'mutagen', 'Muztag', 'Nacimiento', 'nacreous_cloud', 'Namoi', 'Nan', 'Nanda_Devi', 'Nanga_Parbat', 'Nan_Ling', 'Nares_Deep', 'Narragansett_Bay', 'narrow', 'natural_depression', 'natural_elevation', 'natural_order', 'nature', 'nebula', 'nebule', 'necessity', 'neck', 'Neckar', 'need', 'neighbor', 'Neosho', 'Neptune', 'neritic_zone', 'nest', 'neutrino', 'neutron', 'neutron_star', 'Neva', 'neve', 'New_River', 'New_York_Bay', 'Niagara', 'Niagara', 'nidus', 'Niger', 'Nile', 'nimbus', 'Niobrara', 'nodule', 'Norma', 'normal_fault', 'North_America', 'North_Atlantic', 'North_Channel', 'Northern_Cross', 'North_Pacific', 'North_Peak', 'North_Platte', 'North_Sea', 'Norwegian_Sea', 'nova', 'nub', 'nubbin', 'nucleon', 'nucleus', 'nucleus', 'nugget', 'nullah', 'Nuptse', 'Ob', 'obliterator', 'ocean', 'ocean_floor', 'oceanfront', 'Octans', 'Oder', 'offing', 'Ohio', 'oil-water_interface', 'Ojos_del_Salado', 'Okeechobee', 'Okefenokee_Swamp', 'Old_Faithful', 'Olduvai_Gorge', 'Olympus', 'Omega_Centauri', 'open_chain', 'opening', 'Ophiuchus', 'Orange', 'ore_bed', 'Orinoco', 'Orion', 'Osage', 'Osaka_Bay', 'Outaouais', 'Ouachita', 'Ouse', 'outcrop', 'outer_planet', 'outthrust', 'overburden', 'oxbow', 'oxbow', 'oxbow_lake', 'Ozarks', 'ozone_hole', 'ozone_layer', 'Pacific', 'Pacific_Coast', 'pack_ice', 'Pallas', 'pallasite', 'Pamir_Mountains', 'Pangaea', 'Para', 'Parana', 'paring', 'Parnaiba', 'Parnassus', 'part', 'particle', 'pass', 'path', 'Paulo_Afonso', 'Pavo', 'Pearl_River', 'pebble', 'Pecos', 'Pee_Dee', 'Pegasus', 'peneplain', 'peninsula', 'Penobscot', 'Penobscot_Bay', 'perforation', 'Perejil', 'permafrost', 'Perseus', 'Persian_Gulf', 'petrifaction', 'Phobos', 'Phoenix', 'photoelectron', 'photon', 'photosphere', 'Pictor', 'piedmont', 'Piedmont_glacier', \"Pike's_Peak\", 'Pillars_of_Hercules', 'pinetum', 'Ping', 'pion', 'Pisces', 'Pissis', 'pit', 'placer', 'plage', 'plain', 'planet', 'planet', 'planetary_nebula', 'planetesimal', 'plasmid', 'plate', 'Platte', 'Pleiades', 'Pluto', 'Po', 'Pobeda_Peak', 'point', 'polar_glacier', 'Polaris', 'polder', 'Pollux', 'polynya', 'pond', 'pool', 'positron', 'pothole', 'Potomac', 'Poyang', 'precipice', 'primary', 'prion', 'virino', 'Procyon', 'promontory', 'protein_molecule', 'proton', 'Proxima', 'Prudhoe_Bay', 'pruning', 'ptyalith', 'Puget_Sound', 'pulp', 'pulsar', 'Puppis', 'Purus', 'Pyrenees', 'Pyxis', 'Quaoar', 'quark', 'quasar', 'Queen_Charlotte_Sound', 'quickener', 'quicksand', 'rabbit_burrow', 'radiator', 'radio_source', 'rainbow', 'Rakaposhi', 'range', 'rangeland', 'Ranier', 'rapid', 'Rappahannock', 'rathole', 'ravine', 'Red', 'red_dwarf', 'red_giant', 'Red_Sea', 'reef', 'Regulus', 'relaxer', 'relict', 'remains', 'repressor', 'Republican', 'reservoir', 'restriction_fragment', 'retardant', 'Reticulum', 'Rhine', 'Rhodope_Mountains', 'Rhone', 'ribbon', 'ridge', 'ridge', 'ridge', 'rift', 'rift', 'rift_valley', 'Rigel', 'rill', 'Rio_de_la_Plata', 'Rio_Grande', 'rip', 'riparian_forest', 'ripple_mark', 'river', 'riverbank', 'riverbed', 'river_boulder', 'rivulet', 'rock', 'Rockies', 'roof', 'round', 'Ross_Sea', 'row', 'Ruhr', 'Rushmore', \"Russell's_body\", 'Russian_River', 'Saale', 'Sabine', 'Sacramento_Mountains', 'Sacramento_River', 'saddleback', 'Sagitta', 'Sagittarius', 'Saint_Francis', 'Saint_John', 'Saint_Johns', 'Saint_Lawrence', 'Sajama', 'Salmon', 'salt_flat', 'salt_lick', 'salt_marsh', 'Salton_Sea', 'saltpan', 'Sambre', 'sample', 'San_Andreas_Fault', 'sandbank', 'sandbar', 'San_Diego_Bay', 'sandpit', 'San_Fernando_Valley', 'San_Francisco_Bay', 'sanitary_landfill', 'San_Joaquin_River', 'San_Joaquin_Valley', 'San_Juan_Hill', 'San_Juan_Mountains', 'Sao_Francisco', 'Saone', 'Sargasso_Sea', 'Saronic_Gulf', 'satellite', 'satisfier', 'Saturn', 'Savannah', 'sawpit', 'Sayan_Mountains', 'scablands', 'scale', 'Scheldt', 'scintilla', 'Scorpius', 'scraping', 'Sculptor', 'scurf', 'sea', 'seamount', 'Sea_of_Azov', 'Sea_of_Japan', 'Sea_of_Okhotsk', 'seashore', 'seaside', 'section', 'sediment', 'Sedna', 'segment', 'seif_dune', 'Seine', 'Selkirk_Mountains', 'Seneca_Lake', 'Serpens', 'Sete_Quedas', 'seven_seas', 'Severn', 'Severn', 'Seyhan', 'shag', 'Shari', 'Shasta', 'Shenandoah_River', 'Sherman', 'sheet', 'shelf_ice', 'shell', 'shell', 'Shenandoah_Valley', 'Sherwood_Forest', 'shiner', 'shoal', 'shoal', 'shore', 'shore_boulder', 'shoreline', 'shortener', 'sialolith', 'siderite', 'sierra', 'Sierra_Madre_Occidental', 'Sierra_Madre_Oriental', 'Sierra_Nevada', 'Sierra_Nevada', 'sill', 'silva', 'Sinai', 'sinkhole', 'Sirius', 'Skagens_Odde', 'Skagerrak', 'ski_slope', 'skim', 'sky', 'slack', 'slash', 'slice', 'slit', 'slope', 'slot', 'slough', 'slough', 'slough', 'Small_Magellanic_Cloud', 'Snake', 'snowcap', 'snowdrift', 'snowfield', 'soap_bubble', 'soapsuds', 'solar_system', 'Solent', 'Solway_Firth', 'sound', 'South_America', 'South_Atlantic', 'South_China_Sea', 'Southern_Cross', 'South_Pacific', 'South_Platte', 'South_Sea', 'South_Sea_Islands', 'spall', 'spark', 'Spica', 'spit', 'splint', 'splinter', 'split', 'spoor', 'spring', 'spume', 'stalactite', 'stalagmite', 'star', 'star', 'starlet', 'steep', 'St._Elias_Range', 'steppe', 'stepping_stone', 'steps', 'Sterope', 'storm_cloud', 'straight_chain', 'strait', 'Strait_of_Georgia', 'Strait_of_Gibraltar', 'Strait_of_Hormuz', 'Strait_of_Magellan', 'Strait_of_Messina', 'Strait_of_Dover', 'strand', 'strange_particle', 'strange_quark', 'stratosphere', 'stratus', 'stream', 'streambed', 'stressor', 'stretch', 'strike-slip_fault', 'string', 'strip', 'stub', 'Styx', 'subcontinent', 'sun', 'sun', 'Sun_River', 'supergiant', 'superior_planet', 'supernatant', 'supernova', 'superstring', 'surface', 'Suriname_River', 'Susquehanna', 'swale', 'swamp', 'swath', 'swell', 'swimming_hole', 'tableland', 'Taconic_Mountains', 'Tagus', 'Takakkaw', 'Tallapoosa', 'talus', 'Tampa_Bay', 'tangle', 'tarn', 'tar_pit', 'tartar', 'Tasman_Sea', 'tauon', 'Taurus', 'Telescopium', 'Tennessee', 'tent', 'teratogen', 'terrace', 'terrestrial_planet', 'territorial_waters', 'Teton_Range', 'Thames', 'thermion', 'thermosphere', 'thrust_fault', 'thunderhead', 'Tiber', 'tidal_basin', 'tidal_river', 'tideland', 'tidewater', 'tideway', 'Tien_Shan', 'Tigris', 'Timor_Sea', 'Tirich_Mir', 'Titan', 'Tocantins', 'Tombigbee', 'top_quark', 'tor', 'tor', 'Torres_Strait', 'trail', 'transducing_vector', 'transmission_mechanism', 'Transylvanian_Alps', 'Trapezium', 'tree_farm', 'trench', 'Trent', 'Triangulum', 'Triangulum_Australe', 'Trinity_River', 'Triton', 'Trondheim_Fjord', 'tropopause', 'troposphere', 'trough', 'Tucana', 'Tugela', 'tundra', 'Tunguska', 'Tunguska', 'Tupungato', 'turf', 'turning', 'twilight_zone', 'Twin', 'twinkler', 'Tyrolean_Alps', 'Tyne', 'Tyrrhenian_Sea', 'Ulugh_Muztagh', 'Uncompahgre_Peak', 'unit', 'unit_cell', 'United_States_waters', 'universe', 'uphill', 'upper_mantle', 'Upper_Peninsula', 'up_quark', 'Urals', 'Uranus', 'urolith', 'Urubupunga', 'Uruguay_River', 'vagabond', 'valence_electron', 'valley', 'variable', 'variable_star', 'vector', 'vector-borne_transmission', 'Vega', 'vehicle-borne_transmission', 'vein', 'Vela', 'vent', 'Venus', 'Vesta', 'vesture', 'Vetluga', 'Victoria', 'viral_delivery_vector', 'Virgo', 'Vistula', 'Volans', 'volcanic_crater', 'volcano', 'Volga', 'Volkhov', 'Volta', 'Vulpecula', 'Wabash', 'wadi', 'wall', 'wall', 'wallow', 'wall_rock', 'warren', 'wash', \"wasp's_nest\", 'watercourse', 'waterfall', 'water_gap', 'water_hole', 'waterside', 'water_system', 'water_table', 'waterway', 'weakener', 'weakly_interacting_massive_particle', 'web', 'webbing', 'Weddell_Sea', 'Weisshorn', 'Weser', 'wetland', 'Wheeler_Peak', 'whinstone', 'White', 'white_dwarf', 'White_Nile', 'White_Sea', 'white_water', 'Whitney', 'Wight', 'Wilderness', 'Willamette', 'Wilson', 'wind_gap', 'window', 'Windward_Passage', 'Winnipeg', 'Wisconsin', 'wonderland', 'world', 'wormcast', 'wormhole', 'xenolith', 'Yalu', 'Chang_Jiang', 'Yazoo', 'Yellow_Sea', 'Yellowstone', 'Yenisei', 'Yerupaja', 'Yosemite', 'Yukon', 'Zambezi', 'Zhu_Jiang', 'Zuider_Zee', 'imaginary_being', 'hypothetical_creature', 'extraterrestrial_being', 'mythical_being', 'Augeas', 'Alcyone', 'Arjuna', 'legendary_creature', 'abominable_snowman', 'Bigfoot', 'Demogorgon', 'doppelganger', 'Loch_Ness_monster', 'sea_serpent', 'bogeyman', 'Death', 'Gargantua', 'Grim_Reaper', 'giant', 'hobbit', \"Maxwell's_demon\", 'mermaid', 'merman', 'Martian', 'Argus', 'Cadmus', 'Calypso', 'sea_nymph', 'Cyclops', 'giantess', 'ogre', 'ogress', 'Humpty_Dumpty', 'Jack_Frost', 'Mammon', 'Scylla', 'Stentor', 'monster', 'mythical_monster', 'amphisbaena', 'basilisk', 'centaur', 'Cerberus', 'Charon', 'Chimera', 'Chiron', 'Circe', 'cockatrice', 'Dardanus', 'dragon', 'Fafnir', 'Ganymede', 'Geryon', 'Gorgon', 'Grace', 'Aglaia', 'Euphrosyne', 'Thalia', 'gryphon', 'Harpy', 'Hydra', 'Hyperborean', 'Hypnos', 'leviathan', 'Niobe', 'Perseus', 'Andromeda', 'Cepheus', 'Cassiopeia', 'Medusa', 'Stheno', 'Euryale', 'manticore', 'Midas', 'Sisyphus', 'Minotaur', 'Morpheus', 'Narcissus', 'Nemean_lion', 'Nibelung', 'Nibelung', 'Bellerophon', 'Paris', 'Patroclus', 'Pegasus', 'phoenix', 'Python', 'roc', 'salamander', 'Sarpedon', 'Siegfried', 'Sigurd', 'Sphinx', 'troll', 'Typhoeus', 'Typhon', 'werewolf', 'witch', 'wyvern', 'nature', 'supernatural', 'spiritual_being', 'theurgy', 'first_cause', 'control', 'destiny', 'spiritual_leader', 'deity', 'daemon', 'Fury', 'Alecto', 'Megaera', 'Tisiphone', 'sea_god', 'sun_god', 'Celtic_deity', 'Amaethon', 'Ana', 'Angus_Og', 'Arawn', 'Arianrhod', 'Boann', 'Brigit', 'Dagda', 'Danu', 'Don', 'Dylan', 'Epona', 'Fomor', 'Gwydion', 'Gwyn', 'Lir', 'Llew_Llaw_Gyffes', 'LLud', 'Llyr', 'Lug', 'Manannan', 'Manawydan', 'Morrigan', 'Tuatha_De_Danann', 'Egyptian_deity', 'Amen', 'Amen-Ra', 'Anubis', 'Aten', 'Bast', 'Geb', 'Horus', 'Isis', 'Khepera', 'Min', 'Nephthys', 'Nut', 'Osiris', 'Ptah', 'Ra', 'Sekhet', 'Set', 'Thoth', 'Semitic_deity', 'Adad', 'Adapa', 'Anshar', 'Antum', 'Anu', 'Anunnaki', 'Apsu', 'Aruru', 'Ashur', 'Astarte', 'Ishtar', 'Baal', 'Bel', 'Dagon', 'Dagan', 'Damkina', 'Dumuzi', 'Ea', 'Enki', 'Enlil', 'Ereshkigal', 'Girru', 'Gula', 'Igigi', 'Inanna', 'Ki', 'Kishar', 'Lilith', 'Mama', 'Marduk', 'Moloch', 'Nabu', 'Nammu', 'Namtar', 'Nanna', 'Nergal', 'Nina', 'Ningal', 'Ningirsu', 'Ningishzida', 'Ninkhursag', 'Nintu', 'Ninurta', 'Nusku', 'Ramman', 'Sarpanitu', 'Shamash', 'Sin', 'Tashmit', 'Tiamat', 'Utnapishtim', 'Utu', 'Zu', 'Enkidu', 'Gilgamish', 'Hindu_deity', 'Aditi', 'Aditya', 'Agni', 'Asura', 'Ahura', 'Asvins', 'Bhaga', 'Brahma', 'Brihaspati', 'Bhumi_Devi', 'Devi', 'Chandi', 'Dharma', 'Durga', 'Dyaus', 'Ganesh', 'Garuda', 'Gauri', 'Hanuman', 'Indra', 'Ka', 'Kali', 'Kama', 'Mara', 'Kartikeya', 'Lakshmi', 'Marut', 'Mitra', 'Parjanya', 'Parvati', 'Prajapati', 'Praxiteles', 'Pushan', 'Rahu', 'Ribhus', 'Rudra', 'Sarasvati', 'Savitar', 'Shakti', 'Siva', 'Bairava', 'Skanda', 'Soma', 'Surya', 'Uma', 'Ushas', 'Vajra', 'Varuna', 'Vayu', 'Vishnu', 'Yama', 'avatar', 'Jagannath', 'Kalki', 'Krishna', 'Rama', 'Ramachandra', 'Sita', 'Balarama', 'Parashurama', 'Persian_deity', 'Mithras', 'Ormazd', 'Ahriman', 'Buddha', 'Bodhisattva', 'Maitreya', 'Avalokitesvara', 'Arhat', 'Buddha', 'Chinese_deity', 'Chang_Kuo', \"Wen_Ch'ang\", 'Taoist_Trinity', 'Tien-pao', 'Ling-pao', 'Shen-pao', 'Chuang-tzu', 'Kwan-yin', 'Japanese_deity', 'Amaterasu', 'Hachiman', 'Hotei', 'Izanagi', 'Izanami', 'Kami', 'Kwannon', 'Ninigi', 'goddess', 'earth-god', 'earth-goddess', 'earth_mother', 'God', 'Godhead', 'eon', 'Trinity', 'Father', 'Son', 'Messiah', 'Messiah', 'messiah', 'Holy_Ghost', 'hypostasis', 'Yahweh', 'Allah', 'demiurge', 'faun', 'angel', 'archangel', 'Gabriel', 'Michael', 'Raphael', 'cherub', 'seraph', 'guardian_spirit', 'genius_loci', 'divine_messenger', 'fairy', 'elf', 'fairy_godmother', 'gnome', 'undine', 'leprechaun', 'sandman', 'Morgan_le_Fay', 'Puck', 'evil_spirit', 'bad_fairy', 'bogey', 'devil', 'cacodemon', 'eudemon', 'incubus', 'succubus', 'dybbuk', 'Satan', 'ghoul', 'goblin', 'kelpy', 'vampire', 'banshee', 'genie', 'shaitan', 'eblis', 'houri', 'familiar', 'spirit', 'trickster', 'ghost', 'poltergeist', 'Oberson', 'Titania', 'tooth_fairy', 'water_sprite', 'peri', 'apparition', 'Flying_Dutchman', 'presence', 'Adonis', 'Greco-Roman_deity', 'satyr', 'Silenus', 'silenus', 'nymph', 'Echo', 'Hesperides', 'Hyades', 'Oread', 'Pleiades', 'Sterope', 'water_nymph', 'Daphne', 'naiad', 'Nereid', 'Thetis', 'Oceanid', 'dryad', 'Salmacis', 'hamadryad', 'Greek_deity', 'Roman_deity', 'Olympian', 'Aeolus', 'Aether', 'Apollo', 'Pythius', 'Aphrodite', 'Hero', 'Leander', 'Pygmalion', 'Galatea', 'Venus', 'Ares', 'Eris', 'Thanatos', 'Mors', 'Mars', 'Nyx', 'Rhea_Silvia', 'Romulus', 'Remus', 'Artemis', 'Boreas', 'Diana', 'Ate', 'Athena', 'Minerva', 'Chaos', 'Cronus', 'Dido', 'Saturn', 'Demeter', 'Ceres', 'Dionysus', 'Doris', 'Aesculapius', 'Bacchus', 'Erebus', 'Nox', 'Eros', 'Cupid', 'Daedalus', 'Damon_and_Pythias', 'Gaea', 'Hebe', 'Helios', 'Icarus', 'Sol', 'Hecate', 'Hephaestus', 'Vulcan', 'Hermes', 'Hermaphroditus', 'Mercury', 'Hygeia', 'Panacea', 'Hera', 'Io', 'Janus', 'Juno', 'Hestia', 'Vesta', 'Hymen', 'Hyperion', 'Minos', 'Ariadne', 'Moirai', 'Parcae', 'Clotho', 'Lachesis', 'Atropos', 'Momus', 'Muse', 'Calliope', 'Clio', 'Erato', 'Euterpe', 'Melpomene', 'Polyhymnia', 'Terpsichore', 'Thalia', 'Urania', 'Nemesis', 'Nereus', 'Nike', 'Victoria', 'Ouranos', 'Pan', 'Faunus', 'Pasiphae', 'Pontus', 'Poseidon', 'Proteus', 'Neptune', 'Persephone', 'Procrustes', 'Proserpina', 'Phaethon', 'Pluto', 'Dis', 'Pythia', 'Priapus', 'Rhadamanthus', 'Selene', 'Luna', 'Eos', 'Eurydice', 'Orion', 'Orpheus', 'Aurora', 'Tellus', 'Titan', 'Titaness', 'Triton', 'Tyche', 'Fortuna', 'Zephyr', 'Zeus', 'Jupiter', 'Jupiter_Fulgur', 'Jupiter_Tonans', 'Jupiter_Pluvius', 'Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus', 'Jupiter_Fidius', 'Oceanus', 'Cocus', 'Crius', 'Iapetus', 'vestal_virgin', 'Atlas', 'Epimetheus', 'Prometheus', 'Thea', 'Rhea', 'Ops', 'Sylvanus', 'Agdistis', 'Themis', 'Mnemosyne', 'Phoebe', 'Tethys', 'Psyche', 'Leto', 'Hercules', 'Pandora', 'Norse_deity', 'Aesir', 'Andvari', 'Vanir', 'Balder', 'Bragi', 'Elli', 'Forseti', 'Frey', 'Freya', 'Frigg', 'Heimdall', 'Hel', 'Hoenir', 'Hoth', 'Idun', 'Jotun', 'Loki', 'Mimir', 'Nanna', 'Njord', 'Norn', 'Urd', 'Verdandi', 'Skuld', 'Odin', 'Sif', 'Sigyn', 'Thor', 'Tyr', 'Ull', 'Vali', 'Vitharr', 'Fenrir', 'Volund', 'Yggdrasil', 'Ymir', 'Wayland', 'Teutonic_deity', 'Donar', 'Nerthus', 'Wotan', 'Anglo-Saxon_deity', 'Tiu', 'Woden', 'Wyrd', 'Adam', 'Eve', 'Cain', 'Abel', 'Seth', 'fictional_character', 'Ajax', 'Aladdin', 'Argonaut', 'Babar', 'Beatrice', 'Beowulf', 'Bluebeard', 'Bond', 'Brunhild', 'Valkyrie', 'Brer_Rabbit', 'Bunyan', 'John_Henry', 'Cheshire_cat', 'Chicken_Little', 'Cinderella', 'Colonel_Blimp', 'Dracula', 'Jason', 'Medea', 'Laertes', 'Odysseus', 'Ulysses', 'Penelope', 'Theseus', 'Tantalus', 'Phrygian_deity', 'Cybele', 'Achilles', 'Aeneas', 'Atreus', 'Agamemnon', 'Menelaus', 'Iphigenia', 'Clytemnestra', 'Aegisthus', 'Orestes', 'Cassandra', 'Antigone', 'Creon', 'Jocasta', 'Electra', 'Laocoon', 'Laius', 'Myrmidon', 'Oedipus', 'Tiresias', 'Peleus', 'Don_Quixote', 'El_Cid', 'Fagin', 'Falstaff', 'Father_Brown', 'Faust', 'Frankenstein', 'Frankenstein', 'Goofy', 'Gulliver', 'Hamlet', 'Hector', 'Helen', 'Horatio_Hornblower', 'Iago', 'Inspector_Maigret', 'Kilroy', 'Lear', 'Leda', 'Lilliputian', 'Marlowe', 'Mephistopheles', 'Micawber', 'Mother_Goose', 'Mr._Moto', 'Othello', 'Pangloss', 'Pantaloon', 'Pantaloon', 'Perry_Mason', 'Peter_Pan', 'Pied_Piper', 'Pierrot', 'Pluto', 'Huckleberry_Finn', 'Rip_van_Winkle', 'Ruritanian', 'Tarzan', 'Tom_Sawyer', 'Uncle_Remus', 'Uncle_Tom', 'Uncle_Sam', 'Sherlock_Holmes', 'Simon_Legree', 'Sinbad_the_Sailor', 'Snoopy', 'self', 'number_one', 'adult', 'adventurer', 'anomalist', 'anomaly', 'anachronism', 'Ananias', 'apache', 'applicant', 'appointee', 'argonaut', 'Ashkenazi', 'attendant', 'auctioneer', 'behaviorist', 'benefactor', 'benefactress', 'capitalist', 'captor', 'caster', 'changer', 'coadjutor', 'cofounder', 'color-blind_person', 'commoner', 'communicator', 'Conservative_Jew', 'conservator', 'constituent', 'contestee', 'contester', 'Contra', 'contrapuntist', 'contrarian', 'consumer', 'contadino', 'contestant', 'coon', 'cosigner', 'cosigner', 'coward', 'creator', 'defender', 'defender', 'discussant', 'disputant', 'engineer', 'enologist', 'ensign', 'entertainer', 'eulogist', 'excavator', 'ex-gambler', 'ex-mayor', 'experimenter', 'experimenter', 'expert', 'exponent', 'ex-president', 'face', 'female', 'finisher', 'finisher', 'finisher', 'individualist', 'inhabitant', 'native', 'native', 'innocent', 'intellectual', 'juvenile', 'lover', 'lover', 'loved_one', 'leader', 'male', 'mediator', 'mediatrix', 'money_handler', 'monochromat', 'naprapath', 'national', 'nativist', 'nonreligious_person', 'nonworker', 'peer', 'perceiver', 'percher', 'precursor', 'preteen', 'primitive', 'prize_winner', 'recipient', 'religious_person', 'religionist', 'sensualist', 'ticket_agent', 'ticket_holder', 'traveler', 'unfortunate', 'unwelcome_person', 'unpleasant_person', 'unskilled_person', 'worker', 'wrongdoer', 'African', 'Black_African', 'Afrikaner', 'Aryan', 'Aryan', 'person_of_color', 'Black', 'Negress', 'Black_race', 'African-American', 'Black_man', 'Black_woman', 'soul_brother', 'colored_person', 'darky', 'boy', 'nigger', 'Tom', 'mulatto', 'quadroon', 'octoroon', 'White', 'White_race', 'Circassian', 'Abkhaz', 'paleface', 'Semite', 'Babylonian', 'Chaldean', 'Assyrian', 'Kassite', 'Elamite', 'Phoenician', 'white_man', 'white_woman', 'white_trash', 'whitey', 'WASP', 'Asian', 'Asian_American', 'coolie', 'Oriental', 'Yellow_race', 'yellow_man', 'yellow_woman', 'gook', 'Evenki', 'Mongol', 'Tatar', 'Udmurt', 'Tatar', 'Amerindian', 'Indian', 'brave', 'Abnaki', 'Achomawi', \"Akwa'ala\", 'Alabama', 'Algonkian', 'Algonquian', 'Anasazi', 'Atakapa', 'Athapaskan', 'Indian_race', 'Mayan', 'Nahuatl', 'Aztec', 'Olmec', 'Toltec', 'Zapotec', 'Plains_Indian', 'Apache', 'Arapaho', 'Arikara', 'Atsugewi', 'Biloxi', 'Blackfoot', 'Brule', 'Caddo', 'Cakchiquel', 'Catawba', 'Cayuga', 'Cherokee', 'Cheyenne', 'Chickasaw', 'Chimakum', 'Chimariko', 'Chinook', 'Chipewyan', 'Choctaw', 'Cochimi', 'Cocopa', \"Coeur_d'Alene\", 'Comanche', 'Conoy', 'Costanoan', 'Cree', 'Creek', 'Crow', 'Dakota', 'Delaware', 'Dhegiha', 'Diegueno', 'Erie', 'Esselen', 'Essene', 'Eyeish', 'Fox', 'Haida', 'Halchidhoma', 'Havasupai', 'Hidatsa', 'Hitchiti', 'Hopi', 'Hokan', 'Hunkpapa', 'Hupa', 'Illinois', 'Iowa', 'Iroquois', 'Kalapooia', 'Kamia', 'Kansa', 'Karok', 'Kekchi', 'Kichai', 'Kickapoo', 'Kiliwa', 'Kiowa', 'Koasati', 'Kusan', 'Kwakiutl', 'Maidu', 'Malecite', 'Mam', 'Maricopa', 'Massachuset', 'Mattole', 'Menomini', 'Miniconju', 'Missouri', 'Miami', 'Micmac', 'Miwok', 'Mohave', 'Mohawk', 'Mohican', 'Muskhogean', 'Muskogee', 'Nanticoke', 'Navaho', 'Nez_Perce', 'Nootka', 'Ofo', 'Oglala', 'Ojibwa', 'Omaha', 'Osage', 'Oneida', 'Onondaga', 'Oto', 'Ottawa', 'Paiute', 'Pamlico', 'Passamaquody', 'Patwin', 'Pawnee', 'Penobscot', 'Penutian', 'Pima', 'Pomo', 'Ponca', 'Potawatomi', 'Powhatan', 'Pueblo', 'kachina', 'Quapaw', 'Quiche', 'Redskin', 'Salish', 'Santee', 'Sauk', 'Seminole', 'Seneca', 'Shahaptian', 'Shasta', 'Shawnee', 'Shoshone', 'Sihasapa', 'Sioux', 'Teton', 'Skagit', 'Takelma', 'Taos', 'Taracahitian', 'Cahita', 'Tarahumara', 'Tlingit', 'Tsimshian', 'Tuscarora', 'Tutelo', 'Two_Kettle', 'Ute', 'Wakashan', 'Wampanoag', 'Walapai', 'Wichita', 'Winnebago', 'Wintun', 'Yahi', 'Yana', 'Yavapai', 'Yokuts', 'Yucatec', 'Yuma', 'Zuni', 'Indian_race', 'Indian', 'Assamese', 'Dravidian', 'Badaga', 'Gadaba', 'Gond', 'Kanarese', 'Kolam', 'Kota', 'Kui', 'Malto', 'Savara', 'Tamil', 'Telugu', 'Toda', 'Tulu', 'Gujarati', 'Kashmiri', 'Oriya', 'Punjabi', 'Maratha', 'Aborigine', 'Slavic_people', 'Slav', 'Acadian', 'Cajun', 'Anabaptist', 'Mennonite', 'Amish', 'Dunker', 'Christian', 'Christian_Scientist', 'Adventist', 'gentile', 'gentile', 'gentile', 'Protestant', 'Friend', 'Catholic', 'non-Catholic', 'Anglican_Catholic', 'Greek_Catholic', 'Roman_Catholic', 'papist', 'Old_Catholic', 'Uniat', 'Copt', 'Jew', 'Jewess', 'kike', 'Muslim', 'Islamist', 'Almoravid', 'Jihadist', 'Shiite', 'Sunnite', 'Buddhist', 'Zen_Buddhist', 'Mahayanist', 'Hinayanist', 'Lamaist', 'Tantrist', 'Hindu', 'swami', 'chela', 'Jainist', 'Hare_Krishna', 'Shaktist', 'Shivaist', 'Vaishnava', 'Shintoist', 'Rastafarian', 'Mithraist', 'Zoroastrian', 'Eurafrican', 'Eurasian', 'European', 'sahib', 'memsahib', 'Celt', 'Gael', 'Briton', 'Gaul', 'Galatian', 'Frank', 'Salian_Frank', 'Teuton', 'Afghan', 'Kafir', 'Pathan', 'Albanian', 'Algerian', 'Altaic', 'Armenian', 'Andorran', 'Angolan', 'Angolese', 'Anguillan', 'Antiguan', 'Argentinian', 'Australian', 'Austronesian', 'Austrian', 'Bahamian', 'Bahraini', 'Bangladeshi', 'Basotho', 'Basque', 'Bengali', 'Bantu', 'Herero', 'Hutu', 'Luba', 'Sotho', 'Tswana', 'Tutsi', 'Barbadian', 'Belgian', 'Beninese', 'Bermudan', 'Bhutanese', 'Bolivian', 'Bornean', 'Brazilian', 'Carioca', 'Tupi', 'Guarani', 'Maraco', 'Bruneian', 'Bulgarian', 'Burmese', 'Burundian', 'Byelorussian', 'Byzantine', 'Cambodian', 'Cameroonian', 'Canadian', 'French_Canadian', 'Canuck', 'Carthaginian', 'Cebuan', 'Central_American', 'Chadian', 'Chewa', 'Chilean', 'Chinese', 'chink', 'Colombian', 'Congolese', 'Costa_Rican', 'Cuban', 'Cypriot', 'Czechoslovakian', 'Czech', 'Slovak', 'Dane', 'Dutch', 'Frisian', 'Zealander', 'Djiboutian', 'East_Indian', 'Ecuadorian', 'Egyptian', 'Copt', 'Salvadoran', 'Britisher', 'English_person', 'Englishman', 'Englishwoman', 'Anglo-Saxon', 'Anglo-Saxon', 'Anglo-Indian', 'Angle', 'Saxon', 'West_Saxon', 'Jute', 'Lombard', 'limey', 'pommy', 'Cantabrigian', 'Cornishman', 'Cornishwoman', 'Lancastrian', 'Lancastrian', 'Geordie', 'Hanoverian', 'Liverpudlian', 'Londoner', 'Cockney', 'Mancunian', 'Oxonian', 'Ethiopian', 'Ewe', 'Fulani', 'Amhara', 'Eritrean', 'Fijian', 'Finn', 'Fleming', 'Komi', 'Cheremis', 'Ingrian', 'Karelian', 'Ostyak', 'Livonian', 'Latvian', 'Lithuanian', 'Mordva', 'Nganasan', 'Selkup', 'Samoyed', 'Veps', 'Vogul', 'Yeniseian', 'Frenchman', 'frog', 'Parisian', 'Parisienne', 'Breton', 'Savoyard', 'Angevin', 'Balkan', 'Castillian', 'Creole', 'Creole', 'Cretan', 'Minoan', 'Gabonese', 'Greek', 'Achaean', 'Aeolian', 'Dorian', 'Ionian', 'Athenian', 'Corinthian', 'Laconian', 'Lesbian', 'Spartan', 'Arcadian', 'Theban', 'Theban', 'Thracian', 'Guatemalan', 'Guyanese', 'Haitian', 'Honduran', 'Malay', 'Moro', 'Netherlander', 'Norman', 'Palestinian', 'Hindu', 'Hmong', 'Hungarian', 'Icelander', 'Indonesian', 'Irani', 'Iraqi', 'Irish_person', 'Irishman', 'Irishwoman', 'Dubliner', 'Paddy', 'Israelite', 'Israeli', 'sabra', 'Italian', 'wop', 'Etruscan', 'Neopolitan', 'Roman', 'Roman', 'Sabine', 'Venetian', 'Sicilian', 'Tuscan', 'Oscan', 'Samnite', 'Jamaican', 'Japanese', 'Ryukyuan', 'Jap', 'Jordanian', 'Korean', 'North_Korean', 'South_Korean', 'Kenyan', 'Kurd', 'Kuwaiti', 'Lao', 'Lapp', 'Latin_American', 'spic', 'Lebanese', 'Levantine', 'Liberian', 'Libyan', 'Liechtensteiner', 'Luxemburger', 'Macedonian', 'Madagascan', 'Malawian', 'Malaysian', 'Sabahan', 'Maldivian', 'Malian', 'Mauritanian', 'Mauritian', 'Mexican', 'Chicano', 'greaser', 'Mexican-American', 'Montserratian', 'Moor', 'Moroccan', 'Mozambican', 'Namibian', 'Nauruan', 'Nepalese', 'Gurkha', 'Gurkha', 'New_Zealander', 'Nicaraguan', 'Nigerian', 'Hausa', 'Nigerien', 'North_American', 'Norwegian', 'Nova_Scotian', 'Omani', 'Pakistani', 'Brahui', 'Sindhi', 'Panamanian', 'Paraguayan', 'Parthian', 'Peruvian', 'South_American_Indian', 'Carib', 'Quechua', 'Inca', 'Inca', 'Filipino', 'Pole', 'polack', 'Polynesian', 'Portuguese', 'Qatari', 'Romanian', 'Russian', 'Great_Russian', 'Muscovite', 'Georgian', 'Samoan', 'Saudi', 'Arab', 'San_Marinese', 'Sarawakian', 'Scandinavian', 'Viking', 'Scot', 'Scotswoman', 'Senegalese', 'Seychellois', 'Siberian', 'Sierra_Leonean', 'Slovene', 'South_African', 'South_American', 'Spaniard', 'Sinhalese', 'Sudanese', 'Swazi', 'Swede', 'British', 'English', 'Irish', 'French', 'Sherpa', 'Spanish', 'Swiss', 'Syrian', 'Damascene', 'Khmer', 'Tahitian', 'Taiwanese', 'Tajik', 'Tanzanian', 'Thai', 'Tibetan', 'Togolese', 'Tuareg', 'Tunisian', 'Turk', 'Tyrolean', 'Ottoman', 'Turki', 'Azerbaijani', 'Chuvash', 'effendi', 'Karakalpak', 'Kazak', 'Kazakhstani', 'Kirghiz', 'Turkoman', 'Uighur', 'Uzbek', 'Ugandan', 'Ukranian', 'Yakut', 'Tungusic', 'Tungus', 'Manchu', 'Khalkha', 'Edo', 'Igbo', 'Yoruba', 'American', 'American', 'American_Revolutionary_leader', 'Anglo-American', 'Alabaman', 'Alaskan', 'Alaska_Native', 'Arizonan', 'Arkansan', 'Bay_Stater', 'Bostonian', 'Californian', 'Carolinian', 'Coloradan', 'Connecticuter', 'Delawarean', 'Floridian', 'Franco-American', 'German_American', 'Georgian', 'Hawaiian', 'Native_Hawaiian', 'Idahoan', 'Illinoisan', 'Indianan', 'Iowan', 'Kansan', 'Kentuckian', 'Louisianan', 'Mainer', 'Marylander', 'Michigander', 'Minnesotan', 'Mississippian', 'Missourian', 'Montanan', 'Nebraskan', 'Nevadan', 'New_Hampshirite', 'New_Jerseyan', 'New_Mexican', 'New_Yorker', 'North_Carolinian', 'North_Dakotan', 'Ohioan', 'Oklahoman', 'Oregonian', 'Pennsylvanian', 'Rhode_Islander', 'South_Carolinian', 'South_Dakotan', 'Tennessean', 'Texan', 'Utahan', 'Vermonter', 'Virginian', 'Washingtonian', 'Washingtonian', 'West_Virginian', 'Wisconsinite', 'Wyomingite', 'Puerto_Rican', 'Yankee', 'Uruguayan', 'Venezuelan', 'Vietnamese', 'Welshman', 'Gambian', 'Maltese', 'German', 'Teuton', 'East_German', 'Kraut', 'Berliner', 'West_Berliner', 'Prussian', 'Junker', 'Ghanian', 'Gibraltarian', 'Glaswegian', 'Grenadian', 'Guinean', 'Rwandan', 'Singaporean', 'Slovenian', 'Somalian', 'Sri_Lankan', 'Sumatran', 'Papuan', 'Tongan', 'Trojan', 'Walloon', 'Yemeni', 'Yugoslav', 'Serbian', 'Croatian', 'Sorbian', 'Xhosa', 'Zairese', 'Zambian', 'Zimbabwean', 'Zulu', 'Aries', 'Taurus', 'Gemini', 'Cancer', 'Leo', 'Virgo', 'Libra', 'Scorpio', 'Sagittarius', 'Capricorn', 'Aquarius', 'Pisces', 'abandoned_person', 'abator', 'abbe', 'abbess', 'abbot', 'abjurer', 'abnegator', 'abominator', 'abridger', 'abstractor', 'absconder', 'absolutist', 'absolver', 'abdicator', 'abecedarian', 'aberrant', 'abettor', 'abhorrer', 'abiogenist', 'able_seaman', 'abolitionist', 'abomination', 'autochthon', 'abortionist', 'abrogator', 'abseiler', 'absentee', 'AWOL', 'abstainer', 'abstainer', 'abstractionist', 'abuser', 'abutter', 'academic_administrator', 'academician', 'academician', 'academician', 'acceptor', 'accessory', 'accessory_after_the_fact', 'accessory_before_the_fact', 'accessory_during_the_fact', 'companion', 'accommodation_endorser', 'accompanist', 'accomplice', 'accordionist', 'accountant', 'account_executive', 'accused', 'defendant', 'accuser', 'ace', 'achiever', 'acid_head', 'acolyte', 'acoustician', 'acquaintance', 'acquirer', 'acrobat', 'aerialist', 'action_officer', 'active', 'active_citizen', 'actor', 'actor', \"actor's_agent\", 'actress', 'adder', 'addict', 'addict', 'addressee', 'adducer', 'adjudicator', 'adjunct', 'adjuster', 'adjutant', 'adjutant_general', 'administrator', 'administrator', 'administrator', 'admiral', 'admirer', 'admirer', 'admonisher', 'adolescent', 'adoptee', 'adoptive_parent', 'adulterator', 'adulterer', 'adulteress', 'advancer', 'adventuress', 'adversary', 'adverse_witness', 'advertiser', 'advisee', 'adviser', 'advocate', 'advocate', 'aeronautical_engineer', 'aerospace_engineer', 'aerophile', 'affiant', 'affiliate', 'affine', 'affluent', 'aficionado', 'aficionado', 'agent', 'agent', 'buck_sergeant', 'business_agent', 'literary_agent', 'agent-in-place', 'agent_provocateur', 'aggravator', 'aggressor', 'agitator', 'agnostic', 'agnostic', 'agonist', 'agony_aunt', 'agricultural_laborer', 'agriculturist', 'agronomist', 'aide', 'air_attache', 'aircraftsman', 'aircrewman', 'air_force_officer', 'airhead', 'air_marshal', 'air_traveler', 'alarmist', 'albino', 'alcalde', 'alchemist', 'alcoholic', 'alderman', 'Aleut', 'Alexandrian', 'alexic', 'Ali_Baba', 'alien_absconder', 'alienator', 'alienee', 'alienist', 'alienor', 'aliterate', 'algebraist', 'allegorizer', 'allergist', 'alleviator', 'alliterator', 'allocator', 'all-rounder', 'ally', 'almoner', 'alphabetizer', 'almsgiver', 'alpinist', 'Alsatian', 'altar_boy', 'alter_ego', 'alto', 'alto_saxophonist', 'alumnus', 'amateur', 'amateur', 'amalgamator', 'Amazon', 'amazon', 'maenad', 'ambassador', 'ambassador', 'ambassadress', 'ambulance_chaser', 'ambusher', 'amicus_curiae', 'amigo', 'amnesic', 'amora', 'amoralist', 'amorist', 'amputator', 'amputee', 'anagnost', 'analogist', 'analphabet', 'analysand', 'analyst', 'analyst', 'credit_analyst', 'financial_analyst', 'industry_analyst', 'oil-industry_analyst', 'market_analyst', 'market_strategist', 'analyst', 'anarchist', 'anathema', 'anatomist', 'ancestor', 'ancestress', 'anchor', 'ancient', 'ancient', 'anecdotist', 'anesthesiologist', 'angel', 'angiologist', 'angler', 'angler', 'anglophile', 'anglophobe', 'animal_fancier', 'animator', 'animist', 'annalist', 'annihilator', 'annotator', 'announcer', 'announcer', 'annuitant', 'anointer', 'anorexic', 'antediluvian', 'anthologist', 'anthropoid', 'anthropologist', 'anti', 'anti-American', 'anticipator', 'antinomian', 'antipope', 'antiquary', 'anti-Semite', 'Anzac', 'ape-man', 'aphakic', 'aphasic', 'aphorist', 'apologist', 'Apostle', 'Apostle', 'apostle', 'apostolic_delegate', 'Appalachian', 'apparatchik', 'apparatchik', 'appeaser', 'appellant', 'apple_polisher', 'appointee', 'apprehender', 'April_fool', 'aquanaut', 'aspirant', 'apprentice', 'appraiser', 'appraiser', 'appreciator', 'appropriator', 'approver', 'Arabist', 'Aramean', 'Arawak', 'arbiter', 'arbitrageur', 'arbiter', 'archaist', 'archdeacon', 'archduchess', 'archduke', 'archeologist', 'archbishop', 'archer', 'architect', 'archivist', 'archpriest', 'Areopagite', 'Argive', 'arianist', 'aristocrat', 'Aristotelian', 'arithmetician', 'armchair_liberal', 'armiger', 'armiger', 'armorer', 'armorer', 'arms_manufacturer', 'army_attache', 'army_brat', 'army_engineer', 'army_officer', 'arranger', 'arrival', 'arrogator', 'arrowsmith', 'arsonist', 'art_critic', 'art_dealer', 'art_director', 'art_editor', 'art_historian', 'arthritic', 'articulator', 'artilleryman', 'illustrator', 'artist', 'artiste', \"artist's_model\", 'art_student', 'art_teacher', 'ascender', 'ass', 'assassin', 'assassin', 'assayer', 'assemblyman', 'assemblywoman', 'assenter', 'asserter', 'assessee', 'asshole', 'assignee', 'assignor', 'assistant', 'assistant_professor', 'associate', 'associate', 'associate_professor', 'asthmatic', 'astrogator', 'astrologer', 'astronaut', 'astronomer', 'astrophysicist', 'cosmographer', 'cosmologist', 'atavist', 'atheist', 'athlete', 'attache', 'attacker', 'attendant', 'attester', 'attorney_general', 'auditor', 'auditor', 'augur', 'aunt', 'au_pair', 'au_pair_girl', 'auteur', 'authoress', 'authoritarian', 'authority', 'authority', 'authority_figure', 'authorizer', 'autobiographer', 'autodidact', 'automaton', 'automobile_mechanic', 'automotive_engineer', 'avenger', 'aviator', 'aviatrix', 'avower', 'ayah', 'ayatollah', 'baas', 'babu', 'baby', 'baby', 'baby', 'baby', 'baby_boomer', 'baby_buster', 'baby_doctor', 'baby_farmer', 'babyminder', 'babysitter', 'bacchant', 'bacchante', 'bacchant', 'bachelor', 'bachelor_girl', 'back', 'backbencher', 'back_judge', 'backpacker', 'backroom_boy', 'backscratcher', 'backseat_driver', 'backslapper', 'backstroker', 'bacteriologist', 'bad_egg', 'bad_guy', 'bad_person', 'bag', 'baggage', 'baggageman', 'bag_lady', 'bagman', 'Bahai', 'bailee', 'bailiff', 'bailor', 'bairn', 'baker', 'baker', 'balancer', 'baldhead', 'balker', 'ball_boy', 'ball-buster', 'ball_carrier', 'ballerina', 'ballet_dancer', 'ballet_master', 'ballet_mistress', 'balletomane', 'ball_hawk', 'balloonist', 'ballplayer', 'bulimic', 'bullfighter', 'banderillero', 'matador', 'novillero', 'picador', 'torero', 'bandit', 'bandleader', 'bandmaster', 'bandsman', 'bank_commissioner', 'banker', 'banker', 'bank_examiner', 'bank_guard', 'bank_manager', 'bank_robber', 'bankrupt', 'bantamweight', 'bantamweight', 'Baptist', 'barber', 'bard', 'bar_fly', 'bargainer', 'bargain_hunter', 'baritone', 'barker', 'barmaid', 'barnburner', 'barnstormer', 'barnstormer', 'baron', 'baron', 'baron', 'baronet', 'barrator', 'barrister', 'bartender', 'barterer', 'baseball_coach', 'base_runner', 'basileus', 'basketball_coach', 'basketball_player', 'basketweaver', 'Basket_Maker', 'bass', 'bassist', 'bassoonist', 'bastard', 'baster', 'baster', 'baroness', 'bat_boy', 'bather', 'batman', 'baton_twirler', 'batter', 'batting_coach', 'battle-ax', 'Bavarian', 'bawler', 'beachcomber', 'beadle', 'beadsman', 'bean_counter', 'bear', 'beard', 'beast', 'beater', 'beatnik', 'beautician', 'beauty_consultant', 'bedfellow', 'bedfellow', 'Bedouin', 'bedwetter', 'beekeeper', 'beer_drinker', 'beggar', 'beggarman', 'beggarwoman', 'begum', 'beldam', 'bel_esprit', 'believer', 'theist', 'Taoist', 'believer', 'bellboy', 'bell_captain', 'belle', 'bell_founder', 'bell_ringer', 'bellwether', 'belly_dancer', 'beloved', 'belt_maker', 'bench_warmer', 'benedick', 'beneficiary', 'Berber', 'bereaved', 'berk', 'berserker', 'besieger', 'besieger', 'best', 'best_friend', 'best_man', 'betrothed', 'better', 'bettor', 'taker', 'bey', 'bey', 'B-girl', 'bibliographer', 'bibliophile', 'bibliopole', 'bibliotist', 'bidder', 'bidder', 'bigamist', 'big_brother', 'Big_Brother', 'bigot', 'big_shot', 'big_sister', 'bilingual', 'billiard_player', 'bill_poster', 'bimbo', 'bimetallist', 'biochemist', 'biographer', 'biologist', 'biophysicist', 'bird_fancier', 'bird_watcher', 'birth', 'birth-control_campaigner', 'bisexual', 'bishop', 'biter', 'Black_and_Tan', 'black_belt', 'blackmailer', 'black_marketeer', 'Black_Muslim', 'Black_Panther', 'Blackshirt', 'blacksmith', 'blade', 'blasphemer', 'blaster', 'bleacher', 'bleeding_heart', 'blind_date', 'blind_person', 'blocker', 'blogger', 'blond', 'blood_brother', 'blood_donor', 'blubberer', 'bludgeoner', 'blue_baby', 'bluecoat', 'bluejacket', 'bluestocking', 'bluffer', 'boatbuilder', 'boatman', 'boatswain', 'boarder', 'boarder', 'bobby', 'bobbysoxer', 'bodybuilder', 'bodyguard', 'body_servant', 'boffin', 'bohemian', 'Bohemian', 'Bolshevik', 'Bolshevik', 'bombardier', 'bombardier', 'bomber', 'bombshell', 'bondholder', 'bondman', 'bondman', 'bondwoman', 'bondwoman', 'bondsman', 'bond_servant', 'bonesetter', 'book_agent', 'bookbinder', 'bookdealer', 'booker', 'bookkeeper', 'bookmaker', 'bookmaker', 'bookseller', 'bookworm', 'booster', 'bootblack', 'bootlegger', 'bootmaker', 'borderer', 'border_patrolman', 'bore', 'borrower', 'born-again_Christian', 'boss', 'Boswell', 'botanist', 'bottom_dog', 'bottom_feeder', 'boulevardier', 'bouncer', 'bounder', 'bounty_hunter', 'bounty_hunter', 'Bourbon', 'Bourbon', 'bourgeois', 'bowler', 'bowler', 'boxer', 'Boxer', 'boy', 'slugger', 'cub', 'boyfriend', 'ex-boyfriend', 'Boy_Scout', 'boy_scout', 'boy_wonder', 'bragger', 'bracero', 'brachycephalic', 'brahman', 'brahman', 'brainworker', 'brakeman', 'brass_hat', 'brawler', 'breadwinner', 'breaker', 'breaststroker', 'breeder', 'brewer', 'brewer', 'briber', 'brick', 'bricklayer', 'bride', 'bride', 'bridesmaid', 'bridge_agent', 'bridge_partner', 'bridge_player', 'brigadier', 'broad', 'broadcaster', 'broadcast_journalist', 'broker-dealer', 'broth_of_a_boy', 'brother', 'Brother', 'brother', 'brother', 'brother-in-law', 'Brownie', 'Brownshirt', 'browser', 'Brummie', 'brunet', 'buddy', 'bugler', 'builder', 'builder', 'bull', 'bull', 'bull', 'bully', 'bully', 'bullyboy', 'bungler', 'bunkmate', 'bunny', 'bunter', 'bureaucrat', 'burgess', 'burglar', 'burgomaster', 'burgrave', 'burgrave', 'bursar', 'busboy', 'bushman', 'Bushman', 'bushwhacker', 'business_editor', 'businessman', 'businesswoman', 'businessperson', 'business_traveler', 'busker', 'busman', 'buster', 'buster', 'buster', 'busybody', 'butch', 'butcher', 'butcher', 'butcher', 'butler', 'butt', 'butter', 'butterfingers', 'buttinsky', 'buyer', 'bystander', 'Cabalist', 'cabalist', 'cabalist', 'cabin_boy', 'cabinetmaker', 'cabinet_minister', 'cad', 'caddie', 'cadet', 'caffeine_addict', 'Cairene', 'caitiff', 'calculator', 'number_cruncher', 'caliph', 'caller', 'caller', 'caller', 'caller', 'caller', 'caller', 'caller', 'call_girl', 'calligrapher', 'Calvinist', 'cameraman', 'campaigner', 'camper', 'Campfire_Girl', 'camp_follower', 'camp_follower', 'campmate', 'Canaanite', 'canary', 'candidate', 'candlemaker', 'candy_striper', 'cannibal', 'cannon_fodder', 'canoeist', 'canon', 'canonist', 'cantor', 'canvasser', 'Capetian', 'capitalist', 'capo', 'captain', 'captain', 'captain', 'captain', 'captain', 'captain', 'captive', 'captive', 'carbineer', 'cardholder', 'cardholder', 'cardinal', 'cardiologist', 'card_player', 'cardsharp', 'career_girl', 'careerist', 'career_man', 'caregiver', 'caretaker', 'caretaker', 'carhop', 'caricaturist', 'carillonneur', 'caroler', 'Carolingian', 'carpenter', 'carper', 'carpetbagger', 'carpet_knight', 'carrier', 'carrier', 'carrier', 'carter', 'Cartesian', 'Carthusian', 'cartographer', 'cartoonist', 'cartwright', 'Casanova', 'case', 'case_officer', 'cashier', 'castaway', 'castrato', 'casualty', 'casualty', 'casuist', 'cat', 'Catalan', 'cataleptic', 'cataloger', 'catalyst', 'catamite', 'catch', 'catcher', 'catechist', 'catechumen', 'caterer', 'Catholicos', 'cat_fancier', 'cattleman', 'Cavalier', 'cavalier', 'cavalryman', 'cavalryman', 'caveman', 'celebrant', 'celebrant', 'celebrity', 'celibate', 'cellist', 'censor', 'censor', 'census_taker', 'centenarian', 'center', 'center', 'center', 'centrist', 'centurion', 'certified_public_accountant', 'chachka', 'chain-smoker', 'chairman_of_the_board', 'Chaldean', 'chamberlain', 'chamberlain', 'chambermaid', 'chameleon', 'champion', 'champion', 'chancellor', 'chancellor', 'Prime_Minister', 'Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer', 'chandler', 'wax-chandler', 'chandler', 'changeling', 'chap', 'chaperon', 'chaplain', 'chapman', 'prison_chaplain', 'chauffeur', 'chauffeuse', 'character', 'character_actor', 'character_witness', 'charcoal_burner', 'charge', \"charge_d'affaires\", 'charge_of_quarters', 'charioteer', 'charmer', 'chartered_accountant', 'charter_member', 'chartist', 'Chartist', 'charwoman', 'chatelaine', 'chatterer', 'chauvinist', 'chauvinist', 'antifeminist', 'male_chauvinist', 'cheapjack', 'cheapskate', 'chebab', 'Chechen', 'checker', 'checker', 'check_girl', 'cheerer', 'cheerleader', 'cheerleader', 'cheesemonger', 'chemist', 'Cheops', 'cherub', 'chess_master', 'chess_player', 'chewer', 'chichi', 'Chief_Constable', 'chief_executive_officer', 'chief_financial_officer', 'chief_justice', 'chief_of_staff', 'chief_petty_officer', 'Chief_Secretary', 'child', 'child', 'child', 'child', 'child_prodigy', 'chimneysweeper', 'chiropractor', 'chiropodist', 'chit', 'choirboy', 'choirmaster', 'choker', 'choragus', 'choreographer', 'chorister', 'chorus_girl', 'chosen', 'chronicler', 'Chukchi', 'chump', 'chutzpanik', 'Church_Father', 'churchgoer', 'churchwarden', 'church_officer', 'cicerone', 'cigarette_smoker', 'cigar_smoker', 'Cinderella', 'cipher', 'circus_acrobat', 'citizen', 'city_editor', 'city_father', 'city_man', 'city_slicker', 'civic_leader', 'civil_engineer', 'civilian', 'civil_libertarian', 'civil_rights_leader', 'civil_servant', 'claimant', 'claim_jumper', 'clairvoyant', 'clapper', 'clarinetist', 'classic', 'classicist', 'classicist', 'classifier', 'claustrophobe', 'cleaner', 'cleaner', 'clergyman', 'cleric', 'clericalist', 'clerk', 'clever_Dick', 'cliff_dweller', 'climatologist', 'climber', 'clinician', 'clip_artist', 'cloakmaker', 'clock_watcher', 'clocksmith', 'closer', 'closer', 'closet_queen', 'clothier', 'clown', 'clown', 'clumsy_person', 'coach', 'coach', 'line_coach', 'pitching_coach', 'coachbuilder', 'coachman', 'coalman', 'coal_miner', 'coaster', 'coaster', 'coastguardsman', 'coauthor', 'cobber', 'cobbler', 'cocaine_addict', 'cocksucker', 'codefendant', 'codetalker', 'codger', 'co-beneficiary', 'co-discoverer', 'co-ed', 'cog', 'cognitive_neuroscientist', 'cognitive_scientist', 'coiffeur', 'coiffeuse', 'coiner', 'coiner', 'coiner', 'cold_fish', 'collaborator', 'collaborator', 'colleague', 'colleague', 'collector', 'collector', 'colleen', 'college_student', 'collegian', 'colonel', 'Colonel_Blimp', 'colonial', 'colonialist', 'colonizer', 'coloratura', 'color_bearer', 'color_guard', 'color_sergeant', 'colorist', 'Colossian', 'colossus', 'columnist', 'combatant', 'combat_pilot', 'comber', 'comedian', 'comedian', 'comedienne', 'comedienne', 'comer', 'comfort_woman', 'commander', 'commander', 'commander_in_chief', 'commanding_officer', 'commando', 'commentator', 'commercial_artist', 'commissar', 'commissionaire', 'commissioned_officer', 'commissioned_military_officer', 'commissioned_naval_officer', 'commissioner', 'commissioner', 'committee_member', 'committeeman', 'committeewoman', 'couch_potato', 'councilman', 'council_member', 'councilwoman', 'commodore', 'communicant', 'communist', 'Communist', 'commuter', 'companion', 'companion', 'company_man', 'company_operator', 'comparative_anatomist', 'compere', 'compiler', 'complexifier', 'composer', 'compositor', 'Comptroller_General', 'Comptroller_of_the_Currency', 'compulsive', 'computational_linguist', 'computer_expert', 'computer_scientist', 'computer_user', 'Comrade', 'concert-goer', 'concessionaire', 'conchologist', 'concierge', 'conciliator', 'concubine', 'conductor', 'conductor', 'conditioner', 'conductress', 'confectioner', 'confederate', 'Confederate', 'Confederate_soldier', 'conferee', 'conferee', 'conferrer', 'confessor', 'confessor', 'confidant', 'confidante', 'confidence_man', 'swindler', 'Confucian', 'congregant', 'Congregationalist', 'congressman', 'rep', 'connection', 'connection', 'connoisseur', 'conqueror', 'conquistador', 'conscientious_objector', 'conservative', 'Conservative', 'conformist', 'nonconformist', 'Nonconformist', 'Anglican', 'consignee', 'consigner', 'consort', 'conspirator', 'constable', 'constable', 'constitutionalist', 'construction_worker', 'constructivist', 'consul', 'consumptive', 'contact', 'contemplative', 'contemporary', 'contortionist', 'contractor', 'contractor', 'contractor', 'contralto', 'contributor', 'control_freak', 'convalescent', 'convener', 'conventioneer', 'conversationalist', 'Converso', 'convert', 'conveyancer', 'conveyer', 'convict', 'convict', 'cook', 'chef', 'cookie', 'cooper', 'coordinator', 'copartner', 'copilot', 'coppersmith', 'copycat', 'copy_editor', 'copyist', 'copywriter', 'coquette', 'cordon_bleu', 'coreligionist', 'corespondent', 'cornerback', 'cornhusker', 'coroner', 'corporal', 'corporate_executive', 'corporatist', 'correspondent', 'correspondent', 'corsair', 'cosmetician', 'cosmetologist', 'cosmetic_surgeon', 'cosmopolitan', 'Cossack', 'cost_accountant', 'co-star', 'costermonger', 'costumier', 'cotenant', 'cottager', 'cotter', 'cotter', 'counselor', 'counselor', 'count', 'count_palatine', 'counter', 'counterdemonstrator', 'counterperson', 'counterrevolutionist', 'counterterrorist', 'counterspy', 'countertenor', 'countess', 'country_doctor', 'compatriot', 'compromiser', 'countryman', 'countrywoman', 'countryman', 'countrywoman', 'county_agent', 'coureur_de_bois', 'courser', 'courtier', 'cousin', 'couturier', 'cover_girl', 'cow', 'cowboy', 'cowboy', 'cowboy', 'vaquero', 'cowgirl', 'coxcomb', 'coxswain', 'coyote', 'coyote', 'crab', 'crack_addict', 'cracker', 'crackpot', 'craftsman', 'craftsman', 'craftsman', 'crammer', 'crammer', 'crapshooter', 'crawler', 'crazy', 'creature', 'creature', 'creditor', 'creep', 'crewman', 'crewman', 'cricketer', 'crier', 'criminal', 'criminologist', 'crimp', 'criollo', 'cripple', 'critic', 'critic', 'critic', 'Croesus', 'crofter', 'crooner', 'crossbencher', 'cross-examiner', 'crossing_guard', 'crossover_voter', 'croupier', 'crown_prince', 'crown_princess', 'crown_princess', 'Crusader', 'cryptanalyst', 'crystallographer', 'cub', 'Cub_Scout', 'cubist', 'cuckold', 'cuirassier', 'cultist', 'cultist', 'cultural_attache', 'cunt', 'cupbearer', 'cur', 'curandera', 'curandero', 'curate', 'curator', 'curmudgeon', 'currier', 'custodian', 'customer', 'customer_agent', 'client', 'cutler', 'cutter', 'cutter', 'cutthroat', 'cybernaut', 'cyberpunk', 'cyborg', 'cyclist', 'cymbalist', 'cynic', 'Cynic', 'cytogeneticist', 'cytologist', 'czar', 'czar', 'czarina', 'dabbler', 'dacoit', 'dad', 'dairymaid', 'dairyman', 'dairyman', 'Dalai_Lama', 'dalesman', 'dallier', 'Dalmatian', 'dame', 'damsel', 'dame', 'dancer', 'dancer', 'clog_dancer', 'dancing-master', 'dancing_partner', 'dandy', 'Daniel', 'danseur', 'daredevil', 'dark_horse', 'darling', 'darner', 'dart_player', 'Darwinian', 'dastard', 'date', 'dauber', 'daughter', 'daughter-in-law', 'dauphin', 'dawdler', 'day_boarder', 'dayboy', 'daydreamer', 'lotus-eater', 'daygirl', 'day_laborer', 'deacon', 'deacon', 'deaconess', 'deadeye', 'dead_person', 'decipherer', 'decoder', 'decoy', 'deer_hunter', 'deipnosophist', 'dropout', 'dropout', 'deadbeat_dad', 'deadhead', 'deaf_person', 'dealer', 'dean', 'dean', 'dean', 'debaser', 'debater', 'debtor', 'debutante', 'decadent', 'deceiver', 'deckhand', 'decorator', 'deep-sea_diver', 'defamer', 'defaulter', 'defaulter', 'defaulter', 'defeatist', 'defecator', 'defense_attorney', 'defense_contractor', 'deist', 'delayer', 'delegate', 'delinquent', 'deliverer', 'deliveryman', 'demagogue', 'demander', 'demigod', 'demimondaine', 'democrat', 'Democrat', 'demographer', 'demon', 'demoniac', 'demonstrator', 'demonstrator', 'demonstrator', 'denier', 'den_mother', 'den_mother', 'dental_assistant', 'dental_hygienist', 'dental_technician', 'dental_surgeon', 'dentist', 'departer', 'department_head', 'dependant', 'depositor', 'depressive', 'deputy', 'deputy', 'deputy', 'deputy', 'derelict', 'dermatologist', 'dervish', 'descendant', 'descender', 'deserter', 'deserter', 'designated_driver', 'designated_hitter', 'designer', 'desk_clerk', 'desk_officer', 'desk_sergeant', 'desperado', 'desperate', 'destroyer', 'detainee', 'detective', 'detective', 'detractor', 'deus_ex_machina', 'developer', 'deviationist', \"devil's_advocate\", 'devil_worshiper', 'devisee', 'devisor', 'devourer', 'diabetic', 'diagnostician', 'dialectician', 'diarist', 'dichromat', 'dick', 'dictator', 'dictator', 'dieter', 'dietician', 'diemaker', 'differentiator', 'digger', 'dimwit', 'diner', 'dingbat', 'dining-room_attendant', 'diocesan', 'diplomat', 'diplomat', 'diplomate', 'director', 'director', 'director', 'Director_of_Central_Intelligence', 'dirty_old_man', 'disbeliever', 'disciple', 'disentangler', 'dishwasher', 'disk_jockey', 'dispatcher', 'dispatch_rider', 'dispenser', 'displaced_person', 'dissenter', 'disturber', 'political_dissident', 'distiller', 'distortionist', 'distributor', 'district_attorney', 'district_manager', 'ditch_digger', 'diver', 'diver', 'divergent_thinker', 'divider', 'diviner', 'divorcee', 'ex-wife', 'divorce_lawyer', 'docent', 'doctor', 'doctor', 'Doctor_of_the_Church', 'dodderer', 'dodger', 'dodo', 'dog', 'dog_catcher', 'doge', 'dogfighter', 'dog_in_the_manger', 'dogmatist', 'dogsbody', 'dolichocephalic', 'domestic', 'domestic_partner', 'domestic_prelate', 'dominatrix', 'Dominican', 'dominus', 'Don', 'don', 'Donatist', 'Don_Juan', 'donna', 'donor', 'donor', 'Don_Quixote', \"don't-know\", 'doorkeeper', 'doorkeeper', 'dosser', 'dotard', 'double', 'double_agent', 'double-crosser', 'double_dipper', 'doubting_Thomas', 'dove', 'dowager', 'down-and-out', 'doyenne', 'draft_dodger', 'draftee', 'drafter', 'draftsman', 'draftsman', 'dragoman', 'dragon', 'dragoon', 'redcoat', 'drama_critic', 'dramatist', 'draper', 'drawee', 'drawer', 'drawing_card', 'drawler', 'dreamer', 'dresser', 'dresser', 'dressmaker', \"dressmaker's_model\", 'dribbler', 'dribbler', 'drill_master', 'drinker', 'drinker', 'driveller', 'driver', 'driver', 'driver', 'dropkicker', 'drudge', 'drug_addict', 'drug_baron', 'drug_user', 'Druid', 'drum_major', 'drum_majorette', 'drum_majorette', 'drummer', 'drunk', 'drunk-and-disorderly', 'drunkard', 'Druze', 'dry', 'dry_nurse', 'dualist', 'duce', 'duchess', 'duck_hunter', 'duke', 'duke', 'dueler', 'duenna', 'duffer', 'dumbbell', 'dummy', 'dunce', 'dunker', 'dunker', 'Dutch_uncle', 'dwarf', 'dyer', 'dyslectic', 'dyspeptic', 'dynamiter', 'eager_beaver', 'Eagle_Scout', 'ear_doctor', 'earl', 'Earl_Marshal', 'early_bird', 'early_bird', 'earner', 'easterner', 'East-sider', 'eater', 'eavesdropper', 'eccentric', 'eclectic', 'ecologist', 'economic_libertarian', 'econometrician', 'economist', 'economizer', 'ectomorph', 'edger', 'editor', 'subeditor', 'educationist', 'educator', 'Edwardian', 'effecter', 'efficiency_expert', 'egalitarian', 'egghead', 'egocentric', 'egomaniac', 'egotist', 'Egyptologist', 'ejaculator', 'ejaculator', 'elder', 'elder', 'elder_statesman', 'elder_statesman', 'eldest_hand', 'elected_official', 'electrical_engineer', 'electrician', 'electrocutioner', 'electrologist', 'electroplater', 'electrotherapist', 'elegist', 'elevator_girl', 'elevator_man', 'elevator_operator', 'elitist', 'Elizabethan', 'elocutionist', 'emancipator', 'embalmer', 'embezzler', 'embroiderer', 'embroideress', 'embryologist', 'emeritus', 'emigrant', 'Emile', 'eminence_grise', 'emir', 'emissary', 'emotional_person', 'emperor', 'empress', 'empiricist', 'employable', 'employee', 'employer', 'employment_agent', 'empty_nester', 'enchanter', 'conjurer', 'enchantress', 'enchantress', 'encyclopedist', 'endomorph', 'enemy', 'energizer', 'end', 'end_man', 'end_man', 'endocrinologist', 'endodontist', 'endorser', 'end_user', 'enfant_terrible', 'engineer', 'English_teacher', 'engraver', 'engraver', 'enjoyer', 'enlisted_man', 'enlisted_person', 'enlisted_woman', 'enophile', 'enrollee', 'ENT_man', 'enthusiast', 'entomologist', 'entrant', 'entrant', 'entrepreneur', 'environmentalist', 'Green', 'envoy', 'enzymologist', 'eparch', 'eparch', 'Ephesian', 'epicure', 'epidemiologist', 'epigone', 'epileptic', 'Episcopalian', 'epistemologist', 'equerry', 'equerry', 'erotic', 'escalader', 'escapee', 'escapist', 'escapologist', 'eschatologist', 'escort', 'Eskimo', 'espionage_agent', 'Esquire', 'esquire', 'essayist', 'esthete', 'esthetician', 'esthetician', 'etcher', 'ethicist', 'ethnarch', 'ethnic', 'ethnographer', 'ethnologist', 'ethologist', 'etiologist', 'Etonian', 'etymologist', 'eunuch', 'evacuee', 'evaluator', 'evangelist', 'Evangelist', 'event_planner', 'everyman', 'evolutionist', 'examiner', 'examiner', 'exarch', 'exarch', 'exarch', 'excogitator', 'Excellency', 'exchanger', 'executant', 'executioner', 'executive', 'executive_officer', 'executive_secretary', 'executive_vice_president', 'executor', 'executrix', 'exegete', 'exhibitor', 'exhibitionist', 'exhibitionist', 'exile', 'exile', 'existentialist', 'exodontist', 'exorcist', 'exorcist', 'expert_witness', 'exploiter', 'explorer', 'exporter', 'expositor', 'expressionist', 'expurgator', 'ex-spouse', 'exterminator', 'extern', 'extremist', 'extrovert', 'eyeful', 'eyeglass_wearer', 'eyewitness', 'Fabian', 'fabulist', 'facilitator', 'factotum', 'faddist', 'fagot', 'fairy_godmother', 'fakir', 'falangist', 'falconer', 'faller', 'falsifier', 'familiar', 'family_doctor', 'family_man', 'famulus', 'fan', 'fanatic', 'fancier', 'fancy_man', 'fantasist', 'fantast', 'fare', 'farm_boy', 'farmer', 'farmerette', 'farm_girl', 'farmhand', 'farrier', 'Farsi', 'fascist', 'fascista', 'fashion_consultant', 'fastener', 'fatalist', 'fat_cat', 'father', 'Father', 'father', 'father_figure', 'father-figure', 'father-in-law', 'fatso', 'Fauntleroy', 'Fauve', 'favorite_son', 'featherweight', 'featherweight', 'featherweight', 'federalist', 'Federalist', 'fellah', 'fellow', 'fellow', 'fellow_traveler', 'female_aristocrat', 'female_offspring', 'female_sibling', 'female_child', 'feminist', 'fence', 'fencer', 'fence-sitter', 'ferryman', 'fetishist', 'feudal_lord', 'fiance', 'fiancee', 'fiduciary', 'fielder', 'fielder', 'field_judge', 'field_marshal', 'field-grade_officer', 'fifth_columnist', 'fighter_pilot', 'file_clerk', 'filer', 'filibuster', 'filicide', 'film_director', 'film_maker', 'film_star', 'finagler', 'finalist', 'finance_minister', 'financier', 'finder', 'finder', 'fingerprint_expert', 'fink', 'fieldworker', 'fire_chief', 'fire-eater', 'fire-eater', 'fireman', 'fire_marshall', 'fire_walker', 'fire_warden', 'fire_watcher', 'first_baseman', 'firstborn', 'first_lady', 'first_lady', 'first_lieutenant', 'first_offender', 'first-nighter', 'first-rater', 'first_sergeant', 'fisherman', 'fishmonger', 'fitter', 'fixer', 'flag_captain', 'flagellant', 'flagellant', 'flag_officer', 'flak_catcher', 'flamen', 'flanker', 'flanker_back', 'flapper', 'flash_in_the_pan', 'flatfoot', 'flatmate', 'flatterer', 'fleet_admiral', 'flibbertigibbet', 'flier', 'flight_engineer', 'flight_surgeon', 'floater', 'floater', 'floater', 'flogger', 'floor_leader', 'floorwalker', 'flop', 'Florentine', 'florist', 'flower_girl', 'flower_girl', 'flunky', 'flutist', 'fly-by-night', 'flyweight', 'flyweight', 'foe', 'folk_dancer', 'folk_poet', 'folk_singer', 'folk_writer', 'follower', 'follower', 'fondler', 'food_faddist', 'food_manufacturer', 'fool', 'foot', 'football_coach', 'football_hero', 'football_official', 'football_player', 'footman', 'footpad', 'forager', 'forebear', 'forecaster', 'forefather', 'forefather', 'foremother', 'foreign_agent', 'foreign_correspondent', 'foreigner', 'foreign_minister', 'foreigner', 'boss', 'foreman', 'foreman', 'foreperson', 'forester', 'forewoman', 'forewoman', 'forger', 'forger', 'fortune_hunter', 'fortuneteller', 'forty-niner', 'forward', 'foster-brother', 'foster-child', 'foster-daughter', 'foster-father', 'foster-mother', 'foster-nurse', 'foster-parent', 'foster-sister', 'foster-son', 'founder', 'Founding_Father', 'founder', 'foundling', 'foundress', 'four-minute_man', 'fowler', 'fox_hunter', 'framer', 'framer', 'Francophile', 'Francophobe', 'franc-tireur', 'franklin', 'fraternal_twin', 'fratricide', 'freak', 'free_agent', 'free_agent', 'freedman', 'freedom_rider', 'freeholder', 'freelancer', 'free-liver', 'freeloader', 'freeman', 'Freemason', 'free_trader', 'freight_agent', 'French_teacher', 'freshman', 'Freudian', 'friar', 'monk', 'Benedictine', 'friend', 'frontiersman', 'frontierswoman', 'frontbencher', 'front_man', 'front-runner', 'frotteur', 'fruiterer', 'fruit_grower', 'frump', 'fry_cook', 'fucker', 'fucker', 'fuddy-duddy', 'fugitive', 'fugitive', 'fugleman', 'fullback', 'fuller', 'full_professor', 'fumigator', 'funambulist', 'functional_illiterate', 'functionalist', 'fundamentalist', 'fundraiser', 'fusilier', 'futurist', 'gadabout', 'gadgeteer', 'gaffer', 'gagman', 'gagman', 'gainer', 'gainer', 'gal', 'Galilean', 'galley_slave', 'gallows_bird', 'galoot', 'galvanizer', 'galvanizer', 'gambist', 'gambler', 'gambler', 'gamekeeper', 'games-master', 'gamine', 'gamine', 'gandy_dancer', 'ganger', 'gangsta', 'gangster', 'garbage_man', 'gardener', 'gardener', 'garmentmaker', 'garment_cutter', 'garnishee', 'garroter', 'gasbag', 'gas_fitter', 'gasman', 'gastroenterologist', 'gatecrasher', 'gatekeeper', 'gatherer', 'gaucho', 'gawker', 'gay_man', 'gazetteer', 'geisha', 'gem_cutter', 'gendarme', 'genealogist', 'Genevan', 'Genoese', 'genre_painter', 'geek', 'geezer', 'general', 'general', 'general_manager', 'general_officer', 'general_practitioner', 'generator', 'geneticist', 'genitor', 'progenitor', 'genius', 'gent', 'gentleman', 'gentleman-at-arms', 'geographer', 'geologist', 'geomancer', 'geometer', 'geometry_teacher', 'Germanist', 'gerontologist', 'geophysicist', 'ghostwriter', 'giant', 'giant', 'Gibson_girl', 'gigolo', 'gilder', 'gillie', 'girl', 'girl', 'girl_Friday', 'girlfriend', 'girlfriend', 'Girl_Scout', 'girl_wonder', 'Girondist', 'gitana', 'gitano', 'giver', 'gladiator', 'glassblower', 'glass_cutter', 'glass_cutter', 'glassmaker', 'gleaner', 'gleaner', 'globetrotter', 'glossarist', 'glutton', 'Gnostic', 'god', 'gonif', 'government_agent', 'G-man', 'goalkeeper', 'goat_herder', 'gobbler', 'godchild', 'goddaughter', 'godfather', 'godfather', 'godmother', 'godparent', 'godson', 'gofer', 'goffer', 'Gog_and_Magog', 'go-getter', 'goldbeater', 'goldbrick', 'goldbrick', 'gold_digger', 'gold_miner', 'goldsmith', 'golem', 'golfer', 'golf_pro', 'golf_widow', 'goliard', 'gondolier', 'goner', 'Gongorist', 'good_egg', 'good_guy', 'good_old_boy', 'good_person', 'good_Samaritan', 'goody-goody', 'gossip', 'gossip_columnist', 'Goth', 'Gothic_romancer', 'gouger', 'governess', 'governor', 'governor_general', 'grabber', 'grader', 'graduate_nurse', 'graduate_student', 'grain_merchant', 'grammarian', 'grandchild', 'granddaughter', 'grand_dragon', 'grand_duchess', 'grand_duke', 'grande_dame', 'grandee', 'grandfather', 'Grand_Inquisitor', 'grandma', 'grandmaster', 'grand_mufti', 'grandparent', 'grandson', 'grandstander', 'granny', 'grantee', 'granter', 'grantor', 'graphic_designer', 'graphologist', 'grass_widower', 'gravedigger', 'graverobber', 'graverobber', 'gravida', 'grazier', 'great', 'great-aunt', 'great_grandchild', 'great_granddaughter', 'great_grandmother', 'great_grandfather', 'great_grandparent', 'great_grandson', 'great-nephew', 'great-niece', 'great-uncle', 'Grecian', 'Green_Beret', 'greengrocer', 'greenskeeper', 'grenadier', 'greeter', 'gringo', 'grinner', 'griot', 'grip', 'groaner', 'grocer', 'grocery_boy', 'groom', 'groom', 'groomsman', 'grouch', 'groundling', 'groundsman', 'group_captain', 'groupie', 'growler', 'grunt', 'grunter', 'guarantor', 'guard', 'prison_guard', 'guard', 'guard', 'guardsman', 'guerrilla', 'guesser', 'guest', 'guest', 'guest_of_honor', 'guest_worker', 'guide', 'guitarist', 'gulper', 'gunman', 'gunnery_sergeant', 'gunrunner', 'gunsmith', 'guru', 'guru', 'Guru', 'gutter', 'guvnor', 'guzzler', 'guy', 'gymnast', 'gymnosophist', 'gym_rat', 'gynecologist', 'Gypsy', 'hack', 'hack', 'hacker', 'hacker', 'hacker', 'hag', 'haggler', 'hagiographer', 'hairdresser', 'hairsplitter', 'hajji', 'hajji', 'hakim', 'hakim', 'Hakka', 'halberdier', 'halfback', 'half_blood', 'half-caste', 'half-breed', 'fathead', 'ham', 'ham', 'Ham', 'Haman', 'hand', 'handler', 'handicapped_person', 'animal_trainer', 'handmaid', 'handyman', 'hanger', 'hang_glider', 'hangman', 'haranguer', 'Hanoverian', 'harasser', 'hardliner', 'harlequin', 'harmonizer', 'harmonizer', 'harpist', 'harpooner', 'harpsichordist', 'harasser', 'harridan', 'harvester', 'has-been', 'hash_head', 'Hasid', 'hatchet_man', 'hatchet_man', 'hatemonger', 'hater', 'hatmaker', 'hauler', 'hawk', 'head', 'head', 'head', 'headhunter', 'headhunter', 'headliner', 'head_linesman', 'headman', 'headmaster', 'headmistress', 'head_nurse', 'head_of_household', 'head_of_state', 'headsman', 'health_professional', 'hearer', 'audile', 'motile', 'hearing_examiner', 'heartbreaker', 'heartthrob', 'heathen', 'paynim', 'heaver', 'heavy_hitter', 'heavyweight', 'heavyweight', 'heavyweight', 'heavy', 'Hebraist', 'heckler', 'hedger', 'hedger', 'hedger', 'hedonist', 'Hegelian', 'Heidelberg_man', 'heir', 'heir_apparent', 'heir-at-law', 'heiress', 'heir_presumptive', 'hellion', 'hellhound', 'hell-kite', 'helmsman', 'hierarch', 'hire', 'hired_help', 'histologist', 'helpmate', 'hematologist', 'hemiplegic', 'hemophiliac', 'herald', 'herbalist', 'herder', 'heretic', 'heretic', 'hermaphrodite', 'hermit', 'herpetologist', 'protagonist', 'antihero', 'hero', 'heroine', 'heroine', 'heroin_addict', 'hero_worshiper', 'Herr', 'heterosexual', 'hewer', 'highbinder', 'highbrow', 'high_commissioner', 'highflier', 'Highlander', 'Highlander', 'high-muck-a-muck', 'Highness', 'high_priest', 'high_roller', 'highjacker', 'highjacker', 'highway_engineer', 'hiker', 'hillbilly', 'hippie', 'hired_hand', 'hireling', 'hisser', 'historian', 'hitchhiker', 'hitter', 'Hittite', 'hoarder', 'hobbledehoy', 'hobbler', 'hobbyist', 'hockey_coach', 'hockey_player', 'hod_carrier', 'hog', 'hoister', 'holder', 'holder', 'holdout', 'holdover', 'holdup_man', 'Holy_Roller', 'Holy_Roman_Emperor', 'homeboy', 'homeboy', 'homebuilder', 'home_buyer', 'homegirl', 'home_help', 'homeless', 'homeopath', 'homeowner', 'Home_Secretary', 'homophobe', 'homosexual', 'homunculus', 'honest_woman', 'honker', 'honoree', 'honor_guard', 'hood', 'hoodoo', 'hoofer', 'hooker', 'hooker', 'Hooray_Henry', 'hope', 'hoper', 'hopper', 'hornist', 'horse_doctor', 'horseman', 'horseman', 'horse_trader', 'horsewoman', 'horse_wrangler', 'horticulturist', 'hosier', 'hospital_chaplain', 'host', 'hosteller', 'hostess', 'host', 'host', 'hostess', 'hostage', 'hotdog', 'hotel_detective', 'hotelier', 'hotspur', 'housebreaker', 'housefather', 'house_guest', 'house_husband', 'housekeeper', 'housemaster', 'housemate', 'housemother', 'house_painter', 'house_physician', 'house_sitter', 'housewife', 'housewrecker', 'housing_commissioner', 'Houyhnhnm', 'Huayna_Capac', 'huckster', 'huckster', 'huddler', 'huddler', 'hugger', 'Huguenot', 'humanist', 'humanist', 'humanitarian', 'hummer', 'humorist', 'humpback', 'Hun', 'hunger_marcher', 'hunk', 'hunted_person', 'hunter', 'hunter-gatherer', 'hunting_guide', 'huntress', 'hunter', 'hurdler', 'husband', 'ex-husband', 'hussar', 'Hussite', 'hustler', 'hydrologist', 'hydromancer', 'hygienist', 'hyperope', 'hypertensive', 'hypnotist', 'hypochondriac', 'hypocrite', 'hypotensive', 'hysteric', 'Iberian', 'Iberian', 'iceman', 'ice-skater', 'ichthyologist', 'iconoclast', 'iconoclast', 'idealist', 'identical_twin', 'ideologist', 'idiot', 'idiot_savant', 'idler', 'idol', 'idolater', 'idolatress', 'idolizer', 'ignoramus', 'illiterate', 'imam', 'immigrant', 'immortal', 'immune', 'immunologist', 'imp', 'imperialist', 'impersonator', 'import', 'important_person', 'importer', 'imposter', 'impressionist', 'inamorata', 'inamorato', 'incompetent', 'incubus', 'incumbent', 'incurable', 'index_case', 'indexer', 'Indian_agent', 'Indian_chief', 'Indian_giver', 'individual', 'inductee', 'industrialist', 'infanticide', 'infantryman', 'doughboy', 'inferior', 'infernal', 'infielder', 'infiltrator', 'infiltrator', 'informant', 'informer', 'ingenue', 'ingenue', 'ingrate', 'initiate', 'polymath', 'in-law', 'inmate', 'inoculator', 'inpatient', 'inquirer', 'inquiry_agent', 'inquisitor', 'Inquisitor', 'insider', 'insomniac', 'inspector', 'inspector_general', 'instigator', 'instigator', 'instructress', 'instrument', 'insurance_broker', 'insured', 'insurgent', 'intelligence_analyst', 'interior_designer', 'interlocutor', 'interlocutor', 'intern', 'internal_auditor', 'International_Grandmaster', 'internationalist', 'internationalist', 'internee', 'internist', 'internuncio', 'interpreter', 'interpreter', 'intervenor', 'interviewee', 'interviewer', 'introvert', 'intruder', 'invader', 'invalid', 'invalidator', 'inventor', 'investigator', 'investment_adviser', 'investment_banker', 'investor', 'invigilator', 'iron_man', 'ironmonger', 'ironside', 'ironworker', 'irredentist', 'irreligionist', 'Islamist', 'islander', 'Ismaili', 'isolationist', 'itinerant', 'Ivy_Leaguer', 'Jack_of_all_trades', 'Jacksonian', 'Jacob', 'Jacobean', 'Jacobin', 'Jacobite', 'jail_bird', 'Jane_Doe', 'Janissary', 'janissary', 'janitor', 'Jansenist', 'Japheth', 'Jat', 'Javanese', 'jawan', 'jaywalker', 'jazz_musician', 'Jeffersonian', 'Jekyll_and_Hyde', 'jerk', 'jerry-builder', 'jester', 'Jesuit', 'jewel', 'jeweler', 'jewelry_maker', 'jezebel', 'jilt', 'jimdandy', 'jobber', 'job_candidate', 'jobholder', 'Job', \"Job's_comforter\", 'jockey', 'jockey', 'jogger', 'John_Doe', 'John_Doe', 'joiner', 'joiner', 'joker', 'joker', 'jonah', 'journalist', 'Judas', 'judge', 'judge_advocate', 'judge_advocate', 'judge_advocate_general', 'Judith', 'juggler', 'juggernaut', 'jumper', 'jumper', 'Jungian', 'junior', 'junior', 'Junior', 'junior_featherweight', 'junior_lightweight', 'junior_middleweight', 'junior_welterweight', 'jurist', 'juror', 'justice_of_the_peace', 'justiciar', 'kachina', 'kaffir', 'Kalon_Tripa', 'kamikaze', 'Kaiser', 'keeper', 'kerb_crawler', 'keyboardist', 'Keynesian', 'khan', 'Khedive', 'kibbutznik', 'kibitzer', 'kicker', 'kiddy', 'kidnapper', 'killer', 'killer_bee', 'king', 'kingmaker', 'King_of_England', 'King_of_France', 'King_of_the_Germans', 'king', 'kingpin', \"King's_Counsel\", 'Counsel_to_the_Crown', 'relative', 'blood_relation', 'kin', 'enate', 'agnate', 'kink', 'kinsman', 'kinswoman', 'kisser', 'kissing_cousin', 'kitchen_help', 'kitchen_police', 'Klansman', 'kleptomaniac', 'klutz', 'knacker', 'knacker', 'kneeler', 'knight', 'knight_bachelor', 'knight_banneret', 'Knight_of_the_Round_Table', 'knight-errant', 'Knight_Templar', 'Knight_Templar', 'knitter', 'knocker', 'knocker', 'knower', 'know-it-all', 'kolkhoznik', 'kook', 'koto_player', 'Kshatriya', 'kvetch', 'labor_coach', 'laborer', 'labor_leader', 'Labourite', 'lacer', 'lackey', 'lacrosse_player', 'Lady', 'lady', 'lady-in-waiting', 'ladylove', \"lady's_maid\", 'laird', 'lama', 'Lamarckian', 'lamb', 'lamb', 'lame_duck', 'laminator', 'lamplighter', 'lampoon_artist', 'lance_corporal', 'lancer', 'land_agent', 'landgrave', 'landlady', 'landlord', 'landlubber', 'landlubber', 'landowner', 'landscape_architect', 'landscapist', 'langlaufer', 'languisher', 'lapidary', 'lapidary', 'larcenist', 'large_person', 'lascar', 'lasher', 'lass', 'latchkey_child', 'latecomer', 'lather', 'Latin', 'Latin', 'Latinist', 'latitudinarian', \"Jehovah's_Witness\", 'Latter-Day_Saint', 'laudator', 'laugher', 'laureate', 'law_agent', 'lawgiver', 'lawman', 'law_student', 'lawyer', 'layman', 'lay_reader', 'lay_witness', 'Lazarus', 'Lazarus', 'lazybones', 'leading_lady', 'leading_man', 'leaker', 'learner', 'leaseholder', 'lector', 'lector', 'lecturer', 'leech', 'left-handed_pitcher', 'left-hander', 'legal_representative', 'legate', 'legatee', 'legionnaire', 'Legionnaire', 'legislator', 'lender', 'leper', 'leper', 'lepidopterist', 'lesbian', 'lessor', 'letter', 'letterer', 'letterman', 'leveler', 'leviathan', 'Levite', 'lexicographer', 'liar', 'liberal', 'liberal', 'liberator', 'libertarian', 'libertarian', 'libertine', 'librarian', 'librettist', 'licensed_practical_nurse', 'licensee', 'licenser', 'licentiate', 'lie-abed', 'lieder_singer', 'liege', 'lieutenant', 'lieutenant', 'lieutenant', 'lieutenant_colonel', 'lieutenant_commander', 'lieutenant_general', 'lieutenant_governor', 'lieutenant_junior_grade', 'life', 'lifeguard', 'life_peer', 'lifer', 'life_tenant', 'lighterman', 'light_flyweight', 'light_heavyweight', 'light_heavyweight', 'light_heavyweight', 'light_middleweight', 'lighthouse_keeper', 'lightning_rod', \"light-o'-love\", 'lightweight', 'lightweight', 'lightweight', 'light_welterweight', 'lilliputian', 'linebacker', 'limnologist', 'line_judge', 'lineman', 'lineman', 'linendraper', 'line_officer', 'linesman', 'line_worker', 'linguist', 'linguist', 'linkboy', 'lion', 'lion-hunter', 'lion-hunter', 'lip_reader', 'liquidator', 'lisper', 'lister', 'literary_critic', 'literate', 'lithographer', 'lithomancer', 'litigant', 'litterer', 'little_brother', 'Little_John', 'little_leaguer', 'Little_Red_Riding_Hood', 'little_sister', 'liturgist', 'liveborn_infant', 'liver', 'liver', 'liveryman', 'loader', 'lobbyist', 'lobsterman', 'locator', 'lockmaster', 'locksmith', 'locum_tenens', 'lodger', 'logical_positivist', 'logician', 'logomach', 'loiterer', 'Lolita', 'lollipop_lady', 'loner', 'longbowman', 'longer', 'long_shot', 'lookout', 'loon', 'loose_cannon', 'Lord', 'Lord_Chancellor', 'Lord_of_Misrule', 'Lord_Privy_Seal', 'Lorelei', 'loser', 'loser', 'failure', 'old_maid', 'underboss', 'underdog', 'Lot', \"Lot's_wife\", 'Lothario', 'loudmouth', 'lounge_lizard', 'lout', 'lowerclassman', 'low-birth-weight_baby', 'Lowlander', 'loyalist', 'Lubavitcher', 'Luddite', 'Luddite', 'luger', 'lumberman', 'luminary', 'lumper', 'light', 'lunatic', 'bedlamite', 'pyromaniac', 'luncher', 'lunger', 'lurker', 'luthier', 'lutist', 'Lutheran', 'lyricist', 'ma', 'macaroni', 'macebearer', 'Machiavellian', 'machine', 'machine_politician', 'machinist', 'macho', 'Mackem', 'macroeconomist', 'macushla', 'madam', 'madame', 'madrigalist', 'madwoman', 'maenad', 'maestro', 'mafioso', 'mafioso', 'magdalen', 'magician', 'magistrate', 'magnifico', 'magpie', 'magus', 'magus', 'maharaja', 'maharani', 'mahatma', 'Mahdi', 'Mahdist', 'mahout', 'maid', 'maid', 'maiden_aunt', 'mailer', 'mailman', 'major', 'major', 'major-domo', 'major-general', 'majority_leader', 'major_leaguer', 'maker', 'malacologist', 'malahini', 'malcontent', 'male_aristocrat', 'male_child', 'transgressor', 'male_offspring', 'male_sibling', 'malfeasant', 'malik', 'malingerer', 'Malthusian', 'maltster', 'mammalogist', 'mammy', 'man', 'man', 'man', 'adonis', 'man', 'man', 'management_consultant', 'manageress', 'managing_editor', 'mandarin', 'mandarin', 'mandarin', 'mandatary', 'mandator', 'Mandaean', 'maneuverer', 'maniac', 'manic-depressive', 'Manichaean', 'manicurist', 'manipulator', 'mannequin', 'man-at-arms', 'manikin', 'man_jack', 'man_of_action', 'man_of_letters', 'man_of_means', 'manservant', 'manufacturer', 'Maoist', 'map-reader', 'Maquis', 'marathoner', 'marauder', 'marcher', 'marcher', 'marchioness', 'marchioness', 'margrave', 'margrave', 'Marine', 'marine', 'marine_engineer', 'mariner', 'marksman', 'maroon', 'marquess', 'marquis', 'Marrano', 'married', 'marshal', 'marshal', 'martinet', 'martyr', 'martyr', 'Marxist', 'mascot', 'masochist', 'mason', 'Masorete', 'masquerader', 'massager', 'masseur', 'masseuse', 'mass_murderer', 'master', 'master', 'master', 'master', 'master-at-arms', 'master_of_ceremonies', 'master_sergeant', 'masturbator', 'matchmaker', 'mate', 'mate', 'mate', 'mater', 'material', 'materialist', 'materialist', 'material_witness', 'mathematician', 'math_teacher', 'matriarch', 'matriarch', 'matricide', 'matriculate', 'matron', 'matron', 'matron', 'matron_of_honor', 'mauler', 'maverick', 'mayor', 'mayoress', 'mayoress', 'May_queen', 'meanie', 'measurer', 'meat_packer', 'mechanical_engineer', 'mechanist', 'medalist', 'medalist', 'meddler', 'media_consultant', 'medical_assistant', 'medical_officer', 'medical_practitioner', 'medical_scientist', 'medical_student', 'medium', 'megalomaniac', 'melancholic', 'Melkite', 'Melkite', 'melter', 'member', 'nonmember', 'board_member', 'clansman', 'club_member', 'memorizer', 'Mendelian', 'mender', 'menial', 'mensch', 'Menshevik', 'mentioner', 'mentor', 'mercenary', 'mercer', 'merchant', 'Merovingian', 'meshuggeneh', 'mesne_lord', 'Mesoamerican', 'mesomorph', 'messenger', 'bearer', 'messenger_boy', 'messmate', 'mestiza', 'mestizo', 'metalhead', 'metallurgist', 'meteorologist', 'meter_maid', 'Methodist', 'Wesleyan', 'metic', 'Metis', 'metropolitan', 'metropolitan', 'mezzo-soprano', 'microbiologist', 'microeconomist', 'microscopist', 'middle-aged_man', 'middlebrow', 'middleweight', 'middleweight', 'middleweight', 'midinette', 'midshipman', 'midwife', 'migrant', 'mikado', 'Milady', 'Milanese', 'miler', 'miles_gloriosus', 'militant', 'militarist', 'military_adviser', 'military_attache', 'military_chaplain', 'military_governor', 'military_leader', 'military_officer', 'military_policeman', 'militiaman', 'milkman', 'mill_agent', 'miller', 'mill-girl', 'mill-hand', 'millenarian', 'millionairess', 'millwright', 'milord', 'mime', 'mimic', 'minder', 'mind_reader', 'miner', 'mineralogist', 'miniaturist', 'minimalist', 'minimalist', 'mining_engineer', 'minion', 'minister', 'minister', 'ministrant', 'minority_leader', 'minor_leaguer', 'minstrel', 'Minuteman', 'miracle_man', 'misanthrope', 'miser', 'misfit', 'misleader', 'misogamist', 'misogynist', 'missing_link', 'missionary', 'missionary', 'missus', 'mistress', 'mistress', 'mixed-blood', 'mnemonist', 'mod', 'model', 'model', 'hero', 'ideal', 'class_act', 'humdinger', 'modeler', 'moderationist', 'moderator', 'moderator', 'moderator', 'modern', 'modernist', 'modifier', 'Mogul', 'Mohammedan', 'molecular_biologist', 'molester', 'moll', 'mollycoddle', 'Mon', 'monarchist', 'Monegasque', 'monetarist', 'moneygrubber', 'moneymaker', 'mongoloid', 'Mongoloid', 'monogamist', 'monolingual', 'monologist', 'monomaniac', 'Monophysite', 'monopolist', 'monotheist', 'Monsieur', 'Monsignor', 'monster', 'moocher', 'Moonie', 'moonlighter', 'mopper', 'moppet', 'moralist', 'morosoph', 'morris_dancer', 'mortal_enemy', 'mortgagee', 'mortgagor', 'mortician', 'mossback', 'moss-trooper', 'most_valuable_player', 'mother', 'mother', 'mother', 'mother_figure', 'mother_hen', 'mother-in-law', \"mother's_boy\", \"mother's_daughter\", \"mother's_son\", 'motorcycle_cop', 'motorcyclist', 'motorist', 'motorman', 'motormouth', 'Mound_Builder', 'mountaineer', 'mountebank', 'mounter', 'mounter', 'mourner', 'mouse', 'mouth', 'mouthpiece', 'mover', 'mover', 'moviegoer', 'muckraker', 'muezzin', 'muffin_man', 'mufti', 'muggee', 'mugger', 'mugwump', 'Mugwump', 'mujahid', 'mujtihad', 'muleteer', 'Mullah', 'muncher', 'muralist', 'murderee', 'murderer', 'murderess', 'murder_suspect', 'muscleman', 'muser', 'musher', 'music_critic', 'musician', 'musician', 'musicologist', 'music_teacher', 'musketeer', 'Muslimah', 'mutant', 'mutilator', 'mutineer', 'mute', 'mutterer', 'muzhik', 'muzzler', 'Mycenaen', 'mycologist', 'mycophagist', 'myope', 'myrmidon', 'mystic', 'mythologist', 'nabob', 'naif', 'nailer', 'namby-pamby', 'name', 'name_dropper', 'namer', 'namesake', 'nan', 'nanny', 'narc', 'narcissist', 'narcoleptic', 'nark', 'narrator', 'nationalist', 'nationalist_leader', 'natural', 'naturalist', 'naturalist', 'naturopath', 'nautch_girl', 'naval_attache', 'naval_commander', 'naval_officer', 'navigator', 'navigator', 'Navy_SEAL', 'nawab', 'oblate', 'obsessive', 'obsessive-compulsive', 'obstructionist', 'naysayer', 'Nazarene', 'Nazarene', 'Nazarene', 'Nazi', 'nazi', 'Neapolitan', 'nebbish', 'necessitarian', 'necker', 'necromancer', 'needleworker', 'negativist', 'neglecter', 'negotiator', 'negotiatress', 'neighbor', 'neoclassicist', 'neoconservative', 'neoliberal', 'neologist', 'neonate', 'Neoplatonist', 'nephew', 'nepotist', 'nerd', 'Nestorian', 'neurasthenic', 'neurobiologist', 'neurolinguist', 'neurologist', 'neuroscientist', 'neurosurgeon', 'neurotic', 'neutral', 'neutralist', 'newcomer', 'newcomer', 'New_Dealer', 'New_Englander', 'newlywed', 'newsagent', 'newscaster', 'newspaper_editor', 'newspaper_columnist', 'newspaper_critic', 'newsreader', 'Newtonian', 'New_Waver', 'next_friend', 'next_of_kin', 'nibbler', 'niece', 'niggard', 'night_owl', 'night_porter', 'night_rider', 'night_watchman', 'nihilist', 'NIMBY', 'nincompoop', 'ninja', 'niqaabi', 'Nisei', 'nitpicker', 'Nobelist', 'NOC', 'nomad', 'nominalist', 'nominator', 'nonagenarian', 'noncandidate', 'noncombatant', 'noncommissioned_officer', 'nondescript', 'nondriver', 'nonparticipant', 'nonpartisan', 'nonperson', 'nonreader', 'nonresident', 'non-resistant', 'nonsmoker', 'normalizer', 'Northern_Baptist', 'Northerner', 'nosher', 'no-show', 'no-show', 'notary', 'noticer', 'noticer', 'novelist', 'novice', 'novitiate', 'Nubian', 'nuclear_chemist', 'nuclear_physicist', 'nude', 'nudger', 'nudist', 'nudnik', 'nullifier', 'nullipara', 'number_theorist', 'numerologist', 'numen', 'Numidian', 'numismatist', 'nurse', 'nurser', 'nursing_aide', 'nurse-midwife', 'nurse_practitioner', 'nun', 'nuncio', 'nursling', 'nutter', 'nymph', 'nymphet', 'nympholept', 'nymphomaniac', 'oarsman', 'oarswoman', 'obliger', 'oboist', 'obscurantist', 'observer', 'obstetrician', 'Occidental', 'occupier', 'oceanographer', 'octogenarian', 'occultist', 'odalisque', 'odds-maker', 'odist', 'wine_lover', 'offerer', 'office-bearer', 'office_boy', 'officeholder', 'officer', 'official', 'official', 'officiant', 'Federal', 'Federal', 'agent', 'offspring', 'ogler', 'oiler', 'oilman', 'oilman', 'oil_painter', 'oil_tycoon', 'old-age_pensioner', 'old_boy', 'old_boy', 'old_boy', 'old_lady', 'old_man', 'old_man', 'old_man', 'old_master', 'oldster', 'old-timer', 'old_woman', 'oligarch', 'Olympian', 'ombudsman', 'omnivore', 'oncologist', 'oneiromancer', 'one_of_the_boys', 'onlooker', 'onomancer', 'operagoer', 'opera_star', 'operator', 'operator', 'operator', 'ophthalmologist', 'opium_addict', 'opportunist', 'opposition', 'oppressor', 'optician', 'optimist', 'optometrist', 'Orangeman', 'orator', 'orchestrator', 'ordainer', 'orderer', 'orderer', 'orderly', 'orderly', 'orderly_sergeant', 'ordinand', 'ordinary', 'ordinary', 'organ_donor', 'organ-grinder', 'organist', 'organization_man', 'organizer', 'organizer', 'orientalist', 'originator', 'Orleanist', 'ornithologist', 'orphan', 'orphan', 'orthodontist', 'Orthodox_Jew', 'orthoepist', 'orthopedist', 'orthoptist', 'osteologist', 'osteopath', 'ostrich', 'Ostrogoth', 'ouster', 'out-and-outer', 'outcast', 'outcaste', 'outdoorsman', 'outdoorswoman', 'outfielder', 'outfielder', 'right_fielder', 'right-handed_pitcher', 'center_fielder', 'left_fielder', 'outfitter', 'outlier', 'outpatient', 'outrider', 'outsider', 'overachiever', 'overlord', 'overnighter', 'overseer', 'owner', 'owner', 'owner-driver', 'owner-occupier', 'oyabun', 'pachuco', 'pacifist', 'packer', 'packrat', 'padrone', 'padrone', 'pagan', 'page', 'page', 'page', 'pain', 'painter', 'painter', 'palatine', 'palatine', 'Paleo-American', 'paleographer', 'paleontologist', 'pallbearer', 'palmist', 'pamperer', 'pamphleteer', 'Panchen_Lama', 'panderer', 'panelist', 'panhandler', 'pansexual', 'pantheist', 'paparazzo', 'paperboy', 'paperhanger', 'paperhanger', 'paper-pusher', 'papoose', 'parachutist', 'paragrapher', 'paralegal', 'paralytic', 'paramedic', 'paranoid', 'paraplegic', 'paraprofessional', 'parapsychologist', 'paratrooper', 'pardoner', 'pardoner', 'parent', 'parer', 'paretic', 'parishioner', 'park_commissioner', 'parliamentarian', 'Parliamentarian', 'parliamentary_agent', 'parlormaid', 'parodist', 'parricide', 'parrot', 'Parsee', 'partaker', 'participant', 'partisan', 'partitionist', 'partner', 'part-owner', 'part-timer', 'party', 'party_boss', 'party_girl', 'partygoer', 'party_man', 'pasha', 'passenger', 'passer', 'passer', 'passer', 'passerby', 'passive_source', 'paster', 'past_master', 'past_master', 'pastry_cook', 'patentee', 'pater', 'patient', 'patrial', 'patriarch', 'patriarch', 'patriarch', 'patriarch', 'patrician', 'patricide', 'patriot', 'patroller', 'patron', 'patron', 'patron', 'patroness', 'patron_saint', 'patternmaker', 'patzer', 'pauper', 'pavement_artist', 'pawer', 'pawnbroker', 'payee', 'payer', 'paymaster', 'peacekeeper', 'peacekeeper', 'peanut', 'pearl_diver', 'peasant', 'peasant', 'peasant', 'pedaler', 'pedant', 'peddler', 'pederast', 'pedestrian', 'pedodontist', 'pedophile', 'peeler', 'peer', 'peer_of_the_realm', 'pelter', 'pendragon', 'penetrator', 'penitent', 'penny_pincher', 'penologist', 'pen_pal', 'penpusher', 'pensioner', 'pentathlete', 'Pentecostal', 'percussionist', 'perfectionist', 'perfecter', 'performer', 'perfumer', 'peri', 'perinatologist', 'periodontist', 'peripatetic', 'perisher', 'perjurer', 'peroxide_blond', 'perpetrator', 'peshmerga', 'personality', 'personal_representative', 'personage', 'persona_grata', 'persona_non_grata', 'personification', 'embodiment', 'deification', 'perspirer', 'persuader', 'pervert', 'pessimist', 'pest', 'Peter_Pan', 'petit_bourgeois', 'petitioner', 'petit_juror', 'petroleum_geologist', 'pet_sitter', 'petter', 'petty_officer', 'Pharaoh', 'Pharisee', 'pharisee', 'pharmacist', 'pharmacologist', 'philanthropist', 'philatelist', 'philhellene', 'Philippian', 'Philistine', 'philistine', 'philologist', 'philomath', 'philosopher', 'philosopher', 'philosophizer', 'phlebotomist', 'phonetician', 'phonologist', 'photographer', \"photographer's_model\", 'photojournalist', 'photometrist', 'phrenologist', 'Phrygian', 'physical_therapist', 'physicist', 'physiologist', 'phytochemist', 'pianist', 'piano_maker', 'piano_teacher', 'pickaninny', 'picker', 'picker', 'picket', 'pickpocket', 'pickup', 'picnicker', 'pied_piper', 'pilgrim', 'pilgrim', 'Pilgrim', 'pill', 'pillar', 'pill_head', 'pilot', 'pilot', 'Piltdown_man', 'pimp', 'pinchgut', 'pinch_hitter', 'pinko', 'pioneer', 'pioneer', 'pipe_major', 'piper', 'pipe_smoker', 'pip-squeak', 'pirate', 'pisser', 'pistoleer', 'pitcher', 'pitchman', 'pituitary_dwarf', 'pivot', 'place-kicker', 'placeman', 'placer_miner', 'plagiarist', 'plainclothesman', 'plainsman', 'plaintiff', 'plaiter', 'planner', 'plant', 'planter', 'planter', 'plasterer', 'plaster_saint', 'platelayer', 'plater', 'platinum_blond', 'platitudinarian', 'Platonist', 'playboy', 'player', 'player', 'player', 'playgoer', 'playmaker', 'playmate', 'pleaser', 'plebeian', 'pledge', 'pledgee', 'pledger', 'pledge_taker', 'plenipotentiary', 'plier', 'plodder', 'plodder', 'plotter', 'plowboy', 'plowman', 'plowwright', 'plumber', 'plunderer', 'pluralist', 'pluralist', 'pluralist', 'plutocrat', 'poacher', 'poet', 'poetess', 'poet_laureate', 'poet_laureate', 'poilu', 'pointillist', 'point_man', 'point_man', 'pointsman', 'point_woman', 'poisoner', 'polemicist', 'police_commissioner', 'policeman', 'police_matron', 'police_sergeant', 'policyholder', 'policy_maker', 'political_prisoner', 'political_scientist', 'politician', 'politician', 'politician', 'pollster', 'polluter', 'poltroon', 'polyandrist', 'polygamist', 'polygynist', 'polytheist', 'pomologist', 'ponce', 'pontifex', 'pooler', 'pool_player', 'poor_devil', 'poor_person', 'pope', 'popinjay', 'popularizer', 'pork_butcher', 'pornographer', 'porter', 'porter', 'portraitist', 'portwatcher', 'poseur', 'poseuse', 'positivist', 'posseman', 'possible', 'postdiluvian', 'postdoc', 'poster_boy', 'poster_child', 'poster_girl', 'postmature_infant', 'postulator', 'postulator', 'posturer', 'private_citizen', 'probable', 'problem_solver', 'pro-lifer', 'proprietress', 'prosthetist', 'prosthodontist', 'provincial', 'postal_clerk', 'postilion', 'Postimpressionist', 'postmaster', 'postmistress', 'postmaster_general', 'postulant', 'potboy', 'pothead', 'potholer', 'pothunter', 'pothunter', 'pothunter', 'potter', 'poultryman', 'powderer', 'powder_monkey', 'power', 'influence', 'Moloch', 'power_broker', 'powerhouse', 'power_user', 'power_worker', 'practitioner', 'praetor', 'Praetorian_Guard', 'pragmatist', 'pragmatist', 'prankster', 'prattler', 'prayer', 'preacher', 'prebendary', 'preceptor', 'predecessor', 'preemptor', 'preemptor', 'prefect', 'Pre-Raphaelite', 'premature_baby', 'presbyope', 'presbyter', 'Presbyterian', 'preschooler', 'presenter', 'presenter', 'presentist', 'preservationist', 'preserver', 'preserver', 'president', 'President_of_the_United_States', 'president', 'president', 'president', 'presiding_officer', 'pre-Socratic', 'press_agent', 'press_lord', 'press_photographer', 'Pretender', 'preterist', 'prevailing_party', 'prey', 'priest', 'priest', 'priestess', 'prima_ballerina', 'prima_donna', 'prima_donna', 'primary_care_physician', 'primigravida', 'primipara', 'primordial_dwarf', 'primus', 'prince', 'Elector', 'prince_charming', 'prince_consort', 'princeling', 'princeling', 'Prince_of_Wales', 'princess', 'princess_royal', 'principal', 'principal', 'principal', 'principal_investigator', 'printer', \"printer's_devil\", 'printmaker', 'print_seller', 'prior', 'prisoner', 'prisoner_of_war', 'private', 'private_detective', 'privateer', 'prizefighter', 'probability_theorist', 'probationer', 'probationer', 'probation_officer', 'processor', 'process-server', 'proconsul', 'proconsul', 'procrastinator', 'proctologist', 'proctor', 'procurator', 'procurer', 'procuress', 'prodigal', 'prodigy', 'producer', 'professional', 'professional', 'professor', 'profiteer', 'profit_taker', 'programmer', 'projectionist', 'proletarian', 'promisee', 'promiser', 'promoter', 'prompter', 'promulgator', 'proofreader', 'propagandist', 'propagator', 'propagator', 'property_man', 'prophet', 'prophetess', 'prophet', 'proposer', 'propositus', 'prosecutor', 'proselyte', 'prospector', 'prostitute', 'protectionist', 'protege', 'protegee', 'protozoologist', 'provider', 'provost', 'provost_marshal', 'prowler', 'proxy', 'prude', 'pruner', 'psalmist', 'psephologist', 'pseudohermaphrodite', 'psychiatrist', 'psychic', 'spirit_rapper', 'psycholinguist', 'psychologist', 'psychophysicist', 'sociopath', 'psychopomp', 'psychotherapist', 'psychotic', 'pteridologist', 'publican', 'public_defender', 'publicist', 'public_relations_person', 'public_servant', 'publisher', 'publisher', 'puddler', 'pudge', 'puerpera', 'puller', 'puller', 'puncher', 'punching_bag', 'punk_rocker', 'punster', 'punter', 'punter', 'puppet_ruler', 'puppeteer', 'puppy', 'purchasing_agent', 'purist', 'puritan', 'Puritan', 'purser', 'pursued', 'pursuer', 'pursuer', 'purveyor', 'pusher', 'pusher', 'pusher', 'pushover', 'pussycat', 'putter', 'putterer', 'putz', 'Pygmy', 'pygmy', 'pyrographer', 'pyromancer', 'python', 'pythoness', 'qadi', 'quack', 'quadripara', 'quadriplegic', 'quadruplet', 'quaestor', 'quaffer', 'quaker', 'qualifier', 'quarreler', 'quarryman', 'quarter', 'quarterback', 'quartermaster', 'quartermaster_general', 'Quebecois', 'queen', 'Queen_of_England', 'queen', 'queen', 'queen_consort', 'queen_dowager', 'queen_mother', 'queen_regent', \"Queen's_Counsel\", 'question_master', 'Quetzalcoatl', 'quibbler', 'quick_study', 'quietist', 'quintipara', 'quintuplet', 'quitter', 'quoter', 'rabbi', 'racer', 'racetrack_tout', 'racist', 'racker', 'racketeer', 'radical', 'radio_announcer', 'radiobiologist', 'radiographer', 'radiologic_technologist', 'radiologist', 'radio_operator', 'raftsman', 'ragamuffin', 'ragpicker', 'ragsorter', 'railbird', 'rail-splitter', 'rainmaker', 'rainmaker', 'raiser', 'raja', 'Rajput', 'rake', 'rambler', 'rambler', 'ramrod', 'rancher', 'ranch_hand', 'rani', 'ranker', 'ranker', 'ranter', 'raper', 'rape_suspect', 'rapper', 'rapporteur', 'rare_bird', 'Raskolnikov', 'rat-catcher', 'ratepayer', 'raver', 'raw_recruit', 'reactionary', 'reader', 'reader', 'reading_teacher', 'realist', 'realist', 'realist', 'real_estate_broker', 'Realtor', 'rear_admiral', 'reasoner', 'rebutter', 'receiver', 'receiver', 'receptionist', 'recidivist', 'recidivist', 'recitalist', 'reciter', 'record-breaker', 'recorder', 'recorder_player', 'recruit', 'recruit', 'recruiter', 'recruiter', 'recruiting-sergeant', 'rectifier', 'redact', 'redcap', 'redcap', 'redeemer', 'redhead', 'redneck', 'reeler', 'reenactor', 'referral', 'referee', 'referee', 'refiner', 'refinisher', 'reformer', 'Reform_Jew', 'refugee', 'regent', 'regent', 'regicide', 'registered_nurse', 'registrant', 'registrar', 'registrar', 'registrar', 'Regius_professor', 'regular', 'regular', 'regular', 'regulator', 'reincarnation', 'reliever', 'reliever', 'religious', 'eremite', 'anchorite', 'cenobite', 'religious_leader', 'remittance_man', 'remover', 'Renaissance_man', 'Renaissance_man', 'renegade', 'rent_collector', 'renter', 'rentier', 'repairman', 'repatriate', 'repeater', 'reporter', 'newswoman', 'repository', 'representative', 'reprobate', 'republican', 'Republican', 'rescuer', 'research_director', 'research_worker', 'reservist', 'resident', 'resident_commissioner', 'respecter', 'respondent', 'respondent', 'restaurateur', 'rester', 'restrainer', 'retailer', 'retiree', 'retreatant', 'returning_officer', 'reveler', 'drunken_reveler', 'revenant', 'revenant', 'revenuer', 'reversioner', 'reviewer', 'revisionist', 'revolutionist', 'rheumatic', 'rheumatologist', 'Rhodesian_man', 'Rhodes_scholar', 'rhymer', 'rhythm_and_blues_musician', 'ribald', 'Richard_Roe', 'rich_person', 'millionaire', 'billionaire', 'multi-billionaire', 'rider', 'rider', 'disreputable_person', 'riding_master', 'Riff', 'rifleman', 'rifleman', 'rigger', 'rigger', 'right-hander', 'right-hand_man', 'rightist', 'ringer', 'ringer', 'ring_girl', 'ringleader', 'ringmaster', 'rioter', 'ripper', 'Rip_van_Winkle', 'Rip_van_Winkle', 'riser', 'ritualist', 'ritualist', 'rival', 'riveter', 'road_builder', 'road_hog', 'roadman', 'roarer', 'roaster', 'roaster', 'robber', 'robbery_suspect', \"Robert's_Rules_of_Order\", 'Robin_Hood', 'Robinson_Crusoe', 'rock', 'rock_climber', 'rocker', 'rocker', 'rocker', 'rocket_engineer', 'rocket_scientist', 'rock_star', 'rogue', 'roisterer', 'rollerblader', 'roller-skater', 'Roman_Emperor', 'Romanov', 'romantic', 'romanticist', 'Romeo', 'romper', 'roofer', 'room_clerk', 'roommate', 'ropemaker', 'roper', 'roper', 'ropewalker', 'rosebud', 'Rosicrucian', 'Rosicrucian', 'Rotarian', 'rotter', 'Mountie', 'Rough_Rider', 'roughrider', 'Roundhead', 'roundhead', 'roundsman', 'router', 'rover', 'rubberneck', 'ruler', 'civil_authority', 'dynast', 'rug_merchant', 'Rumpelstiltskin', 'Shylock', 'rumrunner', 'runner', 'runner', 'runner', 'runner-up', 'running_back', 'running_mate', 'runt', 'ruralist', 'rusher', 'rusher', 'rusher', 'rustic', 'rustler', 'Sabbatarian', 'saboteur', 'sachem', 'sachem', 'sacred_cow', 'sacrificer', 'saddler', 'Sadducee', 'sadhu', 'sadist', 'sadomasochist', 'safebreaker', 'sage', 'sailing_master', 'sailmaker', 'sailor', 'saint', 'saint', 'salesclerk', 'salesgirl', 'salesman', 'salesperson', 'saloon_keeper', 'salter', 'salter', 'salutatorian', 'salvager', 'Samaritan', 'samurai', 'sandbagger', 'sandboy', 'sandwichman', 'sangoma', 'sannup', 'sannyasi', 'Santa_Claus', 'Tristan', 'Iseult', 'sapper', 'sapper', 'Saracen', 'Saracen', 'Saracen', 'Sardinian', 'Sassenach', 'Satanist', 'satellite', 'satirist', 'satyr', 'satrap', 'saunterer', 'savage', 'saver', 'savior', 'Savoyard', 'sawyer', 'saxophonist', 'scab', 'scalawag', 'scalper', 'scandalmonger', 'scanner', 'scapegoat', 'scapegrace', 'Scaramouch', 'scaremonger', 'scatterbrain', 'scenarist', 'scene_painter', 'sceneshifter', 'scene-stealer', 'scenic_artist', 'schemer', 'schizophrenic', 'schlemiel', 'schlepper', 'schlimazel', 'schlockmeister', 'schmuck', 'schnook', 'schnorrer', 'scholar', 'scholar', 'Scholastic', 'scholiast', 'schoolboy', 'schoolchild', 'schoolfriend', 'schoolgirl', 'Schoolman', 'schoolmarm', 'schoolmaster', 'schoolmate', 'school_superintendent', 'schoolteacher', 'science_teacher', 'scientist', 'scion', 'scoffer', 'scoffer', 'scofflaw', 'scold', 'scorekeeper', 'scorer', 'scorer', 'scourer', 'scourer', 'scout', 'scout', 'Scout', 'scoutmaster', 'scrambler', 'scratch', 'scratcher', 'scratcher', 'scrawler', 'screen_actor', 'screener', 'screenwriter', 'screwballer', 'scribe', 'scrimshanker', 'scriptwriter', 'scrubber', 'scrub_nurse', 'scrutinizer', 'scrutineer', 'scuba_diver', 'sculler', 'scullion', 'sculptor', 'sculptress', 'Scythian', 'sea_king', 'sea_lawyer', 'sealer', 'searcher', 'Sea_Scout', 'seasonal_worker', 'seasoner', 'secessionist', 'second', 'second_baseman', 'second_cousin', 'seconder', 'second_fiddle', 'second_hand', 'second-in-command', 'second_lieutenant', 'second-rater', 'secret_agent', 'secretary', 'secretary', 'Attorney_General', 'Secretary_of_Agriculture', 'Secretary_of_Commerce', 'Secretary_of_Defense', 'Secretary_of_Education', 'Secretary_of_Energy', 'Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services', 'Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development', 'Secretary_of_Labor', 'Secretary_of_State', 'Secretary_of_the_Interior', 'Secretary_of_the_Treasury', 'Secretary_of_Transportation', 'Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs', 'Secretary_General', 'sectarian', 'Section_Eight', 'section_hand', 'section_man', 'secularist', 'secundigravida', 'security_consultant', 'security_director', 'seducer', 'seducer', 'seductress', 'seeded_player', 'seeder', 'seedsman', 'seeker', 'seer', 'segregate', 'segregator', 'seismologist', 'selectman', 'selectwoman', 'selfish_person', 'self-starter', 'seller', 'selling_agent', 'semanticist', 'semifinalist', 'seminarian', 'semiprofessional', 'senator', 'sendee', 'sender', 'Senhor', 'senior', 'senior_chief_petty_officer', 'senior_master_sergeant', 'senior_vice_president', 'sentimentalist', 'sensationalist', 'separatist', 'Sephardi', 'septuagenarian', 'serf', 'sergeant', 'sergeant_at_arms', 'sergeant_major', 'serial_killer', 'spree_killer', 'sericulturist', 'serjeant-at-law', 'serologist', 'servant', 'servant_girl', 'server', 'serviceman', 'servitor', 'settler', 'settler', 'settler', 'settlor', 'sewer', 'sewing-machine_operator', 'sexagenarian', 'sex_kitten', 'sex_object', 'sex_offender', 'sex_symbol', 'sexton', 'shadow', 'Shah', 'shaheed', 'Shaker', 'shaker', 'Shakespearian', 'shanghaier', 'sharecropper', 'shark', 'shark', 'sharpshooter', 'shaver', 'Shavian', 'shearer', 'shearer', 'shedder', 'she-devil', 'sheepherder', 'sheepman', 'sheep', 'sheep', 'shegetz', 'sheik', 'sheika', 'sheller', 'shelver', 'Shem', 'shepherd', 'shepherdess', 'sheriff', 'shiksa', 'shill', 'shingler', 'ship-breaker', 'ship_broker', 'shipbuilder', 'ship_chandler', 'shipmate', 'shipowner', 'shipper', 'shipping_agent', 'shipping_clerk', \"ship's_chandler\", 'shipwright', 'shirtmaker', 'shocker', 'shogun', 'Shona', 'shoofly', 'shooter', 'shooter', 'shopaholic', 'shop_boy', 'shop_girl', 'shopkeeper', 'shopper', 'shopper', 'shop_steward', 'shortstop', 'shot', 'gunman', 'shot_putter', 'shoveler', 'showman', 'showman', 'shrew', 'Shudra', 'shuffler', 'shuffler', 'shutterbug', 'shy_person', 'shyster', 'Siamese_twin', 'sibling', 'sibyl', 'sibyl', 'sick_person', 'side_judge', 'sidesman', 'sightreader', 'sightseer', 'signaler', 'signalman', 'signer', 'signer', 'sign_painter', 'signor', 'signora', 'signore', 'signorina', 'Sikh', 'silent_partner', 'silly', 'silversmith', 'addle-head', 'Simeon', 'simperer', 'simpleton', 'singer', 'sinner', 'Sinologist', 'sipper', 'sir', 'Sir', 'sirdar', 'sire', 'Siren', 'sirrah', 'sister', 'Sister', 'Beguine', 'sister', 'half_sister', 'sissy', 'waverer', 'sister-in-law', 'sitar_player', 'sitter', 'sitting_duck', 'six-footer', 'sixth-former', 'skateboarder', 'skater', 'skeptic', 'sketcher', 'skidder', 'skidder', 'skier', 'ski_jumper', 'skimmer', 'Skinnerian', 'skinny-dipper', 'skirmisher', 'skilled_worker', 'skin-diver', 'skinhead', 'skinner', 'skipper', 'skivvy', 'skycap', 'skydiver', 'slacker', 'slammer', 'slapper', 'slasher', 'slattern', 'slave', 'slave', 'slave', 'slave_driver', 'slave_driver', 'slaveholder', 'slaver', 'sledder', 'sleeper', 'sleeper', 'sleeper', 'Sleeping_Beauty', 'sleeping_beauty', 'sleepwalker', 'sleepyhead', 'sleuth', 'slicer', 'slicker', 'slinger', 'slip', 'slob', 'sloganeer', 'slopseller', 'slouch', 'sloucher', 'sluggard', 'small_businessman', 'small-for-gestational-age_infant', 'smallholder', 'small_person', 'small_farmer', 'smarta', 'smasher', 'smasher', 'smiler', 'smirker', 'smith', 'smith', 'smoker', 'smoothie', 'smuggler', 'snake_charmer', 'snake', 'snarer', 'snatcher', 'sneak', 'sneak_thief', 'sneerer', 'sneezer', 'sniffer', 'sniffler', 'sniper', 'snob', 'snoop', 'snorer', 'snorter', 'snowboarder', 'snuffer', 'snuffer', 'snuffler', 'sobersides', 'sob_sister', 'soccer_player', 'social_anthropologist', 'social_climber', 'socialist', 'collectivist', 'socialite', 'socializer', 'social_scientist', 'social_secretary', 'social_worker', 'Socinian', 'sociobiologist', 'sociolinguist', 'sociologist', 'sod', 'soda_jerk', 'sodalist', 'sodomite', 'softy', 'sojourner', 'solderer', 'soldier', 'solicitor', 'solicitor', 'solicitor_general', 'soloist', 'sommelier', 'somniloquist', 'son', 'songster', 'songstress', 'songwriter', 'son-in-law', 'sonneteer', 'Sophist', 'sophisticate', 'sophomore', 'soprano', 'sorcerer', 'shaman', 'medicine_man', 'sorceress', 'sorehead', 'sort', 'sorter', 'soubrette', 'soul', 'soul_mate', 'sounding_board', 'soundman', 'sourdough', 'sourpuss', 'Southern_Baptist', 'Southerner', 'Rebel', 'sovereign', 'sower', 'space_cadet', 'spacewalker', 'space_writer', 'spammer', 'Spanish_American', 'sparer', 'sparring_partner', 'spastic', 'speaker', 'native_speaker', 'Speaker', 'spearhead', 'speechwriter', 'special_agent', 'specialist', 'specialist', 'specifier', 'spectator', 'speculator', 'speculator', 'speech_therapist', 'speeder', 'speed_freak', 'speedskater', 'spellbinder', 'speller', 'spender', 'spendthrift', 'big_spender', 'sphinx', 'spindlelegs', 'spin_doctor', 'spinner', 'spinster', 'spirit', 'spitfire', 'spitter', 'spiv', 'splicer', 'splicer', 'split_end', 'splitter', 'splitter', 'spoiler', 'spoilsport', 'spokesman', 'spokesperson', 'spokeswoman', 'sponger', 'sport', 'sport', 'sport', 'sporting_man', 'sporting_man', 'sports_announcer', 'sports_editor', 'sports_fan', 'sports_writer', 'spotter', 'spotter', 'spot-welder', 'spouse', 'sprawler', 'sprayer', 'sprog', 'sprog', 'sprinter', 'spurner', 'spy', 'spy', 'spymaster', 'squabbler', 'square_dancer', 'square_shooter', 'square', 'square', 'squatter', 'squatter', 'squaw', 'squaw_man', 'squeeze', 'squinter', 'squire', 'squire', 'squire', 'stabber', 'stableman', 'stacker', 'staff_member', 'staff_officer', 'staff_sergeant', 'stage_director', 'stagehand', 'stage_manager', 'staggerer', 'stainer', 'stakeholder', 'Stalinist', 'stalker', 'stalker', 'stalking-horse', 'stammerer', 'stamper', 'stamper', 'stamp_dealer', 'standard-bearer', 'standardizer', 'standee', 'stander', 'stand-in', 'star', 'starer', 'starets', 'starlet', 'starter', 'starter', 'starting_pitcher', 'starveling', 'stater', \"state's_attorney\", 'state_senator', 'statesman', 'stateswoman', 'state_treasurer', 'stationer', 'stationmaster', 'statistician', 'statistician', 'stay-at-home', 'steamfitter', 'steelmaker', 'steeplejack', 'stemmer', 'stenographer', 'stentor', 'stepbrother', 'stepchild', 'stepdaughter', 'stepfather', 'stepmother', 'stepparent', 'stepson', 'stevedore', 'steward', 'steward', 'steward', 'stewardess', 'stickler', 'stiff', 'stifler', 'stigmatic', 'stillborn_infant', 'stinter', 'stipendiary', 'stippler', 'stitcher', 'stockbroker', 'stockjobber', 'stocktaker', 'stock_trader', 'stockholder', 'stockholder_of_record', 'stockist', 'stockman', 'Stoic', 'stoic', 'stoker', 'stone_breaker', 'stonecutter', 'stoner', 'stonewaller', 'stooper', 'stooper', 'store_detective', 'storm_trooper', 'storyteller', 'stowaway', 'strafer', 'straggler', 'straight_man', 'stranger', 'stranger', 'straphanger', 'straphanger', 'strategist', 'straw_boss', 'strider', 'stringer', 'stringer', 'streaker', 'street_cleaner', 'street_fighter', 'street_fighter', 'street_urchin', 'street_arab', 'streetwalker', 'stretcher-bearer', 'strike_leader', 'striker', 'striker', 'striker', 'striper', 'strip_miner', 'stripper', 'stripper', 'stroke', 'strongman', 'strongman', 'struggler', 'Stuart', 'stud', 'student', 'student_teacher', 'study', 'stuffed_shirt', 'stumblebum', 'double', 'stumbler', 'stupid', 'stylist', 'stylite', 'subaltern', 'subcontractor', 'subdeacon', 'subdivider', 'subduer', 'subject', 'subjectivist', 'subjugator', 'sublieutenant', 'submariner', 'submitter', 'submitter', 'subnormal', 'subordinate', 'subscriber', 'subscriber', 'subscriber', 'subsidizer', 'substitute', 'subtracter', 'suburbanite', 'subvocalizer', 'successor', 'successor', 'succorer', 'sucker', 'suer', 'Sufi', 'suffragan', 'suffragette', 'suffragist', 'sugar_daddy', 'suggester', 'suicide', 'suicide_bomber', 'suit', 'suitor', 'sultan', 'Sumerian', 'summercaters', 'sumo_wrestler', 'sun', 'sunbather', 'sundowner', 'sun_worshiper', 'supercargo', 'supergrass', 'super_heavyweight', 'superintendent', 'superior', 'superior', 'supermarketer', 'supermodel', 'supermom', 'supernumerary', 'supernumerary', 'supervisor', 'supplier', 'supply_officer', 'supporter', 'suppressor', 'supremacist', 'suprematist', 'supremo', 'surfer', 'surgeon', 'Surgeon_General', 'Surgeon_General', 'surpriser', 'surrealist', 'surrenderer', 'surrogate', 'surrogate_mother', 'surveyor', 'surveyor', 'survivalist', 'survivor', 'survivor', 'suspect', 'sutler', 'Svengali', 'Svengali', 'swaggerer', 'swagman', 'swearer', 'swearer', 'sweater_girl', 'sweeper', 'sweetheart', 'sweetheart', 'swimmer', 'swimmer', 'swineherd', 'swinger', 'swinger', 'swing_voter', 'switcher', 'switch-hitter', 'switch-hitter', 'switchman', 'swot', 'sycophant', 'syllogist', 'sylph', 'sylph', 'sylvan', 'symbolic_logician', 'symbolist', 'symbolist', 'sympathizer', 'sympathizer', 'symphonist', 'symposiast', 'syncopator', 'syndic', 'syndicator', 'synonymist', 'synthesist', 'syphilitic', 'system_administrator', 'systems_analyst', 'tablemate', 'tacker', 'tackle', 'tackler', 'tactician', 'Tagalog', 'tagalong', 'tagger', 'tagger', 'tail', 'tailback', 'tailgater', 'tailor', 'taker', 'talent', 'talent_agent', 'talking_head', 'tallyman', 'tallyman', 'tamer', 'tanker', 'tanner', 'tantalizer', 'taoiseach', 'tap_dancer', 'tapper', 'tapper', 'tapper', 'tapster', 'Tartuffe', 'Tarzan', 'taskmaster', 'taskmistress', 'taster', 'tattletale', 'tax_assessor', 'tax_collector', 'taxer', 'taxi_dancer', 'taxidermist', 'taxidriver', 'taxonomist', 'taxpayer', 'teacher', \"teacher's_pet\", 'teaching_fellow', 'teammate', 'teamster', 'teamster', 'tearaway', 'tease', 'teaser', 'techie', 'technical_sergeant', 'technician', 'technician', 'technocrat', 'technocrat', 'technophile', 'technophobe', 'Ted', 'teetotaler', 'telecaster', 'telegrapher', 'teleologist', 'telepathist', 'telephone_operator', 'televangelist', 'television_reporter', 'television_star', 'Tell', 'teller', 'teller', 'tellurian', 'temp', 'temporizer', 'tempter', 'term_infant', 'toiler', 'tenant', 'tenant', 'tenant', 'tenant_farmer', 'tenderfoot', 'tennis_coach', 'tennis_player', 'tennis_pro', 'tenor', 'tenor_saxophonist', 'tentmaker', 'termer', 'territorial', 'terror', 'terror', 'terrorist', 'tertigravida', 'testator', 'testatrix', 'test_driver', 'testee', 'testifier', 'test_pilot', 'test-tube_baby', 'Teutonist', 'Texas_Ranger', 'thane', 'thane', 'thatcher', 'Thatcherite', 'theatrical_producer', 'theologian', 'theorist', 'theosophist', 'therapist', 'Thessalian', 'Thessalonian', 'thief', 'thinker', 'thinker', 'thin_person', 'third_baseman', 'third_party', 'third-rater', 'thoroughbred', 'thrall', 'thrower', 'throwster', 'thrush', 'thunderbird', 'thurifer', 'ticket_collector', 'tier', 'tier', 'tiger', 'tight_end', 'tiler', 'tiller', 'tilter', 'timberman', 'timekeeper', 'timekeeper', 'timeserver', 'Timorese', 'tinker', 'tinker', 'tinkerer', 'tinsmith', 'tinter', 'tipper', 'tippler', 'tipster', 'tither', 'titterer', 'T-man', 'toast', 'toaster', 'toastmaster', 'toast_mistress', 'tobacconist', 'Tobagonian', 'tobogganist', 'Todd', 'toddler', 'toff', 'tollkeeper', 'toller', 'tomboy', 'Tom_Thumb', 'Tom_Thumb', 'toolmaker', 'top_banana', 'topper', 'topper', 'torchbearer', 'torch_singer', 'tormentor', 'tort-feasor', 'torturer', 'Tory', 'Tory', 'Tory', 'tosser', 'tosser', 'totalitarian', 'totemist', 'toucher', 'touch-typist', 'tough_guy', 'tour_guide', 'tourist', 'tout', 'tout', 'tovarich', 'tower_of_strength', 'towhead', 'town_clerk', 'town_crier', 'townsman', 'townee', 'townie', 'townsman', 'toxicologist', 'tracer', 'tracker', 'track_star', 'Tractarian', 'trader', 'trade_unionist', 'traditionalist', 'traffic_cop', 'dealer', 'tragedian', 'tragedian', 'tragedienne', 'trailblazer', 'trail_boss', 'trainbandsman', 'trainbearer', 'trainee', 'trainer', 'trainman', 'traitor', 'traitress', 'tramp', 'trampler', 'transactor', 'transalpine', 'transcendentalist', 'transcriber', 'transcriber', 'transcriber', 'transfer', 'transferee', 'transferer', 'transferor', 'transient', 'translator', 'transmigrante', 'transplanter', 'transsexual', 'transsexual', 'transvestite', 'trapper', 'Trappist', 'trapshooter', 'travel_agent', 'traveling_salesman', 'traverser', 'trawler', 'treasurer', 'Treasury', 'tree_hugger', 'tree_surgeon', 'trekker', 'trencher', 'trend-setter', 'trial_attorney', 'trial_judge', 'tribesman', 'tribologist', 'tribune', 'trier', 'trier', 'trifler', 'trigonometrician', 'Trilby', 'Trinidadian', 'triplet', 'tripper', 'tritheist', 'triumvir', 'trombonist', 'trooper', 'trouper', 'trooper', 'trophy_wife', 'Trotskyite', 'troublemaker', 'troubleshooter', 'truant', 'trudger', 'trumpeter', 'trustbuster', 'trustee', 'trusty', 'tub-thumper', 'tucker', 'Tudor', 'tumbler', 'tuner', 'turncock', 'turner', 'turner', 'turner', 'turtler', 'tutee', 'tv_announcer', 'twaddler', 'twerp', 'twiddler', 'twin', 'twiner', 'two-timer', 'Tyke', 'tympanist', 'typist', 'tyrant', 'tyrant', 'tyrant', 'ugly_duckling', 'umpire', 'uncle', 'uncle', 'underachiever', 'undergraduate', 'undersecretary', 'underseller', 'understudy', 'undesirable', 'undoer', 'undoer', 'unemployed_person', 'unicorn', 'unicyclist', 'unilateralist', 'uniocular_dichromat', 'union_representative', 'Unitarian', 'Trinitarian', 'Arminian', 'universal_agent', 'universal_donor', 'UNIX_guru', 'Unknown_Soldier', 'unmarried_woman', 'unpleasant_woman', 'untouchable', 'upbraider', 'upholder', 'upholsterer', 'upsetter', 'upstager', 'upstart', 'upstart', 'urban_guerrilla', 'urchin', 'urologist', 'user', 'usher', 'usherette', 'usher', 'usufructuary', 'usurer', 'usurper', 'utilitarian', 'utility_man', 'utility_man', 'utilizer', 'Utopian', 'utterer', 'utterer', 'uxor', 'uxoricide', 'vacationer', 'vaccinee', 'vagrant', 'Vaisya', 'valedictorian', 'valentine', 'valet', 'valetudinarian', 'valley_girl', 'valuer', 'vandal', 'Vandal', 'vanisher', 'varnisher', 'vassal', 'vaudevillian', 'vaulter', 'vegetarian', 'Vedist', 'vegan', 'venerator', 'venter', 'ventriloquist', 'venture_capitalist', 'venturer', 'verger', 'vermin', 'very_important_person', 'vestal', 'vestryman', 'vestrywoman', 'veteran', 'veteran', 'veteran', 'veterinarian', 'vibist', 'vicar', 'vicar', 'vicar', 'vicar_apostolic', 'vicar-general', 'vice_admiral', 'vice_chairman', 'vice_chancellor', 'vicegerent', 'vice_president', 'Vice_President_of_the_United_States', 'vice-regent', 'viceroy', 'vicereine', 'victim', 'victim', 'victimizer', 'victor', 'Victorian', 'victualer', 'vigilante', 'villager', 'villain', 'villain', 'villainess', 'vintager', 'vintner', 'vintner', 'violator', 'violator', 'violinist', 'violin_maker', 'violist', 'virago', 'virgin', 'virologist', 'virtuoso', 'Visayan', 'viscount', 'viscountess', 'viscountess', 'viscount', 'Visigoth', 'visionary', 'visionary', 'visiting_fireman', 'visiting_nurse', 'visiting_professor', 'visitor', 'visualizer', 'visually_impaired_person', 'vitalist', 'vital_principle', 'viticulturist', 'vivisectionist', 'vixen', 'vizier', 'vociferator', 'voice', 'voicer', 'voicer', 'volleyball_player', 'volunteer', 'volunteer', 'voluptuary', 'vomiter', 'votary', 'votary', 'votary', 'voter', 'vouchee', 'voucher', 'vower', 'voyager', 'voyeur', 'vulcanizer', 'vulgarian', 'vulgarizer', 'Wac', 'waddler', 'waffler', 'wag', 'Wagnerian', 'wagoner', 'wagonwright', 'Wahhabi', 'waif', 'wailer', 'waiter', 'waitress', 'waiter', 'waker', 'waker', 'walk-in', 'walk-in', 'walking_delegate', 'walk-on', 'wallah', 'wallflower', 'walloper', 'walloper', 'wallpaperer', 'wally', 'Walter_Mitty', 'waltzer', 'wanderer', 'Wandering_Jew', 'wanter', 'wanton', 'war_baby', 'warbler', 'war_bride', 'war_correspondent', 'war_criminal', 'ward', 'warden', 'warder', 'wardress', 'warehouser', 'war_god', 'warlock', 'warlord', 'warner', 'warrantee', 'warrantee', 'warrant_officer', 'warrener', 'warrior', 'war_widow', 'washer', 'washerman', 'washwoman', 'wassailer', 'wastrel', 'watchdog', 'watcher', 'watchmaker', 'watchman', 'water_boy', 'water_dog', 'watercolorist', 'waterer', 'water_witch', 'Wave', 'waver', 'wayfarer', 'wayfarer', 'weakling', 'wearer', 'weasel', 'weatherman', 'weaver', 'webmaster', 'wedding_guest', 'weekender', 'weekend_warrior', 'weekend_warrior', 'weeder', 'weeper', 'weeper', 'weigher', 'weightlifter', 'welcher', 'welder', 'welfare_case', 'welterweight', 'welterweight', 'welterweight', 'wencher', 'westerner', 'West_Indian', 'West-sider', 'wet_nurse', 'wetter', 'whaler', 'wharf_rat', 'wheedler', 'wheeler', 'wheelwright', 'whiffer', 'Whig', 'Whig', 'Whig', 'whiner', 'whip', 'whipper-in', 'whippersnapper', 'whirling_dervish', 'whisperer', 'whistle_blower', 'whistler', 'whited_sepulcher', 'whiteface', 'Carmelite', 'Dominican', 'Franciscan', 'Augustinian', 'Austin_Friar', 'white_hope', 'white_separatist', 'white_slave', 'white_slaver', 'white_supremacist', 'whittler', 'whoremaster', 'whoremaster', 'Wiccan', 'wicket-keeper', 'widow', 'widower', 'wife', 'wiggler', 'wigmaker', 'wildcatter', 'wild_man', 'wimp', 'winder', 'wing', 'wingback', 'wing_commander', 'winger', 'wingman', 'winner', 'winner', 'window_cleaner', 'window_dresser', 'window_washer', 'wine_taster', 'winker', 'wiper', 'wireman', 'wire-puller', 'wirer', 'wise_guy', 'junior', 'wisp', 'witch_doctor', 'witch-hunter', 'withdrawer', 'withdrawer', 'withdrawer', 'withdrawer', 'withdrawer', 'withdrawer', 'withholder', 'withholder', 'withstander', 'witness', 'witness', 'witness', 'wittol', 'Wobbly', 'wog', 'wolf', 'wolf_boy', 'woman', 'woman', 'womanizer', 'wonder_boy', 'wonderer', 'wonderer', 'wonder_woman', 'woodcarver', 'woodcutter', 'woodworker', 'woodsman', 'wool_stapler', 'wool_stapler', 'wordmonger', 'word-painter', 'wordsmith', 'workaholic', 'working_girl', 'workman', 'workmate', 'worldling', 'worm', 'worrier', 'worshiper', 'worthy', 'wrangler', 'wrecker', 'wrester', 'wrestler', 'wretch', 'wright', 'write-in_candidate', 'writer', 'writer', 'Wykehamist', 'xylophonist', 'yakuza', 'Yahoo', 'yachtsman', 'yanker', 'Yankee', 'yard_bird', 'yardie', 'yardman', 'yardman', 'yardmaster', 'yawner', 'yenta', 'yenta', 'yeoman', 'yeoman', 'yodeller', 'yogi', 'yokel', 'young_buck', 'young_person', 'young_Turk', 'Young_Turk', 'yuppie', 'zany', 'Zealot', 'Zionist', 'zombi', 'zombi', 'zombi', 'zoo_keeper', 'zoologist', 'Zurvan', 'Aalto', 'Aaron', 'Aaron', 'Abel', 'Abelard', 'Abraham', 'Acheson', 'Adam', 'Adams', 'Adams', 'Adams', 'Adenauer', 'Adrian', 'Aeschylus', 'Aesop', 'Agassiz', 'Agee', 'Agricola', 'Agrippa', 'Agrippina', 'Agrippina', 'Ahab', 'Aiken', 'Ailey', 'a_Kempis', 'Akhenaton', 'Alaric', 'Albee', 'Albers', 'Albert', 'Alberti', 'Alcaeus', 'Alcibiades', 'Alcott', 'Alexander', 'Alexander_I', 'Alexander_II', 'Alexander_III', 'Alexander_VI', 'Alfred', 'Alger', 'Algren', 'Al-hakim', 'Alhazen', 'Ali', 'Ali', 'Allen', 'Allen', 'Allen', 'Alonso', 'Amati', 'Ambrose', 'Amos', 'Amundsen', 'Anaxagoras', 'Anaximander', 'Anaximenes', 'Andersen', 'Anderson', 'Anderson', 'Anderson', 'Anderson', 'Anderson', 'Andrew', 'Andrews', 'Anne', 'Anouilh', 'Anselm', 'Anthony', 'Antichrist', 'Antigonus', 'Antoninus', 'Antonius_Pius', 'Antony', 'Apollinaire', 'Appleton', 'Aquinas', 'Arafat', 'Aragon', 'Archimedes', 'Arendt', 'Aristarchus', 'Aristarchus_of_Samos', 'Aristophanes', 'Aristotle', 'Arius', 'Arminius', 'Arminius', 'Armstrong', 'Armstrong', 'Arnold', 'Arnold', 'Arnold_of_Brescia', 'Arp', 'Arrhenius', 'Artaxerxes_I', 'Artaxerxes_II', 'Arthur', 'Arthur', 'Asanga', 'Asch', 'Ashe', 'Ashton', 'Ashurbanipal', 'Asimov', 'Astaire', 'Astor', 'Astor', 'Ataturk', 'Athanasius', 'Athelstan', 'Attila', 'Attlee', 'Auchincloss', 'Auden', 'Audubon', 'Augustine', 'Augustus', 'Austen', 'Averroes', 'Avicenna', 'Avogadro', 'Bach', 'Bacon', 'Bacon', 'Baedeker', 'Bailey', 'Bailey', 'Bakunin', 'Balanchine', 'Balboa', 'Baldwin', 'Baldwin', 'Balenciaga', 'Balfour', 'Ball', 'Balthazar', 'Balzac', 'Bankhead', 'Banks', 'Bannister', 'Banting', 'Baraka', 'Barany', 'Barbarossa', 'Barber', 'Bardeen', 'Barkley', 'Barnum', 'Barrie', 'Barrymore', 'Barrymore', 'Barrymore', 'Barrymore', 'Barrymore', 'Barth', 'Barth', 'Barthelme', 'Bartholdi', 'Bartholin', 'Bartlett', 'Bartlett', 'Bartok', 'Baruch', 'Baruch', 'Baryshnikov', 'Basil', 'Bathsheba', 'Baudelaire', 'Baum', 'Bayard', 'Bayes', 'Beadle', 'Beaumont', 'Beaumont', 'Beauvoir', 'Beaverbrook', 'Becket', 'Beckett', 'Becquerel', 'Bede', 'Beecher', 'Beerbohm', 'Beethoven', 'Begin', 'Behrens', 'Belisarius', 'Bell', 'Bell', 'Bell', 'Bellarmine', 'Bellini', 'Belloc', 'Bellow', 'Belshazzar', 'Benchley', 'Benedict', 'Benedict_XIV', 'Benedict_XV', 'Benedict', 'Benet', 'Benet', 'Ben_Gurion', 'Benjamin', 'Bennett', 'Benny', 'Bentham', 'Benton', 'Benton', 'Berg', 'Bergman', 'Bergman', 'Bergson', 'Beria', 'Bering', 'Berkeley', 'Berlage', 'Berlin', 'Berlioz', 'Bernard', 'Bernhardt', 'Bernini', 'Bernoulli', 'Bernoulli', 'Bernoulli', 'Bernstein', 'Berra', 'Berry', 'Bertillon', 'Bertolucci', 'Berzelius', 'Bessel', 'Bessemer', 'Best', 'Bethe', 'Bethune', 'Beveridge', 'Bevin', 'Bierce', 'Binet', 'bin_Laden', 'Bismarck', 'Bizet', 'Black', 'Black', 'Black_Hawk', 'Blair', 'Blake', 'Bleriot', 'Bligh', 'Blitzstein', 'Bloch', 'Blok', 'Bloomfield', 'Blucher', 'Boccaccio', 'Bodoni', 'Boehme', 'Boell', 'Boethius', 'Bogart', 'Bohr', 'Boleyn', 'Bolivar', 'Boltzmann', 'Bond', 'Bonhoeffer', 'Boniface', 'Boniface_VIII', 'Bonney', 'Bontemps', 'Boole', 'Boone', 'Booth', 'Borges', 'Borgia', 'Borgia', 'Born', 'Borodin', 'Bosch', 'Bose', 'Boswell', 'Botticelli', 'Bougainville', 'Boulez', 'Bowditch', 'Bowdler', 'Bowie', 'Boyle', 'Boyle', 'Bradbury', 'Bradford', 'Bradley', 'Bradley', 'Bradstreet', 'Brady', 'Brady', 'Bragg', 'Brahe', 'Brahms', 'Braille', 'Bramante', 'Brancusi', 'Brandt', 'Braque', 'Braun', 'Braun', 'Brecht', 'Breuer', 'Brezhnev', 'Bridges', 'Bridget', 'Brinton', 'Britten', 'Broca', 'Brockhouse', 'Broglie', 'Bronte', 'Bronte', 'Bronte', 'Brooke', 'Brooks', 'Brown', 'Brown', 'Browne', 'Browne', 'Browning', 'Browning', 'Browning', 'Bruce', 'Bruce', 'Bruch', 'Bruckner', 'Brueghel', 'Brummell', 'Brunelleschi', 'Bruno', 'Bruno', 'Brutus', 'Bryan', 'Buber', 'Buchanan', 'Buchner', 'Buck', 'Budge', 'Bukharin', 'Bullfinch', 'Bultmann', 'Bunche', 'Bunsen', 'Bunuel', 'Bunyan', 'Burbage', 'Burbank', 'Burger', 'Burgess', 'Burgoyne', 'Burk', 'Burke', 'Burnett', 'Burnham', 'Burns', 'Burns', 'Burnside', 'Burr', 'Burroughs', 'Burroughs', 'Burroughs', 'Burt', 'Burton', 'Burton', 'Bush', 'Bush', 'Bush', 'Bushnell', 'Butler', 'Butler', 'Butterfield', 'Byrd', 'Byrd', 'Byron', 'Cabell', 'Cabot', 'Cabot', 'Caesar', 'Caesar', 'Cage', 'Cagliostro', 'Cagney', 'Calder', 'Calderon', 'Caldwell', 'Caligula', 'Calixtus_II', 'Calixtus_III', 'Callas', 'Calvin', 'Calvin', 'Calvino', 'Campbell', 'Camus', 'Canetti', 'Canute', 'Capek', 'Capone', 'Capra', 'Caravaggio', 'Carducci', 'Carew', 'Carl_XVI_Gustav', 'Carlyle', 'Carmichael', 'Carnegie', 'Carnegie', 'Carnot', 'Carothers', 'Carrel', 'Carrere', 'Carroll', 'Carson', 'Carson', 'Carter', 'Carter', 'Cartier', 'Cartwright', 'Caruso', 'Carver', 'Casals', 'Casanova', 'Cash', 'Caspar', 'Cassirer', 'Cassius', 'Castro', 'Cather', 'Catherine_I', 'Catherine_II', 'Catherine_of_Aragon', 'Catherine_de_Medicis', 'Catullus', 'Cavell', 'Cavendish', 'Caxton', 'Cellini', 'Celsius', 'Cervantes', 'Cezanne', 'Chagall', 'Chamberlain', 'Chambers', 'Champlain', 'Champollion', 'Chandler', 'Chaplin', 'Chapman', 'Chain', 'Capet', 'Cattell', 'Cattell', 'Charcot', 'Charlemagne', 'Charles', 'Charles', 'Charles', 'Charles', 'Charles', 'Charles', 'Charles', 'Chase', 'Chateaubriand', 'Chaucer', 'Chavez', 'Chavez', 'Cheever', 'Chekhov', 'Cherubini', 'Chesterfield', 'Chesterton', 'Chevalier', 'Chiang_Kai-shek', 'Chippendale', 'Chirico', 'Chomsky', 'Chopin', 'Chopin', 'Christie', 'Christopher', 'Churchill', 'Churchill', 'Ciardi', 'Cicero', 'Cimabue', 'Cincinnatus', 'Clark', 'Clark', 'Clark', 'Clark', 'Claudius', 'Clausewitz', 'Clay', 'Clay', 'Cleanthes', 'Clemenceau', 'Clemens', 'Clement_III', 'Clement_VII', 'Clement_XI', 'Clement_XIV', 'Cleopatra', 'Cleveland', 'Cline', 'Clinton', 'Clinton', 'Clinton', 'Clive', 'Clovis', 'Coca', 'Cochise', 'Cochran', 'Cockcroft', 'Cocteau', 'Cody', 'Cohan', 'Cohn', 'Coleridge', 'Colette', 'Collins', 'Columbus', 'Comenius', 'Compton', 'Comstock', 'Comte', 'Conan_Doyle', 'Condorcet', 'Confucius', 'Congreve', 'Connolly', 'Connors', 'Conrad', 'Constable', 'Constantine', 'Cook', 'Cooke', 'Cooke', 'Coolidge', 'Cooper', 'Cooper', 'Cooper', 'Copernicus', 'Copland', 'Copley', 'Coppola', 'Corbett', 'Corday', 'Cordoba', 'Corelli', 'Corneille', 'Cornell', 'Cornell', 'Cornwallis', 'Corot', 'Correggio', 'Cortes', 'Cosimo_de_Medici', 'Coue', 'Coulomb', 'Couperin', 'Courbet', 'Court', 'Cousteau', 'Coward', 'Cowper', 'Cowper', 'Craigie', 'Crane', 'Crane', 'Crawford', 'Crawford', 'Crazy_Horse', 'Crichton', 'Crick', 'Crispin', 'Crockett', 'Croesus', 'Crohn', 'Cromwell', 'Cronyn', 'Crookes', 'Crosby', 'Crouse', 'Culbertson', 'Cumberland', 'cummings', 'Cunningham', 'Curie', 'Curie', 'Curl', 'Currier', 'Curtis', 'Curtiss', 'Cushing', 'Custer', 'Cuvier', 'Cynewulf', 'Cyrano_de_Bergerac', 'Cyril', 'Cyrus', 'Cyrus_II', 'Czerny', 'da_Gamma', 'Daguerre', 'Daimler', 'Dali', 'Dalton', 'Damocles', 'Damon', 'Daniel', 'Dante', 'Danton', 'Darius_I', 'Darius_III', 'Darrow', 'Darwin', 'Daumier', 'David', 'David', 'David', 'Davis', 'Davis', 'Davis', 'Davis', 'Davis', 'Davy', 'Davys', 'Dawes', 'Day', 'Dayan', 'Dean', 'De_Bakey', 'Debs', 'Debussy', 'Decatur', 'Decius', 'Deere', 'Defoe', 'De_Forest', 'Degas', 'de_Gaulle', 'Dekker', 'de_Kooning', 'Delacroix', 'de_la_Mare', 'Delbruck', 'Delibes', 'Delilah', 'Delius', 'Delorme', 'Demetrius', 'de_Mille', 'DeMille', 'Democritus', 'Demosthenes', 'Dempsey', 'Deng_Xiaoping', 'De_Niro', 'Depardieu', 'De_Quincey', 'Derain', 'Derrida', 'de_Saussure', 'Descartes', 'De_Sica', 'de_Valera', 'deVries', 'Dewar', 'Dewey', 'Dewey', 'Dewey', 'Diaghilev', 'Diana', 'Diane_de_Poitiers', 'Dias', 'Dickens', 'Dickinson', 'Diderot', 'Didion', 'Diesel', 'Dietrich', 'DiMaggio', 'Dinesen', 'Diocletian', 'Diogenes', 'Dionysius', 'Diophantus', 'Dior', 'Dirac', 'Disney', 'Disraeli', 'Dix', 'Doctorow', 'Dolby', 'Domingo', 'Dominic', 'Domino', 'Domitian', 'Donatello', 'Donatus', 'Donizetti', 'Don_Juan', 'Donkin', 'Donne', 'Doolittle', 'Doppler', 'Dos_Passos', 'Dostoyevsky', 'Douglas', 'Douglass', 'Dowding', 'Dowland', 'Down', 'Downing', \"D'Oyly_Carte\", 'Draco', 'Drake', 'Dreiser', 'Drew', 'Dreyfus', 'Dryden', 'Du_Barry', 'Du_Bois', 'Duchamp', 'Dufy', 'Dukas', 'Dulles', 'Dumas', 'du_Maurier', 'du_Maurier', 'Duncan', 'Duns_Scotus', 'Durant', 'Durante', 'Durer', 'Durkheim', 'Durrell', 'Duse', 'Duvalier', 'Duvalier', 'Dvorak', 'Dylan', 'Eames', 'Earhart', 'Eastman', 'Eccles', 'Eck', 'Eckhart', 'Eddington', 'Eddy', 'Ederle', 'Edgar', 'Edison', 'Edmund_I', 'Edmund_II', 'Edward', 'Edward', 'Edward', 'Edward', 'Edward', 'Edward', 'Edward', 'Edward', 'Edward', 'Edward', 'Edwards', 'Edward_the_Confessor', 'Edward_the_Elder', 'Edward_the_Martyr', 'Edwin', 'Edwy', 'Egbert', 'Eglevsky', 'Ehrenberg', 'Ehrlich', 'Eichmann', 'Eiffel', 'Eigen', 'Eijkman', 'Einstein', 'Einthoven', 'Eisenhower', 'Eisenstaedt', 'Eisenstein', 'Ekman', 'Eleanor_of_Aquitaine', 'Elgar', 'El_Greco', 'Elijah', 'Eliot', 'Eliot', 'Elizabeth', 'Elizabeth', 'Ellington', 'Ellison', 'Ellsworth', 'Emerson', 'Empedocles', 'Endecott', 'Enesco', 'Engels', 'Epictetus', 'Epicurus', 'Epstein', 'Erasmus', 'Eratosthenes', 'Erlenmeyer', 'Ernst', 'Erving', 'Esaki', 'Esau', 'Esther', 'Ethelbert', 'Ethelred', 'Ethelred', 'Euclid', 'Eugene', 'Euler', 'Euripides', 'Eusebius', 'Eustachio', 'Evans', 'Evans', 'Evers', 'Evert', 'Eyck', 'Eysenck', 'Ezekiel', 'Ezra', 'Faberge', 'Fahd', 'Fahrenheit', 'Fairbanks', 'Fairbanks', 'Faisal', 'Falla', 'Fallopius', 'Fallot', 'Faraday', 'Farmer', 'Farmer', 'Farouk_I', 'Farragut', 'Farrell', 'Farrell', 'Fatima', 'Faulkner', 'Fawkes', 'Fechner', 'Feifer', 'Fellini', 'Ferber', 'Ferdinand_I', 'Ferdinand_I', 'Ferdinand_II', 'Ferdinand_III', 'Ferdinand', 'Fermat', 'Fermi', 'Feynman', 'Fiedler', 'Fielding', 'Fields', 'Fillmore', 'Finnbogadottir', 'Firth', 'Fischer', 'Fischer', 'Fischer', 'Fitzgerald', 'Fitzgerald', 'Fitzgerald', 'Flaminius', 'Flaubert', 'Fleming', 'Fleming', 'Fletcher', 'Flinders', 'Florey', 'Florio', 'Flory', 'Fonda', 'Fonda', 'Fontanne', 'Fonteyn', 'Ford', 'Ford', 'Ford', 'Ford', 'Ford', 'Ford', 'Forester', 'Fosbury', 'Foster', 'Foucault', 'Fourier', 'Fourier', 'Fowler', 'Fox', 'Fox', 'Fragonard', 'France', 'Francis_II', 'Francis_Ferdinand', 'Francis_Joseph', 'Francis_of_Assisi', 'Franck', 'Franck', 'Franco', 'Franklin', 'Franklin', 'Frazer', 'Frederick_I', 'Frederick_I', 'Frederick_II', 'Frederick_II', 'Frederick_William', 'Frederick_William_I', 'Frederick_William_II', 'Frederick_William_III', 'Frederick_William_IV', 'Fremont', 'French', 'Fresnel', 'Freud', 'Frick', 'Friedan', 'Friedman', 'Frisch', 'Frisch', 'Frisch', 'Frobisher', 'Froebel', 'Frost', 'Fry', 'Fry', 'Frye', 'Fuchs', 'Fuentes', 'Fugard', 'Fulbright', 'Fuller', 'Fuller', 'Fulton', 'Funk', 'Furnivall', 'Gable', 'Gabor', 'Gaboriau', 'Gagarin', 'Gainsborough', 'Galahad', 'Galbraith', 'Galen', 'Galileo', 'Gallaudet', 'Galois', 'Galsworthy', 'Galton', 'Galvani', 'Gamow', 'Gandhi', 'Gandhi', 'Garbo', 'Garcia_Lorca', 'Gardiner', 'Gardner', 'Gardner', 'Garfield', 'Garibaldi', 'Garland', 'Garnier', 'Garrick', 'Garrison', 'Gaskell', 'Gates', 'Gatling', 'Gaudi', 'Gauguin', 'Gauss', 'Gawain', 'Gay-Lussac', 'Gehrig', 'Geiger', 'Geisel', 'Gell-Mann', 'Genet', 'Genet', 'Genghis_Khan', 'Genseric', 'Geoffrey_of_Monmouth', 'George', 'George', 'George', 'George', 'George', 'George', 'George', 'Geraint', 'Geronimo', 'Gershwin', 'Gershwin', 'Gesell', 'Gesner', 'Giacometti', 'Gibbon', 'Gibbs', 'Gibran', 'Gibson', 'Gibson', 'Gibson', 'Gide', 'Gielgud', 'Gilbert', 'Gilbert', 'Gilbert', 'Gilbert', 'Gilgamesh', 'Gillespie', 'Gillette', 'Gilman', 'Gilmer', 'Ginsberg', 'Giotto', 'Girard', 'Giraudoux', 'Gish', 'Gjellerup', 'Gladstone', 'Glaser', 'Glendower', 'Glenn', 'Glinka', 'Gluck', 'Godard', 'Goddard', 'Godel', 'Godiva', 'Godunov', 'Goebbels', 'Goethals', 'Goethe', 'Gogol', 'Goldberg', 'Golding', 'Goldman', 'Goldmark', 'Goldoni', 'Goldsmith', 'Goldwyn', 'Golgi', 'Goliath', 'Gombrowicz', 'Gompers', 'Goncourt', 'Goncourt', 'Gongora', 'Gonne', 'Goodall', 'Goodman', 'Goodyear', 'Gorbachev', 'Gordimer', 'Gordius', 'Gore', 'Gorgas', 'Goring', 'Gorky', 'Goudy', 'Gould', 'Gould', 'Gounod', 'Goya', 'Graf', 'Graham', 'Graham', 'Grahame', 'Grainger', 'Gram', 'Grant', 'Grant', 'Grant', 'Granville-Barker', 'Grappelli', 'Grass', 'Graves', 'Gray', 'Gray', 'Gray', 'Gray', 'Greeley', 'Green', 'Greenberg', 'Greene', 'Gregory', 'Gregory', 'Gregory', 'Gregory', 'Gregory', 'Gregory', 'Gresham', 'Gretzky', 'Grey', 'Grey', 'Grey', 'Grieg', 'Griffith', 'Grimm', 'Grimm', 'Gris', 'Gromyko', 'Gropius', 'Grotius', 'Groves', 'Guarneri', 'Guarneri', 'Guevara', 'Guinevere', 'Guest', 'Guggenheim', 'Guggenheim', 'Guinness', 'Gustavus', 'Gustavus', 'Gustavus', 'Gustavus', 'Gustavus', 'Gustavus', 'Gutenberg', 'Guthrie', 'Gwynn', 'Habakkuk', 'Haber', 'Hadrian', 'Haeckel', 'Haggai', 'Haggard', 'Hahn', 'Haile_Selassie', 'Haldane', 'Haldane', 'Haldane', 'Haldane', 'Hale', 'Hale', 'Hale', 'Halevy', 'Haley', 'Haley', 'Hall', 'Hall', 'Hall', 'Hall', 'Hall', 'Halley', 'Hals', 'Hamilton', 'Hamilton', 'Hamilton', 'Hamilton', 'Hammarskjold', 'Hammerstein', 'Hammett', 'Hammurabi', 'Hampton', 'Hamsun', 'Hancock', 'Handel', 'Handy', 'Hanks', 'Hannibal', 'Harding', 'Hardy', 'Hardy', 'Hargreaves', 'Harlow', 'Harmsworth', 'Harold_I', 'Harold_II', 'Harriman', 'Harriman', 'Harris', 'Harris', 'Harris', 'Harris', 'Harris', 'Harris', 'Harrison', 'Harrison', 'Harrison', 'Harrison', 'Harrod', 'Harrod', 'Hart', 'Hart', 'Harte', 'Hartley', 'Harvard', 'Harvey', 'Hasdrubal', 'Hasek', 'Hassam', 'Hassel', 'Hastings', 'Hathaway', 'Havel', 'Hawking', 'Hawkins', 'Hawkins', 'Haworth', 'Hawthorne', 'Haydn', 'Hayek', 'Hayes', 'Hayes', 'Hays', 'Hays', 'Haywood', 'Hazlitt', 'Hearst', 'Heaviside', 'Hebbel', 'Hecht', 'Hegel', 'Heidegger', 'Heinlein', 'Heinz', 'Heisenberg', 'Heller', 'Hellman', 'Helmholtz', 'Heloise', 'Heming', 'Hemingway', 'Hendrix', 'Henry', 'Henry', 'Henry', 'Henry_I', 'Henry_II', 'Henry_II', 'Henry_III', 'Henry_III', 'Henry_IV', 'Henry_IV', 'Henry_IV', 'Henry_V', 'Henry_VI', 'Henry_VII', 'Henry_VII', 'Henry_VIII', 'Henson', 'Hepburn', 'Hepworth', 'Heraclitus', 'Herbart', 'Herbert', 'Herder', 'Herman', 'Hero', 'Herod', 'Herodotus', 'Herrick', 'Herschel', 'Herschel', 'Hershey', 'Hertz', 'Hertz', 'Herzberg', 'Hesiod', 'Hess', 'Hess', 'Hess', 'Hess', 'Hesse', 'Hevesy', 'Heyerdahl', 'Heyrovsky', 'Heyse', 'Heyward', 'Hezekiah', 'Hiawatha', 'Hickock', 'Higginson', 'Hilbert', 'Hill', 'Hill', 'Hillary', 'Hillel', 'Himmler', 'Hinault', 'Hindemith', 'Hindenburg', 'Hipparchus', 'Hippocrates', 'Hirohito', 'Hirschfeld', 'Hirschsprung', 'Hitchcock', 'Hitchings', 'Hitler', 'Hoagland', 'Hobbes', 'Hobbs', 'Ho_Chi_Minh', 'Hodgkin', 'Hodgkin', 'Hodgkin', 'Hoffa', 'Hoffman', 'Hoffman', 'Hoffmann', 'Hoffmann', 'Hoffmann', 'Hoffmann', 'Hoffmannsthal', 'Hogan', 'Hogarth', 'Hogg', 'Hokusai', 'Holbein', 'Holbein', 'Hollerith', 'Holly', 'Holmes', 'Holmes', 'Holmes', 'Holofernes', 'Homer', 'Homer', 'Honegger', 'Hooke', 'Hooker', 'Hooker', 'Hoover', 'Hoover', 'Hoover', 'Hope', 'Hopkins', 'Hopkins', 'Hopkins', 'Hopkins', 'Hopkins', 'Hopkinson', 'Horace', 'Horne', 'Horne', 'Horney', 'Horowitz', 'Horta', 'Hosea', 'Houdini', 'Houghton', 'Housman', 'Houston', 'Howard', 'Howard', 'Howe', 'Howe', 'Howe', 'Howe', 'Howells', 'Hoyle', 'Hoyle', 'Hubbard', 'Hubble', 'Hubel', 'Hudson', 'Hudson', 'Huggins', 'Hughes', 'Hughes', 'Hughes', 'Hughes', 'Hugo', 'Hull', 'Hull', 'Humboldt', 'Humboldt', 'Hume', 'Humperdinck', 'Hunt', 'Hunt', 'Hunt', 'Huntington', 'Huntington', 'Huntington', 'Hurok', 'Huss', 'Hussein', 'Hussein', 'Husserl', 'Huston', 'Hutchins', 'Hutchinson', 'Hutton', 'Hutton', 'Huxley', 'Huxley', 'Huxley', 'Huygens', 'Hypatia', 'Ibert', 'Ibsen', 'Iglesias', 'Ignatius', 'Ignatius_of_Loyola', 'Indiana', 'Inge', 'Inge', 'Ingres', 'Innocent_III', 'Innocent_VIII', 'Innocent_XI', 'Innocent_XII', 'Ionesco', 'Irenaeus', 'Irving', 'Irving', 'Isaac', 'Isabella', 'Isaiah', 'Isherwood', 'Ishmael', 'Isocrates', 'Issachar', 'Ivan_III', 'Ivan_IV', 'Ivanov', 'Ives', 'Ives', 'Jackson', 'Jackson', 'Jackson', 'Jackson', 'Jackson', 'Jackson', 'Jackson', 'Jack_the_Ripper', 'Jacob', 'Jacobi', 'Jacobs', 'Jacobs', 'Jacobs', 'Jacquard', 'Jaffar', 'Jagger', 'Jakobson', 'James', 'James', 'James', 'James', 'James', 'James', 'James', 'Jamison', 'Jansen', 'Jarrell', 'Jaspers', 'Jay', \"Jeanne_d'Arc\", 'Jeffers', 'Jefferson', 'Jenner', 'Jenny', 'Jensen', 'Jeroboam', 'Jeremiah', 'Jerome', 'Jespersen', 'Jesus', 'El_Nino', 'Jevons', 'Jewison', 'Jezebel', 'Jimenez', 'Jimenez_de_Cisneros', 'Jinnah', 'Joachim', 'Job', 'Joel', 'Joffre', 'Joffrey', 'John', 'John', 'John_XXIII', 'John_Chrysostom', 'John_of_Gaunt', 'John_the_Baptist', 'John_Paul_I', 'John_Paul_II', 'Johns', 'Johnson', 'Johnson', 'Johnson', 'Johnston', 'Joliot', 'Joliot-Curie', 'Jolliet', 'Jolson', 'Jonah', 'Jones', 'Jones', 'Jones', 'Jones', 'Jones', 'Jones', 'Jong', 'Jonson', 'Joplin', 'Joplin', 'Joseph', 'Joseph', 'Joseph', 'Josephus', 'Joshua', 'Joule', 'Jowett', 'Joyce', 'Juan_Carlos', 'Judah', 'Judas', 'Judas_Maccabaeus', 'Jude', 'Julian', 'Jung', 'Junkers', 'Jussieu', 'Justinian', 'Juvenal', 'Kachaturian', 'Kafka', 'Kahn', 'Kalinin', 'Kamehameha_I', 'Kandinsky', 'Kant', 'Karlfeldt', 'Karloff', 'Karpov', 'Karsavina', 'Kasparov', 'Kastler', 'Kaufman', 'Kaunda', 'Kazan', 'Kean', 'Keaton', 'Keats', 'Keble', 'Kekule', 'Keller', 'Kellogg', 'Kelly', 'Kelly', 'Kelly', 'Kelvin', 'Kendall', 'Kendrew', 'Kennan', 'Kennedy', 'Kennelly', 'Kent', 'Kenyata', 'Keokuk', 'Kepler', 'Kerensky', 'Kern', 'Kerouac', 'Kesey', 'Kettering', 'Key', 'Keynes', 'Khachaturian', 'Khama', 'Khomeini', 'Khrushchev', 'Kidd', 'Kierkegaard', 'Kieslowski', 'King', 'King', 'King', 'Kinsey', 'Kipling', 'Kirchhoff', 'Kirchner', 'Kissinger', 'Kitchener', 'Klaproth', 'Klee', 'Klein', 'Klein', 'Klein', 'Kleist', 'Klimt', 'Kline', 'Klinefelter', 'Klopstock', 'Knox', 'Koch', 'Koestler', 'Konoe', 'Koopmans', 'Korbut', 'Korchnoi', 'Korda', 'Korzybski', 'Kosciusko', 'Koussevitzky', 'Krafft-Ebing', 'Krasner', 'Krebs', 'Kreisler', 'Kroeber', 'Kronecker', 'Kropotkin', 'Kroto', 'Kruger', 'Krupp', 'Krupp', 'Kublai_Khan', 'Kubrick', 'Kuhn', 'Kuiper', 'Kurosawa', 'Kutuzov', 'Kuznets', 'Kyd', 'Laban', 'Labrouste', 'Lachaise', 'Lafayette', 'Laffer', 'Laffite', 'La_Fontaine', 'Lamarck', 'Lamb', 'Lambert', 'Lancelot', 'Land', 'Landau', 'Landowska', 'Landsteiner', 'Laney', 'Lange', 'Langley', 'Langmuir', 'Langtry', 'Lao-tzu', 'Laplace', 'Lardner', 'La_Rochefoucauld', 'Larousse', 'LaSalle', 'Lasso', 'La_Tour', 'Latrobe', 'Lauder', 'Laughton', 'Laurel', 'Laurens', 'Laver', 'Lavoisier', 'Lawrence', 'Lawrence', 'Lawrence', 'Lawrence', 'Lawrence', 'Lawrence', 'Leacock', 'Leakey', 'Leakey', 'Leakey', 'Lear', 'Leary', 'le_Carre', 'le_Chatelier', 'Le_Corbusier', 'Ledbetter', 'Le_Duc_Tho', 'Lee', 'Lee', 'Lee', 'Lee', 'Lee', 'Lee', 'Lee', 'Le_Gallienne', 'Leger', 'Lehar', 'Leibniz', 'Leigh', 'Lemaitre', 'Lemmon', 'Lenard', 'Lendl', \"L'Enfant\", 'Lenin', 'Lennon', 'Le_Notre', 'Leo_I', 'Leo_III', 'Leo_IX', 'Leo_X', 'Leo_XIII', 'Leonard', 'Leonardo', 'Leonidas', 'Leontief', 'Lermontov', 'Lerner', 'Lesseps', 'Lessing', 'Lessing', 'Leuwenhoek', 'Levi-Strauss', 'Lewis', 'Lewis', 'Lewis', 'Lewis', 'Lewis', 'Lewis', 'Libby', 'Lichtenstein', 'Lie', 'Liliuokalani', 'Lillie', 'Lin', 'Lincoln', 'Lind', 'Lindbergh', 'Lindsay', 'Lindsay', 'Linnaeus', 'Lipchitz', 'Lipmann', 'Li_Po', 'Lippi', 'Lippi', 'Lippmann', 'Lippmann', 'Lipscomb', 'Lister', 'Liston', 'Liszt', 'Littre', 'Livermore', 'Livingston', 'Livingstone', 'Livy', 'Lloyd', 'Lloyd_Webber', 'Lobachevsky', 'Locke', 'Lodge', 'Loeb', 'Loewe', 'Loewi', 'London', 'Longfellow', 'Loos', 'Loren', 'Lorentz', 'Lorenz', \"Lorenzo_de'Medici\", 'Lorre', 'Louis_I', 'Louis_II', 'Louis_III', 'Louis_IV', 'Louis_V', 'Louis_VI', 'Louis_VII', 'Louis_VIII', 'Louis_IX', 'Louis_X', 'Louis_XI', 'Louis_XII', 'Louis_XIII', 'Louis_XIV', 'Louis_XV', 'Louis_XVI', 'Louis', 'Lovelace', 'Lovell', 'Low', 'Lowell', 'Lowell', 'Lowell', 'Lowell', 'Lowry', 'Lowry', 'Lozier', 'Lubitsch', 'Lucas', 'Lucullus', 'Luce', 'Luce', 'Lucretius', 'Luculus', 'Lugosi', 'Luke', 'Lully', 'Lully', 'Lunt', 'Luther', 'Lutyens', 'Lyly', 'Lysander', 'Lysenko', 'Lysimachus', 'Lysippus', 'Lytton', 'MacArthur', 'Macaulay', 'Macbeth', 'MacDowell', 'MacGregor', 'Mach', 'Machiavelli', 'Mackenzie', 'MacLeish', 'Macleod', 'Madison', 'Madonna', 'Maeterlinck', 'Magellan', 'Maginot', 'Magritte', 'Mahan', 'Mahler', 'Mailer', 'Maillol', 'Maimonides', 'Maintenon', 'Maitland', 'Major', 'Makarios_III', 'Malachi', 'Malamud', 'Malcolm_X', 'Malebranche', 'Malevich', 'Malinowski', 'Mallarme', 'Mallon', 'Malone', 'Malory', 'Malpighi', 'Malraux', 'Malthus', 'Mamet', 'Mandela', 'Mandelbrot', 'Mandelstam', 'Manes', 'Manet', 'Mann', 'Mann', 'Mansart', 'Mansfield', 'Manson', 'Mantegna', 'Mantell', 'Mantle', 'Manzoni', 'Mao', 'Marat', 'Marceau', 'Marciano', 'Marconi', 'Marcuse', 'Marie_Antoinette', 'Marini', 'Mark', 'Markova', 'Markov', 'Marks', 'Marley', 'Marlowe', 'Marquand', 'Marquette', 'Marquis', 'Marsh', 'Marsh', 'Marshall', 'Marshall', 'Marshall', 'Marstan', 'Marti', 'Martial', 'Martin', 'Martin', 'Martin', 'Martin', 'Martin_V', 'Marvell', 'Marx', 'Marx', 'Marx', 'Marx', 'Marx', 'Mary', 'Mary_I', 'Mary_II', 'Mary_Queen_of_Scots', 'Mary_Magdalene', 'Masefield', 'Mason', 'Mason', 'Mason', 'Masoud', 'Massasoit', 'Massenet', 'Massine', 'Masters', 'Mata_Hari', 'Mathias', 'Matisse', 'Matthew', 'Maugham', 'Mauldin', 'Maupassant', 'Mauriac', 'Maurois', 'Mauser', 'Maxim', 'Maximian', 'Maxwell', 'Mayakovski', 'Mayer', 'Mayer', 'Mays', 'Mazzini', 'McCarthy', 'McCarthy', 'McCartney', 'McCauley', 'McCormick', 'McCormick', 'McCullers', 'McGraw', 'McGuffey', 'McKim', 'McKinley', 'McLuhan', 'McMaster', 'McPherson', 'Mead', 'Mead', 'Meade', 'Meade', 'Meany', 'Medawar', 'Meiji_Tenno', 'Meir', 'Meissner', 'Meissner', 'Meitner', 'Melanchthon', 'Melba', 'Melchior', 'Melchior', 'Mellon', 'Melville', 'Menander', 'Mencken', 'Mendel', 'Mendeleyev', 'Mendelsohn', 'Mendelssohn', 'Meniere', 'Menninger', 'Menninger', 'Menninger', 'Menotti', 'Menuhin', 'Mercator', 'Mercer', 'Merckx', 'Mercouri', 'Meredith', 'Meredith', 'Mergenthaler', 'Merlin', 'Merman', 'Merton', 'Merton', 'Mesmer', 'Metchnikoff', 'Methuselah', 'Metternich', 'Meyerbeer', 'Meyerhof', 'Micah', 'Michelangelo', 'Michelson', 'Michener', 'Middleton', 'Mies_Van_Der_Rohe', 'Milhaud', 'Mill', 'Mill', 'Millais', 'Millay', 'Miller', 'Miller', 'Miller', 'Millet', 'Millikan', 'Mills', 'Milne', 'Miltiades', 'Milton', 'Minkowski', 'Minuit', 'Mirabeau', 'Miro', 'Mitchell', 'Mitchell', 'Mitchell', 'Mitchell', 'Mitchell', 'Mitchell', 'Mitchum', 'Mitford', 'Mitford', 'Mithridates', 'Mitterrand', 'Mobius', 'Modigliani', 'Mohammed', 'Mohammed_Ali', 'Mohorovicic', 'Moliere', 'Molnar', 'Molotov', 'Mommsen', 'Mondrian', 'Monet', 'Monk', 'Monnet', 'Monod', 'Monroe', 'Monroe', 'Montagu', 'Montaigne', 'Montespan', 'Montesquieu', 'Montessori', 'Monteverdi', 'Montez', 'Montezuma_II', 'Montfort', 'Montgolfier', 'Montgolfier', 'Montgomery', 'Montgomery', 'Moody', 'Moody', 'Moon', 'Moore', 'Moore', 'Moore', 'Moore', 'Moore', 'Moore', 'More', 'Morgan', 'Morgan', 'Morgan', 'Morgan', 'Morgan', 'Morley', 'Mormon', 'Morris', 'Morris', 'Morris', 'Morris', 'Morrison', 'Morrison', 'Morse', 'Mortimer', 'Morton', 'Mosander', 'Moses', 'Moses', 'Mossbauer', 'Motherwell', 'Mott', 'Moynihan', 'Mozart', 'Mubarak', 'Muhammad', 'Muir', 'Mullah_Omar', 'Muller', 'Muller', 'Muller', 'Muller', 'Muller', 'Muller', 'Munch', 'Munchhausen', 'Munro', 'Murdoch', 'Murdoch', 'Murray', 'Murray', 'Murillo', 'Murrow', 'Musial', 'Musset', 'Mussolini', 'Mussorgsky', 'Muybridge', 'Myrdal', 'Nabokov', 'Nahum', 'Naismith', 'Nanak', 'Nansen', 'Naomi', 'Napier', 'Napoleon', 'Napoleon_III', 'Nash', 'Nasser', 'Nast', 'Nation', 'Natta', 'Sanchez', 'Navratilova', 'Nazimova', 'Nebuchadnezzar', 'Nicholas_V', 'Nimrod', 'Neel', 'Nefertiti', 'Nehru', 'Nelson', 'Nernst', 'Nero', 'Neruda', 'Nervi', 'Nerva', 'Nestor', 'Nestorius', 'Nevelson', 'Newcomb', 'Newman', 'Newman', 'Newton', 'Ney', 'Nicholas', 'Nicholas_I', 'Nicholas_II', 'Nicklaus', 'Nicolson', 'Niebuhr', 'Niebuhr', 'Nielsen', 'Nietzsche', 'Nightingale', 'Nijinsky', 'Nilsson', 'Nimitz', 'Nixon', 'Noah', 'Nobel', 'Noether', 'Noguchi', 'Noguchi', 'Norman', 'Norman', 'Norris', 'Norrish', 'North', 'Northrop', 'Nostradamus', 'Noyes', 'Nuffield', 'Nureyev', 'Oakley', 'Oates', 'Oates', 'Obadiah', \"O'Brien\", \"O'Casey\", 'Occam', 'Ochoa', 'Ochs', \"O'Connor\", 'Odets', 'Odoacer', 'Oersted', 'Offenbach', \"O'Flaherty\", 'Ogden', \"O'Hara\", 'Ohm', \"O'Keeffe\", 'Oken', 'Olaf_II', 'Oldenburg', 'Oldfield', 'Oliver', 'Olivier', 'Olmsted', 'Omar_Khayyam', 'Ondaatje', \"O'Neill\", 'Ono', 'Onsager', 'Oort', 'Opel', 'Oppenheimer', 'Orbison', 'Orczy', 'Orff', 'Origen', 'Ormandy', 'Orozco', 'Orr', 'Ortega', 'Ortega_y_Gasset', 'Orwell', 'Osborne', 'Osman_I', 'Ostwald', 'Oswald', 'Otis', \"O'Toole\", 'Otto_I', 'Ovid', 'Owen', 'Owen', 'Owens', 'Ozawa', 'Paderewski', 'Paganini', 'Page', 'Page', 'Paget', 'Pahlavi', 'Paige', 'Paine', 'Paine', 'Palestrina', 'Palgrave', 'Palladio', 'Palmer', 'Panini', 'Panofsky', 'Paracelsus', 'Pareto', 'Park', 'Parker', 'Parker', 'Parkinson', 'Parkinson', 'Parks', 'Parmenides', 'Parnell', 'Parr', 'Parrish', 'Parsons', 'Pascal', 'Pasternak', 'Pasteur', 'Paterson', 'Paton', 'Patrick', 'Paul', 'Paul_III', 'Paul_VI', 'Paul', 'Pauli', 'Pauling', 'Pavarotti', 'Pavlov', 'Pavlova', 'Paxton', 'Peabody', 'Peary', 'Peel', 'Pei', 'Peirce', 'Peirce', 'Pelagius', 'Penn', 'Pepin', 'Pepys', 'Percy', 'Percy', 'Pericles', 'Peron', 'Perry', 'Perry', 'Perry', 'Pershing', 'Perutz', 'Peter', 'Peter_I', 'Petrarch', 'Petronius', 'Phidias', 'Philemon', 'Philemon', 'Philip', 'Philip_II', 'Philip_II', 'Philip_II', 'Philip_V', 'Philip_VI', 'Phintias', 'Photius', 'Piaf', 'Piaget', 'Pickett', 'Pickford', 'Pierce', 'Picasso', 'Pilate', 'Pincus', 'Pindar', 'Pinter', 'Pirandello', 'Piston', 'Pitman', 'Pitot', 'Pitt', 'Pitt', 'Pitt', 'Pius_II', 'Pius_V', 'Pius_VI', 'Pius_VII', 'Pius_IX', 'Pius_X', 'Pius_XI', 'Pius_XII', 'Pizarro', 'Planck', 'Plath', 'Plato', 'Plautus', 'Pliny', 'Pliny', 'Plotinus', 'Plutarch', 'Pocahontas', 'Poe', 'Poitier', 'Polk', 'Pollack', 'Pollock', 'Polo', 'Polycarp', 'Pompadour', 'Pompey', 'Ponce_de_Leon', 'Pons', 'Ponselle', 'Pontiac', 'Pope', 'Popper', 'Porter', 'Porter', 'Porter', 'Post', 'Post', 'Post', 'Potemkin', 'Poulenc', 'Pound', 'Poussin', 'Powell', 'Powell', 'Powhatan', 'Powys', 'Powys', 'Powys', 'Presley', 'Priam', 'Price', 'Priestley', 'Prokhorov', 'Prokofiev', 'Proudhon', 'Proust', 'Ptolemy', 'Ptolemy_I', 'Ptolemy_II', 'Puccini', 'Pugin', 'Pulitzer', 'Purcell', 'Purkinje', 'Pusey', 'Pushkin', 'Putin', 'Pyle', 'Pynchon', 'Pyrrhus', 'Pythagoras', 'Qaddafi', 'Qin_Shi_Huang_Ti', 'Quincy', 'Quine', 'Rabelais', 'Rachel', 'Rachmaninoff', 'Racine', 'Radhakrishnan', 'Raffles', 'Rain-in-the-Face', 'Raleigh', 'Rameau', 'Rameses', 'Rameses_II', 'Ramon_y_Cajal', 'Rand', 'Rankin', 'Raphael', 'Rask', 'Rasmussen', 'Rasputin', 'Rattigan', 'Ravel', 'Rayleigh', 'Reagan', 'Reaumur', 'Rebecca', 'Red_Cloud', 'Redford', 'Reed', 'Reed', 'Rehnquist', 'Reich', 'Reich', 'Reichstein', 'Reid', 'Reiter', 'Rembrandt', 'Renoir', 'Respighi', 'Reuben', 'Revere', 'Reynolds', 'Rhine', 'Rhodes', 'Ricardo', 'Rice', 'Rice', 'Richard_I', 'Richard_II', 'Richard_III', 'Richards', 'Richardson', 'Richardson', 'Richelieu', 'Richler', 'Rickenbacker', 'Rickover', 'Riemann', 'Riesman', 'Riley', 'Rilke', 'Rimbaud', 'Rimsky-Korsakov', 'Ringling', 'Rittenhouse', 'Ritz', 'Rivera', 'Robbins', 'Robert', 'Roberts', 'Roberts', 'Roberts', 'Roberts', 'Robertson', 'Robeson', 'Robespierre', 'Robinson', 'Robinson', 'Robinson', 'Robinson', 'Robinson', 'Robinson', 'Robinson', 'Rochambeau', 'Rock', 'Rockefeller', 'Rockingham', 'Rockwell', 'Rodgers', 'Rodin', 'Roebling', 'Roentgen', 'Rogers', 'Rogers', 'Rogers', 'Roget', 'Rollo', 'Romberg', 'Rommel', 'Roosevelt', 'Roosevelt', 'Roosevelt', 'Ross', 'Ross', 'Ross', 'Ross', 'Ross', 'Rossetti', 'Rossini', 'Rostand', 'Roth', 'Rothko', 'Rothschild', 'Rous', 'Rousseau', 'Rousseau', 'Rubens', 'Rubinstein', 'Rubinstein', 'Rundstedt', 'Runyon', 'Rupert', 'Rush', 'Rushdie', 'Ruskin', 'Russell', 'Russell', 'Russell', 'Russell', 'Russell', 'Russell', 'Russell', 'Ruth', 'Ruth', 'Rutherford', 'Rutherford', 'Rutledge', 'Saarinen', 'Saarinen', 'Sabin', 'Sacagawea', 'Sacco', 'Sadat', 'Sade', 'Saint-Saens', 'Sakharov', 'Saladin', 'Salinger', 'Salk', 'Salome', 'Salomon', 'Samson', 'Samuel', 'Sand', 'Sandburg', 'Sanger', 'Sanger', 'Santa_Anna', 'Sapir', 'Sappho', 'Sarah', 'Sarazen', 'Sargent', 'Sarnoff', 'Saroyan', 'Sartre', 'Satie', 'Saul', 'Savonarola', 'Sax', 'Saxe', 'Saxo_Grammaticus', 'Sayers', 'Scheele', 'Schiaparelli', 'Schiaparelli', 'Schiller', 'Schleiden', 'Schlesinger', 'Schlesinger', 'Schliemann', 'Schmidt', 'Schnabel', 'Schonbein', 'Schonberg', 'Schoolcraft', 'Schopenhauer', 'Schrodinger', 'Schubert', 'Schulz', 'Schumann', 'Schumann', 'Schumann-Heink', 'Schumpeter', 'Schwann', 'Schweitzer', 'Scipio', 'Scopes', 'Scorsese', 'Scott', 'Scott', 'Scott', 'Scott', 'Scott', 'Scriabin', 'Scribe', 'Scripps', 'Scripps', 'Seaborg', 'Seaman', 'Seeger', 'Seeger', 'Segal', 'Segovia', 'Seles', 'Seleucus', 'Selkirk', 'Sellers', 'Selznick', 'Seneca', 'Senefelder', 'Sennacherib', 'Sennett', 'Sequoya', 'Serkin', 'Serra', 'Service', 'Sessions', 'Seton', 'Seurat', 'Seward', 'Sexton', 'Seymour', 'Shah_Jahan', 'Shahn', 'Shakespeare', 'Shankar', 'Shannon', 'Shapley', 'Shaw', 'Shaw', 'Shaw', 'Shaw', 'Shawn', 'Shearer', 'Shelley', 'Shelley', 'Shepard', 'Shepard', 'Sheridan', 'Sherman', 'Sherman', 'Sherrington', 'Sherwood', 'Shevchenko', 'Shirer', 'Shockley', 'Shostakovich', 'Shute', 'Sibelius', 'Siddons', 'Sidney', 'Siemens', 'Siemens', 'Sikorsky', 'Sills', 'Silverstein', 'Simenon', 'Simon', 'Simon', 'Simon', 'Simon', 'Simpson', 'Simpson', 'Sinatra', 'Sinclair', 'Sinclair', 'Singer', 'Singer', 'Siqueiros', 'Siraj-ud-daula', 'Sitter', 'Sitting_Bull', 'Sitwell', 'Sixtus_IV', 'Skeat', 'Skinner', 'Skinner', 'Skinner', 'Smalley', 'Smetana', 'Smith', 'Smith', 'Smith', 'Smith', 'Smith', 'Smith', 'Smith', 'Smith', 'Smollett', 'Smuts', 'Snead', 'Snellen', 'Snow', 'Socinus', 'Socrates', 'Soddy', 'Solomon', 'Solvay', 'Solzhenitsyn', 'Sondheim', 'Sontag', 'Sophocles', 'Sorensen', 'Soufflot', 'Sousa', 'Southey', 'Soutine', 'Spallanzani', 'Spark', 'Spassky', 'Speer', 'Speke', 'Spencer', 'Spender', 'Spengler', 'Spenser', 'Sperry', 'Spielberg', 'Spillane', 'Spinoza', 'Spock', 'Spode', 'Stael', 'Stalin', 'Standish', 'Stanford', 'Stanislavsky', 'Stanley', 'Stanley', 'Stanton', 'Starr', 'St._Denis', 'Steele', 'Steen', 'Steffens', 'Steichen', 'Stein', 'Steinbeck', 'Steinberg', 'Steinem', 'Steiner', 'Steinman', 'Steinmetz', 'Steinway', 'Stella', 'Steller', 'Stendhal', 'Stengel', 'Stephen', 'Stephenson', 'Stern', 'Sterne', 'Steuben', 'Stevens', 'Stevens', 'Stevens', 'Stevenson', 'Stevenson', 'Stewart', 'Stewart', 'Stieglitz', 'Stilwell', 'Stockton', 'Stoker', 'Stokowski', 'Stone', 'Stone', 'Stone', 'Stone', 'Stone', 'Stone', 'Stopes', 'Stoppard', 'Stowe', 'Strachey', 'Stradivari', 'Strasberg', 'Strauss', 'Strauss', 'Strauss', 'Stravinsky', 'Streep', 'Streisand', 'Strickland', 'Strindberg', 'Stroheim', 'Stuart', 'Stubbs', 'Stuyvesant', 'Styron', 'Suckling', 'Sue', 'Suharto', 'Sukarno', 'Sulla', 'Sullivan', 'Sullivan', 'Sullivan', 'Sullivan', 'Sullivan', 'Sully', 'Sully', 'Sumner', 'Sunday', 'Sun_Yat-sen', 'Sutherland', 'Sverdrup', 'Swammerdam', 'Swanson', 'Swedenborg', 'Sweet', 'Swift', 'Swift', 'Swinburne', 'Sydenham', 'Sylvester_II', 'Symonds', 'Symons', 'Synge', 'Szell', 'Szent-Gyorgyi', 'Szilard', 'Tacitus', 'Taft', 'Taft', 'Tagore', 'Talbot', 'Tallchief', 'Talleyrand', 'Tallis', 'Tamerlane', 'Tamm', 'Tancred', 'Tandy', 'Taney', 'Tange', 'Tanguy', 'Tappan', 'Tarantino', 'Tarbell', 'Tarkovsky', 'Tarquin', 'Tasman', 'Tasso', 'Tate', 'Tati', 'Tatum', 'Tatum', 'Tawney', 'Taylor', 'Taylor', 'Taylor', 'Tchaikovsky', 'Teach', 'Teasdale', 'Tebaldi', 'Tecumseh', 'Teilhard_de_Chardin', 'Te_Kanawa', 'Telemann', 'Teller', 'Tenniel', 'Tennyson', 'Tenzing_Norgay', 'Terence', 'Teresa', 'Teresa_of_Avila', 'Tereshkova', 'Terry', 'Tertullian', 'Tesla', 'Thackeray', 'Thales', 'Tharp', 'Thatcher', 'Themistocles', 'Theodosius', 'Theophrastus', 'Thespis', 'Thomas', 'Thomas', 'Thomas', 'Thomas', 'Thomas', 'Thompson', 'Thompson', 'Thomson', 'Thomson', 'Thomson', 'Thomson', 'Thoreau', 'Thorndike', 'Thorndike', 'Thornton', 'Thorpe', 'Thucydides', 'Thurber', 'Tiberius', 'Tiepolo', 'Tiffany', 'Tilden', 'Tillich', 'Timothy', 'Tinbergen', 'Tinbergen', 'Tintoretto', 'Tirso_de_Molina', 'Titian', 'Tito', 'Titus', 'Titus', 'Tobey', 'Tobin', 'Tocqueville', 'Todd', 'Tojo', 'Toklas', 'Tolkien', 'Tolstoy', 'Tombaugh', 'Tonegawa_Susumu', 'Torquemada', 'Torricelli', 'Toscanini', 'Toulouse-Lautrec', 'Tourette', 'Town', 'Townes', 'Townsend', 'Toynbee', 'Tracy', 'Tradescant', 'Trajan', 'Traubel', 'Tree', 'Trevelyan', 'Trevelyan', 'Trevino', 'Trevithick', 'Trilling', 'Trollope', 'Trotsky', 'Truffaut', 'Truman', 'Trumbo', 'Trumbull', 'Trumbull', 'Trumbull', 'Truth', 'Tubman', 'Tuchman', 'Tucker', 'Tucker', 'Tudor', 'Tunney', 'Turgenev', 'Turgot', 'Turing', 'Turner', 'Turner', 'Turner', 'Turner', 'Turpin', 'Tussaud', 'Tutankhamen', 'Tutu', 'Tyler', 'Tyndale', 'Tyndall', 'Tyson', 'Tzara', 'Uhland', 'Ulanova', 'Ulfilas', 'ultramontane', 'Undset', 'Untermeyer', 'Updike', 'Upjohn', 'Urban_II', 'Urban_V', 'Urban_VI', 'Urban_VIII', 'Urey', 'Uriah', 'Ussher', 'Ustinov', 'Utrillo', 'Van_Allen', 'Vanbrugh', 'Van_Buren', 'Vancouver', 'Van_de_Graaff', 'Vanderbilt', 'van_der_Waals', 'van_de_Velde', 'Van_Doren', 'Vandyke', 'van_Gogh', 'Van_Vleck', 'Vanzetti', 'Varese', 'Vargas', 'Vargas_Llosa', 'Varro', 'Vasarely', 'Vasari', 'Vaughan', 'Vaughan_Williams', 'Vaux', 'Veblen', 'Veblen', 'Vega', 'Velazquez', 'Venn', 'Ventner', 'Venturi', 'Verdi', 'Verlaine', 'Vermeer', 'Verne', 'Verner', 'Vernier', 'Veronese', 'Verrazano', 'Versace', 'Verwoerd', 'Vesalius', 'Vesey', 'Vespasian', 'Vespucci', 'Vestris', 'Victor_Emanuel_II', 'Victor_Emanuel_III', 'Victoria', 'Vidal', 'Vigee-Lebrun', 'Villa', 'Villa-Lobos', 'Villard', 'Villon', 'Vinogradoff', 'Vinson', 'Virchow', 'Virgil', 'Visconti', 'Vitus', 'Vivaldi', 'Vizcaino', 'Vlaminck', 'Volta', 'Voltaire', 'Vonnegut', 'von_Neumann', 'von_Sternberg', 'Voznesenski', 'Vuillard', 'Wade', 'Wagner', 'Wagner', 'Wain', 'Waite', 'Wajda', 'Waldheim', 'Walesa', 'Walker', 'Walker', 'Wallace', 'Wallace', 'Wallace', 'Wallenstein', 'Waller', 'Walpole', 'Walpole', 'Walter', 'Walton', 'Walton', 'Walton', 'Wanamaker', 'Warburg', 'Warburg', 'Ward', 'Ward', 'Ward', 'Warhol', 'Warner', 'Warren', 'Warren', 'Warwick', 'Washington', 'Washington', 'Wassermann', 'Waters', 'Watson', 'Watson', 'Watson', 'Watt', 'Watteau', 'Watts', 'Waugh', 'Wavell', 'Wayne', 'Wayne', 'Webb', 'Webb', 'Weber', 'Weber', 'Weber', 'Weber', 'Weber', 'Webster', 'Webster', 'Webster', 'Wedgwood', 'Wegener', 'Weil', 'Weil', 'Weill', 'Weinberg', 'Weismann', 'Weizmann', 'Weld', 'Welles', 'Wellington', 'Wells', 'Welty', 'Werfel', 'Wernicke', 'Wesley', 'Wesley', 'West', 'West', 'West', 'Westinghouse', 'Weston', 'Wharton', 'Wheatley', 'Wheatstone', 'Wheeler', 'Whistler', 'White', 'White', 'White', 'White', 'White', 'White', 'Whitehead', 'Whitman', 'Whitman', 'Whitney', 'Whittier', 'Whittle', 'Wiener', 'Wiesel', 'Wiesenthal', 'Wigner', 'Wilde', 'Wilder', 'Wilder', 'Wilhelm_II', 'Wilkes', 'Wilkes', 'Wilkins', 'Wilkins', 'Wilkins', 'Wilkinson', 'Willard', 'Willard', 'Willebrand', 'William_I', 'William_II', 'William_III', 'William_IV', 'Williams', 'Williams', 'Williams', 'Williams', 'Williams', 'Williams', 'Willis', 'Wilmut', 'Wilson', 'Wilson', 'Wilson', 'Wilson', 'Wilson', 'Wilson', 'Wilson', 'Wilson', 'Wilson', 'Wilson', 'Winckelmann', 'Windaus', 'Winslow', 'Wise', 'Wise', 'Wister', 'Witherspoon', 'Wittgenstein', 'Wodehouse', 'Wolf', 'Wolf', 'Wolfe', 'Wolfe', 'Wolff', 'Wollaston', 'Wollstonecraft', 'Wood', 'Wood', 'Wood', 'Wood', 'Woodbury', 'Woodhull', 'Woodward', 'Woodward', 'Woolf', 'Woollcott', 'Woolley', 'Woolworth', 'Worcester', 'Wordsworth', 'Worth', 'Wouk', 'Wren', 'Wright', 'Wright', 'Wright', 'Wright', 'Wright', 'Wright', 'Wurlitzer', 'Wyatt', 'Wyatt', 'Wycherley', 'Wycliffe', 'Wyeth', 'Wykeham', 'Wyler', 'Wylie', 'Wynette', 'Wyszynski', 'Xavier', 'Xenophanes', 'Xenophon', 'Xerxes_I', 'Yale', 'Yamamoto', 'Yamani', 'Yang_Chen_Ning', 'Yastrzemski', 'Yeats', 'Yerkes', 'Yersin', 'Yevtushenko', 'Young', 'Young', 'Young', 'Young', 'Young', 'Young', 'Young', 'Yukawa', 'Zaharias', 'Zangwill', 'Zanuck', 'Zapata', 'Zechariah', 'Zeeman', 'Zeno', 'Zeno', 'Zephaniah', 'Zeppelin', 'Zhou_En-lai', 'Zhukov', 'Ziegfeld', 'Ziegler', 'Zimbalist', 'Zinnemann', 'Zinsser', 'Zinzendorf', 'Zola', 'Zoroaster', 'Zsigmondy', 'Zukerman', 'Zweig', 'Zwingli', 'Zworykin', 'natural_phenomenon', 'levitation', 'metempsychosis', 'chemical_phenomenon', 'allotropy', 'exchange', 'photoconductivity', 'superconductivity', 'photochemical_exchange', 'photoemission', 'crystallization', 'efflorescence', 'consequence', 'aftereffect', 'aftermath', 'bandwagon_effect', 'brisance', 'butterfly_effect', 'by-product', 'change', 'coattails_effect', 'Coriolis_effect', 'dent', 'dominance', 'domino_effect', 'harvest', 'impact', 'influence', 'perturbation', 'variation', 'purchase', 'wind', 'knock-on_effect', 'outgrowth', 'product', 'placebo_effect', 'position_effect', 'repercussion', 'response', 'reaction', 'side_effect', 'engine', 'geological_phenomenon', 'endogeny', 'luck', 'luck', 'organic_phenomenon', 'physical_phenomenon', 'aberration', 'abiogenesis', 'absorption_band', 'spectrum', 'absorption_spectrum', 'actinic_radiation', 'action_spectrum', 'activation_energy', 'aerodynamic_force', 'aerodynamic_lift', 'ground_effect', 'aerosol', 'affinity', 'air_pocket', 'slipstream', 'airstream', 'alluvial_fan', 'alpha_radiation', 'alpha_rhythm', 'alternating_current', 'alternation_of_generations', 'alternative_energy', 'metagenesis', 'amperage', 'annual_ring', 'antitrades', 'apparent_motion', 'acoustic_phenomenon', 'atmospheric_phenomenon', 'atomic_energy', 'atomic_power', 'atomic_spectrum', 'attraction', 'affinity', 'repulsion', 'aureole', 'aurora', 'aurora_australis', 'aurora_borealis', 'autofluorescence', 'bad_luck', 'beam', 'beam', 'cathode_ray', 'beta_radiation', 'beta_rhythm', 'binding_energy', 'bioelectricity', 'bise', 'atmospheric_pressure', 'black-body_radiation', 'blood_pressure', 'systolic_pressure', 'diastolic_pressure', 'arterial_pressure', 'venous_pressure', 'boundary_layer', 'brainwave', 'calm_air', 'breeze', 'sea_breeze', 'breath', 'light_air', 'light_breeze', 'gentle_breeze', 'moderate_breeze', 'fresh_breeze', 'strong_breeze', 'Brownian_movement', 'brush_discharge', 'candlelight', 'capacitance', 'elastance', 'capillarity', 'catastrophe', 'nuclear_winter', 'continental_drift', 'centrifugal_force', 'centripetal_force', 'chaos', 'charge', 'electrostatic_charge', 'electrostatic_field', 'pyroelectricity', 'positive_charge', 'negative_charge', 'chatter_mark', 'chemical_bond', 'valency', 'cohesion', 'covalent_bond', 'cross-link', 'hydrogen_bond', 'ionic_bond', 'ionizing_radiation', 'double_bond', 'coordinate_bond', 'metallic_bond', 'peptide_bond', 'chemical_energy', 'chinook', 'harmattan', 'chromatic_aberration', 'circulation', 'systemic_circulation', 'pulmonary_circulation', 'vitelline_circulation', 'cloud', 'cold_wave', 'cold_weather', 'Coriolis_force', 'freeze', 'corona', 'corona_discharge', 'cosmic_background_radiation', 'cosmic_dust', 'cosmic_radiation', 'cosmic_ray', 'dust_cloud', 'mushroom', 'counterglow', 'crosswind', 'fohn', 'khamsin', 'Santa_Ana', 'high_wind', 'headwind', 'katabatic_wind', 'tailwind', 'current', 'cyclone', 'cyclosis', 'daylight', 'death', 'decalescence', 'decay', 'dehiscence', 'delta_rhythm', 'deposit', 'desquamation', 'exfoliation', 'mother_lode', 'lode', 'condensation', 'sweat', 'diapedesis', 'dichroism', 'diffraction', 'direct_current', 'signal', 'interrupt', 'doldrums', 'drift', 'dust_devil', 'dust_storm', 'east_wind', 'northwest_wind', 'southwester', 'southeaster', 'elastic_energy', 'electrical_phenomenon', 'electrical_power', 'load', 'electric_field', 'dielectric_heating', 'electricity', 'galvanism', 'electricity', 'electromagnetic_radiation', 'Hertzian_wave', 'electromagnetic_spectrum', 'emission_spectrum', 'energy', 'energy', 'energy_level', 'power', 'rest_energy', 'work', 'epiphenomenon', 'event', 'facilitation', 'flare', 'flashover', 'flood', 'debacle', 'flash_flood', 'floodhead', \"Noah's_flood\", 'focus', 'food_chain', 'food_pyramid', 'food_web', 'fair_weather', 'fata_morgana', 'field', 'line_of_force', 'electrical_line_of_force', 'magnetic_line_of_force', 'fine_spray', 'fine_structure', 'firelight', 'firestorm', 'fluorescence', 'fog', 'fogbank', 'force', 'forked_lightning', \"friar's_lantern\", 'friction', 'fringe', 'gene_expression', 'grinding', 'grip', 'front', 'warm_front', 'cold_front', 'squall_line', 'occluded_front', 'greenhouse_effect', 'inversion', 'frost_heave', 'gale', 'moderate_gale', 'fresh_gale', 'strong_gale', 'whole_gale', 'storm', 'northeaster', 'gamma_radiation', 'gaslight', 'radiance', 'glow', 'sky_glow', 'good_luck', 'serendipity', 'gravitational_field', 'gravity', 'solar_gravity', 'gun_smoke', 'gust', 'bluster', 'sandblast', 'hail', 'hailstorm', 'half-light', 'haze', 'heat', 'geothermal_energy', 'histocompatibility', 'hot_weather', 'scorcher', 'sultriness', 'hurricane', 'hydroelectricity', 'hysteresis', 'ice_fog', 'ice_storm', 'incandescence', 'incidence', 'induction', 'mutual_induction', 'self-induction', 'inertia', 'moment_of_inertia', 'angular_acceleration', 'angular_velocity', 'infrared', 'infrared_spectrum', 'interreflection', 'jet_propulsion', 'jet_stream', 'juice', 'kinetic_energy', 'heat_of_dissociation', 'heat_of_formation', 'heat_of_solution', 'latent_heat', 'heat_of_condensation', 'heat_of_fusion', 'heat_of_solidification', 'heat_of_sublimation', 'heat_of_vaporization', 'specific_heat', 'heat_ray', 'heat_wave', 'high_beam', 'infrared_ray', 'lamplight', 'levanter', 'leverage', 'life', 'biology', 'aerobiosis', 'life_cycle', 'light', 'line', 'elves', 'jet', 'lightning', 'line_spectrum', 'Lorentz_force', 'sprites', 'atmospheric_electricity', 'luminescence', 'bioluminescence', 'chemiluminescence', 'luminous_energy', 'magnetosphere', 'solar_magnetic_field', 'magnetic_field', 'radiation_field', 'beat', 'resonance', 'sympathetic_vibration', 'resonance', 'nuclear_resonance', 'magnetic_resonance', 'nuclear_magnetic_resonance', 'magnetism', 'electromagnetism', 'antiferromagnetism', 'diamagnetism', 'ferrimagnetism', 'ferromagnetism', 'paramagnetism', 'mechanical_phenomenon', 'sound', 'ultrasound', 'trajectory', 'ballistics', 'gravity-assist', 'mass_defect', 'mechanical_energy', 'thaw', 'microwave', 'midnight_sun', 'mist', 'mistral', 'moment', 'moment_of_a_couple', 'dipole_moment', 'electric_dipole_moment', 'magnetic_dipole_moment', 'magnetic_moment', 'meteor', 'bolide', 'mirage', 'monsoon', 'monsoon', 'moonbeam', 'moonlight', 'starlight', 'sunburst', 'sunlight', 'sunbeam', 'laser_beam', 'low_beam', 'particle_beam', 'ion_beam', 'necrobiosis', 'apoptosis', 'necrosis', 'myonecrosis', 'brain_death', 'neutron_radiation', 'halo', 'solar_halo', 'parhelion', 'north_wind', 'nuclear_propulsion', 'ocean_current', 'El_Nino', 'El_Nino_southern_oscillation', 'equatorial_current', 'North_Equatorial_Current', 'South_Equatorial_Current', 'Gulf_stream', 'Japan_current', 'Peruvian_current', 'opacity', 'optical_opacity', 'radiopacity', 'optical_illusion', 'optical_phenomenon', 'pea_soup', 'phosphorescence', 'photoelectricity', 'piezoelectricity', 'pleochroism', 'pleomorphism', 'polarization', 'depolarization', 'polymorphism', 'dimorphism', 'polymorphism', 'dimorphism', 'polymorphism', 'single_nucleotide_polymorphism', 'electric_potential', 'evoked_potential', 'resting_potential', 'potential_energy', 'precipitation', 'gas_pressure', 'pressure', 'head', 'barometric_pressure', 'compartment_pressure', 'overpressure', 'sea-level_pressure', 'hydrostatic_head', 'intraocular_pressure', 'oil_pressure', 'osmotic_pressure', 'radiation_pressure', 'sound_pressure', 'prevailing_wind', 'propulsion', 'puff', 'pull', 'push', 'reaction', 'rocket_propulsion', 'reaction_propulsion', 'radiant_energy', 'radiation', 'corpuscular_radiation', 'radio_wave', 'sky_wave', 'ionospheric_wave', 'ground_wave', 'radio_signal', 'mass_spectrum', 'microwave_spectrum', 'radio_spectrum', 'carrier_wave', 'rain', 'raindrop', 'rainstorm', 'line_storm', 'thundershower', 'downpour', 'drizzle', 'shower', 'recognition', 'reflection', 'refraction', 'double_refraction', 'resistance', 'conductance', 'electric_resistance', 'ohmage', 'reactance', 'acoustic_resistance', 'reluctance', 'drag', 'sonic_barrier', 'windage', 'rejection', 'rejuvenation', 'resolving_power', 'resolution', 'scattering', 'scintillation', 'sex_linkage', 'shear', 'meteor_shower', 'short_wave', 'medium_wave', 'long_wave', 'simoom', 'skin_effect', 'sleet', 'smoke', 'smother', 'snow', 'flurry', 'whiteout', 'snowflake', 'virga', 'ice_crystal', 'blizzard', 'solar_energy', 'insolation', 'solar_radiation', 'solar_flare', 'solar_prominence', 'solar_wind', 'sound_spectrum', 'speech_spectrum', 'sunspot', 'facula', 'facula', 'south_wind', 'discharge', 'distortion', 'nonlinear_distortion', 'projection', 'electrical_conduction', 'conduction', 'propagation', 'Doppler_effect', 'red_shift', 'wave_front', 'spherical_aberration', 'spillover', 'squall', 'line_squall', 'electrical_disturbance', 'static_electricity', 'dynamic_electricity', 'thermoelectricity', 'stress', 'tension', 'strain', 'breaking_point', 'overstrain', 'streamer', 'torchlight', 'twilight', 'interaction', 'electromagnetic_interaction', 'gravitational_interaction', 'strong_interaction', 'supertwister', 'weak_interaction', 'suction', 'sunrise', 'sunset', 'afterglow', 'surface_tension', 'interfacial_tension', 'syzygy', 'tempest', 'thermal', 'thermionic_current', 'theta_rhythm', 'thunderbolt', 'thunderstorm', 'tornado', 'torsion', 'tossup', 'trade_wind', 'antitrade_wind', 'tramontane', 'transgression', 'transparency', 'trichroism', 'turbulence', 'typhoon', 'turbulent_flow', 'sea', 'head_sea', 'streamline_flow', 'laminar_flow', 'ultraviolet', 'sunray', 'ultraviolet_spectrum', 'draft', 'updraft', 'downdraft', \"van_der_Waal's_forces\", 'vapor_pressure', 'virtual_image', 'visible_spectrum', 'voltage', 'magnetomotive_force', 'life_force', 'volcanism', 'waterpower', 'waterspout', 'wave', 'weather', 'elements', 'west_wind', 'prevailing_westerly', 'whirlwind', 'wind', 'wind_generation', 'windstorm', 'X_ray', 'X-ray_diffraction', 'zodiacal_light', 'chop', 'flotation', 'parallax', 'Tyndall_effect', 'heliocentric_parallax', 'stellar_parallax', 'geocentric_parallax', 'horizontal_parallax', 'pulsation', 'solar_parallax', 'Plantae', 'microflora', 'plant_cell', 'cell_wall', 'crop', 'endemic', 'holophyte', 'non-flowering_plant', 'plantlet', 'wilding', 'semi-climber', 'Thallophyta', 'thallophyte', 'button', 'thallus', 'crustose_thallus', 'cap', 'calyptra', 'volva', 'ascocarp', 'acervulus', 'basidiocarp', 'peridium', 'ascoma', 'apothecium', 'cleistothecium', 'domatium', 'podetium', 'seta', 'Tracheophyta', 'plant_order', 'ornamental', 'pot_plant', 'acrogen', 'apomict', 'aquatic', 'Bryophyta', 'bryophyte', 'moss', 'moss_family', 'moss_genus', 'Anthoceropsida', 'Anthocerotales', 'Anthocerotaceae', 'Anthoceros', 'hornwort', 'Bryopsida', 'acrocarp', 'pleurocarp', 'Andreaeales', 'Andreaea', 'Bryales', 'Dicranales', 'Dicranaceae', 'Dicranum', 'Eubryales', 'Bryaceae', 'Bryum', 'Mniaceae', 'Mnium', 'Sphagnales', 'genus_Sphagnum', 'sphagnum', 'Hepaticopsida', 'liverwort', 'Jungermanniales', 'leafy_liverwort', 'Jungermanniaceae', 'Marchantiales', 'Marchantiaceae', 'Marchantia', 'hepatica', 'Sphaerocarpales', 'Sphaerocarpaceae', 'Sphaerocarpus', 'Pteridophyta', 'genus_Pecopteris', 'pecopteris', 'pteridophyte', 'fern', 'fern_ally', 'agamete', 'spore', 'basidiospore', 'endospore', 'carpospore', 'chlamydospore', 'conidium', 'conidiophore', 'oospore', 'oosphere', 'resting_spore', 'teliospore', 'tetraspore', 'zoospore', 'fern_seed', 'fructification', 'gleba', 'hymenium', 'pycnidium', 'sporocarp', 'stipule', 'tepal', 'Spermatophyta', 'Phanerogamae', 'Cryptogamia', 'cryptogam', 'spermatophyte', 'seedling', 'balsam', 'annual', 'biennial', 'perennial', 'escape', 'hygrophyte', 'neophyte', 'gymnosperm_family', 'gymnosperm_genus', 'monocot_family', 'liliid_monocot_family', 'monocot_genus', 'liliid_monocot_genus', 'dicot_family', 'magnoliid_dicot_family', 'hamamelid_dicot_family', 'caryophylloid_dicot_family', 'dilleniid_dicot_family', 'asterid_dicot_family', 'rosid_dicot_family', 'dicot_genus', 'magnoliid_dicot_genus', 'hamamelid_dicot_genus', 'caryophylloid_dicot_genus', 'dilleniid_dicot_genus', 'asterid_dicot_genus', 'rosid_dicot_genus', 'fungus_family', 'fungus_genus', 'fungus_order', 'Gymnospermae', 'gymnosperm', 'progymnosperm', 'Gnetopsida', 'Gnetales', 'Gnetaceae', 'genus_Gnetum', 'gnetum', 'Ephedraceae', 'Catha', 'Catha_edulis', 'genus_Ephedra', 'ephedra', 'mahuang', 'Welwitschiaceae', 'genus_Welwitschia', 'welwitschia', 'Cycadopsida', 'Cycadales', 'cycad', 'Cycadaceae', 'Cycas', 'sago_palm', 'false_sago', 'Zamiaceae', 'genus_Zamia', 'zamia', 'coontie', 'genus_Ceratozamia', 'ceratozamia', 'genus_Dioon', 'dioon', 'genus_Encephalartos', 'encephalartos', 'kaffir_bread', 'genus_Macrozamia', 'macrozamia', 'burrawong', 'Bennettitales', 'Bennettitaceae', 'Bennettitis', 'Pteridospermopsida', 'Cycadofilicales', 'Pteridospermae', 'Lyginopteris', 'seed_fern', 'Coniferopsida', 'Cordaitales', 'Cordaitaceae', 'Cordaites', 'Pinopsida', 'Coniferales', 'Pinaceae', 'Pinus', 'pine', 'pine', 'knotty_pine', 'white_pine', 'yellow_pine', 'pinon', 'nut_pine', 'pinon_pine', 'Rocky_mountain_pinon', 'single-leaf', 'bishop_pine', 'California_single-leaf_pinyon', \"Parry's_pinyon\", 'spruce_pine', 'black_pine', 'pitch_pine', 'pond_pine', 'stone_pine', 'Swiss_pine', 'cembra_nut', 'Swiss_mountain_pine', 'ancient_pine', 'white_pine', 'American_white_pine', 'western_white_pine', 'southwestern_white_pine', 'limber_pine', 'whitebark_pine', 'yellow_pine', 'ponderosa', 'Jeffrey_pine', 'shore_pine', 'Sierra_lodgepole_pine', 'loblolly_pine', 'jack_pine', 'swamp_pine', 'longleaf_pine', 'shortleaf_pine', 'red_pine', 'Scotch_pine', 'scrub_pine', 'Monterey_pine', 'bristlecone_pine', 'table-mountain_pine', 'knobcone_pine', 'Japanese_red_pine', 'Japanese_black_pine', 'Torrey_pine', 'Larix', 'larch', 'larch', 'American_larch', 'western_larch', 'subalpine_larch', 'European_larch', 'Siberian_larch', 'Pseudolarix', 'golden_larch', 'Abies', 'fir', 'fir', 'silver_fir', 'amabilis_fir', 'European_silver_fir', 'white_fir', 'balsam_fir', 'Fraser_fir', 'lowland_fir', 'Alpine_fir', 'Santa_Lucia_fir', 'Cedrus', 'cedar', 'cedar', 'red_cedar', 'pencil_cedar', 'cedar_of_Lebanon', 'deodar', 'Atlas_cedar', 'Picea', 'spruce', 'spruce', 'Norway_spruce', 'weeping_spruce', 'Engelmann_spruce', 'white_spruce', 'black_spruce', 'Siberian_spruce', 'Sitka_spruce', 'oriental_spruce', 'Colorado_spruce', 'red_spruce', 'Tsuga', 'hemlock', 'hemlock', 'eastern_hemlock', 'Carolina_hemlock', 'mountain_hemlock', 'western_hemlock', 'Pseudotsuga', 'douglas_fir', 'douglas_fir', 'green_douglas_fir', 'big-cone_spruce', 'genus_Cathaya', 'Cathaya', 'Cupressaceae', 'cedar', 'Cupressus', 'cypress', 'cypress', 'gowen_cypress', 'pygmy_cypress', 'Santa_Cruz_cypress', 'Arizona_cypress', 'Guadalupe_cypress', 'Monterey_cypress', 'Mexican_cypress', 'Italian_cypress', 'Athrotaxis', 'King_William_pine', 'Austrocedrus', 'Chilean_cedar', 'Callitris', 'cypress_pine', 'Port_Jackson_pine', 'black_cypress_pine', 'white_cypress_pine', 'stringybark_pine', 'Calocedrus', 'incense_cedar', 'Chamaecyparis', 'southern_white_cedar', 'Oregon_cedar', 'Port_Orford_cedar', 'yellow_cypress', 'Cryptomeria', 'Japanese_cedar', 'Juniperus', 'juniper', 'juniper_berry', 'pencil_cedar', 'eastern_red_cedar', 'Bermuda_cedar', 'east_African_cedar', 'southern_red_cedar', 'dwarf_juniper', 'common_juniper', 'ground_cedar', 'creeping_juniper', 'Mexican_juniper', 'Libocedrus', 'incense_cedar', 'kawaka', 'pahautea', 'Taxodiaceae', 'genus_Metasequoia', 'metasequoia', 'genus_Sequoia', 'sequoia', 'redwood', 'California_redwood', 'Sequoiadendron', 'giant_sequoia', 'Taxodium', 'bald_cypress', 'pond_cypress', 'Montezuma_cypress', 'Ahuehuete', 'Tetraclinis', 'sandarac', 'sandarac', 'sandarac', 'Thuja', 'arborvitae', 'western_red_cedar', 'American_arborvitae', 'Oriental_arborvitae', 'Thujopsis', 'hiba_arborvitae', 'genus_Keteleeria', 'keteleeria', 'Araucariaceae', 'Wollemi_pine', 'genus_Araucaria', 'araucaria', 'monkey_puzzle', 'norfolk_island_pine', 'new_caledonian_pine', 'bunya_bunya', 'hoop_pine', 'Agathis', 'kauri_pine', 'kauri', 'kauri', 'amboina_pine', 'dundathu_pine', 'red_kauri', 'Cephalotaxaceae', 'Cephalotaxus', 'plum-yew', 'Torreya', 'California_nutmeg', 'stinking_cedar', 'Phyllocladaceae', 'Phyllocladus', 'celery_pine', 'celery_top_pine', 'tanekaha', 'Alpine_celery_pine', 'yellowwood', 'gymnospermous_yellowwood', 'angiospermous_yellowwood', 'yellowwood', 'Podocarpaceae', 'Podocarpus', 'podocarp', 'yacca', 'brown_pine', 'cape_yellowwood', 'South-African_yellowwood', 'alpine_totara', 'totara', 'Afrocarpus', 'common_yellowwood', 'Dacrycarpus', 'kahikatea', 'Dacrydium', 'rimu', 'tarwood', 'Falcatifolium', 'common_sickle_pine', 'yellow-leaf_sickle_pine', 'Halocarpus', 'tarwood', 'Lagarostrobus', 'westland_pine', 'huon_pine', 'Lepidothamnus', 'Chilean_rimu', 'mountain_rimu', 'Microstrobos', 'Tasman_dwarf_pine', 'Nageia', 'nagi', 'Parasitaxus', 'parasite_yew', 'Prumnopitys', 'miro', 'matai', 'plum-fruited_yew', 'Retrophyllum', 'Saxe-gothea', 'Prince_Albert_yew', 'Sundacarpus', 'Sundacarpus_amara', 'Sciadopityaceae', 'Sciadopitys', 'Japanese_umbrella_pine', 'Taxopsida', 'Taxales', 'Taxaceae', 'Taxus', 'yew', 'yew', 'Old_World_yew', 'Pacific_yew', 'Japanese_yew', 'Florida_yew', 'Austrotaxus', 'New_Caledonian_yew', 'Pseudotaxus', 'white-berry_yew', 'Ginkgopsida', 'Ginkgoales', 'Ginkgoaceae', 'genus_Ginkgo', 'ginkgo', 'Pteropsida', 'Angiospermae', 'angiosperm', 'angiocarp', 'Dicotyledones', 'dicot', 'Magnoliidae', 'Monocotyledones', 'monocot', 'Alismatidae', 'Arecidae', 'Commelinidae', 'flower', 'floret', 'flower', 'bloomer', 'wildflower', 'apetalous_flower', 'flower_head', 'inflorescence', 'ray_flower', 'catkin', 'bud', 'rosebud', 'stamen', 'anther', 'gynostegium', 'pollen', 'pollinium', 'reproductive_structure', 'pistil', 'gynobase', 'gynophore', 'simple_pistil', 'compound_pistil', 'pistillode', 'style', 'stylopodium', 'stigma', 'carpel', 'carpophore', 'cornstalk', 'filament', 'funicle', 'petiolule', 'mericarp', 'hilum', 'ovary', 'ovule', 'chalaza', 'nucellus', 'micropyle', 'amphitropous_ovule', 'anatropous_ovule', 'campylotropous_ovule', 'orthotropous_ovule', 'stoma', 'germ_pore', 'germ_tube', 'pollen_tube', 'placenta', 'placentation', 'apical_placentation', 'axile_placentation', 'basal_placentation', 'free_central_placentation', 'lamellate_placentation', 'marginal_placentation', 'parietal_placentation', 'testa', 'endosperm', 'gemma', 'cone', 'fir_cone', 'galbulus', 'pinecone', 'septum', 'shell', 'nutshell', 'nectary', 'seed', 'pericarp', 'epicarp', 'mesocarp', 'stone', 'pip', 'capsule', 'bilocular_capsule', 'boll', 'silique', 'silicle', 'peristome', 'haustorium', 'cataphyll', 'cotyledon', 'embryo', 'perisperm', 'monocarp', 'sporophyte', 'gametophyte', 'megagametophyte', 'megasporangium', 'megasporophyll', 'microgametophyte', 'microspore', 'microsporangium', 'microsporophyll', 'megaspore', 'archespore', 'daughter_cell', 'mother_cell', 'spore_mother_cell', 'archegonium', 'bonduc_nut', \"Job's_tears\", 'oilseed', 'castor_bean', 'cottonseed', 'candlenut', 'peach_pit', 'cherry_stone', 'hypanthium', 'petal', 'sepal', 'mentum', 'floral_leaf', 'corolla', 'corona', 'calyx', 'lip', 'hull', 'epicalyx', 'perianth', 'pappus', 'thistledown', 'Ranales', 'Annonaceae', 'Annona', 'custard_apple', 'cherimoya', 'ilama', 'soursop', \"bullock's_heart\", 'sweetsop', 'pond_apple', 'Asimina', 'pawpaw', 'Cananga', 'ilang-ilang', 'ilang-ilang', 'Oxandra', 'lancewood', 'lancewood', 'Xylopia', 'Guinea_pepper', 'Berberidaceae', 'Berberis', 'barberry', 'American_barberry', 'common_barberry', 'Japanese_barberry', 'Caulophyllum', 'blue_cohosh', 'Epimedium', 'barrenwort', 'Mahonia', 'Oregon_grape', 'Oregon_grape', 'Podophyllum', 'mayapple', 'May_apple', 'Calycanthaceae', 'Calycanthus', 'allspice', 'Carolina_allspice', 'spicebush', 'Chimonanthus', 'Japan_allspice', 'Ceratophyllaceae', 'Ceratophyllum', 'hornwort', 'Cercidiphyllaceae', 'Cercidiphyllum', 'katsura_tree', 'Lardizabalaceae', 'Lardizabala', 'Lauraceae', 'laurel', 'Laurus', 'true_laurel', 'Cinnamomum', 'camphor_tree', 'cinnamon', 'cinnamon', 'cassia', 'cassia_bark', 'Saigon_cinnamon', 'cinnamon_bark', 'Lindera', 'Benzoin', 'spicebush', 'Persea', 'avocado', 'laurel-tree', 'genus_Sassafras', 'sassafras', 'sassafras_oil', 'Umbellularia', 'California_laurel', 'Magnoliaceae', 'Illicium', 'anise_tree', 'purple_anise', 'star_anise', 'star_anise', 'genus_Magnolia', 'magnolia', 'magnolia', 'southern_magnolia', 'umbrella_tree', 'earleaved_umbrella_tree', 'cucumber_tree', 'large-leaved_magnolia', 'saucer_magnolia', 'star_magnolia', 'sweet_bay', 'manglietia', 'Liriodendron', 'tulip_tree', 'tulipwood', 'Menispermaceae', 'Menispermum', 'moonseed', 'common_moonseed', 'Cocculus', 'Carolina_moonseed', 'Myristicaceae', 'Myristica', 'nutmeg', 'Nymphaeaceae', 'water_lily', 'Nymphaea', 'water_nymph', 'European_white_lily', 'lotus', 'blue_lotus', 'blue_lotus', 'Nuphar', 'spatterdock', 'southern_spatterdock', 'yellow_water_lily', 'Nelumbonaceae', 'Nelumbo', 'lotus', 'water_chinquapin', 'Cabombaceae', 'Cabomba', 'water-shield', 'Brasenia', 'water-shield', 'Paeoniaceae', 'Paeonia', 'peony', 'Ranunculaceae', 'Ranunculus', 'buttercup', 'meadow_buttercup', 'water_crowfoot', 'common_buttercup', 'lesser_celandine', 'lesser_spearwort', 'sagebrush_buttercup', 'greater_spearwort', 'mountain_lily', 'western_buttercup', 'creeping_buttercup', 'cursed_crowfoot', 'Aconitum', 'aconite', 'monkshood', 'wolfsbane', 'Actaea', 'baneberry', 'baneberry', 'red_baneberry', 'white_baneberry', 'Adonis', \"pheasant's-eye\", 'genus_Anemone', 'anemone', 'Alpine_anemone', 'Canada_anemone', 'thimbleweed', 'wood_anemone', 'wood_anemone', 'longheaded_thimbleweed', 'snowdrop_anemone', 'Virginia_thimbleweed', 'Anemonella', 'rue_anemone', 'genus_Aquilegia', 'columbine', 'meeting_house', 'blue_columbine', \"granny's_bonnets\", 'Caltha', 'marsh_marigold', 'Cimicifuga', 'bugbane', 'American_bugbane', 'black_cohosh', 'fetid_bugbane', 'genus_Clematis', 'clematis', 'pine_hyacinth', 'blue_jasmine', 'pipestem_clematis', 'curly-heads', 'golden_clematis', 'scarlet_clematis', 'leather_flower', 'leather_flower', \"virgin's_bower\", \"traveler's_joy\", 'purple_clematis', 'Coptis', 'goldthread', 'Consolida', 'rocket_larkspur', 'genus_Delphinium', 'delphinium', 'larkspur', 'Eranthis', 'winter_aconite', 'Helleborus', 'hellebore', 'stinking_hellebore', 'Christmas_rose', 'lenten_rose', 'green_hellebore', 'genus_Hepatica', 'hepatica', 'Hydrastis', 'goldenseal', 'Isopyrum', 'false_rue_anemone', 'Laccopetalum', 'giant_buttercup', 'genus_Nigella', 'nigella', 'love-in-a-mist', 'fennel_flower', 'black_caraway', 'Pulsatilla', 'pasqueflower', 'American_pasqueflower', 'Western_pasqueflower', 'European_pasqueflower', 'Thalictrum', 'meadow_rue', 'Trautvetteria', 'false_bugbane', 'Trollius', 'globeflower', 'Winteraceae', 'Drimys', \"winter's_bark\", 'Pseudowintera', 'pepper_shrub', 'Myricales', 'Myricaceae', 'Myrica', 'sweet_gale', 'wax_myrtle', 'bay_myrtle', 'bayberry', 'bayberry_wax', 'Comptonia', 'sweet_fern', 'Leitneriaceae', 'Leitneria', 'corkwood', 'Juncaceae', 'rush', 'Juncus', 'bulrush', 'jointed_rush', 'toad_rush', 'hard_rush', 'salt_rush', 'slender_rush', 'plant_family', 'plant_genus', 'zebrawood', 'zebrawood', 'Connaraceae', 'Connarus', 'Connarus_guianensis', 'Leguminosae', 'legume', 'legume', 'Arachis', 'peanut', 'peanut', 'Brya', 'granadilla_tree', 'cocuswood', 'Centrolobium', 'arariba', 'Coumarouna', 'tonka_bean', 'tonka_bean', 'Hymenaea', 'courbaril', 'courbaril_copal', 'genus_Melilotus', 'melilotus', 'white_sweet_clover', 'yellow_sweet_clover', 'Swainsona', 'darling_pea', 'smooth_darling_pea', 'hairy_darling_pea', 'Trifolium', 'clover', 'alpine_clover', 'hop_clover', 'crimson_clover', 'red_clover', 'buffalo_clover', 'white_clover', 'Mimosaceae', 'Mimosoideae', 'genus_Mimosa', 'mimosa', 'sensitive_plant', 'sensitive_plant', 'genus_Acacia', 'acacia', 'shittah', 'shittimwood', 'wattle', 'black_wattle', 'gidgee', 'catechu', 'black_catechu', 'silver_wattle', 'huisache', 'lightwood', 'golden_wattle', 'fever_tree', 'Adenanthera', 'coralwood', 'genus_Albizia', 'albizzia', 'silk_tree', 'siris', 'rain_tree', 'Anadenanthera', 'Anadenanthera_colubrina', 'genus_Calliandra', 'calliandra', 'Enterolobium', 'conacaste', 'genus_Inga', 'inga', 'ice-cream_bean', 'guama', 'Leucaena', 'lead_tree', 'Lysiloma', 'wild_tamarind', 'sabicu', 'sabicu', 'Parkia', 'nitta_tree', 'Parkia_javanica', 'Piptadenia', 'Pithecellobium', 'manila_tamarind', \"cat's-claw\", 'Prosopis', 'mesquite', 'honey_mesquite', 'algarroba', 'algarroba', 'screw_bean', 'screw_bean', 'Apocynaceae', 'Apocynum', 'dogbane', 'common_dogbane', 'Indian_hemp', 'Rocky_Mountain_dogbane', 'Acocanthera', 'winter_sweet', \"bushman's_poison\", 'Adenium', 'impala_lily', 'genus_Allamanda', 'allamanda', 'common_allamanda', 'Alstonia', 'dita', 'Amsonia', 'blue_star', 'Beaumontia', 'Nepal_trumpet_flower', 'genus_Carissa', 'carissa', 'hedge_thorn', 'natal_plum', 'Catharanthus', 'periwinkle', 'Holarrhena', 'ivory_tree', 'Mandevilla', 'white_dipladenia', 'Chilean_jasmine', 'Nerium', 'oleander', 'Plumeria', 'frangipani', 'pagoda_tree', 'West_Indian_jasmine', 'genus_Rauwolfia', 'rauwolfia', 'snakewood', 'genus_Strophanthus', 'strophanthus', 'Strophanthus_kombe', 'Tabernaemontana', 'crape_jasmine', 'Thevetia', 'yellow_oleander', 'Trachelospermum', 'star_jasmine', 'Vinca', 'periwinkle', 'myrtle', 'large_periwinkle', 'Arales', 'Araceae', 'arum', 'genus_Arum', 'arum', 'cuckoopint', 'black_calla', 'Acorus', 'Acoraceae', 'sweet_flag', 'calamus', 'calamus_oil', 'Aglaonema', 'Chinese_evergreen', 'genus_Alocasia', 'alocasia', 'giant_taro', 'genus_Amorphophallus', 'amorphophallus', 'pungapung', \"devil's_tongue\", 'krubi', 'genus_Anthurium', 'anthurium', 'flamingo_flower', 'Arisaema', 'jack-in-the-pulpit', 'green_dragon', 'Arisarum', \"friar's-cowl\", 'genus_Caladium', 'caladium', 'Caladium_bicolor', 'Calla', 'wild_calla', 'Colocasia', 'taro', 'taro', 'genus_Cryptocoryne', 'cryptocoryne', 'Dieffenbachia', 'dumb_cane', 'genus_Dracontium', 'dracontium', 'Dracunculus', 'dragon_arum', 'Epipremnum', 'golden_pothos', 'Lysichiton', 'skunk_cabbage', 'genus_Monstera', 'monstera', 'ceriman', 'genus_Nephthytis', 'nephthytis', 'Nephthytis_afzelii', 'Orontium', 'golden_club', 'Peltandra', 'arrow_arum', 'green_arrow_arum', 'genus_Philodendron', 'philodendron', 'genus_Pistia', 'pistia', 'Scindapsus', 'pothos', 'genus_Spathiphyllum', 'spathiphyllum', 'Symplocarpus', 'skunk_cabbage', 'Syngonium', 'Xanthosoma', 'yautia', 'Zantedeschia', 'calla_lily', 'pink_calla', 'golden_calla', 'Lemnaceae', 'duckweed', 'Lemna', 'common_duckweed', 'star-duckweed', 'Spirodela', 'great_duckweed', 'Wolffia', 'watermeal', 'common_wolffia', 'Wolffiella', 'mud_midget', 'Araliaceae', 'genus_Aralia', 'aralia', 'American_angelica_tree', 'wild_sarsaparilla', 'American_spikenard', 'bristly_sarsaparilla', 'Japanese_angelica_tree', 'Chinese_angelica', 'Hedera', 'ivy', 'Meryta', 'puka', 'Panax', 'ginseng', 'American_ginseng', 'ginseng', 'Schefflera', 'umbrella_tree', 'Aristolochiales', 'Aristolochiaceae', 'Aristolochia', 'birthwort', \"Dutchman's-pipe\", 'Virginia_snakeroot', 'Asarum', 'wild_ginger', 'Canada_ginger', 'heartleaf', 'heartleaf', 'asarabacca', 'Rafflesiaceae', 'Hydnoraceae', 'Caryophyllidae', 'Caryophyllales', 'Centrospermae', 'Caryophyllaceae', 'caryophyllaceous_plant', 'Agrostemma', 'corn_cockle', 'Arenaria', 'sandwort', 'mountain_sandwort', 'pine-barren_sandwort', 'seabeach_sandwort', 'rock_sandwort', 'thyme-leaved_sandwort', 'Cerastium', 'mouse-ear_chickweed', 'field_chickweed', 'snow-in-summer', 'Alpine_mouse-ear', 'Dianthus', 'pink', 'sweet_William', 'carnation', 'china_pink', 'Japanese_pink', 'maiden_pink', 'cheddar_pink', 'button_pink', 'cottage_pink', 'fringed_pink', 'genus_Drypis', 'drypis', 'Gypsophila', \"baby's_breath\", 'Hernaria', 'rupturewort', 'Illecebrum', 'coral_necklace', 'genus_Lychnis', 'lychnis', 'ragged_robin', 'scarlet_lychnis', 'mullein_pink', 'Minuartia', 'Moehringia', 'sandwort', 'sandwort', 'Paronychia', 'whitlowwort', 'Petrocoptis', 'Sagina', 'pearlwort', 'Saponaria', 'soapwort', 'Scleranthus', 'knawel', 'genus_Silene', 'silene', 'moss_campion', 'wild_pink', 'red_campion', 'white_campion', 'fire_pink', 'bladder_campion', 'Spergula', 'corn_spurry', 'Spergularia', 'sand_spurry', 'Stellaria', 'chickweed', 'common_chickweed', 'stitchwort', 'Vaccaria', 'cowherb', 'Aizoaceae', 'Carpobrotus', 'Hottentot_fig', 'Dorotheanthus', 'livingstone_daisy', 'papilla', 'genus_Lithops', 'lithops', 'Mesembryanthemum', 'fig_marigold', 'ice_plant', 'Molluga', 'carpetweed', 'Pleiospilos', 'living_granite', 'Tetragonia', 'New_Zealand_spinach', 'Amaranthaceae', 'Amaranthus', 'amaranth', 'amaranth', 'tumbleweed', 'love-lies-bleeding', \"prince's-feather\", 'pigweed', 'thorny_amaranth', 'Alternanthera', 'alligator_weed', 'Celosia', 'red_fox', 'cockscomb', 'Froelichia', 'cottonweed', 'Gomphrena', 'globe_amaranth', 'Iresine', 'bloodleaf', 'beefsteak_plant', 'Telanthera', 'Batidaceae', 'Batis', 'saltwort', 'Chenopodiaceae', 'Chenopodium', 'goosefoot', \"lamb's-quarters\", 'American_wormseed', 'good-king-henry', 'Jerusalem_oak', 'strawberry_blite', 'oak-leaved_goosefoot', 'sowbane', 'nettle-leaved_goosefoot', 'red_goosefoot', 'stinking_goosefoot', 'Atriplex', 'orach', 'saltbush', 'garden_orache', 'desert_holly', 'quail_bush', 'Bassia', 'summer_cypress', 'Beta', 'beet', 'beetroot', 'chard', 'mangel-wurzel', 'sugar_beet', 'Cycloloma', 'winged_pigweed', 'genus_Halogeton', 'halogeton', 'barilla', 'Salicornia', 'glasswort', 'Salsola', 'saltwort', 'Russian_thistle', 'Sarcobatus', 'greasewood', 'Spinacia', 'spinach', 'Nyctaginaceae', 'Nyctaginia', 'scarlet_musk_flower', 'Abronia', 'sand_verbena', 'snowball', 'sweet_sand_verbena', 'yellow_sand_verbena', 'beach_pancake', 'beach_sand_verbena', 'desert_sand_verbena', 'Allionia', \"trailing_four_o'clock\", 'genus_Bougainvillea', 'bougainvillea', 'paper_flower', 'Mirabilis', 'umbrellawort', \"four_o'clock\", \"common_four-o'clock\", \"California_four_o'clock\", \"sweet_four_o'clock\", \"desert_four_o'clock\", \"mountain_four_o'clock\", 'Pisonia', 'cockspur', 'Opuntiales', 'Cactaceae', 'cactus', 'Acanthocereus', 'pitahaya_cactus', 'Aporocactus', 'rattail_cactus', 'Ariocarpus', 'living_rock', 'Carnegiea', 'saguaro', 'Cereus', 'night-blooming_cereus', 'genus_Coryphantha', 'coryphantha', 'genus_Echinocactus', 'echinocactus', 'hedgehog_cactus', 'golden_barrel_cactus', 'Echinocereus', 'hedgehog_cereus', 'rainbow_cactus', 'genus_Epiphyllum', 'epiphyllum', 'Ferocactus', 'barrel_cactus', 'Gymnocalycium', 'Harrisia', 'Hatiora', 'Easter_cactus', 'Hylocereus', 'night-blooming_cereus', 'Lemaireocereus', 'chichipe', 'Lophophora', 'mescal', 'mescal_button', 'genus_Mammillaria', 'mammillaria', 'feather_ball', 'Melocactus', 'Myrtillocactus', 'garambulla', 'Pediocactus', \"Knowlton's_cactus\", 'Nopalea', 'nopal', 'Opuntia', 'prickly_pear', 'cholla', 'nopal', 'tuna', 'Pereskia', 'Barbados_gooseberry', 'Rhipsalis', 'mistletoe_cactus', 'Schlumbergera', 'Christmas_cactus', 'Selenicereus', 'night-blooming_cereus', 'queen_of_the_night', 'Zygocactus', 'crab_cactus', 'Phytolaccaceae', 'Phytolacca', 'pokeweed', 'Indian_poke', 'poke', 'ombu', 'Agdestis', 'Ercilla', 'Rivina', 'bloodberry', 'Trichostigma', 'Portulacaceae', 'purslane', 'genus_Portulaca', 'portulaca', 'rose_moss', 'common_purslane', 'Calandrinia', 'rock_purslane', 'red_maids', 'Claytonia', 'Carolina_spring_beauty', 'spring_beauty', 'Virginia_spring_beauty', 'Lewisia', 'siskiyou_lewisia', 'bitterroot', 'Montia', 'Indian_lettuce', 'broad-leaved_montia', 'blinks', 'toad_lily', 'winter_purslane', 'Spraguea', 'pussy-paw', 'Talinum', 'flame_flower', 'narrow-leaved_flame_flower', 'pigmy_talinum', 'rock_pink', 'jewels-of-opar', 'spiny_talinum', 'Rhoeadales', 'Capparidaceae', 'Capparis', 'caper', 'native_pomegranate', 'caper_tree', 'caper_tree', 'native_orange', 'common_caper', 'genus_Cleome', 'spiderflower', 'spider_flower', 'Rocky_Mountain_bee_plant', 'Crateva', 'Polanisia', 'clammyweed', 'Cruciferae', 'crucifer', 'cress', 'watercress', 'Aethionema', 'stonecress', 'Alliaria', 'garlic_mustard', 'Alyssum', 'alyssum', 'Anastatica', 'rose_of_Jericho', 'Arabidopsis', 'Arabidopsis_thaliana', 'Arabidopsis_lyrata', 'Arabis', 'rock_cress', 'sicklepod', 'tower_cress', 'tower_mustard', 'Armoracia', 'horseradish', 'horseradish', 'Barbarea', 'winter_cress', 'Belle_Isle_cress', 'yellow_rocket', 'Berteroa', 'hoary_alison', 'Biscutella', 'buckler_mustard', 'Brassica', 'wild_cabbage', 'cabbage', 'head_cabbage', 'savoy_cabbage', 'red_cabbage', 'brussels_sprout', 'cauliflower', 'broccoli', 'kale', 'collard', 'kohlrabi', 'turnip_plant', 'turnip', 'rutabaga', 'broccoli_raab', 'mustard', 'mustard_oil', 'chinese_mustard', 'Chinese_cabbage', 'bok_choy', 'tendergreen', 'black_mustard', 'rape', 'rapeseed', 'rape_oil', 'Cakile', 'sea-rocket', 'Camelina', 'gold_of_pleasure', 'Capsella', \"shepherd's_purse\", 'Cardamine', 'Dentaria', 'bittercress', \"lady's_smock\", 'coral-root_bittercress', 'crinkleroot', 'American_watercress', 'spring_cress', 'purple_cress', 'Cheiranthus', 'wallflower', 'prairie_rocket', 'Cochlearia', 'scurvy_grass', 'Crambe', 'sea_kale', 'Descurainia', 'tansy_mustard', 'Diplotaxis', 'wall_rocket', 'white_rocket', 'genus_Draba', 'draba', 'whitlow_grass', 'Eruca', 'rocket', 'Erysimum', 'wallflower', 'prairie_rocket', 'Siberian_wall_flower', 'western_wall_flower', 'wormseed_mustard', 'genus_Heliophila', 'heliophila', 'Hesperis', 'damask_violet', 'Hugueninia', 'tansy-leaved_rocket', 'Iberis', 'candytuft', 'Isatis', 'woad', \"dyer's_woad\", 'Lepidium', 'common_garden_cress', 'Lesquerella', 'bladderpod', 'Lobularia', 'sweet_alyssum', 'Lunaria', 'honesty', 'Malcolmia', 'Malcolm_stock', 'Virginian_stock', 'Matthiola', 'stock', 'brompton_stock', 'Nasturtium', 'common_watercress', 'Physaria', 'bladderpod', 'Pritzelago', 'chamois_cress', 'Raphanus', 'radish_plant', 'jointed_charlock', 'radish', 'radish', 'radish', 'Rorippa', 'marsh_cress', 'great_yellowcress', 'genus_Schizopetalon', 'schizopetalon', 'Sinapis', 'white_mustard', 'field_mustard', 'genus_Sisymbrium', 'hedge_mustard', 'Stanleya', 'desert_plume', 'Stephanomeria', 'malheur_wire_lettuce', 'Subularia', 'awlwort', 'Thlaspi', 'pennycress', 'field_pennycress', 'Thysanocarpus', 'fringepod', 'Turritis', 'Vesicaria', 'bladderpod', 'wasabi', 'Papaveraceae', 'poppy', 'Papaver', 'Iceland_poppy', 'western_poppy', 'prickly_poppy', 'Iceland_poppy', 'oriental_poppy', 'corn_poppy', 'opium_poppy', 'genus_Argemone', 'prickly_poppy', 'Mexican_poppy', 'genus_Bocconia', 'bocconia', 'Chelidonium', 'celandine', 'Corydalis', 'corydalis', 'climbing_corydalis', 'Roman_wormwood', 'fumewort', 'Dendromecon', 'bush_poppy', 'Eschscholtzia', 'California_poppy', 'Glaucium', 'horn_poppy', 'Hunnemannia', 'golden_cup', 'Macleaya', 'plume_poppy', 'Meconopsis', 'blue_poppy', 'Welsh_poppy', 'Platystemon', 'creamcups', 'Romneya', 'matilija_poppy', 'Sanguinaria', 'bloodroot', 'Stylomecon', 'wind_poppy', 'Stylophorum', 'celandine_poppy', 'Fumariaceae', 'Fumaria', 'fumitory', 'Adlumia', 'climbing_fumitory', 'Dicentra', 'bleeding_heart', \"Dutchman's_breeches\", 'squirrel_corn', 'Asteridae', 'Campanulales', 'Compositae', 'composite', 'compass_plant', 'everlasting', 'genus_Achillea', 'achillea', 'yarrow', 'sneezeweed_yarrow', 'Acroclinium', 'pink-and-white_everlasting', 'Ageratina', 'white_snakeroot', 'genus_Ageratum', 'ageratum', 'common_ageratum', 'Amberboa', 'sweet_sultan', 'genus_Ambrosia', 'Ambrosiaceae', 'ragweed', 'common_ragweed', 'great_ragweed', 'western_ragweed', 'genus_Ammobium', 'ammobium', 'winged_everlasting', 'Anacyclus', 'pellitory', 'Anaphalis', 'pearly_everlasting', 'genus_Andryala', 'andryala', 'Antennaria', \"ladies'_tobacco\", \"cat's_foot\", 'plantain-leaved_pussytoes', 'field_pussytoes', 'solitary_pussytoes', 'mountain_everlasting', 'Anthemis', 'mayweed', 'yellow_chamomile', 'corn_chamomile', 'Antheropeas', 'woolly_daisy', 'Arctium', 'burdock', 'common_burdock', 'great_burdock', 'Arctotis', 'African_daisy', 'blue-eyed_African_daisy', 'Argyranthemum', 'marguerite', 'Argyroxiphium', 'silversword', 'genus_Arnica', 'arnica', 'heartleaf_arnica', 'Arnica_montana', 'arnica', 'Arnoseris', 'lamb_succory', 'genus_Artemisia', 'artemisia', 'wormwood', 'mugwort', 'sagebrush', 'southernwood', 'common_wormwood', 'sweet_wormwood', 'California_sagebrush', 'field_wormwood', 'tarragon', 'sand_sage', 'wormwood_sage', 'western_mugwort', 'Roman_wormwood', 'bud_brush', 'dusty_miller', 'common_mugwort', 'genus_Aster', 'aster', 'wood_aster', 'whorled_aster', 'heath_aster', 'heart-leaved_aster', 'white_wood_aster', 'bushy_aster', 'heath_aster', 'white_prairie_aster', 'stiff_aster', 'goldilocks', 'large-leaved_aster', 'New_England_aster', 'Michaelmas_daisy', 'upland_white_aster', \"Short's_aster\", 'sea_aster', 'prairie_aster', 'annual_salt-marsh_aster', 'aromatic_aster', 'arrow_leaved_aster', 'azure_aster', 'bog_aster', 'crooked-stemmed_aster', 'Eastern_silvery_aster', 'flat-topped_white_aster', 'late_purple_aster', 'panicled_aster', 'perennial_salt_marsh_aster', 'purple-stemmed_aster', 'rough-leaved_aster', 'rush_aster', \"Schreiber's_aster\", 'small_white_aster', 'smooth_aster', 'southern_aster', 'starved_aster', \"tradescant's_aster\", 'wavy-leaved_aster', 'Western_silvery_aster', 'willow_aster', 'genus_Ayapana', 'ayapana', 'Baccharis', 'groundsel_tree', 'mule_fat', 'coyote_brush', 'Balsamorhiza', 'balsamroot', 'Bellis', 'daisy', 'common_daisy', 'Bidens', 'bur_marigold', 'Spanish_needles', 'Spanish_needles', 'tickseed_sunflower', 'European_beggar-ticks', 'swampy_beggar-ticks', 'slender_knapweed', 'Jersey_knapweed', 'Boltonia', 'false_chamomile', 'Brachycome', 'Swan_River_daisy', 'Brickellia', 'Buphthalmum', 'oxeye', 'woodland_oxeye', 'Cacalia', 'Indian_plantain', 'genus_Calendula', 'calendula', 'common_marigold', 'Callistephus', 'China_aster', 'thistle', 'Carduus', 'welted_thistle', 'musk_thistle', 'Carlina', 'carline_thistle', 'stemless_carline_thistle', 'common_carline_thistle', 'Carthamus', 'safflower', 'safflower_seed', 'safflower_oil', 'genus_Catananche', 'catananche', 'blue_succory', 'Centaurea', 'centaury', 'basket_flower', 'dusty_miller', 'cornflower', 'star-thistle', 'knapweed', 'sweet_sultan', 'lesser_knapweed', 'great_knapweed', \"Barnaby's_thistle\", 'Chamaemelum', 'chamomile', 'genus_Chaenactis', 'chaenactis', 'genus_Chrysanthemum', 'chrysanthemum', 'corn_marigold', 'crown_daisy', 'chop-suey_greens', 'chrysanthemum', 'Chrysopsis', 'golden_aster', 'Maryland_golden_aster', 'grass-leaved_golden_aster', 'sickleweed_golden_aster', 'Chrysothamnus', 'goldenbush', 'rabbit_brush', 'Cichorium', 'chicory', 'endive', 'chicory', 'Cirsium', 'plume_thistle', 'Canada_thistle', 'field_thistle', 'woolly_thistle', 'European_woolly_thistle', 'melancholy_thistle', 'brook_thistle', 'bull_thistle', 'Cnicus', 'blessed_thistle', 'Conoclinium', 'mistflower', 'Conyza', 'horseweed', 'genus_Coreopsis', 'coreopsis', 'subgenus_Calliopsis', 'giant_coreopsis', 'sea_dahlia', 'calliopsis', 'genus_Cosmos', 'cosmos', 'Cotula', 'brass_buttons', 'Craspedia', 'billy_buttons', 'Crepis', \"hawk's-beard\", 'Cynara', 'artichoke', 'cardoon', 'genus_Dahlia', 'dahlia', 'Delairea', 'German_ivy', 'Dendranthema', \"florist's_chrysanthemum\", 'Dimorphotheca', 'cape_marigold', 'Doronicum', \"leopard's-bane\", 'Echinacea', 'coneflower', 'Echinops', 'globe_thistle', 'Elephantopus', \"elephant's-foot\", 'Emilia', 'tassel_flower', 'tassel_flower', 'Encelia', 'brittlebush', 'Enceliopsis', 'sunray', 'genus_Engelmannia', 'engelmannia', 'genus_Erechtites', 'fireweed', 'Erigeron', 'fleabane', 'blue_fleabane', 'daisy_fleabane', 'orange_daisy', 'spreading_fleabane', 'seaside_daisy', 'Philadelphia_fleabane', \"robin's_plantain\", 'showy_daisy', 'Eriophyllum', 'woolly_sunflower', 'golden_yarrow', 'Eupatorium', 'hemp_agrimony', 'dog_fennel', 'Joe-Pye_weed', 'boneset', 'Joe-Pye_weed', 'Felicia', 'blue_daisy', 'kingfisher_daisy', 'genus_Filago', 'cotton_rose', 'herba_impia', 'genus_Gaillardia', 'gaillardia', 'blanket_flower', 'genus_Gazania', 'gazania', 'treasure_flower', 'Gerbera', 'African_daisy', 'Barberton_daisy', 'Gerea', 'desert_sunflower', 'Gnaphalium', 'cudweed', 'chafeweed', 'Grindelia', 'gumweed', 'Grindelia_robusta', 'curlycup_gumweed', 'Gutierrezia', 'matchweed', 'little-head_snakeweed', 'rabbitweed', 'broomweed', 'Gynura', 'velvet_plant', 'Haastia', 'vegetable_sheep', 'Haplopappus', 'goldenbush', 'camphor_daisy', 'yellow_spiny_daisy', 'Hazardia', 'hoary_golden_bush', 'Helenium', 'sneezeweed', 'autumn_sneezeweed', 'orange_sneezeweed', 'rosilla', 'genus_Helianthus', 'sunflower', 'swamp_sunflower', 'common_sunflower', 'giant_sunflower', 'showy_sunflower', \"Maximilian's_sunflower\", 'prairie_sunflower', 'Jerusalem_artichoke', 'Jerusalem_artichoke', 'Helichrysum', 'strawflower', 'genus_Heliopsis', 'heliopsis', 'Helipterum', 'strawflower', 'Heterotheca', 'hairy_golden_aster', 'Hieracium', 'hawkweed', 'king_devil', 'rattlesnake_weed', 'Homogyne', 'alpine_coltsfoot', 'Hulsea', 'alpine_gold', 'dwarf_hulsea', 'Hyalosperma', 'Hypochaeris', \"cat's-ear\", 'genus_Inula', 'inula', 'elecampane', 'genus_Iva', 'marsh_elder', 'burweed_marsh_elder', 'genus_Krigia', 'krigia', 'dwarf_dandelion', 'Lactuca', 'lettuce', 'garden_lettuce', 'cos_lettuce', 'head_lettuce', 'leaf_lettuce', 'celtuce', 'prickly_lettuce', 'Lagenophera', 'Lasthenia', 'goldfields', 'Layia', 'tidytips', 'Leontodon', 'hawkbit', 'fall_dandelion', 'Leontopodium', 'edelweiss', 'Leucanthemum', 'oxeye_daisy', 'oxeye_daisy', 'shasta_daisy', 'Pyrenees_daisy', 'Leucogenes', 'north_island_edelweiss', 'Liatris', 'blazing_star', 'dotted_gayfeather', 'dense_blazing_star', 'Ligularia', 'leopard_plant', 'Lindheimera', 'Texas_star', 'Lonas', 'African_daisy', 'Machaeranthera', 'tahoka_daisy', 'sticky_aster', 'Mojave_aster', 'Madia', 'tarweed', 'common_madia', 'melosa', 'madia_oil', 'Matricaria', 'sweet_false_chamomile', 'pineapple_weed', 'Melampodium', 'blackfoot_daisy', 'Mikania', 'climbing_hempweed', 'genus_Mutisia', 'mutisia', 'Nabalus', 'rattlesnake_root', 'white_lettuce', \"lion's_foot\", 'Olearia', 'daisybush', 'muskwood', 'New_Zealand_daisybush', 'Onopordum', 'cotton_thistle', 'genus_Othonna', 'othonna', 'Ozothamnus', 'cascade_everlasting', 'Packera', 'butterweed', 'golden_groundsel', 'Parthenium', 'guayule', 'bastard_feverfew', 'American_feverfew', 'Pericallis', 'cineraria', \"florest's_cineraria\", 'Petasites', 'butterbur', 'winter_heliotrope', 'sweet_coltsfoot', 'Picris', 'oxtongue', 'Pilosella', 'hawkweed', 'orange_hawkweed', 'mouse-ear_hawkweed', 'Piqueria', 'stevia', 'Prenanthes', 'rattlesnake_root', 'genus_Pteropogon', 'pteropogon', 'Pulicaria', 'fleabane', 'Pyrethrum', 'Raoulia', 'sheep_plant', 'Ratibida', 'coneflower', 'Mexican_hat', 'long-head_coneflower', 'prairie_coneflower', 'genus_Rhodanthe', 'Swan_River_everlasting', 'Rudbeckia', 'coneflower', 'black-eyed_Susan', 'cutleaved_coneflower', 'golden_glow', 'Santolina', 'lavender_cotton', 'Sanvitalia', 'creeping_zinnia', 'Saussurea', 'costusroot', 'Scolymus', 'golden_thistle', 'Spanish_oyster_plant', 'Senecio', 'nodding_groundsel', 'dusty_miller', 'threadleaf_groundsel', 'butterweed', 'ragwort', 'arrowleaf_groundsel', 'groundsel', 'genus_Scorzonera', 'black_salsify', 'Sericocarpus', 'white-topped_aster', 'narrow-leaved_white-topped_aster', 'Seriphidium', 'silver_sage', 'sea_wormwood', 'big_sagebrush', 'Serratula', 'sawwort', 'Silphium', 'rosinweed', 'Silybum', 'milk_thistle', 'Solidago', 'goldenrod', 'silverrod', 'meadow_goldenrod', 'Missouri_goldenrod', 'alpine_goldenrod', 'grey_goldenrod', 'Blue_Mountain_tea', \"dyer's_weed\", 'seaside_goldenrod', 'narrow_goldenrod', \"Boott's_goldenrod\", \"Elliott's_goldenrod\", 'Ohio_goldenrod', 'rough-stemmed_goldenrod', 'showy_goldenrod', 'tall_goldenrod', 'zigzag_goldenrod', 'Sonchus', 'sow_thistle', 'milkweed', 'Stenotus', 'stemless_golden_weed', 'genus_Stevia', 'stevia', 'Stokesia', \"stokes'_aster\", 'Tageteste', 'marigold', 'African_marigold', 'French_marigold', 'Tanacetum', 'costmary', 'camphor_dune_tansy', 'painted_daisy', 'pyrethrum', 'pyrethrum', 'northern_dune_tansy', 'feverfew', 'dusty_miller', 'tansy', 'Taraxacum', 'dandelion', 'common_dandelion', 'dandelion_green', 'Russian_dandelion', 'Tetraneuris', 'stemless_hymenoxys', 'old_man_of_the_mountain', 'genus_Tithonia', 'Mexican_sunflower', 'Townsendia', 'Easter_daisy', 'Tragopogon', 'yellow_salsify', 'salsify', 'salsify', 'meadow_salsify', 'Trilisa', 'wild_vanilla', 'Tripleurospermum', 'scentless_camomile', 'turfing_daisy', 'turfing_daisy', 'Tussilago', 'coltsfoot', 'genus_Ursinia', 'ursinia', 'Verbesina', 'Actinomeris', 'crownbeard', 'wingstem', 'cowpen_daisy', 'gravelweed', 'Virginia_crownbeard', 'genus_Vernonia', 'ironweed', 'genus_Wyethia', \"mule's_ears\", \"white-rayed_mule's_ears\", 'Xanthium', 'cocklebur', 'genus_Xeranthemum', 'xeranthemum', 'immortelle', 'genus_Zinnia', 'zinnia', 'white_zinnia', 'little_golden_zinnia', 'Loasaceae', 'genus_Loasa', 'loasa', 'Mentzelia', 'blazing_star', 'bartonia', 'achene', 'samara', 'bur', 'Campanulaceae', 'genus_Campanula', 'campanula', 'harebell', 'creeping_bellflower', 'Canterbury_bell', 'southern_harebell', 'tall_bellflower', 'marsh_bellflower', 'clustered_bellflower', 'peach_bells', 'chimney_plant', 'rampion', 'throatwort', 'tussock_bellflower', 'Orchidales', 'Orchidaceae', 'orchid', 'genus_Orchis', 'orchis', 'male_orchis', 'butterfly_orchid', 'showy_orchis', 'genus_Aerides', 'aerides', 'genus_Angrecum', 'angrecum', 'Anoectochilus', 'jewel_orchid', 'Aplectrum', 'puttyroot', 'genus_Arethusa', 'arethusa', 'bog_rose', 'genus_Bletia', 'bletia', 'Bletilla', 'Bletilla_striata', 'pseudobulb', 'genus_Brassavola', 'brassavola', 'Brassia', 'spider_orchid', 'spider_orchid', 'genus_Caladenia', 'caladenia', 'zebra_orchid', 'genus_Calanthe', 'calanthe', 'Calopogon', 'grass_pink', 'genus_Calypso', 'calypso', 'Catasetum', 'jumping_orchid', 'genus_Cattleya', 'cattleya', 'Cephalanthera', 'helleborine', 'red_helleborine', 'Cleistes', 'spreading_pogonia', 'rosebud_orchid', 'Coeloglossum', 'satyr_orchid', 'frog_orchid', 'genus_Coelogyne', 'coelogyne', 'Corallorhiza', 'coral_root', 'spotted_coral_root', 'striped_coral_root', 'early_coral_root', 'Coryanthes', 'helmetflower', 'Cycnoches', 'swan_orchid', 'genus_Cymbidium', 'cymbid', 'Cypripedium', 'cypripedia', \"lady's_slipper\", 'moccasin_flower', \"common_lady's-slipper\", \"ram's-head\", \"yellow_lady's_slipper\", \"large_yellow_lady's_slipper\", \"California_lady's_slipper\", \"clustered_lady's_slipper\", \"mountain_lady's_slipper\", 'Dactylorhiza', 'marsh_orchid', 'common_spotted_orchid', 'genus_Dendrobium', 'dendrobium', 'genus_Disa', 'disa', 'Dracula', 'Dryadella', 'Eburophyton', 'phantom_orchid', 'Encyclia', 'tulip_orchid', 'butterfly_orchid', 'butterfly_orchid', 'Epidendrum', 'epidendron', 'Epipactis', 'helleborine', 'Epipactis_helleborine', 'stream_orchid', 'Glossodia', 'tongueflower', 'Goodyera', 'rattlesnake_plantain', 'Grammatophyllum', 'Gymnadenia', 'fragrant_orchid', 'short-spurred_fragrant_orchid', 'Gymnadeniopsis', 'Habenaria', 'fringed_orchis', 'frog_orchid', 'rein_orchid', 'bog_rein_orchid', 'white_fringed_orchis', 'elegant_Habenaria', 'purple-fringed_orchid', 'coastal_rein_orchid', \"Hooker's_orchid\", 'ragged_orchid', 'prairie_orchid', 'snowy_orchid', 'round-leaved_rein_orchid', 'purple_fringeless_orchid', 'purple-fringed_orchid', 'Alaska_rein_orchid', 'Hexalectris', 'crested_coral_root', 'Texas_purple_spike', 'Himantoglossum', 'lizard_orchid', 'genus_Laelia', 'laelia', 'genus_Liparis', 'liparis', 'twayblade', 'fen_orchid', 'Listera', 'broad-leaved_twayblade', 'lesser_twayblade', 'twayblade', 'Malaxis', \"green_adder's_mouth\", 'genus_Masdevallia', 'masdevallia', 'genus_Maxillaria', 'maxillaria', 'Miltonia', 'pansy_orchid', 'genus_Odontoglossum', 'odontoglossum', 'genus_Oncidium', 'oncidium', 'Ophrys', 'bee_orchid', 'fly_orchid', 'spider_orchid', 'early_spider_orchid', 'Paphiopedilum', \"Venus'_slipper\", 'genus_Phaius', 'phaius', 'Phalaenopsis', 'moth_orchid', 'butterfly_plant', 'Pholidota', 'rattlesnake_orchid', 'Phragmipedium', 'Platanthera', 'lesser_butterfly_orchid', 'greater_butterfly_orchid', 'prairie_white-fringed_orchid', 'Plectorrhiza', 'tangle_orchid', 'Pleione', 'Indian_crocus', 'genus_Pleurothallis', 'pleurothallis', 'genus_Pogonia', 'pogonia', 'Psychopsis', 'butterfly_orchid', 'Psychopsis_krameriana', 'Psychopsis_papilio', 'Pterostylis', 'helmet_orchid', 'Rhyncostylis', 'foxtail_orchid', 'Sarcochilus', 'orange-blossom_orchid', 'Scaphosepalum', 'Schomburgkia', 'Selenipedium', 'genus_Sobralia', 'sobralia', 'Spiranthes', \"ladies'_tresses\", 'screw_augur', \"hooded_ladies'_tresses\", \"western_ladies'_tresses\", \"European_ladies'_tresses\", 'genus_Stanhopea', 'stanhopea', 'genus_Stelis', 'stelis', 'Trichoceros', 'fly_orchid', 'genus_Vanda', 'vanda', 'blue_orchid', 'genus_Vanilla', 'vanilla', 'vanilla_orchid', 'vanillin', 'Burmanniaceae', 'Burmannia', 'Dioscoreaceae', 'Dioscorea', 'yam', 'yam', 'white_yam', 'cinnamon_vine', 'air_potato', \"elephant's-foot\", 'Hottentot_bread', 'wild_yam', 'cush-cush', 'Tamus', 'black_bryony', 'Primulales', 'Primulaceae', 'genus_Primula', 'primrose', 'English_primrose', 'cowslip', 'oxlip', 'Chinese_primrose', 'auricula', 'polyanthus', 'Anagallis', 'pimpernel', 'scarlet_pimpernel', 'bog_pimpernel', 'Centunculus', 'chaffweed', 'genus_Cyclamen', 'cyclamen', 'sowbread', 'Glaux', 'sea_milkwort', 'Hottonia', 'featherfoil', 'water_gillyflower', 'water_violet', 'Lysimachia', 'loosestrife', 'gooseneck_loosestrife', 'yellow_pimpernel', 'fringed_loosestrife', 'moneywort', 'yellow_loosestrife', 'swamp_candles', 'whorled_loosestrife', 'Samolus', 'water_pimpernel', 'brookweed', 'brookweed', 'Myrsinaceae', 'Myrsine', 'Ardisia', 'coralberry', 'marlberry', 'Plumbaginales', 'Plumbaginaceae', 'genus_Plumbago', 'plumbago', 'leadwort', 'Armeria', 'thrift', 'cliff_rose', 'Limonium', 'sea_lavender', 'Theophrastaceae', 'Jacquinia', 'bracelet_wood', 'barbasco', 'Graminales', 'Gramineae', 'gramineous_plant', 'grass', 'beach_grass', 'bunchgrass', 'midgrass', 'shortgrass', 'sword_grass', 'tallgrass', 'lemongrass', 'herbage', 'Aegilops', 'goat_grass', 'Agropyron', 'wheatgrass', 'crested_wheatgrass', 'dog_grass', 'bearded_wheatgrass', 'western_wheatgrass', 'intermediate_wheatgrass', 'slender_wheatgrass', 'Agrostis', 'bent', 'velvet_bent', 'cloud_grass', 'creeping_bent', 'Alopecurus', 'meadow_foxtail', 'foxtail', 'Andropogon', 'broom_grass', 'broom_sedge', 'Arrhenatherum', 'tall_oat_grass', 'Arundo', 'toetoe', 'giant_reed', 'Avena', 'oat', 'cereal_oat', 'wild_oat', 'slender_wild_oat', 'wild_red_oat', 'Bromus', 'brome', 'awnless_bromegrass', 'chess', 'downy_brome', 'field_brome', 'Japanese_brome', 'Bouteloua', 'grama', 'blue_grama', 'black_grama', 'Buchloe', 'buffalo_grass', 'Calamagrostis', 'reed_grass', 'feather_reed_grass', 'Australian_reed_grass', 'Cenchrus', 'burgrass', 'sandbur', 'buffel_grass', 'Chloris', 'finger_grass', 'Rhodes_grass', 'windmill_grass', 'Cortaderia', 'pampas_grass', 'plumed_tussock', 'Cynodon', 'Bermuda_grass', 'giant_star_grass', 'Dactylis', 'orchard_grass', 'Dactyloctenium', 'Egyptian_grass', 'Digitaria', 'crabgrass', 'smooth_crabgrass', 'large_crabgrass', 'Echinochloa', 'barnyard_grass', 'Japanese_millet', 'Eleusine', 'yardgrass', 'finger_millet', 'Elymus', 'lyme_grass', 'wild_rye', 'giant_ryegrass', 'sea_lyme_grass', 'Canada_wild_rye', \"medusa's_head\", 'Eragrostis', 'love_grass', 'teff', 'weeping_love_grass', 'Erianthus', 'plume_grass', 'Ravenna_grass', 'Festuca', 'fescue', 'sheep_fescue', 'silver_grass', 'Glyceria', 'manna_grass', 'reed_meadow_grass', 'Holcus', 'velvet_grass', 'creeping_soft_grass', 'Hordeum', 'barley', 'common_barley', 'barleycorn', 'barley_grass', 'squirreltail_barley', 'little_barley', 'Leymus', 'Lolium', 'rye_grass', 'perennial_ryegrass', 'Italian_ryegrass', 'darnel', 'Muhlenbergia', 'nimblewill', 'Oryza', 'rice', 'cultivated_rice', 'Oryzopsis', 'ricegrass', 'mountain_rice', 'smilo', 'Panicum', 'panic_grass', 'witchgrass', 'switch_grass', 'broomcorn_millet', 'goose_grass', 'genus_Paspalum', 'dallisgrass', 'Bahia_grass', 'knotgrass', 'Pennisetum', 'pearl_millet', 'fountain_grass', 'feathertop', 'Phalaris', 'reed_canary_grass', 'canary_grass', 'hardinggrass', 'Phleum', 'timothy', 'Phragmites', 'ditch_reed', 'Poa', 'bluegrass', 'meadowgrass', 'Kentucky_bluegrass', 'wood_meadowgrass', 'Saccharum', 'sugarcane', 'sugarcane', 'noble_cane', 'munj', 'Schizachyrium', 'broom_beard_grass', 'bluestem', 'Secale', 'rye', 'Setaria', 'bristlegrass', 'giant_foxtail', 'yellow_bristlegrass', 'green_bristlegrass', 'foxtail_millet', 'Siberian_millet', 'German_millet', 'millet', 'cane', 'rattan', 'malacca', 'reed', 'genus_Sorghum', 'sorghum', 'great_millet', 'grain_sorghum', 'durra', 'feterita', 'hegari', 'kaoliang', 'milo', 'shallu', 'sorgo', 'Johnson_grass', 'broomcorn', 'Spartina', 'cordgrass', 'salt_reed_grass', 'prairie_cordgrass', 'Sporobolus', 'dropseed', 'smut_grass', 'sand_dropseed', 'rush_grass', 'Stenotaphrum', 'St._Augustine_grass', 'grain', 'cereal', 'Triticum', 'wheat', 'wheat_berry', 'durum', 'soft_wheat', 'common_wheat', 'spelt', 'emmer', 'wild_wheat', 'Zea', 'corn', 'corn', 'mealie', 'field_corn', 'corn', 'sweet_corn', 'dent_corn', 'flint_corn', 'soft_corn', 'popcorn', 'cornsilk', 'Zizania', 'wild_rice', 'genus_Zoysia', 'zoysia', 'Manila_grass', 'Korean_lawn_grass', 'mascarene_grass', 'Bambuseae', 'bamboo', 'bamboo', 'Bambusa', 'common_bamboo', 'Arundinaria', 'giant_cane', 'small_cane', 'Dendrocalamus', 'giant_bamboo', 'Phyllostachys', 'fishpole_bamboo', 'black_bamboo', 'giant_timber_bamboo', 'Cyperaceae', 'sedge', 'Cyperus', 'umbrella_plant', 'chufa', 'galingale', 'papyrus', 'nutgrass', 'Carex', 'sand_sedge', 'cypress_sedge', 'Eriophorum', 'cotton_grass', 'common_cotton_grass', 'Scirpus', 'hardstem_bulrush', 'wool_grass', 'Eleocharis', 'spike_rush', 'water_chestnut', 'needle_spike_rush', 'creeping_spike_rush', 'Pandanales', 'Pandanaceae', 'genus_Pandanus', 'pandanus', 'textile_screw_pine', 'pandanus', 'Typhaceae', 'Typha', 'cattail', \"cat's-tail\", 'lesser_bullrush', 'Sparganiaceae', 'Sparganium', 'bur_reed', 'grain', 'kernel', 'rye', 'Cucurbitaceae', 'cucurbit', 'gourd', 'gourd', 'Cucurbita', 'pumpkin', 'squash', 'summer_squash', 'yellow_squash', 'marrow', 'zucchini', 'cocozelle', 'cymling', 'spaghetti_squash', 'winter_squash', 'acorn_squash', 'hubbard_squash', 'turban_squash', 'buttercup_squash', 'butternut_squash', 'winter_crookneck', 'cushaw', 'prairie_gourd', 'prairie_gourd', 'genus_Bryonia', 'bryony', 'white_bryony', 'red_bryony', 'Citrullus', 'melon', 'watermelon', 'Cucumis', 'sweet_melon', 'cantaloupe', 'winter_melon', 'net_melon', 'cucumber', 'Ecballium', 'squirting_cucumber', 'Lagenaria', 'bottle_gourd', 'genus_Luffa', 'luffa', 'loofah', 'angled_loofah', 'loofa', 'Momordica', 'balsam_apple', 'balsam_pear', 'Goodeniaceae', 'Goodenia', 'Lobeliaceae', 'genus_Lobelia', 'lobelia', 'cardinal_flower', 'Indian_tobacco', 'water_lobelia', 'great_lobelia', 'Malvales', 'Malvaceae', 'Malva', 'mallow', 'musk_mallow', 'common_mallow', 'tall_mallow', 'Abelmoschus', 'okra', 'okra', 'abelmosk', 'Abutilon', 'flowering_maple', 'velvetleaf', 'Alcea', 'hollyhock', 'rose_mallow', 'genus_Althaea', 'althea', 'marsh_mallow', 'Callirhoe', 'poppy_mallow', 'fringed_poppy_mallow', 'purple_poppy_mallow', 'clustered_poppy_mallow', 'Gossypium', 'cotton', 'tree_cotton', 'sea_island_cotton', 'Levant_cotton', 'upland_cotton', 'Peruvian_cotton', 'Egyptian_cotton', 'wild_cotton', 'genus_Hibiscus', 'hibiscus', 'kenaf', 'kenaf', 'Cuban_bast', 'sorrel_tree', 'rose_mallow', 'cotton_rose', 'China_rose', 'roselle', 'rose_of_Sharon', 'mahoe', 'flower-of-an-hour', 'Hoheria', 'lacebark', 'Iliamna', 'wild_hollyhock', 'mountain_hollyhock', 'Kosteletzya', 'seashore_mallow', 'salt_marsh_mallow', 'Lavatera', 'tree_mallow', 'Malacothamnus', 'chaparral_mallow', 'genus_Malope', 'malope', 'Malvastrum', 'false_mallow', 'Malvaviscus', 'waxmallow', 'Napaea', 'glade_mallow', 'genus_Pavonia', 'pavonia', 'Plagianthus', 'ribbon_tree', 'New_Zealand_cotton', 'Radyera', 'bush_hibiscus', 'Sida', 'Virginia_mallow', 'Queensland_hemp', 'Indian_mallow', 'Sidalcea', 'checkerbloom', 'Sphaeralcea', 'globe_mallow', 'prairie_mallow', 'Thespesia', 'tulipwood_tree', 'tulipwood', 'portia_tree', 'Bombacaceae', 'Bombax', 'red_silk-cotton_tree', 'Adansonia', 'cream-of-tartar_tree', 'baobab', 'Ceiba', 'kapok', 'Durio', 'durian', 'genus_Montezuma', 'Montezuma', 'Ochroma', 'balsa', 'balsa', 'Pseudobombax', 'shaving-brush_tree', 'Elaeocarpaceae', 'Elaeocarpus', 'quandong', 'silver_quandong', 'quandong', 'Aristotelia', 'makomako', 'Muntingia', 'Jamaican_cherry', 'Sloanea', 'breakax', 'Sterculiaceae', 'genus_Sterculia', 'sterculia', 'Panama_tree', 'kalumpang', 'Brachychiton', 'bottle-tree', 'flame_tree', 'flame_tree', 'kurrajong', 'Queensland_bottletree', 'Cola', 'kola', 'kola_nut', 'genus_Dombeya', 'dombeya', 'Firmiana', 'Chinese_parasol_tree', 'Fremontodendron', 'flannelbush', 'Helicteres', 'screw_tree', 'nut-leaved_screw_tree', 'Heritiera', 'red_beech', 'looking_glass_tree', 'looking-glass_plant', 'Hermannia', 'honey_bell', 'Pterospermum', 'mayeng', 'Tarrietia', 'silver_tree', 'Theobroma', 'cacao', 'Triplochiton', 'obeche', 'obeche', 'Tiliaceae', 'Tilia', 'linden', 'basswood', 'American_basswood', 'small-leaved_linden', 'white_basswood', 'Japanese_linden', 'silver_lime', 'Entelea', 'Corchorus', 'corchorus', 'Grewia', 'phalsa', 'Sparmannia', 'African_hemp', 'herb', 'vegetable', 'simple', 'Rosidae', 'Umbellales', 'Proteales', 'Proteaceae', 'Bartle_Frere', 'genus_Protea', 'protea', 'honeypot', 'honeyflower', 'genus_Banksia', 'banksia', 'honeysuckle', 'Conospermum', 'smoke_bush', 'Embothrium', 'Chilean_firebush', 'Guevina', 'Chilean_nut', 'genus_Grevillea', 'grevillea', 'silk_oak', 'red-flowered_silky_oak', 'silver_oak', 'silky_oak', 'beefwood', 'Hakea', 'cushion_flower', 'needlewood', 'needlebush', 'Knightia', 'rewa-rewa', 'Lambertia', 'honeyflower', 'Leucadendron', 'silver_tree', 'genus_Lomatia', 'lomatia', 'genus_Macadamia', 'macadamia', 'Macadamia_integrifolia', 'macadamia_nut', 'Queensland_nut', 'Orites', 'prickly_ash', 'Persoonia', 'geebung', 'Stenocarpus', 'wheel_tree', 'scrub_beefwood', 'Telopea', 'waratah', 'waratah', 'Xylomelum', 'native_pear', 'Casuarinales', 'Casuarinaceae', 'genus_Casuarina', 'casuarina', 'she-oak', 'beefwood', 'Australian_pine', 'beefwood', 'Ericales', 'Ericaceae', 'heath', 'genus_Erica', 'erica', 'tree_heath', 'briarroot', 'briarwood', 'winter_heath', 'bell_heather', 'cross-leaved_heath', 'Cornish_heath', 'Spanish_heath', \"Prince-of-Wales'-heath\", 'genus_Andromeda', 'andromeda', 'bog_rosemary', 'marsh_andromeda', 'genus_Arbutus', 'arbutus', 'madrona', 'strawberry_tree', 'Arctostaphylos', 'bearberry', 'common_bearberry', 'alpine_bearberry', 'manzanita', 'heartleaf_manzanita', 'Parry_manzanita', 'downy_manzanita', 'Bruckenthalia', 'spike_heath', 'genus_Bryanthus', 'bryanthus', 'Calluna', 'heather', 'Cassiope', 'white_heather', 'Chamaedaphne', 'leatherleaf', 'Daboecia', 'Connemara_heath', 'Epigaea', 'trailing_arbutus', 'Gaultheria', 'creeping_snowberry', 'teaberry', 'salal', 'Gaylussacia', 'huckleberry', 'black_huckleberry', 'dangleberry', 'box_huckleberry', 'genus_Kalmia', 'kalmia', 'mountain_laurel', 'swamp_laurel', 'sheep_laurel', 'Ledum', 'Labrador_tea', \"trapper's_tea\", 'wild_rosemary', 'Leiophyllum', 'sand_myrtle', 'genus_Leucothoe', 'leucothoe', 'dog_laurel', 'sweet_bells', 'Loiseleuria', 'alpine_azalea', 'Lyonia', 'staggerbush', 'maleberry', 'fetterbush', 'Menziesia', 'false_azalea', 'minniebush', 'Oxydendrum', 'sorrel_tree', 'Phyllodoce', 'mountain_heath', 'purple_heather', 'Pieris', 'andromeda', 'fetterbush', 'genus_Rhododendron', 'rhododendron', 'coast_rhododendron', 'rosebay', 'swamp_azalea', 'subgenus_Azalea', 'azalea', 'Vaccinium', 'cranberry', 'American_cranberry', 'European_cranberry', 'blueberry', 'huckleberry', 'farkleberry', 'low-bush_blueberry', 'rabbiteye_blueberry', 'dwarf_bilberry', 'high-bush_blueberry', 'evergreen_blueberry', 'evergreen_huckleberry', 'bilberry', 'bilberry', 'bog_bilberry', 'dryland_blueberry', 'grouseberry', 'deerberry', 'cowberry', 'Clethraceae', 'Clethra', 'sweet_pepperbush', 'Diapensiaceae', 'Diapensiales', 'genus_Diapensia', 'diapensia', 'genus_Galax', 'galax', 'Pyxidanthera', 'pyxie', 'genus_Shortia', 'shortia', 'oconee_bells', 'Epacridaceae', 'Australian_heath', 'genus_Epacris', 'epacris', 'common_heath', 'common_heath', 'Port_Jackson_heath', 'Astroloma', 'native_cranberry', 'Richea', 'Australian_grass_tree', 'tree_heath', 'Styphelia', 'pink_fivecorner', 'Lennoaceae', 'Pyrolaceae', 'genus_Pyrola', 'wintergreen', 'false_wintergreen', 'lesser_wintergreen', 'wild_lily_of_the_valley', 'wild_lily_of_the_valley', 'Orthilia', 'Chimaphila', 'pipsissewa', 'love-in-winter', 'Moneses', 'one-flowered_wintergreen', 'Monotropaceae', 'Monotropa', 'Indian_pipe', 'Hypopitys', 'pinesap', 'Sarcodes', 'snow_plant', 'Fagales', 'Fagaceae', 'Fagus', 'beech', 'beech', 'common_beech', 'copper_beech', 'American_beech', 'weeping_beech', 'Japanese_beech', 'Castanea', 'chestnut', 'chestnut', 'American_chestnut', 'European_chestnut', 'Chinese_chestnut', 'Japanese_chestnut', 'Allegheny_chinkapin', 'Ozark_chinkapin', 'Castanopsis', 'oak_chestnut', 'Chrysolepis', 'giant_chinkapin', 'dwarf_golden_chinkapin', 'Lithocarpus', 'tanbark_oak', 'Japanese_oak', 'tanbark', 'Nothofagus', 'southern_beech', 'myrtle_beech', 'Coigue', 'New_Zealand_beech', 'silver_beech', 'roble_beech', 'rauli_beech', 'black_beech', 'hard_beech', 'acorn', 'cup', 'cupule', 'Quercus', 'oak', 'oak', 'fumed_oak', 'live_oak', 'coast_live_oak', 'white_oak', 'American_white_oak', 'Arizona_white_oak', 'swamp_white_oak', 'European_turkey_oak', 'canyon_oak', 'scarlet_oak', 'jack_oak', 'red_oak', 'southern_red_oak', 'Oregon_white_oak', 'holm_oak', 'holm_oak', 'bear_oak', 'shingle_oak', 'bluejack_oak', 'California_black_oak', 'American_turkey_oak', 'laurel_oak', 'California_white_oak', 'overcup_oak', 'bur_oak', 'scrub_oak', 'blackjack_oak', 'swamp_chestnut_oak', 'Japanese_oak', 'chestnut_oak', 'chinquapin_oak', 'myrtle_oak', 'water_oak', 'Nuttall_oak', 'durmast', 'basket_oak', 'pin_oak', 'willow_oak', 'dwarf_chinkapin_oak', 'common_oak', 'northern_red_oak', 'Shumard_oak', 'post_oak', 'cork_oak', 'Spanish_oak', 'huckleberry_oak', 'Chinese_cork_oak', 'black_oak', 'southern_live_oak', 'interior_live_oak', 'mast', 'Betulaceae', 'Betula', 'birch', 'birch', 'yellow_birch', 'American_white_birch', 'grey_birch', 'silver_birch', 'downy_birch', 'black_birch', 'sweet_birch', 'Yukon_white_birch', 'swamp_birch', 'Newfoundland_dwarf_birch', 'Alnus', 'alder', 'alder', 'common_alder', 'grey_alder', 'seaside_alder', 'white_alder', 'red_alder', 'speckled_alder', 'smooth_alder', 'green_alder', 'green_alder', 'Carpinaceae', 'Carpinus', 'hornbeam', 'European_hornbeam', 'American_hornbeam', 'Ostrya', 'hop_hornbeam', 'Old_World_hop_hornbeam', 'Eastern_hop_hornbeam', 'Ostryopsis', 'Corylaceae', 'Corylus', 'hazelnut', 'hazel', 'American_hazel', 'cobnut', 'beaked_hazelnut', 'Gentianales', 'Gentianaceae', 'Centaurium', 'centaury', 'rosita', 'lesser_centaury', 'tufted_centaury', 'seaside_centaury', 'broad_leaved_centaury', 'slender_centaury', 'Eustoma', 'prairie_gentian', 'Exacum', 'Persian_violet', 'Frasera', 'columbo', 'green_gentian', 'Gentiana', 'gentian', 'gentianella', 'closed_gentian', \"explorer's_gentian\", 'closed_gentian', 'great_yellow_gentian', 'marsh_gentian', 'soapwort_gentian', 'striped_gentian', 'Gentianella', 'agueweed', 'felwort', 'Gentianopsis', 'fringed_gentian', 'Gentianopsis_crinita', 'Gentianopsis_detonsa', 'Gentianopsid_procera', 'Gentianopsis_thermalis', 'tufted_gentian', 'Halenia', 'spurred_gentian', 'genus_Sabbatia', 'sabbatia', 'marsh_pink', 'prairia_Sabbatia', 'Swertia', 'marsh_felwort', 'Salvadoraceae', 'Salvadora', 'toothbrush_tree', 'Oleaceae', 'Oleales', 'Olea', 'olive_tree', 'olive', 'olive', 'olive', 'black_maire', 'white_maire', 'Chionanthus', 'fringe_tree', 'fringe_bush', 'genus_Forestiera', 'forestiera', 'tanglebush', 'genus_Forsythia', 'forsythia', 'Fraxinus', 'ash', 'ash', 'white_ash', 'swamp_ash', 'flowering_ash', 'flowering_ash', 'European_ash', 'Oregon_ash', 'black_ash', 'manna_ash', 'red_ash', 'green_ash', 'blue_ash', 'mountain_ash', 'pumpkin_ash', 'Arizona_ash', 'ash-key', 'Jasminum', 'jasmine', 'primrose_jasmine', 'winter_jasmine', 'common_jasmine', 'Arabian_jasmine', 'Ligustrum', 'privet', 'Amur_privet', 'ibolium_privet', 'Japanese_privet', 'Chinese_privet', 'Ligustrum_obtusifolium', 'California_privet', 'common_privet', 'Osmanthus', 'devilwood', 'Phillyrea', 'mock_privet', 'Syringa', 'lilac', 'Himalayan_lilac', 'Hungarian_lilac', 'Persian_lilac', 'Japanese_tree_lilac', 'Japanese_lilac', 'common_lilac', 'manna', 'Haemodoraceae', 'bloodwort', 'Haemodorum', 'Anigozanthus', 'kangaroo_paw', 'Hamamelidae', 'Amentiferae', 'Hamamelidanthum', 'Hamamelidoxylon', 'Hamamelites', 'Hamamelidaceae', 'Hamamelis', 'witch_hazel', 'Virginian_witch_hazel', 'vernal_witch_hazel', 'Corylopsis', 'winter_hazel', 'genus_Fothergilla', 'fothergilla', 'genus_Liquidambar', 'liquidambar', 'sweet_gum', 'sweet_gum', 'sweet_gum', 'Parrotia', 'iron_tree', 'ironwood', 'Parrotiopsis', 'Juglandales', 'Juglandaceae', 'Juglans', 'walnut', 'walnut', 'California_black_walnut', 'butternut', 'black_walnut', 'English_walnut', 'Carya', 'hickory', 'hickory', 'water_hickory', 'pignut', 'bitternut', 'pecan', 'pecan', 'big_shellbark', 'nutmeg_hickory', 'shagbark', 'mockernut', 'Pterocarya', 'wing_nut', 'Caucasian_walnut', 'Myrtales', 'Combretaceae', 'dhawa', 'genus_Combretum', 'combretum', 'hiccup_nut', 'bush_willow', 'bush_willow', 'Conocarpus', 'button_tree', 'Laguncularia', 'white_mangrove', 'Elaeagnaceae', 'Elaeagnus', 'oleaster', 'wild_olive', 'silverberry', 'Russian_olive', 'Haloragidaceae', 'Myriophyllum', 'water_milfoil', 'Lecythidaceae', 'Grias', 'anchovy_pear', 'Bertholletia', 'brazil_nut', 'Lythraceae', 'Lythrum', 'loosestrife', 'purple_loosestrife', 'grass_poly', 'Lagerstroemia', 'crape_myrtle', \"Queen's_crape_myrtle\", 'pyinma', 'Myrtaceae', 'myrtaceous_tree', 'Myrtus', 'myrtle', 'common_myrtle', 'Pimenta', 'bayberry', 'allspice', 'allspice_tree', 'Eugenia', 'sour_cherry', 'nakedwood', 'Surinam_cherry', 'rose_apple', 'genus_Feijoa', 'feijoa', 'Jambos', 'Myrciaria', 'jaboticaba', 'Psidium', 'guava', 'guava', 'cattley_guava', 'Brazilian_guava', 'gum_tree', 'gumwood', 'genus_Eucalyptus', 'eucalyptus', 'eucalyptus', 'flooded_gum', 'mallee', 'stringybark', 'smoothbark', 'red_gum', 'red_gum', 'river_red_gum', 'mountain_swamp_gum', 'snow_gum', 'alpine_ash', 'white_mallee', 'white_stringybark', 'white_mountain_ash', 'blue_gum', 'rose_gum', 'cider_gum', 'swamp_gum', 'spotted_gum', 'lemon-scented_gum', 'black_mallee', 'forest_red_gum', 'mountain_ash', 'manna_gum', 'eucalyptus_gum', 'Syzygium', 'clove', 'clove', 'Nyssaceae', 'Nyssa', 'tupelo', 'water_gum', 'sour_gum', 'tupelo', 'Onagraceae', 'Circaea', \"enchanter's_nightshade\", \"Alpine_enchanter's_nightshade\", 'Circaea_lutetiana', 'Epilobium', 'willowherb', 'fireweed', 'California_fuchsia', 'hairy_willowherb', 'genus_Fuchsia', 'fuchsia', \"lady's-eardrop\", 'konini', 'Oenothera', 'evening_primrose', 'common_evening_primrose', 'sundrops', 'Missouri_primrose', 'Punicaceae', 'Punica', 'pomegranate', 'Rhizophoraceae', 'Rhizophora', 'mangrove', 'Thymelaeaceae', 'genus_Daphne', 'daphne', 'garland_flower', 'spurge_laurel', 'mezereon', 'mezereum', 'Dirca', 'leatherwood', 'Trapaceae', 'Trapa', 'water_chestnut', 'water_caltrop', 'ling', 'Melastomataceae', 'Melastoma', 'Indian_rhododendron', 'Medinilla', 'Medinilla_magnifica', 'Rhexia', 'deer_grass', 'Musales', 'Cannaceae', 'genus_Canna', 'canna', 'canna_lily', 'achira', 'Marantaceae', 'genus_Maranta', 'maranta', 'arrowroot', 'Musaceae', 'Musa', 'banana', 'dwarf_banana', 'Japanese_banana', 'plantain', 'edible_banana', 'abaca', 'Ensete', 'Abyssinian_banana', 'Strelitziaceae', 'Strelitzia', 'bird_of_paradise', 'genus_Ravenala', \"traveler's_tree\", 'Zingiberaceae', 'Zingiber', 'ginger', 'common_ginger', 'Curcuma', 'turmeric', 'Alpinia', 'galangal', 'lesser_galangal', 'red_ginger', 'shellflower', 'Aframomum', 'grains_of_paradise', 'Elettaria', 'cardamom', 'Dilleniidae', 'Parietales', 'Guttiferales', 'Begoniaceae', 'genus_Begonia', 'begonia', 'fibrous-rooted_begonia', 'tuberous_begonia', 'rhizomatous_begonia', 'Christmas_begonia', 'angel-wing_begonia', 'grape-leaf_begonia', 'beefsteak_begonia', 'star_begonia', 'rex_begonia', 'wax_begonia', 'Socotra_begonia', 'hybrid_tuberous_begonia', 'Dilleniaceae', 'genus_Dillenia', 'dillenia', 'Hibbertia', 'guinea_gold_vine', 'Guttiferae', 'Calophyllum', 'poon', 'poon', 'calaba', 'Maria', 'laurelwood', 'Alexandrian_laurel', 'genus_Clusia', 'clusia', 'wild_fig', 'waxflower', 'pitch_apple', 'Garcinia', 'mangosteen', 'gamboge_tree', 'Hypericaceae', 'Hypericum', \"St_John's_wort\", \"common_St_John's_wort\", \"great_St_John's_wort\", \"creeping_St_John's_wort\", 'orange_grass', \"St_Andrews's_cross\", \"low_St_Andrew's_cross\", 'klammath_weed', \"shrubby_St_John's_wort\", \"St_Peter's_wort\", \"marsh_St-John's_wort\", 'Mammea', 'mammee_apple', 'Mesua', 'rose_chestnut', 'Actinidiaceae', 'Actinidia', 'bower_actinidia', 'Chinese_gooseberry', 'silvervine', 'Canellaceae', 'genus_Canella', 'wild_cinnamon', 'canella', 'Caricaceae', 'Carica', 'papaya', 'Caryocaraceae', 'Caryocar', 'souari', 'Cistaceae', 'Cistus', 'rockrose', 'white-leaved_rockrose', 'common_gum_cistus', 'labdanum', 'genus_Helianthemum', 'helianthemum', 'frostweed', 'rockrose', 'rush_rose', 'Hudsonia', 'false_heather', 'beach_heather', 'Dipterocarpaceae', 'dipterocarp', 'Shorea', 'red_lauan', 'red_lauan', 'Flacourtiaceae', 'Flacourtia', \"governor's_plum\", 'Dovyalis', 'kei_apple', 'ketembilla', 'Hydnocarpus', 'chaulmoogra', 'Hydnocarpus_laurifolia', 'hydnocarpus_oil', 'genus_Idesia', 'idesia', 'Kiggelaria', 'wild_peach', 'genus_Xylosma', 'xylosma', 'Fouquieriaceae', 'candlewood', 'Fouquieria', 'ocotillo', 'boojum_tree', 'Ochnaceae', 'Ochna', \"bird's-eye_bush\", 'Passifloraceae', 'Passiflora', 'passionflower', 'granadilla', 'granadilla', 'granadilla', 'maypop', 'Jamaica_honeysuckle', 'banana_passion_fruit', 'sweet_calabash', 'love-in-a-mist', 'Resedaceae', 'genus_Reseda', 'reseda', 'mignonette', \"dyer's_rocket\", 'Tamaricaceae', 'Tamarix', 'tamarisk', 'Myricaria', 'false_tamarisk', 'halophyte', 'Violaceae', 'Viola', 'viola', 'violet', 'field_pansy', 'American_dog_violet', 'sweet_white_violet', 'Canada_violet', 'dog_violet', 'horned_violet', 'two-eyed_violet', 'sweet_violet', \"bird's-foot_violet\", 'downy_yellow_violet', 'long-spurred_violet', 'pale_violet', 'hedge_violet', 'pansy', 'wild_pansy', 'Hybanthus', 'Hymenanthera', 'Melicytus', 'Urticales', 'Urticaceae', 'nettle', 'Urtica', 'stinging_nettle', 'Roman_nettle', 'Boehmeria', 'false_nettle', 'ramie', 'Helxine', \"baby's_tears\", 'Laportea', 'wood_nettle', 'Australian_nettle', 'Parietaria', 'pellitory-of-the-wall', 'Pilea', 'richweed', 'artillery_plant', 'friendship_plant', 'Pipturus', 'Queensland_grass-cloth_plant', 'Pipturus_albidus', 'Cannabidaceae', 'genus_Cannabis', 'cannabis', 'marijuana', 'Indian_hemp', 'Humulus', 'hop', 'common_hop', 'American_hop', 'Japanese_hop', 'Moraceae', 'Morus', 'mulberry', 'white_mulberry', 'black_mulberry', 'red_mulberry', 'Maclura', 'osage_orange', 'Artocarpus', 'breadfruit', 'jackfruit', 'marang', 'Ficus', 'fig_tree', 'fig', 'caprifig', 'golden_fig', 'banyan', 'pipal', 'India-rubber_tree', 'mistletoe_fig', 'Port_Jackson_fig', 'sycamore', 'Broussonetia', 'paper_mulberry', 'Cecropiaceae', 'Cecropia', 'trumpetwood', 'Ulmaceae', 'Ulmus', 'elm', 'elm', 'winged_elm', 'American_elm', 'smooth-leaved_elm', 'cedar_elm', 'witch_elm', 'Dutch_elm', 'Huntingdon_elm', 'water_elm', 'Chinese_elm', 'English_elm', 'Siberian_elm', 'slippery_elm', 'Jersey_elm', 'September_elm', 'rock_elm', 'Celtis', 'hackberry', 'European_hackberry', 'American_hackberry', 'sugarberry', 'Planera', 'Trema', 'Liliidae', 'Liliales', 'Iridaceae', 'iridaceous_plant', 'genus_Iris', 'iris', 'bearded_iris', 'beardless_iris', 'bulbous_iris', 'orrisroot', 'dwarf_iris', 'Dutch_iris', 'Florentine_iris', 'stinking_iris', 'German_iris', 'Japanese_iris', 'German_iris', 'Dalmatian_iris', 'Persian_iris', 'yellow_iris', 'Dutch_iris', 'dwarf_iris', 'blue_flag', 'southern_blue_flag', 'English_iris', 'Spanish_iris', 'falls', 'Belamcanda', 'blackberry-lily', 'genus_Crocus', 'crocus', 'saffron', 'genus_Freesia', 'freesia', 'genus_Gladiolus', 'gladiolus', 'Ixia', 'corn_lily', 'Sisyrinchium', 'blue-eyed_grass', 'Sparaxis', 'wandflower', 'Amaryllidaceae', 'amaryllis', 'genus_Amaryllis', 'belladonna_lily', 'Bomarea', 'salsilla', 'salsilla', 'Haemanthus', 'blood_lily', 'Cape_tulip', 'genus_Hippeastrum', 'hippeastrum', 'genus_Narcissus', 'narcissus', 'daffodil', 'jonquil', 'jonquil', 'paper_white', 'Strekelia', 'Jacobean_lily', 'Hypoxidaceae', 'Hypoxis', 'star_grass', 'American_star_grass', 'Liliaceae', 'liliaceous_plant', 'Lilium', 'lily', 'mountain_lily', 'Canada_lily', 'Madonna_lily', 'tiger_lily', 'Columbia_tiger_lily', 'tiger_lily', 'Easter_lily', 'coast_lily', \"Turk's-cap\", 'Michigan_lily', 'leopard_lily', 'wood_lily', \"Turk's-cap\", 'genus_Agapanthus', 'agapanthus', 'African_lily', 'genus_Albuca', 'albuca', 'Aletris', 'colicroot', 'ague_root', 'yellow_colicroot', 'Alliaceae', 'Allium', 'alliaceous_plant', 'wild_onion', \"Hooker's_onion\", 'wild_leek', 'Canada_garlic', 'keeled_garlic', 'onion', 'onion', 'shallot', 'shallot', 'tree_onion', 'nodding_onion', 'Welsh_onion', 'red-skinned_onion', 'leek', 'daffodil_garlic', 'few-flowered_leek', 'garlic', 'sand_leek', 'chives', 'ramp', 'crow_garlic', 'wild_garlic', 'garlic_chive', 'round-headed_leek', 'three-cornered_leek', 'Aloeaceae', 'genus_Aloe', 'aloe', 'cape_aloe', 'burn_plant', 'genus_Kniphofia', 'kniphofia', 'poker_plant', 'red-hot_poker', 'Alstroemeriaceae', 'genus_Alstroemeria', 'alstroemeria', 'Peruvian_lily', 'Amianthum', 'fly_poison', 'Anthericum', \"Saint-Bernard's-lily\", 'amber_lily', 'Aphyllanthaceae', 'Aphyllanthes', 'Asparagaceae', 'genus_Asparagus', 'asparagus', 'asparagus_fern', 'smilax', 'Asphodelaceae', 'asphodel', 'Asphodeline', \"Jacob's_rod\", \"king's_spear\", 'Asphodelus', 'genus_Aspidistra', 'aspidistra', 'Bessera', 'coral_drops', 'Blandfordia', 'Christmas_bells', 'Bloomeria', 'golden_star', 'Bowiea', 'climbing_onion', 'genus_Brodiaea', 'brodiaea', 'elegant_brodiaea', 'Calochortus', 'mariposa', 'globe_lily', \"cat's-ear\", 'white_globe_lily', 'yellow_globe_lily', 'rose_globe_lily', 'star_tulip', 'desert_mariposa_tulip', 'yellow_mariposa_tulip', 'sagebrush_mariposa_tulip', 'sego_lily', 'Camassia', 'camas', 'common_camas', \"Leichtlin's_camas\", 'wild_hyacinth', 'Erythronium', 'dogtooth_violet', 'white_dogtooth_violet', \"yellow_adder's_tongue\", 'European_dogtooth', 'fawn_lily', 'glacier_lily', 'avalanche_lily', 'Fritillaria', 'fritillary', 'mission_bells', 'mission_bells', 'stink_bell', 'crown_imperial', 'white_fritillary', \"snake's_head_fritillary\", 'brown_bells', 'adobe_lily', 'scarlet_fritillary', 'Tulipa', 'tulip', 'dwarf_tulip', 'lady_tulip', 'Tulipa_gesneriana', 'cottage_tulip', 'Darwin_tulip', 'Colchicaceae', 'Colchicum', 'autumn_crocus', 'genus_Gloriosa', 'gloriosa', 'Hemerocallidaceae', 'Hemerocallis', 'day_lily', 'lemon_lily', 'Hostaceae', 'Hosta', 'plantain_lily', 'Hyacinthaceae', 'genus_Hyacinthus', 'hyacinth', 'common_hyacinth', 'Roman_hyacinth', 'summer_hyacinth', 'Hyacinthoides', 'wild_hyacinth', 'Ornithogalum', 'star-of-Bethlehem', 'starflower', 'bath_asparagus', 'chincherinchee', 'Muscari', 'grape_hyacinth', 'common_grape_hyacinth', 'tassel_hyacinth', 'genus_Scilla', 'scilla', 'spring_squill', 'Tofieldia', 'false_asphodel', 'Scotch_asphodel', 'Urginea', 'sea_squill', 'squill', 'Ruscus', \"butcher's_broom\", 'Melanthiaceae', 'Narthecium', 'bog_asphodel', 'European_bog_asphodel', 'American_bog_asphodel', 'Veratrum', 'hellebore', 'white_hellebore', 'Ruscaceae', 'Tecophilaeacea', 'Xerophyllum', 'squaw_grass', 'Xanthorrhoeaceae', 'Xanthorroea', 'grass_tree', 'Zigadenus', 'death_camas', 'alkali_grass', 'white_camas', 'poison_camas', 'grassy_death_camas', 'Trilliaceae', 'genus_Trillium', 'trillium', 'prairie_wake-robin', 'dwarf-white_trillium', 'purple_trillium', 'red_trillium', 'Paris', 'herb_Paris', 'Smilacaceae', 'Smilax', 'sarsaparilla', 'sarsaparilla_root', 'bullbrier', 'rough_bindweed', 'Convallariaceae', 'Convallaria', 'lily_of_the_valley', 'genus_Clintonia', 'clintonia', 'red_Clintonia', 'yellow_clintonia', \"queen's_cup\", 'Liriope', 'lilyturf', 'Maianthemum', 'false_lily_of_the_valley', 'false_lily_of_the_valley', 'Polygonatum', \"Solomon's-seal\", \"great_Solomon's-seal\", 'Uvulariaceae', 'Uvularia', 'bellwort', 'strawflower', 'Taccaceae', 'Tacca', 'pia', 'Agavaceae', 'agave', 'genus_Agave', 'American_agave', 'sisal', 'maguey', 'maguey', 'Agave_tequilana', 'cantala', 'Cordyline', 'ti', 'cabbage_tree', 'Dracenaceae', 'genus_Dracaena', 'dracaena', 'dragon_tree', 'Nolina', 'bear_grass', 'Polianthes', 'tuberose', 'genus_Sansevieria', 'sansevieria', 'African_bowstring_hemp', 'Ceylon_bowstring_hemp', \"mother-in-law's_tongue\", 'bowstring_hemp', 'genus_Yucca', 'yucca', 'Spanish_bayonet', 'Spanish_bayonet', 'Joshua_tree', 'Spanish_dagger', 'soapweed', \"Adam's_needle\", 'bear_grass', 'Spanish_dagger', 'bear_grass', \"Our_Lord's_candle\", 'Menyanthaceae', 'Menyanthes', 'water_shamrock', 'Loganiaceae', 'Logania', 'genus_Buddleia', 'butterfly_bush', 'Gelsemium', 'yellow_jasmine', 'Linaceae', 'Linum', 'flax', 'Physostigma', 'calabar-bean_vine', 'calabar_bean', 'physostigmine', 'Caesalpiniaceae', 'Caesalpinioideae', 'Caesalpinia', 'bonduc', 'divi-divi', 'divi-divi', 'Mysore_thorn', 'brazilwood', 'brazilwood', 'brazilian_ironwood', 'bird_of_paradise', 'pride_of_barbados', 'Acrocarpus', 'shingle_tree', 'Bauhinia', 'butterfly_flower', 'mountain_ebony', 'Brachystegia', 'msasa', 'genus_Cassia', 'cassia', 'golden_shower_tree', 'pink_shower', 'rainbow_shower', 'horse_cassia', 'Ceratonia', 'carob', 'carob', 'Cercidium', 'paloverde', 'Chamaecrista', 'partridge_pea', 'Delonix', 'royal_poinciana', 'locust_tree', 'locust', 'Gleditsia', 'water_locust', 'honey_locust', 'Gymnocladus', 'Kentucky_coffee_tree', 'Haematoxylum', 'logwood', 'logwood', 'Parkinsonia', 'Jerusalem_thorn', 'palo_verde', 'Petteria', 'Dalmatian_laburnum', 'Poinciana', 'genus_Senna', 'senna', 'ringworm_bush', 'avaram', 'Alexandria_senna', 'wild_senna', 'sicklepod', 'coffee_senna', 'Tamarindus', 'tamarind', 'Papilionaceae', 'Papilionoideae', 'genus_Amorpha', 'amorpha', 'leadplant', 'false_indigo', 'false_indigo', 'Amphicarpaea', 'hog_peanut', 'Anagyris', 'bean_trefoil', 'Andira', 'angelim', 'cabbage_bark', 'Anthyllis', \"Jupiter's_beard\", 'kidney_vetch', 'Apios', 'groundnut', 'Aspalathus', 'rooibos', 'Astragalus', 'milk_vetch', 'wild_licorice', 'alpine_milk_vetch', 'purple_milk_vetch', 'Baphia', 'camwood', 'Baptisia', 'wild_indigo', 'blue_false_indigo', 'white_false_indigo', 'indigo_broom', 'Butea', 'dhak', 'Cajanus', 'pigeon_pea', 'Canavalia', 'jack_bean', 'sword_bean', 'genus_Caragana', 'pea_tree', 'Siberian_pea_tree', 'Chinese_pea_tree', 'Castanospermum', 'Moreton_Bay_chestnut', 'Centrosema', 'butterfly_pea', 'Cercis', 'Judas_tree', 'redbud', 'western_redbud', 'Chamaecytisus', 'tagasaste', 'Chordospartium', 'weeping_tree_broom', 'Chorizema', 'flame_pea', 'Cicer', 'chickpea', 'chickpea', 'Cladrastis', 'Kentucky_yellowwood', 'genus_Clianthus', 'glory_pea', 'desert_pea', \"parrot's_beak\", 'Clitoria', 'butterfly_pea', 'blue_pea', 'Codariocalyx', 'telegraph_plant', 'Colutea', 'bladder_senna', 'genus_Coronilla', 'coronilla', 'axseed', 'genus_Crotalaria', 'crotalaria', 'American_rattlebox', 'Indian_rattlebox', 'Cyamopsis', 'guar', 'Cytisus', 'broom', 'white_broom', 'common_broom', \"witches'_broom\", 'Dalbergia', 'rosewood', 'rosewood', 'Indian_blackwood', 'sissoo', 'kingwood', 'kingwood', 'Brazilian_rosewood', 'Honduras_rosewood', 'cocobolo', 'granadilla_wood', 'blackwood', 'blackwood', 'Dalea', 'smoke_tree', 'Daviesia', 'bitter_pea', 'genus_Derris', 'derris', 'derris_root', 'Desmanthus', 'prairie_mimosa', 'Desmodium', 'tick_trefoil', 'beggarweed', 'Dipogon', 'Australian_pea', 'Dolichos', 'genus_Erythrina', 'coral_tree', 'kaffir_boom', 'coral_bean_tree', 'ceibo', 'kaffir_boom', 'Indian_coral_tree', 'cork_tree', 'Galega', \"goat's_rue\", 'genus_Gastrolobium', 'poison_bush', 'Genista', 'broom_tree', 'Spanish_broom', 'woodwaxen', 'Geoffroea', 'chanar', 'genus_Gliricidia', 'gliricidia', 'Glycine', 'soy', 'soy', 'Glycyrrhiza', 'licorice', 'wild_licorice', 'licorice_root', 'Halimodendron', 'salt_tree', 'Hardenbergia', 'Western_Australia_coral_pea', 'Hedysarum', 'sweet_vetch', 'French_honeysuckle', 'Hippocrepis', 'horseshoe_vetch', 'genus_Hovea', 'hovea', 'Indigofera', 'indigo', 'anil', 'Jacksonia', 'Kennedia', 'coral_pea', 'coral_vine', 'scarlet_runner', 'Lablab', 'hyacinth_bean', 'Laburnum', 'Scotch_laburnum', 'common_laburnum', 'Lathyrus', 'vetchling', 'wild_pea', 'singletary_pea', 'everlasting_pea', 'broad-leaved_everlasting_pea', 'beach_pea', 'black_pea', 'grass_vetch', 'sweet_pea', 'marsh_pea', 'common_vetchling', 'grass_pea', 'pride_of_California', 'flat_pea', 'Tangier_pea', 'heath_pea', 'spring_vetchling', 'genus_Lespedeza', 'bush_clover', 'bicolor_lespediza', 'japanese_clover', 'Korean_lespedeza', 'sericea_lespedeza', 'Lens', 'lentil', 'lentil', 'Lonchocarpus', 'cube', 'Lotus', \"prairie_bird's-foot_trefoil\", 'coral_gem', \"bird's_foot_trefoil\", 'winged_pea', 'Lupinus', 'lupine', 'white_lupine', 'tree_lupine', 'yellow_lupine', 'wild_lupine', 'bluebonnet', 'Texas_bluebonnet', 'Macrotyloma', 'horse_gram', 'Medicago', 'medic', 'moon_trefoil', 'sickle_alfalfa', 'Calvary_clover', 'black_medick', 'alfalfa', 'genus_Millettia', 'millettia', 'genus_Mucuna', 'mucuna', 'cowage', 'cowage', 'Myroxylon', 'tolu_tree', 'Peruvian_balsam', 'tolu', 'balsam_of_Peru', 'Onobrychis', 'sainfoin', 'Ononis', 'restharrow', 'restharrow', 'Ormosia', 'necklace_tree', 'bead_tree', 'jumby_bead', 'Oxytropis', 'locoweed', 'purple_locoweed', 'tumbleweed', 'Pachyrhizus', 'yam_bean', 'yam_bean', 'Parochetus', 'shamrock_pea', 'Phaseolus', 'bean', 'bush_bean', 'pole_bean', 'common_bean', 'kidney_bean', 'green_bean', 'haricot', 'wax_bean', 'scarlet_runner', 'shell_bean', 'lima_bean', 'sieva_bean', 'tepary_bean', 'Pickeringia', 'chaparral_pea', 'Piscidia', 'Jamaica_dogwood', 'Pisum', 'pea', 'pea', 'garden_pea', 'garden_pea', 'edible-pod_pea', 'snow_pea', 'sugar_snap_pea', 'field_pea', 'field_pea', 'Platylobium', 'flat_pea', 'common_flat_pea', 'Platymiscium', 'quira', 'roble', 'Panama_redwood_tree', 'Panama_redwood', 'Podalyria', 'Pongamia', 'Indian_beech', 'Psophocarpus', 'winged_bean', 'Psoralea', 'breadroot', 'Pterocarpus', 'bloodwood_tree', 'padauk', 'amboyna', 'Burma_padauk', 'kino', 'East_India_kino', 'red_sandalwood', 'ruby_wood', 'Pueraria', 'kudzu', 'Retama', 'retem', 'Robinia', 'bristly_locust', 'black_locust', 'black_locust', 'clammy_locust', 'Sabinea', 'carib_wood', 'genus_Sesbania', 'sesbania', 'Colorado_River_hemp', 'scarlet_wisteria_tree', 'Sophora', 'Japanese_pagoda_tree', 'mescal_bean', 'kowhai', 'Spartium', 'Spanish_broom', 'Strongylodon', 'jade_vine', 'Templetonia', 'coral_bush', 'Tephrosia', 'hoary_pea', 'bastard_indigo', 'catgut', 'Thermopsis', 'bush_pea', 'false_lupine', 'Carolina_lupine', 'Tipuana', 'tipu', 'Trigonella', \"bird's_foot_trefoil\", 'fenugreek', 'Ulex', 'gorse', 'Vicia', 'vetch', 'tare', 'tufted_vetch', 'broad_bean', 'broad_bean', 'bitter_betch', 'spring_vetch', 'bush_vetch', 'hairy_vetch', 'Vigna', 'moth_bean', 'adzuki_bean', 'snailflower', 'mung', 'cowpea', 'cowpea', 'asparagus_bean', 'Viminaria', 'swamp_oak', 'Virgilia', 'keurboom', 'keurboom', 'genus_Wisteria', 'wisteria', 'Japanese_wistaria', 'Chinese_wistaria', 'American_wistaria', 'silky_wisteria', 'Palmales', 'Palmae', 'palm', 'sago_palm', 'feather_palm', 'fan_palm', 'palmetto', 'Acrocomia', 'coyol', 'grugru', 'genus_Areca', 'areca', 'betel_palm', 'Arenga', 'sugar_palm', 'Attalea', 'piassava_palm', 'coquilla_nut', 'Borassus', 'palmyra', 'bassine', 'genus_Calamus', 'calamus', 'rattan', 'lawyer_cane', 'Caryota', 'fishtail_palm', 'wine_palm', 'Ceroxylon', 'wax_palm', 'Cocos', 'coconut', 'coir', 'Copernicia', 'carnauba', 'carnauba_wax', 'caranday', 'genus_Corozo', 'corozo', 'Corypha', 'gebang_palm', 'latanier', 'talipot', 'Elaeis', 'oil_palm', 'African_oil_palm', 'American_oil_palm', 'palm_nut', 'Euterpe', 'cabbage_palm', 'Livistona', 'cabbage_palm', 'Metroxylon', 'true_sago_palm', 'Nipa', 'nipa_palm', 'Orbignya', 'babassu', 'babassu_nut', 'babassu_oil', 'cohune_palm', 'cohune_nut', 'cohune-nut_oil', 'phoenicophorium', 'phoenix', 'date_palm', 'phytelephas', 'ivory_palm', 'ivory_nut', 'Raffia', 'raffia_palm', 'raffia', 'jupati', 'bamboo_palm', 'Rhapis', 'lady_palm', 'miniature_fan_palm', 'reed_rhapis', 'Roystonea', 'royal_palm', 'cabbage_palm', 'Sabal', 'cabbage_palmetto', 'Serenoa', 'saw_palmetto', 'Thrinax', 'thatch_palm', 'key_palm', 'Plantaginales', 'Plantaginaceae', 'Plantago', 'plantain', 'English_plantain', 'broad-leaved_plantain', 'hoary_plantain', 'fleawort', \"rugel's_plantain\", 'hoary_plantain', 'Polygonales', 'Polygonaceae', 'Polygonum', 'silver_lace_vine', 'Fagopyrum', 'buckwheat', \"prince's-feather\", 'genus_Eriogonum', 'eriogonum', 'umbrella_plant', 'wild_buckwheat', 'Rheum', 'rhubarb', 'Himalayan_rhubarb', 'pie_plant', 'Chinese_rhubarb', 'Rumex', 'dock', 'sour_dock', 'sheep_sorrel', 'bitter_dock', 'French_sorrel', 'Xyridales', 'Xyridaceae', 'Xyris', 'yellow-eyed_grass', 'tall_yellow-eye', 'Commelinaceae', 'genus_Commelina', 'commelina', 'spiderwort', \"St.-Bruno's-lily\", 'Tradescantia', 'Bromeliaceae', 'Ananas', 'pineapple', 'Bromelia', 'Tillandsia', 'Spanish_moss', 'Mayacaceae', 'Mayaca', 'Rapateaceae', 'Eriocaulaceae', 'Eriocaulon', 'pipewort', 'Pontederiaceae', 'Pontederia', 'pickerelweed', 'Eichhornia', 'water_hyacinth', 'Heteranthera', 'water_star_grass', 'Naiadales', 'Naiadaceae', 'Naias', 'naiad', 'Alismataceae', 'Alisma', 'water_plantain', 'Sagittaria', 'common_arrowhead', 'ribbon-leaved_water_plantain', 'narrow-leaved_water_plantain', 'Hydrocharitaceae', 'Hydrocharis', 'frogbit', 'genus_Hydrilla', 'hydrilla', 'Limnobium', 'American_frogbit', 'Elodea', 'waterweed', 'Canadian_pondweed', 'dense-leaved_elodea', 'Egeria', 'Vallisneria', 'tape_grass', 'Potamogetonaceae', 'pondweed', 'Potamogeton', 'curled_leaf_pondweed', 'variously-leaved_pondweed', 'loddon_pondweed', 'Groenlandia', \"frog's_lettuce\", 'Scheuchzeriaceae', 'Triglochin', 'arrow_grass', 'Zannichelliaceae', 'Zannichellia', 'horned_pondweed', 'Zosteraceae', 'Zostera', 'eelgrass', 'Rosales', 'Rosaceae', 'Rosa', 'rose', 'hip', 'mountain_rose', 'ground_rose', 'banksia_rose', 'dog_rose', 'China_rose', 'damask_rose', 'sweetbrier', 'brier', 'Cherokee_rose', 'multiflora', 'musk_rose', 'tea_rose', 'genus_Agrimonia', 'agrimonia', 'harvest-lice', 'fragrant_agrimony', 'Amelanchier', 'Juneberry', 'alderleaf_Juneberry', 'Bartram_Juneberry', 'Chaenomeles', 'flowering_quince', 'japonica', 'Japanese_quince', 'Chrysobalanus', 'coco_plum', 'genus_Cotoneaster', 'cotoneaster', 'Cotoneaster_dammeri', 'Cotoneaster_horizontalis', 'Crataegus', 'hawthorn', 'parsley_haw', 'scarlet_haw', 'blackthorn', 'cockspur_thorn', 'mayhaw', 'whitethorn', 'English_hawthorn', 'red_haw', 'evergreen_thorn', 'red_haw', 'Cydonia', 'quince', 'Dryas', 'mountain_avens', 'Eriobotrya', 'loquat', 'Fragaria', 'strawberry', 'garden_strawberry', 'wild_strawberry', 'beach_strawberry', 'Virginia_strawberry', 'Geum', 'avens', 'yellow_avens', 'bennet', 'yellow_avens', 'water_avens', 'prairie_smoke', 'herb_bennet', 'bennet', 'Heteromeles', 'toyon', 'Malus', 'apple_tree', 'applewood', 'apple', 'wild_apple', 'crab_apple', 'Siberian_crab', 'wild_crab', 'American_crab_apple', 'Oregon_crab_apple', 'Southern_crab_apple', 'Iowa_crab', 'Bechtel_crab', 'Mespilus', 'medlar', 'Photinia', 'Potentilla', 'cinquefoil', 'silverweed', 'Poterium', 'salad_burnet', 'Prunus', 'plum', 'wild_plum', 'Allegheny_plum', 'American_red_plum', 'chickasaw_plum', 'beach_plum', 'common_plum', 'bullace', 'damson_plum', 'big-tree_plum', 'Canada_plum', 'plumcot', 'apricot', 'Japanese_apricot', 'common_apricot', 'purple_apricot', 'cherry', 'cherry', 'wild_cherry', 'wild_cherry', 'sweet_cherry', 'heart_cherry', 'gean', 'Western_sand_cherry', 'capulin', 'cherry_laurel', 'cherry_plum', 'sour_cherry', 'amarelle', 'morello', 'marasca', 'marasca', 'Amygdalaceae', 'Amygdalus', 'almond_tree', 'almond', 'bitter_almond', 'almond_oil', 'bitter_almond_oil', 'jordan_almond', 'dwarf_flowering_almond', 'holly-leaved_cherry', 'fuji', 'flowering_almond', 'cherry_laurel', 'Catalina_cherry', 'bird_cherry', 'hagberry_tree', 'hagberry', 'pin_cherry', 'peach', 'nectarine', 'sand_cherry', 'Japanese_plum', 'black_cherry', 'flowering_cherry', 'oriental_cherry', 'Japanese_flowering_cherry', 'blackthorn', 'Sierra_plum', 'rosebud_cherry', 'Russian_almond', 'flowering_almond', 'chokecherry', 'chokecherry', 'western_chokecherry', 'genus_Pyracantha', 'Pyracantha', 'Pyrus', 'pear', 'fruit_tree', 'fruitwood', 'Rubus', 'bramble_bush', 'lawyerbush', 'stone_bramble', 'blackberry', 'true_blackberry', 'sand_blackberry', 'dewberry', 'western_blackberry', 'boysenberry', 'loganberry', 'American_dewberry', 'Northern_dewberry', 'Southern_dewberry', 'swamp_dewberry', 'European_dewberry', 'raspberry', 'red_raspberry', 'wild_raspberry', 'American_raspberry', 'black_raspberry', 'salmonberry', 'salmonberry', 'cloudberry', 'flowering_raspberry', 'wineberry', 'Sorbus', 'mountain_ash', 'rowan', 'rowanberry', 'American_mountain_ash', 'Western_mountain_ash', 'service_tree', 'wild_service_tree', 'Spiraea', 'spirea', 'bridal_wreath', 'Rubiales', 'Rubiaceae', 'madderwort', 'Rubia', 'Indian_madder', 'madder', 'Asperula', 'woodruff', \"dyer's_woodruff\", 'Calycophyllum', 'dagame', 'Chiococca', 'blolly', 'Coffea', 'coffee', 'Arabian_coffee', 'Liberian_coffee', 'robusta_coffee', 'genus_Cinchona', 'cinchona', 'Cartagena_bark', 'calisaya', 'cinchona_tree', 'cinchona', 'Galium', 'bedstraw', 'sweet_woodruff', 'Northern_bedstraw', 'yellow_bedstraw', 'wild_licorice', 'cleavers', 'wild_madder', 'genus_Gardenia', 'gardenia', 'cape_jasmine', 'genus_Genipa', 'genipa', 'genipap_fruit', 'genus_Hamelia', 'hamelia', 'scarlet_bush', 'Mitchella', 'partridgeberry', 'Nauclea', 'opepe', 'Pinckneya', 'fever_tree', 'Psychotria', 'lemonwood', 'lemonwood', 'Sarcocephalus', 'negro_peach', 'Vangueria', 'wild_medlar', 'Spanish_tamarind', 'Caprifoliaceae', 'genus_Abelia', 'abelia', 'Diervilla', 'bush_honeysuckle', 'bush_honeysuckle', 'Kolkwitzia', 'beauty_bush', 'Leycesteria', 'Himalaya_honeysuckle', 'Linnaea', 'twinflower', 'American_twinflower', 'Lonicera', 'honeysuckle', 'white_honeysuckle', 'American_fly_honeysuckle', 'Italian_honeysuckle', 'yellow_honeysuckle', 'yellow_honeysuckle', 'hairy_honeysuckle', 'twinberry', 'Japanese_honeysuckle', \"Hall's_honeysuckle\", \"Morrow's_honeysuckle\", 'woodbine', 'trumpet_honeysuckle', 'bush_honeysuckle', 'European_fly_honeysuckle', 'swamp_fly_honeysuckle', 'Symphoricarpos', 'snowberry', 'coralberry', 'Sambucus', 'elder', 'American_elder', 'blue_elder', 'dwarf_elder', 'bourtree', 'American_red_elder', 'European_red_elder', 'Triostium', 'feverroot', 'Viburnum', 'cranberry_bush', 'wayfaring_tree', 'guelder_rose', 'arrow_wood', 'arrow_wood', 'black_haw', 'genus_Weigela', 'weigela', 'Dipsacaceae', 'Dipsacus', 'teasel', 'common_teasel', \"fuller's_teasel\", 'wild_teasel', 'genus_Scabiosa', 'scabious', 'sweet_scabious', 'field_scabious', 'Balsaminaceae', 'genus_Impatiens', 'jewelweed', 'Geraniales', 'Geraniaceae', 'geranium', 'genus_Geranium', 'cranesbill', 'wild_geranium', 'meadow_cranesbill', \"Richardson's_geranium\", 'herb_robert', 'sticky_geranium', \"dove's_foot_geranium\", 'Pelargonium', 'rose_geranium', 'fish_geranium', 'ivy_geranium', 'apple_geranium', 'lemon_geranium', 'Erodium', 'storksbill', 'redstem_storksbill', 'musk_clover', 'Texas_storksbill', 'Erythroxylaceae', 'Erythroxylon', 'Erythroxylon_coca', 'Erythroxylon_truxiuense', 'Burseraceae', 'incense_tree', 'elemi', 'Bursera', 'elephant_tree', 'gumbo-limbo', 'Boswellia', 'Boswellia_carteri', 'salai', 'Commiphora', 'balm_of_gilead', 'myrrh_tree', 'myrrh', 'Protium', 'Protium_heptaphyllum', 'Protium_guianense', 'incense_wood', 'Callitrichaceae', 'Callitriche', 'water_starwort', 'Malpighiaceae', 'Malpighia', 'jiqui', 'barbados_cherry', 'Meliaceae', 'mahogany', 'mahogany', 'Melia', 'chinaberry', 'Azadirachta', 'neem', 'neem_seed', 'Cedrela', 'Spanish_cedar', 'Chloroxylon', 'satinwood', 'satinwood', 'Entandrophragma', 'African_scented_mahogany', 'Flindersia', 'silver_ash', 'native_beech', 'bunji-bunji', 'Khaya', 'African_mahogany', 'genus_Lansium', 'lanseh_tree', 'Lovoa', 'African_walnut', 'Swietinia', 'true_mahogany', 'Honduras_mahogany', 'Toona', 'Philippine_mahogany', 'Philippine_mahogany', 'cigar-box_cedar', 'genus_Turreae', 'turreae', 'Lepidobotryaceae', 'genus_Lepidobotrys', 'lepidobotrys', 'Ruptiliocarpon', 'caracolito', 'Oxalidaceae', 'genus_Oxalis', 'oxalis', 'common_wood_sorrel', 'Bermuda_buttercup', 'creeping_oxalis', 'goatsfoot', 'violet_wood_sorrel', 'oca', 'Averrhoa', 'carambola', 'bilimbi', 'Polygalaceae', 'Polygala', 'milkwort', 'senega', 'orange_milkwort', 'flowering_wintergreen', 'Seneca_snakeroot', 'senega', 'common_milkwort', 'Rutaceae', 'Ruta', 'rue', 'genus_Citrus', 'citrus', 'orange', 'orangewood', 'sour_orange', 'bergamot', 'pomelo', 'citron', 'citronwood', 'grapefruit', 'mandarin', 'tangerine', 'clementine', 'satsuma', 'sweet_orange', 'temple_orange', 'tangelo', 'rangpur', 'lemon', 'sweet_lemon', 'lime', 'Citroncirus', 'citrange', 'Dictamnus', 'fraxinella', 'Fortunella', 'kumquat', 'marumi', 'nagami', 'Phellodendron', 'cork_tree', 'Poncirus', 'trifoliate_orange', 'Zanthoxylum', 'prickly_ash', 'toothache_tree', \"Hercules'-club\", 'satinwood', 'Simaroubaceae', 'bitterwood_tree', 'Simarouba', 'marupa', 'paradise_tree', 'genus_Ailanthus', 'ailanthus', 'tree_of_heaven', 'Irvingia', 'wild_mango', 'Kirkia', 'pepper_tree', 'Picrasma', 'Jamaica_quassia', 'Jamaica_quassia', 'genus_Quassia', 'quassia', 'Tropaeolaceae', 'Tropaeolum', 'nasturtium', 'garden_nasturtium', 'bush_nasturtium', 'canarybird_flower', 'Zygophyllaceae', 'Zygophyllum', 'bean_caper', 'Bulnesia', 'palo_santo', 'guaiac_wood', 'Guaiacum', 'lignum_vitae', 'lignum_vitae', 'bastard_lignum_vitae', 'guaiacum', 'Larrea', 'creosote_bush', 'Sonora_gum', 'Tribulus', 'caltrop', 'Salicales', 'Salicaceae', 'Salix', 'willow', 'osier', 'white_willow', 'silver_willow', 'golden_willow', 'cricket-bat_willow', 'arctic_willow', 'weeping_willow', 'Wisconsin_weeping_willow', 'pussy_willow', 'sallow', 'goat_willow', 'peachleaf_willow', 'almond_willow', 'hoary_willow', 'crack_willow', 'prairie_willow', 'dwarf_willow', 'grey_willow', 'arroyo_willow', 'shining_willow', 'swamp_willow', 'bay_willow', 'purple_willow', 'balsam_willow', 'creeping_willow', 'Sitka_willow', 'dwarf_grey_willow', 'bearberry_willow', 'common_osier', 'Populus', 'poplar', 'poplar', 'balsam_poplar', 'white_poplar', 'grey_poplar', 'black_poplar', 'Lombardy_poplar', 'cottonwood', 'Eastern_cottonwood', 'black_cottonwood', 'swamp_cottonwood', 'aspen', 'quaking_aspen', 'American_quaking_aspen', 'Canadian_aspen', 'Santalales', 'Santalaceae', 'Santalum', 'sandalwood_tree', 'sandalwood', 'genus_Buckleya', 'buckleya', 'Comandra', 'bastard_toadflax', 'Eucarya', 'quandong', 'Pyrularia', 'rabbitwood', 'buffalo_nut', 'Loranthaceae', 'Loranthus', 'mistletoe', 'Arceuthobium', 'American_mistletoe', 'Nuytsia', 'flame_tree', 'Viscaceae', 'Viscum', 'mistletoe', 'Phoradendron', 'mistletoe', 'American_mistletoe', 'Sapindales', 'Sapindaceae', 'aalii', 'Dodonaea', 'soapberry', 'Sapindus', 'wild_China_tree', 'China_tree', 'Blighia', 'akee', 'Cardiospermum', 'soapberry_vine', 'heartseed', 'balloon_vine', 'Dimocarpus', 'longan', 'genus_Harpullia', 'harpullia', 'harpulla', 'Moreton_Bay_tulipwood', 'genus_Litchi', 'litchi', 'Melicoccus', 'Spanish_lime', 'Nephelium', 'rambutan', 'pulasan', 'Buxaceae', 'Buxus', 'box', 'common_box', 'boxwood', 'genus_Pachysandra', 'pachysandra', 'Allegheny_spurge', 'Japanese_spurge', 'Celastraceae', 'staff_tree', 'Celastrus', 'bittersweet', 'Japanese_bittersweet', 'Euonymus', 'spindle_tree', 'common_spindle_tree', 'winged_spindle_tree', 'wahoo', 'strawberry_bush', 'evergreen_bittersweet', 'Cyrilliaceae', 'genus_Cyrilla', 'cyrilla', 'Cliftonia', 'titi', 'Empetraceae', 'Empetrum', 'crowberry', 'Aceraceae', 'Acer', 'maple', 'maple', \"bird's-eye_maple\", 'silver_maple', 'sugar_maple', 'red_maple', 'moosewood', 'Oregon_maple', 'dwarf_maple', 'mountain_maple', 'vine_maple', 'hedge_maple', 'Norway_maple', 'sycamore', 'box_elder', 'California_box_elder', 'pointed-leaf_maple', 'Japanese_maple', 'Japanese_maple', 'Dipteronia', 'Aquifoliaceae', 'holly', 'Ilex', 'Chinese_holly', 'bearberry', 'inkberry', 'mate', 'American_holly', 'low_gallberry_holly', 'tall_gallberry_holly', 'yaupon_holly', 'deciduous_holly', 'juneberry_holly', 'largeleaf_holly', 'Geogia_holly', 'common_winterberry_holly', 'smooth_winterberry_holly', 'Anacardiaceae', 'Anacardium', 'cashew', 'Astronium', 'goncalo_alves', 'Cotinus', 'smoke_tree', 'American_smokewood', 'Venetian_sumac', 'Malosma', 'laurel_sumac', 'Mangifera', 'mango', 'Pistacia', 'pistachio', 'terebinth', 'mastic', 'Rhodosphaera', 'Australian_sumac', 'Rhus', 'sumac', 'sumac', 'fragrant_sumac', 'smooth_sumac', 'dwarf_sumac', 'sugar-bush', 'staghorn_sumac', 'squawbush', 'Schinus', 'aroeira_blanca', 'pepper_tree', 'Brazilian_pepper_tree', 'Spondias', 'hog_plum', 'mombin', 'Toxicodendron', 'poison_ash', 'poison_ivy', 'western_poison_oak', 'eastern_poison_oak', 'varnish_tree', 'Hippocastanaceae', 'Aesculus', 'horse_chestnut', 'buckeye', 'sweet_buckeye', 'Ohio_buckeye', 'dwarf_buckeye', 'red_buckeye', 'particolored_buckeye', 'Staphylaceae', 'Staphylea', 'Ebenales', 'Ebenaceae', 'Diospyros', 'ebony', 'ebony', 'marblewood', 'marblewood', 'persimmon', 'Japanese_persimmon', 'American_persimmon', 'date_plum', 'Sapotaceae', 'Achras', 'Bumelia', 'buckthorn', 'southern_buckthorn', 'false_buckthorn', 'Calocarpum', 'Chrysophyllum', 'star_apple', 'satinleaf', 'Manilkara', 'balata', 'balata', 'sapodilla', 'Palaquium', 'gutta-percha_tree', 'Payena', 'gutta-percha_tree', 'Pouteria', 'canistel', 'marmalade_tree', 'Symplocaceae', 'Symplocus', 'sweetleaf', 'Asiatic_sweetleaf', 'Styracaceae', 'storax', 'genus_Styrax', 'styrax', 'snowbell', 'Japanese_snowbell', 'Texas_snowbell', 'Halesia', 'silver_bell', 'silver-bell_tree', 'carnivorous_plant', 'Sarraceniales', 'Sarraceniaceae', 'Sarracenia', 'pitcher_plant', 'common_pitcher_plant', 'pitcher', 'hooded_pitcher_plant', \"huntsman's_horn\", 'Darlingtonia', 'California_pitcher_plant', 'Heliamphora', 'sun_pitcher', 'Nepenthaceae', 'Nepenthes', 'tropical_pitcher_plant', 'Droseraceae', 'Drosera', 'sundew', 'Dionaea', \"Venus's_flytrap\", 'Aldrovanda', 'waterwheel_plant', 'Drosophyllum', 'Drosophyllum_lusitanicum', 'Roridulaceae', 'genus_Roridula', 'roridula', 'Cephalotaceae', 'Cephalotus', 'Australian_pitcher_plant', 'Crassulaceae', 'Crassula', 'genus_Sedum', 'sedum', 'stonecrop', 'wall_pepper', 'rose-root', 'orpine', 'Aeonium', 'pinwheel', 'Cunoniaceae', 'Ceratopetalum', 'Christmas_bush', 'Hydrangeaceae', 'genus_Hydrangea', 'hydrangea', 'climbing_hydrangea', 'wild_hydrangea', 'hortensia', 'fall-blooming_hydrangea', 'climbing_hydrangea', 'genus_Carpenteria', 'carpenteria', 'Decumaria', 'decumary', 'genus_Deutzia', 'deutzia', 'Philadelphaceae', 'genus_Philadelphus', 'philadelphus', 'mock_orange', 'Schizophragma', 'climbing_hydrangea', 'Saxifragaceae', 'Saxifraga', 'saxifrage', 'yellow_mountain_saxifrage', 'meadow_saxifrage', 'mossy_saxifrage', 'western_saxifrage', 'purple_saxifrage', 'star_saxifrage', 'strawberry_geranium', 'genus_Astilbe', 'astilbe', 'false_goatsbeard', 'dwarf_astilbe', 'spirea', 'genus_Bergenia', 'bergenia', 'Boykinia', 'coast_boykinia', 'Chrysosplenium', 'golden_saxifrage', 'water_carpet', 'Darmera', 'umbrella_plant', 'Francoa', 'bridal_wreath', 'Heuchera', 'alumroot', 'rock_geranium', 'poker_alumroot', 'coralbells', 'Leptarrhena', 'leatherleaf_saxifrage', 'Lithophragma', 'woodland_star', 'prairie_star', 'Mitella', 'miterwort', 'fairy_cup', \"five-point_bishop's_cap\", 'genus_Parnassia', 'parnassia', 'bog_star', 'fringed_grass_of_Parnassus', 'genus_Suksdorfia', 'suksdorfia', 'violet_suksdorfia', 'Tellima', 'false_alumroot', 'Tiarella', 'foamflower', 'false_miterwort', 'Tolmiea', 'pickaback_plant', 'Grossulariaceae', 'Ribes', 'currant', 'red_currant', 'black_currant', 'white_currant', 'winter_currant', 'gooseberry', 'Platanaceae', 'Platanus', 'plane_tree', 'sycamore', 'London_plane', 'American_sycamore', 'oriental_plane', 'California_sycamore', 'Arizona_sycamore', 'Polemoniales', 'Scrophulariales', 'Polemoniaceae', 'genus_Polemonium', 'polemonium', \"Jacob's_ladder\", 'Greek_valerian', \"northern_Jacob's_ladder\", 'skunkweed', 'genus_Phlox', 'phlox', 'chickweed_phlox', 'moss_pink', 'Linanthus', 'ground_pink', 'evening-snow', 'Acanthaceae', 'genus_Acanthus', 'acanthus', \"bear's_breech\", 'Graptophyllum', 'caricature_plant', 'Thunbergia', 'black-eyed_Susan', 'Bignoniaceae', 'bignoniad', 'Bignonia', 'cross_vine', 'trumpet_creeper', 'genus_Catalpa', 'catalpa', 'Catalpa_bignioides', 'Catalpa_speciosa', 'Chilopsis', 'desert_willow', 'Crescentia', 'calabash', 'calabash', 'Boraginaceae', 'Borago', 'borage', 'Amsinckia', 'common_amsinckia', 'large-flowered_fiddleneck', 'genus_Anchusa', 'anchusa', 'bugloss', 'cape_forget-me-not', 'cape_forget-me-not', 'Cordia', 'Spanish_elm', 'princewood', 'Cynoglossum', 'Chinese_forget-me-not', \"hound's-tongue\", \"hound's-tongue\", 'Echium', 'blueweed', 'Hackelia', \"beggar's_lice\", 'stickweed', 'Lithospermum', 'gromwell', 'puccoon', 'hoary_puccoon', 'Mertensia', 'Virginia_bluebell', 'Myosotis', 'garden_forget-me-not', 'forget-me-not', 'Onosmodium', 'false_gromwell', 'Symphytum', 'comfrey', 'common_comfrey', 'Convolvulaceae', 'genus_Convolvulus', 'convolvulus', 'bindweed', 'field_bindweed', 'scammony', 'scammony', 'Argyreia', 'silverweed', 'Calystegia', 'hedge_bindweed', 'Cuscuta', 'dodder', 'love_vine', 'genus_Dichondra', 'dichondra', 'Ipomoea', 'morning_glory', 'common_morning_glory', 'common_morning_glory', 'cypress_vine', 'moonflower', 'sweet_potato', 'wild_potato_vine', 'red_morning-glory', 'man-of-the-earth', 'scammony', 'railroad_vine', 'Japanese_morning_glory', 'imperial_Japanese_morning_glory', 'Gesneriaceae', 'gesneriad', 'genus_Gesneria', 'gesneria', 'genus_Achimenes', 'achimenes', 'genus_Aeschynanthus', 'aeschynanthus', 'lipstick_plant', 'Alsobia', 'lace-flower_vine', 'genus_Columnea', 'columnea', 'genus_Episcia', 'episcia', 'genus_Gloxinia', 'gloxinia', 'Canterbury_bell', 'genus_Kohleria', 'kohleria', 'Saintpaulia', 'African_violet', 'Sinningia', \"florist's_gloxinia\", 'genus_Streptocarpus', 'streptocarpus', 'Cape_primrose', 'Hydrophyllaceae', 'Hydrophyllum', 'waterleaf', 'Virginia_waterleaf', 'Emmanthe', 'yellow_bells', 'Eriodictyon', 'yerba_santa', 'genus_Nemophila', 'nemophila', 'baby_blue-eyes', 'five-spot', 'genus_Phacelia', 'scorpionweed', 'California_bluebell', 'California_bluebell', 'fiddleneck', 'Pholistoma', 'fiesta_flower', 'Labiatae', 'mint', 'Acinos', 'basil_thyme', 'Agastache', 'giant_hyssop', 'yellow_giant_hyssop', 'anise_hyssop', 'Mexican_hyssop', 'Ajuga', 'bugle', 'creeping_bugle', 'erect_bugle', 'pyramid_bugle', 'ground_pine', 'Ballota', 'black_horehound', 'Blephilia', 'wood_mint', 'hairy_wood_mint', 'downy_wood_mint', 'Calamintha', 'calamint', 'common_calamint', 'large-flowered_calamint', 'lesser_calamint', 'Clinopodium', 'wild_basil', 'Collinsonia', 'horse_balm', 'genus_Coleus', 'coleus', 'country_borage', 'painted_nettle', 'Conradina', 'Apalachicola_rosemary', 'Dracocephalum', 'dragonhead', 'genus_Elsholtzia', 'elsholtzia', 'Galeopsis', 'hemp_nettle', 'Glechoma', 'ground_ivy', 'Hedeoma', 'pennyroyal', 'pennyroyal_oil', 'Hyssopus', 'hyssop', 'hyssop_oil', 'Lamium', 'dead_nettle', 'white_dead_nettle', 'henbit', 'Lavandula', 'lavender', 'English_lavender', 'French_lavender', 'spike_lavender', 'spike_lavender_oil', 'Leonotis', 'dagga', \"lion's-ear\", 'Leonurus', 'motherwort', 'Lepechinia', 'pitcher_sage', 'Lycopus', 'bugleweed', 'water_horehound', 'gipsywort', 'genus_Origanum', 'Majorana', 'origanum', 'oregano', 'sweet_marjoram', 'dittany_of_crete', 'Marrubium', 'horehound', 'common_horehound', 'Melissa', 'lemon_balm', 'Mentha', 'mint', 'corn_mint', 'water-mint', 'bergamot_mint', 'horsemint', 'peppermint', 'spearmint', 'apple_mint', 'pennyroyal', 'pennyroyal_oil', 'Micromeria', 'yerba_buena', 'savory', 'Molucella', 'molucca_balm', 'genus_Monarda', 'monarda', 'bee_balm', 'horsemint', 'bee_balm', 'lemon_mint', 'plains_lemon_monarda', 'basil_balm', 'Monardella', 'mustang_mint', 'Nepeta', 'catmint', 'Ocimum', 'basil', 'common_basil', 'Perilla', 'beefsteak_plant', 'genus_Phlomis', 'phlomis', 'Jerusalem_sage', 'genus_Physostegia', 'physostegia', 'false_dragonhead', 'genus_Plectranthus', 'plectranthus', 'Pogostemon', 'patchouli', 'Prunella', 'self-heal', 'Pycnanthemum', 'mountain_mint', 'basil_mint', 'Rosmarinus', 'rosemary', 'genus_Salvia', 'sage', 'blue_sage', 'clary_sage', 'blue_sage', 'blue_sage', 'purple_sage', 'cancerweed', 'common_sage', 'meadow_clary', 'clary', 'pitcher_sage', 'Mexican_mint', 'wild_sage', 'Satureja', 'savory', 'summer_savory', 'winter_savory', 'Scutellaria', 'skullcap', 'blue_pimpernel', 'Sideritis', 'Solenostemon', 'Stachys', 'hedge_nettle', 'hedge_nettle', 'Teucrium', 'germander', 'American_germander', 'wall_germander', 'cat_thyme', 'wood_sage', 'Thymus', 'thyme', 'common_thyme', 'wild_thyme', 'Trichostema', 'blue_curls', 'black_sage', 'turpentine_camphor_weed', 'bastard_pennyroyal', 'Lentibulariaceae', 'Utricularia', 'bladderwort', 'Pinguicula', 'butterwort', 'genus_Genlisea', 'genlisea', 'Martyniaceae', 'genus_Martynia', 'martynia', 'Orobanchaceae', 'Pedaliaceae', 'Sesamum', 'sesame', 'Proboscidea', 'common_unicorn_plant', 'beak', \"sand_devil's_claw\", 'sweet_unicorn_plant', 'Scrophulariaceae', 'Scrophularia', 'figwort', 'Antirrhinum', 'snapdragon', 'white_snapdragon', 'yellow_twining_snapdragon', 'Mediterranean_snapdragon', 'Besseya', 'kitten-tails', 'Alpine_besseya', 'Aureolaria', 'false_foxglove', 'false_foxglove', 'genus_Calceolaria', 'calceolaria', 'Castilleja', 'Indian_paintbrush', 'desert_paintbrush', 'giant_red_paintbrush', 'great_plains_paintbrush', 'sulfur_paintbrush', 'Chelone', 'shellflower', 'Collinsia', 'purple_chinese_houses', 'maiden_blue-eyed_Mary', 'blue-eyed_Mary', \"Culver's_root\", 'genus_Digitalis', 'foxglove', 'common_foxglove', 'yellow_foxglove', 'genus_Gerardia', 'gerardia', 'Agalinis', 'Linaria', 'blue_toadflax', 'toadflax', 'Penstemon', 'golden-beard_penstemon', 'scarlet_bugler', 'red_shrubby_penstemon', 'Platte_River_penstemon', \"Davidson's_penstemon\", 'hot-rock_penstemon', \"Jones'_penstemon\", 'shrubby_penstemon', 'narrow-leaf_penstemon', 'mountain_pride', 'balloon_flower', \"Parry's_penstemon\", 'rock_penstemon', \"Rydberg's_penstemon\", 'cascade_penstemon', \"Whipple's_penstemon\", 'Verbascum', 'mullein', 'moth_mullein', 'white_mullein', 'purple_mullein', 'common_mullein', 'genus_Veronica', 'veronica', 'field_speedwell', 'brooklime', 'corn_speedwell', 'brooklime', 'germander_speedwell', 'water_speedwell', 'common_speedwell', 'purslane_speedwell', 'thyme-leaved_speedwell', 'Solanaceae', 'Solanum', 'nightshade', 'kangaroo_apple', 'horse_nettle', 'potato_tree', 'Uruguay_potato', 'bittersweet', 'trompillo', 'African_holly', 'wild_potato', 'potato_vine', 'eggplant', 'black_nightshade', 'garden_huckleberry', 'Jerusalem_cherry', 'naranjilla', 'buffalo_bur', 'potato', 'potato_vine', 'potato_tree', 'Atropa', 'belladonna', 'genus_Browallia', 'bush_violet', 'Brunfelsia', 'lady-of-the-night', 'Brugmansia', \"angel's_trumpet\", \"angel's_trumpet\", \"red_angel's_trumpet\", 'genus_Capsicum', 'capsicum', 'cone_pepper', 'cayenne', 'sweet_pepper', 'cherry_pepper', 'bird_pepper', 'tabasco_pepper', 'Cestrum', 'day_jessamine', 'night_jasmine', 'Cyphomandra', 'tree_tomato', 'Datura', 'thorn_apple', 'jimsonweed', 'Fabiana', 'pichi', 'Hyoscyamus', 'henbane', 'Egyptian_henbane', 'Lycium', 'matrimony_vine', 'common_matrimony_vine', 'Christmasberry', 'Lycopersicon', 'tomato', 'cherry_tomato', 'plum_tomato', 'Mandragora', 'mandrake', 'mandrake_root', 'Nicandra', 'apple_of_Peru', 'Nicotiana', 'tobacco', 'flowering_tobacco', 'common_tobacco', 'wild_tobacco', 'tree_tobacco', 'genus_Nierembergia', 'cupflower', 'whitecup', 'tall_cupflower', 'genus_Petunia', 'petunia', 'large_white_petunia', 'violet-flowered_petunia', 'hybrid_petunia', 'Physalis', 'ground_cherry', 'downy_ground_cherry', 'Chinese_lantern_plant', 'cape_gooseberry', 'strawberry_tomato', 'tomatillo', 'tomatillo', 'yellow_henbane', 'Salpichroa', \"cock's_eggs\", 'genus_Salpiglossis', 'salpiglossis', 'painted_tongue', 'genus_Schizanthus', 'butterfly_flower', 'Scopolia', 'Scopolia_carniolica', 'Solandra', 'chalice_vine', 'Streptosolen', 'marmalade_bush', 'Verbenaceae', 'genus_Verbena', 'verbena', 'lantana', 'Avicennia', 'Avicenniaceae', 'black_mangrove', 'white_mangrove', 'Aegiceras', 'black_mangrove', 'Tectona', 'teak', 'teak', 'Euphorbiaceae', 'Euphorbia', 'spurge', 'caper_spurge', 'sun_spurge', 'petty_spurge', \"medusa's_head\", 'wild_spurge', 'snow-on-the-mountain', 'cypress_spurge', 'leafy_spurge', 'hairy_spurge', 'poinsettia', 'Japanese_poinsettia', 'fire-on-the-mountain', 'wood_spurge', 'candelilla', 'dwarf_spurge', 'scarlet_plume', 'naboom', 'crown_of_thorns', 'toothed_spurge', 'Acalypha', 'three-seeded_mercury', 'genus_Croton', 'croton', 'croton_oil', 'cascarilla', 'cascarilla_bark', 'Codiaeum', 'croton', 'Mercurialis', 'herb_mercury', \"dog's_mercury\", 'Ricinus', 'castor-oil_plant', 'Cnidoscolus', 'spurge_nettle', 'Jatropha', 'physic_nut', 'Hevea', 'Para_rubber_tree', 'Manihot', 'cassava', 'bitter_cassava', 'cassava', 'sweet_cassava', 'Aleurites', 'candlenut', 'tung_tree', 'Pedilanthus', 'slipper_spurge', 'candelilla', 'Jewbush', 'Sebastiana', 'jumping_bean', 'Theaceae', 'genus_Camellia', 'camellia', 'japonica', 'tea', 'Umbelliferae', 'umbellifer', 'wild_parsley', 'Aethusa', \"fool's_parsley\", 'Anethum', 'dill', 'genus_Angelica', 'angelica', 'garden_angelica', 'wild_angelica', 'Anthriscus', 'chervil', 'cow_parsley', 'Apium', 'wild_celery', 'celery', 'celeriac', 'genus_Astrantia', 'astrantia', 'greater_masterwort', 'Carum', 'caraway', 'whorled_caraway', 'Cicuta', 'water_hemlock', 'spotted_cowbane', 'Conium', 'hemlock', 'Conopodium', 'earthnut', 'Coriandrum', 'coriander', 'Cuminum', 'cumin', 'Daucus', 'wild_carrot', 'carrot', 'carrot', 'Eryngium', 'eryngo', 'sea_holly', 'button_snakeroot', 'rattlesnake_master', 'Foeniculum', 'fennel', 'common_fennel', 'Florence_fennel', 'Heracleum', 'cow_parsnip', 'Levisticum', 'lovage', 'Myrrhis', 'sweet_cicely', 'Oenanthe', 'water_dropwort', 'water_fennel', 'Pastinaca', 'parsnip', 'cultivated_parsnip', 'parsnip', 'wild_parsnip', 'Petroselinum', 'parsley', 'Italian_parsley', 'Hamburg_parsley', 'Pimpinella', 'anise', 'Sanicula', 'sanicle', 'footsteps-of-spring', 'purple_sanicle', 'European_sanicle', 'Seseli', 'moon_carrot', 'Sison', 'stone_parsley', 'Sium', 'water_parsnip', 'greater_water_parsnip', 'skirret', 'Smyrnium', 'Alexander', 'Cornaceae', 'Aucuba', 'Cornus', 'dogwood', 'dogwood', 'common_white_dogwood', 'red_osier', 'silky_dogwood', 'silky_cornel', 'common_European_dogwood', 'bunchberry', 'cornelian_cherry', 'Corokia', 'Curtisia', 'Griselinia', 'puka', 'kapuka', 'Helwingia', 'Valerianaceae', 'Valeriana', 'valerian', 'common_valerian', 'Valerianella', 'corn_salad', 'common_corn_salad', 'Centranthus', 'red_valerian', 'cutch', 'Hymenophyllaceae', 'Hymenophyllum', 'filmy_fern', 'Trichomanes', 'bristle_fern', \"hare's-foot_bristle_fern\", 'Killarney_fern', 'kidney_fern', 'Osmundaceae', 'genus_Osmunda', 'flowering_fern', 'royal_fern', 'interrupted_fern', 'cinnamon_fern', 'Leptopteris', 'crape_fern', 'Todea', 'crepe_fern', 'Schizaeaceae', 'Schizaea', 'curly_grass', 'Anemia', 'pine_fern', 'Lygodium', 'climbing_fern', 'creeping_fern', 'climbing_maidenhair', 'Mohria', 'scented_fern', 'aquatic_fern', 'Marsileaceae', 'Marsilea', 'clover_fern', 'nardoo', 'water_clover', 'Pilularia', 'pillwort', 'genus_Regnellidium', 'regnellidium', 'Salviniaceae', 'Salvinia', 'floating-moss', 'Azollaceae', 'Azolla', 'mosquito_fern', 'Ophioglossales', 'Ophioglossaceae', 'Ophioglossum', \"adder's_tongue\", 'ribbon_fern', 'Botrychium', 'grape_fern', 'moonwort', 'daisyleaf_grape_fern', 'leathery_grape_fern', 'rattlesnake_fern', 'Helminthostachys', 'flowering_fern', 'soldier_grainy_club', 'ostiole', 'perithecium', 'stroma', 'stroma', 'plastid', 'chromoplast', 'chloroplast', 'Erysiphales', 'Erysiphaceae', 'Erysiphe', 'powdery_mildew', 'Sphaeriales', 'Sphaeriaceae', 'Neurospora', 'Ceratostomataceae', 'Ceratostomella', 'Dutch_elm_fungus', 'Hypocreales', 'Hypocreaceae', 'Claviceps', 'ergot', 'rye_ergot', 'mushroom_pimple', 'orange_mushroom_pimple', 'green_mushroom_pimple', 'Xylariaceae', 'Xylaria', 'black_root_rot_fungus', \"dead-man's-fingers\", 'Rosellinia', 'Helotiales', 'Helotiaceae', 'Helotium', 'Sclerotiniaceae', 'genus_Sclerotinia', 'sclerotinia', 'brown_cup', 'Sclerodermatales', 'Sclerodermataceae', 'Scleroderma', 'earthball', 'Scleroderma_citrinum', 'Scleroderma_flavidium', 'Scleroderma_bovista', 'Podaxaceae', 'stalked_puffball', 'Tulostomaceae', 'Tulostoma', 'stalked_puffball', 'Hymenogastrales', 'Rhizopogonaceae', 'false_truffle', 'Rhizopogon', 'Rhizopogon_idahoensis', 'Truncocolumella', 'Truncocolumella_citrina', 'Zygomycota', 'Zygomycetes', 'Mucorales', 'Mucoraceae', 'genus_Mucor', 'mucor', 'genus_Rhizopus', 'rhizopus', 'bread_mold', 'leak_fungus', 'Entomophthorales', 'Entomophthoraceae', 'Entomophthora', 'rhizoid', 'slime_mold', 'Myxomycota', 'Myxomycetes', 'true_slime_mold', 'Acrasiomycetes', 'cellular_slime_mold', 'genus_Dictostylium', 'dictostylium', 'Phycomycetes', 'Mastigomycota', 'Oomycetes', 'Chytridiomycetes', 'Chytridiales', 'pond-scum_parasite', 'Chytridiaceae', 'Blastocladiales', 'Blastodiaceae', 'Blastocladia', 'Synchytriaceae', 'Synchytrium', 'potato_wart_fungus', 'Saprolegniales', 'Saprolegnia', 'white_fungus', 'water_mold', 'Peronosporales', 'Peronosporaceae', 'Peronospora', 'downy_mildew', 'blue_mold_fungus', 'onion_mildew', 'tobacco_mildew', 'Albuginaceae', 'Albugo', 'white_rust', 'Pythiaceae', 'genus_Pythium', 'pythium', 'damping_off_fungus', 'Phytophthora', 'Phytophthora_citrophthora', 'Phytophthora_infestans', 'Plasmodiophoraceae', 'Plasmodiophora', 'clubroot_fungus', 'Geglossaceae', 'Sarcosomataceae', 'black_felt_cup', 'Rufous_rubber_cup', 'charred_pancake_cup', \"devil's_cigar\", \"devil's_urn\", 'winter_urn', 'Tuberales', 'Tuberaceae', 'Tuber', 'truffle', 'Clavariaceae', 'club_fungus', 'coral_fungus', 'Hydnaceae', 'tooth_fungus', 'Hydnum', 'Lichenes', 'Lichenales', 'lichen', 'ascolichen', 'basidiolichen', 'Lechanorales', 'Lecanoraceae', 'genus_Lecanora', 'lecanora', 'manna_lichen', 'archil', 'Roccellaceae', 'genus_Roccella', 'roccella', 'Pertusariaceae', 'Pertusaria', 'Usneaceae', 'Usnea', 'beard_lichen', 'Evernia', 'Ramalina', 'Alectoria', 'horsehair_lichen', 'Cladoniaceae', 'Cladonia', 'reindeer_moss', 'Parmeliaceae', 'Parmelia', 'crottle', 'Cetraria', 'Iceland_moss', 'Fungi', 'fungus', 'basidium', 'hypobasidium', 'promycelium', 'Eumycota', 'Eumycetes', 'true_fungus', 'Deuteromycota', 'Deuteromycetes', 'Basidiomycota', 'Basidiomycetes', 'Homobasidiomycetes', 'Heterobasidiomycetes', 'basidiomycete', 'mushroom', 'Hymenomycetes', 'Agaricales', 'agaric', 'Agaricaceae', 'Agaricus', 'mushroom', 'mushroom', 'toadstool', 'horse_mushroom', 'meadow_mushroom', 'Lentinus', 'shiitake', 'scaly_lentinus', 'Amanita', 'royal_agaric', 'false_deathcap', 'fly_agaric', 'death_cap', 'blushing_mushroom', 'destroying_angel', 'slime_mushroom', 'white_slime_mushroom', \"Fischer's_slime_mushroom\", 'Cantharellus', 'chanterelle', 'floccose_chanterelle', \"pig's_ears\", 'cinnabar_chanterelle', 'Omphalotus', 'jack-o-lantern_fungus', 'Coprinus', 'Coprinaceae', 'inky_cap', 'shaggymane', 'Lactarius', 'milkcap', 'Marasmius', 'fairy-ring_mushroom', 'fairy_ring', 'Pleurotus', 'oyster_mushroom', 'olive-tree_agaric', 'Pholiota', 'Pholiota_astragalina', 'Pholiota_aurea', 'Pholiota_destruens', 'Pholiota_flammans', 'Pholiota_flavida', 'nameko', 'Pholiota_squarrosa-adiposa', 'Pholiota_squarrosa', 'Pholiota_squarrosoides', 'Russula', 'Russulaceae', 'Strophariaceae', 'Stropharia', 'Stropharia_ambigua', 'Stropharia_hornemannii', 'Stropharia_rugoso-annulata', 'galea', 'gill_fungus', 'gill', 'Entolomataceae', 'Entoloma', 'Entoloma_lividum', 'Entoloma_aprile', 'Lepiotaceae', 'genus_Chlorophyllum', 'Chlorophyllum_molybdites', 'genus_Lepiota', 'lepiota', 'parasol_mushroom', 'poisonous_parasol', 'Lepiota_naucina', 'Lepiota_rhacodes', 'American_parasol', 'Lepiota_rubrotincta', 'Lepiota_clypeolaria', 'onion_stem', 'Thelephoraceae', 'Corticium', 'pink_disease_fungus', 'bottom_rot_fungus', 'Pellicularia', 'potato_fungus', 'coffee_fungus', 'Tricholomataceae', 'Tricholoma', 'blewits', 'sandy_mushroom', 'Tricholoma_pessundatum', 'Tricholoma_sejunctum', 'man-on-a-horse', 'Tricholoma_venenata', 'Tricholoma_pardinum', 'Tricholoma_vaccinum', 'Tricholoma_aurantium', 'Volvariaceae', 'Volvaria', 'Volvaria_bombycina', 'Pluteaceae', 'Pluteus', 'Pluteus_aurantiorugosus', 'Pluteus_magnus', 'deer_mushroom', 'Volvariella', 'straw_mushroom', 'Volvariella_bombycina', 'Clitocybe', 'Clitocybe_clavipes', 'Clitocybe_dealbata', 'Clitocybe_inornata', 'Clitocybe_robusta', 'Clitocybe_irina', 'Clitocybe_subconnexa', 'Flammulina', 'winter_mushroom', 'hypha', 'mycelium', 'sclerotium', 'sac_fungus', 'Ascomycota', 'Ascomycetes', 'ascomycete', 'Euascomycetes', 'Clavicipitaceae', 'grainy_club', 'Hemiascomycetes', 'Endomycetales', 'Saccharomycetaceae', 'Saccharomyces', 'yeast', \"baker's_yeast\", \"wine-maker's_yeast\", 'Schizosaccharomycetaceae', 'Schizosaccharomyces', 'Plectomycetes', 'Eurotiales', 'Eurotium', 'Aspergillaceae', 'Aspergillus', 'Aspergillus_fumigatus', 'Thielavia', 'brown_root_rot_fungus', 'Pyrenomycetes', 'Discomycetes', 'discomycete', 'Leotia_lubrica', 'Mitrula_elegans', 'Sarcoscypha_coccinea', 'Caloscypha_fulgens', 'Aleuria_aurantia', 'Pezizales', 'Pezizaceae', 'elf_cup', 'Peziza', 'Peziza_domicilina', 'blood_cup', 'Plectania', 'Urnula_craterium', 'Galiella_rufa', 'Jafnea_semitosta', 'Morchellaceae', 'Morchella', 'morel', 'common_morel', 'Disciotis_venosa', 'Verpa', 'Verpa_bohemica', 'Verpa_conica', 'black_morel', 'Morchella_crassipes', 'Morchella_semilibera', 'Sarcoscyphaceae', 'Wynnea', 'Wynnea_americana', 'Wynnea_sparassoides', 'Helvellaceae', 'false_morel', 'lorchel', 'genus_Helvella', 'helvella', 'Helvella_crispa', 'Helvella_acetabulum', 'Helvella_sulcata', 'genus_Discina', 'discina', 'Discina_macrospora', 'genus_Gyromitra', 'gyromitra', 'Gyromitra_californica', 'Gyromitra_sphaerospora', 'Gyromitra_esculenta', 'Gyromitra_infula', 'Gyromitra_fastigiata', 'Gyromitra_gigas', 'Gasteromycetes', 'gasteromycete', 'Phallales', 'Phallaceae', 'Phallus', 'stinkhorn', 'common_stinkhorn', 'Phallus_ravenelii', 'Dictyophera', 'Mutinus', 'dog_stinkhorn', 'Tulostomatales', 'Calostomataceae', 'Calostoma_lutescens', 'Calostoma_cinnabarina', 'Calostoma_ravenelii', 'Clathraceae', 'Clathrus', 'Pseudocolus', 'stinky_squid', 'Lycoperdales', 'Lycoperdaceae', 'Lycoperdon', 'puffball', 'Calvatia', 'giant_puffball', 'Geastraceae', 'earthstar', 'Geastrum', 'Geastrum_coronatum', 'Radiigera', 'Radiigera_fuscogleba', 'Astreus', 'Astreus_pteridis', 'Astreus_hygrometricus', 'Nidulariales', 'Nidulariaceae', \"bird's-nest_fungus\", 'Nidularia', 'Sphaerobolaceae', 'Secotiales', 'Secotiaceae', 'Gastrocybe', 'Gastrocybe_lateritia', 'Macowanites', 'Macowanites_americanus', 'Gastroboletus', 'Gastroboletus_scabrosus', 'Gastroboletus_turbinatus', 'Aphyllophorales', 'Polyporaceae', 'polypore', 'bracket_fungus', 'Albatrellus', 'Albatrellus_dispansus', 'Albatrellus_ovinus', 'Neolentinus', 'Neolentinus_ponderosus', 'Nigroporus', 'Nigroporus_vinosus', 'Oligoporus', 'Oligoporus_leucospongia', 'Polyporus_tenuiculus', 'Polyporus', 'hen-of-the-woods', 'Polyporus_squamosus', 'Fistulinaceae', 'Fistulina', 'beefsteak_fungus', 'Fomes', 'agaric', 'Boletaceae', 'bolete', 'Boletus', 'Boletus_chrysenteron', 'Boletus_edulis', \"Frost's_bolete\", 'Boletus_luridus', 'Boletus_mirabilis', 'Boletus_pallidus', 'Boletus_pulcherrimus', 'Boletus_pulverulentus', 'Boletus_roxanae', 'Boletus_subvelutipes', 'Boletus_variipes', 'Boletus_zelleri', 'Fuscoboletinus', 'Fuscoboletinus_paluster', 'Fuscoboletinus_serotinus', 'Leccinum', 'Leccinum_fibrillosum', 'Phylloporus', 'Phylloporus_boletinoides', 'Suillus', 'Suillus_albivelatus', 'Strobilomyces', 'old-man-of-the-woods', 'Boletellus', 'Boletellus_russellii', 'jelly_fungus', 'Tremellales', 'Tremellaceae', 'Tremella', 'snow_mushroom', \"witches'_butter\", 'Tremella_foliacea', 'Tremella_reticulata', 'Auriculariales', 'Auriculariaceae', 'Auricularia', \"Jew's-ear\", 'Dacrymycetaceae', 'Dacrymyces', 'Uredinales', 'rust', 'aecium', 'aeciospore', 'Melampsoraceae', 'Melampsora', 'flax_rust', 'Cronartium', 'blister_rust', 'Pucciniaceae', 'Puccinia', 'wheat_rust', 'Gymnosporangium', 'apple_rust', 'Tiliomycetes', 'Ustilaginales', 'smut', 'covered_smut', 'Ustilaginaceae', 'Ustilago', 'loose_smut', 'cornsmut', 'boil_smut', 'Sphacelotheca', 'head_smut', 'Tilletiaceae', 'Tilletia', 'bunt', 'bunt', 'Urocystis', 'onion_smut', 'flag_smut_fungus', 'wheat_flag_smut', 'Septobasidiaceae', 'Septobasidium', 'felt_fungus', 'Hygrophoraceae', 'waxycap', 'Hygrocybe', 'Hygrocybe_acutoconica', 'Hygrophorus', 'Hygrophorus_borealis', 'Hygrophorus_caeruleus', 'Hygrophorus_inocybiformis', 'Hygrophorus_kauffmanii', 'Hygrophorus_marzuolus', 'Hygrophorus_purpurascens', 'Hygrophorus_russula', 'Hygrophorus_sordidus', 'Hygrophorus_tennesseensis', 'Hygrophorus_turundus', 'Hygrotrama', 'Hygrotrama_foetens', 'Neohygrophorus', 'Neohygrophorus_angelesianus', 'cortina', 'Cortinariaceae', 'Cortinarius', 'Cortinarius_armillatus', 'Cortinarius_atkinsonianus', 'Cortinarius_corrugatus', 'Cortinarius_gentilis', 'Cortinarius_mutabilis', 'Cortinarius_semisanguineus', 'Cortinarius_subfoetidus', 'Cortinarius_violaceus', 'Gymnopilus', 'Gymnopilus_spectabilis', 'Gymnopilus_validipes', 'Gymnopilus_ventricosus', 'mold', 'mildew', 'Moniliales', 'genus_Verticillium', 'verticillium', 'Moniliaceae', 'Trichophyton', 'Microsporum', 'genus_Monilia', 'monilia', 'genus_Candida', 'candida', 'Candida_albicans', 'Cercosporella', 'Penicillium', 'Blastomyces', 'blastomycete', 'Dematiaceae', 'Cercospora', 'yellow_spot_fungus', 'Ustilaginoidea', 'green_smut_fungus', 'Tuberculariaceae', 'Tubercularia', 'genus_Fusarium', 'dry_rot', 'Mycelia_Sterilia', 'genus_Rhizoctinia', 'rhizoctinia', 'Ozonium', 'Sclerotium', 'houseplant', 'garden_plant', 'bedder', 'vascular_plant', 'succulent', 'nonvascular_organism', 'relict', 'cultivar', 'cultivated_plant', 'weed', 'wort', 'crop', 'cash_crop', 'catch_crop', 'cover_crop', 'field_crop', 'fruitage', 'plant_part', 'plant_organ', 'plant_process', 'apophysis', 'callus', 'blister', 'nodule', 'spur', 'fruiting_body', 'aculeus', 'acumen', 'spine', 'glochidium', 'brier', 'hair', 'stinging_hair', 'coma', 'beard', 'awn', 'aril', 'duct', 'laticifer', 'antheridium', 'antheridiophore', 'sporophyll', 'sporangium', 'sporangiophore', 'ascus', 'ascospore', 'arthrospore', 'arthrospore', 'theca', 'paraphysis', 'eusporangium', 'leptosporangium', 'tetrasporangium', 'sporophore', 'gametangium', 'gametoecium', 'gynoecium', 'androecium', 'gametophore', 'sorus', 'sorus', 'indusium', 'veil', 'universal_veil', 'partial_veil', 'annulus', 'antherozoid', 'plant_tissue', 'pulp', 'pith', 'parenchyma', 'chlorenchyma', 'lignum', 'vascular_tissue', 'stele', 'cambium', 'sapwood', 'heartwood', 'vascular_bundle', 'vein', 'midrib', 'vascular_ray', 'xylem', 'tracheid', 'phloem', 'sieve_tube', 'pseudophloem', 'bast', 'gall', 'oak_apple', 'evergreen', 'deciduous_plant', 'poisonous_plant', 'vine', 'climber', 'creeper', 'tendril', 'cirrus', 'root_climber', 'woody_plant', 'lignosae', 'arborescent_plant', 'snag', 'tree', 'timber_tree', 'treelet', 'arbor', 'bean_tree', 'pollard', 'sapling', 'shade_tree', 'gymnospermous_tree', 'conifer', 'angiospermous_tree', 'nut_tree', 'spice_tree', 'fever_tree', 'stump', 'stool', 'bonsai', 'ming_tree', 'ming_tree', 'groundcover', 'groundcover', 'shrub', 'undershrub', 'burning_bush', 'shrublet', 'subshrub', 'bramble', 'flowering_shrub', 'liana', 'parasitic_plant', 'hemiparasite', 'geophyte', 'desert_plant', 'mesophyte', 'aquatic_plant', 'marsh_plant', 'air_plant', 'hemiepiphyte', 'strangler', 'rock_plant', 'lithophyte', 'rupestral_plant', 'saprophyte', 'saprobe', 'katharobe', 'autophyte', 'butt', 'rootage', 'root', 'pneumatophore', 'taproot', 'adventitious_root', 'root_crop', 'root_cap', 'rootlet', 'root_hair', 'prop_root', 'prophyll', 'stock', 'rootstock', 'cutting', 'quickset', 'stolon', 'crown', 'capitulum', 'tuberous_plant', 'tuber', 'rhizome', 'axis', 'rachis', 'caudex', 'stalk', 'internode', 'beanstalk', 'cladode', 'receptacle', 'stock', 'axil', 'stipe', 'scape', 'meristem', 'umbel', 'corymb', 'ray', 'petiole', 'phyllode', 'blade', 'peduncle', 'pedicel', 'flower_cluster', 'raceme', 'panicle', 'thyrse', 'cyme', 'cymule', 'glomerule', 'scorpioid_cyme', 'spike', 'ear', 'capitulum', 'spadix', 'bulb', 'bulbous_plant', 'bulbil', 'corm', 'cormous_plant', 'fruit', 'fruitlet', 'seed', 'bean', 'nut', 'nutlet', 'pyrene', 'kernel', 'syconium', 'berry', 'aggregate_fruit', 'simple_fruit', 'acinus', 'drupe', 'drupelet', 'pome', 'pod', 'loment', 'pyxidium', 'husk', 'cornhusk', 'hull', 'pod', 'pea_pod', 'accessory_fruit', 'Rhamnales', 'Rhamnaceae', 'Rhamnus', 'buckthorn', 'buckthorn_berry', 'cascara_buckthorn', 'cascara', 'Carolina_buckthorn', 'coffeeberry', 'alder_buckthorn', 'redberry', 'Colubrina', 'nakedwood', 'Ziziphus', 'jujube', 'lotus_tree', 'Paliurus', \"Christ's-thorn\", 'Pomaderris', 'hazel', 'Vitaceae', 'Vitis', 'grape', 'fox_grape', 'muscadine', 'vinifera', 'Chardonnay', 'Pinot', 'Pinot_noir', 'Pinot_blanc', 'Sauvignon_grape', 'Cabernet_Sauvignon_grape', 'Sauvignon_blanc', 'Merlot', 'Muscadet', 'Riesling', 'Zinfandel', 'Chenin_blanc', 'malvasia', 'muscat', 'Verdicchio', 'Parthenocissus', 'Boston_ivy', 'Virginia_creeper', 'Piperales', 'Piperaceae', 'Piper', 'true_pepper', 'pepper', 'long_pepper', 'betel', 'cubeb', 'cubeb', 'schizocarp', 'genus_Peperomia', 'peperomia', 'watermelon_begonia', 'Chloranthaceae', 'Chloranthus', 'Saururaceae', 'Saururus', \"lizard's-tail\", 'Anemopsis', 'yerba_mansa', 'Houttuynia', 'leaf', 'amplexicaul_leaf', 'greenery', 'hydathode', 'lenticel', 'leaflet', 'node', 'pinna', 'frond', 'pad', 'lily_pad', 'bract', 'bracteole', 'spathe', 'involucre', 'lemma', 'glume', 'scale', 'squamule', 'fig_leaf', 'simple_leaf', 'compound_leaf', 'trifoliolate_leaf', 'quinquefoliate_leaf', 'palmate_leaf', 'pinnate_leaf', 'bijugate_leaf', 'decompound_leaf', 'acerate_leaf', 'acuminate_leaf', 'cordate_leaf', 'cuneate_leaf', 'deltoid_leaf', 'elliptic_leaf', 'ensiform_leaf', 'hastate_leaf', 'lanceolate_leaf', 'linear_leaf', 'lyrate_leaf', 'obtuse_leaf', 'oblanceolate_leaf', 'oblong_leaf', 'obovate_leaf', 'ovate_leaf', 'orbiculate_leaf', 'pandurate_leaf', 'peltate_leaf', 'perfoliate_leaf', 'reniform_leaf', 'sagittate-leaf', 'spatulate_leaf', 'bipinnate_leaf', 'even-pinnate_leaf', 'odd-pinnate_leaf', 'pedate_leaf', 'entire_leaf', 'crenate_leaf', 'serrate_leaf', 'dentate_leaf', 'denticulate_leaf', 'emarginate_leaf', 'erose_leaf', 'runcinate_leaf', 'lobed_leaf', 'lobe', 'parallel-veined_leaf', 'parted_leaf', 'prickly-edged_leaf', 'rosette', 'ligule', 'bark', \"winter's_bark\", 'tapa', 'angostura_bark', 'branch', 'culm', 'deadwood', 'haulm', 'limb', 'branchlet', 'wand', 'withe', 'osier', 'sprout', 'shoot', 'sucker', 'tiller', 'bud', 'leaf_bud', 'flower_bud', 'mixed_bud', 'stick', 'bough', 'trunk', 'burl', 'burl', 'fern_family', 'fern_genus', 'Filicopsida', 'Filicales', 'Gleicheniaceae', 'Gleichenia', 'Dicranopteris', 'Diplopterygium', 'giant_scrambling_fern', 'Sticherus', 'umbrella_fern', 'Parkeriaceae', 'Ceratopteris', 'floating_fern', 'floating_fern', 'Polypodiaceae', 'Polypodium', 'polypody', 'licorice_fern', 'grey_polypody', 'leatherleaf', 'rock_polypody', 'common_polypody', 'Aglaomorpha', \"bear's-paw_fern\", 'Campyloneurum', 'strap_fern', 'Florida_strap_fern', 'Central_American_strap_fern', 'Drymoglossum', 'Drynaria', 'basket_fern', 'genus_Lecanopteris', 'lecanopteris', 'Microgramma', 'snake_polypody', 'Microsorium', \"climbing_bird's_nest_fern\", 'Phlebodium', 'golden_polypody', 'Platycerium', 'staghorn_fern', 'South_American_staghorn', 'common_staghorn_fern', 'Pyrrosia', 'felt_fern', 'Solanopteris', 'potato_fern', 'Cyclophorus', 'myrmecophyte', 'Adiantaceae', 'Vittariaceae', 'Vittaria', 'grass_fern', 'Aspleniaceae', 'Asplenium', 'spleenwort', 'black_spleenwort', \"bird's_nest_fern\", 'ebony_spleenwort', 'black-stem_spleenwort', 'Camptosorus', 'walking_fern', 'maidenhair_spleenwort', 'green_spleenwort', 'mountain_spleenwort', 'wall_rue', \"Bradley's_spleenwort\", 'lobed_spleenwort', 'lanceolate_spleenwort', \"hart's-tongue\", 'Ceterach', 'scale_fern', 'Pleurosorus', 'Schaffneria', 'Schaffneria_nigripes', 'Phyllitis', 'scolopendrium', 'Blechnaceae', 'Blechnum', 'hard_fern', 'deer_fern', 'genus_Doodia', 'doodia', 'Sadleria', 'Stenochlaena', 'Woodwardia', 'chain_fern', 'Virginia_chain_fern', 'tree_fern', 'Cyatheaceae', 'Cyathea', 'silver_tree_fern', 'Davalliaceae', 'genus_Davallia', 'davallia', \"hare's-foot_fern\", \"Canary_Island_hare's_foot_fern\", \"Australian_hare's_foot\", \"squirrel's-foot_fern\", 'Dennstaedtiaceae', 'Dennstaedtia', 'hay-scented', 'Pteridium', 'bracken', 'bracken', 'Dicksoniaceae', 'Dicksonia', 'soft_tree_fern', 'Cibotium', 'Scythian_lamb', 'Culcita', 'false_bracken', 'genus_Thyrsopteris', 'thyrsopteris', 'Dryopteridaceae', 'shield_fern', 'Dryopteris', 'broad_buckler-fern', 'fragrant_cliff_fern', \"Goldie's_fern\", 'wood_fern', 'male_fern', 'marginal_wood_fern', 'mountain_male_fern', 'Athyrium', 'lady_fern', 'Alpine_lady_fern', 'silvery_spleenwort', 'Cyrtomium', 'holly_fern', 'Cystopteris', 'bladder_fern', 'brittle_bladder_fern', 'mountain_bladder_fern', 'bulblet_fern', 'Deparia', 'silvery_spleenwort', 'Diacalpa', 'Gymnocarpium', 'oak_fern', 'limestone_fern', 'Lastreopsis', 'Matteuccia', 'ostrich_fern', 'Olfersia', \"hart's-tongue\", 'Onoclea', 'sensitive_fern', 'Polybotrya', 'Polystichum', 'Christmas_fern', 'holly_fern', \"Braun's_holly_fern\", 'northern_holly_fern', 'western_holly_fern', 'soft_shield_fern', 'Rumohra', 'leather_fern', 'Tectaria', 'button_fern', 'Indian_button_fern', 'genus_Woodsia', 'woodsia', 'rusty_woodsia', 'Alpine_woodsia', 'smooth_woodsia', 'Lomariopsidaceae', 'Bolbitis', 'Lomogramma', 'Lophosoriaceae', 'Lophosoria', 'Loxomataceae', 'Loxoma', 'Oleandraceae', 'Oleandra', 'oleander_fern', 'Arthropteris', 'Nephrolepis', 'sword_fern', 'Boston_fern', 'basket_fern', 'Pteridaceae', 'Acrostichum', 'golden_fern', 'Actiniopteris', 'Adiantum', 'maidenhair', 'common_maidenhair', 'American_maidenhair_fern', 'Bermuda_maidenhair', 'brittle_maidenhair', 'Farley_maidenhair', 'Anogramma', 'annual_fern', 'Cheilanthes', 'lip_fern', 'smooth_lip_fern', 'lace_fern', 'wooly_lip_fern', 'southwestern_lip_fern', 'Coniogramme', 'bamboo_fern', 'Cryptogramma', 'rock_brake', 'American_rock_brake', 'European_parsley_fern', 'Doryopteris', 'hand_fern', 'Jamesonia', 'Onychium', 'Pellaea', 'cliff_brake', 'coffee_fern', 'purple_rock_brake', \"bird's-foot_fern\", 'button_fern', 'Pityrogramma', 'silver_fern', 'silver_fern', 'golden_fern', 'gold_fern', 'Pteris', 'brake', 'Pteris_cretica', 'spider_brake', 'ribbon_fern', 'Marattiales', 'Marattiaceae', 'Marattia', 'potato_fern', 'genus_Angiopteris', 'angiopteris', 'Danaea', 'Psilopsida', 'Psilotales', 'Psilotaceae', 'Psilotum', 'whisk_fern', 'skeleton_fork_fern', 'Psilophytales', 'psilophyte', 'Psilophytaceae', 'genus_Psilophyton', 'psilophyton', 'Rhyniaceae', 'Rhynia', 'Horneophyton', 'Sphenopsida', 'Equisetales', 'Equisetaceae', 'Equisetum', 'horsetail', 'common_horsetail', 'swamp_horsetail', 'scouring_rush', 'marsh_horsetail', 'wood_horsetail', 'variegated_horsetail', 'Lycopsida', 'Lycophyta', 'Lycopodineae', 'club_moss', 'Lepidodendrales', 'Lepidodendraceae', 'Lycopodiales', 'Lycopodiaceae', 'Lycopodium', 'shining_clubmoss', 'alpine_clubmoss', 'fir_clubmoss', 'ground_pine', 'running_pine', 'ground_cedar', 'ground_fir', 'foxtail_grass', 'Selaginellales', 'Selaginellaceae', 'Selaginella', 'spikemoss', 'meadow_spikemoss', 'rock_spikemoss', 'desert_selaginella', 'resurrection_plant', 'florida_selaginella', 'Isoetales', 'Isoetaceae', 'Isoetes', 'quillwort', 'Geoglossaceae', 'Geoglossum', 'earthtongue', 'Cryptogrammataceae', 'Thelypteridaceae', 'Thelypteris', 'marsh_fern', 'snuffbox_fern', 'Amauropelta', 'genus_Christella', 'christella', 'Cyclosorus', 'Goniopteris', 'Macrothelypteris', 'Meniscium', 'Oreopteris', 'mountain_fern', 'Parathelypteris', 'New_York_fern', 'Massachusetts_fern', 'Phegopteris', 'beech_fern', 'broad_beech_fern', 'long_beech_fern', 'rhizomorph', 'Armillaria', 'shoestring_fungus', 'Armillaria_caligata', 'Armillaria_ponderosa', 'Armillaria_zelleri', 'Armillariella', 'honey_mushroom', 'Asclepiadaceae', 'asclepiad', 'Asclepias', 'milkweed', 'white_milkweed', 'blood_flower', 'poke_milkweed', 'swamp_milkweed', \"Mead's_milkweed\", 'purple_silkweed', 'showy_milkweed', 'poison_milkweed', 'butterfly_weed', 'whorled_milkweed', 'Araujia', 'cruel_plant', 'genus_Cynancum', 'cynancum', 'genus_Hoya', 'hoya', 'honey_plant', 'wax_plant', 'Periploca', 'silk_vine', 'Sarcostemma', 'soma', 'genus_Stapelia', 'stapelia', 'Stapelias_asterias', 'genus_Stephanotis', 'stephanotis', 'Madagascar_jasmine', 'Vincetoxicum', 'negro_vine', 'zygospore', 'old_growth', 'second_growth', 'tree_of_knowledge', 'ownership', 'community', 'severalty', 'property_right', 'preemptive_right', 'subscription_right', 'option', 'stock_option', 'stock_option', 'call_option', 'put_option', 'lock-up_option', 'tenure', 'copyhold', 'freehold', 'freehold', 'villeinage', 'stock_buyback', 'public_domain', 'proprietorship', 'employee_ownership', 'property', 'tangible_possession', 'worldly_possessions', 'ratables', 'hereditament', 'intellectual_property', 'community_property', 'personal_property', 'chattel', 'effects', 'things', 'real_property', 'estate', 'commonage', 'glebe', 'landholding', 'landholding', 'salvage', 'shareholding', 'spiritualty', 'temporalty', 'benefice', 'sinecure', 'lease', 'car_rental', 'trade-in', 'sublease', 'public_property', 'leasehold', 'smallholding', 'homestead', 'farmstead', 'homestead', \"no_man's_land\", 'fief', 'land', 'mortmain', 'wealth', 'money', 'pile', 'estate', 'stuff', 'gross_estate', 'net_estate', 'life_estate', 'barony', 'countryseat', 'Crown_land', 'manor', 'seigneury', 'hacienda', 'plantation', 'orangery', 'white_elephant', 'transferred_property', 'acquisition', 'accession', 'purchase', 'bargain', 'song', 'travel_bargain', 'grant', 'appanage', 'land_grant', 'gain', 'financial_gain', 'income', 'disposable_income', 'double_dipping', 'easy_money', 'EBITDA', 'easy_money', 'tight_money', 'escheat', 'gross', 'national_income', 'gross_national_product', 'real_gross_national_product', 'gross_domestic_product', 'deflator', 'royalty', 'box_office', 'gate', 'net_income', 'paper_profit', 'paper_loss', 'cash_flow', 'personal_income', 'earning_per_share', 'windfall_profit', 'killing', 'winnings', 'rental_income', 'return', 'fast_buck', 'filthy_lucre', 'gross_profit', 'gross_sales', 'net_sales', 'margin_of_profit', 'unearned_income', 'unearned_income', 'government_income', 'tax_income', 'internal_revenue', 'per_capita_income', 'stolen_property', 'spoil', 'loot', 'inheritance', 'primogeniture', 'borough_English', 'accretion', 'bequest', 'birthright', 'devise', 'dower', 'jointure', 'free_lunch', 'heirloom', 'heirloom', 'gift', 'dowry', 'bride_price', 'largess', 'aid', 'scholarship', 'fellowship', 'foreign_aid', 'Marshall_Plan', 'grant', 'subsidy', 'subvention', 'price_support', 'grant-in-aid', 'postdoctoral', 'traineeship', 'gratuity', 'prize', 'door_prize', 'jackpot', 'prize_money', 'present', 'birthday_present', 'Christmas_present', 'stocking_filler', 'wedding_present', 'bride-gift', 'cash_surrender_value', 'contribution', 'contribution', 'benefaction', 'offering', 'tithe', 'offertory', 'hearth_money', 'political_contribution', 'soft_money', 'endowment', 'enrichment', 'patrimony', 'chantry', 'lagniappe', 'bestowal', 'bounty', 'premium', 'freebie', 'giveaway', 'gift_horse', 'thank_offering', 'bonus', 'incentive_program', 'deductible', 'defalcation', 'dividend', 'sales_incentive', 'allowance', 'cost-of-living_allowance', 'depreciation_allowance', 'deduction', 'trade_discount', 'seasonal_adjustment', 'tare', 'outgo', 'expense', 'cost', 'business_expense', 'interest_expense', 'lobbying_expense', 'medical_expense', 'non-cash_expense', 'moving_expense', 'operating_expense', 'organization_expense', 'personal_expense', 'promotional_expense', 'expense', 'transfer_payment', 'capital_expenditure', 'payment', 'overpayment', 'underpayment', 'wage', 'combat_pay', 'double_time', 'found', 'half-pay', 'living_wage', 'merit_pay', 'minimum_wage', 'pay_envelope', 'sick_pay', 'strike_pay', 'take-home_pay', 'subscription', 'regular_payment', 'pay_rate', 'time_and_a_half', 'payment_rate', 'blood_money', 'recompense', 'refund', 'rebate', 'rent-rebate', 'compensation', 'overcompensation', \"workmen's_compensation\", 'conscience_money', 'support_payment', 'palimony', 'alimony', 'reward', 'honorarium', 'ransom', 'blood_money', 'guerdon', 'meed', 'hush_money', 'bribe', 'kickback', 'payola', 'soap', 'share', 'tranche', 'dispensation', 'dole', 'way', 'ration', 'allowance', 'slice', 'split', 'interest', 'grubstake', 'controlling_interest', 'insurable_interest', 'vested_interest', 'security_interest', 'terminable_interest', 'undivided_interest', 'fee', 'fee_simple', 'fee_tail', 'entail', 'profit_sharing', 'cut', 'rake-off', 'allotment', 'reallocation', 'quota', 'appropriation', 'reimbursement', 'emolument', 'blood_money', 'damages', 'relief', 'counterbalance', 'actual_damages', 'nominal_damages', 'punitive_damages', 'double_damages', 'treble_damages', 'reparation', 'reparation', 'atonement', 'residual', 'poverty_line', 'allowance', 'breakage', 'costs', 'per_diem', 'travel_allowance', 'mileage', 'stipend', 'privy_purse', 'prebend', 'annuity', 'annuity_in_advance', 'ordinary_annuity', 'reversionary_annuity', 'tontine', 'rent', 'ground_rent', 'peppercorn_rent', 'rack_rent', 'economic_rent', 'payback', 'installment_plan', 'hire-purchase', 'benefit', 'cost-of-living_benefit', 'death_benefit', 'advance_death_benefit', 'viatical_settlement', 'disability_benefit', 'sick_benefit', 'fringe_benefit', 'appanage', 'tax_benefit', 'gratuity', 'Christmas_box', 'child_support', 'lump_sum', 'payoff', 'remittance', 'repayment', 'redemption', 'token_payment', 'nonpayment', 'delinquency', 'default', 'penalty', 'pittance', 'retribution', 'forfeit', 'forfeit', 'fine', 'library_fine', 'premium', 'installment', 'cost_overrun', 'cost_of_living', 'borrowing_cost', 'distribution_cost', 'handling_cost', 'marketing_cost', 'production_cost', 'replacement_cost', 'reproduction_cost', 'unit_cost', 'price', 'price', 'markup', 'asking_price', 'bid_price', 'closing_price', 'offer_price', 'upset_price', 'factory_price', 'highway_robbery', 'list_price', 'purchase_price', 'spot_price', 'support_level', 'valuation', 'opportunity_cost', 'cost_of_capital', 'carrying_cost', 'portage', 'incidental_expense', 'travel_expense', 'charge', 'carrying_charge', 'depreciation_charge', 'undercharge', 'overcharge', 'extortion', 'corkage', 'fare', 'airfare', 'bus_fare', 'cab_fare', 'subway_fare', 'train_fare', 'levy', 'tax', 'tax_base', 'tax_rate', 'tax_liability', 'single_tax', 'income_tax', 'bracket_creep', 'estimated_tax', 'FICA', 'business_deduction', 'exemption', 'entertainment_deduction', 'withholding_tax', 'PAYE', 'unearned_increment', 'capital_gain', 'capital_loss', 'capital_gains_tax', 'capital_levy', 'departure_tax', 'property_tax', 'council_tax', 'franchise_tax', 'gift_tax', 'inheritance_tax', 'direct_tax', 'tax_advantage', 'tax_shelter', 'indirect_tax', 'hidden_tax', 'capitation', 'poll_tax', 'progressive_tax', 'proportional_tax', 'degressive_tax', 'rates', 'poor_rates', 'stamp_tax', 'surtax', 'pavage', 'transfer_tax', 'tithe', 'special_assessment', 'duty', 'excise', 'sales_tax', 'VAT', 'gasoline_tax', 'customs', 'ship_money', 'tonnage', 'octroi', 'revenue_tariff', 'protective_tariff', 'anti-dumping_duty', 'import_duty', 'export_duty', 'countervailing_duty', 'fixed_charge', 'cover_charge', 'interest', 'compound_interest', 'simple_interest', 'interest_rate', 'discount_rate', 'bank_rate', 'discount_rate', 'base_rate', 'prime_interest_rate', 'usury', 'fee', 'anchorage', 'cellarage', 'commission', 'contingency_fee', 'dockage', 'drop-off_charge', 'entrance_fee', \"finder's_fee\", 'legal_fee', 'licensing_fee', 'refresher', 'lighterage', 'lockage', 'mintage', 'moorage', 'origination_fee', 'pipage', 'poundage', 'retainer', 'quid_pro_quo', 'seigniorage', 'toll', 'truckage', 'tuition', 'wharfage', 'agio', 'demurrage', 'installation_charge', 'porterage', 'postage', 'poundage', 'rate', 'water-rate', 'surcharge', 'single_supplement', 'service_charge', 'stowage', 'tankage', 'freight', 'rate_of_depreciation', 'rate_of_exchange', 'excursion_rate', 'footage', 'linage', 'room_rate', 'loss', 'squeeze', 'loss', 'financial_loss', 'sacrifice', 'wastage', 'depreciation', 'straight-line_method', 'write-off', 'tax_write-off', 'losings', 'circumstances', 'assets', 'payables', 'receivables', 'crown_jewel', 'deep_pocket', 'reserve_assets', 'special_drawing_rights', 'sum', 'figure', 'resource', 'natural_resource', 'labor_resources', 'land_resources', 'mineral_resources', 'renewable_resource', 'intangible', 'good_will', 'liquid_assets', 'investment', 'equity', 'sweat_equity', 'equity', 'stock', 'stockholding', 'stockholding', 'capital_stock', 'blue_chip', 'classified_stock', 'common_stock', 'stock_of_record', 'par_value', 'no-par-value_stock', 'preferred_stock', 'cumulative_preferred', 'float', 'common_stock_equivalent', 'control_stock', 'growth_stock', 'hot_stock', 'penny_stock', 'book_value', 'market_value', 'bond_issue', 'convertible_bond', 'corporate_bond', 'coupon_bond', 'government_bond', 'junk_bond', 'municipal_bond', 'noncallable_bond', 'performance_bond', 'post-obit_bond', 'registered_bond', 'revenue_bond', 'secured_bond', 'unsecured_bond', 'government_security', 'mortgage-backed_security', 'registered_security', 'savings_bond', 'utility_bond', 'zero_coupon_bond', 'reversion', 'escheat', 'right', 'accession', 'share', 'authorized_shares', 'quarter_stock', 'speculation', 'gamble', 'smart_money', 'pyramid', 'stake', 'pot', 'ante', 'security', 'easy_street', 'hedge', 'coverage', 'insurance', 'assurance', 'automobile_insurance', 'no_fault_insurance', 'business_interruption_insurance', 'coinsurance', 'fire_insurance', 'group_insurance', 'hazard_insurance', 'health_insurance', 'hospitalization_insurance', 'liability_insurance', 'life_insurance', 'endowment_insurance', 'tontine', 'whole_life_insurance', 'malpractice_insurance', 'reinsurance', 'self-insurance', 'term_insurance', 'health_maintenance_organization', 'security', 'deposit', 'down_payment', 'satisfaction', 'earnest', 'earnest_money', 'recognizance', 'pledge', 'pawn', 'bail', 'margin', 'brokerage_account', 'cash_account', 'custodial_account', 'margin_account', 'mortgage', 'conditional_sale', 'first_mortgage', 'second_mortgage', 'chattel_mortgage', 'collateral', 'guarantee', 'material_resource', 'wealth', 'gold', 'capital', 'means', 'pocketbook', 'wherewithal', 'venture_capital', 'capital', 'operating_capital', 'account', 'income_statement', 'capital_account', 'capital_account', 'principal', 'seed_money', 'funds', 'bank', 'bankroll', 'pocket', 'Medicaid_funds', 'treasury', 'money_supply', 'M1', 'M2', 'M3', 'public_treasury', 'pork_barrel', 'bursary', 'subtreasury', 'fisc', 'fund', 'mutual_fund', 'exchange_traded_fund', 'index_fund', 'revolving_fund', 'sinking_fund', 'savings', 'bank_account', 'giro_account', 'pension_fund', 'war_chest', 'slush_fund', 'trust', 'active_trust', 'blind_trust', 'passive_trust', 'charitable_trust', 'Clifford_trust', 'implied_trust', 'constructive_trust', 'resulting_trust', 'direct_trust', 'discretionary_trust', 'nondiscretionary_trust', 'living_trust', 'spendthrift_trust', 'testamentary_trust', 'savings_account_trust', 'voting_trust', 'trust_fund', 'checking_account', 'savings_account', 'time_deposit_account', 'dormant_account', 'passbook_savings_account', 'cash_equivalent', 'certificate_of_deposit', 'support', 'support', 'ways_and_means', 'comforts', 'maintenance', 'meal_ticket', 'subsistence', 'accumulation', 'hoard', 'store', 'provision', 'issue', 'seed_stock', 'seed_corn', 'reserve', 'bank', 'blood_bank', 'eye_bank', 'food_bank', 'fuel_level', 'hole_card', 'soil_bank', 'pool', 'hidden_reserve', 'cookie_jar_reserve', 'pool', 'reserve_account', 'valuation_reserve', 'treasure', 'treasure', 'fortune', 'valuable', 'swag', \"king's_ransom\", 'treasure_trove', 'precious_metal', 'bullion', 'gold', 'silver', 'diamond', 'ice', 'ruby', 'pearl', 'seed_pearl', 'emerald', 'sapphire', 'medium_of_exchange', 'standard', 'gold_standard', 'silver_standard', 'bimetallism', 'tender', 'food_stamp', 'credit', 'consumer_credit', 'bank_loan', 'business_loan', 'interbank_loan', 'home_loan', 'installment_credit', 'open-end_credit', 'credit_account', 'revolving_charge_account', 'advance', 'credit_card', 'bank_card', 'calling_card', 'cash_card', 'debit_card', 'smart_card', 'draft', 'overdraft', 'foreign_bill', 'inland_bill', 'redraft', 'trade_acceptance', 'foreign_exchange', 'credit', 'cheap_money', 'overage', 'tax_credit', 'export_credit', 'import_credit', 'credit_line', 'commercial_credit', 'letter_of_credit', 'commercial_letter_of_credit', \"traveler's_letter_of_credit\", \"traveler's_check\", 'bank_draft', 'dividend_warrant', 'money_order', 'overdraft_credit', 'deposit', 'demand_deposit', 'time_deposit', 'acceptance', 'check', 'bad_check', 'kite', 'kite', 'counter_check', 'giro', 'paycheck', 'certified_check', 'personal_check', \"cashier's_check\", 'blank_check', 'disability_check', 'medicare_check', 'pension', 'old-age_pension', 'money', 'money', 'sterling', 'boodle', 'shinplaster', 'subsidization', 'token_money', 'currency', 'Eurocurrency', 'fractional_currency', 'cash', 'cash', 'hard_currency', 'paper_money', 'change', 'change', 'coinage', 'small_change', 'change', 'coin', 'bawbee', 'bezant', 'denier', 'ducat', 'real', 'piece_of_eight', 'shilling', 'crown', 'half_crown', 'dime', 'nickel', 'quarter', 'half_dollar', 'halfpenny', 'penny', 'slug', 'tenpence', 'twopence', 'threepence', 'fourpence', 'fivepence', 'sixpence', 'eightpence', 'ninepence', 'copper', 'new_penny', 'dollar', 'Susan_B_Anthony_dollar', 'silver_dollar', 'double_eagle', 'eagle', 'half_eagle', 'guinea', 'farthing', 'doubloon', \"louis_d'or\", 'medallion', 'stater', 'sou', 'Maundy_money', 'fiat_money', 'bill', 'silver_certificate', 'Treasury', 'Treasury_bill', 'Treasury_bond', 'Treasury_note', 'hundred_dollar_bill', 'fifty_dollar_bill', 'twenty_dollar_bill', 'tenner', 'fiver', 'nickel', 'two_dollar_bill', 'dollar', 'liabilities', 'deficit', 'budget_deficit', 'federal_deficit', 'trade_deficit', 'due', 'limited_liability', 'debt', 'arrears', 'national_debt', 'public_debt', 'debt_limit', 'national_debt_ceiling', 'debt_instrument', 'note', 'bad_debt', 'installment_debt', 'loan', 'call_loan', 'direct_loan', 'participation_loan', 'personal_loan', 'automobile_loan', 'point', 'real_estate_loan', 'time_loan', 'demand_note', 'principal', 'charge', 'lien', \"artisan's_lien\", 'federal_tax_lien', 'general_lien', 'judgment_lien', \"landlord's_lien\", \"mechanic's_lien\", \"garageman's_lien\", 'state_tax_lien', 'tax_lien', \"warehouseman's_lien\", 'encumbrance', 'assessment', 'document', 'quittance', 'record', 'balance_sheet', 'expense_record', 'ledger', 'cost_ledger', 'general_ledger', 'subsidiary_ledger', 'control_account', 'daybook', 'entry', 'adjusting_entry', 'credit', 'debit', 'accounting', 'credit_side', 'debit_side', 'accrual_basis', 'cash_basis', 'pooling_of_interest', 'accounts_receivable', 'note_receivable', 'accounts_payable', 'note_payable', 'profit_and_loss', 'dividend', 'stock_dividend', 'extra_dividend', 'equalizing_dividend', 'divvy', 'suspense_account', 'balance', 'balance', 'balance_of_trade', 'carry-over', 'compensating_balance', 'invisible_balance', 'balance_of_payments', 'current_account', 'trial_balance', 'audited_account', 'limited_audit', 'review', 'analytical_review', 'expense_account', 'payslip', 'register', 'inventory', 'payroll', 'payroll', 'peanuts', 'purse', 'purse', 'value', 'mess_of_pottage', 'premium', 'bankbook', 'checkbook', 'pawn_ticket', 'escrow', 'escrow_funds', 'commercial_paper', 'municipal_note', 'IOU', 'time_note', 'floater', 'hotel_plan', 'American_plan', 'modified_American_plan', 'Bermuda_plan', 'European_plan', 'devise', 'security', 'scrip', 'stock_certificate', 'tax-exempt_security', 'bond', 'Premium_Bond', 'warrant', 'perpetual_warrant', 'subscription_warrant', 'zero-coupon_security', 'partnership_certificate', 'proprietorship_certificate', 'convertible', 'letter_security', 'investment_letter', 'treasury_stock', 'voting_stock', 'watered_stock', 'letter_stock', 'letter_bond', 'listed_security', 'unlisted_security', 'over_the_counter_stock', 'budget', 'balanced_budget', 'budget', 'Civil_List', 'operating_budget', 'petty_cash', 'pocket_money', 'ready_cash', 'sight_draft', 'time_draft', 'matching_funds', 'bottom_line', 'ablactation', 'ablation', 'abrasion', 'abscission', 'absorption', 'absorption', 'accession', 'acclimatization', 'accretion', 'accretion', 'accretion', 'accretion', 'acetylation', 'Acheson_process', 'acid-base_equilibrium', 'acidification', 'activation', 'active_birth', 'active_transport', 'acylation', 'adaptation', 'addition_reaction', 'adiabatic_process', 'administrative_data_processing', 'adsorption', 'advection', 'aeration', 'agenesis', 'agglutination', 'agglutination', 'agglutination', 'aging', 'aldol_reaction', 'alluvion', 'alpha_decay', 'alternative_birth', 'amelogenesis', 'Americanization', 'amitosis', 'ammonification', 'amylolysis', 'anabolism', 'anaglyphy', 'anamorphism', 'anamorphosis', 'anaphase', 'anastalsis', 'androgenesis', 'angiogenesis', 'Anglicization', 'anisogamy', 'anovulation', 'anthropogenesis', 'antiredeposition', 'antisepsis', 'aphaeresis', 'aphesis', 'apogamy', 'apomixis', 'apposition', 'asexual_reproduction', 'assibilation', 'assimilation', 'assimilation', 'assimilation', 'association', 'asynchronous_operation', 'attack', 'autocatalysis', 'autolysis', 'automatic_data_processing', 'autoradiography', 'autotype', 'autoregulation', 'auxesis', 'auxiliary_operation', 'background_processing', 'backup', 'bacteriolysis', 'bacteriostasis', 'basal_metabolic_rate', 'basal_metabolism', 'batch_processing', 'beach_erosion', 'bed-wetting', 'Bessemer_process', 'beta_decay', 'biochemical_mechanism', 'biosynthesis', 'blastogenesis', 'blaze', 'blood_coagulation', 'blooming', 'blossoming', 'blowing', 'bluing', 'bodily_process', 'boiling', 'boolean_operation', 'bottom_fermentation', 'bowel_movement', 'Bradley_method_of_childbirth', 'brooding', 'budding', 'buildup', 'calcification', 'calcination', 'calving', 'capture', 'capture', 'carbonation', 'carbon_cycle', 'carbon_cycle', 'carbonization', 'carriage_return', 'catabiosis', 'catabolism', 'catalysis', 'cavity', 'cell_division', 'cenogenesis', 'centrifugation', 'chain_reaction', 'chain_reaction', 'chelation', 'chelation', 'chemical_equilibrium', 'chemical_process', 'chemical_reaction', 'chemisorption', 'chemosynthesis', 'childbirth', 'chlorination', 'chromatography', 'civilization', 'cleavage', 'cleavage', 'climate_change', 'clouding', 'cohesion', 'cold_fusion', 'column_chromatography', 'combustion', 'deflagration', 'compensation', 'computer_operation', 'concretion', 'concurrent_operation', 'condensation', 'congealment', 'conspicuous_consumption', 'consumption', 'control_operation', 'convalescence', 'convection', 'convection', 'conversion', 'cooling', 'corrosion', 'corruption', 'cost-pull_inflation', 'cracking', 'crossing_over', 'cultivation', 'curdling', 'cyanide_process', 'cytogenesis', 'cytolysis', 'data_mining', 'data_processing', 'dealignment', 'deamination', 'decalcification', 'decarboxylation', 'decay', 'decay', 'decay', 'decentralization', 'decline', 'decoction', 'decoction_process', 'decomposition', 'decomposition', 'decrease', 'dedifferentiation', 'deepening', 'defecation', 'defense_mechanism', 'deflation', 'defoliation', 'degaussing', 'degeneration', 'dehydration', 'de-iodination', 'demagnetization', 'demand', 'demand-pull_inflation', 'demineralization', 'denazification', 'denial', 'deossification', 'deposition', 'derivation', 'eponymy', 'desalination', 'desertification', 'desensitization', 'desorption', 'destalinization', 'destructive_distillation', 'deterioration', 'detumescence', 'development', 'development', 'diakinesis', 'diastrophism', 'diffusion', 'digestion', 'digestion', 'digital_photography', 'dilapidation', 'diplotene', 'discharge', 'disinflation', 'displacement', 'displacement', 'dissimilation', 'dissociation', 'dissolution', 'dissolving', 'distillation', 'distributed_data_processing', 'dithering', 'domestication', 'double_decomposition', 'double_replacement_reaction', 'doubling', 'drift', 'drift', 'dry_plate', 'melioration', 'dyadic_operation', 'ebb', 'eburnation', 'ecchymosis', 'economic_growth', 'economic_process', 'effacement', 'effervescence', 'ejaculation', 'electrodeposition', 'electrolysis', 'electronic_data_processing', 'electrophoresis', 'electrostatic_precipitation', 'elimination', 'elimination_reaction', 'elision', 'ellipsis', 'elution', 'emergent_evolution', 'emission', 'encapsulation', 'endoergic_reaction', 'endothermic_reaction', 'enuresis', 'epigenesis', 'epilation', 'epitaxy', 'erosion', 'erosion', 'erythropoiesis', 'establishment', 'Europeanization', 'eutrophication', 'evolution', 'execution', 'exoergic_reaction', 'exothermic_reaction', 'expectoration', 'exponential_decay', 'expression', 'extinction', 'extraction', 'extravasation', 'farrow', 'fat_metabolism', 'feedback', 'feminization', 'festering', 'fibrinolysis', 'field_emission', 'filling', 'filtration', 'fire', 'fission', 'fission', 'fissiparity', 'fixed-cycle_operation', 'flare', 'floating-point_operation', 'flocculation', 'flow', 'flowage', 'focalization', 'fold', 'foliation', 'foliation', 'foreground_processing', 'formation', 'fossilization', 'fractional_distillation', 'fractionation', 'fragmentation', 'freeze', 'freeze-drying', 'frost', 'fructification', 'fusion', 'fusion', 'galactosis', 'galvanization', 'gametogenesis', 'gasification', 'gassing', 'gastric_digestion', 'gastrulation', 'geological_process', 'germination', 'glaciation', 'Riss_glaciation', 'Saale_glaciation', 'Wolstonian_glaciation', 'globalization', 'global_warming', 'glycogenesis', 'glycolysis', 'growing', 'growth', 'growth', 'gynogenesis', 'Haber_process', 'habit', 'hardening', 'hatch', 'healing', 'heat_dissipation', 'heating', 'hemagglutination', 'hematochezia', 'hematopoiesis', 'hemimetamorphosis', 'heterometabolism', 'hemolysis', 'heredity', 'heterospory', 'holometabolism', 'homospory', 'human_process', 'humification', 'hydration', 'hydrocracking', 'hydrogenation', 'hydrolysis', 'hyperhidrosis', 'hypersecretion', 'hypostasis', 'hypostasis', 'idealization', 'ignition', 'imbibition', 'immunoelectrophoresis', 'implantation', 'impregnation', 'inactivation', 'incontinence', 'increase', 'incrustation', 'induction_heating', 'industrial_process', 'indweller', 'infection', 'infection', 'inflation', 'deflation', 'inflationary_spiral', 'deflationary_spiral', 'inflow', 'infructescence', 'infusion', 'inhibition', 'inpouring', 'inspissation', 'insufflation', 'integrated_data_processing', 'intellectualization', 'internal_combustion', 'intrusion', 'intumescence', 'intussusception', 'invagination', 'inversion', 'involution', 'iodination', 'ion_exchange', 'ionization', 'irreversible_process', 'isoagglutination', 'isogamy', 'isolation', 'iteration', 'iteration', 'juvenescence', 'cytokinesis', 'karyokinesis', 'karyolysis', 'katamorphism', 'keratinization', 'Krebs_cycle', 'lacrimation', 'lactation', 'Lamaze_method_of_childbirth', 'laying', 'leach', 'leak', 'Leboyer_method_of_childbirth', 'leeway', 'leptotene', 'lexicalization', 'libration', 'life_cycle', 'light_reaction', 'line_feed', 'linguistic_process', 'liquefaction', 'list_processing', 'lithuresis', 'logic_operation', 'loss', 'lymphopoiesis', 'lysis', 'lysis', 'lysogenization', 'maceration', 'macroevolution', 'magnetization', 'majority_operation', 'malabsorption', 'marginalization', 'market_forces', 'Markov_chain', 'Markov_process', 'masculinization', 'materialization', 'maturation', 'mechanism', 'meiosis', 'mellowing', 'meltdown', 'menorrhagia', 'menstruation', 'metabolism', 'metamorphism', 'metamorphosis', 'metaphase', 'metaphase', 'metastasis', 'metathesis', 'microevolution', 'microphoning', 'micturition', 'mildew', 'mineral_extraction', 'mitosis', 'molt', 'monadic_operation', 'monogenesis', 'morphallaxis', 'morphogenesis', 'multiplex_operation', 'multiplication', 'multiprocessing', 'multiprogramming', 'myelinization', 'narrowing', 'natural_childbirth', 'natural_process', 'Nazification', 'necrolysis', 'negative_feedback', 'neoplasia', 'neurogenesis', 'neutralization', 'new_line', 'nitrification', 'nitrification', 'nitrogen_cycle', 'nitrogen_fixation', 'nocturia', 'nocturnal_emission', 'nondevelopment', 'nondisjunction', 'nosedive', 'nuclear_reaction', 'nucleosynthesis', 'nutrition', 'obsolescence', 'oligomenorrhea', 'oliguria', 'omission', 'oogenesis', 'opacification', 'open-hearth_process', 'operation', 'operation', 'opsonization', 'organic_process', 'organification', 'orogeny', 'oscillation', 'osmosis', 'reverse_osmosis', 'ossification', 'ossification', 'ossification', 'osteolysis', 'outflow', 'overactivity', 'overcompensation', 'overflow_incontinence', 'overheating', 'ovulation', 'oxidation', 'oxidation-reduction', 'oxidative_phosphorylation', 'oxygenation', 'pachytene', 'pair_production', 'palingenesis', 'paper_chromatography', 'paper_electrophoresis', 'parallel_operation', 'parthenocarpy', 'parthenogenesis', 'parthenogenesis', 'parturition', 'passive_transport', 'pathogenesis', 'pathologic_process', 'peace_process', 'peeing', 'peptization', 'percolation', 'perennation', 'peristalsis', 'permeation', 'perspiration', 'petrifaction', 'phagocytosis', 'phase_change', 'phase_of_cell_division', 'photochemical_reaction', 'photoelectric_emission', 'photography', 'photomechanics', 'photosynthesis', 'pigmentation', 'pinocytosis', 'pitting', 'placentation', 'planation', 'plastination', 'polymerization', 'population_growth', 'irruption', 'positive_feedback', 'potentiation', 'powder_photography', 'precession_of_the_equinoxes', 'prechlorination', 'precipitation', 'precocious_dentition', 'premature_ejaculation', 'preservation', 'printing_operation', 'priority_processing', 'processing', 'professionalization', 'projection', 'proliferation', 'proliferation', 'prophase', 'prophase', 'proteolysis', 'psilosis', 'psychoanalytic_process', 'psychogenesis', 'psychogenesis', 'psychomotor_development', 'psychosexual_development', 'ptyalism', 'pullulation', 'pullulation', 'pyrochemical_process', 'quadrupling', 'quellung', 'quickening', 'quintupling', 'radiant_heating', 'radiation', 'radiography', 'radiolysis', 'rain-wash', 'rally', 'random_walk', 'rationalization', 'reaction_formation', 'Read_method_of_childbirth', 'real-time_processing', 'rectification', 'redeposition', 'reducing', 'reduction', 'refilling', 'refining', 'reflation', 'refrigeration', 'regeneration', 'regression', 'regulation', 'relaxation', 'relaxation', 'release', 'replication', 'repression', 'reproduction', 'resorption', 'reticulation', 'retrieval', 'stovepiping', 'reuptake', 'reversible_process', 'rigor_mortis', 'ripening', 'rooting', 'rust', 'salivation', 'saltation', 'saponification', 'scanning', 'scattering', 'schizogony', 'search', 'secondary_emission', 'secretion', 'segregation', 'sensitization', 'sequestration', 'serial_operation', 'serial_processing', 'sericulture', 'sexual_reproduction', 'shaping', 'shedding', 'shit', 'sink', 'sinking_spell', 'slippage', 'slippage', 'slump', 'smoke', 'soak', 'social_process', 'softening', 'soil_erosion', 'solvation', 'Solvay_process', 'sorption', 'sort', 'source', 'origin', 'souring', 'spallation', 'specialization', 'speciation', 'spiral', 'spermatogenesis', 'spoilage', 'spontaneous_combustion', 'stagflation', 'Stalinization', 'stationary_stochastic_process', 'steel_production', 'stiffening', 'stimulation', 'stochastic_process', 'storage', 'stratification', 'stress_incontinence', 'subduction', 'succession', 'summation', 'superposition', 'supply', 'suppression', 'survival', 'symphysis', 'synapsis', 'syncretism', 'synchronous_operation', 'syneresis', 'syneresis', 'synergy', 'synizesis', 'synthesis', 'tanning', 'teething', 'telophase', 'telophase', 'temperature_change', 'teratogenesis', 'thaw', 'thermionic_emission', 'thermocoagulation', 'thermonuclear_reaction', 'threshold_operation', 'thrombolysis', 'top_fermentation', 'transamination', 'transamination', 'transcription', 'transduction', 'transduction', 'translation', 'protein_folding', 'translocation', 'translocation', 'transpiration', 'transpiration', 'transpiration', 'transport', 'tripling', 'tumefaction', 'ulceration', 'ultracentrifugation', 'underdevelopment', 'unfolding', 'union', 'uptake', 'urbanization', 'urge_incontinence', 'urochesia', 'variation', 'vaporization', 'vascularization', 'vegetation', 'vesiculation', 'vicious_circle', 'video_digitizing', 'vinification', 'vitrification', 'vulcanization', 'washout', 'wastage', 'Westernization', 'widening', 'word_processing', 'zygotene', 'zymosis', 'zymosis', 'fundamental_quantity', 'definite_quantity', 'indefinite_quantity', 'relative_quantity', 'system_of_measurement', 'system_of_weights_and_measures', 'British_Imperial_System', 'metric_system', 'cgs', \"Systeme_International_d'Unites\", 'United_States_Customary_System', 'point_system', 'information_measure', 'bandwidth', 'baud', 'cordage', 'octane_number', 'utility', 'marginal_utility', 'enough', 'fill', 'normality', 'majority', 'plurality', 'absolute_value', 'acid_value', 'chlorinity', 'number', 'quire', 'ream', 'solubility', 'toxicity', 'cytotoxicity', 'unit_of_measurement', 'measuring_unit', 'denier', 'diopter', 'karat', 'decimal', 'constant', \"Avogadro's_number\", \"Boltzmann's_constant\", 'coefficient', 'absorption_coefficient', 'drag_coefficient', 'coefficient_of_friction', 'coefficient_of_mutual_induction', 'coefficient_of_self_induction', 'modulus', 'coefficient_of_elasticity', 'bulk_modulus', 'modulus_of_rigidity', \"Young's_modulus\", 'coefficient_of_expansion', 'coefficient_of_reflection', 'transmittance', 'coefficient_of_viscosity', 'weight', 'cosmological_constant', 'equilibrium_constant', 'dissociation_constant', 'gas_constant', 'gravitational_constant', \"Hubble's_constant\", 'ionic_charge', \"Planck's_constant\", 'oxidation_number', 'cardinality', 'count', 'complement', 'blood_count', 'body_count', 'circulation', 'circulation', 'head_count', 'pollen_count', 'sperm_count', 'factor', 'conversion_factor', 'factor_of_proportionality', 'Fibonacci_number', 'prime', 'prime_factor', 'prime_number', 'composite_number', 'score', 'stroke', 'birdie', 'bogey', 'deficit', 'double-bogey', 'duck', 'eagle', 'double_eagle', 'game', 'lead', 'love', 'match', 'par', 'record', 'compound_number', 'ordinal_number', 'first', 'cardinal_number', 'base', 'floating-point_number', 'fixed-point_number', 'frequency', 'googol', 'googolplex', 'atomic_number', 'magic_number', 'baryon_number', 'quota', 'long_measure', 'magnetization', 'magnetic_flux', 'absorption_unit', 'acceleration_unit', 'angular_unit', 'area_unit', 'volume_unit', 'cubic_inch', 'cubic_foot', 'computer_memory_unit', 'cord', 'electromagnetic_unit', 'explosive_unit', 'force_unit', 'linear_unit', 'metric_unit', 'miles_per_gallon', 'monetary_unit', 'megaflop', 'teraflop', 'MIPS', 'pain_unit', 'pressure_unit', 'printing_unit', 'sound_unit', 'telephone_unit', 'temperature_unit', 'weight_unit', 'mass_unit', 'unit_of_viscosity', 'work_unit', 'langley', 'Brinell_number', 'Brix_scale', 'point', 'advantage', 'set_point', 'match_point', 'sabin', 'circular_measure', 'mil', 'degree', 'second', 'minute', 'microradian', 'milliradian', 'radian', 'grad', 'oxtant', 'sextant', 'straight_angle', 'steradian', 'square_inch', 'square_foot', 'square_yard', 'square_meter', 'square_mile', 'section', 'quarter_section', 'acre', 'are', 'hectare', 'arpent', 'barn', 'dessiatine', 'morgen', 'perch', 'liquid_unit', 'dry_unit', 'United_States_liquid_unit', 'British_capacity_unit', 'metric_capacity_unit', 'ardeb', 'arroba', 'bath', 'cran', 'ephah', 'field_capacity', 'homer', 'hin', 'fathom', 'acre-foot', 'acre_inch', 'board_measure', 'board_foot', 'standard', 'cubic_yard', 'last', 'mutchkin', 'oka', 'minim', 'fluidram', 'fluidounce', 'gill', 'cup', 'pint', 'fifth', 'quart', 'gallon', 'barrel', 'United_States_dry_unit', 'pint', 'quart', 'peck', 'bushel', 'minim', 'fluidram', 'fluidounce', 'gill', 'pint', 'quart', 'gallon', 'peck', 'bushel', 'firkin', 'kilderkin', 'quarter', 'hogshead', 'chaldron', 'cubic_millimeter', 'milliliter', 'centiliter', 'deciliter', 'liter', 'dekaliter', 'hectoliter', 'kiloliter', 'cubic_kilometer', 'bit', 'parity_bit', 'nybble', 'byte', 'sector', 'block', 'bad_block', 'allocation_unit', 'partition', 'word', 'kilobyte', 'kilobyte', 'kilobit', 'kibibit', 'megabyte', 'megabyte', 'megabit', 'mebibit', 'gigabyte', 'gigabyte', 'gigabit', 'gibibit', 'terabyte', 'terabyte', 'terabit', 'tebibit', 'petabyte', 'petabyte', 'petabit', 'pebibit', 'exabyte', 'exabyte', 'exabit', 'exbibit', 'zettabyte', 'zettabyte', 'zettabit', 'zebibit', 'yottabyte', 'yottabyte', 'yottabit', 'yobibit', 'capacitance_unit', 'charge_unit', 'conductance_unit', 'current_unit', 'elastance_unit', 'field_strength_unit', 'flux_density_unit', 'flux_unit', 'inductance_unit', 'light_unit', 'magnetomotive_force_unit', 'potential_unit', 'power_unit', 'radioactivity_unit', 'resistance_unit', 'electrostatic_unit', 'picofarad', 'microfarad', 'millifarad', 'farad', 'abfarad', 'coulomb', 'abcoulomb', 'ampere-minute', 'ampere-hour', 'mho', 'ampere', 'milliampere', 'abampere', 'ampere', 'daraf', 'gamma', 'oersted', 'maxwell', 'weber', 'microgauss', 'gauss', 'tesla', 'abhenry', 'millihenry', 'henry', 'illumination_unit', 'luminance_unit', 'luminous_flux_unit', 'luminous_intensity_unit', 'exposure', 'footcandle', 'lambert', 'lux', 'phot', 'nit', 'foot-lambert', 'lumen', 'candle', 'international_candle', 'gilbert', 'ampere-turn', 'magneton', 'abvolt', 'millivolt', 'microvolt', 'nanovolt', 'picovolt', 'femtovolt', 'volt', 'kilovolt', 'rydberg', 'wave_number', 'abwatt', 'milliwatt', 'watt', 'kilowatt', 'megawatt', 'horsepower', 'volt-ampere', 'kilovolt-ampere', 'millicurie', 'curie', 'gray', 'roentgen', 'rutherford', 'REM', 'rad', 'abohm', 'ohm', 'megohm', 'kiloton', 'megaton', 'dyne', 'newton', 'sthene', 'poundal', 'pound', 'pounder', 'g', 'gal', 'Beaufort_scale', 'astronomy_unit', 'metric_linear_unit', 'nautical_linear_unit', 'inch', 'foot', 'footer', 'yard', 'yarder', 'perch', 'furlong', 'mile', 'miler', 'half_mile', 'quarter_mile', 'league', 'ligne', 'nail', 'archine', 'kos', 'vara', 'verst', 'cable', 'chain', \"Gunter's_chain\", \"engineer's_chain\", 'cubit', 'finger', 'fistmele', 'body_length', 'extremum', 'hand', 'handbreadth', 'head', 'lea', 'li', 'link', 'mesh', 'mil', 'mile', 'mile', 'Roman_pace', 'geometric_pace', 'military_pace', 'palm', 'span', 'survey_mile', 'light_year', 'light_hour', 'light_minute', 'light_second', 'Astronomical_Unit', 'parsec', 'femtometer', 'picometer', 'angstrom', 'nanometer', 'micron', 'millimeter', 'centimeter', 'decimeter', 'meter', 'decameter', 'hectometer', 'kilometer', 'myriameter', 'nautical_chain', 'fathom', 'nautical_mile', 'nautical_mile', 'sea_mile', 'halfpennyworth', 'pennyworth', 'dollar', 'euro', 'franc', 'fractional_monetary_unit', 'Afghan_monetary_unit', 'afghani', 'pul', 'Argentine_monetary_unit', 'austral', 'Thai_monetary_unit', 'baht', 'satang', 'Panamanian_monetary_unit', 'balboa', 'Ethiopian_monetary_unit', 'birr', 'cent', 'centesimo', 'centimo', 'centavo', 'centime', 'Venezuelan_monetary_unit', 'bolivar', 'Ghanian_monetary_unit', 'cedi', 'pesewa', 'Costa_Rican_monetary_unit', 'colon', 'El_Salvadoran_monetary_unit', 'colon', 'Brazilian_monetary_unit', 'real', 'Gambian_monetary_unit', 'dalasi', 'butut', 'Algerian_monetary_unit', 'Algerian_dinar', 'Algerian_centime', 'Bahrainian_monetary_unit', 'Bahrain_dinar', 'fils', 'Iraqi_monetary_unit', 'Iraqi_dinar', 'Jordanian_monetary_unit', 'Jordanian_dinar', 'Kuwaiti_monetary_unit', 'Kuwaiti_dinar', 'Kuwaiti_dirham', 'Libyan_monetary_unit', 'Libyan_dinar', 'Libyan_dirham', 'Tunisian_monetary_unit', 'Tunisian_dinar', 'Tunisian_dirham', 'millime', 'Yugoslavian_monetary_unit', 'Yugoslavian_dinar', 'para', 'Moroccan_monetary_unit', 'Moroccan_dirham', 'United_Arab_Emirate_monetary_unit', 'United_Arab_Emirate_dirham', 'Australian_dollar', 'Bahamian_dollar', 'Barbados_dollar', 'Belize_dollar', 'Bermuda_dollar', 'Brunei_dollar', 'sen', 'Canadian_dollar', 'Cayman_Islands_dollar', 'Dominican_dollar', 'Fiji_dollar', 'Grenada_dollar', 'Guyana_dollar', 'Hong_Kong_dollar', 'Jamaican_dollar', 'Kiribati_dollar', 'Liberian_dollar', 'New_Zealand_dollar', 'Singapore_dollar', 'Taiwan_dollar', 'Trinidad_and_Tobago_dollar', 'Tuvalu_dollar', 'United_States_dollar', 'Eurodollar', 'Zimbabwean_dollar', 'Vietnamese_monetary_unit', 'dong', 'hao', 'Greek_monetary_unit', 'drachma', 'lepton', 'Sao_Thome_e_Principe_monetary_unit', 'dobra', 'Cape_Verde_monetary_unit', 'Cape_Verde_escudo', 'Portuguese_monetary_unit', 'Portuguese_escudo', 'conto', 'Hungarian_monetary_unit', 'forint', 'filler', 'pengo', 'Belgian_franc', 'Benin_franc', 'Burundi_franc', 'Cameroon_franc', 'Central_African_Republic_franc', 'Chadian_franc', 'Congo_franc', 'Djibouti_franc', 'French_franc', 'Gabon_franc', 'Ivory_Coast_franc', 'Luxembourg_franc', 'Madagascar_franc', 'Mali_franc', 'Niger_franc', 'Rwanda_franc', 'Senegalese_franc', 'Swiss_franc', 'Togo_franc', 'Burkina_Faso_franc', 'Haitian_monetary_unit', 'gourde', 'Haitian_centime', 'Paraguayan_monetary_unit', 'guarani', 'Dutch_monetary_unit', 'guilder', 'Surinamese_monetary_unit', 'guilder', 'Peruvian_monetary_unit', 'inti', 'Papuan_monetary_unit', 'kina', 'toea', 'Laotian_monetary_unit', 'kip', 'at', 'Czech_monetary_unit', 'koruna', 'haler', 'Slovakian_monetary_unit', 'koruna', 'haler', 'Icelandic_monetary_unit', 'Icelandic_krona', 'eyrir', 'Swedish_monetary_unit', 'Swedish_krona', 'ore', 'Danish_monetary_unit', 'Danish_krone', 'Norwegian_monetary_unit', 'Norwegian_krone', 'Malawian_monetary_unit', 'Malawi_kwacha', 'tambala', 'Zambian_monetary_unit', 'Zambian_kwacha', 'ngwee', 'Angolan_monetary_unit', 'kwanza', 'lwei', 'Myanmar_monetary_unit', 'kyat', 'pya', 'Albanian_monetary_unit', 'lek', 'qindarka', 'Honduran_monetary_unit', 'lempira', 'Sierra_Leone_monetary_unit', 'leone', 'Romanian_monetary_unit', 'leu', 'ban', 'Bulgarian_monetary_unit', 'lev', 'stotinka', 'Swaziland_monetary_unit', 'lilangeni', 'Italian_monetary_unit', 'lira', 'British_monetary_unit', 'British_pound', 'British_shilling', 'Turkish_monetary_unit', 'lira', 'kurus', 'asper', 'Lesotho_monetary_unit', 'loti', 'sente', 'German_monetary_unit', 'mark', 'pfennig', 'Finnish_monetary_unit', 'markka', 'penni', 'Mozambique_monetary_unit', 'metical', 'Nigerian_monetary_unit', 'naira', 'kobo', 'Bhutanese_monetary_unit', 'ngultrum', 'chetrum', 'Mauritanian_monetary_unit', 'ouguiya', 'khoum', 'Tongan_monetary_unit', \"pa'anga\", 'seniti', 'Macao_monetary_unit', 'pataca', 'avo', 'Spanish_monetary_unit', 'peseta', 'Bolivian_monetary_unit', 'boliviano', 'Nicaraguan_monetary_unit', 'cordoba', 'Chilean_monetary_unit', 'Chilean_peso', 'Colombian_monetary_unit', 'Colombian_peso', 'Cuban_monetary_unit', 'Cuban_peso', 'Dominican_monetary_unit', 'Dominican_peso', 'Guinea-Bissau_monetary_unit', 'Guinea-Bissau_peso', 'Mexican_monetary_unit', 'Mexican_peso', 'Philippine_monetary_unit', 'Philippine_peso', 'Uruguayan_monetary_unit', 'Uruguayan_peso', 'Cypriot_monetary_unit', 'Cypriot_pound', 'mil', 'Egyptian_monetary_unit', 'Egyptian_pound', 'piaster', 'penny', 'Irish_monetary_unit', 'Irish_pound', 'Lebanese_monetary_unit', 'Lebanese_pound', 'Maltese_monetary_unit', 'lira', 'Sudanese_monetary_unit', 'Sudanese_pound', 'Syrian_monetary_unit', 'Syrian_pound', 'Botswana_monetary_unit', 'pula', 'thebe', 'Guatemalan_monetary_unit', 'quetzal', 'South_African_monetary_unit', 'rand', 'Iranian_monetary_unit', 'Iranian_rial', 'Iranian_dinar', 'Omani_monetary_unit', 'riyal-omani', 'baiza', 'Yemeni_monetary_unit', 'Yemeni_rial', 'Yemeni_fils', 'Cambodian_monetary_unit', 'riel', 'Malaysian_monetary_unit', 'ringgit', 'Qatari_monetary_unit', 'Qatari_riyal', 'Qatari_dirham', 'Saudi_Arabian_monetary_unit', 'Saudi_Arabian_riyal', 'qurush', 'Russian_monetary_unit', 'ruble', 'kopek', 'Armenian_monetary_unit', 'dram', 'lumma', 'Azerbaijani_monetary_unit', 'manat', 'qepiq', 'Belarusian_monetary_unit', 'rubel', 'kapeika', 'Estonian_monetary_unit', 'kroon', 'sent', 'Georgian_monetary_unit', 'lari', 'tetri', 'Kazakhstani_monetary_unit', 'tenge', 'tiyin', 'Latvian_monetary_unit', 'lats', 'santims', 'Lithuanian_monetary_unit', 'litas', 'centas', 'Kyrgyzstani_monetary_unit', 'som', 'tyiyn', 'Moldovan_monetary_unit', 'leu', 'ban', 'Tajikistani_monetary_unit', 'ruble', 'tanga', 'Turkmen_monetary_unit', 'manat', 'tenge', 'Ukranian_monetary_unit', 'hryvnia', 'kopiyka', 'Uzbekistani_monetary_unit', 'som', 'tiyin', 'Indian_monetary_unit', 'Indian_rupee', 'paisa', 'Pakistani_monetary_unit', 'Pakistani_rupee', 'anna', 'Mauritian_monetary_unit', 'Mauritian_rupee', 'Nepalese_monetary_unit', 'Nepalese_rupee', 'Seychelles_monetary_unit', 'Seychelles_rupee', 'Sri_Lankan_monetary_unit', 'Sri_Lanka_rupee', 'Indonesian_monetary_unit', 'rupiah', 'Austrian_monetary_unit', 'schilling', 'groschen', 'Israeli_monetary_unit', 'shekel', 'agora', 'Kenyan_monetary_unit', 'Kenyan_shilling', 'Somalian_monetary_unit', 'Somalian_shilling', 'Tanzanian_monetary_unit', 'Tanzanian_shilling', 'Ugandan_monetary_unit', 'Ugandan_shilling', 'Ecuadoran_monetary_unit', 'sucre', 'Guinean_monetary_unit', 'Guinean_franc', 'Bangladeshi_monetary_unit', 'taka', 'Western_Samoan_monetary_unit', 'tala', 'sene', 'Mongolian_monetary_unit', 'tugrik', 'mongo', 'North_Korean_monetary_unit', 'North_Korean_won', 'chon', 'South_Korean_monetary_unit', 'South_Korean_won', 'chon', 'Japanese_monetary_unit', 'yen', 'Chinese_monetary_unit', 'yuan', 'jiao', 'fen', 'Zairese_monetary_unit', 'zaire', 'likuta', 'Polish_monetary_unit', 'zloty', 'grosz', 'dol', 'standard_atmosphere', 'pascal', 'torr', 'pounds_per_square_inch', 'millibar', 'bar', 'barye', 'point', 'em', 'en', 'em', 'cicero', 'agate_line', 'milline', 'column_inch', 'linage', 'Bel', 'decibel', 'sone', 'phon', 'Erlang', 'degree', 'millidegree', 'degree_centigrade', 'degree_Fahrenheit', 'kelvin', 'Rankine', 'degree_day', 'standard_temperature', 'poise', 'atomic_mass_unit', 'mass_number', 'system_of_weights', 'avoirdupois', 'avoirdupois_unit', 'troy', 'troy_unit', \"apothecaries'_unit\", 'metric_weight_unit', 'arroba', 'catty', 'crith', 'frail', 'last', 'maund', 'obolus', 'oka', 'picul', 'pood', 'rotl', 'slug', 'tael', 'tod', 'welterweight', 'grain', 'dram', 'ounce', 'pound', 'pound', 'half_pound', 'quarter_pound', 'stone', 'quarter', 'hundredweight', 'hundredweight', 'long_ton', 'short_ton', 'kiloton', 'megaton', 'grain', 'scruple', 'pennyweight', 'dram', 'ounce', 'troy_pound', 'microgram', 'milligram', 'nanogram', 'grain', 'decigram', 'carat', 'gram', 'gram_atom', 'gram_molecule', 'dekagram', 'hectogram', 'kilogram', 'key', 'myriagram', 'centner', 'hundredweight', 'quintal', 'metric_ton', 'erg', 'electron_volt', 'joule', 'calorie', 'Calorie', 'British_thermal_unit', 'therm', 'watt-hour', 'kilowatt_hour', 'foot-pound', 'foot-ton', 'foot-poundal', 'horsepower-hour', 'kilogram-meter', 'natural_number', 'integer', 'addend', 'augend', 'minuend', 'subtrahend', 'remainder', 'complex_number', 'complex_conjugate', 'real_number', 'pure_imaginary_number', 'imaginary_part', 'modulus', 'rational_number', 'irrational_number', 'transcendental_number', 'algebraic_number', 'square', 'cube', 'biquadrate', 'radical', 'root', 'square_root', 'cube_root', 'fraction', 'common_fraction', 'numerator', 'dividend', 'denominator', 'divisor', 'quotient', 'divisor', 'remainder', 'multiplier', 'multiplicand', 'scale_factor', 'time-scale_factor', 'equivalent-binary-digit_factor', 'aliquot', 'aliquant', 'common_divisor', 'greatest_common_divisor', 'common_multiple', 'common_denominator', 'modulus', 'improper_fraction', 'proper_fraction', 'complex_fraction', 'decimal_fraction', 'circulating_decimal', 'continued_fraction', 'one-half', 'fifty_percent', 'moiety', 'one-third', 'two-thirds', 'one-fourth', 'three-fourths', 'one-fifth', 'one-sixth', 'one-seventh', 'one-eighth', 'one-ninth', 'one-tenth', 'one-twelfth', 'one-sixteenth', 'one-thirty-second', 'one-sixtieth', 'one-sixty-fourth', 'one-hundredth', 'one-thousandth', 'one-ten-thousandth', 'one-hundred-thousandth', 'one-millionth', 'one-hundred-millionth', 'one-billionth', 'one-trillionth', 'one-quadrillionth', 'one-quintillionth', 'nothing', 'nihil', 'bugger_all', 'digit', 'binary_digit', 'octal_digit', 'decimal_digit', 'duodecimal_digit', 'hexadecimal_digit', 'significant_digit', 'zero', 'one', 'monad', 'singleton', 'mate', 'two', 'craps', 'couple', 'doubleton', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine', 'large_integer', 'double_digit', 'ten', 'eleven', 'twelve', 'boxcars', 'teens', 'thirteen', 'fourteen', 'fifteen', 'sixteen', 'seventeen', 'eighteen', 'nineteen', 'twenty', 'twenty-one', 'twenty-two', 'twenty-three', 'twenty-four', 'twenty-five', 'twenty-six', 'twenty-seven', 'twenty-eight', 'twenty-nine', 'thirty', 'forty', 'fifty', 'sixty', 'seventy', 'seventy-eight', 'eighty', 'ninety', 'hundred', 'gross', 'long_hundred', 'five_hundred', 'thousand', 'millenary', 'great_gross', 'ten_thousand', 'hundred_thousand', 'million', 'crore', 'billion', 'milliard', 'billion', 'trillion', 'trillion', 'quadrillion', 'quadrillion', 'quintillion', 'sextillion', 'septillion', 'octillion', 'aleph-null', 'pi', 'e', 'addition', 'accretion', 'bag', 'breakage', 'capacity', 'formatted_capacity', 'unformatted_capacity', 'catch', 'correction', 'containerful', 'footstep', 'headspace', 'large_indefinite_quantity', 'chunk', 'limit', 'limit', 'output', 'cutoff', 'region', 'outage', 'picking', 'reserve', 'pulmonary_reserve', 'run', 'small_indefinite_quantity', 'crumb', 'dab', 'spot', \"hair's-breadth\", 'modicum', 'scattering', 'shoestring', 'spray', 'nose', 'step', 'little', 'shtik', 'shtikl', 'tad', 'minimum', 'skeleton', 'spillage', 'spoilage', 'tankage', 'ullage', 'top-up', 'worth', 'armful', 'bag', 'barrel', 'barrow', 'barnful', 'basin', 'basket', 'bin', 'bottle', 'bowl', 'box', 'bucket', 'busload', 'can', 'capful', 'carful', 'cartload', 'carton', 'case', 'cask', 'crate', 'cup', 'dish', 'dustpan', 'flask', 'glass', 'handful', 'hatful', 'headful', 'houseful', 'jar', 'jug', 'keg', 'kettle', 'lapful', 'mouthful', 'mug', 'pail', 'pipeful', 'pitcher', 'plate', 'pocketful', 'pot', 'roomful', 'sack', 'scoop', 'shelfful', 'shoeful', 'skinful', 'shovel', 'skepful', 'split', 'spoon', 'tablespoon', 'dessertspoon', 'tank', 'teacup', 'teaspoon', 'thimble', 'tub', 'morsel', 'handful', 'couple', 'drop', 'droplet', 'eyedrop', 'dollop', 'dose', 'load', 'load', 'precipitation', 'trainload', 'dreg', 'jack', 'nip', 'trace', 'spark', 'shred', 'tot', 'snuff', 'touch', 'barrels', 'batch', 'battalion', 'billyo', 'boatload', 'flood', 'haymow', 'infinitude', 'maximum', 'mile', 'million', 'much', 'myriad', 'reservoir', 'ocean', 'ream', 'small_fortune', 'supply', 'tons', 'room', 'breathing_room', 'headroom', 'houseroom', 'living_space', 'parking', 'sea_room', 'swath', 'volume', 'volume', 'capacity', 'vital_capacity', 'population', 'proof', 'STP', 'relations', 'causality', 'relationship', 'function', 'partnership', 'personal_relation', 'bonding', 'obligation', 'female_bonding', 'male_bonding', 'maternal-infant_bonding', 'association', 'logical_relation', 'contradictory', 'contrary', 'mathematical_relation', 'function', 'expansion', 'inverse_function', 'Kronecker_delta', 'metric_function', 'transformation', 'reflection', 'rotation', 'translation', 'affine_transformation', 'isometry', 'operator', 'linear_operator', 'identity', 'trigonometric_function', 'sine', 'arc_sine', 'cosine', 'arc_cosine', 'tangent', 'arc_tangent', 'cotangent', 'arc_cotangent', 'secant', 'arc_secant', 'cosecant', 'arc_cosecant', 'threshold_function', 'exponential', 'exponential_equation', 'exponential_curve', 'exponential_expression', 'exponential_series', 'parity', 'evenness', 'oddness', 'foundation', 'footing', 'common_ground', 'grass_roots', 'connection', 'series', 'alliance', 'silver_cord', 'linkage', 'link', 'communication', 'concatenation', 'bridge', 'involvement', 'implication', 'inclusion', 'unconnectedness', 'relevance', 'materiality', 'cogency', 'point', 'germaneness', 'applicability', 'relatedness', 'bearing', 'irrelevance', 'inapplicability', 'immateriality', 'unrelatedness', 'extraneousness', 'grammatical_relation', 'linguistic_relation', 'agreement', 'number_agreement', 'person_agreement', 'case_agreement', 'gender_agreement', 'transitivity', 'intransitivity', 'transitivity', 'reflexivity', 'coreference', 'reflexivity', 'conjunction', 'coordinating_conjunction', 'subordinating_conjunction', 'copulative_conjunction', 'disjunctive_conjunction', 'adversative_conjunction', 'complementation', 'coordination', 'subordination', 'modification', 'restrictiveness', 'apposition', 'mood', 'indicative_mood', 'subjunctive_mood', 'optative_mood', 'imperative_mood', 'interrogative_mood', 'modality', 'anaphoric_relation', 'voice', 'active_voice', 'passive_voice', 'inflection', 'conjugation', 'declension', 'paradigm', 'pluralization', 'aspect', 'perfective', 'imperfective', 'durative', 'progressive_aspect', 'inchoative', 'iterative', 'progressive', 'present_progressive', 'perfective', 'present_perfect', 'preterit', 'past_perfect', 'past_progressive', 'future_perfect', 'future_progressive', 'semantic_relation', 'hyponymy', 'hypernymy', 'synonymy', 'antonymy', 'holonymy', 'meronymy', 'troponymy', 'homonymy', 'part', 'basis', 'detail', 'highlight', 'unit', 'member', 'remainder', 'leftover', 'subpart', 'affinity', 'rapport', 'sympathy', 'mutual_understanding', 'affinity', 'kinship', 'descent', 'affinity', 'steprelationship', 'consanguinity', 'parentage', 'fatherhood', 'motherhood', 'sisterhood', 'brotherhood', 'bilateral_descent', 'unilateral_descent', 'matrilineage', 'patrilineage', 'marital_relationship', 'magnitude_relation', 'scale', 'proportion', 'proportion', 'case-fatality_proportion', 'case-to-infection_proportion', 'content', 'rate', 'scale', 'golden_section', 'commensurateness', 'percentage', 'absentee_rate', 'batting_average', 'batting_average', 'fielding_average', 'occupancy_rate', 'hospital_occupancy', 'hotel_occupancy', 'vacancy_rate', 'unemployment_rate', 'ratio', 'abundance', 'abundance', 'albedo', 'aspect_ratio', 'average', 'cephalic_index', 'efficiency', 'figure_of_merit', 'facial_index', 'focal_ratio', 'frequency', 'hematocrit', 'intelligence_quotient', 'adult_intelligence', 'borderline_intelligence', 'load_factor', 'loss_ratio', 'Mach_number', 'magnification', 'mechanical_advantage', 'mileage', 'odds', 'order_of_magnitude', 'output-to-input_ratio', 'prevalence', 'price-to-earnings_ratio', 'productivity', 'proportionality', 'quotient', 'refractive_index', 'relative_humidity', 'respiratory_quotient', 'safety_factor', 'signal-to-noise_ratio', 'stoichiometry', 'time_constant', 'employee_turnover', 'loading', 'power_loading', 'span_loading', 'wing_loading', 'incidence', 'morbidity', 'control', 'direction', 'frontage', 'orientation', 'attitude', 'trim', 'horizontal', 'vertical', 'opposition', 'orthogonality', 'antipodal', 'enantiomorphism', 'windward', 'to_windward', 'leeward', 'to_leeward', 'seaward', 'quarter', 'compass_point', 'cardinal_compass_point', 'north', 'north_by_east', 'north', 'north_northeast', 'northeast_by_north', 'northeast', 'northeast_by_east', 'east_northeast', 'east_by_north', 'east', 'east_by_south', 'east_southeast', 'southeast_by_east', 'southeast', 'southeast_by_south', 'south_southeast', 'south_by_east', 'south', 'south_by_west', 'south_southwest', 'southwest_by_south', 'southwest', 'southwest_by_west', 'west_southwest', 'west_by_south', 'west', 'west_by_north', 'west_northwest', 'northwest_by_west', 'northwest', 'northwest_by_north', 'north_northwest', 'north_by_west', 'north', 'northeast', 'east', 'southeast', 'south', 'southwest', 'west', 'northwest', 'angular_position', 'elevation', 'depression', 'business_relation', 'competition', 'price_war', 'clientage', 'professional_relation', 'medical_relation', 'doctor-patient_relation', 'nurse-patient_relation', 'legal_relation', 'fiduciary_relation', 'bank-depositor_relation', 'confidential_adviser-advisee_relation', 'conservator-ward_relation', 'director-stockholder_relation', 'executor-heir_relation', 'lawyer-client_relation', 'partner_relation', 'receiver-creditor_relation', 'trustee-beneficiary_relation', 'academic_relation', 'teacher-student_relation', 'politics', 'chemistry', 'reciprocality', 'complementarity', 'correlation', 'mutuality', 'commensalism', 'parasitism', 'symbiosis', 'trophobiosis', 'additive_inverse', 'multiplicative_inverse', 'mutuality', 'reciprocal', 'sharing', 'sharing', 'time_sharing', 'interrelation', 'psychodynamics', 'temporal_relation', 'antecedent', 'chronology', 'synchronism', 'asynchronism', 'first', 'former', 'second', 'latter', 'third', 'fourth', 'fifth', 'sixth', 'seventh', 'eighth', 'ninth', 'tenth', 'eleventh', 'twelfth', 'thirteenth', 'fourteenth', 'fifteenth', 'sixteenth', 'seventeenth', 'eighteenth', 'nineteenth', 'twentieth', 'thirtieth', 'fortieth', 'fiftieth', 'sixtieth', 'seventieth', 'eightieth', 'ninetieth', 'hundredth', 'thousandth', 'millionth', 'billionth', 'last', 'scale', 'Beaufort_scale', 'index', 'logarithmic_scale', 'Mercalli_scale', 'Mohs_scale', 'Richter_scale', 'moment_magnitude_scale', 'temperature_scale', 'Celsius_scale', 'Fahrenheit_scale', 'Kelvin_scale', 'Rankine_scale', 'Reaumur_scale', 'wage_scale', 'sliding_scale', 'comparison', 'imaginative_comparison', 'gauge', 'baseline', 'norm', 'opposition', 'antipode', 'antithesis', 'conflict', 'contrast', 'flip_side', 'mutual_opposition', 'gradable_opposition', 'polar_opposition', 'polarity', 'positivity', 'negativity', 'ungradable_opposition', 'complementarity', 'contradictoriness', 'contradiction', 'dialectic', 'incompatibility', 'contrary', 'contrariety', 'tertium_quid', 'reverse', 'inverse', 'change', 'difference', 'gradient', 'concentration_gradient', 'gravity_gradient', 'temperature_gradient', 'implication', 'antagonism', 'solid', 'plane', 'Cartesian_plane', 'facet_plane', 'midplane', 'orbital_plane', 'picture_plane', 'tangent_plane', 'natural_shape', 'leaf_shape', 'equilateral', 'flare', 'figure', 'pencil', 'plane_figure', 'solid_figure', 'subfigure', 'line', 'bulb', 'convex_shape', 'camber', 'entasis', 'angular_shape', 'concave_shape', 'cylinder', 'round_shape', 'conglomeration', 'heart', 'polygon', 'isogon', 'convex_polygon', 'concave_polygon', 'reentrant_polygon', 'regular_polygon', 'distorted_shape', 'amorphous_shape', 'curve', 'closed_curve', 'simple_closed_curve', 'S-shape', 'catenary', \"Cupid's_bow\", 'wave', 'extrados', 'gooseneck', 'intrados', 'bend', 'hook', 'uncus', 'envelope', 'bight', 'straight_line', 'geodesic', 'perpendicular', 'connection', 'asymptote', 'tangent', 'secant', 'perimeter', 'radius', 'diameter', 'centerline', 'dome', 'pit', 'recess', 'cone', 'funnel', 'conic_section', 'intersection', 'oblong', 'circle', 'circlet', 'circle', 'equator', 'semicircle', 'arc', 'scallop', 'chord', 'sector', 'disk', 'ring', 'loop', 'bight', 'coil', 'spiral', 'helix', 'double_helix', 'perversion', 'eccentricity', 'element', 'element_of_a_cone', 'element_of_a_cylinder', 'helix_angle', 'kink', 'whirl', 'ellipse', 'square', 'square', 'quadrate', 'quadrilateral', 'triangle', 'triangle', 'acute_triangle', 'equilateral_triangle', 'delta', 'isosceles_triangle', 'oblique_triangle', 'obtuse_triangle', 'right_triangle', 'scalene_triangle', 'hexagram', 'parallel', 'parallelogram', 'trapezium', 'trapezoid', 'star', 'asterism', 'pentacle', 'pentagon', 'hexagon', 'regular_hexagon', 'heptagon', 'octagon', 'nonagon', 'decagon', 'undecagon', 'dodecagon', 'rhombus', 'rhomboid', 'rectangle', 'box', 'spherical_polygon', 'spherical_triangle', 'polyhedron', 'convex_polyhedron', 'concave_polyhedron', 'prism', 'parallelepiped', 'cuboid', 'quadrangular_prism', 'triangular_prism', 'sinuosity', 'tortuosity', 'warp', 'knot', 'arch', 'bell', 'parabola', 'hyperbola', 'furcation', 'bifurcation', 'bifurcation', 'jog', 'zigzag', 'angle', 'complementary_angles', 'angular_distance', 'hour_angle', 'true_anomaly', 'plane_angle', 'spherical_angle', 'solid_angle', 'inclination', 'inclination', 'reentrant_angle', 'salient_angle', 'interior_angle', 'exterior_angle', 'hip', 'angle_of_incidence', 'angle_of_attack', 'critical_angle', 'angle_of_reflection', 'angle_of_refraction', 'angle_of_extinction', 'acute_angle', 'obtuse_angle', 'dogleg', 'right_angle', 'oblique_angle', 'reflex_angle', 'perigon', 'cutting_angle', 'dip', 'lead', 'magnetic_declination', 'azimuth', 'bowl', 'groove', 'rut', 'scoop', 'bulge', 'belly', 'caput', 'mogul', 'nub', 'snag', 'wart', 'node', 'bow', 'crescent', 'depression', 'dimple', 'hyperboloid', 'paraboloid', 'ellipsoid', 'flank', 'hypotenuse', 'altitude', 'base', 'balance', 'conformation', 'symmetry', 'disproportion', 'spheroid', 'sphere', 'hemisphere', 'sphere', 'ball', 'spherule', 'cylinder', 'torus', 'toroid', 'column', 'plume', 'columella', 'hoodoo', 'barrel', 'pipe', 'pellet', 'bolus', 'drop', 'dewdrop', 'teardrop', 'ridge', 'corrugation', 'rim', 'point', 'taper', 'quadric', 'boundary', 'margin', 'periphery', 'brink', 'upper_bound', 'lower_bound', 'diagonal', 'diagonal', 'dip', 'cup', 'incision', 'incisure', 'notch', 'score', 'sag', 'wrinkle', \"crow's_foot\", 'dermatoglyphic', 'frown_line', 'line_of_life', 'line_of_heart', 'line_of_fate', 'crevice', 'fold', 'pucker', 'indentation', 'cleft', 'stria', 'roulette', 'cycloid', 'curate_cycloid', 'prolate_cycloid', 'sine_curve', 'epicycle', 'epicycloid', 'cardioid', 'hypocycloid', 'shapelessness', 'blob', 'void', 'space', 'hollow', 'node', 'articulation', 'hole', 'cavity', 'pocket', 'point', 'pore', 'tree', 'cladogram', 'stemma', 'thalweg', 'spur', 'constriction', 'facet', 'vector', 'ray', 'cast', 'branch', 'brachium', 'fork', 'pouch', 'block', 'pyramid', 'ovoid', 'tetrahedron', 'pentahedron', 'hexahedron', 'rhombohedron', 'octahedron', 'decahedron', 'dodecahedron', 'icosahedron', 'regular_polyhedron', 'polyhedral_angle', 'face_angle', 'regular_tetrahedron', 'cube', 'tesseract', 'quadrate', 'regular_dodecahedron', 'regular_octahedron', 'regular_icosahedron', 'frustum', 'truncated_pyramid', 'truncated_cone', 'prismatoid', 'prismoid', 'tail', 'tongue', 'tilt_angle', 'trapezohedron', 'vertical_angle', 'verticil', 'view_angle', 'washout', 'wave_angle', 'wedge', 'projection', 'keel', 'cleavage', 'medium', 'ornamentation', 'condition', 'condition', 'conditions', 'conditions', 'condition', 'anchorage', 'health', 'mode', 'conditionality', 'ground_state', 'niche', 'noise_conditions', 'participation', 'prepossession', 'regularization', 'saturation', 'saturation_point', 'silence', 'situation', 'ski_conditions', 'niche', 'election', 'nationhood', 'nomination', 'place', 'poverty_trap', 'soup', 'stymie', 'situation', 'absurd', 'relationship', 'relationship', 'tribalism', 'account', 'short_account', 'blood_brotherhood', 'company', 'confidence', 'freemasonry', 'acquaintance', 'affiliation', 'anaclisis', 'assimilation', 'friendship', 'intrigue', 'love_affair', 'membership', 'sexual_relationship', 'affair', 'utopia', 'dystopia', 'acceptance', 'ballgame', 'challenge', 'childlessness', 'complication', 'conflict_of_interest', 'crisis', 'crowding', 'crunch', 'disequilibrium', 'element', 'environment', 'equilibrium', 'exclusion', 'goldfish_bowl', \"hornet's_nest\", 'hotbed', 'hot_potato', 'how-do-you-do', 'imbroglio', 'inclusion', 'intestacy', 'Mexican_standoff', 'nightmare', 'no-win_situation', 'pass', 'picture', 'prison', 'purgatory', 'rejection', 'size', 'square_one', 'status_quo', 'swamp', 'standardization', 'stigmatism', 'astigmatism', 'stratification', 'wild', 'way', 'isomerism', 'degree', 'ladder', 'acme', 'extent', 'resultant', 'standard_of_living', 'plane', 'state_of_the_art', 'ultimacy', 'extremity', 'profoundness', 'ordinary', 'circumstance', 'homelessness', 'vagrancy', 'event', 'hinge', 'playing_field', 'thing', 'time_bomb', 'tinderbox', 'urgency', 'congestion', 'reinstatement', 'office', 'executive_clemency', 'war_power', 'status', 'equality', 'egality', 'tie', 'deuce', 'social_station', 'place', 'place', 'quality', 'standing', 'high_status', 'center_stage', 'stardom', 'championship', 'triple_crown', 'triple_crown', 'high_ground', 'seniority', 'precedence', 'back_burner', 'front_burner', 'transcendence', 'high_profile', 'Holy_Order', 'low_status', 'inferiority', 'backseat', 'shade', 'subordinateness', 'handmaid', 'junior_status', 'subservience', 'legal_status', 'civil_death', 'villeinage', 'bastardy', 'left-handedness', 'citizenship', 'command', 'nationality', 'footing', 'retirement', 'being', 'actuality', 'entelechy', 'genuineness', 'reality', 'fact', 'reality', 'historicalness', 'truth', 'eternity', 'preexistence', 'coexistence', 'eternal_life', 'subsistence', 'presence', 'immanence', 'inherence', 'ubiety', 'ubiquity', 'hereness', 'thereness', 'thereness', 'occurrence', 'allopatry', 'sympatry', 'shadow', 'nonbeing', 'nonexistence', 'unreality', 'cloud', 'falsity', 'spuriousness', 'absence', 'nonoccurrence', 'awayness', 'life', 'animation', 'skin', 'survival', 'subsistence', 'death', 'rest', 'extinction', 'life', 'ghetto', 'transcendence', 'marital_status', 'marriage', 'bigamy', 'civil_union', 'common-law_marriage', 'endogamy', 'exogamy', 'marriage_of_convenience', 'misalliance', 'mesalliance', 'monandry', 'monogamy', 'monogyny', 'serial_monogamy', 'open_marriage', 'cuckoldom', 'polyandry', 'polygamy', 'polygyny', 'sigeh', 'celibacy', 'virginity', 'bachelorhood', 'spinsterhood', 'widowhood', 'employment', 'unemployment', 'order', 'civil_order', 'rule_of_law', 'tranquillity', 'harmony', 'peace', 'comity', 'comity_of_nations', 'stability', 'peace', 'amity', 'peaceableness', 'mollification', 'armistice', 'agreement', 'community', 'conciliation', 'concurrence', 'consensus', 'sense_of_the_meeting', 'unanimity', 'unison', 'social_contract', 'disorder', 'anarchy', 'nihilism', 'cytopenia', 'hematocytopenia', 'pancytopenia', 'immunological_disorder', 'immunocompetence', 'immunodeficiency', 'immunosuppression', 'bloodiness', 'incompatibility', 'histoincompatibility', 'Rh_incompatibility', 'instability', 'confusion', 'demoralization', 'bluster', 'chaos', 'balagan', 'hugger-mugger', 'schemozzle', 'rioting', 'rowdiness', 'disturbance', 'convulsion', 'earthquake', 'incident', 'stir', 'storm', 'storm_center', 'tumult', 'combustion', 'discord', 'turbulence', 'agitation', 'roller_coaster', 'violence', 'rage', 'hostility', 'latent_hostility', 'conflict', 'clash', 'clash', 'war', 'proxy_war', 'hot_war', 'cold_war', 'Cold_War', 'disagreement', 'disunity', 'divide', 'suspicion', 'cloud', 'illumination', 'light', 'dark', 'night', 'total_darkness', 'blackout', 'semidarkness', 'cloudiness', 'shade', 'shadow', 'umbra', 'penumbra', 'dimness', 'gloom', 'obscurity', 'emotional_state', 'embarrassment', 'ecstasy', 'gratification', 'quality_of_life', 'comfort', 'happiness', 'blessedness', 'bliss', 'ecstasy', 'nirvana', 'state', 'unhappiness', 'embitterment', 'sadness', 'mourning', 'poignance', 'innocence', 'blamelessness', 'purity', 'cleanness', 'clear', 'guilt', 'blameworthiness', 'bloodguilt', 'complicity', 'criminalism', 'guilt_by_association', 'impeachability', 'freedom', 'academic_freedom', 'enfranchisement', 'autonomy', 'self-government', 'sovereignty', 'local_option', 'home_rule', 'autarky', 'fragmentation', 'free_hand', 'free_rein', 'freedom_of_the_seas', 'independence', 'liberty', 'license', 'poetic_license', 'latitude', 'license', 'civil_liberty', 'discretion', 'run', 'liberty', 'svoboda', 'subjugation', 'repression', 'oppression', 'yoke', 'enslavement', 'bondage', 'bondage', 'bonded_labor', 'servitude', 'peonage', 'serfdom', 'encapsulation', 'confinement', 'constraint', 'cage', 'iron_cage', 'captivity', 'detention', 'solitary_confinement', 'durance', 'life_imprisonment', 'internment', 'representation', 'free_agency', 'legal_representation', 'autonomy', 'separateness', 'dependence', 'helplessness', 'reliance', 'subordination', 'contingency', 'polarization', 'balance', 'tension', 'balance_of_power', 'dynamic_balance', 'homeostasis', 'isostasy', 'Nash_equilibrium', 'poise', 'thermal_equilibrium', 'imbalance', 'motion', 'shaking', 'tremolo', 'tremor', 'essential_tremor', 'perpetual_motion', 'precession', 'stream', 'motionlessness', 'stationariness', 'rootage', 'dead_letter', 'action', 'agency', 'Frankenstein', 'virus', 'busyness', 'behavior', 'eruption', 'operation', 'overdrive', 'commission', 'running', 'idle', 'play', 'swing', 'inaction', 'abeyance', 'anergy', 'arrest', 'calcification', 'deep_freeze', 'desuetude', 'dormancy', 'extinction', 'holding_pattern', 'rest', 'stagnation', 'stagnation', 'stasis', 'recession', 'cold_storage', 'deferral', 'moratorium', 'standdown', 'hibernation', 'estivation', 'acathexia', 'angiotelectasia', 'torpor', 'hibernation', 'lethargy', 'slumber', 'countercheck', 'deadlock', 'logjam', 'temporary_state', 'case', 'state_of_mind', 'thinking_cap', 'fatigue', 'eyestrain', 'jet_lag', 'exhaustion', 'depletion', 'salt_depletion', 'electrolyte_balance', 'nitrogen_balance', 'frazzle', 'mental_exhaustion', 'grogginess', 'loginess', 'drunkenness', 'grogginess', 'sottishness', 'soberness', 'acardia', 'acephalia', 'acidosis', 'ketoacidosis', 'metabolic_acidosis', 'respiratory_acidosis', 'starvation_acidosis', 'acidemia', 'alkalemia', 'alkalinuria', 'alkalosis', 'metabolic_alkalosis', 'respiratory_alkalosis', 'acorea', 'acromicria', 'acromphalus', 'agalactia', 'amastia', 'ankylosis', 'aneuploidy', 'anorchism', 'wakefulness', 'hypersomnia', 'insomnia', 'anesthesia', 'anhidrosis', 'aplasia', 'arousal', 'arteriectasis', 'arthropathy', 'asynergy', 'asystole', 'sleep', 'sleep_terror_disorder', 'orthodox_sleep', 'paradoxical_sleep', 'sleep', 'shuteye', 'abulia', 'anhedonia', 'depersonalization', 'hypnosis', 'self-hypnosis', 'cryoanesthesia', 'general_anesthesia', 'local_anesthesia', 'conduction_anesthesia', 'regional_anesthesia', 'topical_anesthesia', 'acroanesthesia', 'caudal_anesthesia', 'epidural_anesthesia', 'paracervical_block', 'pudendal_block', 'spinal_anesthesia', 'saddle_block_anesthesia', 'inhalation_anesthesia', 'twilight_sleep', 'fugue', 'sleepiness', 'oscitancy', 'imminence', 'readiness', 'ready', 'alert', 'air_alert', 'red_alert', 'strip_alert', 'diverticulosis', 'emergency', 'clutch', 'Dunkirk', 'exigency', 'juncture', 'desperate_straits', 'criticality', 'flash_point', 'flux', 'physical_condition', 'drive', 'elastosis', 'flatulence', 'flexure', 'alertness', 'emotional_arousal', 'excitation', 'anger', 'rage', 'fever_pitch', 'excitement', 'sensation', 'sexual_arousal', 'cybersex', 'eroticism', 'horniness', 'erection', 'estrus', 'anestrus', 'diestrus', 'desire', 'rage', 'materialism', 'hunger', 'bulimia', 'emptiness', 'edacity', 'starvation', 'undernourishment', 'thirst', 'dehydration', 'polydipsia', 'sex_drive', 'hypoxia', 'anemic_hypoxia', 'hypoxic_hypoxia', 'ischemic_hypoxia', 'hypercapnia', 'hypocapnia', 'asphyxia', 'oxygen_debt', 'altitude_sickness', 'mountain_sickness', 'anoxia', 'anemic_anoxia', 'anoxic_anoxia', 'ischemic_anoxia', 'suffocation', 'hyperthermia', 'normothermia', 'hypothermia', 'flux', 'muscularity', 'myasthenia', 'impotence', 'erectile_dysfunction', 'barrenness', 'sterility', 'cacogenesis', 'dysgenesis', 'false_pregnancy', 'pregnancy', 'trouble', 'gravidity', 'gravida', 'parity', 'abdominal_pregnancy', 'ovarian_pregnancy', 'tubal_pregnancy', 'ectopic_pregnancy', 'entopic_pregnancy', 'quickening', 'premature_labor', 'parturiency', 'placenta_previa', 'asynclitism', 'atresia', 'rigor_mortis', 'vitalization', 'good_health', 'wholeness', 'energy', 'juice', 'qi', 'bloom', 'freshness', 'radiance', 'sturdiness', 'fertility', 'potency', 'pathological_state', 'ill_health', 'disorder', 'functional_disorder', 'organic_disorder', 'dyscrasia', 'blood_dyscrasia', 'abocclusion', 'abruptio_placentae', 'achlorhydria', 'acholia', 'achylia', 'acute_brain_disorder', 'adult_respiratory_distress_syndrome', 'ailment', 'eating_disorder', 'anorexia', 'pica', 'astereognosis', 'attention_deficit_disorder', 'anorgasmia', 'bulimarexia', 'bulimia', 'bladder_disorder', 'cardiovascular_disease', 'carpal_tunnel_syndrome', 'celiac_disease', 'cheilosis', 'choking', 'colpoxerosis', 'degenerative_disorder', 'demyelination', 'dysaphia', 'dysosmia', 'dysphagia', 'dysuria', 'dystrophy', 'osteodystrophy', 'failure', 'fantods', 'glandular_disease', 'hyperactivity', 'impaction', 'impaction', 'learning_disorder', 'malocclusion', 'overbite', 'anorexia_nervosa', 'cellularity', 'hypercellularity', 'hypocellularity', 'illness', 'invagination', 'invalidism', 'biliousness', 'addiction', 'suspended_animation', 'anabiosis', 'cryptobiosis', 'dilatation', 'tympanites', 'ectasia', 'lymphangiectasia', 'alveolar_ectasia', 'drug_addiction', 'alcoholism', 'cocaine_addiction', 'heroin_addiction', 'caffein_addiction', 'nicotine_addiction', 'ague', 'roots', 'amyloidosis', 'anuresis', 'catastrophic_illness', 'collapse', 'breakdown', 'nervous_breakdown', 'nervous_exhaustion', 'neurasthenia', 'shock', 'cardiogenic_shock', 'hypovolemic_shock', 'obstructive_shock', 'distributive_shock', 'anaphylactic_shock', 'insulin_shock', 'decompression_sickness', 'fluorosis', 'food_poisoning', 'botulism', 'mushroom_poisoning', 'gammopathy', 'glossolalia', 'ptomaine', 'salmonellosis', 'lead_poisoning', 'lead_colic', 'catalepsy', 'disease', 'disease_of_the_neuromuscular_junction', 'angiopathy', 'aspergillosis', 'acanthocytosis', 'agranulocytosis', 'analbuminemia', \"Banti's_disease\", 'anthrax', 'cutaneous_anthrax', 'pulmonary_anthrax', 'blackwater', 'Argentine_hemorrhagic_fever', 'blackwater_fever', 'jungle_fever', 'cat_scratch_disease', 'complication', 'crud', 'endemic', 'enteropathy', 'idiopathic_disease', 'monogenic_disorder', 'polygenic_disorder', 'hypogonadism', 'male_hypogonadism', \"Kallman's_syndrome\", 'valvular_incompetence', 'incompetence', 'Kawasaki_disease', 'plague', 'pycnosis', 'hyalinization', 'hyperparathyroidism', 'hypoparathyroidism', 'hyperpituitarism', 'vacuolization', 'malaria', 'Marseilles_fever', \"Meniere's_disease\", 'milk_sickness', 'mimesis', 'myasthenia_gravis', 'Lambert-Eaton_syndrome', 'occupational_disease', 'onycholysis', 'onychosis', \"Paget's_disease\", 'rheumatism', 'periarteritis_nodosa', 'periodontal_disease', 'pyorrhea', 'pericementoclasia', 'alveolar_resorption', 'gingivitis', 'ulatrophia', 'attack', 'anxiety_attack', 'flare', 'seizure', 'touch', 'stroke', 'convulsion', 'paroxysm', 'hysterics', 'clonus', 'epileptic_seizure', 'grand_mal', 'petit_mal', 'mental_disorder', \"Asperger's_syndrome\", 'metabolic_disorder', 'alkaptonuria', 'nervous_disorder', 'brain_damage', 'akinesis', 'alalia', 'brain_disorder', 'cystoplegia', 'epilepsy', 'akinetic_epilepsy', 'cortical_epilepsy', 'focal_seizure', 'raptus_hemorrhagicus', 'diplegia', 'protuberance', 'grand_mal_epilepsy', 'Jacksonian_epilepsy', 'myoclonus_epilepsy', 'petit_mal_epilepsy', 'absence', 'complex_absence', 'pure_absence', 'subclinical_absence', 'musicogenic_epilepsy', 'photogenic_epilepsy', 'posttraumatic_epilepsy', 'procursive_epilepsy', 'progressive_vaccinia', 'psychomotor_epilepsy', 'reflex_epilepsy', 'sensory_epilepsy', 'status_epilepticus', 'tonic_epilepsy', \"Erb's_palsy\", 'nympholepsy', 'apraxia', 'ataxia', \"Friedreich's_ataxia\", 'hereditary_cerebellar_ataxia', 'atopognosia', 'brachydactyly', 'cryptorchidy', 'monorchism', 'dyskinesia', 'tardive_dyskinesia', 'deviated_septum', 'deviated_nasal_septum', 'dextrocardia', 'ectrodactyly', 'enteroptosis', 'erethism', 'fetal_distress', 'multiple_sclerosis', 'paralysis_agitans', 'cerebral_palsy', 'chorea', 'choriomeningitis', 'flaccid_paralysis', 'orthochorea', \"Sydenham's_chorea\", 'tarantism', 'agraphia', 'acataphasia', 'aphagia', 'amaurosis', 'amblyopia', 'ametropia', 'emmetropia', 'aniseikonia', 'anorthopia', 'aphakia', 'aphasia', 'auditory_aphasia', 'conduction_aphasia', 'global_aphasia', 'motor_aphasia', 'nominal_aphasia', 'transcortical_aphasia', 'visual_aphasia', \"Wernicke's_aphasia\", 'dyscalculia', 'dysgraphia', 'dyslexia', 'dysphasia', 'agnosia', 'anarthria', 'auditory_agnosia', 'visual_agnosia', 'Creutzfeldt-Jakob_disease', 'occlusion', 'laryngospasm', 'embolism', 'air_embolism', 'fat_embolism', 'pulmonary_embolism', 'thromboembolism', 'thrombosis', 'cerebral_thrombosis', 'coronary_occlusion', 'coronary_heart_disease', 'coronary_thrombosis', 'milk_leg', 'hepatomegaly', 'heart_disease', 'high_blood_pressure', 'inversion', 'transposition', 'keratectasia', 'keratoconus', 'orthostatic_hypotension', 'hypotension', 'essential_hypertension', 'portal_hypertension', 'malignant_hypertension', 'secondary_hypertension', 'white-coat_hypertension', 'amyotrophia', 'amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis', 'aneurysm', 'aortic_aneurysm', 'abdominal_aortic_aneurysm', 'aortic_stenosis', 'enterostenosis', 'laryngostenosis', 'pulmonary_stenosis', 'pyloric_stenosis', 'rhinostenosis', 'stenosis', 'cerebral_aneurysm', 'intracranial_aneurysm', 'ventricular_aneurysm', 'angina_pectoris', 'arteriolosclerosis', 'arteriosclerosis', 'atherogenesis', 'atherosclerosis', 'athetosis', 'kuru', 'nerve_compression', 'nerve_entrapment', 'arteriosclerosis_obliterans', 'ascites', 'azymia', 'bacteremia', 'sclerosis', 'cardiac_arrhythmia', 'cardiomyopathy', 'hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy', 'flutter', 'gallop_rhythm', 'mitral_valve_prolapse', 'mitral_stenosis', 'circulatory_failure', 'heart_failure', 'valvular_heart_disease', 'congestive_heart_failure', 'heart_attack', 'myocardial_infarction', 'kidney_disease', 'insufficiency', 'coronary_insufficiency', 'nephritis', 'nephrosclerosis', 'polycystic_kidney_disease', 'polyuria', 'renal_failure', 'renal_insufficiency', 'acute_renal_failure', 'chronic_renal_failure', 'cholelithiasis', 'enterolithiasis', 'nephrocalcinosis', 'nephrolithiasis', 'lipomatosis', 'lithiasis', 'glomerulonephritis', 'liver_disease', 'cirrhosis', 'fatty_liver', \"Addison's_disease\", 'adenopathy', 'aldosteronism', \"Cushing's_disease\", \"Cushing's_syndrome\", 'diabetes', 'diabetes_mellitus', 'type_I_diabetes', 'type_II_diabetes', 'nephrogenic_diabetes_insipidus', 'diabetes_insipidus', 'latent_diabetes', 'angioedema', 'lymphedema', 'hyperthyroidism', \"Graves'_disease\", 'hypothyroidism', 'myxedema', 'cretinism', 'achondroplasia', 'communicable_disease', 'contagious_disease', 'influenza', 'Asian_influenza', 'swine_influenza', 'measles', 'German_measles', 'diphtheria', 'exanthema_subitum', 'scarlet_fever', 'pox', 'smallpox', 'alastrim', \"Vincent's_angina\", 'blastomycosis', 'chromoblastomycosis', 'tinea', 'dhobi_itch', 'kerion', 'tinea_pedis', 'tinea_barbae', 'tinea_capitis', 'tinea_corporis', 'tinea_cruris', 'blindness', 'legal_blindness', 'tinea_unguium', 'infectious_disease', 'AIDS', 'brucellosis', 'agammaglobulinemia', 'anergy', 'hypogammaglobulinemia', 'severe_combined_immunodeficiency', 'ADA-SCID', 'X-linked_SCID', 'cholera', 'dengue', 'dysentery', 'epidemic_disease', 'hepatitis', 'viral_hepatitis', 'hepatitis_A', 'hepatitis_B', 'hepatitis_delta', 'hepatitis_C', 'liver_cancer', 'herpes', 'herpes_simplex', 'oral_herpes', 'genital_herpes', 'herpes_zoster', 'chickenpox', 'venereal_disease', 'gonorrhea', 'granuloma_inguinale', 'syphilis', 'primary_syphilis', 'secondary_syphilis', 'tertiary_syphilis', 'tabes_dorsalis', 'neurosyphilis', 'tabes', 'infectious_mononucleosis', 'Ebola_hemorrhagic_fever', 'Lassa_fever', 'leprosy', 'tuberculoid_leprosy', 'lepromatous_leprosy', 'necrotizing_enterocolitis', 'listeriosis', 'lymphocytic_choriomeningitis', 'lymphogranuloma_venereum', 'meningitis', 'mumps', 'cerebrospinal_meningitis', 'paratyphoid', 'plague', 'bubonic_plague', 'ambulant_plague', 'Black_Death', 'pneumonic_plague', 'septicemic_plague', 'poliomyelitis', \"Pott's_disease\", 'ratbite_fever', 'rickettsial_disease', 'typhus', 'murine_typhus', 'spotted_fever', 'Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever', 'Q_fever', 'rickettsialpox', 'trench_fever', 'tsutsugamushi_disease', 'relapsing_fever', 'rheumatic_fever', 'rheumatic_heart_disease', 'sweating_sickness', 'tuberculosis', 'miliary_tuberculosis', 'pulmonary_tuberculosis', 'scrofula', 'typhoid', 'whooping_cough', 'yaws', 'yellow_jack', 'respiratory_disease', 'cold', 'head_cold', 'asthma', 'status_asthmaticus', 'bronchitis', 'bronchiolitis', 'chronic_bronchitis', 'chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease', 'coccidioidomycosis', 'cryptococcosis', 'emphysema', 'pneumonia', 'atypical_pneumonia', 'bronchopneumonia', 'double_pneumonia', 'interstitial_pneumonia', 'lobar_pneumonia', \"Legionnaires'_disease\", 'pneumococcal_pneumonia', 'pneumocytosis', 'pneumothorax', 'psittacosis', 'pneumoconiosis', 'anthracosis', 'asbestosis', 'siderosis', 'silicosis', 'respiratory_distress_syndrome', 'genetic_disease', 'abetalipoproteinemia', 'ablepharia', 'albinism', 'macrencephaly', 'anencephaly', 'adactylia', 'ametria', 'color_blindness', 'diplopia', 'epispadias', 'dichromacy', 'red-green_dichromacy', 'deuteranopia', 'protanopia', 'yellow-blue_dichromacy', 'tetartanopia', 'tritanopia', 'monochromacy', 'cystic_fibrosis', 'inborn_error_of_metabolism', 'galactosemia', \"Gaucher's_disease\", \"Hirschsprung's_disease\", \"Horner's_syndrome\", \"Huntington's_chorea\", \"Hurler's_syndrome\", 'mucopolysaccharidosis', 'malignant_hyperthermia', \"Marfan's_syndrome\", 'neurofibromatosis', 'osteogenesis_imperfecta', 'hyperbetalipoproteinemia', 'hypobetalipoproteinemia', 'ichthyosis', 'clinocephaly', 'clinodactyly', 'macroglossia', 'mongolism', 'maple_syrup_urine_disease', \"McArdle's_disease\", 'muscular_dystrophy', 'oligodactyly', 'oligodontia', 'otosclerosis', 'Becker_muscular_dystrophy', 'distal_muscular_dystrophy', \"Duchenne's_muscular_dystrophy\", 'autosomal_dominant_disease', 'autosomal_recessive_disease', 'limb-girdle_muscular_dystrophy', 'lysinemia', 'myotonic_muscular_dystrophy', 'oculopharyngeal_muscular_dystrophy', 'Niemann-Pick_disease', 'oxycephaly', 'aplastic_anemia', 'erythroblastosis_fetalis', \"Fanconi's_anemia\", 'favism', 'hemolytic_anemia', 'hyperchromic_anemia', 'hypochromic_anemia', 'hypoplastic_anemia', 'iron_deficiency_anemia', 'ischemia', 'ischemic_stroke', 'transient_ischemic_attack', 'chlorosis', 'macrocytic_anemia', 'microcytic_anemia', 'parasitemia', 'pernicious_anemia', 'megaloblastic_anemia', 'metaplastic_anemia', 'refractory_anemia', 'sideroblastic_anemia', 'sideropenia', 'sickle-cell_anemia', 'Spielmeyer-Vogt_disease', 'Tay-Sachs_disease', 'thrombasthenia', 'tyrosinemia', 'Werdnig-Hoffman_disease', 'hemophilia', 'afibrinogenemia', 'hemophilia_A', 'hemophilia_B', \"von_Willebrand's_disease\", 'congenital_afibrinogenemia', 'inflammatory_disease', 'gastroenteritis', 'cholera_infantum', 'cholera_morbus', 'pelvic_inflammatory_disease', 'empyema', 'pleurisy', 'purulent_pleurisy', 'pleuropneumonia', 'pyelitis', 'sore_throat', 'angina', 'quinsy', 'croup', 'glossoptosis', 'hypermotility', 'indisposition', 'infection', 'amebiasis', 'amebic_dysentery', 'chlamydia', 'fascioliasis', 'fasciolopsiasis', 'Guinea_worm_disease', 'enterobiasis', 'felon', 'focal_infection', 'fungal_infection', 'giardiasis', 'hemorrhagic_fever', 'herpangia', 'leishmaniasis', 'nonsocial_infection', 'opportunistic_infection', 'paronychia', 'protozoal_infection', 'respiratory_tract_infection', 'lower_respiratory_infection', 'Crimea-Congo_hemorrhagic_fever', 'Rift_Valley_fever', 'HIV', 'viral_pneumonia', 'severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome', 'upper_respiratory_infection', 'scabies', 'schistosomiasis', 'sepsis', 'visceral_leishmaniasis', 'cutaneous_leishmaniasis', 'mucocutaneous_leishmaniasis', 'candidiasis', 'dermatomycosis', 'favus', 'keratomycosis', 'phycomycosis', 'sporotrichosis', 'thrush', 'focus', 'aspergillosis', 'sore', 'boil', 'gumboil', 'blain', 'chilblain', 'kibe', 'carbuncle', 'cartilaginification', 'chancre', 'fester', 'gall', 'saddle_sore', 'shigellosis', 'staphylococcal_infection', 'streptococcal_sore_throat', 'sty', 'superinfection', 'suprainfection', 'tapeworm_infection', 'tetanus', 'toxoplasmosis', 'trichomoniasis', 'viral_infection', 'arthritis', 'rheumatoid_arthritis', 'rheumatoid_factor', 'autoimmune_disease', 'psoriatic_arthritis', \"Still's_disease\", 'osteoarthritis', 'osteosclerosis', \"housemaid's_knee\", 'cystitis', 'gout', 'spondylarthritis', 'blood_disease', 'blood_poisoning', 'sapremia', 'ozone_sickness', 'puerperal_fever', 'pyemia', 'toxemia', 'toxemia_of_pregnancy', 'eclampsia', 'preeclampsia', 'eosinopenia', 'erythroblastosis', 'hemoglobinemia', 'hemoglobinopathy', 'hemoptysis', 'Hand-Schuller-Christian_disease', 'Haverhill_fever', 'histiocytosis', 'hydatid_mole', 'hydramnios', 'water_on_the_knee', 'hydremia', 'hydrocele', 'lipidosis', 'lipemia', 'lysine_intolerance', 'lysogeny', 'hypothrombinemia', 'hypervolemia', 'hypovolemia', 'anemia', 'thalassemia', \"Cooley's_anemia\", 'leukocytosis', 'leukopenia', 'neutropenia', 'cyclic_neutropenia', 'lymphocytopenia', 'lymphocytosis', 'microcytosis', 'polycythemia', 'purpura', 'nonthrombocytopenic_purpura', 'essential_thrombocytopenia', 'thrombocytopenia', 'deficiency_disease', 'fibrocystic_breast_disease', 'avitaminosis', 'hypervitaminosis', 'hypospadias', 'lagophthalmos', 'beriberi', 'kakke_disease', 'goiter', 'malnutrition', 'kwashiorkor', 'marasmus', 'mental_abnormality', 'nanophthalmos', 'organic_brain_syndrome', 'zinc_deficiency', 'pellagra', 'rickets', 'scurvy', 'dermoid_cyst', 'galactocele', 'hemorrhagic_cyst', 'hydatid', 'nabothian_cyst', 'ovarian_cyst', 'chalazion', 'ranula', 'sebaceous_cyst', 'cyst', 'pip', 'motion_sickness', 'airsickness', 'car_sickness', 'seasickness', 'heatstroke', 'heat_exhaustion', 'algidity', 'sunstroke', 'endometriosis', 'pathology', 'adhesion', 'symphysis', 'synechia', 'anterior_synechia', 'posterior_synechia', 'hemochromatosis', 'classic_hemochromatosis', 'acquired_hemochromatosis', 'infarct', 'macrocytosis', 'fibrosis', 'myelofibrosis', 'malacia', 'osteomalacia', 'mastopathy', 'neuropathy', 'Charcot-Marie-Tooth_disease', 'mononeuropathy', 'multiple_mononeuropathy', 'myopathy', 'dermatomyositis', 'polymyositis', 'inclusion_body_myositis', 'osteopetrosis', 'osteoporosis', 'priapism', 'demineralization', 'pyorrhea', 'uremia', 'azoturia', 'lesion', 'tubercle', 'ulcer', 'aphthous_ulcer', 'bedsore', 'chancroid', 'peptic_ulcer', 'duodenal_ulcer', 'gastric_ulcer', 'canker', 'noli-me-tangere', 'noma', 'affliction', 'curvature', 'deformity', 'Arnold-Chiari_deformity', 'clawfoot', 'cleft_foot', 'cleft_lip', 'cleft_palate', 'clubfoot', 'talipes_valgus', 'talipes_equinus', 'talipes_calcaneus', 'pigeon_breast', 'blight', 'alder_blight', 'apple_blight', 'beet_blight', 'blister_blight', 'blister_blight', 'cane_blight', 'celery_blight', 'chestnut_blight', 'coffee_blight', 'collar_blight', 'fire_blight', 'blight_canker', 'halo_blight', 'halo_blight', 'head_blight', 'wheat_scab', 'late_blight', 'leaf_blight', 'leaf_disease', 'needle_blight', 'oak_blight', 'peach_blight', 'potato_blight', 'rim_blight', 'spinach_blight', 'spur_blight', 'stem_blight', 'stripe_blight', 'thread_blight', 'tomato_blight', 'twig_blight', 'walnut_blight', 'sandfly_fever', 'skin_disease', 'lupus_vulgaris', 'ankylosing_spondylitis', 'discoid_lupus_erythematosus', \"Hashimoto's_disease\", 'lupus_erythematosus', 'systemic_lupus_erythematosus', 'acantholysis', 'acanthosis', 'acanthosis_nigricans', 'acne', 'acne_rosacea', 'acne_vulgaris', 'actinic_dermatitis', 'atopic_dermatitis', 'bubble_gum_dermatitis', 'contact_dermatitis', 'Rhus_dermatitis', 'poison_ivy', 'poison_oak', 'poison_sumac', 'cradle_cap', 'diaper_rash', 'hypericism', 'neurodermatitis', 'schistosome_dermatitis', 'dermatitis', 'dermatosis', \"baker's_eczema\", 'allergic_eczema', 'eczema_herpeticum', 'eczema_vaccinatum', 'lichtenoid_eczema', 'eczema', 'erythema', 'erythema_multiforme', 'erythema_nodosum', 'hickey', 'erythema_nodosum_leprosum', 'erythroderma', 'flare', 'furunculosis', 'impetigo', 'jungle_rot', 'keratoderma', 'keratonosis', 'keratosis', 'actinic_keratosis', 'keratosis_blennorrhagica', 'keratosis_follicularis', 'keratosis_pilaris', 'seborrheic_keratosis', 'leukoderma', 'lichen', 'lichen_planus', 'livedo', 'lupus', 'melanosis', 'molluscum', 'molluscum_contagiosum', 'necrobiosis_lipoidica', 'pemphigus', 'pityriasis', 'dandruff', 'pityriasis_alba', 'pityriasis_rosea', 'prurigo', 'psoriasis', 'rhagades', \"Saint_Anthony's_fire\", 'erysipelas', 'scleredema', 'seborrhea', 'seborrheic_dermatitis', 'vitiligo', 'xanthelasma', 'xanthoma', 'xanthoma_disseminatum', 'xanthomatosis', 'xanthosis', 'growth', 'exostosis', 'polyp', 'adenomatous_polyp', 'sessile_polyp', 'pedunculated_polyp', 'peduncle', 'tumor', 'acanthoma', 'adenoma', 'angioma', 'chondroma', 'benign_tumor', 'blastoma', 'brain_tumor', 'glioblastoma', 'glioma', 'carcinoid', 'carcinosarcoma', 'celioma', 'malignancy', 'granulation', 'enchondroma', 'fibroadenoma', 'fibroid_tumor', 'fibroma', 'granuloma', 'gumma', 'hamartoma', 'keratoacanthoma', 'lipoma', 'malignant_tumor', 'meningioma', 'cancer', 'angiosarcoma', 'chondrosarcoma', \"Ewing's_sarcoma\", \"Kaposi's_sarcoma\", 'leiomyosarcoma', 'liposarcoma', 'myosarcoma', 'neurosarcoma', 'osteosarcoma', 'lymphadenoma', 'lymphadenopathy', 'lymphoma', \"Hodgkin's_disease\", 'carcinoma', 'cancroid', 'leukemia', 'acute_leukemia', 'acute_lymphocytic_leukemia', 'acute_myelocytic_leukemia', 'chronic_leukemia', 'chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia', 'chronic_myelocytic_leukemia', 'lymphocytic_leukemia', 'lymphoblastic_leukemia', 'monocytic_leukemia', 'myeloblastic_leukemia', 'myelocytic_leukemia', 'rhabdomyosarcoma', 'embryonal_rhabdomyosarcoma', 'alveolar_rhabdomyosarcoma', 'pleomorphic_rhabdomyosarcoma', \"Wilms'_tumor\", 'sarcoma', 'adenocarcinoma', 'breast_cancer', 'carcinoma_in_situ', 'colon_cancer', 'embryonal_carcinoma', 'endometrial_carcinoma', 'hemangioma', 'strawberry_hemangioma', 'lymphangioma', 'spider_angioma', 'myeloma', 'multiple_myeloma', 'myoma', 'myxoma', 'neurinoma', 'neuroblastoma', 'neuroepithelioma', 'neurofibroma', 'neuroma', 'leiomyoma', 'rhabdomyoma', 'osteoblastoma', 'osteochondroma', 'osteoma', 'papilloma', 'pheochromocytoma', 'pinealoma', 'plasmacytoma', 'psammoma', 'retinoblastoma', 'teratoma', 'hepatoma', 'lung_cancer', 'mesothelioma', 'oat_cell_carcinoma', 'oral_cancer', 'pancreatic_cancer', 'prostate_cancer', 'seminoma', 'skin_cancer', 'epithelioma', 'melanoma', 'trophoblastic_cancer', 'eye_disease', 'animal_disease', 'actinomycosis', 'cervicofacial_actinomycosis', 'cataract', 'macular_edema', 'cystoid_macular_edema', 'drusen', 'glaucoma', 'acute_glaucoma', 'normal_tension_glaucoma', 'cortical_cataract', 'nuclear_cataract', 'posterior_subcapsular_cataract', 'chronic_glaucoma', 'keratonosus', 'macular_degeneration', 'age-related_macular_degeneration', 'retinopathy', 'diabetic_retinopathy', 'trachoma', 'leukoma', 'adenitis', 'alveolitis', 'alveolitis', 'angiitis', 'aortitis', 'rheumatic_aortitis', 'appendicitis', 'arteritis', 'periarteritis', 'polyarteritis', \"Takayasu's_arteritis\", 'temporal_arteritis', 'ophthalmia', 'ophthalmia_neonatorum', 'thoracic_actinomycosis', 'abdominal_actinomycosis', \"farmer's_lung\", 'anaplasmosis', 'anthrax', 'aspergillosis', 'aspiration_pneumonia', 'bagassosis', 'balanitis', 'balanoposthitis', 'bighead', 'blepharitis', 'bursitis', 'brucellosis', 'bluetongue', 'bovine_spongiform_encephalitis', 'bull_nose', 'camelpox', 'canine_chorea', 'catarrhal_fever', 'chronic_wasting_disease', 'costiasis', 'cowpox', 'creeps', 'hemorrhagic_septicemia', 'fistulous_withers', 'fowl_cholera', 'fowl_pest', 'hog_cholera', 'distemper', 'canine_distemper', 'equine_distemper', 'enterotoxemia', 'foot-and-mouth_disease', 'foot_rot', 'black_disease', 'glanders', 'heaves', 'Lyme_disease', 'Marburg_disease', 'albuminuria', 'aminoaciduria', 'ammoniuria', 'hematocyturia', \"Jacquemier's_sign\", 'Kayser-Fleischer_ring', 'keratomalacia', \"Kernig's_sign\", 'ketonemia', \"Koplik's_spots\", 'fructosuria', 'glucosuria', 'glycosuria', 'lymphuria', 'monocytosis', 'thrombocytosis', 'ochronosis', 'hypercalcemia', 'hypocalcemia', 'hypercalciuria', 'hypercholesterolemia', 'hyperkalemia', 'hypokalemia', 'kalemia', 'kaliuresis', 'natriuresis', 'hyperlipoproteinemia', 'hypolipoproteinemia', 'hypoproteinemia', 'hypernatremia', 'hyponatremia', 'hypersplenism', 'ketonuria', 'rabies', 'red_water', 'rhinotracheitis', 'rinderpest', 'scours', 'scrapie', 'shipping_fever', 'spavin', 'blood_spavin', 'bog_spavin', 'bone_spavin', 'swamp_fever', 'canicola_fever', \"Weil's_disease\", 'loco_disease', 'looping_ill', 'mange', 'moon_blindness', 'murrain', 'myxomatosis', 'Newcastle_disease', 'pip', 'psittacosis', 'pullorum_disease', 'saddle_sore', 'sand_crack', 'toe_crack', 'quarter_crack', 'staggers', 'sweating_sickness', 'Texas_fever', 'trembles', 'tularemia', 'zoonosis', 'plant_disease', 'rust', 'blister_rust', 'blackheart', 'black_knot', 'black_rot', 'black_spot', 'bottom_rot', 'brown_rot', 'brown_rot_gummosis', 'gummosis', 'ring_rot', 'canker', 'cotton_ball', 'crown_gall', 'hairy_root', 'crown_wart', 'damping_off', 'dieback', 'dry_rot', 'heartrot', 'mosaic', 'potato_mosaic', 'tobacco_mosaic', 'tomato_streak', 'rhizoctinia_disease', 'little_potato', 'pink_disease', 'potato_wart', 'root_rot', 'scorch', 'leaf_scorch', 'sweet-potato_ring_rot', 'sclerotium_disease', 'Dutch_elm_disease', 'ergot', 'foot_rot', 'granville_wilt', 'pinkroot', 'wilt', 'fusarium_wilt', 'verticilliosis', 'smut', 'loose_smut', 'bunt', 'flag_smut', 'green_smut', 'soft_rot', 'leak', 'yellow_dwarf', 'yellow_dwarf_of_potato', 'onion_yellow_dwarf', 'yellow_spot', 'trauma', 'birth_trauma', 'injury', 'raw_wound', 'stigmata', 'abrasion', 'graze', 'rope_burn', 'cut', 'laceration', 'bite', 'dog_bite', 'snakebite', 'bee_sting', 'flea_bite', 'mosquito_bite', 'birth_trauma', 'blast_trauma', 'bleeding', 'hemorrhagic_stroke', 'blunt_trauma', 'bruise', 'ecchymosis', 'petechia', 'shiner', 'bump', 'burn', 'electric_burn', 'scorch', 'scald', 'sedation', 'sunburn', 'tan', 'windburn', 'hyperpigmentation', 'hypopigmentation', 'first-degree_burn', 'second-degree_burn', 'third-degree_burn', 'dislocation', 'electric_shock', 'fracture', 'comminuted_fracture', 'complete_fracture', 'compound_fracture', 'compression_fracture', 'depressed_fracture', 'displaced_fracture', 'fatigue_fracture', 'hairline_fracture', 'greenstick_fracture', 'incomplete_fracture', 'impacted_fracture', 'simple_fracture', 'abarticulation', 'diastasis', 'spondylolisthesis', 'frostbite', 'intravasation', 'penetrating_trauma', 'pinch', 'rupture', 'hernia', 'colpocele', 'diverticulum', \"Meckel's_diverticulum\", 'eventration', 'exomphalos', 'hiatus_hernia', 'herniated_disc', 'inguinal_hernia', 'cystocele', 'rectocele', 'keratocele', 'laparocele', 'umbilical_hernia', 'sleep_disorder', 'sting', 'strain', 'strangulation', 'whiplash', 'wale', 'wound', 'wrench', 'sprain', 'trench_foot', 'symptom', 'sign', 'vital_sign', 'amenorrhea', 'aura', 'chloasma', 'clubbing', 'cyanosis', 'diuresis', 'acrocyanosis', 'primary_amenorrhea', 'secondary_amenorrhea', 'prodrome', 'syndrome', 'cervical_disc_syndrome', 'Chinese_restaurant_syndrome', \"Conn's_syndrome\", 'fetal_alcohol_syndrome', 'Gulf_War_syndrome', 'regional_enteritis', 'irritable_bowel_syndrome', \"Klinefelter's_syndrome\", 'ulcerative_colitis', 'malabsorption_syndrome', \"Munchausen's_syndrome\", 'narcolepsy', 'nephrotic_syndrome', \"Noonan's_syndrome\", 'phantom_limb_syndrome', 'premenstrual_syndrome', 'radiation_sickness', 'Ramsay_Hunt_syndrome', \"Reiter's_syndrome\", 'restless_legs_syndrome', \"Reye's_syndrome\", 'scalenus_syndrome', 'neonatal_death', 'sudden_infant_death_syndrome', 'tetany', 'thoracic_outlet_syndrome', \"Tietze's_syndrome\", \"Tourette's_syndrome\", 'effect', 'aftereffect', 'bummer', 'hairy_tongue', 'side_effect', 'abscess', 'abscessed_tooth', 'head', 'purulence', 'water_blister', 'blood_blister', 'exophthalmos', 'festination', 'furring', 'gangrene', 'dry_gangrene', 'gas_gangrene', 'hematuria', 'hemoglobinuria', 'hemosiderosis', 'nebula', 'sneeze', 'enlargement', 'swelling', 'bloat', 'bubo', 'anasarca', 'chemosis', 'papilledema', 'bunion', 'palsy', 'pyuria', 'edema', 'cerebral_edema', 'hematocele', 'hematocolpometra', 'hematocolpos', 'intumescence', 'iridoncus', 'lymphogranuloma', 'oscheocele', 'tumescence', 'tumidity', 'cephalhematoma', 'hematoma', 'proud_flesh', 'hyperbilirubinemia', 'hyperbilirubinemia_of_the_newborn', 'hyperglycemia', 'hypoglycemia', 'jaundice', 'jaundice_of_the_newborn', 'kernicterus', 'congestion', 'hydrothorax', 'hemothorax', 'hyperemia', 'engorgement', 'pulmonary_congestion', 'stuffiness', 'eruption', 'enanthem', 'exanthem', 'rash', 'prickly_heat', 'urtication', 'numbness', 'pain', 'ache', 'toothache', 'aerodontalgia', 'agony', 'arthralgia', 'throe', 'paresthesia', 'formication', 'Passion', 'backache', 'burn', 'causalgia', 'colic', 'chest_pain', 'chiralgia', 'distress', 'dysmenorrhea', 'primary_dysmenorrhea', 'secondary_dysmenorrhea', 'headache', 'glossalgia', 'growing_pains', 'hemorrhoid', 'stomachache', 'earache', 'histamine_headache', 'migraine', 'sick_headache', 'sinus_headache', 'tension_headache', 'lumbago', 'keratalgia', 'labor_pain', 'mastalgia', 'melagra', 'meralgia', 'metralgia', 'myalgia', 'nephralgia', 'neuralgia', 'odynophagia', 'orchidalgia', 'pang', 'pang', 'photalgia', 'pleurodynia', 'podalgia', 'proctalgia', 'epidemic_pleurodynia', 'trigeminal_neuralgia', 'sciatica', 'birth_pangs', 'afterpains', 'palilalia', 'palmature', 'referred_pain', 'renal_colic', 'smart', 'sting', 'stitch', 'rebound_tenderness', 'tenderness', 'thermalgesia', 'chafe', 'throb', 'torture', 'ulalgia', 'urodynia', 'postnasal_drip', 'papule', 'papulovesicle', 'pustule', 'pimple', 'pock', 'cardiomegaly', 'heart_murmur', 'systolic_murmur', 'palpitation', 'heartburn', 'gastroesophageal_reflux', 'hepatojugular_reflux', 'ureterorenal_reflux', 'vesicoureteral_reflux', 'reflux', 'hot_flash', 'indigestion', 'inflammation', 'amyxia', 'carditis', 'endocarditis', 'subacute_bacterial_endocarditis', 'myocardial_inflammation', 'pancarditis', 'pericarditis', 'catarrh', 'cellulitis', 'cervicitis', 'cheilitis', 'chill', 'ague', 'quartan', 'cholangitis', 'cholecystitis', 'chorditis', 'chorditis', 'colitis', 'colpitis', 'colpocystitis', 'conjunctivitis', 'corditis', 'costochondritis', 'dacryocystitis', 'diverticulitis', 'encephalitis', 'encephalomyelitis', 'endarteritis', 'acute_hemorrhagic_encephalitis', 'equine_encephalitis', 'herpes_simplex_encephalitis', 'leukoencephalitis', 'meningoencephalitis', 'panencephalitis', 'sleeping_sickness', 'West_Nile_encephalitis', 'subacute_sclerosing_panencephalitis', 'rubella_panencephalitis', 'endocervicitis', 'enteritis', 'necrotizing_enteritis', 'epicondylitis', 'epididymitis', 'epiglottitis', 'episcleritis', 'esophagitis', 'fibrositis', 'fibromyositis', 'folliculitis', 'funiculitis', 'gastritis', 'acute_gastritis', 'chronic_gastritis', 'glossitis', 'acute_glossitis', 'chronic_glossitis', \"Moeller's_glossitis\", 'hydrarthrosis', 'ileitis', 'iridocyclitis', 'iridokeratitis', 'iritis', 'jejunitis', 'jejunoileitis', 'keratitis', 'keratoconjunctivitis', 'keratoiritis', 'keratoscleritis', 'labyrinthitis', 'laminitis', 'laryngitis', 'laryngopharyngitis', 'laryngotracheobronchitis', 'leptomeningitis', 'lymphadenitis', 'lymphangitis', 'mastitis', 'mastoiditis', 'metritis', 'monoplegia', 'myelatelia', 'myelitis', 'myositis', 'myometritis', 'trichinosis', 'neuritis', 'oophoritis', 'orchitis', 'ophthalmoplegia', 'osteitis', 'osteomyelitis', 'otitis', 'otitis_externa', 'otitis_media', 'ovaritis', 'otorrhea', 'ozena', 'pancreatitis', 'parametritis', 'parotitis', 'peritonitis', 'phalangitis', 'phlebitis', 'phlebothrombosis', 'polyneuritis', 'retrobulbar_neuritis', 'Guillain-Barre_syndrome', 'thrombophlebitis', 'pneumonitis', 'posthitis', 'proctitis', 'prostatitis', 'rachitis', 'radiculitis', 'chorioretinitis', 'retinitis', 'rhinitis', 'sinusitis', 'pansinusitis', 'salpingitis', 'scleritis', 'sialadenitis', 'splenitis', 'spondylitis', 'stomatitis', 'vesicular_stomatitis', 'synovitis', 'tarsitis', 'tendinitis', 'tennis_elbow', 'tenosynovitis', 'thyroiditis', 'tonsillitis', 'tracheitis', 'tracheobronchitis', 'tympanitis', 'ulitis', 'ureteritis', 'uveitis', 'uvulitis', 'vaccinia', 'vaginitis', 'valvulitis', 'vasculitis', 'vasovesiculitis', 'vesiculitis', 'vulvitis', 'vulvovaginitis', 'cough', 'hiccup', 'meningism', 'nausea', 'morning_sickness', 'queasiness', 'spasm', 'charley_horse', \"writer's_cramp\", 'blepharospasm', 'crick', 'myoclonus', 'opisthotonos', 'twitch', 'tic', 'blepharism', 'fibrillation', 'atrial_fibrillation', 'bradycardia', 'heart_block', 'premature_ventricular_contraction', 'tachycardia', 'ventricular_fibrillation', 'fasciculation', 'scar', 'callus', 'keloid', 'pockmark', 'sword-cut', 'vaccination', 'hardening', 'callosity', 'corn', 'calcification', 'musca_volitans', 'fever', 'hyperpyrexia', 'atrophy', 'dysplasia', 'fibrous_dysplasia_of_bone', \"Albright's_disease\", 'monostotic_fibrous_dysplasia', 'hypertrophy', 'adenomegaly', 'cor_pulmonale', 'dactylomegaly', 'elephantiasis', 'elephantiasis_neuromatosa', 'elephantiasis_scroti', 'nevoid_elephantiasis', 'filariasis', 'splenomegaly', 'giantism', 'acromegaly', 'hyperplasia', 'benign_prostatic_hyperplasia', 'hypoplasia', 'anaplasia', 'apnea', 'periodic_apnea_of_the_newborn', 'dyspnea', 'orthopnea', 'shortness_of_breath', 'sleep_apnea', 'cerebral_hemorrhage', 'blood_extravasation', 'hyphema', 'metrorrhagia', 'nosebleed', 'ulemorrhagia', 'constipation', 'dyschezia', 'fecal_impaction', 'obstipation', 'diarrhea', 'the_shits', \"Montezuma's_revenge\", 'dizziness', 'anemia', 'wheeziness', 'withdrawal_symptom', 'thrombus', 'embolus', 'psychological_state', 'morale', 'anxiety', 'castration_anxiety', 'hypochondria', 'overanxiety', 'hallucinosis', 'identity_crisis', 'nervousness', 'jitters', 'strain', 'tension', 'yips', 'breaking_point', 'delusion', 'delusions_of_grandeur', 'delusions_of_persecution', 'hallucination', 'auditory_hallucination', 'chromatism', 'pink_elephants', 'pseudohallucination', 'trip', 'visual_hallucination', 'zoopsia', 'nihilistic_delusion', 'somatic_delusion', 'zoanthropy', 'mental_health', 'mental_soundness', 'sanity', 'lucidity', 'rationality', 'mental_illness', 'anxiety_disorder', 'generalized_anxiety_disorder', 'obsessive-compulsive_disorder', 'panic_disorder', 'phobia', 'acarophobia', 'agoraphobia', 'androphobia', 'arachnophobia', 'gynophobia', 'simple_phobia', 'acrophobia', 'algophobia', 'aquaphobia', 'astraphobia', 'automysophobia', 'claustrophobia', 'cryophobia', 'cyberphobia', 'hydrophobia', 'hydrophobia', 'hypnophobia', 'mysophobia', 'neophobia', 'nyctophobia', 'phobophobia', 'phonophobia', 'photophobia', 'pyrophobia', 'taphephobia', 'thanatophobia', 'triskaidekaphobia', 'zoophobia', 'ailurophobia', 'cynophobia', 'entomophobia', 'lepidophobia', 'musophobia', 'social_phobia', 'satanophobia', 'school_phobia', 'traumatophobia', 'xenophobia', 'posttraumatic_stress_disorder', 'psychosomatic_disorder', 'aberration', 'conversion_disorder', 'glove_anesthesia', 'delirium', 'delusional_disorder', 'encopresis', 'folie_a_deux', 'personality_disorder', 'maladjustment', 'antisocial_personality_disorder', 'battle_fatigue', 'schizotypal_personality', 'affective_disorder', 'depressive_disorder', 'agitated_depression', 'anaclitic_depression', 'dysthymia', 'endogenous_depression', 'exogenous_depression', 'major_depressive_episode', 'involutional_depression', 'neurotic_depression', 'psychotic_depression', 'retarded_depression', 'unipolar_depression', 'mania', 'craze', 'mass_hysteria', 'megalomania', 'melancholia', 'bipolar_disorder', 'cyclothymia', 'schizothymia', 'neurosis', 'hysteria', 'anxiety_hysteria', 'hysterocatalepsy', 'anxiety_neurosis', 'depersonalization', 'fugue', 'split_personality', 'insanity', 'lunacy', 'dementia', 'alcoholic_dementia', 'presenile_dementia', \"Alzheimer's_disease\", \"Pick's_disease\", 'senile_dementia', 'rhinopathy', 'rhinophyma', \"Wernicke's_encephalopathy\", 'irrationality', 'derangement', 'craziness', 'psychosis', 'delirium_tremens', 'paranoia', 'schizophrenia', 'borderline_schizophrenia', 'catatonic_schizophrenia', 'hebephrenia', 'paranoid_schizophrenia', 'acute_schizophrenic_episode', 'aphonia', 'speech_disorder', 'sprue', 'flaccid_bladder', 'neurogenic_bladder', 'spastic_bladder', 'cataphasia', 'dysarthria', 'dyslogia', 'dysphonia', 'lallation', 'lambdacism', 'lisp', 'stammer', 'agitation', 'disturbance', 'fret', 'dither', 'tailspin', 'depression', 'blues', 'funk', 'melancholy', 'slough_of_despond', 'low_spirits', 'dumps', 'elation', 'high', 'high', 'cold_sweat', 'panic', 'red_scare', 'fit', 'areflexia', 'irritation', 'bummer', 'huff', 'pinprick', 'restlessness', 'snit', 'enchantment', 'possession', 'fascination', 'difficulty', 'bitch', 'predicament', 'corner', 'hot_water', 'rattrap', 'pinch', 'fix', \"dog's_breakfast\", 'hard_time', 'stress', 'mire', 'problem', 'race_problem', 'balance-of-payments_problem', 'situation', 'quicksand', 'vogue', 'recognition', 'approval', 'appro', 'acceptation', 'contentedness', 'acquiescence', 'welcome', 'apostasy', 'disfavor', 'wilderness', 'excommunication', 'reprobation', 'separation', 'discreteness', 'isolation', 'solitude', 'solitude', 'loneliness', 'quarantine', 'insulation', 'alienation', 'anomie', 'privacy', 'hiddenness', 'bosom', 'confidentiality', 'dissociation', 'compartmentalization', 'dissociative_disorder', 'discontinuity', 'disjunction', 'separability', 'incoherence', 'disjointedness', 'union', 'coalition', 'alliance', 'federalization', 'connection', 'contact', 'concatenation', 'osculation', 'tangency', 'interconnection', 'coherence', 'consistency', 'junction', 'association', 'disassociation', 'marriage', 'syncretism', 'continuity', 'improvement', 'decline', 'betterment', 'development', 'underdevelopment', 'neglect', 'omission', 'twilight', 'wreck', 'reformation', 'counterreformation', 'renovation', 'maturity', 'adulthood', 'manhood', 'parenthood', 'ripeness', 'womanhood', 'youth', 'immaturity', 'post-maturity', 'greenness', 'callowness', 'prematureness', 'adolescence', 'childhood', 'infancy', 'embrace', 'encompassment', 'banishment', 'debarment', 'grade', 'biosafety_level', 'biosafety_level_1', 'biosafety_level_2', 'biosafety_level_3', 'biosafety_level_4', 'rating', 'ranking', 'gradation', 'cut', 'rank', 'second_class', 'A_level', 'General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education', 'college_level', 'military_rank', 'flag_rank', 'caste', 'dignity', 'nobility', 'ordination', 'purple', 'pedestal', 'archidiaconate', 'baronetcy', 'dukedom', 'earldom', 'kingship', 'princedom', 'viscountcy', 'leadership', 'ennoblement', 'prominence', 'limelight', 'salience', 'conspicuousness', 'visibility', 'low_profile', 'importance', 'emphasis', 'stress', 'primacy', 'eminence', 'king', 'prestige', 'obscurity', 'anonymity', 'humbleness', 'nowhere', 'oblivion', 'honor', 'glory', 'fame', 'esteem', 'disesteem', 'stature', 'repute', 'black_eye', 'stock', 'character', 'name', 'fame', 'infamy', 'notoriety', 'reputation', 'dishonor', 'disrepute', 'corruptness', 'shame', 'humiliation', 'abasement', 'degeneracy', 'depth', 'infamy', 'obloquy', 'odium', 'reproach', 'dominance', 'ascendant', 'domination', 'predominance', 'dominion', 'paramountcy', 'raj', 'regulation', 'reign', 'scepter', 'suzerainty', 'absolutism', 'monopoly', 'monopoly', 'monopsony', 'oligopoly', 'corner', 'bane', 'comfort', 'relief', 'reprieve', 'solace', 'coziness', 'convenience', 'discomfort', 'inconvenience', 'malaise', 'hangover', 'wretchedness', 'wellbeing', \"fool's_paradise\", 'health', 'ill-being', 'misery', 'concentration_camp', 'living_death', 'suffering', 'anguish', 'need', 'lack', 'dearth', 'deficit', 'mineral_deficiency', 'shortness', 'stringency', 'necessity', 'requisiteness', 'urgency', 'hurry', 'imperativeness', 'criticality', 'fullness', 'repletion', 'surfeit', 'solidity', 'infestation', 'acariasis', 'ascariasis', 'coccidiosis', 'echinococcosis', 'helminthiasis', 'hookworm', 'myiasis', 'onchocerciasis', 'opisthorchiasis', 'pediculosis', 'pediculosis_capitis', 'pediculosis_corporis', 'pediculosis_pubis', 'trombiculiasis', 'trichuriasis', 'emptiness', 'blankness', 'hollowness', 'nothingness', 'thin_air', 'vacancy', 'vacuum', 'nakedness', 'nude', 'raw', 'undress', 'bareness', 'baldness', 'hairlessness', 'alopecia', 'alopecia_areata', 'male-patterned_baldness', 'dishabille', 'shirtsleeves', 'grace', 'damnation', 'fire_and_brimstone', 'omniscience', \"God's_Wisdom\", 'omnipotence', \"God's_Will\", 'perfection', 'dream', 'polish', 'fare-thee-well', 'intactness', 'integrity', 'completeness', 'entirety', 'comprehensiveness', 'whole_shebang', 'partialness', 'incompleteness', 'sketchiness', 'imperfection', 'failing', 'flaw', 'tragic_flaw', 'insufficiency', 'fatigue', 'flaw', 'defect', 'defect', 'blister', 'bug', 'hole', 'wart', 'birth_defect', 'hydrocephalus', 'hydronephrosis', 'abrachia', 'amelia', 'meromelia', 'phocomelia', 'encephalocele', 'familial_hypercholesterolemia', 'meningocele', 'myelomeningocele', 'plagiocephaly', 'polysomy', 'hermaphroditism', 'pseudohermaphroditism', 'progeria', 'scaphocephaly', 'valgus', 'varus', 'congenital_heart_defect', 'septal_defect', 'atrial_septal_defect', 'ventricular_septal_defect', 'tetralogy_of_Fallot', 'toxic_shock', 'Waterhouse-Friderichsen_syndrome', 'Williams_syndrome', 'Zollinger-Ellison_syndrome', 'spina_bifida', 'spinocerebellar_disorder', 'polydactyly', 'syndactyly', 'tongue_tie', 'defectiveness', 'bugginess', 'crudeness', 'lameness', 'sickness', 'fortune', 'good_fortune', 'providence', 'prosperity', 'blessing', 'mercy', 'strength', 'weakness', 'success', 'big_time', 'pay_dirt', 'misfortune', 'adversity', 'gutter', 'hard_cheese', 'catastrophe', 'extremity', 'bitter_end', 'distress', 'pressure', 'throe', 'affliction', 'victimization', 'cross', 'failure', 'solvency', 'insolvency', 'bankruptcy', 'bankruptcy', 'bank_failure', 'crop_failure', 'dead_duck', 'receivership', 'ownership', 'state_of_matter', 'phase', 'liquid', 'solid', 'gas', 'plasma', 'possibility', 'conceivableness', 'achievability', 'potential', 'latency', 'prospect', 'impossibility', 'inconceivability', 'unattainableness', 'hopefulness', 'confidence', 'opportunity', 'brass_ring', 'day', 'fresh_start', 'hearing', 'hunting_ground', 'occasion', 'opening', 'room', 'say', 'shot', 'street', 'throw', 'anticipation', 'despair', 'dejection', 'nadir', 'purity', 'plainness', 'impurity', 'adulteration', 'admixture', 'contamination', 'dust_contamination', 'dirtiness', 'feculence', 'putridity', 'financial_condition', 'economic_condition', 'boom', 'credit_crunch', 'depression', 'Great_Depression', 'full_employment', 'prosperity', 'softness', 'obligation', 'indebtedness', 'debt', 'arrears', 'account_payable', 'score', 'scot_and_lot', 'wealth', 'affluence', 'ease', 'lap_of_luxury', 'inherited_wealth', 'luxury', 'mammon', 'silver_spoon', 'sufficiency', 'poverty', 'privation', 'destitution', 'indigence', 'beggary', 'impecuniousness', 'shakeout', 'wage_setter', 'sanitary_condition', 'sanitariness', 'hygiene', 'asepsis', 'sanitation', 'unsanitariness', 'filth', 'dunghill', 'tilth', 'cleanness', 'cleanliness', 'spotlessness', 'orderliness', 'spit_and_polish', 'kilter', 'tidiness', 'neatness', 'trim', 'shambles', 'dirtiness', 'dirt', 'befoulment', 'dinginess', 'dustiness', 'griminess', 'smuttiness', 'sordidness', 'disorderliness', 'untidiness', 'sloppiness', 'shagginess', 'mess', 'disorganization', 'clutter', 'rummage', 'normality', 'averageness', 'commonness', 'typicality', 'abnormality', 'atelectasis', 'atypicality', 'anoxemia', 'arrested_development', 'coprolalia', 'aberrance', 'cyclopia', 'chromosomal_aberration', 'monosomy', 'trisomy', 'deflection', 'spinal_curvature', 'kyphosis', 'lordosis', 'scoliosis', \"dowager's_hump\", 'subnormality', 'anomaly', 'gynecomastia', 'cross-eye', 'dwarfism', 'pycnodysostosis', 'lactose_intolerance', 'lactosuria', 'myoglobinuria', 'oliguria', 'phenylketonuria', 'porphyria', 'infantilism', 'obstruction', 'intestinal_obstruction', 'tamponade', 'cardiac_tamponade', 'ateleiosis', 'macrocephaly', 'microbrachia', 'microcephaly', 'pachycheilia', 'phimosis', 'poisoning', 'alkali_poisoning', 'caffeinism', 'carbon_monoxide_poisoning', 'cyanide_poisoning', 'malathion_poisoning', 'ergotism', 'mercury_poisoning', 'Minamata_disease', 'naphthalene_poisoning', 'nicotine_poisoning', 'ophidism', 'paraquat_poisoning', 'parathion_poisoning', 'pesticide_poisoning', 'salicylate_poisoning', 'context', 'ecology', 'setting', 'canvas', 'home', 'milieu', 'sphere', 'distaff', 'front', 'lotusland', 'kingdom', 'lap', 'lap_of_the_gods', 'political_arena', 'preserve', 'province', 'ecclesiastical_province', 'showcase', 'street', 'environmental_condition', 'pollution', 'biodegradable_pollution', 'nonbiodegradable_pollution', 'air_pollution', 'acid_rain', 'industrial_air_pollution', 'miasma', 'small-particle_pollution', 'smog', 'noise_pollution', 'thermal_pollution', 'water_pollution', 'erosion', 'deforestation', 'depopulation', 'climate', 'glaciation', 'inhospitableness', 'meteorological_conditions', 'atmosphere', 'air_mass', 'high', 'low', 'anticyclone', 'cyclone', 'fog', 'fug', 'good_weather', 'calmness', 'mildness', 'balminess', 'stillness', 'lull', 'bad_weather', 'raw_weather', 'storminess', 'boisterousness', 'breeziness', 'tempestuousness', 'choppiness', 'cloudiness', 'turbulence', 'clear-air_turbulence', 'climate', 'atmosphere', 'cloud', 'genius_loci', 'gloom', 'bleakness', 'Hollywood', 'miasma', 'spirit', 'Zeitgeist', 'unsusceptibility', 'resistance', 'immunity', 'immunogenicity', 'active_immunity', 'passive_immunity', 'autoimmunity', 'acquired_immunity', 'natural_immunity', 'racial_immunity', 'exemption', 'amnesty', 'diplomatic_immunity', 'indemnity', 'impunity', 'grandfather_clause', 'subservience', 'susceptibility', 'liability', 'taxability', 'ratability', 'capability', 'habitus', 'activity', 'irritation', 'retroversion', 'sensitivity', 'sensitization', 'food_allergy', 'immediate_allergy', 'serum_sickness', 'delayed_allergy', 'allergy', 'cryesthesia', 'hypersensitivity_reaction', 'anaphylaxis', 'hypersensitivity', 'allergic_rhinitis', 'eosinophilia', 'hay_fever', 'diathesis', 'reactivity', 'suggestibility', 'wetness', 'wateriness', 'moisture', 'humidity', 'mugginess', 'damp', 'dankness', 'rawness', 'sogginess', 'dryness', 'dehydration', 'drought', 'aridity', 'sereness', 'xeroderma', 'xeroderma_pigmentosum', 'xerophthalmia', 'xerostomia', 'safety', 'biosafety', 'risklessness', 'invulnerability', 'salvation', 'security', 'peace', 'secureness', 'indemnity', 'protection', 'collective_security', 'Pax_Romana', 'radioprotection', 'cause_of_death', 'danger', 'danger', 'clear_and_present_danger', 'hazardousness', 'insecurity', 'hazard', 'health_hazard', 'biohazard', 'moral_hazard', 'occupational_hazard', 'sword_of_Damocles', 'powder_keg', 'menace', 'yellow_peril', 'riskiness', 'speculativeness', 'vulnerability', 'insecureness', 'tension', 'tonicity', 'catatonia', 'muscular_tonus', 'myotonia', 'acromyotonia', 'myotonia_congenita', 'atonicity', 'laxness', 'condition', 'fitness', 'fettle', 'repair', 'soundness', 'seaworthiness', 'airworthiness', 'unfitness', 'infirmity', 'asthenia', 'cachexia', 'disability', 'disability_of_walking', 'abasia', 'abasia_trepidans', 'atactic_abasia', 'choreic_abasia', 'paralytic_abasia', 'paroxysmal_trepidant_abasia', 'spastic_abasia', 'lameness', 'intermittent_claudication', 'astasia', 'amputation', 'sequela', 'hearing_impairment', 'deafness', 'conductive_hearing_loss', 'hyperacusis', 'sensorineural_hearing_loss', 'tone_deafness', 'deaf-mutism', 'mutism', 'analgesia', 'dysomia', 'anosmia', 'hyposmia', 'visual_impairment', 'myopia', 'astigmatism', 'anopia', 'hyperopia', 'hemeralopia', 'hemianopia', 'quadrantanopia', 'metamorphopsia', 'nyctalopia', 'photoretinitis', 'presbyopia', 'eye_condition', 'anisometropia', 'isometropia', 'snowblindness', 'retinal_detachment', 'scotoma', 'annular_scotoma', 'central_scotoma', 'hemianopic_scotoma', 'paracentral_scotoma', 'scintillating_scotoma', 'tunnel_vision', 'eyelessness', 'figural_blindness', 'strabismus', 'walleye', 'torticollis', 'dysfunction', 'paralysis', 'paresis', 'paraparesis', 'metroptosis', 'nephroptosis', 'ptosis', 'brow_ptosis', 'prolapse', 'paraplegia', 'hemiplegia', 'quadriplegia', 'hypoesthesia', 'knock-knee', 'pigeon_toes', 'bow_leg', 'unsoundness', 'disrepair', 'decay', 'putrefaction', 'putrescence', 'decomposition', 'disintegration', 'deterioration', 'rancidity', 'corrosion', 'devastation', 'ruin', 'decrepitude', 'wear', 'blight', 'end', 'foulness', 'impropriety', 'iniquity', 'light', 'malady', 'revocation', 'merchantability', 'sale', 'urinary_hesitancy', 'wall', 'sarcoidosis', 'morphea', 'scleroderma', 'thrombocytopenic_purpura', 'sex-linked_disorder', \"Turner's_syndrome\", 'urinary_tract_infection', 'pyelonephritis', 'acute_pyelonephritis', 'carotenemia', 'chronic_pyelonephritis', 'nongonococcal_urethritis', 'rhinorrhea', 'rhinosporidiosis', 'urethritis', 'nonspecific_urethritis', 'sodoku', 'stasis', 'steatorrhea', 'stridor', 'tinnitus', 'climax', 'serration', 'turgor', 'shin_splints', 'hepatolenticular_degeneration', 'homozygosity', 'heterozygosity', 'neotony', 'plurality', 'polyvalence', 'polyvalence', 'amphidiploidy', 'diploidy', 'haploidy', 'heteroploidy', 'polyploidy', 'mosaicism', 'orphanage', 'kraurosis', 'kraurosis_vulvae', 'oligospermia', 'tenesmus', 'stigmatism', 'transsexualism', 'trismus', 'uratemia', 'uraturia', 'ureterocele', 'ureterostenosis', 'urethrocele', 'uricaciduria', 'urocele', 'uropathy', 'varicocele', 'varicosis', 'varicosity', 'varix', 'viremia', 'volvulus', 'xanthopsia', 'absolution', 'automation', 'brutalization', 'condemnation', 'deification', 'diversification', 'exoneration', 'facilitation', 'frizz', 'fruition', 'hiding', 'hospitalization', 'hypertonia', 'hypotonia', 'hypertonicity', 'hypotonicity', 'identification', 'impaction', 'ionization', 'irradiation', 'leakiness', 'lubrication', 'mechanization', 'motivation', 'mummification', 'paternity', 'preservation', 'prognathism', 'rustication', 'rustiness', 'scandalization', 'slot', 'toehold', 'submission', 'urbanization', 'utilization', 'substance', 'chemistry', 'material', 'ylem', 'dark_matter', 'antimatter', 'micronutrient', \"philosopher's_stone\", 'precursor', 'phlogiston', 'chyme', 'glop', 'impurity', 'acceptor', 'adduct', 'actinoid', 'allergen', 'assay', 'pyrogen', 'pyrogen', 'aldehyde', 'alkapton', 'antiknock', 'ragweed_pollen', 'atom', 'ammunition', 'floccule', 'HAZMAT', 'mixture', 'alloy', 'botulinum_toxin', 'botulinum_toxin_A', 'colloid', 'composition', 'dispersed_phase', 'dispersing_phase', 'mechanical_mixture', 'eutectic', 'solution', 'aqueous_solution', \"Ringer's_solution\", 'saline_solution', 'polyelectrolyte', 'gel', 'hydrogel', 'sol', 'hydrocolloid', 'suspension', 'slurry', 'resuspension', 'precipitate', 'sludge', 'domoic_acid', 'acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene', 'Mylar', 'pina_cloth', 'Plasticine', 'plastic', 'plasticizer', 'thermoplastic', 'saran', 'acrylic', 'polymethyl_methacrylate', 'Lucite', 'Plexiglas', 'polyethylene', 'acetyl', 'acyl', 'aggregate', 'alcohol_group', 'aldehyde_group', 'polyvinyl_acetate', 'polyvinyl_chloride', 'styrene', 'polystyrene', 'Styrofoam', 'thermosetting_compositions', 'Bakelite', 'Teflon', 'Vinylite', 'raw_material', 'feedstock', 'sorbate', 'sorbent', 'absorbent_material', 'absorbate', 'sponge', 'absorber', 'absorbent_cotton', 'absorption_indicator', 'adsorbent', 'adsorbate', 'acaricide', 'acaroid_resin', 'acetic_acid', 'acetin', 'acetum', 'acetate', 'dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane', 'larvacide', 'lead_arsenate', 'tetraethyl_lead', 'acetone', 'acetylene', 'adobe', 'Agent_Orange', 'alicyclic_compound', 'aliphatic_compound', 'alkylbenzene', 'alkyl_halide', 'amino_acid', 'alanine', 'argil', 'arsenical', 'asparagine', 'aspartic_acid', 'canavanine', 'chlorobenzene', 'chlorofluorocarbon', 'chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile', 'chloroacetophenone', 'citrate', 'citrulline', 'cysteine', 'cystine', 'diamagnet', 'diamine', 'dopa', 'L-dopa', 'endonuclease', 'enol', 'essential_amino_acid', 'exonuclease', 'gamma_aminobutyric_acid', 'glutamic_acid', 'glutamine', 'glutathione_peroxidase', 'glycine', 'hydroxyproline', 'iodoamino_acid', 'ornithine', 'acid', 'acid-base_indicator', 'alpha-linolenic_acid', 'alpha-naphthol', 'alpha-naphthol_test', 'aromatic_compound', 'arsenate', 'arsenic_acid', 'arsenide', 'cerotic_acid', 'chlorate', 'chloric_acid', 'chlorous_acid', 'monobasic_acid', 'dibasic_acid', 'dibasic_salt', 'tribasic_acid', 'tritium', 'tetrabasic_acid', 'fulminic_acid', 'gamma_acid', 'heavy_metal', 'hexanedioic_acid', 'HMG-CoA_reductase', 'horseradish_peroxidase', 'hydrazoic_acid', 'hydriodic_acid', 'hydrochlorofluorocarbon', 'hydrogen_cyanide', 'hydrocyanic_acid', 'hydrolysate', 'hydroxy_acid', 'hydroxybenzoic_acid', 'hypochlorite', 'hyponitrous_acid', 'hypophosphoric_acid', 'hypophosphorous_acid', 'juniperic_acid', 'lysergic_acid', 'manganic_acid', 'metaphosphoric_acid', 'polyphosphoric_acid', 'pyrogallol', 'pyrophosphoric_acid', 'pyrophosphate', 'methacrylic_acid', 'mucic_acid', 'selenic_acid', 'suberic_acid', 'succinic_acid', 'sulfonate', 'sulfonic_acid', 'titanic_acid', 'titanium_dioxide', 'adulterant', 'alkyl', 'allyl', 'amino', 'aminomethane', 'amyl', 'anionic_compound', 'anionic_detergent', 'base', 'base_metal', 'binary_compound', 'chelate', 'atom', 'isotope', 'radioisotope', 'label', 'halon', 'bromoform', 'fluoroform', 'iodoform', 'haloform', 'monad', 'azido_group', 'azo_group', 'group', 'fullerene', 'buckminsterfullerene', 'carbon_nanotube', 'benzyl', 'benzoyl_group', 'chemical_element', 'allotrope', 'transuranic_element', 'noble_gas', 'helium_group', 'rare_earth', 'terbium_metal', 'actinide_series', 'lanthanide_series', 'metallic_element', 'noble_metal', 'nonmetal', 'transactinide', 'metallized_dye', 'actinium', 'aluminum', 'alum', 'alum', 'americium', 'antimony', 'argon', 'arsenic', 'astatine', 'atrazine', 'barium', 'baryta', 'barium_hydroxide', 'barium_monoxide', 'barium_dioxide', 'base_pair', 'berkelium', 'beryllium', 'bismuth', 'bohrium', 'boron', 'bromine', 'cadmium', 'calcium', 'californium', 'carbon', 'carbon_atom', 'radiocarbon', 'cerium', 'cesium', 'cesium_137', 'chlorine', 'radiochlorine', 'chromium', 'cobalt', 'cobalt_60', 'copper', 'curium', 'darmstadtium', 'dubnium', 'dysprosium', 'einsteinium', 'erbium', 'europium', 'fermium', 'fluorine', 'francium', 'gadolinium', 'gallium', 'germanium', 'gold', '18-karat_gold', '22-karat_gold', '24-karat_gold', 'hafnium', 'hassium', 'helium', 'holmium', 'hydrogen', 'hydrogen_atom', 'acidic_hydrogen', 'deuterium', 'indium', 'iodine', 'iodine-131', 'iodine-125', 'iridium', 'iron', 'krypton', 'lanthanum', 'lawrencium', 'lead', 'lithium', 'lutetium', 'magnesium', 'manganese', 'meitnerium', 'mendelevium', 'mercury', 'molybdenum', 'neodymium', 'neon', 'neptunium', 'nickel', 'niobium', 'columbium', 'nitrogen', 'azote', 'nobelium', 'osmium', 'oxygen', 'liquid_oxygen', 'palladium', 'phosphor', 'phosphorus', 'platinum', 'plutonium', 'plutonium_239', 'weapons_plutonium', 'polonium', 'potassium', 'praseodymium', 'promethium', 'protactinium', 'radium', 'radon', 'rhenium', 'rhodium', 'roentgenium', 'rubidium', 'ruthenium', 'rutherfordium', 'samarium', 'scandium', 'seaborgium', 'selenium', 'silicon', 'silver', 'sodium', 'strontium', 'strontium_90', 'sulfur', 'tantalum', 'taurine', 'technetium', 'tellurium', 'terbium', 'thallium', 'thorium', 'thorium-228', 'thulium', 'tin', 'titanium', 'tungsten', 'ununbium', 'ununhexium', 'ununpentium', 'ununquadium', 'ununtrium', 'uranium', 'uranium_235', 'uranium_238', 'vanadium', 'xenon', 'ytterbium', 'yttrium', 'zinc', 'zirconium', 'mineral', 'ader_wax', 'alabaster', 'alabaster', 'amblygonite', 'amphibole', 'amphibole_group', 'amphibolite', 'apatite', 'aragonite', 'argentite', 'argillite', 'argyrodite', 'arsenopyrite', 'asphalt', 'augite', 'azurite', 'baddeleyite', 'bastnasite', 'bauxite', 'beryl', 'biotite', 'bone_black', 'borax', 'bornite', 'carnallite', 'carnotite', 'caspase', 'cassiterite', 'celestite', 'cerussite', 'chalcocite', 'chalcopyrite', 'china_clay', 'chlorite', 'chromite', 'chromogen', 'chrysoberyl', 'cinnabar', 'cobalt_blue', 'cobaltite', 'sodium_chloride', 'halite', 'columbite-tantalite', 'cordierite', 'corundom', 'cristobalite', 'crocolite', 'cryolite', 'cuprite', 'cutin', 'damourite', 'dolomite', 'earth_color', 'emery', 'emulsifier', 'emulsion', 'erythrite', 'fergusonite', 'fluorapatite', 'fluorite', 'gadolinite', 'galena', 'garnet', 'garnierite', 'almandite', 'germanite', 'gesso', 'gibbsite', 'glauconite', 'goethite', 'greaves', 'greenockite', 'gypsum', 'hausmannite', 'heavy_spar', 'hemimorphite', 'ilmenite', 'jadeite', 'kainite', 'kaolinite', 'kernite', 'kieserite', 'kyanite', 'lactate', 'langbeinite', 'lecithin', 'lepidolite', 'lepidomelane', 'magnesite', 'malachite', 'maltha', 'manganese_tetroxide', 'manganite', 'marl', 'meerschaum', 'mica', 'millerite', 'molecule', 'molybdenite', 'monazite', 'monomer', 'muscovite', 'nepheline', 'nephelinite', 'nephrite', 'niobite', 'nitrocalcite', 'olivine', 'olivenite', 'ozonide', 'perchlorate', 'perchloric_acid', 'proline', 'biomass', 'butane', 'char', 'charcoal', 'coal_gas', 'town_gas', 'coke', 'diesel_oil', 'derv', 'fire', 'fossil_fuel', 'fuel_oil', 'gasohol', 'gasoline', 'leaded_gasoline', 'illuminant', 'kerosene', 'methanol', 'nuclear_fuel', 'opal', 'ore', 'oroide', 'orpiment', 'osmiridium', 'paragonite', 'paraldehyde', 'peat', 'pentlandite', 'triose', 'tetrose', 'pentose', 'hexose', 'pentoxide', 'peptone', 'periclase', 'phlogopite', 'pinite', 'pollucite', 'quaternary_ammonium_compound', 'proenzyme', 'propane', 'propellant', 'rocket_fuel', 'propylthiouracil', 'psilomelane', 'pyridine', 'pyrite', 'pyrites', 'pyrolusite', 'pyromorphite', 'pyrophyllite', 'pyroxene', 'pyrrhotite', 'quartz', 'quartzite', 'rock_crystal', 'rhinestone', 'cairngorm', 'rag_paper', 'reactant', 'realgar', 'red_clay', 'red_fire', 'regosol', 'regur', 'residual_soil', 'topsoil', 'subsoil', 'resinoid', 'rhodochrosite', 'rhodonite', 'ribose', 'ricin', 'road_metal', 'rock', 'arenaceous_rock', 'argillaceous_rock', 'rudaceous_rock', 'breccia', 'sedimentary_rock', 'sial', 'sima', 'marlite', 'metamorphic_rock', 'gravel', 'hornfels', 'ballast', 'bank_gravel', 'caliche', 'shingle', 'gem', 'cabochon', 'slate', 'shingling', 'pumice', 'grit', 'animal_product', 'ambergris', 'lac', 'garnet_lac', 'gum-lac', 'shellac', 'mosaic_gold', 'stick_lac', 'seed_lac', 'Sonora_lac', 'adhesive_material', 'birdlime', 'glue', 'animal_glue', 'casein_glue', 'Crazy_Glue', 'fish_glue', 'marine_glue', 'putty', 'iron_putty', 'red-lead_putty', 'spirit_gum', 'binder', 'cement', 'mastic', 'paste', 'wafer', 'paste', 'rubber_cement', 'sealing_material', 'sealant', 'filler', 'lute', 'size', 'purine', 'purine', 'adenine', 'adenosine', 'adenosine_deaminase', 'adenosine_monophosphate', 'adenosine_diphosphate', 'adenosine_triphosphate', 'agate', 'moss_agate', 'Alar', 'alcohol', 'ether', 'ethyl_alcohol', 'spirits_of_wine', 'absolute_alcohol', 'isopropyl_alcohol', 'denaturant', 'denatured_alcohol', 'ethyl', 'aldohexose', 'aldose', 'acetal', 'acetaldol', 'acetaldehyde', 'acetamide', 'acrylamide', 'agglomerate', 'aldol', 'alkali', 'alkali_metal', 'alkaline_earth', 'alkaloid', 'alkene', 'alkylbenzenesulfonate', 'cinchonine', 'ephedrine', 'ergonovine', 'ergotamine', 'pseudoephedrine', 'epsilon_toxin', 'aflatoxin', 'nicotine', 'strychnine', 'brucine', 'shag', 'Turkish_tobacco', 'latakia', 'alexandrite', 'alloy_iron', 'alloy_steel', 'Alnico', 'amalgam', 'fusible_metal', 'brass', 'bronze', 'gunmetal', 'phosphor_bronze', 'cupronickel', 'electrum', 'pewter', 'pinchbeck', 'pot_metal', 'hard_solder', 'silver_solder', 'soft_solder', 'solder', 'gold_dust', 'white_gold', 'Monel_metal', 'type_metal', 'white_metal', 'alluvial_soil', 'allyl_alcohol', 'allyl_resin', 'alpha-beta_brass', 'alpha_brass', 'alpha_bronze', 'alpha_iron', 'alpha-tocopheral', 'carotenoid', 'carotene', 'lycopene', 'beta-carotene', 'xanthophyll', 'zeaxanthin', 'betaine', 'beta_iron', 'gamma_iron', 'delta_iron', 'amethyst', 'amygdaloid', 'aluminum_bronze', 'activator', 'activating_agent', 'catalyst', 'biocatalyst', 'sensitizer', 'amide', 'inhibitor', 'antioxidant', 'rust_inhibitor', 'anticatalyst', 'actinolite', 'andesite', 'anthophyllite', 'asbestos', 'chrysotile', 'tremolite', 'hornblende', 'aphanite', 'aplite', 'afterdamp', 'dacite', 'firedamp', 'carrier', 'moderator', 'heavy_water', 'organic_compound', 'protein', 'recombinant_protein', 'actomyosin', 'aleurone', 'amyloid', 'apoenzyme', 'beta-naphthol', 'gelatin', 'chondrin', 'mucin', 'conjugated_protein', 'actin', 'albumin', 'lactalbumin', 'serum_albumin', 'alpha_globulin', 'serum_globulin', 'C-reactive_protein', 'keratin', 'chitin', 'enzyme', 'fibrin', 'filaggrin', 'growth_factor', 'nerve_growth_factor', 'haptoglobin', 'iodoprotein', 'nucleoprotein', 'opsin', 'phosphoprotein', 'casein', 'amylase', 'angiotensin_converting_enzyme', 'cholinesterase', 'coagulase', 'collagenase', 'complement', 'plasma_protein', 'prostate_specific_antigen', 'proteome', 'simple_protein', 'thrombin', 'tumor_necrosis_factor', 'catalase', 'cyclooxygenase', 'cyclooxygenase-1', 'cyclooxygenase-2', 'ptyalin', 'rennet', 'ferment', 'substrate', 'amine', 'azadirachtin', 'carboxylic_acid', 'saccharic_acid', 'sebacic_acid', 'sorbic_acid', 'valeric_acid', 'fatty_acid', 'saturated_fatty_acid', 'unsaturated_fatty_acid', 'trans_fatty_acid', 'monounsaturated_fatty_acid', 'polyunsaturated_fatty_acid', 'omega-3_fatty_acid', 'omega-6_fatty_acid', 'margaric_acid', 'ricinoleic_acid', 'fibrinopeptide', 'polypeptide', 'peptide', 'aminobenzoic_acid', 'amino_plastic', 'ammonia', 'ammine', 'ammonia_water', 'ammoniac', 'ammonium', 'ammonium_carbamate', 'ammonium_carbonate', 'ammonium_chloride', 'amyl_alcohol', 'phytohormone', 'auxin', 'gibberellin', 'gibberellic_acid', 'kinin', 'steroid_hormone', 'corticosterone', 'progesterone', 'megestrol', 'norethindrone', 'norethynodrel', 'norgestrel', 'medroxyprogesterone', 'progestin', 'androgen', 'adrenosterone', 'androsterone', 'methyltestosterone', 'nandrolone', 'testosterone', 'follicle-stimulating_hormone', 'human_chorionic_gonadotropin', 'luteinizing_hormone', 'prolactin', 'estrogen', 'diethylstilbestrol', 'estradiol', 'estriol', 'estrone', 'hexestrol', 'mestranol', 'corticosteroid', 'mineralocorticoid', 'glucocorticoid', 'glucosamine', 'aldosterone', 'hydrocortisone', 'cortisone', 'prednisolone', 'prednisone', 'dexamethasone', 'spironolactone', 'acid_dye', 'aniline', 'alizarin_yellow', 'anil', 'aniline_dye', 'animal_oil', 'drying_oil', 'animal_material', 'animal_pigment', 'arsine', 'bilirubin', 'urobilin', 'urobilinogen', 'luciferin', 'melanin', 'dentine', 'ivory', 'fluff', 'bone', 'horn', 'whalebone', 'tortoiseshell', 'shell', 'mother-of-pearl', 'animal_skin', 'parchment', 'vellum', 'hide', 'cowhide', 'goatskin', 'rawhide', 'leather', 'grain', 'alligator', 'buckskin', 'buff', 'ooze_leather', 'Russia_leather', 'caffeine', 'calf', 'white_leather', 'cassava', 'chamois', 'wash_leather', 'cordovan', 'cowhide', 'crushed_leather', 'deerskin', 'doeskin', 'glove_leather', 'horsehide', 'kid', 'mocha', 'morocco', 'Levant', 'patent_leather', 'pigskin', 'sheepskin', 'Golden_Fleece', 'shoe_leather', 'suede', 'fur', 'astrakhan', 'bearskin', 'beaver', 'chinchilla', 'ermine', 'fox', 'lambskin', 'broadtail', 'Persian_lamb', 'lapin', 'leopard', 'mink', 'muskrat', 'hudson_seal', 'otter', 'raccoon', 'sable', 'seal', 'squirrel', 'anime', 'antifreeze', 'nitric_acid', 'nitrous_acid', 'nitrogen_oxide', 'nitrogen_dioxide', 'nitric_oxide', 'anhydride', 'aqua_regia', 'aquamarine', 'arginine', 'aromatic_hydrocarbon', 'arsenic', 'artificial_blood', 'acetic_anhydride', 'phthalic_anhydride', 'art_paper', 'asafetida', 'ash', 'fly_ash', 'asphalt', 'mineral_wool', 'austenite', 'austenitic_steel', 'axle_grease', 'azide', 'hydrazoite', 'azo_dye', 'congo_red', 'gentian_violet', 'thiazine', 'methylene_blue', 'methyl_orange', 'phenothiazine', 'diazonium', 'Babbitt_metal', 'bactericide', 'bagasse', 'baking_powder', 'banana_oil', 'barbituric_acid', 'barium_sulphate', 'basalt', 'basic_dye', 'basic_iron', 'basic_slag', 'bath_water', 'battery_acid', 'bearing_brass', 'beebread', 'royal_jelly', 'beef_tallow', 'beet_sugar', 'bell_metal', 'benzene', 'benzene_formula', 'benzoate', 'benzoate_of_soda', 'benzoic_acid', 'benzoyl_peroxide', 'beryllium_bronze', 'bicarbonate', 'bicarbonate_of_soda', 'bimetal', \"binder's_board\", 'bitter_principle', 'black_opal', 'active_agent', 'Alka-seltzer', 'Brioschi', 'Bromo-seltzer', 'lansoprazole', 'Maalox', 'Mylanta', 'omeprazole', 'Pepto-bismal', 'Rolaids', 'Tums', 'antacid', 'agent', 'reagent', 'bacteriostat', 'bleaching_agent', 'chemical_agent', 'desiccant', 'oxidant', 'reducing_agent', 'bleaching_clay', 'mud_pie', 'bleaching_powder', 'bleach_liquor', 'hydrogen_peroxide', 'blister_copper', 'bloodstone', 'blotting_paper', 'blow_gas', 'blubber', 'blueprint_paper', 'blue_vitriol', 'bog_soil', 'bond', 'bone_ash', 'bonemeal', 'neem_cake', 'bone_fat', 'bone_oil', 'bone_oil', 'borate', 'boric_acid', 'boric_acid', 'boron_trifluoride', 'borosilicate', 'bouncing_putty', 'bowstring_hemp', 'box_calf', \"brewer's_yeast\", 'bottom_fermenting_yeast', 'top_fermenting_yeast', 'bricks_and_mortar', 'brushwood', 'brimstone', 'Britannia_metal', 'bromic_acid', 'bromide', 'brownstone', 'buffer', 'buffer_solution', 'starting_buffer', 'phosphate_buffer_solution', 'building_material', 'lagging', 'butylene', 'isobutylene', 'polybutylene', 'animal_fat', 'butterfat', 'cabinet_wood', 'butanone', 'butyl_alcohol', 'butyric_acid', 'butyrin', 'tributyrin', 'cacodyl', 'cacodyl', 'calcium_carbide', 'calcium-cyanamide', 'calcium_hypochlorite', 'calcium_lactate', 'calcium_nitrate', 'calcium_oxide', 'calcium_phosphate', 'calcium_stearate', 'carbonyl', 'carbonyl_group', 'carboxyl', 'camphor', 'camphor_oil', 'candelilla_wax', 'cane_sugar', 'cannabin', 'cannel_coal', 'capric_acid', 'caproic_acid', 'caprylic_acid', 'carbamate', 'carbamic_acid', 'carbide', 'carbohydrate', 'Carboloy', 'carbonado', 'carbon_black', 'carcinogen', 'cellulose', 'carboxymethyl_cellulose', 'diethylaminoethyl_cellulose', 'pulp', 'cartridge_brass', 'case-hardened_steel', 'cellulose_ester', 'cellulose_nitrate', 'collodion', 'pyrocellulose', 'pyroxylin', 'glycogen', 'inulin', 'carbolic_acid', 'activated_carbon', 'graphite', 'pencil', 'carbon_dioxide', 'chokedamp', 'carbon_disulfide', 'carbon_monoxide', 'carbon_paper', 'carbon_tetrachloride', 'carbon_tetrahalide', 'carbonate', 'fulminate', 'mercury_fulminate', 'carbonic_acid', 'abrasive', 'carborundum', 'cardboard', 'cartridge_paper', 'cartridge_paper', 'card', 'cocarboxylase', 'coenzyme', 'coenzyme_A', 'cofactor', 'congener', 'corrugated_board', 'paperboard', 'pasteboard', 'millboard', 'strawboard', 'carnelian', 'carrageenin', 'ingot_iron', 'cast_iron', 'pot_metal', 'wrought_iron', 'steel', 'stainless_steel', 'carbon_steel', 'crucible_steel', 'Damascus_steel', 'steel_wool', 'cationic_detergent', \"cat's_eye\", 'cellulosic', 'cement', 'cement', 'cement', 'reinforced_concrete', 'hydraulic_cement', 'cementite', 'ceresin', 'cerulean_blue', 'cetrimide', 'chad', 'chaff', 'bran', 'chalcedony', 'chalk', 'chamosite', 'chemical', 'neurochemical', 'neurotransmitter', 'monoamine_neurotransmitter', 'catecholamine', 'chromophore', 'serotonin', 'acetylcholine', 'acyl_anhydrides', 'acyl_halide', 'acetyl_chloride', 'endorphin', 'beta_endorphin', 'enkephalin', 'cheoplastic_metal', 'chernozemic_soil', 'chisel_steel', 'chlorine_dioxide', 'chlorine_water', 'chloropicrin', 'nitrochloromethane', 'chlorpyrifos', 'choline', 'chrome', 'chrome-nickel_steel', 'chrome-tungsten_steel', 'chrome_green', 'Windsor_green', \"Hooker's_green\", 'chrome_yellow', 'chromic_acid', 'chromate', 'lead_chromate', 'chrysolite', 'chrysoprase', 'chylomicron', 'cigarette_paper', 'cinder_pig', 'citric_acid', 'citrine', 'clay', 'pipeclay', 'bentonite', 'fireclay', 'Kitty_Litter', \"potter's_clay\", 'slip', 'claystone', 'clunch', 'coal', 'anthracite', 'bituminous_coal', 'lignite', 'sea_coal', 'steam_coal', 'Clorox', 'coagulant', 'cod-liver_oil', 'cod_oil', 'lanolin', 'codon', 'coin_silver', 'combustible', 'complementary_DNA', 'provirus', 'dscDNA', 'episome', 'complex', 'composite_material', 'hydrochloride', 'compost', 'compound', 'allomorph', 'computer_paper', 'concrete', 'conjugate_solution', 'conima', 'constantan', 'construction_paper', 'conductor', 'semiconductor', 'insulator', 'glass_wool', 'contaminant', 'coolant', 'copper-base_alloy', 'copper_oxide', 'copper_sulfate', 'coral', 'cork', 'corkboard', 'phellem', 'corn_sugar', 'corrosive', 'alumina', 'aluminate', 'aluminum_hydroxide', 'alundum', 'cottonseed_cake', 'coumarone-indene_resin', 'indene', 'covering_material', 'creatine', 'creosol', 'creosote', 'creosote', 'cresol', 'crepe', 'cryogen', 'cyanamide', 'cyanic_acid', 'cyanide', 'sodium_cyanide', 'cyanogen', 'cyano_group', 'nitrile', 'cyanohydrin', 'cyanuric_acid', 'cyclohexanol', 'cyclohexanol_phthalate', 'cymene', 'cytokine', 'cytolysin', 'cytosine', 'daub', 'decarboxylase', 'defoliant', 'de-iodinase', 'demantoid', 'andradite', 'demerara', 'deoxyadenosine_monophosphate', 'deoxycytidine_monophosphate', 'deoxyguanosine_monophosphate', 'deoxythymidine_monophosphate', 'deoxyribonucleic_acid', 'exon', 'intron', 'junk_DNA', 'recombinant_deoxyribonucleic_acid', 'sticky_end', 'transposon', 'ribonuclease', 'ribonucleic_acid', 'messenger_RNA', 'nuclear_RNA', 'transfer_RNA', 'deoxyribose', 'dental_gold', 'depilatory', 'derivative', 'desert_soil', 'dew', 'dextrin', 'diamond', 'digestive', 'mono-iodotyrosine', 'di-iodotyrosine', 'iodotyrosine', 'iodothyronine', 'tri-iodothyronine', 'dilutant', 'dilution', 'dimer', 'dimethylglyoxime', 'dimpled_chad', 'diol', 'dioxide', 'dioxin', 'disaccharidase', 'disaccharide', 'dishwater', 'distillate', 'distilled_water', 'exhaust', 'dressed_ore', 'driftwood', 'drill_steel', 'docosahexaenoic_acid', 'dolomite', 'dopamine', 'dottle', \"dragon's_blood\", 'drawing_paper', 'drilling_mud', 'dubbin', 'Duralumin', 'particulate', 'chalk_dust', 'dust', 'dust', 'elaidic_acid', 'elastomer', 'element', 'elixir', 'air', 'breath', 'hot_air', 'halitosis', 'halitus', 'compressed_gas', 'compressed_air', 'air_cushion', 'air', 'fire', 'earth', 'diatomaceous_earth', 'sienna', 'bister', 'burnt_sienna', 'raw_sienna', 'ocher', 'sinopis', 'yellow_ocher', 'earth', 'saprolite', 'soil', 'soil_conditioner', 'caliche', 'water', 'holy_water', 'musk', 'nectar', 'pheromone', 'quintessence', 'water', 'ground_water', 'eicosapentaenoic_acid', 'eleostearic_acid', 'electrolyte', 'eluate', \"Fehling's_solution\", 'formalin', 'gargle', 'infusion', 'pancreatin', 'injection', 'isotonic_solution', 'elastase', 'emerald', 'emery_cloth', 'emery_paper', 'emery_stone', 'enterokinase', 'erythropoietin', 'ester', 'ethane', 'ethyl_acetate', 'ethylene', 'trichloroethylene', 'ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid', 'ethylene_glycol', 'propylene_glycol', 'euphorbium', 'discharge', 'emmenagogue', 'eutectoid_steel', 'exudate', 'transudate', 'high_explosive', 'low_explosive', 'effluvium', 'rheum', 'vaginal_discharge', 'body_waste', 'fecal_matter', 'crap', 'pigeon_droppings', 'droppings', 'cow_pie', 'meconium', 'melena', 'fecula', 'wormcast', 'human_waste', 'urine', 'vomit', 'detritus', 'waste', 'filth', 'sewage', 'effluent', 'garbage', 'pollutant', 'rubbish', 'scrap_metal', 'debris', 'slack', 'litter', 'slop', 'toxic_waste', 'extravasation', 'fallout', 'fencing_material', 'ferrite', 'fertilizer', 'gallamine', 'organic', 'flux', 'soldering_flux', 'foryml', 'sodium_nitrate', 'pearl_ash', 'potassium_bicarbonate', 'potassium_chloride', 'potassium_nitrate', 'potassium_bromide', 'potassium_carbonate', 'potassium_chlorate', 'potassium_cyanide', 'potassium_dichromate', 'potassium_iodide', 'producer_gas', 'proprionamide', 'propionic_acid', 'pudding_stone', 'putrescine', 'pyroligneous_acid', 'manure', 'chicken_manure', 'cow_manure', 'green_manure', 'horse_manure', 'night_soil', 'facial_tissue', 'fat', 'cocoa_butter', 'leaf_fat', 'feldspar', 'orthoclase', 'plagioclase', 'albite', 'anorthite', 'ferric_oxide', 'ferricyanic_acid', 'ferricyanide', 'ferritin', 'ferrocerium', 'ferrocyanic_acid', 'ferrocyanide', 'fiberglass', 'fiber', 'string', 'fish_meal', 'buntal', 'fibril', 'fieldstone', 'filling', 'filter_paper', 'filtrate', 'firelighter', 'fire_opal', 'fish-liver_oil', 'fixative', 'fixing_agent', 'flavone', 'flavonoid', 'flax', 'flyspeck', 'cotton', 'long-staple_cotton', 'short-staple_cotton', 'chert', 'taconite', 'firestone', 'flavin', 'flint', 'flintstone', 'flooring', 'floor_wax', 'fluoride', 'fluoroboric_acid', 'fluoroboride', 'fluorocarbon', 'fluorocarbon_plastic', 'fluosilicate', 'fluosilicic_acid', 'flypaper', 'foam', 'foam_rubber', 'fomentation', 'formaldehyde', 'formic_acid', 'formulation', 'frankincense', 'free_radical', 'freezing_mixture', 'Freon', 'fructose', 'fuel', \"fuller's_earth\", 'fulvic_acid', 'fumaric_acid', 'fumigant', 'furan', 'furfural', 'galactagogue', 'galactose', 'galbanum', 'gallic_acid', 'galvanized_iron', 'greenhouse_gas', 'carbuncle', 'gas', 'liquefied_petroleum_gas', 'water_gas', 'ghatti', 'kraft', 'butcher_paper', 'gift_wrap', 'gilding_metal', 'gilgai_soil', 'natural_glass', 'quartz_glass', 'opal_glass', 'optical_glass', 'optical_crown', 'optical_flint', 'crown_glass', 'tektite', 'volcanic_glass', 'obsidian', 'pitchstone', 'tachylite', 'glass', 'soft_glass', 'ground_glass', 'ground_glass', 'lead_glass', 'paste', 'safety_glass', 'soluble_glass', 'stained_glass', 'Tiffany_glass', 'wire_glass', 'crystal', 'twins', 'enamine', 'enantiomorph', 'exotherm', 'glucose', 'dextrose', 'blood_sugar', 'glutamate', 'glutamic_oxalacetic_transaminase', 'glyceraldehyde', 'glyceric_acid', 'glyceride', 'triglyceride', 'glycerol', 'glycerinated_gelatin', 'glycerin_jelly', 'glycerite', 'glycerogelatin', 'glyceryl', 'nitroglycerin', 'glyceryl_ester', 'glycoside', 'amygdalin', 'laetrile', 'glucoside', 'saponin', 'glycolic_acid', 'glycoprotein', 'cluster_of_differentiation_4', 'cluster_of_differentiation_8', 'hemoprotein', 'lectin', 'gneiss', 'schist', 'rust', 'goitrogen', 'goldstone', 'gondang_wax', 'goose_grease', 'graph_paper', 'granite', 'granular_pearlite', 'lubricant', 'grease', 'greaseproof_paper', 'Greek_fire', 'green_gold', 'greisen', 'groundmass', 'grid_metal', 'grout', 'guanine', 'guano', 'guinea_gold', 'gunite', 'essential_oil', 'attar', 'attar_of_roses', 'clove_oil', 'costus_oil', 'eucalyptus_oil', 'turpentine', 'wormwood_oil', 'linalool', 'resin', 'natural_resin', 'amber', 'urea-formaldehyde_resin', 'copal', 'copalite', 'congo_copal', 'kauri', 'dammar', 'Zanzibar_copal', 'colophony', 'mastic', 'oleoresin', 'balsam', 'balm', 'balm_of_Gilead', 'Canada_balsam', 'turpentine', 'Chian_turpentine', 'copaiba', 'gum_resin', 'benzoin', 'benzofuran', 'bdellium', 'gamboge', 'gum', 'medium', 'culture_medium', 'medium', 'contrast_medium', 'medium', 'agar', 'agar', 'blood_agar', 'algin', 'cherry-tree_gum', 'chicle', 'guar_gum', 'gum_arabic', 'Senegal_gum', 'gum_butea', 'kino', 'mesquite_gum', 'mucilage', 'sterculia_gum', 'synthetic', 'synthetic_resin', 'alkyd', 'phenolic_resin', 'epoxy', 'copolymer', 'polyurethane', 'polyfoam', 'cinnamon_stone', 'gumbo', 'gutta-percha', 'terra_alba', 'gummite', 'halibut-liver_oil', 'halide', 'halocarbon', 'halogen', 'hanging_chad', 'hard_lead', 'hard_lead', 'hard_steel', 'hard_water', 'harlequin_opal', 'hematite', 'hemiacetal', 'hemlock', 'hemolysin', 'hemp', 'heptane', 'herbicide', 'hexane', 'high_brass', 'high-density_lipoprotein', 'high-level_radioactive_waste', 'high-speed_steel', 'hip_tile', 'histidine', 'histaminase', 'homogenate', 'horsehair', 'humectant', 'humus', 'humate', 'humic_acid', 'humic_substance', 'humin', 'hyacinth', 'hyaline', 'hyaluronic_acid', 'hyaluronidase', 'hydrate', 'hydrazine', 'hydride', 'hydrobromic_acid', 'hydrocarbon', 'bitumen', 'pitch', 'coal_tar', 'butadiene', 'chloroprene', 'hydrochloric_acid', 'hydrofluorocarbon', 'hydrogen_bromide', 'hydrogen_chloride', 'hydrogen_fluoride', 'hydrofluoric_acid', 'hydrogen_iodide', 'hydroiodic_acid', 'hydrogen_sulfide', 'hyper-eutectoid_steel', 'hypnagogue', 'hypo', 'hypochlorous_acid', 'hypo-eutectoid_steel', 'hypoglycemic_agent', 'hydrazo_group', 'hydroxide', 'hydroxyl', 'hydroxide_ion', 'hydroxymethyl', 'ice', 'black_ice', 'frost', 'hailstone', 'icicle', 'Iceland_spar', 'identification_particle', 'Inconel', 'ideal_gas', 'imidazole', 'impregnation', 'indelible_ink', 'India_ink', 'indicator', 'indurated_clay', 'ink', 'magnetic_ink', \"printer's_ink\", 'writing_ink', 'Indian_red', 'Indian_red', 'indoleacetic_acid', 'indolebutyric_acid', 'inducer', 'ivory_black', 'incense', 'inhalant', 'inoculant', 'inorganic_compound', 'inosine', 'inositol', 'insecticide', 'insectifuge', 'repellent', 'repellent', 'instillation', 'insulating_material', 'interleukin', 'intermediate', 'Invar', 'invertase', 'invert_sugar', 'Javelle_water', 'fraction', 'iodic_acid', 'iodide', 'iodocompound', 'thyroprotein', 'thyroglobulin', 'iron_blue', 'iron_blue', \"Payne's_grey\", 'iron_disulfide', 'iron_ore', 'iron_perchloride', 'isocyanate', 'isocyanic_acid', 'isoleucine', 'isomer', 'isomerase', 'itaconic_acid', 'jade', 'Japan_wax', 'jargoon', 'jasper', 'jelly', 'jet', 'joss_stick', 'jute', 'kapok', 'red_silk_cotton', 'paraffin', 'keratohyalin', 'ketone', 'ketone_body', 'ketone_group', 'acetoacetic_acid', 'beta-hydroxybutyric_acid', 'hydroxybutyric_acid', 'ketohexose', 'ketose', 'kinase', 'Kleenex', 'kunzite', 'Kwell', 'labdanum', 'lacquer', 'lactase', 'lactic_acid', 'lactifuge', 'lactogen', 'lactose', 'lamellar_mixture', 'lapis_lazuli', 'lard_oil', 'larvicide', 'laterite', 'lath_and_plaster', 'lauric_acid', 'lauryl_alcohol', 'latten', 'lava', 'tuff', 'tufa', 'aa', 'pahoehoe', 'pillow_lava', 'magma', 'igneous_rock', 'adesite', 'batholith', 'diorite', 'gabbro', 'pegmatite', 'peridotite', 'kimberlite', 'rhyolite', 'volcanic_rock', 'leaded_bronze', 'lead_ore', 'massicot', 'leaf_mold', 'leaven', 'ledger_paper', 'lepidocrocite', 'laid_paper', 'wove_paper', 'letter_paper', 'lindane', 'linen', 'leucine', 'lignin', 'hydroxide', 'calcite', 'calcium_hydroxide', 'limestone', 'rottenstone', 'dripstone', 'calcium_bicarbonate', 'calcium_carbonate', 'limewater', 'calcium_chloride', 'calcium_hydride', 'calcium_sulphate', 'limonene', 'limonite', 'linoleic_acid', 'linolenic_acid', 'linoleum', 'lint', 'linuron', 'lipase', 'lipid', 'lipoprotein', 'fluid', 'grume', 'ichor', 'fluid', 'liquid', 'liquid', 'liquid_nitrogen', 'liquid_air', 'liquid_bleach', 'liquid_crystal', 'liquor', 'litmus', 'litmus_paper', 'lithia_water', 'lithium_carbonate', 'loam', 'lodestone', 'loess', 'log', 'low_brass', 'low-density_lipoprotein', 'low-level_radioactive_waste', 'lumber', 'lye', 'lymphokine', 'lysine', 'Lysol', 'lysozyme', 'Mace', 'macromolecule', 'magnesium_bicarbonate', 'magnesium_carbonate', 'magnesium_hydroxide', 'magnesium_nitride', 'magnesium_sulfate', 'Epsom_salts', 'magnetite', 'Malathion', 'maleate', 'maleic_acid', 'maltose', 'manifold_paper', 'manila', 'manganese_bronze', 'manganese_steel', 'manganate', 'Manila_hemp', 'maple_sugar', 'marble', 'verd_antique', 'marking_ink', 'marsh_gas', 'martensite', 'mash', 'sour_mash', 'matchwood', 'matchwood', 'matrix', 'matte', 'medium_steel', 'megilp', 'melamine', 'melamine_resin', 'meltwater', 'menhaden_oil', 'menstruum', 'menthol', 'mercuric_chloride', 'calomel', 'message_pad', 'methane', 'methane_series', 'methyl_bromide', 'methylated_spirit', 'methylene_group', 'methyl', 'methionine', 'methyl_salicylate', 'Microtaggant', 'mild_steel', 'mine_pig', 'mineral_oil', 'misch_metal', 'mitogen', 'motor_oil', 'mold', 'molybdenum_steel', 'monoamine', 'monoamine_oxidase', 'monohydrate', 'monosaccharide', 'monoxide', 'montan_wax', 'moonstone', 'mordant', 'chrome_alum', 'tartar_emetic', 'tartrate', 'bitartrate', 'morganite', 'mortar', 'mucoid', 'mucopolysaccharide', 'mud', 'slop', 'sludge', 'sapropel', 'muriatic_acid', 'music_paper', 'mustard_gas', 'muton', 'nitrogen_mustard', 'mutton_tallow', 'myelin', 'myristic_acid', 'napalm', 'naphtha', 'naphthalene', 'naphthol', 'pyrene', 'man-made_fiber', 'natural_fiber', 'animal_fiber', 'plant_fiber', 'straw', 'natural_gas', 'naval_brass', \"neat's-foot_oil\", 'nebula', 'nerve_gas', 'VX_gas', 'sarin', 'neuromuscular_blocking_agent', 'newspaper', 'Nichrome', 'nickel-base_alloy', 'nickel_bronze', 'nickel_silver', 'nickel_steel', 'nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide', 'nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate', 'Ni-hard', 'Ni-resist', 'nitride', 'nitrobenzene', 'nitrofuran', 'nitrogenase', 'nuclease', 'nucleic_acid', 'nucleoside', 'nucleotide', 'nurse_log', 'cellulose_acetate', 'cellulose_triacetate', 'celluloid', 'cellulose_xanthate', 'acrylic_fiber', 'polyamide', 'nylon', 'oakum', 'octane', 'oil', 'fixed_oil', 'fusel_oil', 'gas_oil', 'stand_oil', 'neroli_oil', 'tall_oil', 'oil-hardened_steel', 'oilpaper', 'oleic_acid', 'oleo_oil', 'oleoresin_capiscum', 'oligosaccharide', 'onionskin', 'india_paper', 'onyx', 'opaque_gem', 'opopanax', 'organophosphate', 'organophosphate_nerve_agent', 'ormolu', 'oxalacetate', 'oxalacetic_acid', 'oxalate', 'oxalic_acid', 'oxidase', 'oxidation-reduction_indicator', 'oxide', 'oxidoreductase', 'oxime', 'oxyacetylene', 'oxyacid', 'periodic_acid', 'oxygenase', 'ozone', 'pad', 'palmitic_acid', 'palmitin', 'pantothenic_acid', 'papain', 'para_aminobenzoic_acid', 'paraquat', 'paper', 'paper_tape', 'paper_toweling', 'papier-mache', 'papyrus', 'parchment', 'rice_paper', 'roofing_paper', 'ola', 'ticker_tape', 'packing_material', 'excelsior', 'pantile', 'blacktop', 'macadam', 'tarmacadam', 'parget', 'paving', 'pay_dirt', 'pearlite', 'pectic_acid', 'pectin', 'pediculicide', 'penicillinase', 'pepsin', 'pepsinogen', 'perboric_acid', 'perfluorocarbon', 'Permalloy', 'permanganate', 'permanganic_acid', 'peroxidase', 'peridot', 'peroxide', 'pesticide', 'petrochemical', 'petroleum', 'residual_oil', 'petrolatum', 'system', 'phenolic_plastic', 'phenylalanine', 'phosgene', 'phosphatase', 'phosphine', 'phosphate', 'phosphocreatine', 'phospholipid', 'phosphoric_acid', 'phthalic_acid', 'phytochemical', 'picric_acid', 'pig_iron', 'pig_lead', 'plasmin', 'plasminogen', 'plasminogen_activator', 'platinum_black', 'polymerase', 'DNA_polymerase', 'transcriptase', 'reverse_transcriptase', 'coloring_material', 'dye', 'tincture', 'argent', 'alizarin', 'alizarin_carmine', 'bluing', 'bromophenol_blue', 'bromothymol_blue', 'cochineal', 'cyanine_dye', 'direct_dye', 'eosin', 'fluorescein', 'fluorescein_isothiocyanate', 'fluorochrome', 'hair_dye', 'hematochrome', 'henna', 'rinse', 'Kendal_green', 'lac_dye', 'lead_acetate', 'orchil', 'phenol', 'pigment', 'pigment', 'bole', 'lake', 'lake', 'orange', 'watercolor', 'pine_tar', 'pisang_wax', 'plant_material', 'plant_product', 'plasma', 'plaster', 'plaster_of_Paris', 'puddle', 'podzol', 'poison_gas', 'polyester', 'polyester', 'polyester_fiber', 'polysaccharide', 'polymer', 'polyphosphate', 'polyunsaturated_fat', 'potassium_ferrocyanide', 'potassium_permanganate', 'sandstone', 'bluestone', 'greensand', 'polish', 'polypropylene', 'polyvinyl-formaldehyde', 'porphyry', 'porpoise_oil', 'dolphin_oil', 'potash', 'powder', 'prairie_soil', 'precipitant', 'preservative', 'product', 'percolate', 'propanal', 'propanol', 'propenal', 'propenoate', 'propenoic_acid', 'propenonitrile', 'propylene', 'propyl', 'protease', 'ptomaine', 'Pyrex', 'pyrimidine', 'pyrimidine', 'pyrope', 'pyrophoric_alloy', 'pyruvic_acid', 'quassia', 'quenched_steel', 'quercitron', 'quinone', 'radiopaque_dye', 'rhodolite', 'safranine', 'pheno-safranine', 'Tyrian_purple', 'vat_dye', 'woad', 'radioactive_material', 'radioactive_waste', 'raffia', 'raffinose', 'rauwolfia', 'raveling', 'red_brass', 'red_lead', 'red_tide', 'reductase', 'refrigerant', 'remover', 'renin', 'rennin', 'residue', 'resorcinol', 'restrainer', 'restriction_endonuclease', 'retinene', 'ridge_tile', 'roofing_material', 'rose_quartz', 'roughcast', 'latex', 'rubber', 'crepe_rubber', 'rubber', 'silicone_rubber', 'cold_rubber', 'neoprene', 'hard_rubber', 'Para_rubber', 'buna', 'butyl_rubber', 'butyl', 'ruby', 'ruddle', 'rutile', 'rain', 'condensate', 'seawater', 'evaporite', 'fresh_water', 'Rochelle_salt', 'Seidlitz_powder', 'salicylate', 'salicylic_acid', 'salmon_oil', 'salol', 'salt', 'double_salt', 'parathion', 'Paris_green', 'rotenone', 'samarskite', 'sapphirine', 'bile_salt', \"Glauber's_salt\", 'cream_of_tartar', 'sodium_chlorate', 'dichromic_acid', 'bichromate', 'sodium_dichromate', 'ammonium_nitrate', 'silver_nitrate', 'lunar_caustic', 'caustic', 'caulk', 'roan', 'sodium_hydroxide', 'silver_bromide', 'silver_iodide', 'nitrate', 'nitro_group', 'nitrite', 'sodium_nitrite', 'gunpowder', 'smokeless_powder', 'microcosmic_salt', 'chloride', 'trichloride', 'nitrogen_trichloride', 'dichloride', 'perchloride', 'chloride', 'aluminum_chloride', 'methylene_chloride', 'obidoxime_chloride', 'silver_chloride', 'stannic_chloride', 'stannous_fluoride', 'staple', 'starch', 'sand', 'sangapenum', 'water_sapphire', 'sapphire', 'sarcosine', 'sard', 'sardine_oil', 'sardonyx', 'sawdust', 'saw_log', 'saxitoxin', 'scale_wax', 'scavenger', 'scheelite', 'schorl', 'scrap_iron', 'notepad', 'scratch_pad', 'seal_oil', 'secretase', 'sedimentary_clay', 'sepia', 'serine', 'globulin', 'gamma_globulin', 'myosin', 'coagulation_factor', 'fibrinogen', 'releasing_factor', 'growth_hormone-releasing_factor', 'intrinsic_factor', 'platelet', 'porphyrin', 'hemoglobin', 'myoglobin', 'oxyhemoglobin', 'heme', 'hemin', 'heterocyclic_compound', 'cytochrome', 'cytochrome_c', 'globin', 'glutelin', 'histone', 'prolamine', 'protamine', 'scleroprotein', 'hemosiderin', 'antibody', 'autoantibody', 'precipitin', 'ABO_antibodies', 'Rh_antibody', 'antitoxin', 'antivenin', 'tetanus_antitoxin', 'toxin_antitoxin', 'agglutinin', 'isoagglutinin', 'agglutinogen', 'isoagglutinogen', 'heterophil_antibody', 'isoantibody', 'lysin', 'monoclonal_antibody', 'infliximab', 'opsonin', 'immunoglobulin', 'immunoglobulin_A', 'immunoglobulin_D', 'immunoglobulin_E', 'reagin', 'immunoglobulin_G', 'immunoglobulin_M', 'tetanus_immunoglobulin', 'poison', 'chemical_irritant', 'capsaicin', 'gingerol', 'piperin', 'isothiocyanate', 'fetoprotein', 'alpha_fetoprotein', 'toxin', 'anatoxin', 'animal_toxin', 'bacterial_toxin', 'botulin', 'cytotoxin', 'endotoxin', 'enterotoxin', 'exotoxin', 'mephitis', 'hepatotoxin', 'nephrotoxin', 'neurotoxin', 'mycotoxin', 'plant_toxin', 'venom', 'kokoi_venom', 'snake_venom', 'antigen', 'antigenic_determinant', 'rhesus_factor', 'sap', 'scabicide', 'sewer_gas', 'shale', 'humic_shale', 'oil_shale', 'shale_oil', 'shark_oil', 'sheep_dip', 'Shetland_wool', 'shingle', 'shoe_polish', 'shot_metal', 'siderite', 'silicic_acid', 'silicate', 'silicide', 'silicon_carbide', 'silicone', 'silicone_resin', 'siloxane', 'siding', 'silex', 'silica', 'silica_gel', 'silicon_bronze', 'silk', 'silt', 'siltstone', 'silvex', 'simazine', 'Simoniz', 'sisal', 'ski_wax', 'slag', 'slate', 'smaltite', 'slush', 'smelling_salts', 'snake_oil', 'snow', 'snuff', 'corn_snow', 'crud', 'soapstone', 'soda_lime', 'sodalite', 'sodium_carbonate', 'sodium_carboxymethyl_cellulose', 'sodium_fluoride', 'sodium_hydride', 'sodium_hypochlorite', 'sodium_iodide', 'sodium_lauryl_sulphate', 'sodium_pyrophosphate', 'sodium_sulphate', 'sodium_tripolyphosphate', 'sodium_phosphate', 'soft_water', 'solid', 'dry_ice', 'solvent', 'solute', 'solvate', 'solvating_agent', 'viricide', 'alkahest', 'soup', 'sourdough', 'spackle', 'spar', 'sparkle_metal', 'spiegeleisen', 'spill', 'spelter', 'sperm_oil', 'spice', 'stacte', 'staff', 'staphylococcal_enterotoxin', 'staphylococcal_enterotoxin_B', 'spinel', 'spinel_ruby', 'almandine', 'balas', 'Ceylonite', 'rubicelle', 'solid_solution', 'spirits_of_ammonia', 'spodumene', 'hiddenite', 'spray', 'stabilizer', 'stachyose', 'stain', 'counterstain', \"Gram's_solution\", 'stannite', 'star_sapphire', 'starch', 'arrowroot', 'cornstarch', 'sago', 'pearl_sago', 'amyloid', 'Otaheite_arrowroot', 'steam', 'live_steam', 'water_vapor', 'vapor', 'softener', 'water_softener', 'soman', 'spray', 'sea_spray', 'spindrift', 'stearic_acid', 'stearin', 'Stellite', 'sterling_silver', 'sternutator', 'steroid', 'nonsteroid', 'ketosteroid', 'sterol', 'cholesterol', 'HDL_cholesterol', 'LDL_cholesterol', 'oxidized_LDL_cholesterol', 'ergosterol', 'bile_acid', 'cholic_acid', 'bilge', 'cardiac_glycoside', 'digitalis', 'render', 'stibnite', 'sticks_and_stone', 'wattle_and_daub', 'stiffener', 'streptodornase', 'streptokinase', 'streptolysin', 'stripper', 'strophanthin', 'strontianite', 'stucco', 'sublimate', 'tallow', 'vegetable_tallow', 'sucrose', 'jaggery', 'structural_iron', 'structural_steel', 'sulfanilic_acid', 'sulfate', 'sulfide', 'sulfur_oxide', 'sulfur_dioxide', 'sulfur_hexafluoride', 'sunstone', 'superoxide', 'superoxide', 'superoxide_dismutase', 'surgical_spirit', 'Swedish_iron', 'swinging_chad', 'sylvanite', 'sylvite', 'tabun', 'talc', 'French_chalk', 'rensselaerite', 'tallow_oil', 'tannin', 'catechin', 'tantalite', 'tartaric_acid', 'racemic_acid', 'tear_gas', 'telluride', 'telomerase', 'tenderizer', 'terpene', 'tetrachloride', 'tetrafluoroethylene', 'tetrahalide', 'tetrasaccharide', 'tetrodotoxin', 'tetroxide', 'tetryl', 'thatch', 'thickening', 'thiouracil', 'thiocyanate', 'thiocyanic_acid', 'thorite', 'thortveitite', 'threonine', 'prothrombin', 'thromboplastin', 'calcium_ion', 'proaccelerin', 'proconvertin', 'antihemophilic_factor', 'Christmas_factor', 'prothrombinase', 'plasma_thromboplastin_antecedent', 'Hageman_factor', 'fibrinase', 'thymine', 'deoxyadenosine', 'deoxycytidine', 'deoxyguanosine', 'deoxythymidine', 'thymol', 'melanocyte-stimulating_hormone', 'thyrotropin', 'thyrotropin-releasing_hormone', 'thyronine', 'tile', 'till', 'tissue', 'toilet_tissue', 'toilet_roll', 'toluene', 'toluic_acid', 'tombac', 'toner', 'toner', 'tool_steel', 'topaz', 'topaz', 'tourmaline', 'trace_element', 'tracing_paper', 'tragacanth', 'transaminase', 'transferase', 'transfer_paper', 'transferrin', 'transparent_gem', 'transparent_substance', 'triamcinolone', 'triazine', 'tri-chad', 'trichloroacetic_acid', 'margarin', 'tridymite', 'triolein', 'trimer', 'trioxide', 'tripalmitin', 'triphosphopyridine', 'triphosphopyridine_nucleotide', 'triphosphoric_acid', 'trisaccharide', 'trisodium_phosphate', 'tristearin', 'trypsin', 'trypsinogen', 'tryptophan', 'tuna_oil', 'tundra_soil', 'tungsten_steel', 'tungstate', 'tungstic_acid', 'turquoise', 'typewriter_paper', 'tyramine', 'tyrosine', 'ubiquinone', 'ultramarine', 'French_blue', 'umber', 'raw_umber', 'burnt_umber', 'undecylenic_acid', 'unleaded_gasoline', 'undercut', 'urease', 'urethane', 'uracil', 'uraninite', 'uranium_ore', 'uranyl', 'uranyl_nitrate', 'uranyl_oxalate', 'urea', 'uric_acid', 'urate', 'tophus', 'valine', 'linseed', 'linseed_oil', 'tung_oil', 'chaulmoogra_oil', 'vanadate', 'vanadinite', 'vanadium_pentoxide', 'vanadium_steel', 'vellum', 'vermiculite', 'very_low_density_lipoprotein', 'vesuvianite', 'vinegar', 'vinyl', 'vinyl', 'vinyl_polymer', 'iodopsin', 'visual_purple', 'photopigment', 'vitamin', 'fat-soluble_vitamin', 'water-soluble_vitamin', 'vitamin_A', 'vitamin_A1', 'vitamin_A2', 'provitamin', 'provitamin_A', 'B-complex_vitamin', 'vitamin_B1', 'vitamin_B12', 'vitamin_B2', 'vitamin_B6', 'vitamin_Bc', 'niacin', 'vitamin_D', 'vitamin_E', 'biotin', 'vitamin_K', 'vitamin_K1', 'vitamin_K3', 'vitamin_P', 'vitamin_C', 'vitriol', 'volatile', 'wallpaper', 'waste_paper', 'water_of_crystallization', 'wax', 'beeswax', 'Ghedda_wax', 'cerumen', 'paraffin', 'spermaceti', 'vegetable_wax', 'shellac_wax', 'cadaverine', 'cadmium_sulfide', 'cadmium_yellow', 'cadmium_yellow_pale', 'cadmium_orange', 'zinc_cadmium_sulfide', 'verdigris', 'wax_paper', 'wetting_agent', 'detergent', 'builder', 'whale_oil', 'whey', 'white_lead', 'wicker', 'wiesenboden', 'wood', 'dyewood', 'hardwood', 'softwood', 'pulpwood', 'raw_wood', 'hardtack', 'firewood', 'cordwood', 'backlog', 'Yule_log', 'brand', 'pine_knot', 'igniter', 'kindling', 'punk', 'board', 'lemongrass', 'planking', 'chipboard', 'deal', 'knot', 'knothole', 'clapboard', 'wolframite', 'wollastonite', 'wood_pulp', 'wood_sugar', \"Wood's_metal\", 'wood_tar', 'wool', 'raw_wool', 'alpaca', 'cashmere', 'fleece', 'shoddy', 'vicuna', 'virgin_wool', 'wrapping_paper', 'writing_paper', 'wool_oil', 'wulfenite', 'wurtzite', 'xenotime', 'xylene', 'yeast', 'yellowcake', 'mother', 'zeolite', 'chabazite', 'heulandite', 'natrolite', 'phillipsite', 'zinc_blende', 'zinc_oxide', 'zinc_sulfate', 'zinc_sulfide', 'zinc_white', 'zinkenite', 'zinnwaldite', 'zircon', 'zirconium_oxide', 'zymase', 'emanation', 'ectoplasm', 'essence', 'ligand', 'enamel', 'imide', 'metabolite', 'vegetable_matter', 'anabolic_steroid', 'pregnanediol', 'tubocurarine', 'tuberculin', 'vehicle', 'vesicant', 'vernix', 'vitrification', 'wad', 'xanthate', 'xanthic_acid', 'xanthine', 'time_period', 'trial_period', 'time_frame', 'geological_time', 'biological_time', 'cosmic_time', 'civil_time', 'daylight-saving_time', 'hours', 'downtime', 'uptime', '24/7', 'hours', 'work_time', 'time_off', 'face_time', 'compensatory_time', 'bout', 'hospitalization', 'travel_time', 'present', 'now', 'here_and_now', 'date', 'times', 'modern_times', 'Roman_times', 'past', 'yore', 'bygone', 'old', 'history', 'future', 'kingdom_come', 'musical_time', 'time', 'Elizabethan_age', 'Victorian_age', 'day', 'dead', 'hard_times', 'incarnation', 'continuum', 'history', 'Phanerozoic', 'Cenozoic', 'Quaternary', 'Holocene', 'Pleistocene', 'Tertiary', 'Pliocene', 'Miocene', 'Oligocene', 'Eocene', 'Paleocene', 'Mesozoic', 'Cretaceous', 'Jurassic', 'Triassic', 'Paleozoic', 'Permian', 'Carboniferous', 'Pennsylvanian', 'Mississippian', 'Devonian', 'Silurian', 'Ordovician', 'Cambrian', 'Precambrian', 'Proterozoic', 'Archean', 'Hadean', 'clock_time', 'Greenwich_Mean_Time', 'coordinated_universal_time', 'Earth-received_time', 'one-way_light_time', 'round-trip_light_time', 'elapsed_time', 'transmission_time', 'spacecraft_event_time', 'spacecraft_clock_time', 'Atlantic_Time', 'Eastern_Time', 'Central_Time', 'Mountain_Time', 'Pacific_Time', 'Alaska_Standard_Time', 'Hawaii_Time', 'Bering_Time', 'duration', 'duration', 'clocking', 'longueur', 'residence_time', 'span', 'stretch', 'time_scale', 'value', 'extended_time_scale', 'fast_time_scale', 'time_being', 'biological_clock', 'circadian_rhythm', 'fourth_dimension', 'workweek', 'week', 'midweek', 'day', 'workday', 'workday', 'rest_day', 'overtime', 'turnaround', 'spare_time', 'day_off', 'leisure', 'vacation', 'half-term', 'vac', 'half-holiday', 'playtime', 'field_day', 'field_day', 'honeymoon', 'paid_vacation', 'leave', 'furlough', 'pass', 'compassionate_leave', 'sabbatical', 'sabbatical_year', 'shore_leave', 'sick_leave', 'terminal_leave', 'life', 'life', 'life', 'days', 'millennium', 'bimillennium', 'occupation', 'past', 'shelf_life', 'life_expectancy', 'birth', 'cradle', 'puerperium', 'lactation', 'incipiency', 'death', 'death', 'grave', 'afterlife', 'kingdom_come', 'immortality', 'period', 'time_of_life', 'summer', 'age', 'neonatal_period', 'infancy', 'anal_stage', 'genital_stage', 'latency_stage', 'oral_stage', 'phallic_stage', 'childhood', 'girlhood', 'boyhood', 'schooldays', 'youth', 'adolescence', 'prepuberty', 'puberty', 'teens', 'twenties', '1900s', '1530s', 'twenties', '1820s', 'thirties', 'thirties', '1830s', 'forties', 'forties', '1840s', 'fifties', 'fifties', '1850s', '1750s', 'sixties', 'sixties', '1860s', '1760s', 'golden_years', 'seventies', 'seventies', '1870s', '1770s', 'eighties', 'eighties', 'eighties', '1780s', 'nineties', 'nineties', 'nineties', '1790s', 'bloom', 'age_of_consent', 'majority', 'minority', 'prime', 'drinking_age', 'voting_age', 'adulthood', 'maturity', 'bachelorhood', 'middle_age', 'widowhood', 'old_age', 'dotage', 'deathbed', 'menopause', 'climacteric', 'time_unit', 'day', 'night', 'tomorrow', 'today', 'yesterday', 'morrow', 'eve', 'mean_time', 'terrestrial_time', 'calendar_day', 'day', 'Admission_Day', 'Arbor_Day', 'Cinco_de_Mayo', 'commencement_day', 'November_5', 'Guy_Fawkes_Day', 'Bonfire_Night', 'Inauguration_Day', 'leap_day', 'date', 'date', 'future_date', 'rain_date', 'sell-by_date', 'date', 'quarter_day', 'fast_day', 'major_fast_day', 'minor_fast_day', 'feast_day', 'Succoth', 'religious_festival', 'festival', 'D-day', 'V-day', 'V-E_Day', 'V-J_Day', 'day_of_the_week', 'weekday', 'feria', 'Sunday', 'Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday', 'Thursday', 'Friday', 'Saturday', 'Sabbath', 'day', 'morning', 'noon', 'mealtime', 'breakfast_time', 'lunchtime', 'dinnertime', 'afternoon', 'midafternoon', 'evening', 'guest_night', 'prime_time', 'night', 'night', 'night', 'night', 'weeknight', 'eve', 'evening', 'late-night_hour', 'midnight', 'small_hours', 'bedtime', 'lights-out', 'closing_time', 'dawn', 'early-morning_hour', 'sunset', 'twilight', 'night', 'week', 'week_from_Monday', 'fortnight', 'weekend', 'rag', 'rag_day', 'red-letter_day', 'Judgment_Day', 'off-day', 'access_time', 'distance', 'distance', 'embolism', 'payday', 'polling_day', 'church_year', 'field_day', 'field_day', 'calendar', 'timekeeping', 'Roman_calendar', 'ides', 'market_day', 'Gregorian_calendar', 'Julian_calendar', 'Revolutionary_calendar', 'Revolutionary_calendar_month', 'Vendemiaire', 'Brumaire', 'Frimaire', 'Nivose', 'Pluviose', 'Ventose', 'Germinal', 'Floreal', 'Prairial', 'Messidor', 'Thermidor', 'Fructidor', 'Jewish_calendar', 'lunar_calendar', 'lunisolar_calendar', 'solar_calendar', 'Islamic_calendar', 'Hindu_calendar', 'date', 'deadline', 'curfew', 'anachronism', 'point', 'arrival_time', 'departure_time', 'checkout', 'Holy_Week', 'Holy_Year', 'church_calendar', 'Walpurgis_Night', \"New_Year's_Eve\", \"New_Year's_Day\", 'New_Year', \"Martin_Luther_King_Jr's_Birthday\", \"Robert_E_Lee's_Birthday\", 'Hogmanay', 'Rosh_Hashanah', 'Rosh_Hodesh', 'Tet', 'holiday', 'religious_holiday', 'High_Holy_Day', 'Christian_holy_day', 'Jewish_holy_day', 'holy_day_of_obligation', 'movable_feast', 'Yom_Kippur', \"Saint_Agnes's_Eve\", 'Martinmas', 'Indian_summer', 'Annunciation', 'Michaelmas', 'Michaelmastide', 'Candlemas', 'Groundhog_Day', \"Lincoln's_Birthday\", 'Valentine_Day', \"Washington's_Birthday\", \"Presidents'_Day\", 'Texas_Independence_Day', \"St_Patrick's_Day\", 'Easter', 'Easter_Sunday', \"April_Fools'\", 'Pan_American_Day', \"Patriot's_Day\", 'May_Day', \"Mother's_Day\", 'Armed_Forces_Day', 'Memorial_Day', \"Jefferson_Davis'_Birthday\", 'Flag_Day', \"Father's_Day\", 'Independence_Day', 'Lammas', 'Lammastide', 'Labor_Day', 'Citizenship_Day', 'American_Indian_Day', 'Columbus_Day', 'United_Nations_Day', 'Halloween', 'Pasch', 'Pasch', 'Eastertide', 'Palm_Sunday', 'Passion_Sunday', 'Good_Friday', 'Low_Sunday', 'Holy_Saturday', \"Holy_Innocents'_Day\", 'Septuagesima', 'Quinquagesima', 'Quadragesima', 'Trinity_Sunday', 'Rogation_Day', 'Solemnity_of_Mary', 'Ascension', 'Circumcision', 'Maundy_Thursday', 'Corpus_Christi', 'Saints_Peter_and_Paul', 'Assumption', 'Dormition', 'Epiphany', 'Saint_Joseph', 'Twelfthtide', 'Twelfth_night', \"All_Saints'_Day\", 'Immaculate_Conception', 'Allhallowtide', \"All_Souls'_Day\", 'Ash_Wednesday', 'Ember_Day', 'Passover', 'Christmas', 'Christmas_Eve', 'Christmas', 'Boxing_Day', 'Purim', 'Shavous', 'Shimchath_Torah', \"Tishah_b'Av\", 'Fast_of_Gedaliah', 'Fast_of_Tevet', 'Fast_of_Esther', 'Fast_of_the_Firstborn', 'Fast_of_Tammuz', 'Hanukkah', \"Lag_b'Omer\", 'legal_holiday', 'bank_holiday', 'Commonwealth_Day', 'Dominion_Day', 'Bastille_Day', 'Remembrance_Day', 'Veterans_Day', 'Thanksgiving', 'Victoria_Day', 'year', 'anomalistic_year', 'year-end', 'common_year', 'leap_year', 'off_year', 'off_year', 'calendar_year', 'solar_year', 'lunar_year', 'fiscal_year', 'school', 'school_year', 'year', 'annum', 'year', 'semester', 'bimester', 'Olympiad', 'lustrum', 'decade', 'century', 'quadrennium', 'quinquennium', 'quattrocento', 'twentieth_century', 'half-century', 'quarter-century', 'month', 'quarter', 'phase_of_the_moon', 'new_moon', 'half-moon', 'first_quarter', 'last_quarter', 'full_moon', 'harvest_moon', 'lunar_month', 'anomalistic_month', 'sidereal_time', 'sidereal_day', 'day', 'lunar_day', 'sidereal_year', 'sidereal_hour', 'sidereal_month', 'solar_month', 'calendar_month', 'Gregorian_calendar_month', 'January', 'mid-January', 'February', 'mid-February', 'March', 'mid-March', 'April', 'mid-April', 'May', 'mid-May', 'June', 'mid-June', 'July', 'mid-July', 'August', 'mid-August', 'September', 'mid-September', 'October', 'mid-October', 'November', 'mid-November', 'December', 'mid-December', 'Jewish_calendar_month', 'Tishri', 'Heshvan', 'Kislev', 'Tebet', 'Shebat', 'Adar', 'Veadar', 'Nisan', 'Iyar', 'Sivan', 'Tammuz', 'Ab', 'Elul', 'Islamic_calendar_month', 'Muharram', 'Safar', 'Rabi_I', 'Rabi_II', 'Jumada_I', 'Jumada_II', 'Rajab', \"Sha'ban\", 'Ramadan', 'Id_al-Fitr', 'Shawwal', \"Dhu'l-Qa'dah\", \"Dhu'l-Hijja\", 'Id_al-Adha', 'Hindu_calendar_month', 'Chait', 'Ramanavami', 'Baisakh', 'Jeth', 'Asarh', 'Sawan', 'Bhadon', 'Asin', 'Kartik', 'Aghan', 'Pus', 'Magh', 'Mesasamkranti', 'Phagun', \"saint's_day\", 'name_day', 'solstice', 'summer_solstice', 'Midsummer_Day', 'Midsummer_Eve', 'school_day', 'speech_day', 'washday', 'wedding_day', 'wedding_night', 'winter_solstice', 'equinox', 'vernal_equinox', 'autumnal_equinox', 'Noruz', 'time_limit', 'limitation', 'term', 'prison_term', 'hard_time', 'life_sentence', 'school_term', 'summer_school', 'midterm', 'semester', 'trimester', 'quarter', 'gestation', 'term', 'midterm', 'trimester', 'first_trimester', 'second_trimester', 'third_trimester', 'refractory_period', 'bell', 'hour', 'half-hour', 'quarter-hour', 'hour', 'none', 'hour', 'happy_hour', 'rush_hour', 'zero_hour', 'canonical_hour', 'matins', 'prime', 'terce', 'sext', 'nones', 'vespers', 'compline', 'man_hour', 'silly_season', 'Golden_Age', 'silver_age', 'bronze_age', 'Bronze_Age', 'iron_age', 'Iron_Age', 'Stone_Age', 'Eolithic_Age', 'Paleolithic_Age', 'Lower_Paleolithic', 'Middle_Paleolithic', 'Upper_Paleolithic', 'Mesolithic_Age', 'Neolithic_Age', 'great_year', 'regulation_time', 'overtime', 'extra_innings', 'overtime_period', 'tiebreaker', 'sudden_death', 'minute', 'quarter', 'second', 'leap_second', 'attosecond', 'femtosecond', 'picosecond', 'nanosecond', 'microsecond', 'millisecond', 'season', 'fall', 'spring', 'summer', 'dog_days', 'winter', 'midwinter', 'growing_season', 'seedtime', 'sheepshearing', 'holiday_season', 'high_season', 'off-season', 'rainy_season', 'monsoon', 'dry_season', 'season', 'season', 'preseason', 'spring_training', 'baseball_season', 'triple-crown_season', 'basketball_season', 'exhibition_season', 'fishing_season', 'football_season', 'hockey_season', 'hunting_season', 'social_season', 'theatrical_season', 'Advent', 'Advent_Sunday', 'Shrovetide', 'Mardi_Gras', 'Lent', 'Pentecost', 'Whitmonday', 'Whit-Tuesday', 'Whitsun', 'long_time', 'month_of_Sundays', 'long_run', 'eon', 'eon', 'eternity', 'alpha_and_omega', 'blue_moon', 'year_dot', 'drought', 'moment', 'eleventh_hour', 'moment_of_truth', 'moment_of_truth', 'pinpoint', 'time', 'high_time', 'occasion', 'meal', 'psychological_moment', 'wee', 'while', 'cold_spell', 'hot_spell', 'moment', 'blink_of_an_eye', 'ephemera', 'period', 'era', 'epoch', 'era', 'Caliphate', 'Christian_era', 'day', 'year_of_grace', 'Y2K', 'generation', 'anniversary', 'birthday', 'jubilee', 'diamond_jubilee', 'silver_jubilee', 'wedding_anniversary', 'silver_wedding_anniversary', 'golden_wedding_anniversary', 'diamond_wedding_anniversary', 'semicentennial', 'centennial', 'sesquicentennial', 'bicentennial', 'tercentennial', 'quatercentennial', 'quincentennial', 'millennium', 'bimillennium', 'birthday', 'time_immemorial', 'auld_langsyne', 'by-and-by', 'chapter', 'antiquity', 'golden_age', 'historic_period', 'prehistory', 'modern_era', 'information_age', 'ice_age', 'Jazz_Age', 'chukker', 'inning', 'top', 'bottom', 'set', 'game', 'turn', 'playing_period', 'first_period', 'second_period', 'final_period', 'half', 'first_half', 'second_half', 'period', 'quarter', 'over', 'maiden_over', 'Baroque', 'Middle_Ages', 'Renaissance', 'Italian_Renaissance', 'Industrial_Revolution', 'Reign_of_Terror', 'reign_of_terror', 'reign', 'reign', 'turn_of_the_century', 'Harlem_Renaissance', 'New_Deal', 'Reconstruction', 'Restoration', 'print_run', 'run', 'run-time', 'run-time', 'split_run', 'space_age', 'today', 'tonight', 'yesterday', 'millennium', 'offing', 'tomorrow', 'manana', 'common_time', 'duple_time', 'triple_time', 'tempo', 'in_time', 'accelerando', 'allegretto', 'allegro', 'allegro_con_spirito', 'andante', 'meno_mosso', 'rubato', 'beginning', 'youth', 'terminus_a_quo', 'presidency', 'vice-presidency', 'middle', 'end', 'deep', 'stopping_point', 'dawn', 'evening', 'cease', 'fag_end', 'last_gasp', 'termination', 'terminus_ad_quem', 'threshold', 'seek_time', 'track-to-track_seek_time', 'time_interval', 'time_constant', 'time_slot', 'time', 'lunitidal_interval', 'absence', 'pause', 'lapse', 'blackout', 'caesura', 'dead_air', 'delay', 'extension', 'halftime', 'interlude', \"entr'acte\", 'interim', 'latent_period', 'reaction_time', 'eternity', 'interregnum', 'sleep', 'beauty_sleep', 'kip', 'respite', 'time-out', 'letup', 'breath', 'lease', 'half_life', 'relaxation_time', 'moratorium', 'retardation', 'tide', 'acceleration', 'centripetal_acceleration', 'deceleration', 'attrition_rate', 'birthrate', 'bits_per_second', 'crime_rate', 'data_rate', 'deathrate', 'dose_rate', 'erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate', 'flow', 'cardiac_output', 'flux', 'frequency', 'gigahertz', 'growth_rate', 'isometry', 'hertz', 'inflation_rate', 'jerk', 'kilohertz', 'kilometers_per_hour', 'megahertz', 'terahertz', 'metabolic_rate', 'miles_per_hour', 'pace', 'pulse', 'femoral_pulse', 'radial_pulse', 'rate_of_return', 'return_on_invested_capital', 'respiratory_rate', 'revolutions_per_minute', 'sampling_rate', 'Nyquist_rate', 'solar_constant', 'spacing', 'speed', 'tempo', 'quick_time', 'double_time', 'airspeed', 'escape_velocity', 'groundspeed', 'hypervelocity', 'muzzle_velocity', 'peculiar_velocity', 'radial_velocity', 'speed_of_light', 'steerageway', 'terminal_velocity', 'miles_per_hour', 'attendance', 'count_per_minute', 'sampling_frequency', 'Nyquist_frequency', 'infant_deathrate', 'neonatal_mortality', 'words_per_minute', 'beats_per_minute', 'rate', 'channel_capacity', 'neutron_flux', 'radiant_flux', 'luminous_flux', 'incubation', 'cycle', 'menstrual_cycle', 'fertile_period', 'menstrual_phase', 'musth', 'secretory_phase', 'lead_time', 'period', 'orbit_period', 'phase', 'phase', 'generation', 'multistage', 'apogee', 'seedtime', 'tenure', 'episcopate', 'shift', 'go', 'trick', 'watch', 'watch', 'dogwatch', 'day_shift', 'evening_shift', 'night_shift', 'split_shift', 'peacetime', 'wartime', 'graveyard_watch', 'enlistment', 'honeymoon', 'indiction', 'float', 'Depression', 'prohibition', 'incubation_period', 'rainy_day', 'novitiate', 'flower', 'golden_age', 'rule', 'Regency', 'running_time', 'show_time', 'safe_period', 'octave', 'then', 'shiva', 'epoch', 'clotting_time', 'rotational_latency', 'probation', 'probation', 'processing_time', 'air_alert', 'command_processing_overhead_time', 'Great_Schism', 'question_time', 'real_time', 'real_time', 'regency', 'snap', 'study_hall', 'Transfiguration', 'usance', 'window', '9/11'];\r\n\r\nexport const noun_definitions = {'entity': 'that which is perceived or known or inferred to have its own distinct existence (living or nonliving)', 'physical_entity': 'an entity that has physical existence', 'abstraction': 'a concept or idea not associated with any specific instance; \"he loved her only in the abstract--not in person\"', 'thing': 'a special situation; \"this thing has got to end\"; \"it is a remarkable thing\"', 'object': '(grammar) a constituent that is acted upon; \"the object of the verb\"', 'whole': 'all of something including all its component elements or parts; \"Europe considered as a whole\"; \"the whole of American literature\"', 'congener': 'a minor chemical constituent that gives a wine or liquor its distinctive character', 'living_thing': 'a living (or once living) entity', 'organism': 'a system considered analogous in structure or function to a living body; \"the social organism\"', 'benthos': 'a region including the bottom of the sea and the littoral zones', 'dwarf': 'a person who is markedly small', 'heterotroph': 'an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition', 'parent': 'a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian', 'life': 'the period from the present until death; \"he appointed himself emperor for life\"', 'biont': 'a discrete unit of living matter', 'cell': 'a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement', 'causal_agent': 'any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results', 'person': 'a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party; \"stop talking about yourself in the third person\"', 'animal': 'a living organism characterized by voluntary movement', 'plant': 'an actor situated in the audience whose acting is rehearsed but seems spontaneous to the audience', 'native': 'a person born in a particular place or country; \"he is a native of Brazil\"', 'natural_object': 'an object occurring naturally; not made by man', 'substance': 'material of a particular kind or constitution; \"the immune response recognizes invading substances\"', 'matter': 'written works (especially in books or magazines); \"he always took some reading matter with him on the plane\"', 'food': 'any solid substance (as opposed to liquid) that is used as a source of nourishment; \"food and drink\"', 'nutrient': 'any substance (such as a chemical element or inorganic compound) that can be taken in by a green plant and used in organic synthesis', 'artifact': 'a man-made object taken as a whole', 'article': 'a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will)', 'psychological_feature': 'a feature of the mental life of a living organism', 'cognition': 'the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning', 'motivation': 'the condition of being motivated; \"his motivation was at a high level\"', 'attribute': 'an abstraction belonging to or characteristic of an entity', 'state': 'a state of depression or agitation; \"he was in such a state you just couldn\\'t reason with him\"', 'feeling': 'a physical sensation that you experience; \"he had a queasy feeling\"; \"I had a strange feeling in my leg\"; \"he lost all feeling in his arm\"', 'location': 'a workplace away from a studio at which some or all of a movie may be made; \"they shot the film on location in Nevada\"', 'shape': 'a concrete representation of an otherwise nebulous concept; \"a circle was the embodiment of his concept of life\"', 'time': 'a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something; \"take time to smell the roses\"; \"I didn\\'t have time to finish\"; \"it took more than half my time\"', 'space': 'an empty area (usually bounded in some way between things); \"the architect left space in front of the building\"; \"they stopped at an open space in the jungle\"; \"the space between his teeth\"', 'absolute_space': 'physical space independent of what occupies it', 'phase_space': '(physics) an ideal space in which the coordinate dimensions represent the variables that are required to describe a system or substance; \"a multidimensional phase space\"', 'event': 'a special set of circumstances; \"in that event, the first possibility is excluded\"; \"it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled\"', 'process': 'a mental process that you are not directly aware of; \"the process of denial\"', 'act': 'a manifestation of insincerity; \"he put on quite an act for her benefit\"', 'group': '(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule', 'relation': 'an act of narration; \"he was the hero according to his own relation\"; \"his endless recounting of the incident eventually became unbearable\"', 'possession': 'being controlled by passion or the supernatural', 'social_relation': 'a relation between living organisms (especially between people)', 'communication': 'a connection allowing access between persons or places; \"how many lines of communication can there be among four people?\"; \"a secret passageway provided communication between the two rooms\"', 'measure': 'musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats; \"the orchestra omitted the last twelve bars of the song\"', 'phenomenon': 'a remarkable development', 'kindness': 'the quality of being warmhearted and considerate and humane and sympathetic', 'abdominoplasty': 'cosmetic surgery of the abdomen to remove wrinkles and tighten the skin over the stomach', 'abort': 'the act of terminating a project or procedure before it is completed; \"I wasted a year of my life working on an abort\"; \"he sent a short message requesting an abort due to extreme winds in the area\"', 'accomplishment': 'the action of accomplishing something', 'agon': 'a festivity in ancient Greece at which competitors contended for prizes', 'alienation': 'separation resulting from hostility', 'application': 'a program that gives a computer instructions that provide the user with tools to accomplish a task; \"he has tried several different word processing applications\"', 'beachhead': 'a bridgehead on the enemy\\'s shoreline seized by an amphibious operation; \"the Germans were desperately trying to contain the Anzio beachhead\"', 'cakewalk': 'a strutting dance based on a march; was performed in minstrel shows; originated as a competition among Black dancers to win a cake', 'feat': 'a notable achievement; \"he performed a great feat\"; \"the book was her finest effort\"', 'masterpiece': 'the most outstanding work of a creative artist or craftsman', 'masterstroke': 'an achievement demonstrating great skill or mastery', 'credit': 'an accounting entry acknowledging income or capital items', 'action': 'the state of being active; \"his sphere of activity\"; \"he is out of action\"', 'res_gestae': 'rule of evidence that covers words that are so closely associated with an occurrence that the words are considered part of the occurrence and as such their report does not violate the hearsay rule', 'course': 'general line of orientation; \"the river takes a southern course\"; \"the northeastern trend of the coast\"', 'blind_alley': 'a street with only one way in or out', 'collision_course': 'a course of a moving object that will lead to a collision if it continues unchanged', 'interaction': '(physics) the transfer of energy between elementary particles or between an elementary particle and a field or between fields; mediated by gauge bosons', 'interplay': 'reciprocal action and reaction', 'contact': 'the state or condition of touching or of being in immediate proximity; \"litmus paper turns red on contact with an acid\"', 'brush': 'a dense growth of bushes', 'eye_contact': 'a meeting of the eyes between two people that expresses meaningful nonverbal communication; \"it was a mere glance, but the eye contact was enough to tell her that he was desperate to leave\"', 'fetch': 'the action of fetching', 'placement': 'the spatial property of the way in which something is placed; \"the arrangement of the furniture\"; \"the placement of the chairs\"', 'interchange': 'a junction of highways on different levels that permits traffic to move from one to another without crossing traffic streams', 'reciprocity': 'mutual exchange of commercial or other privileges', 'cross-fertilization': 'fertilization by the union of male and female gametes from different individual of the same species', 'dealings': \"social or verbal interchange (usually followed by `with')\", 'playing': 'the act of playing a musical instrument', 'play': 'a state in which action is feasible; \"the ball was still in play\"; \"insiders said the company\\'s stock was in play\"', 'boondoggle': 'work of little or no value done merely to look busy', 'bowling': 'a game in which balls are rolled at an object or group of objects with the aim of knocking them over or moving them', 'acquiring': 'the act of acquiring something; \"I envied his talent for acquiring\"; \"he\\'s much more interested in the getting than in the giving\"', 'causing': 'the act of causing something to happen', 'delivery': 'the event of giving birth; \"she had a difficult delivery\"', 'departure': 'the act of departing', 'derring-do': 'brave and heroic feats', 'discovery': '(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case', 'disposal': 'the power to use something or someone; \"used all the resources at his disposal\"', 'hit': 'a dose of a narcotic drug', 'implementation': 'the act of implementing (providing a practical means for accomplishing something); carrying into effect', 'egress': '(astronomy) the reappearance of a celestial body after an eclipse', 'equalization': 'the act of making equal or uniform', 'exhumation': 'the act of digging something out of the ground (especially a corpse) where it has been buried', 'mitzvah': '(Judaism) a precept or commandment of the Jewish law', 'propulsion': 'a propelling force', 'rally': 'a marked recovery of strength or spirits during an illness', 'recovery': 'return to an original state; \"the recovery of the forest after the fire was surprisingly rapid\"', 'running_away': 'the act of leaving (without permission) the place you are expected to be', 'stunt': 'a creature (especially a whale) that has been prevented from attaining full growth', 'touch': 'a slight attack of illness; \"he has a touch of rheumatism\"', 'tour_de_force': 'a masterly or brilliant feat', 'performance': 'a dramatic or musical entertainment; \"they listened to ten different performances\"; \"the play ran for 100 performances\"; \"the frequent performances of the symphony testify to its popularity\"', 'overachievement': 'better than expected performance (better than might have been predicted from intelligence tests)', 'underachievement': 'poorer than expected performance (poorer than might have been predicted from intelligence tests)', 'record': 'the number of wins versus losses and ties a team has had; \"at 9-0 they have the best record in their league\"', 'fait_accompli': 'an irreversible accomplishment', 'going': 'advancing toward a goal; \"persuading him was easy going\"; \"the proposal faces tough sledding\"', 'arrival': 'someone who arrives (or has arrived)', 'attainment': 'the act of achieving an aim; \"the attainment of independence\"', 'advent': 'arrival that has been awaited (especially of something momentous); \"the advent of the computer\"', 'entrance': 'a movement into or inward', 'incursion': 'the mistake of incurring liability or blame', 'intrusion': 'the forcing of molten rock into fissures or between strata of an earlier rock formation', 'irruption': 'a sudden sharp increase in the relative numbers of a population', 'entree': 'the principal dish of a meal', 'entail': 'land received by fee tail', 'registration': 'the body of people (such as students) who register or enroll at the same time', 'appearance': 'the event of coming into sight', 'apparition': 'a ghostly appearing figure; \"we were unprepared for the apparition that confronted us\"', 'emergence': 'the gradual beginning or coming forth; \"figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece\"', 'reappearance': 'the event of something appearing again; \"the reappearance of Halley\\'s comet\"', 'comeback': 'return by a celebrity to some previously successful activity', 'return': 'the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property; \"the average return was about 5%\"', 'repatriation': 'the act of returning to the country of origin', 'penetration': 'clear or deep perception of a situation', 'interpenetration': 'the action of penetrating between or among', 'market_penetration': 'the extent to which a product is recognized and bought by customers in a particular market', 'anchorage': 'the condition of being secured to a base; \"the plant needs a firm anchorage\"; \"the mother provides emotional anchorage for the entire family\"', 'docking': 'the act of securing an arriving vessel with ropes', 'landing': 'an intermediate platform in a staircase', 'forced_landing': \"an unscheduled airplane landing that is made under circumstances (engine failure or adverse weather) not under the pilot's control\", 'breaking_away': 'departing hastily', 'farewell': 'an acknowledgment or expression of goodwill at parting', 'French_leave': 'an abrupt and unannounced departure (without saying farewell)', 'valediction': 'a farewell oration (especially one delivered during graduation exercises by an outstanding member of a graduating class)', 'disappearance': 'ceasing to exist; \"he regretted the disappearance of Greek from school curricula\"; \"what was responsible for the disappearance of the rainforest?\"; \"the disappearance of resistance at very low temperatures\"', 'vanishing': 'a sudden or mysterious disappearance', 'withdrawal': 'avoiding emotional involvement', 'effacement': 'shortening of the uterine cervix and thinning of its walls as it is dilated during labor', 'retreat': 'a place of privacy; a place affording peace and quiet', 'retirement': \"the state of being retired from one's business or occupation\", 'evacuation': 'the act of evacuating; leaving a place in an orderly fashion; especially for protection', 'medical_evacuation': 'the evacuation of persons (usually by air transportation) to a place where they can receive medical care', 'decampment': 'breaking camp', 'desertion': 'withdrawing support or help despite allegiance or responsibility; \"his abandonment of his wife and children left them penniless\"', 'abscondment': 'the act of running away secretly (as to avoid arrest)', 'absence_without_leave': 'unauthorized military absence', 'deviationism': 'ideological defection from the party line (especially from orthodox communism)', 'emigration': 'migration from a place (especially migration from your native country in order to settle in another)', 'immigration': 'the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval; \"the increased immigration strengthened the colony\"', 'aliyah': '(Judaism) the honor of being called up to the reading desk in the synagogue to read from the Torah; \"he was called on for an aliyah\"', 'pullback': 'a device (as a decorative loop of cord or fabric) for holding or drawing something back; \"the draperies were drawn to the sides by pullbacks\"', 'standdown': 'a suspension and relaxation from an alert state or a state of readiness', 'disengagement': 'to break off a military action with an enemy', 'receding': 'a slow or gradual disappearance', 'sailing': 'riding in a sailboat', 'amphibious_landing': 'a military action of coordinated land, sea, and air forces organized for an invasion; \"MacArthur staged a massive amphibious landing behind enemy lines\"', 'debarkation': 'the act of passengers and crew getting off of a ship or aircraft', 'going_ashore': 'debarkation from a boat or ship', 'boarding': 'a structure of boards', 'exit': 'an opening that permits escape or release; \"he blocked the way out\"; \"the canyon had only one issue\"', 'elopement': 'the act of running away with a lover (usually to get married)', 'escape': 'a plant originally cultivated but now growing wild', 'evasion': 'a statement that is not literally false but that cleverly avoids an unpleasant truth', 'slip': \"potter's clay that is thinned and used for coating or decorating ceramics\", 'maneuver': 'a military training exercise', 'clinch': 'a small slip noose made with seizing', 'dodge': 'a statement that evades the question by cleverness or trickery', 'break': 'the occurrence of breaking; \"the break in the dam threatened the valley\"', 'getaway': 'a rapid escape (as by criminals); \"the thieves made a clean getaway\"; \"after the expose he had to take it on the lam\"', 'exodus': 'a journey by a large group to escape from a hostile environment', 'Hegira': 'the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 which marked the beginning of the Muslim era; the Muslim calendar begins in that year', 'skedaddle': 'a hasty flight', 'Underground_Railroad': 'secret aid to escaping slaves that was provided by abolitionists in the years before the American Civil War', 'close_call': 'something achieved (or escaped) by a narrow margin', 'surfacing': 'emerging to the surface and becoming apparent', 'dispatch': 'an official report (usually sent in haste)', 'reshipment': 'the act of shipping again (especially by transferring to another ship)', 'consummation': 'the completion of marriage by sexual intercourse', 'realization': 'a musical composition that has been completed or enriched by someone other than the composer', 'orgasm': 'the moment of most intense pleasure in sexual intercourse', 'male_orgasm': 'an orgasm accompanied by the sensation of ejaculation of semen', 'fulfillment': 'a feeling of satisfaction at having achieved your desires', 'self-fulfillment': 'the fulfillment of your capacities', 'track_record': 'the fastest time ever recorded for a specific distance at a particular racetrack; \"the track record for the mile and a half at Belmont is 2 minutes 24 seconds held by Secretariat since 1973\"', 'world_record': 'the best record in the whole world', 'success': 'a state of prosperity or fame; \"he is enjoying great success\"; \"he does not consider wealth synonymous with success\"', 'winning': 'succeeding with great difficulty; \"winning is not everything\"', 'blockbuster': 'a large bomb used to demolish extensive areas (as a city block)', 'sleeper': 'a spy or saboteur or terrorist planted in an enemy country who lives there as a law-abiding citizen until activated by a prearranged signal', 'bell_ringer': 'someone who plays musical handbells', 'ennoblement': 'the state of being noble', 'conquest': 'the act of conquering', 'coup': 'a brilliant and notable success', 'flying_colors': 'complete success; \"they passed inspection with flying colors\"', 'passing': 'euphemistic expressions for death; \"thousands mourned his passing\"', 'semester_hour': 'a unit of academic credit; one hour a week for an academic semester', 'nonaccomplishment': 'an act that does not achieve its intended goal', 'failure': 'lack of success; \"he felt that his entire life had been a failure\"; \"that year there was a crop failure\"', 'failing': 'a flaw or weak point; \"he was quick to point out his wife\\'s failings\"', 'naught': 'complete failure; \"all my efforts led to naught\"', 'cut': 'a step on some scale; \"he is a cut above the rest\"', 'default': 'act of failing to meet a financial obligation', 'loss': 'gradual decline in amount or activity; \"weight loss\"; \"a serious loss of business\"', 'capitulation': 'a document containing the terms of surrender', 'frustration': 'the feeling that accompanies an experience of being thwarted in attaining your goals', 'overturn': 'an improbable and unexpected victory; \"the biggest upset since David beat Goliath\"', 'backsliding': 'a failure to maintain a higher state', 'recidivism': 'habitual relapse into crime', 'disappointment': 'a feeling of dissatisfaction that results when your expectations are not realized; \"his hopes were so high he was doomed to disappointment\"', 'breach': 'an opening (especially a gap in a dike or fortification)', 'copout': 'a failure to face some difficulty squarely', 'breach_of_contract': 'a breach of a legal duty; failure to do something that is required in a contract', 'anticipatory_breach': 'a breach of contract committed prior to the time of required performance', 'breach_of_duty': 'a breach of due care', 'breach_of_the_covenant_of_warranty': \"a failure of the seller's guarantee of good title\", 'breach_of_promise': 'failure to keep a promise (of marriage)', 'breach_of_trust': 'violation (either through fraud or negligence) by a trustee of a duty that equity requires of him', 'breach_of_trust_with_fraudulent_intent': 'larceny after trust rather than after unlawful taking', 'breach_of_warranty': 'a breach that occurs when an item is deficient according to the terms of a warranty', 'leaning': 'an inclination to do something; \"he felt leanings toward frivolity\"', 'material_breach': 'a breach serious enough to destroy the value of the contract and to give a basis for an action for breach of contract', 'partial_breach': 'a breach that does not destroy the value of the contract but can give rise to a claim for damages', 'mistake': 'an understanding of something that is not correct; \"he wasn\\'t going to admit his mistake\"; \"make no mistake about his intentions\"; \"there must be some misunderstanding--I don\\'t have a sister\"', 'double_fault': '(tennis) two successive faults in serving resulting in the loss of the point', 'footfault': 'a fault that occurs when the server in tennis fails to keep both feet behind the baseline', 'bobble': 'the momentary juggling of a batted or thrown baseball; \"the second baseman made a bobble but still had time to throw the runner out\"', 'error': '(computer science) the occurrence of an incorrect result produced by a computer', 'blot': 'an act that brings discredit to the person who does it; \"he made a huge blot on his copybook\"', 'confusion': 'disorder resulting from a failure to behave predictably; \"the army retreated in confusion\"', 'miscalculation': 'a mistake in calculating', 'backfire': 'a loud noise made by the explosion of fuel in the manifold or exhaust of an internal combustion engine', 'rounding': '(mathematics) a miscalculation that results from rounding off numbers to a convenient number of decimals; \"the error in the calculation was attributable to rounding\"; \"taxes are rounded off to the nearest dollar but the rounding error is surprisingly small\"', 'truncation_error': '(mathematics) a miscalculation that results from cutting off a numerical calculation before it is finished', 'distortion': 'a change (usually undesired) in the waveform of an acoustic or analog electrical signal; the difference between two measurements of a signal (as between the input and output signal); \"heavy metal guitar players use vacuum tube amplifiers to produce extreme distortion\"', 'Freudian_slip': 'a slip-up that (according to Sigmund Freud) results from the operation of unconscious wishes or conflicts and can reveal unconscious processes in normal healthy individuals', 'offside': '(sport) the mistake of occupying an illegal position on the playing field (in football, soccer, ice hockey, field hockey, etc.)', 'oversight': 'an unintentional omission resulting from failure to notice something', 'omission': 'something that has been omitted; \"she searched the table for omissions\"', 'blunder': 'an embarrassing mistake', 'snafu': 'an acronym often used by soldiers in World War II: situation normal all fucked up', 'spectacle': 'something or someone seen (especially a notable or unusual sight); \"the tragic spectacle of cripples trying to escape\"', 'ballup': 'something badly botched or muddled', 'bull': 'uncomplimentary terms for a policeman', 'fumble': '(sports) dropping the ball', 'fluff': 'any light downy material', 'faux_pas': 'a socially awkward or tactless act', 'howler': 'a glaring blunder', 'clanger': 'a conspicuous mistake whose effects seem to reverberate; \"he dropped a clanger\"', 'trip': 'a hallucinatory experience induced by drugs; \"an acid trip\"', 'spill': 'liquid that is spilled; \"clean up the spills\"', 'pratfall': 'a fall onto your buttocks', 'wipeout': 'a spill in some sport (as a fall from a bicycle or while skiing or being capsized on a surfboard)', 'acquisition': 'something acquired; \"a recent acquisition by the museum\"', 'obtainment': 'the act of obtaining', 'catching': '(baseball) playing the position of catcher on a baseball team', 'incurring': 'acquiring or coming into something (usually undesirable); \"incurring debts is easier than paying them\"', 'moneymaking': 'the act of making money (and accumulating wealth)', 'annexation': 'incorporation by joining or uniting', 'pork-barreling': 'acquisition of government money for benefits to a specific locale; \"keeps his hold on his constituents through unashamed pork-barreling\"', 'purchase': 'something acquired by purchase', 'redemption': 'repayment of the principal amount of a debt or security at or before maturity (as when a corporation repurchases its own stock)', 'trading': 'buying or selling securities or commodities', 'bond_trading': 'trading in bonds (usually by a broker on the floor of an exchange)', 'program_trading': 'a trading technique involving large blocks of stock with trades triggered by computer programs', 'short_sale': 'sale of securities or commodity futures not owned by the seller (who hopes to buy them back later at a lower price)', 'short_covering': 'the purchase of securities or commodities by a short seller to close out a short sale', 'insider_trading': 'buying or selling corporate stock by a corporate officer or other insider on the basis of information that has not been made public and is supposed to remain confidential', 'naked_option': 'a put or call option for which the seller or buyer has no underlying security position', 'covered_option': 'a put or call option backed by the shares underlying the option', 'call_option': 'an option to buy', 'put_option': 'an option to sell', 'straddle': 'a noncommittal or equivocal position', 'incentive_option': 'an option granted to corporate executives if the company achieves certain financial goals', 'buying': 'the act of buying; \"buying and selling fill their days\"; \"shrewd purchasing requires considerable knowledge\"', 'shopping': 'the commodities purchased from stores; \"she loaded her shopping into the car\"women carrying home shopping didn\\'t give me a second glance\"', 'marketing': 'the commercial processes involved in promoting and selling and distributing a product or service; \"most companies have a manager in charge of marketing\"', 'mail-order_buying': 'buying goods to be shipped through the mail', 'viatication': 'purchasing insurance policies for cash from terminally ill policy holders', 'acceptance': 'the state of being acceptable and accepted; \"torn jeans received no acceptance at the country club\"', 'succession': '(ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established', 'assumption': 'a hypothesis that is taken for granted; \"any society is built upon certain assumptions\"', 'position': 'the appropriate or customary location; \"the cars were in position\"', 'inheritance': 'that which is inherited; a title or property or estate that passes by law to the heir on the death of the owner', 'procurement': 'the act of getting possession of something; \"he was responsible for the procurement of materials and supplies\"', 'appropriation': 'money set aside (as by a legislature) for a specific purpose', 'borrowing': 'obtaining funds from a lender', 'naturalization': 'the quality of being brought into conformity with nature', 'misappropriation': 'wrongful borrowing; \"his explanation was a misappropriation of sociological theory\"', 'preemption': 'the judicial principle asserting the supremacy of federal over state legislation on the same subject', 'seizure': 'a sudden occurrence (or recurrence) of a disease; \"he suffered an epileptic seizure\"', 'usurpation': 'wrongfully seizing and holding (an office or powers) by force (especially the seizure of a throne or supreme authority); \"a succession of generals who ruled by usurpation\"', 'confiscation': 'seizure by the government', 'distress': 'a state of adversity (danger or affliction or need); \"a ship in distress\"; \"she was the classic maiden in distress\"', 'expropriation': \"taking out of an owner's hands (especially taking property by public authority)\", 'impoundment': 'placing private property in the custody of an officer of the law', 'drug_bust': 'seizure of illegal drugs by the police', 'impress': 'the act of coercing someone into government service', 'occupation': 'the period of time during which a place or position or nation is occupied; \"during the German occupation of Paris\"', 'preoccupancy': 'the act of taking occupancy before someone else does', 'sequestration': 'the action of forming a chelate or other stable compound with an ion or atom or molecule so that it is no longer available for reactions', 'grant': 'any monetary aid', 'award': 'a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction; \"an award for bravery\"', 'addiction': 'being abnormally tolerant to and dependent on something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming (especially alcohol or narcotic drugs)', 'block_grant': 'a grant of federal money to state and local governments to support social welfare programs; \"block grants reduce federal responsibility for social welfare\"', 'grant-in-aid': 'a grant to a person or school for some educational project', 'capture': 'a process whereby a star or planet holds an object in its gravitational field', 'apprehension': 'fearful expectation or anticipation; \"the student looked around the examination room with apprehension\"', 'enslavement': 'the state of being a slave; \"So every bondman in his own hand bears the power to cancel his captivity\"--Shakespeare', 'restitution': 'the act of restoring something to its original state', 'clawback': 'finding a way to take money back from people that they were given in another way; \"the Treasury will find some clawback for the extra benefits members received\"', 'repossession': 'the action of regaining possession (especially the seizure of collateral securing a loan that is in default)', 'foreclosure': 'the legal proceedings initiated by a creditor to repossess the collateral for loan that is in default', 'reception': 'a formal party of people; as after a wedding', 'appointment': '(usually plural) furnishings and equipment (especially for a ship or hotel)', 'comb-out': 'the act of removing tangles from you hair with a comb', 'giving': 'the imparting of news or promises etc.; \"he gave us the news and made a great show of the giving\"; \"giving his word of honor seemed to come too easily\"', 'abandonment': 'the act of giving something up', 'discard': 'anything that is cast aside or discarded', 'staging': 'travel by stagecoach', 'mine_disposal': 'the disposal of explosive mines', 'minesweeping': 'the activity of detecting and disposing of marine mines', 'sewage_disposal': 'the disposal of sewage', 'bait_and_switch': 'a deceptive way of selling that involves advertising a product at a very low price in order to attract customers who are then persuaded to switch to a more expensive product', 'private_treaty': 'a sale of property at a price agreed on by the seller and buyer without an intervening agency', 'auction': 'a variety of bridge in which tricks made in excess of the contract are scored toward game; now generally superseded by contract bridge', 'bootlegging': 'the act of selling illegally or without permission; \"the bootlegging of videotapes is common in Asia\"', 'capitalization': 'writing in capital letters', 'overcapitalization': '(business) too much capitalization (the sale of more stock than the business warrants)', 'reclamation': 'the conversion of wasteland into land suitable for use of habitation or cultivation', 'rescue': 'recovery or preservation from loss or danger; \"work is the deliverance of mankind\"; \"a surgeon\\'s job is the saving of lives\"', 'lifesaving': 'saving the lives of drowning persons; \"he took a course in lifesaving\"', 'absolution': 'the condition of being formally forgiven by a priest in the sacrament of penance', 'indulgence': 'an inability to resist the gratification of whims and desires', 'conversion': '(psychiatry) a defense mechanism represses emotional conflicts which are then converted into physical symptoms that have no organic basis', 'proselytism': 'the practice of proselytizing', 'expiation': 'the act of atoning for sin or wrongdoing (especially appeasing a deity)', 'reparation': 'compensation (given or received) for an insult or injury; \"an act for which there is no reparation\"', 'liberation': 'the attempt to achieve equal rights or status; \"she worked for women\\'s liberation\"', 'jail_delivery': 'the use of force to liberate prisoners', 'salvage': 'property or goods saved from damage or destruction', 'salvation': 'the state of being saved or preserved from harm', 'search_and_rescue_mission': 'a rescue mission to search for survivors and to rescue them', 'ransom': 'money demanded for the return of a captured person', 'recapture': 'a legal seizure by the government of profits beyond a fixed amount', 'invocation': \"a prayer asking God's help as part of a religious service\", 'instrumentation': 'the instruments called for in a musical score or arrangement for a band or orchestra', 'specific_performance': 'the performance of a legal contract as specified by its terms', 'linguistic_performance': \"(linguistics) a speaker's actual use of language in real situations; what the speaker actually says, including grammatical errors and other non-linguistic features such as hesitations and other disfluencies (contrasted with linguistic competence)\", 'mechanism': 'the atomic process that occurs during a chemical reaction; \"he determined unique mechanisms for the photochemical reactions\"', 'service': 'a company or agency that performs a public service; subject to government regulation', 'curb_service': 'service provided to customers who remain in their vehicles', 'self-service': 'the practice of serving yourself (as in a grocery or cafeteria)', 'valet_parking': 'a service provided (at a club or restaurant or airport etc.) whereby a patron leaves a car at the entrance and an attendant parks and retrieves it', 'dramatic_production': 'the act of performing a drama; \"the group joined together in a dramatic production\"', 'encore': 'an extra or repeated performance; usually given in response to audience demand', 'extemporization': 'a performance given extempore without planning or preparation', 'juggle': 'the act of rearranging things to give a misleading impression', 'magic_trick': 'an illusory feat; considered magical by naive observers', 'musical_performance': 'the act of performing music', 'one-night_stand': 'a brief sexual encounter lasting only for a single night; \"he ran through a series of loveless one-night stands\"', 'rendition': 'a performance of a musical composition or a dramatic role etc.; \"they heard a live rendition of three pieces by Schubert\"', 'reinterpretation': 'a new or different meaning', 'spin': 'a swift whirling motion (usually of a missile)', 'bowing': 'managing the bow in playing a stringed instrument; \"the violinist\\'s bowing was excellent\"', 'spiccato': 'bowing in such a way that the bow bounces lightly off the strings', 'piping': 'a thin strip of covered cord used to edge hems', 'stopping': 'the kind of playing that involves pressing the fingers on the strings of a stringed instrument to control the pitch; \"the violinist\\'s stopping was excellent\"', 'double_stopping': 'stopping two strings and producing two notes at the same time', 'transposition': 'any abnormal position of the organs of the body', 'jam_session': 'an impromptu jazz concert', 'automation': 'the condition of being automatically operated or controlled; \"automation increases productivity\"', 'computerization': 'the control of processes by computer', 'motorization': 'the act of motorizing (equiping with motors or with motor vehicles)', 'launching': 'the act of moving a newly built vessel into the water for the first time', 'rocket_firing': 'the launching of a rocket or missile under its own power', 'blastoff': 'the launching of a missile or spacecraft to a specified destination', 'moon_shot': 'the launching of a spacecraft to the moon', 'drive': 'a physiological state corresponding to a strong need or desire', 'firewall': '(computing) a security system consisting of a combination of hardware and software that limits the exposure of a computer or computer network to attack from crackers; commonly used on local area networks that are connected to the internet', 'impulse': 'the act of applying force suddenly; \"the impulse knocked him over\"', 'roll': 'a list of names; \"his name was struck off the rolls\"', 'throw': 'a single chance or instance; \"he couldn\\'t afford $50 a throw\"', 'fling': 'the act of flinging', 'heave': 'an upward movement (especially a rhythmical rising and falling); \"the heaving of waves on a rough sea\"', 'hurl': 'a violent throw', 'leaner': '(horseshoes) the throw of a horseshoe so as to lean against (but not encircle) the stake', 'pass': '(military) a written leave of absence; \"he had a pass for three days\"', 'pitch': 'any of various dark heavy viscid substances obtained as a residue', 'ringer': 'a person who is almost identical to another', 'shy': 'a quick throw; \"he gave the ball a shy to the first baseman\"', 'slinging': 'throwing with a wide motion (as if with a sling)', 'throw-in': '(rugby) an act or instance of throwing a ball in to put it into play', 'balk': 'the area on a billiard table behind the balkline; \"a player with ball in hand must play from the balk\"', 'ball': 'an object with a spherical shape; \"a ball of fire\"', 'beanball': \"a baseball deliberately thrown at the batter's head\", 'change-up': 'a baseball thrown with little velocity when the batter is expecting a fastball', 'curve': 'the trace of a point whose direction of motion changes', 'duster': 'a loose coverall (coat or frock) reaching down to the ankles', 'fastball': '(baseball) a pitch thrown with maximum velocity; \"he swung late on the fastball\"; \"he showed batters nothing but smoke\"', 'knuckleball': 'a baseball pitch thrown with little speed or spin', 'overhand_pitch': 'a baseball pitch in which the hand moves above the shoulder', 'passed_ball': 'a pitch that the catcher should have caught but did not; allows a base runner to advance a base', 'screwball': 'a pitch with reverse spin that curves toward the side of the plate from which it was thrown', 'sinker': 'a weight that sinks (as to hold nets or fishing lines under water)', 'slider': 'freshwater turtle of United States and South America; frequently raised commercially; some young sold as pets', 'spitball': 'a projectile made by chewing a piece of paper and shaping it into a sphere', 'strike': 'a group\\'s refusal to work in protest against low pay or bad work conditions; \"the strike lasted more than a month before it was settled\"', 'submarine_ball': 'a pitch thrown sidearm instead of overhead', 'wild_pitch': 'an errant pitch that the catcher cannot be expected to catch and that allows a base runner to advance a base', 'basketball_shot': 'throwing the basketball toward the hoop; \"his shot hit the rim and bounced out\"', 'bank_shot': 'a basketball shot that bounces off of the backboard before passing through the hoop', 'dunk': 'a basketball shot in which the basketball is propelled downward into the basket', 'slam_dunk': 'something that is a sure to occur; a foregone conclusion; \"predicting his success was a slam dunk\"', 'finger-roll': 'a basketball shot that rolls off the tips of the fingers into the basket', 'foul_shot': 'an unhindered basketball shot from the foul line; given to penalize the other team for committing a foul', 'one-and-one': 'a foul shot that must be made in order to earn the right to a second foul shot', 'hook_shot': 'a basketball shot made over the head with the hand that is farther from the basket', 'jumper': 'a person who jumps; \"as the jumper neared the ground he lost control\"; \"the jumper\\'s parachute opened\"', 'lay-up': 'a basketball shot made with one hand from a position under or beside the basket (and usually banked off the backboard)', 'pivot_shot': 'a one-handed basketball shot made while whirling on the pivot foot', 'set_shot': 'a two-handed basketball shot from a stationary position', 'scoop_shot': 'a basketball shot made with an underhand scooping motion', 'tip_in': 'a basketball shot made by tapping the rebounding ball back into the basket', 'push': 'the force used in pushing; \"the push of the water on the walls of the tank\"; \"the thrust of the jet engines\"', 'depression': 'a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment', 'click': 'depression of a button on a computer mouse; \"a click on the right button for example\"', 'nudge': 'a slight push or shake', 'press': 'the print media responsible for gathering and publishing news in the form of newspapers or magazines', 'impression': 'all the copies of a work printed at one time; \"they ran off an initial printing of 2000 copies\"', 'shove': 'the act of shoving (giving a push to someone or something); \"he gave the door a shove\"', 'bundling': 'a onetime custom during courtship of unmarried couples occupying the same bed without undressing', 'jostle': 'the act of jostling (forcing your way by pushing)', 'elbowing': 'jostling with the elbows; \"elbowing is a foul in basketball\"', 'pull': 'the force used in pulling; \"the pull of the moon\"; \"the pull of the current\"', 'drag': 'the phenomenon of resistance to motion through a fluid', 'draw': 'a gully that is shallower than a ravine', 'tow': 'the act of hauling something (as a vehicle) by means of a hitch or rope; \"the truck gave him a tow to the garage\"', 'tug': 'a sudden abrupt pull', 'draft': 'a document ordering the payment of money; drawn by one person or bank on another', 'extirpation': 'the act of pulling up or out; uprooting; cutting off from existence', 'pluck': 'the act of pulling and releasing a taut cord', 'traction': '(orthopedics) the act of pulling on a bone or limb (as in a fracture) to relieve pressure or align parts in a special way during healing; \"his leg was in traction for several days\"', 'lift': 'a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground', 'expulsion': 'the act of expelling or projecting or ejecting', 'defenestration': 'the act of throwing someone or something out of a window', 'accommodation_reflex': 'reflex changes in the eyes that enable an object to be focused on the retina', 'Babinski': 'extension upward of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked firmly on the outer side from the heel to the front; normal in infants under the age of two years but a sign of brain or spinal cord injury in older persons', 'belch': 'a reflex that expels gas noisily from the stomach through the mouth', 'belching': 'the forceful expulsion of something from inside; \"the belching of smoke from factory chimneys\"', 'blink': 'a reflex that closes and opens the eyes rapidly', 'blush': 'sudden reddening of the face (as from embarrassment or guilt or shame or modesty)', 'coughing_up': 'the act of expelling (food or phlegm) by coughing', 'spit': 'a narrow strip of land that juts out into the sea', 'vomit': 'the matter ejected in vomiting', 'rumination': '(of ruminants) chewing (the cud); \"ruminants have remarkable powers of rumination\"', 'hematemesis': 'vomiting blood', 'hyperemesis': 'severe and excessive vomiting', 'hyperemesis_gravidarum': 'hyperemesis during pregnancy; if severe it can result in damage to the brain and liver and kidney', 'jump': 'a sudden and decisive increase; \"a jump in attendance\"', 'header': 'horizontal beam used as a finishing piece over a door or window', 'hop': 'twining perennials having cordate leaves and flowers arranged in conelike spikes; the dried flowers of this plant are used in brewing to add the characteristic bitter taste to beer', 'leap': 'an abrupt transition; \"a successful leap from college to the major leagues\"', 'vault': 'a strongroom or compartment (often made of steel) for safekeeping of valuables', 'jumping_up_and_down': 'jumping in one spot (as in excitement); \"the wailing and jumping up and down exhausted him\"', 'lob': 'an easy return of a tennis ball in a high arc', 'centering': '(American football) putting the ball in play by passing it (between the legs) to a back; \"the quarterback fumbled the snap\"', 'sending': 'the act of causing something to go (especially messages)', 'transmission': 'communication by means of transmitted signals', 'forwarding': 'the advancement of some enterprise; \"his experience in marketing resulted in the forwarding of his career\"', 'referral': 'a person whose case has been referred to a specialist or professional group; \"the patient is a referral from Dr. Bones\"', 'remission': 'an abatement in intensity or degree (as in the manifestations of a disease); \"his cancer is in remission\"', 'mailing': 'mail sent by a sender at one time; \"the candidate sent out three large mailings\"', 'wheeling': 'propelling something on wheels', 'shooting': 'killing someone by gunfire; \"when the shooting stopped there were three dead bodies\"', 'shoot': 'a new branch', 'countershot': 'a return shot; a retaliatory shot', 'discharge': 'a substance that is emitted or released', 'gun': 'a weapon that discharges a missile at high velocity (especially from a metal tube or barrel)', 'fire_control': 'preparation for the delivery of shellfire on a target', 'gunfire': 'the act of shooting a gun; \"the gunfire endangered innocent bystanders\"; \"they retreated in the face of withering enemy fire\"', 'enfilade': 'gunfire directed along the length rather than the breadth of a formation', 'snipe': 'Old or New World straight-billed game bird of the sandpiper family; of marshy areas; similar to the woodcocks', 'headshot': \"a photograph of a person's head\", 'skeet': 'the sport of shooting at clay pigeons that are hurled upward in such a way as to simulate the flight of a bird', 'shellfire': 'shooting artillery shells', 'gunfight': 'a fight involving shooting small arms with the intent to kill or frighten', 'potshot': 'criticism aimed at an easy target and made without careful consideration; \"reporters took potshots at the mayor\"', 'rub': 'the act of rubbing or wiping; \"he gave the hood a quick rub\"', 'scuff': 'the act of scuffing (scraping or dragging the feet)', 'tap': 'a small metal plate that attaches to the toe or heel of a shoe (as in tap dancing)', 'contusion': 'the action of bruising; \"the bruise resulted from a contusion\"', 'crash': '(computer science) an event that causes a computer system to become inoperative; \"the crash occurred during a thunderstorm and the system has been down ever since\"', 'impingement': 'influencing strongly; \"they resented the impingement of American values on European culture\"', 'batting': 'stuffing made of rolls or sheets of cotton wool or synthetic fiber', 'fielding': '(baseball) handling the ball while playing in the field', 'golfing': 'playing golf; \"he goes south every winter for the golfing\"', 'pitching': '(baseball) playing the position of pitcher on a baseball team', 'base_on_balls': '(baseball) an advance to first base by a batter who receives four balls; \"he worked the pitcher for a base on balls\"', 'best': 'the person who is most outstanding or excellent; someone who tops all others; \"he could beat the best of them\"', 'worst': 'the least favorable outcome; \"the worst that could happen\"', 'fair_ball': '(baseball) a ball struck with the bat so that it stays between the lines (the foul lines) that define the width of the playing field', 'foul_ball': '(baseball) a ball struck with the bat so that it does not stay between the lines (the foul lines) that define the width of the playing field', 'snick': 'a glancing contact with the ball off the edge of the cricket bat', 'bunt': 'disease of wheat characterized by replacement of the grains with greasy masses of smelly smut spores', 'fly': \"fisherman's lure consisting of a fishhook decorated to look like an insect\", 'blast': 'an explosion (as of dynamite)', 'pop_fly': 'a short high fly ball', 'grounder': '(baseball) a hit that travels along the ground', 'chop': 'the irregular motion of waves (usually caused by wind blowing in a direction opposite to the tide); \"the boat headed into the chop\"', 'roller': 'a long heavy sea wave as it advances towards the shore', 'out': '(baseball) a failure by a batter or runner to reach a base safely in baseball; \"you only get 3 outs per inning\"', 'force_out': 'a putout of a base runner who is required to run; the putout is accomplished by holding the ball while touching the base to which the runner must advance before the runner reaches that base; \"the shortstop got the runner at second on a force\"', 'putout': 'an out resulting from a fielding play (not a strikeout); \"the first baseman made 15 putouts\"', 'strikeout': 'an out resulting from the batter getting three strikes', 'whiff': 'a lefteye flounder found in coastal waters from New England to Brazil', \"fielder's_choice\": 'a play made on a ground ball in which the fielder chooses to put out an advancing runner instead of the batter', 'sacrifice': 'a loss entailed by giving up or selling something at less than its value; \"he had to sell his car at a considerable sacrifice\"', 'sacrifice_fly': 'a sacrifice made by hitting a long fly ball', 'base_hit': '(baseball) the successful act of striking a baseball in such a way that the batter reaches base safely', 'daisy_cutter': 'a batted or served ball that skims along close to the ground', 'liner': 'a piece of cloth that is used as the inside surface of a garment', 'scorcher': 'an extremely hot day', 'line-drive_single': 'a single resulting from a line drive', 'line-drive_double': 'a double resulting from a line drive', 'line-drive_triple': 'a triple resulting from a line drive', 'plunk': 'a hollow twanging sound', 'homer': 'an ancient Hebrew unit of capacity equal to 10 baths or 10 ephahs', 'solo_homer': 'a home run with no runners on base', 'single': 'a base hit on which the batter stops safely at first base', 'double': 'a stand-in for movie stars to perform dangerous stunts; \"his first job in Hollywood was as a double for Clark Gable\"', 'triple': 'a quantity that is three times as great as another', 'backhander': 'a backhanded blow', 'clip': 'an article of jewelry that can be clipped onto a hat or dress', 'knock': 'a vigorous blow; \"the sudden knock floored him\"; \"he took a bash right in his face\"; \"he got a bang on the head\"', 'thwack': 'a hard blow with a flat object', 'smack': 'a sailing ship (usually rigged like a sloop or cutter) used in fishing and sailing along the coast', 'smacker': 'a loud kiss', 'knockdown': 'a blow that knocks the opponent off his feet', 'knockout': 'a blow that renders the opponent unconscious', 'technical_knockout': 'a knockout declared by the referee who judges one boxer unable to continue', 'swat': 'a sharp blow', 'spank': 'a slap with the flat of the hand', 'whip': 'a legislator appointed by the party to enforce discipline', 'punch': 'an iced mixed drink usually containing alcohol and prepared for multiple servings; normally served in a punch bowl', 'box': 'a rectangular drawing; \"the flowchart contained many boxes\"', 'dig': 'the site of an archeological exploration; \"they set up camp next to the dig\"', 'counterpunch': 'a return punch (especially by a boxer)', 'haymaker': 'a farm machine that treats hay to cause more rapid and even drying', 'hook': 'a sharp curve or crook; a shape resembling a hook', 'jab': 'a sharp hand gesture (resembling a blow); \"he warned me with a jab with his finger\"; \"he made a thrusting motion with his fist\"', 'rabbit_punch': 'a short chopping blow to the back of the neck', 'sucker_punch': 'an unexpected punch', 'roundhouse': 'workplace consisting of a circular building for repairing locomotives', 'kick': 'the sudden stimulation provided by strong drink (or certain drugs); \"a sidecar is a smooth drink but it has a powerful kick\"', 'goal-kick': '(rugby) an attempt to kick a goal', 'punt': 'an open flat-bottomed boat used in shallow waters and propelled by a long pole', 'place_kick': '(sports) a kick in which the ball is placed on the ground before kicking', 'free_kick': '(soccer) a place kick that is allowed for a foul or infringement by the other team', 'corner_kick': 'a free kick from the corner awarded to the other side when a player has sent the ball behind his own goal line', 'dropkick': '(football) kicking (as for a field goal) in which the football is dropped and kicked as it touches the ground', 'kiss': 'a cookie made of egg whites and sugar', 'laying_on': 'the act of contacting something with your hand; \"peonies can be blighted by the laying on of a finger\"', 'soul_kiss': \"an openmouthed kiss in which your tongue is inserted into the other's mouth\", 'catch': 'the quantity that was caught; \"the catch was only 10 fish\"', 'fair_catch': '(American football) a catch of a punt on the fly by a defensive player who has signalled that he will not run and so should not be tackled', 'interception': 'the act of intercepting; preventing something from proceeding or arriving; \"he resorted to the interception of his daughter\\'s letters\"; \"he claimed that the interception of one missile by another would be impossible\"', 'rebound': 'a reaction to a crisis or setback or frustration; \"he is still on the rebound from his wife\\'s death\"', 'shoestring_catch': '(baseball) a running catch made near the ground', 'mesh': 'the number of openings per linear inch of a screen; measures size of particles; \"a 100 mesh screen\"; \"100 mesh powdered cellulose\"', 'handling': 'manual (or mechanical) carrying or moving or delivering or working with something', 'fingering': 'the placement of the fingers for playing different notes (or sequences of notes) on a musical instrument', 'grope': 'the act of groping; and instance of groping', 'audit': 'a methodical examination or review of a condition or situation; \"he made an audit of all the plants on his property\"; \"an energy efficiency audit\"; \"an email log audit\"', 'autopsy': 'an examination and dissection of a dead body to determine cause of death or the changes produced by disease', 'check-in': 'the act of reporting your presence (as at an airport or a hotel)', 'check': 'a written order directing a bank to pay money; \"he paid all his bills by check\"', 'spot_check': 'a check on work performance or product quality made at random times without warning; \"spot checks ensure a high level of performance by employees\"', 'checkup': 'a thorough physical examination; includes a variety of tests depending on the age and sex and health of the person', 'comparison': 'relation based on similarities and differences', 'fine-tooth_comb': 'a comb with teeth set close together', 'follow-up': 'a piece of work that exploits or builds on earlier work; \"his new software is a follow-up to the programs they started with\"', 'going-over': 'a careful and thorough inspection', 'once-over': 'a swift cursory examination or inspection; \"I gave him the once-over\"', 'ophthalmoscopy': 'examination of the interior of an eye using an ophthalmoscope', 'palpation': 'a method of examination in which the examiner feels the size or shape or firmness or location of something (of body parts when the examiner is a health professional)', 'ballottement': 'a palpatory technique for feeling a floating object in the body (especially for determining the position of a fetus by feeling the rebound of the fetus after a quick digital tap on the wall of the uterus)', 'tickle': 'a cutaneous sensation often resulting from light stroking', 'stroke': 'a sudden loss of consciousness resulting when the rupture or occlusion of a blood vessel leads to oxygen lack in the brain', 'caress': 'a gentle affectionate stroking (or something resembling it); \"he showered her with caresses\"; \"soft music was a fond caress\"; \"the caresses of the breeze played over his face\"', 'tag': 'a label associated with something for the purpose of identification; \"semantic tags were attached in order to identify different meanings of the word\"', 'joining': 'the act of bringing two things into contact (especially for communication); \"the joining of hands around the table\"; \"there was a connection via the internet\"', 'interconnection': 'a state of being connected reciprocally; \"an interconnection between the two buildings\"', 'intersection': 'a point or set of points common to two or more geometric configurations', 'approximation': 'an imprecise or incomplete account; \"newspapers gave only an approximation of the actual events\"', 'concatenation': 'the state of being linked together as in a chain; union in a linked series', 'convergence': 'the occurrence of two or more things coming together', 'merging': 'the act of joining together as one; \"the merging of the two groups occurred quickly\"; \"there was no meeting of minds\"', 'concourse': 'a wide hallway in a building where people can walk', 'encounter': 'a casual meeting with a person or thing', 'articulation': 'the shape or manner in which things come together and a connection is made', 'junction': 'the state of being joined together', 'fastening': 'the act of fastening things together', 'loosening': 'the act of making something less tight', 'tightening': 'the act of making something tighter; \"the tightening of economic controls\"', 'ligation': '(surgery) tying a duct or blood vessel with a ligature (as to prevent bleeding during surgery)', 'tubal_ligation': 'a sterilization procedure with women; both Fallopian tubes are tied in two places and the tubes removed in between the ligations', 'bonding': 'a close personal relationship that forms between people (as between husband and wife or parent and child)', 'doweling': 'fastening by dowels', 'grounding': 'fastening electrical equipment to earth', 'linkage': 'an associative relation', 'tying': 'the act of tying or binding things together', 'untying': 'loosening the ties that fasten something; \"the tying of bow ties is an art; the untying is easy\"', 'welding': 'fastening two pieces of metal together by softening with heat and applying pressure', 'butt_welding': 'creating a butt joint by welding', 'spot_welding': 'creating an overlapping joint by welding at small points', 'flare': 'reddening of the skin spreading outward from a focus of infection or irritation', 'Texas_leaguer': '(baseball) a fly ball that falls between and infielder and an outfielder', 'flash_welding': 'butt welding by creating an electric arc between the two pieces which melts and joins them; used for joining segments of metal pipe', 'lick': 'touching with the tongue; \"the dog\\'s laps were warm and wet\"', 'grazing': 'the act of brushing against while passing', 'tracing': 'a drawing created by superimposing a semitransparent sheet of paper on the original image and copying on it the lines of the original image', 'detection': 'the perception that something has occurred or some state exists; \"early detection can often lead to a cure\"', 'self-discovery': 'discovering your own individuality', 'breakthrough': \"a penetration of a barrier such as an enemy's defense\", 'determination': 'deciding or controlling something\\'s outcome or nature; \"the determination of grammatical inflections\"', 'rediscovery': 'the act of discovering again', 'designation': 'the act of designating or identifying something', 'Bertillon_system': 'a system or procedure for identifying persons', 'fingerprinting': \"the procedure of taking inked impressions of a person's fingerprints for the purpose of identification\", 'genetic_profiling': \"the procedure of analyzing the DNA in samples of a person's body tissue or body fluid for the purpose of identification\", 'diagnosis': 'identifying the nature or cause of some phenomenon', 'blood_typing': \"determining a person's blood type by serological methods\", 'medical_diagnosis': 'identification of a disease from its symptoms', 'prenatal_diagnosis': 'any of the diagnostic procedures used to determine whether a fetus has a genetic abnormality', 'differential_diagnosis': 'a systematic method of diagnosing a disorder (e.g., headache) that lacks unique symptoms or signs', 'prognosis': 'a prediction about how something (as the weather) will develop', 'resolution': '(computer science) the number of pixels per square inch on a computer-generated display; the greater the resolution, the better the picture', 'validation': 'the act of validating; finding or testing the truth of something', 'authentication': 'a mark on an article of trade to indicate its origin and authenticity', 'documentation': 'confirmation that some fact or statement is true through the use of documentary evidence', 'monetization': 'establishing something (e.g. gold or silver) as the legal tender of a country', 'probate': 'a judicial certificate saying that a will is genuine and conferring on the executors the power to administer the estate', 'demonetization': 'ending something (e.g. gold or silver) as no longer the legal tender of a country', 'falsification': 'a willful perversion of facts', 'localization': 'a determination of the place where something is; \"he got a good fix on the target\"', 'echolocation': 'determining the location of something by measuring the time it takes for an echo to return from it', 'predetermination': 'a mental determination or resolve in advance; an antecedent intention to do something; \"he entered the argument with a predetermination to prove me wrong\"', 'rectification': '(chemistry) the process of refinement or purification of a substance by distillation', 'redetermination': 'determining again', 'trigger': 'a device that activates or releases or causes something to happen', 'fomentation': 'a substance used as a warm moist medicinal compress or poultice', 'compulsion': 'an irrational motive for performing trivial or repetitive actions, even against your will; \"her compulsion to wash her hands repeatedly\"', 'influence': 'the effect of one thing (or person) on another; \"the influence of mechanical action\"', 'cross-pollination': 'fertilization by transfer of pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another', 'exposure': 'the intensity of light falling on a photographic film or plate; \"he used the wrong exposure\"', 'overexposure': 'the act of exposing film to too much light or for too long a time', 'underexposure': 'the act of exposing film to too little light or for too short a time', 'manipulation': 'exerting shrewd or devious influence especially for one\\'s own advantage; \"his manipulation of his friends was scandalous\"', 'mind_game': 'any game designed to exercise the intellect', 'autosuggestion': 'a system for self-improvement developed by Emile Coue which was popular in the 1920s and 1930s', 'hypnotism': 'the act of inducing hypnosis', 'inducement': 'act of bringing about a desired result; \"inducement of sleep\"', 'corruption': 'decay of matter (as by rot or oxidation)', 'enticement': 'the act of influencing by exciting hope or desire; \"his enticements were shameless\"', 'blandishment': 'flattery intended to persuade', 'ingratiation': 'the act of gaining acceptance or affection for yourself by persuasive and subtle blandishments; \"she refused to use insinuation in order to gain favor\"', 'leading_astray': 'the act of enticing others into sinful ways', 'seduction': 'an act of winning the love or sexual favor of someone', 'sexual_conquest': 'a seduction culminating in sexual intercourse; \"calling his seduction of the girl a `score\\' was a typical example of male slang\"', 'cuckoldry': 'the practice of making cuckolds; sexual conquests of married women', 'solicitation': 'an entreaty addressed to someone of superior status; \"a solicitation to the king for relief\"', 'choice': 'the person or thing chosen or selected; \"he was my pick for mayor\"', 'casting': 'the act of throwing a fishing line out over the water by means of a rod and reel', 'coloration': 'appearance with regard to color; \"her healthy coloration\"', 'sampling': 'measurement at regular intervals of the amplitude of a varying waveform (in order to convert it to digital form)', 'random_sampling': 'the selection of a random sample; each element of the population has an equal chance of been selected', 'lucky_dip': 'a game in which prizes (e.g., candies or coins) are concealed in a container and for a small sum a player can draw one out at random', 'stratified_sampling': 'the population is divided into subpopulations (strata) and random samples are taken of each stratum', 'decision': '(boxing) a victory won on points when no knockout has occurred; \"had little trouble in taking a unanimous decision over his opponent\"', 'volition': 'the capability of conscious choice and decision and intention; \"the exercise of their volition we construe as revolt\"- George Meredith', 'intention': '(usually plural) the goal with respect to a marriage proposal; \"his intentions are entirely honorable\"', 'about-face': 'act of pivoting 180 degrees, especially in a military formation', 'adulteration': 'being mixed with extraneous material; the product of adulterating', 'nomination': 'the condition of having been proposed as a suitable candidate for appointment or election; \"there was keen competition for the nomination\"; \"his nomination was hotly protested\"', 'assignment': 'the instrument by which a claim or right or interest or property is transferred from one person to another', 'allocation': '(computer science) the assignment of particular areas of a magnetic disk to particular data or instructions', 'call': 'a demand for a show of hands in a card game; \"after two raises there was a call\"', 'co-option': 'the selection of a new member (usually by a vote of the existing membership)', 'delegacy': 'the appointment of a delegate', 'ordination': 'the status of being ordained to a sacred office', 'recognition': 'the state or quality of being recognized or acknowledged; \"the partners were delighted with the recognition of their work\"; \"she seems to avoid much in the way of recognition or acknowledgement of feminist work prior to her own\"', 'laying_on_of_hands': \"the application of a faith healer's hands to the patient's body\", 'move': 'the act of changing your residence or place of business; \"they say that three moves equal one fire\"', 'chess_move': 'the act of moving a chess piece', 'castle': '(chess) the piece that can move any number of unoccupied squares in a direction parallel to the sides of the chessboard', 'en_passant': \"(chess) a chess pawn that is moved two squares can be captured by an opponent's pawn commanding the square that was passed\", 'exchange': 'chemical process in which one atom or ion or group changes places with another', 'discovered_check': \"a check on the opponent's king that is delivered by moving a piece out of the line of attack by a queen or rook or bishop\", 'checkmate': 'complete victory', 'gambit': 'an opening remark intended to secure an advantage for the speaker', 'demarche': 'a move or step or maneuver in political or diplomatic affairs', 'parking': 'space in which vehicles can be parked; \"there is plenty of parking behind the store\"', 'flit': 'a sudden quick movement', 'downshift': 'a change from a financially rewarding but stressful career to a less well paid but more fulfilling one', 'bank': 'a supply or stock held in reserve for future use (especially in emergencies)', 'vertical_bank': \"a bank so steep that the plane's lateral axis approaches the vertical\", 'chandelle': 'a flight maneuver consisting of a steep climbing turn executed to gain altitude while changing direction', 'loop': 'anything with a round or oval shape (formed by a curve that is closed and does not intersect itself)', 'inside_loop': 'a loop consisting of a climb followed by inverted flight followed by a dive that returns to horizontal flight', 'outside_loop': 'a loop consisting of a dive followed by inverted flight followed by a climb that returns to horizontal flight', 'barrel_roll': 'a roll in which the plane follows a spiral course', 'snap_roll': 'a fast roll', 'flight_maneuver': 'a maneuver executed by an aircraft', 'straight-arm': '(American football) the act of warding off a tackler by holding the arm fully extended with the hand against the opponent', 'device': 'something in an artistic work designed to achieve a particular effect', 'mnemonic': 'a device (such as a rhyme or acronym) used to aid recall', 'trick': 'a period of work or duty', 'shtik': '(Yiddish) a little; a piece; \"give him a shtik cake\"; \"he\\'s a shtik crazy\"; \"he played a shtik Beethoven\"', 'feint': 'any distracting or deceptive maneuver (as a mock attack)', 'juke': 'a small roadside establishment in the southeastern United States where you can eat and drink and dance to music provided by a jukebox', 'footwork': 'the manner of using the feet', 'ploy': 'a maneuver in a game or conversation', 'ruse': 'a deceptive maneuver (especially to avoid capture)', 'means': 'considerable capital (wealth or income); \"he is a man of means\"', 'dint': \"interchangeable with `means' in the expression `by means of'\", 'fast_track': 'a rapid means of achieving a goal; \"they saw independence as the fast track to democracy\"; \"he took a fast track to the top of the corporate ladder\"; \"the company went off the fast track when the stock market dropped\"', 'instrument': 'a person used by another to gain an end', 'road': 'an open way (generally public) for travel or transportation', 'royal_road': 'an auspicious way or means to achieve something; \"the royal road to success\"', 'stepping_stone': 'a stone in a marsh or shallow water that can be stepped on in crossing', 'countermeasure': 'an action taken to offset another action', 'bear_hug': 'a wrestling hold with arms locked tightly around the opponent', 'proxy_fight': 'a measure used by an acquirer to gain control of a takeover target; acquirer tries to persuade other shareholders that the management of the target should be replaced', 'leveraged_buyout': 'a buyout using borrowed money; the target company\\'s assets are usually security for the loan; \"a leveraged buyout by upper management can be used to combat hostile takeover bids\"', 'bust-up_takeover': \"a leveraged buyout in which the target company's assets are sold to repay the loan that financed the takeover\", 'shark_repellent': 'a measure undertaken by a corporation to discourage unwanted takeover attempts', 'golden_parachute': 'giving top executives lucrative benefits that must be paid by the acquirer if they are discharged after a takeover', 'greenmail': '(corporation) the practice of purchasing enough shares in a firm to threaten a takeover and thereby forcing the owners to buy those shares back at a premium in order to stay in business', 'pac-man_strategy': 'the target company defends itself by threatening to take over its acquirer', 'poison_pill': 'the target company defends itself by making its stock less attractive to an acquirer', 'suicide_pill': 'a poison pill with potentially catastrophic implications for the company it is intended to protect', 'safe_harbor': 'the target company defends itself by acquiring a company so onerously regulated that it makes the target less attractive; \"the acquisition gave the company a safe harbor\"', 'scorched-earth_policy': 'the target company defends itself by selling off its crown jewels', 'diagnostic_procedure': 'a procedure followed in making a medical diagnosis', 'expedient': 'a means to an end; not necessarily a principled or ethical one', 'backstop': '(baseball) a fence or screen (as behind home plate) to prevent the ball from traveling out of the playing field', 'emergency_procedure': '(medicine) a procedure adopted to meet an emergency (especially a medical emergency)', 'experimental_procedure': 'the specific techniques used in conducting a particular experiment', 'double-blind_procedure': 'an experimental procedure in which neither the subjects of the experiment nor the persons administering the experiment know the critical aspects of the experiment; \"a double-blind procedure is used to guard against both experimenter bias and placebo effects\"', 'makeshift': 'something contrived to meet an urgent need or emergency', 'crutch': 'a wooden or metal staff that fits under the armpit and reaches to the ground; used by disabled person while walking', 'improvisation': 'a creation spoken or written or composed extemporaneously (without prior preparation)', 'pis_aller': 'an expedient adopted only in desperation; \"`pis aller\\' is French for `worst going\\'\"', 'desperate_measure': 'desperate actions taken as a means to an end; \"he had to resort to desperate measures\"', 'open_sesame': 'a magical command; used by Ali Baba', 'tooth': 'hard bonelike structures in the jaws of vertebrates; used for biting and chewing or for attack and defense', 'voice': '(linguistics) the grammatical relation (active or passive) of the grammatical subject of a verb to the action that the verb denotes', 'wings': 'stylized bird wings worn as an insignia by qualified pilots or air crew members', 'casting_lots': 'making a chance decision by using lots (straws or pebbles etc.) that are thrown or drawn', 'adoption': 'a legal proceeding that creates a parent-child relation between persons not related by blood; the adopted child is entitled to all privileges belonging to a natural child of the adoptive parents (including the right to inherit)', 'embrace': 'the state of taking in or encircling; \"an island in the embrace of the sea\"', 'election': 'the status or fact of being elected; \"they celebrated his election\"', 'reelection': 'election again; \"he did not run for reelection\"', 'plebiscite': 'a vote by the electorate determining public opinion on a question of national importance', 'referendum': 'a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate', 'vote': 'a body of voters who have the same interests; \"he failed to get the Black vote\"', 'general_election': 'a national or state election; candidates are chosen in all constituencies', 'primary': '(astronomy) a celestial body (especially a star) relative to other objects in orbit around it', 'direct_primary': 'a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office', 'closed_primary': 'a primary in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote; \"closed primaries strengthen party unity\"', 'open_primary': 'a primary in which any registered voter can vote (but must vote for candidates of only one party)', 'by-election': 'a special election between regular elections', 'runoff': 'a final election to resolve an earlier election that did not produce a winner', 'block_vote': 'a vote proportional in magnitude to the number of people that a delegate represents', 'cumulative_vote': 'an election in which each person has as many votes as there are positions to be filled and they can all be cast for one candidate or can be distributed in any manner', 'secret_ballot': \"a vote in which each person's choice is secret but the totaled votes are public\", 'split_ticket': 'a ballot cast by a voter who votes for candidates from more than one party', 'straight_ticket': 'a ballot cast by a voter who votes for all the candidates of one party', 'multiple_voting': 'the act of voting in more than one place by the same person at the same election (illegal in U.S.)', 'casting_vote': 'the deciding vote cast by the presiding officer to resolve a tie', 'reconciliation': 'the reestablishing of cordial relations', 'equation': 'a mathematical statement that two expressions are equal', 'breech_delivery': 'delivery of an infant whose feet or buttocks appear first', 'frank_breech': 'position of a fetus in which the buttocks are present at the maternal pelvic outlet', 'cesarean_delivery': 'the delivery of a fetus by surgical incision through the abdominal wall and uterus (from the belief that Julius Caesar was born that way)', 'forceps_delivery': 'delivery in which forceps are inserted through the vagina and used to grasp the head of the fetus and pull it through the birth canal; since the forceps can injure the fetus this procedure has generally given way to cesarean deliveries', 'midwifery': 'assisting women at childbirth', 'score': 'an amount due (as at a restaurant or bar); \"add it to my score and I\\'ll settle later\"', 'bowling_score': 'the score in a bowling match', \"bull's_eye\": 'the center of a target', 'goal': 'the state of affairs that a plan is intended to achieve and that (when achieved) terminates behavior intended to achieve it; \"the ends justify the means\"', 'own_goal': '(soccer) a goal that results when a player inadvertently knocks the ball into the goal he is defending; \"the own goal cost them the game\"', 'spare': 'a score in tenpins; knocking down all ten after rolling two balls', 'open_frame': 'any frame in which a bowler fails to make a strike or spare; \"the break in the eighth frame cost him the match\"', 'audible': 'a football play is changed orally after both teams have assumed their positions at the line of scrimmage', 'football_score': 'the score in a football game', 'touchback': '(American football) a play in which the opposing team has kicked the football into your end zone', 'safety': 'the state of being certain that adverse effects will not be caused by some agent under defined conditions; \"insure the safety of the children\"; \"the reciprocal of safety is risk\"', 'touchdown': 'a landing (as the wheels touch the landing field); especially of airplanes', 'field_goal': \"a score in American football; a score made by kicking the ball between the opponents' goal posts\", 'point_after': 'in American football a point awarded for a successful place kick following a touchdown', 'baseball_score': 'the score of a baseball game', 'run': 'the continuous period of time during which something (a machine or a factory) operates or continues in operation; \"the assembly line was on a 12-hour run\"', 'earned_run': 'a run that was not scored as the result of an error by the other team', 'unearned_run': 'a run that was scored as a result of an error by the other team', 'run_batted_in': 'a run that is the result of the batter\\'s performance; \"he had more than 100 rbi last season\"', 'basketball_score': 'the score in a basketball game', 'basket': 'the quantity contained in a basket', 'hat_trick': '(sports) three consecutive scores by one player or three scores in one game (as in cricket or ice hockey etc.)', 'solution': 'a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances; frequently (but not necessarily) a liquid solution; \"he used a solution of peroxide and water\"', 'Russian_roulette': 'a stunt in which you spin the cylinder of a revolver that is loaded with only one bullet and then point the muzzle at your head and pull the trigger', 'change': 'a relational difference between states; especially between states before and after some event; \"he attributed the change to their marriage\"', 'filtration': 'the process whereby fluids pass through a filter or a filtering medium', 'percolation': 'the slow passage of a liquid through a filtering medium; \"the percolation of rainwater through the soil\"; \"the infiltration of seawater through the lava\"', 'reduction': 'any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen); always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent', 'schematization': 'providing a chart or outline of a system', 'economy': 'the system of production and distribution and consumption', 'retrenchment': 'entrenchment consisting of an additional interior fortification to prolong the defense', 'economy_of_scale': 'the saving in cost of production that is due to mass production', 'accommodation': 'a settlement of differences; \"they reached an accommodation with Japan\"', 'adaptation': 'the process of adapting to something (such as environmental conditions)', 'dark_adaptation': 'the process of adjusting the eyes to low levels of illumination; cones adapt first; rods continue to adapt for up to four hours', 'light_adaptation': 'the process of adjusting the eyes to relatively high levels of illumination; the pupil constricts and the cones system is operative', 'take-up': 'any of various devices for reducing slack (as in a sewing machine) or taking up motion (as in a loom); \"a take-up that winds photographic film on a spool\"', 'readjustment': 'the act of adjusting again (to changed circumstances)', 'domestication': 'adaptation to intimate association with human beings', 'decimalization': 'the act of changing to a decimal system; \"the decimalization of British currency\"', 'metrification': 'writing a metrical composition (or the metrical structure of a composition)', 'habituation': 'a general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions', 'variation': 'the process of varying or being varied', 'turning': 'a shaving created when something is produced by turning it on a lathe', 'diversification': 'the condition of being varied; \"that restaurant\\'s menu lacks diversification; every day it is the same\"', 'flux': 'the rate of flow of energy or particles across a given surface', 'switch': 'hairpiece consisting of a tress of false hair; used by women to give shape to a coiffure', 'switcheroo': 'a sudden unexpected switch', 'substitution': 'an event in which one thing is substituted for another; \"the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood\"', 'novation': '(law) the replacement of one obligation by another by mutual agreement of both parties; usually the replacement of one of the original parties to a contract with the consent of the remaining party', 'pitching_change': 'replacing a pitcher in baseball', 'superannuation': 'the act of discharging someone because of age (especially to cause someone to retire from service on a pension)', 'supersedure': 'act of replacing one person or thing by another especially one held to be superior', 'supplanting': 'act of taking the place of another especially using underhanded tactics', 'replacement': 'the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another; \"replacing the star will not be easy\"', 'subrogation': '(law) the act of substituting of one creditor for another', 'weaning': \"the act of substituting other food for the mother's milk in the diet of a child or young mammal\", 'promotion': 'encouragement of the progress or growth or acceptance of something', 'preferment': 'the act of making accusations; \"preferment of charges\"', 'demotion': 'act of lowering in rank or position', 'investment': 'money that is invested with an expectation of profit', 'change_of_state': 'the act of changing something into something different in essential characteristics', 'alteration': 'the act of making something different (as e.g. the size of a garment)', 'distraction': 'an obstacle to attention', 'aeration': 'the process of exposing to air (so as to purify); \"the aeration of the soil\"', 'modulation': 'a manner of speaking in which the loudness or pitch or tone of the voice is modified', 'qualification': 'an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something; \"her qualifications for the job are excellent\"; \"one of the qualifications for admission is an academic degree\"; \"she has the makings of fine musician\"', 'reorganization': 'the imposition of a new organization; organizing differently (often involving extensive and drastic changes); \"a committee was appointed to oversee the reorganization of the curriculum\"; \"top officials were forced out in the cabinet shakeup\"', 'passage': 'a short section of a musical composition', 'fossilization': 'the process of fossilizing a plant or animal that existed in some earlier age; the process of being turned to stone', 'segue': 'the act of changing smoothly from one state or situation to another', 'meddling': 'the act of altering something secretly or improperly', 'transfer': 'someone who transfers or is transferred from one position to another; \"the best student was a transfer from LSU\"', 'prohibition': 'the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment', 'resistance': 'the capacity of an organism to defend itself against harmful environmental agents; \"these trees are widely planted because of their resistance to salt and smog\"', 'lockout': \"a management action resisting employee's demands; employees are barred from entering the workplace until they agree to terms\", 'reaction': '(mechanics) the equal and opposite force that is produced when any force is applied to a body; \"every action has an equal and opposite reaction\"', 'backlash': 'an adverse reaction to some political or social occurrence; \"there was a backlash of intolerance\"', 'whitelash': 'backlash by white racists against black civil rights advances', 'rejection': 'the state of being rejected', 'brush-off': 'a curt or disdainful rejection', 'avoidance': 'deliberately avoiding; keeping away from or preventing from happening', 'aversion': 'the act of turning yourself (or your gaze) away; \"averting her gaze meant that she was angry\"', 'near_thing': 'something that barely avoids failure or disaster', 'apostasy': 'the state of having rejected your religious beliefs or your political party or a cause (often in favor of opposing beliefs or causes)', 'bolt': 'a roll of cloth or wallpaper of a definite length', 'renunciation': 'an act (spoken or written) declaring that something is surrendered or disowned', 'nonacceptance': 'the act of refusing an offer; \"the turndown was polite but very firm\"', 'forsaking': 'the act of forsaking', 'abnegation': 'the denial and rejection of a doctrine or belief; \"abnegation of the Holy Trinity\"', 'forfeit': 'something that is lost or surrendered as a penalty;', 'boycott': \"a group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies\", 'banishment': 'the state of being banished or ostracized (excluded from society by general consent); \"the association should get rid of its elderly members--not by euthanasia, of course, but by Coventry\"', 'anathematization': 'the formal act of pronouncing (someone or something) accursed', 'disbarment': 'the act of expelling a lawyer from the practice of law', 'ejection': 'the act of forcing out someone or something; \"the ejection of troublemakers by the police\"; \"the child\\'s expulsion from school\"', 'deportation': 'the expulsion from a country of an undesirable alien', 'ostracism': 'the act of excluding someone from society by general consent', 'barring': 'the act of excluding someone by a negative vote or veto', 'exile': 'a person who is voluntarily absent from home or country; \"American expatriates\"', 'Babylonian_Captivity': 'the deportation of the Jews to Babylonia by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BC', 'excommunication': 'the state of being excommunicated', 'relegation': 'the act of assigning (someone or something) to a particular class or category', 'rustication': 'the condition naturally attaching to life in the country', 'ouster': 'a person who ousts or supplants someone else', 'deposition': 'the natural process of laying down a deposit of something', 'suspension': 'a mixture in which fine particles are suspended in a fluid where they are supported by buoyancy', 'displacement': '(chemistry) a reaction in which an elementary substance displaces and sets free a constituent element from a compound', 'veto': 'the power or right to prohibit or reject a proposed or intended act (especially the power of a chief executive to reject a bill passed by the legislature)', 'pocket_veto': 'indirect veto of legislation by refusing to sign it', 'write-in': 'a vote cast by writing in the name of a candidate who is not listed on the ballot', 'termination': 'a coming to an end of a contract period; \"the expiry of his driver\\'s license\"', 'finish': 'the place designated as the end (as of a race or journey); \"a crowd assembled at the finish\"; \"he was nearly exhausted as their destination came into view\"', 'finale': 'the closing section of a musical composition', 'release': 'a process that liberates or discharges something; \"there was a sudden release of oxygen\"; \"the release of iodine from the thyroid gland\"', 'completion': '(American football) a successful forward pass in football', 'finalization': 'the act of finalizing', 'follow-through': 'the act of carrying a stroke to its natural completion; \"his follow-through was straight down the line toward the target\"; \"squash can be dangerous if your opponent has a long follow-through\"', 'graduation': 'a line (as on a vessel or ruler) that marks a measurement; \"the ruler had 16 graduations per inch\"', 'hibernation': 'the torpid or resting state in which some animals pass the winter', 'swan_song': 'a final performance or effort (especially before retirement)', 'relinquishment': 'a verbal act of renouncing a claim or right or position etc.', 'cession': 'the act of ceding', 'handover': 'act of relinquishing property or authority etc; \"the handover of occupied territory\"', 'surrender': 'the delivery of a principal into lawful custody', 'extradition': 'the surrender of an accused or convicted person by one state or country to another (usually under the provisions of a statute or treaty)', 'exemption': 'immunity from an obligation or duty', 'fix': 'informal terms for a difficult situation; \"he got into a terrible fix\"; \"he made a muddle of his marriage\"', 'official_immunity': 'personal immunity accorded to a public official from liability to anyone injured by actions that are the consequence of exerting official authority', 'sovereign_immunity': 'an exemption that precludes bringing a suit against the sovereign government without the government\\'s consent; \"the doctrine of sovereign immunity originated with the maxim that the king can do no wrong\"', 'transactional_immunity': 'a broader form of use immunity that also protects the witness from any prosecution brought about relating to transactions to which they gave testimony', 'use_immunity': 'an exemption that displaces the privilege against self-incrimination; neither compelled testimony or any fruits of it can be used against the witness who therefore can no longer fear self-incrimination', 'dissolution': 'separation into component parts', 'splitsville': 'separation or breakup or divorce; \"after 15 years together they are headed for splitsville\"', 'overthrow': 'the termination of a ruler or institution (especially by force)', 'subversion': 'the act of subverting; as overthrowing or destroying a legally constituted government', 'adjournment': 'the act of postponing to another time or place', 'dismissal': 'official notice that you have been fired from your job', 'conge': '(architecture) a concave molding', 'removal': 'the act of removing; \"he had surgery for the removal of a malignancy\"', 'purge': 'the act of clearing yourself (or another) from some stigma or charge', 'destruction': 'an event (or the result of an event) that completely destroys something', 'disaster': 'an act that has disastrous consequences', 'kill': 'the destruction of an enemy plane or ship or tank or missile; \"the pilot reported two kills during the mission\"', 'laying_waste': 'destruction achieved by causing something to be wrecked or ruined', 'razing': 'the event of a structure being completely demolished and leveled', 'annihilation': 'total destruction; \"bomb tests resulted in the annihilation of the atoll\"', 'decimation': 'destroying or killing a large part of the population (literally every tenth person as chosen by lot)', 'atomization': 'separating something into fine particles', 'pulverization': 'annihilation by pulverizing something', 'vaporization': 'the process of becoming a vapor', 'killing': 'a very large profit', 'deathblow': 'the blow that kills (usually mercifully)', 'death': 'the time when something ends; \"it was the death of all his plans\"; \"a dying of old hopes\"', 'drive-by_killing': 'homicide committed by shooting from a moving automobile', 'euthanasia': 'the act of killing someone painlessly (especially someone suffering from an incurable illness)', 'homicide': 'the killing of a human being by another human being', 'honor_killing': 'an ancient tradition still sometimes observed; a male member of the family kills a female relative for tarnishing the family image', 'manslaughter': 'homicide without malice aforethought', 'murder': 'unlawful premeditated killing of a human being by a human being', 'assassination': 'murder of a public figure by surprise attack', 'bloodshed': 'the shedding of blood resulting in murder; \"he avenged the bloodshed of his kinsmen\"', 'chance-medley': 'an unpremeditated killing of a human being in self defense', 'contract_killing': 'a murder carried out on agreement with a hired killer', 'parricide': 'someone who kills his or her parent', 'mariticide': 'the murder of a husband by his wife', 'matricide': 'a person who murders their mother', 'patricide': 'a person who murders their father', 'fratricide': 'a person who murders their brother or sister', 'uxoricide': 'a husband who murders his wife', 'filicide': 'a parent who murders his own son or daughter', 'fell': 'seam made by turning under or folding together and stitching the seamed materials to avoid rough edges', 'suicide': 'a person who kills himself intentionally', 'self-destruction': 'the act of destroying yourself; \"his insistence was pure self-destruction\"', 'assisted_suicide': 'suicide of a terminally ill person that involves an assistant who serves to make dying as painless and dignified as possible', 'physician-assisted_suicide': 'assisted suicide where the assistant is a physician', 'felo-de-se': 'an act of deliberate self destruction', 'harakiri': 'ritual suicide by self-disembowelment on a sword; practiced by samurai in the traditional Japanese society', 'suttee': 'the act of a Hindu widow willingly cremating herself on the funeral pyre of her dead husband', 'elimination': 'the bodily process of discharging waste matter', 'slaughter': 'the savage and excessive killing of many people', 'bloodbath': 'indiscriminate slaughter; \"a bloodbath took place when the leaders of the plot surrendered\"; \"ten days after the bloodletting Hitler gave the action its name\"; \"the valley is no stranger to bloodshed and murder\"; \"a huge prison battue was ordered\"', 'lynching': 'putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law', 'poisoning': 'the physiological state produced by a poison or other toxic substance', 'gassing': 'the process of interacting with gas', 'regicide': 'someone who commits regicide; the killer of a king', 'drive-by_shooting': 'shooting someone from a car as it is driven past the victim', 'wing_shooting': 'shooting game birds that are flying (on the wing)', 'suffocation': 'the condition of being deprived of oxygen (as by having breathing stopped); \"asphyxiation is sometimes used as a form of torture\"', 'choking': 'a condition caused by blocking the airways to the lungs (as with food or swelling of the larynx)', 'spasm': 'a painful and involuntary muscular contraction', 'squeeze': 'a situation in which increased costs cannot be passed on to the customer; \"increased expenses put a squeeze on profits\"', 'bronchospasm': 'a spasm of the bronchi that makes exhalation difficult and noisy; associated with asthma and bronchitis', 'cardiospasm': 'a spasm of the cardiac sphincter (between the esophagus and the stomach); if the cardiac sphincter does not relax during swallowing the passage of food into the stomach is obstructed', 'laryngismus': 'laryngeal spasm caused by the sudden contraction of laryngeal muscles', 'strangulation': 'the condition of having respiration stopped by compression of the air passage', 'carjacking': 'the violent theft of an occupied car', 'hecatomb': 'a great sacrifice; an ancient Greek or Roman sacrifice of 100 oxen', 'immolation': 'killing or offering as a sacrifice', 'electrocution': 'execution by electricity', 'decapitation': \"execution by cutting off the victim's head\", 'abolition': 'the act of abolishing a system or practice or institution (especially abolishing slavery); \"the abolition of capital punishment\"', 'liquidation': 'termination of a business operation by using its assets to discharge its liabilities', 'viatical_settlement': 'cash derived from sale of an insurance policy by a terminally ill policy holder', 'cold_turkey': 'a blunt expression of views; \"I told him cold turkey\"', 'closure': 'a rule for limiting or ending debate in a deliberative body', 'plant_closing': 'act of shutting down operation of a plant', 'bank_closing': 'act of closing down a bank because of a fiscal emergency or failure', 'layoff': 'the act of laying off an employee or a work force', 'extinction': 'no longer active; extinguished; \"the extinction of the volcano\"', 'fade': 'gradually ceasing to be visible', 'abortion': 'termination of pregnancy', 'spontaneous_abortion': 'a natural loss of the products of conception', 'habitual_abortion': 'repeated spontaneous abortion (often for no known reason)', 'imminent_abortion': 'the appearance of symptoms that signal the impending loss of the products of conception', 'incomplete_abortion': 'termination of pregnancy without expulsion of all of the products of conception', 'induced_abortion': 'a deliberate termination of pregnancy', 'aborticide': 'the act of destroying a fetus', 'therapeutic_abortion': \"a legally induced abortion for medical reasons (as when the mother's life is threatened)\", 'nullification': \"the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress\", 'abrogation': 'the act of abrogating; an official or legal cancellation', 'derogation': '(law) the partial taking away of the effectiveness of a law; a partial repeal or abolition of a law; \"any derogation of the common law is to be strictly construed\"', 'cancellation': 'the speech act of revoking or annulling or making void', 'write-off': '(accounting) reduction in the book value of an asset', 'attainder': 'cancellation of civil rights', 'recission': '(law) the act of rescinding; the cancellation of a contract and the return of the parties to the positions they would have had if the contract had not been made; \"recission may be brought about by decree or by mutual consent\"', 'vitiation': 'nullification by the destruction of the legal force; rendering null; \"the vitiation of the contract\"', 'neutralization': 'a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base interact with the formation of a salt; with strong acids and bases the essential reaction is the combination of hydrogen ions with hydroxyl ions to form water', 'deactivation': 'breaking up a military unit (by transfers or discharges)', 'honorable_discharge': 'a discharge from the armed forces with a commendable record', 'dishonorable_discharge': 'a discharge from the armed forces for a grave offense (as sabotage or espionage or cowardice or murder)', 'Section_Eight': 'a soldier who received a Section Eight discharge as unfit for military service', 'reversal': 'turning in an opposite direction or position; \"the reversal of the image in the lens\"', 'undoing': 'an act that makes a previous act of no effect (as if not done)', 'regression': '(psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which you flee from reality by assuming a more infantile state', 'beginning': 'the time at which something is supposed to begin; \"they got an early start\"; \"she knew from the get-go that he was the man for her\"', 'springboard': 'a flexible board for jumping upward', 'accession': 'a process of increasing by addition (as to a collection or group); \"the art collection grew through accession\"', 'activation': 'stimulation of activity in an organism or chemical', 'attack': 'a sudden occurrence of an uncontrollable condition; \"an attack of diarrhea\"', 'constitution': 'the way in which someone or something is composed', 're-establishment': 'restoration to a previous state; \"regular exercise resulted in the re-establishment of his endurance\"', 'Creation': \"(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence\", 'introduction': 'a new proposal; \"they resisted the introduction of impractical alternatives\"', 'induction_of_labor': '(obstetrics) inducing the childbirth process artificially by administering oxytocin or by puncturing the amniotic sac', 'induction': 'an electrical phenomenon whereby an electromotive force (EMF) is generated in a closed circuit by a change in the flow of current', 'hypnogenesis': 'the induction of sleep or hypnosis', 'product_introduction': 'the introduction (usually by an advertising campaign) of a new product or product line', 'face-off': '(ice hockey) the method of starting play; a referee drops the puck between two opposing players', 'first_step': 'the first of a series of actions', 'groundbreaking': 'the ceremonial breaking of the ground to formally begin a construction project', 'housing_start': 'the act of starting to construct a house', 'icebreaker': 'a ship with a reinforced bow to break up ice and keep channels open for navigation', 'inauguration': 'the ceremonial induction into a position; \"the new president obviously enjoyed his inauguration\"', 'initiation': 'a formal entry into an organization or position or office; \"his initiation into the club\"; \"he was ordered to report for induction into the army\"; \"he gave a speech as part of his installation into the hall of fame\"', 'authorship': 'the act of initiating a new idea or theory or writing; \"the authorship of the theory is disputed\"', 'installation': 'the act of installing something (as equipment); \"the telephone installation took only a few minutes\"', 'jump_ball': '(basketball) the way play begins or resumes when possession is disputed; an official tosses the ball up between two players who jump in an effort to tap it to a teammate', 'kickoff': 'a start given to contestants; \"I was there with my parents at the kickoff\"', 'start': 'a line indicating the location of the start of a race or a game', 'resumption': 'beginning again', 'scrum': '(rugby) the method of beginning play in which the forwards of each team crouch side by side with locked arms; play starts when the ball is thrown in between them and the two sides compete for possession', 'startup': 'the act of setting in operation; \"repeated shutdowns and startups are expensive\"', 'unionization': 'act of forming labor unions; \"the issue underlying the strike was unionization\"', 'arousal': 'a state of heightened physiological activity', 'reveille': '(military) signal to wake up', 'ushering_in': 'the introduction of something new; \"it signalled the ushering in of a new era\"', 'curtain_raiser': 'a short play presented before the main play', 'first_base': 'the base that must be touched first by a base runner in baseball', 'peace_initiative': 'opening move in negotiating a peace treaty', 'cooking': 'the act of preparing something (as food) by the application of heat; \"cooking can be a great art\"; \"people are needed who have experience in cookery\"; \"he left the preparation of meals to his wife\"', 'baking': 'making bread or cake or pastry etc.', 'shirring': 'baking shelled eggs', 'toasting': 'cooking to a brown crispiness over a fire or on a grill; \"proper toasting should brown both sides of a piece of bread\"', 'broil': 'cooking by direct exposure to radiant heat (as over a fire or under a grill)', 'frying': 'cooking in fat or oil in a pan or griddle', 'fusion_cooking': 'cooking that combines ingredients and techniques and seasonings from different cuisines', 'braising': 'cooking slowly in fat in a closed pot with little moisture', 'poaching': 'cooking in simmering liquid', 'roasting': 'cooking (meat) by dry heat in an oven (usually with fat added); \"the slow roasting took several hours\"', 'barbecuing': 'roasting a large piece of meat on a revolving spit out of doors over an open fire', 'boiling': 'the application of heat to change something from a liquid to a gas', 'basting': 'moistening a roast as it is cooking', 'tenderization': 'the act of making meat tender by pounding or marinating it', 'seasoning': 'the act of adding a seasoning to food', 'salting': 'the act of adding salt to food', 'sweetening': 'something added to foods to make them taste sweeter', 'infusion': 'a solution obtained by steeping or soaking a substance (usually in water)', 'improvement': 'a condition superior to an earlier condition; \"the new school represents a great improvement\"', 'advancement': 'gradual improvement or growth or development; \"advancement of knowledge\"; \"great progress in the arts\"', 'stride': 'significant progress (especially in the phrase \"make strides\"); \"they made big strides in productivity\"', 'work_flow': 'progress (or rate of progress) in work being done', 'development': 'a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess); \"after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter\"; \"in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen\"', 'broadening': 'the action of making broader; \"the broadening of travel\"', 'elaboration': 'developing in intricate and painstaking detail', 'product_development': 'improving an existing product or developing new kinds of products', 'cleaning': 'the act of making something clean; \"he gave his shoes a good cleaning\"', 'disinfestation': 'the activity of getting rid of vermin', 'spring-cleaning': 'the activity of cleaning a house thoroughly at the end of winter', 'scrub': 'dense vegetation consisting of stunted trees or bushes', 'swabbing': 'cleaning with a mop; \"he gave it a good mopping\"', 'dry_cleaning': 'the act of cleaning (fabrics) with a solvent other than water', 'sweeping': 'the act of cleaning with a broom', 'purification': 'the act of cleaning by getting rid of impurities', 'catharsis': 'purging the body by the use of a cathartic to stimulate evacuation of the bowels', 'high_colonic': 'an enema that injects large amounts of fluid high into the colon for cleansing purposes', 'sterilization': 'the act of making an organism barren or infertile (unable to reproduce)', 'pasteurization': 'partial sterilization of foods at a temperature that destroys harmful microorganisms without major changes in the chemistry of the food', 'sanitation': 'the state of being clean and conducive to health', 'depilation': 'the act of removing hair (as from an animal skin)', 'shave': 'the act of removing hair with a razor', 'tonsure': \"the shaved crown of a monk's or priest's head\", 'electrolysis': '(chemistry) a chemical decomposition reaction produced by passing an electric current through a solution containing ions', 'washup': 'the act of washing yourself (or another person)', 'ablution': \"the ritual washing of a priest's hands or of sacred vessels\", 'dishwashing': 'the act of washing dishes', 'wash': 'the dry bed of an intermittent stream (as at the bottom of a canyon)', 'washing-up': 'the washing of dishes etc after a meal', 'window-washing': 'the activity of washing windows', 'rinse': 'a liquid preparation used on wet hair to give it a tint', 'soak': 'the process of becoming softened and saturated as a consequence of being immersed in water (or other liquid); \"a good soak put life back in the wagon\"', 'comb': 'any of several tools for straightening fibers', 'shampoo': 'cleansing agent consisting of soaps or detergents used for washing the hair', 'hair_care': 'care for the hair: the activity of washing or cutting or curling or arranging the hair', 'hairweaving': 'the act of interweaving a hairpiece with your own hair', 'shower': 'a brief period of precipitation; \"the game was interrupted by a brief shower\"', 'bath': 'an ancient Hebrew liquid measure equal to about 10 gallons', 'bubble_bath': 'a bath in which you add something to foam and scent the bath water', 'mikvah': '(Hebrew) a ritual purification and cleansing bath that Orthodox Jews take on certain occasions (as before Sabbath or after menstruation)', 'mud_bath': 'a bath in warm mud (as for treating rheumatism)', 'sponge_bath': 'you wash your body with a sponge or washcloth instead of in a bathtub', 'Turkish_bath': 'a steam room where facilities are available for a bath followed by a shower and massage', 'rubdown': 'the act of rubbing down, usually for relaxation or medicinal purposes', 'correction': 'a quantity that is added or subtracted in order to increase the accuracy of a scientific measure', 'redress': 'act of correcting an error or a fault or an evil', 'salve': 'anything that remedies or heals or soothes; \"he needed a salve for his conscience\"', 'retribution': 'a justly deserved penalty', 'recompense': 'payment or reward (as for service rendered)', 'indemnification': 'an act of compensation for actual loss or damage or for trouble and annoyance', 'optimization': 'the act of rendering optimal; \"the simultaneous optimization of growth and profitability\"; \"in an optimization problem we seek values of the variables that lead to an optimal value of the function that is to be optimized\"; \"to promote the optimization and diversification of agricultural products\"', 'perfection': 'the state of being without a flaw or defect', 'reform': 'a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices; \"the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians\"', 'land_reform': 'a redistribution of agricultural land (especially by government action)', 'amelioration': 'the act of relieving ills and changing for the better', 'self-improvement': 'the act of improving yourself', 'beautification': 'the act of making something more beautiful', 'beauty_treatment': \"enhancement of someone's personal beauty\", 'glamorization': 'the act of glamorizing; making something or someone more beautiful (often in a superficial way)', 'decoration': 'an award for winning a championship or commemorating some other event', 'adornment': 'a decoration of color or interest that is added to relieve plainness', 'ornamentation': 'the state of being ornamented', 'window_dressing': 'the decoration of shop windows', 'trimming': 'a decoration or adornment on a garment; \"the trimming on a hat\"; \"the trim on a shirt\"', 'tessellation': 'the careful juxtaposition of shapes in a pattern; \"a tessellation of hexagons\"', 'figuration': 'representing figuratively as by emblem or allegory', 'tattoo': 'a drumbeat or bugle call that signals the military to return to their quarters', 'titivation': 'sprucing up; making decorative additions to', 'marking': 'a pattern of marks', 'lineation': 'the act of marking or outlining with lines', 'mottling': 'the act of coloring with areas of different shades', 'striping': 'the act of marking with stripes', 'clearing': 'a tract of land with few or no trees in the middle of a wooded area', 'enrichment': \"a gift that significantly increases the recipient's wealth\", 'fortification': 'the art or science of strengthening defenses', 'humanization': 'the act of making more human', 'modernization': 'a modernized version (as of a play)', 'renovation': 'the state of being restored to its former good condition; \"the inn was a renovation of a Colonial house\"', 'face_lift': 'plastic surgery to remove wrinkles and other signs of aging from your face; an incision is made near the hair line and skin is pulled back and excess tissue is excised; \"some actresses have more than one face lift\"', 'moralization': 'the act of making moral (or more moral); \"for years she worked toward the moralization of English literature\"', 'enhancement': 'an improvement that makes something more agreeable', 'upturn': 'an upward movement or trend as in business activity', 'worsening': 'changing something with the result that it becomes worse', 'downturn': 'a worsening of business or economic activity; \"the market took a downturn\"', 'downspin': 'a swift and dangerous downturn', 'ventilation': 'a mechanical system in a building that provides fresh air; \"she was continually adjusting the ventilation\"', 'repair': 'a formal way of referring to the condition of something; \"the building was in good repair\"', 'darning': 'the act of mending a hole in a garment with crossing threads', 'patching': 'the act of mending a hole in a garment by sewing a patch over it', 'care': 'a cause for feeling concern; \"his major care was the illness of his wife\"', 'camera_care': 'keeping a camera in good working order', 'car_care': 'keeping a car in good working order', 'oil_change': 'replacing dirty oil with clean', 'overhaul': 'periodic maintenance on a car or machine; \"it was time for an overhaul on the tractor\"', 'interim_overhaul': 'an overhaul between the regular times for overhauling', 'band_aid': 'hurried repair', 'restoration': 'some artifact that has been restored or reconstructed; \"the restoration looked exactly like the original\"', 'gentrification': 'the restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class (resulting in the displacement of low-income residents)', 'reconstruction': 'an interpretation formed by piecing together bits of evidence', 'anastylosis': 'the archeological reassembly of ruined monuments from fallen or decayed fragments (incorporating new materials when necessary)', 'makeover': \"an overall beauty treatment (involving a person's hair style and cosmetics and clothing) intended to change or improve a person's appearance\", 'reassembly': 'assembling again', 're-formation': 'forming again (especially with improvements or removal of defects); renewing and reconstituting', 'rebuilding': 'building again', 'pump_priming': 'introducing water into a pump to improve the seal and start the water flowing', 'scheduled_maintenance': 'maintenance at a regularly scheduled time', 'steam_fitting': 'care (installation and maintenance) of equipment for ventilating or heating or refrigerating', 'coaching': 'the job of a professional coach', 'engagement': 'contact by fitting together; \"the engagement of the clutch\"; \"the meshing of gears\"', 'gig': 'a cluster of hooks (without barbs) that is drawn through a school of fish to hook their bodies; used when fish are not biting', 'degradation': 'changing to a lower state (a less respected state)', 'dehumanization': 'the act of degrading people with respect to their best qualities; \"science has been blamed for the dehumanization of modern life\"', 'brutalization': 'the condition of being treated in a cruel and savage manner', 'barbarization': 'an act that makes people primitive and uncivilized', 'bastardization': 'declaring or rendering bastard; \"the annulment of their marriage resulted in the bastardization of their children\"', 'demoralization': 'a state of disorder and confusion; \"his inconsistency resulted in the demoralization of his staff\"', 'stultification': 'derision of someone or something as foolish or absurd or inconsistent', 'popularization': 'an interpretation that easily understandable and acceptable', 'profanation': 'blasphemous behavior; the act of depriving something of its sacred character; \"desecration of the Holy Sabbath\"', 'humiliation': 'state of disgrace or loss of self-respect', 'comedown': 'decline to a lower status or level', 'change_of_color': 'an act that changes the light that something reflects', 'whitening': 'changing to a lighter color', 'bleach': 'the whiteness that results from removing the color from something; \"a complete bleach usually requires several applications\"', 'etiolation': 'a pale and sickly appearance; \"his etiolation signaled years in prison\"', 'blackening': 'changing to a darker color', 'obfuscation': 'darkening or obscuring the sight of something', 'discoloration': 'the act of changing the natural color of something by making it duller or dingier or unnatural or faded', 'coloring': 'a digestible substance used to give color to food; \"food color made from vegetable dyes\"', 'tinting': 'the act of adding a tinge of color; \"the hairdresser gave her hair a modest tinting\"', 'hair_coloring': 'coloring of the hair; \"her hair-coloring was unusual: a very pale gold\"', 'dyeing': 'the use of dye to change the color of something permanently', 'staining': 'the act of spotting or staining something', \"Gram's_method\": \"a staining technique used to classify bacteria; bacteria are stained with gentian violet and then treated with Gram's solution; after being decolorized with alcohol and treated with safranine and washed in water, those that retain the gentian violet are Gram-positive and those that do not retain it are Gram-negative\", 'environmentalism': 'the philosophical doctrine that environment is more important than heredity in determining intellectual growth', 'fixation': 'the activity of fastening something firmly in position', 'soiling': 'the act of soiling something', 'contamination': 'the state of being contaminated', 'dust_contamination': 'state of being contaminated with dust', 'wetting': 'the act of making something wet', 'submersion': 'the act of wetting something by submerging it', 'drenching': 'the act of making something completely wet; \"he gave it a good drenching\"', 'moistening': 'the act of making something slightly wet', 'splash': 'the sound like water splashing', 'watering': 'wetting with water; \"the lawn needs a great deal of watering\"', 'sprinkle': 'the act of sprinkling or splashing water; \"baptized with a sprinkling of holy water\"; \"a sparge of warm water over the malt\"', 'chew': 'a wad of something chewable as tobacco', 'chomping': 'the act of chewing noisily', 'mumbling': 'indistinct enunciation', 'bruxism': 'involuntarily or unconsciously clenching or grinding the teeth, typically during sleep', 'defoliation': 'the loss of foliage', 'motion': 'a state of change; \"they were in a state of steady motion\"', 'movement': 'a group of people with a common ideology who try together to achieve certain general goals; \"he was a charter member of the movement\"; \"politicians have to respect a mass movement\"; \"he led the national liberation front\"', 'approach': 'the event of one object coming closer to another', 'access': 'a code (a series of characters or digits) that must be entered in some way (typed or dialed or spoken) to get the use of something (a telephone line or a computer or a local area network etc.)', 'back_door': 'an undocumented way to get access to a computer system or the data it contains', 'closing': 'approaching a particular destination; a coming closer; a narrowing of a gap; \"the ship\\'s rapid rate of closing gave them little time to avoid a collision\"', 'landing_approach': 'the approach to a landing field by an airplane', 'overshoot': 'an approach that fails and gives way to another attempt', 'progress': 'a movement forward; \"he listened for the progress of the troops\"', 'career': 'the particular occupation for which you are trained', 'march': 'a procession of people walking together; \"the march went up Fifth Avenue\"', 'plain_sailing': 'easy unobstructed progress; \"after we solved that problem the rest was plain sailing\"', 'locomotion': 'the power or ability to move', 'brachiation': 'swinging by the arms from branch to branch', 'walk': 'manner of walking; \"he had a funny walk\"', 'ambulation': 'walking about; \"the hospital encouraged early ambulation\"', 'amble': 'a leisurely walk (usually in some public place)', 'ramble': 'an aimless amble on a winding course', 'constitutional': 'a regular walk taken as a form of exercise', 'foot': 'a linear unit of length equal to 12 inches or a third of a yard; \"he is six feet tall\"', 'sleepwalking': 'walking by a person who is asleep', 'sleep_talking': 'uttering speech while asleep', 'step': 'a short distance; \"it\\'s only a step to the drugstore\"', 'pace': 'the rate of moving (especially walking or running)', 'pas': '(ballet) a step in dancing (especially in classical ballet)', 'sidestep': 'a step to one side (as in boxing or dancing)', 'gait': \"a horse's manner of moving\", 'hitch': 'a connection between a vehicle and the load that it pulls', 'rack': 'rib section of a forequarter of veal or pork or especially lamb or mutton', 'jog_trot': 'an easy gait of a horse; midway between a walk and a trot', 'trot': 'a gait faster than a walk; diagonally opposite legs strike the ground together', 'rising_trot': 'the rider rises from the saddle every second stride', 'sitting_trot': 'the rider sits still in the saddle', 'dressage': 'maneuvers of a horse in response to body signals by the rider', 'curvet': 'a light leap by a horse in which both hind legs leave the ground before the forelegs come down', 'piaffe': 'a cadenced trot executed by the horse in one spot', 'canter': 'a smooth three-beat gait; between a trot and a gallop', 'gallop': 'a fast gait of a horse; a two-beat stride during which all four legs are off the ground simultaneously', 'footstep': 'the distance covered by a step; \"he stepped off ten paces from the old tree and began to dig\"', 'hike': 'a long walk usually for exercise or pleasure; \"she enjoys a hike in her spare time\"', 'trudge': 'a long difficult walk', 'flounce': 'the act of walking with exaggerated jerky motions', 'lurch': 'a decisive defeat in a game (especially in cribbage)', 'pacing': 'walking with slow regular strides', 'saunter': 'a careless leisurely gait; \"he walked with a kind of saunter as if he hadn\\'t a care in the world\"', 'skip': 'a gait in which steps and hops alternate', 'stalk': 'a slender or elongated structure that supports a plant or fungus or a plant part or plant organ', 'strut': 'brace consisting of a bar or rod used to resist longitudinal compression', 'waddle': 'walking with short steps and the weight tilting from one foot to the other; \"ducks walk with a waddle\"', 'countermarch': '(military) a march in the reverse direction or back along the same route', 'goose_step': 'a manner of marching with legs straight and swinging high', 'last_mile': 'the last walk of a condemned person to the execution place', 'lockstep': 'a standard procedure that is followed mindlessly; \"the union\\'s support had been in lockstep for years\"', 'promenade': 'a formal ball held for a school class toward the end of the academic year', 'quick_march': 'marching at quick time', 'routemarch': 'a long training march for troops', 'plodding': 'the act of walking with a slow heavy gait; \"I could recognize his plod anywhere\"', 'prowl': 'the act of prowling (walking about in a stealthy manner)', 'moonwalk': 'a kind of dance step in which the dancer seems to be sliding on the spot; \"Michael Jackson perfected the moonwalk in the 1980s\"', 'perambulation': 'a walk around a territory (a parish or manor or forest etc.) in order to officially assert and record its boundaries', 'turn': '(sports) a division during which one team is on the offensive', 'shamble': 'walking with a slow dragging motion without lifting your feet; \"from his shambling I assumed he was very old\"', 'space_walk': 'any kind of physical activity outside a spacecraft by one of the crew', 'wading': 'walking with your feet in shallow water', 'walkabout': 'a walking trip or tour', 'walk-through': 'a thorough explanation (usually accompanied by a demonstration) of each step in a procedure or process; \"she gave me a walk-through of my new duties\"', 'jog': 'a sharp change in direction; \"there was a jog in the road\"', 'dogtrot': 'a steady trot like that of a dog', 'dash': 'a footrace run at top speed; \"he is preparing for the 100-yard dash\"', 'fast_break': '(basketball) a rapid dash to get a shot as soon as possible after taking possession of the ball', 'crawl': 'a swimming stroke; arms are moved alternately overhead accompanied by a flutter kick', 'lap': 'an area of control or responsibility; \"the job fell right in my lap\"', 'pace_lap': 'the first lap of a car race that prepares the cars for a fast start', 'victory_lap': 'a lap by the winning person or team run to celebrate the victory', 'travel': 'the act of going from one place to another; \"he enjoyed selling but he hated the travel\"', 'circumnavigation': 'traveling around something (by ship or plane); \"Magellan\\'s circumnavigation of the earth proved that it is a globe\"', 'peregrination': 'traveling or wandering around', 'procession': 'the group action of a collection of people or animals or vehicles moving ahead in more or less regular formation; \"processions were forbidden\"', 'traversal': 'taking a zigzag path on skis', 'wandering': 'travelling about without any clear destination; \"she followed him in his wanderings and looked after him\"', 'wayfaring': 'traveling (especially on foot)', 'drifting': 'aimless wandering from place to place', 'crossing': 'a point where two lines (paths or arcs etc.) intersect', 'ford': 'a shallow area in a stream that can be forded', 'shallow_fording': 'fording at a shallow place', 'deep_fording': 'fording at a deep place in the stream', 'tourism': 'the business of providing services to tourists; \"Tourism is a major business in Bermuda\"', 'ecotourism': 'tourism to exotic or threatened ecosystems to observe wildlife or to help preserve nature', 'driving': 'the act of controlling and steering the movement of a vehicle or animal', 'motoring': 'the act of driving an automobile', 'riding': 'the sport of siting on the back of a horse while controlling its movements', 'roping': 'capturing cattle or horses with a lasso', 'bronco_busting': 'breaking a bronco to saddle', 'endurance_riding': 'riding for long hours over long distances', 'pack_riding': 'riding with a pack', 'trail_riding': 'riding along a roughly blazed path', 'calf_roping': 'capturing a calf with a lasso and binding its feet', 'steer_roping': 'capturing a steer with a lasso', 'air_travel': 'travel via aircraft; \"air travel involves too much waiting in airports\"; \"if you\\'ve time to spare go by air\"', 'flight': 'a flock of flying birds', 'connecting_flight': 'a flight with an intermediate stop and a change of aircraft (possibly a change of airlines)', 'direct_flight': 'a flight with one or more intermediate stops but no change of aircraft', 'domestic_flight': 'a flight that begins and ends in the same country', 'international_flight': 'a flight that takes off in one country and lands in another', 'nonstop_flight': 'a flight made without intermediate stops between source and destination; \"how many nonstops are there to Dallas?\"', 'redeye': 'a night flight from which the passengers emerge with eyes red from lack of sleep; \"he took the redeye in order to get home the next morning\"', 'acrobatics': 'the gymnastic moves of an acrobat', 'blind_flying': 'using only instruments for flying an aircraft because you cannot see through clouds or mists etc.', 'ballooning': 'flying in a balloon', 'flyover': 'a flight at a low altitude (usually of military aircraft) over spectators on the ground', 'glide': 'the activity of flying a glider', 'hang_gliding': 'gliding in a hang glider', 'skydiving': 'performing acrobatics in free fall before pulling the ripcord of a parachute', 'maiden_flight': 'the first flight of its kind; \"the Stealth bomber made its maiden flight in 1989\"', 'parasailing': 'gliding in a parasail', 'overflight': 'a flight by an aircraft over a particular area (especially over an area in foreign territory)', 'solo': 'a musical composition for one voice or instrument (with or without accompaniment)', 'sortie': 'a military action in which besieged troops burst forth from their position', 'aircraft_landing': 'landing an aircraft', 'ground-controlled_approach': 'aircraft landing in bad weather in which the pilot is talked down by ground control using precision approach radar', 'crash_landing': 'an emergency landing under circumstances where a normal landing is impossible (usually damaging the aircraft)', 'three-point_landing': 'a landing in which all three wheels of the aircraft touch the ground at the same time', 'instrument_landing': 'an aircraft landing made entirely by means of instruments', 'splashdown': 'a landing of a spacecraft in the sea at the end of a space flight', 'takeoff': 'the initial ascent of an airplane as it becomes airborne', 'tailspin': 'loss of emotional control often resulting in emotional collapse', 'terrain_flight': 'flight at very low altitudes', 'journey': 'the act of traveling from one place to another', 'stage': 'any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; \"All the world\\'s a stage\"--Shakespeare; \"it set the stage for peaceful negotiations\"', 'leg': 'the limb of an animal used for food', 'fare-stage': 'a section along the route of a bus for which the fare is the same', 'commute': 'a regular journey of some distance to and from your place of work; \"there is standing room only on the high-speed commute\"', 'long_haul': 'a journey over a long distance; \"it\\'s a long haul from New York to Los Angeles\"', 'mush': 'cornmeal boiled in water', 'odyssey': 'a long wandering and eventful journey', 'junket': 'dessert made of sweetened milk coagulated with rennet', 'round_trip': 'a trip to some place and back again', 'joyride': 'a ride in a car taken solely for pleasure; \"they took their girlfriends for joyrides in stolen cars\"', 'expedition': 'an organized group of people undertaking a journey for a particular purpose; \"an expedition was sent to explore Mars\"', 'scouting_trip': 'an expedition undertaken to gain information', 'campaign': 'several related operations aimed at achieving a particular goal (usually within geographical and temporal constraints)', 'exploration': 'a systematic consideration; \"he called for a careful exploration of the consequences\"', 'digression': 'a message that departs from the main subject', 'trek': 'a journey by ox wagon (especially an organized migration by a group of settlers)', 'schlep': 'a tedious or difficult journey', 'tour': 'a journey or route all the way around a particular place or area; \"they took an extended tour of Europe\"; \"we took a quick circuit of the park\"; \"a ten-day coach circuit of the island\"', 'grand_tour': 'an extended cultural tour of Europe taken by wealthy young Englishmen (especially in the 18th century) as part of their education', 'itineration': 'journeying from place to place preaching or lecturing; a preaching tour or lecturing tour', 'on_the_road': 'travelling about; \"they took the show on the road\"; \"they lost all their games on the road\"', 'pilgrimage': 'a journey to a sacred place', 'excursion': 'a journey taken for pleasure; \"many summer excursions to the shore\"; \"it was merely a pleasure trip\"; \"after cautious sashays into the field\"', 'junketing': 'taking an excursion for pleasure', 'airing': 'a short excursion (a walk or ride) in the open air; \"he took the dogs for an airing\"', 'field_trip': 'a group excursion (to a museum or the woods or some historic place) for firsthand examination', 'voyage': 'a journey to some distant place', 'way': 'the condition of things generally; \"that\\'s the way it is\"; \"I felt the same way\"', 'ocean_trip': 'an act of traveling by water', 'cruise': 'an ocean trip taken for pleasure', 'maiden_voyage': 'the first voyage of its kind; \"in 1912 the ocean liner Titanic sank on its maiden voyage\"', 'lockage': 'a fee charged for passage through a lock in a canal or waterway', 'spaceflight': \"a voyage outside the Earth's atmosphere\", 'water_travel': 'travel by water', 'luff': '(nautical) the forward edge of a fore-and-aft sail that is next to the mast', 'beat': 'a single pulsation of an oscillation produced by adding two waves of different frequencies; has a frequency equal to the difference between the two oscillations', 'ministry': 'a government department under the direction of a minister', 'tack': 'the heading or position of a vessel relative to the trim of its sails', 'seafaring': 'the work of a sailor', 'cabotage': 'the exclusive right of a country to control the air traffic within its borders', 'boating': 'water travel for pleasure', 'bareboating': 'boating by chartering a bareboat and providing your own crew and provisions; \"we saved money by bareboating\"', 'commutation': 'a warrant substituting a lesser punishment for a greater one', 'transportation': 'the commercial enterprise of moving goods and materials', 'transshipment': 'the transfer from one conveyance to another for shipment', 'airlift': 'transportation of people or goods by air (especially when other means of access are unavailable)', 'Berlin_airlift': 'airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin', 'connection': 'the state of being connected; \"the connection between church and state is inescapable\"', 'cattle_drive': 'driving a bovine herd (as cows or bulls or steers)', 'airdrop': 'delivery of supplies or equipment or personnel by dropping them by parachute from an aircraft; \"until then, front line troops will be supplied by airdrop\"', 'consignment': 'the delivery of goods for sale or disposal', 'post': 'the position where someone (as a guard or sentry) stands or is assigned to stand; \"a soldier manned the entrance post\"; \"a sentry station\"', 'relay': 'a crew of workers who relieve another crew', 'carry': 'the act of carrying something', 'pickup': 'a casual acquaintance; often made in hope of sexual relationships', 'packing': 'the enclosure of something in a package or box', 'piggyback': 'the act of carrying something piggyback', \"fireman's_carry\": 'the act of carrying a person over your shoulder', 'portage': 'the cost of carrying or transporting', 'porterage': 'the charge for carrying burdens by porters', 'pursuit': 'a search for an alternative that meets cognitive criteria; \"the pursuit of love\"; \"life is more than the pursuance of fame\"; \"a quest for wealth\"', 'trailing': 'the pursuit (of a person or animal) by following tracks or marks they left behind', 'shadowing': 'the act of following someone secretly', 'wild-goose_chase': 'the fruitless pursuit of something unattainable', 'insertion': 'the act of putting one thing into another', 'cannulation': 'the insertion of a cannula or tube into a hollow body organ', 'catheterization': 'the operation of introducing a catheter into the body', 'instillation': 'a liquid that is instilled drop by drop', 'enclosure': 'a naturally enclosed space', 'encasement': 'the act of enclosing something in a case', 'injection': 'any solution that is injected (as into the skin)', 'epidural_injection': 'injection of an anesthetic substance into the epidural space of the spinal cord in order to produce epidural anesthesia', 'intradermal_injection': 'an injection into the skin', 'intramuscular_injection': 'an injection into a muscle', 'intravenous_injection': 'an injection into a vein', 'subcutaneous_injection': 'an injection under the skin', 'exchange_transfusion': \"slow removal of a person's blood and its replacement with equal amounts of a donor's blood\", 'transfusion': 'the introduction of blood or blood plasma into a vein or artery', 'perfusion': 'pumping a liquid into an organ or tissue (especially by way of blood vessels)', 'rise': 'a movement upward; \"they cheered the rise of the hot-air balloon\"', 'levitation': 'the phenomenon of a person or thing rising into the air by apparently supernatural means', 'funambulism': 'walking on a tightrope or slack rope', 'climb': 'an event that involves rising to a higher point (as in altitude or temperature or intensity etc.)', 'scaling': 'the act of arranging in a graduated series', 'clamber': 'an awkward climb; \"reaching the crest was a real clamber\"', 'escalade': 'an act of scaling by the use of ladders (especially the walls of a fortification)', 'mountain_climbing': 'the activity of climbing a mountain', 'Alpinism': 'mountain climbing (not restricted to the Alps)', 'rock_climbing': 'the sport or pastime of scaling rock masses on mountain sides (especially with the help of ropes and special equipment)', 'soar': 'the act of rising upward into the air', 'descent': \"the kinship relation between an individual and the individual's progenitors\", 'dive': 'a headlong plunge into water', 'rappel': '(mountaineering) a descent of a vertical cliff or wall made by using a doubled rope that is fixed to a higher point and wrapped around the body', 'swoop': '(music) rapid sliding up or down the musical scale; \"the violinist was indulgent with his swoops and slides\"', 'power_dive': 'a dive of an airplane that is accelerated both by gravity and by the power of the engine', 'crash_dive': 'a rapid descent by a submarine', 'drop': 'a shape that is spherical and small; \"he studied the shapes of low-viscosity drops\"; \"beads of sweat on his forehead\"', 'flop': 'someone who is unsuccessful', 'lowering': 'the act of causing to become less', 'swing': 'a state of steady vigorous action that is characteristic of an activity; \"the party went with a swing\"; \"it took time to get into the swing of things\"', 'reentry': 'the act of entering again', 'remand': 'the act of sending an accused person back into custody to await trial (or the continuation of the trial)', 'slide': '(geology) the descent of a large mass of earth or rocks or snow etc.', 'slippage': 'decline from a standard level of performance or achievement', 'skid': 'one of a pair of planks used to make a track for rolling or sliding objects', 'flow': 'the amount of fluid that flows in a given time', 'snowboarding': 'the act of sliding down a snow-covered slope while standing on a snowboard', 'flood': 'an overwhelming number or amount; \"a flood of requests\"; \"a torrent of abuse\"', 'effusion': 'an unrestrained expression of emotion', 'speed': 'distance travelled per unit time', 'acceleration': '(physics) a rate of increase of velocity', 'deceleration': '(physics) a rate of decrease in velocity', 'scud': 'the act of moving along swiftly (as before a gale)', 'translation': '(mathematics) a transformation in which the origin of the coordinate system is moved to another position but the direction of each axis remains the same', 'transplant': 'an operation moving an organ from one organism (the donor) to another (the recipient); \"he had a kidney transplant\"; \"the long-term results of cardiac transplantation are now excellent\"; \"a child had a multiple organ transplant two months ago\"', 'troop_movement': 'movement of military units to a new location', 'shift': 'the time period during which you are at work', 'abduction': \"the criminal act of capturing and carrying away by force a family member; if a man's wife is abducted it is a crime against the family relationship and against the wife\", 'adduction': '(physiology) moving of a body part toward the central axis of the body', 'agitation': 'a mental state of extreme emotional disturbance', 'body_English': 'a motion of the body by a player as if to make an object already propelled go in the desired direction', 'circumduction': 'a circular movement of a limb or eye', 'disturbance': 'an unhappy and worried mental state; \"there was too much anger and disturbance\"; \"she didn\\'t realize the upset she caused me\"', 'fetal_movement': 'motion of a fetus within the uterus (usually detected by the 16th week of pregnancy)', 'gesture': 'the use of movements (especially of the hands) to communicate familiar or prearranged signals', 'headshake': 'the act of turning your head left and right to signify denial or disbelief or bemusement; \"I could tell from their headshakes that they didn\\'t believe me\"', 'mudra': 'ritual hand movement in Hindu religious dancing', 'inclination': '(astronomy) the angle between the plane of the orbit and the plane of the ecliptic stated in degrees', 'inversion': 'abnormal condition in which an organ is turned inward or inside out (as when the upper part of the uterus is pulled into the cervical canal after childbirth)', 'jerk': '(mechanics) the rate of change of acceleration', 'bob': 'a hair style for women and children; a short haircut all around', 'nod': 'a sign of assent or salutation or command', 'nutation': 'uncontrolled nodding', 'stoop': 'small porch or set of steps at the front entrance of a house', 'kneel': 'supporting yourself on your knees', 'eye_movement': 'the movement of the eyes', 'nystagmus': 'involuntary movements of the eyeballs; its presence or absence is used to diagnose a variety of neurological and visual disorders', 'physiological_nystagmus': 'small involuntary tremors of the eyeballs; when it is eliminated by stabilizing the image on the retina, visual perception fades rapidly from fatigue of the retinal receptors', 'rotational_nystagmus': 'nystagmus caused by the body rotating rapidly; large slow movements of the eyeballs are in the direction of rotation', 'saccade': 'a rapid, jerky movement of the eyes between positions of rest', 'post-rotational_nystagmus': 'nystagmus caused by suddenly stopping the rapid rotation of the body; large slow movements of the eyeballs are in the direction opposite to the direction of rotation', 'opening': 'opportunity especially for employment or promotion; \"there is an opening in the sales department\"', 'rearrangement': 'changing an arrangement', 'musical_chairs': \"a child's game in which players march to music around a group of chairs that contains one chair less than the number of players; when the music abruptly stops the players scramble to sit and the player who does not find a chair is eliminated; then a chair is removed and the march resumes until only the winner is seated\", 'reordering': 'a rearrangement in a different order', 'permutation': 'the act of changing the arrangement of a given number of elements', 'shuffle': 'the act of mixing cards haphazardly', 'reshuffle': 'a redistribution of something; \"there was a reshuffle of cabinet officers\"', 'riffle': 'shuffling by splitting the pack and interweaving the two halves at their corners', 'twiddle': 'a series of small (usually idle) twists or turns', 'prostration': 'abject submission; the emotional equivalent of prostrating your body', 'reach': 'the act of physically reaching or thrusting out', 'reciprocation': 'the act of making or doing something in return', 'reclining': 'the act of assuming or maintaining a reclining position', 'retraction': 'a disavowal or taking back of a previous assertion', 'retroflection': 'an articulatory gesture made by turning the tip of the tongue back against the roof of the mouth', 'rotation': '(mathematics) a transformation in which the coordinate axes are rotated by a fixed angle about the origin', 'circumvolution': 'the act of turning or winding or folding around a central axis', 'feather': 'the light horny waterproof structure forming the external covering of birds', 'gyration': 'the act of rotating in a circle or spiral', 'pivot': 'the person in a rank around whom the others wheel and maneuver', 'pronation': 'rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face downward', 'spiral': 'a plane curve traced by a point circling about the center but at increasing distances from the center', 'pirouette': '(ballet) a rapid spin of the body (especially on the toes as in ballet)', 'birling': 'rotating a log rapidly in the water (as a competitive sport)', 'shutting': 'the act of closing something', 'sitting': 'a session as of a legislature or court', 'snap': 'a spell of cold weather; \"a cold snap in the middle of May\"', 'squat': 'the act of assuming or maintaining a crouching position with the knees bent and the buttocks near the heels', 'sweep': 'a wide scope; \"the sweep of the plains\"', 'supination': 'rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face upward', 'twist': 'a jerky pulling movement', 'wind': 'air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure; \"trees bent under the fierce winds\"; \"when there is no wind, row\"; \"the radioactivity was being swept upwards by the air current and out into the atmosphere\"', 'toss': 'an abrupt movement; \"a toss of his head\"', 'vibration': 'a distinctive emotional aura experienced instinctively; \"that place gave me bad vibrations\"; \"it gave me a nostalgic vibe\"', 'wave': 'an undulating curve', 'change_of_direction': 'the act of changing the direction in which something is oriented', 'reversion': '(law) an interest in an estate that reverts to the grantor (or his heirs) at the end of some period (e.g., the death of the grantee)', 'u-turn': 'complete reversal of direction of travel', 'shaking': 'a shaky motion; \"the shaking of his fingers as he lit his pipe\"', 'joggle': 'a slight irregular shaking motion', 'stirring': 'agitating a liquid with an implement; \"constant stirring prevents it from burning on the bottom of the pan\"', 'wag': 'a witty amusing person who makes jokes', 'worrying': 'the act of moving something by repeated tugs or pushes; \"vigorous worrying finally loosened the saw\"', 'rock': 'material consisting of the aggregate of minerals like those making up the Earth\\'s crust; \"that mountain is solid rock\"; \"stone is abundant in New England and there are many quarries\"', 'upset': 'a tool used to thicken or spread metal (the end of a bar or a rivet etc.) by forging or hammering or swaging', 'waver': 'someone who communicates by waving', 'tremor': 'shaking or trembling (usually resulting from weakness or stress or disease)', 'outreach': 'the act of reaching out; \"the outreach toward truth of the human spirit\"', 'standing': 'social or financial or professional status or reputation; \"of equal standing\"; \"a member in good standing\"', 'keystroke': 'the stroke of a key; one depression of a key on a keyboard; \"the number of keystrokes was used as a measure of work\"', 'wiggle': 'the act of wiggling', 'change_of_course': 'a change in the direction that you are moving', 'diversion': 'an attack calculated to draw enemy defense away from the point of the principal attack', 'red_herring': 'a dried and smoked herring having a reddish color', 'right': '(frequently plural) the interest possessed by law or custom in some intangible thing; \"mineral rights\"; \"film rights\"', 'left': 'location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east; \"she stood on the left\"', 'change_of_magnitude': 'the act of changing the amount or size of something', 'decrease': 'a process of becoming smaller or shorter', 'budget_cut': 'the act of reducing budgeted expenditures', 'pay_cut': 'the act of reducing a salary', 'cost_cutting': 'the act of cutting costs', 'price_cutting': 'cutting the price of merchandise to one lower than the usual or advertised price', 'spending_cut': 'the act of reducing spending', 'tax_cut': 'the act of reducing taxation; \"the new administration\\'s large tax cut was highly controversial\"', 'moderation': 'quality of being moderate and avoiding extremes', 'tapering': 'the act of gradually lowering the size or amount; \"the doctor prescribed the tapering of the dose\"', 'cutback': 'a reduction in quantity or rate', 'service_cutback': 'the act of reducing service', 'devaluation': \"an official lowering of a nation's currency; a decrease in the value of a country's currency relative to that of foreign countries\", 'devitalization': 'the act of reducing the vitality of something', 'evisceration': 'surgical removal of an organ (or the contents of an organ) from a patient', 'extenuation': 'a partial excuse to mitigate censure; an attempt to represent an offense as less serious than it appears by showing mitigating circumstances', 'spasmolysis': 'the relaxation or relief of muscle spasms', 'easing': 'a change for the better', 'de-escalation': '(war) a reduction in intensity (of a crisis or a war)', 'detente': 'the easing of tensions or strained relations (especially between nations)', 'palliation': 'easing the severity of a pain or a disease without removing the cause', 'liberalization': 'the act of making less strict', 'minimization': 'the act of reducing something to the least possible amount or degree or position', 'depletion': 'the state of being depleted', 'consumption': '(economics) the utilization of economic goods to satisfy needs or in manufacturing; \"the consumption of energy has increased steadily\"', 'burnup': 'a high-speed motorcycle race on a public road', 'exhaustion': 'extreme fatigue', 'compression': 'the process or result of becoming smaller or pressed together; \"the contraction of a gas on cooling\"', 'pinch': 'a painful or straitened circumstance; \"the pinch of the recession\"', 'decompression': 'restoring compressed information to its normal form for use or display', 'condensing': 'the act of increasing the density of something', 'thickening': 'any material used to thicken; \"starch is used in cooking as a thickening\"', 'crush': 'a dense crowd of people', 'grind': 'the grade of particle fineness to which a substance is ground; \"a coarse grind of coffee\"', 'expression': '(genetics) the process of expressing a gene', 'extrusion': 'squeezing out by applying pressure; \"an unexpected extrusion of toothpaste from the bottom of the tube\"; \"the expulsion of pus from the pimple\"', 'shortening': 'fat such as butter or lard used in baked goods', 'abbreviation': 'a shortened form of a word or phrase', 'severance': 'the act of severing', 'haircut': 'the style in which hair has been cut', 'trim': 'a state of arrangement or appearance; \"in good trim\"', 'pruning': 'something that has been pruned off of a plant', 'shearing': 'removing by cutting off or clipping', 'sheepshearing': 'the time or season when sheep are sheared', 'shrinking': 'process or result of becoming less or smaller; \"the material lost 2 inches per yard in shrinkage\"', 'miniaturization': 'act of making on a greatly reduced scale', 'subtraction': 'an arithmetic operation in which the difference between two numbers is calculated; \"the subtraction of three from four leaves one\"; \"four minus three equals one\"', 'bite': 'a wound resulting from biting by an animal or a person', 'withholding': 'the act of holding back or keeping within your possession or control; \"I resented his withholding permission\"; \"there were allegations of the withholding of evidence\"', 'abatement': 'the act of abating; \"laws enforcing noise abatement\"', 'abatement_of_a_nuisance': '(law) the removal or termination or destruction of something that has been found to be a nuisance', 'asbestos_abatement': 'the removal of asbestos from a public building', 'attrition': 'sorrow for sin arising from fear of damnation', 'deflation': '(geology) the erosion of soil as a consequence of sand and dust and loose rocks being removed by the wind; \"a constant deflation of the desert landscape\"', 'discount': 'the act of reducing the selling price of merchandise', 'rollback': 'the act of forcing the enemy to withdraw', 'weakening': 'becoming weaker', 'wilt': 'any plant disease characterized by drooping and shriveling; usually caused by parasites attacking the roots', 'dilution': 'a diluted solution', 'cutting': 'a part (sometimes a root or leaf or bud) removed from a plant to propagate a new plant through rooting or grafting', 'increase': 'a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important; \"the increase in unemployment\"; \"the growth of population\"', 'addition': 'a quantity that is added; \"there was an addition to property taxes this year\"; \"they recorded the cattle\\'s gain in weight over a period of weeks\"', 'retrofit': 'a component or accessory added to something after it has been manufactured', 'advance': 'an amount paid before it is earned', 'appreciation': 'an expression of gratitude; \"he expressed his appreciation in a short note\"', 'depreciation': 'decrease in value of an asset due to obsolescence or use', 'surge': 'a sudden or abrupt strong increase; \"stimulated a surge of speculation\"; \"an upsurge of emotion\"; \"an upsurge in violent crime\"', 'fluoridation': 'the addition of a fluoride to the water supply (to prevent dental decay)', 'augmentation': 'the amount by which something increases', 'amplification': 'the amount of increase in signal power or voltage or current expressed as the ratio of output to input', 'contraction': 'a word formed from two or more words by omitting or combining some sounds; \"`won\\'t\\' is a contraction of `will not\\'\"; \"`o\\'clock\\' is a contraction of `of the clock\\'\"', 'expansion': 'a function expressed as a sum or product of terms; \"the expansion of (a+b)^2 is a^2 + 2ab + b^2\"', 'dilation': 'a lengthy discussion (spoken or written) on a particular topic', 'vasodilation': 'dilation of blood vessels (especially the arteries)', 'distention': 'the act of expanding by pressure from within', 'stretching': 'act of expanding by lengthening or widening', 'tension': 'the physical condition of being stretched or strained; \"it places great tension on the leg muscles\"; \"he could feel the tenseness of her body\"', 'escalation': 'an increase to counteract a perceived discrepancy; \"higher wages caused an escalation of prices\"; \"there was a gradual escalation of hostilities\"', 'maximization': 'the mathematical process of finding the maximum value of a function', 'inflation': 'a general and progressive increase in prices; \"in inflation everything gets more valuable except money\"', 'magnification': 'the ratio of the size of an image to the size of the object', 'exaggeration': 'making to seem more important than it really is', 'extension': 'a mutually agreed delay in the date set for the completion of a job or payment of a debt; \"they applied for an extension of the loan\"', 'spread': 'a tasty mixture to be spread on bread or crackers or used in preparing other dishes', 'circulation': '(library science) the count of books that are loaned by a library over a specified period', 'recirculation': 'circulation again', 'dispersion': 'spreading widely or driving off', 'crop-dusting': 'the dispersion of fungicides or insecticides or fertilizer on growing crops (often from a low-flying aircraft)', 'scatter': 'a haphazard distribution in all directions', 'contracture': 'an abnormal and usually permanent contraction of a muscle', 'hyperextension': 'greater than normal extension', 'tetanus': 'an acute and serious infection of the central nervous system caused by bacterial infection of open wounds; spasms of the jaw and laryngeal muscles may occur during the late stages', 'truncation': 'the replacement of an edge or solid angle (as in cutting a gemstone) by a plane (especially by a plane that is equally inclined to the adjacent faces)', 'uterine_contraction': 'a rhythmic tightening in labor of the upper uterine musculature that contracts the size of the uterus and pushes the fetus toward the birth canal', 'Braxton-Hicks_contraction': 'painless contractions of the muscles of the uterus that continue throughout pregnancy with increasing frequency', 'vaginismus': 'muscular contraction that causes the vagina to close; usually an anxiety reaction before coitus or pelvic examination', 'stretch': 'an unbroken period of time during which you do something; \"there were stretches of boredom\"; \"he did a stretch in the federal penitentiary\"', 'annotation': 'the act of adding notes', 'supplementation': 'the act of supplementing', 'accumulation': '(finance) profits that are not paid out as dividends but are added to the capital base of the corporation', 'buildup': 'the result of the process of accumulation; \"the buildup of leaves blocked the drain pipes\"', 'deposit': 'money deposited in a bank or some similar institution', 'repositing': 'depositing in a warehouse; \"they decided to reposition their furniture in a recommended repository in Brooklyn\"; \"my car is in storage\"; \"publishers reduced print runs to cut down the cost of warehousing\"', 'stockpiling': 'accumulating and storing a reserve supply; \"the stockpiling of war materials\"', 'inclusion': 'the state of being included', 'incorporation': 'consolidating two or more things; union in (or into) one body', 'aggrandizement': 'the act of increasing the wealth or prestige or power or scope of something; \"the aggrandizement of the king\"; \"his elevation to cardinal\"', 'self-aggrandizement': 'an act undertaken to increase your own power and influence or to draw attention to your own importance', 'strengthening': 'becoming stronger', 'intensification': 'the act of increasing the contrast of (a photographic film)', 'roughness': 'a texture of a surface or edge that is not smooth but is irregular and uneven', 'aggravation': 'an exasperated feeling of annoyance', 'concentration': 'increase in density', 'pervaporation': 'the concentration of a colloidal solution whose colloid will not pass through a semipermeable membrane; solution is placed in a bag of the membrane and the solvent is evaporated off', 'focalization': 'the confinement of an infection to a limited area', 'refocusing': 'focusing again', 'change_of_integrity': 'the act of changing the unity or wholeness of something', 'breakage': 'the quantity broken; \"the total breakage was huge\"', 'rupture': 'state of being torn or burst open', 'smashing': 'the act of breaking something into small pieces', 'fracture': 'breaking of hard tissue such as bone; \"it was a nasty fracture\"; \"the break seems to have been caused by a fall\"', 'chip': 'a piece of dried bovine dung', 'explosion': 'a sudden great increase; \"the population explosion\"; \"the information explosion\"', 'detonation': 'the act of detonating an explosive', 'percussion': 'tapping a part of the body for diagnostic purposes', 'fulmination': 'thunderous verbal attack', 'burning': 'execution by fire', 'arson': 'malicious burning to destroy property; \"the British term for arson is fire-raising\"', 'ignition': 'the process of initiating combustion or catching fire', 'incineration': 'the act of burning something completely; reducing it to ashes', 'cremation': 'the incineration of a dead body', 'combination': 'a coordinated sequence of chess moves', 'attachment': 'a feeling of affection for a person or an institution', 'graft': '(surgery) tissue or organ transplanted from a donor to a recipient; in some cases the patient can be both donor and recipient', 'babel': 'a confusion of voices and other sounds', 'mix': 'a commercially prepared mixture of dry ingredients', 'fusion': 'the merging of adjacent sounds or syllables or words', 'blend': 'an occurrence of thorough mixing', 'confluence': 'a place where things merge or flow together (especially rivers); \"Pittsburgh is located at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers\"', 'homogenization': 'the act of making something homogeneous or uniform in composition; \"the homogenization of cream\"; \"the network\\'s homogenization of political news\"', 'interspersion': 'the act of combining one thing at intervals among other things; \"the interspersion of illustrations in the text\"', 'temperance': 'the trait of avoiding excesses', 'union': 'the state of being joined or united or linked; \"there is strength in union\"', 'coalescence': 'the union of diverse things into one body or form or group; the growing together of parts', 'reunion': 'a party of former associates who have come together again', 'tribalization': 'the act of making tribal; unification on a tribal basis', 'detribalization': 'the act of causing tribal people to abandon their customs and adopt urban ways of living', 'umbrella': 'a lightweight handheld collapsible canopy', 'homecoming': 'an annual school or university reunion for graduates', 'separation': 'the state of lacking unity', 'cut-in': '(broadcasting) a local announcement inserted into a network program', 'avulsion': 'an abrupt change in the course of a stream that forms the boundary between two parcels of land resulting in the loss of part of the land of one landowner and a consequent increase in the land of another', 'dissociation': \"a state in which some integrated part of a person's life becomes separated from the rest of the personality and functions independently\", 'secession': 'an Austrian school of art and architecture parallel to the French art nouveau in the 1890s', 'Secession': 'the withdrawal of eleven southern states from the Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War', 'breakaway': 'the act of breaking away or withdrawing from; \"there was a breakaway by the discontented members\"; \"a breaking away from family and neighborhood\"', 'disunion': 'the termination or destruction of union', 'disconnection': 'the act of breaking a connection', 'division': '(biology) a group of organisms forming a subdivision of a larger category', 'parcellation': 'the division into parcels; \"the increasing parcellation of land with every generation\"', 'cleavage': 'the state of being split or cleft; \"there was a cleavage between the liberal and conservative members\"', 'bisection': 'dividing into two equal parts', 'quartering': 'a coat of arms that occupies one quarter of an escutcheon; combining four coats of arms on one shield usually represented intermarriages', 'schism': 'the formal separation of a church into two churches or the withdrawal of one group over doctrinal differences', 'dissection': 'a minute and critical analysis', 'scission': 'the act of dividing by cutting or splitting', 'slicing': 'the act of cutting into slices', 'undercut': 'the material removed by a cut made underneath', 'notch': 'a V-shaped indentation; \"mandibular notch\"', 'slash': 'an open tract of land in a forest that is strewn with debris from logging (or fire or wind)', 'branching': 'the act of branching out or dividing into branches', 'bifurcation': 'a bifurcating branch (one or both of them)', 'trifurcation': 'the act of splitting into three branches', 'divarication': 'branching at a wide angle', 'fibrillation': 'muscular twitching involving individual muscle fibers acting without coordination', 'dichotomization': 'the act of dividing into two sharply different categories', 'quantization': 'the act of dividing into quanta or expressing in terms of quantum theory', 'fractionation': 'a process that uses heat to separate a substance into its components', 'pairing': 'the act of grouping things or people in pairs', 'buddy_system': 'a cooperative practice of pairing two or more people together for mutual assistance or safety (especially in recreational swimming)', 'match-up': 'the pairing of people or things as for comparison or competition; \"it was a good match-up but the home team won\"; \"we need a matchup of the best teachers with the neediest schools\"', 'punctuation': 'something that makes repeated and regular interruptions or divisions', 'hyphenation': 'connecting syllables and words by hyphens', 'syllabication': 'forming or dividing words into syllables', 'word_division': 'division of a word especially at the end of a line on a page', 'detachment': 'a small unit of troops of special composition', 'tear': 'a drop of the clear salty saline solution secreted by the lacrimal glands; \"his story brought tears to her eyes\"', 'laceration': 'a torn ragged wound', 'rent': 'a payment or series of payments made by the lessee to an owner for use of some property, facility, equipment, or service', 'drawing': 'an illustration that is drawn by hand and published in a book, magazine, or newspaper; \"it is shown by the drawing in Fig. 7\"', 'derivation': '(descriptive linguistics) the process whereby new words are formed from existing words or bases by affixation; \"`singer\\' from `sing\\' or `undo\\' from `do\\' are examples of derivations\"', 'abscission': 'shedding of flowers and leaves and fruit following formation of scar tissue in a plant', 'extraction': 'the process of obtaining something from a mixture or compound by chemical or physical or mechanical means', 'threshing': 'the separation of grain or seeds from the husks and straw; \"they used to do the threshing by hand but now there are machines to do it\"', 'ablation': 'the erosive process that reduces the size of glaciers', 'autotomy': 'spontaneous removal or casting off of a body part (as the tail of a lizard or claw of a lobster) especially when the organism is injured or under attack', 'decontamination': 'the removal of contaminants', 'deletion': '(genetics) the loss or absence of one or more nucleotides from a chromosome', 'denudation': 'the removal of covering', 'dermabrasion': 'removal of scars or tattoos by anesthetizing the skin surface and then sanding or scraping off some of the outer skin layer', 'dislodgment': 'forced removal from a position of advantage', 'circumcision': 'the act of circumcising performed on males eight days after birth as a Jewish and Muslim religious rite', 'emptying': 'the act of removing the contents of something', 'drain': 'tube inserted into a body cavity (as during surgery) to remove unwanted material', 'bank_withdrawal': 'the withdrawal of money from your account at a bank', 'bank_run': 'the concerted action of depositors who try to withdraw their money from a bank because they think it will fail', 'disinvestment': 'the withdrawal of capital from a country or corporation', 'bowdlerization': 'written material that has been bowdlerized', 'expurgation': 'the deletion of objectionable parts from a literary work', 'censoring': 'counterintelligence achieved by banning or deleting any information of value to the enemy', 'Bowdlerism': 'censorship in the form of prudish expurgation', 'Comstockery': 'censorship because of perceived obscenity or immorality', 'expunction': 'deletion by an act of expunging or erasing', 'subdivision': 'an area composed of subdivided lots', 'septation': 'the division or partitioning of a cavity into parts by a septum', 'transformation': '(mathematics) a function that changes the position or direction of the axes of a coordinate system', 'revision': 'the act of rewriting something', 'transfiguration': 'a striking change in appearance or character or circumstances; \"the metamorphosis of the old house into something new and exciting\"', 'transmogrification': 'the act of changing into a different form or appearance (especially a fantastic or grotesque one); \"the transmogrification of the prince into a porcupine\"', 'afforestation': 'the conversion of bare or cultivated land into forest (originally for the purpose of hunting)', 'reforestation': 'the restoration (replanting) of a forest that had been reduced by fire or cutting', 'rehabilitation': \"vindication of a person's character and the re-establishment of that person's reputation\", 'correctional_rehabilitation': 'providing penal custody or probation or parole for convicted offenders', 'physical_rehabilitation': 'providing help for disabled persons; the removal or reduction of disabilities', 'urban_renewal': 'the clearing and rebuilding and redevelopment of urban slums', 'vocational_rehabilitation': 'providing training in a specific trade with the aim of gaining employment', 'reinstatement': 'the condition of being reinstated; \"her reinstatement to her former office followed quickly\"', 'rejuvenation': 'the phenomenon of vitality and freshness being restored; \"the annual rejuvenation of the landscape\"', 'refreshment': 'snacks and drinks served as a light meal', 'metamorphosis': 'the marked and rapid transformation of a larva into an adult that occurs in some animals', 'filling': 'any material that fills a space or container; \"there was not enough fill for the trench\"', 'saturation': 'a condition in which a quantity no longer responds to some external influence', 'hardening': 'abnormal hardening or thickening of tissue', 'annealing': 'hardening something by heat treatment', 'damage': 'the occurrence of a change for the worse', 'impairment': 'damage that results in a reduction of strength or quality', 'defacement': 'the act of damaging the appearance or surface of something; \"the defacement of an Italian mosaic during the Turkish invasion\"; \"he objected to the dam\\'s massive disfigurement of the landscape\"', 'wound': 'an injury to living tissue (especially an injury involving a cut or break in the skin)', 'burn': 'pain that feels hot as if it were on fire', 'scald': 'a burn cause by hot liquid or steam', 'updating': 'the act of changing something to bring it up to date (usually by adding something); \"criminal records need regular updating\"', 'change_of_shape': 'an action that changes the shape of something', 'contortion': 'the act of twisting or deforming the shape of something (e.g., yourself)', 'convolution': 'the action of coiling or twisting or winding together', 'angulation': 'the precise measurement of angles', 'bending': 'movement that causes the formation of a curve', 'flexion': 'act of bending a joint; especially a joint between the bones of a limb so that the angle between them is decreased', 'flex': 'the act of flexing; \"he gave his biceps a flex to impress the ladies\"', 'crouch': 'the act of bending low with the limbs close to the body', 'dorsiflexion': 'the act of bending backward (of the body or a body part)', 'elongation': 'the quality of being elongated', 'hunch': 'the act of bending yourself into a humped position', 'incurvation': 'the action of creating a curved shape', 'involution': 'reduction in size of an organ or part (as in the return of the uterus to normal size after childbirth)', 'corrugation': 'a ridge on a corrugated surface', 'fold': 'an angular or rounded shape made by folding; \"a fold in the napkin\"; \"a crease in his trousers\"; \"a plication on her blouse\"; \"a flexure of the colon\"; \"a bend of his elbow\"', 'plication': 'the act of folding in parallel folds', 'indentation': 'a concave cut into a surface or edge (as in a coastline)', 'protrusion': 'the act of projecting out from something', 'widening': 'an increase in width', 'narrowing': 'a decrease in width', 'activity': '(chemistry) the capacity of a substance to take part in a chemical reaction; \"catalytic activity\"', 'domesticity': 'the quality of being domestic or domesticated; \"a royal family living in unpretentious domesticity\"', 'operation': 'the state of being in effect or being operative; \"that rule is no longer in operation\"', 'rescue_operation': 'an operation organized to free from danger or confinement', 'undercover_operation': 'an operation involving secret work within a community or institution', 'buy-and-bust_operation': 'an undercover operation by narcotics detectives to catch unsuspecting drug dealers', 'practice': 'knowledge of how something is usually done; \"it is not the local practice to wear shorts to dinner\"', 'biologism': 'use of biological principles in explaining human especially social behavior', 'cooperation': 'joint operation or action; \"their cooperation with us was essential for the success of our mission\"', 'featherbedding': 'the practice (usually by a labor union) of requiring an employer to hire more workers than are required', 'formalism': '(philosophy) the philosophical theory that formal (logical or mathematical) statements have no meaning but that its symbols (regarded as physical entities) exhibit a form that has useful applications', 'mycophagy': 'the practice of eating fungi (especially mushrooms collected in the wild)', 'one-upmanship': 'the practice of keeping one jump ahead of a friend or competitor', 'pluralism': 'a social organization in which diversity of racial or religious or ethnic or cultural groups is tolerated', 'symbolism': 'an artistic movement in the late 19th century that tried to express abstract or mystical ideas through the symbolic use of images', 'modernism': 'genre of art and literature that makes a self-conscious break with previous genres', 'occult': 'supernatural practices and techniques; \"he is a student of the occult\"', 'ornamentalism': 'the practice of ornamental display', 'cannibalism': 'the practice of eating the flesh of your own kind', 'anthropophagy': 'human cannibalism; the eating of human flesh', 'careerism': 'the practice of advancing your career at the expense of your personal integrity', 'custom': 'a specific practice of long standing', 'Americanism': 'an expression that is characteristic of English as spoken by Americans', 'Anglicism': 'an expression that is used in Great Britain (especially as contrasted with American English)', 'consuetude': 'a custom or usage that has acquired the force of law', 'couvade': 'a custom among some peoples whereby the husband of a pregnant wife is put to bed at the time of bearing the child', 'Germanism': 'a custom that is peculiar to Germany or its citizens', 'habit': 'the general form or mode of growth (especially of a plant or crystal); \"a shrub of spreading habit\"', 'hijab': 'a headscarf worn by Muslim women; conceals the hair and neck and usually has a face veil that covers the face', 'ritual': 'the prescribed procedure for conducting religious ceremonies', 'second_nature': 'acquired behavior that is practiced so long it seems innate', 'habitude': 'habitual mode of behavior', 'round': 'the course along which communications spread; \"the story is going the rounds in Washington\"', 'fashion': 'the latest and most admired style in clothes and cosmetics and behavior', 'lobbyism': 'the practice of lobbying; the activities of a lobbyist', 'slavery': 'work done under harsh conditions for little or no pay', 'peonage': 'the condition of a peon', 'ambages': '(archaic) roundabout or mysterious ways of action', 'primrose_path': 'a life of ease and pleasure', 'straight_and_narrow': 'the way of proper and honest behavior; \"he taught his children to keep strictly to the straight and narrow\"', 'Sunnah': '(Islam) the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of Muhammad and interpretations of the Koran', 'warpath': 'hostile or belligerent mood; \"the chief is on the warpath today\"', 'line_of_least_resistance': 'the easiest way; \"In marrying him she simply took the path of least resistance\"', 'unwritten_law': 'law based on customary behavior', 'lynch_law': 'the practice of punishing people by hanging without due process of law', 'chokehold': 'a restraining hold; someone loops the arm around the neck of another person in a tight grip, usually from behind; \"he grabbed the woman in a chokehold, demanded her cash and jewelry, and then fled\"', 'cuddle': 'a close and affectionate (and often prolonged) embrace', 'hug': 'a tight or amorous embrace; \"come here and give me a big hug\"', 'mistreatment': 'the practice of treating (someone or something) badly; \"he should be punished for his mistreatment of his mother\"', 'nonconformism': 'the practice of nonconformity', 'annoyance': 'anger produced by some annoying irritation', 'disregard': 'lack of attention and due care', 'despite': 'contemptuous disregard; \"she wanted neither favor nor despite\"', 'exploitation': 'the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful; \"the development of Alaskan resources\"; \"the exploitation of copper deposits\"', 'blaxploitation': 'the exploitation of black people (especially with regard to stereotyped roles in movies)', 'sexploitation': 'the commercial exploitation of sex or sexuality or explicit sexual material; \"sexploitation by advertisers is notorious\"', 'harassment': 'a feeling of intense annoyance caused by being tormented; \"so great was his harassment that he wanted to destroy his tormentors\"', 'maltreatment': 'cruel or inhumane treatment; \"the child showed signs of physical abuse\"', 'child_abuse': 'the physical or emotional or sexual mistreatment of children', 'child_neglect': 'failure of caretakers to provide adequate emotional and physical care for a child', 'persecution': 'the act of persecuting (especially on the basis of race or religion)', 'repression': 'a state of forcible subjugation; \"the long repression of Christian sects\"', 'impalement': 'the act of piercing with a sharpened stake as a form of punishment or torture', 'oppression': 'the state of being kept down by unjust use of force or authority: \"after years of oppression they finally revolted\"', 'pogrom': 'organized persecution of an ethnic group (especially Jews)', 'torture': 'unbearable physical pain', 'bastinado': 'a cudgel used to give someone a beating on the soles of the feet', 'boot': 'protective casing for something that resembles a leg', 'crucifixion': \"the act of executing by a method widespread in the ancient world; the victim's hands and feet are bound or nailed to a cross\", 'genital_torture': 'blunt or penetrating trauma or rape (vaginal or anal)', 'judicial_torture': 'torture that is sanctioned by the state and executed by duly accredited officials; \"the English renounced judicial torture in 1640\"', 'kia_quen': \"a form of foot torture used by the Chinese in which the victim's foot was placed between three pieces of bamboo and systematically squeezed\", 'kittee': 'a form of torture used by American Indians in which sensitive parts of the body were squeezed between two boards until the victim could bear no more', 'nail_pulling': 'a form of torture in which the fingernails or toenails are removed', 'picket': 'a protester posted by a labor organization outside a place of work', 'prolonged_interrogation': 'a form of psychological torture inflicted by questioning the victim for hours', 'sensory_deprivation': 'a form of psychological torture inflicted by depriving the victim of all sensory input', 'sleep_deprivation': 'a form of psychological torture inflicted by depriving the victim of sleep', 'strappado': \"a form of torture in which the hands are tied behind a person's back and they are lifted off the ground by a rope tied to their wrists, then allowed to drop until their fall is checked with a jerk by the rope\", 'cruelty': 'feelings of extreme heartlessness', 'atrocity': 'the quality of being shockingly cruel and inhumane', 'brutality': 'a brutal barbarous savage act', 'outrage': 'a wantonly cruel act', 'baiting': 'harassment especially of a tethered animal', 'badgering': 'the act of harassing someone', 'exasperation': 'actions that cause great irritation (or even anger)', 'red_flag': 'a flag that serves as a warning signal; \"we didn\\'t swim at the beach because the red flag was up\"', 'sexual_harassment': 'unwelcome sexual behavior by a supervisor toward an employee', 'tease': 'someone given to teasing (as by mocking or stirring curiosity)', 'witch-hunt': 'searching out and harassing dissenters', 'McCarthyism': 'unscrupulously accusing people of disloyalty (as by saying they were Communists)', 'colonialism': \"exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one; the use of the weaker country's resources to strengthen and enrich the stronger country\", 'neocolonialism': 'control by a powerful country of its former colonies (or other less developed countries) by economic pressures', 'antic': 'a ludicrous or grotesque act done for fun and amusement', 'bathing': 'immersing the body in water or sunshine', 'celebration': 'a joyful occasion for special festivities to mark some happy event', 'dancing': 'taking a series of rhythmical steps (and movements) in time to music', 'entertainment': 'an activity that is diverting and that holds the attention', 'escapade': 'any carefree episode', 'eurythmy': 'the interpretation in harmonious bodily movements of the rhythm of musical compositions; used to teach musical understanding', 'fun': 'verbal wit or mockery (often at another\\'s expense but not to be taken seriously); \"he became a figure of fun\"; \"he said it in sport\"', 'gambling': 'the act of playing for stakes in the hope of winning (including the payment of a price for a chance to win a prize); \"his gambling cost him a fortune\"; \"there was heavy play at the blackjack table\"', 'game': '(tennis) a division of play during which one player serves', 'jest': 'activity characterized by good humor', 'nightlife': 'the entertainment available to people seeking nighttime diversion', 'pastime': 'a diversion that occupies one\\'s time and thoughts (usually pleasantly); \"sailing is her favorite pastime\"; \"his main pastime is gambling\"; \"he counts reading among his interests\"; \"they criticized the boy for his limited pursuits\"', 'house': 'the management of a gambling house or casino; \"the house gets a percentage of every bet\"', 'doctor': 'a person who holds Ph.D. degree (or the equivalent) from an academic institution; \"she is a doctor of philosophy in physics\"', 'fireman': 'a member of a fire department who tries to extinguish fires', 'avocation': 'an auxiliary activity', 'cup_of_tea': 'an activity that you like or at which you are superior; \"chemistry is not my cup of tea\"; \"his bag now is learning to play golf\"; \"marriage was scarcely his dish\"', 'confectionery': 'candy and other sweets considered collectively; \"the business decided to concentrate on confectionery and soft drinks\"', 'sport': '(Maine colloquial) a temporary summer resident of Maine', 'contact_sport': 'a sport that necessarily involves body contact between opposing players', 'outdoor_sport': 'a sport that is played outdoors', 'gymnastics': 'a sport that involves exercises intended to display strength and balance and agility', 'backbend': 'an acrobatic feat in which the trunk is bent backward from a standing position until the hands touch the floor', 'back_circle': 'a feat in which an acrobat arches the back from a prone position and bends the knees until the toes touch the head', 'walkover': 'backbends combined with handstands', 'cartwheel': 'a wheel that has wooden spokes and a metal rim', 'crucifix': 'representation of the cross on which Jesus died', 'dip': 'a depression in an otherwise level surface; \"there was a dip in the road\"', 'double_leg_circle': 'a gymnastic exercise performed on the pommel horse when the gymnast (with legs together) swings his legs in a circle while alternating hands on the pommels', 'grand_circle': 'a gymnastic exercise performed on the horizontal bar by swinging around it with the body fully extended', 'cardiopulmonary_exercise': 'exercise intended to strengthen the circulatory system', 'gymnastic_exercise': '(gymnastics) an exercise designed to develop and display strength and agility and balance (usually performed with or on some gymnastic apparatus)', 'handstand': 'the act of supporting yourself by your hands alone in an upside down position', 'hang': 'the way a garment hangs; \"he adjusted the hang of his coat\"', 'bent_hang': 'a hang performed with the elbows bent', 'inverted_hang': 'a hang performed on the rings with the body upside down', 'lever_hang': 'a hang performed on the rings with the body stationary in a horizontal position', 'reverse_hang': 'a hang with the arms extended in back', 'straight_hang': 'a hang performed on the rings or parallel bars with the body erect and the arms at the sides', 'piked_reverse_hang': 'a reverse hang performed on the rings', 'kick_up': 'raising the feet backward with the hands on the ground; a first movement in doing a handstand', 'handspring': 'an acrobatic feat in which a person goes from a standing position to a handstand and back again', 'headstand': 'an acrobatic feat in which a person balances on the head (usually with the help of the hands)', 'tumble': 'an acrobatic feat of rolling or turning end over end', 'split': 'a bottle containing half the usual amount', 'acrobatic_stunt': 'a stunt performed by an acrobat', 'kip': 'sleep; \"roused him from his kip\"', 'long_fly': 'a gymnastic exercise involving a long leap from a vaulting horse', 'scissors': 'an edge tool having two crossed pivoting blades', 'reverse_split': \"a decrease in the number of outstanding shares of a corporation without changing the shareholders' equity\", 'somersault': 'an acrobatic feat in which the feet roll over the head (either forward or backward) and return', 'flip-flop': 'a backless sandal held to the foot by a thong between the big toe and the second toe', 'track_and_field': 'participating in athletic sports performed on a running track or on the field associated with it', 'track': 'an endless metal belt on which tracked vehicles move over the ground', 'jumping': 'the act of participating in an athletic competition in which you must jump', 'broad_jump': 'the act of jumping as far as possible from a running start', 'high_jump': 'a competition that involves jumping as high as possible over a horizontal bar', 'Fosbury_flop': 'jumping over the bar backwards and head first', 'skiing': 'a sport in which participants must travel on skis', 'cross-country_skiing': 'the sport of skiing across the countryside (rather than downhill)', 'ski_jumping': 'the act of performing a jump on skis from a high ramp overhanging a snow covered slope', 'kick_turn': 'a standing turn made in skiing; one ski is raised to the vertical and pivoted backward to become parallel with the other ski but headed in the opposite direction and then the other ski is aligned with the first', 'stem_turn': 'a turn made in skiing; the back of one ski is forced outward and the other ski is brought parallel to it', 'telemark': 'a turn made in skiing; the outside ski is placed ahead and turned gradually inwards', 'water_sport': 'sports that involve bodies of water', 'swimming': 'the act of swimming; \"it was the swimming they enjoyed most\": \"they took a short swim in the pool\"', 'bathe': 'the act of swimming; \"the Englishman said he had a good bathe\"', 'sea_bathing': 'bathing in the sea or ocean', 'skinny-dip': 'a naked swim', 'sun_bathing': 'immersing the body in sunlight', 'floating': 'the act of someone who floats on the water', \"dead-man's_float\": 'a floating position with the face down and arms stretched forward', 'belly_flop': 'a dive in which the abdomen bears the main force of impact with the water', 'cliff_diving': 'diving into the water from a steep overhanging cliff', 'flip': 'hot or cold alcoholic mixed drink containing a beaten egg', 'gainer': 'a person who gains weight', 'half_gainer': 'a dive in which the diver throws the feet forward and up to complete a half backward somersault and enters the water facing the diving board', 'jackknife': 'a dive in which the diver bends to touch the ankles before straightening out', 'swan_dive': 'a dive in which the diver arches the back with arms outstretched before entering the water', 'skin_diving': 'underwater swimming without any more breathing equipment than a snorkel', 'scuba_diving': 'skin diving with scuba apparatus', 'snorkeling': 'skin diving with a snorkel', 'surfing': 'the sport of riding a surfboard toward the shore on the crest of a wave', 'water-skiing': 'skiing on water while being towed by a motorboat', 'rowing': 'the act of rowing as a sport', 'crab': 'a quarrelsome grouch', 'sculling': 'rowing by a single oarsman in a racing shell', 'boxing': 'fighting with the fists', 'professional_boxing': 'boxing for money', 'in-fighting': 'conflict between members of the same organization (usually concealed from outsiders)', 'fight': 'an intense verbal dispute; \"a violent fight over the bill is expected in the Senate\"', 'rope-a-dope': 'a boxing tactic: pretending to be trapped against the ropes while your opponent wears himself out throwing punches', 'spar': 'any of various nonmetallic minerals (calcite or feldspar) that are light in color and transparent or translucent and cleavable', 'archery': 'the sport of shooting arrows with a bow', 'sledding': 'the sport of riding on a sled or sleigh', 'tobogganing': 'riding on a long light sled with low handrails', 'luging': 'riding a light one-man toboggan', 'bobsledding': 'riding on a bobsled', 'wrestling': 'the sport of hand-to-hand struggle between unarmed contestants who try to throw each other down', 'flying_mare': 'a wrestling maneuver', 'Greco-Roman_wrestling': 'a style of wrestling where the wrestlers are forbidden to tackle or trip or use holds below the waist', 'professional_wrestling': 'wrestling for money', 'sumo': 'a Japanese form of wrestling; you lose if you are forced out of a small ring or if any part of your body (other than your feet) touches the ground', 'skating': 'the sport of gliding on skates', 'ice_skating': 'skating on ice', 'figure_skating': 'ice skating where the skates trace outlines of selected figures', 'rollerblading': 'skating using Rollerblades', 'roller_skating': 'skating on wheels', 'skateboarding': 'the sport of skating on a skateboard', 'speed_skating': 'competitive skating on speed skates (usually around an oval course)', 'racing': 'the sport of engaging in contests of speed', 'auto_racing': 'the sport of racing automobiles', 'boat_racing': 'the sport of racing boats', 'hydroplane_racing': 'racing in high-speed motor boats', 'camel_racing': 'the sport of racing camels', 'greyhound_racing': 'the sport of racing greyhounds', 'horse_racing': 'the sport of racing horses', 'thoroughbred_racing': 'the sport of racing thoroughbred horses', 'equestrian_sport': 'a sport that tests horsemanship', 'pony-trekking': 'a sport in which people ride across country on ponies', 'showjumping': 'riding horses in competitions over set courses to demonstrate skill in jumping over obstacles', 'cross-country_riding': 'riding horses across country over obstructions to demonstrate horsemanship', 'cycling': 'the sport of traveling on a bicycle or motorcycle', 'bicycling': 'riding a bicycle', 'motorcycling': 'riding a motorcycle; \"motorcycling is a dangerous sport\"', 'dune_cycling': 'bicycling or motorcycling on sand dunes', 'blood_sport': 'sport that involves killing animals (especially hunting)', 'bullfighting': 'the activity at a bullfight', 'cockfighting': 'participation in the sport of matching gamecocks in a cockfight', 'hunt': 'an association of huntsmen who hunt for sport', 'battue': 'a hunt in which beaters force the game to flee in the direction of the hunter', 'beagling': 'hunting rabbits with beagles', 'canned_hunt': 'a hunt for animals that have been raised on game ranches until they are mature enough to be killed for trophy collections', 'coursing': 'hunting with dogs (usually greyhounds) that are trained to chase game (such as hares) by sight instead of by scent', 'deer_hunting': 'hunting deer', 'ducking': 'hunting ducks', 'fox_hunting': 'mounted hunters follow hounds in pursuit of a fox', 'pigsticking': 'the sport of hunting wild boar with spears', 'farming': 'the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock', 'fishing': 'the occupation of catching fish for a living', 'angling': 'fishing with a hook and line (and usually a pole)', 'fly-fishing': 'angling with an artificial fly as a lure', 'troll': '(Scandanavian folklore) a supernatural creature (either a dwarf or a giant) that is supposed to live in caves or in the mountains', 'bait_casting': 'the single-handed rod casting of a relatively heavy (artificial) bait', 'fly_casting': 'casting an artificial fly as a lure', 'overcast': 'a long whipstitch or overhand stitch overlying an edge to prevent raveling', 'surf_casting': 'casting (artificial) bait far out into the ocean (up to 200 yards) with the waves breaking around you', 'day_game': 'a game played in daylight', 'night_game': 'a game played under artificial illumination at night', 'away_game': 'a game played away from home', 'home_game': 'a game played at home', 'exhibition_game': \"a game whose outcome is not recorded in the season's standing\", 'follow-on': 'an immediate second innings forced on a cricket team scoring a prescribed number of runs fewer than its opponents in the first innings', 'innings': 'the batting turn of a cricket player or team', 'counterattack': 'an attack by a defending force against an attacking enemy force in order to regain lost ground or cut off enemy advance units etc.', 'down': '(usually plural) a rolling treeless highland with little soil', 'bat': 'a club used for hitting a ball in various games', 'party_game': 'a game to amuse guests at a party', 'computer_game': 'a game played against a computer', 'virtual_reality': 'a hypothetical three-dimensional visual world created by a computer; user wears special goggles and fiber optic gloves etc., and can enter and move about in this world and interact with objects as if inside it', 'pinball': 'a game played on a sloping board; the object is to propel marbles against pins or into pockets', 'pachinko': 'a Japanese pinball game played on a vertical board', 'guessing_game': 'a game in which participants compete to identify some obscurely indicated thing', 'charades': 'player acts out a phrase for others to guess', 'ducks_and_drakes': 'a game in which a flat stone is bounced along the surface of calm water', 'paper_chase': 'an outdoor game; one group of players (the hares) start off on a long run scattering bits of paper (the scent) and pursuers (the hounds) try to catch them before they reach a designated spot', 'ring-around-the-rosy': \"a children's game in which the players dance around in a circle and at a given signal all squat\", \"prisoner's_base\": \"a children's game; two teams capture opposing players by tagging them and taking them to their own base\", 'treasure_hunt': 'a game in which players try to find hidden articles by using a series of clues', 'nightcap': 'an alcoholic drink taken at bedtime; often alcoholic', 'twin_bill': 'two games instead of one (especially in baseball when the same two teams play two games on the same day)', 'playoff_game': 'one game in the series of games constituting a playoff', 'cup_tie': 'an eliminating game between teams in a cup competition', 'war_game': 'a simulation of a military operation intended to train military commanders or to demonstrate a situation or to test a proposed strategy', 'curling': 'a game played on ice in which heavy stones with handles are slid toward a target', 'frame': 'a single drawing in a comic_strip', 'tenpins': 'bowling down an alley at a target of ten wooden pins', 'ninepins': 'a bowling game that is played by rolling a bowling ball down a bowling alley at a target of nine wooden pins', 'duckpins': 'a bowling game using a pin smaller than a tenpin but proportionately wider', 'candlepins': 'a bowling game using slender bowling pins', 'lawn_bowling': 'a bowling game played on a level lawn with biased wooden balls that are rolled at a jack', 'bocce': 'Italian bowling played on a long narrow dirt court', 'pall-mall': 'a 17th century game; a wooden ball was driven along an alley with a mallet', 'athletic_game': 'a game involving athletic activity', 'ice_hockey': \"a game played on an ice rink by two opposing teams of six skaters each who try to knock a flat round puck into the opponents' goal with angled sticks\", 'goalkeeper': 'the soccer or hockey player assigned to protect the goal', 'tetherball': 'a game with two players who use rackets to strike a ball that is tethered to the top of a pole; the object is to wrap the string around the pole', 'water_polo': \"a game played in a swimming pool by two teams of swimmers who try to throw an inflated ball into the opponents' goal\", 'outdoor_game': 'an athletic game that is played outdoors', 'golf': 'a game played on a large open course with 9 or 18 holes; the object is use as few strokes as possible in playing all the holes', 'professional_golf': 'playing golf for money', 'round_of_golf': 'the activity of playing 18 holes of golf; \"a round of golf takes about 4 hours\"', 'medal_play': 'golf scoring by total strokes taken', 'match_play': 'golf scoring by holes won', 'miniature_golf': 'a novelty version of golf played with golf balls and putters on a miniature course featuring many obstacles', 'croquet': 'a game in which players hit a wooden ball through a series of hoops; the winner is the first to traverse all the hoops and hit a peg', 'paintball': 'a capsule filled with water-soluble dye used as a projectile in playing the game of paintball', 'quoits': 'a game in which iron rings (or open iron rings) are thrown at a stake in the ground in the hope of encircling it', 'shuffleboard': 'a game in which players use long sticks to shove wooden disks onto the scoring area marked on a smooth surface', 'field_game': 'an outdoor game played on a field of specified dimensions', 'field_hockey': \"a game resembling ice hockey that is played on an open field; two opposing teams use curved sticks try to drive a ball into the opponents' net\", 'shinny': 'a simple version of hockey played by children on the streets (or on ice or on a field) using a ball or can as the puck', 'football': 'the inflated oblong ball used in playing American football', 'American_football': 'a game played by two teams of 11 players on a rectangular field 100 yards long; teams try to get possession of the ball and advance it across the opponents goal line in a series of (running or passing) plays', 'professional_football': 'football played for pay', 'touch_football': 'a version of American football in which the ball carrier is touched rather than tackled', 'hurling': 'a traditional Irish game resembling hockey; played by two teams of 15 players each', 'rugby': 'a form of football played with an oval ball', 'knock_on': '(rugby) knocking the ball forward while trying to catch it (a foul)', 'ball_game': 'a field game played with a ball (especially baseball)', 'baseball': 'a ball used in playing baseball', 'professional_baseball': 'playing baseball for money', 'hardball': 'a no-nonsense attitude in business or politics; \"they play hardball in the Senate\"', 'perfect_game': 'a game in which a pitcher does not allow any opposing player to reach base', 'no-hit_game': 'a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team no hits', 'one-hitter': 'a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team only one hit', 'two-hitter': 'a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team only 2 hits', 'three-hitter': 'a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team only 3 hits', 'four-hitter': 'a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team 4 hits', 'five-hitter': 'a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team 5 hits', 'softball': 'ball used in playing softball', 'rounders': 'an English ball game similar to baseball', 'stickball': 'a form of baseball played in the streets with a rubber ball and broomstick handle', 'cricket': 'leaping insect; male makes chirping noises by rubbing the forewings together', 'run-up': 'the approach run during which an athlete gathers speed', 'Chinaman': 'a ball bowled by a left-handed bowler to a right-handed batsman that spins from off to leg', 'googly': 'a cricket ball bowled as if to break one way that actually breaks in the opposite way', 'no_ball': 'unlawfully delivered ball in cricket; \"the umpire called it a no ball\"', 'lacrosse': \"a game invented by American Indians; now played by two teams who use long-handled rackets to catch and carry and throw the ball toward the opponents' goal\", 'polo': 'a game similar to field hockey but played on horseback using long-handled mallets and a wooden ball', 'pushball': \"a game using a leather ball six feet in diameter; the two side try to push it across the opponents' goal\", 'ultimate_frisbee': 'a game between two teams whose players try to toss a Frisbee to one another until they cross the opponents goal; possession changes hands when the Frisbee is intercepted or touches the ground or goes out of bounds', 'soccer': \"a football game in which two teams of 11 players try to kick or head a ball into the opponents' goal\", 'dribble': 'the propulsion of a ball by repeated taps or kicks', 'double_dribble': 'an illegal dribble in basketball (the player uses both hands to dribble or the player starts to dribble a second time after coming to a stop)', 'court_game': 'an athletic game played on a court', 'handball': 'a small rubber ball used in playing the game of handball', 'racquetball': 'the ball used in playing the game of racquetball', 'fives': 'a game resembling handball; played on a court with a front wall and two side walls', 'squash': 'any of numerous annual trailing plants of the genus Cucurbita grown for their fleshy edible fruits', 'volleyball': 'an inflated ball used in playing volleyball', 'jai_alai': 'a Basque or Spanish game played in a court with a ball and a wickerwork racket', 'badminton': 'a game played on a court with light long-handled rackets used to volley a shuttlecock over a net', 'battledore': 'an ancient racket game', 'basketball': 'an inflated ball used in playing basketball', 'tip-off': 'inside information that something is going to happen', 'professional_basketball': 'playing basketball for money', 'deck_tennis': 'game played mainly on board ocean liners; players toss a ring back and forth over a net that is stretched across a small court', 'netball': 'a team game that resembles basketball; a soccer ball is to be thrown so that it passes through a ring on the top of a post', 'tennis': 'a game played with rackets by two or four players who hit a ball back and forth over a net that divides the court', 'equalizer': 'electronic equipment that reduces frequency distortion', 'professional_tennis': 'playing tennis for money', 'singles': 'badminton played with one person on each side', 'doubles': 'badminton played with two players on each side', 'royal_tennis': 'an ancient form of tennis played in a four-walled court', 'pallone': 'an Italian game similar to tennis', \"child's_game\": 'a game enjoyed by children', \"blindman's_bluff\": \"a children's game in which a blindfolded player tries to catch and identify other players\", 'cat_and_mouse': 'a game for children in which the players form a circle and join hands; they raise their hands to let a player inside the circle or lower their hands to bar a second player who is chasing the first', \"cat's_cradle\": 'a game played with string looped over the fingers', 'hide-and-seek': 'a game in which a child covers his eyes while the other players hide then tries to find them', 'hopscotch': 'a game in which a child tosses a stone into an area drawn on the ground and then hops through it and back to regain the stone', 'jacks': 'a game in which jackstones are thrown and picked up in various groups between bounces of a small rubber ball', 'jackstraws': 'a game in which players try to pick each jackstraw (or spillikin) off of a pile without moving any of the others', 'jump_rope': 'a length of rope (usually with handles on each end) that is swung around while someone jumps over it', 'double_Dutch': 'an incomprehensible talk', 'leapfrog': 'advancing as if in the child\\'s game, by leaping over obstacles or competitors; \"the company still believes the chip is a leapfrog in integration and will pay huge dividends\"', 'marbles': \"a children's game played with little balls made of a hard substance (as glass)\", 'mumblety-peg': 'a game in which players throw or flip a jackknife in various ways so that the knife sticks in the ground', 'peekaboo': 'a game played with young children; you hide your face and suddenly reveal it as you say boo!', 'pillow_fight': \"a child's game of fighting with pillows\", 'post_office': 'a local branch where postal services are available\"', 'spin_the_bottle': 'a game in which a player spins a bottle and kisses the person that it points to when it stops spinning', 'spin_the_plate': 'a game in which something round (as a plate) is spun on edge and the name of a player is called; the named player must catch the spinning object before it falls or pay a forfeit', 'tiddlywinks': 'a game in which players try to flip plastic disks into a cup by pressing them on the side sharply with a larger disk', 'card_game': 'a game played with playing cards', 'all_fours': 'card games in which points are won for taking the high or low or jack or game', 'baccarat': 'a card game played in casinos in which two or more punters gamble against the banker; the player wins who holds 2 or 3 cards that total closest to nine', 'beggar-my-neighbor': \"a card game for two players in which the object is to win all of the other player's cards\", 'blackjack': 'a piece of metal covered by leather with a flexible handle; used for hitting people', 'bridge': 'something resembling a bridge in form or function; \"his letters provided a bridge across the centuries\"', 'bridge_whist': 'the earliest form of bridge; the dealer could name the trump suit', 'contract': '(contract bridge) the highest bid becomes the contract setting the number of tricks that the bidder must make', 'no-trump': 'a version of contract bridge in which no suit is designated as trump for the duration of the hand', 'casino': 'a public building for gambling and entertainment', 'cribbage': 'a card game (usually for two players) in which each player is dealt six cards and discards one or two', 'crib': 'a bin or granary for storing grains', 'ecarte': 'a card game for 2 players; played with 32 cards and king high', 'euchre': 'a card game similar to ecarte; each player is dealt 5 cards and the player making trump must take 3 tricks to win a hand', 'fantan': 'a Chinese gambling game; a random number of counters are placed under a bowl and you gamble on how many will be left (0, 1, 2, or 3 modulo 4)', 'faro': 'a card game in which players bet against the dealer on the cards he will draw from a dealing box', 'Go_Fish': 'a card game for two players who try to assemble books of cards by asking the opponent for particular cards', 'monte': 'a gambling card game of Spanish origin; 3 or 4 cards are dealt face up and players bet that one of them will be matched before the others as the cards are dealt from the pack one at a time', 'Michigan': 'a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes region', 'Napoleon': 'French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)', 'old_maid': 'the loser in a game of old maid', 'pinochle': 'a card game played with a pack of forty-eight cards (two of each suit for high cards); play resembles whist', 'piquet': 'a card game for two players using a reduced pack of 32 cards', 'pisha_paysha': '(Yiddish) a card game for two players one of whom is usually a child; the deck is place face down with one card face upward; players draw from the deck alternately hoping to build up or down from the open card; the player with the fewest cards when the deck is exhausted is the winner', 'poker': 'fire iron consisting of a metal rod with a handle; used to stir a fire', 'rouge_et_noir': 'a card game in which two rows of cards are dealt and players can bet on the color of the cards or on which row will have a count nearer some number', 'rummy': 'a card game based on collecting sets and sequences; the winner is the first to meld all their cards', 'solitaire': 'a gem (usually a diamond) in a setting by itself', 'canfield': 'a form of solitaire that involves gambling', 'klondike': 'a form of solitaire that begins with seven piles of cards with the top cards facing up; descending sequences of cards of alternating colors are built on these piles; as aces become available they are placed above the seven piles; the object is to build sequences in suit from ace to king as the remaining cards are dealt out one at a time', 'whist': 'a card game for four players who form two partnerships; a pack of 52 cards is dealt and each side scores one point for each trick it takes in excess of six', 'dummy_whist': 'a form of whist with three players; four hands are dealt with the hand opposite the dealer being face up', 'hearts': 'a form of whist in which players avoid winning tricks containing hearts or the queen of spades', 'Russian_bank': 'solitaire with two players using separate packs', 'gin': 'strong liquor flavored with juniper berries', 'canasta': 'a form of rummy using two decks of cards and four jokers; jokers and deuces are wild; the object is to form groups of the same rank', 'bolivia': 'a form of canasta in which sequences can be melded', 'samba': 'music composed for dancing the samba', 'high-low': 'poker in which the high and low hands split the pot', 'penny_ante': 'a business deal on a trivial scale', 'straight_poker': 'poker in which each player gets 5 cards face down and bets are made without drawing any further cards', 'strip_poker': \"poker in which a player's losses are paid by removing an article of clothing\", 'stud': 'a man who is virile and sexually active', 'cinch': \"stable gear consisting of a band around a horse's belly that holds the saddle in place\", 'seven-up': 'a form of all fours in which a total of seven points is game', 'royal_casino': 'a form of casino in which face cards have extra point values', 'spade_casino': 'a form of casino in which spades have the value of one point', 'table_game': 'a game that is played on a table', 'table_tennis': 'a game (trademark Ping-Pong) resembling tennis but played on a table with paddles and a light hollow ball', 'dominoes': 'any of several games played with small rectangular blocks', 'nim': 'game in which matchsticks are arranged in rows and players alternately remove one or more of them; in some versions the object is to take the last remaining matchstick on the table and in other versions the object is to avoid taking the last remaining matchstick on the table', 'billiards': 'any of several games played on rectangular cloth-covered table (with cushioned edges) in which long tapering cue sticks are used to propel ivory (or composition) balls', 'carom': 'a shot in billiards in which the cue ball contacts one object ball and then the other', 'masse': 'a shot in billiards made by hitting the cue ball with the cue held nearly vertically; the cue ball spins around another ball before hitting the object ball', 'miscue': 'a faulty shot in billiards; the cue tip slips off the cue ball', 'pool': 'any communal combination of funds; \"everyone contributed to the pool\"', 'snooker': 'a form of pool played with 15 red balls and six balls of other colors and a cue ball', 'bagatelle': 'a light piece of music for piano', 'parlor_game': 'a game suitable for playing in a parlor', 'word_game': 'any game involving the formation or alteration or discovery of words', 'anagrams': 'a game whose object is to form words from a group of randomly chosen letters', 'Scrabble': 'a board game in which words are formed from letters in patterns similar to a crossword puzzle; each letter has a value and those values are used to score the game', 'board_game': 'a game played on a specially designed board', 'backgammon': 'a board game for two players; pieces move according to throws of the dice', 'checkers': \"a checkerboard game for two players who each have 12 pieces; the object is to jump over and so capture the opponent's pieces\", 'chess': 'weedy annual native to Europe but widely distributed as a weed especially in wheat', 'Chinese_checkers': 'a board game in which each player tries to move a set of marbles through a set of holes from one point of a six-pointed star to the opposite point', 'darts': 'a game in which small pointed missiles are thrown at a dartboard', 'go': 'a time for working (after which you will be relieved by someone else); \"it\\'s my go\"; \"a spell of work\"', 'halma': \"a board game in which players try to move their pieces into their opponent's bases\", 'lotto': 'a game in which numbered balls are drawn at random and players cover the corresponding numbers on their cards', 'tombola': 'a lottery in which tickets are drawn from a revolving drum', 'ludo': 'a simple board game in which players move counters according to the throw of dice', 'Mah-Jongg': 'Chinese game played by 4 people with 144 tiles', 'Monopoly': 'a board game in which players try to gain a monopoly on real estate as pieces advance around the board according to the throw of a die', 'pachisi': 'an ancient board game resembling backgammon; played on a cross-shaped board', 'Parcheesi': 'a modern board game based on pachisi', 'shogi': 'a form of chess played on a board of 81 squares; each player has 20 pieces', 'shovel_board': 'a game in which coins or discs are slid by hand across a board toward a mark', 'snakes_and_ladders': 'a board game for children who use dice to move counters up ladders and down snakes', 'ticktacktoe': 'a game in which two players alternately put crosses and circles in one of the compartments of a square grid of nine spaces; the object is to get a row of three crosses or three circles before the opponent does', 'sporting_life': 'active interest in gambling on sports events', 'bet': 'the act of gambling; \"he did it on a bet\"', 'daily_double': 'a single bet on two horse races in the same day', 'exacta': 'a bet that you can pick the first and second finishers in the right order', 'parimutuel': 'betting where winners share the total amount wagered', 'parlay': 'a series of wagers in which the winnings from one wager are used as a stake for the subsequent wagers', 'place_bet': 'a bet that a horse will finish a race no worse than second', 'superfecta': 'a bet that you can pick the first four finishers in a race in the right order', 'game_of_chance': 'a game that involves gambling', 'lottery': 'something that is regarded as a chance event; \"the election was just a lottery to them\"', 'numbers_pool': 'an illegal daily lottery', 'raffle': 'a lottery in which the prizes are goods rather than money', 'sweepstakes': 'a lottery in which the prize consists of the money paid by the participants', 'craps': 'expressions used when when two dice are thrown and both come up showing one spot', 'crap_shooting': 'playing craps', 'roulette': 'a line generated by a point on one figure rolling around a second figure', 'banking_game': 'any gambling game in which bets are laid against the gambling house or the dealer', 'zero-sum_game': 'a game in which the total of all the gains and losses is zero', 'merrymaking': 'a boisterous celebration; a merry festivity', 'jinks': 'noisy and mischievous merrymaking', 'revel': 'unrestrained merrymaking', 'sexcapade': 'a sexual escapade; an illicit affair', 'spree': 'a brief indulgence of your impulses', 'spending_spree': 'a brief period of extravagant spending', 'bust': 'a sculpture of the head and shoulders of a person', 'piss-up': 'vulgar expression for a bout of heavy drinking', 'carouse': 'revelry in drinking; a merry drinking party', 'orgy': 'any act of immoderate indulgence; \"an orgy of shopping\"; \"an emotional binge\"; \"a splurge of spending\"', 'carnival': 'a traveling show; having sideshows and rides and games of skill etc.', 'Dionysia': 'an orgiastic festival in ancient Greece in honor of Dionysus (= Bacchus)', 'caper': 'any of numerous plants of the genus Capparis', 'capriole': '(dressage) a vertical jump of a trained horse with a kick of the hind legs at the top of the jump', 'flirt': 'playful behavior intended to arouse sexual interest', 'folly': 'the quality of being rash and foolish; \"trying to drive through a blizzard is the height of folly\"; \"adjusting to an insane society is total foolishness\"', 'meshugaas': '(Yiddish) craziness; senseless behavior or activity', 'buffoonery': 'acting like a clown or buffoon', 'horseplay': 'rowdy or boisterous play', 'teasing': 'playful vexation; \"the parody was just a form of teasing\"', 'word_play': 'playing on words or speech sounds', 'dirty_trick': 'an unkind or aggressive trick', 'practical_joke': 'a prank or trick played on a person (especially one intended to make the victim appear foolish)', 'April_fool': 'the butt of a prank played on April 1st', 'hotfoot': \"a practical joke that involves inserting a match surreptitiously between the sole and upper of the victim's shoe and then lighting it\", 'rag': 'a week at British universities during which side-shows and processions of floats are organized to raise money for charities', 'snipe_hunt': 'an elaborate practical joke in which the unsuspecting victim hunts a snipe and is typically left in the dark holding a bag and waiting for the snipe to run into it; \"in the South a snipe hunt is practically a rite of passage\"', 'drollery': 'a comic incident or series of incidents', 'leg-pull': 'as a joke: trying to make somebody believe something that is not true', 'pleasantry': 'an agreeable or amusing remark; \"they exchange pleasantries\"', 'beguilement': 'an entertainment that provokes pleased interest and distracts you from worries and vexations', 'edutainment': 'entertainment that is intended to be educational', 'extravaganza': 'any lavishly staged or spectacular entertainment', 'militainment': 'entertainment with military themes in which the Department of Defense is celebrated', 'Isthmian_Games': 'the ancient Panhellenic games held biennially on the Isthmus of Corinth in the first and third years of each Olympiad', 'Nemean_Games': 'the ancient Panhellenic games held biennially at Nemea in the second and fourth years of each Olympiad', 'Olympian_Games': 'the ancient Panhellenic celebration at Olympia in honor of Zeus; held every 4 years beginning in 776 BC', 'Pythian_Games': 'the ancient Panhellenic celebration at Delphi held every four years in the third year of the Olympiad in honor of Apollo', 'Royal_National_Eisteddfod': 'an eisteddfod with competitions in music and drama and poetry and the fine arts', 'eisteddfod': 'any of several annual Welsh festivals involving artistic competitions (especially in singing)', 'film_festival': 'a cinematic festival that features films (usually films produced during the past year)', 'feria': 'a weekday on which no festival or holiday is celebrated; \"in the middle ages feria was used with a prefixed ordinal number to designate the day of the week, so `secunda feria\\' meant Monday, but Sunday and Saturday were always called by their names, Dominicus and Sabbatum, and so feria came to mean an ordinary weekday\"', 'festival': 'a day or period of time set aside for feasting and celebration', 'jazz_festival': 'a festival that features performances by jazz artists', 'Kwanzaa': 'a festival featuring African-American culture; celebrated between Christmas and New Year', 'Oktoberfest': 'a strong lager made originally in Germany for the Oktoberfest celebration; sweet and copper-colored', 'Saturnalia': 'an orgiastic festival in ancient Rome in honor of Saturn', 'gala': 'a gay festivity', 'Ludi_Saeculares': 'the centennial rites and games of ancient Rome that marked the commencement of a new generation (100 years representing the longest life in a generation); observances may have begun as early as the 5th century BC and lasted well into the Christian era', 'victory_celebration': 'a celebration following a victory in a battle or sports competition', 'whoopee': 'noisy and boisterous revelry', 'dog_show': 'a competitive exhibition of dogs', 'horseshow': 'a competitive exhibition of horses', 'raree-show': 'a street show', 'circus': 'a travelling company of entertainers; including trained animals; \"he ran away from home to join the circus\"', 'three-ring_circus': 'a circus with simultaneous performances in three rings', 'Mardi_Gras': 'the last day before Lent', 'show': 'a social event involving a public performance or entertainment; \"they wanted to see some of the shows on Broadway\"', 'cabaret': 'a spot that is open late at night and that provides entertainment (as singers or dancers) as well as dancing and food and drink; \"don\\'t expect a good meal at a cabaret\"; \"the gossip columnist got his information by visiting nightclubs every night\"; \"he played the drums at a jazz club\"', 'ice_show': 'any entertainment performed by ice skaters', 'interlude': 'an intervening period or episode', 'parade': 'an extended (often showy) succession of persons or things; \"a parade of strollers on the mall\"; \"a parade of witnesses\"', 'display': 'behavior that makes your feelings public; \"a display of emotion\"', 'light_show': 'a display of colored lights moving in shifting patterns', 'presentation': 'formally making a person known to another or to the public', 'demonstration': 'a visual presentation showing how something works; \"the lecture was accompanied by dramatic demonstrations\"; \"the lecturer shot off a pistol as a demonstration of the startle response\"', 'exhibition': 'a collection of things (goods or works of art etc.) for public display', 'repudiation': 'rejecting or disowning or disclaiming as invalid; \"Congressional repudiation of the treaty that the President had negotiated\"', 'production': 'a display that is exaggerated or unduly complicated; \"she tends to make a big production out of nothing\"', 'rodeo': 'an enclosure for cattle that have been rounded up', 'road_show': 'a show on tour', 'sideshow': 'a subordinate incident of little importance relative to the main event; \"instruction is not an educational sideshow\"', 'Wild_West_Show': 'a spectacular show organized in 1883 by William F. Cody that featured horseback riding and marksmanship on a large scale; toured the United States and Europe', 'adagio': '(music) a composition played in adagio tempo (slowly and gracefully); \"they played the adagio too quickly\"', 'break_dancing': 'a form of solo dancing that involves rapid acrobatic moves in which different parts of the body touch the ground; normally performed to the rhythm of rap music', 'courante': 'a court dance of the 16th century; consisted of short advances and retreats', 'nautch': 'an intricate traditional dance in India performed by professional dancing girls', 'pavane': 'music composed for dancing the pavane', 'phrase': 'a short musical passage', 'saraband': 'music composed for dancing the saraband', 'skank': 'a rhythmic dance to reggae music performed by bending forward and extending the hands while bending the knees', 'slam_dancing': 'a form of dancing in which dancers slam into one another; normally performed to punk rock', 'step_dancing': 'dancing in which the steps are more important than gestures or postures', 'tap_dancing': 'a dance step tapped out audibly with the feet', 'toe_dancing': 'a dance performed on tiptoe', 'soft-shoe': 'tap dancing wearing shoes that have soft soles', 'buck-and-wing': 'a solo tap dance emphasizing sharp taps', 'stage_dancing': 'a show involving artistic dancing', 'ballet': 'music written for a ballet', 'pas_seul': '(ballet) a solo dance or dance figure', 'pas_de_deux': '(ballet) a dance for two people (usually a ballerina and a danseur noble)', 'pas_de_trois': '(ballet) a dance for three people', 'pas_de_quatre': '(ballet) a dance for four people', 'classical_ballet': 'a style of ballet based on precise conventional steps performed with graceful and flowing movements', 'modern_ballet': 'a style of ballet that admits a wider variety of movements', 'comedy_ballet': 'a ballet that stresses the drama with features of comedy', 'modern_dance': 'a style of theatrical dancing that is not as restricted as classical ballet; movements are expressive of feelings', 'clog_dance': 'a dance performed while wearing shoes with wooden soles; has heavy stamping steps', 'apache_dance': 'a violent fast dance in French vaudeville (an apache is a member of the French underworld)', 'belly_dance': 'a Middle Eastern dance in which the dancer makes sensuous movements of the hips and abdomen', 'bolero': 'music written in the rhythm of the bolero dance', 'cancan': 'a high-kicking dance of French origin performed by a female chorus line', 'nude_dancing': 'erotic dancing with little or no clothing', 'fan_dance': 'a solo dance in which large fans are manipulated to suggest or reveal nakedness', 'strip': 'a relatively long narrow piece of something; \"he felt a flat strip of muscle\"', 'bubble_dance': 'a solo dance similar to a fan dance except large balloons are used instead of fans', 'interpretive_dance': \"a form of modern dance in which the dancer's movements depict an emotion or tell a story\", 'social_dancing': 'dancing as part of a social occasion', 'jitterbug': 'a jerky American dance that was popular in the 1940s', 'lindy': 'an energetic American dance that was popular in the 1930s (probably named for the aviator Charles Lindbergh)', 'fandango': 'a provocative Spanish courtship dance in triple time; performed by a man and a woman playing castanets', 'farandole': 'a lively dance from Provence; all the dancers join hands and execute various figures', 'flamenco': 'guitar music composed for dancing the flamenco', 'gavotte': 'music composed in quadruple time for dancing the gavotte', 'habanera': 'music composed in duple time for dancing the habanera', 'shag': 'a strong coarse tobacco that has been shredded', 'shimmy': 'an abnormal wobble in a motor vehicle (especially in the front wheels); \"he could feel the shimmy in the steering wheel\"', 'stomp': 'a dance involving a rhythmical stamping step', 'tarantella': 'music composed in six-eight time for dancing the tarantella', 'dance_step': 'a sequence of foot movements that make up a particular dance; \"he taught them the waltz step\"', 'chasse': '(ballet) quick gliding steps with one foot always leading', 'glissade': '(ballet) a gliding or sliding step in ballet', 'turnout': 'the group that gathers together for a particular occasion; \"a large turnout for the meeting\"', 'ballroom_dancing': 'any of a variety of social dances performed by couples in a ballroom', 'beguine': 'music written in the bolero rhythm of the beguine dance', 'carioca': 'music composed for dancing the carioca', 'cha-cha': 'a modern ballroom dance from Latin America; small steps and swaying movements of the hips', 'one-step': 'an early ballroom dance; precursor to the fox-trot', 'turkey_trot': 'an early ragtime one-step', 'fox-trot': 'a ballroom dance in quadruple time; combines short and long and fast and slow steps fixed sequences', 'two-step': 'a ballroom dance in duple meter; marked by sliding steps', 'bunny_hug': 'a syncopated ballroom dance formerly popular in the US', 'Charleston': 'state capital of West Virginia in the central part of the state on the Kanawha river', 'conga': 'music composed for dancing the conga', 'cotillion': 'a ball at which young ladies are presented to society', 'minuet': 'a stately piece of music composed for dancing the minuet; often incorporated into a sonata or suite', 'paso_doble': 'music in march time composed for dancing the paso doble; often played at bull fights', 'quickstep': 'military march accompanying quick time', 'rumba': 'syncopated music in duple time for dancing the rumba', 'round_dance': 'a folk dance; dancers form a circle', 'tango': 'music written in duple time for dancing the tango', 'waltz': 'music composed in triple time for waltzing', 'folk_dancing': 'a style of dancing that originated among ordinary people (not in the royal courts)', 'mazurka': 'music composed for dancing the mazurka', 'polka': 'music performed for dancing the polka', 'schottische': 'music performed for dancing the schottische', 'morris_dance': 'any of various English folk dances performed by dancers in costume', 'sword_dance': 'any of various dances by men who step nimbly over swords or flourish them in the air', 'mambo': 'a Latin American dance similar in rhythm to the rumba', 'highland_fling': 'a vigorous Scottish reel', 'hornpipe': 'music for dancing the hornpipe', 'jig': 'music in three-four time for dancing a jig', 'country-dance': 'a type of folk dance in which couples are arranged in sets or face one another in a line', 'longways': 'country dancing performed with couples in two long lines facing each other', 'Virginia_reel': 'an American country dance which starts with the couples facing each other in two lines', 'square_dance': 'American country dancing in which couples form squares', 'reel': 'music composed for dancing a reel', 'eightsome': 'a Scottish reel for eight dancers', 'quadrille': 'music for dancing the quadrille', 'lancers': 'a quadrille for 8 or 16 couples', 'do-si-do': 'a square-dance figure; two dancers approach each other and circle back to back before returning to their original places', 'sashay': 'a square dance figure; partners circle each other taking sideways steps', 'landler': 'music in triple time for dancing the landler', 'ritual_dancing': 'a dance that is part of a religious ritual', 'apache_devil_dance': 'a ritual dance of the Apache', 'corn_dance': 'a rain dance of Amerindians', 'danse_macabre': 'a medieval dance in which a skeleton representing death leads a procession of others to the grave', 'ghost_dance': 'a religious dance of Native Americans looking for communication with the dead', 'hula': 'a Polynesian rain dance performed by a woman', 'pyrrhic': 'a metrical unit with unstressed-unstressed syllables', 'rain_dance': 'a ritual dance intended to bring rain', 'snake_dance': 'a group advancing in a single-file serpentine path', 'sun_dance': 'a ceremonial dance performed by Amerindians at the summer solstice', 'war_dance': 'a ceremonial dance performed before a battle or after a victory', 'music': 'an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner', 'bell_ringing': 'the sound of someone playing a set of bells', 'change_ringing': 'ringing tuned bells in a fixed order that is continually changing', 'instrumental_music': 'music intended to be performed by a musical instrument or group of instruments', 'intonation': 'rise and fall of the voice pitch', 'drumming': 'the act of playing drums; \"he practiced his drumming several hours every day\"', 'vocal_music': 'music intended to be performed by one or more singers, usually with instrumental accompaniment', 'singing': 'the act of singing vocal music', 'a_cappella_singing': 'singing without instrumental accompaniment', 'bel_canto': 'a style of operatic singing', 'coloratura': 'a lyric soprano who specializes in coloratura vocal music', 'song': 'a very small sum; \"he bought it for a song\"', 'carol': 'joyful religious song celebrating the birth of Christ', 'lullaby': 'a quiet song intended to lull a child to sleep', 'caroling': 'singing joyful religious songs (especially at Christmas)', 'crooning': 'singing in a soft low tone; \"her crooning soon put the child to sleep\"', 'scat': 'singing jazz; the singer substitutes nonsense syllables for the words of the song and tries to sound like a musical instrument', 'whistling': 'the act of whistling a tune; \"his cheerful whistling indicated that he enjoyed his work\"', 'bow': 'something curved in shape', 'down-bow': 'a downward stroke from the heel to the tip of the bow', 'up-bow': 'an upward stroke from the tip to the heel of the bow', 'officiation': 'the performance of a religious or ceremonial or public duty', 'acting': 'the performance of a part or role in a drama', 'portrayal': \"a word picture of a person's appearance and character\", 'impersonation': 'imitating the mannerisms of another person', 'apery': 'the act of mimicking; imitative behavior', 'parody': \"a composition that imitates or misrepresents somebody's style, usually in a humorous way\", 'method_acting': 'an acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky in which the actor recalls emotions or reactions from his or her own life and uses them to identify with the character being portrayed', 'mime': 'an actor who communicates entirely by gesture and facial expression', 'panto': 'an abbreviation of pantomime', 'business': 'a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it; \"he bought his brother\\'s business\"; \"a small mom-and-pop business\"; \"a racially integrated business concern\"', 'program': 'an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event; \"you can\\'t tell the players without a program\"', 'bill': 'a piece of paper money (especially one issued by a central bank); \"he peeled off five one-thousand-zloty notes\"', 'skit': 'a short theatrical episode', 'hamming': 'poor acting by a ham actor', 'heroics': 'ostentatious or vainglorious or extravagant or melodramatic conduct; \"heroics are for those epic films they make in Hollywood\"', 'reenactment': 'performing a role in an event that occurred at an earlier time; \"the reenactment of the battle of Princeton\"', 'roleplaying': 'acting a particular role (as in psychotherapy)', 'card_trick': 'a trick performed with playing cards', 'prestidigitation': 'manual dexterity in the execution of tricks', 'liveliness': 'animation and energy in action or expression; \"it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it\"', 'brouhaha': 'a confused disturbance far greater than its cause merits', 'disorganization': 'a condition in which an orderly system has been disrupted', 'disruption': 'the act of causing disorder', 'dislocation': 'a displacement of a part (especially a bone) from its normal position (as in the shoulder or the vertebral column)', 'surprise': 'the astonishment you feel when something totally unexpected happens to you', 'commotion': 'the act of making a noisy disturbance', 'furor': 'a sudden outburst (as of protest)', 'havoc': 'violent and needless disturbance', 'melee': 'a noisy riotous fight', 'outburst': 'a sudden intense happening; \"an outburst of heavy rain\"; \"a burst of lightning\"', 'rampage': 'violently angry and destructive behavior', 'wilding': 'a wild uncultivated plant (especially a wild apple or crabapple tree)', 'bustle': \"a framework worn at the back below the waist for giving fullness to a woman's skirt\", 'burst': 'a sudden flurry of activity (often for no obvious reason); \"a burst of applause\"; \"a fit of housecleaning\"', 'fits_and_starts': 'repeated bursts of activity; \"they worked in fits and starts\"', 'haste': 'overly eager speed (and possible carelessness); \"he soon regretted his haste\"', 'scamper': 'rushing about hastily in an undignified way', 'takeaway': 'a concession made by a labor union to a company that is trying to lower its expenditures', 'figure': 'a combination of points and lines and planes that form a visible palpable shape', 'figure_eight': 'a knot having the shape of the numeral 8; tied in a rope that has been passed through a hole or pulley and that prevents the rope from coming loose', 'spread_eagle': 'an emblem (an eagle with wings and legs spread) on the obverse of the Great Seal of the United States', 'ball_hawking': 'a skillful maneuver in catching balls or in stealing the ball from the opposing team', 'assist': '(sports) the act of enabling another player to make a good play', 'icing': \"(ice hockey) the act of shooting the puck from within your own defensive area the length of the rink beyond the opponent's goal\", 'power_play': 'an aggressive attempt to compel acquiescence by the concentration or manipulation of power; \"she laughed at this sexual power play and walked away\"', 'football_play': '(American football) a play by the offensive team', 'end_run': '(American football) an attempt to advance the ball by running around the end of the line', 'reverse': 'a relation of direct opposition; \"we thought Sue was older than Bill but just the reverse was true\"', 'double_reverse': '(American football) a running play in which a first reverse is followed by a second reverse', 'rush': 'grasslike plants growing in wet places and having cylindrical often hollow stems', 'handoff': '(American football) a play in which one player hands the ball to a teammate', 'forward_pass': 'a pass to a receiver downfield from the passer', 'flare_pass': 'a short forward pass to a back who is running toward the sidelines; \"he threw a flare to the fullback who was tackled for a loss\"', 'screen_pass': 'a short forward pass in which the receiver is protected by a screen of blockers', 'lateral_pass': 'a pass to a receiver upfield from the passer', 'spot_pass': 'a pass to a designated spot on the field; the receiver should arrive at that spot the same time the ball does', 'tackle': 'the person who plays that position on a football team; \"the right tackle is a straight A student\"', 'jugglery': 'artful trickery designed to achieve an end; \"the senator\\'s tax program was mere jugglery\"', 'obstruction': 'the physical condition of blocking or filling a passage with an obstruction', 'blocking': \"the act of obstructing or deflecting someone's movements\", 'interference': '(American football) blocking a player\\'s path with your body; \"he ran interference for the quarterback\"', 'trap_block': '(American football) an illegal block', 'crosscheck': 'an instance of confirming something by considering information from several sources', 'poke_check': 'knocking the puck away by jabbing at it with the hockey stick', 'razzle-dazzle': 'any exciting and complex play intended to confuse (dazzle) the opponent', 'basketball_play': 'a play executed by a basketball team', 'pick': 'a small thin device (of metal or plastic or ivory) used to pluck a stringed instrument', 'give-and-go': 'a basketball maneuver; one offensive player passes the ball to another, then runs toward the basket to take a return pass', 'baseball_play': '(baseball) a play executed by a baseball team', 'double_play': 'the act of getting two players out on one play', 'triple_play': 'the act of getting three players out on one play', 'pick-off': 'a baseball play in which a base runner is caught off base and tagged out', 'squeeze_play': 'a baseball play in which a runner on third base tries to score as the batter bunts the pitch', 'suicide_squeeze_play': 'the runner on third base starts home as the pitcher delivers the ball', 'safety_squeeze_play': 'the runner on third base waits to start home until the batter has bunted successfully', 'swipe': 'a sweeping stroke or blow', 'tennis_stroke': 'the act of hitting a tennis ball with a tennis racket', 'backhand': 'a return made with the back of the hand facing the direction of the stroke', 'drop_shot': 'a soft return so that the tennis ball drops abruptly after crossing the net', 'forehand': '(sports) a return made with the palm of the hand facing the direction of the stroke (as in tennis or badminton or squash)', 'forehand_drive': '(sports) hard straight return made on the forehand side (as in tennis or badminton or squash)', 'get': 'a return on a shot that seemed impossible to reach and would normally have resulted in a point for the opponent', 'backhand_drive': 'a hard straight return made on the backhand side', 'two-handed_backhand': 'a backhand shot made holding the racquet in both hands', 'ground_stroke': 'a tennis return made by hitting the ball after it has bounced once', 'serve': '(sports) a stroke that puts the ball in play; \"his powerful serves won the game\"', 'ace': 'someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field', 'fault': '(geology) a crack in the earth\\'s crust resulting from the displacement of one side with respect to the other; \"they built it right over a geological fault\"; \"he studied the faulting of the earth\\'s crust\"', 'let': \"a serve that strikes the net before falling into the receiver's court; the ball must be served again\", 'half_volley': 'a tennis return made by hitting the ball immediately after it bounces', 'overhead': '(nautical) the top surface of an enclosed space on a ship', 'passing_shot': 'a tennis return that passes an opponent who has approached the net', 'volley': 'a tennis return made by hitting the ball before it bounces', 'swimming_stroke': 'a method of moving the arms and legs to push against the water and propel the swimmer forward', 'dog_paddle': 'an elementary swimming stroke imitating a swimming dog', 'sidestroke': 'a swimming stroke in which the arms move forward and backward while the legs do a scissors kick', 'butterfly': 'diurnal insect typically having a slender body with knobbed antennae and broad colorful wings', 'breaststroke': 'a swimming stroke; the arms are extended together in front of the head and swept back on either side accompanied by a frog kick', 'backstroke': 'a swimming stroke that resembles the crawl except the swimmer lies on his or her back', 'baseball_swing': 'in baseball; a batter\\'s attempt to hit a pitched ball; \"he took a vicious cut at the ball\"', 'golf_stroke': 'the act of swinging a golf club at a golf ball and (usually) hitting it', 'downswing': 'a swing downward of a golf club', 'slice': 'a share of something; \"a slice of the company\\'s revenue\"', 'putt': 'hitting a golf ball that is on the green using a putter; \"his putting let him down today; he didn\\'t sink a single putt over three feet\"', 'clock_golf': 'a form of golf in which you putt from positions arranged on the circumference of a circle around the hole', 'sclaff': 'a poor golf stroke in which the club head hits the ground before hitting the ball', 'shank': 'a cut of meat (beef or veal or mutton or lamb) from the upper part of the leg', 'teeoff': 'the act of hitting a golf ball from the teeing ground at the start of each hole', 'swimming_kick': 'a movement of the legs in swimming', 'flutter_kick': 'a swimming kick; the legs are moved rapidly up and down without bending the knees', 'frog_kick': 'a swimming kick; knees are drawn upward and outward so the legs can be brought together when fully extended', 'dolphin_kick': 'a swimming kick; an up and down kick of the feet together', 'scissors_kick': 'a kick used in the sidestroke; legs are brought together in a scissoring motion', 'thrash': 'a swimming kick used while treading water', 'treading_water': 'a stroke that keeps the head above water by thrashing the legs and arms', 'doddle': 'an easy task', 'work': '(physics) a manifestation of energy; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force; \"work equals force times distance\"', 'job': '(computer science) a program application that may consist of several steps but is a single logical unit', 'works': 'the internal mechanism of a device', 'consulting_service': 'service provided by a professional advisor (e.g., a lawyer or doctor or CPA etc.)', 'advisory_service': 'a consulting service in which a CPA develops findings and conclusions and recommendations that are presented to the client for consideration and decision making', 'attestation_service': 'a consulting service in which a CPA expresses a conclusion about the reliability of a written statement that is the responsibility of someone else', 'financial_audit': \"an attestation that the client's financial statement is accurate\", 'facility': 'a natural effortlessness; \"they conversed with great facility\"; \"a happy readiness of conversation\"--Jane Austen', 'laundering': 'washing clothes and bed linens', 'shining': 'the work of making something smooth and shiny by rubbing or waxing it; \"the shining of shoes provided a meager living\"; \"every Sunday he gave his car a good polishing\"', 'shoeshine': 'a shiny finish put on shoes with polish and buffing; \"his trousers had a sharp crease and you could see your reflection in his shoeshine\"', 'national_service': 'compulsory service in the military during peacetime', 'utility': '(economics) a measure that is to be maximized in any situation involving choice', 'socage': 'land tenure by agricultural service or payment of rent; not burdened with military service', 'military_service': 'a force that is a branch of the armed forces', \"knight's_service\": 'land tenure by service to the lord as a knight', 'heavy_lifting': 'difficult work; \"the boss hoped the plan would succeed but he wasn\\'t willing to do the heavy lifting\"', 'housecleaning': '(figurative) the act of reforming by the removal of unwanted personnel or practices or conditions; \"more housecleaning is in store at other accounting firms\"; \"many employees were discharged in a general housecleaning by the new owners\"', 'housewifery': 'the work of a housewife', 'housework': 'the work of cleaning and running a house', 'ironing': 'garments (clothes or linens) that are to be (or have been) ironed; \"there was a basketful of ironing to do\"', 'workload': 'work that a person is expected to do in a specified time', 'case_load': 'the number of cases handled in a given period of time (as by a court or agency)', 'piecework': 'work paid for according to the quantity produced', 'busywork': 'active work of little value; \"while he was waiting he filled the days with busywork\"', 'logging': 'the work of cutting down trees for timber', 'loose_end': 'work that is left incomplete', 'nightwork': 'work to be done at night', 'paperwork': 'work that involves handling papers: forms or letters or reports etc.', 'welfare_work': 'an organized activity to improve the condition of disadvantaged people in society', 'specialization': '(biology) the structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function; \"cell differentiation in the developing embryo\"', 'spiritualization': 'the act of making something spiritual; infusing it with spiritual content', 'lifework': 'the principal work of your career', 'walk_of_life': 'careers in general; \"it happens in all walks of life\"', 'employment': 'the state of being employed or having a job; \"they are looking for employment\"; \"he was in the employ of the city\"', 'telecommuting': 'employment at home while communicating with the workplace by phone or fax or modem', 'services': 'performance of duties or provision of space and equipment helpful to others; \"the mayor tried to maintain city services\"; \"the medical services are excellent\"', 'public_service': 'employment within a government system (especially in the civil service)', 'minister': 'a person appointed to a high office in the government; \"Minister of Finance\"', 'cabinet_minister': 'a person who is a member of the cabinet', 'academicianship': 'the position of member of an honorary academy', 'accountantship': 'the position of accountant', 'admiralty': 'the department in charge of the navy (as in Great Britain)', 'ambassadorship': 'the post of ambassador', 'apostleship': 'the position of apostle', 'apprenticeship': 'the position of apprentice', 'associateship': 'the position of associate (as in an office or academy)', 'attorneyship': 'the position of attorney', 'bailiffship': 'the office of bailiff', 'baronetage': 'the collective body of baronets', 'bishopry': 'the office and dignity of a bishop', 'cadetship': 'the position of cadet', 'caliphate': 'the territorial jurisdiction of a caliph', 'captainship': 'the post of captain', 'cardinalship': 'the office of cardinal', 'chairmanship': 'the position of chairman', 'chancellorship': 'the office of chancellor', 'chaplaincy': 'the position of chaplain', 'chieftaincy': 'the position of chieftain', 'clerkship': 'the job of clerk', 'commandership': 'the position or office of commander', 'comptrollership': 'the position of comptroller', 'consulship': 'the post of consul', 'controllership': 'the position of controller', 'councillorship': 'the position of council member', 'counselorship': 'the position of counselor', 'curacy': 'the position of a curate', 'curatorship': 'the position of curator', 'custodianship': 'the position of custodian', 'deanship': 'the position or office of a dean', 'directorship': 'the position of a director of a business concern', 'discipleship': 'the position of disciple', 'editorship': 'the position of editor', 'eldership': 'the office of elder', 'emirate': 'the domain controlled by an emir', 'fatherhood': 'the kinship relation between an offspring and the father', 'foremanship': 'the position of foreman', 'generalship': 'the leadership ability of a military general', 'governorship': 'the office of governor', 'headmastership': 'the position of headmaster', 'headmistressship': 'the position of headmistress', 'headship': 'the position of headmaster or headmistress', 'hot_seat': 'a difficult position where you are subjected to stress and criticism', 'incumbency': 'a duty that is incumbent upon you', 'inspectorship': 'the office of inspector', 'instructorship': 'the position of instructor', 'internship': 'the position of a medical intern', 'judgeship': 'the position of judge', 'khanate': 'the realm of a khan', 'lectureship': 'the post of lecturer', 'legation': 'a permanent diplomatic mission headed by a minister', 'legislatorship': 'the office of legislator', 'librarianship': 'the position of librarian', 'lieutenancy': 'the position of a lieutenant', 'magistracy': 'the position of magistrate', 'managership': 'the position of manager', 'manhood': 'the state of being a man; manly qualities', 'marshalship': 'the post of marshall', 'mastership': 'the skill of a master', 'mayoralty': 'the position of mayor', 'messiahship': 'the position of messiah', 'moderatorship': 'the position of moderator', 'overlordship': 'the position of overlord', 'pastorship': 'the position of pastor', 'peasanthood': 'the state of being a peasant; \"the same homely dress she wore in the days of her peasanthood\"', 'plum': 'any of several trees producing edible oval fruit having a smooth skin and a single hard stone', 'praetorship': 'the office of praetor', 'precentorship': 'the position of precentor', 'preceptorship': 'the position of preceptor', 'prefecture': 'the district administered by a prefect (as in France or Japan or the Roman Empire)', 'prelacy': 'prelates collectively', 'premiership': 'the office of premier', 'presidency': 'the tenure of a president; \"things were quiet during the Eisenhower administration\"', 'President_of_the_United_States': 'the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government; \"the President likes to jog every morning\"', 'primateship': 'the office of primate', 'principalship': 'the post of principal', 'priorship': 'the office of prior', 'proconsulship': 'the position of proconsul', 'proctorship': 'the position of proctor', 'professorship': 'the position of professor; \"he was awarded an endowed chair in economics\"', 'protectorship': 'the position of protector', 'public_office': 'a position concerning the people as a whole', 'bully_pulpit': 'a public office of sufficiently high rank that it provides the holder with an opportunity to speak out and be listened to on any matter; \"the American presidency is a bully pulpit\"', 'rabbinate': 'rabbis collectively', 'receivership': 'the state of property that is in the hands of a receiver; \"the business is in receivership\"', 'rectorship': 'the office or station of a rector', 'regency': 'the period of time during which a regent governs', 'residency': 'the act of dwelling in a place', 'rulership': 'the position of ruler', 'sainthood': 'saints collectively', 'secretaryship': 'the position of secretary', 'Attorney_General': 'the person who holds the position of secretary of the Justice Department; \"Edmund Randolph was the first Attorney General, appointed by President Washington\"', 'Secretary_of_Agriculture': 'the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Agriculture; \"the first Secretary of Agriculture was Norman J. Colman, who was appointed by Cleveland\"', 'Secretary_of_Commerce': 'the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Commerce; \"the first Commerce Secretary was William C. Redfield who was appointed by Wilson\"', 'Secretary_of_Defense': 'the person who holds the secretaryship of the Defense Department; \"the first Defense Secretary was James V. Forrestal who was appointed by Truman\"', 'Secretary_of_Education': 'the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Education; \"Carter appointed Shirley Hufstedler as the first Secretary of Education\"', 'Secretary_of_Energy': 'the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Energy; \"the first Secretary of Energy was James R. Schlesinger who was appointed by Carter\"', 'Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services': 'the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Health and Human Services; \"the first Secretary of Health and Human Services was Patricia Roberts Harris who was appointed by Carter\"', 'Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development': 'the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Housing and Urban Development; \"the first Secretary of Housing and Urban Development was Robert C. Weaver who was appointed by Johnson\"', 'Secretary_of_Labor': 'the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Labor; \"the first Labor Secretary was William B. Wilson who was appointed by President Wilson\"', 'Secretary_of_State': 'the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of State; \"the first Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson\"', 'Secretary_of_the_Interior': 'the person who holds the secretaryship of the Interior Department; \"President Taylor appointed Thomas Ewing as the first Secretary of the Interior\"', 'Secretary_of_the_Treasury': 'the person who holds the secretaryship of the Treasury Department; \"Alexander Hamilton was the first Secretary of the Treasury\"', 'Secretary_of_Transportation': 'the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Transportation; \"Johnson appointed Alan S. Boyd as the first Transportation Secretary\"', 'Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs': 'the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Veterans Affairs; \"Bush appointed Edward J. Derwinski as the first Secretary of Veterans Affairs\"', 'Secretary_of_War': 'head of a former executive department; combined with the Navy Secretary to form the Defense Secretary in 1947', 'Secretary_of_the_Navy': 'head of a former executive department; combined with the War Secretary to form the Defense Secretary in 1947', 'Secretary_of_Commerce_and_Labor': 'head of a former executive department created in 1903 and divided into two departments in 1913', 'Secretary_of_Health_Education_and_Welfare': 'head of a former executive department created in 1953 and divided into two departments in 1979', 'seigniory': 'the position and authority of a feudal lord', 'seismography': 'the measurement of tremors and shocks and undulatory movements of earthquakes', 'senatorship': 'the office of senator', 'sinecure': 'a benefice to which no spiritual or pastoral duties are attached', 'solicitorship': 'the position of solicitor', 'speakership': 'the position of Speaker', 'stewardship': 'the position of steward', 'studentship': 'the position of student', 'teachership': 'the position of teacher', 'thaneship': 'the position of thane', 'throne': 'the chair of state for a monarch, bishop, etc.; \"the king sat on his throne\"', 'treasurership': 'the position of treasurer', 'tribuneship': 'the position of tribune', 'trusteeship': 'the position of trustee', 'vice-presidency': 'the tenure of a vice president', 'viceroyship': 'the position of viceroy', 'viziership': 'the position of vizier', 'wardenship': 'the position of warden', 'wardership': 'the position of warder', 'womanhood': 'the state of being an adult woman', 'treadmill': 'an exercise device consisting of an endless belt on which a person can walk or jog without changing place', 'business_life': 'a career in industrial or commercial or professional activities', 'trade': 'the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers; \"even before noon there was a considerable patronage\"', 'airplane_mechanics': 'the craft of building and repairing airplanes', 'auto_mechanics': 'the craft of building and repairing automobiles', 'basketry': 'the craft of basket making', 'bookbinding': 'the craft of binding books', 'bricklaying': 'the craft of laying bricks', 'cabinetwork': 'woodwork finished by hand by a cabinetmaker', 'carpentry': 'the craft of a carpenter: making things out of wood', 'drafting': 'writing a first version to be filled out and polished later', 'dressmaking': 'the craft of making dresses', 'electrical_work': 'the craft of an electrician', 'interior_decoration': 'decoration consisting of the layout and furnishings of a livable interior', 'furnishing': '(usually plural) accessory wearing apparel', 'lighting': 'apparatus for supplying artificial light effects for the stage or a film', 'lumbering': 'the trade of cutting or preparing or selling timber', 'masonry': 'structure built of stone or brick by a mason', 'oculism': 'the craft of an oculist', 'painting': 'graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface; \"a small painting by Picasso\"; \"he bought the painting as an investment\"; \"his pictures hang in the Louvre\"', 'papermaking': 'the craft of making paper', 'piloting': 'the occupation of a pilot', 'plumbing': 'utility consisting of the pipes and fixtures for the distribution of water or gas in a building and for the disposal of sewage', 'pottery': 'a workshop where clayware is made', 'profession': 'the body of people in a learned occupation; \"the news spread rapidly through the medical profession\"; \"they formed a community of scientists\"', 'metier': 'an occupation for which you are especially well suited; \"in law he found his true metier\"', 'learned_profession': 'one of the three professions traditionally believed to require advanced learning and high principles', 'literature': 'published writings in a particular style on a particular subject; \"the technical literature\"; \"one aspect of Waterloo has not yet been treated in the literature\"', 'architecture': 'the discipline dealing with the principles of design and construction and ornamentation of fine buildings; \"architecture and eloquence are mixed arts whose end is sometimes beauty and sometimes use\"', 'law': 'the collection of rules imposed by authority; \"civilization presupposes respect for the law\"; \"the great problem for jurisprudence to allow freedom while enforcing order\"', 'education': 'knowledge acquired by learning and instruction; \"it was clear that he had a very broad education\"', 'journalism': 'newspapers and magazines collectively', 'newspapering': 'journalism practiced for the newspapers', 'politics': 'social relations involving intrigue to gain authority or power; \"office politics is often counterproductive\"', 'medicine': 'the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques', 'preventive_medicine': 'the branch of medicine concerned with preventing disease; \"the medical establishment doesn\\'t profit from preventive medicine\"', 'alternative_medicine': 'the practice of medicine without the use of drugs; may involve herbal medicines or self-awareness or biofeedback or acupuncture', 'herbal_medicine': 'a medicine made from plants and used to prevent or treat disease or promote health', 'complementary_medicine': 'the practice of medicine that combines traditional medicine with alternative medicine', 'theology': 'a particular system or school of religious beliefs and teachings; \"Jewish theology\"; \"Roman Catholic theology\"', 'writing': '(usually plural) the collected work of an author; \"the idea occurs with increasing frequency in Hemingway\\'s writings\"', 'cryptography': 'act of writing in code or cipher', 'handwriting': 'something written by hand; \"she recognized his handwriting\"; \"his hand was illegible\"', 'inscription': 'letters inscribed (especially words engraved or carved) on something', 'notation': 'a technical system of symbols used to represent special things', 'superscription': 'an inscription written above something else', 'stenography': 'the act or art of writing in shorthand; \"stenography is no longer a marketable skill\"', 'subscription': 'a payment for consecutive issues of a newspaper or magazine for a given period of time', 'encoding': 'the activity of converting data or information into code', 'image_compression': 'the compression of graphics for storage or transmission', 'MPEG': 'a set of standards adopted by the moving pictures experts group for the compression of digital video and audio data or a file of data compressed according to those standards', 'data_encryption': '(computer science) the encryption of data for security purposes', 'recoding': 'converting from one code to another', 'decoding': 'the activity of making clear or converting from code into plain text; \"a secret key or password is required for decryption\"', 'triangulation': 'a trigonometric method of determining the position of a fixed point from the angles to it from two fixed points a known distance apart; useful in navigation', 'cabinetmaking': 'the craft of a joiner', 'pyrotechnics': '(music) brilliance of display (as in the performance of music)', 'shoemaking': \"the shoemaker's trade\", 'roofing': 'material used to construct a roof', 'sheet-metal_work': 'the craft of doing sheet metal work (as in ventilation systems)', 'shingling': '(geology) sediment in which flat pebbles are uniformly tilted in the same direction', 'tailoring': 'the occupation of a tailor', 'tool-and-die_work': 'the craft of making special tools and dies', 'couture': 'high fashion designing and dressmaking', 'accountancy': 'the occupation of maintaining and auditing records and preparing financial reports for a business', 'cost_accounting': 'keeping account of the costs of items in production', 'costing': 'cost accounting', 'bookkeeping': 'the activity of recording business transactions', 'single_entry': 'a simple bookkeeping system; transactions are entered in only one account', 'double_entry': 'bookkeeper debits the transaction to one account and credits it to another', 'inventory_accounting': 'accounting that controls and evaluates inventory', 'inventory_control': 'supervision of the supply and storage and accessibility of items in order to insure an adequate supply without excessive oversupply', 'first_in_first_out': 'inventory accounting in which the oldest items (those first acquired) are assumed to be the first sold', 'last_in_first_out': 'inventory accounting in which the most recently acquired items are assumed to be the first sold', 'butchery': 'the business of a butcher', 'photography': 'the process of producing images of objects on photosensitive surfaces', 'labor': 'a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages; \"there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field\"', 'strikebreaking': 'confrontational activities intended to break up a strike by workers', 'corvee': 'unpaid labor (as for the maintenance of roads) required by a lord of his vassals in lieu of taxes', 'drudgery': 'hard monotonous routine work', 'effort': 'use of physical or mental energy; hard work; \"he got an A for effort\"; \"they managed only with great exertion\"', 'struggle': 'an energetic attempt to achieve something; \"getting through the crowd was a real struggle\"; \"he fought a battle for recognition\"', 'wrestle': 'the act of engaging in close hand-to-hand combat; \"they had a fierce wrestle\"; \"we watched his grappling and wrestling with the bully\"', 'hackwork': 'professional work done according to formula', 'haymaking': 'taking full advantage of an opportunity while it lasts', 'manual_labor': 'labor done with the hands', 'overwork': 'the act of working too much or too long; \"he became ill from overwork\"', 'subbing': 'working as a substitute for someone who is ill or on leave of absence', 'trouble': 'an unwanted pregnancy; \"he got several girls in trouble\"', 'the_devil': 'something difficult or awkward to do or deal with; \"it will be the devil to solve\"', 'tsuris': '(Yiddish) aggravating trouble; \"the frustrating tsuris he subjected himself to\"', 'least_effort': 'the least effortful way to do something', 'strain': '(psychology) nervousness resulting from mental stress; \"his responsibilities were a constant strain\"; \"the mental strain of staying alert hour after hour was too much for him\"', 'exercise': '(usually plural) a ceremony that involves processions and speeches; \"academic exercises\"', 'conditioner': 'a trainer of athletes', 'set': 'a unit of play in tennis or squash; \"they played two sets of tennis after dinner\"', 'aerobics': 'exercise that increases the need for oxygen', 'bodybuilding': 'exercise that builds muscles through tension', 'weightlift': 'bodybuilding by exercise that involves lifting weights', 'bench_press': 'a small punch press mounted on a workbench', 'incline_bench_press': 'a bench press performed on an inclined bench', 'clean_and_jerk': 'a weightlift in which the barbell is lifted to shoulder height and then jerked overhead', 'snatch': 'a small fragment; \"overheard snatches of their conversation\"', 'weight_gaining': 'bodybuilding that increases muscle mass and body weight', 'calisthenics': 'the practice of calisthenic exercises; \"calisthenics is recommended for general good health\"', 'isometrics': 'muscle-building exercises (or a system of musclebuilding exercises) involving muscular contractions against resistance without movement (the muscles contracts but the length of the muscle does not change)', 'isotonic_exercise': 'exercise in which opposing muscles contract and there is controlled movement (tension is constant while the lengths of the muscles change); \"the classic isotonic exercise is lifting free weights\"', 'jogging': 'running at a jog trot as a form of cardiopulmonary exercise', 'Kegel_exercises': 'exercises for women designed to improve the ability to hold urine', 'pandiculation': 'yawning and stretching (as when first waking up)', 'power_walking': 'a form of cardiopulmonary exercise consisting of rapid walking accompanied by vigorous swinging of the arms', 'arm_exercise': 'exercise designed to strengthen the arm muscles', 'pushup': 'an arm exercise performed lying face to the floor and pushing the body up and down with the arms', 'widegrip_pushup': 'a pushup with the arms widely separated', 'pull-up': 'an arm exercise performed by pulling yourself up on a horizontal bar until your chin is level with the bar', 'back_exercise': 'exercise designed to strengthen the back muscles', 'leg_exercise': 'exercise designed to strengthen the leg muscles', 'knee_bend': 'exercising by repeatedly assuming a crouching position with the knees bent; strengthens the leg muscles', 'leg_curl': 'an exercise designed to strengthen the flexor muscles of the leg', 'leg_extensor': 'an exercise designed to strengthen the extensor muscles of the leg', 'neck_exercise': 'exercise designed to strengthen the neck muscles', 'stomach_exercise': 'an exercise designed to strengthen the abdominal muscles', 'sit-up': 'a stomach exercise in which a person sits up from a supine position without using the arms for leverage', 'yoga': 'Hindu discipline aimed at training the consciousness for a state of perfect spiritual insight and tranquility that is achieved through the three paths of actions and knowledge and devotion', 'hatha_yoga': 'yogic exercises (popular in the West) that combine difficult postures (which force the mind to withdraw from the outside world) with controlled breathing', 'consultancy': 'the practice of giving expert advice within a particular field; \"a business management consultancy\"', 'cosmetology': 'the practice of beautifying the face and hair and skin', 'dental_practice': 'the practice of dentistry', 'law_practice': 'the practice of law', 'medical_practice': 'the practice of medicine', 'family_practice': 'medical practice that provides health care regardless of age or sex while placing emphasis on the family unit', 'group_practice': '(medicine) the practice of medicine by a group of physicians who share their premises and other resources', 'optometry': 'the practice of an optometrist', 'private_practice': 'the practice of a profession independently and not as an employee; \"he teaches at the medical school but his fortune came from private practice\"; \"lawyers in private practice are in business and must make a profit to survive\"', 'quackery': 'medical practice and advice based on observation and experience in ignorance of scientific findings', 'overkill': 'the capability to obliterate a target with more weapons (especially nuclear weapons) than are required', 'supererogation': 'an effort above and beyond the call of duty', 'overexertion': 'excessive exertion; so much exertion that discomfort or injury results', 'investigation': 'the work of inquiring into something thoroughly and systematically', 'analysis': \"the use of closed-class words instead of inflections: e.g., `the father of the bride' instead of `the bride's father'\", 'count': 'the total number counted; \"a blood count\"', 'police_work': 'the investigation of criminal activities', 'forensics': 'scientific tests or techniques used in the investigation of crimes', 'roundup': 'a summary list; as in e.g. \"a news roundup\"', 'empiricism': '(philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge derives from experience', 'examination': 'a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge; \"when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions\"', 'inquiry': 'a search for knowledge; \"their pottery deserves more research than it has received\"', 'research': 'systematic investigation to establish facts', 'eleven-plus': '(formerly in Britain) an examination taken by 11 and 12 year old students to select suitable candidates for grammar school', 'search': 'an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property; \"they wrote a program to do a table lookup\"', 'operations_research': 'research designed to determine most efficient way to do something', 'means_test': 'an inquiry into the financial position of someone applying for financial aid', 'inquest': 'an inquiry into the cause of an unexpected death', 'big_science': 'scientific research that requires massive capital investment but is expected to yield very significant results', 'biological_research': 'scientific research conducted by biologists', 'cloning': 'a general term for the research activity that creates a copy of some biological entity (a gene or organism or cell)', 'reproductive_cloning': 'making a full living copy of an organism; requires a surrogate mother', 'human_reproductive_cloning': 'the reproductive cloning of a sentient human being; generally considered ethically unacceptable', 'somatic_cell_nuclear_transplantation': 'moving a cell nucleus and its genetic material from one cell to another', 'therapeutic_cloning': \"nuclear transplantation of a patient's own cells to make an oocyte from which immune-compatible cells (especially stem cells) can be derived for transplant\", 'stem-cell_research': 'research on stem cells and their use in medicine', 'embryonic_stem-cell_research': 'biological research on stem cells derived from embryos and on their use in medicine', 'experiment': 'the testing of an idea; \"it was an experiment in living\"; \"not all experimentation is done in laboratories\"', 'field_work': 'an investigation carried out in the field rather than in a laboratory or headquarters', 'testing': 'an examination of the characteristics of something; \"there are laboratories for commercial testing\"; \"it involved testing thousands of children for smallpox\"', 'marketing_research': 'research that gathers and analyzes information about the moving of good or services from producer to consumer', 'market_analysis': 'marketing research that yields information about the marketplace', 'product_research': 'marketing research that yields information about desired characteristics of the product or service', 'consumer_research': 'marketing research that yields information about the motives and needs of different classes of consumers', 'microscopy': 'research with the use of microscopes', 'electron_microscopy': 'microscopy with the use of electron microscopes', 'electron_spin_resonance': 'microwave spectroscopy in which there is resonant absorption of radiation by a paramagnet', 'trial_and_error': 'experimenting until a solution is found', 'probe': 'an inquiry into unfamiliar or questionable activities; \"there was a congressional probe into the scandal\"', 'Human_Genome_Project': 'an international study of the entire human genetic material', 'scientific_research': 'research into questions posed by scientific theories and hypotheses', 'endoscopy': 'visual examination of the interior of a hollow body organ by use of an endoscope', 'celioscopy': 'endoscopic examination of the abdomen through the abdominal wall', 'colonoscopy': 'visual examination of the colon (with a colonoscope) from the cecum to the rectum; requires sedation', 'culdoscopy': \"endoscopic examination of a woman's pelvic organs by the insertion of a culdoscope through the vagina\", 'gastroscopy': 'visual examination of the stomach by means of a gastroscope inserted through the esophagus', 'hysteroscopy': 'visual examination of the uterus and uterine lining using an endoscope inserted through the vagina', 'proctoscopy': 'visual examination of the rectum and the end of the colon by means of a proctoscope', 'sigmoidoscopy': 'visual examination (with a sigmoidoscope) of the lower third of the colon in a search for polyps', 'gonioscopy': 'an examination of the front part of the eye to check the angle where the iris meets the cornea; it is used to distinguish between open-angle glaucoma and closed-angle glaucoma', 'keratoscopy': 'examination of the cornea with a keratoscope to detect irregularities in its anterior surface', 'rhinoscopy': 'examination of the nasal passages (either through the anterior nares or with a rhinoscope through the nasopharynx)', 'scan': 'an image produced by scanning; \"he analyzed the brain scan\"; \"you could see the tumor in the CAT scan\"', 'scanning': 'the process of translating photographs into a digital form that can be recognized by a computer', 'survey': 'a detailed critical inspection', 'screening': 'the display of a motion picture', 'genetic_screening': 'analyzing a group of people to determine genetic susceptibility to a particular disease; \"genetic screening of infants for phenylketonuria\"', 'time_and_motion_study': 'an analysis of a specific job in an effort to find the most efficient method in terms of time and effort', 'dark_ground_illumination': 'a form of microscopic examination of living material by scattered light; specimens appear luminous against a dark background', 'fluorescence_microscopy': 'light microscopy in which the specimen is irradiated at wavelengths that excite fluorochromes', 'indirect_immunofluorescence': 'a method of using fluorescence microscopy to detect the presence of an antigen indirectly', 'anatomy': 'the branch of morphology that deals with the structure of animals', 'urinalysis': '(medicine) the chemical analysis of urine (for medical diagnosis)', 'scatology': 'a preoccupation with obscenity (especially that dealing with excrement or excretory functions)', 'case_study': 'a careful study of some social unit (as a corporation or division within a corporation) that attempts to determine what factors led to its success or failure', 'chemical_analysis': 'the act of decomposing a substance into its constituent elements', 'polarography': 'an electrochemical method of chemical analysis', 'quantitative_analysis': 'chemical analysis to determine the amounts of each element in the substance', 'colorimetry': 'quantitative chemical analysis by color using a colorimeter', 'volumetric_analysis': 'determination of the volume of gases (or changes in their volume) during combination', 'acidimetry': 'volumetric analysis using standard solutions of acids to measure the amount of a base present', 'alkalimetry': 'volumetric analysis using standard solutions of alkali to measure the amount of acid present', 'titration': 'a measured amount of a solution of unknown concentration is added to a known volume of a second solution until the reaction between them is just complete; the concentration of the unknown solution (the titer) can then be calculated', 'gravimetric_analysis': 'quantitative analysis by weight', 'cost_analysis': 'breaking down the costs of some operation and reporting on each factor separately', 'fundamental_analysis': '(stock exchange) the use of fundamentals as an investment strategy', 'technical_analysis': '(stock exchange) analysis of past price changes in the hope of forecasting future price changes', 'spectroscopy': 'the use of spectroscopes to analyze spectra', 'dialysis': 'separation of substances in solution by means of their unequal diffusion through semipermeable membranes', 'apheresis': 'a procedure in which blood is drawn and separated into its components by dialysis; some are retained and the rest are returned to the donor by transfusion', 'plasmapheresis': 'plasma is separated from whole blood and the rest is returned to the donor', 'plateletpheresis': 'platelets are separated from whole blood and the rest is returned to the donor', 'hemodialysis': 'dialysis of the blood to remove toxic substances or metabolic wastes from the bloodstream; used in the case of kidney failure', 'mass_spectroscopy': 'the use of spectroscopy to determine the masses of small electrically charged particles', 'microwave_spectroscopy': 'the use of spectroscopy to study atomic or molecular resonances in the microwave spectrum', 'likening': 'the act of comparing similarities', 'analogy': 'an inference that if things agree in some respects they probably agree in others', 'collation': 'assembling in proper numerical or logical sequence', 'confrontation': 'a bold challenge', 'contrast': 'the opposition or dissimilarity of things that are compared; \"in contrast to\", \"by contrast\"', 'lighterage': 'the fee charged for carrying goods in lighters', 'visitation': 'any disaster or catastrophe; \"a visitation of the plague\"', 'site_visit': 'a visit in an official capacity to examine a site to determine its suitability for some enterprise', 'surveillance': 'close observation of a person or group (usually by the police)', 'tabulation': 'information set out in tabular form', 'blood_count': 'the number of red and white corpuscles in a blood sample', 'complete_blood_count': 'counting the number of white and red blood cells and the number of platelets in 1 cubic millimeter of blood', 'differential_blood_count': 'counting the number of specific types of white blood cells found in 1 cubic millimeter of blood; may be included as part of a complete blood count', 'census': 'a periodic count of the population', 'countdown': 'counting backward from an arbitrary number to indicate the time remaining before some event (such as launching a space vehicle)', 'miscount': 'an inaccurate count', 'poll': 'an inquiry into public opinion conducted by interviewing a random sample of people', 'recount': 'an additional (usually a second) count; especially of the votes in a close election', 'sperm_count': 'the number of sperm in an ejaculate; \"the sperm count is used as an indicator of male fertility\"', 'spying': 'keeping a secret or furtive watch', 'wiretap': 'the act of tapping a telephone or telegraph line to get information', 'espionage': 'the systematic use of spies to get military or political secrets', 'counterespionage': 'spying on the spies', 'electronic_surveillance': 'surveillance by electronic means (e.g. television)', 'maternalism': 'motherly care; behavior characteristic of a mother; the practice of acting as a mother does toward her children', 'babysitting': 'the work of a baby sitter; caring for children when their parents are not home', 'pet_sitting': 'the work of a pet sitter; caring for pets in their own home while their owners are away from home', 'primary_care': 'the medical care received on first contact with the medical system (before being referred elsewhere)', 'aftercare': 'care and treatment of a convalescent patient', 'dental_care': 'care for the teeth', 'first_aid': 'emergency care given before regular medical aid can be obtained', 'eyedrop': 'a drop from an eye dropper', 'adrenergic_agonist_eyedrop': 'a treatment for glaucoma; the eyedrops reduce intraocular pressure by decreasing the production of aqueous humor and increasing its drainage through the uveoscleral pathway', 'beta_blocker_eyedrop': 'a treatment for glaucoma; the eyedrops reduce intraocular pressure by reducing the production of aqueous humor', 'miotic_eyedrop': 'a treatment for glaucoma; the eyedrops increase the outflow of aqueous humor by constricting the pupil', 'topical_prostaglandin_eyedrop': 'a treatment for glaucoma; the eyedrops increase the outflow of aqueous humor through the uveoscleral pathway', 'medical_care': 'professional treatment for illness or injury', 'treatment': 'a manner of dealing with something artistically; \"his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture\"', 'hospitalization': 'a period of time when you are confined to a hospital; \"now they try to shorten the patient\\'s hospitalization\"', 'incubation': '(pathology) the phase in the development of an infection between the time a pathogen enters the body and the time the first symptoms appear', 'livery': 'uniform worn by some menservants and chauffeurs', 'massage': 'kneading and rubbing parts of the body to increase circulation and promote relaxation', 'cardiac_massage': 'an emergency procedure that employs rhythmic compression of the heart (either through the chest wall or, during surgery, directly to the heart) in an attempt to maintain circulation during cardiac arrest', 'effleurage': 'a rhythmic stroking; \"effleurage of the abdomen is used in the Lamaze method of childbirth\"', 'petrissage': 'massage of the skin which is gently lifted and squeezed', 'reflexology': 'the study of reflex action as it relates to the behavior of organisms', 'Swedish_massage': 'massage combined with a system of active and passive exercises for the muscles and joints', 'tapotement': 'massage in which the body is tapped rhythmically with the fingers or with short rapid movements of the sides of the hand; used to loosen mucus on the chest walls of patients with bronchitis', 'manicure': 'professional care for the hands and fingernails', 'pedicure': 'professional care for the feet and toenails', 'therapy': '(medicine) the act of caring for someone (as by medication or remedial training etc.); \"the quarterback is undergoing treatment for a knee injury\"; \"he tried every treatment the doctors suggested\"; \"heat therapy gave the best relief\"', 'modality': 'a classification of propositions on the basis of whether they claim necessity or possibility or impossibility', 'diathermy': 'a method of physical therapy that involves generating local heat in body tissues by high-frequency electromagnetic currents', 'aromatherapy': 'the therapeutic use of aromatic plant extracts and essential oils in baths or massage', 'chemotherapy': 'the use of chemical agents to treat or control disease (or mental illness)', 'electrotherapy': 'the therapeutic application of electricity to the body (as in the treatment of various forms of paralysis)', 'heliotherapy': 'therapeutic exposure to sunlight', 'hormone_replacement_therapy': 'hormones (estrogen and progestin) are given to postmenopausal women; believed to protect them from heart disease and osteoporosis', 'immunotherapy': 'therapy designed to produce immunity to a disease or to enhance resistance by the immune system', 'infrared_therapy': 'the use of infrared radiation (as by infrared lamps or heating pads or hot water bottles) to relieve pain and increase circulation to a particular area of the body', 'inflation_therapy': 'therapy in which water or oxygen or a drug is introduced into the respiratory tract with inhaled air', 'iontophoresis': 'therapy that uses a local electric current to introduce the ions of a medicine into the tissues', 'medication': 'the act of treating with medicines or remedies', 'antipyresis': 'medication with antipyretics to treat a fever', 'megavitamin_therapy': 'therapy based on a theory that taking very large doses of vitamins will prevent or cure physical or psychological disorders', 'occupational_therapy': 'therapy based on engagement in meaningful activities of daily life, especially to enable or encourage participation in such activities in spite of impairments or limitations in physical or mental functions', 'nourishment': 'the act of nourishing; \"her nourishment of the orphans saved many lives\"', 'nursing_care': 'care by a skilled nurse', 'nursing': 'the profession of a nurse', 'tender_loving_care': 'considerate and solicitous care; \"young children need lots of TLC\"', 'nurturance': 'physical and emotional care and nourishment', 'personal_care': 'care for someone who is disabled or is otherwise unable to care for themselves; can including bathing and cooking and managing bodily functions', 'skin_care': 'care for the skin', 'facial': 'cranial nerve that supplies facial muscles', 'adenoidectomy': 'surgical removal of the adenoids; commonly performed along with tonsillectomy', 'adrenalectomy': 'surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands', 'appendectomy': 'surgical removal of the vermiform appendix', 'amputation': 'a condition of disability resulting from the loss of one or more limbs', 'angioplasty': 'an operation to repair a damaged blood vessel or unblock a coronary artery', 'arthrodesis': 'the surgical fixation of a joint which is intended to result in bone fusion', 'arthroplasty': 'surgical reconstruction or replacement of a malformed or degenerated joint', 'arthroscopy': 'a minimally invasive operation to repair a damaged joint; the surgeon examines the joint with an arthroscope while making repairs through a small incision', 'autoplasty': \"surgical repair by using tissue from another part of the patient's own body\", 'brain_surgery': 'any surgical procedure involving the brain', 'psychosurgery': 'brain surgery on human patients intended to relieve severe and otherwise intractable mental or behavioral problems', 'split-brain_technique': 'brain surgery on animals in which the corpus callosum (and sometimes the optic chiasm) is severed so that communication between the cerebral hemispheres is interrupted', 'castration': 'neutering a male animal by removing the testicles', 'cautery': 'an instrument or substance used to destroy tissue for medical reasons (eg removal of a wart) by burning it with a hot iron or an electric current or a caustic or by freezing it', 'chemosurgery': 'use of chemical to destroy diseased or malignant tissue; used in treatment of skin cancer', 'colostomy': 'a surgical operation that creates an opening from the colon to the surface of the body to function as an anus', 'craniotomy': 'a surgical opening through the skull', 'cryosurgery': 'the use of extreme cold (usually liquid nitrogen) to destroy unwanted tissue (warts or cataracts or skin cancers)', 'cholecystectomy': 'surgical removal of the gall bladder (usually for relief of gallstone pain)', 'clitoridectomy': 'excision of the clitoris', 'laparoscopic_cholecystectomy': 'removal of the gall bladder through small punctures in the abdomen to permit the insertion of a laparoscope and surgical instruments', 'curettage': 'surgery to remove tissue or growths from a bodily cavity (as the uterus) by scraping with a curette', 'suction_curettage': 'a method of induced abortion; prior to the 14th week of gestation the embryo and placenta are removed by applying suction to the dilated cervix', 'debridement': 'surgical removal of foreign material and dead tissue from a wound in order to prevent infection and promote healing', 'decortication': 'removal of the outer covering of an organ or part', 'dilation_and_curettage': 'a surgical procedure usually performed under local anesthesia in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrial lining of the uterus is scraped with a curet; performed to obtain tissue samples or to stop prolonged bleeding or to remove small tumors or to remove fragments of placenta after childbirth or as a method of abortion', 'disembowelment': 'the act of removing the bowels or viscera; the act of cutting so as to cause the viscera to protrude', 'electrosurgery': 'surgery performed with electrical devices (as in electrocautery)', 'enterostomy': 'surgical operation that creates a permanent opening through the abdominal wall into the intestine', 'enucleation': 'surgical removal of something without cutting into it; \"the enucleation of the tumor\"', 'wrong-site_surgery': 'a surgical operation performed on the wrong part of the body', 'embolectomy': 'surgical removal of an embolus (usually from an artery)', 'endarterectomy': 'surgical removal of the inner lining of an artery that is clogged with atherosclerosis', 'enervation': 'lack of vitality; \"an enervation of mind greater than any fatigue\"', 'exenteration': 'surgical removal of the organs within a body cavity (as those of the pelvis)', 'eye_operation': 'any surgical procedure involving the eyes', 'fenestration': 'the arrangement of windows in a building', 'gastrectomy': 'surgical removal of all or part of the stomach', 'gastroenterostomy': 'surgical creation of an opening between the stomach wall and the small intestines; performed when the normal opening has been eliminated', 'gastrostomy': 'surgical creation of an opening through the abdominal wall into the stomach (as for gastrogavage)', 'heart_surgery': 'any surgical procedure involving the heart', 'closed-heart_surgery': 'heart surgery in which a small incision is made (the chest cavity is not opened)', 'open-heart_surgery': 'heart surgery in which the rib cage is spread open, the heart is stopped and blood is detoured through a heart-lung machine while a heart valve or coronary artery is surgically repaired', 'coronary_bypass': 'open-heart surgery in which the rib cage is opened and a section of a blood vessel is grafted from the aorta to the coronary artery to bypass the blocked section of the coronary artery and improve the blood supply to the heart', 'port-access_coronary_bypass_surgery': 'heart surgery in which a coronary bypass is performed by the use of small instruments and tiny cameras threaded through small incisions while the heart is stopped and blood is pumped through a heart-lung machine', 'minimally_invasive_coronary_bypass_surgery': 'heart surgery in which a coronary bypass is performed on the beating heart by the use of small instruments and cameras threaded through small incisions', 'hemorrhoidectomy': 'surgical procedure for tying hemorrhoids and excising them', 'hemostasis': 'surgical procedure of stopping the flow of blood (as with a hemostat)', 'hypophysectomy': 'surgical removal of the pituitary gland', 'hysterectomy': 'surgical removal of the uterus', 'hysterotomy': 'surgical incision into the uterus (as in cesarean section)', 'radical_hysterectomy': 'surgical removal of the uterus and the ovaries and oviducts and cervix and related lymph nodes', 'total_hysterectomy': 'surgical removal of the uterus and cervix', 'gastromy': 'surgical incision into the stomach', 'implantation': '(embryology) the organic process whereby a fertilized egg becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus of placental mammals', 'incision': 'a depression scratched or carved into a surface', 'cataract_surgery': 'eye surgery that involves removing all or part of the lens and replacing it with an intraocular lens implant', 'intracapsular_surgery': 'cataract surgery in which the entire lens is removed', 'extracapsular_surgery': 'cataract surgery in which only the front of the lens is removed; the back of the lens capsule remains intact and provides support for the lens implant', 'cyclodestructive_surgery': 'an eye operation that treats glaucoma by destroying the ciliary body with a laser', 'phacoemulsification': 'extracapsular surgery for cataracts in which ultrasonic sound breaks the cortex and nucleus of the lens into small fragments that are then vacuumed away through a small tube', 'filtration_surgery': 'eye surgery that opens a passage allowing excess aqueous humor to drain into surrounding tissues; a treatment for glaucoma', 'iridectomy': 'an eye operation that treats closed-angle glaucoma by surgical removal of part of the iris of the eye', 'iridotomy': 'a surgical procedure that makes an incision in the iris of the eye in order to enlarge the pupil or to treat closed-angle glaucoma', 'keratotomy': 'surgical incision into the cornea', 'radial_keratotomy': 'radial pattern of incisions in the cornea that cause the cornea to bulge; performed to correct myopia', 'laser-assisted_subepithelial_keratomileusis': 'a refractive surgery procedure that reshapes the cornea', 'laser_trabecular_surgery': 'eye surgery that makes many tiny laser burns in an area that will increase the drainage of aqueous humor', 'laser-assisted_in_situ_keratomileusis': 'a refractive surgery procedure that reshapes the cornea', 'vitrectomy': 'a surgical procedure that removes the vitreous humor and replace it with saline solution', 'perineotomy': 'surgical incision into the perineum', 'episiotomy': 'surgical incision of the perineum to enlarge the vagina and so facilitate delivery during childbirth', 'ileostomy': 'surgical procedure that creates an opening from the ileum through the abdominal wall to function as an anus; performed in cases of cancer of the colon or ulcerative colitis', 'intestinal_bypass': 'surgical operation that shortens the small intestine; used in treating obesity', 'jejunostomy': 'surgical creation of an opening between the jejunum and the anterior abdominal wall; will allow artificial feeding', 'keratoplasty': 'a surgical procedure in which part or all of a damaged or diseased cornea is replaced by healthy corneal tissue from a donor', 'epikeratophakia': 'using a piece of donated corneal tissue to repair the eye of someone who has had a cataract removed; \"epikeratophakia gave her a living contact lens\"', 'lipectomy': 'plastic surgery involving the breakdown and removal of fatty tissue', 'liposuction': 'lipectomy (especially for cosmetic purposes) in which excess fatty tissue is removed from under the skin by suction', 'mastopexy': 'plastic surgery to lift or reshape the breasts', 'neuroplasty': 'plastic surgery of the nerves', 'otoplasty': 'reconstructive surgery of the auricle of the external ear', 'laminectomy': 'surgical removal of the bony arches on one or more vertebrae', 'laparotomy': 'surgical incision into the abdominal wall; often done to examine abdominal organs', 'laparoscopy': 'laparotomy performed with a laparoscope that makes a small incision to examine the abdominal cavity (especially the ovaries and Fallopian tubes)', 'laryngectomy': 'surgical removal of part or all of the larynx (usually to treat cancer of the larynx)', 'lithotomy': 'surgical removal of a stone (calculus)', 'cholelithotomy': 'removal of gallstone through an incision in the gallbladder', 'lobectomy': 'surgical removal of a lobe from any organ of the body (as the lung or brain)', 'amygdalotomy': 'psychosurgery in which amygdaloid fibers that mediate limbic system activity are severed (in cases of extreme uncontrollable violence)', 'callosotomy': 'severing the corpus callosum so that communication between the cerebral hemispheres is interrupted (in cases of severe intractable epilepsy)', 'lobotomy': 'surgical interruption of nerve tracts to and from the frontal lobe of the brain; often results in marked cognitive and personality changes', 'transorbital_lobotomy': 'a method of performing prefrontal lobotomy in which the surgical knife is inserted above the eyeball and moved to cut brain fibers', 'lumpectomy': 'surgical removal of a tumor without removing much of the surrounding tissue or lymph nodes; performed in some cases of breast cancer', 'major_surgery': 'any surgical procedure that involves anesthesia or respiratory assistance', 'microsurgery': 'surgery using operating microscopes and miniaturized precision instruments to perform intricate procedures on very small structures', 'robotic_telesurgery': 'microsurgery in which the surgeon performs surgery by manipulating the hands of a robot', 'minor_surgery': 'any surgical procedure that does not involve anesthesia or respiratory assistance', 'mastectomy': 'surgical removal of a breast to remove a malignant tumor', 'modified_radical_mastectomy': 'removal of a breast and the pectoralis minor and some lymph nodes in the adjacent armpit', 'radical_mastectomy': 'removal of a breast and the underlying muscles (pectoralis major and pectoralis minor) and lymph nodes in the adjacent armpit', 'simple_mastectomy': 'removal of a breast leaving the underlying muscles and the lymph nodes intact', 'mastoidectomy': 'surgical removal of some or all of the mastoid process', 'meniscectomy': 'surgical removal of the meniscus of the knee', 'nephrectomy': 'surgical removal of a kidney', 'neurectomy': 'surgical removal of all or part of a nerve', 'oophorectomy': 'surgical removal of one of both ovaries', 'oophorosalpingectomy': 'surgical removal of one or both ovaries and the corresponding Fallopian tubes', 'ophthalmectomy': 'surgical removal of an eye', 'orchidectomy': 'surgical removal of one or both testicles', 'pancreatectomy': 'surgical removal of part or all of the pancreas', 'pneumonectomy': 'surgical removal of a lung (usually to treat lung cancer)', 'prostatectomy': 'surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland', 'salpingectomy': 'surgical removal of one or both Fallopian tubes', 'septectomy': 'surgical removal of all or part of a septum (especially the nasal septum or atrial septum)', 'sigmoidectomy': 'surgical removal of part or all of the sigmoid colon (usually to remove a malignant tumor)', 'splenectomy': 'surgical removal of the spleen', 'stapedectomy': 'surgical removal of the stapes of the middle ear', 'sympathectomy': 'surgical interruption of a nerve pathway in the sympathetic nervous system', 'thrombectomy': 'surgical removal of a blood clot (thrombus) from a blood vessel', 'thyroidectomy': 'surgical removal of the thyroid gland', 'tonsillectomy': 'surgical removal of the palatine tonsils; commonly performed along with adenoidectomy', 'myotomy': 'surgical incision or division of a muscle', 'myringectomy': 'surgical removal of the eardrum', 'myringoplasty': 'surgical repair of a perforated eardrum with a tissue graft', 'myringotomy': 'surgical incision into the eardrum (to relieve pressure or release pus from the middle ear)', 'neurosurgery': 'any surgery that involves the nervous system (brain or spinal cord or peripheral nerves)', 'nose_job': 'cosmetic surgery to improve the appearance of your nose', 'orchiopexy': 'operation to bring an undescended testicle into the scrotum', 'orchotomy': 'surgical incision into the testis to obtain material for analysis (as in cases of abnormally low sperm count)', 'osteotomy': 'surgical sectioning of bone', 'ostomy': 'surgical procedure that creates an artificial opening for the elimination of bodily wastes', 'palatopharyngoplasty': 'surgical resection of unnecessary palatal and oropharyngeal tissue to open the airway; intended to cure extreme cases of snoring (with or without sleep apnea)', 'phalloplasty': 'reconstructive surgery on the penis to repair congenital abnormality or injury', 'phlebectomy': 'surgical removal or all or part of a vein; sometimes done in cases of severe varicose veins', 'photocoagulation': 'surgical procedure that uses an intense laser beam to destroy diseased retinal tissue or to make a scar that will hold the retina in cases of detached retina', 'plastic_surgery': 'surgery concerned with therapeutic or cosmetic reformation of tissue', 'polypectomy': 'surgical removal of a polyp', 'proctoplasty': 'reconstructive surgery of the anus or rectum', 'resection': 'surgical removal of part of a structure or organ', 'rhinotomy': 'surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the nose to drain accumulated pus', 'rhizotomy': 'surgical procedure in which spinal nerve roots are cut; done (anterior roots) to relieve intractable pain or (posterior roots) to stop severe muscle spasms', 'sclerotomy': 'surgical incision of the sclerotic coat of the eye', 'sex-change_operation': \"surgical procedures and hormonal treatments designed to alter a person's sexual characteristics so that the resemble those of the opposite sex\", \"Shirodkar's_operation\": 'a surgical procedure in which a suture is used to close the cervix in a pregnant woman; is performed when the cervix has failed to retain previous pregnancies', 'neutering': 'the sterilization of an animal; \"they took him to the vet for neutering\"', 'spaying': 'neutering a female by removing the ovaries', 'strabotomy': 'the surgical operation of cutting a muscle or tendon of the eye in order to correct strabismus', 'taxis': 'a locomotor response toward or away from an external stimulus by a motile (and usually simple) organism', 'Michelson-Morley_experiment': \"a celebrated experiment conducted by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley; their failure to detect any influence of the earth's motion on the velocity of light was the starting point for Einstein's theory of relativity\", 'tracheostomy': 'a surgical operation that creates an opening into the trachea with a tube inserted to provide a passage for air; performed when the pharynx is obstructed by edema or cancer or other causes', 'transurethral_resection_of_the_prostate': 'removal of significant amounts of prostate tissue (as in cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia)', 'trephination': 'an operation that removes a circular section of bone from the skull', 'tympanoplasty': 'surgical correction or repair of defects or injuries in the eardrum or the bones of the middle ear', 'uranoplasty': 'surgical correction of a defect of the palate', 'justice': 'the quality of being just or fair', 'administration': 'the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something; \"he claims that the present administration is corrupt\"; \"the governance of an association is responsible to its members\"; \"he quickly became recognized as a member of the establishment\"', 'drip_feed': 'the administration of a solution (blood or saline or plasma etc.) one drop at a time', 'sedation': 'a state of reduced excitement or anxiety that is induced by the administrative of a sedative agent', 'irrigation': 'supplying dry land with water by means of ditches etc', 'douche': 'a small syringe with detachable nozzles; used for vaginal lavage and enemas', 'enema': 'an injection of a liquid through the anus to stimulate evacuation; sometimes used for diagnostic purposes', 'colonic_irrigation': 'a water enema given to flush out the colon', 'barium_enema': 'enema in which a contrast medium (usually barium sulfate) is injected into the rectum and X-rays are taken to search for lesions', 'lavage': 'washing out a hollow organ (especially the stomach) by flushing with water', 'gastric_lavage': 'washing out the stomach with sterile water or a saltwater solution; removes blood or poisons; \"when the doctor ordered a gastric lavage the hospital pumped out my stomach\"', 'dressing': 'savory dressings for salads; basically of two kinds: either the thin French or vinaigrette type or the creamy mayonnaise type', 'holistic_medicine': 'medical care of the whole person considered as subject to personal and social as well as organic factors; \"holistic medicine treats the mind as well as the body\"', 'hospice': 'a lodging for travelers (especially one kept by a monastic order)', 'cryocautery': 'an instrument for destroying tissue by freezing it', 'electrocautery': 'application of a needle heated by an electric current to destroy tissue (as to remove warts)', 'thermocautery': 'cautery (destruction of tissue) by heat', 'bloodletting': 'formerly used as a treatment to reduce excess blood (one of the four humors of medieval medicine)', 'nephrotomy': 'incision into a kidney (usually to remove a kidney stone)', 'thoracotomy': 'surgical incision into the chest walls opening up the pleural cavity', 'valvotomy': 'incision into a stenosed cardiac valve to relieve the obstruction', 'venesection': 'surgical incision into a vein; used to treat hemochromatosis', 'cupping': 'a treatment in which evacuated cups are applied to the skin to draw blood through the surface', 'defibrillation': 'treatment by stopping fibrillation of heart muscles (usually by electric shock delivered by a defibrillator)', 'detoxification': 'a treatment for addiction to drugs or alcohol intended to remove the physiological effects of the addictive substances', 'faith_healing': 'care provided through prayer and faith in God', 'physical_therapy': 'therapy that uses physical agents: exercise and massage and other modalities', 'phytotherapy': 'the use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes (especially plants that are not part of the normal diet)', 'psychotherapy': 'the branch of psychiatry concerned with psychological methods', 'behavior_therapy': 'psychotherapy that seeks to extinguish or inhibit abnormal or maladaptive behavior by reinforcing desired behavior and extinguishing undesired behavior', 'assertiveness_training': 'a method of psychotherapy that reinforces you for stating negative and positive feelings directly', 'aversion_therapy': 'any technique of behavior modification that uses unpleasant stimuli in a controlled fashion to alter behavior in a therapeutic way; primarily used for alcoholism or drug abuse (but with little success)', 'desensitization_technique': 'a technique used in behavior therapy to treat phobias and other behavior problems involving anxiety; client is exposed to the threatening situation under relaxed conditions until the anxiety reaction is extinguished', 'exposure_therapy': 'a form of behavior therapy in which a survivor confronts feelings or phobias or anxieties about a traumatic event and relives it in the therapy situation', 'implosion_therapy': 'a technique used in behavior therapy; client is flooded with experiences of a particular kind until becoming either averse to them or numbed to them', 'reciprocal_inhibition': 'a method of behavior therapy based on the inhibition of one response by the occurrence of another response that is mutually incompatible with it; a relaxation response might be conditioned to a stimulus that previously evoked anxiety', 'token_economy': 'a form of behavior therapy that has been used in some mental institutions; patients are rewarded with tokens for appropriate behavior and the tokens may be cashed in for valued rewards', 'client-centered_therapy': 'a method of psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the client determines the focus and pace of each session', 'crisis_intervention': 'psychotherapy that focuses on acute critical situations (depressive episodes or attempted suicides or drug overdoses) with the aim of restoring the person to the level of functioning before the crisis', 'group_therapy': 'psychotherapy in which a small group of individuals meet with a therapist; interactions among the members are considered to be therapeutic', 'family_therapy': 'any of several therapeutic approaches in which a family is treated as a whole', 'hypnotherapy': 'the use of hypnosis in psychotherapy', 'play_therapy': 'form of psychotherapy for children that uses play situations for diagnosis or treatment', 'psychoanalysis': 'a set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders; based on the theories of Sigmund Freud; \"his physician recommended psychoanalysis\"', 'hypnoanalysis': 'the use of hypnosis in conjunction with psychoanalysis', 'self-analysis': 'the application of psychotherapeutic principles to the analysis of your own personality', 'radiotherapy': '(medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance', 'phototherapy': 'the use of strong light to treat acne or hyperbilirubinemia of the newborn', 'radium_therapy': 'the use of radium in radiation therapy', 'X-ray_therapy': 'the therapeutic use of X rays', 'chrysotherapy': 'the use of chemicals containing gold for treating diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis)', 'shock_therapy': 'treatment of certain psychotic states by the administration of shocks that are followed by convulsions', 'electroconvulsive_therapy': 'the administration of a strong electric current that passes through the brain to induce convulsions and coma', 'insulin_shock': 'hypoglycemia produced by excessive insulin in the system causing coma', 'metrazol_shock': 'the administration of sufficient Metrazol to induce convulsions and coma', 'speech_therapy': 'any therapy intended to correct a disorder of speech', 'refrigeration': 'the process of cooling or freezing (e.g., food) for preservative purposes', 'thermotherapy': 'the use of heat to treat a disease or disorder; heating pads or hot compresses or hot-water bottles are used to promote circulation in peripheral vascular disease or to relax tense muscles', 'thrombolytic_therapy': 'therapy consisting of the administration of a pharmacological agent to cause thrombolysis of an abnormal blood clot', 'chiropractic': 'a method of treatment that manipulates body structures (especially the spine) to relieve low back pain or even headache or high blood pressure', 'naturopathy': 'a method of treating disease using food and exercise and heat to assist the natural healing process', 'naprapathy': 'a drugless method of treatment based on the belief that disease symptoms arise from problems with ligaments and connective tissues', 'orthodontic_treatment': 'dental treatment that corrects irregularities of the teeth or of the relation of the teeth to surrounding anatomy; treatment is usually by braces or mechanical aids; \"orthodontic treatment of facial abnormalities\"', 'orthoptics': 'treatment of defects of binocular vision (such as strabismus and amblyopia) by nonsurgical measures (especially by exercises to strengthen the eye muscles)', 'osteopathy': 'therapy based on the assumption that restoring health is best accomplished by manipulating the skeleton and muscles', 'osteoclasis': 'treatment of a skeletal deformity by intentionally fracturing a bone', 'disinfection': 'treatment to destroy harmful microorganisms', 'chlorination': 'the addition or substitution of chlorine in organic compounds', 'digitalization': 'the administration of digitalis for the treatment of certain heart disorders', 'anticoagulation': 'the administration of an anticoagulant drug to retard coagulation of the blood', 'acupuncture': 'treatment of pain or disease by inserting the tips of needles at specific points on the skin', 'acupressure': 'treatment of symptoms by applying pressure with the fingers to specific pressure points on the body', 'autogenic_therapy': 'training patients in self-induced relaxation', 'allopathy': 'the usual method of treating disease with remedies that produce effects differing from those produced by the disease itself', 'homeopathy': 'a method of treating disease with small amounts of remedies that, in large amounts in healthy people, produce symptoms similar to those being treated', 'hydropathy': 'the internal and external use of water in the treatment of disease', 'intensive_care': 'close monitoring and constant medical care of patients with life-threatening conditions', 'rest-cure': 'rest as a medical treatment for stress or anxiety etc.', 'deerstalking': 'stalking deer', 'birdnesting': \"hunting for birds' nests to get the eggs\", 'predation': 'the act of preying by a predator who kills and eats the prey', 'friction': 'the resistance encountered when one body is moved in contact with another', 'anointing': 'the act of applying oil or an oily liquid', 'fumigation': 'the application of a gas or smoke to something for the purpose of disinfecting it', 'foliation': '(botany) the process of forming leaves', 'galvanization': 'stimulation with a galvanic current', 'bodywork': 'the exterior body of a motor vehicle', 'materials_handling': 'act of loading and unloading and moving goods within e.g. a factory especially using mechanical devices', 'loading': 'the ratio of the gross weight of an airplane to some factor determining its lift', 'unloading': 'the labor of taking a load of something off of or out of a vehicle or ship or container etc.', 'picking': 'the quantity of a crop that is harvested; \"he sent the first picking of berries to the market\"; \"it was the biggest peach pick in years\"', 'pickings': 'the act of someone who picks up or takes something; \"the pickings were easy\"; \"clothing could be had for the taking\"', 'planking': 'planks collectively; a quantity of planks', 'wiring': 'a circuit of wires for the distribution of electricity', 'handicraft': 'a work produced by hand labor', 'sewing': 'needlework on which you are working with needle and thread; \"she put her sewing back in the basket\"', 'blind_stitching': 'stitching that is not easily seen or noticed', 'suturing': 'surgical joining of two surfaces', 'vasectomy': 'surgical procedure that removes all or part of the vas deferens (usually as a means of sterilization); is sometimes reversible', 'vasotomy': 'surgical incision into or division of the vas deferens', 'vasovasostomy': 'a surgical procedure that attempts to restore the function of the vas deferens after a vasectomy', 'vulvectomy': 'surgical removal of part or all of the vulva', 'vivisection': 'the act of operating on living animals (especially in scientific research)', 'lubrication': 'the condition of having been made smooth or slippery by the application of a lubricant', 'paving': 'material used to pave an area', 'spraying': 'the application of a liquid in the form of small particles ejected from a sprayer', 'spray_painting': 'applying paint with a sprayer', 'spatter': 'the noise of something spattering or sputtering explosively; \"he heard a spatter of gunfire\"', 'finger-painting': 'a painting produced by spreading paint with the fingers', 'tinning': 'the application of a thin layer of soft solder to the ends of wires before soldering them; \"careful tinning of the ends of wires results in a better joint when you solder them\"', 'papering': 'the application of wallpaper', 'pargeting': 'ornamental plasterwork', 'plastering': 'the application of plaster', 'plating': 'a thin coating of metal deposited on a surface', 'scumble': 'the application of very thin coat of color over the surface of a picture', 'tiling': 'the application of tiles to cover a surface', 'waxing': 'a gradual increase in magnitude or extent; \"the waxing of the moon\"', 'duty': 'a government tax on imports or exports; \"they signed a treaty to lower duties on trade between their countries\"', 'ball-buster': \"a demanding woman who destroys men's confidence\", 'paper_route': 'the route taken when delivering newspapers every day', 'stint': 'an individual\\'s prescribed share of work; \"her stint as a lifeguard exhausted her\"', 'function': '(mathematics) a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function)', 'capacity': 'the amount that can be contained; \"the gas tank has a capacity of 12 gallons\"', 'hat': 'headdress that protects the head from bad weather; has shaped crown and usually a brim', 'portfolio': 'a set of pieces of creative work collected to be shown to potential customers or employers; \"the artist had put together a portfolio of his work\"; \"every actor has a portfolio of photographs\"', 'stead': 'the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another; \"can you go in my stead?\"; \"took his place\"; \"in lieu of\"', 'behalf': 'for someone\\'s benefit (usually expressed as `in behalf\\' rather than `on behalf\\' and usually with a possessive); \"in your behalf\"; \"campaigning in his own behalf\"; \"spoke a good word in his friend\\'s behalf\"', 'second_fiddle': 'someone who serves in a subordinate capacity or plays a secondary role', 'role': 'normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting; \"what is your role on the team?\"', 'gender_role': 'the overt expression of attitudes that indicate to others the degree of your maleness or femaleness; \"your gender role is the public expression of your gender identity\"', 'pitcher': 'the quantity contained in a pitcher', 'catcher': '(baseball) the person who plays the position of catcher', 'second_base': 'the base that must be touched second by a base runner in baseball', 'shortstop': '(baseball) the person who plays the shortstop position', 'third_base': 'the base that must be touched third by a base runner in baseball; \"he was cut down on a close play at third\"', 'left_field': 'the piece of ground in the outfield on the catcher\\'s left; \"the batter flied out to left\"', 'center_field': 'the piece of ground in the outfield directly ahead of the catcher; \"he hit the ball to deep center\"', 'right_field': \"the piece of ground in the outfield on the catcher's right\", 'steal': 'a stolen base; an instance in which a base runner advances safely during the delivery of a pitch (without the help of a hit or walk or passed ball or wild pitch)', 'forward': 'the person who plays the position of forward in certain games, such as basketball, soccer, or hockey', 'center': '(ice hockey) the person who plays center on a hockey team', 'guard': 'the person who plays the position of guard on a basketball team', 'back': '(football) a person who plays in the backfield', 'lineman': 'the surveyor who marks positions with a range pole', 'linebacker': 'a defensive football player who takes a position close behind the linemen', 'quarterback': '(football) the person who plays quarterback', 'fullback': '(football) the running back who plays the fullback position on the offensive team', 'halfback': '(football) the running back who plays the offensive halfback position', 'tailback': '(American football) the person who plays tailback', 'wingback': '(football) the person who plays wingback', 'end': 'the point in time at which something ends; \"the end of the year\"; \"the ending of warranty period\"', 'mid-off': 'the fielding position in cricket closest to the bowler on the off side', 'mid-on': 'the fielding position in cricket closest to the bowler on the on side', 'school_assignment': 'a school task performed by a student to satisfy the teacher', 'classroom_project': 'a school task requiring considerable effort', 'classwork': \"the part of a student's work that is done in the classroom\", 'homework': 'preparatory school work done outside school (especially at home)', 'lesson': 'a unit of instruction; \"he took driving lessons\"', 'language_lesson': 'a period of instruction learning a language', 'French_lesson': 'instruction in the French language', 'German_lesson': 'instruction in the German language', 'Hebrew_lesson': 'instruction in the Hebrew language', 'reading_assignment': 'the reading of a passage assigned by the teacher', 'guard_duty': 'the duty of serving as a sentry; \"he was on guard that night\"', 'fatigue_duty': 'labor of a nonmilitary kind done by soldiers (cleaning or digging or draining or so on); \"the soldiers were put on fatigue to teach them a lesson\"; \"they were assigned to kitchen fatigues\"', 'mission': 'an organization of missionaries in a foreign land sent to carry on religious work', \"da'wah\": 'missionary work for Islam', \"fool's_errand\": 'a fruitless mission', 'mission_impossible': 'an extremely dangerous or difficult mission', 'suicide_mission': 'killing or injuring others while annihilating yourself; usually accomplished with a bomb', 'errand': 'a short trip that is taken in the performance of a necessary task or mission', 'reassignment': 'assignment to a different duty', 'secondment': 'the detachment of a person from their regular organization for temporary assignment elsewhere', 'sea-duty': 'naval service aboard a ship at sea', 'shore_duty': 'naval service at land bases', 'scut_work': 'trivial, unrewarding, tedious, dirty, and disagreeable chores; \"the hospital hired him to do scut work\"', 'wrongdoing': 'activity that transgresses moral or civil law; \"he denied any wrongdoing\"', 'trespass': 'a wrongful interference with the possession of property (personal property as well as realty), or the action instituted to recover damages', 'inroad': 'an invasion or hostile attack', 'tort': '(law) any wrongdoing for which an action for damages may be brought', 'alienation_of_affection': 'a tort based on willful and malicious interference with the marriage relation by a third party without justification or excuse', 'invasion_of_privacy': 'the wrongful intrusion by individuals or the government into private affairs with which the public has no concern', 'continuing_trespass': 'trespass that is not transient or intermittent but continues as long as the offending object remains; \"dumping his garbage on my land was a case of continuing trespass\"', 'trespass_de_bonis_asportatis': 'an action brought to recover damages from a person who has taken goods or property from its rightful owner', 'trespass_on_the_case': 'an action brought to recover damages from a person whose actions have resulted indirectly in injury or loss; \"a person struck by a log as it was thrown onto a road could maintain trespass against the thrower but one who was hurt by stumbling over it could maintain and action on the case\"', 'trespass_quare_clausum_fregit': 'the defendant unlawfully enters the land of the plaintiff', 'trespass_viet_armis': \"trespass with force and arms resulting in injury to another's person or property\", 'malversation': 'misconduct in public office', 'misbehavior': 'improper or wicked or immoral behavior', 'delinquency': 'nonpayment of a debt when due', 'mischief': 'reckless or malicious behavior that causes discomfort or annoyance in others', 'hell': 'any place of pain and turmoil; \"the hell of battle\"; \"the inferno of the engine room\"; \"when you\\'re alone Christmas is the pits\";', 'monkey_business': 'mischievous or deceitful behavior', 'ruffianism': 'violent lawless behavior', 'familiarity': 'usualness by virtue of being familiar or well known', 'abnormality': 'an abnormal physical condition resulting from defective genes or developmental deficiencies', 'deviation': 'a variation that deviates from the standard or norm; \"the deviation from the mean\"', 'indecency': 'the quality of being indecent', 'paraphilia': 'abnormal sexual activity', 'exhibitionism': 'extravagant and conspicuous behavior intended to attract attention to yourself', 'fetishism': 'a belief in the magical power of fetishes (or the worship of a fetish)', 'pedophilia': 'a sexual attraction to children', 'voyeurism': \"a perversion in which a person receives sexual gratification from seeing the genitalia of others or witnessing others' sexual behavior\", 'zoophilia': 'a sexual attraction to animals', 'obscenity': 'an offensive or indecent word or phrase', 'indiscretion': 'the trait of being injudicious', 'infantilism': 'an abnormal condition in which an older child or adult retains infantile characteristics', 'dereliction': 'willful negligence', 'nonfeasance': 'a failure to act when under an obligation to do so; a refusal (without sufficient excuse) to do that which it is your legal duty to do', 'negligence': 'the trait of neglecting responsibilities and lacking concern', 'comparative_negligence': '(law) negligence allocated between the plaintiff and the defendant with a corresponding reduction in damages paid to the plaintiff', 'concurrent_negligence': '(law) negligence of two of more persons acting independently; the plaintiff may sue both together or separately', 'contributory_negligence': '(law) behavior by the plaintiff that contributes to the harm resulting from the defendant\\'s negligence; \"in common law any degree of contributory negligence would bar the plaintiff from collecting damages\"', 'criminal_negligence': '(law) recklessly acting without reasonable caution and putting another person at risk of injury or death (or failing to do something with the same consequences)', 'neglect_of_duty': '(law) breach of a duty', 'escape_mechanism': 'a form of behavior that evades unpleasant realities', 'malingering': 'evading duty or work by pretending to be incapacitated; \"they developed a test to detect malingering\"', 'shirking': 'the evasion of work or duty', 'circumvention': 'the act of evading by going around', 'tax_evasion': 'the deliberate failure to pay taxes (usually by making a false report)', 'malfeasance': 'wrongful conduct by a public official', 'misfeasance': 'doing a proper act in a wrongful or injurious manner', 'malpractice': 'professional wrongdoing that results in injury or damage; \"the widow sued his surgeon for malpractice\"', 'perversion': 'a curve that reverses the direction of something; \"the tendrils of the plant exhibited perversion\"; \"perversion also shows up in kinky telephone cords\"', 'waste': 'any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted; \"they collect the waste once a week\"; \"much of the waste material is carried off in the sewers\"', 'waste_of_effort': 'a useless effort', 'waste_of_material': 'a useless consumption of material', 'waste_of_money': 'money spent for inadequate return; \"the senator said that the project was a waste of money\"', 'waste_of_time': 'the devotion of time to a useless activity; \"the waste of time could prove fatal\"', 'extravagance': 'the quality of exceeding the appropriate limits of decorum or probability or truth; \"we were surprised by the extravagance of his description\"', 'squandering': 'spending resources lavishly and wastefully; \"more wasteful than the squandering of time\"', 'squandermania': 'prodigious squandering (usually by a government)', 'wrong': 'that which is contrary to the principles of justice or law; \"he feels that you are in the wrong\"', 'injury': 'any physical damage to the body caused by violence or accident or fracture etc.', 'injustice': 'the practice of being unjust or unfair', 'infliction': 'an act causing pain or damage', 'transgression': 'the spreading of the sea over land as evidenced by the deposition of marine strata over terrestrial strata', 'abomination': 'a person who is loathsome or disgusting', 'evil': 'that which causes harm or destruction or misfortune; \"the evil that men do lives after them; the good is oft interred with their bones\"- Shakespeare', 'villainy': 'the quality of evil by virtue of villainous behavior', 'deviltry': 'wicked and cruel behavior', 'enormity': 'vastness of size or extent; \"in careful usage the noun enormity is not used to express the idea of great size\"; \"universities recognized the enormity of their task\"', 'foul_play': 'unfair or dishonest behavior (especially involving violence)', 'irreverence': 'an irreverent mental attitude', 'sexual_immorality': 'the evil ascribed to sexual acts that violate social conventions; \"sexual immorality is the major reason for last year\\'s record number of abortions\"', 'depravity': 'a corrupt or depraved or degenerate act or practice; \"the various turpitudes of modern society\"', 'vice': 'a specific form of evildoing; \"vice offends the moral standards of the community\"', 'pornography': 'creative activity (writing or pictures or films etc.) of no literary or artistic value other than to stimulate sexual desire', 'child_pornography': 'the illegal use of children in pornographic pictures or films', 'intemperance': 'the quality of being intemperate', 'prostitution': 'offering sexual intercourse for pay', 'profligacy': 'dissolute indulgence in sensual pleasure', 'drink': 'any large deep body of water; \"he jumped into the drink and had to be rescued\"', 'drinking_bout': 'a long period of drinking', 'package_tour': 'a tour arranged by a travel agent; transportation and food and lodging are all provided at an inclusive price', 'pub_crawl': 'a tour of bars or public houses (usually taking one drink at each stop)', 'whistle-stop_tour': 'a tour by a candidate as part of a political campaign in which a series of small towns are visited; \"in 1948 Truman crossed the country several times on his whistle-stop tours\"', 'jag': 'a sharp projection on an edge or surface; \"he clutched a jag of the rock\"', 'dishonesty': 'the quality of being dishonest', 'treachery': 'an act of deliberate betrayal', 'double_cross': 'an act of betrayal; \"he gave us the old double cross\"; \"I could no longer tolerate his impudent double-crossing\"', 'sellout': 'an act of betrayal', 'charlatanism': 'the dishonesty of a charlatan', 'plagiarism': 'a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work', 'frame-up': 'an act that incriminates someone on a false charge', 'equivocation': 'intentionally vague or ambiguous', 'lying': 'the deliberate act of deviating from the truth', 'fibbing': 'a trivial act of lying or being deliberately unclear', 'fakery': 'the act of faking (or the product of faking)', 'deception': 'the act of deceiving', 'indirection': 'indirect procedure or action; \"he tried to find out by indirection\"', 'trickery': 'verbal misrepresentation intended to take advantage of you in some way', 'duplicity': 'acting in bad faith; deception by pretending to entertain one set of intentions while acting under the influence of another', 'sophistication': 'being expert or having knowledge of some technical subject; \"understanding affine transformations requires considerable mathematical sophistication\"', 'fraud': 'intentional deception resulting in injury to another person', 'goldbrick': 'a soldier who performs his duties without proper care or effort', 'scam': 'a fraudulent business scheme', 'cheat': 'a deception for profit to yourself', 'gerrymander': 'an act of gerrymandering (dividing a voting area so as to give your own party an unfair advantage)', 'delusion': '(psychology) an erroneous belief that is held in the face of evidence to the contrary', 'pretense': 'pretending with intention to deceive', 'make-believe': 'the enactment of a pretense; \"it was just pretend\"', 'affectation': 'a deliberate pretense or exaggerated display', 'attitude': 'position of aircraft or spacecraft relative to a frame of reference (the horizon or direction of motion)', 'radical_chic': 'an affectation of radical left-wing views and the fashionable dress and lifestyle that goes with them', 'masquerade': 'a party of guests wearing costumes and masks', 'imposture': 'pretending to be another person', 'obscurantism': 'a policy of opposition to enlightenment or the spread of knowledge', 'bluff': 'a high steep bank (usually formed by river erosion)', 'take-in': 'the act of taking in as by fooling or cheating or swindling someone', 'fall': 'the season when the leaves fall from the trees; \"in the fall of 1973\"', 'sin': 'the 21st letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'actual_sin': 'a sin committed of your own free will (as contrasted with original sin)', 'original_sin': 'a sin said to be inherited by all descendants of Adam; \"Adam and Eve committed the original sin when they ate the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden\"', 'mortal_sin': 'an unpardonable sin entailing a total loss of grace; \"theologians list seven mortal sins\"', 'venial_sin': 'a pardonable sin regarded as entailing only a partial loss of grace', 'pride': 'a group of lions', 'envy': 'a feeling of grudging admiration and desire to have something that is possessed by another', 'avarice': 'extreme greed for material wealth', 'sloth': 'a disinclination to work or exert yourself', 'wrath': 'intense anger (usually on an epic scale)', 'gluttony': 'habitual eating to excess', 'lust': 'self-indulgent sexual desire (personified as one of the deadly sins)', 'terror': 'a person who inspires fear or dread; \"he was the terror of the neighborhood\"', 'terrorism': 'the calculated use of violence (or the threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature; this is done through intimidation or coercion or instilling fear', 'bioterrorism': 'terrorism using the weapons of biological warfare', 'chemical_terrorism': 'terrorism using the chemical agents of chemical warfare; can undermine the personal security of citizens; \"a good agent for chemical terrorism should be colorless and odorless and inexpensive and readily available and not detectable until symptoms are experienced\"', 'cyber-terrorism': 'an assault on electronic communication networks', 'domestic_terrorism': 'terrorism practiced in your own country against your own people; \"the 1995 bombing of a federal building in Oklahoma City was an instance of domestic terrorism\"', 'ecoterrorism': 'violence carried out to further the political or social objectives of the environmentalists', 'international_terrorism': 'terrorism practiced in a foreign country by terrorists who are not native to that country', 'narcoterrorism': 'the financing of terrorist activities by participation in the drug trade', 'nuclear_terrorism': 'the use of a nuclear device by a terrorist organization to cause massive devastation or the use (or threat of use) of fissionable radioactive materials; \"assaults on nuclear power plants is one form of nuclear terrorism\"', 'state-sponsored_terrorism': 'terrorism practiced by a government against its own people or in support of international terrorism', 'theoterrorism': 'terrorism for a religious purpose', 'terrorization': 'the act of inspiring with fear', 'barratry': 'the crime of a judge whose judgment is influenced by bribery', 'champerty': 'an unethical agreement between an attorney and client that the attorney would sue and pay the costs of the client\\'s suit in return for a portion of the damages awarded; \"soliciting personal injury cases may constitute champerty\"', 'maintenance': 'means of maintenance of a family or group', 'crime': 'an evil act not necessarily punishable by law; \"crimes of the heart\"', 'inside_job': 'some transgression committed with the assistance of someone trusted by the victim; \"the police decided that the crime was an inside job\"', 'assault': 'close fighting during the culmination of a military attack', 'aggravated_assault': 'a reckless attack with intent to injure seriously (as with a deadly weapon)', 'battery': 'group of guns or missile launchers operated together at one place', 'capital_offense': 'a crime so serious that capital punishment is considered appropriate', 'cybercrime': \"crime committed using a computer and the internet to steal a person's identity or sell contraband or stalk victims or disrupt operations with malevolent programs\", 'felony': 'a serious crime (such as murder or arson)', 'forgery': 'criminal falsification by making or altering an instrument with intent to defraud', 'Had_crime': '(Islam) serious crimes committed by Muslims and punishable by punishments established in the Koran; \"Had crimes include apostasy from Islam and murder and theft and adultery\"', 'hijack': 'seizure of a vehicle in transit either to rob it or divert it to an alternate destination', 'mayhem': 'the willful and unlawful crippling or mutilation of another person', 'misdemeanor': 'a crime less serious than a felony', 'violation': 'an act that disregards an agreement or a right; \"he claimed a violation of his rights under the Fifth Amendment\"', 'copyright_infringement': 'a violation of the rights secured by a copyright', 'foul': 'an act that violates the rules of a sport', 'personal_foul': 'a foul that involves unnecessarily rough contact (as in basketball or football)', 'technical_foul': '(basketball) a foul that can be assessed on a player or a coach or a team for unsportsmanlike conduct; does not usually involve physical contact during play', 'patent_infringement': 'violation of the rights secured by a patent', 'disorderly_conduct': 'any act of molesting, interrupting, hindering, agitating, or arousing from a state of repose or otherwise depriving inhabitants of the peace and quiet to which they are entitled', 'false_pretense': '(law) an offense involving intent to defraud and false representation and obtaining property as a result of that misrepresentation', 'indecent_exposure': 'vulgar and offensive nakedness in a public place', 'perjury': 'criminal offense of making false statements under oath', 'resisting_arrest': 'physical efforts to oppose a lawful arrest; the resistance is classified as assault and battery upon the person of the police officer attempting to make the arrest', 'sedition': 'an illegal action inciting resistance to lawful authority and tending to cause the disruption or overthrow of the government', 'molestation': 'the act of subjecting someone to unwanted or improper sexual advances or activity (especially women or children)', 'perpetration': 'the act of committing a crime', 'rape': 'Eurasian plant cultivated for its seed and as a forage crop', 'date_rape': 'rape in which the rapist is known to the victim (as when they are on a date together)', 'mugging': 'assault with intent to rob', 'sexual_assault': 'a statutory offense that provides that it is a crime to knowingly cause another person to engage in an unwanted sexual act by force or threat; \"most states have replaced the common law definition of rape with statutes defining sexual assault\"', 'Tazir_crime': '(Islam) minor crimes committed by Muslims; crimes that are not mentioned in the Koran so judges are free to punish the offender in any appropriate way; \"in some Islamic nations Tazir crimes are set by legislation\"', 'statutory_offense': 'crimes created by statutes and not by common law', 'thuggery': 'violent or brutal acts as of thugs', 'bigamy': 'having two spouses at the same time', 'kidnapping': '(law) the unlawful act of capturing and carrying away a person against their will and holding them in false imprisonment', 'racket': 'a loud and disturbing noise', 'racketeering': 'engaging in a racket', 'bribery': 'the practice of offering something (usually money) in order to gain an illicit advantage', 'commercial_bribery': 'bribery of a purchasing agent in order to induce the agent to enter into a transaction', 'embezzlement': 'the fraudulent appropriation of funds or property entrusted to your care but actually owned by someone else', 'identity_theft': \"the co-option of another person's personal information (e.g., name, Social Security number, credit card number, passport) without that person's knowledge and the fraudulent use of such knowledge\", 'raid': 'an attempt by speculators to defraud investors', 'plunderage': 'the act of plundering (especially the embezzlement of goods on shipboard)', 'mail_fraud': 'use of the mails to defraud someone', 'election_fraud': 'misrepresentation or alteration of the true results of an election', 'constructive_fraud': 'comprises all acts or omissions or concealments involving breach of equitable or legal duty or trust or confidence', 'extrinsic_fraud': 'fraud that prevents a party from knowing their rights or from having a fair opportunity of presenting them at trial', 'fraud_in_fact': 'actual deceit; concealing something or making a false representation with an evil intent to cause injury to another', 'fraud_in_law': 'fraud that is presumed from the circumstances although the one who commits it need not have had any evil intent', 'fraud_in_the_factum': 'fraud that arises from a disparity between the instrument intended to be executed and the instrument actually executed; e.g., leading someone to sign the wrong contract', 'fraud_in_the_inducement': 'fraud which intentionally causes a person to execute and instrument or make an agreement or render a judgment; e.g., misleading someone about the true facts', 'intrinsic_fraud': 'fraud (as by use of forged documents or false claims or perjury) that misleads a court or jury and induces a finding for the one perpetrating the fraud', 'bunco': 'a swindle in which you cheat at gambling or persuade a person to buy worthless property', 'sting_operation': 'a complicated confidence game planned and executed with great care (especially an operation implemented by undercover agents to apprehend criminals)', 'pyramiding': 'a fraudulent business practice involving some form of pyramid scheme e.g., the chain of distribution is artificially expanded by an excessive number of distributors selling to other distributors at progressively higher wholesale prices until retail prices are unnecessarily inflated', 'swindle': 'the act of swindling by some fraudulent scheme; \"that book is a fraud\"', 'holdout': 'a negotiator who hopes to gain concessions by refusing to come to terms; \"their star pitcher was a holdout for six weeks\"', 'swiz': 'British slang for a swindle', 'shell_game': 'a swindling sleight-of-hand game; victim guesses which of three things a pellet is under', 'larceny': 'the act of taking something from someone unlawfully; \"the thieving is awful at Kennedy International\"', 'pilferage': 'the act of stealing small amounts or small articles', 'shoplifting': 'the act of stealing goods that are on display in a store; \"shrinkage is the retail trade\\'s euphemism for shoplifting\"', 'robbery': 'larceny by threat of violence', 'armed_robbery': 'robbery at gunpoint', 'treason': 'disloyalty by virtue of subversive behavior', 'vice_crime': 'a vice that is illegal', 'victimless_crime': 'an act that is legally a crime but that seem to have no victims; \"he considers prostitution to be a victimless crime\"', 'war_crime': 'a crime committed in wartime; violation of rules of war', 'biopiracy': 'biological theft; illegal collection of indigenous plants by corporations who patent them for their own use', 'dacoity': 'robbery by a gang of armed dacoits', 'heist': 'the act of stealing', 'highjacking': 'robbery of a traveller or vehicle in transit or seizing control of a vehicle by the use of force', 'highway_robbery': 'an exorbitant price; \"what they are asking for gas these days is highway robbery\"', 'piracy': 'hijacking on the high seas or in similar contexts; taking a ship or plane away from the control of those who are legally entitled to it; \"air piracy\"', 'rolling': 'the act of robbing a helpless person; \"he was charged with rolling drunks in the park\"', 'grand_larceny': 'larceny of property having a value greater than some amount (the amount varies by locale)', 'petit_larceny': 'larceny of property having a value less than some amount (the amount varies by locale)', 'skimming': 'the act of removing floating material from the surface of a liquid', 'extortion': 'an exorbitant charge', 'blackmail': 'extortion of money by threats to divulge discrediting information', 'protection': 'the condition of being protected; \"they were huddled together for protection\"; \"he enjoyed a sense of peace and protection in his new home\"', 'shakedown': 'initial adjustments to improve the functioning or the efficiency and to bring to a more satisfactory state; \"the new industry\\'s economic shakedown\"', 'burglary': 'entering a building unlawfully with intent to commit a felony or to steal valuable property', 'housebreaking': 'trespassing for an unlawful purpose; illegal entrance into premises with criminal intent', 'home_invasion': 'burglary of a dwelling while the residents are at home', 'joint_venture': 'a venture by a partnership or conglomerate designed to share risk or expertise; \"a joint venture between the film companies to produce TV shows\"', 'foreign_direct_investment': 'investing in United States businesses by foreign citizens (often involves stock ownership of the business)', 'forlorn_hope': 'a hopeless or desperate enterprise', 'attempt': 'earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something; \"made an effort to cover all the reading material\"; \"wished him luck in his endeavor\"; \"she gave it a good try\"', 'bid': 'a formal proposal to buy at a specified price', 'crack': 'a long narrow opening', 'essay': 'an analytic or interpretive literary composition', 'foray': 'a sudden short attack', 'contribution': 'a voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to some worthwhile cause', \"mug's_game\": 'a futile or unprofitable endeavor', 'seeking': 'an attempt to acquire or gain something', 'shot': 'a chance to do something; \"he wanted a shot at the champion\"', 'striving': 'an effortful attempt to attain a goal', 'duel': 'a prearranged fight with deadly weapons by two people (accompanied by seconds) in order to settle a quarrel over a point of honor', 'scramble': 'an unceremonious and disorganized struggle', 'buyout': 'acquisition of a company by purchasing a controlling percentage of its stock', 'strategic_buyout': 'an acquisition based on analysis of the benefits of consolidation in anticipation of increased earning power', 'takeover': 'a change by sale or merger in the controlling interest of a corporation', 'anti-takeover_defense': 'resistance to or defense against a hostile takeover', 'takeover_attempt': 'an attempt to take control of a corporation', 'takeover_bid': 'an offer to buy shares in order to take over the company', 'two-tier_bid': 'a takeover bid where the acquirer offers to pay more for the shares needed to gain control than for the remaining shares', 'any-and-all_bid': 'a takeover bid where the acquirer offers to buy any and all shares outstanding', 'hostile_takeover': 'a takeover that is resisted by the management of the target company', 'friendly_takeover': 'a takeover that is welcomed by the management of the target company', 'test': 'a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins', 'assay': 'a substance that is undergoing an analysis of its components', 'enzyme-linked-immunosorbent_serologic_assay': 'an assay that relies on an enzymatic conversion reaction and is used to detect the presence of specific substances (such as enzymes or viruses or antibodies or bacteria)', 'immunohistochemistry': 'an assay that shows specific antigens in tissues by the use of markers that are either fluorescent dyes or enzymes (such as horseradish peroxidase)', 'clinical_trial': 'a rigorously controlled test of a new drug or a new invasive medical device on human subjects; in the United States it is conducted under the direction of the FDA before being made available for general clinical use', 'phase_I_clinical_trial': 'a clinical trial on a few persons to determine the safety of a new drug or invasive medical device; for drugs, dosage or toxicity limits should be obtained', 'phase_II_clinical_trial': 'a clinical trial on more persons than in phase I; intended to evaluate the efficacy of a treatment for the condition it is intended to treat; possible side effects are monitored', 'phase_III_clinical_trial': 'a large clinical trial of a treatment or drug that in phase I and phase II has been shown to be efficacious with tolerable side effects; after successful conclusion of these clinical trials it will receive formal approval from the FDA', 'phase_IV_clinical_trial': 'sometimes the FDA approves a drug for general use but requires the manufacturer to continue to monitor its effects; during this phase the drug may be tried on slightly different patient populations than those studied in earlier trials', 'double_blind': 'a test procedure in which the identity of those receiving the intervention is concealed from both the administrators and the subjects until after the test is completed; designed to reduce or eliminate bias in the results', 'preclinical_trial': 'a laboratory test of a new drug or a new invasive medical device on animal subjects; conducted to gather evidence justifying a clinical trial', 'audition': 'a test of the suitability of a performer', 'screen_test': 'a filmed audition of an actor or actress', 'field_trial': 'a contest between gun dogs to determine their proficiency in pointing and retrieving', 'fitting': 'a small and often standardized accessory to a larger system', 'MOT': 'a compulsory annual test of older motor vehicles for safety and exhaust fumes', 'pilot_project': 'activity planned as a test or trial; \"they funded a pilot project in six states\"', 'spadework': 'dull or routine preliminary work preparing for an undertaking', 'timework': 'work paid for at a rate per unit of time', 'undertaking': 'the trade of a funeral director', 'written_assignment': 'an assignment to write something', 'adventure': 'a wild and exciting undertaking (not necessarily lawful)', 'baby': 'an unborn child; a human fetus; \"I felt healthy and very feminine carrying the baby\"; \"it was great to feel my baby moving about inside\"', 'enterprise': 'an organization created for business ventures; \"a growing enterprise must have a bold leader\"', 'labor_of_love': 'productive work performed voluntarily without material reward or compensation', 'marathon': 'a footrace of 26 miles 385 yards', 'no-brainer': 'anything that requires little thought', 'proposition': 'an offer for a private bargain (especially a request for sexual favors)', 'tall_order': 'a formidable task or requirement; \"finishing in time was a tall order but we did it\"', 'venture': 'a commercial undertaking that risks a loss but promises a profit', 'speleology': 'the scientific study of caves', 'advertising_campaign': 'an organized program of advertisements', 'anti-war_movement': 'a campaign against entering or continuing a war', 'charm_campaign': 'a campaign of flattery and friendliness (by a company, politician, etc.) to become more popular and gain support', 'consumerism': 'the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically beneficial', 'campaigning': 'the campaign of a candidate to be elected', 'front-porch_campaigning': 'a campaign in which the candidate makes speeches but does not travel; \"William McKinley\\'s dignified front-porch campaign won him the presidency in 1896\"; \"her approach was the opposite of a passive front-porch campaign\"', 'hustings': 'the activities involved in political campaigning (especially speech making)', 'fund-raising_campaign': 'a campaign to raise money for some cause', 'feminist_movement': 'the movement aimed at equal rights for women', 'gay_liberation_movement': 'the movement aimed at liberating homosexuals from legal or social or economic oppression', 'lost_cause': 'a defeated cause or a cause for which defeat is inevitable', 'war': 'a legal state created by a declaration of war and ended by official declaration during which the international rules of war apply; \"war was declared in November but actual fighting did not begin until the following spring\"', 'youth_movement': 'political or religious or social reform movement or agitation consisting chiefly of young people', 'whispering_campaign': 'the organized dissemination of derogatory rumors designed to discredit a candidate', 'stumping': 'campaigning for something by making political speeches (stump speeches)', 'sales_campaign': 'an advertising campaign intended to promote sales', 'public-relations_campaign': 'an advertising campaign intended to improve public relations', 'sally': 'a venture off the beaten path; \"a sally into the wide world beyond his home\"', 'self-help': 'the act of helping or improving yourself without relying on anyone else', 'risk': 'the probability of becoming infected given that exposure to an infectious agent has occurred', 'chance': 'a risk involving danger; \"you take a chance when you let her drive\"', 'crapshoot': 'a risky and uncertain venture; \"getting admitted to the college of your choice has become a crapshoot\"', 'gamble': 'money that is risked for possible monetary gain', 'long_shot': 'a contestant that is unlikely to win', 'raise': 'the amount a salary is increased; \"he got a 3% raise\"; \"he got a wage hike\"', 'doubling': 'increase by a factor of two; \"doubling with a computer took no time at all\"', 'control': 'a relation of constraint of one entity (thing or person or group) by another; \"measures for the control of disease\"; \"they instituted controls over drinking on campus\"', 'crowd_control': 'activity of controlling a crowd', 'damage_control': 'an effort to minimize or curtail damage or loss', 'federalization': 'the state of being under federal control; \"the federalization of postal service\"', 'flight_control': 'control from ground stations of airplanes in flight by means of messages transmitted to the pilot electronically', 'flood_control': '(engineering) the art or technique of trying to control rivers with dams etc in order to minimize the occurrence of floods', 'imperialism': 'a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries', 'regulation': 'the state of being controlled or governed', 'deregulation': 'the act of freeing from regulation (especially from governmental regulations)', 'gun_control': 'efforts to regulate or control sales of guns', 'indexation': 'a system of economic regulation: wages and interest are tied to the cost-of-living index in order to reduce the effects of inflation', 'internal_control': 'an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error etc.', 'management_control': 'an internal control performed by one or more managers', 'quality_control': 'maintenance of standards of quality of manufactured goods', 'acceptance_sampling': 'a statistical procedure for accepting or rejecting a batch of merchandise or documents; involves determining the maximum number of defects discovered in a sample before the entire batch is rejected', 'timing': 'the time when something happens', 'coordination': 'the grammatical relation of two constituents having the same grammatical form', 'synchronization': 'an adjustment that causes something to occur or recur in unison', 'load-shedding': 'cutting off the electric current on certain lines when the demand becomes greater than the supply', 'proration': 'the proportional limitation of production or distribution of something (e.g. crude oil or natural gas) to some fractional part of the total capacity of each producer', 'limitation': '(law) a time period after which suits cannot be brought; \"statute of limitations\"', 'arms_control': 'a limitation on the size and armament of the armed forces of a country', 'hold-down': 'a limitation or constraint; \"taxpayers want a hold-down on government spending\"', 'freeze': 'the withdrawal of heat to change something from a liquid to a solid', 'clampdown': 'sudden restriction on an activity', 'hire': 'a newly hired employee; \"the new hires need special training\"', 'hiring_freeze': 'a freeze on hiring', 'price_freeze': 'a freeze of prices at a given level', 'wage_freeze': 'a freeze of wages at a given level', 'actual_possession': '(law) immediate and direct physical control over property', 'constructive_possession': '(law) having the power and intention to have and control property but without direct control or actual presence upon it', 'criminal_possession': '(law) possession for which criminal sanctions are provided because the property may not lawfully be possessed or may not be possessed under certain circumstances', 'illegal_possession': 'possession of controlled substances', 'retention': 'the act of retaining something', 'power_trip': '(slang) a self-aggrandizing action undertaken simply for the pleasure of exercising control over other people', 'defecation_reflex': 'normal response to the presence of feces in the rectum', 'storage': '(computer science) the process of storing information in a computer memory or on a magnetic tape or disk', 'filing': 'a fragment rubbed off by the use of a file', 'cold_storage': 'in a state of abeyance or postponement', 'stowage': 'the charge for stowing goods', 'tankage': 'the quantity contained in (or the capacity of) a tank or tanks', 'riot_control': 'the measures taken to control a riot', 'grasping': 'understanding with difficulty; \"the lecture was beyond his most strenuous graspings\"', 'clasp': 'a fastener (as a buckle or hook) that is used to hold two things together', 'wrestling_hold': 'a hold used in the sport of wrestling', 'nelson': \"any of several wrestling holds in which an arm is passed under the opponent's arm from behind and the hand exerts pressure on the back of the neck\", 'full_nelson': \"a wrestling hold in which the holder puts both arms under the opponent's arms and exerts pressure on the back of the neck (illegal in amateur wrestling)\", 'half_nelson': \"a wrestling hold in which the holder puts an arm under the opponent's arm and exerts pressure on the back of the neck\", 'hammerlock': \"a wrestling hold in which the opponent's arm is twisted up behind his back\", 'headlock': \"a wrestling hold in which the opponent's head is locked between the crook of your elbow and the side of your body\", 'Japanese_stranglehold': \"a wrestling hold in which the opponent's arms are crossed in front of his own neck to exert pressure on his windpipe\", 'lock': 'a strand or cluster of hair', 'stranglehold': 'complete power over a person or situation; \"corporations have a stranglehold on the media\"; \"the president applied a chokehold to labor disputes that inconvenienced the public\"', 'toehold': 'a relatively insignificant position from which future progress might be made; \"American diplomacy provided a toehold on which to proceed toward peace talks\"; \"his father gave him a toehold in the oil business\"', 'steering': 'the act of setting and holding a course; \"a new council was installed under the direction of the king\"', 'aim': 'the goal intended to be attained (and which is believed to be attainable); \"the sole object of her trip was to see her children\"', 'navigation': 'ship traffic; \"the channel will be open to navigation as soon as the ice melts\"', 'instrument_flying': 'navigation of an airplane solely by instruments', 'celestial_navigation': 'navigating according to the positions of the stars', 'celestial_guidance': 'a method of controlling the flight of a missile or spacecraft by reference to the positions of celestial bodies', 'inertial_guidance': 'a method of controlling the flight of a missile by devices that respond to inertial forces', 'command_guidance': 'a method of controlling the flight of a missile by commands originating from the ground or from another missile', 'terrestrial_guidance': \"a method of controlling the flight of a missile by devices that respond to the strength and direction of the earth's gravitational field\", 'dead_reckoning': 'navigation without the aid of celestial observations', 'fire_watching': '(during World War II in Britain) watching for fires started by bombs that dropped from the sky', 'air_cover': 'the use of military aircraft to provide protection against attack by enemy aircraft during ground or naval operations', 'shielding': 'shield consisting of an arrangement of metal mesh or plates designed to protect electronic equipment from ambient electromagnetic interference', 'guardianship': 'the responsibility of a guardian or keeper; \"he left his car in my keeping\"', 'hands': '(with `in\\') guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child; \"my fate is in your hands\"; \"too much power in the president\\'s hands\"; \"your guests are now in my custody\"; \"the mother was awarded custody of the children\"', 'preservation': 'the condition of being (well or ill) preserved', 'conservation': 'an occurrence of improvement by virtue of preventing loss or injury or other change', 'conservancy': 'a commission with jurisdiction over fisheries and navigation in a port or river', 'soil_conservation': 'protection of soil against erosion or deterioration', 'oil_conservation': 'the conservation of petroleum resources', 'water_conservation': 'the conservation of water resources', 'self-preservation': 'preservation of yourself from harm; a natural or instinctive tendency', 'reservation': 'a district that is reserved for particular purpose', 'Manhattan_Project': 'a former United States executive agency that was responsible for developing atomic bombs during World War II', 'embalmment': 'preservation (of a dead body) by treating with balsams and drugs and other chemicals', 'mummification': 'a condition resembling that of a mummy; \"bureaucratic mummification in red tape\"', 'momism': 'excessive protection', 'security_intelligence': 'intelligence on the identity and capability and intentions of hostile individuals or organizations that may be engaged in espionage or sabotage or subversion or terrorism', 'military_censorship': 'all types of censorship conducted by personnel of the armed forces', 'civil_censorship': 'military censorship of civilian communications (correspondence or printed matter of films) entering or leaving of circulating within territories controlled by armed forces', 'field_press_censorship': 'security review of news (including all information or material intended for dissemination to the public) subject to the jurisdiction of the armed forces', 'prisoner_of_war_censorship': 'military censorship of communication to and from prisoners of war and civilian internees held by the armed forces', 'armed_forces_censorship': 'military censorship of personal communications to or from persons in the armed forces', 'primary_censorship': 'armed forces censorship performed by personnel of a military unit on the personal communications of persons assigned to that unit', 'secondary_censorship': 'armed forces censorship of the personal communications of officers or civilian employees or enlisted personnel not subject to primary censorship', 'national_censorship': 'censorship under civil authority of communications entering or leaving of crossing the borders of the United States or its territories or possessions', 'precaution': 'the trait of practicing caution in advance', 'security': 'the state of being free from danger or injury; \"we support the armed services in the name of national security\"', 'defense': '(sports) the team that is trying to prevent the other team from scoring; \"his teams are always good on defense\"', 'inoculation': 'taking a vaccine as a precaution against contracting a disease', 'inoculating': 'the act of protecting against disease by introducing a vaccine into the body to induce immunity; \"doctors examined the recruits but nurses did the inoculating\"', 'ring_vaccination': 'administering vaccine only to people in close contact with an isolated infected patient; prevents the spread of a highly infectious disease by surrounding the patient with a ring of immunization', 'variolation': 'the obsolete process of inoculating a susceptible person with material taken from a vesicle of a person who has smallpox', 'patrol': 'a group that goes through a region at regular intervals for the purpose of security', 'airborne_patrol': 'a patrol provided by aircraft', 'round-the-clock_patrol': 'a continuous nonstop patrol', 'self-defense': 'the act of defending yourself', 'aikido': 'a Japanese martial art employing principles similar to judo', 'martial_art': 'any of several Oriental arts of weaponless self-defense; usually practiced as a sport; \"he had a black belt in the martial arts\"', 'judo': 'a sport adapted from jujitsu (using principles of not resisting) and similar to wrestling; developed in Japan', 'jujutsu': \"a method of self-defense without weapons that was developed in China and Japan; holds and blows are supplemented by clever use of the attacker's own weight and strength\", 'ninjutsu': 'the traditional Japanese method of espionage; involves stealthy movements and the use of camouflage', 'karate': 'a traditional Japanese system of unarmed combat; sharp blows and kicks are given to pressure-sensitive points on the body of the opponent', 'kung_fu': 'a Chinese martial art', 'tae_kwon_do': 'a Korean martial art similar to karate', \"t'ai_chi\": 'a Chinese system of slow meditative physical exercise designed for relaxation and balance and health', 'insulation': 'the state of being isolated or detached; \"the insulation of England was preserved by the English Channel\"', 'lining': 'a protective covering that protects an inside surface', 'babbitting': 'lining a surface or bearing with Babbitt metal', 'locking': 'the act of locking something up to protect it', 'escort': 'an attendant who is employed to accompany someone', 'convoy': 'a procession of land vehicles traveling together', 'covering': 'a natural object that covers or envelops; \"under a covering of dust\"; \"the fox was flushed from its cover\"', 'primping': 'careful or finicky grooming; \"the primping alone took more than an hour\"', 'toilet': 'a plumbing fixture for defecation and urination', 'immunization': 'the act of making immune (especially by inoculation)', 'sensitizing': 'rendering an organism sensitive to a serum by a series of injections', 'ruggedization': 'the act of making a piece of equipment rugged (strengthening to resist wear or abuse)', 'waterproofing': 'a coating capable of making a surface waterproof', 'wear': 'impairment resulting from long use; \"the tires showed uneven wear\"', 'motor_control': 'control of muscles', 'respiration': 'a single complete act of breathing in and out; \"thirty respirations per minute\"', 'breathing': 'the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation; the process of taking in oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide by exhalation', 'artificial_respiration': 'an emergency procedure whereby breathing is maintained artificially', 'cardiography': 'diagnostic procedure consisting of recording the activity of the heart electronically with a cardiograph (and producing a cardiogram)', 'echocardiography': 'a noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasound to study to structure and motions of the heart', 'echoencephalography': 'a noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasound to study the anatomy of the brain', 'cardiopulmonary_resuscitation': 'an emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac massage and artificial respiration; the first treatment for a person who has collapsed and has no pulse and has stopped breathing; attempts to restore circulation of the blood and prevent death or brain damage due to lack of oxygen', 'Heimlich_maneuver': 'an emergency procedure to help someone who is choking because food is lodged in the trachea', 'abdominal_breathing': 'breathing in which most of the respiratory effort is done by the abdominal muscles; \"abdominal breathing is practiced by singers\"', 'eupnea': 'normal relaxed breathing', 'hyperpnea': 'energetic (deep and rapid) respiration that occurs normally after exercise or abnormally with fever or various disorders', 'hypopnea': 'slow or shallow breathing', 'hyperventilation': 'an increased depth and rate of breathing greater than demanded by the body needs; can cause dizziness and tingling of the fingers and toes and chest pain if continued', 'panting': 'any fabric used to make trousers', 'periodic_breathing': 'abnormal respiration in which periods of shallow and deep breathing alternate', 'puffing': 'blowing tobacco smoke out into the air; \"they smoked up the room with their ceaseless puffing\"', 'smoke': 'a hot vapor containing fine particles of carbon being produced by combustion; \"the fire produced a tower of black smoke that could be seen for miles\"', 'breath': 'a short respite', 'exhalation': 'the act of expelling air from the lungs', 'blow': 'an impact (as from a collision); \"the bump threw him off the bicycle\"', 'insufflation': '(medicine) blowing air or medicated powder into the lungs (or into some other body cavity)', 'snore': 'the rattling noise produced when snoring', 'snuffle': 'the act of breathing heavily through the nose (as when the nose is congested)', 'wheeze': '(Briticism) a clever or amusing scheme or trick; \"a clever wheeze probably succeeded in neutralizing the German espionage threat\"', 'second_wind': 'renewed energy or strength to continue an undertaking; \"She had dinner and got a second wind to finish painting\"; \"the employers, initially taken by surprise at the pace of developments, regained their second wind\"', 'inhalation': 'the act of inhaling; the drawing in of air (or other gases) as in breathing', 'gasp': 'a short labored intake of breath with the mouth open; \"she gave a gasp and fainted\"', 'yawn': 'an involuntary intake of breath through a wide open mouth; usually triggered by fatigue or boredom; \"he could not suppress a yawn\"; \"the yawning in the audience told him it was time to stop\"; \"he apologized for his oscitancy\"', 'puff': 'a short light gust of air', 'toke': 'a puff of a marijuana or hashish cigarette; \"the boys took a few tokes on a joint\"', 'eating': 'the act of consuming food', 'browse': 'vegetation (such as young shoots, twigs, and leaves) that is suitable for animals to eat; \"a deer needs to eat twenty pounds of browse every day\"', 'coprophagy': 'eating feces; in human a symptom of some kinds of insanity', 'electric_shock': 'trauma caused by the passage of electric current through the body (as from contact with high voltage lines or being struck by lightning); usually involves burns and abnormal heart rhythm and unconsciousness', 'fart': 'a reflex that expels intestinal gas through the anus', 'swallow': 'a small amount of liquid food; \"a sup of ale\"', 'aerophagia': 'swallowing air (usually followed by belching and discomfort and flatulence)', 'gulp': 'a spasmodic reflex of the throat made as if in swallowing', 'dining': 'the act of eating dinner', 'engorgement': 'congestion with blood; \"engorgement of the breast\"', 'feasting': 'eating an elaborate meal (often accompanied by entertainment)', 'geophagy': 'eating earth, clay, chalk; occurs in some primitive tribes, sometimes in cases of nutritional deficiency or obsessive behavior', 'graze': 'a superficial abrasion', 'lunching': 'the act of eating lunch', 'munch': 'a large bite; \"he tried to talk between munches on the sandwich\"', 'Dutch_treat': 'a dinner where each person pays for his own', 'repletion': 'the state of being satisfactorily full and unable to take on more', 'supping': 'ingestion of liquid food with a spoon or by drinking', 'tasting': 'a small amount (especially of food or wine)', 'nibble': 'gentle biting', 'nip': 'a small drink of liquor; \"he poured a shot of whiskey\"', 'necrophagia': 'feeding on corpses or carrion', 'omophagia': 'the eating of raw food', 'scatophagy': 'the eating of excrement or other filth', 'sucking': 'the act of sucking', 'suckling': 'a young mammal that has not been weaned', 'drinking': 'the act of consuming liquids', 'gulping': 'the drinking of large mouthfuls rapidly', 'sip': 'a small drink', 'potation': 'the act of drinking (especially an alcoholic drink)', 'bondage': 'the state of being under the control of a force or influence or abstract power; \"he was in bondage to fear:; \"he sought release from his bondage to Satan\"; \"a self freed from the bondage of time\"', 'outercourse': 'sexual stimulation without vaginal penetration; \"since pregnancy cannot happen if sperm are kept out of the vagina, outercourse is one method of birth control\"', 'safe_sex': 'sexual activity (especially sexual intercourse) with the use of measures (such as latex condoms) to avoid the transmission of disease (especially AIDS)', 'sexual_activity': 'activities associated with sexual intercourse; \"they had sex in the back seat\"', 'conception': 'the act of becoming pregnant; fertilization of an ovum by a spermatozoon', 'defloration': 'an act that despoils the innocence or beauty of something', 'insemination': 'the act of sowing (of seeds in the ground or, figuratively, of germs in the body or ideas in the mind, etc.)', 'artificial_insemination': 'the introduction of semen into the oviduct or uterus by some means other than sexual intercourse', 'sexual_intercourse': \"the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur\", 'fuck': 'slang for sexual intercourse', 'pleasure': 'a fundamental feeling that is hard to define but that people desire to experience; \"he was tingling with pleasure\"', 'hank_panky': 'illicit sexual intercourse', 'sexual_love': 'sexual activities (often including sexual intercourse) between two people; \"his lovemaking disgusted her\"; \"he hadn\\'t had any love in months\"; \"he has a very complicated love life\"', 'statutory_rape': 'sexual intercourse with a person (girl or boy) who has not reached the age of consent (even if both parties participate willingly)', 'carnal_abuse': 'any lascivious contact by an adult with the sexual organs of a child (especially not involving sexual intercourse)', 'coupling': 'a mechanical device that serves to connect the ends of adjacent objects', 'assortative_mating': 'mating of individuals having more traits in common than likely in random mating', 'disassortative_mating': 'mating of individuals having traits more dissimilar than likely in random mating', 'unlawful_carnal_knowledge': 'forbidden or tabu sexual intercourse between individuals', 'extramarital_sex': 'sexual intercourse between individuals who are not married to one another', 'adultery': 'extramarital sex that willfully and maliciously interferes with marriage relations; \"adultery is often cited as grounds for divorce\"', 'fornication': 'voluntary sexual intercourse between persons not married to each other', 'incest': 'sexual intercourse between persons too closely related to marry (as between a parent and a child)', 'coitus_interruptus': 'a method of birth control in which coitus is initiated but the penis is deliberately withdrawn before ejaculation', 'sodomy': 'intercourse via the anus, committed by a man with a man or woman', 'reproduction': 'the process of generating offspring', 'miscegenation': 'reproduction by parents of different races (especially by white and non-white persons)', 'generation': 'a stage of technological development or innovation; \"the third generation of computers\"', 'biogenesis': 'the production of living organisms from other living organisms', 'hybridization': '(genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids', 'dihybrid_cross': 'hybridization using two traits with two alleles each', 'monohybrid_cross': \"hybridization using a single trait with two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)\", 'reciprocal_cross': 'hybridization involving a pair of crosses that reverse the sexes associated with each genotype', 'testcross': 'a cross between an organism whose genotype for a certain trait is unknown and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait so the unknown genotype can be determined from that of the offspring', 'inbreeding': 'the act of mating closely related individuals', 'natural_family_planning': \"any of several methods of family planning that do not involve sterilization or contraceptive devices or drugs; coitus is avoided during the fertile time of a woman's menstrual cycle\", 'birth_control': 'limiting the number of children born', 'contraception': 'birth control by the use of devices (diaphragm or intrauterine device or condom) or drugs or surgery', 'oral_contraception': 'contraception achieved by taking oral contraceptive pills', 'basal_body_temperature_method_of_family_planning': \"natural family planning in which the fertile period of the woman's menstrual cycle is inferred by noting the rise in basal body temperature that typically occurs with ovulation\", 'ovulation_method_of_family_planning': 'natural family planning in which the fertile period is inferred from changes in the character and quantity of cervical mucus; ovulation is marked by an increase in mucus that becomes sticky and then clearer and slippery', 'rhythm_method_of_birth_control': 'natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle)', 'surgical_contraception': 'contraception by surgical sterilization', 'servicing': 'the act of mating by male animals; \"the bull was worth good money in servicing fees\"', 'foreplay': 'mutual sexual fondling prior to sexual intercourse', 'caressing': 'affectionate play (or foreplay without contact with the genital organs)', 'snogging': '(British informal) cuddle and kiss', 'feel': 'an intuitive awareness; \"he has a feel for animals\" or \"it\\'s easy when you get the feel of it\";', 'oral_sex': 'oral stimulation of the genitals; \"they say he gives good head\"', 'cunnilingus': 'oral stimulation of the vulva or clitoris', 'fellatio': 'oral stimulation of the penis', 'cock_sucking': 'slang for fellatio', 'soixante-neuf': 'oral sex practiced simultaneously by two people', 'autoeroticism': 'using you own body as a sexual object', 'masturbation': 'manual stimulation of the genital organs (of yourself or another) for sexual pleasure', 'self-stimulation': 'manual stimulation of your own genital organ for sexual pleasure', 'frottage': 'masturbation by rubbing against another person (as in a crowd)', 'jacking_off': 'slang for masturbation', 'promiscuity': 'indulging in promiscuous (casual and indiscriminate) sexual relations', 'lechery': 'unrestrained indulgence in sexual activity', 'homosexuality': 'a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the same sex', 'bisexuality': 'sexual activity with both men and women', 'lesbianism': 'female homosexuality', 'tribadism': 'a form of lesbianism that simulates heterosexual intercourse', 'heterosexuality': 'a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the opposite sex', 'pederasty': 'sexual relations between a man and a boy (usually anal intercourse with the boy as a passive partner)', 'bestiality': 'the stupid brutal quality of a beast', 'sleeping': 'the state of being asleep', 'nap': 'a soft or fuzzy surface texture', 'siesta': 'a nap in the early afternoon (especially in hot countries)', 'zizz': 'a buzzing or whizzing sound; \"a nasty zizz in the engine\"', 'doze': 'a light fitful sleep', 'automatism': 'any reaction that occurs automatically without conscious thought or reflection (especially the undirected behavior seen in psychomotor epilepsy)', 'overreaction': 'an excessive reaction; a reaction with inappropriate emotional behavior', 'galvanic_skin_response': 'a change in the electrical properties of the skin in response to stress or anxiety; can be measured either by recording the electrical resistance of the skin or by recording weak currents generated by the body', 'immune_response': 'a bodily defense reaction that recognizes an invading substance (an antigen: such as a virus or fungus or bacteria or transplanted organ) and produces antibodies specific against that antigen', 'anamnestic_response': 'renewed rapid production of an antibody on the second (or subsequent) encounter with the same antigen', 'humoral_immune_response': 'an immune response (chiefly against bacterial invasion) that is mediated by B cells', 'cell-mediated_immune_response': 'an immune response (chiefly against viral or fungal invasions or transplanted tissue) that involves T cells', 'complement_fixation': 'an immune response in which an antigen-antibody combination inactivates a complement (so it is unavailable to participate in a second antigen-antibody combination)', 'tropism': 'an involuntary orienting response; positive or negative reaction to a stimulus source', 'ergotropism': 'an affinity for work', 'geotropism': 'an orienting response to gravity', 'heliotropism': 'an orienting response to the sun', 'meteortropism': 'an effect of climate on biological processes (as the effect on joint pains etc.)', 'neurotropism': 'an affinity for neural tissues', 'phototropism': 'an orienting response to light', 'trophotropism': 'an orienting response to food', 'thermotropism': 'an orienting response to warmth', 'chemotaxis': 'movement by a cell or organism in reaction to a chemical stimulus', 'negative_chemotaxis': 'movement away from a chemical stimulus', 'positive_chemotaxis': 'movement toward a chemical stimulus', 'kinesis': 'a movement that is a response to a stimulus but is not oriented with respect to the source of stimulation', 'double_take': 'a delayed reaction indicating surprise', 'reflex': 'an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus', 'conditional_reflex': 'an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus', 'learned_reaction': 'a reaction that has been acquired by learning', 'conditioned_avoidance': 'a conditioned response that anticipates the occurrence of an aversive stimulus', 'knee_jerk': 'a reflex extension of the leg resulting from a sharp tap on the patellar tendon', 'startle_response': 'a complicated involuntary reaction to a sudden unexpected stimulus (especially a loud noise); involves flexion of most skeletal muscles and a variety of visceral reactions', 'startle_reflex': 'a normal reflex of young infants; a sudden loud noise causes the child to stretch out the arms and flex the legs', 'wince': 'the facial expression of sudden pain', 'light_reflex': 'reflex contraction of the sphincter muscle of the iris in response to a bright light (or certain drugs) causing the pupil to become smaller', 'mydriasis': 'reflex pupillary dilation as a muscle pulls the iris outward; occurs in response to a decrease in light or certain drugs', 'micturition_reflex': 'relaxation of the urethral sphincter in response to increased pressure in the bladder', 'pharyngeal_reflex': 'normal reflex consisting of retching; may be produced by touching the soft palate in the back of the mouth', 'pilomotor_reflex': 'reflex erection of hairs of the skin in response to cold or emotional stress or skin irritation', 'plantar_reflex': 'flexion of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked firmly on the outer side from the heel to the front in persons over the age of 2 years; under 2 years the results should be extension of the toes (Babinski reflex)', 'rooting_reflex': 'reflex consisting of head-turning and sucking movements elicited in a normal infant by gently stroking the side of the mouth or cheek', 'startle': 'a sudden involuntary movement; \"he awoke with a start\"', 'stretch_reflex': 'reflex contraction of a muscle when an attached tendon is pulled; important in maintaining erect posture', 'suckling_reflex': 'reflex behavior in newborn mammals; includes finding and grasping the nipple in the mouth and sucking on it and swallowing the milk', 'tremble': 'a reflex motion caused by cold or fear or excitement', 'crying': 'the process of shedding tears (usually accompanied by sobs or other inarticulate sounds); \"I hate to hear the crying of a child\"; \"she was in tears\"', 'snivel': 'whining in a tearful manner', 'sob': 'convulsive gasp made while weeping', 'wailing': 'loud cries made while weeping', 'calculation': 'problem solving that involves numbers or quantities', 'number_crunching': 'performing complex and lengthy numerical calculations', 'mathematical_process': '(mathematics) calculation by mathematical methods; \"the problems at the end of the chapter demonstrated the mathematical processes involved in the derivation\"; \"they were learning the basic operations of arithmetic\"', 'recalculation': 'the act of calculating again (usually to eliminate errors or to include additional data); \"recalculation yielded a much larger value\"', 'differentiation': 'a discrimination between things as different and distinct; \"it is necessary to make a distinction between love and infatuation\"', 'long_division': 'the operation of division in which the sequence of steps are indicated in detail', 'short_division': 'the operation of division in which the sequence of steps is performed without writing them out', 'integration': 'the action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community', 'multiplication': 'a multiplicative increase; \"repeated copying leads to a multiplication of errors\"; \"this multiplication of cells is a natural correlate of growth\"', 'summation': '(physiology) the process whereby multiple stimuli can produce a response (in a muscle or nerve or other part) that one stimulus alone does not produce', 'exponentiation': 'the process of raising a quantity to some assigned power', 'arithmetic_operation': 'a mathematical operation involving numbers', 'matrix_operation': 'a mathematical operation involving matrices', 'matrix_addition': 'the addition of matrices', 'matrix_multiplication': 'the multiplication of matrices', 'matrix_inversion': 'determination of a matrix that when multiplied by the given matrix will yield a unit matrix', 'matrix_transposition': 'the interchange of each row of a square matrix with the corresponding column', 'construction': 'an interpretation of a text or action; \"they put an unsympathetic construction on his conduct\"', 'quadrature': 'the construction of a square having the same area as some other figure', 'relaxation': '(physiology) the gradual lengthening of inactive muscle or muscle fibers', 'judgment': 'an opinion formed by judging something; \"he was reluctant to make his judgment known\"; \"she changed her mind\"', 'adjudication': 'the final judgment in a legal proceeding; the act of pronouncing judgment based on the evidence presented', 'disapproval': 'a feeling of disliking something or what someone is doing', 'evaluation': 'an appraisal of the value of something; \"he set a high valuation on friendship\"', 'estimate': 'a statement indicating the likely cost of some job; \"he got an estimate from the car repair shop\"', 'appraisal': 'a document appraising the value of something (as for insurance or taxation)', 'logistic_assessment': 'a judgment of the logistic support required for some particular military operation', 'value_judgment': 'an assessment that reveals more about the values of the person making the assessment than about the reality of what is assessed', 'moralism': 'a moral maxim', 'succussion': 'shaking a person to determine whether a large amount of liquid is present in a body cavity', 'auscultation': 'listening to sounds within the body (usually with a stethoscope)', 'sensory_activity': 'activity intended to achieve a particular sensory result', 'sensing': 'becoming aware of something via the senses', 'look': 'physical appearance; \"I don\\'t like the looks of this place\"', 'glance': 'a quick look', 'eye-beaming': 'a radiant glance of the eye; \"he pretended profundity by eye-beamings at people\"', 'side-glance': 'a glance sideways; \"she shot him an impatient side-glance\"', 'scrutiny': 'a prolonged intense look', 'peek': 'a secret look', 'squint': 'the act of squinting; looking with the eyes partly closed', 'stare': 'a fixed look with eyes open wide', 'gaze': 'a long fixed look; \"he fixed his paternal gaze on me\"', 'glare': 'a light within the field of vision that is brighter than the brightness to which the eyes are adapted; \"a glare of sunlight\"', 'contemplation': 'a calm, lengthy, intent consideration', 'gape': 'an expression of openmouthed astonishment', 'evil_eye': 'a look that is believed to have the power of inflicting harm', 'inspection': 'a formal or official examination; \"the platoon stood ready for review\"; \"we had to wait for the inspection before we could use the elevator\"', 'resurvey': 'a new survey or study', 'sightseeing': 'going about to look at places of interest', 'observation': 'a remark expressing careful consideration', 'monitoring': 'the act of observing something (and sometimes keeping a record of it); \"the monitoring of enemy communications plays an important role in war times\"', 'sighting': 'the act of observing; \"several sightings of enemy troops were reported\"', 'landfall': 'the seacoast first sighted on a voyage (or flight over water)', 'stargazing': 'observation of the stars', 'watch': 'the period during which someone (especially a guard) is on duty', 'stakeout': 'surveillance of some place or some person by the police (as in anticipation of a crime)', 'surveillance_of_disease': 'the ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data about an infectious disease that can lead to action being taken to control or prevent the disease', 'listening_watch': 'a watch established for the reception of traffic of interest to the unit maintaining the watch', 'lookout': 'a person employed to keep watch for some anticipated event', 'view': 'the range of the eye; \"they were soon out of view\"', 'eyeful': 'a strikingly beautiful woman; \"she was a statuesque redheaded eyeful\"', 'dekko': 'British slang for a look', 'listening': 'the act of hearing attentively; \"you can learn a lot by just listening\"; \"they make good music--you should give them a hearing\"', 'relistening': 'the act of hearing again', 'lipreading': 'perceiving what a person is saying by observing the movements of the lips', 'taste': 'a small amount eaten or drunk; \"take a taste--you\\'ll like it\"', 'smell': 'the sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the nose are stimulated by particular chemicals in gaseous form; \"she loved the smell of roses\"', 'sniff': 'sensing an odor by inhaling through the nose', 'coeducation': 'education of men and women in the same institutions', 'continuing_education': 'a program of instruction designed primarily for adult students who participate part-time', 'coursework': \"work assigned to and done by a student during a course of study; usually it is evaluated as part of the student's grade in the course\", 'adult_education': 'a course (via lectures or correspondence) for adults who are not otherwise engaged in formal study', 'art_class': 'a class in which you learn to draw or paint', 'childbirth-preparation_class': 'a course that teaches pregnant women to use breathing and concentration and exercise techniques to use during labor', 'life_class': 'an art class using a live human model', 'elementary_education': 'education in elementary subjects (reading and writing and arithmetic) provided to young students at a grade school', 'extracurricular_activity': 'educational activities not falling within the scope of the regular curriculum', 'dramatics': 'participation in theatrical productions as an extracurricular activity', 'athletics': 'participation in sports events as an extracurricular activity', 'higher_education': 'education provided by a college or university', 'secondary_education': 'education beyond the elementary grades; provided by a high school or college preparatory school', 'spectator_sport': 'a sport that many people find entertaining to watch', 'teaching': 'a doctrine that is taught; \"the teachings of religion\"; \"he believed all the Christian precepts\"', 'team_sport': 'a sport that involves competition between teams of players; \"baseball is a team sport by golf is not\"', 'team_teaching': 'a method of coordinated classroom teaching involving a team of teachers working together with a single group of students', 'catechesis': 'oral religious instruction (as before baptism or confirmation)', 'catechetical_instruction': 'teaching religious principles by questions and answers', 'language_teaching': 'teaching people to speak and understand a foreign language', 'teaching_reading': 'teaching beginners to read', 'phonics': 'teaching reading by training beginners to associate letters with their sound values', 'whole-word_method': 'teaching reading by training beginners to associate printed words with spoken words', 'schooling': 'the training of an animal (especially the training of a horse for dressage)', 'indoctrination': 'teaching someone to accept doctrines uncritically', 'brainwashing': 'forcible indoctrination into a new set of attitudes and beliefs', 'inculcation': 'teaching or impressing upon the mind by frequent instruction or repetition', 'tutelage': 'teaching pupils individually (usually by a tutor hired privately)', 'dance_lesson': 'a lesson in dancing', 'music_lesson': 'a lesson in performing music', 'piano_lesson': 'a lesson in playing the piano', 'violin_lesson': 'a less in playing the violin', 'tennis_lesson': 'a lesson in playing tennis', 'golf_lesson': 'a lesson in playing golf', 'history_lesson': 'a lesson in the facts of history', 'correspondence_course': 'a course offered (by mail) by a correspondence school', 'course_of_lectures': 'a series of lectures dealing with a subject', 'directed_study': 'a course of study that is supervised and controlled by a specialist in the subject; \"he registered for directed study\"; \"he got credit for directed study\"; \"he did directed study\"', 'elective_course': 'a course that the student can select from among alternatives', 'extension_course': 'a course offered as part of an extension service', 'work-study_program': 'an educational plan in which students alternate between paid employment and formal study', 'home_study': 'a course of study carried out at home rather than in a classroom', 'industrial_arts': 'a course in the methods of using tools and machinery as taught in secondary schools and technical schools', 'orientation_course': 'a course introducing a new situation or environment', 'propaedeutic': 'a course that provides an introduction to an art or science (or to more advanced study generally)', 'refresher_course': 'a course that reviews and updates a topic for those who have not kept abreast of developments', 'required_course': 'a course that all students are required to take', 'seminar': 'any meeting for an exchange of ideas', 'shop_class': 'a course of instruction in a trade (as carpentry or electricity); \"I built a birdhouse in shop\"', 'workshop': 'small workplace where handcrafts or manufacturing are done', 'sleep-learning': 'teaching during sleep (as by using recordings to teach a foreign language to someone who is asleep)', 'spoonfeeding': 'feeding someone (as a baby) from a spoon', 'lecture': 'a speech that is open to the public; \"he attended a lecture on telecommunications\"', 'lecture_demonstration': 'presentation of an example of what the lecturer is discoursing about', 'talk': 'idle gossip or rumor; \"there has been talk about you lately\"', 'chalk_talk': 'a talk that uses a blackboard and chalk', 'athletic_training': 'the course of practice and exercise and diet undertaken by an athlete', 'fartlek': 'a method of athletic training (especially for runners) in which strenuous effort and normal effort alternate in a continuous exercise', 'discipline': 'a branch of knowledge; \"in what discipline is his doctorate?\"; \"teachers should be well trained in their subject\"; \"anthropology is the study of human beings\"', 'training': 'activity leading to skilled behavior', 'drill': 'a tool with a sharp point and cutting edges for making holes in hard materials (usually rotating rapidly or by repeated blows)', 'fire_drill': 'an exercise intended to train people in duties and escape procedures to be followed in case of fire', 'manual_of_arms': '(military) a prescribed drill in handling a rifle', 'order_arms': 'a position in the manual of arms; the rifle is held vertically on the right side with the butt on the ground; often used as a command', 'military_training': 'training soldiers in military procedures', 'basic_training': 'the initial period of training for new military personnel; involves intense physical activity and behavioral discipline', 'retraining': 'training for a new occupation', 'skull_session': 'a session (as of executives or advisors) to discuss policy or strategy or to solve problems or exchange ideas', 'toilet_training': 'training a young child to use the toilet', 'military_drill': 'training in marching and the use of weapons', 'close-order_drill': '(military) military drill of troops in standard marching (shoulder-to-shoulder)', 'square-bashing': 'drill on a barracks square', 'rehearsal': 'a practice session in preparation for a public performance (as of a play or speech or concert); \"he missed too many rehearsals\"; \"a rehearsal will be held the day before the wedding\"', 'dress_rehearsal': 'a full uninterrupted rehearsal in costumes shortly before the first performance', 'run-through': 'an uninterrupted rehearsal', 'review': '(accounting) a service (less exhaustive than an audit) that provides some assurance to interested parties as to the reliability of financial data', 'rub_up': 'a review that refreshes your memory; \"I need a rub up on my Latin\"', 'scrimmage': \"(American football) practice play between a football team's squads\", 'shadowboxing': 'sparring with an imaginary opponent (for exercise or training)', 'target_practice': 'practice in shooting at targets', 'representation': 'the state of serving as an official and authorized delegate or agent', 'model': 'someone worthy of imitation; \"every child needs a role model\"', 'simulation': '(computer science) the technique of representing the real world by a computer program; \"a simulation should imitate the internal processes and not merely the results of the thing being simulated\"', 'dramatization': 'conversion into dramatic form; \"the play was a dramatization of a short story\"', 'guerrilla_theater': 'dramatization of a social issue; enacted outside in a park or on the street', 'puppetry': 'the art of making puppets and presenting puppet shows', 'pageant': 'a rich and spectacular ceremony', 'symbolizing': 'the act of representing something with a symbol', 'pictorial_representation': 'visual representation as by photography or painting', 'typification': 'a representational or typifying form or model', 'depiction': 'representation by drawing or painting etc', 'portraiture': 'the activity of making portraits', 'imaging': '(medicine) obtaining pictures of the interior of the body', 'X-raying': 'obtaining images by the use of X rays', 'computerized_tomography': 'a method of examining body organs by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis', 'sonography': 'using the reflections of high-frequency sound waves to construct an image of a body organ (a sonogram); commonly used to observe fetal growth or study bodily organs', 'A-scan_ultrasonography': 'the use of ultrasonography to measure the length of the eyeball', 'B-scan_ultrasonography': 'the use of ultrasonography to view structure in the back of the eye', 'positron_emission_tomography': 'using a computerized radiographic technique to examine the metabolic activity in various tissues (especially in the brain)', 'magnetic_resonance_imaging': 'the use of nuclear magnetic resonance of protons to produce proton density images', 'functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging': 'a form of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain that registers blood flow to functioning areas of the brain', 'blood-oxygenation_level_dependent_functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging': 'functional magnetic resonance imaging that relies on intrinsic changes in hemoglobin oxygenation', 'fluoroscopy': 'examination of body structures using a fluoroscope', 'radioscopy': '(radiology) examination of the inner structure of opaque objects using X rays or other penetrating radiation', 'radiography': 'the process of making a radiograph; producing an image on a radiosensitive surface by radiation other than visible light', 'roentgenography': 'radiography that uses X-rays to produce a roentgenogram', 'xerography': 'forming an image by the action of light on a specially coated charged plate; the latent image is developed with powders that adhere only to electrically charged areas; \"edge enhancement is intrinsic in xerography\"', 'xeroradiography': 'radiography using X-rays and xerographic (rather than roentgenographic) techniques', 'angiography': 'roentgenographic examination of blood vessels after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium; produces an angiogram', 'lymphangiography': 'roentgenographic examination of lymph nodes and lymph vessels after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium; produces a lymphangiogram', 'arteriography': 'roentgenographic examination of arteries', 'arthrography': 'roentgenographic examination of a joint after injection of radiopaque contrast medium; produces an arthrogram', 'venography': 'roentgenographic examination of veins', 'cholangiography': 'roentgenographic examination of the bile ducts after a contrast medium has been injected', 'encephalography': 'roentgenography of the brain after spinal fluid has been replaced by a gas (usually oxygen); produces an encephalogram', 'myelography': 'roentgenography of the spinal cord to detect possible lesions (usually after injection of a contrast medium into the subarachnoid space)', 'pyelography': 'roentgenography of the kidney and ureters (usually after injection with a radiopaque dye)', 'intravenous_pyelography': 'performing pyelography with intravenous injection of a contrast medium', 'telephotography': 'transmission and reproduction of photographs and charts and pictures over a distance', 'radiophotography': 'transmission of photographs by radio waves', 'time_exposure': 'a photograph produced with a relatively long exposure time', 'filming': 'the act of making a film', 'take': 'the act of photographing a scene or part of a scene without interruption', 'retake': 'a shot or scene that is photographed again', 'animation': 'the condition of living or the state of being alive; \"while there\\'s life there\\'s hope\"; \"life depends on many chemical and physical processes\"', 'creation': 'the event that occurred at the beginning of something; \"from its creation the plan was doomed to failure\"', 're-creation': 'the act of creating again', 'creating_from_raw_materials': 'the act of creating something that is different from the materials that went into it', 'spinning': 'creating thread', 'weaving': 'creating fabric', 'netting': 'creating nets', 'knitting': 'creating knitted wear', 'crocheting': 'creating a garment of needlework', 'lace_making': 'the act or art of making handmade lace', 'mintage': 'fee paid to a mint by the government for minting a coin', 'molding': 'a decorative strip used for ornamentation or finishing', 'needlework': 'a creation created or assembled by needle and thread', 'recording': 'a storage device on which information (sounds or images) have been recorded', 'lip_synchronization': \"combining audio and video recording in such a way that the sound is perfectly synchronized with the action that produced it; especially synchronizing the movements of a speaker's lips with the sound of his speech\", 'mastering': 'becoming proficient in the use of something; having mastery of; \"his mastering the art of cooking took a long time\"', 'crenelation': 'the action of constructing ramparts with gaps for firing guns or arrows', 'erecting': 'the act of building or putting up', 'house-raising': 'construction by a group of neighbors', 'fabrication': 'a deliberately false or improbable account', 'dry_walling': 'the activity of building stone walls without mortar', 'dismantling': 'the act of taking something apart (as a piece of machinery); \"Russia and the United States discussed the dismantling of their nuclear weapons\"', 'grading': 'changing the ground level to a smooth horizontal or gently sloping surface', 'road_construction': 'the construction of roads', 'shipbuilding': 'the construction of ships', 'cottage_industry': 'small-scale industry that can be carried on at home by family members using their own equipment', 'mass_production': 'the production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques)', 'overproduction': 'too much production or more than expected', 'underproduction': 'inadequate production or less than expected', 'output': 'the quantity of something (as a commodity) that is created (usually within a given period of time); \"production was up in the second quarter\"', 'breeding': 'elegance by virtue of fineness of manner and expression', 'brewing': 'the production of malt beverages (as beer or ale) from malt and hops by grinding and boiling them and fermenting the result with yeast', 'autosexing': '(especially of domestic fowl) breeding to reveal differential sex characteristics at hatching', 'cattle_breeding': 'breeding cattle', 'dog_breeding': 'breeding dogs', 'horse_breeding': 'breeding horses', 'cultivation': 'the process of fostering the growth of something; \"the cultivation of bees for honey\"', 'aquaculture': 'rearing aquatic animals or cultivating aquatic plants for food', 'beekeeping': 'the cultivation of bees on a commercial scale for the production of honey', 'animal_husbandry': 'breeding and caring for farm animals', 'arboriculture': 'the cultivation of tree for the production of timber', 'culture': 'a particular society at a particular time and place; \"early Mayan civilization\"', 'cranberry_culture': 'the cultivation of cranberries', 'monoculture': 'the cultivation of a single crop (on a farm or area or country)', 'tillage': 'the cultivation of soil for raising crops', 'dairying': 'the business of a dairy', 'gardening': 'the cultivation of plants', 'plowing': 'tilling the land with a plow; \"he hired someone to do the plowing for him\"', 'tilling': 'cultivation of the land in order to raise crops', 'hydroponics': 'a technique of growing plants (without soil) in water containing dissolved nutrients', 'drip_culture': 'a hydroponic method of growing plants by allowing nutrient solutions to drip slowly onto an inert medium in which the plants are growing', 'mixed_farming': 'growing crops and feed and livestock all on the same farm', 'planting': 'a collection of plants (trees or shrubs or flowers) in a particular area; \"the landscape architect suggested a small planting in the northwest corner\"', 'stratification': 'the condition of being arranged in social strata or classes within a group', 'ranching': 'farming for the raising of livestock (particularly cattle)', 'strip_cropping': 'cultivation of crops in strips following the contours of the land to minimize erosion', 'subsistence_farming': 'farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without surpluses for marketing', 'starter': 'a contestant in a team sport who is in the game at the beginning', 'landscaping': 'a garden laid out for esthetic effect; \"they spent a great deal of money on the landscaping\"', 'market_gardening': 'the growing of vegetables or flowers for market', 'flower_gardening': 'the cultivation of flowering plants', 'tree_surgery': 'treatment of damaged or decaying trees', 'harvest': 'the consequence of an effort or activity; \"they gathered a harvest of examples\"; \"a harvest of love\"', 'haying': 'the harvesting of hay', 'rainmaking': 'activity intended to produce rain', 'mining': 'laying explosive mines in concealed places to destroy enemy personnel and equipment', 'placer_mining': 'mining valuable minerals from a placer by washing or dredging', 'strip_mining': 'the mining of ore or coal from an open mine', 'quarrying': 'the extraction of building stone or slate from an open surface quarry', 'boring': 'the act of drilling a hole in the earth in the hope of producing petroleum', 'sericulture': 'raising silkworms in order to obtain raw silk', 'industry': 'the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise; \"each industry has its own trade publications\"', 'industrialization': 'the development of industry on an extensive scale', 'devising': 'the act that results in something coming to be; \"the devising of plans\"; \"the fashioning of pots and pans\"; \"the making of measurements\"; \"it was already in the making\"', 'mapmaking': 'the making of maps and charts', 'moviemaking': 'the production of movies', 'formation': 'natural process that causes something to form; \"the formation of gas in the intestine\"; \"the formation of crystals\"; \"the formation of pseudopods\"', 'forging': 'shaping metal by heating and hammering', 'metalworking': 'the activity of making things out of metal in a skillful manner', 'granulation': 'new connective tissue and tiny blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process', 'grooving': 'the cutting of spiral grooves on the inside of the barrel of a firearm', 'newspeak': 'deliberately ambiguous and contradictory language use to mislead and manipulate the public; \"the welfare state brought its own newspeak\"', 'prefabrication': 'the manufacture of sections of a building at the factory so they can be easily and rapidly assembled at the building site', 'confection': 'the act of creating something (a medicine or drink or soup etc.) by compounding or mixing a variety of components', 'lamination': 'a layered structure', 'tanning': 'process in which skin pigmentation darkens as a result of exposure to ultraviolet light', 'veneering': 'the act of applying veneer', 'creating_by_mental_acts': 'the act of creating something by thinking', 'affixation': 'the result of adding an affix to a root word', 'prefixation': 'formation of a word by means of a prefix', 'suffixation': 'formation of a word by means of a suffix', 'design': 'an arrangement scheme; \"the awkward design of the keyboard made operation difficult\"; \"it was an excellent design for living\"; \"a plan for seating guests\"', 'planning': 'the cognitive process of thinking about what you will do in the event of something happening; \"his planning for retirement was hindered by several uncertainties\"', 'city_planning': 'determining and drawing up plans for the future physical arrangement and condition of a community', 'zoning': 'dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc', 'programming': 'creating a sequence of instructions to enable the computer to do something', 'logic_programming': 'creating a program that enables the computer to reason logically', 'object-oriented_programming': 'creating a program that can use and support objects', 'verbal_creation': 'creating something by the use of speech and language', 'adoxography': 'fine writing in praise of trivial or base subjects; \"Elizabethan schoolboys were taught adoxography, the art of eruditely praising worthless things\"; \"adoxography is particularly useful to lawyers\"', 'historiography': 'a body of historical literature', 'novelization': 'converting something into the form of a novel', 'redaction': 'the act of putting something in writing', 'lexicography': 'the act of writing dictionaries', 'objectification': 'a concrete representation of an abstract idea or principle', 'depersonalization': 'emotional dissociative disorder in which there is loss of contact with your own personal reality accompanied by feelings of unreality and strangeness', 'externalization': 'attributing to outside causes', 'hypostatization': 'regarding something abstract as a material thing', 'embodiment': 'a new personification of a familiar idea; \"the embodiment of hope\"; \"the incarnation of evil\"; \"the very avatar of cunning\"', 'soul': 'the immaterial part of a person; the actuating cause of an individual life', 'personification': 'a person who represents an abstract quality; \"she is the personification of optimism\"', 'art': 'a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation; \"the art of conversation\"; \"it\\'s quite an art\"', 'arts_and_crafts': 'the arts of decorative design and handicraft; \"they sponsored arts and crafts in order to encourage craftsmanship in an age of mass production\"', 'ceramics': 'the art of making and decorating pottery', 'decalcomania': 'the art of transfering designs from specially prepared paper to a wood or glass or metal surface', 'decantation': 'the act of gently pouring off a clear liquor (as from its original bottle) without disturbing the lees', 'decoupage': 'art produced by decorating a surface with cutouts and then coating it with several layers of varnish or lacquer', 'glyptography': 'carving or engraving (especially on stones)', 'gastronomy': 'a particular style of cookery (as of a region); \"New England gastronomy\"', 'origami': 'the Japanese art of folding paper into shapes representing objects (e.g., flowers or birds)', 'distemper': 'any of various infectious viral diseases of animals', 'fresco': 'a mural done with watercolors on wet plaster', 'impasto': 'painting that applies the pigment thickly so that brush or palette knife marks are visible', 'perfumery': 'perfumes in general', 'printmaking': 'artistic design and manufacture of prints as woodcuts or silkscreens', 'sculpture': 'a three-dimensional work of plastic art', 'modeling': 'a preliminary sculpture in wax or clay from which a finished work can be copied', 'topiary': 'a garden having shrubs clipped or trimmed into decorative shapes especially of animals', 'pyrography': 'the act of producing drawings on wood or leather by using heated tools or a fine flame', 'oil_painting': 'a picture painted with oil paints', 'watercolor': 'water-soluble pigment', 'engraving': 'a print made from an engraving', 'steel_engraving': 'an impression taken from an engraved steel plate', 'aquatint': 'an etching made by a process that makes it resemble a water color', 'serigraphy': 'the act of making a print by the silkscreen method', 'lithography': 'a method of planographic printing from a metal or stone surface', 'composing': 'musical creation', 'arrangement': 'an orderly grouping (of things or persons) considered as a unit; the result of arranging; \"a flower arrangement\"', 'orchestration': 'an arrangement of a piece of music for performance by an orchestra or band', 'recapitulation': '(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) in which musical themes that were introduced earlier are repeated', 'invention': 'the creation of something in the mind', 'neologism': 'a newly invented word or phrase', 'devisal': 'the act of devising something', 'conceptualization': 'an elaborated concept', 'framing': 'formulation of the plans and important details; \"the framing of judicial decrees\"', 'avenue': 'a wide street or thoroughfare', 'creating_by_removal': 'the act of creating by removing something', 'excavation': 'a hole in the ground made by excavating', 'carving': 'a sculpture created by removing material (as wood or ivory or stone) in order to create a desired shape', 'petroglyph': 'a carving or line drawing on rock (especially one made by prehistoric people)', 'drilling': 'the act of drilling', 'gouge': 'and edge tool with a blade like a trough for cutting channels or grooves', 'puncture': 'loss of air pressure in a tire when a hole is made by some sharp object', 'centesis': '(surgery) the act of puncturing a body cavity or organ with a hollow needle in order to draw out fluid', 'abdominocentesis': 'centesis of the belly to remove fluid for diagnosis', 'amniocentesis': '(pregnancy) extraction by centesis of amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman (after the 15th week of pregnancy) to aid in the diagnosis of fetal abnormalities', 'arthrocentesis': 'removal of fluid from a joint by centesis', 'celiocentesis': 'removal of fluid from the abdomen by centesis', 'lumbar_puncture': 'removal by centesis of fluid from the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region of the spinal cord for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes', 'thoracocentesis': 'removal of fluid from the chest by centesis for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes', 'fetoscopy': 'prenatal diagnosis that allows direct observation of a fetus in the uterus and the withdrawal of fetal blood', 'perforation': 'a hole made in something; \"a perforation of the eardrum\"', 'prick': 'the act of puncturing with a small point; \"he gave the balloon a small prick\"', 'venipuncture': '(medicine) puncture of a vein through the skin in order to withdraw blood for analysis or to start an intravenous drip or to inject medication or a radiopaque dye', 'film_editing': 'the activity of selecting the scenes to be shown and putting them together to create a film', 'foraging': 'the act of searching for food and provisions', 'frisk': 'the act of searching someone for concealed weapons or illegal drugs; \"he gave the suspect a quick frisk\"', 'strip_search': 'searching someone for concealed weapons or illegal drugs by having them remove their clothes', 'looking': 'the act of searching visually', 'manhunt': 'an organized search (by police) for a person (charged with a crime)', 'quest': 'the act of searching for something; \"a quest for diamonds\"', 'ransacking': 'a thorough search for something (often causing disorder or confusion); \"he gave the attic a good rummage but couldn\\'t find his skis\"', 'use': '(law) the exercise of the legal right to enjoy the benefits of owning property; \"we were given the use of his boat\"', 'misuse': 'improper or excessive use; \"alcohol abuse\"; \"the abuse of public funds\"', 'substance_abuse': 'excessive use of drugs', 'alcohol_abuse': 'excessive use of alcohol and alcoholic drinks', 'land_development': 'making an area of land more useful', 'water_development': 'making an area of water more useful', 'recycling': 'the act of processing used or abandoned materials for use in creating new products', 'bottle_collection': 'a collection of bottles; \"her bottle collection is arranged on glass shelves in the window\"', 'misapplication': 'wrong use or application', 'technology': 'the practical application of science to commerce or industry', 'aeronautical_engineering': 'the branch of engineering science concerned with the design and construction of aircraft', 'automotive_technology': 'the activity of designing and constructing automobiles', 'chemical_engineering': 'the branch of engineering that is concerned with the design and construction and operation of the plants and machinery used in industrial chemical processes', 'communications_technology': 'the activity of designing and constructing and maintaining communication systems', 'digital_communications_technology': 'the design and construction of communications technology that transmits information in digital form', 'computer_technology': 'the activity of designing and constructing and programming computers', 'high_technology': 'highly advanced technological development (especially in electronics)', 'rail_technology': 'the activity of designing and constructing and operating railroads', 'magnetic_levitation': 'high-speed rail technology; train is suspended on a magnetic cushion above a magnetized track and so travels free of friction', 'overexploitation': 'exploitation to the point of diminishing returns', 'commercialization': 'the act of commercializing something; involving something in commerce; \"my father considered the commercialization of Christmas to be a sacrilege\"; \"the government tried to accelerate the commercialization of this development\"; \"both companies will retain control over the commercialization of their own products\"', 'market_capitalization': 'an estimation of the value of a business that is obtained by multiplying the number of shares outstanding by the current price of a share', 'electrification': 'the activity of thrilling or markedly exciting some person or group', 'unitization': '(psychology) the configuration of smaller units of information into large coordinated units', 'military_action': 'a military engagement; \"he saw action in Korea\"', 'limited_war': 'a war whose objective is less than the unconditional defeat of the enemy', 'psychological_warfare': \"the use of psychological tactics to destroy the opponents' morale\", 'battle': 'a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war; \"Grant won a decisive victory in the battle of Chickamauga\"; \"he lost his romantic ideas about war when he got into a real engagement\"', 'blockade': 'prevents access or progress', 'electronic_warfare': 'military action involving the use of electromagnetic energy to determine or exploit or reduce or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum', 'combined_operation': 'a military operation carried out cooperatively by two or more allied nations or a military operation carried out by coordination of sea, land, and air forces', 'police_action': 'a local military action without declaration of war; against violators of international peace and order', 'saber_rattling': 'the ostentatious display of military power (with the implied threat that it might be used)', 'Armageddon': '(New Testament) the scene of the final battle between the kings of the Earth at the end of the world', 'pitched_battle': 'a fierce battle fought in close combat between troops in predetermined positions at a chosen time and place', 'naval_battle': 'a pitched battle between naval fleets', 'conflict': 'a state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests; \"his conflict of interest made him ineligible for the post\"; \"a conflict of loyalties\"', 'close-quarter_fighting': 'hand-to-hand fighting at close quarters', 'contretemps': 'an awkward clash; \"he tried to smooth over his contretemps with the policeman\"', 'class_struggle': 'conflict between social or economic classes (especially between the capitalist and proletariat classes)', 'air_defense': 'defensive measures designed to destroy attacking enemy aircraft or missiles or to nullify their effectiveness', 'active_air_defense': 'air defense by the use aircraft or missiles or artillery or electronic countermeasures', 'passive_air_defense': 'air defense by the use of deception or dispersion or protective construction', 'civil_defense': 'activities organized by civilians for their own protection in time of war or disaster', 'stand': 'the position where a thing or person stands', 'repulsion': 'the force by which bodies repel one another', 'hasty_defense': 'a defense organized while in contact with the enemy or when time is limited', 'deliberate_defense': 'a defense organized before contact is made with the enemy and while time for organization is available; usually includes a fortified zone (with pillboxes) and communication systems', 'biological_defense': 'procedures involved in taking defensive measures against attacks using biological agents', 'chemical_defense': 'procedures involved in taking defensive measures against attacks using chemical agents', 'rebellion': 'refusal to accept some authority or code or convention; \"each generation must have its own rebellion\"; \"his body was in rebellion against fatigue\"', 'civil_war': 'a war between factions in the same country', 'revolution': 'a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving; \"the industrial revolution was also a cultural revolution\"', 'counterrevolution': 'a revolution whose aim is to reverse the changes introduced by a previous revolution', 'insurgency': 'an organized rebellion aimed at overthrowing a constituted government through the use of subversion and armed conflict', 'intifada': 'an uprising by Palestinian Arabs (in both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank) against Israel in the late 1980s and again in 2000; \"the first intifada ended when Israel granted limited autonomy to the Palestine National Authority in 1993\"', 'pacification': 'the act of appeasing someone or causing someone to be more favorably inclined; \"a wonderful skill in the pacification of crying infants\"; \"his unsuccessful mollification of the mob\"', 'mutiny': 'open rebellion against constituted authority (especially by seamen or soldiers against their officers)', \"Peasant's_Revolt\": 'a widespread rebellion in 1381 against poll taxes and other inequities that oppressed the poorer people of England; suppressed by Richard II', 'combat': 'an engagement fought between two military forces', 'aggression': 'a feeling of hostility that arouses thoughts of attack', 'hostilities': 'fighting; acts of overt warfare; \"the outbreak of hostilities\"', 'trench_warfare': 'a struggle (usually prolonged) between competing entities in which neither side is able to win; \"the hope that his superior campaigning skills would make a difference evaporated in the realization that electioneering had become a form of trench warfare\"', 'meat_grinder': 'a mill for grinding meat', 'violence': 'a turbulent state resulting in injuries and destruction etc.', 'domestic_violence': 'violence or physical abuse directed toward your spouse or domestic partner; usually violence by men against women', 'plundering': 'the act of stealing valuable things from a place; \"the plundering of the Parthenon\"; \"his plundering of the great authors\"', 'banditry': 'the practice of plundering in gangs', 'rustling': 'the stealing of cattle', 'looting': 'plundering during riots or in wartime', 'spoil': '(usually plural) valuables taken by violence (especially in war); \"to the victor belong the spoils of the enemy\"', 'ravaging': 'plundering with excessive damage and destruction', 'depredation': 'an act of plundering and pillaging and marauding', 'sack': 'the quantity contained in a sack', 'chemical_warfare': 'warfare using chemical agents to kill or injure or incapacitate the enemy', 'biological_warfare': 'the use of bacteria or viruses or toxins to destroy men and animals or food', 'biological_warfare_defense': 'defense against biological warfare', 'Crusade': 'any of the more or less continuous military expeditions in the 11th to 13th centuries when Christian powers of Europe tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims', 'First_Crusade': 'a Crusade from 1096 to 1099; captured Jerusalem and created a theocracy there', 'Second_Crusade': 'a Crusade from 1145 to 1147 that failed because of internal disagreements among the crusaders and led to the loss of Jerusalem in 1187', 'Third_Crusade': 'a Crusade from 1189 to 1192 led by Richard I and the king of France that failed because an army torn by dissensions and fighting on foreign soil could not succeed against forces united by religious zeal', 'Fourth_Crusade': 'a Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem', 'Fifth_Crusade': 'a Crusade under papal control from 1218 to 1221 that achieved military victories but failed when dissension arose over accepting the terms they had been offered', 'Sixth_Crusade': 'a Crusade from 1228 to 1229 led by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II who fell ill and was excommunicated by the Pope; by negotiation Frederick II was able to crown himself king of Jerusalem', 'Seventh_Crusade': 'a Crusade initiated in 1248 after the loss of Jerusalem in 1244 and defeated in 1249', 'naval_campaign': 'an operation conducted primarily by naval forces in order to gain or extend or maintain control of the sea', 'combat_mission': 'a mission to capture or defend something', 'search_mission': 'a mission to discover something', 'search_and_destroy_mission': 'an operation developed for United States troops in Vietnam; troops would move through a designated area destroying troops as they found them', 'support': 'financial resources provided to make some project possible; \"the foundation provided support for the experiment\"', 'dogfight': 'a fiercely disputed contest; \"their rancor dated from a political dogfight between them\"; \"a real dogfight for third place\"; \"a prolonged dogfight over their rival bids for the contract\"', 'close_support': 'close-in firing by one unit against an enemy engaged by another unit', 'direct_support': \"a mission requiring one force to support another specific force and authorizing it to answer directly the supported force's request for assistance\", 'amphibious_demonstration': 'an amphibious operation conducted for the purpose of deceiving the enemy and leading him into a course of action unfavorable to him', 'diversionary_landing': 'an amphibious diversionary attack', 'air_raid': 'an attack by armed planes on a surface target', 'ground_attack': 'an attack by ground troops', 'storm': 'a violent commotion or disturbance; \"the storms that had characterized their relationship had died away\"; \"it was only a tempest in a teapot\"', 'charge': 'financial liabilities (such as a tax); \"the charges against the estate\"', 'countercharge': 'a charge brought by an accused person against the accuser', 'banzai_attack': \"a mass attack of troops without concern for casualties; originated by Japanese who accompanied it with yells of `banzai'\", 'blitz': 'a swift and violent military offensive with intensive aerial bombardment', 'safety_blitz': '(American football) defensive players try to break through the offensive line', 'mousetrap': 'a trap for catching mice', 'invasion': 'any entry into an area not previously occupied; \"an invasion of tourists\"; \"an invasion of locusts\"', 'infiltration': 'a process in which individuals (or small groups) penetrate an area (especially the military penetration of enemy positions without detection)', 'first_strike': 'the initial use of nuclear weapons to attack a country that also has nuclear weapons; considered feasible only when the attacker can destroy the other country\\'s ability to retaliate; \"the Pakistani president promised no first strike against India\"', 'surgical_strike': 'an attack (usually without prior warning) intended to deal only with a specific target', 'preventive_strike': 'a strike that is carried out in order to deter expected aggression by hostile forces', 'bombing': 'the use of bombs for sabotage; a tactic frequently used by terrorists', 'bombardment': 'the act (or an instance) of subjecting a body or substance to the impact of high-energy particles (as electrons or alpha rays)', 'bombing_run': 'that part of the flight that begins with the approach to the target; includes target acquisition and ends with the release of the bombs', 'carpet_bombing': 'an extensive and systematic bombing intended to devastate a large target', 'dive-bombing': 'a bombing run in which the bomber releases the bomb while flying straight toward the target', 'loft_bombing': 'a bombing run in which the bomber approaches the target at a low altitude and pulls up just before releasing the bomb', 'over-the-shoulder_bombing': 'a special case of loft bombing in which the bomb is released past the vertical so it is tossed back to the target', 'suicide_bombing': 'a terrorist bombing carried out by someone who does not hope to survive it', 'offense': 'the team that has the ball (or puck) and is trying to score', 'counteroffensive': 'a large scale offensive (more than a counterattack) undertaken by a defending force to seize the initiative from an attacking force', 'dirty_war': 'an offensive conducted by secret police or the military of a regime against revolutionary and terrorist insurgents and marked by the use of kidnapping and torture and murder with civilians often being the victims; \"thousands of people disappeared and were killed during Argentina\\'s dirty war in the late 1970s\"', 'peacekeeping': 'the activity of keeping the peace by military forces (especially when international military forces enforce a truce between hostile groups or nations)', 'amphibious_operation': 'a military operation by both land and sea forces', 'amphibious_assault': 'an amphibious operation attacking a land base that is carried out by troops that are landed by naval ships', 'information_gathering': 'the act of collecting information', 'intelligence': 'a unit responsible for gathering and interpreting information about an enemy', 'current_intelligence': 'intelligence of all types and forms of immediate interest; usually disseminated without delays for evaluation or interpretation', 'tactical_intelligence': 'intelligence that is required for the planning and conduct of tactical operations', 'terrain_intelligence': 'tactical intelligence on the natural and man-made characteristics of an area', 'strategic_intelligence': 'intelligence that is required for forming policy and military plans at national and international levels', 'signals_intelligence': 'intelligence information gathered from communications intelligence or electronics intelligence or telemetry intelligence', 'electronics_intelligence': 'intelligence derived from electromagnetic radiations from foreign sources (other than radioactive sources)', 'communications_intelligence': 'technical and intelligence information derived from foreign communications by other than the intended recipients', 'telemetry_intelligence': 'intelligence derived from the interception and processing and analysis of foreign telemetry', 'clandestine_operation': 'an intelligence operation so planned and executed as to insure concealment', 'exfiltration_operation': 'a clandestine rescue operation to bring a defector or refugee or an operative and family out of danger', 'psychological_operation': 'military actions designed to influence the perceptions and attitudes of individuals, groups, and foreign governments', 'covert_operation': 'an intelligence operation so planned as to permit plausible denial by the sponsor', 'black_operation': 'a covert operation not attributable to the organization carrying it out', 'overt_operation': 'the collection of intelligence openly without concealment', 'reconnaissance': 'the act of reconnoitring (especially to gain information about an enemy or potential enemy); \"an exchange of fire occurred on a reconnaissance mission\"', 'recce': 'reconnaissance (by shortening)', 'scouting': 'exploring in order to gain information; \"scouting in enemy territory is very dangerous\"', 'air_reconnaissance': 'reconnaissance either by visual observation from the air or through the use of airborne sensors', 'reconnaissance_by_fire': 'a method of reconnaissance in which fire is placed on a suspected enemy position in order to cause the enemy to disclose his presence by moving or returning fire', 'reconnaissance_in_force': \"an offensive operation designed to discover or test the enemy's strength (or to obtain other information)\", 'shufti': 'a quick look around (originally military slang); \"take a shufti while you\\'re out there\"', 'electronic_reconnaissance': 'the detection and identification and evaluation and location of foreign electromagnetic radiations (other than radioactive)', 'counterintelligence': 'intelligence activities concerned with identifying and counteracting the threat to security posed by hostile intelligence organizations or by individuals engaged in espionage or sabotage or subversion or terrorism', 'countersubversion': 'the aspect of counterintelligence designed to detect and prevent subversive activities', 'counter-sabotage': 'counterintelligence designed to detect and counteract sabotage', 'fire': 'once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)', 'antiaircraft_fire': 'firing at enemy aircraft', 'barrage': 'the rapid and continuous delivery of linguistic communication (spoken or written); \"a barrage of questions\"; \"a bombardment of mail complaining about his mistake\"', 'broadside': 'all of the armament that is fired from one side of a warship', 'fusillade': 'rapid simultaneous discharge of firearms; \"our fusillade from the left flank caught them by surprise\"', 'call_fire': 'fire delivered on a specific target in response to a request from the supported unit', 'close_supporting_fire': 'fire on enemy troops or weapons or positions that are near the supported unit and are the most immediate and serious threat to it', 'cover': 'a recording of a song that was first recorded or made popular by somebody else; \"they made a cover of a Beatles\\' song\"', 'deep_supporting_fire': 'fire on objectives not in the immediate vicinity of your forces but with the objective of destroying enemy reserves and weapons and interfering with the enemy command and supply and communications', 'direct_supporting_fire': 'fire delivered in support of part of a force (as opposed to general supporting fire delivered in support of the force as a whole)', 'concentrated_fire': 'fire from two or more weapons directed at a single target or area (as fire by batteries of two or more warships)', 'counterfire': 'fire intended to neutralize or destroy enemy weapons', 'counterbattery_fire': 'fire delivered to neutralize or destroy indirect fire weapon systems', 'counterbombardment': 'bombardment intended to destroy or neutralize enemy weapons', 'countermortar_fire': 'mortar fire intended to destroy or neutralize enemy weapons', 'counterpreparation_fire': 'intensive prearranged fire delivered when the immanence of enemy attack is discovered', 'crossfire': 'a lively or heated interchange of ideas and opinions', 'destruction_fire': 'fire delivered for the sole purpose of destroying material objects', 'direct_fire': 'fire delivered on a target that is visible to the person aiming it', 'distributed_fire': 'fire dispersed so as to engage effectively an area target', 'friendly_fire': 'fire that injures or kills an ally', 'hostile_fire': 'fire that injures or kills an enemy', 'grazing_fire': 'fire approximately parallel to the ground; the center of the cone of fire does rise above 1 meter from the ground', 'harassing_fire': 'fire designed to disturb the rest of enemy troops and to curtail movement and to lower enemy morale', 'indirect_fire': 'fire delivered on a target that is not itself used as the point of aim for the weapons', 'interdiction_fire': 'fire directed to an area to prevent the enemy from using that area', 'neutralization_fire': 'fire that is delivered in order to render the target ineffective or unusable', 'observed_fire': 'fire for which the point of impact (the burst) can be seen by an observer; fire can be adjusted on the basis of the observations', 'preparation_fire': 'fire delivered on a target in preparation for an assault', 'radar_fire': 'gunfire aimed a target that is being tracked by radar', 'dating': 'use of chemical analysis to estimate the age of geological specimens', 'potassium-argon_dating': 'geological dating that relies on the proportions of radioactive potassium in a rock sample and its decay product, argon', 'radiocarbon_dating': 'a chemical analysis used to determine the age of organic materials based on their content of the radioisotope carbon-14; believed to be reliable up to 40,000 years', 'rubidium-strontium_dating': 'geological dating based on the proportions of radioactive rubidium into its decay product strontium; radioactive rubidium has a half-life of 47,000,000,000 years', 'registration_fire': 'fire delivered to obtain accurate data for subsequent effective engagement of targets', 'scheduled_fire': 'prearranged fire delivered at a predetermined time', 'scouring': 'moving over territory to search for something; \"scouring the entire area revealed nothing\"', 'searching_fire': 'fire distributed in depth by successive changes in the elevation of the gun', 'supporting_fire': 'fire delivered by supporting units to protect or assist a unit in combat', 'suppressive_fire': 'fire on or about a weapon system to degrade its performance below what is needed to fulfill its mission objectives', 'unobserved_fire': 'fire for which the point of impact (the bursts) cannot be observed', 'artillery_fire': 'fire delivered by artillery', 'cannonade': 'intense and continuous artillery fire', 'high-angle_fire': 'fire from a cannon that is fired at an elevation greater than that for the maximum range', 'mortar_fire': 'artillery fire delivered by a mortar', 'zone_fire': 'artillery or mortar fire delivered in a constant direction at several quadrant elevations', 'electronic_countermeasures': \"electronic warfare undertaken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum\", 'electronic_counter-countermeasures': \"electronic warfare undertaken to insure effective friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum in spite of the enemy's use of electronic warfare\", 'electronic_warfare-support_measures': 'electronic warfare undertaken under direct control of an operational commander to locate sources of radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition', 'electromagnetic_intrusion': 'the deliberate insertion of electromagnetic energy into transmission paths with the objective of confusing or deceiving operators', 'germ_warfare': 'the use of harmful bacteria as a weapon', 'information_warfare': 'the use of information or information technology during a time of crisis or conflict to achieve or promote specific objectives over a specific adversary or adversaries; \"not everyone agrees that information warfare is limited to the realm of traditional warfare\"', 'jihad': 'a holy war waged by Muslims against infidels', 'world_war': 'a war in which the major nations of the world are involved', 'measurement': 'the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule; \"the measurements were carefully done\"; \"his mental measurings proved remarkably accurate\"', 'actinometry': \"measuring the intensity of electromagnetic radiation (especially of the sun's rays)\", 'algometry': 'measuring sensitivity to pain or pressure', 'anemography': 'recording anemometrical measurements', 'anemometry': 'measuring wind speed and direction', 'anthropometry': 'measurement and study of the human body and its parts and capacities', 'arterial_blood_gases': 'measurement of the pH level and the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in arterial blood; important in diagnosis of many respiratory diseases', 'audiometry': 'measuring sensitivity of hearing', 'bathymetry': 'measuring the depths of the oceans', 'calibration': 'the act of checking or adjusting (by comparison with a standard) the accuracy of a measuring instrument; \"the thermometer needed calibration\"', 'tuning': '(music) calibrating something (an instrument or electronic circuit) to a standard frequency', 'adjustment': 'making or becoming suitable; adjusting to circumstances', 'alignment': 'the spatial property possessed by an arrangement or position of things in a straight line or in parallel lines', 'collimation': 'the accurate adjustment of the line of sight of a telescope', 'temperament': 'excessive emotionalism or irritability and excitability (especially when displayed openly)', 'equal_temperament': 'the division of the scale based on an octave that is divided into twelve exactly equal semitones; \"equal temperament is the system commonly used in keyboard instruments\"', 'tune': 'a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence; \"she was humming an air from Beethoven\"', 'tune-up': 'adjustments made to an engine to improve its performance', 'camber': 'a slight convexity (as of the surface of a road)', 'toe-in': 'the alignment of the front wheels of a motor vehicle closer together at the front than at the back', 'voicing': 'the act of adjusting an organ pipe (or wind instrument) so that it conforms to the standards of tone and pitch and color', 'calorimetry': 'measurement of quantities of heat', 'cephalometry': 'measurement of human heads', 'densitometry': 'measuring the optical density of a substance by shining light on it and measuring its transmission', 'dosimetry': 'measuring the dose of radiation emitted by a radioactive source', 'fetometry': 'measurement of a fetus (especially the diameter of the head)', 'hydrometry': 'the measurement of specific gravity', 'hypsometry': 'measurement of the elevation of land above sea level', 'mental_measurement': 'a generic term used to cover any application of measurement techniques to the quantification of mental functions', 'micrometry': 'measuring with a micrometer', 'pelvimetry': 'measurement of the dimensions of the bony birth canal (to determine whether vaginal birth is possible)', 'photometry': 'measurement of the properties of light (especially luminous intensity)', 'cytophotometry': 'the study of chemical compounds inside a cell by means of a cytophotometer', 'quantification': \"a limitation imposed on the variables of a proposition (as by the quantifiers `some' or `all' or `no')\", 'gradation': 'relative position in a graded series; \"always a step behind\"; \"subtle gradations in color\"; \"keep in step with the fashions\"', 'shading': 'graded markings that indicate light or shaded areas in a drawing or painting', 'divergence': 'an infinite series that has no limit', 'radioactive_dating': 'measurement of the amount of radioactive material (usually carbon 14) that an object contains; can be used to estimate the age of the object', 'reading': 'a particular interpretation or performance; \"on that reading it was an insult\"; \"he was famous for his reading of Mozart\"', 'sounding': 'a measure of the depth of water taken with a sounding line', 'sound_ranging': 'locating a source of sound (as an enemy gun) by measurements of the time the sound arrives at microphones in known positions', 'spirometry': 'the use of a spirometer to measure vital capacity', 'surveying': 'the practice of measuring angles and distances on the ground so that they can be accurately plotted on a map; \"he studied surveying at college\"', 'scalage': 'estimation of the amount of lumber in a log', 'electromyography': 'diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders with the use of an electromyograph', 'mammography': 'a diagnostic procedure to detect breast tumors by the use of X rays', 'thermography': 'diagnostic technique using a thermograph to record the heat produced by different parts of the body; used to study blood flow and to detect tumors', 'mammothermography': 'the use of thermography to detect breast tumors (which appear as hot spots)', 'intelligence_test': 'a psychometric test of intelligence; \"they used to think that intelligence is what an intelligence test tests\"', 'Stanford-Binet_test': 'revision of the Binet-Simon Scale', 'Binet-Simon_Scale': 'the first intelligence test', 'personality_test': 'any test that is intended to assess personality', 'projective_test': \"any personality test designed to yield information about someone's personality on the basis of their unrestricted response to ambiguous objects or situations\", 'Rorschach': 'a projective tests using bilaterally symmetrical inkblots; subjects state what they see in the inkblot', 'Thematic_Apperception_Test': 'a projective technique using black-and-white pictures; subjects tell a story about each picture', 'sub-test': 'one of a battery of related tests', 'organization': 'a group of people who work together', 'randomization': 'a deliberately haphazard arrangement of observations so as to simulate chance', 'systematization': 'systematic organization; the act of organizing something according to a system or a rationale', 'codification': 'the act of codifying; arranging in a systematic order', 'formalization': 'the act of making formal (as by stating formal rules governing classes of expressions)', 'order': 'established customary state (especially of society); \"order ruled in the streets\"; \"law and order\"', 'rank_order': 'an arrangement according to rank', 'alternation': 'successive change from one thing or state to another and back again; \"a trill is a rapid alternation between the two notes\"', 'layout': 'a plan or design of something that is laid out', 'alphabetization': 'the act of putting in alphabetical order', 'listing': 'the act of making a list of items', 'inventory': \"(accounting) the value of a firm's current assets including raw materials and work in progress and finished goods\", 'stocktake': 'an instance of stocktaking; \"the auditor did not attend the stocktake or check the valuations\"', 'roll_call': 'calling out an official list of names', 'mail_call': 'a call of names of those receiving mail', 'muster_call': 'a call of the names of personnel at a military assembly', 'attendance_check': \"a call of students' names in a classroom\", 'grouping': 'a system for classifying things into groups', 'phrasing': 'the grouping of musical phrases in a melodic line', 'categorization': 'the act of distributing things into classes or categories of the same type', 'indexing': 'the act of classifying and providing an index in order to make items easier to retrieve', 'reclassification': 'classifying something again (usually in a new category)', 'taxonomy': 'a classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure or origin etc', 'typology': 'classification according to general type', 'collection': 'several things grouped together or considered as a whole', 'agglomeration': 'a jumbled collection or mass', 'compilation': 'something that is compiled (as into a single book or file)', 'gather': 'sewing consisting of small folds or puckers made by pulling tight a thread in a line of stitching', 'centralization': 'the act of consolidating power under a central control', 'conchology': 'the collection and study of mollusc shells', 'garbage_collection': 'the collection and removal of garbage', 'numismatics': 'the collection and study of money (and coins in particular)', 'philately': 'the collection and study of postage stamps', 'aerophilately': 'the collection and study of airmail stamps', 'tax_collection': 'the collection of taxes', 'sorting': 'grouping by class or kind or size', 'territorialization': 'the act of organizing as a territory', 'triage': 'sorting and allocating aid on the basis of need for or likely benefit from medical treatment or food', 'shoring': 'the act of propping up with shores', 'continuance': 'the act of continuing an activity without interruption', 'prolongation': 'the act of prolonging something; \"there was an indefinite prolongation of the peace talks\"', 'repetition': 'the repeated use of the same word or word pattern as a rhetorical device', 'echolalia': \"an infant's repetition of sounds uttered by others\", 'iteration': '(computer science) a single execution of a set of instructions that are to be repeated; \"the solution took hundreds of iterations\"', 'redundancy': 'repetition of messages to reduce the probability of errors in transmission', 'reduplication': 'the syllable added in a reduplicated word form', 'copying': 'an act of copying', 'duplication': 'the act of copying or making a duplicate (or duplicates) of something; \"this kind of duplication is wasteful\"', 'replay': 'something (especially a game) that is played again', 'sound_reproduction': 'the reproduction of sound', 'high_fidelity': 'the reproduction of sound with little or no distortion', 'headroom': 'vertical space available to allow easy passage under something', 'playback': 'electronic equipment comprising the part of a tape recorder that reproduces the recorded material', 'imitation': 'the doctrine that representations of nature or human behavior should be accurate imitations', 'echo': 'a reply that repeats what has just been said', 'emulation': 'ambition to equal or excel', 'mimicry': 'the resemblance of an animal species to another species or to natural objects; provides concealment and protection from predators', 'perseverance': 'the act of persisting or persevering; continuing or repeating behavior; \"his perseveration continued to the point where it was no longer appropriate\"', 'abidance': 'the act of abiding (enduring without yielding)', 'pursuance': 'the continuance of something begun with a view to its completion', 'survival': 'a state of surviving; remaining alive', 'hangover': 'disagreeable aftereffects from the use of drugs (especially alcohol)', 'discontinuance': 'the act of discontinuing or breaking off; an interruption (temporary or permanent)', 'disfranchisement': 'the discontinuation of a franchise; especially the discontinuation of the right to vote', 'disinheritance': 'the act by a donor that terminates the right of a person to inherit', 'phase-out': 'the act or instance of a planned discontinuation', 'intervention': 'a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries', 'procedure': 'a particular course of action intended to achieve a result; \"the procedure of obtaining a driver\\'s license\"; \"it was a process of trial and error\"', 'medical_procedure': 'a procedure employed by medical or dental practitioners', 'dental_procedure': 'a procedure employed by a dentist', 'mapping': '(genetics) the process of locating genes on a chromosome', 'operating_procedure': 'a procedure for operating something or for dealing with a given situation', 'standing_operating_procedure': 'a prescribed procedure to be followed routinely; \"rote memorization has been the educator\\'s standard operating procedure for centuries\"', 'stiffening': 'the process of becoming stiff or rigid', 'bureaucratic_procedure': 'needlessly time-consuming procedure', 'objection': 'the speech act of objecting', 'recusation': '(law) the disqualification of a judge or jury by reason of prejudice or conflict of interest; a judge can be recused by objections of either party or judges can disqualify themselves', 'rigmarole': 'a set of confused and meaningless statements', 'routine': 'a set sequence of steps, part of larger computer program', 'rat_race': 'an exhausting routine that leaves no time for relaxation', 'rut': 'a groove or furrow (especially one in soft earth caused by wheels)', 'ceremony': 'a formal event performed on a special occasion; \"a ceremony commemorating Pearl Harbor\"', 'tea_ceremony': 'an ancient ritual for preparing and serving and drinking tea', 'lustrum': 'a period of five years', 'religious_ceremony': 'a ceremony having religious meaning', 'military_ceremony': 'a formal ceremony performed by military personnel', 'agape': '(Christian theology) the love of God or Christ for mankind', 'worship': 'a feeling of profound love and admiration', 'deification': 'the condition of being treated like a god', 'ancestor_worship': 'worship of ancestors', 'rite': 'an established ceremony prescribed by a religion; \"the rite of baptism\"', 'vigil': 'a period of sleeplessness', 'wake': 'the wave that spreads behind a boat as it moves forward; \"the motorboat\\'s wake capsized the canoe\"', 'agrypnia': 'a vigil before certain feasts (as e.g. Easter)', 'last_rites': 'rites performed in connection with a death or burial', 'popery': 'offensive terms for the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church', 'quotation': 'a statement of the current market price of a security or commodity', 'ritualism': 'the study of religious or magical rites and ceremonies', 'Berith': 'the Jewish rite of circumcision performed on a male child on the eighth day of his life', 'nudism': 'going without clothes as a social practice', 'systematism': 'the habitual practice of systematization and classification', 'transvestism': 'the practice of adopting the clothes or the manner or the sexual role of the opposite sex', 'church_service': 'a service conducted in a house of worship; \"don\\'t be late for church\"', 'devotional': 'a short religious service', 'prayer_meeting': 'a service at which people sing hymns and pray together', 'chapel_service': 'a service conducted in a place of worship that has its own altar; \"he was late for chapel\"', 'liturgy': 'a rite or body of rites prescribed for public worship', 'Christian_liturgy': 'the Christian worship services', 'office': '(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power; \"being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage\"; \"during his first year in office\"; \"during his first year in power\"; \"the power of the president\"', 'Divine_Office': 'canonical prayers recited daily by priests (e.g. the breviary of the Roman Catholic Church)', 'Little_Office': 'a Roman Catholic office honoring the Virgin Mary; similar to but shorter than the Divine Office', 'Office_of_the_Dead': 'an office read or sung before a burial mass in the Roman Catholic Church', 'committal_service': 'service committing a body to the grave; \"the committal service will be held next Monday\"', 'none': 'a canonical hour that is the ninth hour of the day counting from sunrise', 'vesper': 'a late afternoon or evening worship service', 'placebo': 'an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug', 'watch_night': \"a devotional service (especially on New Year's Eve)\", 'sacrament': \"a formal religious ceremony conferring a specific grace on those who receive it; the two Protestant ceremonies are baptism and the Lord's Supper; in the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church there are seven traditional rites accepted as instituted by Jesus: baptism and confirmation and Holy Eucharist and penance and holy orders and matrimony and extreme unction\", 'Last_Supper': 'the traditional Passover supper of Jesus with his disciples on the eve of his crucifixion', 'Seder': '(Judaism) the ceremonial dinner on the first night (or both nights) of Passover', 'Holy_Eucharist': 'a Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine', 'Offertory': 'the part of the Eucharist when bread and wine are offered to God', 'Communion': 'the act of participating in the celebration of the Eucharist; \"the governor took Communion with the rest of the congregation\"', 'intercommunion': 'participation in Holy Communion by members of more than one church (eg Catholic and Orthodox)', 'betrothal': 'a mutual promise to marry', 'matrimony': 'the ceremony or sacrament of marriage', 'marriage': 'a close and intimate union; \"the marriage of music and dance\"; \"a marriage of ideas\"', 'rite_of_passage': 'a ritual performed in some cultures at times when an individual changes status (as from adolescence to adulthood)', 'bridal': 'archaic terms for a wedding or wedding feast', 'civil_marriage': 'a marriage performed by a government official rather than by a clergyman', 'love_match': \"a marriage for love's sake; not an arranged marriage\", 'baptism': 'a Christian sacrament signifying spiritual cleansing and rebirth; \"most churches baptize infants but some insist on adult baptism\"', 'affusion': 'the act of baptizing someone by pouring water on their head', 'aspersion': 'a disparaging remark; \"in the 19th century any reference to female sexuality was considered a vile aspersion\"; \"it is difficult for a woman to understand a man\\'s sensitivity to any slur on his virility\"', 'christening': 'giving a Christian name at baptism', 'immersion': \"a form of baptism in which part or all of a person's body is submerged\", 'trine_immersion': 'baptism by immersion three times (in the names in turn of the Trinity)', 'confirmation': 'information that confirms or verifies', 'penance': 'voluntary self-punishment in order to atone for some wrongdoing', 'confession': 'an admission of misdeeds or faults', 'shrift': 'the act of being shriven', 'anointing_of_the_sick': 'a Catholic sacrament; a priest anoints a dying person with oil and prays for salvation', 'holy_order': 'the sacrament of ordination', 'sanctification': 'a religious ceremony in which something is made holy', 'beatification': 'the action of rendering supremely blessed and extremely happy', 'canonization': '(Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church) the act of admitting a deceased person into the canon of saints', 'consecration': 'a solemn commitment of your life or your time to some cherished purpose (to a service or a goal); \"his consecration to study\"', 'communalism': 'the practice of communal living and common ownership', 'Oblation': 'the act of offering the bread and wine of the Eucharist', 'oblation': 'the act of contributing to the funds of a church or charity; \"oblations for aid to the poor\"', 'unction': 'excessive but superficial compliments given with affected charm', 'libation': '(facetious) a serving of an alcoholic beverage', 'prayer': 'someone who prays to God', 'Mass': 'a musical setting for a Mass; \"they played a Mass composed by Beethoven\"', 'High_Mass': 'a solemn and elaborate Mass with music', 'Low_Mass': 'a Mass recited without music', 'Requiem': 'a musical setting for a Mass celebrating the dead', 'devotion': 'feelings of ardent love; \"their devotion to each other was beautiful\"', 'bhakti': '(Hinduism) loving devotion to a deity leading to salvation and nirvana; open to all persons independent of caste or sex', 'novena': 'a Roman Catholic devotion consisting of prayers on nine consecutive days', 'Stations': \"(Roman Catholic Church) a devotion consisting of fourteen prayers said before a series of fourteen pictures or carvings representing successive incidents during Jesus' passage from Pilate's house to his crucifixion at Calvary\", 'blessing': 'a desirable state; \"enjoy the blessings of peace\"; \"a spanking breeze is a boon to sailors\"', 'idolization': 'the act of worshiping blindly and to excess', 'adoration': 'the act of admiring strongly', 'idolatry': 'religious zeal; the willingness to serve God', 'bardolatry': 'the idolization of William Shakespeare', 'iconolatry': 'the worship of sacred images', 'idiolatry': 'the worship of yourself', 'bibliolatry': 'the worship of the Bible', 'verbolatry': 'the worship of words', 'symbolatry': 'the worship of symbols', 'anthropolatry': 'the worship of human beings', 'gyneolatry': 'the worship of women', 'lordolatry': 'the worship of a lord because of his rank or title', 'thaumatolatry': 'the worship of miracles', 'topolatry': 'the worship of places', 'arborolatry': 'the worship of trees', 'astrolatry': 'the worship of planets or stars', 'cosmolatry': 'the worship of the cosmos', 'diabolatry': 'the acts or rites of worshiping devils', 'pyrolatry': 'the worship of fire', 'hagiolatry': 'the worship of saints', 'heliolatry': 'the worship of the sun', 'zoolatry': 'the worship of animals', 'ichthyolatry': 'the worship of fish', 'monolatry': 'the worship of a single god but without claiming that it is the only god', 'ophiolatry': 'the worship of snakes', 'moon-worship': 'the worship of the moon', 'energizing': 'the activity of causing to have energy and be active', 'revival': 'an evangelistic meeting intended to reawaken interest in religion', 'rebirth': 'the revival of learning and culture', 'regeneration': '(biology) growth anew of lost tissue or destroyed parts or organs', 'resurrection': 'a revival from inactivity and disuse; \"it produced a resurrection of hope\"', 'resuscitation': 'the act of reviving a person and returning them to consciousness; \"although he was apparently drowned, resuscitation was accomplished by artificial respiration\"', 'vivification': 'the activity of giving vitality and vigour to something', 'concealment': 'the activity of keeping something secret', 'disguise': 'an outward semblance that misrepresents the true nature of something; \"the theatrical notion of disguise is always associated with catastrophe in his stories\"', 'mask': 'a protective covering worn over the face', 'cover-up': 'concealment that attempts to prevent something scandalous from becoming public', 'blue_wall_of_silence': 'the secrecy of police officers who lie or look the other way to protect other police officers; \"the blue wall cracked when some officers refused to take part in the cover-up\"', 'burying': 'concealing something under the ground', 'reburying': 'the act of burying again', 'smoke_screen': '(military) screen consisting of a cloud of smoke that obscures movements', 'stealth': 'avoiding detection by moving carefully', 'money_laundering': 'concealing the source of illegally gotten money', 'juxtaposition': 'a side-by-side position', 'interposition': 'the act or fact of interposing one thing between or among others', 'orientation': 'position or alignment relative to points of the compass or other specific directions', 'repositioning': 'the act of placing in a new position', 'superposition': '(geology) the deposition of one geological stratum on another', 'stay': 'a judicial order forbidding some action until an event occurs or the order is lifted; \"the Supreme Court has the power to stay an injunction pending an appeal to the whole Court\"', 'lodging': 'the act of lodging', 'occupancy': 'an act of being a tenant or occupant', 'inhabitancy': 'the act of dwelling in or living permanently in a place (said of both animals and men); \"he studied the creation and inhabitation and demise of the colony\"', 'cohabitation': 'the act of living together and having a sexual relationship (especially without being married)', 'concubinage': 'cohabitation without being legally married', 'camping': 'the act of encamping and living in tents in a camp', 'sojourn': 'a temporary stay (e.g., as a guest)', 'visiting': 'the activity of making visits; \"the purpose was to promote homes, clubs, visiting, and other services\"', 'stop': 'a spot where something halts or pauses; \"his next stop is Atlanta\"', 'night-stop': 'a break in a journey for the night', 'pit_stop': 'a stop during an automobile trip for rest and refreshment', 'provision': 'a store or supply of something (especially of food or clothing or arms)', 'feeding': 'the act of supplying food and nourishment', 'infant_feeding': 'feeding an infant', 'demand_feeding': 'feeding a baby or animal whenever it shows a need', 'forced_feeding': 'feeding that consists of the delivery of a nutrient solution (as through a nasal tube) to someone who cannot or will not eat', 'nasogastric_feeding': 'feeding consisting of delivering liquid nutrients through a tube passing through the nose and into the stomach', 'gastrogavage': 'feeding a nutrient solution into the stomach through a tube through a surgically created opening', 'intravenous_feeding': 'administration of nutrients through a vein', 'overfeeding': 'excessive feeding', 'schedule_feeding': 'feeding a baby or animal according to a fixed schedule (e.g., every 4 hours)', 'total_parenteral_nutrition': 'administration of a nutritionally adequate solution through a catheter into the vena cava; used in cases of long-term coma or severe burns or severe gastrointestinal syndromes', 'fueling': 'the activity of supplying or taking on fuel', 'healthcare': 'the preservation of mental and physical health by preventing or treating illness through services offered by the health profession', 'healthcare_delivery': 'the provision of health care', 'issue': 'supplies (as food or clothing or ammunition) issued by the government', 'stock_issue': '(corporation law) the authorization and delivery of shares of stock for sale to the public or the shares thus offered at a particular time', 'logistics': 'handling an operation that involves providing labor and materials be supplied as needed', 'purveyance': 'the act of supplying something', 'stocking': 'close-fitting hosiery to cover the foot and leg; come in matched pairs (usually used in the plural)', 'subvention': 'grant of financial aid as from a government to an educational institution', 'demand': 'the ability and desire to purchase goods and services; \"the automobile reduced the demand for buggywhips\"; \"the demand exceeded the supply\"', 'exaction': 'act of demanding or levying by force or authority; \"exaction of tribute\"; \"exaction of various dues and fees\"', 'claim': 'an assertion that something is true or factual; \"his claim that he was innocent\"; \"evidence contradicted the government\\'s claims\"', 'insurance_claim': 'demand for payment in accordance with an insurance policy', 'brain_drain': 'depletion or loss of intellectual and technical personnel', 'inactivity': 'being inactive; being less active', 'pause': 'a time interval during which there is a temporary cessation of something', 'respite': 'a pause for relaxation; \"people actually accomplish more when they take time for short rests\"', 'spring_break': 'a week or more of recess during the spring term at school', 'hesitation': 'indecision in speech or action', 'intermission': 'the act of suspending activity temporarily', 'wait': 'the act of waiting (remaining inactive in one place while expecting something); \"the wait was an ordeal for him\"', 'rest': 'a state of inaction; \"a body will continue in a state of rest until acted upon\"', 'bedrest': 'confinement to bed continuously (as in the case of some sick or injured persons)', 'laziness': 'relaxed and easy activity; \"the laziness of the day helped her to relax\"', 'lie-in': 'a long stay in bed in the morning', 'quiescence': 'quiet and inactive restfulness', 'vegetation': 'the process of growth in plants', 'leisure': 'time available for ease and relaxation; \"his job left him little leisure\"', 'idleness': 'having no employment', 'dolce_far_niente': 'carefree idleness', 'free_time': 'time that is free from duties or responsibilities', 'vacationing': 'the act of taking a vacation', \"busman's_holiday\": 'a holiday where you do the same things you do at work', 'caravanning': 'the practice of taking holidays in a caravan', 'delay': 'time during which some action is awaited; \"instant replay caused too long a delay\"; \"he ordered a hold in the action\"', 'demurrage': 'a charge required as compensation for the delay of a ship or freight car or other cargo beyond its scheduled time of departure', 'forbearance': 'a delay in enforcing rights or claims or privileges; refraining from acting; \"his forbearance to reply was alarming\"', 'postponement': 'act of putting off to a future time', 'prorogation': 'discontinuation of the meeting (of a legislative body) without dissolving it', 'procrastination': 'the act of procrastinating; putting off or delaying or defering an action to a later time', 'slowdown': 'the act of slowing down or falling behind', 'dalliance': 'the deliberate act of delaying and playing instead of working', 'filibuster': 'a legislator who gives long speeches in an effort to delay or obstruct legislation that he (or she) opposes', 'interjection': 'the action of interjecting or interposing an action or remark that interrupts', 'tarriance': 'the act of tarrying', 'breaking_off': 'an instance of sudden interruption', 'heckling': 'shouting to interrupt a speech with which you disagree', 'abstinence': 'the trait of abstaining (especially from alcohol)', 'asceticism': 'the doctrine that through renunciation of worldly pleasures it is possible to achieve a high spiritual or intellectual state', 'chastity': 'abstaining from sexual relations (as because of religious vows)', 'mortification': '(Christianity) the act of mortifying the lusts of the flesh by self-denial and privation (especially by bodily pain or discomfort inflicted on yourself)', 'self-denial': 'the act of denying yourself; controlling your impulses', 'sobriety': 'moderation in or abstinence from alcohol or other drugs', 'teetotaling': 'abstaining from alcohol', 'fast': 'abstaining from food', 'diet': 'a legislative assembly in certain countries (e.g., Japan)', 'traffic_control': 'control of the flow of traffic in a building or a city', 'point_duty': 'the control of traffic by a policeman stationed at an intersection', 'price-fixing': 'control (by agreement among producers or by government) of the price of a commodity in interstate commerce', 'inhibition': '(physiology) the process whereby nerves can retard or prevent the functioning of an organ or part; \"the inhibition of the heart by the vagus nerve\"', 'tolerance': 'willingness to recognize and respect the beliefs or practices of others', 'lenience': 'mercifulness as a consequence of being lenient or tolerant', 'clemency': 'leniency and compassion shown toward offenders by a person or agency charged with administering justice; \"he threw himself on the mercy of the court\"', 'luxuriation': 'an activity that affords excessive pleasure and enjoyment', 'enjoyment': 'the pleasure felt when having a good time', 'lamentation': 'the passionate and demonstrative activity of expressing grief', 'laughter': 'the activity of laughing; the manifestation of joy or mirth or scorn; \"he enjoyed the laughter of the crowd\"', 'satisfaction': '(law) the payment of a debt or fulfillment of an obligation; \"the full and final satisfaction of the claim\"', 'gratification': 'state of being gratified or satisfied; \"dull repetitious work gives no gratification\"; \"to my immense gratification he arrived on time\"', 'satiation': 'the act of achieving full gratification', 'self-gratification': 'the act of satisfying your own desires and giving yourself pleasure', 'pleasing': 'the act of one who pleases', 'overindulgence': 'excessive indulgence; \"the child was spoiled by overindulgence\"', 'hindrance': 'something immaterial that interferes with or delays action or progress', 'antagonism': 'the relation between opposing principles or forces or factors; \"the inherent antagonism of capitalism and socialism\"', 'blockage': 'an obstruction in a pipe or tube; \"we had to call a plumber to clear out the blockage in the drainpipe\"', 'naval_blockade': \"the interdiction of a nation's lines of communication at sea by the use of naval power\", 'siege': 'the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack', 'relief': 'the condition of being comfortable or relieved (especially after being relieved of distress); \"he enjoyed his relief from responsibility\"; \"getting it off his conscience gave him some ease\"', 'stall': 'a malfunction in the flight of an aircraft in which there is a sudden loss of lift that results in a downward plunge; \"the plane went into a stall and I couldn\\'t control it\"', 'stonewalling': 'stalling or delaying especially by refusing to answer questions or cooperate', 'complication': 'any disease or disorder that occurs during the course of (or because of) another disease; \"bed sores are a common complication in cases of paralysis\"', 'deterrence': 'the act or process of discouraging actions or preventing occurrences by instilling fear or doubt or anxiety', 'discouragement': 'the feeling of despair in the face of obstacles', 'nuclear_deterrence': 'the military doctrine that an enemy will be deterred from using nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence; \"when two nations both resort to nuclear deterrence the consequence could be mutual destruction\"', 'countermine': '(military) a tunnel dug to defeat similar activities by the enemy', 'prevention': 'the act of preventing; \"there was no bar against leaving\"; \"money was allocated to study the cause and prevention of influenza\"', 'averting': 'the act of preventing something from occurring; \"averting danger was his responsibility\"', 'debarment': 'the state of being debarred (excluded from enjoying certain possessions or rights or practices)', 'disqualification': 'unfitness that bars you from participation', 'nonproliferation': 'the prevention of something increasing or spreading (especially the prevention of an increase in the number of countries possessing nuclear weapons); \"they protested that the nonproliferation treaty was just a plot to maintain the hegemony of those who already had nuclear weapons\"; \"nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation are closely related goals\"', 'obviation': 'the act of preventing something by anticipating and disposing of it effectively', 'prophylaxis': 'the prevention of disease', 'save': '(sports) the act of preventing the opposition from scoring; \"the goalie made a brilliant save\"; \"the relief pitcher got credit for a save\"', 'suppression': 'the failure to develop some part or organ', 'tax_avoidance': 'the minimization of tax liability by lawful methods', 'group_action': 'action taken by a group of people', 'social_activity': 'activity considered appropriate on social occasions', 'confederation': 'a union of political organizations', 'association': 'the state of being connected together as in memory or imagination; \"his association of his father with being beaten was too strong to break\"', 'fraternization': 'associating with others in a brotherly or friendly way; especially with an enemy', 'affiliation': 'a social or business relationship; \"a valuable financial affiliation\"; \"he was sorry he had to sever his ties with other members of the team\"; \"many close associations with England\"', 'reaffiliation': 'affiliation anew', 'mingling': 'the action of people mingling and coming into contact; \"all the random mingling and idle talk made him hate literary parties\"', 'decolonization': 'the action of changing from colonial to independent status', 'disbandment': 'the act of disbanding; \"the orchestra faced the prospect of disbandment\"', 'disestablishment': 'the act terminating an established state of affairs; especially ending a connection with the Church of England', 'distribution': '(statistics) an arrangement of values of a variable showing their observed or theoretical frequency of occurrence', 'redistribution': 'distributing again; \"the revolution resulted in a redistribution of wealth\"', 'dispensation': 'a share that has been dispensed or distributed', 'allotment': 'a share set aside for a specific purpose', 'reallotment': 'a new apportionment (especially a new apportionment of congressional seats in the United States on the basis of census results)', 'deal': 'a plank of softwood (fir or pine board)', 'new_deal': 'a reapportioning of something', 'rationing': 'the act of rationing; \"during the war the government imposed rationing of food and gasoline\"', 'parcel': 'the allotment of some amount by dividing something; \"death gets more than its share of attention from theologians\"', 'misdeal': 'an incorrect deal', 'revenue_sharing': 'distribution of part of the federal tax income to states and municipalities', 'sharing': 'using or enjoying something jointly with others', 'generosity': 'the trait of being willing to give your money or time', 'bestowal': 'a gift that is bestowed or conferred', 'accordance': 'the act of granting rights; \"the accordance to Canada of rights of access\"', 'endowment': 'the capital that provides income for an institution', 'social_welfare': 'governmental provision of economic assistance to persons in need; \"she lives on welfare\"', 'social_insurance': 'government provision for unemployed, injured, or aged people; financed by contributions from employers and employees as well as by government revenue', 'national_insurance': 'social insurance program in Britain; based on contributions from employers and employees; provides payments to unemployed and sick and retired people as well as medical services', 'supplementary_benefit': 'benefits paid to bring incomes up to minimum levels established by law', 'Social_Security': 'social welfare program in the U.S.; includes old-age and survivors insurance and some unemployment insurance and old-age assistance', 'dole': 'a share of money or food or clothing that has been charitably given', 'unemployment_compensation': 'payment by a United States agency to unemployed people', 'old-age_insurance': 'insurance paid to the elderly', 'survivors_insurance': 'insurance paid to surviving spouses', 'disability_insurance': 'social insurance for the disabled', 'health_care': 'social insurance for the ill and injured', 'Medicare': 'health care for the aged; a federally administered system of health insurance available to persons aged 65 and over', 'Medicaid': 'health care for the needy; a federally and state-funded program', 'primary_health_care': 'health care that is provided by a health care professional in the first contact of a patient with the health care system', 'philanthropy': 'voluntary promotion of human welfare', 'charity': 'a foundation created to promote the public good (not for assistance to any particular individuals)', 'alms': 'money or goods contributed to the poor', 'alms-giving': 'making voluntary contributions to aid the poor', 'handout': 'an announcement distributed to members of the press in order to supplement or replace an oral presentation', 'commerce': 'social exchange, especially of opinions, attitudes, etc.', 'fair_trade': 'trade that satisfies certain criteria on the supply chain of the goods involved, usually including fair payment for producers; often with other social and environmental considerations', 'free_trade': 'international trade free of government interference', 'North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement': 'an agreement for free trade between the United States and Canada and Mexico; became effective in 1994 for ten years', 'e-commerce': 'commerce conducted electronically (as on the internet)', 'lending': 'disposing of money or property with the expectation that the same thing (or an equivalent) will be returned', 'usury': 'an exorbitant or unlawful rate of interest', 'arbitrage': 'a kind of hedged investment meant to capture slight differences in price; when there is a difference in the price of something on two different markets the arbitrageur simultaneously buys at the lower price and sells at the higher price', 'risk_arbitrage': 'arbitrage involving risk; as in the simultaneous purchase of stock in a target company and sale of stock in its potential acquirer; if the takeover fails the arbitrageur may lose a great deal of money', 'initial_public_offering': \"a corporation's first offer to sell stock to the public\", 'commercial_enterprise': 'an enterprise connected with commerce', 'business_activity': 'activity undertaken as part of a commercial enterprise', 'land-office_business': 'very large and profitable volume of commercial activity', 'field': 'the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it', 'market': 'the customers for a particular product or service; \"before they publish any book they try to determine the size of the market for it\"', 'black_market': 'people who engage in illicit trade', \"buyer's_market\": 'a market in which more people want to sell than want to buy', 'grey_market': 'an unofficial market in which goods are bought and sold at prices lower than the official price set by a regulatory agency', \"seller's_market\": 'a market in which more people want to buy than want to sell', 'labor_market': 'the market in which workers compete for jobs and employers compete for workers', 'employee-owned_enterprise': 'a commercial enterprise owned by the people who work for it', 'finance': 'the branch of economics that studies the management of money and other assets', 'corporate_finance': 'the financial activities of corporation', 'financing': 'the act of financing', 'high_finance': 'large and complex financial transactions (often used with the implication that those individuals or institutions who engage in them are unethical)', 'investing': 'the act of investing; laying out money or capital in an enterprise with the expectation of profit', 'leverage': 'the mechanical advantage gained by being in a position to use a lever', 'flotation': 'the phenomenon of floating (remaining on the surface of a liquid without sinking)', 'banking': 'engaging in the business of keeping money for savings and checking accounts or for exchange or for issuing loans and credit etc.', 'home_banking': 'banking in which transactions are conducted by means of electronic communication (via telephone or computer)', 'cooperative': 'an association formed and operated for the benefit of those using it', 'discount_business': 'the business of selling merchandise at a discount', 'real-estate_business': 'the business of selling real estate', 'advertising': 'the business of drawing public attention to goods and services', 'hard_sell': 'forceful and insistent advertising', 'soft_sell': 'suggestive or persuasive advertising', 'circularization': 'circulating printed notices as a means of advertising', 'publication': 'a copy of a printed work offered for distribution', 'desktop_publishing': '(computer science) the use of microcomputers with graphics capacity to produce printed materials', 'republication': 'something that has been published again; a fresh publication (as of a literary work)', 'serialization': 'publication in serial form', 'typography': 'art and technique of printing with movable type', 'printing': 'reproduction by applying ink to paper as for publication', 'gravure': 'a printing plate used in the process of gravure', 'photogravure': 'printing from an intaglio plate prepared by photographic methods', 'packaging': 'material used to make packages', 'meatpacking': 'wholesale packaging of meat for future sale (including slaughtering and processing and distribution to retailers)', 'catering': 'providing food and services', 'agribusiness': 'a large-scale farming enterprise', 'truck_farming': 'growing vegetables for the market', 'jerry-building': 'construction of inferior buildings for a quick profit', 'slating': 'a severely critical attack; \"the reviewers gave his book a sound slating\"', 'air_transportation': 'transportation by air', 'hauling': 'the activity of transporting goods by truck', 'cartage': 'the work of taking something away in a cart or truck and disposing of it', 'freight': 'the charge for transporting something by common carrier; \"we pay the freight\"; \"the freight rate is usually cheaper\"', 'express': 'mail that is distributed by a rapid and efficient system', 'ferry': 'a boat that transports people or vehicles across a body of water and operates on a regular schedule', 'carriage_trade': 'trade from upper-class customers', 'transaction': 'the act of transacting within or between groups (as carrying on commercial activities); \"no transactions are possible without him\"; \"he has always been honest is his dealings with me\"', 'affairs': 'transactions of professional or public interest; \"news of current affairs\"; \"great affairs of state\"', 'world_affairs': 'affairs between nations; \"you can\\'t really keep up with world affairs by watching television\"', 'operations': 'financial transactions at a brokerage; having to do with the execution of trades and keeping customer records', 'conveyance': 'document effecting a property transfer', 'quitclaim': 'document transferring title or right or claim to another', 'bailment': 'the delivery of personal property in trust by the bailor to the bailee', 'lend-lease': 'the transfer of goods and services to an ally to aid in a common cause; \"lend-lease during World War II was extremely generous\"', 'secularization': 'the activity of changing something (art or education or society or morality etc.) so it is no longer under the control or influence of religion', 'barter': 'an equal exchange; \"we had no money so we had to live by barter\"', 'horse_trade': 'the swapping of horses (accompanied by much bargaining)', 'logrolling': 'act of exchanging favors for mutual gain; especially trading of influence or votes among legislators to gain passage of certain projects', 'arms_deal': 'a deal to provide military arms', 'downtick': 'a transaction in the stock market at a price below the price of the preceding transaction', 'uptick': 'a transaction in the stock market at a price above the price of the preceding transaction', 'pawn': 'an article deposited as security', 'rental': 'the act of paying for the use of something (as an apartment or house or car)', \"Seward's_Folly\": 'the transaction in 1867 in which the United States Secretary of State William Henry Seward purchased Alaska from Russia', 'importing': 'the commercial activity of buying and bringing in goods from a foreign country', 'exporting': 'the commercial activity of selling and shipping goods to a foreign country', 'smuggling': 'secretly importing prohibited goods or goods on which duty is due', 'gunrunning': 'the smuggling of guns and ammunition into a country secretly and illegally', 'direct_marketing': 'marketing via a promotion delivered directly to the individual prospective customer', 'selling': 'the exchange of goods for an agreed sum of money', 'distribution_channel': 'a way of selling a company\\'s product either directly or via distributors; \"possible distribution channels are wholesalers or small retailers or retail chains or direct mailers or your own stores\"', 'traffic': 'the aggregation of things (pedestrians or vehicles) coming and going in a particular locality during a specified period of time', 'drug_traffic': 'traffic in illegal drugs', 'simony': 'traffic in ecclesiastical offices or preferments', 'slave_trade': 'traffic in slaves; especially in Black Africans transported to America in the 16th to 19th centuries', 'retail': 'the selling of goods to consumers; usually in small quantities and not for resale', 'wholesale': 'the selling of goods to merchants; usually in large quantities for resale to consumers', 'sale': 'the state of being purchasable; offered or exhibited for selling; \"you\\'ll find vitamin C for sale at most pharmacies\"; \"the new line of cars will soon be on sale\"', 'divestiture': 'an order to an offending party to rid itself of property; it has the purpose of depriving the defendant of the gains of wrongful behavior; \"the court found divestiture to be necessary in preventing a monopoly\"', 'sell': 'the activity of persuading someone to buy; \"it was a hard sell\"', 'syndication': 'organizing into or administering as a syndicate', 'dumping': 'selling goods abroad at a price below that charged in the domestic market', 'dutch_auction': 'a method of selling in which the price is reduced until a buyer is found', 'retailing': 'the activities involved in selling commodities directly to consumers', 'telemarketing': 'the use of the telephone as an interactive medium for promotion and sales', 'telemetry': 'automatic transmission and measurement of data from remote sources by wire or radio or other means', 'thermometry': 'the measurement of temperature', 'thermogravimetry': 'the measurement of changes in weight as a function of changes in temperature used as a technique of chemically analyzing substances', 'tonometry': 'the measurement of intraocular pressure by determining the amount of force needed to make a slight indentation in the cornea', 'telephone_order': 'receiving orders via telephone', 'vending': 'the act of selling goods for a living', 'viscometry': 'the measurement of viscosity', 'resale': 'the selling of something purchased', 'bazaar': 'a street of small shops (especially in Orient)', 'book_fair': 'fair organized by publishers or booksellers to promote the sale of books', 'craft_fair': 'a fair at which objects made by craftsmen are offered for sale', 'car_boot_sale': 'an outdoor sale at which people sell things from the trunk of their car', 'clearance_sale': 'a sale to reduce inventory', 'closeout': 'a sale intended to dispose of all remaining stock', 'fire_sale': 'a sale of assets at very low prices typically when the seller faces bankruptcy', 'garage_sale': \"an outdoor sale of used personal or household items held on the seller's premises\", 'going-out-of-business_sale': 'a sale of all the tangible assets of a business that is about to close; \"during the Great Depression going-out-of-business sales were very common\"', 'rummage_sale': 'a sale of donated articles', 'selloff': 'a sale of a relatively large number of assets (stocks or bonds or commodities) at a low price typically done to dispose of them rather than as normal trade', 'white_sale': 'a sale of household linens', 'upholstery': 'covering (padding and springs and webbing and fabric) on a piece of furniture', 'payment': 'a sum of money paid or a claim discharged', 'amortization': 'the reduction of the value of an asset by prorating its cost over a period of years', 'fee_splitting': 'payment (usually by doctors or lawyers) of part of the fee in return for the referral', 'overpayment': 'a payment larger than needed or expected', 'prepayment': 'payment in advance', 'refund': 'money returned to a payer', 'remuneration': 'the act of paying for goods or services or to recompense for losses; \"adequate remuneration for his work\"', 'rendering': 'a coat of stucco applied to a masonry wall', 'spending': 'the act of spending or disbursing money', 'tribute': 'something given or done as an expression of esteem', 'underpayment': 'a payment smaller than needed or expected', 'expending': 'the act of spending money for goods or services', 'deficit_spending': 'spending money raised by borrowing; used by governments to stimulate their economy', 'migration': 'a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)', 'gold_rush': 'a large migration of people to a newly discovered gold field', 'stampede': 'a wild headlong rush of frightened animals (horses or cattle)', 'social_control': 'control exerted (actively or passively) by group action', 'auto_limitation': 'social control achieved as a manifestation of self-will or general consent', 'sanction': 'formal and explicit approval; \"a Democrat usually gets the union\\'s endorsement\"', 'population_control': 'control over the growth of population; a government program', 'government': 'the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit; \"the government reduced taxes\"; \"the matter was referred to higher authorities\"', 'misgovernment': 'government that is inefficient or dishonest', 'legislation': 'law enacted by a legislative body', 'criminalization': 'legislation that makes something illegal; \"the criminalization of marijuana\"', 'decriminalization': 'legislation that makes something legal that was formerly illegal', 'trust_busting': '(law) government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws)', 'winemaking': 'the craft and science of growing grapes and making wine', 'viticulture': 'the cultivation of grapes and grape vines; grape growing', 'enactment': 'the passing of a law by a legislative body', 'enforcement': 'the act of enforcing; ensuring observance of or obedience to', 'coercion': 'the act of compelling by force of authority', 'execution': '(computer science) the process of carrying out an instruction by a computer', 'imposition': 'an uncalled-for burden; \"he listened but resented the imposition\"', 'law_enforcement': 'ensuring obedience to the laws', 'vigilantism': 'the actions of a vigilance committee in trying to enforce the laws', 'domination': 'power to dominate or defeat; \"mastery of the seas\"', 'bossism': 'domination of a political organization by a party boss', 'mastery': 'the act of mastering or subordinating someone', 'monopolization': 'domination (of a market or commodity) to the exclusion of others', 'socialization': 'the action of establishing on a socialist basis; \"the socialization of medical services\"', 'moral_obligation': 'an obligation arising out of considerations of right and wrong; \"he did it out of a feeling of moral obligation\"', 'noblesse_oblige': 'the obligation of those of high rank to be honorable and generous (often used ironically)', 'burden_of_proof': 'the duty of proving a disputed charge', 'civic_duty': 'the responsibilities of a citizen', 'jury_duty': 'the civic duty to serve on a jury', 'filial_duty': 'duty of a child to its parents', 'imperative': 'some duty that is essential and urgent', 'legal_duty': 'acts which the law requires be done or forborne', 'fiduciary_duty': 'the legal duty of a fiduciary to act in the best interests of the beneficiary', 'due_care': 'the care that a reasonable man would exercise under the circumstances; the standard for determining legal duty', 'foster_care': 'supervised care for delinquent or neglected children usually in an institution or substitute home', 'great_care': 'more attention and consideration than is normally bestowed by prudent persons; \"the pilot exercised great care in landing\"', 'providence': \"a manifestation of God's foresightful care for his creatures\", 'slight_care': 'such care as a careless or inattentive person would exercise', 'line_of_duty': 'all that is normally required in some area of responsibility', \"white_man's_burden\": 'the supposed responsibility of the white race to provide care for their non-white subjects', 'obedience': 'the trait of being willing to obey', 'management': 'those in charge of running a business', 'conducting': 'the way of administering a business', 'database_management': 'creation and maintenance of a database', 'homemaking': 'the management of a household', 'misconduct': \"bad or dishonest management by persons supposed to act on another's behalf\", 'mismanagement': 'management that is careless or inefficient; \"he accomplished little due to the mismanagement of his energies\"', 'screwup': 'the complete mismanagement or mishandling of a situation; \"a typical bureaucratic screwup\"', 'bioremediation': 'the branch of biotechnology that uses biological process to overcome environmental problems', 'dealing': 'method or manner of conduct in relation to others; \"honest dealing\"', 'supervision': 'management by overseeing the performance or operation of a person or group', 'invigilation': 'keeping watch over examination candidates to prevent cheating', 'line_management': \"administration of the activities contributing directly to an organization's output\", 'running': 'the state of being in operation; \"the engine is running smoothly\"', 'administrivia': 'the tiresome but essential details that must be taken care of and tasks that must be performed in running an organization; \"he sets policy and leaves all the administrivia to his assistant\"', 'polity': 'a politically organized unit', 'nonprofit_organization': 'an organization chartered for other than profit-making activities', 'rationalization': '(psychiatry) a defense mechanism by which your true motivation is concealed by explaining your actions and feelings in a way that is not threatening', 'self-organization': 'organizing yourself (especially organizing your own labor union)', 'authorization': 'the act of conferring legality or sanction or formal warrant', 'license': 'excessive freedom; lack of due restraint; \"when liberty becomes license dictatorship is near\"- Will Durant; \"the intolerable license with which the newspapers break...the rules of decorum\"- Edmund Burke', 'benefit_of_clergy': 'sanction by a religious rite; \"they are living together without benefit of clergy\"', 'name': 'a person\\'s reputation; \"he wanted to protect his good name\"', 'nihil_obstat': 'the phrase used by the official censor of the Roman Catholic Church to say that a publication has been examined and contains nothing offensive to the church', 'certification': 'the act of certifying or bestowing a franchise on', 'disenfranchisement': 'the act of withdrawing certification or terminating a franchise', 'accreditation': 'the act of granting credit or recognition (especially with respect to educational institution that maintains suitable standards); \"a commission is responsible for the accreditation of medical schools\"', 'commission': 'the state of being in good working order and ready for operation; \"put the ships into commission\"; \"the motor was out of commission\"', 'mandate': 'a territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I and put under the tutelage of some other European power until they are able to stand by themselves', 'delegating': 'authorizing subordinates to make certain decisions', 'devolution': 'the delegation of authority (especially from a central to a regional government)', 'loan_approval': 'formal authorization to get a loan (usually from a bank)', 'rubber_stamp': 'routine authorization of an action without questions', 'clearance': 'the distance by which one thing clears another; the space between them', 'allowance': 'a sum granted as reimbursement for expenses', 'variance': 'the second moment around the mean; the expected value of the square of the deviations of a random variable from its mean value', 'toleration': 'a disposition to tolerate or accept people or situations; \"all people should practice toleration and live together in peace\"', 'channelization': 'management through specified channels of communication', 'canalization': 'the production of a canal or a conversion to canals', 'preparation': '(music) a note that produces a dissonant chord is first heard in a consonant chord; \"the resolution of one dissonance is often the preparation for another dissonance\"', 'deployment': 'the distribution of forces in preparation for battle or work', 'groundwork': 'preliminary preparation as a basis or foundation; \"we are prepared today because of groundwork that was done ten years ago\"', 'redeployment': 'the withdrawal and redistribution of forces in an attempt to use them more effectively', 'makeready': 'final preparation and adjustments', 'priming': 'the act of making something ready', 'scheduling': 'setting an order and time for planned events', 'turnaround': 'time need to prepare a vessel or ship for a return trip', 'warm-up': 'exercising in preparation for strenuous activity', 'guidance': 'something that provides direction or advice as to a decision or course of action', \"coup_d'etat\": 'a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force', 'countercoup': \"a sudden and decisive overthrow of a government that gained power by a coup d'etat\", 'restraint': 'a rule or condition that limits freedom; \"legal restraints\"; \"restraints imposed on imports\"', 'collar': '(zoology) an encircling band or marking around the neck of any animal', 'damper': 'a movable iron plate that regulates the draft in a stove or chimney or furnace', 'bridle': 'headgear for a horse; includes a headstall and bit and reins to give the rider or driver control', 'immobilization': 'fixation (as by a plaster cast) of a body part in order to promote proper healing; \"immobilization of the injured knee was necessary\"', 'confinement': 'the state of being confined; \"he was held in confinement\"', 'imprisonment': 'putting someone in prison or in jail as lawful punishment', 'lockdown': 'the act of confining prisoners to their cells (usually to regain control during a riot)', 'house_arrest': 'confinement to your own home', 'false_imprisonment': '(law) confinement without legal authority', 'custody': 'holding by the police; \"the suspect is in custody\"', 'containment': 'a policy of creating strategic alliances in order to check the expansion of a hostile power or ideology or to force it to negotiate peacefully; \"containment of communist expansion was a central principle of United States\\' foreign policy from 1947 to the 1975\"', 'ring_containment': 'a strategy of defense in cases of bioterrorism; vaccination only of people exposed and others who are in contact with them; \"ring containment is a proven method of halting a smallpox epidemic\"', 'crackdown': 'severely repressive actions', 'regimentation': 'the imposition of order or discipline', 'reimposition': 'imposition again', 'restraint_of_trade': 'any act that tends to prevent free competition in business', 'restriction': 'a principle that limits the extent of something; \"I am willing to accept certain restrictions on my movements\"', 'classification': 'a group of people or things arranged by class or category', 'declassification': 'reduction or removal by the government of restrictions on a classified document or weapon', 'stipulation': '(law) an agreement or concession made by parties in a judicial proceeding (or by their attorneys) relating to the business before the court; must be in writing unless they are part of the court record; \"a stipulation of fact was made in order to avoid delay\"', 'circumscription': 'the act of circumscribing', 'constraint': 'the state of being physically constrained; \"dogs should be kept under restraint\"', 'swaddling_clothes': 'a garment (a gown or narrow strips of cloth) for an infant', 'constriction': 'a narrowing that reduces the flow through a channel', 'vasoconstriction': 'decrease in the diameter of blood vessels', 'privation': 'a state of extreme poverty', 'pauperization': 'the act of making someone poor', 'starvation': 'a state of extreme hunger resulting from lack of essential nutrients over a prolonged period', 'appeasement': 'the act of appeasing (as by acceding to the demands of)', 'placation': 'the act of placating and overcoming distrust and animosity', 'internationalization': 'the act of bringing something under international control', 'nationalization': 'the action of forming or becoming a nation', 'denationalization': 'changing something from state to private ownership or control', 'collectivization': 'the organization of a nation or economy on the basis of collectivism', 'communization': 'a change from private property to public property owned by the community', 'federation': 'an organization formed by merging several groups or parties', 'discrimination': 'the cognitive process whereby two or more stimuli are distinguished', 'patronage': '(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support', 'nomenklatura': 'the system of patronage in communist countries; controlled by committees in the Communist Party', 'ableism': 'discrimination in favor of the able-bodied', 'ageism': 'discrimination against middle-aged and elderly people', 'cronyism': 'favoritism shown to friends and associates (as by appointing them to positions without regard for their qualifications)', 'fattism': 'discrimination against people who are overweight', 'heterosexism': 'discrimination in favor of heterosexual and against homosexual people', 'nepotism': 'favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs)', 'racism': 'the prejudice that members of one race are intrinsically superior to members of other races', 'racial_profiling': 'a form of racism consisting of the (alleged) policy of policemen who stop and search vehicles driven by persons belonging to particular racial groups', 'rollover': 'the act of changing the institution that invests your pension plan without incurring a tax penalty', 'sexism': 'discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of the opposite sex', 'male_chauvinism': 'activity indicative of belief in the superiority of men over women', 'sexual_discrimination': 'discrimination (usually in employment) that excludes one sex (usually women) to the benefit of the other sex', 'mobilization': 'act of marshaling and organizing and making ready for use or action; \"mobilization of the country\\'s economic resources\"', 'arming': 'the act of equiping with weapons in preparation for war', 'outfitting': 'the act of renovating and fitting out a ship', 'refit': 'outfitting a ship again (by repairing or replacing parts)', 'rearmament': 'the act of arming again; \"he opposed the rearmament of Japan after World War II\"', 'disarming': 'act of reducing or depriving of arms; \"the disarmament of the aggressor nations must be complete\"', 'conscription': 'compulsory military service', 'levy': 'a charge imposed and collected', 'demobilization': 'act of changing from a war basis to a peace basis including disbanding or discharging troops; \"demobilization of factories\"; \"immediate demobilization of the reserves\"', 'remilitarization': 'the act of militarizing again', 'standardization': 'the condition in which a standard has been successfully established; \"standardization of nuts and bolts had saved industry millions of dollars\"', 'stabilization': 'the act of making something (as a vessel or aircraft) less likely to overturn', 'destabilization': 'an event that causes a loss of equilibrium (as of a ship or aircraft)', 'stylization': 'the act of stylizing; causing to conform to a particular style', 'conventionalization': 'the act of conventionalizing; conforming to a conventional style', 'taxation': 'the imposition of taxes; the practice of the government in levying taxes on the subjects of a state', 'punishment': 'the act of punishing', 'beating': 'the act of overcoming or outdoing', 'castigation': 'a severe scolding', 'corporal_punishment': 'the infliction of physical injury on someone convicted of committing a crime', 'cruel_and_unusual_punishment': 'punishment prohibited by the 8th amendment to the U.S. Constitution; includes torture or degradation or punishment too severe for the crime committed', 'detention': 'a state of being confined (usually for a short time); \"his detention was politically motivated\"; \"the prisoner is on hold\"; \"he is in the custody of police\"', 'economic_strangulation': 'punishment of a group by cutting off commercial dealings with them; \"the economic strangulation of the Jews by the Nazi Party\"', 'self-flagellation': 'self-punishment inflicted by whipping', 'self-punishment': 'punishment inflicted on yourself', 'spanking': 'the act of slapping on the buttocks; \"he gave the brat a good spanking\"', 'stick': 'a small thin branch of a tree', 'whipping': 'beating with a whip or strap or rope as a form of punishment', 'flagellation': 'beating as a source of erotic or religious stimulation', 'horsewhipping': 'the act of whipping with a horsewhip; \"that villain needs a good horsewhipping\"', 'gauntlet': 'to offer or accept a challenge; \"threw down the gauntlet\"; \"took up the gauntlet\"', 'kick_in_the_butt': 'punishment inflicted by kicking the victim in the behind', 'stoning': 'the act of pelting with stones; punishment inflicted by throwing stones at the victim (even unto death)', 'auto-da-fe': 'the burning to death of heretics (as during the Spanish Inquisition)', 'hanging': 'decoration that is hung (as a tapestry) on a wall or over a window; \"the cold castle walls were covered with hangings\"', 'commitment': 'a message that makes a pledge', 'corrections': 'the department of local government that is responsible for managing the treatment of convicted offenders; \"for a career in corrections turn to the web site of the New Jersey Department of Corrections\"', 'tradeoff': 'an exchange that occurs as a compromise; \"I faced a tradeoff between eating and buying my medicine\"', 'submission': 'the condition of having submitted to control by someone or something else; \"the union was brought into submission\"; \"his submission to the will of God\"', 'truckling': 'the act of obeying meanly (especially obeying in a humble manner or for unworthy reasons)', 'strife': 'bitter conflict; heated often violent dissension', 'tug-of-war': 'a contest in which teams pull of opposite ends of a rope; the team dragged across a central line loses', 'turf_war': 'a bitter struggle for territory or power or control or rights; \"a turf war erupted between street gangs\"; \"the president\\'s resignation was the result of a turf war with the board of directors\"', 'countercurrent': 'actions counter to the main group activity; \"political crosscurrents disrupted the conference\"', 'direct_action': 'a protest action by labor or minority groups to obtain their demands', 'competition': 'a business relation in which two parties compete to gain customers; \"business competition can be fiendish at times\"', 'battle_of_wits': 'a contest in which intelligence rather than violence is used', 'contest': 'an occasion on which a winner is selected from among two or more contestants', 'bidding_contest': 'a series of competing bids', 'popularity_contest': 'competition (real or figurative) for popular support', 'nonresistance': 'group refusal to resort to violence even in defense against violence', 'sales_resistance': 'resistance by potential customers to aggressive selling practices', 'discord': 'lack of agreement or harmony', 'defiance': 'a hostile challenge', 'road_rage': 'violence exhibited by drivers in traffic', 'riot': 'a public act of violence by an unruly mob', 'race_riot': 'a riot caused by hatred for one another of members of different races in the same community', 'dispute': 'a disagreement or argument about something important; \"he had a dispute with his wife\"; \"there were irreconcilable differences\"; \"the familiar conflict between Republicans and Democrats\"', 'fencing': 'the art or sport of fighting with swords (especially the use of foils or epees or sabres to score points under a set of rules)', 'set-to': 'a brief but vigorous fight', 'shock': '(pathology) bodily collapse or near collapse caused by inadequate oxygen delivery to the cells; characterized by reduced cardiac output and rapid heartbeat and circulatory insufficiency and pallor; \"loss of blood is an important cause of shock\"', 'hassle': 'disorderly fighting', 'aggro': '(informal British usage) aggravation or aggression; \"I skipped it because it was too much aggro\"', 'counterblow': 'a return blow; a retaliatory blow', 'fistfight': 'a fight with bare fists', 'stab': 'a strong blow with a knife or other sharp pointed instrument; \"one strong stab to the heart killed him\"', 'lunge': '(fencing) an attacking thrust made with one foot forward and the back leg straight and with the sword arm outstretched forward', 'parry': '(fencing) blocking a lunge or deflecting it with a circular motion of the sword', 'remise': 'an expensive or high-class hackney', 'riposte': '(fencing) a counterattack made immediately after successfully parrying the opponents lunge', 'stinger': 'a cocktail made of made of creme de menthe and brandy', 'thump': 'a heavy dull sound (as made by impact of heavy objects)', 'uppercut': \"a swinging blow directed upward (especially at an opponent's chin)\", 'hammer': 'a heavy metal sphere attached to a flexible wire; used in the hammer throw', 'cheap_shot': 'an unnecessarily aggressive and unfair remark directed at a defenseless person', 'wallop': 'a severe blow', 'battering': 'the act of subjecting to strong attack', 'affray': 'noisy quarrel', 'brawl': 'a noisy fight in a crowd', 'knife_fight': 'fighting with knives', 'rumble': 'a loud low dull continuous noise; \"they heard the rumbling of thunder\"', 'single_combat': 'a fight between two people; \"in all armies there were officers who needed to prove their bravery by single combat\"', 'obstructionism': 'deliberate interference', 'protest': 'the act of making a strong public expression of disagreement and disapproval; \"he shouted his protests at the umpire\"; \"a shower of protest was heard from the rear of the hall\"', 'punch-up': 'a fistfight; \"the quarrel ended in a punch-up\"', 'counterdemonstration': 'a demonstration held in opposition to another demonstration; \"supporters of the president organized a counterdemonstration in his support\"', 'walkout': 'a strike in which the workers walk out', 'Boston_Tea_Party': 'demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor; organized as a protest against taxes on tea', 'peace_march': 'a protest march against (a particular) war and in favor of peace', 'sit-in': 'a form of civil disobedience in which demonstrators occupy seats and refuse to move', 'work-in': 'occasion when workers continue to work as a protest against e.g. proposed dismissal or closure of the factory', 'protest_march': 'occasion when you can express opposition by marching (usually on some government institution) without a license', 'insubordination': 'defiance of authority', 'contumacy': 'willful refusal to appear before a court or comply with a court order; can result in a finding of contempt of court', 'disobedience': 'the trait of being unwilling to obey', 'civil_disobedience': 'a group\\'s refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination); \"Thoreau wrote a famous essay justifying civil disobedience\"', 'contempt': 'lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike; \"he was held in contempt\"; \"the despite in which outsiders were held is legendary\"', 'contempt_of_Congress': 'deliberate obstruction of the operation of the federal legislative branch', 'contempt_of_court': 'disrespect for the rules of a court of law', 'civil_contempt': 'a failure to follow a court order that benefits someone else', 'criminal_contempt': 'an act of disrespect that impedes the administration of justice', 'obstruction_of_justice': 'impeding those who seek justice in a court (as by trying to influence or intimidate any juror or witness or officer of the court); can result in a finding of contempt of court', 'due_process': '(law) the administration of justice according to established rules and principles; based on the principle that a person cannot be deprived of life or liberty or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards', 'legal_action': 'a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong', 'lawsuit': 'a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy; \"the family brought suit against the landlord\"', 'civil_suit': 'a lawsuit alleging violations of civil law by the defendant', 'class_action': 'a lawsuit brought by a representative member of a large group of people on behalf of all members of the group', 'countersuit': 'a suit brought against someone who has sued you', 'criminal_suit': 'a lawsuit alleging violations of criminal law by the defendant', 'moot': 'a hypothetical case that law students argue as an exercise; \"he organized the weekly moot\"', 'paternity_suit': 'a lawsuit filed to determine the father of a child born out of wedlock (and to provide for the support of the child once paternity is determined)', 'antitrust_case': 'a legal action brought against parties who are charged with limiting free competition in the market place', 'civil_action': 'legal action to protect a private civil right or to compel a civil remedy (as distinguished from criminal prosecution)', 'counterclaim': 'a claim filed in opposition to another claim in a legal action', 'custody_case': 'a legal action to determine custody (usually of children following a divorce)', 'lis_pendens': 'a pending lawsuit', 'proceeding': '(law) the institution of a sequence of steps by which legal judgments are invoked', 'appeal': 'attractiveness that interests or pleases or stimulates; \"his smile was part of his appeal to her\"', 'affirmation': 'the act of affirming or asserting or stating something', 'bankruptcy': 'a state of complete lack of some abstract property; \"spiritual bankruptcy\"; \"moral bankruptcy\"; \"intellectual bankruptcy\"', 'litigation': 'a legal proceeding in a court; a judicial contest to determine and enforce legal rights', 'custody_battle': 'litigation to settle custody of the children of a divorced couple', 'vexatious_litigation': 'litigation shown to have been instituted maliciously and without probable cause; \"he got an injunction against vexatious litigation by his enemies\"', 'presentment': 'a document that must be accepted and paid by another person', 'confession_of_judgment': 'a judgment entered after a written confession by the debtor without the expense of ordinary legal proceedings', 'default_judgment': 'a judgment entered in favor of the plaintiff when the defendant defaults (fails to appear in court)', 'non_prosequitur': 'a judgment entered in favor of the defendant when the plaintiff has not continued his action (e.g., has not appeared in court)', 'final_judgment': 'a judgment disposing of the case before the court; after the judgment (or an appeal from it) is rendered all that remains is to enforce the judgment', 'conviction': 'an unshakable belief in something without need for proof or evidence', 'judgment_in_personam': 'a judgment rendered against an individual (or corporation) for the payment of money damages', 'judgment_in_rem': 'a judgment pronounced on the status of some particular subject or property or thing (as opposed to one pronounced on persons)', 'judgment_of_dismissal': 'a judgment disposing of the matter without a trial', 'judgment_on_the_merits': 'judgment rendered through analysis and adjudication of the factual issues presented', 'summary_judgment': 'a judgment rendered by the court prior to a verdict because no material issue of fact exists and one party or the other is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law', 'arbitration': '(law) the hearing and determination of a dispute by an impartial referee agreed to by both parties (often used to settle disputes between labor and management)', 'opinion': 'a message expressing a belief about something; the expression of a belief that is held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof; \"his opinions appeared frequently on the editorial page\"', 'Bakke_decision': 'a ruling by the Supreme Court on affirmative action; the Court ruled in 1978 that medical schools are entitled to consider race as a factor in their admission policy', 'fatwa': 'a ruling on a point of Islamic law that is given by a recognized authority', 'umpirage': 'mediation by an umpire', 'finding': 'something that is found; \"the findings in the gastrointestinal tract indicate that he died several hours after dinner\"; \"an area rich in archaeological findings\"', 'verdict': '(law) the findings of a jury on issues of fact submitted to it for decision; can be used in formulating a judgment', 'finding_of_law': 'a finding as to the applicability of a rule of law to particular facts', 'compromise_verdict': 'a verdict resulting from improper compromises between jurors on material issues', 'directed_verdict': 'a verdict entered by the court in a jury trial without consideration by the jury; \"there cannot be a directed verdict of guilty in a criminal trial\"', 'false_verdict': 'a manifestly unjust verdict; not true to the evidence', 'general_verdict': 'an ordinary verdict declaring which party prevails without any special findings of fact', 'partial_verdict': '(criminal law) a finding that the defendant is guilty of some charges but innocent of others', 'quotient_verdict': 'an improper and unacceptable kind of compromise verdict', 'special_verdict': 'a verdict rendered on certain specific factual issues posed by the court without finding for one party or the other', 'acquittal': 'a judgment of not guilty', 'murder_conviction': 'conviction for murder', 'rape_conviction': 'conviction for rape', 'robbery_conviction': 'conviction for robbery', 'eviction': 'action by a landlord that compels a tenant to leave the premises (as by rendering the premises unfit for occupancy); no physical expulsion or legal process is involved', 'actual_eviction': 'the physical ouster of a tenant from the leased premises; the tenant is relieved of any further duty to pay rent', 'retaliatory_eviction': \"an eviction in reprisal for the tenant's good-faith complaints against the landlord; illegal in many states\", 'legalization': 'the act of making lawful', 'legitimation': 'the act of rendering a person legitimate; \"he has filial rights because he obtained letters of legitimation from the king\"; \"his parents\\' subsequent marriage resulted in his legitimation\"', 'trial': '(sports) a preliminary competition to determine qualifications; \"the trials for the semifinals began yesterday\"', 'court-martial': 'a military court to try members of the armed services who are accused of serious breaches of martial law', 'ordeal': 'a severe or trying experience', 'Scopes_trial': 'a highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school; Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow; Scopes was convicted but the verdict was later reversed', 'show_trial': 'a trial held for show; the guilt of the accused person has been decided in advance', 'bill_of_review': 'a proceeding brought to obtain an explanation or an alteration or a reversal of a decree by the court that rendered it', 'judicial_review': 'review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court', 'plea': \"(law) a defendant's answer by a factual matter (as distinguished from a demurrer)\", 'double_jeopardy': 'the prosecution of a defendant for a criminal offense for which he has already been tried; prohibited in the fifth amendment to the United States Constitution', 'prosecution': 'the lawyers acting for the state to put the case against the defendant', 'test_case': 'a representative legal action whose outcome is likely to become a precedent', 'entrapment': 'a defense that claims the defendant would not have broken the law if not tricked into doing it by law enforcement officials', 'mistrial': 'a trial that is invalid or inconclusive', 'retrial': 'a new trial in which issues already litigated and to which the court has already rendered a verdict or decision are reexamined by the same court; occurs when the initial trial is found to have been improper or unfair due to procedural errors', 'hearing': 'an opportunity to state your case and be heard; \"they condemned him without a hearing\"; \"he saw that he had lost his audience\"', 'administrative_hearing': 'a hearing that takes place outside the judicial process before hearing examiners who have been granted judicial authority specifically for the purpose of conducting such hearings', 'competence_hearing': 'a hearing to determine legal capacity (to determine whether the defendant can understand the charges and cooperate with a lawyer in preparing a defense)', 'fair_hearing': 'a hearing that is granted in extraordinary situations where the normal judicial process would be inadequate to secure due process because the person would be harmed or denied their rights before a judicial remedy became available (as in deportation or loss of welfare benefits)', 'quo_warranto': 'a hearing to determine by what authority someone has an office or franchise or liberty', 'divorce': 'the legal dissolution of a marriage', 'legal_separation': 'a judicial decree regulating the rights and responsibilities of a married couple living apart', 'quarantine': 'enforced isolation of patients suffering from a contagious disease in order to prevent the spread of disease', 'seclusion': 'the act of secluding yourself from others', 'cocooning': 'retreating to the seclusion of your home (as for privacy or escape)', 'isolation': 'a state of separation between persons or groups', 'segregation': '(genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes', 'separationism': 'advocacy of a policy of strict separation of church and state', 'brainstorming': 'a group problem-solving technique in which members spontaneously share ideas and solutions; \"we had an intense brainstorming session today\"', 'teamwork': 'cooperative work done by a team (especially when it is effective); \"it will take money, good planning and, above all, teamwork\"', 'conformity': 'orthodoxy in thoughts and belief', 'formality': 'a requirement of etiquette or custom; \"a mere formality\"', 'line': 'a length (straight or curved) without breadth or thickness; the trace of a moving point', 'honoring': 'conformity with law or custom or practice etc.', 'punctilio': 'a fine point of etiquette or petty formality', 'nonobservance': 'a lack of conformity with law or custom or practice etc.', 'nonconformity': 'lack of harmony or correspondence', 'keeping': 'conformity or harmony; \"his behavior was not in keeping with the occasion\"', 'collaboration': 'act of cooperating traitorously with an enemy that is occupying your country', 'compromise': 'an accommodation in which both sides make concessions; \"the newly elected congressmen rejected a compromise because they considered it `business as usual\\'\"', 'concurrence': 'a state of cooperation', 'selflessness': 'acting with less concern for yourself than for the success of the joint activity', 'cultism': 'devotion to the doctrine or a cult or to the practices of a cult', 'hobbyism': 'a devotion to hobbies', 'enlistment': 'a period of time spent in military service', 'reenlistment': 'a renewed enlistment', 'faith': 'complete confidence in a person or plan etc; \"he cherished the faith of a good woman\"; \"the doctor-patient relationship is based on trust\"', 'fetish': 'a form of sexual desire in which gratification depends to an abnormal degree on some object or item of clothing or part of the body; \"common male fetishes are breasts, legs, hair, shoes, and underwear\"', 'party_spirit': 'devotion to a political party', 'aid': 'money to support a worthy person or cause', 'facilitation': 'the condition of being made easy (or easier); \"social facilitation is an adaptive condition\"', 'hand': 'a unit of length equal to 4 inches; used in measuring horses; \"the horse stood 20 hands\"', 'recourse': 'something or someone turned to for assistance or security; \"his only recourse was the police\"; \"took refuge in lying\"', 'thanks': 'an acknowledgment of appreciation', 'social_work': 'any of various services designed to aid the poor and aged and to increase the welfare of children', 'casework': 'close sociological study of a maladjusted person or family for diagnosis and treatment', 'disservice': 'an act intended to help that turns out badly; \"he did them a disservice\"', 'childcare': \"a service involving care for other people's children\", 'community_service': 'a service that is performed for the benefit of the public or its institutions', 'daycare': 'childcare during the day while parents work', 'help_desk': 'a service that provides information and assistance to the users of a computer network', 'seating': 'an area that includes places where several people can sit; \"there is seating for 40 students in this classroom\"', 'boost': 'the act of giving a push; \"he gave her a boost over the fence\"', 'comfort': 'a state of being relaxed and feeling no pain; \"he is a man who enjoys his comfort\"; \"she longed for the comfortableness of her armchair\"', 'morale_building': 'anything that serves to increase morale; \"the sight of flowers every morning was my morale builder\"', 'consolation': 'the comfort you feel when consoled in times of disappointment; \"second place was no consolation to him\"', 'simplification': 'an explanation that omits superfluous details and reduces complexity', 'oversimplification': 'a simplification that goes too far (to the point of misrepresentation)', 'ecclesiasticism': 'religion appropriate to a church and to ecclesiastical principles and practices', 'kabbalism': 'adherence to some extreme traditional theological concept or interpretation', 'royalism': 'adherence or attachment to a monarchy or to the principle of monarchal government', 'traditionalism': 'the doctrine that all knowledge was originally derived by divine revelation and that it is transmitted by traditions', 'backing': 'something forming a back that is added for strengthening', 'advocacy': 'active support of an idea or cause etc.; especially the act of pleading or arguing for something', 'drumbeat': '(military) the beating of a drum as a signal for lowering the flag at sundown', 'insistence': 'continual and persistent demands', 'urging': 'the act of earnestly supporting or encouraging', 'auspices': 'kindly endorsement and guidance; \"the tournament was held under the auspices of the city council\"', 'sponsorship': 'the act of sponsoring (either officially or financially)', 'endorsement': 'a promotional statement (as found on the dust jackets of books); \"the author got all his friends to write blurbs for his book\"', 'reassurance': \"the act of reassuring; restoring someone's confidence\", 'sustenance': 'the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence; \"they were in want of sustenance\"; \"fishing was their main sustainment\"', 'logistic_support': 'assistance between and within military commands', 'integrated_logistic_support': 'the pooling of specific resources by subscribing nations for the support of some joint operation', 'mutual_aid': 'arrangements made between nations to assist each other', 'interdepartmental_support': 'provision of logistic (or administrative) support by one or more of the military services to one or more departments or agencies of the United States government', 'inter-service_support': 'action by one military service to provide logistic (or administrative) support to another military service', 'proportional_representation': 'representation of all parties in proportion to their popular vote', 'shape-up': 'a way of hiring longshoremen by the day; applicants gather around a union boss who selects those to be hired', 'call-back': 'a return call', 'booking': 'the act of reserving (a place or passage) or engaging the services of (a person or group); \"wondered who had made the booking\"', 'admiration': 'a feeling of delighted approval and liking', 'glorification': 'the act of glorifying (as in worship); \"the glorification of God\"', 'idealization': '(psychiatry) a defense mechanism that splits something you are ambivalent about into two representations--one good and one bad', 'sentimentalization': 'the act of indulging in sentiment', 'reward': 'payment made in return for a service rendered', 'carrot': 'deep orange edible root of the cultivated carrot plant', 'disparagement': 'a communication that belittles somebody or something', 'belittling': 'the act of belittling', 'deprecation': 'a prayer to avert or remove some evil or disaster', 'detraction': 'a petty disparagement', 'behavior': 'the action or reaction of something (as a machine or substance) under specified circumstances; \"the behavior of small particles can be studied in experiments\"', 'territoriality': 'the behavior of a male animal that defines and defends its territory', 'last_straw': 'the final irritation that stretches your patience beyond the limit', 'exacerbation': 'violent and bitter exasperation; \"his foolishness was followed by an exacerbation of their quarrel\"', 'bitchery': 'aggressive remarks and behavior like that of a spiteful malicious woman', 'bullying': 'the act of intimidating a weaker person to make them do something', 'twit': 'aggravation by deriding or mocking or criticizing', 'raising_hell': 'making trouble just for the fun of it', 'self-assertion': 'the act of putting forth your own opinions in a boastful or inconsiderate manner that implies you feel superior to others', 'condemnation': 'the condition of being strongly disapproved of; \"he deserved nothing but condemnation\"', 'stigmatization': 'the act of stigmatizing', 'bohemianism': 'conduct characteristic of a bohemian', 'dirty_pool': 'conduct that is unfair or unethical or unsportsmanlike', 'dirty_tricks': 'underhand commercial or political behavior designed to discredit an opponent', 'discourtesy': 'a manner that is rude and insulting', 'easiness': 'a feeling of refreshing tranquility and an absence of tension or worry; \"the easiness we feel when sleeping\"', 'derision': 'contemptuous laughter', 'mock': 'the act of mocking or ridiculing; \"they made a mock of him\"', 'indelicacy': 'the trait of being indelicate and offensive', 'insolence': 'an offensive disrespectful impudent act', 'insult': 'a deliberately offensive act or something producing the effect of deliberate disrespect; \"turning his back on me was a deliberate insult\"', 'indignity': \"an affront to one's dignity or self-esteem\", 'scandalization': 'the condition of being shocked (as by improper behavior)', 'presumption': '(law) an inference of the truth of a fact from other facts proved or admitted or judicially noticed', 'rebuff': 'an instance of driving away or warding off', 'snub': 'a refusal to recognize someone you know; \"the snub was clearly intentional\"', 'silent_treatment': 'an aloof refusal to speak to someone you know', 'the_way_of_the_world': 'the manner in which people typically behave or things typically happen; \"the ordinary reader is endowed with considerable wisdom and knowledge of the way of the world\"; \"she was well-versed in the ways of the world before she had taken the veil\"; \"he was amazingly innocent of the ways of the world\"', 'benevolence': 'disposition to do good', 'cupboard_love': 'a show of affection motivated by selfishness', 'favor': 'a feeling of favorable regard', 'forgiveness': 'compassionate feelings that support a willingness to forgive', 'condonation': 'a pardon by treating the offender as if the offense had not occurred', 'mercy': 'something for which to be thankful; \"it was a mercy we got out alive\"', 'exculpation': 'the act of freeing from guilt or blame', 'endearment': 'the act of showing affection', 'politeness': 'a courteous manner that respects accepted social usage', 'reverence': 'a reverent mental attitude', 'courtesy': 'a courteous or respectful or considerate remark', 'beau_geste': 'a gracious (but usually meaningless) gesture', 'attention': 'a general interest that leads people to want to know more; \"She was the center of attention\"', 'gallantry': 'polite attentiveness to women', 'deference': 'courteous regard for people\\'s feelings; \"in deference to your wishes\"; \"out of respect for his privacy\"', 'court': 'an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business', 'last_respects': 'the act of expressing respect for someone who has died; \"he paid his last respects by standing quietly at the graveside\"', 'props': 'proper respect; \"I have to give my props to the governor for the way he handled the problem\"', 'devoir': 'formal expression of respect', 'consideration': 'a discussion of a topic (as in a meeting); \"consideration of the traffic problem took more than an hour\"', 'assembly': 'a group of persons who are gathered together for a common purpose', 'economic_mobilization': 'mobilization of the economy', 'rallying': 'the act of mobilizing for a common purpose; \"the bell was a signal for the rallying of the whole neighborhood\"', 'convocation': 'a group gathered in response to a summons', 'meeting': 'a small informal social gathering; \"there was an informal meeting in my living room\"', 'service_call': 'a trip made by a repairman to visit the location of something in need of service', 'assignation': 'a secret rendezvous (especially between lovers)', 'rendezvous': 'a place where people meet; \"he was waiting for them at the rendezvous\"', 'congregation': 'a group of people who adhere to a common faith and habitually attend a given church', 'convention': 'a large formal assembly; \"political convention\"', 'session': 'a meeting for execution of a group\\'s functions; \"it was the opening session of the legislature\"', 'course_session': 'a regularly scheduled session as part of a course of study', 'visit': 'a meeting arranged by the visitor to see someone (such as a doctor or lawyer) for treatment or advice; \"he scheduled a visit to the dentist\"', 'flying_visit': 'a visit that last for only a very short time; \"he wanted to hear all about my flying visit to his old stamping grounds\"', 'attendance': 'the frequency with which a person is present; \"a student\\'s attendance is an important factor in her grade\"', 'presence': 'the state of being present; current existence; \"he tested for the presence of radon\"', 'nonattendance': 'the failure to attend', 'nonappearance': 'failure to appear (especially as at court)', 'absence': 'the time interval during which something or somebody is away; \"he visited during my absence\"', 'absenteeism': 'habitual absence from work', 'truancy': 'failure to attend (especially school)', 'answer': 'the speech act of replying to a question', 'requital': 'an act of requiting; returning in kind', 'retaliation': 'action taken in return for an injury or offense', 'vengeance': 'the act of taking revenge (harming someone in retaliation for something harmful that they have done) especially in the next life; \"Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord\"--Romans 12:19; \"For vengeance I would do nothing. This nation is too great to look for mere revenge\"--James Garfield; \"he swore vengeance on the man who betrayed him\"; \"the swiftness of divine retribution\"', 'reprisal': 'a retaliatory action against an enemy in wartime', 'feud': 'a bitter quarrel between two parties', 'drug_war': 'conflict between law enforcement and those who deal in illegal drugs', 'vendetta': 'a feud in which members of the opposing parties murder each other', 'tit_for_tat': 'an equivalent given in return', 'democratization': 'the action of making something democratic', 'consolidation': 'something that has consolidated into a compact mass; \"he dropped the consolidation into the acid bath\"', 'decentralization': 'the social process in which population and industry moves from urban centers to outlying districts', 'amalgamation': 'the combination of two or more commercial companies', 'vertical_integration': \"absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution\", 'horizontal_integration': 'absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level', 'non-engagement': 'withdrawing from the activities of a group', 'incurrence': 'the act of incurring (making yourself subject to something undesirable)', 'mediation': 'a negotiation to resolve differences that is conducted by some impartial party', 'matchmaking': 'mediation in order to bring about a marriage between others', 'group_participation': 'participation by all members of a group', 'neutrality': 'pH value of 7', 'annulment': '(law) a formal termination (of a relationship or a judicial proceeding etc)', 'dissolution_of_marriage': 'an annulment of a marriage', 'vindication': 'the act of vindicating or defending against criticism or censure etc.; \"friends provided a vindication of his position\"', 'whitewash': 'a defeat in which the losing person or team fails to score', 'justification': 'a statement in explanation of some action or belief', 'job_action': 'a temporary action by workers to protest management decision or to make demands', 'go-slow': 'a form of protest by workers in which they deliberately slow down in order to cause problem from their employers', 'work_to_rule': 'a job action in which workers cause a slowdown by doing only the minimum amount required by the rules of the workplace', 'passive_resistance': 'peaceful resistance to a government by fasting or refusing to cooperate', 'hunger_strike': 'a voluntary fast undertaken as a means of protest', 'Ramadan': 'the ninth month of the Islamic calendar; the month of fasting; the holiest period for the Islamic faith', 'Satyagraha': 'the form of nonviolent resistance initiated in India by Mahatma Gandhi in order to oppose British rule and to hasten political reforms', 'recusancy': 'refusal to submit to established authority; originally the refusal of Roman Catholics to attend services of the Church of England', 'sit-down': 'a strike in which workers refuse to leave the workplace until a settlement is reached', 'sympathy_strike': \"a strike in support of other workers who are on strike; a strike not resulting from direct grievances against the workers' employer\", 'wildcat_strike': 'a strike undertaken by workers without approval from the officials of their union', 'unsnarling': 'the act of releasing from a snarled or tangled condition', 'sabotage': 'a deliberate act of destruction or disruption in which equipment is damaged', 'extermination': 'the act of exterminating', 'genocide': 'systematic killing of a racial or cultural group', 'holocaust': 'an act of mass destruction and loss of life (especially in war or by fire); \"a nuclear holocaust\"', 'Holocaust': 'the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime from 1941 until 1945', 'cast': 'the distinctive form in which a thing is made; \"pottery of this cast was found throughout the region\"', 'natural': 'someone regarded as certain to succeed; \"he\\'s a natural for the job\"', 'strafe': 'an attack of machine-gun fire or cannon fire from a low flying airplane; \"the next morning they carried out a strafe of enemy airfields\"', 'surprise_attack': 'an attack without warning', 'terrorist_attack': 'a surprise attack involving the deliberate use of violence against civilians in the hope of attaining political or religious aims', 'ambush': 'the act of concealing yourself and lying in wait to attack by surprise', 'pre-emptive_strike': 'a surprise attack that is launched in order to prevent the enemy from doing it to you', 'dry-gulching': 'the act of killing from ambush', 'emancipation': \"freeing someone from the control of another; especially a parent's relinquishing authority and control over a minor child\", 'manumission': 'the formal act of freeing from slavery; \"he believed in the manumission of the slaves\"', 'radio_observation': 'an observation made with a radio telescope', 'stupidity': 'a poor ability to understand or to profit from experience', 'admission': 'an acknowledgment of the truth of something', 'readmission': 'the act of admitting someone again; \"the surgery was performed on his readmission to the clinic\"', 'matriculation': 'admission to a group (especially a college or university)', 'remarriage': 'the act of marrying again', 'renewal': 'the act of renewing', 'self-renewal': 'the act of renewing yourself (or itself)', 'replication': '(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division', 'amnesty': 'a period during which offenders are exempt from punishment', 'demolition': 'the act of demolishing', 'spoliation': '(law) the intentional destruction of a document or an alteration of it that destroys its value as evidence', 'vandalism': 'willful wanton and malicious destruction of the property of others', 'recession': 'the state of the economy declines; a widespread decline in the GDP and employment and trade lasting from six months to a year', 'amendment': 'a statement that is added to or revises or improves a proposal or document (a bill or constitution etc.)', 'emendation': 'a correction by emending; a correction resulting from critical editing', 'infanticide': 'a person who murders an infant', 'shoot-down': 'murder by shooting someone down in cold blood', 'tyrannicide': 'killing a tyrant', 'thuggee': 'murder and robbery by thugs', 'transmutation': '(physics) the change of one chemical element into another (as by nuclear decay or radioactive bombardment); \"the transmutation of base metals into gold proved to be impossible\"', 'barrage_jamming': 'electronic jamming over a wide range of frequencies simultaneously', 'spot_jamming': 'electronic jamming of a specific channel or frequency', 'electronic_deception': 'the deliberate use of electromagnetic energy in a manner intended to convey misleading information', 'manipulative_electronic_deception': 'actions to eliminate revealing telltale indicators that could be used by the enemy (or to convey misleading indicators)', 'simulative_electronic_deception': 'actions to represent friendly notional or actual capabilities to mislead hostile forces', 'imitative_electronic_deception': 'the introduction of electromagnetic energy into enemy systems that imitates enemy emissions', 'colonization': 'the act of colonizing; the establishment of colonies; \"the British colonization of America\"', 'resettlement': 'the transportation of people (as a family or colony) to a new settlement (as after an upheaval of some kind)', 'dismount': 'the act of dismounting (a horse or bike etc.)', 'radiation': 'the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay', 'emission': 'the release of electrons from parent atoms', 'jamming': 'deliberate radiation or reflection of electromagnetic energy for the purpose of disrupting enemy use of electronic devices or systems', 'vacation': 'leisure time away from work devoted to rest or pleasure; \"we get two weeks of vacation every summer\"; \"we took a short holiday in Puerto Rico\"', 'harmonization': 'a piece of harmonized music', 'humming': 'the act of singing with closed lips', 'winnow': 'the act of separating grain from chaff; \"the winnowing was done by women\"', 'teleportation': 'a hypothetical mode of instantaneous transportation; matter is dematerialized at one place and recreated at another', 'cantillation': 'liturgical chanting', 'fixed_intonation': 'the intonation of keyboard instruments where the pitch of each note is fixed and cannot be varied by the performer', 'karaoke': 'singing popular songs accompanied by a recording of an orchestra (usually in bars or nightclubs)', 'part-singing': 'singing with three or more voice parts', 'psalmody': 'the act of singing psalms or hymns', 'singalong': 'informal group singing of popular songs', 'solfege': 'a voice exercise; singing scales or runs to the same syllable', 'solmization': 'a system of naming the notes of a musical scale by syllables instead of letters', 'yodeling': 'singing by changing back and forth between the chest voice and a falsetto', 'lead': 'a soft heavy toxic malleable metallic element; bluish white when freshly cut but tarnishes readily to dull grey; \"the children were playing with lead soldiers\"', 'leadership': 'the status of a leader; \"they challenged his leadership of the union\"', 'helm': 'steering mechanism for a vessel; a mechanical device by which a vessel is steered', 'trend_setting': 'the initiating or popularizing of a trend or fashion', 'precession': 'the motion of a spinning body (as a top) in which it wobbles so that the axis of rotation sweeps out a cone', 'parole': 'a promise; \"he gave his word\"', 'population': 'the number of inhabitants (either the total number or the number of a particular race or class) in a given place (country or city etc.); \"people come and go, but the population of this town has remained approximately constant for the past decade\"; \"the African-American population of Salt Lake City has been increasing\"', 'pounce': 'the act of pouncing', 'probation': 'a trial period during which your character and abilities are tested to see whether you are suitable for work or for membership', 'quarter': '(football, professional basketball) one of four divisions into which some games are divided; \"both teams scored in the first quarter\"', 'recall': 'a request by the manufacturer of a defective product to return the product (as for replacement or repair)', 'revocation': 'the state of being cancelled or annulled', 'reprieve': 'a (temporary) relief from harm or discomfort', 'revoke': 'the mistake of not following suit when able to do so', 'ruff': 'common Eurasian sandpiper; the male has an erectile neck ruff in breeding season', 'awakening': 'the act of waking; \"it was an early awakening\"; \"it was the waking up he hated most\"', 'buzz': 'sound of rapid vibration; \"the buzz of a bumble bee\"', 'excitation': 'the neural or electrical arousal of an organ or muscle or gland', 'hair-raiser': 'excitation that makes your hair stand up or that chills your bones; \"the movie was an old-fashioned hair-raiser\"', 'thrill': 'something that causes you to experience a sudden intense feeling or sensation; \"the thrills of space travel\"', 'incitation': 'an act of urging on or spurring on or rousing to action or instigating; \"the incitement of mutiny\"', 'inflammation': 'a response of body tissues to injury or irritation; characterized by pain and swelling and redness and heat', 'inspiration': 'arousal of the mind to special unusual activity or creativity', 'stimulation': '(physiology) the effect of a stimulus (on nerves or organs etc.)', 'titillation': 'a tingling feeling of excitement (as from teasing or tickling)', 'deforestation': 'the state of being clear of trees', 'swerve': 'the act of turning aside suddenly', 'three-point_turn': 'the act of turning a vehicle around in a limited space by moving in a series of back and forward arcs', 'face_saver': 'an act that avoids a loss of face (of dignity or prestige)', 'recruitment': 'the act of getting recruits; enlisting people for the army (or for a job or a cause etc.)', 'smooth': 'the act of smoothing; \"he gave his hair a quick smooth\"', 'reference': 'a publication (or a passage from a publication) that is referred to; \"he carried an armful of references back to his desk\"; \"he spent hours looking for the source of that quotation\"', 'emphasizing': 'the act of giving special importance or significance to something', 'last': 'the last or lowest in an ordering or series; \"he was the last to leave\"; \"he finished an inglorious last\"', 'slapshot': 'a fast shot made with a short powerful swing of the hockey stick', 'cornhusking': 'the act of removing the husks from ears of corn', 'palpebration': 'repeated blinking or winking (especially if uncontrolled and persistent)', 'bank_examination': 'an examination of the affairs and records of a bank by a state or federal bank examiner', 'equilibration': 'stabilization by bringing into equilibrium', 'ethnic_cleansing': 'the mass expulsion and killing of one ethnic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area', 'jumpstart': 'starting an automobile engine that has a weak battery by means of jumper cables to another car; \"my battery was dead so I had to get a jumpstart from my neighbor\"', 'mystification': 'something designed to mystify or bewilder', 'negotiation': 'a discussion intended to produce an agreement; \"the buyout negotiation lasted several days\"; \"they disagreed but kept an open dialogue\"; \"talks between Israelis and Palestinians\"', 'proclamation': 'the formal act of proclaiming; giving public notice; \"his promulgation of the policy proved to be premature\"', 'stupefaction': 'a feeling of stupefied astonishment', 'transfusion_reaction': 'reaction of the body to a transfusion of blood that is not compatible with its own blood; an adverse reaction can range from fever and hives to renal failure and shock and death', 'upgrade': 'software that provides better performance than an earlier version did', 'vampirism': 'belief in the existence of vampires', 'version': 'an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint; \"his version of the fight was different from mine\"', 'vulgarization': 'the act of rendering something coarse and unrefined', 'witching': 'the use or practice of witchcraft', 'xenotransplant': 'a surgical procedure in which tissue or whole organs are transfered from one species to another species', 'Actium': 'an ancient town on a promontory in western Greece', 'Aegates_Isles': 'islands west of Sicily (now known as the Egadi Islands) where the Romans won a naval victory over the Carthaginians that ended the first Punic War in 241 BC', 'Aegospotami': 'a creek emptying into the Hellespont in present-day Turkey; at its mouth in 405 BC the Spartan fleet under Lysander defeated the Athenians and ended the Peloponnesian War', 'Agincourt': 'a battle in northern France in which English longbowmen under Henry V decisively defeated a much larger French army in 1415', 'Alamo': 'a siege and massacre at a mission in San Antonio in 1836; Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico', 'Atlanta': \"state capital and largest city of Georgia; chief commercial center of the southeastern United States; was plundered and burned by Sherman's army during the American Civil War\", 'Austerlitz': 'a town in Czech Republic; site of the battle of Austerlitz in 1805', 'Bannockburn': 'a battle in which the Scots under Robert the Bruce defeated the English and assured the independence of Scotland', 'Bataan': 'the peninsula and island in the Philippines where Japanese forces besieged American forces in World War II; United States forces surrendered in 1942 and recaptured the area in 1945', 'Battle_of_Britain': 'the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it', 'Battle_of_Kerbala': 'a battle in 680 in which the grandson of Mohammed and his followers were killed; \"the Battle of Kerbala is the basis for the Ta\\'ziyehs that are performed annually\"', 'Battle_of_the_Ardennes_Bulge': 'a battle during World War II; in December 1944 von Rundstedt launched a powerful counteroffensive in the forest at Ardennes and caught the Allies by surprise', 'Battle_of_the_Marne': 'a World War I battle in northwestern France where the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918', 'Bismarck_Sea': 'an arm of the South Pacific to the southwest of the Bismarck Archipelago', 'Blenheim': 'the First Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated the French in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession', 'Borodino': 'Napoleon defeated the Russians in 1812 in a pitched battle at a village in western Russia west of Moscow, but irreparably weakened his army', 'Bosworth_Field': 'the battle that ended the Wars of the Roses (1485); Richard III was killed and Henry Tudor was crowned as Henry VII', 'Bouvines': 'in 1214 the French under Philip Augustus defeated a coalition formed against him in one of the greatest battles of the middle ages', 'Boyne': 'a battle in the War of the Grand Alliance in Ireland in 1690; William III defeated the deposed James II and so ended the Catholicism that had been reintroduced in England by the Stuarts', 'Brunanburh': 'a battle in 937 when Athelstan defeated the Scots', 'Buena_Vista': 'a pitched battle in the Mexican War in 1847; United States forces under Zachary Taylor defeated the Mexican forces under Santa Anna at a locality in northern Mexico', 'Bull_Run': 'a creek in northeastern Virginia where two battles were fought in the American Civil War', 'Bunker_Hill': \"the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775) which was fought at Breed's Hill; the British defeated the colonial forces\", 'Cannae': 'ancient city is southeastern Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans in 216 BC', 'Caporetto': 'battle of World War I (1917); Italians were defeated by the Austrian and German forces', 'Caudine_Forks': 'a battle in the Apennines in 321 BC in which the Samnites defeated the Romans', 'Chaeronea': 'a battle in which Philip II of Macedon defeated the Athenians and Thebans (338 BC) and also Sulla defeated Mithridates (86 BC)', 'Chalons': 'the battle in which Attila the Hun was defeated by the Romans and Visigoths in 451', 'Chancellorsville': 'a village in northeastern Virginia', 'Chapultepec': 'a pitched battle in the Mexican War that resulted in a major victory for American forces over Mexican forces at a locality south of Mexico City (1847)', 'Chattanooga': 'a city in eastern Tennessee', 'Chickamauga': 'a Confederate victory in the American Civil War (1863); Confederate forces under Braxton Bragg defeated Union forces', 'Chino-Japanese_War': 'a war between China and Japan (1894 and 1895) over the control of the Korean Peninsula; China was overwhelmingly defeated at Port Arthur', 'Coral_Sea': 'an arm of the South Pacific to the northeast of Australia', 'Cowpens': 'battle in the American Revolution; Americans under Daniel Morgan defeated the British', 'Crecy': \"the first decisive battle of the Hundred Years' War; in 1346 the English under Edward III defeated the French under Philip of Valois\", 'Cunaxa': 'battle in 401 BC when the Artaxerxes II defeated his younger brother who tried to usurp the throne', 'Cynoscephalae': 'the fields in Thessaly where in 197 BC the Romans defeated the Macedonians', 'Dardanelles': 'the strait between the Aegean and the Sea of Marmara that separates European Turkey from Asian Turkey', 'Dien_Bien_Phu': 'the French military base fell after a siege by Vietnam troops that lasted 56 days; ended the involvement of France in Indochina in 1954', 'Drogheda': 'in 1649 the place was captured by Oliver Cromwell, who massacred the Catholic inhabitants', 'Dunkirk': 'a crisis in which a desperate effort is the only alternative to defeat; \"the Russians had to pull off a Dunkirk to get out of there\"', 'El_Alamein': 'a village to the west of Alexandria on the northern coast of Egypt; the scene of a decisive Allied victory over the Germans in 1942', 'Eniwetok': 'an atoll in the Marshall Islands; site of an amphibious assault in World War II; later used temporarily by the United States to test atomic bombs', 'Flodden': 'a hill in Northumberland where the invading Scots were defeated by the English in 1513', 'Fontenoy': 'a battle in 1745 in which the French army under Marshal Saxe defeated the English army and their allies under the duke of Cumberland', 'Fort_Ticonderoga': 'a pitched battle in which American revolutionary troops captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775', 'Fredericksburg': 'a town in northeastern Virginia on the Rappahannock River', 'Gettysburg': 'a small town in southern Pennsylvania; site of a national cemetery', 'Granicus': 'the battle in which Alexander won his first major victory against the Persians (334 BC)', 'Guadalcanal': 'a mountainous island; the largest of the Solomon Islands in the independent state that is a member of the British Commonwealth', 'Hampton_Roads': 'a channel in southeastern Virginia through which the Elizabeth River and the James River flow into Chesapeake Bay', 'Hastings': 'United States architect who formed and important architectural firm with John Merven Carrere (1860-1929)', 'Hohenlinden': 'a town in Bavaria (near Munich)', 'Inchon': 'a port city in western South Korea on the Yellow Sea', 'Indian_Mutiny': 'discontent with British administration in India led to numerous mutinies in 1857 and 1858; the revolt was put down after several battles and sieges (notably the siege at Lucknow)', 'Ipsus': 'a battle between the successors of Alexander the Great (301 BC); Lysimachus and Seleucus defeated Antigonus and Demetrius', 'Issus': 'a battle (333 BC) in which Alexander the Great defeated the Persians under Darius III', 'Ivry': 'a battle (1590) in which the Huguenots under Henry IV defeated the Catholics under the duke of Mayenne', 'Iwo': 'a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)', 'Jena': 'the battle in 1806 in which Napoleon decisively defeated the Prussians', 'Jutland': 'peninsula in northern Europe that forms the continental part of Denmark and a northern part of Germany', 'Kennesaw_Mountain': 'battle of the American Civil War (1864); Union forces under William Tecumseh Sherman were repulsed by Confederate troops under Joseph Eggleston Johnston', 'Kwajalein': 'an atoll in the western Marshall Islands that was used as a Japanese air and naval base during World War II', 'Lake_Trasimenus': 'a battle in 217 BC in which Hannibal ambushed a Roman army led by Flaminius', 'Langside': '(1568) Catholic forces supporting Mary Queen of Scots were routed by Protestants', 'Lepanto': 'Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope', 'Leuctra': \"Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 BC; the battle ended Sparta's military supremacy in Greece\", 'Lexington': 'town in eastern Massachusetts near Boston where the first battle of the American Revolution was fought', 'Leyte': 'a battle in World War II; the return of United States troops to the Philippines began with landings on Leyte Island in October 1944; the battle marked first use of kamikaze aircraft by the Japanese', 'Little_Bighorn': \"a river that flows from northern Wyoming into the Bighorn River in southern Montana; site of Custer's Last Stand\", 'Lucknow': 'a city in northern India in Uttar Pradesh; during the Indian Mutiny its British residents were besieged by Indian insurgents', 'Lule_Burgas': 'the principal battle of the Balkan Wars (1912); Bulgarian forces defeated the Turks', 'Lutzen': \"a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1632); Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Holy Roman Empire under Wallenstein; Gustavus Adolphus was killed\", 'Macedonian_War': 'one the four wars between Macedonia and Rome in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, which ended in the defeat of Macedonia and its annexation as a Roman province', 'Magenta': 'a battle in 1859 in which the French and Sardinian forces under Napoleon III defeated the Austrians under Francis Joseph I', 'Maldon': 'a battle in which the Danes defeated the Saxons in 991; celebrated in an old English poem', 'Manila_Bay': 'a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the American fleet under Admiral Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet', 'Mantinea': 'the site of three famous battles among Greek city-states: in 418 BC and 362 BC and 207 BC', 'Marathon': 'a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians', 'Marengo': 'a battle in 1800 in which the French under Napoleon Bonaparte won a great victory over the Austrians', 'Marston_Moor': 'a former moor in northern England', 'Metaurus_River': \"a battle during the second Punic War (207 BC); Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal was defeated by the Romans which ended Hannibal's hopes for success in Italy\", 'Meuse': 'a European river; flows into the North Sea', 'Midway': 'naval battle of World War II (June 1942); American planes based on land and on carriers decisively defeated a Japanese fleet on its way to invade the Midway Islands', 'Minden': \"a battle in the Seven Years' War (1759) in which the English forces and their allies defeated the French\", 'Monmouth_Court_House': 'a pitched battle in New Jersey during the American Revolution (1778) that ended with the withdrawal of British forces', 'Naseby': 'a village in western Northamptonshire', 'Navarino': 'a decisive naval battle in the War of Greek Independence (1827); the Turkish and Egyptian fleet was defeated by an allied fleet of British and French and Russian warships', 'Okinawa': 'the largest island of the central Ryukyu Islands', 'Omdurman': 'a city of Sudan; located in the central Sudan on the White Nile opposite Khartoum', 'Operation_Desert_Storm': 'the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991)', 'Orleans': 'a city on the Loire river in north central France; site of the siege of Orleans by the English (1428-1429)', 'Panipat': 'battle in which the ruler of Afghanistan defeated the Mahrattas in 1761', 'Passero': 'a naval battle in the Mediterranean Sea off Cape Passero in which the Spanish navy was destroyed by France and England while attempting to recover Sicily and Sardinia from Italy (1719)', 'Petersburg': 'a town in southeastern Virginia (south of Richmond); scene of heavy fighting during the American Civil War', 'Pharsalus': 'Caesar defeated Pompey in 48 BC', 'Philippi': 'a city in ancient Macedonia that was important in early Christianity', 'Philippine_Sea': 'a naval battle in World War II (1944); a decisive naval victory for the United States fleet over the Japanese who were trying to block supplies from reaching American troops on Leyte', 'Plassey': 'the victory in 1757 by the British under Clive over Siraj-ud-daula that established British supremacy over Bengal', 'Plataea': 'a former town in Boeotia; site of a battle between the Greeks and Persians in 479 BC', 'Plevna': 'the town was taken from the Turks by the Russians in 1877 after a siege of 143 days', 'Poitiers': 'the battle in 1356 in which the English under the Black Prince defeated the French', 'Port_Arthur': 'a battle in the Chino-Japanese War (1894); Japanese captured the port and fortifications from the Chinese', 'Battle_of_Puebla': 'a battle in which Mexican forces defeated the French in 1862', 'Pydna': 'a major victory by the Romans over the Macedonians in 168 BC; resulted in the downfall of the ancient Macedonian kingdom', 'Ravenna': 'a battle between the French and an alliance of Spaniards and Swiss and Venetians in 1512', 'Rocroi': \"a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1643); the French defeated the Spanish invaders\", 'Rossbach': \"a battle in the Seven Years' War (1757); Prussian forces under Frederick the Great defeated the armies of France and Austria\", 'Saint-Mihiel': 'a battle in the Meuse-Argonne operation in World War I (1918); the battle in which American troops launched their first offensive in France', 'Saipan': 'the largest island in the Northern Marianas and the administrative center of the commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in union with the United States', 'Salerno': 'a battle in World War II; the port was captured by United States troops in September 1943', 'Santiago': 'a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the United States fleet bottled up the Spanish ships in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba and destroyed them when they tried to escape', 'Saratoga': 'a battle during the American Revolution (1777); the British under Burgoyne were defeated', 'Sempatch': 'the Swiss Confederation escaped Hapsburg domination by their victory in 1386', 'Shiloh': 'the second great battle of the American Civil War (1862); the battle ended with the withdrawal of Confederate troops but it was not a Union victory', 'Soissons': 'a battle in World War I (May 1918); the Germans tried to attack before the American numbers were too great to defeat; the tactical success of the Germans proved to be a strategic failure', 'Solferino': 'an indecisive battle in 1859 between the French and Sardinians under Napoleon III and the Austrians under Francis Joseph I', 'Somme': 'battle of World War II (1944)', 'Battle_of_the_Spanish_Armada': 'in the English Channel a small fleet of British ships successfully defeated the large armada sent from Spain by Philip II to invade England', 'Spotsylvania': 'a village in northeastern Virginia where battles were fought during the American Civil War', 'Syracuse': 'a city in central New York', 'Tannenberg': 'a battle in World War I (1914); decisive German victory over the Russians', 'Tarawa': 'national capital of Kiribati', 'Tertry': 'a battle in France in 687 among the descendants of Clovis', 'Teutoburger_Wald': 'a battle in 9 AD in which the Germans under Arminius annihilated three Roman Legions', 'Tewkesbury': 'the final battle of the War of the Roses in 1471 in which Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians', 'Thermopylae': 'a famous battle in 480 BC; a Greek army under Leonidas was annihilated by the Persians who were trying to conquer Greece', 'Trafalgar': 'a naval battle in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain; the French and Spanish fleets were defeated by the English under Nelson (who was mortally wounded)', 'Trasimeno': 'a battle in central Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans under Flaminius in 217 BC', 'Tsushima': 'a naval battle in the Russo-Japanese War (1905); the Japanese fleet defeated the Russian fleet in the Korean Strait', 'Valmy': 'the French defeated the Austrian and Prussian troops in 1792 (with a famous cannonade from the French artillery)', 'Verdun': 'a battle in World War I (1916); in some of the bloodiest fighting in World War I the German offensive was stopped', 'Vicksburg': 'a town in western Mississippi on bluffs above the Mississippi River to the west of Jackson; focus of an important campaign during the American Civil War as the Union fought to control the Mississippi River and so to cut the Confederacy into two halves', 'Wagram': 'a town in northeastern Austria', 'Battle_of_Wake': 'in December 1941 the island was captured by the Japanese after a gallant last-ditch stand by a few hundred United States marines', 'Waterloo': 'a town in central Belgium where in 1815 Napoleon met his final defeat', 'Wilderness_Campaign': \"American Civil War; a series of indecisive battles in Grant's campaign (1864) against Lee in which both armies suffered terrible losses\", 'Yalu_River': 'a battle in the Korean War (November 1950); when UN troops advanced north to the Yalu River 200,000 Chinese troops crossed the river and drove them back', 'Yorktown': 'a historic village in southeastern Virginia to the north of Newport News; site of the last battle of the American Revolution', 'Ypres': 'battle in World War I (1917); an Allied offensive which eventually failed because tanks bogged down in the waterlogged soil of Flanders; Germans introduced mustard gas which interfered with the Allied artillery', 'Zama': 'the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War', 'American_Civil_War': 'civil war in the United States between the North and the South; 1861-1865', 'American_Revolution': 'the revolution of the American Colonies against Great Britain; 1775-1783', 'Arab-Israeli_War': 'Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur); Israel counterattacked and drove the Syrians back and crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt', 'Balkan_Wars': 'two wars (1912-1913) that were fought over the last of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe', 'Boer_War': 'either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881); the second when the Orange Free State and Transvaal declared war on Britain (1899-1902)', 'Chinese_Revolution': 'the republican revolution against the Manchu dynasty in China; 1911-1912', 'Crimean_War': 'a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England and France and Turkey and Sardinia; 1853-1856', 'Cuban_Revolution': 'the revolution led by Fidel Castro and a small band of guerrilla fighters against a corrupt dictatorship in Cuba; 1956-1959', 'English_Civil_War': 'civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I; 1644-1648', 'English_Revolution': 'the revolution against James II; there was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland (1688-1689)', 'Franco-Prussian_War': 'a war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany; 1870-1871', 'French_and_Indian_War': 'a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by American Indian tribes); 1755-1760', 'French_Revolution': 'the revolution in France against the Bourbons; 1789-1799', \"Hundred_Years'_War\": 'the series of wars fought intermittently between France and England; 1337-1453', 'Iran-Iraq_War': 'a dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution', 'Korean_War': 'a war between North and South Korea; South Korea was aided by the United States and other members of the United Nations; 1950-1953', 'Mexican_Revolution': 'a revolution for agrarian reforms led in northern Mexico by Pancho Villa and in southern Mexico by Emiliano Zapata (1910-1911)', 'Mexican_War': 'after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000', 'Napoleonic_Wars': 'a series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times; 1799-1815', 'Norman_Conquest': 'the invasion and settlement of England by the Normans following the battle of Hastings (1066)', 'Peloponnesian_War': 'a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta; 431-404 BC', 'Persian_Gulf_War': 'a war fought between Iraq and a coalition led by the United States that freed Kuwait from Iraqi invaders; 1990-1991', 'Punic_War': 'one of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome; 264-241 BC, 218-201 BC, 149-146 BC', 'Restoration': 'the reign of Charles II in England; 1660-1685', 'Russian_Revolution': \"the coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922\", 'Russo-Japanese_War': 'Japanese victory in the war with Russia (1904-1905) gave Japan power over Korea and Manchuria', \"Seven_Years'_War\": 'a war of England and Prussia against France and Austria (1756-1763); Britain and Prussia got the better of it', 'Spanish-American_War': 'a war between the United States and Spain in 1898', 'Spanish_Civil_War': 'civil war in Spain in which Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government; during the war Spain became a battleground for fascists and socialists from all countries; 1936-1939', \"Thirty_Years'_War\": 'a series of conflicts (1618-1648) between Protestants and Catholics starting in Germany and spreading until France and Denmark and Sweden were opposing the Holy Roman Empire and Spain', 'Trojan_War': '(Greek mythology) a great war fought between Greece and Troy; the Greeks sailed to Troy to recover Helen of Troy, the beautiful wife of Menelaus who had been abducted by Paris; after ten years the Greeks (via the Trojan Horse) achieved final victory and burned Troy to the ground; \"the story of the Trojan War is told in Homer\\'s Iliad\"', 'Vietnam_War': 'a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States', 'War_of_Greek_Independence': 'the Greeks rebelled against Turkish rule in 1821; with the support of England and France and Russia they won independence in 1828 at Navarino (although the country included only half its present size)', 'War_of_the_Austrian_Succession': 'Prussia and Austria fought over Silesia and most of the rest of Europe took sides; 1740-1748', 'War_of_the_Grand_Alliance': 'an aggressive war waged by Louis XIV against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire and England and Holland and other states (1689-1697)', 'War_of_the_Spanish_Succession': \"a general war in Europe (1701-1714) that broke out when Louis XIV installed his grandson on the throne of Spain; England and Holland hoped to limit Louis' power\", 'War_of_the_Roses': 'struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII', 'War_of_1812': 'a war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France', 'World_War_I': 'a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918', 'World_War_II': 'a war between the Allies (Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, USSR, Yugoslavia) and the Axis (Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Rumania, Slovakia, Thailand) from 1939 to 1945', 'Animalia': 'taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct animals', 'recombinant': 'a cell or organism in which genetic recombination has occurred', 'conspecific': 'an organism belonging to the same species as another organism', 'carrier': 'an inactive substance that is a vehicle for a radioactive tracer of the same substance and that assists in its recovery after some chemical reaction', 'pest': 'a persistently annoying person', 'critter': \"a regional term for `creature' (especially for domestic animals)\", 'creepy-crawly': 'an animal that creeps or crawls (such as worms or spiders or insects)', 'darter': 'a person or other animal that moves abruptly and rapidly; \"squirrels are darters\"', 'denizen': 'a plant or animal naturalized in a region; \"denizens of field and forest\"; \"denizens of the deep\"', 'peeper': 'an informal term referring to the eye', 'homeotherm': 'an animal that has a body temperature that is relatively constant and independent of the environmental temperature', 'poikilotherm': 'an animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surroundings; any animal except birds and mammals', 'range_animal': 'any animal that lives and grazes in the grassy open land of western North America (especially horses, cattle, sheep)', 'vermin': 'an irritating or obnoxious person', 'varmint': 'any usually predatory wild animal considered undesirable; e.g., coyote', 'scavenger': 'a chemical agent that is added to a chemical mixture to counteract the effects of impurities', 'bottom-feeder': 'a scavenger that feeds low on the food chain', 'bottom_lurkers': 'a fish that lurks on the bottom of a body of water', 'work_animal': 'an animal trained for and used for heavy labor', 'beast_of_burden': 'an animal such as a donkey or ox or elephant used for transporting loads or doing other heavy work', 'draft_animal': 'an animal used for pulling heavy loads', 'pack_animal': 'an animal (such as a mule or burro or horse) used to carry loads', 'domestic_animal': 'any of various animals that have been tamed and made fit for a human environment', 'feeder': 'a branch that flows into the main stream', 'stocker': 'a domestic animal (especially a young steer or heifer) kept as stock until fattened or matured and suitable for a breeding establishment', 'hatchling': 'any recently hatched animal (especially birds)', 'head': 'the tip of an abscess (where the pus accumulates)', 'migrator': 'an animal (especially birds and fish) that travels between different habitats at particular times of the year', 'molter': 'an animal (especially birds and arthropods and reptiles) that periodically shed their outer layer (feathers or cuticle or skin or hair)', 'pet': 'a fit of petulance or sulkiness (especially at what is felt to be a slight)', 'stayer': 'a person or other animal having powers of endurance or perseverance; \"the horse that won the race is a good stayer\"', 'pollard': 'a tree with limbs cut back to promote a more bushy growth of foliage', 'marine_animal': 'any of numerous animals inhabiting the sea including e.g. fishes and molluscs and many mammals', 'by-catch': 'unwanted marine creatures that are caught in the nets while fishing for another species; \"thousands of dolphins and porpoises and whales are killed as part of the by-catch each year\"', 'amphidiploid': '(genetics) an organism or cell having a diploid set of chromosomes from each parent', 'diploid': '(genetics) an organism or cell having the normal amount of DNA per cell; i.e., two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number', 'haploid': '(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes', 'heteroploid': '(genetics) an organism or cell having a chromosome number that is not an even multiple of the haploid chromosome number for that species', 'polyploid': '(genetics) an organism or cell having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes', 'female': 'a person who belongs to the sex that can have babies', 'hen': 'flesh of an older chicken suitable for stewing', 'male': 'a person who belongs to the sex that cannot have babies', 'adult': 'a fully developed person from maturity onward', 'young': 'young people collectively; \"rock music appeals to the young\"; \"youth everywhere rises in revolt\"', 'orphan': 'someone or something who lacks support or care or supervision', 'young_mammal': 'any immature mammal', 'pup': 'young of any of various canines such as a dog or wolf', 'wolf_pup': 'a young wolf', 'puppy': 'an inexperienced young person', 'cub': 'an awkward and inexperienced youth', 'lion_cub': 'a young lion', 'bear_cub': 'a young bear', 'tiger_cub': 'a young tiger', 'kit': 'a case for containing a set of articles', 'sire': 'a title of address formerly used for a man of rank and authority', 'dam': 'a barrier constructed to contain the flow of water or to keep out the sea', 'thoroughbred': 'a well-bred person', 'giant': 'a very large person; impressive in size or qualities', 'vent': \"a fissure in the earth's crust (or in the surface of some other planet) through which molten lava and gases erupt\", 'animalcule': 'microscopic organism such as an amoeba or paramecium', 'survivor': 'one who lives through affliction; \"the survivors of the fire were taken to a hospital\"', 'mutant': '(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration', 'carnivore': 'a terrestrial or aquatic flesh-eating mammal; \"terrestrial carnivores have four or five clawed digits on each limb\"', 'herbivore': 'any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants; \"horses are herbivores\"; \"the sauropod dinosaurs were apparently herbivores\"', 'insectivore': 'small insect-eating mainly nocturnal terrestrial or fossorial mammals', 'acrodont': 'an animal having teeth consolidated with the summit of the alveolar ridge without sockets', 'pleurodont': 'an animal having teeth fused with the inner surface of the alveolar ridge without sockets', 'form_genus': '(biology) an artificial taxonomic category for organisms of which the true relationships are obscure', 'horn': 'the material (mostly keratin) that covers the horns of ungulates and forms hooves and claws and nails', 'antler': 'deciduous horn of a member of the deer family', 'tuft': 'a bunch of hair or feathers or growing grass', 'crest': 'the top line of a hill, mountain, or wave', 'topknot': 'headdress consisting of a decorative ribbon or bow worn in the hair', 'microorganism': 'any organism of microscopic size', 'monad': '(chemistry) an atom having a valence of one', 'aerobe': 'an organism (especially a bacterium) that requires air or free oxygen for life', 'anaerobe': 'an organism (especially a bacterium) that does not require air or free oxygen to live', 'obligate_anaerobe': 'an organism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen', 'hybrid': 'a composite of mixed origin; \"the vice-presidency is a hybrid of administrative and legislative offices\"', 'dihybrid': 'a hybrid produced by parents that differ only at two gene loci that have two alleles each', 'monohybrid': \"a hybrid produced by crossing parents that are homozygous except for a single gene locus that has two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)\", 'polymorph': 'an organism that can assume more than one adult form as in the castes of ants or termites', 'relative': 'a person related by blood or marriage; \"police are searching for relatives of the deceased\"; \"he has distant relations back in New Jersey\"', 'intestinal_flora': 'harmless microorganisms (as Escherichia coli) that inhabit the intestinal tract and are essential for its normal functioning', 'virus': 'a harmful or corrupting agency; \"bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread\"; \"the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone\"', 'arbovirus': 'a large heterogeneous group of RNA viruses divisible into groups on the basis of the virions; they have been recovered from arthropods, bats, and rodents; most are borne by arthropods; they are linked by the epidemiologic concept of transmission between vertebrate hosts by arthropod vectors (mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, midges, etc.) that feed on blood; they can cause mild fevers, hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever, and encephalitis', 'capsid': 'the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus', 'virion': '(virology) a complete viral particle; nucleic acid and capsid (and a lipid envelope in some viruses)', 'adenovirus': 'any of a group of viruses including those that in humans cause upper respiratory infections or infectious pinkeye', 'parainfluenza_virus': 'a virus that causes upper respiratory infection (including the common cold and bronchiolitis); most often in children', 'arenavirus': 'animal viruses belonging to the family Arenaviridae', 'Junin_virus': 'the RNA virus that causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever; carried by rats and mice', 'Lassa_virus': 'the RNA virus that causes Lassa fever', 'lymphocytic_choriomeningitis_virus': 'the RNA virus that causes lymphocytic choriomeningitis; infects mice and monkeys and dogs and guinea pigs and human beings', 'Machupo_virus': 'the RNA virus that causes Bolivian hemorrhagic fever; carried by rats and mice', 'Bunyaviridae': 'a large family of arboviruses that affect a wide range of hosts (mainly vertebrates and arthropods)', 'bunyavirus': 'an animal virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae; can be used as a bioweapon', 'Filoviridae': 'a family of threadlike RNA viruses that cause diseases in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys and chimpanzees)', 'filovirus': 'animal viruses belonging to the family Filoviridae', 'Ebola_virus': 'a filovirus that causes Ebola hemorrhagic fever; carried by animals; can be used as a bioweapon', 'Marburg_virus': 'a filovirus that causes Marburg disease; carried by animals; can be used as a bioweapon', 'Togaviridae': 'a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods', 'alphavirus': 'an arbovirus of the family Togaviridae that can cause a variety of encephalitis in horses', 'Flaviviridae': 'a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods', 'flavivirus': 'animal viruses belonging to the family Flaviviridae', 'West_Nile_virus': 'the flavivirus that causes West Nile encephalitis', 'Arenaviridae': 'a family of arborviruses carried by arthropods', 'Rhabdoviridae': 'a family of arborviruses carried by arthropods', 'vesiculovirus': 'an animal virus that causes vesicular stomatitis', 'Reoviridae': 'a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods', 'poxvirus': 'any of a group of viruses that can cause pox diseases in vertebrates', 'myxoma_virus': 'a poxvirus closely related to smallpox virus; causes benign gelatinous tumors in humans', 'variola_virus': 'the virus that causes smallpox in humans; can be used as a bioweapon', 'variola_major': 'a type of smallpox virus that has a fatality rate of up to 25 percent', 'variola_minor': 'a type of smallpox virus that has a fatality rate of about 1 percent', 'tobacco_mosaic_virus': 'the widely studied plant virus that causes tobacco mosaic; it was the first virus discovered (1892)', 'viroid': 'the smallest of viruses; a plant virus with its RNA arranged in a circular chromosome without a protein coat', 'bacteriophage': 'a virus that is parasitic (reproduces itself) in bacteria; \"phage uses the bacterium\\'s machinery and energy to produce more phage until the bacterium is destroyed and phage is released to invade surrounding bacteria\"', 'coliphage': 'a bacteriophage that infects the bacterium Escherichia coli', 'typhoid_bacteriophage': 'a bacteriophage specific for the bacterium Salmonella typhi', 'plant_virus': 'a plant pathogen that is a virus consisting of a single strand of RNA', 'animal_virus': 'an animal pathogen that is a virus', 'hepadnavirus': 'a group of animal DNA viruses including viruses of ducks and woodchucks and squirrels and others as well as the virus causing hepatitis B in humans', 'retrovirus': 'any of a group of viruses that contain two single-strand linear RNA molecules per virion and reverse transcriptase (RNA to DNA); the virus transcribes its RNA into a cDNA provirus that is then incorporated into the host cell', 'human_T-cell_leukemia_virus-1': 'retrovirus causing T-cell leukemia', 'human_immunodeficiency_virus': 'the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); it replicates in and kills the helper T cells', 'myxovirus': 'any of a group of RNA viruses including those that cause influenza and mumps', 'orthomyxovirus': 'a group of viruses including those causing influenza', 'paramyxovirus': 'a group of viruses including those causing mumps and measles', 'respiratory_syncytial_virus': 'a paramyxovirus that forms syncytia in tissue culture and that is responsible for severe respiratory diseases such as bronchiolitis and bronchial pneumonia (especially in children)', 'picornavirus': 'a group of single-strand RNA viruses with a protein coat', 'poliovirus': 'the virus causing poliomyelitis', 'hepatitis_A_virus': 'the virus causing hepatitis A', 'enterovirus': 'any of a group of picornaviruses that infect the gastrointestinal tract and can spread to other areas (especially the nervous system)', 'coxsackievirus': 'enterovirus causing a disease resembling poliomyelitis but without paralysis', 'echovirus': 'any of a group of viruses associated with various diseases including viral meningitis and mild respiratory disorders and diarrhea in newborn infants', 'rhinovirus': 'any of a group of picornaviruses that are responsible for many upper respiratory infections', 'herpes': 'viral diseases causing eruptions of the skin or mucous membrane', 'herpes_simplex': 'an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus; affects the skin and nervous system; produces small temporary (but sometimes painful) blisters on the skin and mucous membranes', 'herpes_simplex_1': 'a herpes virus that causes oral herpes', 'herpes_simplex_2': 'a herpes virus that can cause genital herpes', 'herpes_zoster': 'eruptions along a nerve path often accompanied by severe neuralgia', 'herpes_varicella_zoster': 'a herpes virus that causes chickenpox and shingles', 'Epstein-Barr_virus': 'the herpes virus that causes infectious mononucleosis; associated with specific cancers in Africa and China', 'cytomegalovirus': 'any of a group of herpes viruses that enlarge epithelial cells and can cause birth defects; can affect humans with impaired immunological systems', 'varicella_zoster_virus': 'the member of the herpes virus family that is responsible for chickenpox', 'papovavirus': 'any of a group of animal viruses associated with or causing papillomas or polyomas', 'human_papilloma_virus': 'any of a group of papovaviruses associated with genital or oral carcinomas or a group associated with benign genital tumors', 'polyoma': 'a virus the can initiate various kinds of tumors in mice', 'rhabdovirus': 'any of a group of arboviruses including those causing rabies', 'lyssavirus': 'a neurotropic non-arbovirus of the family Rhabdoviridae that causes rabies', 'reovirus': 'any of a group of non-arboviruses including the rotavirus causing infant enteritis', 'rotavirus': 'the reovirus causing infant enteritis', 'parvovirus': 'any of a group of viruses containing DNA in an icosahedral protein shell and causing disease in dogs and cattle; not known to be associated with any human disease', 'slow_virus': 'a virus that remains dormant in the body for a long time before symptoms appear; \"kuru is caused by a slow virus\"', 'onion_yellow-dwarf_virus': 'the virus that produces stunting and yellowing of the leaves of onion plants', 'potato_yellow-dwarf_virus': 'the virus that produces stunting and yellowing of the leaves of potato plants', 'Monera': 'prokaryotic bacteria and blue-green algae and various primitive pathogens; because of lack of consensus on how to divide the organisms into phyla informal names are used for the major divisions', 'moneran': 'organisms that typically reproduce by asexual budding or fission and whose nutritional mode is absorption or photosynthesis or chemosynthesis', 'animal_order': 'the order of animals', 'protoctist_order': 'the order of protoctists', 'division_Archaebacteria': 'in some classifications considered a kingdom', 'archaebacteria': 'considered ancient life forms that evolved separately from bacteria and blue-green algae', 'methanogen': 'archaebacteria found in anaerobic environments such as animal intestinal tracts or sediments or sewage and capable of producing methane; a source of natural gas', 'halophile': 'archaebacteria requiring a salt-rich environment for growth and survival', 'halobacteria': 'halophiles in saline environments such as the Dead Sea or salt flats', 'thermoacidophile': 'archaebacteria that thrive in strongly acidic environments at high temperatures', 'bacteria': '(microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants', 'acidophil': 'an organism that thrives in a relatively acid environment', 'probiotic': 'a beneficial bacterium found in the intestinal tract of healthy mammals; often considered to be a plant', 'bacteroid': 'a rodlike bacterium (especially any of the rod-shaped or branched bacteria in the root nodules of nitrogen-fixing plants)', 'bacillus': 'aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primarily in soil', 'Bacillus_anthracis': 'a species of bacillus that causes anthrax in humans and in animals (cattle and swine and sheep and rabbits and mice and guinea pigs); can be used a bioweapon', 'Bacillus_subtilis': 'a species of bacillus found in soil and decomposing organic matter; some strains produce antibiotics', 'Yersinia_pestis': 'a bacillus bacterium that causes the plague; aerosolized bacteria can be used as a bioweapon', 'coccus': 'any spherical or nearly spherical bacteria', 'coccobacillus': 'a bacterial cell intermediate in morphology between a coccus and a bacillus; a very short bacillus', 'Brucella': 'an aerobic Gram-negative coccobacillus that causes brucellosis; can be used as a bioweapon', 'spirillum': 'spirally twisted elongate rodlike bacteria usually living in stagnant water', 'Heliobacter': 'a genus of helical or curved or straight aerobic bacteria with rounded ends and multiple flagella; found in the gastric mucosa of primates (including humans)', 'Heliobacter_pylori': 'the type species of genus Heliobacter; produces urease and is associated with several gastroduodenal diseases (including gastritis and gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers and other peptic ulcers)', 'bacteria_order': 'an order of bacteria', 'bacteria_family': 'a family of bacteria', 'bacteria_genus': 'a genus of bacteria', 'bacteria_species': 'a species of bacteria', 'Pseudomonas_pyocanea': 'a species of aerobic bacteria', 'Aerobacter': 'aerobic bacteria widely distributed in nature', 'Aerobacter_aerogenes': 'a species of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria that produce gas and acid from sugars and are sometimes involved in the souring of milk', 'Rhizobiaceae': 'a small family of rod-shaped bacteria', 'Rhizobium': 'the type genus of Rhizobiaceae; usually occur in the root nodules of legumes; can fix atmospheric oxygen', 'Agrobacterium': 'small motile bacterial rods that can reduce nitrates and cause galls on plant stems', 'Agrobacterium_tumefaciens': 'the bacteria that produce crown gall disease in plants', 'division_Eubacteria': 'one-celled monerans having simple cells with rigid walls and (in motile types) flagella', 'eubacteria': 'a large group of bacteria having rigid cell walls; motile types have flagella', 'Eubacteriales': 'one of two usually recognized orders of true bacteria; Gram-positive spherical or rod-shaped forms; some are motile; in some classifications considered an order of Schizomycetes', 'Bacillaceae': 'typically rod-shaped usually Gram-positive bacteria that produce endospores', 'genus_Bacillus': 'type genus of the Bacillaceae; includes many saprophytes important in decay of organic matter and a number of parasites', 'genus_Clostridium': 'anaerobic or micro-aerophilic rod-shaped or spindle-shaped saprophytes; nearly cosmopolitan in soil, animal intestines, and dung', 'clostridium': 'spindle-shaped bacterial cell especially one swollen at the center by an endospore', 'botulinus': 'anaerobic bacterium producing botulin the toxin that causes botulism', 'clostridium_perfringens': 'anaerobic Gram-positive rod bacterium that produces epsilon toxin; can be used as a bioweapon', 'Cyanophyta': 'prokaryotic organisms sometimes considered a class or phylum or subkingdom; coextensive with the Cyanophyceae: cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)', 'Schizophyta': 'former term for the Cyanophyta', 'Schizomycetes': 'a former classification', 'class_Cyanobacteria': 'photosynthetic bacteria found in fresh and salt water, having chlorophyll a and phycobilins; once thought to be algae: blue-green algae', 'cyanobacteria': 'predominantly photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms containing a blue pigment in addition to chlorophyll; occur singly or in colonies in diverse habitats; important as phytoplankton', 'Myxophyceae': 'former terms for Cyanophyceae', 'Nostocaceae': 'blue-green algae', 'genus_Nostoc': 'type genus of the family Nostocaceae: freshwater blue-green algae', 'nostoc': 'found in moist places as rounded jellylike colonies', 'Oscillatoriaceae': 'blue green algae', 'genus_Trichodesmium': 'a genus of blue-green algae', 'trichodesmium': 'large colonial bacterium common in tropical open-ocean waters; important in carbon and nitrogen fixation', 'phototrophic_bacteria': 'green and purple bacteria; energy for growth is derived from sunlight; carbon is derived from carbon dioxide or organic carbon', 'purple_bacteria': 'free-living Gram-negative pink to purplish-brown bacteria containing bacteriochlorophyll', 'Pseudomonadales': 'one of two usually recognized orders of true bacteria; Gram-negative spiral or spherical or rod-shaped bacteria usually motile by polar flagella; some contain photosynthetic pigments', 'Pseudomonodaceae': 'rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria; include important plant and animal pathogens', 'Pseudomonas': 'type genus of the family Pseudomonodaceae', 'ring_rot_bacteria': 'causes brown rot in tomatoes and potatoes and tobacco etc', 'pseudomonad': 'bacteria usually producing greenish fluorescent water-soluble pigment; some pathogenic for plants and animals', 'Xanthomonas': 'a genus of bacteria similar to Pseudomonas but producing a yellow pigment that is not soluble in water', 'xanthomonad': 'bacteria producing yellow non-water-soluble pigments; some pathogenic for plants', 'Athiorhodaceae': 'small motile sulphur bacteria', 'Nitrobacteriaceae': 'usually rod-shaped bacteria that oxidize ammonia or nitrites: nitrobacteria', 'Nitrobacter': 'rod-shaped soil bacteria', 'nitric_bacteria': 'soil bacteria that convert nitrites to nitrates', 'Nitrosomonas': 'ellipsoidal soil bacteria', 'nitrosobacteria': 'soil bacteria that oxidize ammonia to nitrites', 'Thiobacteriaceae': 'free-living coccoid to rod-shaped bacteria that derive energy from oxidizing sulfur or sulfur compounds', 'genus_Thiobacillus': 'a genus of bacteria', 'thiobacillus': 'small rod-shaped bacteria living in sewage or soil and oxidizing sulfur', 'thiobacteria': 'any bacterium of the genus Thiobacillus', 'Spirillaceae': 'rigid spirally curved elongate bacteria', 'genus_Spirillum': 'a genus of bacteria', 'ratbite_fever_bacterium': 'a bacterium causing ratbite fever', 'genus_Vibrio': 'a genus of bacteria', 'vibrio': 'curved rodlike motile bacterium', 'comma_bacillus': 'comma-shaped bacteria that cause Asiatic cholera', 'Vibrio_fetus': 'bacteria that cause abortion in sheep', 'Bacteroidaceae': 'family of bacteria living usually in the alimentary canal or on mucous surfaces of warm-blooded animals; sometimes associated with acute infective processes', 'Bacteroides': 'type genus of Bacteroidaceae; genus of Gram-negative rodlike anaerobic bacteria producing no endospores and no pigment and living in the gut of man and animals', 'Calymmatobacterium': 'a genus of bacterial rods containing only the one species that causes granuloma inguinale', 'Calymmatobacterium_granulomatis': 'the species of bacteria that causes granuloma inguinale', 'Francisella': 'a genus of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria that occur as pathogens and parasite in many animals (including humans)', 'Francisella_tularensis': 'the type species of the genus Francisella and the causal agent of tularemia in humans; can be used as a bioweapon', 'gonococcus': 'the pus-producing bacterium that causes gonorrhea', 'Corynebacteriaceae': 'a large family of mostly Gram-positive and aerobic and nonmotile rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales', 'corynebacterium': 'any species of the genus Corynebacterium', 'genus_Corynebacterium': 'the type genus of the family Corynebacteriaceae which is widely distributed in nature; the best known are parasites and pathogens of humans and domestic animals', 'Corynebacterium_diphtheriae': 'a species of bacterium that causes diphtheria', 'genus_Listeria': 'a genus of aerobic motile bacteria of the family Corynebacteriaceae containing small Gram-positive rods', 'listeria': 'any species of the genus Listeria', 'Listeria_monocytogenes': 'the type species of the genus Listeria; can cause meningitis, encephalitis, septicemia, endocarditis, abortion, abscesses, listeriosis', 'Enterobacteriaceae': 'a large family of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales', 'enteric_bacteria': 'rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria; most occur normally or pathogenically in intestines of humans and other animals', 'genus_Escherichia': 'a genus of bacteria', 'escherichia': 'a genus of enteric bacteria', 'Escherichia_coli': 'a species of bacterium normally present in intestinal tract of humans and other animals; sometimes pathogenic; can be a threat to food safety', 'genus_Klebsiella': 'a genus of bacteria', 'klebsiella': 'a genus of nonmotile rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria; some cause respiratory and other infections', 'genus_Salmonella': 'a genus of bacteria', 'salmonella': 'rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria; cause typhoid fever and food poisoning; can be used as a bioweapon', 'Salmonella_enteritidis': 'a form of salmonella that causes gastroenteritis in humans', 'Salmonella_typhimurium': 'a form of salmonella that causes food poisoning in humans', 'typhoid_bacillus': 'a form of salmonella that causes typhoid fever', 'genus_Serratia': 'a genus of motile peritrichous bacteria that contain small Gram-negative rod', 'Serratia_marcescens': 'the type species of the genus Serratia; a species found in water and soil and milk and foods and insects; can cause infections of the endocardium and blood and wounds and urinary tract and respiratory tract; has been tested as a bioweapon', 'genus_Shigella': 'a genus of bacteria', 'shigella': 'rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria; some are pathogenic for warm-blooded animals; can be used as a bioweapon', 'shiga_bacillus': 'a bacillus that causes dysentery', 'genus_Erwinia': 'a genus of bacteria', 'erwinia': 'rod-shaped motile bacteria that attack plants', 'endospore-forming_bacteria': 'a group of true bacteria', 'Rickettsiales': 'pleomorphic Gram-negative microorganisms', 'Rickettsiaceae': 'microorganism resembling bacteria inhabiting arthropod tissues but capable of causing disease in vertebrates', 'genus_Rickettsia': 'can cause typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever in humans', 'rickettsia': 'any of a group of very small rod-shaped bacteria that live in biting arthropods (as ticks and mites) and cause disease in vertebrate hosts; they cause typhus and other febrile diseases in human beings', 'tumor_virus': 'a cell-free filtrate held to be a virus responsible for a specific neoplasm', 'wound_tumor_virus': 'a tumor virus transmitted by leafhoppers', 'vector': 'a straight line segment whose length is magnitude and whose orientation in space is direction', 'cosmid': '(genetics) a large vector that is made from a bacteriophage and used to clone genes or gene fragments', 'Chlamydiaceae': 'Gram-negative parasites in warm-blooded vertebrates', 'genus_Chlamydia': 'type genus of the family Chlamydiaceae: disease-causing parasites', 'chlamydia': 'a sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria of the genus Chlamydia', 'Chlamydia_psittaci': 'bacteria responsible for the sexually transmitted disease chlamydia', 'Chlamydia_trachomatis': 'bacteria responsible for the sexually transmitted diseases chlamydia and lymphogranuloma venereum', 'Mycoplasmatales': 'coextensive with the family Mycoplasmataceae', 'Mycoplasmataceae': 'pleomorphic Gram-negative nonmotile microorganism similar to both viruses and bacteria; parasitic in mammals', 'genus_Mycoplasma': 'type and sole genus of the family Mycoplasmataceae', 'mycoplasma': 'any of a group of small parasitic bacteria that lack cell walls and can survive without oxygen; can cause pneumonia and urinary tract infection', 'pleuropneumonialike_organism': 'a mycoplasma resistant to antibiotics that causes a kind of pneumonia in humans', 'Legionella_pneumophilia': \"the motile aerobic rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium that thrives in central heating and air conditioning systems and can cause Legionnaires' disease\", 'nitrobacterium': 'any of the bacteria in the soil that take part in the nitrogen cycle; they oxidize ammonium compounds into nitrites or oxidize nitrites into nitrates', 'nitrate_bacterium': 'any of the nitrobacteria that oxidize nitrites into nitrates', 'nitrite_bacterium': 'any of the nitrobacteria that oxidize ammonia into nitrites', 'Actinomycetales': 'filamentous or rod-shaped bacteria', 'actinomycete': 'any bacteria (some of which are pathogenic for humans and animals) belonging to the order Actinomycetales', 'Actinomycetaceae': 'filamentous anaerobic bacteria', 'genus_Actinomyces': 'type genus of the family Actinomycetaceae', 'actinomyces': 'soil-inhabiting saprophytes and disease-producing plant and animal parasites', 'Streptomycetaceae': 'higher bacteria typically aerobic soil saprophytes', 'genus_Streptomyces': 'type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae', 'streptomyces': 'aerobic bacteria (some of which produce the antibiotic streptomycin)', 'Streptomyces_erythreus': 'source of the antibiotic erythromycin', 'Streptomyces_griseus': 'source of the antibiotic streptomycin', 'potato_scab_bacteria': 'cause of a potato disease characterized by brownish corky tissue', 'Mycobacteriaceae': 'a family of bacteria', 'genus_Mycobacterium': 'nonmotile Gram-positive aerobic bacteria', 'mycobacteria': 'rod-shaped bacteria some saprophytic or causing diseases', 'tubercle_bacillus': 'cause of tuberculosis', 'penicillin-resistant_bacteria': 'bacteria that are unaffected by penicillin', 'pus-forming_bacteria': 'bacteria that produce pus', 'rod': 'a visual receptor cell that is sensitive to dim light', 'streptobacillus': 'any of various rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria', 'leprosy_bacillus': 'cause of leprosy', 'order_Myxobacteria': 'an order of higher bacteria', 'Polyangiaceae': 'bacteria living mostly in soils and on dung', 'Polyangium': 'type genus of the family Polyangiaceae: myxobacteria with rounded fruiting bodies enclosed in a membrane', 'myxobacteria': 'bacteria that form colonies in self-produced slime; inhabit moist soils or decaying plant matter or animal waste', 'Micrococcaceae': 'spherical or elliptical usually aerobic eubacteria that produce yellow or orange or red pigment; includes toxin-producing forms as well as harmless commensals and saprophytes', 'Micrococcus': 'type genus of the family Micrococcaceae', 'genus_Staphylococcus': 'includes many pathogenic species', 'staphylococcus': 'spherical Gram-positive parasitic bacteria that tend to form irregular colonies; some cause boils or septicemia or infections', 'Lactobacillaceae': 'lactic acid bacteria and important pathogens; bacteria that ferment carbohydrates chiefly into lactic acid', 'genus_Lactobacillus': 'type genus of the family Lactobacillaceae', 'lactobacillus': 'a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium that produces lactic acid (especially in milk)', 'acidophilus': 'a bacterium that is used to make yogurt and to supplement probiotics', 'genus_Diplococcus': 'a genus of bacteria', 'diplococcus': 'Gram-positive bacteria usually occurring in pairs', 'pneumococcus': 'bacterium causing pneumonia in mice and humans', 'genus_Streptococcus': 'a genus of bacteria', 'streptococcus': 'spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in pairs or chains; cause e.g. scarlet fever and tonsillitis', 'Streptococcus_anhemolyticus': 'a species of bacteria', 'Spirochaetales': 'higher bacteria; slender spiral rodlike forms', 'Spirochaetaceae': 'large coarsely spiral bacteria; free-living in fresh or salt water or commensal in bodies of oysters', 'Spirochaeta': 'the type genus of the family Spirochaetaceae; a bacterium that is flexible, undulating, and chiefly aquatic', 'spirochete': 'parasitic or free-living bacteria; many pathogenic to humans and other animals', 'Treponemataceae': 'small spirochetes some parasitic or pathogenic', 'genus_Treponema': 'type genus of Treponemataceae: anaerobic spirochetes with an undulating rigid body; parasitic in warm-blooded animals', 'treponema': 'spirochete that causes disease in humans (e.g. syphilis and yaws)', 'genus_Borrelia': 'small flexible parasitic spirochetes having three to five wavy spirals', 'borrelia': 'cause of e.g. European and African relapsing fever', 'Borrelia_burgdorferi': 'cause of Lyme disease; transmitted primarily by ticks of genus Ixodes', 'genus_Leptospira': 'very slender aerobic spirochetes; free-living or parasitic in mammals', 'leptospira': \"important pathogens causing Weil's disease or canicola fever\", 'plankton': 'the aggregate of small plant and animal organisms that float or drift in great numbers in fresh or salt water', 'phytoplankton': 'photosynthetic or plant constituent of plankton; mainly unicellular algae', 'planktonic_algae': 'unicellular algae', 'zooplankton': 'animal constituent of plankton; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae', 'nekton': 'the aggregate of actively swimming animals in a body of water ranging from microscopic organisms to whales', 'microbe': 'a minute life form (especially a disease-causing bacterium); the term is not in technical use', 'parasite': 'an animal or plant that lives in or on a host (another animal or plant); it obtains nourishment from the host without benefiting or killing the host', 'endoparasite': 'any of various parasites that live in the internal organs of animals (especially intestinal worms)', 'ectoparasite': 'any external parasitic organism (as fleas)', 'host': '(medicine) recipient of transplanted tissue or organ from a donor', 'intermediate_host': 'a host that is used by a parasite in the course of its life cycle', 'definitive_host': 'the host in which the sexual reproduction of a parasite takes place', 'pathogen': 'any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism)', 'commensal': 'either of two different animal or plant species living in close association but not interdependent', 'myrmecophile': 'an organism such as an insect that habitually shares the nest of a species of ant', 'Protoctista': 'in most modern classifications, replacement for the Protista; includes: Protozoa; Euglenophyta; Chlorophyta; Cryptophyta; Heterokontophyta; Rhodophyta; unicellular protists and their descendant multicellular organisms: regarded as distinct from plants and animals', 'protoctist': 'any of the unicellular protists', 'Protista': 'eukaryotic one-celled living organisms distinct from multicellular plants and animals: protozoa, slime molds, and eukaryotic algae', 'protist': 'free-living or colonial organisms with diverse nutritional and reproductive modes', 'protoctist_family': 'any of the families of Protoctista', 'protoctist_genus': 'any genus of Protoctista', 'Pyrrophyta': 'a division of lower plants comprising unicellular and biflagellate algae that form starchy compounds', 'Protozoa': 'in some classifications considered a superphylum or a subkingdom; comprises flagellates; ciliates; sporozoans; amoebas; foraminifers', 'protozoan': 'any of diverse minute acellular or unicellular organisms usually nonphotosynthetic', 'Sarcodina': 'characterized by the formation of pseudopods for locomotion and taking food: Actinopoda; Rhizopoda', 'sarcodinian': 'protozoa that move and capture food by forming pseudopods', 'Actinopoda': 'heliozoans; radiolarians', 'actinopod': 'protozoa having stiff rodlike radiating pseudopods', 'Heliozoa': 'mostly freshwater protozoa', 'heliozoan': 'protozoa with spherical bodies and stiff radiating pseudopods', 'Radiolaria': 'marine protozoa', 'radiolarian': 'protozoa with amoeba-like bodies and radiating filamentous pseudopods', 'Rhizopoda': 'creeping protozoans: amoebas and foraminifers', 'rhizopod': 'protozoa characterized by a pseudopod', 'Amoebida': 'the animal order including amoebas', 'genus_Amoeba': 'protozoan inhabiting moist soils or bottom vegetation in fresh or salt water', 'Endamoebidae': 'a large family of endoparasitic amebas that invade the digestive tract', 'Endamoeba': 'the type genus of the family Endamoebidae', 'endameba': 'any ameba of the genus Endamoeba', 'ameba': 'naked freshwater or marine or parasitic protozoa that form temporary pseudopods for feeding and locomotion', 'Endamoeba_histolytica': 'the parasitic ameba that causes amebic dysentery in human beings', 'Foraminifera': 'foraminifers', 'foram': 'marine microorganism having a calcareous shell with openings where pseudopods protrude', 'Globigerinidae': 'a family of protoctists', 'genus_Globigerina': 'type genus of the family Globigerinidae', 'globigerina': 'marine protozoan having a rounded shell with spiny processes', 'Nummulitidae': 'a family of fossil protoctists', 'nummulite': 'large fossil protozoan of the Tertiary period', 'Testacea': 'testacean rhizopods', 'testacean': 'any of various rhizopods of the order Testacea characterized by having a shell', 'Arcellidae': 'soil and freshwater protozoa; cosmopolitan in distribution', 'genus_Arcella': 'type genus of the Arcellidae', 'arcella': 'an amoeba-like protozoan with a chitinous shell resembling an umbrella', 'genus_Difflugia': 'genus of protozoans related to ameba', 'difflugia': 'a protozoan with an ovoid shell of cemented sand grains', 'Ciliata': 'class of protozoa having cilia or hairlike appendages on part or all of the surface during some part of the life cycle', 'ciliate': 'a protozoan with a microscopic appendage extending from the surface of the cell', 'Infusoria': 'in some recent classifications, coextensive with the Ciliata: minute organisms found in decomposing infusions of organic matter', 'infusorian': 'any member of the subclass Infusoria', 'genus_Paramecium': 'freshwater ciliate with an oval body and long deep oral groove', 'paramecium': 'any member of the genus Paramecium', 'genus_Tetrahymena': 'protozoa having four membranous ciliary organelles', 'tetrahymena': 'relative of the paramecium; often used in genetics research', 'genus_Stentor': 'trumpet-shaped protozoa with a ciliated spiral feeding funnel', 'stentor': 'a speaker with an unusually loud voice', 'genus_Vorticella': 'ciliated protozoans that have a goblet-shaped body with a retractile stalk', 'vorticella': 'any of various protozoa having a transparent goblet-shaped body with a retractile stalk', 'alga': 'primitive chlorophyll-containing mainly aquatic eukaryotic organisms lacking true stems and roots and leaves', 'seaweed': 'plant growing in the sea, especially marine algae', 'arame': 'an edible seaweed with a mild flavor', 'wrack': 'the destruction or collapse of something; \"wrack and ruin\"', 'seagrass': 'any of various seaweeds that grow underwater in shallow beds; \"seagrass provides a protective environment in which young fish can develop\"', 'sea_wrack': 'growth of marine vegetation especially of the large forms such as rockweeds and kelp', 'chlorophyll': 'any of a group of green pigments found in photosynthetic organisms; there are four naturally occurring forms', 'chlorophyll_a': 'a blue-black plant pigment having a blue-green alcohol solution; found in all higher plants', 'chlorophyll_b': 'a dark-green plant pigment having a brilliant green alcohol solution; generally characteristic of higher plants', 'chlorophyll_c': 'the chlorophyll present in brown algae, diatoms, and flagellates', 'chlorophyll_d': 'the chlorophyll found (together with chlorophyll a) in red algae', 'bacteriochlorophyll': 'a substance in photosensitive bacteria that is related to but different from chlorophyll of higher plants', 'phycobilin': 'water-soluble proteinaceous pigments found in red algae and cyanobacteria', 'phycoerythrin': 'red pigment in red algae', 'phycocyanin': 'blue pigment in algae', 'Heterokontophyta': 'algae having chlorophyll a and usually c, and flagella of unequal lengths; terminology supersedes Chrysophyta in some classifications', 'Chrysophyta': 'mostly freshwater eukaryotic algae having the chlorophyll masked by brown or yellow pigment; yellow-green and golden-brown algae and diatoms: Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae; some classification systems superseded or subsumed by Heterokontophyta', 'golden_algae': 'algae having the pigments chlorophyll and carotene and xanthophyll', 'yellow-green_algae': 'any alga of the division Chrysophyta with its chlorophyll masked by yellow pigment', 'Chrysophyceae': 'all the yellow-green algae having flagella of unequal length', 'Xanthophyceae': 'yellow-green algae', 'Bacillariophyceae': 'marine and freshwater eukaryotic algae: diatoms', 'diatom': 'microscopic unicellular marine or freshwater colonial alga having cell walls impregnated with silica', 'Heterotrichales': 'yellow-green algae with simple or branching filaments; comprising the single family Tribonemaceae', 'Tribonemaceae': 'simple filamentous freshwater yellow-green algae', 'Tribonema': 'type genus of Tribonemaceae', 'conferva': 'any of various algae of the genus Tribonema; algae with branching filaments that form scum in still or stagnant fresh water', 'confervoid_algae': 'algae resembling confervae especially in having branching filaments', 'Phaeophyceae': 'brown algae; mostly marine and littoral eukaryotic algae', 'Phaeophyta': 'coextensive with class Phaeophyceae; in some classifications subsumed in the division Heterokontophyta', 'brown_algae': 'algae having the chlorophyll masked by brown and yellow pigments', 'Laminariales': 'in some classifications coextensive with family Laminariaceae: marine brown algae of cold or polar seas', 'Laminariaceae': 'large family of marine brown algae including many economically important large kelps chiefly of northern waters', 'Laminaria': 'type genus of the family Laminariaceae: perennial brown kelps', 'kelp': 'large brown seaweeds having fluted leathery fronds', 'sea_tangle': 'any of various kelps especially of the genus Laminaria', 'tang': 'any of various coarse seaweeds', 'Fucales': 'coextensive with the family Fucaceae', 'Cyclosporeae': 'in more recent classifications superseded by the order Fucales', 'Fucaceae': 'small family of brown algae: gulfweeds; rockweeds', 'fucoid': 'a fossilized cast or impression of algae of the order Fucales', 'rockweed': 'coarse brown seaweed growing on rocks exposed at low tide', 'genus_Fucus': 'type genus of the family Fucaceae: cartilaginous brown algae', 'fucus': 'any member of the genus Fucus', 'serrated_wrack': 'brown algae seaweed with serrated edges', 'bladderwrack': 'similar to and found with black rockweed', 'Ascophyllum': 'brown algae distinguished by compressed or inflated branchlets along the axis', 'genus_Sargassum': 'a genus of protoctist', 'gulfweed': 'brown algae with rounded bladders forming dense floating masses in tropical Atlantic waters as in the Sargasso Sea', 'Euglenophyta': 'free-swimming flagellate algae', 'Euglenophyceae': 'coextensive with the division Euglenophyta', 'Euglenaceae': 'considered green algae', 'genus_Euglena': 'type genus of the family Euglenaceae: green algae with a single flagellum', 'euglena': 'minute single-celled green freshwater organism having a single flagella; often classed as algae', 'euglenoid': 'marine and freshwater green or colorless flagellate organism', 'Chlorophyta': 'large division of chiefly freshwater eukaryotic algae that possess chlorophyll a and b, store food as starch, and cellulose cell walls; classes Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae, and Charophyceae; obviously ancestral to land plants', 'Chlorophyceae': 'algae distinguished chiefly by having flagella and a clear green color, their chlorophyll being masked little if at all by other pigments', 'green_algae': 'algae that are clear green in color; often growing on wet ricks or damp wood or the surface of stagnant water', 'Ulvophyceae': 'alternative name for the class Chlorophyceae in some classifications', 'Ulvales': 'an order of protoctist', 'Ulvaceae': 'thin flat or tubular green algae', 'Ulva': 'type genus of the family Ulvaceae; green seaweed having a thallus two cells thick: sea lettuce', 'sea_lettuce': 'seaweed with edible translucent crinkly green fronds', 'Volvocales': 'chiefly freshwater green algae; solitary or colonial', 'Volvocaceae': 'unicellular or colonial biflagellate free-swimming flagellates', 'Volvox': 'type genus of the Volvocaceae; minute pale green flagellates occurring in tiny spherical colonies; minute flagella rotate the colony about an axis', 'Chlamydomonadaceae': 'green algae some of which are colored red by hematochrome', 'Chlamydomonas': 'type genus of the Chlamydomonadaceae; solitary doubly-flagellated plant-like algae common in fresh water and damp soil; multiply freely; often a pest around filtration plants', 'Zygnematales': 'pond scums; desmids', 'Zygnemataceae': 'pond scums: common freshwater algae forming green slimy masses', 'Zygnema': 'type genus of the family Zygnemataceae', 'pond_scum': 'free-floating freshwater green algae', 'genus_Spirogyra': 'a genus of protoctist', 'spirogyra': 'freshwater algae consisting of minute filaments containing spiral chlorophyll bands', 'Chlorococcales': 'unicellular green algae that reproduce by spores', 'Chlorococcum': 'type genus of Chlorococcales; unicellular green algae occurring singly or in a layer on soil or damp rock', 'genus_Chlorella': 'nonmotile unicellular green algae potentially important as source of high-grade protein and B-complex vitamins', 'chlorella': 'any alga of the genus Chlorella', 'Oedogoniales': 'simple or branched filamentous freshwater green algae', 'Oedogoniaceae': 'filamentous green algae', 'Oedogonium': 'type genus of Oedogoniaceae; freshwater green algae having long unbranched filaments; usually free-floating when mature', 'Charophyceae': 'in some classifications: contains only the order Charales', 'Charales': 'small order of macroscopic fresh and brackish water algae with a distinct axis: stoneworts', 'Characeae': 'green algae superficially resembling horsetail ferns: stoneworts', 'stonewort': 'any of various submerged aquatic algae of the genus Chara having nodes with whorled filamentlike branches; usually encrusted with calcium carbonate deposits', 'Chara': 'green algae common in freshwater lakes of limestone districts', 'Nitella': 'fragile branching stoneworts', 'Desmidiaceae': 'unicellular algae', 'Desmidium': 'a genus of protoctist', 'desmid': 'freshwater green algae', 'Rhodophyta': 'lower plants; mostly marine and littoral eukaryotic algae', 'Rhodophyceae': 'coextensive with the Rhodophyta: red algae', 'red_algae': 'marine algae in which the chlorophyll is masked by a red or purplish pigment; source of agar and carrageenan', 'sea_moss': 'any of various red algae having graceful rose to purple fronds (e.g. dulse or carrageen)', 'Gigartinaceae': 'a family of protoctist', 'Chondrus': 'a genus of protoctist', 'Irish_moss': 'dark purple edible seaweed of the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America', 'Rhodymeniaceae': 'a family of protoctist', 'Rhodymenia': 'type genus of the family Rhodymeniaceae', 'dulse': 'coarse edible red seaweed', 'Bangiaceae': 'a family of protoctist', 'Porphyra': 'a genus of protoctist', 'red_laver': 'edible red seaweeds', 'eukaryote': \"an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria; i.e. an organism with `good' or membrane-bound nuclei in its cells\", 'prokaryote': 'a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei; bacteria are the prime example but also included are blue-green algae and actinomycetes and mycoplasma', 'zooid': 'one of the distinct individuals forming a colonial animal such as a bryozoan or hydrozoan', 'Mastigophora': 'protozoa having flagella', 'flagellate': 'a usually nonphotosynthetic free-living protozoan with whiplike appendages; some are pathogens of humans and other animals', 'Dinoflagellata': 'in some classifications considered a phylum of the kingdom Protista; in others included in the plant phylum Pyrrophyta', 'dinoflagellate': 'chiefly marine protozoa having two flagella; a chief constituent of plankton', 'genus_Noctiluca': 'a genus of protoctist', 'noctiluca': 'large bioluminescent marine protozoan', 'Peridiniidae': 'marine and freshwater dinoflagellates', 'Peridinium': 'type genus of the family Peridiniidae', 'peridinian': 'flagellate with a thick test composed of plates', 'Zoomastigina': 'in some classifications considered a phylum of the kingdom Protista; holozoic or saprozoic flagellates', 'Leishmania': 'flagellate protozoan that causes leishmaniasis', 'zoomastigote': 'flagellate protozoan lacking photosynthesis and other plant-like characteristics', 'Hypermastigina': 'cellulose-producing flagellates', 'hypermastigote': 'flagellate symbiotic in the intestines of e.g. termites', 'Polymastigina': 'small usually parasitic flagellates', 'polymastigote': 'flagellates with several flagella', 'genus_Costia': 'a genus of flagellate protoctist', 'costia': 'a flagellate that is the cause of the frequently fatal fish disease costiasis', 'genus_Giardia': 'flagellates parasitic in intestines of vertebrates', 'giardia': 'a suspected cause of diarrhea in humans', 'Chilomastix': 'flagellates parasitic in intestines of vertebrates including humans', 'Hexamita': 'flagellates free-living or parasitic in intestines of birds', 'genus_Trichomonas': 'flagellates parasitic in alimentary or genitourinary tracts of vertebrates and invertebrates including humans', 'trichomonad': 'cause of trichomoniasis in women and cattle and birds', 'Phytomastigina': 'plantlike flagellates containing chlorophyll; often considered unicellular algae', 'plantlike_flagellate': 'unicellular organisms having many characteristics of typical algae', 'Cryptophyta': 'a phylum in the kingdom Protoctista', 'Cryptophyceae': 'motile usually brownish-green protozoa-like algae', 'cryptomonad': 'common in fresh and salt water appearing along the shore as algal blooms', 'Sporozoa': 'strictly parasitic protozoans that are usually immobile; includes plasmodia and coccidia and piroplasms and malaria parasites', 'sporozoan': 'parasitic spore-forming protozoan', 'sporozoite': 'one of the minute active bodies into which sporozoans divide in one stage of their life cycle', 'trophozoite': 'a sporozoan in the active feeding stage of its life cycle', 'merozoite': 'a cell that arises from the asexual division of a parent sporozoan during its life cycle', 'Telosporidia': 'parasitic sporozoans that form spores containing one or more infective sporozoites', 'Coccidia': 'an order in the subclass Telosporidia', 'Eimeriidae': 'a family of protoctist in the order Coccidia', 'genus_Eimeria': 'type genus of the family Eimeriidae; includes serious pathogens', 'coccidium': 'parasitic on the digestive epithelium of vertebrates and higher invertebrates', 'Gregarinida': 'an order in the subclass Telosporidia', 'gregarine': 'vermiform protozoans parasitic in insects and other invertebrates', 'Haemosporidia': 'an order in the subclass Telosporidia', 'haemosporidian': 'minute protozoans parasitic at some stage of the life cycle in blood cells of vertebrates including many pathogens', 'Plasmodiidae': 'malaria parasites', 'genus_Plasmodium': 'type genus of the family Plasmodiidae', 'plasmodium': 'multinucleate sheet of cytoplasm characteristic of some stages of such organisms as slime molds', 'Haemoproteidae': 'bird parasites', 'haemoproteid': 'related to malaria parasite and having a phase in the viscera of various birds', 'Haemoproteus': 'type genus of the family Haemoproteidae', 'genus_Leucocytozoon': 'a genus of protoctist', 'leucocytozoan': 'parasitic in birds', 'Babesiidae': 'piroplasms and cattle pathogens', 'genus_Babesia': 'type genus of the family Babesiidae', 'piroplasm': 'minute parasite of red blood cells of mammals transmitted by a tick and causing diseases of domestic animals', 'Acnidosporidia': 'a subclass of Sporozoa', 'Sarcosporidia': 'imperfectly known parasites of the muscles of vertebrates', 'Sarcocystis': 'chief genus of the order Sarcosporidia', 'sarcosporidian': 'parasite of the muscles of vertebrates', 'Haplosporidia': 'an order in the subclass Acnidosporidia', 'haplosporidian': 'parasite in invertebrates and lower vertebrates of no known economic importance', 'Cnidosporidia': 'single-host parasites of lower vertebrates and invertebrates', 'Actinomyxidia': 'parasites of worms', 'actinomyxidian': 'parasites of worms', 'Mycrosporidia': 'an order in the subclass Cnidosporidia', 'microsporidian': 'parasite of arthropods and fishes that invade and destroy host cells', 'Myxosporidia': 'an order in the subclass Cnidosporidia', 'myxosporidian': 'mostly parasitic in fishes and including various serious pathogens', 'pseudopod': 'temporary outgrowth used by some microorganisms as an organ of feeding or locomotion', 'Malacopterygii': 'an extensive group of teleost fishes having fins supported by flexible cartilaginous rays', 'soft-finned_fish': 'any fish of the superorder Malacopterygii', 'Ostariophysi': 'in some classifications considered a superorder comprising the Cypriniformes and the Siluriformes', 'fish_family': 'any of various families of fish', 'fish_genus': 'any of various genus of fish', 'Cypriniformes': 'an order of animals including almost entirely freshwater fishes: characins; loaches; carp; suckers; sometimes classified as a suborder of Ostariophysi', 'cypriniform_fish': 'a soft-finned fish of the order Cypriniformes', 'Cobitidae': 'loaches', 'loach': 'slender freshwater fishes of Eurasia and Africa resembling catfishes', 'Cyprinidae': 'a family of fish including: carp; tench; roach; rudd; dace', 'cyprinid': 'soft-finned mainly freshwater fishes typically having toothless jaws and cycloid scales', 'carp': 'the lean flesh of a fish that is often farmed; can be baked or braised', 'Cyprinus': 'type genus of the family Cyprinidae: carp', 'domestic_carp': 'large Old World freshwater bottom-feeding fish introduced into Europe from Asia; inhabits ponds and sluggish streams and often raised for food; introduced into United States where it has become a pest', 'leather_carp': 'scaleless domestic carp', 'mirror_carp': 'domestic carp with some large shining scales', 'Abramis': 'European fishes', 'European_bream': 'European freshwater fish having a flattened body and silvery scales; of little value as food', 'Tinca': 'tench', 'tench': 'freshwater dace-like game fish of Europe and western Asia noted for ability to survive outside water', 'Leuciscus': 'a genus of fish including: dace, chub', 'dace': 'small European freshwater fish with a slender bluish-green body', 'chub': 'European freshwater game fish with a thick spindle-shaped body', 'shiner': 'a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye', 'Notropis': 'shiners', 'emerald_shiner': 'small blunt-nosed fish of Great Lakes and Mississippi valley with a greenish luster', 'common_shiner': 'the common North American shiner', 'Notemigonus': 'golden shiners', 'golden_shiner': \"shiner of eastern North America having golden glints; sometimes also called `bream'\", 'Rutilus': 'roaches', 'roach': 'a roll of hair brushed back from the forehead', 'Scardinius': 'rudds', 'rudd': 'European freshwater fish resembling the roach', 'Phoxinus': 'minnows', 'minnow': 'very small European freshwater fish common in gravelly streams', 'Gobio': 'true gudgeons', 'gudgeon': 'small slender European freshwater fish often used as bait by anglers', 'Carassius': 'goldfish', 'goldfish': 'small golden or orange-red freshwater fishes of Eurasia used as pond or aquarium fishes', 'silverfish': 'silver-grey wingless insect found in houses feeding on book bindings and starched clothing', 'crucian_carp': 'European carp closely resembling wild goldfish', 'Electrophoridae': 'small family comprising the electric eels', 'Electrophorus': 'type genus of the family Electrophoridae; electric eels', 'electric_eel': 'eel-shaped freshwater fish of South America having electric organs in its body', 'Catostomidae': 'suckers; closely related to the family Cyprinidae', 'catostomid': 'a cypriniform fish of the family Catostomidae', 'sucker': \"a shoot arising from a plant's roots\", 'Catostomus': 'type genus of the family Catostomidae', 'Ictiobus': 'buffalo fishes', 'buffalo_fish': 'any of several large suckers of the Mississippi valley', 'black_buffalo': 'fish of the lower Mississippi', 'Hypentelium': 'a genus of fish in the family Catostomidae', 'hog_sucker': 'widely distributed in warm clear shallow streams', 'Maxostoma': 'a genus of fish in the family Catostomidae', 'redhorse': 'North American sucker with reddish fins', 'Cyprinodontidae': 'large family of small soft-finned fishes; killifishes; flagfishes; swordtails; guppies', 'cyprinodont': 'any member of the family Cyprinodontidae', 'killifish': 'small mostly marine warm-water carp-like schooling fishes; used as bait or aquarium fishes or in mosquito control', 'Fundulus': 'killifish', 'mummichog': 'silver-and-black killifish of saltwater marshes along the Atlantic coast of the United States', 'striped_killifish': 'black-barred fish of bays and coastal marshes of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of the United States', 'genus_Rivulus': 'killifish', 'rivulus': 'found in small streams of tropical America; often kept in aquariums; usually hermaphroditic', 'Jordanella': 'flagfishes', 'flagfish': 'a fish with a dark-blue back and whitish sides with red stripes; found in swamps and streams of Florida', 'Xyphophorus': 'swordtails', 'swordtail': 'freshwater fish of Central America having a long swordlike tail; popular aquarium fish', 'Lebistes': 'guppies', 'guppy': 'small freshwater fish of South America and the West Indies; often kept in aquariums', 'Poeciliidae': 'topminnows', 'topminnow': 'small usually brightly-colored viviparous surface-feeding fishes of fresh or brackish warm waters; often used in mosquito control', 'Gambusia': 'mosquitofish', 'mosquitofish': 'silvery topminnow with rows of black spots of tropical North America and West Indies; important in mosquito control', 'Platypoecilus': 'platys', 'platy': 'small stocky Mexican fish; popular aquarium fish', 'Mollienesia': 'mollies', 'mollie': 'popular aquarium fish', 'Berycomorphi': 'an order of spiny-finned fish in the superorder Acanthopterygii', 'Holocentridae': 'squirrelfishes and soldierfishes', 'Holocentrus': 'type genus of the family Holocentridae; squirrelfishes', 'squirrelfish': \"very small, brightly colored (especially red) nocturnal fishes of shallow waters or tropical reefs; they make sounds like a squirrel's bark\", 'reef_squirrelfish': 'on reefs from Bermuda and Florida to northern South America', 'deepwater_squirrelfish': 'a squirrelfish found from South Carolina to Bermuda and Gulf of Mexico', 'Holocentrus_ascensionis': 'bright red fish of West Indies and Bermuda', 'soldierfish': 'the larger squirrelfishes', 'Anomalopidae': 'a family of fish including: flashlight fishes', 'genus_Anomalops': 'type genus of the family Anomalopidae', 'anomalops': 'fish having a luminous organ beneath eye; of warm waters of the western Pacific and Puerto Rico', 'Krypterophaneron': 'a genus of fish in the family Anomalopidae', 'Photoblepharon': 'a genus of fish in the family Anomalopidae', 'flashlight_fish': 'fish of deep dark waters having a light organ below each eye', 'Zeomorphi': 'dories', 'Zeidae': 'a family of fish in the order Zeomorphi', 'dory': 'marine fishes widely distributed in mid-waters and deep slope waters', 'Zeus': '(Greek mythology) the supreme god of ancient Greek mythology; son of Rhea and Cronus whom he dethroned; husband and brother of Hera; brother of Poseidon and Hades; father of many gods; counterpart of Roman Jupiter', 'John_Dory': 'European dory', 'Caproidae': 'boarfishes', 'Capros': 'a genus of fish in the family Caproidae', 'boarfish': 'fish with large eyes and long snouts', 'Antigonia': 'a genus of fish in the family Caproidae', 'Solenichthyes': 'bellows fishes; shrimpfishes; cornetfishes; pipefishes; small order of chiefly tropical marine fishes of varied and bizarre form all having a small mouth at the end of a drawn-out tubular snout', 'Fistulariidae': 'cornetfishes', 'Fistularia': 'type genus of the family Fistulariidae', 'cornetfish': 'slender tropical fish with a long tubular snout and bony plates instead of scales', 'Gasterosteidae': 'sticklebacks', 'stickleback': 'small (2-4 inches) pugnacious mostly scaleless spiny-backed fishes of northern fresh and littoral waters having elaborate courtship; subjects of much research', 'Gasterosteus': 'type genus of the family Gasterosteidae', 'three-spined_stickleback': 'of rivers and coastal regions', 'ten-spined_stickleback': 'confined to rivers', 'Syngnathidae': 'pipefishes', 'pipefish': 'fish with long tubular snout and slim body covered with bony plates', 'Syngnathus': 'type genus of the family Syngnathidae', 'dwarf_pipefish': 'small (4 inches) fish found off the Florida Gulf Coast', 'Cosmocampus': 'a genus of fish in the family Syngnathidae', 'deepwater_pipefish': 'a fish 8 inches long; found from eastern Florida to western Caribbean', 'Hippocampus': 'seahorses', 'seahorse': 'small fish with horse-like heads bent sharply downward and curled tails; swim in upright position', 'Macrorhamphosidae': 'bellows fishes', 'snipefish': 'small bottom-dwelling fish of warm seas having a compressed body and a long snout with a toothless mouth', 'Centriscidae': 'shrimpfishes', 'shrimpfish': 'slender tropical shallow-water East Indian fish covered with transparent plates', 'Aulostomidae': 'trumpetfishes', 'Aulostomus': 'type genus of the Aulostomidae', 'trumpetfish': 'tropical Atlantic fish with a long snout; swims snout down', 'cytostome': 'mouth of a protozoan', 'cilium': 'a hairlike projection from the surface of a cell; provides locomotion in free-swimming unicellular organisms', 'flagellum': 'a lash-like appendage used for locomotion (e.g., in sperm cells and some bacteria and protozoa)', 'flame_cell': 'organ of excretion in flatworms', 'pellicle': 'thin protective membrane in some protozoa', 'embryo': '(botany) a minute rudimentary plant contained within a seed or an archegonium', 'blastocoel': 'the fluid-filled cavity inside a blastula', 'blastoderm': 'a layer of cells on the inside of the blastula', 'blastomere': 'any cell resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg', 'fetus': 'an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal', 'monster': 'a cruel wicked and inhuman person', 'abortus': \"a human fetus whose weight is less than 0.5 kilogram when removed or expelled from the mother's body\", 'egg': 'oval reproductive body of a fowl (especially a hen) used as food', 'ovipositor': 'egg-laying tubular structure at the end of the abdomen in many female insects and some fishes', 'chalaza': 'basal part of a plant ovule opposite the micropyle; where integument and nucellus are joined', 'nit': 'a luminance unit equal to 1 candle per square meter measured perpendicular to the rays from the source', 'spawn': 'the mass of eggs deposited by fish or amphibians or molluscs', 'roe': 'fish eggs or egg-filled ovary; having a grainy texture', 'blastula': 'early stage of an embryo produced by cleavage of an ovum; a liquid-filled sphere whose wall is composed of a single layer of cells; during this stage (about eight days after fertilization) implantation in the wall of the uterus occurs', 'blastocyst': 'the blastula of a placental mammal in which some differentiation of cells has occurred', 'trophoblast': 'the membrane that forms the wall of the blastocyst in early development; aids implantation in the uterine wall; \"after implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall the trophoblast divides into two layers, the chorion and the placenta\"', 'gastrula': 'double-walled stage of the embryo resulting from invagination of the blastula; the outer layer of cells is the ectoderm and the inner layer differentiates into the mesoderm and endoderm', 'morula': 'a solid mass of blastomeres that forms when the zygote splits; develops into the blastula', 'archenteron': 'central cavity of the gastrula; becomes the intestinal or digestive cavity', 'blastopore': 'the opening into the archenteron', 'layer': 'a relatively thin sheetlike expanse or region lying over or under another', 'embryonic_tissue': 'tissue in an embryo', 'germ_layer': '(embryology) any of the 3 layers of cells differentiated in embryos following gastrulation', 'ectoderm': 'the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue', 'neural_tube': 'a tube of ectodermal tissue in the embryo from which the brain and spinal cord develop', 'mesoderm': 'the middle germ layer that develops into muscle and bone and cartilage and blood and connective tissue', 'chordamesoderm': 'the area of mesoderm that forms the notochord', 'mesenchyme': 'mesodermal tissue that forms connective tissue and blood and smooth muscles', 'endoderm': 'the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems', 'silkworm_seed': 'eggs of a silkworm', 'yolk': 'nutritive material of an ovum stored for the nutrition of an embryo (especially the yellow mass of a bird or reptile egg)', 'yolk_sac': 'membranous structure that functions as the circulatory system in mammalian embryos until the heart becomes functional', 'fang': 'an appendage of insects that is capable of injecting venom; usually evolved from the legs', 'tusk': 'a long pointed tooth specialized for fighting or digging; especially in an elephant or walrus or hog', 'Chordata': 'comprises true vertebrates and animals having a notochord', 'chordate': 'any animal of the phylum Chordata having a notochord or spinal column', 'notochord': 'a flexible rodlike structure that forms the supporting axis of the body in the lowest chordates and lowest vertebrates and in embryos of higher vertebrates', 'urochord': 'a notochord of a larval tunicate typically confined to the caudal region', 'chordate_family': 'any family in the phylum Chordata', 'chordate_genus': 'any genus in the phylum Chordata', 'Cephalochordata': 'lancelets', 'cephalochordate': 'fish-like animals having a notochord rather than a true spinal column', 'Amphioxidae': 'lancelets', 'genus_Amphioxus': 'type genus of the Amphioxidae', 'lancelet': 'small translucent lancet-shaped burrowing marine animal; primitive forerunner of the vertebrates', 'Urochordata': 'tunicates', 'tunicate': 'primitive marine animal having a saclike unsegmented body and a urochord that is conspicuous in the larva', 'Ascidiaceae': 'sometimes classified as an order: sea squirts', 'ascidian': 'minute sedentary marine invertebrate having a saclike body with siphons through which water enters and leaves', 'siphon': 'a tube running from the liquid in a vessel to a lower level outside the vessel so that atmospheric pressure forces the liquid through the tube', 'sea_squirt': 'ascidian that can contract its body and eject streams of water', 'Thaliacea': 'small class of free-swimming tunicates; sometimes classified as an order', 'Salpidae': 'a small family of tunicates in the class Thaliacea', 'genus_Salpa': 'type (perhaps sole) genus of the Salpidae', 'salp': 'minute floating marine tunicate having a transparent body with an opening at each end', 'Doliolidae': 'oceanic tunicates', 'genus_Doliolum': 'type genus of the Doliolidae', 'doliolum': 'free-swimming oceanic tunicate with a barrel-shaped transparent body', 'Larvacea': 'small free-swimming tunicates; sometimes classified as an order', 'larvacean': 'any member of the class Larvacea', 'genus_Appendicularia': 'a genus of chordates in the class Larvacea', 'appendicularia': 'free-swimming tadpole-shaped pelagic tunicate resembling larvae of other tunicates', 'ascidian_tadpole': 'free-swimming larva of ascidians; they have a tail like a tadpole that contains the notochord', 'Vertebrata': 'fishes; amphibians; reptiles; birds; mammals', 'vertebrate': 'animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium', 'Amniota': 'higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals) possessing an amnion during development', 'amniote': 'any member of the Amniota', 'amnion': 'thin innermost membranous sac enclosing the developing embryo of higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals)', 'chorion': 'the outermost membranous sac enclosing the embryo in higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals)', 'chorionic_villus': \"one of the tiny villi that stick out of the fetal chorion and combine with the mother's uterine tissue to form the placenta\", 'allantois': 'the vascular fetal membrane that lies below the chorion and develops from the hindgut in many embryonic higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals)', 'chorioallantois': 'the very vascular fetal membrane composed of the fused chorion and adjacent wall of the allantois', 'aquatic_vertebrate': 'animal living wholly or chiefly in or on water', 'Agnatha': 'superclass of eel-shaped chordates lacking jaws and pelvic fins: lampreys; hagfishes; some extinct forms', 'jawless_vertebrate': 'eel-shaped vertebrate without jaws or paired appendages including the cyclostomes and some extinct forms', 'Ostracodermi': 'extinct group of armored jawless vertebrates; taxonomy is not clear', 'ostracoderm': 'extinct fish-like jawless vertebrate having a heavily armored body; of the Paleozoic', 'Heterostraci': 'extinct group of armored jawless fishes or fish-like vertebrate; taxonomy is not clear', 'heterostracan': 'extinct jawless fish with the anterior part of the body covered with bony plates; of the Silurian and Devonian', 'Osteostraci': 'extinct group of armored fish-like vertebrates; taxonomy is not clear', 'osteostracan': 'extinct jawless fish of the Devonian with armored head', 'Anaspida': 'extinct order of jawless vertebrates', 'anaspid': 'extinct small freshwater jawless fish usually having a heterocercal tail and an armored head; of the Silurian and Devonian', 'Conodonta': 'extinct order of primitive vertebrates; the precise taxonomy is not clear; in some classifications considered a separate phylum', 'conodont': 'the tiny fossil cone-shaped tooth of a primitive vertebrate of order Conodonta', 'Cyclostomata': 'primitive jawless aquatic vertebrate: lampreys; hagfishes', 'cyclostome': 'primitive aquatic vertebrate', 'Petromyzoniformes': 'lampreys as distinguished from hagfishes', 'Petromyzontidae': 'lampreys', 'lamprey': 'primitive eellike freshwater or anadromous cyclostome having round sucking mouth with a rasping tongue', 'Petromyzon': 'typical lampreys', 'sea_lamprey': 'large anadromous lamprey sometimes used as food; destructive of native fish fauna in the Great Lakes', 'Myxiniformes': 'hagfishes as distinguished from lampreys', 'Myxinidae': 'slime-producing marine animals: hagfishes', 'hagfish': 'eellike cyclostome having a tongue with horny teeth in a round mouth surrounded by eight tentacles; feeds on dead or trapped fishes by boring into their bodies', 'Myxine': 'type genus of the Myxinidae (typical hagfishes)', 'Myxine_glutinosa': 'typical hagfish', 'genus_Eptatretus': 'a genus of fossil fish of the family Myxinidae', 'eptatretus': 'a fossil hagfish of the genus Eptatretus', 'Myxinikela': 'fossil hagfishes', 'Myxinikela_siroka': 'fossil hagfish of the Pennsylvanian period (c. 300 million years ago) that resembled modern hagfishes', 'Gnathostomata': 'comprising all vertebrates with upper and lower jaws', 'gnathostome': 'a vertebrate animal possessing true jaws', 'Placodermi': 'extinct group of bony-plated fishes with primitive jaws', 'placoderm': 'fish-like vertebrate with bony plates on head and upper body; dominant in seas and rivers during the Devonian; considered the earliest vertebrate with jaws', 'Chondrichthyes': 'cartilaginous fishes', 'cartilaginous_fish': 'fishes in which the skeleton may be calcified but not ossified', 'Holocephali': 'chimaeras and extinct forms', 'holocephalan': 'fish with high compressed head and a body tapering off into a long tail', 'Chimaeridae': 'a family of Holocephali', 'genus_Chimaera': 'type genus of the Chimaeridae', 'chimaera': 'a deep-sea fish with a tapering body, smooth skin, and long threadlike tail', 'rabbitfish': 'large European chimaera', 'Elasmobranchii': 'sharks; rays; dogfishes; skates', 'elasmobranch': 'any of numerous fishes of the class Chondrichthyes characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton and placoid scales: sharks; rays; skates', 'shark': 'a person who is ruthless and greedy and dishonest', 'Hexanchidae': 'primitive sharks', 'Hexanchus': 'a genus of Hexanchidae', 'cow_shark': 'large primitive shark widely distributed in warm seas', 'Lamnidae': 'oceanic sharks', 'Isuridae': 'in some classifications another name for the family Lamnidae', 'mackerel_shark': 'fierce pelagic and oceanic sharks', 'Lamna': 'a genus of Lamnidae', 'porbeagle': 'voracious pointed-nose shark of northern Atlantic and Pacific', 'Isurus': 'mako sharks', 'mako': 'powerful mackerel shark of the Atlantic and Pacific', 'shortfin_mako': 'very swift active bluish shark found worldwide in warm waters; important game fish', 'longfin_mako': 'similar to shortfin mako but darker blue', 'bonito_shark': 'common blue-grey shark of southwest Pacific; sport and food fish', 'Carcharodon': 'man-eating sharks', 'great_white_shark': 'large aggressive shark widespread in warm seas; known to attack humans', 'Cetorhinus': 'comprising only the basking sharks; in some classifications considered the type genus of a separate family Cetorhinidae', 'Cetorhinidae': 'in some older classifications considered the family of the basking sharks', 'basking_shark': 'large harmless plankton-eating northern shark; often swims slowly or floats at the sea surface', 'Alopiidae': 'thresher sharks', 'Alopius': 'type genus of the family Alopiidae; in some classifications considered a genus of the family Lamnidae', 'thresher': 'a farm machine for separating seeds or grain from the husks and straw', 'Orectolobidae': 'nurse sharks and carpet sharks', 'Orectolobus': 'carpet sharks', 'carpet_shark': 'shark of the western Pacific with flattened body and mottled skin', 'Ginglymostoma': 'nurse sharks', 'nurse_shark': 'small bottom-dwelling shark of warm shallow waters on both coasts of North America and South America and from southeast Asia to Australia', 'Carchariidae': 'sand sharks; in some classifications coextensive with family Carcharhinidae', 'Carcharias': 'type and sole genus of Carchariidae: sand sharks', 'sand_tiger': 'shallow-water shark with sharp jagged teeth found on both sides of Atlantic; sometimes dangerous to swimmers', 'Rhincodontidae': 'small-toothed sharks comprising only one species', 'Rhincodon': 'whale sharks', 'whale_shark': 'large spotted shark of warm surface waters worldwide; resembles a whale and feeds chiefly on plankton', 'Scyliorhinidae': 'small bottom-dwelling sharks', 'cat_shark': 'small bottom-dwelling sharks with cat-like eyes; found along continental slopes', 'Carcharhinidae': 'largest family of living sharks; found worldwide especially in tropical waters; dorsal fin lacks spines: requiem sharks including tiger sharks and soupfin sharks', 'requiem_shark': 'any of numerous sharks from small relatively harmless bottom-dwellers to large dangerous oceanic and coastal species', 'Carcharhinus': 'type genus of the Carcharhinidae', 'bull_shark': 'a most common shark in temperate and tropical coastal waters worldwide; heavy-bodied and dangerous', 'sandbar_shark': 'most common grey shark along coasts of middle Atlantic states; sluggish and occasionally caught by fishermen', 'blacktip_shark': 'widely distributed shallow-water shark with fins seemingly dipped in ink', 'whitetip_shark': 'smooth dogfish of Pacific and Indian Oceans and Red Sea having white-tipped dorsal and caudal fins', 'dusky_shark': 'relatively slender blue-grey shark; nearly worldwide in tropical and temperate waters', 'Negaprion': 'lemon sharks', 'lemon_shark': 'common shallow-water schooling shark of the Atlantic from North Carolina to Brazil and off west Africa; dangerous', 'Prionace': 'blue sharks', 'blue_shark': 'slender cosmopolitan, pelagic shark; blue body shades to white belly; dangerous especially during maritime disasters', 'Galeocerdo': 'tiger sharks', 'tiger_shark': 'large dangerous warm-water shark with striped or spotted body', 'Galeorhinus': 'a genus of Carcharhinidae', 'soupfin_shark': 'Pacific shark valued for its fins (used by Chinese in soup) and liver (rich in vitamin A)', 'dogfish': 'any of several small sharks', 'Triakidae': 'small sharks with smooth skins and lacking spines on their dorsal fins', 'Mustelus': 'smooth dogfishes', 'smooth_dogfish': 'small bottom-dwelling shark found along both Atlantic coasts', 'smoothhound': 'smooth dogfish of European coastal waters', 'American_smooth_dogfish': 'found along the Atlantic coast of the Americas', 'Florida_smoothhound': 'found from the northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil', 'Triaenodon': 'a genus of Triakidae', 'Squalidae': 'dogfishes having a spine in each dorsal fin', 'spiny_dogfish': 'small bottom-dwelling dogfishes', 'Squalus': 'spiny dogfishes', 'Atlantic_spiny_dogfish': 'destructive dogfish of the Atlantic coastal waters of America and Europe; widely used in anatomy classes', 'Pacific_spiny_dogfish': 'dogfish of Pacific coast of North America', 'Sphyrnidae': 'hammerhead sharks; bonnethead sharks', 'Sphyrna': 'type genus of the Sphyrnidae', 'hammerhead': 'the striking part of a hammer', 'smooth_hammerhead': 'fished for the hides and vitamin-rich liver', 'smalleye_hammerhead': 'fished for the hide and vitamin-rich liver', 'shovelhead': 'small harmless hammerhead having a spade-shaped head; abundant in bays and estuaries', 'Squatinidae': 'bottom-dwelling ray-like sharks', 'Squatina': 'type genus of the Squatinidae: angel sharks', 'angel_shark': 'sharks with broad flat bodies and winglike pectoral fins but that swim the way sharks do', 'ray': '(mathematics) a straight line extending from a point', 'Torpediniformes': 'rays with bodies shaped like torpedoes', 'Torpedinidae': 'electric rays', 'electric_ray': 'any sluggish bottom-dwelling ray of the order Torpediniformes having a rounded body and electric organs on each side of the head capable of emitting strong electric discharges', 'Rajiformes': 'fish with dorsoventrally flattened bodies; includes: rays; skates; guitarfishes; sawfishes', 'Pristidae': 'large primitive rays with elongated snouts', 'sawfish': 'primitive ray with sharp teeth on each edge of a long flattened snout', 'Pristis': 'type genus of the Pristidae', 'smalltooth_sawfish': 'commonly found in tropical bays and estuaries; not aggressive', 'Rhinobatidae': 'primitive rays with guitar-shaped bodies', 'guitarfish': 'primitive tropical bottom-dwelling ray with a guitar-shaped body', 'Dasyatidae': 'sting rays', 'stingray': 'large venomous ray with large barbed spines near the base of a thin whiplike tail capable of inflicting severe wounds', 'Dasyatis': 'type genus of the Dasyatidae', 'roughtail_stingray': 'one of the largest stingrays; found from Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras', 'Gymnura': 'butterfly rays', 'butterfly_ray': 'a stingray with a short tail and a broad fin', 'Myliobatidae': 'eagle rays', 'eagle_ray': \"powerful free-swimming tropical ray noted for `soaring' by flapping winglike fins; usually harmless but has venomous tissue near base of the tail as in stingrays\", 'Aetobatus': 'a genus of Myliobatidae', 'spotted_eagle_ray': 'ray with back covered with white or yellow spots; widely distributed in warm seas', 'Rhinoptera': 'a genus of Myliobatidae', 'cownose_ray': 'large ray found along eastern coast of North America', 'Mobulidae': 'large rays lacking venomous spines: mantas', 'manta': 'a blanket that is used as a cloak or shawl', 'genus_Manta': 'a genus of Mobulidae', 'Atlantic_manta': 'largest manta (to 22 feet across wings); found worldwide but common in Gulf of Mexico and along southern coasts of United States; primarily oceanic', 'Mobula': 'type genus of the Mobulidae', 'devil_ray': 'small manta (to 4 feet) that travels in schools', 'Rajidae': 'bottom-dwelling tropical rays: skates', 'skate': 'sports equipment that is worn on the feet to enable the wearer to glide along and to be propelled by the alternate actions of the legs', 'Raja': 'type genus of the family Rajidae', 'grey_skate': 'common European skate used as food', 'little_skate': 'most plentiful skate in North American inshore waters in summer; to 21 inches', 'thorny_skate': 'cold-water bottom fish with spines on the back; to 40 inches', 'barndoor_skate': 'one of the largest skates (to 5 feet); an active skate easy to hook', 'Aves': '(ornithology) the class of birds', 'bird': 'the flesh of a bird or fowl (wild or domestic) used as food', 'dickeybird': 'small bird; adults talking to children sometimes use these words to refer to small birds', 'fledgling': 'young bird that has just fledged or become capable of flying', 'nestling': 'young bird not yet fledged', 'bird_family': 'a family of warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings', 'bird_genus': 'a genus of birds', 'breast': 'meat carved from the breast of a fowl', 'throat': 'the passage to the stomach and lungs; in the front part of the neck below the chin and above the collarbone', 'cock': 'obscene terms for penis', 'gamecock': 'a cock bred and trained for fighting', 'nester': 'a bird that has built (or is building) a nest', 'night_bird': 'any bird associated with night: owl; nightingale; nighthawk; etc', 'night_raven': 'any bird that cries at night', 'bird_of_passage': 'any bird that migrates seasonally', 'genus_Protoavis': 'extinct primitive birds of the Triassic period; 70 million years before archaeopteryx', 'protoavis': 'most primitive avian type known; extinct bird of the Triassic having bird-like jaw and hollow limbs and breastbone with dinosaur-like tail and hind limbs', 'Archaeornithes': 'primitive reptile-like fossil birds of the Jurassic or early Cretaceous', 'genus_Archaeopteryx': 'a genus of fossil birds', 'archaeopteryx': 'extinct primitive toothed bird of the Jurassic period having a long feathered tail and hollow bones; usually considered the most primitive of all birds', 'genus_Sinornis': 'a genus of fossil birds', 'Sinornis': 'sparrow-sized fossil bird of the Jurassic period to the Cretaceous period having a keeled breastbone and vestigial tail; found in China; considered possibly the second most primitive of all birds', 'genus_Ibero-mesornis': 'a genus of fossil bird of the subclass Archaeornithes', 'Ibero-mesornis': 'sparrow-sized fossil bird of the Cretaceous period having a vestigial tail; found in Spain; considered possibly the third most primitive of all birds', 'genus_Archaeornis': 'a genus of fossil bird', 'archaeornis': 'extinct primitive toothed bird with a long feathered tail and three free clawed digits on each wing', 'ratite': 'flightless birds having flat breastbones lacking a keel for attachment of flight muscles: ostriches; cassowaries; emus; moas; rheas; kiwis; elephant birds', 'carinate': 'birds having keeled breastbones for attachment of flight muscles', 'Ratitae': 'used in former classifications to include all ratite bird orders', 'Struthioniformes': 'a ratite bird order: ostriches and related extinct birds; known from the Pleistocene onward', 'Struthionidae': 'tall terrestrial birds: ostriches', 'Struthio': 'type genus of the Struthionidae: African ostriches', 'ostrich': 'a person who refuses to face reality or recognize the truth (a reference to the popular notion that the ostrich hides from danger by burying its head in the sand)', 'Casuariiformes': 'a ratite bird order: cassowaries and emus', 'Casuaridae': 'a family of large ostrich-like birds including cassowaries', 'Casuarius': 'type and sole genus of the Casuaridae: cassowaries', 'cassowary': 'large black flightless bird of Australia and New Guinea having a horny head crest', 'Dromaius': 'a genus of birds in the order Casuariiformes', 'emu': 'large Australian flightless bird similar to the ostrich but smaller', 'Apterygiformes': 'a ratite bird order: flightless ground birds having vestigial wings and long bills and small eyes: kiwis', 'Apterygidae': 'coextensive with the order Apterygiformes', 'genus_Apteryx': 'type genus of the Apterygidae: kiwis', 'kiwi': 'fuzzy brown egg-shaped fruit with slightly tart green flesh', 'Rheiformes': 'a ratite bird order: birds intermediate in characteristics between ostriches and emus: recent and extinct rheas', 'Rheidae': 'a family of birds coextensive with the order Rheiformes', 'genus_Rhea': 'type genus of the Rheidae; large tall flightless South American birds similar to but smaller than ostriches', 'rhea': 'smaller of two tall fast-running flightless birds similar to ostriches but three-toed; found from Peru to Strait of Magellan', 'Pterocnemia': 'a genus of birds of the family Rheidae', 'Aepyorniformes': 'huge extinct flightless birds: elephant birds', 'Aepyornidae': 'coextensive with the order Aepyorniformes', 'genus_Aepyornis': 'type genus of the Aepyornidae: elephant birds', 'elephant_bird': 'huge (to 9 ft.) extinct flightless bird of Madagascar', 'Dinornithiformes': 'a ratite bird order: recently extinct flightless birds of New Zealand', 'Dinornithidae': 'moas', 'Dinornis': 'type genus of the Dinornithidae: large moas', 'moa': 'extinct flightless bird of New Zealand', 'giant_moa': 'the largest moa; about 12 feet high', 'genus_Anomalopteryx': 'small moas', 'anomalopteryx': 'the smallest moa; slender moa about the size of a large turkey', 'Insessores': 'a bird with feet adapted for perching (as on tree branches); this order is now generally abandoned by taxonomists', 'Passeriformes': 'largest order of birds comprising about half the known species; rooks; finches; sparrows; tits; warblers; robins; wrens; swallows; etc.; the four suborders are Eurylaimi and Tyranni and Menurae and Oscines or Passeres', 'passerine': 'perching birds mostly small and living near the ground with feet having 4 toes arranged to allow for gripping the perch; most are songbirds; hatchlings are helpless', 'nonpasserine_bird': 'chiefly arboreal birds especially of the order Coraciiformes', 'Oscines': 'two names for the suborder of typical songbirds', 'oscine': 'passerine bird having specialized vocal apparatus', 'songbird': 'any bird having a musical call', 'Meliphagidae': 'honey eaters', 'honey_eater': 'Australasian bird with tongue and bill adapted for extracting nectar', 'Prunellidae': 'hedge sparrow', 'Prunella': 'small genus of perennial mostly Eurasian having terminal spikes of small purplish or white flowers', 'accentor': 'small sparrow-like songbird of mountainous regions of Eurasia', 'hedge_sparrow': 'small brownish European songbird', 'Alaudidae': 'larks', 'lark': 'any of numerous predominantly Old World birds noted for their singing', 'Alauda': 'type genus of the Alaudidae: skylarks', 'skylark': 'brown-speckled European lark noted for singing while hovering at a great height', 'Motacillidae': 'pipits and wagtails', 'Motacilla': 'type genus of the Motacillidae: wagtails', 'wagtail': 'Old World bird having a very long tail that jerks up and down as it walks', 'Anthus': 'pipits', 'pipit': 'a songbird that lives mainly on the ground in open country; has streaky brown plumage', 'meadow_pipit': 'a common pipit that is brown above and white below; widely distributed in northern and central Europe and in Asia', 'Fringillidae': 'finches: goldfinches; bullfinches; chaffinches; siskins; canaries; cardinals; grosbeaks; crossbills; linnets; buntings', 'finch': 'any of numerous small songbirds with short stout bills adapted for crushing seeds', 'Fringilla': 'type genus of the Fringillidae: chaffinch, brambling', 'chaffinch': 'small European finch with a cheerful song', 'brambling': 'Eurasian finch', 'Carduelinae': 'used in some classifications for a subgroup of finches', 'Carduelis': 'in some classifications considered the type genus of a subfamily Carduelinae of the family Fringillidae: goldfinches; siskins; redpolls; linnets', 'goldfinch': 'small European finch having a crimson face and yellow-and-black wings', 'linnet': 'small Old World finch whose male has a red breast and forehead', 'siskin': 'small yellow-and-black Eurasian finch with a sharp beak', 'red_siskin': 'South American species of scarlet finch with black head and wings and tail', 'redpoll': 'small siskin-like finch with a red crown', 'Spinus': 'in some classifications considered a subgenus of Carduelis: siskins and New World goldfinches', 'New_World_goldfinch': 'American finch whose male has yellow body plumage in summer', 'pine_siskin': 'small finch of North American coniferous forests', 'Carpodacus': 'house finches and purple finches', 'house_finch': 'small finch originally of the western United States and Mexico', 'purple_finch': 'North American finch having a raspberry-red head and breast and rump', 'Serinus': 'Old World finches; e.g. canaries and serins', 'canary': 'a female singer', 'common_canary': 'native to the Canary Islands and Azores; popular usually yellow cage bird noted for its song', 'serin': 'any of various brown and yellow finches of parts of Europe', 'Loxia': 'crossbill', 'crossbill': 'finch with a bill whose tips cross when closed', 'Pyrrhula': 'bullfinches', 'bullfinch': 'common European finch mostly black and white with red throat and breast', 'genus_Junco': 'American finches', 'junco': 'small North American finch seen chiefly in winter', 'dark-eyed_junco': 'common North American junco having grey plumage and eyes with dark brown irises', 'New_World_sparrow': 'sparrow-like North American finches', 'Pooecetes': 'a genus of Fringillidae', 'vesper_sparrow': 'common North American finch noted for its evening song', 'Zonotrichia': 'large New World sparrows', 'white-throated_sparrow': 'common North American finch with a white patch on the throat and black-and-white striped crown', 'white-crowned_sparrow': 'finch with black-and-white striped crown', 'Spizella': 'chipping sparrow; field sparrow; tree sparrow', 'chipping_sparrow': 'small North American finch common in urban areas', 'field_sparrow': 'common North American finch of brushy pasturelands', 'tree_sparrow': 'Eurasian sparrow smaller than the house sparrow', 'Melospiza': 'American song sparrow and swamp sparrow', 'song_sparrow': 'small songbird common in North America', 'swamp_sparrow': 'North American finch of marshy area', 'Emberizidae': 'buntings and some New World sparrows', 'bunting': 'a loosely woven fabric used for flags, etc.', 'Passerina': 'a genus of small North American finches including the New World buntings', 'indigo_bunting': 'small deep blue North American bunting', 'Emberiza': 'Old World buntings', 'ortolan': 'brownish Old World bunting often eaten as a delicacy', 'reed_bunting': 'European bunting inhabiting marshy areas', 'yellowhammer': 'European bunting the male being bright yellow', 'yellow-breasted_bunting': 'common in Russia and Siberia', 'Plectrophenax': 'snow bunting', 'snow_bunting': 'white Arctic bunting', 'Coerebidae': 'the honeycreepers', 'honeycreeper': 'small to medium-sized finches of the Hawaiian islands', 'Coereba': 'type genus of the Coerebidae', 'banana_quit': 'any of several honeycreepers', 'Passeridae': 'true sparrows: Old world birds formerly considered weaverbirds', 'sparrow': 'any of several small dull-colored singing birds feeding on seeds or insects', 'Passer': 'type genus of the Passeridae', 'English_sparrow': 'small hardy brown-and-grey bird native to Europe', 'grosbeak': 'any of various finches of Europe or America having a massive and powerful bill', 'Hesperiphona': 'evening grosbeak', 'evening_grosbeak': 'North American grosbeak', 'Coccothraustes': 'large finches', 'hawfinch': 'a common large finch of Eurasia', 'Pinicola': 'a genus of Fringillidae', 'pine_grosbeak': 'large grosbeak of coniferous forests of Old and New Worlds', 'Richmondena': 'cardinals', 'cardinal': '(Roman Catholic Church) one of a group of more than 100 prominent bishops in the Sacred College who advise the Pope and elect new Popes', 'genus_Pyrrhuloxia': 'large showy finches related to cardinals', 'pyrrhuloxia': 'crested grey-and-red bird of southwest United States and Mexico', 'towhee': 'any of numerous long-tailed American finches', 'Pipilo': 'towhees', 'chewink': 'common towhee of eastern North America', 'Chlorura': 'towhees', 'green-tailed_towhee': 'towhee of the Rocky Mountains', 'Ploceidae': 'weaverbirds', 'weaver': 'a craftsman who weaves cloth', 'Ploceus': 'type genus of the Ploceidae', 'baya': 'common Indian weaverbird', 'Vidua': 'whydahs', 'whydah': 'mostly black African weaverbird', 'Padda': 'a genus of Ploceidae', 'Java_sparrow': 'small finch-like Indonesian weaverbird that frequents rice fields', 'Estrilda': 'avadavats', 'avadavat': 'red Asian weaverbirds often kept as cage birds', 'Poephila': 'grassfinches', 'grassfinch': 'usually brightly-colored Australian weaverbirds; often kept as cage birds', 'zebra_finch': \"small Australian weaverbird with markings like a zebra's\", 'Drepanididae': 'Hawaiian honeycreepers', 'Drepanis': 'a genus of Drepanididae', 'mamo': 'black honeycreepers with yellow feathers around the tail; now extinct', 'Menurae': 'lyrebirds and scrubbirds', 'Menuridae': 'lyrebirds', 'Menura': 'type and sole genus of the family Menuridae', 'lyrebird': 'Australian bird that resembles a pheasant; the courting male displays long tail feathers in a lyre shape', 'Atrichornithidae': 'scrubbirds', 'Atrichornis': 'type genus of the Atrichornithidae', 'scrubbird': 'small fast-running Australian bird resembling a wren and frequenting brush or scrub', 'Eurylaimi': 'broadbills', 'Eurylaimidae': 'coextensive with the suborder Eurylaimi', 'broadbill': 'small birds of the Old World tropics having bright plumage and short wide bills', 'Tyranni': 'New World flycatchers; antbirds; oven birds; woodhewers', 'tyrannid': 'a passerine bird of the suborder Tyranni', 'Clamatores': 'used in some classification systems; a suborder or superfamily nearly coextensive with suborder Tyranni; Passeriformes having relatively simple vocal organs and little power of song; clamatorial birds', 'Tyrannidae': 'New World tyrant flycatchers most numerous in Central America and South America but also in the United States and Canada', 'New_World_flycatcher': 'large American birds that characteristically catch insects on the wing', 'Tyrannus': 'type genus of the Tyrannidae: tyrant flycatchers', 'kingbird': 'large American flycatcher', 'Arkansas_kingbird': 'a kingbird seen in western United States; head and back are pale grey and the breast is yellowish and the tail is black', \"Cassin's_kingbird\": 'a kingbird seen in the southwestern United States; largely grey with a yellow abdomen', 'eastern_kingbird': 'a kingbird that breeds in North America and winters in tropical America; distinguished by a white band on the tip of the tail', 'grey_kingbird': 'a kingbird that breeds in the southeastern United States and winters in tropical America; similar to but larger than the eastern kingbird', 'Contopus': 'pewees', 'pewee': 'small olive-colored woodland flycatchers of eastern North America', 'western_wood_pewee': 'small flycatcher of western North America', 'Sayornis': 'phoebes', 'phoebe': 'small dun-colored North American flycatcher', 'Pyrocephalus': 'a genus of Tyrannidae', 'vermillion_flycatcher': 'tropical American flycatcher found as far north as southern Texas and Arizona; adult male has bright scarlet and black plumage', 'Cotingidae': 'cotingas; umbrella birds', 'genus_Cotinga': 'type genus of the Cotingidae: cotingas', 'cotinga': 'passerine bird of New World tropics', 'Rupicola': 'cock of the rocks', 'cock_of_the_rock': 'bird of the Andes similar to Rupicola rupicola', 'Pipridae': 'manakins', 'Pipra': 'type genus of the Pipridae containing the typical manakins', 'manakin': 'any of numerous small bright-colored birds of Central America and South America having short bills and elaborate courtship behavior', 'Procnias': 'bellbirds', 'bellbird': 'any of several tropical American birds of the genus Procnias having a bell-like call', 'Cephalopterus': 'a genus of Cotingidae', 'umbrella_bird': 'black tropical American bird having a large overhanging crest and long feathered wattle', 'Furnariidae': 'e.g. ovenbirds', 'Furnarius': 'type genus of the family Furnariidae: ovenbirds', 'ovenbird': 'American warbler; builds a dome-shaped nest on the ground', 'Formicariidae': 'antbirds', 'antbird': 'any of various dull-colored South American birds that feeding on ants some following army ant swarms', 'Formicarius': 'type genus of the Formicariidae', 'ant_thrush': 'a kind of antbird', 'Thamnophilus': 'a genus of Formicariidae', 'ant_shrike': 'antbirds superficially resembling shrikes', 'Hylophylax': 'a genus of Formicariidae', 'spotted_antbird': 'a kind of antbird', 'Dendrocolaptidae': 'woodhewers or woodcreepers', 'Dendrocolaptes': 'type genus of the Dendrocolaptidae', 'woodhewer': 'any of numerous South American and Central American birds with a curved bill and stiffened tail feathers that climb and feed like woodpeckers', 'Pittidae': 'pittas', 'genus_Pitta': 'type genus of the Pittidae; a large genus of birds of southern Asia and Australia and adjacent islands', 'pitta': 'any bird of the genus Pitta; brilliantly colored chiefly terrestrial birds with short wings and tail and stout bills', 'Muscivora': 'a genus of Tyrannidae', 'scissortail': 'grey flycatcher of the southwestern United States and Mexico and Central America having a long forked tail and white breast and salmon and scarlet markings', 'Muscicapidae': 'Old World (true) flycatchers', 'Old_World_flycatcher': 'any of a large group of small songbirds that feed on insects taken on the wing', 'Muscicapa': 'type genus of the Muscicapidae', 'spotted_flycatcher': 'common European woodland flycatcher with greyish-brown plumage', 'Pachycephala': 'arboreal insectivorous birds', 'thickhead': 'Australian and southeastern Asian birds with a melodious whistling call', 'Turdidae': 'thrushes; in some classifications considered a subfamily (Turdinae) of the family Muscicapidae', 'Turdinae': 'alternative classification for the thrushes', 'thrush': 'candidiasis of the oral cavity; seen mostly in infants or debilitated adults', 'Turdus': 'type genus of the Turdidae', 'missel_thrush': 'large European thrush that feeds on mistletoe berries', 'song_thrush': 'common Old World thrush noted for its song', 'fieldfare': 'medium-sized Eurasian thrush seen chiefly in winter', 'redwing': 'small European thrush having reddish flanks', 'blackbird': 'common black European thrush', 'ring_ouzel': 'European thrush common in rocky areas; the male has blackish plumage with a white band around the neck', 'robin': 'small Old World songbird with a reddish breast', 'clay-colored_robin': 'robin of Mexico and Central America', 'Hylocichla': 'American thrush: wood thrush; hermit thrush; veery', 'hermit_thrush': 'North American thrush noted for its complex and appealing song', 'veery': 'tawny brown North American thrush noted for its song', 'wood_thrush': 'large thrush common in eastern American woodlands; noted for its melodious song', 'Luscinia': 'nightingales', 'nightingale': 'European songbird noted for its melodious nocturnal song', 'thrush_nightingale': 'large nightingale of eastern Europe', 'bulbul': 'nightingale spoken of in Persian poetry', 'Saxicola': 'Old World chats', 'Old_World_chat': 'songbirds having a chattering call', 'stonechat': 'common European chat with black plumage and a reddish-brown breast', 'whinchat': 'brown-and-buff European songbird of grassy meadows', 'Myadestes': 'solitaires', 'Phoenicurus': 'Old World thrushes', 'redstart': 'European songbird with a reddish breast and tail; related to Old World robins', 'Oenanthe': 'poisonous herbs: water dropworts', 'wheatear': 'small songbird of northern America and Eurasia having a distinctive white rump', 'Sialia': 'North American bluebirds', 'bluebird': 'blue North American songbird', 'Erithacus': 'Old World thrushes', 'bluethroat': 'songbird of northern Europe and Asia', 'Sylviidae': 'in some classifications considered a subfamily (Sylviinae) of the family Muscicapidae: Old World (true) warblers; American kinglets and gnatcatchers', 'Sylviinae': 'alternative classification for the Old World warblers', 'warbler': 'a singer; usually a singer who adds embellishments to the song', 'Polioptila': 'New World gnatcatchers', 'gnatcatcher': 'very small North American and South American warblers', 'Regulus': 'the brightest star in Leo', 'kinglet': 'small birds resembling warblers but having some of the habits of titmice', 'goldcrest': 'European kinglet with a black-bordered yellow crown patch', 'gold-crowned_kinglet': 'American golden-crested kinglet', 'ruby-crowned_kinglet': 'American kinglet with a notable song and in the male a red crown patch', 'Old_World_warbler': 'small active brownish or greyish Old World birds', 'Silvia': 'type genus of the Sylviidae: warblers', 'blackcap': 'small brownish-grey warbler with a black crown', 'greater_whitethroat': 'greyish-brown Old World warbler with a white throat and underparts', 'lesser_whitethroat': 'Old World warbler similar to the greater whitethroat but smaller', 'Phylloscopus': 'warblers', 'wood_warbler': 'European woodland warbler with dull yellow plumage', 'Acrocephalus': 'a genus of Sylviidae', 'sedge_warbler': 'small European warbler that breeds among reeds and wedges and winters in Africa', 'Prinia': 'a genus of Sylviidae', 'wren_warbler': 'small Asiatic and African bird; constructs nests like those of tailorbirds', 'Orthotomus': 'tailorbirds', 'tailorbird': 'tropical Asian warbler that stitches leaves together to form and conceal its nest', 'Timaliidae': 'babblers', 'Timalia': 'type genus of the Timaliidae', 'babbler': 'any of various insectivorous Old World birds with a loud incessant song; in some classifications considered members of the family Muscicapidae', 'Parulidae': 'New World warblers', 'New_World_warbler': 'small bright-colored American songbird with a weak unmusical song', 'Parula': 'type genus of the Parulidae: wood warblers', 'parula_warbler': 'small grey-blue wood warbler with yellow throat and breast; of eastern North America', \"Wilson's_warbler\": 'yellow wood warbler with a black crown', 'Setophaga': 'a genus of Parulidae', 'flycatching_warbler': 'any of numerous American wood warblers that feed on insects caught on the wing', 'American_redstart': 'flycatching warbler of eastern North America the male having bright orange on sides and wings and tail', 'Dendroica': 'a genus of Parulidae', 'Cape_May_warbler': 'North American wood warbler; olive green and yellow striped with black', 'yellow_warbler': 'yellow-throated American wood warbler', 'Blackburn': 'black-and-white North American wood warbler having an orange-and-black head and throat', \"Audubon's_warbler\": 'common warbler of western North America', 'myrtle_warbler': \"similar to Audubon's warbler\", 'blackpoll': 'North American warbler having a black-and-white head', 'Icteria': 'New World chats', 'New_World_chat': 'birds having a chattering call', 'yellow-breasted_chat': 'American warbler noted for imitating songs of other birds', 'Seiurus': 'ovenbirds and water thrushes', 'water_thrush': 'brownish North American warbler found near streams', 'Geothlypis': 'yellowthroats', 'yellowthroat': 'small olive-colored American warblers with yellow breast and throat', 'common_yellowthroat': 'an American warbler', 'Paradisaeidae': 'birds of paradise', 'bird_of_paradise': 'a tropical flowering shrub having bright orange or red flowers; sometimes placed in genus Poinciana', 'Ptloris': 'a genus of Paradisaeidae', 'riflebird': 'velvety black Australian bird of paradise with green and purple iridescence on head and tail', 'Icteridae': 'American orioles; American blackbirds; bobolinks; meadowlarks', 'New_World_oriole': 'American songbird; male is black and orange or yellow', 'Icterus': 'type genus of the Icteridae', 'northern_oriole': 'a kind of New World oriole', 'Baltimore_oriole': 'eastern subspecies of northern oriole', \"Bullock's_oriole\": 'western subspecies of northern oriole', 'orchard_oriole': 'the male is chestnut-and-black', 'Sturnella': 'a genus of passerine birds including the meadowlarks', 'meadowlark': 'North American songbirds having a yellow breast', 'eastern_meadowlark': 'a meadowlark of eastern North America', 'western_meadowlark': 'a meadowlark of western North America', 'Cacicus': 'a genus of tropical American orioles', 'cacique': 'black-and-red or black-and-yellow orioles of the American tropics', 'Dolichonyx': 'bobolinks', 'bobolink': 'migratory American songbird', 'New_World_blackbird': 'any bird of the family Icteridae whose male is black or predominantly black', 'Quiscalus': 'grackles', 'grackle': 'long-tailed American blackbird having iridescent black plumage', 'purple_grackle': 'eastern United States grackle', 'Euphagus': 'a genus of Icteridae', 'rusty_blackbird': 'North American blackbird whose bluish-black plumage is rusty-edged in the fall', 'Molothrus': 'cowbirds', 'cowbird': \"North American blackbird that follows cattle and lays eggs in other birds' nests\", 'Agelaius': 'red-winged blackbirds', 'red-winged_blackbird': 'North American blackbird with scarlet patches on the wings', 'Oriolidae': 'Old World orioles', 'Old_World_oriole': 'mostly tropical songbird; the male is usually bright orange and black', 'Oriolus': 'type genus of the Oriolidae', 'golden_oriole': 'bright yellow songbird with black wings', 'Sphecotheres': 'a genus of Old World orioles', 'fig-bird': 'greenish-yellow Australian oriole feeding chiefly on figs and other fruits', 'Sturnidae': 'Old World starlings', 'starling': 'gregarious birds native to the Old World', 'Sturnus': 'type genus of the Sturnidae: common starlings', 'common_starling': 'gregarious bird having plumage with dark metallic gloss; builds nests around dwellings and other structures; naturalized worldwide', 'Pastor': 'only the rose-colored starlings; in some classifications considered a separate genus', 'rose-colored_starling': 'glossy black bird with pink back and abdomen; chiefly Asian', 'myna': 'tropical Asian starlings', 'Acridotheres': 'mynas', 'crested_myna': 'dark brown crested bird of southeastern Asia', 'Gracula': 'mynas', 'hill_myna': 'glossy black Asiatic starling often taught to mimic speech', 'Corvidae': 'crow; raven; rook; jackdaw; chough; magpie; jay', 'corvine_bird': 'birds of the crow family', 'Corvus': 'a small quadrilateral constellation in the southern hemisphere near Virgo', 'crow': 'the cry of a cock (or an imitation of it)', 'American_crow': 'common crow of North America', 'raven': 'large black bird with a straight bill and long wedge-shaped tail', 'rook': 'common gregarious Old World bird about the size and color of the American crow', 'jackdaw': 'common black-and-grey Eurasian bird noted for thievery', 'chough': 'a European corvine bird of small or medium size with red legs and glossy black plumage', 'Garrulinae': 'subfamily of the crow family: jays', 'jay': 'crested largely blue bird', 'Garrulus': 'type genus of the Garrulinae: Old World jays', 'Old_World_jay': 'a European jay', 'common_European_jay': 'fawn-colored jay with black-and-white crest and blue-and-black wings', 'Cyanocitta': 'New World jays', 'New_World_jay': 'a North American jay', 'blue_jay': 'common jay of eastern North America; bright blue with grey breast', 'Perisoreus': 'Canada jays', 'Canada_jay': 'a jay of northern North America with black-capped head and no crest; noted for boldness in thievery', 'Rocky_Mountain_jay': 'a Canada jay with a white head; widely distributed from Montana to Arizona', 'Nucifraga': 'nutcrackers', 'nutcracker': 'a compound lever used to crack nuts open', 'common_nutcracker': 'Old World nutcracker', \"Clark's_nutcracker\": 'nutcracker of the western United States', 'Pica': 'magpies', 'magpie': 'someone who collects things that have been discarded by others', 'European_magpie': 'a common magpie of Eurasia', 'American_magpie': 'a magpie of Rocky Mountains in North America', 'Cracticidae': 'Australian birds formerly included in the family Laniidae', 'Australian_magpie': 'black-and-white oscine birds that resemble magpies', 'Cracticus': 'type genus of the Cracticidae: Australian butcherbirds', 'butcherbird': 'shrikes that impale their prey on thorns', 'Strepera': 'bell magpies', 'currawong': 'bluish black fruit-eating bird with a bell-like call', 'Gymnorhina': 'in some classifications placed in the family Laniidae: Australian piping crows', 'piping_crow': 'crow-sized black-and-white bird; a good mimic often caged', 'Troglodytidae': 'wrens', 'wren': 'any of several small active brown birds of the northern hemisphere with short upright tails; they feed on insects', 'Troglodytes': 'type genus of the Troglodytidae', 'winter_wren': 'small wren of coniferous forests of northern hemisphere', 'house_wren': 'common American wren that nests around houses', 'Cistothorus': 'marsh wrens', 'marsh_wren': 'a wren of the genus Cistothorus that frequents marshes', 'long-billed_marsh_wren': 'American wren that inhabits tall reed beds', 'sedge_wren': 'small American wren inhabiting wet sedgy meadows', 'Salpinctes': 'a genus of Troglodytidae', 'rock_wren': 'short-tailed bird resembling a wren', 'Thryothorus': 'Carolina wrens', 'Carolina_wren': 'large United States wren with a musical call', 'Campylorhynchus': 'alternative classifications for the cactus wrens', 'cactus_wren': 'large harsh-voiced American wren of arid regions of the United States southwest and Mexico', 'Mimidae': 'sometimes considered a subfamily of Troglodytidae: mockingbirds; catbirds; thrashers', 'Mimus': 'type genus of the family Mimidae: mockingbirds', 'mockingbird': 'long-tailed grey-and-white songbird of the southern United States able to mimic songs of other birds', 'Melanotis': 'a genus of Mimidae', 'blue_mockingbird': 'mockingbird of Mexico', 'Dumetella': 'catbirds', 'catbird': \"North American songbird whose call resembles a cat's mewing\", 'Toxostoma': 'thrashers', 'thrasher': 'thrush-like American songbird able to mimic other birdsongs', 'brown_thrasher': 'common large songbird of eastern United States having reddish-brown plumage', 'Xenicidae': 'alternative names for the family comprising the New Zealand wrens', 'New_Zealand_wren': 'birds of New Zealand that resemble wrens', 'Xenicus': 'type genus for the Xenicidae', 'Acanthisitta': 'a genus of Xenicidae', 'rifleman_bird': 'small green-and-bronze bird', 'Certhiidae': 'creepers', 'creeper': 'any plant (as ivy or periwinkle) that grows by creeping', 'Certhia': 'type genus of the Certhiidae', 'brown_creeper': 'a common creeper in North America with a down-curved bill', 'European_creeper': 'common European brown-and-buff tree creeper with down-curved bill', 'Tichodroma': 'wall creepers; in some classifications placed in family Sittidae', 'wall_creeper': 'crimson-and-grey songbird that inhabits town walls and mountain cliffs of southern Eurasia and northern Africa', 'Sittidae': 'nuthatches', 'nuthatch': 'any of various small short-tailed songbirds with strong feet and a sharp beak that feed on small nuts and insects', 'Sitta': 'type genus of the Sittidae', 'European_nuthatch': 'a kind of nuthatch', 'red-breasted_nuthatch': 'bluish-grey nuthatch with reddish breast; of northern coniferous forests', 'white-breasted_nuthatch': 'bluish-grey nuthatch with black head and white breast; of eastern North America', 'Paridae': 'titmice and chickadees', 'titmouse': 'small insectivorous birds', 'Parus': 'type genus of the family Paridae', 'chickadee': 'any of various small grey-and-black songbirds of North America', 'black-capped_chickadee': 'chickadee having a dark crown', 'tufted_titmouse': 'crested titmouse of eastern and midwestern United States', 'Carolina_chickadee': 'southern United States chickadee similar to the blackcap but smaller', 'blue_tit': 'widely distributed European titmouse with bright cobalt blue wings and tail and crown of the head', 'Psaltriparus': 'a genus of Paridae', 'bushtit': 'active grey titmice of western North America', 'Chamaea': 'a genus of Paridae', 'wren-tit': 'small brown bird of California resembling a wren', 'Auriparus': 'a genus of Paridae', 'verdin': 'very small yellow-headed titmouse of western North America', 'Irenidae': 'a family of birds of the suborder Oscines', 'Irena': 'type genus of the Irenidae: fairy bluebirds', 'fairy_bluebird': 'fruit-eating mostly brilliant blue songbird of the East Indies', 'Hirundinidae': 'swallows and martins', 'Hirundo': 'type genus of the Hirundinidae', 'barn_swallow': 'common swallow of North America and Europe that nests in barns etc.', 'cliff_swallow': 'North American swallow that lives in colonies and builds bottle-shaped mud nests on cliffs and walls', 'tree_swallow': 'of Australia and Polynesia; nests in tree cavities', 'Iridoprocne': 'a genus of Hirundinidae', 'white-bellied_swallow': 'bluish-green-and-white North American swallow; nests in tree cavities', 'martin': 'any of various swallows with squarish or slightly forked tail and long pointed wings; migrate around Martinmas', 'Delichon': 'a genus of Hirundinidae', 'house_martin': 'common small European martin that builds nests under the eaves of houses', 'Riparia': 'a genus of Hirundinidae', 'bank_martin': 'swallow of the northern hemisphere that nests in tunnels dug in clay or sand banks', 'Progne': 'a genus of Hirundinidae', 'purple_martin': 'large North American martin of which the male is blue-black', 'Artamidae': 'wood swallows', 'Artamus': 'type genus of the Artamidae', 'wood_swallow': 'Australasian and Asiatic bird related to the shrikes and resembling a swallow', 'Thraupidae': 'tanagers', 'tanager': 'any of numerous New World woodland birds having brightly colored males', 'Piranga': 'a genus of Thraupidae', 'scarlet_tanager': 'the male is bright red with black wings and tail', 'western_tanager': 'of western North America; male is black and yellow and orange-red', 'summer_tanager': 'of middle and southern United States; male is deep rose-red the female mostly yellow', 'hepatic_tanager': 'common tanager of southwestern United States and Mexico', 'Laniidae': 'shrikes', 'shrike': 'any of numerous Old World birds having a strong hooked bill that feed on smaller animals', 'Lanius': 'type genus of the Laniidae: typical shrikes', 'European_shrike': 'a common European butcherbird', 'northern_shrike': 'a butcherbird of northern North America', 'white-rumped_shrike': 'a butcherbird of western North America; grey with white underparts', 'loggerhead_shrike': 'a common shrike of southeastern United States having black bands around the eyes', 'migrant_shrike': 'a shrike of central North America; winters in Texas and the southern Mississippi valley', 'Malaconotinae': 'an African bush shrikes', 'bush_shrike': 'an African shrike', 'Chlorophoneus': 'a genus of Malaconotinae', 'black-fronted_bush_shrike': 'a kind of bush shrike', 'Ptilonorhynchidae': 'bowerbirds', 'bowerbird': 'any of various birds of the Australian region whose males build ornamented structures resembling bowers in order to attract females', 'Ptilonorhynchus': 'type genus of the Ptilonorhynchidae', 'satin_bowerbird': 'of southeast Australia; male is glossy violet blue; female is light grey-green', 'Chlamydera': 'a genus of Ptilonorhynchidae', 'great_bowerbird': 'large bowerbird of northern Australia', 'Cinclidae': 'water ouzels', 'water_ouzel': 'small stocky diving bird without webbed feet; frequents fast-flowing streams and feeds along the bottom', 'Cinclus': 'type genus of the family Cinclidae', 'European_water_ouzel': 'a water ouzel of Europe', 'American_water_ouzel': 'a water ouzel of western North America', 'Vireonidae': 'small insectivorous American songbirds', 'genus_Vireo': 'type genus of the Vireonidae', 'vireo': 'any of various small insectivorous American birds chiefly olive-grey in color', 'red-eyed_vireo': 'of northern North America having red irises and an olive-grey body with white underparts', 'solitary_vireo': 'of eastern North America having a bluish-grey head and mostly green body', 'blue-headed_vireo': 'common vireo of northeastern North America with bluish slaty-grey head', 'Bombycillidae': 'a family of birds of the suborder Oscines', 'Bombycilla': 'waxwings', 'waxwing': 'brown velvety-plumaged songbirds of the northern hemisphere having crested heads and red waxy wing tips', 'cedar_waxwing': 'widely distributed over temperate North America', 'Bohemian_waxwing': 'large waxwing of northern North America; similar to but larger than the cedar waxwing', 'Raptores': 'term used in former classifications; erroneously grouped together birds of the orders Falconiformes and Strigiformes', 'bird_of_prey': 'any of numerous carnivorous birds that hunt and kill other animals', 'Falconiformes': 'chiefly diurnal carnivorous birds having hooked beaks and long talons with opposable hind toe: falcons; hawks; eagles; ospreys; caracaras; vultures', 'Accipitriformes': 'in some classifications an alternative name for the Falconiformes', 'Accipitridae': 'hawks; Old World vultures; kites; harriers; eagles', 'hawk': 'an advocate of an aggressive policy on foreign relations', 'eyas': 'an unfledged or nestling hawk', 'tiercel': 'male hawk especially male peregrine or gyrfalcon', 'Accipiter': 'type genus of the family Accipitridae', 'goshawk': 'large hawk of Eurasia and North America used in falconry', 'sparrow_hawk': 'small North American falcon', \"Cooper's_hawk\": 'bluish-grey North American hawk having a darting flight', 'chicken_hawk': 'nontechnical term for any hawks said to prey on poultry', 'Buteo': 'broad-winged soaring hawks', 'buteonine': 'any hawk of the genus Buteo', 'redtail': 'dark brown American hawk species having a reddish-brown tail', 'rough-legged_hawk': 'large hawk of the northern hemisphere that feeds chiefly on small rodents and is beneficial to farmers', 'red-shouldered_hawk': 'North American hawk with reddish brown shoulders', 'buzzard': 'a New World vulture that is common in South America and Central America and the southern United States', 'Pernis': 'a common European bird of prey; dull brown with white-streaked underparts', 'honey_buzzard': 'Old World hawk that feeds on bee larvae and small rodents and reptiles', 'kite': 'a bank check that has been fraudulently altered to increase its face value', 'Milvus': 'a genus including the common European kits', 'black_kite': 'dark Old World kite feeding chiefly on carrion', 'Elanoides': 'a genus of kites', 'swallow-tailed_kite': 'graceful North American black-and-white kite', 'Elanus': 'a genus of small kites of both Old and New Worlds', 'white-tailed_kite': 'grey-and-white American kite of warm and tropical regions', 'Circus': 'a genus of haws comprising the harriers', 'harrier': 'a hound that resembles a foxhound but is smaller; used to hunt rabbits', 'marsh_harrier': 'Old World harrier frequenting marshy regions', \"Montagu's_harrier\": 'brownish European harrier', 'marsh_hawk': 'common harrier of North America and Europe; nests in marshes and open land', 'Circaetus': 'harrier eagles', 'harrier_eagle': 'any of numerous large Old World hawks intermediate in some respects between typical hawks and typical eagles', 'Falconidae': 'a family of birds of the order Falconiformes', 'falcon': 'diurnal birds of prey having long pointed powerful wings adapted for swift flight', 'Falco': 'a genus of Falconidae', 'peregrine': 'a widely distributed falcon formerly used in falconry', 'falcon-gentle': 'female falcon especially a female peregrine falcon', 'gyrfalcon': 'large and rare Arctic falcon having white and dark color phases', 'kestrel': 'small Old World falcon that hovers in the air against a wind', 'pigeon_hawk': 'small falcon of Europe and America having dark plumage with black-barred tail; used in falconry', 'hobby': \"a child's plaything consisting of an imitation horse mounted on rockers; the child straddles it and pretends to ride\", 'caracara': 'any of various long-legged carrion-eating hawks of South America and Central America', 'Polyborus': 'a genus of Falconidae', \"Audubon's_caracara\": 'widespread from southern United States to Central America; rusty black with black-and-white breast and tail', 'carancha': 'South American caracara', 'eagle': '(golf) a score of two strokes under par on a hole', 'young_bird': 'a bird that is still young', 'eaglet': 'a young eagle', 'Harpia': 'a genus of Accipitridae', 'harpy': 'any of various fruit bats of the genus Nyctimene distinguished by nostrils drawn out into diverging tubes', 'Aquila': 'a constellation in the Milky Way near Cygnus; contains the star Altair', 'golden_eagle': 'large eagle of mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere having a golden-brown head and neck', 'tawny_eagle': 'brownish eagle of Africa and parts of Asia', 'ringtail': 'an immature golden eagle', 'Haliaeetus': 'a genus of Accipitridae', 'bald_eagle': 'a large eagle of North America that has a white head and dark wings and body', 'sea_eagle': 'any of various large eagles that usually feed on fish', 'Kamchatkan_sea_eagle': 'found on coasts of the northwestern Pacific', 'ern': 'bulky greyish-brown eagle with a short wedge-shaped white tail; of Europe and Greenland', 'fishing_eagle': 'of southeast Europe and central Asia', 'Pandionidae': 'ospreys', 'Pandion': 'type genus of the Pandionidae', 'osprey': 'large harmless hawk found worldwide that feeds on fish and builds a bulky nest often occupied for years', 'vulture': 'any of various large diurnal birds of prey having naked heads and weak claws and feeding chiefly on carrion', 'Aegypiidae': 'in some classifications considered the family comprising the Old World vultures which are more often included in the family Accipitridae', 'Old_World_vulture': 'any of several large vultures of Africa and Eurasia', 'Gyps': 'a genus of Accipitridae', 'griffon_vulture': 'large vulture of southern Europe and northern Africa having pale plumage with black wings', 'Gypaetus': 'in some classifications the type genus of the family Aegypiidae', 'bearded_vulture': 'the largest Eurasian bird of prey; having black feathers hanging around the bill', 'Neophron': 'a genus of Accipitridae', 'Egyptian_vulture': 'small mostly white vulture of Africa and southern Eurasia', 'Aegypius': 'a genus of Accipitridae', 'black_vulture': 'American vulture smaller than the turkey buzzard', 'Sagittariidae': 'secretary birds', 'Sagittarius': '(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Sagittarius', 'secretary_bird': 'large long-legged African bird of prey that feeds on reptiles', 'Cathartidae': 'condors; turkey buzzards; king vultures', 'New_World_vulture': 'large birds of prey superficially similar to Old World vultures', 'Cathartes': 'type genus of the Cathartidae: turkey vultures', 'condor': 'the largest flying birds in the western hemisphere', 'Vultur': 'a bird that is usually restricted to the Andean condor', 'Andean_condor': 'large vulture of the high Andes having black plumage and white neck ruff', 'Gymnogyps': 'containing solely the California condor', 'California_condor': 'North American condor; chiefly dull black; almost extinct', 'Coragyps': 'a genus of Cathartidae', 'Sarcorhamphus': 'usually containing only the king vulture', 'king_vulture': 'large black-and-white vulture of South America and Central America; have colorful wattles and wartlike protuberances on head and neck', 'Strigiformes': 'owls', 'owl': 'nocturnal bird of prey with hawk-like beak and claws and large head with front-facing eyes', 'owlet': 'young owl', 'Strigidae': 'a family of nocturnal birds of the order Strigiformes', 'Athene': 'a genus of Strigidae', 'little_owl': 'small European owl', 'Bubo': 'a genus of Strigidae', 'horned_owl': 'large owls having prominent ear tufts', 'great_horned_owl': 'brown North American horned owl', 'Strix': 'owls lacking ear tufts', 'great_grey_owl': 'large dish-faced owl of northern North America and western Eurasia', 'tawny_owl': 'reddish-brown European owl having a round head with black eyes', 'barred_owl': 'large owl of eastern North America having its breast and abdomen streaked with brown', 'Otus': 'a genus of Strigidae', 'screech_owl': 'any owl that has a screeching cry', 'scops_owl': 'any of several small owls having ear tufts and a whistling call', 'spotted_owl': 'a large owl of North America found in forests from British Columbia to central Mexico; has dark brown plumage and a heavily spotted chest', 'Old_World_scops_owl': 'European scops owl', 'Oriental_scops_owl': 'Asian scops owl', 'hoot_owl': 'any owl that hoots as distinct from screeching', 'Surnia': 'a genus of hawk-like owls', 'hawk_owl': 'grey-and-white diurnal hawk-like owl of northern parts of the northern hemisphere', 'Asio': 'a genus of European owls', 'long-eared_owl': 'slender European owl of coniferous forests with long ear tufts', 'Sceloglaux': 'a genus of Strigidae', 'laughing_owl': 'almost extinct owl of New Zealand', 'Tytonidae': 'comprising only the barn owls', 'Tyto': 'type and only genus of the family Tytonidae', 'barn_owl': 'mottled buff and white owl often inhabiting barns and other structures; important in rodent control', 'amphibia': 'the class of vertebrates that live on land but breed in water; frogs; toads; newts; salamanders; caecilians', 'amphibian_family': 'any family of amphibians', 'amphibian_genus': 'any genus of amphibians', 'amphibian': 'a flat-bottomed motor vehicle that can travel on land or water', 'Hynerpeton': 'earliest fossil amphibian ever found; of the Devonian; found in Pennsylvania', 'Hynerpeton_bassetti': 'fossil amphibian of the Devonian having well-developed forelimbs; found in Pennsylvania', 'genus_Ichthyostega': 'second earliest fossil amphibian ever found; of the Devonian; found in Greenland', 'Ichyostega': 'early tetrapod amphibian found in Greenland', 'Urodella': 'salamanders; newts; congo snakes', 'urodele': 'amphibians that resemble lizards', 'Salamandridae': 'salamanders', 'Salamandra': 'type genus of the Salamandridae', 'salamander': 'reptilian creature supposed to live in fire', 'European_fire_salamander': 'a kind of European salamander', 'spotted_salamander': 'glossy black North American salamander with yellow spots', 'alpine_salamander': 'ovoviviparous amphibian of the Alps', 'newt': 'small usually bright-colored semiaquatic salamanders of North America and Europe and northern Asia', 'Triturus': 'chiefly aquatic salamanders', 'common_newt': 'small semiaquatic salamander', 'Notophthalmus': 'newts', 'red_eft': 'red terrestrial form of a common North American newt', 'Taricha': 'Pacific newts', 'Pacific_newt': 'any of several rough-skinned newts found in western North America', 'rough-skinned_newt': 'newt of humid coast from Alaska to southern California', 'California_newt': 'newt that is similar to Taricha granulosa in characteristics and habitat', 'eft': 'a newt in its terrestrial stage of development', 'Ambystomatidae': 'New World salamanders', 'Ambystoma': 'type genus of the Ambystomatidae', 'ambystomid': 'small to moderate-sized terrestrial or semiaquatic New World salamander', 'mole_salamander': 'brownish-black burrowing salamander of southeastern United States', 'tiger_salamander': 'widely distributed brown or black North American salamander with vertical yellowish blotches', 'axolotl': 'larval salamander of mountain lakes of Mexico that usually lives without metamorphosing', 'waterdog': 'any of several large aquatic salamanders', 'Cryptobranchidae': 'large aquatic salamanders: hellbenders; giant salamanders', 'Cryptobranchus': 'type genus of the Cryptobranchidae', 'hellbender': 'large salamander of North American rivers and streams', 'Megalobatrachus': 'giant salamanders; in some classifications included in the genus Cryptobranchus', 'giant_salamander': 'large (up to more than three feet) edible salamander of Asia', 'Proteidae': 'mud puppies', 'Proteus': '(Greek mythology) a prophetic god who served Poseidon; was capable of changing his shape at will', 'olm': 'European aquatic salamander with permanent external gills that lives in caves', 'Necturus': 'a genus of Proteidae', 'mud_puppy': 'aquatic North American salamander with red feathery external gills', 'Dicamptodontidae': 'large and small highly aquatic salamanders', 'genus_Dicamptodon': 'type genus of the Dicamptodontidae', 'dicamptodon': 'salamanders found near cold streams throughout the year', 'Pacific_giant_salamander': 'large (to 7 inches) salamander of western North America', 'Rhyacotriton': 'olympic salamanders', 'olympic_salamander': 'small large-eyed semiaquatic salamander of the United States Northwest', 'Plethodontidae': 'small mostly terrestrial New World salamanders having neither lungs nor gills as adults', 'Plethodon': 'type genus of the Plethodontidae', 'lungless_salamander': 'mostly terrestrial salamanders that breathe through their thin moist skin; lay eggs in moist places on land; rarely enter water', 'eastern_red-backed_salamander': 'common salamander of eastern North America', 'western_red-backed_salamander': 'salamander of the Pacific coast of North America', 'Desmograthus': 'an amphibian genus of Plethodontidae', 'dusky_salamander': 'common North American salamander mottled with dull brown or greyish-black', 'Aneides': 'climbing salamanders', 'climbing_salamander': 'any of several North American salamanders adapted for climbing with well-developed limbs and long somewhat squared-off toes', 'arboreal_salamander': 'yellow-spotted brown salamander of California woodlands', 'Batrachoseps': 'slender salamanders', 'slender_salamander': 'any of several small slim salamanders of the Pacific coast of the United States', 'Hydromantes': 'web-toed salamanders', 'web-toed_salamander': 'any of several salamanders with webbed toes and very long extensile tongues; excellent climbers that move with ease over smooth rock surfaces', 'Shasta_salamander': 'primarily a cave dweller in the Mount Shasta area', 'limestone_salamander': 'similar to Shasta salamander; lives in cliff crevices and taluses', 'Amphiumidae': 'congo snakes', 'genus_Amphiuma': 'congo snakes', 'amphiuma': 'aquatic eel-shaped salamander having two pairs of very small feet; of still muddy waters in the southern United States', 'Sirenidae': 'sirens', 'genus_Siren': 'a genus of Sirenidae', 'siren': 'a warning signal that is a loud wailing sound', 'Salientia': 'frogs, toads, tree toads', 'frog': 'a person of French descent', 'Ranidae': 'a family nearly cosmopolitan in distribution: true frogs', 'Rana': 'type genus of the Ranidae', 'true_frog': 'insectivorous usually semiaquatic web-footed amphibian with smooth moist skin and long hind legs', 'wood-frog': 'wide-ranging light-brown frog of moist North American woodlands especially spruce', 'leopard_frog': 'common North American green or brownish frog having white-edged dark oval spots', 'bullfrog': 'largest North American frog; highly aquatic with a deep-pitched voice', 'green_frog': 'similar to bullfrog; found in or near marshes and ponds; of United States and Canada', 'cascades_frog': 'mountain frog found near water; of United States Northwest to California', 'goliath_frog': 'largest living frog; up to a foot and weighing up to 10 lbs; Africa', 'pickerel_frog': 'a meadow frog of eastern North America', 'tarahumara_frog': 'Mexican frog found within a jump or two of water', 'grass_frog': 'a common semiterrestrial European frog', 'Leptodactylidae': 'New World frogs; in some classifications essentially coextensive with the family Bufonidae', 'leptodactylid_frog': 'toothed frogs: terrestrial or aquatic or arboreal', 'Eleutherodactylus': 'completely terrestrial robber frogs', 'robber_frog': 'small terrestrial frog of tropical America', 'Hylactophryne': 'barking frogs', 'barking_frog': \"of southwest United States and Mexico; call is like a dog's bark\", 'Leptodactylus': 'type genus of the Leptodactylidae; in some classifications placed in the family Bufonidae', 'crapaud': 'large toothed frog of South America and Central America resembling the bullfrog', 'Polypedatidae': 'Old World tree frogs', 'Polypedates': 'type genus of the Polypedatidae', 'tree_frog': 'any of various Old World arboreal frogs distinguished from true frogs by adhesive suckers on the toes', 'Ascaphidae': 'family of one species of frog: tailed frog', 'Ascaphus': 'type genus of the Ascaphidae; in some classifications included in the family Leiopelmatidae', 'tailed_frog': 'western North American frog with a taillike copulatory organ', 'Leiopelmatidae': 'primitive New Zealand frogs', 'Leiopelma': 'type and sole genus of the family Leiopelmatidae', 'Liopelma_hamiltoni': 'primitive New Zealand frog with four unwebbed toes on forefeet and five on hind feet', 'Bufonidae': 'true toads', 'true_toad': 'tailless amphibian similar to a frog but more terrestrial and having drier warty skin', 'genus_Bufo': 'type genus of the Bufonidae; common toads of New and Old Worlds', 'bufo': 'any toad of the genus Bufo', 'agua': 'largest known toad species; native to Central America; valuable destroyer of insect pests', 'European_toad': 'common toad of Europe', 'natterjack': 'common brownish-yellow short-legged toad of western Europe; runs rather than hops', 'American_toad': 'common toad of America', 'Eurasian_green_toad': 'Eurasian toad with variable chiefly green coloring', 'American_green_toad': 'small green or yellow-green toad with small black bars and stripes', 'Yosemite_toad': 'of high Sierra Nevada meadows and forest borders', 'Texas_toad': 'nocturnal burrowing toad of mesquite woodland and prairies of the United States southwest', 'southwestern_toad': 'a uniformly warty stocky toad of washes and streams of semiarid southwestern United States', 'western_toad': 'of a great variety of habitats from southern Alaska to Baja California west of the Rockies', 'Discoglossidae': 'family of Old World toads having a fixed disklike tongue', 'Alytes': 'midwife toads', 'obstetrical_toad': 'European toad whose male carries the fertilized eggs wrapped around its hind legs until they hatch', 'midwife_toad': 'similar in habit to Alytes obstetricians', 'Bombina': 'fire-bellied toads', 'fire-bellied_toad': 'toad of central and eastern Europe having red or orange patches mixed with black on its underside', 'Pelobatidae': 'the amphibian family of spadefoot toads', 'Scaphiopus': 'New World spadefoot toads', 'spadefoot': 'a burrowing toad of the northern hemisphere with a horny spade-like projection on each hind foot', 'western_spadefoot': 'this spadefoot toad live in California', 'southern_spadefoot': 'this spadefoot toad lives in the southwestern United States', 'plains_spadefoot': 'this spadefoot toad lives in plains and hills and river bottoms in areas of low rainfall east of the Rocky Mountains', 'Hylidae': 'the amphibian family of tree frogs', 'tree_toad': 'arboreal amphibians usually having adhesive disks at the tip of each toe; of southeast Asia and Australia and America', 'Hyla': 'the type genus of the Hylidae; tree toads', 'spring_peeper': 'a small brown tree toad having a shrill call heard near wetlands of eastern United States and Canada in early spring', 'Pacific_tree_toad': 'the most commonly heard frog on the Pacific coast of America', 'canyon_treefrog': 'a small chiefly ground dweller that stays within easy jumping distance of water; of United States southwest and northern Mexico', 'chameleon_tree_frog': 'a form of tree toad', 'Acris': 'cricket frogs', 'cricket_frog': 'either of two frogs with a clicking call', 'northern_cricket_frog': 'a cricket frog of eastern and central United States', 'eastern_cricket_frog': 'a cricket frog of eastern United States', 'Pseudacris': 'chorus frogs', 'chorus_frog': 'any of several small North American frogs having a loud call', 'Pternohyla': 'burrowing tree frogs', 'lowland_burrowing_treefrog': 'terrestrial burrowing nocturnal frog of grassy terrain and scrub forests having very hard upper surface of head; of the United States southwest', 'Microhylidae': 'narrow-mouthed toads and sheep frogs; some burrow and some are arboreal; found worldwide', 'Gastrophryne': 'primarily tropical narrow-mouthed toads', 'western_narrow-mouthed_toad': 'small secretive toad with smooth tough skin of central and western North America', 'eastern_narrow-mouthed_toad': 'small toad of southeastern United States', 'Hypopachus': 'sheep frogs', 'sheep_frog': 'mostly of Central America', 'Pipidae': 'tongueless frogs', 'tongueless_frog': 'almost completely aquatic frog native to Africa and Panama and northern South America', 'Pipa': 'type genus of the Pipidae', 'Surinam_toad': 'a South American toad; incubates its young in pits in the skin of its back', 'Xenopodidae': 'in some classifications the family of the genus Xenopus which is otherwise included in the family Pipidae', 'Xenopus': 'an African clawed frog; in some classifications made the type genus of a separate family Xenopodidae', 'African_clawed_frog': 'a tongueless frog native to Africa; established in the United States as result of release of laboratory and aquarium animals', 'South_American_poison_toad': 'a South American toad', 'Gymnophiona': 'an order of amphibians including caecilians', 'Caeciliidae': 'coextensive with the order Gymnophiona: legless amphibians', 'caecilian': 'any of the small slender limbless burrowing wormlike amphibians of the order Gymnophiona; inhabit moist soil in tropical regions', 'Labyrinthodontia': 'extinct amphibians typically resembling heavy-bodied salamanders or crocodiles and having a solid flattened skull and conical teeth; Devonian through Triassic', 'labyrinthodont': 'an amphibian of the superorder Labyrinthodontia', 'Stereospondyli': 'formerly a suborder of Stegocephalia; amphibia having vertebrae whose component elements are fused into a single piece; \"most vertebrates are stereospondylous\"', 'Stegocephalia': 'in former classifications a division of class Amphibia comprising all pre-Jurassic and some later extinct large salamandriform amphibia', 'Temnospondyli': 'formerly a suborder of Stegocephalia; large Carboniferous and Permian amphibians having vertebrae in which some elements remain separate', 'reptile_family': 'a family of reptiles', 'reptile_genus': 'a genus of reptiles', 'Reptilia': 'class of cold-blooded air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeleton and a body usually covered with scales or horny plates; once the dominant land animals', 'reptile': 'any cold-blooded vertebrate of the class Reptilia including tortoises, turtles, snakes, lizards, alligators, crocodiles, and extinct forms', 'Anapsida': 'oldest known reptiles; turtles and extinct Permian forms', 'anapsid': 'primitive reptile having no opening in the temporal region of the skull; all extinct except turtles', 'diapsid': 'reptile having a pair of openings in the skull behind each eye', 'Diapsida': 'used in former classifications to include all living reptiles except turtles; superseded by the two subclasses Lepidosauria and Archosauria', 'Chelonia': 'green turtles', 'chelonian': 'a reptile of the order Chelonia', 'turtle': 'any of various aquatic and land reptiles having a bony shell and flipper-like limbs for swimming', 'Cheloniidae': 'green turtles; hawksbills', 'sea_turtle': 'any of various large turtles with limbs modified into flippers; widely distributed in warm seas', 'green_turtle': 'large tropical turtle with greenish flesh used for turtle soup', 'Caretta': 'loggerhead turtles', 'loggerhead': 'very large carnivorous sea turtle; wide-ranging in warm open seas', 'Lepidochelys': 'ridleys', 'ridley': 'a marine turtle', 'Atlantic_ridley': 'grey sea turtle of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of North America', 'Pacific_ridley': 'olive-colored sea turtle of tropical Pacific and Indian and the southern Atlantic oceans', 'Eretmochelys': 'hawksbills', 'hawksbill_turtle': 'pugnacious tropical sea turtle with a hawk-like beak; source of food and the best tortoiseshell', 'Dermochelyidae': 'sea turtles', 'Dermochelys': 'type genus of the Dermochelyidae: leatherback turtles', 'leatherback_turtle': 'wide-ranging marine turtle with flexible leathery carapace; largest living turtle', 'Chelydridae': 'snapping turtles', 'snapping_turtle': 'large aggressive freshwater turtle with powerful jaws', 'Chelydra': 'snapping turtles', 'common_snapping_turtle': 'large-headed turtle with powerful hooked jaws found in or near water; prone to bite', 'Macroclemys': 'includes the alligator snapping turtle', 'alligator_snapping_turtle': 'large species having three ridges on its back; found in southeastern United States', 'Kinosternidae': 'mud turtles; musk turtles', 'Kinosternon': 'type genus of the Kinosternidae', 'mud_turtle': 'bottom-dwelling freshwater turtle inhabiting muddy rivers of North America and Central America', 'Sternotherus': 'musk turtles', 'musk_turtle': 'small freshwater turtle having a strong musky odor', 'Emydidae': 'box and water turtles', 'terrapin': 'any of various edible North American web-footed turtles living in fresh or brackish water', 'Malaclemys': 'American terrapins', 'diamondback_terrapin': 'of marshes along Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of United States', 'Pseudemys': 'sliders; red-bellied terrapin', 'red-bellied_terrapin': 'freshwater turtle of Chesapeake Bay tributaries having red markings on the lower shell', 'cooter': 'large river turtle of the southern United States and northern Mexico', 'Terrapene': 'box turtles', 'box_turtle': 'chiefly terrestrial turtle of North America; shell can be closed tightly', 'Western_box_turtle': 'primarily a prairie turtle of western United States and northern Mexico', 'Chrysemys': 'painted turtles', 'painted_turtle': 'freshwater turtles having bright yellow and red markings; common in the eastern United States', 'Testudinidae': 'land tortoises', 'tortoise': 'usually herbivorous land turtles having clawed elephant-like limbs; worldwide in arid area except Australia and Antarctica', 'Testudo': 'type genus of the Testudinidae', 'European_tortoise': 'small land tortoise of southern Europe', 'Geochelone': 'giant tortoises', 'giant_tortoise': 'very large tortoises of the Galapagos and Seychelles islands', 'Gopherus': 'gopher tortoises', 'gopher_tortoise': 'burrowing edible land tortoise of southeastern North America', 'Xerobates': 'possible new genus for desert and Texas tortoises based on recent research', 'desert_tortoise': 'burrowing tortoise of the arid western United States and northern Mexico; may be reclassified as a member of genus Xerobates', 'Texas_tortoise': 'close relative to the desert tortoise; may be reclassified as a member of genus Xerobates', 'Trionychidae': 'soft-shelled turtles', 'soft-shelled_turtle': 'voracious aquatic turtle with a flat flexible shell covered by a leathery skin; can inflict painful bites', 'Trionyx': 'type genus of the Trionychidae', 'spiny_softshell': 'river turtle of western United States with a warty shell; prefers quiet water', 'smooth_softshell': 'river turtle of Mississippi basin; prefers running water', 'Lepidosauria': 'diapsid reptiles: lizards; snakes; tuataras', 'Rhynchocephalia': 'tuataras; extinct forms from middle Triassic', 'Sphenodon': 'coextensive with the order Rhynchocephalia: tuataras', 'tuatara': 'only extant member of the order Rhynchocephalia of large spiny lizard-like diapsid reptiles of coastal islands off New Zealand', 'Squamata': 'diapsid reptiles: snakes and lizards', 'Sauria': 'true lizards; including chameleons and geckos', 'saurian': 'any of various reptiles of the suborder Sauria which includes lizards; in former classifications included also the crocodiles and dinosaurs', 'lizard': 'relatively long-bodied reptile with usually two pairs of legs and a tapering tail', 'Gekkonidae': 'geckos', 'gecko': 'any of various small chiefly tropical and usually nocturnal insectivorous terrestrial lizards typically with immovable eyelids; completely harmless', 'Ptychozoon': 'flying geckos', 'flying_gecko': 'a gecko that has membranous expansions along the sides of its body and limbs and tail that enable it to glide short distances', 'Coleonyx': 'banded geckos', 'banded_gecko': 'any of several geckos with dark bands across the body and differing from typical geckos in having movable eyelids; of United States southwest and Florida Gulf Coast', 'Pygopodidae': 'Australian and Tasmanian lizards', 'Pygopus': 'type genus of the Pygopodidae; snake-shaped pleurodont lizard with no forelimbs and only rudimentary hind limbs', 'Iguanidae': 'New World lizards', 'iguanid': 'lizards of the New World and Madagascar and some Pacific islands; typically having a long tail and bright throat patch in males', 'genus_Iguana': 'type genus of the Iguanidae', 'common_iguana': 'large herbivorous tropical American arboreal lizards with a spiny crest along the back; used as human food in Central America and South America', 'Amblyrhynchus': 'marine iguanas', 'marine_iguana': 'shore-dwelling seaweed-eating lizard of the Galapagos Islands', 'Dipsosaurus': 'desert iguanas', 'desert_iguana': 'small long-tailed lizard of arid areas of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico', 'Sauromalus': 'chuckwallas', 'chuckwalla': 'a herbivorous lizard that lives among rocks in the arid parts of southwestern United States and Mexico', 'Callisaurus': 'zebra-tailed lizard', 'zebra-tailed_lizard': 'swift lizard with long black-banded tail and long legs; of deserts of United States and Mexico', 'Uma': \"a benevolent aspect of Devi; `splendor'\", 'fringe-toed_lizard': 'with long pointed scales around toes; of deserts of United States and Mexico', 'Holbrookia': 'earless lizards', 'earless_lizard': 'any of several slender lizards without external ear openings: of plains of western United States and Mexico', 'Crotaphytus': 'collared lizards', 'collared_lizard': 'any of several robust long-tailed lizards with collars of two dark bands; of central and western United States and northern Mexico', 'Gambelia': 'leopard lizards', 'leopard_lizard': 'any of several large lizards with many dark spots; of western United States and northern Mexico', 'Sceloporus': 'spiny lizards', 'spiny_lizard': 'any of numerous lizards with overlapping ridged pointed scales; of North America and Central America', 'fence_lizard': 'spiny lizard often seen basking on fences in the United States and northern Mexico', 'western_fence_lizard': 'common western lizard; seen on logs or rocks', 'eastern_fence_lizard': 'small active lizard of United States and north to British Columbia', 'sagebrush_lizard': 'a ground dweller that prefers open ground and scattered low bushes; of United States west between Rocky and Sierra Nevada Mountains', 'Uta': 'a reptile genus of Iguanidae', 'side-blotched_lizard': 'one of the most abundant lizards in the arid western United States', 'Urosaurus': 'a reptile genus of Iguanidae', 'tree_lizard': 'a climbing lizard of western United States and northern Mexico', 'Phrynosoma': 'horned lizards', 'horned_lizard': 'insectivorous lizard with hornlike spines on the head and spiny scales on the body; of western North America', 'Texas_horned_lizard': 'of arid and semiarid open country', 'Basiliscus': 'a reptile genus of Iguanidae', 'basilisk': '(classical mythology) a serpent (or lizard or dragon) able to kill with its breath or glance', 'Anolis': 'New World chameleons', 'American_chameleon': 'small arboreal tropical American insectivorous lizards with the ability to change skin color', 'Amphisbaenidae': 'worm lizards', 'Amphisbaena': 'type genus of the Amphisbaenidae', 'worm_lizard': 'a lizard of the genus Amphisbaena; harmless wormlike limbless lizard of warm or tropical regions having concealed eyes and ears and a short blunt tail', 'Xantusiidae': 'night lizards', 'night_lizard': 'small secretive nocturnal lizard of southwestern North America and Cuba; bear live young', 'Scincidae': 'skinks', 'Scincus': 'type genus of Scincidae', 'Scincella': 'a reptile genus of Scincidae', 'skink': 'alert agile lizard with reduced limbs and an elongated body covered with shiny scales; more dependent on moisture than most lizards; found in tropical regions worldwide', 'Eumeces': 'New World skinks', 'western_skink': 'found in western North American grasslands and open woodlands', 'mountain_skink': 'frequents oak and pine habitats in rocky mountainous areas of United States southwest and Mexico', 'Cordylidae': 'small family of spiny ovoviviparous African lizards', 'Cordylus': 'type genus of the Cordylidae; spiny lizards somewhat resembling tiny crocodiles', 'Teiidae': 'whiptails; etc.', 'teiid_lizard': 'tropical New World lizard with a long tail and large rectangular scales on the belly and a long tail', 'Cnemidophorus': 'whiptails', 'whiptail': 'any of numerous very agile and alert New World lizards', 'racerunner': 'very swift lizard of eastern and central United States', 'plateau_striped_whiptail': 'having distinct longitudinal stripes: of Colorado Plateau from Arizona to western Colorado', 'Chihuahuan_spotted_whiptail': 'having longitudinal stripes overlaid with light spots; upland lizard of United States southwest and Mexico', 'western_whiptail': 'active lizard having a network of dusky dark markings; of semiarid areas from Oregon and Idaho to Baja California', 'checkered_whiptail': 'markings are darker and more marked than in western whiptail; from southeastern Colorado to eastern Chihuahua', 'Tupinambis': 'tejus', 'teju': 'large (to 3 feet) blackish yellow-banded South American lizard; raid henhouses; used as food', 'caiman_lizard': 'crocodile-like lizard of South America having powerful jaws for crushing snails and mussels', 'Agamidae': 'an Old World reptile family of Sauria', 'agamid': 'a lizard of the family Agamidae', 'genus_Agama': 'type genus of the Agamidae', 'agama': 'small terrestrial lizard of warm regions of the Old World', 'Chlamydosaurus': 'frilled lizards', 'frilled_lizard': 'large arboreal insectivorous Australian lizard with a ruff of skin around the neck', 'Draco': 'Athenian lawmaker whose code of laws prescribed death for almost every offense (circa 7th century BC)', 'dragon': 'a fiercely vigilant and unpleasant woman', 'genus_Moloch': 'genus of Australian desert lizard', 'moloch': 'any lizard of the genus Moloch', 'mountain_devil': 'desert lizard that feeds on ants', 'Anguidae': 'alligator lizards', 'anguid_lizard': 'any of a small family of lizards widely distributed in warm areas; all are harmless and useful as destroyers of e.g. slugs and insects', 'Gerrhonotus': 'alligator lizards', 'alligator_lizard': 'slim short-limbed lizard having a distinctive fold on each side that permits expansion; of western North America', 'Anguis': 'type genus of the Anguidae: blindworms', 'blindworm': 'small burrowing legless European lizard with tiny eyes; popularly believed to be blind', 'Ophisaurus': 'glass lizards', 'glass_lizard': 'snakelike lizard of Europe and Asia and North America with vestigial hind limbs and the ability to regenerate its long fragile tail', 'Xenosauridae': 'monotypic family of Mexican lizards', 'Xenosaurus': 'type and sole genus of Xenosauridae: slender-bodied Mexican lizards having the upper surface covered with tiny granules and tubercles', 'Anniellidae': 'legless lizards', 'legless_lizard': 'degenerate wormlike burrowing lizard of California closely related to alligator lizards', 'Lanthanotidae': 'stout-bodied lizards', 'Lanthanotus': 'one species', 'Lanthanotus_borneensis': 'a stout-bodied pleurodont lizard of Borneo', 'Helodermatidae': 'only known venomous lizards', 'venomous_lizard': 'any of two or three large heavy-bodied lizards; only known venomous lizards', 'Heloderma': 'type genus of the Helodermatidae; American venomous lizards', 'Gila_monster': 'large orange and black lizard of southwestern United States; not dangerous unless molested', 'beaded_lizard': 'lizard with black and yellowish beadlike scales; of western Mexico', 'Lacertidae': 'Old World lizards', 'lacertid_lizard': 'Old World terrestrial lizard', 'Lacerta': 'type genus of the Lacertidae', 'sand_lizard': 'a common and widely distributed lizard of Europe and central Asia', 'green_lizard': 'a common Eurasian lizard about a foot long', 'Chamaeleontidae': 'Old World chameleons; in some classifications they are considered a superfamily of Sauria', 'chameleon': 'a changeable or inconstant person', 'Chamaeleo': 'type genus of the Chamaeleontidae', 'African_chameleon': 'a chameleon found in Africa', 'horned_chameleon': 'a kind of chameleon', 'Varanidae': 'monitor lizards', 'Varanus': 'type and sole extant genus of the Varanidae', 'monitor': 'display produced by a device that takes signals and displays them on a television screen or a computer monitor', 'African_monitor': 'destroys crocodile eggs', 'Komodo_dragon': 'the largest lizard in the world (10 feet); found on Indonesian islands', 'Archosauria': 'a large subclass of diapsid reptiles including: crocodiles; alligators; dinosaurs; pterosaurs; plesiosaurs; ichthyosaurs; thecodonts', 'archosaur': 'extinct reptiles including: dinosaurs; plesiosaurs; pterosaurs; ichthyosaurs; thecodonts', 'Saurosuchus': 'early archosaurian carnivore', 'Proterochampsa': 'early archosaurian carnivore', 'Crocodylia': 'crocodiles; alligators; caimans; gavials', 'Loricata': 'former name for the order Crocodylia', 'crocodilian_reptile': 'extant archosaurian reptile', 'Crocodylidae': 'true crocodiles', 'Crocodylus': 'type genus of the Crocodylidae', 'crocodile': 'large voracious aquatic reptile having a long snout with massive jaws and sharp teeth and a body covered with bony plates; of sluggish tropical waters', 'African_crocodile': 'a dangerous crocodile widely distributed in Africa', 'Asian_crocodile': 'estuarine crocodile of eastern Asia and Pacific islands', \"Morlett's_crocodile\": 'a variety of crocodile', 'Tomistoma': 'a genus of Malayan crocodiles', 'false_gavial': 'crocodile of southeast Asia similar to but smaller than the gavial', 'Alligatoridae': 'alligators; caimans', 'genus_Alligator': 'type genus of the Alligatoridae', 'alligator': \"leather made from alligator's hide\", 'American_alligator': 'large alligator of the southeastern United States', 'Chinese_alligator': 'small alligator of the Yangtze valley of China having unwebbed digits', 'genus_Caiman': 'caimans', 'caiman': 'a semiaquatic reptile of Central and South America that resembles an alligator but has a more heavily armored belly', 'spectacled_caiman': 'caiman with bony ridges about the eyes; found from southern Mexico to Argentina', 'Gavialidae': 'gavials', 'Gavialis': 'type genus of the Gavialidae', 'gavial': 'large fish-eating Indian crocodilian with a long slender snout', 'dinosaur': 'any of numerous extinct terrestrial reptiles of the Mesozoic era', 'Ornithischia': 'extinct terrestrial reptiles having bird-like pelvises: armored dinosaurs (thyreophorans); boneheaded and horned dinosaurs (marginocephalians); duck-billed dinosaurs (euronithopods)', 'ornithischian': 'herbivorous dinosaur with a pelvis like that of a bird', 'genus_Pisanosaurus': 'primitive ornithischian dinosaur found in Argentina; early Triassic', 'pisanosaur': 'primitive dinosaur found in Argentina', 'genus_Staurikosaurus': 'primitive ornithischian dinosaur found in Brazil', 'staurikosaur': 'primitive dinosaur found in Brazil', 'Thyreophora': 'armored dinosaurs: stegosaurs and ankylosaurs', 'armored_dinosaur': 'dinosaurs having bony armour', 'genus_Stegosaurus': 'quadrupedal armored herbivore of the Jurassic and Cretaceous', 'stegosaur': 'herbivorous ornithischian dinosaur with a row of bony plates along its back and a spiked tail probably used as a weapon', 'genus_Ankylosaurus': 'armored herbivorous dinosaurs of the Cretaceous', 'ankylosaur': \"having the back covered with thick bony plates; thought to have walked with a sprawling gait resembling a lizard's\", 'Edmontonia': 'heavily armored and highly spiked dinosaur with semi-upright posture', 'Marginocephalia': 'includes boneheaded (pachycephalosaurs) and horned (ceratopsian) dinosaurs', 'suborder_Pachycephalosaurus': 'boneheaded dinosaurs; late Cretaceous', 'bone-headed_dinosaur': 'bipedal herbivorous dinosaurs with bony crowns', 'pachycephalosaur': 'bipedal herbivore having 10 inches of bone atop its head; largest boneheaded dinosaur ever found', 'Ceratopsia': 'horned dinosaurs', 'ceratopsian': 'any of several four-footed herbivorous dinosaurs with enormous beaked skulls; of the late Cretaceous in North America and Mongolia', 'Ceratopsidae': 'American ceratopsian dinosaurs', 'genus_Protoceratops': 'small horned dinosaurs', 'protoceratops': 'small horned dinosaur', 'genus_Triceratops': 'genus of herbivorous horned dinosaurs', 'triceratops': 'huge ceratopsian dinosaur having three horns and the neck heavily armored with a very solid frill', 'genus_Styracosaurus': 'genus of horned dinosaurs', 'styracosaur': 'an unusual ceratopsian dinosaur having many large spikes around the edge of its bony frill and a long nose horn; late Cretaceous', 'genus_Psittacosaurus': 'most primitive genus of horned dinosaurs; early Cretaceous', 'psittacosaur': 'primitive dinosaur actually lacking horns and having only the beginning of a frill; long hind limbs and short forelimbs; may have been bipedal', 'Euronithopoda': 'widespread group including duck-billed dinosaurs and their early relatives (hadrosaurs, trachodon and iguanodon)', 'ornithopod': 'bipedal herbivorous dinosaur', 'Hadrosauridae': 'duck-billed dinosaurs; upper Cretaceous', 'hadrosaur': 'any of numerous large bipedal ornithischian dinosaurs having a horny duck-like bill and webbed feet; may have been partly aquatic', 'genus_Anatotitan': 'genus of large duck-billed dinosaurs; late Cretaceous', 'anatotitan': 'one of the largest and most famous duck-billed dinosaurs', 'genus_Corythosaurus': 'genus of duck-billed dinosaurs of late Cretaceous', 'corythosaur': 'duck-billed dinosaur with nasal passages that expand into a crest like a hollow helmet', 'genus_Edmontosaurus': 'duck-billed dinosaurs of Canada', 'edmontosaurus': 'duck-billed dinosaur from Canada found as a fossilized mummy with skin', 'genus_Trachodon': 'a reptile genus of the suborder Euronithopoda', 'trachodon': 'large duck-billed dinosaur of the Cretaceous period', 'Iguanodontidae': 'iguanodons', 'genus_Iguanodon': 'type genus of the Iguanodontidae', 'iguanodon': 'massive herbivorous bipedal dinosaur with a long heavy tail; common in Europe and northern Africa; early Cretaceous period', 'Saurischia': 'extinct terrestrial reptiles: theropods (carnivorous); sauropods (herbivorous)', 'saurischian': 'herbivorous or carnivorous dinosaur having a three-pronged pelvis like that of a crocodile', 'Sauropodomorpha': 'gigantic herbivorous dinosaurs having huge bodies with long necks and small heads: Prosauropoda and Sauropoda (apatosaurus, diplodocus and titanosaurs)', 'Prosauropoda': 'the earliest known dinosaurs', 'Sauropoda': 'any of the sauropod dinosaurs', 'sauropod': 'very large herbivorous dinosaur of the Jurassic and Cretaceous having a small head a long neck and tail and five-toed limbs; largest known land animal', 'genus_Apatosaurus': 'large quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaurs with very long neck and tail; late Jurassic', 'apatosaur': 'huge quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur common in North America in the late Jurassic', 'genus_Barosaurus': 'huge quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur; late Jurassic', 'barosaur': 'a dinosaur that could grow to be as tall as a building five stories tall', 'genus_Diplodocus': 'a reptile genus of the suborder Sauropoda', 'diplodocus': 'a huge quadrupedal herbivore with long neck and tail; of late Jurassic in western North America', 'Titanosauridae': 'herbivorous dinosaurs of the Cretaceous', 'Titanosaurus': 'genus of herbivorous dinosaurs flourishing during the Cretaceous in South America', 'titanosaur': 'amphibious quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur with a long thin neck and whiplike tail; of the Cretaceous mostly in the southern hemisphere', 'genus_Argentinosaurus': 'enormous dinosaur of the middle Cretaceous found in Argentina', 'argentinosaur': 'huge herbivorous dinosaur of Cretaceous found in Argentina', 'Seismosaurus': 'genus of large herbivorous dinosaurs of Cretaceous found in western North America', 'ground-shaker': 'huge herbivorous dinosaur of the Cretaceous found in western North America', 'Theropoda': 'carnivorous saurischian dinosaurs with short forelimbs; Jurassic and Cretaceous', 'theropod': 'any of numerous carnivorous dinosaurs of the Triassic to Cretaceous with short forelimbs that walked or ran on strong hind legs', 'suborder_Ceratosaura': 'primitive saurischian dinosaurs', 'genus_Ceratosaurus': 'primitive saurischian carnivorous dinosaurs', 'ceratosaur': 'primitive medium-sized theropod; swift-running bipedal carnivorous dinosaur having grasping hands with sharp claws and a short horn between the nostrils; Jurassic in North America', 'genus_Coelophysis': 'late Triassic carnivorous saurischian dinosaurs', 'coelophysis': 'one of the oldest known dinosaurs; late Triassic; cannibalistic', 'Carnosaura': 'largest carnivorous land animals ever known', 'carnosaur': 'large carnivorous bipedal dinosaur having huge claws', 'genus_Tyrannosaurus': 'includes a single species', 'tyrannosaur': 'large carnivorous bipedal dinosaur having enormous teeth with knifelike serrations; may have been a scavenger rather than an active predator; later Cretaceous period in North America', 'genus_Allosaurus': 'carnivorous dinosaur of North America; late Jurassic', 'allosaur': 'late Jurassic carnivorous dinosaur; similar to but somewhat smaller than tyrannosaurus', 'genus_Compsognathus': 'a reptile genus of Theropoda', 'compsognathus': 'very small bipedal carnivorous dinosaur of the late Jurassic in Bavaria', 'genus_Herrerasaurus': 'primitive theropod found in Argentina; early Triassic', 'herrerasaur': 'a kind of theropod dinosaur found in Argentina', 'genus_Eoraptor': 'primitive theropod found in Argentina; early Triassic', 'eoraptor': 'a theropod dinosaur of the genus Eoraptor', 'Megalosauridae': 'megalosaurs', 'genus_Megalosaurus': 'type genus of the Megalosauridae', 'megalosaur': 'gigantic carnivorous bipedal dinosaur of the Jurassic or early Cretaceous in Europe', 'Ornithomimida': 'lightly built medium-size theropods', 'ornithomimid': 'lightly built medium-sized dinosaur having extremely long limbs and necks with small heads and big brains and large eyes', 'genus_Struthiomimus': 'small toothless saurischian dinosaurs; later Cretaceous period in Canada', 'struthiomimus': 'small light-boned toothless dinosaur resembling an ostrich in size and proportions', 'genus_Deinocheirus': 'a reptile genus of Ornithomimida', 'deinocheirus': 'lightly built medium-sized theropod with long limbs and neck', 'Maniraptora': 'advanced theropods including oviraptorids and dromaeosaurs and possibly even modern birds', 'maniraptor': 'advanced carnivorous theropod', 'oviraptorid': 'advanced carnivorous theropod', 'genus_Velociraptor': 'advanced carnivorous theropod', 'velociraptor': 'small active carnivore that probably fed on protoceratops; possibly related more closely to birds than to other dinosaurs', 'Dromaeosauridae': 'swift-running bipedal dinosaurs', 'dromaeosaur': 'a kind of maniraptor', 'genus_Deinonychus': 'advanced bipedal carnivorous dinosaur', 'deinonychus': 'swift agile wolf-sized bipedal dinosaur having a large curved claw on each hind foot; of the Cretaceous', 'genus_Utahraptor': 'advanced bipedal carnivorous dinosaur', 'utahraptor': 'large (20-ft) and swift carnivorous dinosaur having an upright slashing claw 15 inches long on each hind foot; early Cretaceous', 'genus_Mononychus': 'authorities disagree over whether to classify the genus as bird or dinosaur', 'Mononychus_olecranus': \"a turkey-sized long-legged fossil 75 million years old found in the Gobi Desert having bird-like fused wrist bones and keeled breastbone and a long tail resembling a dinosaur's; short forelimbs end in a single claw instead of wings; classification as bird or dinosaur is in dispute\", 'Synapsida': 'extinct reptiles of the Permian to Jurassic considered ancestral to mammals', 'synapsid': 'extinct reptile having a single pair of lateral temporal openings in the skull', 'Therapsida': 'extinct mammal-like reptiles found inhabiting all continents from the mid Permian to late Triassic', 'therapsid': 'probably warm-blooded; considered direct ancestor of mammals', 'Chronoperates': 'a reptile genus of Therapsida', 'Chronoperates_paradoxus': 'shrew-sized protomammal from the Alberta region of Canada; from about 55 million years ago (much more recent than other mammal-like reptiles)', 'Cynodontia': 'a division of the order Therapsida from the Triassic period comprising small carnivorous tetrapod reptiles often with mammal-like teeth', 'cynodont': 'small carnivorous reptiles', 'Exaeretodon': 'a genus of reptiles of the division Cynodontia', 'Dicynodontia': 'a division of Therapsida', 'dicynodont': 'a kind of therapsid', 'Ischigualastia': 'early reptile found in Argentina', 'Ictodosauria': 'extinct reptiles of the later Triassic period', 'ictodosaur': 'intermediate in form between the therapsids and most primitive true mammals', 'Pelycosauria': 'edaphosaurus; dimetrodon', 'pelycosaur': 'large primitive reptile having a tall spinal sail; of the Permian or late Paleozoic in Europe and North America', 'Edaphosauridae': 'a family of reptiles of the order Pelycosauria', 'genus_Edaphosaurus': 'type genus of the Edaphosauridae', 'edaphosaurus': 'heavy-bodied reptile with a dorsal sail or crest; of the late Paleozoic', 'genus_Dimetrodon': 'a reptile genus of Pelycosauria', 'dimetrodon': 'carnivorous dinosaur of the Permian in North America having a crest or dorsal sail', 'Pterosauria': 'extinct flying reptiles: pterosaurs', 'pterosaur': 'an extinct reptile of the Jurassic and Cretaceous having a bird-like beak and membranous wings supported by the very long fourth digit of each forelimb', 'Pterodactylidae': 'a reptile family in the order Pterosauria', 'Pterodactylus': 'a reptile genus of Pterodactylidae', 'pterodactyl': 'extinct flying reptile', 'Thecodontia': 'extinct terrestrial reptiles having teeth set in sockets; of the late Permian to Triassic', 'thecodont': 'presumably in the common ancestral line to dinosaurs and crocodiles and birds', 'Ichthyosauria': 'extinct marine reptiles: ichthyosaurs', 'ichthyosaur': 'any of several marine reptiles of the Mesozoic having a body like a porpoise with dorsal and tail fins and paddle-shaped limbs', 'Ichthyosauridae': 'later ichthyosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous; widely distributed in both hemispheres', 'genus_Ichthyosaurus': 'type genus of the Ichthyosauridae', 'ichthyosaurus': 'ichthyosaurs of the Jurassic', 'genus_Stenopterygius': 'a reptile genus of Ichthyosauridae', 'stenopterygius': 'an ichthyosaur of the genus Stenopterygius', 'Sauropterygia': 'extinct marine reptiles: plesiosaurs; nothosaurs', 'Plesiosauria': 'any of the plesiosaurs', 'genus_Plesiosaurus': 'a reptile genus of suborder Plesiosauria', 'plesiosaur': 'extinct marine reptile with a small head on a long neck a short tail and four paddle-shaped limbs; of the Jurassic and Cretaceous', 'Nothosauria': 'a suborder of Sauropterygia', 'genus_Nothosaurus': 'a genus of Nothosauria', 'nothosaur': 'extinct marine reptile with longer more slender limbs than plesiosaurs and less completely modified for swimming', 'Serpentes': 'snakes', 'snake': 'a deceitful or treacherous person', 'Colubridae': 'nonvenomous snakes; about two-thirds of all living species', 'colubrid_snake': 'mostly harmless temperate-to-tropical terrestrial or arboreal or aquatic snakes', 'hoop_snake': 'any of various harmless North American snakes that were formerly believed to take tail in mouth and roll along like a hoop', 'Carphophis': 'thunder snake', 'thunder_snake': 'small reddish wormlike snake of eastern United States', 'Diadophis': 'a genus of reptiles of the family Colubridae including ringneck snakes', 'ringneck_snake': 'any of numerous small nonvenomous North American snakes with a yellow or orange ring around the neck', 'Heterodon': 'a genus of small colubrid snakes containing the North American hognose snakes', 'hognose_snake': 'harmless North American snake with upturned nose; may spread its head and neck or play dead when disturbed', 'Phyllorhynchus': 'leaf-nosed snakes', 'leaf-nosed_snake': 'any of various pale blotched snakes with a blunt snout of southwestern North America', 'Opheodrys': 'North American green snakes', 'green_snake': 'any of numerous African colubrid snakes', 'smooth_green_snake': 'of western and central United States', 'rough_green_snake': 'of southern and eastern United States', 'Chlorophis': 'African green snakes', 'Coluber': 'racers', 'racer': 'someone who drives racing cars at high speeds', 'blacksnake': 'blackish racer of the eastern United States that grows to six feet', 'blue_racer': 'bluish-green blacksnake found from Ohio to Texas', 'horseshoe_whipsnake': 'slender fast-moving Eurasian snake', 'Masticophis': 'whip snakes', 'whip-snake': 'any of several small fast-moving snakes with long whiplike tails', 'coachwhip': 'a whipsnake of southern United States and Mexico; tail resembles a braided whip', 'California_whipsnake': 'a whipsnake of scrublands and rocky hillsides', 'Sonoran_whipsnake': 'both terrestrial and arboreal snake of United States southwest', 'rat_snake': 'any of various nonvenomous rodent-eating snakes of North America and Asia', 'Elaphe': 'North American rat snakes', 'corn_snake': 'large harmless snake of southeastern United States; often on farms', 'black_rat_snake': 'large harmless shiny black North American snake', 'chicken_snake': 'large North American snake', 'Ptyas': 'Asian rat snakes', 'Indian_rat_snake': 'enter buildings in pursuit of prey', 'Arizona': 'a state in southwestern United States; site of the Grand Canyon', 'glossy_snake': 'nocturnal burrowing snake of western United States with shiny tan scales', 'Pituophis': 'bull snakes', 'bull_snake': 'any of several large harmless rodent-eating North American burrowing snakes', 'gopher_snake': 'bull snake of western North America that invades rodent burrows', 'pine_snake': 'any of several bull snakes of eastern and southeastern United States found chiefly in pine woods; now threatened', 'Lampropeltis': 'king snakes and milk snakes', 'king_snake': 'any of numerous nonvenomous North American constrictors; feed on other snakes and small mammals', 'common_kingsnake': 'widespread in United States except northern regions; black or brown with yellow bands', 'milk_snake': 'nonvenomous tan and brown king snake with an arrow-shaped occipital spot; southeastern ones have red stripes like coral snakes', 'Thamnophis': 'garter snakes', 'garter_snake': 'any of numerous nonvenomous longitudinally-striped viviparous North American and Central American snakes', 'common_garter_snake': 'a garter snake that is widespread in North America', 'ribbon_snake': 'slender yellow-striped North American garter snake; prefers wet places', 'Western_ribbon_snake': 'yellow- or reddish-striped snake of temperate woodlands and grasslands to tropics', 'Tropidoclonion': 'lined snakes', 'lined_snake': 'secretive snake of city dumps and parks as well as prairies and open woods; feeds on earthworms; of central United States', 'Sonora': 'ground snakes', 'ground_snake': 'small shy brightly-ringed terrestrial snake of arid or semiarid areas of western North America', 'Potamophis': 'ground snakes', 'Haldea': 'ground snakes', 'eastern_ground_snake': 'in some classifications placed in genus Haldea; small reddish-grey snake of eastern North America', 'water_snake': 'any of various mostly harmless snakes that live in or near water', 'Natrix': 'water snakes; a cosmopolitan genus', 'Nerodia': 'North American water snakes', 'common_water_snake': 'in some classifications placed in the genus Nerodia; western United States snake that seldom ventures far from water', 'water_moccasin': 'venomous semiaquatic snake of swamps in southern United States', 'grass_snake': 'harmless European snake with a bright yellow collar; common in England', 'viperine_grass_snake': 'a small harmless grass snake', 'Storeria': 'a genus of Colubridae', 'red-bellied_snake': 'harmless woodland snake of southeastern United States', 'Chilomeniscus': 'sand snakes', 'sand_snake': 'small North American burrowing snake', 'banded_sand_snake': \"a sand snake of southwestern United States; lives in fine to coarse sand or loamy soil in which it `swims'; banding resembles that of coral snakes\", 'Tantilla': 'black-headed snakes', 'black-headed_snake': 'small secretive ground-living snake; found from central United States to Argentina', 'Oxybelis': 'vine snakes', 'vine_snake': 'slender arboreal snake found from southern Arizona to Bolivia', 'Trimorphodon': 'lyre snakes', 'lyre_snake': 'mildly venomous snake with a lyre-shaped mark on the head; found in rocky areas from southwestern United States to Central America', 'Sonoran_lyre_snake': 'of desert regions of southwestern North America', 'Hypsiglena': 'night snakes', 'night_snake': 'nocturnal prowler of western United States and Mexico', 'Typhlopidae': 'blind snakes', 'Leptotyphlopidae': 'blind snakes', 'blind_snake': 'wormlike burrowing snake of warm regions having vestigial eyes', 'Leptotyphlops': 'blind snakes of Asia and Africa and Americas', 'western_blind_snake': 'burrows among roots of shrubs and beneath rocks in desert and rocky hillside areas and beach sand of western United States', 'Drymarchon': 'a genus of Colubridae', 'indigo_snake': 'large dark-blue nonvenomous snake that invades burrows; found in southern North America and Mexico', 'eastern_indigo_snake': 'a variety of indigo snake', 'constrictor': 'any of various large nonvenomous snakes that kill their prey by crushing it in its coils', 'Boidae': 'boas and pythons', 'boa': 'any of several chiefly tropical constrictors with vestigial hind limbs', 'boa_constrictor': 'very large boa of tropical America and West Indies', 'Charina': 'boas of western North America', 'rubber_boa': 'boa of grasslands and woodlands of western North America; looks and feels like rubber with tail and head of similar shape', 'Lichanura': 'boas of western North America', 'rosy_boa': 'boa of rocky desert of southwestern United States', 'Eunectes': 'anacondas', 'anaconda': 'large arboreal boa of tropical South America', 'Pythoninae': 'Old World boas: pythons; in some classifications considered a separate family from Boidae', 'Pythonidae': 'in some classifications a family separate from Boidae comprising Old World boas', 'python': 'a soothsaying spirit or a person who is possessed by such a spirit', 'genus_Python': 'Old World boas', 'carpet_snake': 'Australian python with a variegated pattern on its back', 'reticulated_python': 'of southeast Asia and East Indies; the largest snake in the world', 'Indian_python': 'very large python of southeast Asia', 'rock_python': 'very large python of tropical and southern Africa', 'amethystine_python': 'a python having the color of amethyst', 'Elapidae': 'cobras; kraits; mambas; coral snakes; Australian taipan and tiger snakes', 'elapid': 'any of numerous venomous fanged snakes of warmer parts of both hemispheres', 'coral_snake': 'any of various venomous elapid snakes of Asia and Africa and Australia', 'Micrurus': 'coral snakes', 'eastern_coral_snake': 'ranges from Central America to southeastern United States', 'Micruroides': 'coral snakes', 'western_coral_snake': 'ranges from Central America to southwestern United States', 'Calliophis': 'Asian coral snakes', 'Asian_coral_snake': 'of India', 'Aspidelaps': 'African coral snakes', 'African_coral_snake': 'small widely distributed arboreal snake of southern Africa banded in black and orange', 'Rhynchoelaps': 'Australian coral snakes', 'Australian_coral_snake': 'small venomous but harmless snake marked with black-and-white on red', 'Denisonia': 'copperheads', 'copperhead': 'common coppery brown pit viper of upland eastern United States', 'Naja': 'cobras', 'cobra': 'venomous Asiatic and African elapid snakes that can expand the skin of the neck into a hood', 'hood': 'an aggressive and violent young criminal', 'Indian_cobra': 'a cobra of tropical Africa and Asia', 'asp': 'of southern Europe; similar to but smaller than the adder', 'Ophiophagus': 'king cobra', 'black-necked_cobra': 'aggressive cobra widely distributed in Africa; rarely bites but spits venom that may cause blindness', 'hamadryad': 'the nymph or spirit of a particular tree', 'Hemachatus': 'ringhals', 'ringhals': 'highly venomous snake of southern Africa able to spit venom up to seven feet', 'Dendroaspis': 'mambas', 'mamba': 'arboreal snake of central and southern Africa whose bite is often fatal', 'black_mamba': 'a highly venomous southern African mamba dreaded because of its quickness and readiness to bite', 'green_mamba': 'green phase of the black mamba', 'Acanthophis': 'Australian elapid snakes', 'death_adder': 'venomous Australian snake resembling an adder', 'Notechis': 'tiger snakes', 'tiger_snake': 'highly venomous brown-and-yellow snake of Australia and Tasmania', 'Pseudechis': 'venomous Australian blacksnakes', 'Australian_blacksnake': 'large semiaquatic snake of Australia; black above with red belly', 'Bungarus': 'kraits', 'krait': 'brightly colored venomous but nonaggressive snake of southeastern Asia and Malay peninsula', 'banded_krait': 'sluggish krait banded with black and yellow', 'Oxyuranus': 'taipans', 'taipan': 'large highly venomous snake of northeastern Australia', 'Hydrophidae': 'sea snakes', 'sea_snake': 'any of numerous venomous aquatic viviparous snakes having a fin-like tail; of warm littoral seas; feed on fish which they immobilize with quick-acting venom', 'Viperidae': 'Old World vipers', 'viper': 'venomous Old World snakes characterized by hollow venom-conducting fangs in the upper jaw', 'Vipera': 'type genus of the Viperidae', 'adder': 'a person who adds numbers', 'Bitis': 'a genus of Viperidae', 'puff_adder': 'large African viper that inflates its body when alarmed', 'gaboon_viper': 'large heavy-bodied brilliantly marked and extremely venomous west African viper', 'genus_Cerastes': 'horned vipers', 'horned_viper': 'highly venomous viper of northern Africa and southwestern Asia having a horny spine above each eye', 'Crotalidae': 'New World vipers: pit vipers', 'pit_viper': 'New World vipers with hollow fangs and a heat-sensitive pit on each side of the head', 'Agkistrodon': 'copperheads', 'rattle': 'a rapid series of short loud sounds (as might be heard with a stethoscope in some types of respiratory disorders); \"the death rattle\"', 'rattlesnake': 'pit viper with horny segments at the end of the tail that rattle when shaken', 'Crotalus': 'large rattlesnakes; seldom bite unless startled or pursuing prey', 'diamondback': 'large deadly rattlesnake with diamond-shaped markings', 'timber_rattlesnake': 'widely distributed in rugged ground of eastern United States', 'canebrake_rattlesnake': 'southern variety', 'prairie_rattlesnake': 'widely distributed between the Mississippi and the Rockies', 'sidewinder': 'air-to-air missile with infrared homing device', 'Western_diamondback': 'largest and most dangerous North American snake; of southwestern United States and Mexico', 'rock_rattlesnake': 'mountain rock dweller of Mexico and most southern parts of United States southwest', 'tiger_rattlesnake': 'having irregularly cross-banded back; of arid foothills and canyons of southern Arizona and Mexico', 'Mojave_rattlesnake': 'extremely dangerous; most common in areas of scattered scrubby growth; from Mojave Desert to western Texas and into Mexico', 'speckled_rattlesnake': 'markings vary but usually harmonize with background; of southwestern Arizona and Baja California', 'Sistrurus': 'pygmy rattlesnakes', 'massasauga': 'pygmy rattlesnake found in moist areas from the Great Lakes to Mexico; feeds on mice and small amphibians', 'ground_rattler': 'small pygmy rattlesnake', 'Bothrops': 'fer-de-lance', 'fer-de-lance': 'large extremely venomous pit viper of Central America and South America', 'beak': 'a beaklike, tapering tip on certain plant structures', 'cere': 'the fleshy, waxy covering at the base of the upper beak of some birds', 'carcase': 'the dead body of an animal especially one slaughtered and dressed for food', 'carrion': 'the dead and rotting body of an animal; unfit for human food', 'roadkill': 'the dead body of an animal that has been killed on a road by a vehicle; \"vultures usually feed on carrion or roadkill\"', 'arthropod_family': 'any of the arthropods', 'arthropod_genus': 'a genus of arthropods', 'Arthropoda': 'jointed-foot invertebrates: arachnids; crustaceans; insects; millipedes; centipedes', 'arthropod': 'invertebrate having jointed limbs and a segmented body with an exoskeleton made of chitin', 'trilobite': 'an extinct arthropod that was abundant in Paleozoic times; had an exoskeleton divided into three parts', 'Chelicerata': 'spiders; scorpions; horseshoe crabs', 'chelicera': 'either of the first pair of fang-like appendages near the mouth of an arachnid; often modified for grasping and piercing', 'mouthpart': 'any part of the mouth of an insect or other arthropod especially one adapted to a specific way of feeding', 'Arachnida': 'a large class of arthropods including spiders and ticks and scorpions and daddy longlegs; have four pairs of walking legs and no wings', 'arachnid': 'air-breathing arthropods characterized by simple eyes and four pairs of legs', 'Phalangida': 'harvestmen', 'Phalangiidae': 'a family of Phalangida', 'Phalangium': 'type genus of the family Phalangiidae', 'harvestman': 'spiderlike arachnid with a small rounded body and very long thin legs', 'Scorpionida': 'true scorpions', 'scorpion': 'arachnid of warm dry regions having a long segmented tail ending in a venomous stinger', 'Chelonethida': 'false scorpions', 'false_scorpion': 'small nonvenomous arachnid resembling a tailless scorpion', 'Chelifer': 'a genus of Chelonethida', 'book_scorpion': 'minute arachnid sometimes found in old papers', 'Pedipalpi': 'whip scorpions', 'whip-scorpion': 'nonvenomous arachnid that resembles a scorpion and that has a long thin tail without a stinger', 'Mastigoproctus': 'giant whip scorpions', 'vinegarroon': 'large whip-scorpion of Mexico and southern United States that emits a vinegary odor when alarmed', 'Araneae': 'spiders', 'spider': 'a computer program that prowls the internet looking for publicly accessible resources that can be added to a database; the database can then be searched with a search engine', 'orb-weaving_spider': 'a spider that spins a circular (or near circular) web', 'Argiopidae': 'spiders that spin orb webs; cosmopolitan in distribution', 'Argiope': 'the type genus of Argiopidae; small genus of orb-weaving spiders', 'black_and_gold_garden_spider': 'a widely distributed North American garden spider', 'Aranea': 'a genus of orb-weaving spiders including common garden spiders and barn spiders', 'barn_spider': 'an orange and tan spider with darkly banded legs that spins an orb web daily; \"the barn spider was made famous in E. B. White\\'s book `Charlotte\\'s Web\\'\"', 'garden_spider': 'a spider common in European gardens', 'Theridiidae': 'a family of comb-footed spiders', 'comb-footed_spider': 'spider having a comb-like row of bristles on each hind foot', 'Latrodectus': 'venomous spiders', 'black_widow': 'venomous New World spider; the female is black with an hourglass-shaped red mark on the underside of the abdomen', 'Theraphosidae': 'large tropical spiders; tarantulas', 'tarantula': 'large hairy tropical spider with fangs that can inflict painful but not highly venomous bites', 'Lycosidae': 'wolf spiders', 'wolf_spider': 'ground spider that hunts its prey instead of using a web', 'Lycosa': 'type genus of the family Lycosidae', 'European_wolf_spider': 'large southern European spider once thought to be the cause of tarantism (uncontrollable bodily movement)', 'Ctenizidae': 'large burrowing spiders', 'trap-door_spider': 'American spider that constructs a silk-lined nest with a hinged lid', 'Acarina': 'mites and ticks', 'acarine': 'mite or tick', 'tick': 'a metallic tapping sound; \"he counted the ticks of the clock\"', 'Ixodidae': 'hard ticks', 'hard_tick': 'ticks having a hard shield on the back and mouth parts that project from the head', 'Ixodes': 'type genus of the family Ixodidae', 'Ixodes_dammini': 'a northeastern tick now recognized as same species as Ixodes scapularis', 'Ixodes_neotomae': 'a tick that usually does not bite humans; transmits Lyme disease spirochete to dusky-footed wood rats', 'Ixodes_pacificus': 'a tick that feeds on dusky-footed wood rat and bites humans; principal vector for Lyme disease in western United States especially northern California', 'Ixodes_scapularis': 'parasitic on mice of genus Peromyscus and bites humans; principal vector for Lyme disease in eastern United States (especially New England); northern form was for a time known as Ixodes dammini (deer tick)', 'sheep-tick': 'parasitic on sheep and cattle as well as humans; can transmit looping ill in sheep (acute viral disease of the nervous system); a vector for Lyme disease spirochete', 'Ixodes_persulcatus': 'bites humans; a vector for Lyme disease spirochete', 'Ixodes_dentatus': 'usually does not bite humans; transmits Lyme disease spirochete to cottontail rabbits and wood rats', 'Ixodes_spinipalpis': 'usually does not bite humans; transmits Lyme disease spirochete to cottontail rabbits and wood rats', 'Dermacentor': 'vectors of important diseases of man and animals', 'wood_tick': 'common tick that can transmit Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia', 'Argasidae': 'soft ticks', 'soft_tick': 'tick lacking a dorsal shield and having mouth parts on the under side of the head', 'mite': 'any of numerous very small to minute arachnids often infesting animals or plants or stored foods', 'web-spinning_mite': 'a mite that spins a web', 'Acaridae': 'mites', 'acarid': 'very small free-living arachnid that is parasitic on animals or plants; related to ticks', 'Trombidiidae': 'mites', 'trombidiid': 'mite that in all stages feeds on other arthropods', 'Trombiculidae': 'mites', 'trombiculid': 'mite that as nymph and adult feeds on early stages of small arthropods but whose larvae are parasitic on terrestrial vertebrates', 'Trombicula': 'type genus of the family Trombiculidae', 'harvest_mite': 'larval mite that sucks the blood of vertebrates including human beings causing intense irritation', 'Sarcoptidae': 'small whitish mites', 'Sarcoptes': 'type genus of the family Sarcoptidae: itch mites', 'acarus': 'any of several mites of the order Acarina', 'itch_mite': 'whitish mites that attack the skin of humans and other animals; \"itch mites cause scabies\"', 'rust_mite': 'any of several varieties of mite that burrow into plants and cause a reddish-brown discoloration on the leaves or fruit', 'Tetranychidae': 'plant-feeding mites', 'spider_mite': 'web-spinning mite that attacks garden plants and fruit trees', 'Panonychus': 'a genus of Tetranychidae', 'red_spider': 'small web-spinning mite; a serious orchard pest', 'superclass_Myriapoda': 'used in some classifications to encompass the millipedes (Diplopoda) and centipedes (Chilopoda); formerly a large taxon including also the Pauropoda and Symphyla; the term Myriapoda now usually used synonymously with Diplopoda and limited to the millipedes', 'myriapod': 'general term for any terrestrial arthropod having an elongated body composed of many similar segments: e.g. centipedes and millipedes', 'Pauropoda': 'an obscure class of minute arthropods with branched antennae and 8 to 10 pairs of legs', 'Symphyla': 'small class of minute arthropods; unimportant except for the garden centipede', 'Scutigerella': 'garden centipedes', 'garden_centipede': 'minute arthropod often infesting the underground parts of truck-garden and greenhouse crops', 'Tardigrada': 'in some classifications considered a separate phylum: microscopic arachnid-like invertebrates living in water or damp moss having 4 pairs of legs and instead of a mouth a pair of stylets or needlelike piercing organs connected with the pharynx', 'tardigrade': 'an arthropod of the division Tardigrada', 'Chilopoda': 'arthropods having the trunk composed of numerous somites each bearing one pair of legs: centipedes', 'centipede': 'chiefly nocturnal predacious arthropod having a flattened body of 15 to 173 segments each with a pair of legs, the foremost pair being modified as prehensors', 'prehensor': 'the anterior pair of legs of a centipede that are modified to seize prey and inject venom from the toxicognaths', 'toxicognath': 'either of a pair of poison fangs in the modified front pair of legs of the centipede', 'Scutigeridae': 'a family of Chilopoda', 'Scutigera': 'a genus of Scutigeridae', 'house_centipede': 'long-legged centipede common in damp places as e.g. cellars', 'Geophilomorpha': 'small elongate centipedes living in soil and under stones and having more than 30 pairs of legs', 'Geophilidae': 'small extremely elongate centipedes that live in earth', 'Geophilus': 'type genus of the Geophilidae: a cosmopolitan genus of centipedes sometimes called earwigs', 'Diplopoda': 'arthropods having the body composed of numerous double somites each with two pairs of legs: millipedes', 'millipede': 'any of numerous herbivorous nonpoisonous arthropods having a cylindrical body of 20 to 100 or more segments most with two pairs of legs', 'Pycnogonida': 'sea spiders', 'sea_spider': 'any of various small spiderlike marine arthropods having small thin bodies and long slender legs', 'Merostomata': 'used in some classifications; includes the orders Xiphosura and Eurypterida', 'Xiphosura': 'horseshoe crabs and extinct forms', 'Limulidae': 'horseshoe crabs', 'Limulus': 'type genus of the family Limulidae', 'horseshoe_crab': 'large marine arthropod of the Atlantic coast of North America having a domed carapace that is shaped like a horseshoe and a stiff pointed tail; a living fossil related to the wood louse', 'Tachypleus': 'a genus of Limulidae', 'Asian_horseshoe_crab': 'horseshoe crab of the coast of eastern Asia', 'Eurypterida': 'extinct aquatic arthropods of the Paleozoic', 'eurypterid': 'large extinct scorpion-like arthropod considered related to horseshoe crabs', 'Pentastomida': 'tongue worms', 'tongue_worm': 'wormlike arthropod having two pairs of hooks at the sides of the mouth; parasitic in nasal sinuses of mammals', 'Galliformes': 'pheasants; turkeys; grouse; partridges; quails; chickens; brush turkeys; curassows; hoatzins', 'gallinaceous_bird': 'heavy-bodied largely ground-feeding domestic or game birds', 'domestic_fowl': 'a domesticated gallinaceous bird thought to be descended from the red jungle fowl', 'Dorking': 'an English breed of large domestic fowl having five toes (the hind toe doubled)', 'Plymouth_Rock': 'a boulder in Plymouth supposed to be where the Pilgrims disembarked from the Mayflower', 'Cornish': 'a Celtic language spoken in Cornwall', 'Rock_Cornish': 'small plump hybrid developed by crossbreeding Plymouth Rock and Cornish fowl', 'game_fowl': 'any of several breeds reared for cockfighting', 'cochin': 'Asian breed of large fowl with dense plumage and feathered legs', 'Gallus': 'common domestic birds and related forms', 'jungle_fowl': 'small Asiatic wild bird; believed to be ancestral to domestic fowl', 'jungle_cock': 'male jungle fowl', 'jungle_hen': 'female jungle fowl', 'red_jungle_fowl': 'a jungle fowl of southeastern Asia that is considered ancestral to the domestic fowl', 'chicken': 'the flesh of a chicken used for food', 'bantam': 'any of various small breeds of fowl', 'chick': 'young bird especially of domestic fowl', 'cockerel': 'a young domestic cock; not older than one year', 'capon': 'flesh of a castrated male chicken', 'cackler': 'a hen that has just laid an egg and emits a shrill squawk', 'brood_hen': 'a domestic hen ready to brood', 'mother_hen': 'a person who cares for the needs of others (especially in an overprotective or interfering way)', 'pullet': 'young hen usually less than a year old', 'spring_chicken': 'a young chicken having tender meat', 'Rhode_Island_red': 'American breed of heavy-bodied brownish-red general-purpose chicken', 'Dominique': 'American breed of chicken having barred grey plumage raised for meat and brown eggs', 'Orpington': 'English breed of large chickens with white skin', 'Meleagrididae': 'turkeys and some extinct forms', 'Meleagris': 'type genus of the Meleagrididae: wild and domestic turkeys', 'turkey': 'flesh of large domesticated fowl usually roasted', 'turkey_cock': 'male turkey', 'Agriocharis': 'a genus of birds of the family Meleagrididae including the ocellated turkey', 'ocellated_turkey': 'wild turkey of Central America and northern South America', 'Tetraonidae': 'grouse', 'grouse': 'flesh of any of various grouse of the family Tetraonidae; usually roasted; flesh too dry to broil', 'Lyrurus': 'black grouse', 'black_grouse': 'grouse of which the male is bluish-black', 'European_black_grouse': 'large northern European grouse that is black with a lyre-shaped tail', 'Asian_black_grouse': 'a black grouse of western Asia', 'blackcock': 'male black grouse', 'greyhen': 'female black grouse', 'Lagopus': 'ptarmigans', 'ptarmigan': 'large Arctic and subarctic grouse with feathered feet and usually white winter plumage', 'red_grouse': 'reddish-brown grouse of upland moors of Great Britain', 'moorhen': 'black gallinule that inhabits ponds and lakes', 'moorcock': 'male red grouse', 'Tetrao': 'type genus of the Tetraonidae: capercaillies', 'capercaillie': 'large black Old World grouse', 'Canachites': 'spruce grouse', 'spruce_grouse': 'North American grouse that feeds on evergreen buds and needles', 'Centrocercus': 'sage grouse', 'sage_grouse': 'large grouse of sagebrush regions of North America', 'Bonasa': 'ruffed grouse', 'ruffed_grouse': 'valued as a game bird in eastern United States and Canada', 'Pedioecetes': 'sharp-tailed grouse', 'sharp-tailed_grouse': 'large grouse of prairies and open forests of western North America', 'Tympanuchus': 'prairie chickens', 'prairie_chicken': 'brown mottled North American grouse of western prairies', 'greater_prairie_chicken': 'the most common variety of prairie chicken', 'lesser_prairie_chicken': 'a smaller prairie chicken of western Texas', 'heath_hen': 'extinct prairie chicken', 'Cracidae': 'curassows; guans; chachalacas', 'guan': 'any of several large turkey-like game birds of the family Cracidae; native to jungles of tropical America; resembling the curassows and valued as food', 'Crax': 'type genus of the Cracidae: curassows', 'curassow': 'large crested arboreal game bird of warm parts of the Americas having long legs and tails; highly esteemed as game and food', 'Penelope': '(Greek mythology) the wife of Odysseus and a symbol of devotion and fidelity; for 10 years while Odysseus fought the Trojan War she resisted numerous suitors until Odysseus returned and killed them', 'Pipile': 'genus of large crested guans (the piping guans)', 'piping_guan': 'a kind of guan', 'Ortalis': 'chachalacas', 'chachalaca': 'slender arboreal guan resembling a wild turkey; native to Central America and Mexico; highly regarded as game birds', 'Texas_chachalaca': 'of Mexico and Texas', 'Megapodiidae': 'megapodes', 'Megapodius': 'type genus of the Megapodiidae', 'megapode': 'large-footed short-winged birds of Australasia; build mounds of decaying vegetation to incubate eggs', 'genus_Leipoa': 'mallee fowl', 'mallee_fowl': 'Australian mound bird; incubates eggs naturally in sandy mounds', 'mallee_hen': 'adult female mallee fowl', 'Alectura': 'brush turkeys', 'brush_turkey': 'black megapode of wooded regions of Australia and New Guinea', 'Macrocephalon': 'maleos', 'maleo': 'Celebes megapode that lays eggs in holes in sandy beaches', 'Phasianidae': 'pheasants; quails; partridges', 'phasianid': 'a kind of game bird in the family Phasianidae', 'Phasianus': 'type genus of the Phasianidae: the typical pheasants', 'pheasant': 'flesh of a pheasant; usually braised', 'ring-necked_pheasant': 'common pheasant having bright plumage and a white neck ring', 'genus_Afropavo': 'Congo peafowl', 'afropavo': 'both sexes are brightly colored', 'Argusianus': 'argus pheasants', 'argus': 'large brilliantly patterned East Indian pheasant', 'Chrysolophus': 'golden pheasants', 'golden_pheasant': 'brightly colored crested pheasant of mountains of western and central Asia', 'Colinus': 'New World quail: the bobwhites', 'bobwhite': 'a popular North American game bird; named for its call', 'northern_bobwhite': 'a favorite game bird of eastern and central United States', 'Coturnix': 'Old World quail', 'Old_World_quail': 'small game bird with a rounded body and small tail', 'migratory_quail': 'the typical Old World quail', 'Lophophorus': 'monals', 'monal': 'brilliantly colored pheasant of southern Asia', 'Odontophorus': 'genus of Central and South American crested partridges resembling quails; sometimes placed in a distinct subfamily or isolated in a distinct family', 'Pavo': 'a small constellation near the South Pole between Tucana and Ara', 'peafowl': 'very large terrestrial southeast Asian pheasant often raised as an ornamental bird', 'peachick': 'a young peafowl', 'peacock': 'European butterfly having reddish-brown wings each marked with a purple eyespot', 'peahen': 'female peafowl', 'blue_peafowl': 'peafowl of India and Ceylon', 'green_peafowl': 'peafowl of southeast Asia', 'quail': 'flesh of quail; suitable for roasting or broiling if young; otherwise must be braised', 'Lofortyx': 'California quail', 'California_quail': 'plump chunky bird of coastal California and Oregon', 'genus_Tragopan': 'a genus of Phasianidae', 'tragopan': 'brilliantly colored Asian pheasant having wattles and two fleshy processes on the head', 'Perdicidae': 'Old World partridges', 'partridge': 'flesh of either quail or grouse', 'Perdix': 'a genus of Perdicinae', 'Hungarian_partridge': 'common European partridge', 'Alectoris': 'a genus of Perdicidae', 'red-legged_partridge': 'common western European partridge with red legs', 'Greek_partridge': 'of mountainous areas of southern Europe', 'Oreortyx': 'mountain quail of western United States', 'mountain_quail': 'California partridge; slightly larger than the California quail', 'Numididae': 'guinea fowl and related birds of Africa and Madagascar', 'Numida': 'guinea fowl', 'guinea_fowl': 'a west African bird having dark plumage mottled with white; native to Africa but raised for food in many parts of the world', 'guinea_hen': 'flesh of a guinea fowl (especially of hens)', 'Opisthocomidae': 'comprising the hoatzins', 'Opisthocomus': 'type genus of the Opisthocomidae: hoatzins', 'hoatzin': 'crested ill-smelling South American bird whose young have claws on the first and second digits of the wings', 'Tinamiformes': 'coextensive with the family Tinamidae', 'Tinamidae': 'comprising the tinamous', 'tinamou': 'heavy-bodied small-winged South American game bird resembling a gallinaceous bird but related to the ratite birds', 'Columbiformes': 'sand grouse; pigeons; doves; extinct dodos and solitaires', 'columbiform_bird': 'a cosmopolitan order of land birds having small heads and short legs with four unwebbed toes', 'Raphidae': 'extinct dodos and solitaires', 'Raphus': 'type genus of the Raphidae: dodos', 'dodo': 'someone whose style is out of fashion', 'Pezophaps': 'constituted by the extinct solitaire', 'Columbidae': 'doves and pigeons', 'pigeon': 'wild and domesticated birds having a heavy body and short legs', 'pouter_pigeon': 'one of a breed of pigeon that enlarge their crop until their breast is puffed out', 'dove': 'someone who prefers negotiations to armed conflict in the conduct of foreign relations', 'Columba': 'a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Puppis and Caelum', 'rock_dove': 'pale grey Eurasian pigeon having black-striped wings from which most domestic species are descended', 'band-tailed_pigeon': 'wild pigeon of western North America; often mistaken for the now extinct passenger pigeon', 'wood_pigeon': 'Eurasian pigeon with white patches on wings and neck', 'Streptopelia': 'turtledoves', 'turtledove': 'any of several Old World wild doves', 'Streptopelia_turtur': 'the common European wild dove noted for its plaintive cooing', 'ringdove': 'greyish Old World turtledove with a black band around the neck; often caged', 'Stictopelia': 'a genus of Columbidae', 'Australian_turtledove': 'small Australian dove', 'Zenaidura': 'mourning doves', 'mourning_dove': 'wild dove of the United States having a mournful call', 'domestic_pigeon': 'domesticated pigeon raised for sport or food', 'squab': 'flesh of a pigeon suitable for roasting or braising; flesh of a dove (young squab) may be broiled', 'fairy_swallow': 'fancy domestic pigeon having blue-and-white plumage and heavily muffed feet', 'homing_pigeon': 'pigeon trained to return home', 'carrier_pigeon': 'a homing pigeon used to carry messages', 'Ectopistes': 'a genus of Columbidae', 'passenger_pigeon': 'gregarious North American migratory pigeon now extinct', 'Pteroclididae': 'sandgrouses', 'sandgrouse': 'pigeon-like bird of arid regions of the Old World having long pointed wings and tail and precocial downy young', 'Pterocles': 'type genus of the Pteroclididae', 'painted_sandgrouse': 'sandgrouse of India', 'pin-tailed_sandgrouse': 'sandgrouse of Europe and Africa having elongated middle tail feathers', 'Syrrhaptes': 'a genus of Pteroclididae', \"pallas's_sandgrouse\": 'Eurasiatic sandgrouse with a black patch on the belly', 'Psittaciformes': 'an order of birds including parrots and amazons and cockatoos and lorikeets and lories and macaws and parakeets', 'parrot': 'a copycat who does not understand the words or acts being imitated', 'popinjay': 'a vain and talkative person (chatters like a parrot)', 'Psittacidae': 'coextensive with the order Psittaciformes', 'Psittacus': 'type genus of the Psittacidae: usually restricted to the African grey', 'African_grey': 'commonly domesticated grey parrot with red-and-black tail and white face; native to equatorial Africa', 'Amazona': 'a genus of Psittacidae', 'amazon': 'a large strong and aggressive woman', 'Ara': 'a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Telescopium and Norma', 'macaw': 'long-tailed brilliantly colored parrot of Central America and South America; among the largest and showiest of parrots', 'Nestor': '(Greek mythology) a wise old counselor to the Greeks at Troy', 'kea': 'large brownish-green New Zealand parrot', 'Kakatoe': 'a genus of Psittacidae', 'cockatoo': 'white or light-colored crested parrot of the Australian region; often kept as cage birds', 'sulphur-crested_cockatoo': 'white cockatoo with a yellow erectile crest', 'pink_cockatoo': 'white Australian cockatoo with roseate tinged plumage', 'Nymphicus': 'a genus of Psittacidae', 'cockateel': 'small grey Australian parrot with a yellow crested head', 'Agapornis': 'a genus of Psittacidae', 'lovebird': 'small African parrot noted for showing affection for their mates', 'Loriinae': 'lories', 'lory': 'small brightly colored Australasian parrots having a brush-tipped tongue for feeding on nectar and soft fruits', 'lorikeet': 'any of various small lories', 'Glossopsitta': 'a genus of Loriinae', 'varied_Lorikeet': 'lorikeet with a colorful coat', 'Trichoglossus': 'a genus of Loriinae', 'rainbow_lorikeet': 'a kind of lorikeet', 'parakeet': 'any of numerous small slender long-tailed parrots', 'Conuropsis': 'a genus of Psittacidae', 'Carolina_parakeet': 'extinct parakeet whose range extended far into the United States', 'Melopsittacus': 'a genus of Psittacidae', 'budgerigar': 'small Australian parakeet usually light green with black and yellow markings in the wild but bred in many colors', 'Psittacula': 'a genus of Psittacidae', 'ring-necked_parakeet': 'African parakeet', 'Cuculiformes': 'cuckoos; touracos; etc.', 'cuculiform_bird': 'birds having zygodactyl feet (except for the touracos)', 'Cuculidae': 'includes cuckoo; ani; roadrunner', 'cuckoo': 'any of numerous European and North American birds having pointed wings and a long tail', 'Cuculus': 'type genus of the Cuculidae', 'European_cuckoo': 'common cuckoo of Europe having a distinctive two-note call; lays eggs in the nests of other birds', 'Coccyzus': 'a genus of Cuculidae', 'black-billed_cuckoo': 'North American cuckoo; builds a nest and rears its own young', 'Geococcyx': 'roadrunners', 'roadrunner': 'speedy largely terrestrial bird found from California and Mexico to Texas', 'Crotophaga': 'ani', 'ani': 'black tropical American cuckoo', 'Centropus': 'a genus of Cuculidae', 'coucal': 'Old World ground-living cuckoo having a long dagger-like hind claw', 'crow_pheasant': 'common coucal of India and China', 'pheasant_coucal': 'Australian bird with a tail like a pheasant', 'Musophagidae': 'touracos', 'Musophaga': 'type genus of the Musophagidae', 'touraco': 'large brightly crested bird of Africa', 'Coraciiformes': 'rollers; kingfishers; hornbills; hoopoes; motmots; bee eaters; todies', 'Picariae': 'term used in some classifications as nearly equivalent to the order Coraciiformes', 'coraciiform_bird': 'chiefly short-legged arboreal nonpasserine birds that nest in holes', 'Coraciidae': 'rollers', 'Coracias': 'type genus of the Coraciidae', 'European_roller': 'common European blue-and-green roller with a reddish-brown back', 'ground_roller': 'Madagascan roller with terrestrial and crepuscular habits that feeds on e.g. insects and worms', 'Alcedinidae': 'kingfishers', 'halcyon': 'a mythical bird said to breed at the time of the winter solstice in a nest floating on the sea and to have the power of calming the winds and waves', 'kingfisher': 'nonpasserine large-headed bird with a short tail and long sharp bill; usually crested and bright-colored; feed mostly on fish', 'Alcedo': 'type genus of the Alcedinidae', 'Eurasian_kingfisher': 'small kingfisher with greenish-blue and orange plumage', 'Ceryle': 'a genus of birds of the family Alcedinidae', 'belted_kingfisher': 'greyish-blue North American kingfisher with a chestnut band on its chest', 'Dacelo': 'Australasian kingfishers', 'Halcyon': 'a large kingfisher widely distributed in warmer parts of the Old World', 'kookaburra': 'Australian kingfisher having a loud cackling cry', 'Meropidae': 'bee-eaters', 'Merops': 'type genus of the Meropidae', 'bee_eater': 'colorful chiefly tropical Old World bird having a strong graceful flight; feeds on especially bees', 'Bucerotidae': 'hornbills', 'Buceros': 'type genus of the family Bucerotidae', 'hornbill': 'bird of tropical Africa and Asia having a very large bill surmounted by a bony protuberance; related to kingfishers', 'Upupidae': 'hoopoes', 'Upupa': 'type genus of the Upupidae', 'hoopoe': 'any of several crested Old World birds with a slender downward-curved bill', 'Euopean_hoopoe': 'pinkish-brown hoopoe with black-and-white wings', 'Phoeniculidae': 'wood hoopoes', 'Phoeniculus': 'type and only genus of the family Phoeniculidae', 'wood_hoopoe': 'tropical African bird having metallic blackish plumage but no crest', 'Momotidae': 'a family of birds of the order Coraciiformes', 'Momotus': 'type genus of the Momotidae', 'motmot': 'tropical American bird resembling a blue jay and having greenish and bluish plumage', 'Todidae': 'a family of birds of the order Coraciiformes', 'Todus': 'type genus of the Todidae', 'tody': 'tiny insectivorous West Indian bird having red-and-green plumage and a long straight bill', 'Apodiformes': 'swifts; hummingbirds', 'apodiform_bird': 'nonpasserine bird having long wings and weak feet; spends much of its time in flight', 'Apodidae': 'swifts; in former classifications included in the order Coraciiformes', 'swift': 'a small bird that resembles a swallow and is noted for its rapid flight', 'Apus': 'a constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near Octans', 'European_swift': 'common European bird with a shrieking call that nests chiefly about eaves of buildings or on cliffs', 'Chateura': 'a genus of Apodidae', 'chimney_swift': 'American swift that nests in e.g. unused chimneys', 'Collocalia': 'a genus of Apodidae', 'swiftlet': \"swift of eastern Asia; produces the edible bird's nest\", 'Hemiprocnidae': 'tree swifts', 'tree_swift': 'birds of southeast Asia and East Indies differing from true swifts in having upright crests and nesting in trees', 'Trochilidae': 'hummingbirds', 'hummingbird': 'tiny American bird having brilliant iridescent plumage and long slender bills; wings are specialized for vibrating flight', 'Archilochus': 'a genus of Trochilidae', 'Archilochus_colubris': 'a kind of hummingbird', 'Chalcostigma': 'thornbills', 'Ramphomicron': 'thornbills', 'thornbill': 'any of various South American hummingbirds with a sharp pointed bill', 'Caprimulgiformes': 'goatsuckers; frogmouths; oilbirds', 'caprimulgiform_bird': 'long-winged nonpasserine birds', 'Caprimulgidae': 'goatsuckers', 'goatsucker': 'mainly crepuscular or nocturnal nonpasserine birds with mottled greyish-brown plumage and large eyes; feed on insects', 'Caprimulgus': 'type genus of the Caprimulgidae', 'European_goatsucker': 'Old World goatsucker', \"chuck-will's-widow\": 'large whippoorwill-like bird of the southern United States', 'whippoorwill': 'American nocturnal goatsucker with grey-and-white plumage', 'Chordeiles': 'a genus of Caprimulgidae', 'nighthawk': 'mainly nocturnal North American goatsucker', 'Phalaenoptilus': 'a genus of Caprimulgidae', 'poorwill': 'goatsucker of western North America', 'Podargidae': 'frogmouths', 'Podargus': 'type genus of the Podargidae', 'frogmouth': 'insectivorous bird of Australia and southeastern Asia having a wide frog-like mouth', 'Steatornithidae': 'oilbirds', 'Steatornis': 'type and sole genus of the family Steatornithidae', 'oilbird': 'nocturnal fruit-eating bird of South America that has fatty young yielding an oil that is used instead of butter', 'Piciformes': 'woodpeckers; jacamars; puffbirds; barbets; honey guides; toucans', 'piciform_bird': 'any of numerous nonpasserine insectivorous climbing birds usually having strong bills for boring wood', 'Picidae': 'woodpeckers', 'woodpecker': 'bird with strong claws and a stiff tail adapted for climbing and a hard chisel-like bill for boring into wood for insects', 'Picus': 'type genus of Picidae', 'green_woodpecker': 'woodpecker of Europe and western Asia', 'Picoides': 'a genus of Picidae', 'downy_woodpecker': 'small North American woodpecker with black and white plumage and a small bill', 'Colaptes': 'a genus of Picidae', 'flicker': 'a momentary flash of light', 'yellow-shafted_flicker': 'large flicker of eastern North America with a red neck and yellow undersurface to wings and tail', 'gilded_flicker': 'southwestern United States bird like the yellow-shafted flicker but lacking the red neck', 'red-shafted_flicker': 'western United States bird with red undersurface to wings and tail', 'Campephilus': 'a genus of Picidae', 'ivorybill': 'large black-and-white woodpecker of southern United States and Cuba having an ivory bill; nearly extinct', 'Melanerpes': 'a genus of Picidae', 'redheaded_woodpecker': 'black-and-white North American woodpecker having a red head and neck', 'Sphyrapicus': 'a genus of Picidae', 'sapsucker': 'small American woodpecker that feeds on sap from e.g. apple and maple trees', 'yellow-bellied_sapsucker': 'eastern North American sapsucker having a pale yellow abdomen', 'red-breasted_sapsucker': 'western North American sapsucker', 'Jynx': 'wrynecks', 'wryneck': 'Old World woodpecker with a peculiar habit of twisting the neck', 'Picumnus': 'a genus of Picidae', 'piculet': 'small woodpeckers of South America and Africa and East Indies having soft rounded tail feathers', 'Capitonidae': 'barbets', 'barbet': 'small brightly colored stout-billed tropical bird having short weak wings', 'Bucconidae': 'puffbirds', 'puffbird': 'brownish tropical American bird having a large head with fluffed out feathers', 'Indicatoridae': 'honey guides', 'honey_guide': 'small bird of tropical Africa and Asia; feeds on beeswax and honey and larvae', 'Galbulidae': 'jacamars', 'jacamar': 'tropical American insectivorous bird having a long sharp bill and iridescent green or bronze plumage', 'Ramphastidae': 'toucans', 'toucan': 'brilliantly colored arboreal fruit-eating bird of tropical America having a very large thin-walled beak', 'Aulacorhyncus': 'a genus of Ramphastidae', 'toucanet': 'small toucan', 'Trogoniformes': 'trogons', 'Trogonidae': 'coextensive with the order Trogoniformes', 'genus_Trogon': 'type genus of the Trogonidae', 'trogon': 'forest bird of warm regions of the New World having brilliant lustrous plumage and long tails', 'Pharomacrus': 'a genus of Trogonidae', 'quetzal': 'the basic unit of money in Guatemala; equal to 100 centavos', 'resplendent_quetzel': 'very rare Central American bird; the national bird of Guatemala', 'aquatic_bird': 'wading and swimming and diving birds of either fresh or salt water', 'waterfowl': 'freshwater aquatic bird', 'Anseriformes': 'ducks; geese; swans; screamers', 'anseriform_bird': 'chiefly web-footed swimming birds', 'Anatidae': 'swimming birds having heavy short-legged bodies and bills with a horny tip: swans; geese; ducks', 'Anseres': 'used in some especially older classifications; coextensive with the family Anatidae', 'duck': '(cricket) a score of nothing by a batsman', 'drake': 'adult male of a wild or domestic duck', 'quack-quack': \"child's word for a duck\", 'duckling': 'flesh of a young domestic duck', 'diving_duck': 'any of various ducks of especially bays and estuaries that dive for their food', 'dabbling_duck': 'any of numerous shallow-water ducks that feed by upending and dabbling', 'Anas': 'type genus of the Anatidae: freshwater ducks', 'mallard': 'wild dabbling duck from which domestic ducks are descended; widely distributed', 'black_duck': 'a dusky duck of northeastern United States and Canada', 'teal': 'any of various small short-necked dabbling river ducks of Europe and America', 'greenwing': 'common teal of Eurasia and North America', 'bluewing': 'American teal', 'garganey': 'small Eurasian teal', 'widgeon': 'freshwater duck of Eurasia and northern Africa related to mallards and teals', 'American_widgeon': 'a widgeon the male of which has a white crown', 'shoveler': 'a worker who shovels; \"a shoveler of coal\"', 'pintail': 'long-necked river duck of the Old and New Worlds having elongated central tail feathers', 'Tadorna': 'sheldrakes', 'sheldrake': 'Old World gooselike duck slightly larger than a mallard with variegated mostly black-and-white plumage and a red bill', 'shelduck': 'female sheldrake', 'Oxyura': 'ruddy duck', 'ruddy_duck': 'reddish-brown stiff-tailed duck of North America and northern South America', 'Bucephala': 'buffleheads and goldeneyes', 'bufflehead': 'small North American diving duck; males have bushy head plumage', 'goldeneye': 'a variety of green lacewing', \"Barrow's_goldeneye\": 'North American goldeneye diving duck', 'Aythya': 'canvasback; redhead; pochard; etc.', 'canvasback': 'North American wild duck valued for sport and food', 'pochard': 'heavy-bodied Old World diving duck having a grey-and-black body and reddish head', 'redhead': 'someone who has red hair', 'scaup': 'diving ducks of North America having a bluish-grey bill', 'greater_scaup': 'large scaup of North America having a greenish iridescence on the head of the male', 'lesser_scaup': 'common scaup of North America; males have purplish heads', 'wild_duck': 'an undomesticated duck (especially a mallard)', 'Aix': 'wood duck and mandarin duck', 'wood_duck': 'showy North American duck that nests in hollow trees', 'wood_drake': 'male wood duck', 'mandarin_duck': 'showy crested Asiatic duck; often domesticated', 'Cairina': 'a genus of Anatidae', 'muscovy_duck': 'large crested wild duck of Central America and South America; widely domesticated', 'sea_duck': 'any of various large diving ducks found along the seacoast: eider; scoter; merganser', 'Somateria': 'eider ducks', 'eider': 'duck of the northern hemisphere much valued for the fine soft down of the females', 'Melanitta': 'scoters', 'scoter': 'large black diving duck of northern parts of the northern hemisphere', 'common_scoter': 'a variety of scoter', 'Clangula': 'a genus of ducks', 'old_squaw': 'a common long-tailed sea duck of the northern parts of the United States', 'Merginae': 'mergansers and closely related diving birds', 'Mergus': 'mergansers', 'merganser': 'large crested fish-eating diving duck having a slender hooked bill with serrated edges', 'goosander': 'common merganser of Europe and North America', 'American_merganser': 'common North American diving duck considered a variety of the European goosander', 'red-breasted_merganser': 'widely distributed merganser of America and Europe', 'smew': 'smallest merganser and most expert diver; found in northern Eurasia', 'Lophodytes': 'a genus of Merginae', 'hooded_merganser': \"small North American duck with a high circular crest on the male's head\", 'goose': 'flesh of a goose (domestic or wild)', 'gosling': 'young goose', 'gander': 'mature male goose', 'Anser': 'typical geese', 'Chinese_goose': 'very large wild goose of northeast Asia; interbreeds freely with the greylag', 'greylag': 'common grey wild goose of Europe; ancestor of many domestic breeds', 'Chen': 'wild goose having white adult plumage', 'blue_goose': 'North American wild goose having dark plumage in summer but white in winter', 'snow_goose': 'blue goose in the white color phase', 'Branta': 'wild geese', 'brant': 'small dark geese that breed in the north and migrate southward', 'common_brant_goose': 'the best known variety of brant goose', 'honker': 'a driver who causes his car\\'s horn to make a loud honking sound; \"the honker was fined for disturbing the peace\"', 'barnacle_goose': 'European goose smaller than the brant; breeds in the far north', 'Anserinae': 'used in some classifications for the swans', 'genus_Coscoroba': 'a genus of Anatidae', 'coscoroba': 'large white South American bird intermediate in some respects between ducks and swans', 'swan': 'stately heavy-bodied aquatic bird with very long neck and usually white plumage as adult', 'cob': 'stocky short-legged harness horse', 'pen': 'an enclosure for confining livestock', 'cygnet': 'a young swan', 'Cygnus': 'a constellation in the northern hemisphere between Pegasus and Draco in the Milky Way; contains a black hole', 'mute_swan': 'soundless Eurasian swan; commonly domesticated', 'whooper': 'common Old World swan noted for its whooping call', 'tundra_swan': 'swan that nests in tundra regions of the New and Old Worlds', 'whistling_swan': 'North American subspecies of tundra swan having a soft whistling note', \"Bewick's_swan\": 'Eurasian subspecies of tundra swan; smaller than the whooper', 'trumpeter': 'a musician who plays the trumpet or cornet', 'black_swan': 'large Australian swan having black plumage and a red bill', 'Anhimidae': 'screamers', 'screamer': 'a sensational newspaper headline', 'Anhima': 'type genus of the Anhimidae; horned screamers', 'horned_screamer': 'screamer having a hornlike process projecting from the forehead', 'Chauna': 'crested screamers', 'crested_screamer': 'distinguished from the horned screamer by a feathery crest on the back of the head', 'chaja': 'largest crested screamer; native to southern Brazil and Argentina', 'Mammalia': 'warm-blooded vertebrates characterized by mammary glands in the female', 'mammal': 'any warm-blooded vertebrate having the skin more or less covered with hair; young are born alive except for the small subclass of monotremes and nourished with milk', 'female_mammal': 'animals that nourish their young with milk', 'mammal_family': 'a family of mammals', 'mammal_genus': 'a genus of mammals', 'tusker': 'any mammal with prominent tusks (especially an elephant or wild boar)', 'Prototheria': 'echidnas; platypus', 'prototherian': 'primitive oviparous mammals found only in Australia and Tasmania and New Guinea', 'Monotremata': 'coextensive with the subclass Prototheria', 'monotreme': 'the most primitive mammals comprising the only extant members of the subclass Prototheria', 'Tachyglossidae': 'echidnas', 'Tachyglossus': 'type genus of the family Tachyglossidae', 'echidna': 'a burrowing monotreme mammal covered with spines and having a long snout and claws for hunting ants and termites; native to New Guinea', 'Zaglossus': 'a genus of Tachyglossidae', 'Ornithorhynchidae': 'platypus', 'Ornithorhynchus': 'type genus of the family Ornithorhynchidae', 'platypus': 'small densely furred aquatic monotreme of Australia and Tasmania having a broad bill and tail and webbed feet; only species in the family Ornithorhynchidae', 'Pantotheria': 'generalized extinct mammals widespread during the Jurassic; commonly conceded to be ancestral to marsupial and placental mammals', 'Metatheria': 'pouched animals', 'metatherian': 'primitive pouched mammals found mainly in Australia and the Americas', 'Marsupialia': 'coextensive with the subclass Metatheria', 'marsupial': 'mammals of which the females have a pouch (the marsupium) containing the teats where the young are fed and carried', 'Didelphidae': 'opossums', 'opossum': 'nocturnal arboreal marsupial having a naked prehensile tail found from southern North America to northern South America', 'Didelphis': 'type genus of the family Didelphidae', 'common_opossum': 'omnivorous opossum of the eastern United States; noted for feigning death when in danger; esteemed as food in some areas; considered same species as the crab-eating opossum of South America', 'crab-eating_opossum': 'South American opossum', 'Caenolestidae': 'small marsupials of southern South America', 'Caenolestes': 'type genus of the family Caenolestidae', 'opossum_rat': 'terrestrial marsupials of southern South America that resemble shrews', 'Peramelidae': 'bandicoots', 'bandicoot': 'any of various agile ratlike terrestrial marsupials of Australia and adjacent islands; insectivorous and herbivorous', 'Macrotis': 'a genus of Peramelidae', 'rabbit-eared_bandicoot': 'bandicoot with leathery ears like a rabbit', 'Macropodidae': 'kangaroos; wallabies', 'kangaroo': 'any of several herbivorous leaping marsupials of Australia and New Guinea having large powerful hind legs and a long thick tail', 'Macropus': 'type genus of the family Macropodidae: typical kangaroos and wallabies', 'giant_kangaroo': 'very large greyish-brown Australian kangaroo formerly abundant in open wooded areas', 'wallaby': 'any of various small or medium-sized kangaroos; often brightly colored', 'common_wallaby': 'a small wallaby having a height of 30 inches', 'Lagorchestes': 'hare wallabies', 'hare_wallaby': 'small Australian wallaby that resembles a hare and has persistent teeth', 'Onychogalea': 'a genus of Macropodidae', 'nail-tailed_wallaby': 'small wallabies with a horny nail on the tip of the tail', 'Petrogale': 'rock wallabies', 'rock_wallaby': 'slender long-legged Australian wallabies living in caves and rocky areas', 'Thylogale': 'pademelons', 'pademelon': 'small reddish-brown wallabies of scrubby areas of Australia and New Guinea', 'Dendrolagus': 'tree wallabies', 'tree_wallaby': 'arboreal wallabies of New Guinea and northern Australia having hind and forelegs of similar length', 'Hypsiprymnodon': 'musk kangaroos', 'musk_kangaroo': 'small kangaroo of northeastern Australia', 'Potoroinae': 'rat kangaroos', 'rat_kangaroo': 'any of several rabbit-sized ratlike Australian kangaroos', 'Potorous': 'potoroos', 'potoroo': 'Australian rat kangaroos', 'Bettongia': 'jerboa kangaroo', 'bettong': 'short-nosed rat kangaroo', 'jerboa_kangaroo': 'brush-tailed rat kangaroo', 'Phalangeridae': 'phalangers; koalas', 'phalanger': 'small furry Australian arboreal marsupials having long usually prehensile tails', 'genus_Phalanger': 'type genus of the family Phalangeridae: cuscuses', 'cuscus': 'woolly-haired monkey-like arboreal marsupial of New Guinea and northern Australia', 'Trichosurus': 'a genus of Phalangeridae', 'brush-tailed_phalanger': 'bushy-tailed phalanger', 'Petaurus': 'a genus of Phalangeridae', 'flying_phalanger': 'nocturnal phalangers that move with gliding leaps using parachute-like folds of skin along the sides of the body', 'Acrobates': 'a genus of Phalangeridae', 'flying_mouse': 'tiny flying phalanger', 'Phascolarctos': 'koalas', 'koala': 'sluggish tailless Australian arboreal marsupial with grey furry ears and coat; feeds on eucalyptus leaves and bark', 'Vombatidae': 'wombats', 'wombat': 'burrowing herbivorous Australian marsupials about the size of a badger', 'Dasyuridae': 'dasyures; native cats; pouched mice; banded anteaters; Tasmanian devils', 'dasyurid_marsupial': 'small carnivorous nocturnal marsupials of Australia and Tasmania', 'Dasyurus': 'type genus of the family Dasyuridae: native cats', 'dasyure': 'any of several more or less arboreal marsupials somewhat resembling martens', 'eastern_dasyure': 'a variety of dasyure', 'native_cat': 'carnivorous arboreal cat-like marsupials of Australia and Tasmania', 'Thylacinus': 'Tasmanian wolf', 'thylacine': 'rare doglike carnivorous marsupial of Tasmania having stripes on its back; probably extinct', 'Sarcophilus': 'Tasmanian devil', 'Tasmanian_devil': 'small ferocious carnivorous marsupial having a mostly black coat and long tail', 'Phascogale': 'pouched mice', 'pouched_mouse': 'any of numerous small sharp-nosed insectivorous marsupials superficially resembling mice or rats', 'Myrmecobius': 'banded anteater', 'numbat': 'small Australian marsupial having long snout and strong claws for feeding on termites; nearly extinct', 'Notoryctidae': 'pouched moles', 'Notoryctus': 'type genus of the family Notoryctidae: comprising solely the marsupial mole', 'pouched_mole': 'small burrowing Australian marsupial that resembles a mole', 'Eutheria': 'all mammals except monotremes and marsupials', 'placental': 'mammals having a placenta; all mammals except monotremes and marsupials', 'livestock': 'any animals kept for use or profit', 'cow': 'a large unpleasant woman', 'calf': 'fine leather from the skin of a calf', 'yearling': 'a racehorse considered one year old until the second Jan. 1 following its birth', 'buck': 'mature male of various mammals (especially deer or antelope)', 'doe': \"mature female of mammals of which the male is called `buck'\", 'Insectivora': 'shrews; moles; hedgehogs; tenrecs', 'Lipotyphla': 'moles; hedgehogs; true shrews', 'Menotyphla': 'elephant shrews; tree shrews', 'Talpidae': 'moles', 'mole': 'spicy sauce often containing chocolate', 'Condylura': 'star-nosed moles', 'starnose_mole': 'amphibious mole of eastern North America having pink fleshy tentacles around the nose', 'Parascalops': \"brewer's moles\", \"brewer's_mole\": 'mole of eastern North America', 'Chrysochloridae': 'golden moles', 'Chrysochloris': 'type genus of the Chrysochloridae', 'golden_mole': 'mole of southern Africa having iridescent guard hairs mixed with the underfur', 'Uropsilus': 'shrew moles', 'shrew_mole': 'slender mole having a long snout and tail', 'Asiatic_shrew_mole': 'shrew mole of eastern Asia', 'Neurotrichus': 'shrew moles', 'American_shrew_mole': 'greyish-black shrew mole of the United States and Canada', 'Soricidae': 'shrews', 'shrew': 'a scolding nagging bad-tempered woman', 'Sorex': 'type genus of the family Soricidae: shrews', 'common_shrew': 'common American shrew', 'masked_shrew': 'commonest shrew of moist habitats in North America', 'Blarina': 'shrews', 'short-tailed_shrew': 'North American shrew with tail less than half its body length', 'water_shrew': 'any of several small semiaquatic shrews usually living near swift-flowing streams', 'American_water_shrew': 'water shrew of North America', 'Neomys': 'a genus of Soricidae', 'European_water_shrew': 'widely distributed Old World water shrew', 'Mediterranean_water_shrew': 'a type of water shrew', 'Cryptotis': 'least shrews', 'least_shrew': 'small brown shrew of grassy regions of eastern United States', 'Erinaceidae': 'true hedgehogs', 'Erinaceus': 'type genus of the family Erinaceidae: hedgehogs', 'hedgehog': 'small nocturnal Old World mammal covered with both hair and protective spines', 'Tenrecidae': 'tenrecs and extinct related forms', 'tenrec': 'small often spiny insectivorous mammal of Madagascar; resembles a hedgehog', 'genus_Tenrec': 'type genus of the family Tenrecidae: tenrecs', 'tailless_tenrec': 'prolific animal that feeds chiefly on earthworms', 'Potamogalidae': 'otter shrews', 'genus_Potamogale': 'type genus of the family Potamogalidae: otter shrews', 'otter_shrew': 'amphibious African insectivorous mammal that resembles an otter', 'chine': 'cut of meat or fish including at least part of the backbone', 'saddle': 'cut of meat (especially mutton or lamb) consisting of part of the backbone and both loins', 'furcula': 'a forked bone formed by the fusion of the clavicles of most birds', 'wishbone': 'the furcula of a domestic fowl', 'cuticula': 'the outer body wall of an insect', 'hide': 'the dressed skin of an animal (especially a large animal)', 'hypodermis': 'layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle in e.g. arthropods', 'duck_down': 'down of the duck', 'eiderdown': 'a soft quilt usually filled with the down of the eider', 'goose_down': 'down of the goose', \"swan's_down\": 'soft woolen fabric used especially for baby clothes', 'plumule': 'down feather of young birds; persists in some adult birds', 'aftershaft': 'a supplementary feather (usually small) on the underside of the base of the shaft of some feathers in some birds', 'sickle_feather': 'one of the long curved tail feathers of a rooster', 'contour_feather': 'feathers covering the body of an adult bird and determining its shape', 'bastard_wing': \"tuft of small stiff feathers on the first digit of a bird's wing\", 'marabou': 'large African black-and-white carrion-eating stork; its downy underwing feathers are used to trim garments', 'vane': 'a fin attached to the tail of an arrow, bomb or missile in order to stabilize or guide it', 'barb': 'the pointed part of barbed wire', 'web': 'an intricate network suggesting something that was formed by weaving or interweaving; \"the trees cast a delicate web of shadows over the lawn\"', 'hackle': 'long slender feather on the necks of e.g. turkeys and pheasants', 'saddle_hackle': 'a long narrow feather on the back (saddle) of a domestic fowl', 'coat': 'an outer garment that has sleeves and covers the body from shoulder down; worn outdoors', 'guard_hair': 'coarse hairs that form the outer fur and protect the underfur of certain mammals', 'fur': 'the dressed hairy coat of a mammal', 'undercoat': 'seal consisting of a coating of a tar or rubberlike material on the underside of a motor vehicle to retard corrosion', 'underpart': 'a part lying on the lower side or underneath an animal\\'s body; \"the warbler has a white throat and underparts\"; \"a woodland mouse with white underparts\"', 'wool': 'fiber sheared from animals (such as sheep) and twisted into yarn for weaving', 'mane': 'growth of hair covering the scalp of a human being', 'encolure': 'the mane of a horse', 'forelock': 'a lock of hair growing (or falling) over the forehead', 'hair': 'filamentous hairlike growth on a plant; \"peach fuzz\"', 'cirrus': 'usually coiled', 'spine': 'a small sharp-pointed tip resembling a spike on a stem or leaf', 'quill': \"pen made from a bird's feather\", 'aculea': 'small spiny outgrowth on the wings of certain insects', 'aculeus': 'a stiff sharp-pointed plant process', 'style': '(botany) the narrow elongated part of the pistil between the ovary and the stigma', 'stylet': 'small needlelike appendage; especially the feeding organ of a tardigrade', 'villus': 'a minute hairlike projection on mucous membrane', 'bristle': 'a stiff fiber (coarse hair or filament); natural or synthetic', 'chaeta': 'a stiff chitinous seta or bristle especially of an annelid worm', 'whisker': 'a long stiff hair growing from the snout or brow of most mammals as e.g. a cat', 'seta': 'stalk of a moss capsule', 'pilus': 'hairlike structure especially on the surface of a cell or microorganism', 'horseback': 'the back of a horse', 'operculum': 'a hard flap serving as a cover for (a) the gill slits in fishes or (b) the opening of the shell in certain gastropods when the body is retracted', 'protective_covering': 'a covering that is intend to protect from damage or injury; \"they had no protection from the fallout\"; \"wax provided protection for the floors\"', 'armor': 'a military unit consisting of armored fighting vehicles', 'scale': 'an ordered reference standard; \"judging on a scale of 1 to 10\"', 'fish_scale': 'scale of the kind that covers the bodies of fish', 'squama': 'a protective structure resembling a scale', 'scute': 'large bony or horny plate as on an armadillo or turtle or the underside of a snake', 'sclerite': 'hard plate or element of the exoskeleton of some arthropods', 'clypeus': \"a shield-like plate on the front of an insect's head\", 'carapace': 'hard outer covering or case of certain organisms such as arthropods and turtles', 'plastron': \"the ornamental front of a woman's bodice or shirt\", 'shell': 'the material that forms the hard outer covering of many animals', 'valve': 'a structure in a hollow organ (like the heart) with a flap to insure one-way flow of fluid through it', 'scallop_shell': 'a shell of a scallop', 'oyster_shell': 'a shell of an oyster', 'phragmocone': 'the thin conical chambered internal shell (either straight or curved) of a belemnite', 'apodeme': 'ridge-like ingrowth of the exoskeleton of an arthropod that supports internal organs and provides attachment points for muscles', 'theca': 'a case or sheath especially a pollen sac or moss capsule', 'lorica': 'a hard protective sheath (as secreted by certain protoctists, for example)', 'coelenteron': 'the saclike body cavity of a coelenterate', 'invertebrate': 'any animal lacking a backbone or notochord; the term is not used as a scientific classification', 'zoophyte': 'any of various invertebrate animals resembling a plant such as a sea anemone or coral or sponge', 'Parazoa': 'multicellular organisms having less-specialized cells than in the Metazoa; comprises the single phylum Porifera', 'Porifera': 'coextensive with the subkingdom Parazoa: sponges', 'sponge': 'a porous mass of interlacing fibers that forms the internal skeleton of various marine animals and usable to absorb water or any porous rubber or cellulose product similarly used', 'sponge_genus': 'a genus of Porifera', 'flagellated_cell': 'any cell or one-celled organism equipped with a flagellum', 'choanocyte': 'any of the flagellated cells in sponges having a collar of cytoplasm around the flagellum; they maintain a flow of water through the body', 'Hyalospongiae': 'sponges with siliceous spicules that have six rays; choanocytes are restricted to finger-shaped chambers', 'glass_sponge': 'a siliceous sponge (with glassy spicules) of the class Hyalospongiae', 'Euplectella': 'a genus of Hyalospongiae', \"Venus's_flower_basket\": 'a deep-water marine sponge having a cylindrical skeleton of intricate glassy latticework; found in the waters of the East Indies and the eastern coast of Asia', 'coelenterate_family': 'a family of coelenterates', 'coelenterate_genus': 'a genus of coelenterates', 'Metazoa': 'multicellular animals having cells differentiated into tissues and organs and usually a digestive cavity and nervous system', 'metazoan': 'any animal of the subkingdom Metazoa; all animals except protozoans and sponges', 'Cnidaria': 'hydras; polyps; jellyfishes; sea anemones; corals', 'coelenterate': 'radially symmetrical animals having saclike bodies with only one opening and tentacles with stinging structures; they occur in polyp and medusa forms', 'planula': 'the flat ciliated free-swimming larva of hydrozoan coelenterates', 'polyp': 'a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane', 'medusa': 'one of two forms that coelenterates take: it is the free-swimming sexual phase in the life cycle of a coelenterate; in this phase it has a gelatinous umbrella-shaped body and tentacles', 'Scyphozoa': 'coelenterates in which the polyp stage is absent or at least inconspicuous: jellyfishes', 'jellyfish': 'any of numerous usually marine and free-swimming coelenterates that constitute the sexually reproductive forms of hydrozoans and scyphozoans', 'Aegina': 'an island in the Aegean Sea in the Saronic Gulf', 'scyphozoan': 'any of various usually free-swimming marine coelenterates having a gelatinous medusoid stage as the dominant phase of its life cycle', 'Chrysaora': 'a genus of Scyphozoa', 'Chrysaora_quinquecirrha': 'a type of jellyfish', 'Hydrozoa': 'coelenterates typically having alternation of generations; hydroid phase is usually colonial giving rise to the medusoid phase by budding: hydras and jellyfishes', 'hydrozoan': 'colonial coelenterates having the polyp phase dominant', 'genus_Hydra': 'hydras', 'hydra': 'trouble that cannot be overcome by a single effort because of its many aspects or its persistent and pervasive quality; \"we may be facing a hydra that defies any easy solution\"', 'Siphonophora': 'marine colonial hydrozoans', 'siphonophore': 'a floating or swimming oceanic colony of polyps often transparent or showily colored', 'genus_Nanomia': 'a genus of Siphonophora', 'nanomia': 'small creatures resembling pieces of fuzzy rope; each with a cluster of swimming bells serving as the head and long elastic tentacles for drawing in prey', 'Physalia': 'Portuguese man-of-war', 'Portuguese_man-of-war': 'large siphonophore having a bladderlike float and stinging tentacles', 'praya': 'colonial siphonophore of up to 130 ft long', 'apolemia': 'large siphonophore of up to 50 ft long', 'Sertularia': 'sessile hydroid that forms feathery colonies', 'sertularian': 'feathery colony of long-branched stems bearing stalkless paired polyps', 'Anthozoa': 'a large class of sedentary marine coelenterates that includes sea anemones and corals; the medusoid phase is entirely suppressed', 'anthozoan': 'sessile marine coelenterates including solitary and colonial polyps; the medusoid phase is entirely suppressed', 'Actiniaria': 'sea anemones', 'sea_anemone': 'marine polyps that resemble flowers but have oral rings of tentacles; differ from corals in forming no hard skeleton', 'actinia': 'any sea anemone or related animal', 'Actinia': 'a genus of sea anemone common in rock pools', 'Alcyonaria': 'corals and sea anemones having eight branches', 'Alcyonacea': 'comprising the soft corals', 'Pennatulidae': 'sea pens', 'Pennatula': 'type genus of the family Pennatulidae: sea pens', 'sea_pen': 'fleshy featherlike warm-water colonies', 'coral': 'the hard stony skeleton of a Mediterranean coral that has a delicate red or pink color and is used for jewelry', 'Gorgonacea': 'red corals and sea fans', 'gorgonian': 'corals having a horny or calcareous branching skeleton', 'sea_feather': 'corals forming featherlike colonies', 'sea_fan': 'corals having a treelike or fan-shaped horny skeleton', 'red_coral': 'corals of especially the Mediterranean having pink or red color used for ornaments and jewelry', 'Madreporaria': 'stony corals', 'stony_coral': 'corals having calcareous skeletons aggregations of which form reefs and islands', 'Maeandra': 'brain corals', 'brain_coral': 'massive reef-building coral having a convoluted and furrowed surface', 'Acropora': 'coelenterate genus of order Madreporaria, including staghorn corals', 'staghorn_coral': 'large branching coral resembling antlers', 'Fungia': 'a genus comprising the usual mushroom corals', 'mushroom_coral': 'flattened disk-shaped stony coral (usually solitary and unattached)', 'ctenophore_family': 'a family of ctenophores', 'ctenophore_genus': 'a genus of ctenophores', 'Ctenophora': 'comb jellies; sea acorns; a small phylum formerly considered a class of Coelenterata', 'ctene': 'a locomotor organ consisting of a row of strong cilia whose bases are fused', 'ctenophore': 'biradially symmetrical hermaphroditic solitary marine animals resembling jellyfishes having for locomotion eight rows of cilia arranged like teeth in a comb', 'Nuda': 'ctenophores lacking tentacles; comprises one genus: beroe', 'genus_Beroe': 'coextensive with the class Nuda', 'beroe': 'delicately iridescent thimble-shaped ctenophores', 'Tentaculata': 'ctenophores have retractile tentacles', 'Cydippida': 'ctenophores having two long pinnate tentacles', 'Platyctenea': 'an order of Tentaculata', 'platyctenean': 'ctenophore have long tentacles and flattened body', 'Pleurobrachiidae': 'sea gooseberries', 'Pleurobrachia': 'sea gooseberries', 'sea_gooseberry': 'ctenophore having a rounded body with longitudinal rows of cilia', 'Cestida': 'ctenophore having short tentacles; one family', 'Cestidae': 'coextensive with the order Cestida; ctenophores having a greatly flattened and elongated body', 'Cestum': \"Venus's girdle\", \"Venus's_girdle\": 'ctenophore having a ribbon-shaped iridescent gelatinous body', 'Lobata': 'ctenophore having tentacles only in the immature stage; body compressed vertically having two large oral lobes and four pointed processes', 'worm_family': 'a family of worms', 'worm_genus': 'a genus of worms', 'worm': 'a person who has a nasty or unethical character undeserving of respect', 'helminth': 'worm that is parasitic on the intestines of vertebrates especially roundworms and tapeworms and flukes', 'woodworm': 'a larva of a woodborer', 'woodborer': 'any of various insects or larvae or mollusks that bore into wood', 'Acanthocephala': 'phylum or class of elongated wormlike parasites that live in the intestines of vertebrates: spiny-headed worms', 'acanthocephalan': 'any of various worms living parasitically in intestines of vertebrates having a retractile proboscis covered with many hooked spines', 'Chaetognatha': 'arrowworms: a group of small active transparent marine worms', 'arrowworm': 'any worm of the Chaetognatha; transparent marine worm with horizontal lateral and caudal fins and a row of movable curved spines at each side of the mouth', 'genus_Sagitta': 'chief genus of Chaetognatha including the largest arrowworms', 'sagitta': 'any arrowworm of the genus Sagitta', 'genus_Spadella': 'marine worms resembling the sagittas but with a broader body and only one pair of lateral fins', 'Platyhelminthes': 'flatworms', 'bladder_worm': 'encysted saclike larva of the tapeworm', 'flatworm': 'parasitic or free-living worms having a flattened body', 'Turbellaria': 'free-living flatworms', 'planarian': 'free-swimming mostly freshwater flatworms; popular in laboratory studies for the ability to regenerate lost parts', 'Trematoda': 'parasitic flatworms (including flukes)', 'fluke': 'a barb on a harpoon or arrow', 'cercaria': 'tadpole-shaped parasitic larva of a trematode worm; tail disappears in adult stage', 'Fasciolidae': 'a family of Trematoda', 'Fasciola': 'a genus of Fasciolidae', 'liver_fluke': 'flatworm parasitic in liver and bile ducts of domestic animals and humans', 'Fasciolopsis': 'a genus of Fasciolidae', 'Fasciolopsis_buski': 'fluke that is parasitic on humans and swine; common in eastern Asia', 'Schistosomatidae': 'a family of Trematoda', 'Schistosoma': 'type genus of the family Schistosomatidae: blood flukes', 'schistosome': 'flatworms parasitic in the blood vessels of mammals', 'Cestoda': 'tapeworms', 'tapeworm': 'ribbonlike flatworms that are parasitic in the intestines of humans and other vertebrates', 'Taeniidae': 'a family of Cestoda', 'genus_Echinococcus': 'tapeworms', 'echinococcus': 'tapeworms whose larvae are parasitic in humans and domestic animals', 'genus_Taenia': 'type genus of the family Taeniidae: tapeworms', 'taenia': 'a narrow headband or strip of ribbon worn as a headband', 'Nemertea': 'proboscis worms', 'ribbon_worm': 'soft unsegmented marine worms that have a threadlike proboscis and the ability to stretch and contract', 'Pogonophora': 'beard worms', 'beard_worm': 'slender animal with tentacles and a tubelike outer covering; lives on the deep ocean bottom', 'Rotifera': 'a phylum including: rotifers', 'rotifer': 'minute aquatic multicellular organisms having a ciliated wheel-like organ for feeding and locomotion; constituents of freshwater plankton', 'Nematoda': 'unsegmented worms: roundworms; threadworms; eelworms', 'Aphasmidia': 'one of two subgroups of Nematoda used in some classification systems', 'Phasmidia': 'one of two subgroups of Nematoda used in some classification systems', 'nematode': 'unsegmented worms with elongated rounded body pointed at both ends; mostly free-living but some are parasitic', 'Ascaridae': 'large roundworms parasitic in intestines of vertebrates', 'Ascaris': 'type genus of the family Ascaridae: roundworms with a three-lipped mouth', 'common_roundworm': 'intestinal parasite of humans and pigs', 'Ascaridia': 'roundworm having a preanal sucker', 'chicken_roundworm': 'intestinal parasite of domestic fowl', 'Oxyuridae': 'pinworms', 'Enterobius': 'pinworms', 'pinworm': 'small threadlike worm infesting human intestines and rectum especially in children', 'eelworm': 'any of various small free-living plant-parasitic roundworms', 'Cephalobidae': 'a family of Nematoda', 'Anguillula': 'a genus of Cephalobidae', 'vinegar_eel': 'minute eelworm that feeds on organisms that cause fermentation in e.g. vinegar', 'Tylenchidae': 'a family of Nematoda', 'Tylenchus': 'type genus of the family Tylenchidae', 'wheatworm': 'small roundworm parasitic on wheat', 'Ancylostomatidae': 'hookworms', 'trichina': 'parasitic nematode occurring in the intestines of pigs and rats and human beings and producing larvae that form cysts in skeletal muscles', 'hookworm': 'infestation of the intestines by hookworms which enter the body (usually) through the skin', 'Filariidae': 'threadlike roundworms', 'filaria': 'slender threadlike roundworms living in the blood and tissues of vertebrates; transmitted as larvae by biting insects', 'Dracunculidae': 'greatly elongated roundworm', 'Dracunculus': 'tuberous herbaceous perennials: dragon arum', 'Guinea_worm': 'parasitic roundworm of India and Africa that lives in the abdomen or beneath the skin of humans and other vertebrates', 'Annelida': 'segmented worms: earthworms; lugworms; leeches', 'annelid': 'worms with cylindrical bodies segmented both internally and externally', 'Archiannelida': 'a class of Annelida', 'archiannelid': 'small primitive marine worm lacking external segmentation and resembling polychaete larvae', 'Oligochaeta': 'earthworms', 'oligochaete': 'hermaphroditic terrestrial and aquatic annelids having bristles borne singly along the length of the body', 'earthworm': 'terrestrial worm that burrows into and helps aerate soil; often surfaces when the ground is cool or wet; used as bait by anglers', 'Branchiobdellidae': 'small annelid worms with the posterior end modified into an adhesive sucker; especially formerly regarded as modified leeches', 'Branchiobdella': 'type genus of the Branchiobdellidae: a small worm that lives on the gills or surface of a crayfish attached by a sucker', 'Polychaeta': 'marine annelid worms', 'polychaete': 'chiefly marine annelids possessing both sexes and having paired appendages (parapodia) bearing bristles', 'lugworm': 'marine worms having a row of tufted gills along each side of the back; often used for fishing bait', 'sea_mouse': 'any of several large worms having a broad flattened body with a mat of coarse hairs covering the back', 'Terebellidae': 'marine burrowing or tube-forming polychete worms usually having long thick bodies', 'Terebella': 'type genus of Terebellidae; tube-forming marine polychete worms with many filamentous tentacles', 'Polycirrus': 'genus of soft-bodied polychete marine worms', 'bloodworm': 'a segmented marine worm with bright red body; often used for bait', 'Hirudinea': 'hermaphroditic aquatic or terrestrial or parasitic annelids', 'leech': 'a follower who hangs around a host (without benefit to the host) in hope of gain or advantage', 'Hirudinidae': 'a family of Hirudinea', 'Hirudo': 'type genus of the family Hirudinidae', 'medicinal_leech': 'large European freshwater leech formerly used for bloodletting', 'Haemopis': 'leeches', 'horseleech': 'any of several large freshwater leeches', 'mollusk_family': 'a family of mollusks', 'mollusk_genus': 'a genus of mollusks', 'Mollusca': 'gastropods; bivalves; cephalopods; chitons', 'mollusk': 'invertebrate having a soft unsegmented body usually enclosed in a shell', 'Scaphopoda': 'small class of bilaterally symmetrical marine forms comprising the tooth shells', 'scaphopod': 'burrowing marine mollusk', 'tooth_shell': 'any of various seashore mollusks having a tapering tubular shell open at each end and a foot pointed like a spade for burrowing', 'lip': '(botany) either of the two parts of a bilabiate corolla or calyx', 'Gastropoda': 'snails and slugs and their relatives', 'gastropod': 'a class of mollusks typically having a one-piece coiled shell and flattened muscular foot with a head bearing stalked eyes', 'Haliotidae': 'abalones', 'Haliotis': 'type genus of the family Haliotidae', 'abalone': 'any of various large edible marine gastropods of the genus Haliotis having an ear-shaped shell with pearly interior', 'ormer': 'an abalone found near the Channel Islands', 'Strombidae': 'the family of conchs', 'Lambis': 'scorpion shells of shallow tropical waters of the eastern hemisphere', 'scorpion_shell': 'any of numerous tropical marine snails that as adults have the outer lip of the aperture produced into a series of long curved spines', 'Strombus': 'type genus of the family Strombidae', 'conch': 'any of various edible tropical marine gastropods of the genus Strombus having a brightly-colored spiral shell with large outer lip', 'giant_conch': 'a large variety of conch', 'Helicidae': 'land snails including the common edible snail and some pests', 'snail': 'freshwater or marine or terrestrial gastropod mollusk usually having an external enclosing spiral shell', 'Helix': 'type genus of the family Helicidae', 'edible_snail': 'one of the chief edible snails', 'garden_snail': 'any of several inedible snails of the genus Helix; often destructive pests', 'brown_snail': 'serious garden pest having a brown shell with paler zigzag markings; nearly cosmopolitan in distribution', 'Helix_hortensis': 'a kind of garden snail', 'Limacidae': 'slugs', 'Limax': 'a genus of Limacidae', 'slug': 'a unit of mass equal to the mass that accelerates at 1 foot/sec/sec when acted upon by a force of 1 pound; approximately 14.5939 kilograms', 'seasnail': 'any of several creeping marine gastropods with a spirally coiled shell: whelks; tritons; moon shells; neritids', 'Neritidae': 'neritids', 'neritid': 'operculate seasnail of coastal waters with a short spiral shell', 'genus_Nerita': 'type genus of the Neritidae', 'nerita': 'a neritid gastropod having a short smooth or spirally ridged shell with thick usually toothed outer lip and toothed operculum', 'bleeding_tooth': 'gastropod having reddish toothlike projections around the shell opening; of the Caribbean area', 'genus_Neritina': 'a genus of Neritidae', 'neritina': 'ornately marked and brightly colored snails of brackish waters', 'Buccinidae': 'whelks', 'whelk': 'large marine snail much used as food in Europe', 'Cymatiidae': 'tritons', 'triton': 'tropical marine gastropods having beautifully colored spiral shells', 'Naticidae': 'moonshells', 'moon_shell': 'marine gastropods having smooth rounded shells that form short spires', 'Littorinidae': 'periwinkles', 'Littorina': 'type genus of the family Littorinidae: periwinkles', 'periwinkle': 'chiefly trailing poisonous plants with blue flowers', 'limpet': 'mollusk with a low conical shell', 'Patellidae': 'marine limpets', 'Patella': 'type genus of the family Patellidae: common European limpets', 'common_limpet': 'marine limpet', 'Fissurellidae': 'marine limpets', 'Fissurella': 'type genus of the family Fissurellidae: keyhole limpets', 'keyhole_limpet': 'marine limpet having a conical shell with an opening at the apex', 'Ancylidae': 'freshwater gastropod', 'Ancylus': 'type genus of the family Ancylidae: river limpet', 'river_limpet': 'minute conical gastropod superficially resembling a limpet but living and feeding on freshwater plants', 'Opisthobranchia': 'gastropods having the gills when present posterior to the heart and having no operculum: includes sea slugs; sea butterflies; sea hares', 'Nudibranchia': 'comprising numerous marine gastropod mollusks lacking a shell in the adult state and usually having a body like a slug', 'sea_slug': 'any of various marine gastropods of the suborder Nudibranchia having a shell-less and often beautifully colored body', 'Aplysiidae': 'sea hares', 'Aplysia': 'type genus of the family Aplysiidae', 'sea_hare': 'naked marine gastropod having a soft body with reduced internal shell and two pairs of ear-like tentacles', 'Hermissenda': 'genus of marine sea slugs', 'Hermissenda_crassicornis': 'a kind of sea slug', 'Akeridae': 'bubble shells', 'Haminoea': 'common genus of marine bubble shells of the Pacific coast of North America', 'bubble_shell': 'marine gastropod mollusk having a very small thin shell', 'Pulmonata': 'large order of gastropods usually breathing by means of a lung-like sac comprising most land snails and slugs and many freshwater snails', 'Physidae': 'freshwater snails', 'genus_Physa': 'type genus of the Physidae; freshwater air-breathing snails', 'physa': 'any member of the genus Physa', 'Pectinibranchia': 'large order of gastropods comprising univalve mollusks that have a single gill resembling a comb', 'Cypraeidae': 'family of marine gastropods comprising the cowries', 'Cypraea': 'type genus of the family Cypraeidae: the typical cowries', 'cowrie': 'any of numerous tropical marine gastropods of the genus Cypraea having highly polished usually brightly marked shells', 'money_cowrie': 'cowrie whose shell is used for money in parts of the southern Pacific and in parts of Africa', 'tiger_cowrie': 'cowrie whose shell is used for ornament', 'ctenidium': 'comb-like respiratory structure serving as the gill of certain mollusks', 'ceras': 'one of the often brightly colored and branching hornlike structures on the back of the nudibranch (and other related mollusks) that serve as gills', 'Amphineura': 'a class of Gastropoda', 'Solenogastres': 'an order of Amphineura', 'solenogaster': 'deep-water wormlike mollusks lacking calcareous plates on the body but having fine slimy spicules on the covering mantle', 'Polyplacophora': 'small class of marine mollusks comprising the chitons; sometimes considered an order of the subclass Amphineura', 'genus_Chiton': 'a genus of Polyplacophora', 'chiton': 'a woolen tunic worn by men and women in ancient Greece', 'byssus': 'tuft of strong filaments by which e.g. a mussel makes itself fast to a fixed surface', 'Bivalvia': 'oysters; clams; scallops; mussels', 'bivalve': 'marine or freshwater mollusks having a soft body with platelike gills enclosed within two shells hinged together', 'spat': 'a cloth covering (a legging) that covers the instep and ankles', 'clam': 'flesh of either hard-shell or soft-shell clams', 'seashell': 'the shell of a marine organism', 'clamshell': 'a dredging bucket with hinges like the shell of a clam', 'Myaceae': 'clams', 'Myacidae': 'soft-shell clams', 'Mya': 'type genus of the family Myacidae', 'soft-shell_clam': 'a clam that is usually steamed in the shell', 'Veneridae': 'hard-shell clams', 'Venus': 'goddess of love; counterpart of Greek Aphrodite', 'Mercenaria': 'a genus of Veneridae', 'quahog': 'an edible American clam; the heavy shells were used as money by some American Indians', 'littleneck': 'a quahog when young and small; usually eaten raw; an important food popular in New York', 'cherrystone': 'small quahog larger than a littleneck; eaten raw or cooked as in e.g. clams casino', 'geoduck': 'a large edible clam found burrowing deeply in sandy mud along the Pacific coast of North America; weighs up to six pounds; has siphons that can extend to several feet and cannot be withdrawn into the shell', 'Solenidae': 'razor clams', 'Ensis': 'razor clams', 'razor_clam': 'marine clam having a long narrow curved thin shell', 'Tridacnidae': 'large marine hard-shell clams', 'Tridacna': 'type genus of the family Tridacnidae: giant clams', 'giant_clam': 'a large clam inhabiting reefs in the southern Pacific and weighing up to 500 pounds', 'Cardiidae': 'somewhat heart-shaped sand-burrowing bivalve mollusks', 'Cardium': 'type genus of the family Cardiidae: cockles', 'cockle': 'common edible European bivalve', 'edible_cockle': 'common edible European cockle', 'Ostreidae': 'oysters', 'oyster': 'a small muscle on each side of the back of a fowl', 'seed_oyster': 'a young oyster especially of a size for transplantation', 'Ostrea': 'type genus of the family Ostreidae', 'bluepoint': 'oysters originally from Long Island Sound but now from anywhere along the northeastern seacoast; usually eaten raw', 'Japanese_oyster': 'a large oyster native to Japan and introduced along the Pacific coast of the United States; a candidate for introduction in Chesapeake Bay', 'Crassostrea': 'Virginia oysters', 'Virginia_oyster': 'common edible oyster of Atlantic coast of North America', 'Pteriidae': 'pearl oysters', 'Pinctada': 'pearl oysters', 'pearl_oyster': 'tropical marine bivalve found chiefly off eastern Asia and Pacific coast of North America and Central America; a major source of pearls', 'Anomiidae': 'saddle oysters', 'Anomia': 'type genus of the family Anomiidae: saddle oysters', 'saddle_oyster': 'thin-shelled bivalve having the right valve deeply notched', 'Placuna': 'windowpane oysters', 'window_oyster': 'marine bivalve common in Philippine coastal waters characterized by a large thin flat translucent shell', 'Arcidae': 'ark shells', 'Arca': 'type genus of the family Arcidae: ark shells and blood clams', 'ark_shell': 'marine bivalve mollusk having a heavy toothed shell with a deep boat-like inner surface', 'blood_clam': 'red-blooded clam', 'mussel': 'black marine bivalves usually steamed in wine', 'Mytilidae': 'marine mussels', 'Mytilus': 'type genus of the family Mytilidae: smooth-shelled marine mussels', 'marine_mussel': 'marine bivalve mollusk having a dark elongated shell; live attached to solid objects especially in intertidal zones', 'edible_mussel': 'a mussel with a dark shell that lives attached to rocks', 'freshwater_mussel': 'bivalve mollusk abundant in rivers of central United States', 'Unionidae': 'freshwater mussels found worldwide', 'Unio': 'type genus of the family Unionidae', 'pearly-shelled_mussel': 'the pearly lining of the dark shells is a source of mother-of-pearl', 'Anodonta': 'thin-shelled freshwater mussels', 'thin-shelled_mussel': 'mussel with thin fragile shells having only rudimentary hinge teeth', 'Dreissena': 'zebra mussels', 'zebra_mussel': 'inch long mollusk imported accidentally from Europe; clogs utility inlet pipes and feeds on edible freshwater mussels', 'Pectinidae': 'scallops', 'scallop': 'one of a series of rounded projections (or the notches between them) formed by curves along an edge (as the edge of a leaf or piece of cloth or the margin of a shell or a shriveled red blood cell observed in a hypertonic solution etc.)', 'genus_Pecten': 'type genus of the family Pectinidae: sea and bay scallops', 'bay_scallop': 'muscle of small choice shallow-water scallops', 'sea_scallop': 'muscle of large deep-water scallops', 'Teredinidae': 'shipworms', 'genus_Teredo': 'type genus of the family Teredinidae', 'shipworm': 'wormlike marine bivalve that bores into wooden piers and ships by means of drill-like shells', 'teredo': 'typical shipworm', 'Bankia': 'giant shipworms', 'giant_northwest_shipworm': 'giant shipworm of the Pacific coast of North America', 'Pholadidae': 'a family of Bivalvia', 'Pholas': 'type genus of the family Pholadidae: piddocks', 'piddock': 'marine bivalve that bores into rock or clay or wood by means of saw-like shells', 'Cephalopoda': 'octopuses; squids; cuttlefish; pearly nautilus', 'cephalopod': 'marine mollusk characterized by well-developed head and eyes and sucker-bearing tentacles', 'Nautilidae': 'spiral-shelled cephalopods', 'genus_Nautilus': 'type genus and sole recent representative of the family Nautilidae', 'chambered_nautilus': 'cephalopod of the Indian and Pacific oceans having a spiral shell with pale pearly partitions', 'Dibranchiata': 'comprising all living cephalopods except the family Nautilidae: the orders Octopoda (octopuses) and Decapoda (squids and cuttlefish)', 'dibranchiate': 'cephalopods having two gills', 'Octopoda': 'octopuses and paper nautilus', 'octopod': 'a cephalopod with eight arms but lacking an internal shell', 'Octopodidae': 'a family of Octopoda', 'genus_Octopus': 'type genus of the family Octopodidae', 'octopus': 'tentacles of octopus prepared as food', 'Argonautidae': 'represented solely by the genus Argonauta', 'Argonauta': 'type genus of the family Argonautidae: paper nautilus', 'paper_nautilus': 'cephalopod mollusk of warm seas whose females have delicate papery spiral shells', 'Decapoda': 'lobsters; crayfish; crabs; shrimps; prawns', 'decapod': 'cephalopods having eight short tentacles plus two long ones', 'squid': '(Italian cuisine) squid prepared as food', 'genus_Loligo': 'squids', 'loligo': 'somewhat flattened cylindrical squid', 'genus_Ommastrephes': 'a genus of Decapoda', 'ommastrephes': 'extremely active cylindrical squid with short strong arms and large rhombic terminal fins', 'genus_Architeuthis': 'giant squid', 'architeuthis': 'largest mollusk known about but never seen (to 60 feet long)', 'Sepiidae': 'true cuttlefishes', 'Sepia': 'type genus of the Sepiidae', 'cuttlefish': 'ten-armed oval-bodied cephalopod with narrow fins as long as the body and a large calcareous internal shell', 'Spirulidae': 'coextensive with the genus Spirula; included in the order Belemnoidea in some older classifications', 'genus_Spirula': 'genus of small cephalopods with many-chambered spiral shells resembling those of the extinct belemnites', 'spirula': 'a small tropical cephalopod of the genus Spirula having prominent eyes and short arms and a many-chambered shell coiled in a flat spiral', 'Belemnoidea': 'order of extinct dibranchiate cephalopods related to the surviving spirulas', 'Belemnitidae': 'family of extinct Mesozoic cephalopods', 'belemnite': 'a conical calcareous fossil tapering to a point at one end and with a conical cavity at the other end containing (when unbroken) a small chambered phragmocone from the shell of any of numerous extinct cephalopods of the family Belemnitidae', 'craw': 'a pouch in many birds and some lower animals that resembles a stomach for storage and preliminary maceration of food', 'gizzard': 'thick-walled muscular pouch below the crop in many birds and reptiles for grinding food', 'Crustacea': 'class of mandibulate arthropods including: lobsters; crabs; shrimps; woodlice; barnacles; decapods; water fleas', 'crustacean': 'any mainly aquatic arthropod usually having a segmented body and chitinous exoskeleton', 'green_gland': 'one of a pair of glands (believed to have excretory functions) in some crustaceans near the base of the large antennae', 'Malacostraca': 'largest subclass of Crustacea including most of the well-known marine, freshwater, and terrestrial crustaceans: crabs; lobsters; shrimps; sow bugs; beach flies', 'malacostracan_crustacean': 'a major subclass of crustaceans', 'decapod_crustacean': 'crustaceans characteristically having five pairs of locomotor appendages each joined to a segment of the thorax', 'Brachyura': 'an order of crustaceans (including true crabs) having a reduced abdomen folded against the ventral surface', 'brachyuran': 'typical crabs', 'Menippe': 'stone crabs', 'stone_crab': 'pale flesh with delicate texture and flavor; found in Florida but now very rare', 'Cancridae': 'many of the best known edible crabs', 'Cancer': '(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer', 'hard-shell_crab': 'edible crab that has not recently molted and so has a hard shell', 'soft-shell_crab': 'freshly molted crab with new shell still tender and flexible', 'Dungeness_crab': 'flesh of Cancer magister (Dungeness crab)', 'rock_crab': 'crab of eastern coast of North America', 'Jonah_crab': 'large red deep-water crab of the eastern coast of North America', 'Portunidae': 'swimming crabs', 'swimming_crab': 'marine crab with some legs flattened and fringed for swimming', 'Portunus': 'type genus of the family Portunidae', 'English_lady_crab': 'crab of the English coasts', 'Ovalipes': 'a genus of Portunidae', 'American_lady_crab': 'brightly spotted crab of sandy beaches of the Atlantic coast of the United States', 'Callinectes': 'New World blue crabs', 'blue_crab': 'Atlantic crab; most common source of fresh crabmeat', 'Uca': 'fiddler crabs', 'fiddler_crab': 'burrowing crab of American coastal regions having one claw much enlarged in the male', 'Pinnotheridae': 'tiny soft-bodied crabs', 'Pinnotheres': 'type genus of the family Pinnotheridae: pea crabs', 'pea_crab': 'tiny soft-bodied crab living commensally in the mantles of certain bivalve mollusks', 'oyster_crab': 'tiny soft-bodied crab living within the mantle cavity of oysters', 'Lithodidae': 'deep-sea crabs of cold waters', 'Paralithodes': 'a genus of Lithodidae', 'king_crab': 'large edible crab of northern Pacific waters especially along the coasts of Alaska and Japan', 'Majidae': 'spider crabs', 'spider_crab': 'any of numerous crabs with very long legs and small triangular bodies', 'Maja': 'type genus of the Majidae; nearly cosmopolitan in distribution', 'European_spider_crab': 'a large spider crab of Europe', 'Macrocheira': 'giant crabs of Japan', 'giant_crab': 'very large deep-water Japanese crab', 'Reptantia': 'lobsters; crabs', 'lobster': 'flesh of a lobster', 'Homaridae': 'large-clawed lobsters', 'true_lobster': 'large edible marine crustaceans having large pincers on the first pair of legs', 'Homarus': 'type genus of the family Homaridae: common edible lobsters', 'American_lobster': 'flesh of cold-water lobsters having large tender claws; caught from Maine to the Carolinas', 'European_lobster': 'similar to but smaller than American lobsters', 'Cape_lobster': 'small lobster of southern Africa', 'Nephropsidae': 'in some classifications coextensive with the Homaridae', 'Nephrops': 'a genus of Nephropsidae', 'Norway_lobster': 'edible European lobster resembling the American lobster but slenderer', 'Palinuridae': 'spiny lobsters', 'Palinurus': 'type genus of the family Palinuridae', 'spiny_lobster': 'warm-water lobsters without claws; those from Australia and South Africa usually marketed as frozen tails; caught also in Florida and California', 'Astacidae': 'crayfish', 'crayfish': 'tiny lobster-like crustaceans usually boiled briefly', 'Astacus': 'type genus of the family Astacidae; Old World crayfish', 'Old_World_crayfish': 'small crayfish of Europe and Asia and western North America', 'Cambarus': 'a genus of Astacidae', 'American_crayfish': 'common large crayfishes of eastern North America', 'Paguridae': 'hermit crabs', 'Pagurus': 'type genus of the family Paguridae', 'hermit_crab': 'small soft-bodied marine crustaceans living in cast-off shells of gastropods', 'Natantia': 'shrimp; prawns; etc.', 'Crangonidae': 'shrimps', 'Crangon': 'type genus of the family Crangonidae', 'shrimp': 'small slender-bodied chiefly marine decapod crustaceans with a long tail and single pair of pincers; many species are edible', 'snapping_shrimp': 'small shrimp that makes a snapping noise with one of their enlarged chelae', 'Palaemonidae': 'prawns', 'Palaemon': 'type genus of the family Palaemonidae; widely distributed genus', 'prawn': 'any of various edible decapod crustaceans', 'long-clawed_prawn': 'large (a foot or more) edible freshwater prawn common in Australian rivers', 'Peneidae': 'tropical prawns', 'Peneus': 'type genus of the family Peneidae', 'tropical_prawn': 'edible tropical and warm-water prawn', 'Schizopoda': 'in former classifications a division of Malacostraca; superseded by the orders Mysidacea and Euphausiacea', 'Euphausiacea': 'small commonly luminescent crustaceans; important element of marine plankton: krill', 'krill': 'shrimp-like planktonic crustaceans; major source of food for e.g. baleen whales', 'Euphausia_pacifica': 'food for jellyfish', 'Mysidacea': 'opossum shrimp', 'Mysidae': 'small shrimp-like crustaceans', 'Mysis': 'type genus of the family Mysidae', 'Praunus': 'a genus of Mysidae', 'opossum_shrimp': 'shrimp-like crustaceans whose females carry eggs and young in a pouch between the legs', 'Stomatopoda': 'mantis shrimps', 'stomatopod': 'a kind of crustacean', 'mantis_shrimp': 'tropical marine burrowing crustaceans with large grasping appendages', 'Squillidae': 'crustaceans that burrow in mud or under stones in shallow water along the seashore', 'genus_Squilla': 'type genus of the family Squillidae', 'squilla': 'a kind of mantis shrimp', 'Isopoda': 'woodlice', 'isopod': 'any of various small terrestrial or aquatic crustaceans with seven pairs of legs adapted for crawling', 'woodlouse': 'any of various small terrestrial isopods having a flat elliptical segmented body; found in damp habitats', 'Armadillidiidae': 'pill bugs', 'Armadillidium': 'type genus of the Armadillidiidae', 'pill_bug': 'small terrestrial isopod with a convex segmented body that can roll up into a ball', 'Oniscidae': 'a family of Isopoda', 'Oniscus': 'type genus of the Oniscidae; woodlice that cannot roll into a ball', 'Porcellionidae': 'sow bugs', 'Porcellio': 'Old World genus of isopod crustaceans', 'sow_bug': 'terrestrial isopod having an oval segmented body (a shape like a sow)', 'sea_louse': 'marine isopod crustacean', 'Amphipoda': 'small flat-bodied semiterrestrial crustaceans: whale lice; sand-hoppers; skeleton shrimp', 'amphipod': 'a kind of malacostracan crustacean', 'Orchestiidae': 'beach fleas', 'Orchestia': 'type genus of the family Orchestiidae', 'beach_flea': 'small amphipod crustaceans that hop like fleas; common on ocean beaches', 'Caprella': 'skeleton shrimp', 'skeleton_shrimp': 'small amphipod crustacean having a grotesque form suggestive of the praying mantis; found chiefly on seaweed', 'Cyamus': 'whale lice', 'whale_louse': 'amphipod crustacean parasitic on cetaceans', 'Entomostraca': 'in some older classifications includes the Branchiopoda and Copepoda and Ostracoda and Cirripedia; no longer in technical use', 'Branchiopoda': 'primitive aquatic mainly freshwater crustaceans: fairy shrimps; brine shrimps; tadpole shrimps; can shrimps; water fleas', 'branchiopod_crustacean': 'aquatic crustaceans typically having a carapace and many pairs of leaflike appendages used for swimming as well as respiration and feeding', 'genus_Daphnia': 'water fleas', 'daphnia': 'minute freshwater crustacean having a round body enclosed in a transparent shell; moves about like a flea by means of hairy branched antennae', 'Anostraca': 'small aquatic crustaceans lacking a carapace: fairy shrimps; brine shrimps', 'Artemia': 'fairy shrimp; brine shrimp', 'fairy_shrimp': 'small freshwater branchiopod having a transparent body with many appendages; swims on its back', 'brine_shrimp': 'common to saline lakes', 'Notostraca': 'small freshwater crustaceans with a shield-shaped carapace', 'Triopidae': 'a family of Notostraca', 'Triops': 'type genus of the family Triopidae: small crustaceans with a small third median eye', 'tadpole_shrimp': 'a kind of branchiopod crustacean', 'Copepoda': 'minute planktonic or parasitic crustaceans', 'copepod': 'minute marine or freshwater crustaceans usually having six pairs of limbs on the thorax; some abundant in plankton and others parasitic on fish', 'brit': 'the young of a herring or sprat or similar fish', 'genus_Cyclops': 'copepod water fleas', 'cyclops': 'minute free-swimming freshwater copepod having a large median eye and pear-shaped body and long antennae used in swimming; important in some food chains and as intermediate hosts of parasitic worms that affect man e.g. Guinea worms', 'Branchiura': 'copepods with suctorial mouthparts; parasitic on fishes', 'fish_louse': 'a kind of copepod', 'Ostracoda': 'seed shrimps', 'seed_shrimp': 'tiny marine and freshwater crustaceans with a shrimp-like body enclosed in a bivalve shell', 'Cirripedia': 'barnacles', 'barnacle': 'marine crustaceans with feathery food-catching appendages; free-swimming as larvae; as adults form a hard shell and live attached to submerged surfaces', 'Balanidae': 'stalkless barnacles', 'Balanus': 'type genus of the family Balanidae', 'acorn_barnacle': 'barnacle that attaches to rocks especially in intertidal zones', 'Lepadidae': 'goose barnacles', 'Lepas': 'type genus of the family Lepadidae', 'goose_barnacle': 'stalked barnacle that attaches to ship bottoms or floating timbers', 'Onychophora': 'enigmatic small elongated wormlike terrestrial invertebrates of damp dark habitats in warm regions; distinct from the phylum Annelida; resemble slugs with legs and are sometimes described as the missing link between arthropods and annelids', 'onychophoran': 'any of numerous velvety-skinned wormlike carnivorous animals common in tropical forests having characteristics of both arthropods and annelid worms', 'Peripatidae': 'a family of Onychophora', 'genus_Peripatus': 'type genus of Peripatidae; onychophorans of chiefly New World tropical regions', 'Plicatoperipatus': 'a genus of Peripatidae', 'Plicatoperipatus_jamaicensis': 'a kind of onychophoran', 'Peripatopsidae': 'a family of Onychophora', 'Peripatopsis': 'type genus of Peripatopsidae; onychophorans of chiefly Asiatic and African tropical regions', 'wading_bird': 'any of many long-legged birds that wade in water in search of food', 'Ciconiiformes': 'order of chiefly tropical marsh-dwelling fish-eating wading birds with long legs and bills and (except for flamingos) unwebbed feet: herons; storks; spoonbills; flamingos; ibises', 'Ciconiidae': 'storks', 'stork': 'large mostly Old World wading birds typically having white-and-black plumage', 'Ciconia': 'type genus of the Ciconiidae: European storks', 'white_stork': 'the common stork of Europe; white with black wing feathers and a red bill', 'black_stork': 'Old World stork that is glossy black above and white below', 'Leptoptilus': 'adjutant birds and marabous', 'adjutant_bird': 'large Indian stork with a military gait', 'Anastomus': 'openbills', 'openbill': 'stork with a grooved bill whose upper and lower parts touch only at the base and tip', 'genus_Jabiru': 'jabirus', 'jabiru': 'large white stork of warm regions of the world especially America', 'Ephippiorhynchus': 'saddlebills', 'saddlebill': 'large black-and-white stork of tropical Africa; its red bill has a black band around the middle', 'Xenorhyncus': 'East Indian and Australian storks', 'policeman_bird': 'large mostly white Australian stork', 'Mycteria': 'a genus of storks of the family Ciconiidae now including only the American wood ibis', 'wood_ibis': 'any of several Old World birds of the genus Ibis', 'Balaenicipitidae': 'shoebills', 'Balaeniceps': 'type genus of the Balaenicipitidae: shoebills', 'shoebill': 'large stork-like bird of the valley of the White Nile with a broad bill suggesting a wooden shoe', 'Threskiornithidae': 'ibises', 'ibis': 'wading birds of warm regions having long slender down-curved bills', 'genus_Ibis': 'ibises', 'Threskiornis': 'type genus of the Threskiornithidae', 'sacred_ibis': 'African ibis venerated by ancient Egyptians', 'Plataleidae': 'spoonbills', 'spoonbill': 'wading birds having a long flat bill with a tip like a spoon', 'Platalea': 'type genus of the Plataleidae', 'common_spoonbill': 'pure white crested spoonbill of southern Eurasia and northeastern Africa', 'Ajaia': 'a genus of Platalea', 'roseate_spoonbill': 'tropical rose-colored New World spoonbill', 'Phoenicopteridae': 'flamingos', 'flamingo': 'large pink to scarlet web-footed wading bird with down-bent bill; inhabits brackish lakes', 'Ardeidae': 'herons; egrets; night herons; bitterns', 'heron': 'grey or white wading bird with long neck and long legs and (usually) long bill', 'Ardea': 'type genus of the Ardeidae: large New and Old World herons', 'great_blue_heron': 'large American heron having bluish-grey plumage', 'great_white_heron': 'widely distributed Old World white egret', 'egret': 'any of various usually white herons having long plumes during breeding season', 'Egretta': 'small Old and New World herons', 'little_blue_heron': 'small bluish-grey heron of the western hemisphere', 'snowy_egret': 'small New World egret', 'little_egret': 'Old World egret', 'Casmerodius': 'a white egrets', 'American_egret': 'a common egret of the genus Egretta found in America; it is a variety of the Old World white egret Casmerodius albus', 'Bubulcus': 'small white egrets', 'cattle_egret': 'small white egret widely distributed in warm regions often found around grazing animals', 'night_heron': 'nocturnal or crepuscular herons', 'Nycticorax': 'Old World night herons', 'black-crowned_night_heron': 'night heron of both Old and New Worlds', 'Nyctanassa': 'American night herons', 'yellow-crowned_night_heron': 'North American night heron', 'Cochlearius': 'boatbills', 'boatbill': 'tropical American heron related to night herons', 'bittern': 'relatively small compact tawny-brown heron with nocturnal habits and a booming cry; found in marshes', 'Botaurus': 'bitterns', 'American_bittern': 'a kind of bittern', 'European_bittern': 'a kind of bittern', 'Ixobrychus': 'bitterns', 'least_bittern': 'small American bittern', 'Gruiformes': 'inland marsh-dwelling birds with long legs and necks and bills that wade in water in search of food: cranes; rails; bustards', 'Gruidae': 'cranes', 'crane': 'lifts and moves heavy objects; lifting tackle is suspended from a pivoted boom that rotates around a vertical axis', 'Grus': 'a small constellation in the southern hemisphere near Phoenix', 'whooping_crane': 'rare North American crane having black-and-white plumage and a trumpeting call', 'Aramus': 'genus of large brown long-billed wading birds found in warm swampy regions of the western hemisphere: courlan; limpkin', 'courlan': 'wading bird of South America and Central America', 'limpkin': 'wading bird of Florida, Cuba and Jamaica having a drooping bill and a distinctive wailing call', 'Cariamidae': 'crane-like South American wading birds', 'Cariama': 'the type genus of the Cariamidae comprising only the crested cariama', 'crested_cariama': 'Brazilian Cariama; sole representative of the genus Cariama', 'genus_Chunga': 'a genus of Cariamidae', 'chunga': 'Argentinian Cariama', 'Rallidae': 'rails; crakes; gallinules; coots', 'rail': 'short for railway; \"he traveled by rail\"; \"he was concerned with rail safety\"', 'Gallirallus': 'rails of New Zealand', 'weka': 'flightless New Zealand rail of thievish disposition having short wings each with a spur used in fighting', 'crake': 'any of several short-billed Old World rails', 'Crex': 'corncrakes', 'corncrake': 'common Eurasian rail that frequents grain fields', 'Porzana': 'spotted crakes', 'spotted_crake': 'Eurasian rail of swamps and marshes', 'Gallinula': 'gallinules', 'gallinule': 'any of various small aquatic birds of the genus Gallinula distinguished from rails by a frontal shield and a resemblance to domestic hens', 'Florida_gallinule': 'North American dark bluish-grey gallinule', 'purple_gallinule': 'gallinules with showy purplish plumage', 'Porphyrio': 'Old World purple gallinules', 'European_gallinule': 'purple gallinule of southern Europe', 'Porphyrula': 'American purple gallinules', 'American_gallinule': 'American purple gallinule', 'genus_Notornis': 'a genus of Rallidae', 'notornis': 'flightless New Zealand birds similar to gallinules', 'Fulica': 'coots', 'coot': 'slate-black slow-flying birds somewhat resembling ducks', 'American_coot': 'a coot found in North America', 'Old_World_coot': 'a coot found in Eurasia', 'Otides': 'terrestrial game birds of the Old World and Australia: bustards', 'Otididae': 'bustards', 'bustard': 'large heavy-bodied chiefly terrestrial game bird capable of powerful swift flight; classified with wading birds but frequents grassy steppes', 'Otis': 'United States inventor who manufactured the first elevator with a safety device (1811-1861)', 'great_bustard': 'largest European land bird', 'Choriotis': 'Australian bustard', 'plain_turkey': 'popular Australian game bird', 'Turnicidae': 'small Old World birds resembling but not related to true quail', 'Turnix': 'type genus of the Turnicidae: button quail', 'button_quail': 'small quail-like terrestrial bird of southern Eurasia and northern Africa that lacks a hind toe; classified with wading birds but inhabits grassy plains', 'striped_button_quail': 'a variety of button quail having stripes', 'ortygan': 'any of several East Indian birds', 'Pedionomus': 'plain wanderer', 'plain_wanderer': 'small Australian bird related to the button quail; classified as wading bird but inhabits plains', 'Psophiidae': 'trumpeters', 'Psophia': 'type genus of the Psophiidae: trumpeters', 'Brazilian_trumpeter': 'trumpeter of Brazil and Guiana; often kept to protect poultry in Brazil', 'Charadriiformes': 'large diverse order of aquatic birds found along seacoasts and inland waters: shorebirds and coastal diving birds; most feed on anima life', 'seabird': 'a bird that frequents coastal waters and the open ocean: gulls; pelicans; gannets; cormorants; albatrosses; petrels; etc.', 'Charadrii': 'shorebirds: plovers; sandpipers; avocets; phalaropes; coursers; stone curlews', 'Limicolae': 'term used in some classifications for migratory shorebirds; coextensive with the Charadrii', 'shorebird': 'any of numerous wading birds that frequent mostly seashores and estuaries', 'Charadriidae': 'plover family', 'plover': 'any of numerous chiefly shorebirds of relatively compact build having straight bills and large pointed wings; closely related to the sandpipers', 'Charadrius': 'type genus of the Charadriidae: plovers', 'piping_plover': 'small plover of eastern North America', 'killdeer': 'American plover of inland waters and fields having a distinctive cry', 'dotterel': 'rare plover of upland areas of Eurasia', 'Pluvialis': 'golden plovers', 'golden_plover': 'plovers of Europe and America having the backs marked with golden-yellow spots', 'Vanellus': 'Eurasian lapwings', 'lapwing': 'large crested Old World plover having wattles and spurs', 'Arenaria': 'sandworts', 'turnstone': 'migratory shorebirds of the plover family that turn over stones in searching for food', 'ruddy_turnstone': 'common Arctic turnstone that winters in South America and Australia', 'black_turnstone': 'common turnstone of the Pacific coast of North America', 'Scolopacidae': 'sandpiper family: sandpipers; woodcocks; snipes; tattlers; curlews; godwits; dowitchers', 'sandpiper': 'any of numerous usually small wading birds having a slender bill and piping call; closely related to the plovers', 'Aphriza': 'a genus of Scolopacidae', 'surfbird': 'sandpiper-like shorebird of Pacific coasts of North America and South America', 'Actitis': 'a genus of Scolopacidae', 'European_sandpiper': 'a variety of sandpiper', 'spotted_sandpiper': 'common North American sandpiper', 'Erolia': 'a genus of Scolopacidae', 'least_sandpiper': 'smallest American sandpiper', 'red-backed_sandpiper': 'small common sandpiper that breeds in northern or Arctic regions and winters in southern United States or Mediterranean regions', 'Tringa': 'a genus of Scolopacidae', 'greenshank': 'large European sandpiper with greenish legs', 'redshank': 'a common Old World wading bird with long red legs', 'yellowlegs': 'either of two North American shorebird with yellow legs', 'greater_yellowlegs': 'a variety of yellowlegs', 'lesser_yellowlegs': 'a variety of yellowlegs', 'Calidris': 'a genus of Scolopacidae', 'pectoral_sandpiper': 'American sandpiper that inflates its chest when courting', 'knot': 'a hard cross-grained round piece of wood in a board where a branch emerged; \"the saw buckled when it hit a knot\"', 'curlew_sandpiper': 'Old World sandpiper with a curved bill like a curlew', 'Crocethia': 'a genus of Scolopacidae', 'sanderling': 'small sandpiper that breeds in the Arctic and migrates southward along sandy coasts in most of world', 'Bartramia': 'a genus of Scolopacidae', 'upland_sandpiper': 'large plover-like sandpiper of North American fields and uplands', 'Philomachus': 'ruffs', 'reeve': 'female ruff', 'tattler': 'any of several long-legged shorebirds having a loud whistling cry', 'Heteroscelus': 'tattlers', 'Polynesian_tattler': 'tattler of Pacific coastal regions', 'Catoptrophorus': 'willet', 'willet': 'large North American shorebird of eastern and Gulf Coasts', 'woodcock': 'game bird of the sandpiper family that resembles a snipe', 'Scolopax': 'type of the Scolopacidae: Old World woodcocks', 'Eurasian_woodcock': 'short-legged long-billed migratory Old World woodcock', 'Philohela': 'American woodcocks', 'American_woodcock': 'small long-billed woodcock; prized as a game bird', 'Gallinago': 'snipes', 'whole_snipe': 'common snipe of Eurasia and Africa', \"Wilson's_snipe\": 'American snipe', 'great_snipe': 'Old World snipe larger and darker than the whole snipe', 'Limnocryptes': 'snipe', 'jacksnipe': 'a small short-billed Old World snipe', 'Limnodromus': 'dowitchers', 'dowitcher': 'shorebird of the sandpiper family that resembles a snipe', 'greyback': 'a dowitcher with a grey back', 'red-breasted_snipe': 'a dowitcher with a red breast', 'Numenius': 'curlews', 'curlew': 'large migratory shorebirds of the sandpiper family; closely related to woodcocks but having a down-curved bill', 'European_curlew': 'common Eurasian curlew', 'Eskimo_curlew': 'New World curlew that breeds in northern North America', 'Limosa': 'godwits', 'godwit': 'large wading bird that resembles a curlew; has a long slightly upturned bill', 'Hudsonian_godwit': 'New World godwit', 'Himantopus': 'major one of two genera of stilts; similar to avocets but with straight bills', 'stilt': 'one of two stout poles with foot rests in the middle; used for walking high above the ground; \"he was so tall I thought he was on stilts\"', 'black-necked_stilt': 'stilt of southwestern United States to northern South America having black plumage extending from the head down the back of the neck', 'black-winged_stilt': 'stilt of Europe and Africa and Asia having mostly white plumage but with black wings', 'white-headed_stilt': 'stilt of the southwest Pacific including Australia and New Zealand having mostly white plumage but with black wings and nape of neck', 'kaki': 'blackish stilt of New Zealand sometimes considered a color phase of the white-headed stilt', 'Cladorhyncus': 'one of two genera of stilts; similar to avocets but with straight bills', 'banded_stilt': 'web-footed Australian stilt with reddish-brown pectoral markings', 'Recurvirostridae': 'long-legged shorebirds', 'Recurvirostra': 'type genus of the Recurvirostridae: avocets', 'avocet': 'long-legged web-footed black-and-white shorebird with slender upward-curving bill', 'Haematopodidae': 'oystercatchers', 'Haematopus': 'oystercatchers', 'oystercatcher': 'black-and-white shorebird with stout legs and bill; feed on oysters etc.', 'Phalaropidae': 'phalaropes', 'phalarope': 'small sandpiper-like shorebird having lobate toes and being good swimmers; breed in the Arctic and winter in the tropics', 'Phalaropus': 'type genus of the Phalaropidae: phalaropes', 'red_phalarope': 'phalarope of northern oceans and lakes', 'Lobipes': 'a genus of Phalaropidae', 'northern_phalarope': 'breeds in Arctic regions of Old and New Worlds; large flocks often seen far out at sea', 'Steganopus': 'a genus of Phalaropidae', \"Wilson's_phalarope\": 'breeds on the northern great plains of Canada', 'Glareolidae': 'Old World shorebirds: pratincoles and coursers', 'Glareola': 'type genus of the Glareolidae: the pratincoles', 'pratincole': 'Old World shorebird with long pointed wings and short legs; closely related to the coursers', 'courser': 'a huntsman who hunts small animals with fast dogs that use sight rather than scent to follow their prey', 'Cursorius': 'coursers', 'cream-colored_courser': 'courser of desert and semidesert regions of the Old World', 'Pluvianus': 'coursers', 'crocodile_bird': 'African courser that feeds on insect parasites on crocodiles', 'Burhinidae': 'large wading birds resembling the plovers: stone curlews', 'Burhinus': 'type genus of the Burhinidae: stone curlews', 'stone_curlew': 'large-headed large-eyed crepuscular or nocturnal shorebird of the Old World and tropical America having a thickened knee joint', 'coastal_diving_bird': 'gull family; skimmer family; jaeger family; auk family', 'Lari': 'gulls; terns; jaegers; skimmers', 'Laridae': 'gull family: gulls and terns', 'larid': 'long-winged web-footed aquatic bird of the gull family', 'gull': 'mostly white aquatic bird having long pointed wings and short legs', 'Larus': 'type genus of the Laridae', 'mew': 'the common gull of Eurasia and northeastern North America', 'black-backed_gull': 'white gull having a black back and wings', 'herring_gull': 'large gull of the northern hemisphere', 'laughing_gull': 'small black-headed European gull', 'Pagophila': 'a genus of Laridae', 'ivory_gull': 'white Arctic gull; migrates as far south as England and New Brunswick', 'Rissa': 'a genus of Laridae', 'kittiwake': 'small pearl-grey gull of northern regions; nests on cliffs and has a rudimentary hind toe', 'Sterninae': 'terns', 'tern': 'small slender gull having narrow wings and a forked tail', 'Sterna': 'a genus of Sterninae', 'sea_swallow': 'common tern of Eurasia and America having white black and grey plumage', 'Rynchopidae': 'coextensive with the genus Rynchops: skimmers', 'Rynchops': 'type genus of the Rynchopidae: skimmers', 'skimmer': 'a rapid superficial reader', 'Stercorariidae': 'jaegers and skuas:', 'jaeger': 'rapacious seabird that pursues weaker birds to make them drop their prey', 'Stercorarius': 'type genus of the Stercorariidae: jaegers', 'parasitic_jaeger': 'a variety of jaeger', 'Catharacta': 'skuas', 'skua': 'gull-like jaeger of northern seas', 'great_skua': 'large brown skua of the northern Atlantic', 'Alcidae': 'web-footed diving seabirds of northern seas: auks; puffins; guillemots; murres; etc.', 'auk': 'black-and-white short-necked web-footed diving bird of northern seas', 'auklet': 'any of several small auks of the northern Pacific coasts', 'Alca': 'type genus of the Alcidae comprising solely the razorbill', 'razorbill': 'black-and-white northern Atlantic auk having a compressed sharp-edged bill', 'Plautus': 'comic dramatist of ancient Rome (253?-184 BC)', 'little_auk': 'small short-billed auk abundant in Arctic regions', 'Pinguinus': 'great auk', 'great_auk': 'large flightless auk of rocky islands off northern Atlantic coasts; extinct', 'Cepphus': 'a genus of birds including: guillemots', 'guillemot': 'small black or brown speckled auks of northern seas', 'black_guillemot': 'northern Atlantic guillemot', 'pigeon_guillemot': 'northern Pacific guillemot', 'Uria': 'murres', 'murre': 'black-and-white diving bird of northern seas', 'common_murre': 'the most frequent variety of murre', 'thick-billed_murre': 'a variety of murre', 'puffin': 'any of two genera of northern seabirds having short necks and brightly colored compressed bills', 'Fratercula': 'puffins', 'Atlantic_puffin': 'common puffin of the northern Atlantic', 'horned_puffin': 'northern Pacific puffin', 'Lunda': 'puffins', 'tufted_puffin': 'northern Pacific puffin having a large yellow plume over each eye', 'Gaviiformes': 'large aquatic birds: loons and some extinct forms', 'gaviiform_seabird': 'seabirds of the order Gaviiformes', 'Gavidae': 'loon family', 'Gavia': 'type genus of the Gavidae: loons', 'loon': 'a worthless lazy fellow', 'Podicipitiformes': 'grebes', 'podicipitiform_seabird': 'aquatic birds related to the loons', 'Podicipedidae': 'coextensive with the order Podicipitiformes', 'Podiceps': 'type genus of the Podicipedidae: grebes', 'grebe': 'small compact-bodied almost completely aquatic bird that builds floating nests; similar to loons but smaller and with lobate rather than webbed feet', 'great_crested_grebe': 'large Old World grebe with black ear tufts', 'red-necked_grebe': 'large stocky grebe of circumpolar regions having a dark neck', 'black-necked_grebe': 'small grebe with yellow ear tufts and a black neck; found in Eurasia and southern Africa as well as western United States', 'dabchick': 'small European grebe', 'Podilymbus': 'a genus of Podicipedidae', 'pied-billed_grebe': 'American grebe having a black-banded whitish bill', 'Pelecaniformes': 'pelicans; frigate birds; gannets; cormorants', 'pelecaniform_seabird': 'large fish-eating seabird with four-toed webbed feet', 'Pelecanidae': 'pelicans', 'pelican': 'large long-winged warm-water seabird having a large bill with a distensible pouch for fish', 'Pelecanus': 'type genus of the Pelecanidae', 'white_pelican': 'large American pelican; white with black wing feathers', 'Old_world_white_pelican': 'similar to American white pelican', 'Fregatidae': 'frigate birds', 'Fregata': 'type genus of the Fregatidae', 'frigate_bird': 'long-billed warm-water seabird with wide wingspan and forked tail', 'Sulidae': 'gannets and boobies', 'gannet': 'large heavily built seabird with a long stout bill noted for its plunging dives for fish', 'Sula': 'type genus of the Sulidae', 'solan': 'very large white gannet with black wing tips', 'booby': 'small tropical gannet having a bright bill or bright feet or both', 'Phalacrocoracidae': 'cormorants', 'Phalacrocorax': 'type genus: coextensive with the family Phalacrocoracidae', 'cormorant': 'large voracious dark-colored long-necked seabird with a distensible pouch for holding fish; used in Asia to catch fish', 'Anhingidae': 'snakebirds', 'genus_Anhinga': 'type genus of the Anhingidae', 'snakebird': 'fish-eating bird of warm inland waters having a long flexible neck and slender sharp-pointed bill', 'water_turkey': 'blackish New World snakebird of swampy regions', 'Phaethontidae': 'tropicbirds', 'Phaethon': \"(Greek mythology) son of Helios; killed when trying to drive his father's chariot and came too close to earth\", 'tropic_bird': 'mostly white web-footed tropical seabird often found far from land', 'Sphenisciformes': 'penguins', 'Spheniscidae': 'comprising all existing penguins', 'sphenisciform_seabird': 'flightless cold-water seabirds: penguins', 'penguin': 'short-legged flightless birds of cold southern especially Antarctic regions having webbed feet and wings modified as flippers', 'Pygoscelis': 'a genus of Spheniscidae', 'Adelie': 'medium-sized penguins occurring in large colonies on the Adelie Coast of Antarctica', 'Aptenodytes': 'large penguins', 'king_penguin': 'large penguin on islands bordering the Antarctic Circle', 'emperor_penguin': 'the largest penguin; an Antarctic penguin', 'Spheniscus': 'type genus of the Spheniscidae: jackass penguins', 'jackass_penguin': 'small penguin of South America and southern Africa with a braying call', 'Eudyptes': 'rock hoppers', 'rock_hopper': 'small penguin of the Falkland Islands and New Zealand', 'Procellariiformes': 'petrels; albatrosses; shearwaters; diving petrels', 'pelagic_bird': 'bird of the open seas', 'procellariiform_seabird': 'large long-winged bird with hooked bill and tubular nostrils that wanders the open seas', 'Diomedeidae': 'albatrosses', 'albatross': '(figurative) something that hinders or handicaps; \"she was an albatross around his neck\"', 'genus_Diomedea': 'type of the Diomedeidae', 'wandering_albatross': 'very large albatross; white with wide black wings', 'black-footed_albatross': 'a variety of albatross with black feet', 'Procellariidae': 'petrels; fulmars; shearwaters;', 'petrel': 'relatively small long-winged tube-nosed bird that flies far from land', 'Procellaria': 'type genus of the Procellariidae', 'white-chinned_petrel': 'large black petrel of southern seas having a white mark on the chin', 'Macronectes': 'giant petrels', 'giant_petrel': 'large brownish petrel chiefly of Antarctic seas', 'Fulmarus': 'fulmars', 'fulmar': 'heavy short-tailed oceanic bird of polar regions', 'Puffinus': 'shearwaters', 'shearwater': 'long-winged oceanic bird that in flight skims close to the waves', 'Manx_shearwater': 'small black-and-white shearwater common in the northeastern Atlantic', 'Hydrobatidae': 'storm petrels', 'storm_petrel': 'any of various small petrels having dark plumage with paler underparts', 'Hydrobates': 'type genus of the Hydrobatidae', 'stormy_petrel': 'sooty black petrel with white markings; of the northern Atlantic and Mediterranean', 'Oceanites': 'a genus of Hydrobatidae', \"Mother_Carey's_chicken\": 'medium-sized storm petrel', 'Pelecanoididae': 'diving petrels', 'diving_petrel': 'any of several small diving birds of southern hemisphere seas; somewhat resemble auks', 'aquatic_mammal': 'whales and dolphins; manatees and dugongs; walruses; seals', 'Cetacea': 'an order of Eutheria', 'cetacean': 'large aquatic carnivorous mammal with fin-like forelimbs no hind limbs, including: whales; dolphins; porpoises; narwhals', 'whale': 'any of the larger cetacean mammals having a streamlined body and breathing through a blowhole on the head', 'Mysticeti': 'baleen whales: right whales; rorquals; blue whales; humpbacks', 'baleen_whale': 'whale with plates of whalebone along the upper jaw for filtering plankton from the water', 'Balaenidae': 'right whales', 'right_whale': \"large Arctic whalebone whale; allegedly the `right' whale to hunt because of its valuable whalebone and oil\", 'Balaena': 'type genus of the Balaenidae: Greenland whales', 'bowhead': 'large-mouthed Arctic whale', 'Balaenopteridae': 'rorquals; blue whales', 'rorqual': 'any of several baleen whales of the family Balaenopteridae having longitudinal grooves on the throat and a small pointed dorsal fin', 'Balaenoptera': 'type genus of the Balaenopteridae', 'blue_whale': 'largest mammal ever known; bluish-grey migratory whalebone whale mostly of southern hemisphere', 'finback': 'large flat-headed whalebone whale having deep furrows along the throat; of Atlantic and Pacific', 'sei_whale': 'similar to but smaller than the finback whale', 'lesser_rorqual': 'small finback of coastal waters of Atlantic and Pacific', 'Megaptera': 'humpback whales', 'humpback': 'a person whose back is hunched because of abnormal curvature of the upper spine', 'Eschrichtiidae': 'comprising only the grey whales', 'Eschrichtius': 'type and sole genus of the Eschrichtiidae', 'grey_whale': 'medium-sized greyish-black whale of the northern Pacific', 'Odontoceti': 'toothed whales: dolphins; porpoises; sperm whales; beaked whales', 'toothed_whale': 'any of several whales having simple conical teeth and feeding on fish etc.', 'Physeteridae': 'sperm whales', 'Physeter': 'type genus of the Physeteridae', 'sperm_whale': 'large whale with a large cavity in the head containing spermaceti and oil; also a source of ambergris', 'Kogia': 'pygmy sperm whales', 'pygmy_sperm_whale': 'small sperm whale of warm waters of both coasts of North America', 'dwarf_sperm_whale': 'very small (to 8 feet) sperm whale of central coasts of Atlantic and Pacific', 'Ziphiidae': 'beaked whales; in some especially former classifications included in the family Physeteridae', 'beaked_whale': 'any of several whales inhabiting all oceans and having beaklike jaws with vestigial teeth in the upper jaw', 'Hyperoodon': 'bottle-nosed whales', 'bottle-nosed_whale': 'northern Atlantic beaked whale with a bulbous forehead', 'Delphinidae': 'dolphins', 'dolphin': 'any of various small toothed whales with a beaklike snout; larger than porpoises', 'Delphinus': 'a constellation in the northern hemisphere near Pegasus and Aquila', 'common_dolphin': 'black-and-white dolphin that leaps high out of the water;', 'Tursiops': 'a genus of Delphinidae', 'bottlenose_dolphin': 'any of several dolphins with rounded forehead and well-developed beak; chiefly of northern Atlantic and Mediterranean', 'Atlantic_bottlenose_dolphin': 'the most common dolphin of northern Atlantic and Mediterranean; often kept captive and trained to perform', 'Pacific_bottlenose_dolphin': 'a bottlenose dolphin found in the Pacific Ocean', 'Phocoena': 'porpoises', 'porpoise': 'any of several small gregarious cetacean mammals having a blunt snout and many teeth', 'harbor_porpoise': 'the common porpoise of the northern Atlantic and Pacific', 'vaquita': 'a short porpoise that lives in the Gulf of California; an endangered species', 'genus_Grampus': 'grampus', 'grampus': 'slaty-grey blunt-nosed dolphin common in northern seas', 'Orcinus': 'killer whales', 'killer_whale': 'predatory black-and-white toothed whale with large dorsal fin; common in cold seas', 'Globicephala': 'pilot whales', 'pilot_whale': 'small dark-colored whale of the Atlantic coast of the United States; the largest male acts as pilot or leader for the school', 'Platanistidae': 'river dolphins', 'river_dolphin': 'any of several long-snouted usually freshwater dolphins of South America and southern Asia', 'Monodontidae': 'narwhals', 'Monodon': 'type genus of the Monodontidae', 'narwhal': 'small Arctic whale the male having a long spiral ivory tusk', 'Delphinapterus': 'white whale', 'white_whale': 'small northern whale that is white when adult', 'spouter': 'an oil well that is spouting', 'Sirenia': \"an animal order including: manatees; dugongs; Steller's sea cow\", 'sea_cow': 'any of two families of large herbivorous aquatic mammals with paddle-shaped tails and flipper-like forelimbs and no hind limbs', 'Trichechidae': 'comprising only the manatees', 'Trichechus': 'type and sole genus of the Trichechidae', 'manatee': 'sirenian mammal of tropical coastal waters of America; the flat tail is rounded', 'Dugongidae': \"a family of mammals of order Sirenia including dugongs and Steller's sea cow\", 'genus_Dugong': 'type genus of the Dugongidae comprising only the dugongs', 'dugong': 'sirenian tusked mammal found from eastern Africa to Australia; the flat tail is bilobate', 'Hydrodamalis': \"a genus of the family Dugongidae comprising only Steller's sea cow\", \"Steller's_sea_cow\": 'extinct large sirenian mammal formerly found near the Asiatic coast of the Bering Sea', 'Carnivora': 'cats; lions; tigers; panthers; dogs; wolves; jackals; bears; raccoons; skunks; and members of the suborder Pinnipedia', 'omnivore': 'a person who eats all kinds of foods', 'Pinnipedia': 'seals; sea lions; walruses', 'pinniped_mammal': 'aquatic carnivorous mammal having a streamlined body specialized for swimming with limbs modified as flippers', 'seal': 'the pelt or fur (especially the underfur) of a seal; \"a coat of seal\"', 'crabeater_seal': 'silvery grey Antarctic seal subsisting on crustaceans', 'Otariidae': 'eared seals: sea lions and fur seals', 'eared_seal': 'pinniped mammal having external ear flaps and hind limbs used for locomotion on land; valued for its soft underfur', 'Arctocephalus': 'fur seals', 'fur_seal': 'an eared seal of the northern Pacific', 'guadalupe_fur_seal': 'a fur seal of the Pacific coast of California and southward', 'Callorhinus': 'fur seals', 'Alaska_fur_seal': 'of Pacific coast from Alaska southward to California', 'sea_lion': 'any of several large eared seals of the northern Pacific related to fur seals but lacking their valuable coat', 'Otaria': 'type genus of the Otariidae', 'South_American_sea_lion': 'of the southern coast of South America', 'Zalophus': 'sea lions', 'California_sea_lion': 'often trained as a show animal', 'Australian_sea_lion': 'a variety of sea lion found in Australia', 'Eumetopias': 'sea lions', 'Steller_sea_lion': 'largest sea lion; of the northern Pacific', 'Phocidae': 'earless seals', 'earless_seal': 'any of several seals lacking external ear flaps and having a stiff hairlike coat with hind limbs reduced to swimming flippers', 'Phoca': 'type genus of the Phocidae: earless seals', 'harbor_seal': 'small spotted seal of coastal waters of the northern hemisphere', 'Pagophilus': 'harp seals', 'harp_seal': 'common Arctic seal; the young are all white', 'Mirounga': 'elephant seals', 'elephant_seal': 'either of two large northern Atlantic earless seals having snouts like trunks', 'Erignathus': 'bearded seals', 'bearded_seal': 'medium-sized greyish to yellow seal with bristles each side of muzzle; of the Arctic Ocean', 'Cystophora': 'hooded seals', 'hooded_seal': 'medium-sized blackish-grey seal with large inflatable sac on the head; of Arctic and northern Atlantic waters', 'Odobenidae': 'walruses and extinct forms', 'Odobenus': 'type genus of the Odobenidae: walruses', 'walrus': 'either of two large northern marine mammals having ivory tusks and tough hide over thick blubber', 'Atlantic_walrus': 'a walrus of northern Atlantic and Arctic waters', 'Pacific_walrus': 'a walrus of the Bering Sea and northern Pacific', 'Fissipedia': 'in some classifications considered a suborder of Carnivora', 'fissiped_mammal': 'terrestrial carnivores; having toes separated to the base: dogs; cats; bears; badgers; raccoons', 'Tubulidentata': 'an order of Eutheria', 'Orycteropodidae': 'aardvarks', 'Orycteropus': 'coextensive with the family Orycteropodidae', 'aardvark': 'nocturnal burrowing mammal of the grasslands of Africa that feeds on termites; sole extant representative of the order Tubulidentata', 'Canidae': 'dogs; wolves; jackals; foxes', 'canine': 'one of the four pointed conical teeth (two in each jaw) located between the incisors and the premolars', 'bitch': 'an unpleasant difficulty; \"this problem is a real bitch\"', 'brood_bitch': 'a bitch used for breeding', 'Canis': 'type genus of the Canidae: domestic and wild dogs; wolves; jackals', 'dog': 'informal term for a man; \"you lucky dog\"', 'pooch': 'informal terms for dogs', 'cur': 'a cowardly and despicable person', 'feist': 'a nervous belligerent little mongrel dog', 'pariah_dog': 'ownerless half-wild mongrel dog common around Asian villages especially India', 'lapdog': 'a dog small and tame enough to be held in the lap', 'toy_dog': 'any of several breeds of very small dogs kept purely as pets', 'Chihuahua': 'a city in northern Mexico in the state of Chihuahua; commercial center of northern Mexico', 'Japanese_spaniel': 'breed of toy dogs originating in Japan having a silky black-and-white or red-and-white coat', 'Maltese_dog': 'breed of toy dogs having a long straight silky white coat', 'Pekinese': 'a Chinese breed of small short-legged dogs with a long silky coat and broad flat muzzle', 'Shih-Tzu': 'a Chinese breed of small dog similar to a Pekingese', 'toy_spaniel': 'a very small spaniel', 'English_toy_spaniel': 'British breed having a long silky coat and rounded head with a short upturned muzzle', 'Blenheim_spaniel': 'red-and-white variety of English toy spaniel', 'King_Charles_spaniel': 'a toy English spaniel with a black-and-tan coat; named after Charles II who popularized it', 'papillon': 'small slender toy spaniel with erect ears and a black-spotted brown to white coat', 'toy_terrier': 'a small active dog', 'hunting_dog': 'a dog used in hunting game', 'Rhodesian_ridgeback': 'a powerful short-haired African hunting dog having a crest of reversed hair along the spine', 'hound': 'any of several breeds of dog used for hunting typically having large drooping ears', 'Afghan_hound': 'tall graceful breed of hound with a long silky coat; native to the Near East', 'basset': 'smooth-haired breed of hound with short legs and long ears', 'beagle': 'a small short-legged smooth-coated breed of hound', 'bloodhound': 'a breed of large powerful hound of European origin having very acute smell and used in tracking', 'bluetick': 'a very fast American hound; white mottled with bluish grey', 'boarhound': 'large hound used in hunting wild boars', 'coonhound': 'any of several breeds of hound developed for hunting raccoons', 'coondog': 'any dog trained to hunt raccoons', 'black-and-tan_coonhound': 'American breed of large powerful hound dogs used for hunting raccoons and other game', 'dachshund': 'small long-bodied short-legged German breed of dog having a short sleek coat and long drooping ears; suited for following game into burrows', 'sausage_dog': 'informal term', 'foxhound': 'medium-sized glossy-coated hounds developed for hunting foxes', 'American_foxhound': 'an American breed of foxhounds used for hunting both in packs and individually', 'Walker_hound': 'an American breed of foxhound', 'English_foxhound': 'an English breed slightly larger than the American foxhounds originally used to hunt in packs', 'Plott_hound': 'a brindle-coated American hound used in hunting bears and wild boars', 'redbone': 'a speedy red or red-and-tan American hound', 'wolfhound': 'the largest breed of dogs; formerly used to hunt wolves', 'borzoi': 'tall fast-moving dog breed', 'Irish_wolfhound': 'large breed of hound with a rough thick coat', 'greyhound': 'a tall slender dog of an ancient breed noted for swiftness and keen sight; used as a racing dog', 'Italian_greyhound': 'a toy dog developed from the greyhound', 'whippet': 'small slender dog of greyhound type developed in England', 'Ibizan_hound': 'breed of slender agile medium-sized hound found chiefly in the Balearic Islands; said to have been bred originally by the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt', 'Norwegian_elkhound': 'breed of compact medium-sized dog with a heavy grey coat developed in Norway for hunting elk', 'otterhound': 'hardy British hound having long pendulous ears and a thick coarse shaggy coat with an oily undercoat; bred for hunting otters', 'Saluki': 'old breed of tall swift keen-eyed hunting dogs resembling greyhounds; from Egypt and southwestern Asia', 'Scottish_deerhound': 'very large and tall rough-coated dog bred for hunting deer; known as the royal dog of Scotland', 'staghound': 'a large heavy hound formerly used in hunting stags and other large game; similar to but larger than a foxhound', 'Weimaraner': 'large breed of hound having a smooth greyish coat; originated in Germany', 'terrier': 'any of several usually small short-bodied breeds originally trained to hunt animals living underground', 'bullterrier': 'a powerful short-haired terrier originated in England by crossing the bulldog with terriers', 'Staffordshire_bullterrier': 'English breed of strong stocky dog having a broad skull and smooth coat', 'American_Staffordshire_terrier': 'American breed of muscular terriers with a short close-lying stiff coat', 'Bedlington_terrier': 'a light terrier groomed to resemble a lamb', 'Border_terrier': 'small rough-coated terrier of British origin', 'Kerry_blue_terrier': 'an Irish breed of medium-sized terriers with a silky blue-grey coat', 'Irish_terrier': 'medium-sized breed with a wiry brown coat; developed in Ireland', 'Norfolk_terrier': 'English breed of small terrier with a straight wiry grizzled coat and dropped ears', 'Norwich_terrier': 'English breed of small short-legged terrier with a straight wiry red or grey or black-and-tan coat and erect ears', 'Yorkshire_terrier': 'very small breed having a long glossy coat of bluish-grey and tan', 'rat_terrier': 'any of several breeds of terrier developed to catch rats', 'Manchester_terrier': 'a breed of short-haired rat terrier with a black-and-tan coat that was developed in Manchester, England', 'toy_Manchester': 'breed of small Manchester terrier', 'fox_terrier': 'small lively black-and-white terriers formerly used to dig out foxes', 'smooth-haired_fox_terrier': 'a fox terrier with smooth hair', 'wire-haired_fox_terrier': 'a fox terrier with wiry hair', 'wirehair': 'a terrier with wiry hair', 'Lakeland_terrier': 'breed of wire-haired terrier originally from the Lake District of England and used for hunting', 'Welsh_terrier': 'wire-haired terrier resembling Airedales but smaller; developed in Wales for hunting', 'Sealyham_terrier': 'a wire-haired terrier with short legs that was first bred in Sealyham', 'Airedale': 'breed of large wiry-coated terrier bred in Yorkshire', 'cairn': 'a mound of stones piled up as a memorial or to mark a boundary or path', 'Australian_terrier': 'small greyish wire-haired breed of terrier from Australia similar to the cairn', 'Dandie_Dinmont': 'a breed of small terrier with long wiry coat and drooping ears', 'Boston_bull': 'small pug-faced American terrier breed having a smooth brindle or black coat with white markings', 'schnauzer': 'old German breed of sturdy black or greyish wire-haired terriers having a blunt muzzle ranging in size from fairly small to very large; used as ratters and guard dogs or police dogs', 'miniature_schnauzer': 'a small schnauzer', 'giant_schnauzer': 'a large schnauzer', 'standard_schnauzer': 'a medium-sized schnauzer', 'Scotch_terrier': 'old Scottish breed of small long-haired usually black terrier with erect tail and ears', 'Tibetan_terrier': 'breed of medium-sized terriers bred in Tibet resembling Old English sheepdogs with fluffy curled tails', 'silky_terrier': 'Australian breed of toy dogs having a silky blue coat', 'Skye_terrier': 'Scottish breed of terrier with shaggy hair and long low body with short legs; native to the Isle of Skye', 'Clydesdale_terrier': 'selectively bred small Skye terrier with erect ears and a long silky coat', 'soft-coated_wheaten_terrier': 'Irish breed of medium-sized terrier with an abundant coat any shade of wheat and very hairy head and muzzle', 'West_Highland_white_terrier': 'small white long-coated terrier developed in Scotland', 'Lhasa': 'the sacred city of Lamaism; known as the Forbidden City for its former inaccessibility and hostility to strangers', 'sporting_dog': 'a dog trained to work with sportsmen when they hunt with guns', 'bird_dog': 'a gun dog trained to locate or retrieve birds', 'water_dog': 'a person who enjoys being in or on the water', 'retriever': 'a dog with heavy water-resistant coat that can be trained to retrieve game', 'flat-coated_retriever': 'an English breed having a shiny black or liver-colored coat; retrieves game from land or water', 'curly-coated_retriever': 'an English breed having a tightly curled black or liver-colored coat; retrieves game from land or water', 'golden_retriever': 'an English breed having a long silky golden coat', 'Labrador_retriever': 'breed originally from Labrador having a short black or golden-brown coat', 'Chesapeake_Bay_retriever': 'American breed having a short thick oily coat ranging from brown to light tan', 'pointer': 'an indicator as on a dial', 'German_short-haired_pointer': 'liver or liver-and-white hunting dog developed in Germany; 3/4 pointer and 1/4 bloodhound', 'setter': 'a long-haired dog formerly trained to crouch on finding game but now to point', 'vizsla': 'Hungarian hunting dog resembling the Weimaraner but having a rich deep red coat', 'English_setter': 'an English breed having a plumed tail and a soft silky coat that is chiefly white', 'Irish_setter': 'an Irish breed with a chestnut-brown or mahogany-red coat', 'Gordon_setter': 'a Scottish breed with a black-and-tan coat', 'spaniel': 'any of several breeds of small to medium-sized gun dogs with a long silky coat and long frilled ears', 'Brittany_spaniel': 'tall active short-tailed French breed of bird dog having a usually smooth orange- or liver-and-white coat', 'clumber': 'a thickset spaniel with longish silky hair', 'field_spaniel': 'large usually black hunting and retrieving spaniel with a dense flat or slightly wavy coat; cross between cocker and Sussex spaniel', 'springer_spaniel': 'a large spaniel with wavy silky coat usually black or liver and white', 'English_springer': 'a breed having typically a black-and-white coat', 'Welsh_springer_spaniel': 'a red-and-white breed slightly smaller than the English springer spaniel', 'cocker_spaniel': 'a small breed with wavy silky hair; originally developed in England', 'Sussex_spaniel': 'an English breed with short legs and a golden liver-colored coat', 'water_spaniel': 'any dog of two large curly-coated breeds used for hunting waterfowl', 'American_water_spaniel': 'breed of medium-sized spaniels originating in America having chocolate or liver-colored curly coat', 'Irish_water_spaniel': 'breed of large spaniels developed in Ireland having a heavy coat of liver-colored curls and a topknot of long curls and a nearly hairless tail', 'griffon': 'breed of various very small compact wiry-coated dogs of Belgian origin having a short bearded muzzle', 'working_dog': 'any of several breeds of usually large powerful dogs bred to work as draft animals and guard and guide dogs', 'watchdog': 'a guardian or defender against theft or illegal practices or waste; \"she is the global watchdog for human rights abuses\"', 'kuvasz': 'long-established Hungarian breed of tall light-footed but sturdy white dog; used also as a hunting dog', 'attack_dog': 'a watchdog trained to attack on command', 'housedog': 'a dog trained to guard a house', 'schipperke': 'breed of small stocky black dogs originally used as watchdogs on boats in the Netherlands and Belgium', 'shepherd_dog': 'any of various usually long-haired breeds of dog reared to herd and guard sheep', 'Belgian_sheepdog': 'hardy working dog developed in Belgium for herding sheep', 'groenendael': 'black-coated sheepdog with a heavily plumed tail', 'malinois': 'fawn-colored short-haired sheepdog', 'briard': 'old French breed of large strong usually black dogs having a long tail and long wavy and slightly stiff coat', 'kelpie': 'an Australian sheepdog with pointed ears', 'komondor': 'Hungarian breed of large powerful shaggy-coated white dog; used also as guard dog', 'Old_English_sheepdog': 'large sheepdog with a profuse shaggy bluish-grey-and-white coat and short tail; believed to trace back to the Roman occupation of Britain', 'Shetland_sheepdog': 'a small sheepdog resembling a collie that was developed in the Shetland Islands', 'collie': 'a silky-coated sheepdog with a long ruff and long narrow head developed in Scotland', 'Border_collie': 'developed in the area between Scotland and England usually having a black coat with white on the head and tip of tail used for herding both sheep and cattle', 'Bouvier_des_Flandres': 'rough-coated breed used originally in Belgium for herding and guarding cattle', 'Rottweiler': 'German breed of large vigorous short-haired cattle dogs', 'German_shepherd': 'breed of large shepherd dogs used in police work and as a guide for the blind', 'police_dog': 'any dog trained to assist police especially in tracking', 'pinscher': 'any of three breeds of dogs whose ears and tail are usually cropped', 'Doberman': 'medium large breed of dog of German origin with a glossy black and tan coat; used as a watchdog', 'miniature_pinscher': 'small German version of a Doberman pinscher', 'Sennenhunde': 'any of four Swiss breeds', 'Greater_Swiss_Mountain_dog': 'the largest of the four Swiss breeds', 'Bernese_mountain_dog': 'large powerful long-haired black-coated Swiss dog with deep tan or russet markings on legs and white blaze and feet and chest marking; formerly used for draft', 'Appenzeller': 'a smaller of the four Swiss breeds', 'EntleBucher': 'the smallest of the Sennenhunde', 'boxer': 'someone who fights with his fists for sport', 'mastiff': 'an old breed of powerful deep-chested smooth-coated dog used chiefly as a watchdog and guard dog', 'bull_mastiff': 'large powerful breed developed by crossing the bulldog and the mastiff', 'Tibetan_mastiff': 'very large powerful rough-coated dog native to central Asia', 'bulldog': 'a sturdy thickset short-haired breed with a large head and strong undershot lower jaw; developed originally in England for bull baiting', 'French_bulldog': 'small stocky version of the bulldog having a sleek coat and square head', 'Great_Dane': 'very large powerful smooth-coated breed of dog', 'guide_dog': 'a dog trained to guide the blind', 'Seeing_Eye_dog': '(trademark) a guide dog trained to guide a blind person', 'hearing_dog': 'dog trained to assist the deaf by signaling the occurrence of certain sounds', 'Saint_Bernard': 'a Swiss alpine breed of large powerful dog with a thick coat of hair used as a rescue dog', 'seizure-alert_dog': 'a dog that can alert or assist people with seizure disorders', 'sled_dog': 'a dog trained to draw a sled usually in a team', 'Eskimo_dog': 'breed of heavy-coated Arctic sled dog', 'malamute': 'breed of sled dog developed in Alaska', 'Siberian_husky': 'breed of sled dog developed in northeastern Siberia; they resemble the larger Alaskan malamutes', 'dalmatian': 'a large breed having a smooth white coat with black or brown spots; originated in Dalmatia', 'liver-spotted_dalmatian': 'a brown-spotted dalmatian', 'affenpinscher': 'European breed of small dog resembling a terrier with dark wiry hair and a tufted muzzle', 'basenji': 'small smooth-haired breed of African origin having a tightly curled tail and the inability to bark', 'pug': 'small compact smooth-coated breed of Asiatic origin having a tightly curled tail and broad flat wrinkled muzzle', 'Leonberg': 'a large dog (usually with a golden coat) produced by crossing a St Bernard and a Newfoundland', 'Newfoundland': 'an island in the north Atlantic', 'Great_Pyrenees': 'bred of large heavy-coated white dogs resembling the Newfoundland', 'spitz': 'any of various stocky heavy-coated breeds of dogs native to northern regions having pointed muzzles and erect ears with a curled furry tail', 'Samoyed': 'a Samoyedic-speaking person in northwestern Siberia', 'Pomeranian': 'breed of very small compact long-haired dogs of the spitz type', 'chow': 'informal terms for a meal', 'keeshond': 'a spitz-like dog having a shaggy greyish coat and tightly curled tail originating in Holland', 'Brabancon_griffon': 'a variety of Brussels griffon having a short smooth coat', 'corgi': 'either of two Welsh breeds of long-bodied short-legged dogs with erect ears and a fox-like head', 'Pembroke': 'the smaller and straight-legged variety of corgi having pointed ears and a short tail', 'Cardigan': 'slightly bowlegged variety of corgi having rounded ears and a long tail', 'poodle': 'an intelligent dog with a heavy curly solid-colored coat that is usually clipped; an old breed sometimes trained as sporting dogs or as performing dogs', 'toy_poodle': 'the breed of very small poodles', 'miniature_poodle': 'a breed of small poodles', 'standard_poodle': 'a breed or medium-sized poodles', 'large_poodle': 'the largest breed of poodle', 'Mexican_hairless': 'any of an old breed of small nearly hairless dogs of Mexico', 'wolf': 'a man who is aggressive in making amorous advances to women', 'timber_wolf': 'a wolf with a brindled grey coat living in forested northern regions of North America', 'white_wolf': 'wolf of Arctic North America having white fur and a black-tipped tail', 'red_wolf': 'reddish-grey wolf of southwestern North America', 'coyote': 'someone who smuggles illegal immigrants into the United States (usually across the Mexican border)', 'coydog': 'offspring of a coyote and a dog', 'jackal': 'Old World nocturnal canine mammal closely related to the dog; smaller than a wolf; sometimes hunts in a pack but usually singly or as a member of a pair', 'wild_dog': 'any of various undomesticated mammals of the family Canidae that are thought to resemble domestic dogs as distinguished from jackals or wolves', 'dingo': 'wolflike yellowish-brown wild dog of Australia', 'Cuon': 'Asiatic wild dog', 'dhole': 'fierce wild dog of the forests of central and southeast Asia that hunts in packs', 'Dusicyon': 'crab-eating dog', 'crab-eating_dog': 'wild dog of northern South America', 'Nyctereutes': 'raccoon dogs', 'raccoon_dog': 'small wild dog of eastern Asia having facial markings like those of a raccoon', 'Lycaeon': 'African hunting dog', 'African_hunting_dog': 'a powerful doglike mammal of southern and eastern Africa that hunts in large packs; now rare in settled area', 'Hyaenidae': 'hyenas', 'hyena': 'doglike nocturnal mammal of Africa and southern Asia that feeds chiefly on carrion', 'genus_Hyaena': 'type genus of the Hyaenidae', 'striped_hyena': 'of northern Africa and Arabia and India', 'brown_hyena': 'of southern Africa', 'Crocuta': 'a genus of Hyaenidae', 'spotted_hyena': 'African hyena noted for its distinctive howl', 'Proteles': 'aardwolf', 'aardwolf': 'striped hyena of southeast Africa that feeds chiefly on insects', 'fox': 'the grey or reddish-brown fur of a fox', 'vixen': 'a malicious woman with a fierce temper', 'Reynard': \"a conventional name for a fox used in tales following usage in the old epic `Reynard the Fox'\", 'Vulpes': 'foxes', 'red_fox': 'weedy annual with spikes of silver-white flowers', 'black_fox': 'red fox in the color phase when its pelt is mostly black', 'silver_fox': 'red fox in the color phase when its pelt is tipped with white', 'kit_fox': 'small grey fox of southwestern United States; may be a subspecies of Vulpes velox', 'Alopex': 'arctic foxes', 'Arctic_fox': 'thickly-furred fox of Arctic regions; brownish in summer and white in winter', 'blue_fox': 'a variety of Arctic fox having a pale grey winter coat', 'Urocyon': 'grey foxes', 'grey_fox': 'dark grey American fox; from Central America through southern United States', 'Felidae': 'cats; wildcats; lions; leopards; cheetahs; saber-toothed tigers', 'feline': 'any of various lithe-bodied roundheaded fissiped mammals, many with retractile claws', 'Felis': 'type genus of the Felidae: true cats and most wildcats', 'cat': 'a spiteful woman gossip; \"what a cat she is!\"', 'domestic_cat': 'any domesticated member of the genus Felis', 'kitty': 'informal terms referring to a domestic cat', 'mouser': 'a cat proficient at mousing', 'alley_cat': 'a homeless cat', 'stray': 'an animal that has strayed (especially a domestic animal)', 'tom': 'male cat', 'gib': 'a castrated tomcat', 'tabby': 'a cat with a grey or tawny coat mottled with black', 'kitten': 'young domestic cat', 'tiger_cat': 'medium-sized wildcat of Central America and South America having a dark-striped coat', 'tortoiseshell': 'the mottled horny substance of the shell of some turtles', 'Persian_cat': 'a long-haired breed of cat', 'Angora': 'a domestic breed of goat raised for its long silky hair which is the true mohair', 'Siamese_cat': 'a slender short-haired blue-eyed breed of cat having a pale coat with dark ears paws face and tail tip', 'blue_point_Siamese': 'Siamese cat having a bluish cream-colored body and dark grey points', 'Burmese_cat': 'a short-haired breed with body similar to the Siamese cat but having a solid dark brown or grey coat', 'Egyptian_cat': 'a domestic cat of Egypt', 'Maltese': 'a native or inhabitant of Malta', 'Abyssinian': 'a small slender short-haired breed of African origin having brownish fur with a reddish undercoat', 'Manx': 'the ancient Gaelic formerly spoken on the Isle of Man; the language is sometimes used on ceremonial occasions', 'wildcat': 'any small or medium-sized cat resembling the domestic cat and living in the wild', 'sand_cat': 'a desert wildcat', 'European_wildcat': 'bushy-tailed wildcat of Europe that resembles the domestic cat and is regarded as the ancestor of the domestic cat', 'cougar': 'large American feline resembling a lion', 'ocelot': 'nocturnal wildcat of Central America and South America having a dark-spotted buff-brown coat', 'jaguarundi': 'long-bodied long-tailed tropical American wildcat', 'kaffir_cat': 'widely distributed wildcat of Africa and Asia Minor', 'jungle_cat': 'small Asiatic wildcat', 'serval': 'slender long-legged African wildcat having large untufted ears and tawny black-spotted coat', 'leopard_cat': 'small spotted wildcat of southern Asia and Malaysia', 'margay': 'small spotted wildcat found from Texas to Brazil', 'manul': 'small wildcat of the mountains of Siberia and Tibet and Mongolia', 'genus_Lynx': 'lynxes', 'lynx': 'a text browser', 'common_lynx': 'of northern Eurasia', 'Canada_lynx': 'of northern North America', 'bobcat': 'small lynx of North America', 'spotted_lynx': 'of southern Europe', 'caracal': 'of deserts of northern Africa and southern Asia', 'big_cat': 'any of several large cats typically able to roar and living in the wild', 'Panthera': 'lions; leopards; snow leopards; jaguars; tigers; cheetahs; saber-toothed tigers', 'leopard': 'the pelt of a leopard', 'leopardess': 'female leopard', 'panther': 'a leopard in the black color phase', 'snow_leopard': 'large feline of upland central Asia having long thick whitish fur', 'jaguar': 'a large spotted feline of tropical America similar to the leopard; in some classifications considered a member of the genus Felis', 'lion': 'a celebrity who is lionized (much sought after)', 'lioness': 'a female lion', 'lionet': 'a small or young lion', 'tiger': 'a fierce or audacious person; \"he\\'s a tiger on the tennis court\"; \"it aroused the tiger in me\"', 'Bengal_tiger': 'southern short-haired tiger', 'tigress': 'a female tiger', 'liger': 'offspring of a male lion and a female tiger', 'tiglon': 'offspring of a male tiger and a female lion', 'Acinonyx': 'cheetahs', 'cheetah': 'long-legged spotted cat of Africa and southwestern Asia having nonretractile claws; the swiftest mammal; can be trained to run down game', 'saber-toothed_tiger': 'any of many extinct cats of the Old and New Worlds having long swordlike upper canine teeth; from the Oligocene through the Pleistocene', 'Smiledon': 'saber-toothed tigers', 'Smiledon_californicus': 'North American sabertooth; culmination of sabertooth development', 'Nimravus': 'false sabertoothed tigers', 'false_saber-toothed_tiger': 'North American cat of the Miocene and Pliocene; much earlier and less specialized than members of the genus Smiledon', 'Ursidae': 'bears and extinct related forms', 'bear': 'an investor with a pessimistic market outlook; an investor who expects prices to fall and so sells now in order to buy later at a lower price', 'Ursus': 'type genus of Ursidae: brown bears; in some classifications genus Ursus includes all bears', 'brown_bear': 'large ferocious bear of Eurasia', 'bruin': \"a conventional name for a bear used in tales following usage in the old epic `Reynard the Fox'\", 'Syrian_bear': 'yellowish-grey Syrian brown bear', 'grizzly': 'powerful brownish-yellow bear of the uplands of western North America', 'Alaskan_brown_bear': 'brown bear of coastal Alaska and British Columbia', 'Euarctos': 'American black bears; in some classifications not a separate genus from Ursus', 'American_black_bear': 'brown to black North American bear; smaller and less ferocious than the brown bear', 'cinnamon_bear': 'reddish-brown color phase of the American black bear', 'Selenarctos': 'Asiatic black bears; in some classifications not a separate genus from Ursus', 'Asiatic_black_bear': 'bear with a black coat living in central and eastern Asia', 'Thalarctos': 'polar bears; in some classifications not a separate genus from Ursus', 'ice_bear': 'white bear of Arctic regions', 'Melursus': 'sloth bears; in some classifications not a separate genus from Ursus', 'sloth_bear': 'common coarse-haired long-snouted bear of south-central Asia', 'Viverridae': 'genets; civets; mongooses', 'viverrine': 'small cat-like predatory mammals of warmer parts of the Old World', 'civet': 'cat-like mammal typically secreting musk used in perfumes', 'Viverra': 'type genus of the family Viverridae', 'large_civet': 'common civet of India and southeast Asia', 'Viverricula': 'a genus of Viverridae', 'small_civet': 'a common civet of southeast Asia', 'Arctictis': 'binturongs', 'binturong': 'arboreal civet of Asia having a long prehensile tail and shaggy black hair', 'Cryptoprocta': 'large primitive cat-like carnivores inhabiting forests of Madagascar', 'fossa': 'largest carnivore of Madagascar; intermediate in some respects between cats and civets', 'Fossa': 'monotypic genus of Madagascar civets closely related to palm civets', 'fanaloka': 'civet of Madagascar', 'Genetta': 'genets', 'genet': 'agile Old World viverrine having a spotted coat and long ringed tail', 'Hemigalus': 'banded palm civets', 'banded_palm_civet': 'an East Indian civet', 'Herpestes': 'mongooses', 'mongoose': 'agile grizzled Old World viverrine; preys on snakes and rodents', 'Indian_mongoose': 'keen-sighted viverrine of southern Asia about the size of a ferret; often domesticated', 'ichneumon': 'northern African mongoose; in ancient times thought to devour crocodile eggs', 'Paradoxurus': 'palm civets', 'palm_cat': 'spotted or striped arboreal civet of southeast Asia and East Indies', 'Suricata': 'meerkats', 'meerkat': 'a mongoose-like viverrine of South Africa having a face like a lemur and only four toes', 'slender-tailed_meerkat': 'a meerkat with a thin and elongated tail', 'suricate': 'burrowing diurnal meerkat of southern Africa; often kept as a pet', 'Chiroptera': 'an old order dating to early Eocene: bats: suborder Megachiroptera (fruit bats); suborder Microchiroptera (insectivorous bats)', 'Megachiroptera': 'fruit bats', 'fruit_bat': 'large Old World bat of warm and tropical regions that feeds on fruit', 'Pteropus': 'a genus of Megachiroptera', 'flying_fox': 'large bat with a head that resembles the head of a fox', 'Pteropus_capestratus': 'a variety of fruit bat', 'Pteropus_hypomelanus': 'a variety of fruit bat', 'Nyctimene': 'East Indian fruit bats', 'Cynopterus': 'a genus of Megachiroptera', 'Cynopterus_sphinx': 'a variety of fruit eating bat', 'Microchiroptera': 'most of the bats in the world; all bats except fruit bats insectivorous bats', 'carnivorous_bat': 'typically having large ears and feeding primarily on insects; worldwide in distribution', 'mouse-eared_bat': 'a carnivorous bat with ears like a mouse', 'leafnose_bat': 'bat having a leaflike flap at the end of the nose; especially of the families Phyllostomatidae and Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae', 'Phyllostomidae': 'New World leaf-nosed bats', 'genus_Macrotus': 'leafnose bats', 'macrotus': 'large-eared greyish bat of southern California and northwestern Mexico', 'Phyllostomus': 'type genus of the family Phyllostomatidae', 'spearnose_bat': 'New World bat with a pointed nose leaf; found from southern United States to Paraguay', 'Phyllostomus_hastatus': 'a variety of leaf-nosed bat', 'Choeronycteris': 'a genus of Phyllostomatidae', 'hognose_bat': 'small-eared Mexican bat with a long slender nose', 'Rhinolophidae': 'Old World leaf-nosed bats', 'horseshoe_bat': 'any of numerous bats of the family Hipposideridae of northwest Africa or Philippines or Australia having a horseshoe-shaped leaf on the nose', 'Hipposideridae': 'Old World leafnose bats', 'Hipposideros': 'horseshoe bats', 'Rhinonicteris': 'orange horseshoe bats', 'orange_bat': 'a common bat of northwestern Australia having orange or yellow fur', 'Megadermatidae': 'Old World false vampire bats', 'false_vampire': 'any New or Old World carnivorous bat erroneously thought to suck blood but in fact feeding on insects', 'Megaderma': 'type genus of the Megadermatidae', 'big-eared_bat': 'large carnivorous Old World bat with very large ears', 'Vespertilionidae': 'the majority of common bats of temperate regions of the world', 'vespertilian_bat': 'a variety of carnivorous bat', 'Vespertilio': 'a genus of Vespertilionidae', 'frosted_bat': 'common Eurasian bat with white-tipped hairs in its coat', 'Lasiurus': 'a genus of Vespertilionidae', 'red_bat': 'North American bat of a brick or rusty red color with hairs tipped with white', 'brown_bat': 'any of numerous medium to small insectivorous bats found worldwide in caves and trees and buildings', 'Myotis': 'largest and most widely distributed genus of bats', 'little_brown_bat': 'the small common North American bat; widely distributed', 'cave_myotis': 'small bat of southwest United States that lives in caves etc.', 'Eptesicus': 'a genus of Vespertilionidae', 'big_brown_bat': 'rather large North American brown bat; widely distributed', 'serotine': 'common brown bat of Europe', 'Antrozous': 'a genus of Vespertilionidae', 'pallid_bat': 'drab yellowish big-eared bat that lives in caves', 'Pipistrellus': 'nearly cosmopolitan genus of very small bats', 'pipistrelle': 'small European brown bat', 'eastern_pipistrel': 'one of the smallest bats of eastern North America', 'western_pipistrel': 'of western North America', 'Euderma': 'a genus of Vespertilionidae', 'jackass_bat': 'a large bat of the southwestern United States having spots and enormous ears', 'Plecotus': 'a genus of Vespertilionidae', 'long-eared_bat': 'any of various Old or New World bats having very long ears', 'western_big-eared_bat': 'bat of western North America having extremely large ears', 'Molossidae': 'mastiff bats; freetail bats', 'Tadarida': 'freetail bats', 'freetail': 'small swift insectivorous bat with leathery ears and a long tail; common in warm regions', 'guano_bat': 'the common freetail bat of southern United States having short velvety fur; migrates southward for winter', 'pocketed_bat': 'small brown bat of California and northern Mexico', 'Eumops': 'mastiff bats', 'mastiff_bat': 'a soft-furred chocolate-brown bat with folded ears and small wings; often runs along the ground', 'Desmodontidae': 'true vampire bats', 'vampire_bat': 'any of various tropical American bats of the family Desmodontidae that bite mammals and birds to feed on their blood', 'Desmodus': 'type genus of the Desmodontidae: vampire bats', 'Desmodus_rotundus': 'mouse-sized bat of tropical Central America and South America having sharp incisor and canine teeth; feeds on the blood of birds and mammals', 'Diphylla': 'vampire bats', 'hairy-legged_vampire_bat': 'similar in size and habits to Desmodus rotundus; of tropical America including southern California and Texas', 'water_vascular_system': 'system of fluid-filled tubes used by echinoderms in locomotion and feeding and respiration', 'wing': 'a hockey player stationed in a forward position on either side', 'ala': 'a flat wing-shaped process or winglike part of an organism; \"the alae of the nose\"; \"the alae of a maple seed\"; \"the flat petals of a pea blossom are alae\"', 'forewing': 'either of the anterior pair of wings on an insect that has four wings', 'halter': 'rope or canvas headgear for a horse, with a rope for leading', 'pennon': 'wing of a bird', 'wing_case': 'either of the horny front wings in beetles and some other insects which cover and protect the functional hind wings', 'predator': 'any animal that lives by preying on other animals', 'prey': 'a person who is the aim of an attack (especially a victim of ridicule or exploitation) by some hostile person or influence; \"he fell prey to muggers\"; \"everyone was fair game\"; \"the target of a manhunt\"', 'big_game': 'large animals that are hunted for sport', 'game_bird': 'any bird (as grouse or pheasant) that is hunted for sport', 'animal_foot': 'the pedal extremity of vertebrates other than human beings', 'fossorial_foot': 'foot adapted for digging as in moles', 'fossorial_mammal': 'a burrowing mammal having limbs adapted for digging', 'hoof': 'the horny covering of the end of the foot in ungulate mammals', 'cloven_foot': 'a hoof divided into two parts at its distal extremity (as of ruminants or swine)', \"bird's_foot\": 'the foot of a bird', 'webfoot': 'a foot having the toes connected by folds of skin', 'claw': 'a grasping structure on the limb of a crustacean or other arthropods', 'zygodactyl_foot': \"a bird's foot having the first and fourth toes of each foot directed backward and the second and third forward\", 'heterodactyl_foot': \"a bird's foot having the first and second toes of each foot directed backward and the third and fourth forward\", 'webbed_foot': \"a bird's foot with folds of skin between the toes\", 'lobate_foot': \"a bird's foot having separate toes each with membranous flaps along the sides\", 'calyculus': 'a small cup-shaped structure (as a taste bud or optic cup or cavity of a coral containing a polyp)', 'optic_cup': '(embryology) a two-walled cuplike depression that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina', 'denticle': 'small pointed ridge on the exoskeleton of an arthropod', 'bear_claw': \"almond-flavored yeast-raised pastry shaped in an irregular semicircle resembling a bear's claw\", 'talon': 'a sharp hooked claw especially on a bird of prey', 'tetrapod': 'a vertebrate animal having four feet or legs or leglike appendages', 'quadruped': 'an animal especially a mammal having four limbs specialized for walking', 'hexapod': 'an animal having six feet', 'biped': 'an animal with two feet', 'belly': 'a part that bulges deeply; \"the belly of a sail\"', 'tail': 'any projection that resembles the tail of an animal', 'bobtail': 'a short or shortened tail of certain animals', 'caudal_appendage': 'tail especially of a mammal posterior to and above the anus', 'uropygium': \"posterior part of a bird's body from which the tail feathers grow\", 'oxtail': 'the skinned tail of cattle; used especially for soups', 'scut': 'a short erect tail', 'flag': 'a rectangular piece of fabric used as a signalling device', 'dock': 'any of certain coarse weedy plants with long taproots, sometimes used as table greens or in folk medicine', \"horse's_foot\": 'the hoof of a horse', 'Insecta': 'insects; about five-sixths of all known animal species', 'insect': 'small air-breathing arthropod', 'social_insect': 'an insect that lives in a colony with other insects of the same species', 'ephemeron': 'anything short-lived, as an insect that lives only for a day in its winged form', 'holometabola': 'insects that undergo complete metamorphosis', 'defoliator': 'an insect that strips the leaves from plants', 'pollinator': 'an insect that carries pollen from one flower to another', 'gallfly': 'any of various insects that deposit their eggs in plants causing galls in which the larvae feed', 'Mantophasmatodea': 'an order of insect identified in 2002 in a 45 million year old piece of amber from the Baltic region', 'Mecoptera': 'an order of carnivorous insects usually having long membranous wings and long beaklike heads with chewing mouths at the tip', 'mecopteran': 'any of various carnivorous insects of the order Mecoptera', 'Panorpidae': 'a family of insects of the order Mecoptera', 'scorpion_fly': 'any of various mecopterous insects of the family Panorpidae of the northern hemisphere having a long beak and long antennae; males have a tail like that of a scorpion except it is not venomous', 'Bittacidae': 'a family of predacious tropical insects of the order Mecoptera', 'hanging_fly': 'any of various mecopterous insects of the family Bittacidae', 'Collembola': 'minute wingless arthropods: springtails', 'collembolan': 'any of numerous minute wingless primitive insects possessing a special abdominal appendage that allows the characteristic nearly perpetual springing pattern; found in soil rich in organic debris or on the surface of snow or water', 'Protura': 'minute wingless arthropods: telsontails', 'proturan': 'any of several minute primitive wingless and eyeless insects having a cone-shaped head; inhabit damp soil or decaying organic matter', 'Coleoptera': 'beetles', 'beetle': 'insect having biting mouthparts and front wings modified to form horny covers overlying the membranous rear wings', 'Cicindelidae': 'tiger beetles', 'tiger_beetle': 'active usually bright-colored beetle that preys on other insects', 'Coccinellidae': 'the ladybugs', 'ladybug': 'small round bright-colored and spotted beetle that usually feeds on aphids and other insect pests', 'Adalia': 'genus of ladybugs', 'two-spotted_ladybug': 'red ladybug with a black spot on each wing', 'Epilachna': 'genus of ladybugs native to Mexico and Central America; both larvae and adults feed on plants', 'Mexican_bean_beetle': 'introduced into the United States from Mexico; feeds on the foliage of the bean plant', 'Hippodamia': 'genus of ladybugs', 'Hippodamia_convergens': 'a variety of ladybug', 'Rodolia': 'genus of Australian ladybugs', 'vedalia': 'native to Australia; introduced elsewhere to control scale insects', 'Carabidae': 'ground beetles', 'ground_beetle': 'predacious shining black or metallic terrestrial beetle that destroys many injurious insects', 'Brachinus': 'bombardier beetles', 'bombardier_beetle': 'beetle that ejects audibly a pungent vapor when disturbed', 'genus_Calosoma': 'genus of large predaceous ground beetles that feed on injurious caterpillars', 'calosoma': 'any beetle of the genus Calosoma', 'searcher': 'a customs official whose job is to search baggage or goods or vehicles for contraband or dutiable items', 'Lampyridae': 'fireflies', 'firefly': 'tropical American click beetle having bright luminous spots', 'glowworm': 'the luminous larva or wingless grub-like female of a firefly', 'Cerambycidae': 'long-horned beetles', 'long-horned_beetle': 'long-bodied beetle having very long antennae', 'Monochamus': 'sawyer beetles', 'sawyer': 'one who is employed to saw wood', 'pine_sawyer': 'large beetle whose larvae bore holes in pine trees', 'Chrysomelidae': 'leaf beetles', 'leaf_beetle': 'brightly colored beetle that feeds on plant leaves; larvae infest roots and stems', 'flea_beetle': 'any small leaf beetle having enlarged hind legs and capable of jumping', 'Leptinotarsa': 'Colorado potato beetles', 'Colorado_potato_beetle': 'black-and-yellow beetle that feeds in adult and larval stages on potato leaves; originally of eastern Rocky Mountains; now worldwide', 'Dermestidae': 'carpet beetles', 'carpet_beetle': 'small beetle whose larvae are household pests feeding on woolen fabrics', 'buffalo_carpet_beetle': 'a small black and red and white carpet beetle', 'black_carpet_beetle': 'a carpet beetle that is solid black in color', 'Cleridae': 'beetles that prey on other insects', 'clerid_beetle': 'predacious on other insects; usually brightly colored or metallic', 'bee_beetle': 'European beetle; infests beehives', 'Lamellicornia': 'scarabaeid beetles and stag beetles', 'lamellicorn_beetle': 'beetle having antennae with hard platelike terminal segments', 'Scarabaeidae': 'scarab or dung beetles', 'scarabaeid_beetle': 'any of numerous species of stout-bodied beetles having heads with horny spikes', 'dung_beetle': 'any of numerous beetles that roll balls of dung on which they feed and in which they lay eggs', 'genus_Scarabaeus': 'type genus of the Scarabaeidae', 'scarab': 'scarabaeid beetle considered divine by ancient Egyptians', 'tumblebug': 'any of various dung beetles', 'dorbeetle': 'Old World dung beetle that flies with a droning sound', 'June_beetle': 'any of various large usually brown North American leaf-eating beetles common in late spring; the larvae feed on roots of grasses etc.', 'green_June_beetle': 'large greenish June beetle of southern United States', 'Popillia': 'a genus of Scarabaeidae', 'Japanese_beetle': 'small metallic green and brown beetle native to eastern Asia; serious plant pest in North America', 'Anomala': 'genus of beetles whose grubs feed mainly on roots of plants; includes several pests of cultivated grasses', 'Oriental_beetle': 'introduced into United States from the Orient; larvae feed on roots of sugarcane and other grasses', 'rhinoceros_beetle': 'any of various large chiefly tropical beetles having horns on the head; pest on coconuts', 'Melolonthidae': 'considered a separate family in some classification systems', 'melolonthid_beetle': 'any of various beetles of the family (or subfamily) Melolonthidae', 'Melolontha': 'a genus of Melolonthidae', 'cockchafer': 'any of various large European beetles destructive to vegetation as both larvae and adult', 'Macrodactylus': 'a genus of Melolonthidae', 'rose_chafer': 'a common metallic green European beetle: larvae feed on plant roots and adults on leaves and flowers of e.g. roses', 'Cetoniidae': 'considered a separate family in some classification systems', 'Cetonia': 'a genus of Cetoniidae', 'Lucanidae': 'stag beetles', 'stag_beetle': 'a kind of lamellicorn beetle; the male has branched mandibles resembling antlers', 'Elateridae': 'click beetles and certain fireflies', 'elaterid_beetle': 'any of various widely distributed beetles', 'click_beetle': 'able to right itself when on its back by flipping into the air with a clicking sound', 'Pyrophorus': 'tropical click beetles', 'wireworm': 'wormlike larva of various elaterid beetles; feeds on roots of many crop plants', 'Dytiscidae': 'water beetles', 'water_beetle': 'any of numerous aquatic beetles usually having a smooth oval body and flattened hind legs for swimming', 'Gyrinidae': 'whirligig beetles', 'whirligig_beetle': 'aquatic beetle that circles rapidly on the water surface', 'Anobiidae': 'deathwatch beetles', 'deathwatch_beetle': 'bores through wood making a ticking sound popularly thought to presage death', 'weevil': 'any of several families of mostly small beetles that feed on plants and plant products; especially snout beetles and seed beetles', 'Curculionidae': 'true weevils: snout beetles', 'snout_beetle': 'small weevil having a prolonged snout; destructive to e.g. grains and nuts', 'Anthonomus': 'weevils destructive of cultivated plants', 'boll_weevil': 'greyish weevil that lays its eggs in cotton bolls destroying the cotton', 'Meloidae': 'blister beetles', 'blister_beetle': 'beetle that produces a secretion that blisters the skin', 'oil_beetle': 'any of various beetles that exude an oily substance from the leg joints that deters enemies', 'Spanish_fly': 'green beetle of southern Europe', 'Scolytidae': 'large family of bark-boring or wood-boring short-beaked beetles; very destructive to forest and fruit trees', 'Scolytus': 'type genus of the Scolytidae comprising numerous small bark beetles', 'Dutch-elm_beetle': 'a vector of the fungus causing Dutch elm disease', 'Dendroctonus': 'genus of small bark beetles destructive especially to mature conifers', 'bark_beetle': 'small beetle that bores tunnels in the bark and wood of trees; related to weevils', 'spruce_bark_beetle': 'small beetle that likes to bore through the bark of spruce trees and eat the cambium which eventually kills the tree; \"the spruce bark beetle is the major tree-killing insect pest of Alaska spruce forests\"', 'Staphylinidae': 'rove beetles', 'rove_beetle': 'active beetle typically having predatory or scavenging habits', 'Tenebrionidae': 'a family of arthropods including darkling beetles and mealworms', 'darkling_beetle': 'sluggish hard-bodied black terrestrial weevil whose larvae feed on e.g. decaying plant material or grain', 'mealworm': 'the larva of beetles of the family Tenebrionidae', 'Tribolium': 'flour beetles', 'flour_beetle': 'an insect that infests flour and stored grains', 'Bruchidae': 'seed beetles', 'seed_beetle': 'a small beetle that infests the seeds of legumes', 'Bruchus': 'type genus of the Bruchidae', 'pea_weevil': 'larvae live in and feed on seeds of the pea plant', 'Acanthoscelides': 'a genus of Bruchidae', 'bean_weevil': 'larvae live in and feed on growing or stored beans', 'Sitophylus': 'a genus of Bruchidae', 'rice_weevil': 'brown weevil that infests stored grain especially rice', 'Asian_longhorned_beetle': 'a beetle from China that has been found in the United States and is a threat to hardwood trees; lives inside the tree; no natural predators in the United States', 'Embioptera': 'web spinners', 'web_spinner': 'any of a small order of slender typically tropical insects that nest in colonies in silken tunnels that they spin', 'Anoplura': 'sucking lice', 'louse': 'wingless usually flattened bloodsucking insect parasitic on warm-blooded animals', 'Pediculidae': 'true lice: human lice and related forms', 'Pediculus': 'type genus of Pediculidae: true lice infecting humans', 'common_louse': 'head or body louse', 'head_louse': 'infests the head and body of humans', 'body_louse': 'a parasitic louse that infests the body of human beings', 'Phthiriidae': 'crab lice', 'Phthirius': 'true lice: crab lice', 'crab_louse': 'a louse that infests the pubic region of the human body', 'Mallophaga': 'biting lice', 'bird_louse': 'wingless insect with mouth parts adapted for biting; mostly parasitic on birds', 'Menopon': 'chicken lice', 'chicken_louse': 'a louse parasitic on poultry', 'Siphonaptera': 'fleas', 'flea': 'any wingless bloodsucking parasitic insect noted for ability to leap', 'Pulicidae': 'many common fleas attacking humans and domestic animals', 'Pulex': 'type genus of the Pulicidae', 'Pulex_irritans': 'the most common flea attacking humans', 'Ctenocephalides': 'an arthropod genus of fleas', 'Ctenocephalus': 'a former usage synonymous with Ctenocephalides', 'dog_flea': 'flea that attacks dogs and cats', 'cat_flea': 'flea that breeds chiefly on cats and dogs and rats', 'Tunga': 'a genus of Siphonaptera', 'chigoe': 'small tropical flea; the fertile female burrows under the skin of the host including humans', 'Echidnophaga': 'a genus of Siphonaptera', 'sticktight': 'parasitic on especially the heads of chickens', 'Diptera': 'a large order of insects having a single pair of wings and sucking or piercing mouths; includes true flies and mosquitoes and gnats and crane flies', 'dipterous_insect': 'insects having usually a single pair of functional wings (anterior pair) with the posterior pair reduced to small knobbed structures and mouth parts adapted for sucking or lapping or piercing', 'Cecidomyidae': 'gall midges', 'gall_midge': 'fragile mosquito-like flies that produce galls on plants', 'Mayetiola': 'a genus of Cecidomyidae', 'Hessian_fly': 'small fly whose larvae damage wheat and other grains', 'Muscoidea': 'two-winged flies especially the families: Muscidae; Gasterophilidae; Calliphoridae; Tachinidae', 'Muscidae': 'two-winged flies especially the housefly', 'alula': 'scalelike structure between the base of the wing and the halter of a two-winged fly', 'Musca': 'a small constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near the Southern Cross and Chamaeleon', 'housefly': 'common fly that frequents human habitations and spreads many diseases', 'Glossinidae': 'flies closely related to the Muscidae: tsetse flies', 'genus_Glossina': 'type genus of the Glossinidae: tsetse flies', 'tsetse_fly': 'bloodsucking African fly; transmits sleeping sickness etc.', 'Calliphoridae': 'blowflies', 'Calliphora': 'type genus of the Calliphoridae: blowflies', 'blowfly': 'large usually hairy metallic blue or green fly; lays eggs in carrion or dung or wounds', 'bluebottle': 'blowfly with iridescent blue body; makes a loud buzzing noise in flight', 'Lucilia': 'greenbottle flies', 'greenbottle': 'blowfly with brilliant coppery green body', 'Sarcophaga': 'flesh flies', 'flesh_fly': 'fly whose larvae feed on carrion or the flesh of living animals', 'Tachinidae': 'parasites on other insects', 'tachina_fly': 'bristly fly whose larvae live parasitically in caterpillars and other insects; important in control of noxious insects', 'gadfly': 'any of various large flies that annoy livestock', 'botfly': 'stout-bodied hairy dipterous fly whose larvae are parasites on humans and other mammals', 'Gasterophilidae': 'horse botflies', 'Gasterophilus': 'type genus of the Gasterophilidae: horse botflies', 'horse_botfly': 'parasitic chiefly on horses', 'Cuterebridae': 'New World botflies', 'Cuterebra': 'type genus of the Cuterebridae', 'Dermatobia': 'larvae live under the skin of domestic mammals and humans', 'human_botfly': 'large tropical American fly; parasitic on humans and other mammals', 'Oestridae': 'warble flies', 'Oestrus': 'type genus of the Oestridae: sheep botflies', 'sheep_botfly': 'larvae are parasitic on sheep', 'Hypoderma': 'in some classifications considered the type genus of the family Hypodermatidae: warble flies', 'warble_fly': 'hairy bee-like fly whose larvae produce lumpy abscesses (warbles) under the skin of cattle', 'warble': 'a lumpy abscess under the hide of domestic mammals caused by larvae of a botfly or warble fly', 'Tabanidae': 'horseflies', 'horsefly': 'large swift fly the female of which sucks blood of various animals', 'Bombyliidae': 'bee flies', 'bee_fly': 'hairy nectar-eating fly that resembles a bee; larvae are parasitic on larvae of bees and related insects', 'Asilidae': 'robber flies', 'robber_fly': 'swift predatory fly having a strong body like a bee with the proboscis hardened for sucking juices of other insects captured on the wing', 'fruit_fly': 'any of numerous small insects whose larvae feed on fruits', 'Trypetidae': 'fruit flies; some leaf miners', 'Rhagoletis': 'a genus of Trypetidae', 'apple_maggot': 'larvae bore into and feed on apples', 'Ceratitis': 'Mediterranean fruit flies', 'Mediterranean_fruit_fly': 'small black-and-white fly that damages citrus and other fruits by implanting eggs that hatch inside the fruit', 'Drosophilidae': 'fruit flies', 'genus_Drosophila': 'a genus of Drosophilidae', 'drosophila': 'small fruit fly used by Thomas Hunt Morgan in studying basic mechanisms of inheritance', 'vinegar_fly': 'flies whose larvae feed on pickles and imperfectly sealed preserves', 'Philophylla': 'leaf miners', 'leaf_miner': 'any of various small moths or dipterous flies whose larvae burrow into and feed on leaf tissue especially of the family Gracilariidae', 'Hippoboscidae': 'winged or wingless dipterans: louse flies', 'louse_fly': 'bloodsucking dipterous fly parasitic on birds and mammals', 'Hippobosca': 'type genus of the Hippoboscidae', 'horse_tick': 'winged fly parasitic on horses', 'Melophagus': 'an arthropod genus of wingless flies including the sheep ked', 'sheep_ked': 'wingless fly that is an external parasite on sheep and cattle', 'Haematobia': 'European genus of bloodsucking flies', 'horn_fly': 'small black European fly introduced into North America; sucks blood from cattle especially at the base of the horn', 'Nematocera': 'mosquitoes; fungus gnats; crane flies; gnats; sand flies', 'Culicidae': 'mosquitoes', 'mosquito': 'two-winged insect whose female has a long proboscis to pierce the skin and suck the blood of humans and animals', 'wiggler': 'one who can\\'t stay still (especially a child); \"the toddler was a real wiggler on plane trips\"', 'gnat': 'any of various small biting flies: midges; biting midges; black flies; sand flies', 'Aedes': 'yellow-fever mosquitos', 'yellow-fever_mosquito': 'mosquito that transmits yellow fever and dengue', 'Asian_tiger_mosquito': 'striped native of Japan thriving in southwestern and midwestern United States and spreading to the Caribbean; potential carrier of serious diseases', 'Anopheles': \"malaria mosquitoes; distinguished by the adult's head-downward stance and absence of breathing tubes in the larvae\", 'anopheline': 'any mosquito of the genus Anopheles', 'malarial_mosquito': 'transmits the malaria parasite', 'Culex': 'type genus of the Culicidae: widespread genus of mosquitoes distinguished by holding the body parallel to the resting surface', 'common_mosquito': 'common house mosquito', 'Culex_quinquefasciatus': 'widespread tropical mosquito that transmits filarial worms', 'Ceratopogonidae': 'biting midges; sand flies', 'punkie': 'minute two-winged insect that sucks the blood of mammals and birds and other insects', 'Ceratopogon': 'type genus of the Ceratopogonidae', 'Chironomidae': 'midges', 'midge': 'minute two-winged mosquito-like fly lacking biting mouthparts; appear in dancing swarms especially near water', 'Chironomus': 'type genus of the Chironomidae', 'Mycetophilidae': 'fungus gnats', 'fungus_gnat': 'minute blackish gregarious flies destructive to mushrooms and seedlings', 'Psychodidae': 'very small two-winged flies with hairy wings that develop in moss and damp vegetable matter: sand flies', 'psychodid': 'a fly of the family Psychodidae', 'Phlebotomus': 'small bloodsucking sand flies that resemble moths', 'sand_fly': 'any of various small dipterous flies; bloodsucking females can transmit sandfly fever and leishmaniasis', 'Sciaridae': 'fungus gnats', 'genus_Sciara': 'type genus of the Sciaridae: fungus gnat', 'armyworm': 'noctuid moth larvae that travel in multitudes destroying especially grass and grain', 'Tipulidae': 'crane flies', 'crane_fly': 'long-legged slender flies that resemble large mosquitoes but do not bite', 'Simuliidae': 'blackflies and sand flies', 'Simulium': 'type genus of the Simuliidae: blackflies', 'blackfly': 'blackish aphid that infests e.g. beans and sugar beets', 'Hymenoptera': 'an order of insects including: bees; wasps; ants; ichneumons; sawflies; gall wasps; etc.', 'hymenopterous_insect': 'insects having two pairs of membranous wings and an ovipositor specialized for stinging or piercing', 'Apoidea': 'bees', 'bee': 'a social gathering to carry out some communal task or to hold competitions', 'drone': 'an aircraft without a pilot that is operated by remote control', 'queen_bee': 'fertile egg-laying female bee', 'worker': 'a person who works at a specific occupation; \"he is a good worker\"', 'soldier': 'an enlisted man or woman who serves in an army; \"the soldiers stood at attention\"', 'worker_bee': 'sterile bee specialized to collect food and maintain the hive', 'Apidae': 'honeybees; carpenter bees; bumblebees', 'Apis': 'type genus of the Apidae: honeybees', 'honeybee': 'social bee often domesticated for the honey it produces', 'Africanized_bee': 'a strain of bees that originated in Brazil in the 1950s as a cross between an aggressive African bee and a honeybee; retains most of the traits of the African bee; now spread as far north as Texas', 'black_bee': 'dark-colored ill-tempered honeybee supposedly of German origin', 'Carniolan_bee': 'greyish highly productive European honeybee that has a quiet disposition', 'Italian_bee': 'yellowish honeybee resembling the Carniolan bee in its habits', 'Xylocopa': 'carpenter bees', 'carpenter_bee': 'large solitary bee that lays eggs in tunnels bored into wood or plant stems', 'Bombus': 'bumblebees', 'bumblebee': 'robust hairy social bee of temperate regions', 'Psithyrus': 'a large bee that resembles the bumblebee but lacks pollen-collecting apparatus and a worker caste', 'cuckoo-bumblebee': 'a bee that is parasitic in the nests of bumblebees', 'Andrenidae': 'a large family of solitary short-tongued bees most of which burrow in the ground', 'genus_Andrena': 'a solitary burrowing short-tongued bee', 'andrena': 'a bee that is a member of the genus Andrena', 'nomia': 'a genus of bee; some are important pollinators of legumes', 'Halictidae': 'a family of small solitary bees; many are valuable pollinators for agriculture', 'Nomia_melanderi': 'a common solitary bee important for pollinating alfalfa in the western United States', 'Megachilidae': 'leaf-cutting and mason bees', 'Megachile': 'type genus of the Megachilidae: leaf-cutting bees', 'leaf-cutting_bee': 'bee that cuts rounded pieces from leaves and flowers to line its nest', 'mason_bee': 'any of numerous solitary bees that build nests of hardened mud and sand', 'Anthidium': 'potter bees', 'potter_bee': 'solitary bee that builds nests of mud or pebbles cemented together and attached to a plant', 'wasp': 'social or solitary hymenopterans typically having a slender body with the abdomen attached by a narrow stalk and having a formidable sting', 'Vespidae': 'an arthropod family of the order Hymenoptera including: yellow jackets; hornets; mason wasps', 'vespid': 'mostly social nest-building wasps', 'Vespa': 'type genus of the Vespidae: various hornets and yellow jackets', 'paper_wasp': 'any of several social wasps that construct nests of a substance like paper', 'hornet': 'large stinging paper wasp', 'giant_hornet': 'European hornet introduced into the United States', 'Vespula': 'sometimes considered a subgenus of Vespa: social wasps', 'common_wasp': 'a variety of vespid wasp', 'bald-faced_hornet': 'North American hornet', 'yellow_jacket': 'small yellow-marked social wasp commonly nesting in the ground', 'Polistes': 'a genus of Vespidae', 'Polistes_annularis': 'a variety of paper wasp', 'Eumenes': 'mason wasps', 'mason_wasp': 'solitary wasp that constructs nests of hardened mud or clay for the young', 'potter_wasp': 'any of various solitary wasps that construct vase-shaped cells of mud for their eggs', 'Mutillidae': 'a family of wasps', 'velvet_ant': 'a solitary wasp of the family Mutillidae; the body has a coat of brightly colored velvety hair and the females are wingless', 'Sphecoidea': 'families Sphecidae and Stizidae', 'sphecoid_wasp': 'any of various solitary wasps', 'Sphecidae': 'mud daubers; some digger wasps', 'Sceliphron': 'mud daubers', 'digger_wasp': 'solitary wasp that digs nests in the soil and stocks them with paralyzed insects for the larvae', 'Stizidae': 'cicada killers', 'Sphecius': 'large solitary wasps: cicada killer', 'cicada_killer': 'large black or rust-colored wasp that preys on cicadas', 'mud_dauber': 'wasp that constructs mud cells on a solid base in which females place eggs laid in paralyzed insect larvae', 'Cynipidae': 'a family of Hymenoptera', 'gall_wasp': 'small solitary wasp that produces galls on oaks and other plants', 'Cynips': 'type genus of the Cynipidae: gall wasps', 'Amphibolips': 'cynipid gall wasps, especially causing oak-apple galls', 'Andricus': 'cynipid gall wasps, chiefly affecting oaks', 'Chalcididae': 'an arthropod family including: chalcidflies', 'chalcid_fly': 'any of various tiny insects whose larvae are parasites on eggs and larvae of other insects; many are beneficial in destroying injurious insects', 'strawworm': 'larva of chalcid flies injurious to the straw of wheat and other grains', 'Chalcis': 'type genus of the Chalcididae', 'chalcis_fly': 'a variety of chalcid fly', 'Ichneumonidae': 'ichneumon flies', 'ichneumon_fly': 'hymenopterous insect that resembles a wasp and whose larvae are parasitic on caterpillars and other insect larvae', 'Tenthredinidae': 'sawflies', 'sawfly': 'insect whose female has a saw-like ovipositor for inserting eggs into the leaf or stem tissue of a host plant', 'Fenusa': 'birch leaf miner', 'birch_leaf_miner': 'small black sawfly native to Europe but established in eastern United States; larvae mine the leaves of birches causing serious defoliation', 'Formicidae': 'ants', 'ant': 'social insect living in organized colonies; characteristically the males and fertile queen have wings during breeding season; wingless sterile females are the workers', 'Monomorium': 'a genus of Formicidae', 'pharaoh_ant': 'small red ant of warm regions; a common household pest', 'little_black_ant': 'tiny glossy black ant; nests outdoors but invades houses for food', 'Dorylinae': 'army ants', 'army_ant': 'tropical nomadic ant that preys mainly on other insects', 'Camponotus': 'carpenter ants', 'carpenter_ant': 'ant that nests in decaying wood in which it bores tunnels for depositing eggs', 'Solenopsis': 'fire ants', 'fire_ant': 'omnivorous ant of tropical and subtropical America that can inflict a painful sting', 'Formica': 'any of various plastic laminates containing melamine', 'wood_ant': 'reddish-brown European ant typically living in anthills in woodlands', 'slave_ant': 'any of various ants captured as larvae and enslaved by another species', 'Formica_fusca': 'an ant frequently enslaved', 'slave-making_ant': 'an ant that attacks colonies of other ant species and carries off the young to be reared as slave ants', 'sanguinary_ant': 'slave-making ant widely distributed over the northern hemisphere', 'Myrmecia': 'bulldog ants', 'bulldog_ant': 'any of the large fierce Australian ants of the genus Myrmecia', 'Polyergus': 'Amazon ants', 'Amazon_ant': 'small reddish slave-making ant species', 'Isoptera': 'order of social insects that live in colonies, including: termites; often placed in subclass Exopterygota', 'Termitidae': 'termites', 'Termes': 'type genus of the Termitidae', 'termite': 'whitish soft-bodied ant-like social insect that feeds on wood', 'dry-wood_termite': 'any of various termites that live in and feed on dry wood that is not connected with the soil', 'Reticulitermes': 'includes species highly destructive to structures and living trees', 'Reticulitermes_flanipes': 'destructive United States termite', 'Reticulitermes_lucifugus': 'destructive European termite', 'Rhinotermitidae': 'large widely distributed family of termites of temperate to tropical regions', 'Mastotermitidae': 'primitive termites', 'Mastotermes': 'primitive genus of termites; mostly extinct; sometimes considered the most primitive Isoptera', 'Mastotermes_darwiniensis': 'Australian termite; sole living species of Mastotermes; called a living fossil; apparent missing link between cockroaches and termites', 'Mastotermes_electromexicus': 'an extinct termite found in amber in southern Mexico', 'Mastotermes_electrodominicus': 'extinct termite found in amber in the Dominican Republic', 'Kalotermitidae': 'primitive termites of warm regions', 'Kalotermes': 'type genus of Kalotermitidae; termites destructive of wood and living trees', 'Cryptotermes': 'genus of dry wood termites; cosmopolitan in distribution; sometimes considered a subgenus of Kalotermes', 'powder-post_termite': 'extremely destructive dry-wood termite of warm regions', 'Orthoptera': 'grasshoppers and locusts; crickets', 'orthopterous_insect': 'any of various insects having leathery forewings and membranous hind wings and chewing mouthparts', 'grasshopper': 'a cocktail made of creme de menthe and cream (sometimes with creme de cacao)', 'Acrididae': 'short-horned grasshoppers; true locusts', 'short-horned_grasshopper': 'grasshopper with short antennae', 'locust': 'hardwood from any of various locust trees', 'Locusta': 'a genus of Acrididae', 'migratory_locust': 'Old World locust that travels in vast swarms stripping large areas of vegetation', 'Melanoplus': 'New World migratory locusts and common American grasshoppers', 'migratory_grasshopper': 'serious pest of grain-growing and range areas of central and western United States', 'Tettigoniidae': 'long-horned grasshoppers; katydids', 'long-horned_grasshopper': 'grasshoppers with long threadlike antennae and well-developed stridulating organs on the forewings of the male', 'Microcentrum': 'katydids', 'katydid': 'large green long-horned grasshopper of North America; males produce shrill sounds by rubbing together special organs on the forewings', 'Anabrus': 'a genus of Tettigoniidae', 'mormon_cricket': 'large dark wingless cricket-like katydid of arid parts of western United States', 'Stenopelmatidae': 'long-horned grasshoppers', 'Stenopelmatus': 'sand crickets', 'sand_cricket': 'large wingless nocturnal grasshopper that burrows in loose soil along the Pacific coast of the United States', 'Gryllidae': 'crickets', 'mole_cricket': 'digs in moist soil and feeds on plant roots', 'Acheta': 'common house and field crickets', 'European_house_cricket': 'lives in human dwellings; naturalized in parts of America', 'field_cricket': 'common American black cricket; attacks crops and also enters dwellings', 'Oecanthus': 'tree crickets', 'tree_cricket': 'pale arboreal American cricket noted for loud stridulation', 'snowy_tree_cricket': 'pale yellowish tree cricket widely distributed in North America', 'Phasmida': 'in some classifications considered a suborder of Orthoptera: stick insects; leaf insects', 'phasmid': 'large cylindrical or flattened mostly tropical insects with long strong legs that feed on plants; walking sticks and leaf insects', 'Phasmidae': 'stick insects', 'walking_stick': 'a stick carried in the hand for support in walking', 'genus_Diapheromera': 'a genus of Phasmidae', 'diapheromera': 'a variety of stick insect', 'Phyllidae': 'leaf insects', 'Phyllium': 'type genus of the Phyllidae', 'walking_leaf': 'tropical insect having a flattened leaflike body; common in southern Asia and the East Indies', 'Exopterygota': 'subclass of insects characterized by gradual and usually incomplete metamorphosis', 'Dictyoptera': 'in some classifications replaced by the orders (here suborders) Blattodea (cockroaches) and Manteodea (mantids); in former classifications often subsumed under a much broader order Orthoptera', 'dictyopterous_insect': 'cockroaches and mantids', 'Blattodea': 'cockroaches; in some classifications considered an order', 'cockroach': 'any of numerous chiefly nocturnal insects; some are domestic pests', 'Blattidae': 'domestic cockroaches', 'Blatta': 'type genus of the Blattidae: cockroaches infesting buildings worldwide', 'oriental_cockroach': 'dark brown cockroach originally from orient now nearly cosmopolitan in distribution', 'Periplaneta': 'cosmopolitan genus of large cockroaches', 'American_cockroach': 'large reddish brown free-flying cockroach originally from southern United States but now widely distributed', 'Australian_cockroach': 'widely distributed in warm countries', 'Blattella': 'small cockroaches', 'German_cockroach': 'small light-brown cockroach brought to United States from Europe; a common household pest', 'Blaberus': 'giant cockroaches', 'giant_cockroach': 'large tropical American cockroaches', 'Cryptocercidae': 'a family of Blattodea', 'Cryptocercus': 'cockroaches', 'Manteodea': 'mantises; in former classifications considered a suborder of Orthoptera', 'Mantidae': 'mantises', 'genus_Mantis': 'type genus of the Mantidae: mantises', 'mantis': 'predacious long-bodied large-eyed insect of warm regions; rests with forelimbs raised as in prayer', 'praying_mantis': 'the common mantis', 'bug': 'a fault or defect in a computer program, system, or machine', 'Hemiptera': 'plant bugs; bedbugs; some true bugs; also includes suborders Heteroptera (true bugs) and Homoptera (e.g., aphids, plant lice and cicadas)', 'hemipterous_insect': 'insects with sucking mouthparts and forewings thickened and leathery at the base; usually show incomplete metamorphosis', 'Miridae': 'leaf bugs', 'leaf_bug': 'small bright-colored insect that feeds on plant juices', 'mirid_bug': 'a variety of leaf bug', 'Poecilocapsus': 'a genus of Miridae', 'four-lined_plant_bug': 'yellow or orange leaf bug with four black stripes down the back; widespread in central and eastern North America', 'Lygus': 'plant-sucking bugs', 'lygus_bug': 'vector of viral plant diseases', 'tarnished_plant_bug': 'widespread plant and fruit pest', 'Tingidae': 'lace bugs', 'lace_bug': 'small bug having body and wings covered with a lacy network of raised lines', 'Lygaeidae': 'lygaeid bugs', 'lygaeid': 'a true bug: usually bright-colored; pest of cultivated crops and some fruit trees', 'Blissus': 'chinch bugs', 'chinch_bug': 'small black-and-white insect that feeds on cereal grasses', 'Coreidae': 'squash bugs and leaf-footed bugs', 'coreid_bug': 'a true bug', 'Anasa': 'squash bugs', 'squash_bug': 'large black American bug that sucks sap of vines of the gourd family', 'Leptoglossus': 'leaf-footed bugs', 'leaf-footed_bug': 'large sap-sucking bug with leaflike expansions on the legs', 'Cimicidae': 'wingless flat-bodied bloodsucking insects', 'Cimex': 'type genus of the Cimicidae: bedbugs', 'bedbug': 'bug of temperate regions that infests especially beds and feeds on human blood', 'Notonectidae': 'aquatic carnivorous insects', 'Notonecta': 'type genus of the Notonectidae: backswimmers', 'backswimmer': 'predaceous aquatic insect that swims on its back and may inflict painful bites', 'Heteroptera': 'true bugs', 'true_bug': 'any of various insects of the order Hemiptera and especially of the suborder Heteroptera', 'heteropterous_insect': 'true bugs: insects whose forewings are membranous but have leathery tips', 'water_bug': 'a true bug: large aquatic bug adapted to living in or on the surface of water', 'Belostomatidae': 'water bugs', 'giant_water_bug': 'large water bug with piercing and sucking mouthparts; feeds on young fishes', 'Nepidae': 'water scorpions', 'water_scorpion': 'long-legged aquatic insect having the front legs fitted for seizing and holding prey and the abdomen extended by a long breathing tube', 'Nepa': 'type genus of the Nepidae: typical elongate-oval water scorpions', 'Ranatra': 'elongate very slender water scorpions', 'Corixidae': 'water bugs', 'Corixa': 'type genus of the Corixidae: boat bugs', 'water_boatman': 'carnivorous aquatic bug having paddle-like hind legs', 'Gerrididae': 'an arthropod family that includes water striders', 'water_strider': 'long-legged bug that skims about on the surface of water', 'Gerris': 'type genus of the Gerrididae', 'common_pond-skater': 'a variety of water strider', 'Reduviidae': 'assassin bugs', 'assassin_bug': 'a true bug: long-legged predacious bug living mostly on other insects; a few suck blood of mammals', 'Triatoma': 'conenoses', 'conenose': 'large bloodsucking bug', 'Arilus': 'a genus of Reduviidae', 'wheel_bug': 'large predatory North American bug that sucks the blood of other insects', 'Pyrrhocoridae': 'firebugs', 'firebug': 'a true bug: brightly colored bug that can exude a stain', 'Dysdercus': 'a genus of slender long-legged bugs that feed on the developing seeds of cotton and stain it', 'cotton_stainer': 'a true bug: bug that damages and stains the lint of developing cotton', 'Homoptera': 'plant lice (aphids); whiteflies; cicadas; leafhoppers; plant hoppers; scale insects and mealybugs; spittle insects', 'homopterous_insect': 'insects having membranous forewings and hind wings', 'Aleyrodidae': 'whiteflies', 'Aleyrodes': 'type genus of the Aleyrodidae', 'whitefly': 'minute insect that feeds on plant juices; related to scale insects', 'Dialeurodes': 'a genus of Aleyrodidae', 'citrus_whitefly': 'whitefly that attacks citrus trees', 'Trialeurodes': 'a genus of Aleyrodidae', 'greenhouse_whitefly': 'whitefly that inhabits greenhouses', 'Bemisia': 'sweet-potato whitefly', 'sweet-potato_whitefly': 'a variety of whitefly', 'superbug': 'a strain of bacteria that is resistant to all antibiotics', 'cotton_strain': 'feeds primarily on cotton', 'Coccoidea': 'scale insects and mealybugs', 'coccid_insect': 'scale insects and mealybugs', 'scale_insect': 'small homopterous insect that usually lives and feeds on plants and secretes a protective waxy covering', 'Coccidae': 'scale insects', 'soft_scale': 'an insect active in all stages', 'genus_Coccus': 'type genus of the Coccidae', 'brown_soft_scale': 'pest on citrus trees', 'wax_insect': 'any of various insects that secrete a waxy substance', 'Diaspididae': 'armored scales', 'armored_scale': 'insect having a firm covering of wax especially in the female', 'Aspidiotus': 'a genus of Diaspididae', 'San_Jose_scale': 'small east Asian insect naturalized in the United States that damages fruit trees', 'Dactylopiidae': 'cochineal insects', 'Dactylopius': 'type genus of the Dactylopiidae', 'cochineal_insect': 'Mexican red scale insect that feeds on cacti; the source of a red dye', 'Pseudococcidae': 'scalelike insects: mealybugs', 'Pseudococcus': 'type genus of the Pseudococcidae', 'mealybug': 'scalelike plant-eating insect coated with a powdery waxy secretion; destructive especially of fruit trees', 'citrophilous_mealybug': 'destructive especially to citrus', 'Comstock_mealybug': 'Asiatic insect introduced accidentally into United States; pest on citrus and apple trees', 'Planococcus': 'a genus of Pseudococcidae', 'citrus_mealybug': 'feeds on a wide variety of cultivated plants but especially destructive to citrus', 'plant_louse': 'any of several small insects especially aphids that feed by sucking the juices from plants', 'Aphidoidea': 'plant lice', 'aphid': 'any of various small plant-sucking insects', 'Aphididae': 'small soft-bodied plant lice', 'Aphis': 'type genus of the Aphididae: injurious to fruit trees and vegetables', 'apple_aphid': 'bright green aphid; feeds on and causes curling of apple leaves', 'greenfly': 'greenish aphid; pest on garden and crop plants', 'green_peach_aphid': 'yellowish green aphid that is especially destructive to peaches', 'pale_chrysanthemum_aphid': 'important pest of chrysanthemums', 'ant_cow': 'excretes a honeylike substance eaten by ants', 'Eriosoma': 'woolly aphids', 'woolly_aphid': 'secretes a waxy substance like a mass of fine curly white cotton or woolly threads', 'woolly_apple_aphid': 'primarily a bark feeder on aerial parts and roots of apple and other trees', 'Prociphilus': 'a genus of Aphididae', 'woolly_alder_aphid': 'attacks alders', 'Adelgidae': 'plant lice', 'Adelges': 'type genus of the Adelgidae: plant lice', 'adelgid': 'any of various insects that feed and form galls on conifers', 'balsam_woolly_aphid': 'a variety of adelgid', 'spruce_gall_aphid': 'a variety of adelgid', 'Pineus': 'a genus of Adelgidae', 'pine_leaf_aphid': 'a variety of adelgid', 'woolly_adelgid': 'an insect that feeds on hemlocks; its egg sacs are small fuzzy white balls like artificial snow on a Christmas tree', 'Phylloxeridae': 'plant lice', 'Phylloxera': 'type genus of the Phylloxeridae: plant lice', 'grape_louse': 'destructive to various grape plants', 'Psyllidae': 'jumping plant lice', 'jumping_plant_louse': 'small active cicada-like insect with hind legs adapted for leaping; feeds on plant juices', 'Cicadidae': 'cicadas', 'genus_Cicada': 'type genus of the Cicadidae: cicadas', 'cicada': 'stout-bodied insect with large membranous wings; male has drum-like organs for producing a high-pitched drone', 'Tibicen': 'harvest flies', 'dog-day_cicada': 'its distinctive song is heard during July and August', 'Magicicada': 'seventeen-year locust', 'seventeen-year_locust': 'North American cicada; appears in great numbers at infrequent intervals because the nymphs take 13 to 17 years to mature', 'Cercopidae': 'froghoppers or spittlebugs', 'spittle_insect': 'small leaping herbivorous insect that lives in a mass of protective froth which it and its larvae secrete', 'froghopper': 'a variety of spittlebug', 'Philaenus': 'a genus of Cercopidae', 'meadow_spittlebug': 'North American insect that severely damages grasses', 'Aphrophora': 'a genus of Cercopidae', 'pine_spittlebug': 'North American insect that attacks pines', 'Saratoga_spittlebug': 'feeds on pines in northern United States', 'Cicadellidae': 'leafhoppers', 'Jassidae': 'family of small leafhoppers coextensive with the Cicadellidae and not distinguished from it in some classifications', 'jassid': 'a variety of leafhopper', 'leafhopper': 'small leaping insect that sucks the juices of plants', 'plant_hopper': 'related to the leafhoppers and spittlebugs but rarely damages cultivated plants', 'Membracidae': 'plant hoppers: treehoppers', 'treehopper': 'small leaping insect that sucks juices of branches and twigs', 'Fulgoridae': 'plant hoppers: lantern flies', 'lantern_fly': 'large brightly marked tropical insect with a process like a snout that was formerly thought to emit light', 'Psocoptera': 'an order of insects: includes booklice and bark-lice', 'psocopterous_insect': 'small soft-bodied insect with chewing mouthparts and either no wings or two pairs', 'Psocidae': 'a family of small soft-bodied insects that feed on decaying vegetation; related to booklice', 'psocid': 'small winged insect living on the bark and leaves of trees and feeding on e.g. fungi and decaying plant matter', 'bark-louse': 'any of several insects living on the bark of plants', 'Atropidae': 'booklice', 'Liposcelis': 'a genus of Psocidae', 'booklouse': 'minute wingless psocopterous insects injurious to books and papers', 'Trogium': 'a genus of Psocidae', 'common_booklouse': 'a variety of booklouse', 'Ephemeroptera': 'mayflies', 'Plectophera': 'in some former classifications: name for the Ephemeroptera', 'ephemerid': 'short-lived insect', 'Ephemeridae': 'mayflies', 'mayfly': 'slender insect with delicate membranous wings having an aquatic larval stage and terrestrial adult stage usually lasting less than two days', 'Plecoptera': 'stoneflies', 'stonefly': 'primitive winged insect with a flattened body; used as bait by fishermen; aquatic gilled larvae are carnivorous and live beneath stones', 'Neuroptera': 'an order of insects including: lacewings; antlions; dobsonflies; alderflies; fish flies; mantispids; spongeflies', 'neuropteron': 'insect having biting mouthparts and four large membranous wings with netlike veins', 'Myrmeleontidae': 'antlions', 'Myrmeleon': 'type genus of the Myrmeleontidae: antlions', 'ant_lion': 'winged insect resembling a dragonfly; the larvae (doodlebugs) dig conical pits where they wait to catch e.g. ants', 'doodlebug': 'a small motor vehicle', 'lacewing': 'any of two families of insects with gauzy wings (Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae); larvae feed on insect pests such as aphids', 'aphid_lion': 'carnivorous larva of lacewing flies', 'Chrysopidae': 'green lacewings', 'green_lacewing': 'pale green unpleasant-smelling lacewing fly having carnivorous larvae', 'Hemerobiidae': 'brown lacewings', 'brown_lacewing': 'small dark-colored lacewing fly', 'Megaloptera': 'in some classifications considered a separate order: alderflies; dobsonflies; snake flies', 'Corydalidae': 'dobsons', 'Corydalus': 'type genus of the Corydalidae', 'dobson': 'large soft-bodied insect having long slender mandibles in the male; aquatic larvae often used as bait', 'hellgrammiate': 'large brown aquatic larva of the dobsonfly; used as fishing bait', 'fish_fly': 'similar to but smaller than the dobsonfly; larvae are used as fishing bait', 'Sialidae': 'an arthropod family including: alderflies', 'Sialis': 'type genus of the Sialidae', 'alderfly': 'dark-colored insect having predaceous aquatic larvae', 'Raphidiidae': 'a family of arthropods of the suborder Megaloptera, including snakeflies', 'snakefly': 'predatory insect of western North America having a long necklike prothorax', 'Mantispidae': 'mantispids', 'mantispid': 'insect that resembles a mantis; larvae are parasites in the nests of spiders and wasps', 'Sisyridae': 'an arthropod family of the order Neuroptera that includes spongeflies', 'spongefly': 'hairy-bodied insect whose larvae feed on freshwater sponges', 'Odonata': 'dragonflies and damselflies', 'odonate': 'large primitive predatory aquatic insect having two pairs of membranous wings', 'Anisoptera': 'dragonflies', 'dragonfly': 'slender-bodied non-stinging insect having iridescent wings that are outspread at rest; adults and nymphs feed on mosquitoes etc.', 'Zygoptera': 'damselflies', 'damselfly': 'slender non-stinging insect similar to but smaller than the dragonfly but having wings folded when at rest', 'Trichoptera': 'an order of insects consisting of caddis flies', 'trichopterous_insect': 'caddis fly', 'caddis_fly': 'small moth-like insect having two pairs of hairy membranous wings and aquatic larvae', 'caseworm': 'insect larva that constructs a protective case around its body', 'caddisworm': 'larva of the caddis fly; constructs a case of silk covered with sand or plant debris', 'Thysanura': 'firebrats; silverfish; machilids', 'thysanuran_insect': 'primitive wingless insects: bristletail', 'bristletail': 'small wingless insect with a long bristlelike tail', 'Lepismatidae': 'firebrats', 'Lepisma': 'type genus of the Lepismatidae: silverfish', 'Thermobia': 'a genus of Lepismatidae', 'firebrat': 'lives in warm moist areas e.g. around furnaces', 'Machilidae': 'jumping bristletails', 'jumping_bristletail': 'wingless insect living in dark moist places as under dead tree trunks; they make erratic leaps when disturbed', 'Thysanoptera': 'thrips', 'thysanopter': 'an insect of the order Thysanoptera', 'Thripidae': 'thrips', 'thrips': 'any of various small to minute sucking insects with narrow feathery wings if any; they feed on plant sap and many are destructive', 'Frankliniella': 'tobacco thrips', 'tobacco_thrips': 'injurious to growing tobacco and peanuts', 'genus_Thrips': 'type genus of the Thripidae', 'onion_thrips': 'injurious to onion plants and sometimes tobacco', 'Dermaptera': 'earwigs and a few related forms', 'earwig': 'any of numerous insects of the order Dermaptera having elongate bodies and slender many-jointed antennae and a pair of large pincers at the rear of the abdomen', 'Forficulidae': 'typical earwigs', 'Forficula': 'type genus of Forficulidae', 'common_European_earwig': 'sometimes destructive to cultivated bulbs', 'Lepidoptera': 'moths and butterflies', 'lepidopterous_insect': 'insect that in the adult state has four wings more or less covered with tiny scales', 'Nymphalidae': 'large beautifully colored butterflies', 'nymphalid': 'medium to large butterflies found worldwide typically having brightly colored wings and much-reduced nonfunctional forelegs carried folded on the breast', 'Nymphalis': 'type genus of the Nymphalidae: mourning cloak butterflies', 'mourning_cloak': 'of temperate regions; having dark purple wings with yellow borders', 'Vanessa': 'painted beauty and red admiral', 'painted_beauty': 'American butterfly having dark brown wings with white and golden orange spots', 'admiral': 'the supreme commander of a fleet; ranks above a vice admiral and below a fleet admiral', 'red_admiral': 'of temperate Europe and Asia; having black wings with red and white markings', 'Limenitis': 'mainly dark northern butterflies with white wing bars', 'white_admiral': 'Eurasian butterfly with brown wings and white markings', 'banded_purple': 'North American butterfly with blue-black wings crossed by a broad white band', 'red-spotted_purple': 'similar to the banded purple but with red spots on underwing surfaces', 'viceroy': 'governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign', 'anglewing': 'nymphalid butterfly having angular notches on the outer edges of the forewings', 'Satyridae': 'a widely distributed family of butterflies common near the edges of woods', 'ringlet': 'a small ring', 'Polygonia': 'comma butterflies', 'comma': 'a punctuation mark (,) used to indicate the separation of elements within the grammatical structure of a sentence', 'fritillary': 'any liliaceous plant of the genus Fritillaria having nodding variously colored flowers', 'Spyeria': 'fritillaries', 'silverspot': 'butterfly with silver spots on the underside of the hind wings', 'Argynnis': 'fritillaries', 'Apatura': 'large Old World butterflies', 'emperor_butterfly': 'large richly colored butterfly', 'purple_emperor': 'large European butterfly the male of which has wings shaded with purple', 'Inachis': 'a genus of Nymphalidae', 'Danaidae': 'small family of usually tropical butterflies: monarch butterflies', 'danaid': 'large tropical butterfly with degenerate forelegs and an unpleasant taste', 'Danaus': 'type genus of the Danaidae: monarch butterflies', 'monarch': 'large migratory American butterfly having deep orange wings with black and white markings; the larvae feed on milkweed', 'Pieridae': 'arthropod family including cabbage butterflies; sulphur butterflies', 'pierid': 'any of numerous pale-colored butterflies having three pairs of well-developed legs', 'cabbage_butterfly': 'white butterfly whose larvae (cabbageworms) feed on cabbage', 'Pieris': 'decorative evergreen shrubs of woody vines', 'small_white': 'small widely distributed form', 'large_white': 'Old World form of cabbage butterfly', 'southern_cabbage_butterfly': 'common North American form of cabbage butterfly', 'sulphur_butterfly': 'any of numerous yellow or orange butterflies', 'Lycaenidae': 'family of small usually brilliantly colored butterflies; males have short forelegs', 'lycaenid': 'any of various butterflies of the family Lycaenidae', 'Lycaena': 'type genus of the Lycaenidae; small slender butterflies with upper surface of wings usually metallic blue or green or copper', 'blue': 'any organization or party whose uniforms or badges are blue; \"the Union army was a vast blue\"', 'copper': 'a ductile malleable reddish-brown corrosion-resistant diamagnetic metallic element; occurs in various minerals but is the only metal that occurs abundantly in large masses; used as an electrical and thermal conductor', 'American_copper': 'common copper butterfly of central and eastern North America', 'Strymon': 'large and widely distributed genus of hairstreak butterflies', 'hairstreak': 'small butterflies having striped markings under the wings', 'Strymon_melinus': 'larvae are pests of various economic plants', 'moth': 'typically crepuscular or nocturnal insect having a stout body and feathery or hairlike antennae', 'moth_miller': 'any of various moths that have powdery wings', 'Tortricidae': 'leaf rollers and codling moths', 'tortricid': 'any of numerous small moths having lightly fringed wings; larvae are leaf rollers or live in fruits and galls', 'leaf_roller': 'moth whose larvae form nests by rolling and tying leaves with spun silk', 'genus_Tortrix': 'type genus of the Tortricidae', 'Homona': 'tea tortrix', 'tea_tortrix': 'small Indian moth infesting e.g. tea and coffee plants', 'Argyrotaenia': 'orange tortrix', 'orange_tortrix': 'California moth whose larvae live in especially oranges', 'Carpocapsa': 'codling moths', 'codling_moth': 'a small grey moth whose larvae live in apples and English walnuts', 'Lymantriidae': 'tussock moths', 'lymantriid': 'dull-colored moth whose larvae have tufts of hair on the body and feed on the leaves of many deciduous trees', 'tussock_caterpillar': 'larva of a tussock moth', 'Lymantria': \"type genus of the Lymantriidae; a pest (Lymantria means `destroyer')\", 'gypsy_moth': 'European moth introduced into North America; a serious pest of shade trees', 'Euproctis': 'a genus of Lymantriidae', 'browntail': 'small brown and white European moth introduced into eastern United States; pest of various shade and fruit trees', 'gold-tail_moth': 'white furry-bodied European moth with a yellow tail tuft', 'Geometridae': 'measuring worms', 'geometrid': 'slender-bodied broad-winged moth whose larvae are called measuring worms', 'Paleacrita': 'geometrid moths', 'Paleacrita_vernata': 'moth whose larvae are spring cankerworms', 'Alsophila': 'geometrid moths', 'Alsophila_pometaria': 'North American moth with grey-winged males and wingless females; larvae are fall cankerworms', 'cankerworm': 'green caterpillar of a geometrid moth; pest of various fruit and shade trees', 'spring_cankerworm': 'variably colored looper; larva of Paleacrita vernata', 'fall_cankerworm': 'green or brown white-striped looper; larva of Alsophila pometaria', 'measuring_worm': 'small hairless caterpillar having legs on only its front and rear segments; mostly larvae of moths of the family Geometridae', 'Pyralidae': 'bee moths; corn borers; flour moths', 'pyralid': 'usually tropical slender-bodied long-legged moth whose larvae are crop pests', 'Pyralis': 'type genus of the Pyralidae', 'Galleria': 'a genus of Pyralidae', 'bee_moth': 'moth whose larvae live in and feed on bee honeycombs', 'Pyrausta': 'moths whose larvae are corn borers', 'corn_borer': 'larva of the European corn borer moth; a serious pest of maize', 'Anagasta': 'moth whose larvae are flour moths', 'Mediterranean_flour_moth': 'small moth whose larvae damage stored grain and flour', 'Ephestia': 'small moths whose larvae spin silken tunnels and feed on stored food products', 'tobacco_moth': 'small moth whose larvae feed on tobacco and other dried plant products', 'Cadra': 'a genus of Pyralidae', 'almond_moth': 'a moth whose larvae feed on and mat together with webbing various stored products of vegetable origin', 'raisin_moth': 'moth whose larvae attack dried fruits and cereal products', 'Tineoidea': 'clothes moths; carpet moths; leaf miners', 'tineoid': 'small dull-colored moth with chewing mouthparts', 'Tineidae': 'clothes moths', 'tineid': 'small yellowish moths whose larvae feed on wool or fur', 'clothes_moth': 'any of several small yellowish or buff-colored moths whose larvae eat organic matter e.g. woolens', 'Tinea': 'type genus of the Tineidae: clothes moths', 'casemaking_clothes_moth': 'the larvae live in tubes of its food material fastened with silk that it spins', 'Tineola': 'webbing clothes moths', 'webbing_clothes_moth': 'moth that forms a web in which it lives', 'Trichophaga': 'carpet moths', 'carpet_moth': 'larvae feed on carpets and other woolens', 'Gracilariidae': 'leaf miners', 'gracilariid': 'small dull or metallic-colored tineoid moths whose larvae mine in plant leaves', 'Gelechiidae': 'important economic pests', 'gelechiid': 'small slender-winged moths whose larvae are agricultural pests', 'Gelechia': 'type genus of the Gelechiidae: pink bollworms', 'Gelechia_gossypiella': 'small brown moth whose larvae bore into flowers and bolls of cotton', 'grain_moth': 'moth whose larvae feed on grain', 'Sitotroga': 'grain moths', 'angoumois_moth': 'small moth whose larvae feed on kernels of stored grains', 'Phthorimaea': 'potato moths', 'potato_moth': 'greyish-brown moth whose larva is the potato tuberworm', 'potato_tuberworm': 'larva of potato moth; mines in leaves and stems of e.g. potatoes and tobacco', 'Noctuidae': 'cutworms; armyworms', 'noctuid_moth': 'usually dull-colored medium-sized nocturnal moth; the usually smooth-bodied larvae are destructive agricultural pests', 'cutworm': 'North American moth whose larvae feed on young plant stems cutting them off at the ground', 'Noctua': 'type genus of the Noctuidae: moths whose larvae are cutworms', 'Catacala': 'moths whose larvae are cutworms: underwings', 'underwing': 'moth having dull forewings and brightly colored hind wings', 'red_underwing': 'moth having dull forewings and red-marked hind wings', 'Cerapteryx': 'antler moths', 'antler_moth': 'European moth with white antler-like markings on the forewings; the larvae damage pastures and grasslands', 'Heliothis': 'a genus of Noctuidae', 'heliothis_moth': 'medium-sized moth whose larvae are corn earworms', 'Chorizagrotis': 'moths whose larvae are army cutworms', 'army_cutworm': 'larvae (of a noctuid moth) that travel in large groups and destroy grains and alfalfa in the midwestern states', 'Pseudaletia': 'moths whose larvae are armyworms', 'Spodoptera': 'moths whose larvae are armyworms', 'Spodoptera_exigua': 'moth whose larvae are beet armyworms', 'beet_armyworm': 'moth larva that eats foliage of beets and other vegetables', 'Spodoptera_frugiperda': 'moth whose larvae are fall armyworms', 'fall_armyworm': 'larva of a migratory American noctuid moth; destroys grasses and small grains', 'Sphingidae': 'hawkmoths', 'hawkmoth': 'any of various moths with long narrow forewings capable of powerful flight and hovering over flowers to feed', 'Manduca': 'moths whose larvae are tobacco hornworms or tomato hornworms', 'Manduca_sexta': 'moth whose larvae are tobacco hornworms', 'tobacco_hornworm': 'large green white-striped hawkmoth larva that feeds on tobacco and related plants; similar to tomato hornworm', 'Manduca_quinquemaculata': 'moth whose larvae are tomato hornworms', 'tomato_hornworm': 'large green white-striped hawkmoth larva that feeds on tomato and potato plants; similar to tobacco hornworm', 'Acherontia': \"death's-head moth\", \"death's-head_moth\": 'European hawkmoth with markings on the back resembling a human skull', 'Bombycidae': 'Chinese silkworm moth', 'bombycid': 'moderate-sized Asiatic moth whose larvae feed on mulberry leaves and produce silk', 'Bombyx': 'type genus of the Bombycidae: Chinese silkworm moth', 'domestic_silkworm_moth': 'stocky creamy-white Asiatic moth found almost entirely under human care; the source of most of the silk commerce', 'silkworm': 'larva of a saturniid moth; spins a large amount of strong silk in constructing its cocoon', 'Saturniidae': 'important and widely distributed family of moths including some of the largest insects known', 'saturniid': 'large brightly colored and usually tropical moth; larvae spin silken cocoons', 'Saturnia': 'type genus of the Saturniidae: emperor moth', 'emperor': 'the male ruler of an empire', 'Eacles': 'imperial moths', 'imperial_moth': 'large American moth having yellow wings with purplish or brownish markings; larvae feed on e.g. maple and pine trees', 'giant_silkworm_moth': 'any silkworm moth of the family Saturniidae', 'Actias': 'luna moths', 'luna_moth': 'large pale-green American moth with long-tailed hind wings and a yellow crescent-shaped mark on each forewing', 'Hyalophora': 'American silkworm moth', 'cecropia': 'North American silkworm moth; larvae feed on the leaves of forest trees', 'Samia': 'silkworm moths', 'cynthia_moth': 'large Asiatic moth introduced into the United States; larvae feed on the ailanthus', 'ailanthus_silkworm': 'large green silkworm of the cynthia moth', 'Automeris': 'io moth', 'io_moth': 'large yellow American moth having a large eyelike spot on each hind wing; the larvae have stinging spines', 'Antheraea': 'large moths whose larvae produce silk of high quality', 'polyphemus_moth': 'very large yellowish-brown American silkworm moth with large eyespots on hind wings; larvae feed on fruit and shade trees', 'pernyi_moth': 'a Chinese moth that produces a brownish silk', 'tussah': 'oriental moth that produces brownish silk', 'Atticus': 'atlas moth', 'atlas_moth': 'giant saturniid moth widespread in Asia; sometimes cultured for silk', 'Arctiidae': 'tiger moths', 'arctiid': 'stout-bodied broad-winged moth with conspicuously striped or spotted wings; larvae are hairy caterpillars', 'tiger_moth': 'medium-sized moth with long richly colored and intricately patterned wings; larvae are called woolly bears', 'Callimorpha': 'cinnabar moths', 'cinnabar': 'a heavy reddish mineral consisting of mercuric sulfide; the chief source of mercury', 'Lasiocampidae': 'tent caterpillars; eggars; lappet moths', 'lasiocampid': 'medium-sized stout-bodied neutral-colored moths with comb-like antennae', 'Lasiocampa': 'type genus of the Lasiocampidae: eggars', 'eggar': 'moth having nonfunctional mouthparts as adults; larvae feed on tree foliage and spin egg-shaped cocoons', 'Malacosoma': 'tent caterpillars', 'tent-caterpillar_moth': 'moth whose gregarious larvae spin webs resembling carpets', 'tent_caterpillar': 'the larvae of moths that build and live in communal silken webs in orchard and shade trees', 'forest_tent_caterpillar': 'larvae of a gregarious North American moth that spins a web resembling a carpet rather than a tent; serious defoliator of deciduous trees', 'lappet': 'a small lap on a garment or headdress', 'lappet_caterpillar': 'larva of a lappet moth', 'webworm': 'several gregarious moth larvae that spin webs over foliage on which they feed', 'Hyphantria': 'fall webworms', 'webworm_moth': 'a variety of moth that spins a web in which it lives', 'Hyphantria_cunea': 'moth whose larvae are fall webworms', 'fall_webworm': 'a variety of webworm', 'Loxostege': 'garden webworms', 'Loxostege_similalis': 'moth whose larvae are garden webworms', 'garden_webworm': 'a variety of webworm', 'instar': 'an insect or other arthropod between molts', 'caterpillar': 'a wormlike and often brightly colored and hairy or spiny larva of a butterfly or moth', 'bollworm': 'any of various moth caterpillars that destroy cotton bolls', 'pink_bollworm': 'larvae of a gelechiid moth introduced from Asia; feeds on the seeds of cotton bolls', 'corn_earworm': 'larva of a noctuid moth; highly destructive to especially corn and cotton and tomato crops', 'cabbageworm': 'toxic green larva of a cabbage butterfly', 'woolly_bear': 'caterpillar of numerous moths characterized by a dense coat of woolly hairs; feed on plants and some are destructive pests', 'woolly_bear_moth': 'larva of moth of the family Arctiidae', 'larva': 'the immature free-living form of most invertebrates and amphibians and fish which at hatching from the egg is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose', 'nymph': 'a voluptuously beautiful young woman', 'leptocephalus': 'slender transparent larva of eels and certain fishes', 'bot': 'botfly larva; typically develops inside the body of a horse or sheep or human', 'grub': 'a soft thick wormlike larva of certain beetles and other insects', 'maggot': 'the larva of the housefly and blowfly commonly found in decaying organic matter', 'leatherjacket': 'any of several brightly colored tropical filefishes', 'pupa': 'an insect in the inactive stage of development (when it is not feeding) intermediate between larva and adult', 'chrysalis': 'pupa of a moth or butterfly enclosed in a cocoon', 'cocoon': 'silky envelope spun by the larvae of many insects to protect pupas and by spiders to protect eggs', 'imago': '(psychoanalysis) an idealized image of someone (usually a parent) formed in childhood', 'queen': 'something personified as a woman who is considered the best or most important of her kind; \"Paris is the queen of cities\"; \"the queen of ocean liners\"', 'Phoronida': 'small phylum of wormlike marine animals', 'phoronid': 'hermaphrodite wormlike animal living in mud of the sea bottom', 'Bryozoa': 'marine or freshwater animals that form colonies of zooids', 'bryozoan': 'sessile aquatic animal forming mossy colonies of small polyps each having a curved or circular ridge bearing tentacles; attach to stones or seaweed and reproduce by budding', 'Ectoprocta': 'coextensive with or a subphylum of Bryozoa', 'ectoproct': 'sessile mossy aquatic animal having the anus of the polyp outside the crown of tentacles', 'Entoprocta': 'sometimes considered a subphylum of Bryozoa', 'entoproct': 'any of various moss-like aquatic animals usually forming branching colonies; each polyp having a both mouth and anus within a closed ring of tentacles', 'Cycliophora': \"tiny marine organisms each the size of a period found in great numbers on lobsters' lips; identified tentatively in 1995 as a new phylum or as possible link between Entoprocta and Ectoprocta\", 'Symbion_pandora': \"only known species of Cycliophora; lives symbiotically attached to a lobster's lip by an adhesive disk and feeding by means of a hairy mouth ring; its complex life cycle includes asexual and sexual phases\", 'Brachiopoda': 'marine invertebrates that resemble mollusks', 'brachiopod': 'marine animal with bivalve shell having a pair of arms bearing tentacles for capturing food; found worldwide', 'Sipuncula': 'peanut worms', 'peanut_worm': 'small unsegmented marine worm that when disturbed retracts its anterior portion into the body giving the appearance of a peanut', 'echinoderm_family': 'a family of echinoderms', 'echinoderm_genus': 'a genus of echinoderms', 'Echinodermata': 'radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers', 'echinoderm': 'marine invertebrates with tube feet and five-part radially symmetrical bodies', 'ambulacrum': 'one of the five areas on the undersurface of an echinoderm on which the tube feet are located', 'Asteroidea': 'sea stars', 'starfish': 'echinoderms characterized by five arms extending from a central disk', 'Ophiuroidea': 'brittle stars and basket stars', 'Ophiurida': 'brittle stars', 'brittle_star': 'an animal resembling a starfish with fragile whiplike arms radiating from a small central disc', 'Euryalida': 'basket stars', 'basket_star': 'any starfish-like animal of the genera Euryale or Astrophyton or Gorgonocephalus having slender complexly branched interlacing arms radiating from a central disc', 'Euryale': '(Greek mythology) one of the three Gorgons', 'Astrophyton': 'includes many of the basket stars', 'Astrophyton_muricatum': 'a variety of basket star', 'Gorgonocephalus': 'basket stars', 'Echinoidea': 'sea urchins and sand dollars', 'sea_urchin': 'shallow-water echinoderms having soft bodies enclosed in thin spiny globular shells', 'edible_sea_urchin': 'a sea urchin that can be eaten', 'Exocycloida': 'flat sea urchins', 'sand_dollar': 'flattened disklike sea urchins that live on sandy bottoms', 'Spatangoida': 'heart-shaped sea urchins', 'heart_urchin': 'sea urchin having a heart-shaped body in a rigid spiny shell', 'Crinoidea': 'sea lilies', 'crinoid': 'primitive echinoderms having five or more feathery arms radiating from a central disk', 'Ptilocrinus': 'sea lilies', 'sea_lily': 'crinoid with delicate radiating arms and a stalked body attached to a hard surface', 'Antedonidae': 'feather stars', 'Comatulidae': 'former usage synonymous with Antedonidae', 'Antedon': 'a genus of echinoderms of the family Antedonidae', 'Comatula': 'former usage synonymous with Antedon', 'feather_star': 'free-swimming stalkless crinoid with ten feathery arms; found on muddy sea bottoms', 'Holothuroidea': 'class of echinoderms including the sea cucumbers', 'sea_cucumber': 'echinoderm having a flexible sausage-shaped body, tentacles surrounding the mouth and tube feet; free-living mud feeders', 'Holothuridae': 'a family of Holothuroidea', 'Holothuria': 'type genus of the Holothuridae', 'trepang': 'of warm coasts from Australia to Asia; used as food especially by Chinese', 'tube_foot': 'tentacular tubular process of most echinoderms (starfish and sea urchins and holothurians) having a sucker at the end and used for e.g. locomotion and respiration', 'milt': 'fish sperm or sperm-filled reproductive gland; having a creamy texture', 'splint_bone': 'a rudimentary metacarpal or metatarsal bone on either side of the cannon bone in the leg of a horse or related animal', 'Duplicidentata': 'in former classifications considered a suborder of Rodentia coextensive with the order Lagomorpha: gnawing animals', 'Lagomorpha': 'rabbits; hares; pikas; formerly considered the suborder Duplicidentata of the order Rodentia', 'lagomorph': 'relative large gnawing animals; distinguished from rodents by having two pairs of upper incisors specialized for gnawing', 'Leporidae': 'hares and rabbits', 'leporid': 'rabbits and hares', 'rabbit': 'flesh of any of various rabbits or hares (wild or domesticated) eaten as food', 'rabbit_ears': 'an indoor TV antenna; consists of two extendible rods that form a V', 'lapin': 'the fur of a rabbit', 'bunny': 'a young waitress in a nightclub whose costume includes the tail and ears of a rabbit', 'Oryctolagus': 'Old World rabbits', 'European_rabbit': 'common greyish-brown burrowing animal native to southern Europe and northern Africa but introduced elsewhere; widely domesticated and developed in various colors and for various needs; young are born naked and helpless', 'Sylvilagus': 'North American rabbits', 'wood_rabbit': 'common small rabbit of North America having greyish or brownish fur and a tail with a white underside; a host for Ixodes pacificus and Ixodes scapularis (Lyme disease ticks)', 'eastern_cottontail': 'widely distributed in United States except northwest and far west regions', 'swamp_rabbit': 'a wood rabbit of southeastern United States swamps and lowlands', 'marsh_hare': 'a wood rabbit of marshy coastal areas from North Carolina to Florida', 'Lepus': 'a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Orion and Columba', 'hare': 'swift timid long-eared mammal larger than a rabbit having a divided upper lip and long hind legs; young born furred and with open eyes', 'leveret': 'a young hare especially one in its first year', 'European_hare': 'large hare introduced in North America; does not turn white in winter', 'jackrabbit': 'large hare of western North America', 'white-tailed_jackrabbit': 'largest hare of northern plains and western mountains of United States; brownish-grey in summer and pale grey in winter; tail nearly always all white', 'blacktail_jackrabbit': 'the common jackrabbit of grasslands and open areas of western United States; has large black-tipped ears and black streak on the tail', 'polar_hare': 'a large hare of northern North America; it is almost completely white in winter', 'snowshoe_hare': 'large large-footed North American hare; white in winter', 'Belgian_hare': 'red breed of domestic rabbits; hybrid between Old World rabbit and hare', 'Ochotonidae': 'pikas and extinct forms', 'pika': 'small short-eared burrowing mammal of rocky uplands of Asia and western North America', 'Ochotona': 'type genus of the Ochotonidae', 'little_chief_hare': 'North American pika', 'collared_pika': 'similar to little chief hare and may be same species', 'Rodentia': 'small gnawing animals: porcupines; rats; mice; squirrels; marmots; beavers; gophers; voles; hamsters; guinea pigs; agoutis', 'rodent': 'relatively small placental mammals having a single pair of constantly growing incisor teeth specialized for gnawing', 'mouse': 'person who is quiet or timid', 'Myomorpha': 'true rats and mice and related rodents', 'Muroidea': 'a superfamily of rodents essentially equal to the suborder Myomorpha but with the Dipodidae excluded', 'rat': \"a pad (usually made of hair) worn as part of a woman's coiffure\", 'pocket_rat': 'any of various rodents with cheek pouches', 'Muridae': 'originally Old World rats now distributed worldwide; distinguished from the Cricetidae by typically lacking cheek pouches', 'murine': 'a rodent that is a member of the family Muridae', 'Mus': 'type genus of the Muridae: common house mice; the tips of the upper incisors have a square notch', 'house_mouse': 'brownish-grey Old World mouse now a common household pest worldwide', 'Micromyx': 'Old World harvest mice', 'harvest_mouse': 'small reddish-brown Eurasian mouse inhabiting e.g. cornfields', 'Apodemus': 'Old World field mice', 'field_mouse': 'any nocturnal Old World mouse of the genus Apodemus inhabiting woods and fields and gardens', 'nude_mouse': 'a mouse with a genetic defect that prevents them from growing hair and also prevents them from immunologically rejecting human cells and tissues; widely used in preclinical trials', 'European_wood_mouse': 'nocturnal yellowish-brown mouse inhabiting woods and fields and gardens', 'Rattus': 'common house rats; upper incisors have a beveled edge', 'brown_rat': 'common domestic rat; serious pest worldwide', 'wharf_rat': 'someone who lives near wharves and lives by pilfering from ships or warehouses', 'sewer_rat': 'brown rat commonly found in sewers', 'black_rat': 'common household pest originally from Asia that has spread worldwide', 'Nesokia': 'bandicoot rats', 'bandicoot_rat': 'burrowing scaly-tailed rat of India and Ceylon', 'Conilurus': 'jerboa rats', 'jerboa_rat': 'large Australian rat with hind legs adapted for leaping', 'Notomys': 'jerboa rats', 'kangaroo_mouse': 'small silky-haired pouched rodent; similar to but smaller than kangaroo rats', 'Hydromyinae': 'water rats of Australia and New Guinea', 'Hydromys': 'water rats', 'water_rat': 'any of various amphibious rats', 'beaver_rat': 'amphibious rat of Australia and New Guinea', 'Cricetidae': 'mostly small New World rodents including New World mice and lemmings and voles and hamsters', 'New_World_mouse': 'a variety of rodent', 'Reithrodontomys': 'New World harvest mice', 'American_harvest_mouse': 'any of several small greyish New World mice inhabiting e.g. grain fields', 'Peromyscus': 'New World wood mice', 'wood_mouse': 'any of various New World woodland mice', 'white-footed_mouse': 'American woodland mouse with white feet and underparts', 'deer_mouse': 'brownish New World mouse; most widely distributed member of the genus', 'cactus_mouse': 'burrowing mouse of desert areas of southwestern United States', 'cotton_mouse': 'large dark mouse of southeastern United States', 'Baiomys': 'pygmy mice', 'pygmy_mouse': 'very small dark greyish brown mouse resembling a house mouse; of Texas and Mexico', 'Onychomys': 'grasshopper mice', 'grasshopper_mouse': 'insectivorous mouse of western North America', 'Ondatra': 'muskrats', 'muskrat': 'the brown fur of a muskrat', 'Neofiber': 'round-tailed muskrat', 'round-tailed_muskrat': 'of Florida wetlands', 'Sigmodon': 'American cotton rats', 'cotton_rat': 'destructive long-haired burrowing rat of southern North America and Central America', 'wood_rat': 'any of various small short-tailed rodents of the northern hemisphere having soft fur grey above and white below with furred tails and large ears; some are hosts for Ixodes pacificus and Ixodes scapularis (Lyme disease ticks)', 'dusky-footed_wood_rat': 'a wood rat with dusky feet', 'vole': 'any of various small mouselike rodents of the family Cricetidae (especially of genus Microtus) having a stout short-tailed body and inconspicuous ears and inhabiting fields or meadows', 'Neotoma': 'packrats', 'packrat': 'a collector of miscellaneous useless objects', 'dusky-footed_woodrat': 'host to Lyme disease tick (Ixodes pacificus) in northern California', 'eastern_woodrat': 'large greyish-brown wood rat of the southeastern United States', 'Oryzomys': 'rice rats', 'rice_rat': 'hardy agile rat of grassy marshes of Mexico and the southeastern United States', 'Pitymys': 'pine mice', 'pine_vole': 'short-tailed glossy-furred burrowing vole of the eastern United States', 'Microtus': 'voles of the northern hemisphere', 'meadow_vole': 'widely distributed in grasslands of northern United States and Canada', 'water_vole': 'common large Eurasian vole', 'prairie_vole': 'typical vole of the extended prairie region of central United States and southern Canada', 'Arvicola': 'in some classifications considered synonymous with Microtus', 'Clethrionomys': 'a genus of Cricetidae', 'red-backed_mouse': 'any of several voles of mountainous regions of Eurasia and America', 'genus_Phenacomys': 'North American voles', 'phenacomys': 'any of several vole-like terrestrial or arboreal rodents of cold forested regions of Canada and western United States', 'Cricetus': 'type genus of the Cricetidae: Old World hamsters', 'hamster': 'short-tailed Old World burrowing rodent with large cheek pouches', 'Eurasian_hamster': 'a variety of hamster common to Europe and Asia', 'Mesocricetus': 'golden hamsters', 'golden_hamster': 'small light-colored hamster often kept as a pet', 'Gerbillinae': 'gerbils', 'Gerbillus': 'type genus of the Gerbillinae: typical gerbils', 'gerbil': 'small Old World burrowing desert rodent with long soft pale fur and hind legs adapted for leaping', 'Meriones': 'a genus of Cricetidae', 'jird': 'gerbil of northern Africa', 'tamarisk_gerbil': 'a gerbil that is popular as a pet', 'sand_rat': 'small nearly naked African mole rat of desert areas', 'lemming': 'any of various short-tailed furry-footed rodents of circumpolar distribution', 'Lemmus': 'lemmings', 'European_lemming': 'notable for mass migrations even into the sea where many drown', 'brown_lemming': 'of northwestern Canada and Alaska', 'Myopus': 'a genus of Cricetidae', 'grey_lemming': 'Old World lemming', 'Dicrostonyx': 'pied lemmings', 'pied_lemming': 'North American lemming having a white winter coat and some claws much enlarged', 'Hudson_bay_collared_lemming': 'of northern Canada', 'Synaptomys': 'bog lemmings', 'southern_bog_lemming': 'of low bogs and meadows of northeastern and central United States and southern Canada', 'northern_bog_lemming': 'of wet alpine and subalpine meadows of Canada and Alaska', 'Hystricomorpha': 'an order of rodents including: porcupines; guinea pigs; chinchillas; etc.', 'porcupine': 'relatively large rodents with sharp erectile bristles mingled with the fur', 'Hystricidae': 'Old World porcupines', 'Old_World_porcupine': 'terrestrial porcupine', 'Atherurus': 'a genus of Hystricidae', 'brush-tailed_porcupine': 'porcupine with a tuft of large beaded bristles on the tail', 'Trichys': 'a genus of Hystricidae', 'long-tailed_porcupine': 'porcupine of Borneo and Sumatra having short spines and a long tail', 'New_World_porcupine': 'arboreal porcupine', 'Erethizontidae': 'New World arboreal porcupines', 'Erethizon': 'a genus of Erethizontidae', 'Canada_porcupine': 'porcupine of northeastern North America with barbed spines concealed in the coarse fur; often gnaws buildings for salt and grease', 'Heteromyidae': 'small New World burrowing mouselike rodents with fur-lined cheek pouches and hind limbs and tail adapted to leaping; adapted to desert conditions: pocket mice; kangaroo mice; kangaroo rats', 'pocket_mouse': 'any of various small nocturnal burrowing desert rodents with cheek pouches and long hind legs and tail', 'Perognathus': 'pocket mice', 'silky_pocket_mouse': 'small pale yellowish soft-furred rodent of southwestern United States and Mexico', 'plains_pocket_mouse': 'small rodent of open areas of United States plains states', 'hispid_pocket_mouse': 'large stiff-haired rodent of shortgrass prairies of United States', 'Liomys': 'pocket mice', 'Mexican_pocket_mouse': 'large pocket mouse of Mexico', 'Dipodomys': 'kangaroo rats', 'kangaroo_rat': 'any of various leaping rodents of desert regions of North America and Mexico; largest members of the family Heteromyidae', 'Ord_kangaroo_rat': 'most widely distributed kangaroo rat: plains and mountain areas of central and western United States', 'Microdipodops': 'kangaroo mice', 'Zapodidae': 'jumping mice', 'jumping_mouse': 'any of several primitive mouselike rodents with long hind legs and no cheek pouches; of woodlands of Eurasia and North America', 'Zapus': 'type genus of the Zapodidae', 'meadow_jumping_mouse': 'widely distributed in northeastern and central United States and Canada', 'Dipodidae': 'Old World jerboas', 'Dipus': 'type genus of the Dipodidae; typical jerboas having three toes on each hind foot', 'jerboa': 'mouselike jumping rodent', 'typical_jerboa': 'small nocturnal jumping rodent with long hind legs; of arid parts of Asia and northern Africa', 'Jaculus': 'jerboas', 'Jaculus_jaculus': 'a variety of jerboa', 'Gliridae': 'dormice and other Old World forms', 'dormouse': 'small furry-tailed squirrel-like Old World rodent that becomes torpid in cold weather', 'Glis': 'type genus of the Gliridae', 'loir': 'large European dormouse', 'Muscardinus': 'a genus of Gliridae', 'hazel_mouse': 'a variety of dormouse', 'Eliomys': 'lerots', 'lerot': 'dormouse of southern Europe and northern Africa', 'Geomyidae': 'North American pocket gophers', 'Geomys': 'type genus of the Geomyidae', 'gopher': 'burrowing rodent of the family Geomyidae having large external cheek pouches; of Central America and southwestern North America', 'plains_pocket_gopher': 'gopher of chiefly grasslands of central North America', 'southeastern_pocket_gopher': 'gopher of Alabama and Georgia and Florida', 'Thomomys': 'western pocket gophers', 'valley_pocket_gopher': 'of valleys and mountain meadows of western United States', 'northern_pocket_gopher': 'greyish to brown gopher of western and central United States', 'Sciuromorpha': 'large more or less primitive rodents: squirrels; marmots; gophers; beavers; etc.', 'squirrel': 'the fur of a squirrel', 'tree_squirrel': 'any typical arboreal squirrel', 'Sciuridae': 'a mammal family of true squirrels including: ground squirrels; marmots; chipmunks; flying squirrels; spermophiles', 'Sciurus': 'type genus of the Sciuridae; typical moderate-sized arboreal squirrels', 'eastern_grey_squirrel': 'common medium-large squirrel of eastern North America; now introduced into England', 'western_grey_squirrel': 'large grey squirrel of far western areas of United States', 'fox_squirrel': 'exceptionally large arboreal squirrel of eastern United States', 'black_squirrel': 'fox squirrel or grey squirrel in the black color phase', 'red_squirrel': 'common reddish-brown squirrel of Europe and parts of Asia', 'Tamiasciurus': 'American red squirrels', 'American_red_squirrel': 'of northern United States and Canada', 'chickeree': 'far western United States counterpart of the red squirrel', 'Citellus': 'typical ground squirrels', 'antelope_squirrel': 'small ground squirrel of western United States', 'ground_squirrel': 'any of various terrestrial burrowing rodents of Old and New Worlds; often destroy crops', 'mantled_ground_squirrel': 'common black-striped reddish-brown ground squirrel of western North America; resembles a large chipmunk', 'suslik': 'rather large central Eurasian ground squirrel', 'flickertail': 'of sagebrush and grassland areas of western United States and Canada', 'rock_squirrel': 'large grey ground squirrel of rocky areas of the southwestern United States', 'Arctic_ground_squirrel': 'large ground squirrel of the North American far north', 'Cynomys': 'prairie dogs', 'prairie_dog': 'any of several rodents of North American prairies living in large complex burrows having a barking cry', 'blacktail_prairie_dog': 'tail is black tipped', 'whitetail_prairie_dog': 'tail is white tipped', 'Tamias': 'chipmunks of eastern North America', 'eastern_chipmunk': 'small striped semiterrestrial eastern American squirrel with cheek pouches', 'Eutamias': 'chipmunks of western America and Asia', 'chipmunk': 'a burrowing ground squirrel of western America and Asia; has cheek pouches and a light and dark stripe running down the body', 'baronduki': 'terrestrial Siberian squirrel', 'Glaucomys': 'New World flying squirrels', 'American_flying_squirrel': 'New World flying squirrels', 'southern_flying_squirrel': 'small large-eyed nocturnal flying squirrel of eastern United States', 'northern_flying_squirrel': 'large flying squirrel; chiefly of Canada', 'Marmota': 'marmots', 'marmot': 'stocky coarse-furred burrowing rodent with a short bushy tail found throughout the northern hemisphere; hibernates in winter', 'groundhog': 'reddish brown North American marmot', 'hoary_marmot': 'large North American mountain marmot', 'yellowbelly_marmot': 'heavy-bodied yellowish-brown marmot of rocky areas of western North America', 'Petauristidae': 'Old World flying squirrels', 'Asiatic_flying_squirrel': 'nocturnal rodent of Asia having furry folds of skin between forelegs and hind legs enabling it to move by gliding leaps', 'Petaurista': 'very large Asiatic flying squirrels', 'taguan': 'East Indian flying squirrel', 'Castoridae': 'beavers', 'Castor': 'a multiple star with 6 components; second brightest in Gemini; close to Pollux', 'beaver': 'the soft brown fur of the beaver', 'Old_World_beaver': 'a European variety of beaver', 'New_World_beaver': 'a variety of beaver found in almost all areas of North America except Florida', 'Castoroides': 'extinct beavers of the Pleistocene; of eastern and southern United States', 'Aplodontiidae': 'mountain beavers', 'Aplodontia': 'type genus of the Aplodontiidae: comprising the mountain beavers', 'mountain_beaver': 'bulky nocturnal burrowing rodent of uplands of the Pacific coast of North America; the most primitive living rodent', 'Caviidae': 'a family of Hystricomorpha', 'Cavia': 'type genus of the Caviidae: guinea pigs', 'cavy': 'short-tailed rough-haired South American rodent', 'guinea_pig': 'stout-bodied nearly tailless domesticated cavy; often kept as a pet and widely used in research', 'aperea': 'South American cavy; possibly ancestral to the domestic guinea pig', 'Dolichotis': 'maras', 'mara': 'hare-like rodent of the pampas of Argentina', 'Hydrochoeridae': 'capybara', 'Hydrochoerus': 'a genus of Hydrochoeridae', 'capybara': 'pig-sized tailless South American amphibious rodent with partly webbed feet; largest living rodent', 'Dasyproctidae': 'agoutis and pacas', 'Dasyprocta': 'type genus of the Dasyproctidae: agoutis', 'agouti': 'agile long-legged rabbit-sized rodent of Central America and South America and the West Indies; valued as food', 'Cuniculus': 'pacas', 'paca': 'large burrowing rodent of South America and Central America; highly esteemed as food', 'Stictomys': 'mountain pacas', 'mountain_paca': 'rodent of mountains of western South America', 'Capromyidae': 'coypus', 'Myocastor': 'a genus of Capromyidae', 'coypu': 'aquatic South American rodent resembling a small beaver; bred for its fur', 'Chinchillidae': 'small bushy-tailed South American burrowing rodents', 'genus_Chinchilla': 'type genus of the Chinchillidae', 'chinchilla': 'the expensive silvery grey fur of the chinchilla', 'Lagidium': 'a genus of Chinchillidae', 'mountain_chinchilla': 'a rodent native to the mountains of Chile and Peru and now bred in captivity', 'Lagostomus': 'viscachas', 'viscacha': 'gregarious burrowing rodent larger than the chinchillas', 'Abrocoma': 'abrocomes', 'abrocome': 'ratlike rodent with soft fur and large ears of the Andes', 'Spalacidae': 'mole rats', 'Spalax': 'type genus of the Spalacidae', 'mole_rat': 'African rodent resembling a mole in habits and appearance', 'Bathyergidae': 'mole rats; sand rats', 'Bathyergus': 'mole rats', 'Heterocephalus': 'sand rats', 'naked_mole_rat': 'fetal-looking colonial rodent of East Africa; neither mole nor rat; they feed on tubers and have a social structure similar to that of honeybees and termites', 'Damaraland_mole_rat': 'colonial mole rat of western Africa; similar to naked mole rat', 'dug': 'an udder or breast or teat', 'udder': 'mammary gland of bovids (cows and sheep and goats)', 'Ungulata': 'in former classifications a major division of Mammalia comprising all hoofed mammals; now divided into the orders Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) and Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)', 'ungulate': 'any of a number of mammals with hooves that are superficially similar but not necessarily closely related taxonomically', 'Unguiculata': 'in former classifications a major division of Mammalia comprising mammals with nails or claws; distinguished from hoofed mammals and cetaceans', 'unguiculate': 'a mammal having nails or claws', 'Dinocerata': 'small order of primitive ungulates of the Paleocene and Eocene', 'Uintatheriidae': 'an extinct family of Dinocerata', 'Uintatherium': 'type genus of the Uintatheriidae; extinct large herbivorous ungulates somewhat resembling elephants; from the Eocene in Wyoming', 'dinocerate': 'an extinct ungulate', 'dinoceras': 'a variety of dinocerate', 'Hyracoidea': 'hyraxes and some extinct animals', 'Procaviidae': 'includes all recent members of the order Hyracoidea', 'hyrax': 'any of several small ungulate mammals of Africa and Asia with rodent-like incisors and feet with hooflike toes', 'Procavia': 'type genus of the Procaviidae', 'rock_hyrax': 'hyrax that lives in rocky areas', 'Perissodactyla': 'nonruminant ungulates: horses; tapirs; rhinoceros; extinct forms', 'odd-toed_ungulate': 'placental mammals having hooves with an odd number of toes on each foot', 'Equidae': 'horses; asses; zebras; extinct animals', 'Equus': 'type genus of the Equidae: only surviving genus of the family Equidae', 'equine': 'hoofed mammals having slender legs and a flat coat with a narrow mane along the back of the neck', 'horse': 'a padded gymnastic apparatus on legs', 'roan': 'a soft sheepskin leather that is colored and finished to resemble morocco; used in bookbinding', 'stablemate': 'a horse stabled with another or one of several horses owned by the same person', 'Hyracotherium': 'extinct horse genus; formerly called eohippus', 'gee-gee': 'a word for horse used by children or in adult slang', 'eohippus': 'earliest horse; extinct primitive dog-sized four-toed Eocene animal', 'genus_Mesohippus': 'a genus of Equidae', 'mesohippus': 'North American three-toed Oligocene animal; probably not directly ancestral to modern horses', 'genus_Protohippus': 'a genus of Equidae', 'protohippus': 'Pliocene horse approaching donkeys in size', 'foal': 'a young horse', 'filly': 'a young female horse under the age of four', 'colt': 'a young male horse under the age of four', 'male_horse': 'the male of species Equus caballus', 'ridgeling': 'a colt with undescended testicles', 'stallion': 'uncastrated adult male horse', 'gelding': 'castrated male horse', 'mare': 'a dark region of considerable extent on the surface of the moon', 'broodmare': 'a female horse used for breeding', 'saddle_horse': 'a lightweight horse kept for riding only', 'remount': 'a fresh horse especially (formerly) to replace one killed or injured in battle', 'palfrey': 'especially a light saddle horse for a woman', 'warhorse': 'a work of art (composition or drama) that is part of the standard repertory but has become hackneyed from much repetition', 'cavalry_horse': 'horse trained for battle', 'charger': 'a device for charging or recharging batteries', 'steed': '(literary) a spirited horse for state or war', 'prancer': 'a mettlesome or fiery horse', 'hack': 'a mediocre and disdained writer', 'cow_pony': 'a light saddle horse trained for herding cattle', 'quarter_horse': 'a small powerful horse originally bred for sprinting in quarter-mile races in Virginia', 'Morgan': 'United States anthropologist who studied the Seneca (1818-1881)', 'Tennessee_walker': 'a horse marked by stamina and trained to move at a fast running walk', 'American_saddle_horse': 'a high-stepping horse originating in Kentucky', 'Appaloosa': 'a hardy breed of saddle horse developed in western North America and characteristically having a spotted rump', 'Arabian': 'a spirited graceful and intelligent riding horse native to Arabia', 'Lippizan': 'a compact and sturdy saddle horse that is bred and trained in Vienna; smart and docile and excellent for dressage; \"a Lippizan is black or brown when born but turns white by the time it is five years old\"', 'pony': 'a literal translation used in studying a foreign language (often used illicitly)', 'polo_pony': 'a small agile horse specially bred and trained for playing polo', 'mustang': 'small hardy range horse of the western plains descended from horses brought by the Spanish', 'bronco': 'an unbroken or imperfectly broken mustang', 'bucking_bronco': 'a wild horse that is vicious and difficult or impossible to break in', 'buckskin': 'a soft yellowish suede leather originally from deerskin but now usually from sheepskin', 'crowbait': 'an emaciated horse likely soon to become carrion and so attractive to crows', 'dun': 'a color or pigment varying around a light grey-brown color; \"she wore dun\"', 'grey': 'any organization or party whose uniforms or badges are grey; \"the Confederate army was a vast grey\"', 'wild_horse': 'undomesticated or feral domestic horse', 'tarpan': 'European wild horse extinct since the early 20th century', 'warrigal': 'Australian wild horse', \"Przewalski's_horse\": 'wild horse of central Asia that resembles an ass; now endangered', 'cayuse': 'a small native range horse', 'plow_horse': 'a horse used to pull a plow', 'Shetland_pony': 'breed of very small pony with long shaggy mane and tail', 'Welsh_pony': 'breed of small ponies originally from Wales', 'Exmoor': 'horned sheep of Devon; valued for mutton', 'racehorse': 'a horse bred for racing', 'Sir_Barton': 'thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1919', 'Gallant_Fox': 'thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1930', 'Omaha': 'a member of the Siouan people formerly living in the Missouri river valley in northeastern Nebraska', 'War_Admiral': 'thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1937', 'Whirlaway': 'thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1941', 'Count_Fleet': 'thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1943', 'Assault': 'thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1946', 'Citation': 'thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1948', 'Secretariat': 'thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1973', 'Seattle_Slew': 'thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1977', 'Affirmed': 'thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1978', 'steeplechaser': 'a horse trained to run in steeplechases', 'finisher': 'a racing driver who finishes a race', 'two-year-old_horse': 'a racehorse that is two years old', 'three-year-old_horse': 'a racehorse that is three years old', 'dark_horse': 'a political candidate who is not well known but could win unexpectedly', 'mudder': 'a racehorse that runs well on a muddy racetrack', 'nonstarter': 'a horse that fails to run in a race for which it has been entered', 'stalking-horse': 'a candidate put forward to divide the Opposition or to mask the true candidate', 'harness_horse': 'horse used for pulling vehicles', 'hackney': 'a carriage for hire', 'workhorse': 'machine that performs dependably under heavy use; \"the IBM main frame computers have been the workhorse of the business world\"', 'draft_horse': 'horse adapted for drawing heavy loads', 'packhorse': 'a workhorse used as a pack animal', 'carthorse': 'draft horse kept for pulling carts', 'Clydesdale': 'heavy feathered-legged breed of draft horse originally from Scotland', 'Percheron': 'one of a breed of grey or black draft horses originally used in France to draw heavy coaches or artillery', 'farm_horse': 'a quiet plodding workhorse', 'shire': 'a former administrative district of England; equivalent to a county', 'pole_horse': 'the horse having a starting position next to the inside rail in a harness race', 'wheel_horse': 'a draft horse harnessed behind others and nearest the wheels of a vehicle', 'post_horse': 'a horse kept at an inn or post house for use by mail carriers or for rent to travelers', 'coach_horse': 'strong draft horse for drawing coaches', 'pacer': 'a horse used to set the pace in racing', 'trotting_horse': 'a horse trained to trot; especially a horse trained for harness racing', 'stepper': 'a motor (especially an electric motor) that moves or rotates in small discrete steps', 'chestnut': 'wood of any of various chestnut trees of the genus Castanea', 'liver_chestnut': 'a solid dark brown horse', 'bay': 'an indentation of a shoreline larger than a cove but smaller than a gulf', 'sorrel': 'large sour-tasting arrowhead-shaped leaves used in salads and sauces', 'palomino': 'a horse of light tan or golden color with cream-colored or white mane and tail', 'pinto': 'a spotted or calico horse or pony', 'ass': 'a pompous fool', 'domestic_ass': 'domestic beast of burden descended from the African wild ass; patient but stubborn', 'burro': 'small donkey used as a pack animal', 'moke': 'British informal for donkey', 'jack': 'a small worthless amount; \"you don\\'t know jack\"', 'jennet': 'female donkey', 'mule': 'a slipper that has no fitting around the heel', 'hinny': 'hybrid offspring of a male horse and a female donkey or ass; usually sterile; \"a hinny has a gentler disposition than a mule\"', 'wild_ass': 'any of several equine mammals of Asia and northeast Africa', 'African_wild_ass': 'a wild ass of Africa', 'kiang': 'wild ass of Tibet and Mongolia', 'onager': 'Asiatic wild ass', 'chigetai': 'Mongolian wild ass', 'zebra': 'any of several fleet black-and-white striped African equines', 'common_zebra': 'of the plains of central and eastern Africa', 'mountain_zebra': 'narrow-striped nearly extinct zebra of southern Africa', \"grevy's_zebra\": 'zebra with less continuous stripes', 'quagga': 'mammal of South Africa that resembled a zebra; extinct since late 19th century', 'Rhinocerotidae': 'rhinoceroses', 'rhinoceros': 'massive powerful herbivorous odd-toed ungulate of southeast Asia and Africa having very thick skin and one or two horns on the snout', 'genus_Rhinoceros': 'type genus of the Rhinocerotidae', 'Indian_rhinoceros': 'having one horn', 'woolly_rhinoceros': 'extinct thick-haired species of Arctic regions', 'Ceratotherium': 'African genus', 'white_rhinoceros': 'large light-grey African rhinoceros having two horns; endangered; sometimes placed in genus Diceros', 'Diceros': 'most common species in Africa', 'black_rhinoceros': 'African rhino; in danger of extinction', 'Tapiridae': 'tapirs and extinct related forms', 'Tapirus': 'type genus of the Tapiridae', 'tapir': 'large inoffensive chiefly nocturnal ungulate of tropical America and southeast Asia having a heavy body and fleshy snout', 'New_World_tapir': 'a tapir found in South America and Central America', 'Malayan_tapir': 'a tapir found in Malaya and Sumatra', 'Artiodactyla': 'an order of hooved mammals of the subclass Eutheria (including pigs and peccaries and hippopotami and members of the suborder Ruminantia) having an even number of functional toes', 'even-toed_ungulate': 'placental mammal having hooves with an even number of functional toes on each foot', 'Suidae': 'pigs; hogs; boars', 'swine': 'stout-bodied short-legged omnivorous animals', 'Sus': 'type genus of the Suidae', 'hog': 'a person regarded as greedy and pig-like', 'piglet': 'a young pig', 'sucking_pig': 'an unweaned piglet', 'porker': 'a pig fattened to provide meat', 'boar': 'an uncastrated male hog', 'sow': 'an adult female hog', 'razorback': 'a mongrel hog with a thin body and long legs and a ridged back; a wild or semi-wild descendant of improved breeds; found chiefly in the southeastern United States', 'wild_boar': 'Old World wild swine having a narrow body and prominent tusks from which most domestic swine come; introduced in United States', 'Babyrousa': 'a genus of Suidae', 'babirusa': 'Indonesian wild pig with enormous curved canine teeth', 'Phacochoerus': 'warthogs', 'warthog': 'African wild swine with warty protuberances on the face and large protruding tusks', 'Tayassuidae': 'peccaries', 'Tayassu': 'type genus of the Tayassuidae', 'peccary': 'nocturnal gregarious pig-like wild animals of North America and South America', 'collared_peccary': 'dark grey peccary with an indistinct white collar; of semi desert areas of Mexico and southwestern United States', 'white-lipped_peccary': 'blackish peccary with whitish cheeks; larger than the collared peccary', 'Chiacoan_peccary': 'a recently discovered large wild pig of Paraguay', 'Hippopotamidae': 'hippopotami', 'genus_Hippopotamus': 'type genus of the Hippopotamidae', 'hippopotamus': 'massive thick-skinned herbivorous animal living in or around rivers of tropical Africa', 'Ruminantia': 'cattle; bison; sheep; goats; antelopes; deer; chevrotains; giraffes; camels', 'ruminant': 'any of various cud-chewing hoofed mammals having a stomach divided into four (occasionally three) compartments', 'rumen': 'the first compartment of the stomach of a ruminant; here food is collected and returned to the mouth as cud for chewing', 'reticulum': 'any fine network (especially one in the body composed of cells or blood vessels)', 'psalterium': 'the third compartment of the stomach of a ruminant', 'abomasum': 'the fourth compartment of the stomach of a ruminant; the one where digestion takes place', 'Bovidae': 'true antelopes; cattle; oxen; sheep; goats', 'bovid': 'hollow-horned ruminants', 'Bovinae': 'term not used technically; essentially coextensive with genus Bos: cattle; buffalo; and sometimes includes kudu', 'Bovini': 'term not used technically; essentially coextensive with genus Bos', 'Bos': 'wild and domestic cattle; in some classifications placed in the subfamily Bovinae or tribe Bovini', 'bovine': 'any of various members of the genus Bos', 'ox': 'an adult castrated bull of the genus Bos; especially Bos taurus', 'cattle': 'domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age; \"so many head of cattle\"; \"wait till the cows come home\"; \"seven thin and ill-favored kine\"- Bible; \"a team of oxen\"', 'stirk': 'yearling heifer or bullock', 'bullock': 'young bull', 'springer': 'the lowest stone in an arch -- from which it springs', 'heifer': 'young cow', 'dogie': 'motherless calf in a range herd of cattle', 'maverick': 'someone who exhibits great independence in thought and action', 'beef': 'meat from an adult domestic bovine', 'longhorn': 'long-horned beef cattle formerly common in southwestern United States', 'Brahman': 'any of several breeds of Indian cattle; especially a large American heat and tick resistant greyish humped breed evolved in the Gulf States by interbreeding Indian cattle and now used chiefly for crossbreeding', 'zebu': 'domesticated ox having a humped back and long horns and a large dewlap; used chiefly as a draft animal in India and east Asia', 'aurochs': 'large recently extinct long-horned European wild ox; considered one of the ancestors of domestic cattle', 'yak': 'noisy talk', 'banteng': 'wild ox of the Malay Archipelago', 'Welsh': 'a Celtic language of Wales', 'red_poll': 'hornless short-haired breed of beef and dairy cattle', 'Santa_Gertrudis': 'Brahman and shorthorn crossbreed of red cattle; hardy in hot regions', 'Aberdeen_Angus': 'black hornless breed from Scotland', 'Africander': 'tall large-horned humped cattle of South Africa; used for meat or draft', 'dairy_cattle': 'cattle that are reared for their milk', 'Ayrshire': 'hardy breed of dairy cattle from Ayr, Scotland', 'Brown_Swiss': 'large hardy brown breed of dairy cattle from Switzerland', 'Charolais': 'large white or cream-colored breed from France', 'Jersey': 'the largest of the Channel Islands', 'Devon': 'a county in southwestern England', 'grade': 'a relative position or degree of value in a graded group; \"lumber of the highest grade\"', 'Durham': 'a city of north central North Carolina; site of Duke University', 'milking_shorthorn': 'breed evolved from shorthorn beef cattle', 'Galloway': 'a district in southwestern Scotland', 'Friesian': 'a breed of dairy cattle from northern Holland', 'Guernsey': 'a Channel Island to the northwest of Jersey', 'Hereford': 'hardy English breed of dairy cattle raised extensively in United States', 'cattalo': 'hardy breed of cattle resulting from crossing domestic cattle with the American buffalo; yields leaner beef than conventional breeds', 'Old_World_buffalo': 'any of several Old World animals resembling oxen including, e.g., water buffalo; Cape buffalo', 'Bubalus': 'in some classification systems included in genus Bos; water buffaloes', 'water_buffalo': 'an Asian buffalo that is often domesticated for use as a draft animal', 'Indian_buffalo': 'upland buffalo of eastern Asia where true water buffaloes do not thrive; used for draft and milk', 'carabao': 'water buffalo of the Philippines', 'genus_Anoa': 'a genus of mammals of the family Bovidae', 'anoa': 'small buffalo of the Celebes having small straight horns', 'tamarau': 'small buffalo of Mindoro in the Philippines', 'Synercus': 'Cape buffalo', 'Cape_buffalo': 'large often savage buffalo of southern Africa having upward-curving horns; mostly in game reserves', 'Bibos': 'wild ox', 'Asian_wild_ox': 'genus of Asiatic wild oxen', 'gaur': 'wild ox of mountainous areas of eastern India', 'gayal': 'ox of southeast Asia sometimes considered a domesticated breed of the gaur', 'genus_Bison': 'sometimes considered a subgenus of genus Bos: American buffalo', 'bison': 'any of several large humped bovids having shaggy manes and large heads and short horns', 'American_bison': 'large shaggy-haired brown bison of North American plains', 'wisent': 'European bison having a smaller and higher head than the North American bison', 'Ovibos': 'consisting of the musk-ox', 'musk_ox': 'large shaggy-coated bovid mammal of Canada and Greenland; intermediate in size and anatomy between an ox and a sheep', 'Ovis': 'sheep', 'sheep': 'a timid defenseless simpleton who is readily preyed upon', 'ewe': 'female sheep', 'ram': 'a tool for driving or forcing something by impact', 'wether': 'male sheep especially a castrated one', 'bellwether': 'someone who assumes leadership of a movement or activity', 'lamb': 'a person easily deceived or cheated (especially in financial matters)', 'lambkin': 'a very young lamb', 'baa-lamb': \"child's word for a sheep or lamb\", 'teg': 'two-year-old sheep', 'Persian_lamb': 'the fur of a karakul lamb', 'black_sheep': 'sheep with a black coat', 'domestic_sheep': 'any of various breeds raised for wool or edible meat or skin', 'Cotswold': 'sheep with long wool originating in the Cotswold Hills', 'Hampshire': 'a county of southern England on the English Channel', 'Lincoln': '16th President of the United States; saved the Union during the American Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)', 'Cheviot': 'hardy hornless sheep of the Cheviot Hills noted for its short thick wool', 'broadtail': 'the fur of a very young karakul lamb', 'longwool': 'a domestic long-wool sheep', 'merino': 'white sheep originating in Spain and producing a heavy fleece of exceptional quality', 'Rambouillet': 'hardy sheep developed from the merino producing both good mutton and fine wool', 'wild_sheep': 'undomesticated sheep', 'argali': 'wild sheep of semidesert regions in central Asia', 'Marco_Polo_sheep': 'Asiatic wild sheep with exceptionally large horns; sometimes considered a variety of the argali (or Ovis ammon)', 'urial': 'bearded reddish sheep of southern Asia', 'Dall_sheep': 'large white wild sheep of northwestern Canada and Alaska', 'mountain_sheep': 'any wild sheep inhabiting mountainous regions', 'bighorn': 'wild sheep of mountainous regions of western North America having massive curled horns', 'mouflon': 'wild mountain sheep of Corsica and Sardinia', 'Ammotragus': 'genus of wild sheep', 'aoudad': 'wild sheep of northern Africa', 'beard': 'a tuft or growth of hairs or bristles on certain plants such as iris or grasses', 'Capra': 'United States film maker (1897-1991)', 'goat': 'any of numerous agile ruminants related to sheep but having a beard and straight horns', 'kid': 'soft smooth leather from the hide of a young goat; \"kid gloves\"', 'billy': 'male goat', 'nanny': 'a woman who is the custodian of children', 'domestic_goat': 'any of various breeds of goat raised for milk or meat or wool', 'Cashmere_goat': 'Himalayan goat having a silky undercoat highly prized as cashmere wool', 'wild_goat': 'undomesticated goat', 'bezoar_goat': 'wild goat of Iran and adjacent regions', 'markhor': 'large Himalayan goat with large spiraled horns', 'ibex': 'wild goat of mountain areas of Eurasia and northern Africa having large recurved horns', 'goat_antelope': 'bovid related to goats but having antelope-like features: mountain goats; gorals; serows; chamois; gnu goats', 'Oreamnos': 'mountain goats', 'mountain_goat': 'sure-footed mammal of mountainous northwestern North America', 'Naemorhedus': 'gorals', 'goral': 'small goat antelope with small conical horns; of southern Asian mountains', 'Capricornis': 'serows', 'serow': 'short-horned dark-coated goat antelope of mountain areas of southern and southeastern Asia', 'Rupicapra': 'chamois', 'chamois': 'a soft suede leather formerly from the skin of the chamois antelope but now from sheepskin', 'Budorcas': 'gnu goats', 'takin': 'large heavily built goat antelope of eastern Himalayan area', 'antelope': 'graceful Old World ruminant with long legs and horns directed upward and backward; includes gazelles; springboks; impalas; addax; gerenuks; blackbucks; dik-diks', 'Antilope': 'blackbucks', 'blackbuck': 'common Indian antelope with a dark back and spiral horns', 'Litocranius': 'antelopes of eastern Africa: gerenuks', 'gerenuk': 'slender East African antelope with slim neck and backward-curving horns', 'genus_Addax': 'genus of antelopes of northern African deserts', 'addax': 'large antelope with lightly spiraled horns of desert regions of northern Africa', 'Connochaetes': 'African antelopes: gnus', 'gnu': 'large African antelope having a head with horns like an ox and a long tufted tail', 'Madoqua': 'genus comprising some small antelopes of eastern and northeastern Africa', 'dik-dik': 'any of several small antelopes of eastern Africa of the genus Madoqua; the size of a large rabbit', 'Alcelaphus': 'African antelopes: hartebeests', 'hartebeest': 'a large African antelope with lyre-shaped horns that curve backward', 'Damaliscus': 'African antelopes: sassabies', 'sassaby': 'a large South African antelope; considered the swiftest hoofed mammal', 'Aepyceros': 'African antelopes: impalas', 'impala': 'African antelope with ridged curved horns; moves with enormous leaps', 'Gazella': 'typical gazelles', 'gazelle': 'small swift graceful antelope of Africa and Asia having lustrous eyes', \"Thomson's_gazelle\": 'East African gazelle; the smallest gazelle', 'Gazella_subgutturosa': 'a kind of gazelle', 'Antidorcas': 'springboks', 'springbok': 'a South African gazelle noted for springing lightly into the air', 'Tragelaphus': 'African antelopes: kudus; bongos; nyalas; bushbucks', 'bongo': 'a small drum; played with the hands', 'kudu': 'either of two spiral-horned antelopes of the African bush', 'greater_kudu': 'a variety of kudu', 'lesser_kudu': 'a smaller variety of kudu', 'harnessed_antelope': 'any of several antelopes of the genus Tragelaphus having striped markings resembling a harness', 'nyala': 'spiral-horned South African antelope with a fringe of white hairs along back and neck', 'mountain_nyala': 'shaggy antelope of mountains of Ethiopia', 'bushbuck': 'antelope with white markings like a harness and twisted horns', 'Boselaphus': 'Indian antelopes: nilgais', 'nilgai': 'large Indian antelope; male is blue-grey with white markings; female is brownish with no horns', 'Hippotragus': 'sable antelopes', 'sable_antelope': 'large black East African antelope with sharp backward-curving horns', 'genus_Saiga': 'Eurasian antelopes: saigas', 'saiga': 'goat-like antelope of central Eurasia having a stubby nose like a proboscis', 'Raphicerus': 'African antelopes: steenboks', 'steenbok': 'small plains antelope of southeastern Africa', 'Taurotragus': 'African antelopes: elands', 'eland': 'either of two large African antelopes of the genus Taurotragus having short spirally twisted horns in both sexes', 'common_eland': 'dark fawn-colored eland of southern and eastern Africa', 'giant_eland': 'large dark striped eland of western equatorial Africa', 'Kobus': 'African antelopes: waterbucks', 'kob': 'an orange-brown antelope of southeast Africa', 'lechwe': 'tawny-colored African antelope inhabiting wet grassy plains; a threatened species', 'waterbuck': 'any of several large African antelopes of the genus Kobus having curved ridged horns and frequenting e.g. swamps and rivers', 'Adenota': 'African antelopes: puku', 'puku': 'an African antelope closely related to the waterbuck', 'genus_Oryx': 'African antelopes: oryxes', 'oryx': 'large African antelope with long straight nearly upright horns', 'gemsbok': 'large South African oryx with a broad black band along its flanks', 'Pseudoryx': 'species of large cow-like mammals of Vietnam discovered by scientists in 1992', 'forest_goat': 'cow-like creature with the glossy coat of a horse and the agility of a goat and the long horns of an antelope; characterized as a cow that lives the life of a goat', 'Antilocapridae': 'comprising only the pronghorns', 'Antilocapra': 'type and sole genus of the Antilocapridae comprising one species', 'pronghorn': 'fleet antelope-like ruminant of western North American plains with small branched horns', 'Cervidae': 'deer: reindeer; moose or elks; muntjacs; roe deer', 'deer': \"distinguished from Bovidae by the male's having solid deciduous antlers\", 'stag': 'adult male deer', 'royal': 'a sail set next above the topgallant on a royal mast', 'pricket': 'a sharp metal spike to hold a candle', 'fawn': 'a young deer', 'Cervus': 'the type genus of the Cervidae', 'red_deer': 'common deer of temperate Europe and Asia', 'hart': 'a male deer, especially an adult male red deer', 'hind': 'any of several mostly spotted fishes that resemble groupers', 'brocket': 'small South American deer with unbranched antlers', 'sambar': 'a deer of southern Asia with antlers that have three tines', 'wapiti': 'large North American deer with large much-branched antlers in the male', 'Japanese_deer': 'small deer of Japan with slightly forked antlers', 'Odocoileus': 'North American deer', 'Virginia_deer': 'common North American deer; tail has a white underside', 'mule_deer': 'long-eared deer of western North America with two-pronged antlers', 'black-tailed_deer': 'mule deer of western Rocky Mountains', 'Alces': 'elk or moose', 'elk': \"large northern deer with enormous flattened antlers in the male; called `elk' in Europe and `moose' in North America\", 'Dama': 'fallow deer', 'fallow_deer': 'small Eurasian deer', 'Capreolus': 'roe deer', 'roe_deer': 'small graceful deer of Eurasian woodlands having small forked antlers', 'roebuck': 'male roe deer', 'Rangifer': 'reindeer or caribou', 'caribou': \"Arctic deer with large antlers in both sexes; called `reindeer' in Eurasia and `caribou' in North America\", 'woodland_caribou': 'any of several large caribou living in coniferous forests of southern Canada; in some classifications included in the species Rangifer tarandus', 'barren_ground_caribou': 'of tundra of northern Canada; in some classifications included in the species Rangifer tarandus', 'Mazama': 'brockets', 'Muntiacus': 'muntjacs', 'muntjac': 'small Asian deer with small antlers and a cry like a bark', 'Moschus': 'musk deer', 'musk_deer': 'small heavy-limbed upland deer of central Asia; male secretes valued musk', 'Elaphurus': 'a genus of Cervidae', \"pere_david's_deer\": 'large Chinese deer surviving only in domesticated herds', 'Tragulidae': 'chevrotains', 'chevrotain': 'very small hornless deer-like ruminant of tropical Asia and west Africa', 'Tragulus': 'type genus of the Tragulidae', 'kanchil': 'small chevrotain of southeastern Asia', 'napu': 'chevrotain somewhat larger than the kanchil; found in India and Malaya', 'Hyemoschus': 'water chevrotains', 'water_chevrotain': 'largest chevrotain; of marshy areas of west Africa', 'Camelidae': 'camels and llamas and vicunas', 'Camelus': 'type genus of the Camelidae: camels', 'camel': 'cud-chewing mammal used as a draft or saddle animal in desert regions', 'Arabian_camel': 'one-humped camel of the hot deserts of northern Africa and southwestern Asia', 'Bactrian_camel': 'two-humped camel of the cold deserts of central Asia', 'llama': 'wild or domesticated South American cud-chewing animal related to camels but smaller and lacking a hump', 'Lama': 'llamas', 'domestic_llama': 'used in the Andes as a beast of burden and source of wool; considered a domesticated variety of the guanaco', 'guanaco': 'wild llama', 'alpaca': 'wool of the alpaca', 'Vicugna': 'a genus of Camelidae', 'vicuna': 'the wool of the vicuna', 'Giraffidae': 'giraffes', 'Giraffa': 'type genus of the Giraffidae', 'giraffe': 'tallest living quadruped; having a spotted coat and small horns and very long neck and legs; of savannahs of tropical Africa', 'Okapia': 'okapis', 'okapi': 'similar to the giraffe but smaller with much shorter neck and stripe on the legs', 'trotter': 'foot of a pig or sheep especially one used as food', 'forefoot': 'a front foot of a quadruped', 'hindfoot': 'a rear foot of a quadruped', 'paw': 'a clawed foot of an animal especially a quadruped', 'forepaw': 'front paw; analogous to the human hand', 'pad': 'a number of sheets of paper fastened together along one edge', 'Mustelidae': 'weasels; polecats; ferrets; minks; fishers; otters; badgers; skunks; wolverines; martens', 'musteline_mammal': 'fissiped fur-bearing carnivorous mammals', 'Mustela': 'type genus of the family Mustelidae: minks and weasels', 'weasel': 'a person who is regarded as treacherous or sneaky', 'ermine': 'the expensive white fur of the ermine', 'stoat': 'the ermine in its brown summer coat with black-tipped tail', 'New_World_least_weasel': 'of Canada and northeastern United States', 'Old_World_least_weasel': 'of Europe', 'longtail_weasel': 'the common American weasel distinguished by large size and black-tipped tail', 'mink': 'the expensive fur of a mink', 'American_mink': 'usually rich dark brown', 'polecat': 'dark brown mustelid of woodlands of Eurasia that gives off an unpleasant odor when threatened', 'ferret': 'domesticated albino variety of the European polecat bred for hunting rats and rabbits', 'black-footed_ferret': 'musteline mammal of prairie regions of United States; nearly extinct', 'Poecilogale': 'muishonds', 'muishond': 'southern African weasel', 'snake_muishond': 'small slender burrowing muishond with white top of the head', 'Ictonyx': 'a genus of Mustelidae', 'striped_muishond': 'ferret-sized muishond often tamed', 'zoril': 'muishond of northern Africa', 'Lutrinae': 'subdivision not used in some classifications: otters', 'Lutra': 'in some classifications considered a genus of the subfamily Lutrinae', 'otter': 'the fur of an otter', 'river_otter': 'sociable aquatic animal widely distributed along streams and lake borders in North America', 'Eurasian_otter': 'otter found in Europe and Asia', 'Enhydra': 'sea otters', 'sea_otter': 'large marine otter of northern Pacific coasts having very thick dark brown fur', 'Mephitinae': 'subdivision not used in some classifications: skunks', 'skunk': 'American musteline mammal typically ejecting an intensely malodorous fluid when startled; in some classifications put in a separate subfamily Mephitinae', 'Mephitis': 'in some classifications: type genus of the subfamily Mephitinae', 'striped_skunk': 'most common and widespread North American skunk', 'hooded_skunk': 'of Mexico and southernmost parts of southwestern United States', 'Conepatus': 'a genus of Mustelidae', 'hog-nosed_skunk': 'large naked-muzzled skunk with white back and tail; of southwestern North America and Mexico', 'Spilogale': 'a genus of Mustelidae', 'spotted_skunk': 'small skunk with a marbled black and white coat; of United States and Mexico', 'Melinae': 'subdivision not used in some classifications: badgers', 'badger': 'sturdy carnivorous burrowing mammal with strong claws; widely distributed in the northern hemisphere', 'Taxidea': 'in some classifications considered a genus of subfamily Melinae', 'American_badger': 'a variety of badger native to America', 'Meles': 'in some classifications: type genus of the subfamily Melinae', 'Eurasian_badger': 'a variety of badger native to Europe and Asia', 'Mellivora': 'ratels', 'ratel': 'nocturnal badger-like carnivore of wooded regions of Africa and southern Asia', 'Melogale': 'a genus of Mustelidae', 'ferret_badger': 'small ferret-like badger of southeast Asia', 'Arctonyx': 'a genus of Mustelidae', 'hog_badger': 'southeast Asian badger with a snout like a pig', 'Gulo': 'a genus of Mustelidae', 'wolverine': 'stocky shaggy-coated North American carnivorous mammal', 'glutton': 'a person who is devoted to eating and drinking to excess', 'genus_Grison': 'a genus of Mustelidae', 'genus_Galictis': 'alternative name for the genus Grison', 'grison': 'carnivore of Central America and South America resembling a weasel with a greyish-white back and dark underparts', 'Martes': 'martens', 'marten': 'agile slender-bodied arboreal mustelids somewhat larger than weasels', 'pine_marten': 'dark brown marten of northern Eurasian coniferous forests', 'sable': 'the expensive dark brown fur of the marten', 'American_marten': 'valued for its fur', 'stone_marten': 'Eurasian marten having a brown coat with pale breast and throat', 'fisher': 'large dark brown North American arboreal carnivorous mammal', 'Charronia': 'a genus of Mustelidae', 'yellow-throated_marten': 'large yellow and black marten of southern China and Burma', 'Eira': 'a genus of Mustelidae', 'tayra': 'long-tailed arboreal mustelid of Central America and South America', 'fictional_animal': \"animals that exist only in fiction (usually in children's stories)\", 'Easter_bunny': 'a rabbit that delivers Easter eggs', 'church_mouse': 'a fictional mouse created by Lewis Carroll', 'Mickey_Mouse': 'a fictional mouse created in animated film strips by Walt Disney', 'Minnie_Mouse': 'the partner of Mickey Mouse', 'Donald_Duck': 'a fictional duck created in animated film strips by Walt Disney', 'Mighty_Mouse': 'a fictional mouse endowed with great strength and courage', 'muzzle': \"a leather or wire restraint that fits over an animal's snout (especially a dog's nose and jaws) and prevents it from eating or biting\", 'snout': 'beaklike projection of the anterior part of the head of certain insects such as e.g. weevils', 'proboscis': 'the human nose (especially when it is large)', 'pachyderm': 'any of various nonruminant hoofed mammals having very thick skin: elephant; rhinoceros; hippopotamus', 'Edentata': 'order of mammals having few or no teeth including: New World anteaters; sloths; armadillos', 'edentate': 'primitive terrestrial mammal with few if any teeth; of tropical Central America and South America', 'Xenarthra': 'armadillos; American anteaters; sloths', 'Dasypodidae': 'armadillos', 'armadillo': 'burrowing chiefly nocturnal mammal with body covered with strong horny plates', 'Dasypus': 'type genus of the Dasypodidae', 'peba': 'having nine hinged bands of bony plates; ranges from Texas to Paraguay', 'Tolypeutes': 'a genus of Dasypodidae', 'apar': 'South American armadillo with three bands of bony plates', 'genus_Cabassous': 'solely the tatouay', 'tatouay': 'naked-tailed armadillo of tropical South America', 'Euphractus': 'a genus of Dasypodidae', 'peludo': 'Argentine armadillo with six movable bands and hairy underparts', 'Priodontes': 'solely the giant armadillo', 'giant_armadillo': 'about three feet long exclusive of tail', 'Chlamyphorus': 'pichiciago', 'pichiciago': 'very small Argentine armadillo with pale silky hair and pink plates on head and neck', 'Burmeisteria': 'a genus of Dasypodidae', 'greater_pichiciego': 'of southern South America', 'Bradypodidae': 'a family of edentates comprising the true sloths', 'Bradypus': 'type genus of the Bradypodidae: three-toed sloths', 'three-toed_sloth': 'a sloth that has three long claws on each forefoot and each hindfoot', 'Megalonychidae': 'mammal family consisting of the two-toed sloths', 'Choloepus': 'a genus of Megalonychidae consisting of the two-toed sloth', 'two-toed_sloth': 'a sloth of Central America that has two long claws on each forefoot and three long claws on each hindfoot', 'Megatheriidae': 'extinct ground sloths', 'megatherian': 'a large extinct ground sloth', 'Megatherium': 'type genus of the Megatheriidae', 'ground_sloth': 'gigantic extinct terrestrial sloth-like mammal of the Pliocene and Pleistocene in America', 'Mylodontidae': 'extinct South American edentates', 'mylodontid': 'a variety of extinct edentate', 'genus_Mylodon': 'type genus of the Mylodontidae; sometimes included in family Megatheriidae', 'mylodon': 'large (bear-sized) extinct edentate mammal of the Pleistocene in South America', 'mapinguari': 'supposed human-sized sloth-like creature reportedly sighted by Indians in the Amazon rain forest', 'Myrmecophagidae': 'New World anteaters', 'anteater': 'any of several tropical American mammals of the family Myrmecophagidae which lack teeth and feed on ants and termites', 'Myrmecophaga': 'type genus of the Myrmecophagidae; South American ant bear', 'ant_bear': 'large shaggy-haired toothless anteater with long tongue and powerful claws; of South America', 'Cyclopes': 'only the silky anteater', 'silky_anteater': 'squirrel-sized South American toothless anteater with long silky golden fur', 'genus_Tamandua': 'lesser anteater', 'tamandua': 'small toothless anteater with prehensile tail and four-clawed forelimbs; of tropical South America and Central America', 'Pholidota': 'genus of mostly epiphytic orchids of Indonesia and the western Pacific', 'Manidae': 'coextensive with the order Pholidota', 'Manis': 'type genus of the Manidae', 'pangolin': 'toothless mammal of southern Africa and Asia having a body covered with horny scales and a long snout for feeding on ants and termites', 'pastern': 'the part between the fetlock and the hoof', 'coronet': 'a small crown; usually indicates a high rank but below that of sovereign', 'fetlock': 'the joint between the cannon bone and the pastern', 'withers': 'the highest part of the back at the base of the neck of various animals especially draft animals', 'cannon': 'heavy gun fired from a tank', 'cannon_bone': 'greatly developed metatarsal or metacarpal bone in the shank or cannon part of the leg in hoofed mammals', 'hock': 'tarsal joint of the hind leg of hoofed mammals; corresponds to the human ankle', 'loin': 'a cut of meat taken from the side and back of an animal between the ribs and the rump', 'hindquarters': 'the part of an animal that corresponds to the human buttocks', 'haunch': 'the hip and buttock and upper thigh in human beings', 'gaskin': \"lower part of a horse's thigh between the hock and the stifle\", 'stifle': 'joint between the femur and tibia in a quadruped; corresponds to the human knee', 'flank': 'a subfigure consisting of a side of something', 'animal_leg': 'the leg of an animal', 'hind_limb': 'a posterior appendage such as a leg or the homologous structure in other animals', 'hind_leg': 'the back limb of a quadruped', 'forelimb': 'the front limb (or the homologous structure in other animals, such as a flipper or wing)', 'foreleg': 'the forelimb of a quadruped', 'flipper': 'a shoe for swimming; the paddle-like front is an aid in swimming (especially underwater)', 'parapodium': 'one of a pair of fleshy appendages of a polychete annelid that functions in locomotion and breathing', 'cupule': 'cup-shaped structure of hardened bracts at the base of an acorn', 'lateral_line': 'sense organs of fish and amphibians; believed to detect pressure changes in the water', 'fin': 'a stabilizer on a ship that resembles the fin of a fish', 'dorsal_fin': 'unpaired median fin on the backs of fishes and some other aquatic vertebrates that help to maintain balance', 'pectoral_fin': 'either of a pair of fins situated just behind the head in fishes that help control the direction of movement', 'pelvic_fin': 'either of a pair of fins attached to the pelvic girdle in fishes that help control the direction of movement; correspond to hind limbs of a land vertebrate', 'tail_fin': 'one of a pair of decorations projecting above the rear fenders of an automobile', 'heterocercal_fin': 'a tail fin with unequal lobes in which the vertebral column turns upward into the larger lobe as in sharks', 'homocercal_fin': 'symmetrical tail fin extending beyond the end of the vertebral column as in most bony fishes', 'fishbone': 'a bone of a fish', 'air_bladder': 'an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy', 'air_sac': 'any of the thin-walled extensions of the tracheae of insects', 'uropygial_gland': 'oil-secreting gland situated at the base of the tail in most birds', 'silk_gland': 'silk-producing gland of insects (especially of a silkworm) or spiders', 'elbow': 'hinge joint between the forearm and upper arm and the corresponding joint in the forelimb of a quadruped', 'vein': 'any of the vascular bundles or ribs that form the branching framework of conducting and supporting tissues in a leaf or other plant organ', 'flight_feather': 'any of the larger wing or tail feathers of a bird', 'scapular': 'garment consisting of a long wide piece of woolen cloth worn over the shoulders with an opening for the head; part of a monastic habit', 'tail_feather': 'feather growing from the tail (uropygium) of a bird', 'tadpole': 'a larval frog or toad', 'Primates': 'an animal order including lemurs and tarsiers and monkeys and apes and human beings', 'primate': 'any placental mammal of the order Primates; has good eyesight and flexible hands and feet', 'simian': 'an ape or monkey', 'ape': 'any of various primates with short tails or no tail at all', 'Anthropoidea': 'monkeys; apes; hominids', 'anthropoid': 'person who resembles a nonhuman primate', 'anthropoid_ape': 'any tailless ape of the families Pongidae and Hylobatidae', 'Hominoidea': 'anthropoid apes and human beings', 'hominoid': 'a primate of the superfamily Hominoidea', 'Hominidae': 'modern man and extinct immediate ancestors of man', 'hominid': 'a primate of the family Hominidae', 'genus_Homo': 'type genus of the family Hominidae', 'homo': 'any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage', 'world': 'a part of the earth that can be considered separately; \"the outdoor world\"; \"the world of insects\"', 'Homo_erectus': 'extinct species of primitive hominid with upright stature but small brain; \"Homo erectus was formerly called Pithecanthropus erectus\"', 'Pithecanthropus': 'former genus of primitive apelike men now Homo erectus', 'Java_man': 'fossil remains found in Java; formerly called Pithecanthropus erectus', 'Peking_man': 'fossils found near Beijing, China; they were lost during World War II', 'Sinanthropus': 'genus to which Peking man was formerly assigned', 'Homo_soloensis': 'extinct primitive hominid of late Pleistocene; Java; formerly Javanthropus', 'Javanthropus': 'former genus of primitive man; now Homo soloensis: comprises Solo man', 'Solo_man': 'early man of late Pleistocene; skull resembles that of Neanderthal man but with smaller cranial capacity; found in Java', 'Homo_habilis': 'extinct species of upright East African hominid having some advanced humanlike characteristics', 'Homo_sapiens': 'the only surviving hominid; species to which modern man belongs; bipedal primate having language and ability to make and use complex tools; brain volume at least 1400 cc', 'Neandertal_man': 'extinct robust human of Middle Paleolithic in Europe and western Asia', 'Cro-magnon': 'extinct human of Upper Paleolithic in Europe', 'Boskop_man': 'possible early Homo sapiens represented by a cranium found in the Transvaal; formerly considered a separate species', 'Homo_sapiens_sapiens': 'subspecies of Homo sapiens; includes all modern races', 'genus_Australopithecus': 'extinct genus of African hominid', 'Plesianthropus': 'former name for the genus Australopithecus', 'australopithecine': 'any of several extinct humanlike bipedal primates with relatively small brains of the genus Australopithecus; from 1 to 4 million years ago', 'Australopithecus_afarensis': 'fossils found in Ethiopia; from 3.5 to 4 million years ago', 'Lucy': 'incomplete skeleton of female found in eastern Ethiopia in 1974', 'Australopithecus_africanus': 'gracile hominid of southern Africa; from about 3 million years ago', 'Australopithecus_boisei': 'large-toothed hominid of eastern Africa; from 1 to 2 million years ago', 'Zinjanthropus': 'genus to which Australopithecus boisei was formerly assigned', 'Australopithecus_robustus': 'large-toothed hominid of southern Africa; from 1.5 to 2 million years ago; formerly Paranthropus', 'Paranthropus': 'former classification for Australopithecus robustus', 'genus_Sivapithecus': 'extinct primates; lower Pliocene', 'Sivapithecus': 'fossil primates found in India', 'Dryopithecus': 'genus of Old World hominoids; Miocene and Pliocene', 'dryopithecine': 'considered a possible ancestor to both anthropoid apes and humans', 'rudapithecus': 'fossil hominoids from northern central Hungary; late Miocene', 'Ouranopithecus': 'a genus of Hominidae', 'Lufengpithecus': 'a genus of Hominidae', 'genus_Proconsul': 'genus of extinct primitive African primates of the Miocene epoch; sometimes considered a subgenus of Dryopithecus', 'proconsul': 'an official in a modern colony who has considerable administrative power', 'Kenyapithecus': 'extinct primate having powerful chewing muscles along with large molars and small incisors; fossils found in Kenya', 'genus_Aegyptopithecus': 'a genus of Hominoidea', 'Aegyptopithecus': 'extinct primate of about 38 million years ago; fossils found in Egypt', 'Algeripithecus': 'an extinct genus of Hominoidea', 'Algeripithecus_minutus': 'tiny (150 to 300 grams) extinct primate of 46 to 50 million years ago; fossils found in Algeria; considered by some authorities the leading candidate for the first anthropoid', 'Pongidae': 'usually considered as comprising orangutans; gorillas; chimpanzees; and sometimes gibbons', 'great_ape': 'any of the large anthropoid apes of the family Pongidae', 'Pongo': 'type genus of the family Pongidae: orangutans', 'orangutan': 'large long-armed ape of Borneo and Sumatra having arboreal habits', 'genus_Gorilla': 'gorillas', 'gorilla': 'largest anthropoid ape; terrestrial and vegetarian; of forests of central west Africa', 'western_lowland_gorilla': 'a kind of gorilla', 'eastern_lowland_gorilla': 'a kind of gorilla', 'mountain_gorilla': 'gorilla of Kivu highlands', 'silverback': 'an adult male gorilla with grey hairs across the back', 'Pan': \"(Greek mythology) god of fields and woods and shepherds and flocks; represented as a man with goat's legs and horns and ears; identified with Roman Sylvanus or Faunus\", 'chimpanzee': 'intelligent somewhat arboreal ape of equatorial African forests', 'western_chimpanzee': 'masked or pale-faced chimpanzees of western Africa; distantly related to the eastern and central chimpanzees; possibly a distinct species', 'eastern_chimpanzee': 'long-haired chimpanzees of east-central Africa; closely related to the central chimpanzees', 'central_chimpanzee': 'black-faced chimpanzees of central Africa; closely related to eastern chimpanzees', 'pygmy_chimpanzee': 'small chimpanzee of swamp forests in Zaire; a threatened species', 'Hylobatidae': 'used in some classifications for the lesser apes (gibbons and siamangs); sometimes considered a subfamily of Pongidae', 'lesser_ape': 'gibbons and siamangs', 'Hylobates': 'gibbons', 'gibbon': 'smallest and most perfectly anthropoid arboreal ape having long arms and no tail; of southern Asia and East Indies', 'Symphalangus': 'used in some classifications for the siamangs', 'siamang': 'large black gibbon of Sumatra having the 2nd and 3rd toes partially united by a web', 'Cercopithecidae': 'Old World monkeys: guenon; baboon; colobus monkey; langur; macaque; mandrill; mangabey; patas; proboscis monkey', 'monkey': 'any of various long-tailed primates (excluding the prosimians)', 'Old_World_monkey': 'of Africa or Arabia or Asia; having nonprehensile tails and nostrils close together', 'Cercopithecus': 'type genus of the Cercopithecidae: guenons', 'guenon': 'small slender African monkey having long hind limbs and tail and long hair around the face', 'talapoin': 'smallest guenon monkey; of swampy central and west African forests', 'grivet': 'white and olive green East African monkey with long white tufts of hair beside the face', 'vervet': 'South African monkey with black face and hands', 'green_monkey': 'common savannah monkey with greenish-grey back and yellow tail', 'Cercocebus': 'mangabeys', 'mangabey': 'large agile arboreal monkey with long limbs and tail and white upper eyelids', 'Erythrocebus': 'patas', 'patas': 'reddish long-tailed monkey of west Africa', 'baboon': 'large terrestrial monkeys having doglike muzzles', 'Papio': 'baboons', 'chacma': 'greyish baboon of southern and eastern Africa', 'Mandrillus': 'baboons', 'mandrill': 'baboon of west Africa with a bright red and blue muzzle and blue hindquarters', 'Macaca': 'macaques; rhesus monkeys', 'macaque': 'short-tailed monkey of rocky regions of Asia and Africa', 'rhesus': 'of southern Asia; used in medical research', 'bonnet_macaque': 'Indian macaque with a bonnet-like tuft of hair', 'Barbary_ape': 'tailless macaque of rocky cliffs and forests of northwestern Africa and Gibraltar', 'crab-eating_macaque': 'monkey of southeast Asia, Borneo and the Philippines', 'Presbytes': 'langurs', 'langur': 'slender long-tailed monkey of Asia', 'entellus': 'langur of southern Asia; regarded as sacred in India', 'genus_Colobus': 'a genus of Cercopithecidae', 'colobus': 'arboreal monkey of western and central Africa with long silky fur and reduced thumbs', 'guereza': 'a colobus monkey with a reddish brown coat and white silky fringes down both sides of the body', 'Nasalis': 'proboscis monkeys', 'proboscis_monkey': 'Borneo monkey having a long bulbous nose', 'Platyrrhini': 'New World monkeys: capuchin; douroucouli; howler monkey; saki; spider monkey; squirrel monkey; titi; uakari; woolly monkey; marmoset; tamarin', 'New_World_monkey': 'hairy-faced arboreal monkeys having widely separated nostrils and long usually prehensile tails', 'Callithricidae': 'marmosets', 'marmoset': 'small soft-furred South American and Central American monkey with claws instead of nails', 'Callithrix': 'type genus of the Callithricidae: true marmosets', 'true_marmoset': 'a marmoset', 'Cebuella': 'pygmy marmosets', 'pygmy_marmoset': 'the smallest monkey; of tropical forests of the Amazon', 'Leontocebus': 'tamarins', 'tamarin': 'small South American marmoset with silky fur and long nonprehensile tail', 'silky_tamarin': 'golden South American monkey with long soft hair forming a mane', 'pinche': 'South American tamarin with a tufted head', 'Cebidae': 'all the New World monkeys except marmosets and tamarins', 'Cebus': 'type genus of the Cebidae', 'capuchin': 'a hooded cloak for women', 'Aotus': 'douroucoulis', 'douroucouli': 'nocturnal monkey of Central America and South America with large eyes and thick fur', 'Alouatta': 'howler monkeys', 'howler_monkey': 'monkey of tropical South American forests having a loud howling cry', 'Pithecia': 'sakis', 'saki': 'small arboreal monkey of tropical South America with long hair and bushy nonprehensile tail', 'Cacajao': 'uakaris', 'uakari': 'medium-sized tree-dwelling monkey of the Amazon basin; only New World monkey with a short tail', 'Callicebus': 'titis', 'titi': 'tree of low-lying coastal areas of southeastern United States having glossy leaves and racemes of fragrant white flowers', 'Ateles': 'spider monkeys', 'spider_monkey': 'arboreal monkey of tropical America with long slender legs and long prehensile tail', 'Saimiri': 'squirrel monkeys', 'squirrel_monkey': 'small long-tailed monkey of Central American and South America with greenish fur and black muzzle', 'Lagothrix': 'woolly monkeys', 'woolly_monkey': 'large monkeys with dark skin and woolly fur of the Amazon and Orinoco basins', 'Scandentia': 'a small order comprising only the tree shrews: in some classifications tree shrews are considered either primates (and included in the suborder Prosimii) or true insectivores (and included in the order Insectivora)', 'Tupaiidae': 'tree shrews; in some classifications tree shrews are considered prosimian primates', 'Tupaia': 'the type genus of the Tupaia: chief genus of tree shrews', 'tree_shrew': 'insectivorous arboreal mammal of southeast Asia that resembles a squirrel with large eyes and long sharp snout', 'Ptilocercus': 'pentails', 'pentail': 'brown tree shrew having a naked tail bilaterally fringed with long stiff hairs on the distal third; of Malaysia', 'Prosimii': 'not used in all classifications; in some classifications considered coextensive with the Lemuroidea; in others includes both Lemuroidea and Tarsioidea', 'prosimian': 'primitive primates having large ears and eyes and characterized by nocturnal habits', 'Adapid': 'extinct small mostly diurnal lower primates that fed on leaves and fruit; abundant in North America and Europe 30 to 50 million years ago; their descendents probably include the lemurs; some authorities consider them ancestral to anthropoids but others consider them only cousins', 'Lemuroidea': 'Lemuridae; Lorisidae; Daubentoniidae; Indriidae; used in some classifications instead of Prosimii; in others considered a subdivision of Prosimii', 'lemur': 'large-eyed arboreal prosimian having foxy faces and long furry tails', 'Strepsirhini': 'in some classifications either coextensive with the Lemuroidea or comprising the true lemurs', 'Lemuridae': 'typical lemurs; of Madagascar', 'genus_Lemur': 'type genus of the Lemuridae', 'Madagascar_cat': 'small lemur having its tail barred with black', 'Daubentoniidae': 'comprising solely the aye-aye', 'Daubentonia': 'type genus; coextensive with the family Daubentoniidae', 'aye-aye': 'nocturnal lemur with long bony fingers and rodent-like incisor teeth closely related to the lemurs', 'Lorisidae': 'slow-moving omnivorous nocturnal primates of tropical Asia; usually tailless', 'genus_Loris': 'type genus of the Lorisidae', 'slender_loris': 'slim-bodied lemur of southern India and Sri Lanka', 'Nycticebus': 'a genus of Lorisidae', 'slow_loris': 'stocky lemur of southeastern Asia', 'Perodicticus': 'a genus of Lorisidae', 'potto': 'a kind of lemur', 'Arctocebus': 'a genus of Lorisidae', 'angwantibo': 'a kind of lemur', 'genus_Galago': 'bush babies', 'galago': 'agile long-tailed nocturnal African lemur with dense woolly fur and large eyes and ears', 'Indriidae': 'a family of Lemuroidea', 'genus_Indri': 'type genus of the Indriidae', 'indri': 'large short-tailed lemur of Madagascar having thick silky fur in black and white and fawn', 'Avahi': 'a genus of Indriidae', 'woolly_indris': 'nocturnal indris with thick grey-brown fur and a long tail', 'Omomyid': 'extinct tiny nocturnal lower primates that fed on fruit and insects; abundant in North America and Europe 30 to 50 million years ago; probably gave rise to the tarsiers; some authorities consider them ancestral to anthropoids but others consider them only cousins', 'Tarsioidea': 'in some classifications assigned to the suborder Prosimii', 'Tarsiidae': 'coextensive with the genus Tarsius: tarsiers', 'Tarsius': 'type and sole genus of the family Tarsiidae', 'tarsier': 'nocturnal arboreal primate of Indonesia and the Philippines having huge eyes and digits ending in pads to facilitate climbing; the only primate that spurns all plant material as food living entirely on insects and small vertebrates', 'Tarsius_syrichta': 'a variety of tarsier', 'Tarsius_glis': 'a variety of tarsier', 'Dermoptera': 'flying lemurs', 'Cynocephalidae': 'a family of Dermoptera', 'Cynocephalus': 'type genus of the family Cynocephalidae', 'flying_lemur': 'arboreal nocturnal mammal of southeast Asia and the Philippines resembling a lemur and having a fold of skin on each side from neck to tail that is used for long gliding leaps', 'Cynocephalus_variegatus': 'a variety of flying lemur', 'Proboscidea': 'in some classifications included in the genus Martynia and hence the two taxonomic names for some of the unicorn plants', 'proboscidean': 'massive herbivorous mammals having tusks and a long trunk', 'Elephantidae': 'elephants', 'elephant': 'the symbol of the Republican Party; introduced in cartoons by Thomas Nast in 1874', 'rogue_elephant': 'a wild and vicious elephant separated from the herd', 'Elephas': 'type genus of the family Elephantidae', 'Indian_elephant': 'Asian elephant having smaller ears and tusks primarily in the male', 'white_elephant': 'a valuable possession whose upkeep is excessively expensive', 'Loxodonta': 'a genus of Elephantidae', 'African_elephant': 'an elephant native to Africa having enormous flapping ears and ivory tusks', 'Mammuthus': 'extinct genus: mammoths', 'mammoth': 'any of numerous extinct elephants widely distributed in the Pleistocene; extremely large with hairy coats and long upcurved tusks', 'woolly_mammoth': 'very hairy mammoth common in colder portions of the northern hemisphere', 'columbian_mammoth': 'a variety of mammoth', 'Archidiskidon': 'a genus of Elephantidae', 'imperial_mammoth': 'largest known mammoth; of America', 'Mammutidae': 'extinct family: mastodons', 'Mammut': 'extinct type genus of the Mammutidae: mastodons', 'mastodon': 'extinct elephant-like mammal that flourished worldwide from Miocene through Pleistocene times; differ from mammoths in the form of the molar teeth', 'American_mastodon': 'mastodon of North America; in some classifications considered a mammoth rather than a mastodon', 'Gomphotheriidae': 'elephants extinct since the Pleistocene', 'Gomphotherium': 'type genus of the Gomphotheriidae', 'gomphothere': 'extinct elephants of Central American and South America; of the Miocene and Pleistocene', 'plantigrade_mammal': 'an animal that walks with the entire sole of the foot touching the ground as e.g. bears and human beings', 'digitigrade_mammal': 'an animal that walks so that only the toes touch the ground as e.g. dogs and cats and horses', 'Procyonidae': 'raccoons; coatis; cacomistles; kinkajous; and sometimes pandas', 'procyonid': 'plantigrade carnivorous mammals', 'Procyon': 'the brightest star in Canis Minor', 'raccoon': 'the fur of the North American racoon', 'common_raccoon': 'North American raccoon', 'crab-eating_raccoon': 'a South American raccoon', 'Bassariscidae': 'in some classifications considered a separate family', 'Bassariscus': 'cacomistles', 'bassarisk': 'raccoon-like omnivorous mammal of Mexico and the southwestern United States having a long bushy tail with black and white rings', 'Potos': 'a genus of Procyonidae', 'kinkajou': 'arboreal fruit-eating mammal of tropical America with a long prehensile tail', 'Nasua': 'coatis', 'coati': 'omnivorous mammal of Central America and South America', 'Ailurus': 'lesser pandas', 'lesser_panda': 'reddish-brown Old World raccoon-like carnivore; in some classifications considered unrelated to the giant pandas', 'Ailuropodidae': 'in some classifications considered the family comprising the giant pandas', 'Ailuropoda': 'only the giant panda: in some classifications considered a genus of the separate family Ailuropodidae', 'giant_panda': 'large black-and-white herbivorous mammal of bamboo forests of China and Tibet; in some classifications considered a member of the bear family or of a separate family Ailuropodidae', 'gill': 'a British imperial capacity unit (liquid or dry) equal to 5 fluid ounces or 142.066 cubic centimeters', 'external_gill': 'occurs in some mollusks and in tadpoles and other immature amphibians', 'gill_slit': 'one of a series of slit openings in the pharynxes of fishes and aquatic amphibians through which water passes', 'gill_arch': 'one of the bony or cartilaginous arches on each side of the pharynx that support the gills of fishes and aquatic amphibians', 'peristome': '(botany) fringe of toothlike appendages surrounding the mouth of a moss capsule', 'syrinx': 'the vocal organ of a bird', 'twitterer': 'a bird that twitters', 'Pisces': '(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Pisces', 'fish': 'the flesh of fish used as food; \"in Japan most fish is eaten raw\"; \"after the scare about foot-and-mouth disease a lot of people started eating fish instead of meat\"; \"they have a chef who specializes in fish\"', 'fingerling': 'a young or small fish', 'game_fish': 'any fish providing sport for the angler', 'food_fish': 'any fish used for food by human beings', 'rough_fish': 'any fish useless for food or sport or even as bait', 'groundfish': 'fish that live on the sea bottom (particularly the commercially important gadoid fish like cod and haddock, or flatfish like flounder)', 'young_fish': 'a fish that is young', 'parr': 'a young salmon up to 2 years old', 'mouthbreeder': 'any of various fishes that carry their eggs and their young in their mouths', 'spawner': 'a female fish at spawning time', 'barracouta': 'a large marine food fish common on the coasts of Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa', 'Channidae': 'snakeheads', 'northern_snakehead': 'a voracious freshwater fish that is native to northeastern China; can use fin to walk and can survive out of water for three days; a threat to American populations of fish', 'Osteichthyes': 'a class of fish having a skeleton composed of bone in addition to cartilage', 'bony_fish': 'any fish of the class Osteichthyes', 'Crossopterygii': 'fishes having paired fins resembling limbs and regarded as ancestral to amphibians', 'crossopterygian': 'any fish of the order Crossopterygii; most known only in fossil form', 'Latimeridae': 'extinct except for the coelacanth', 'Latimeria': 'type genus of the Latimeridae: coelacanth', 'coelacanth': 'fish thought to have been extinct since the Cretaceous period but found in 1938 off the coast of Africa', 'Dipnoi': 'bony fishes of the southern hemisphere that breathe by a modified air bladder as well as gills; sometimes classified as an order of Crossopterygii', 'lungfish': 'air-breathing fish having an elongated body and fleshy paired fins; certain species construct mucus-lined mud coverings in which to survive drought', 'Ceratodontidae': 'lungfishes having hornlike ridges on the teeth', 'genus_Ceratodus': 'type genus of the Ceratodontidae: extinct genus of lungfishes', 'ceratodus': 'extinct lungfish', 'Neoceratodus': 'extant Australian lungfishes', 'Australian_lungfish': 'an endangered species of lungfish found in rivers in Queensland', 'Siluriformes': 'an order of fish belonging to the superorder Malacopterygii including catfishes', 'catfish': 'flesh of scaleless food fish of the southern United States; often farmed', 'Siluridae': 'Old World catfishes', 'silurid': 'Old World freshwater catfishes having naked skin and a long anal fin more or less merged with the eellike caudal fin', 'Silurus': 'type genus of the Siluridae: catfishes', 'European_catfish': 'large elongated catfish of central and eastern Europe', 'Malopterurus': 'electric catfish', 'electric_catfish': 'freshwater catfish of the Nile and tropical central Africa having an electric organ', 'Ameiuridae': 'North American catfishes', 'Ameiurus': 'type genus of the Ameiuridae: bullhead catfishes', 'bullhead': 'freshwater sculpin with a large flattened bony-plated head with hornlike spines', 'horned_pout': 'catfish common in eastern United States', 'brown_bullhead': 'freshwater catfish of eastern United States', 'Ictalurus': 'channel catfishes', 'channel_catfish': 'freshwater food fish common throughout central United States', 'blue_catfish': 'a large catfish of the Mississippi valley', 'Pylodictus': 'flathead catfishes', 'flathead_catfish': 'large catfish of central United States having a flattened head and projecting jaw', 'Laricariidae': 'armored catfish', 'armored_catfish': 'South American catfish having the body covered with bony plates', 'Ariidae': 'sea catfishes', 'sea_catfish': 'any of numerous marine fishes most of which are mouthbreeders; not used for food', 'Arius': 'a Greek who was a Christian theologian active in Alexandria and who was declared a heretic for his doctrines about God (which came to be known as Arianism) (256?-336)', 'crucifix_fish': 'sea catfish of the Caribbean area', 'Gadiformes': 'cods, haddocks, grenadiers; in some classifications considered equivalent to the order Anacanthini', 'Anacanthini': 'at least partially equivalent to the order Gadiformes in some classifications', 'gadoid': 'a soft-finned fish of the family Gadidae', 'Gadidae': 'large family of important mostly marine food fishes', 'Gadus': 'type genus of the Gadidae: the typical codfishes', 'cod': 'lean white flesh of important North Atlantic food fish; usually baked or poached', 'codling': 'young codfish', 'Atlantic_cod': \"one of the world's most important commercial fishes\", 'Pacific_cod': 'closely related to Atlantic cod', 'Merlangus': 'whitings', 'whiting': 'flesh of a cod-like fish of the Atlantic waters of Europe', 'Lota': 'burbot', 'burbot': 'elongate freshwater cod of northern Europe and Asia and North America having barbels around its mouth', 'scrod': 'young Atlantic cod or haddock especially one split and boned for cooking', 'Melanogrammus': 'haddock', 'haddock': 'lean white flesh of fish similar to but smaller than cod; usually baked or poached or as fillets sauteed or fried', 'Pollachius': 'pollack', 'pollack': 'lean white flesh of North Atlantic fish; similar to codfish', 'Merluccius': 'hakes', 'hake': 'the lean flesh of a fish similar to cod', 'silver_hake': 'found off Atlantic coast of North America', 'Urophycis': 'hakes', 'ling': 'water chestnut whose spiny fruit has two rather than 4 prongs', 'Molva': 'ling', 'Brosmius': 'cusk', 'cusk': 'the lean flesh of a cod-like fish of North Atlantic waters', 'Macrouridae': 'grenadiers', 'grenadier': 'an infantryman equipped with grenades', 'Anguilliformes': 'elongate fishes with pelvic fins and girdle absent or reduced', 'eel': 'the fatty flesh of eel; an elongate fish found in fresh water in Europe and America; large eels are usually smoked or pickled', 'elver': 'young eel; may be sauteed or batter-fried', 'Anguillidae': 'eels that live in fresh water as adults but return to the sea to spawn', 'Anguilla': 'a British colony in the West Indies', 'common_eel': 'eels that live in fresh water as adults but return to sea to spawn; found in Europe and America; marketed both fresh and smoked', 'tuna': 'tropical American prickly pear of Jamaica', 'Muraenidae': 'marine eels', 'moray': 'family of brightly colored voracious eels of warm coastal waters; generally nonaggressive to humans but larger species are dangerous if provoked', 'Congridae': 'marine eels', 'conger': 'large dark-colored scaleless marine eel found in temperate and tropical coastal waters; some used for food', 'Teleostei': 'large diverse group of bony fishes; includes most living species', 'teleost_fish': 'a bony fish of the subclass Teleostei', 'Isospondyli': 'most primitive teleost fishes; all are soft-finned: salmon; trout; herring; shad; sardines; anchovies; whitefish; smelts; tarpon', 'Gonorhynchidae': 'coextensive with the genus Gonorhynchus', 'Gonorhynchus': 'slender cylindrical marine fishes lacking air bladders and teeth', 'beaked_salmon': 'fish of sandy areas of western Pacific and Indian oceans having an angular snout for burrowing into sand', 'Clupeidae': 'herrings; shad; sardines; etc.', 'clupeid_fish': 'any of numerous soft-finned schooling food fishes of shallow waters of northern seas', 'whitebait': 'minnows or other small fresh- or saltwater fish (especially herring); usually cooked whole', 'Alosa': 'shad', 'shad': 'bony flesh of herring-like fish usually caught during their migration to fresh water for spawning; especially of Atlantic coast', 'common_American_shad': 'shad of Atlantic coast of North America; naturalized to Pacific coast', 'river_shad': 'shad that spawns in streams of the Mississippi drainage; very similar to Alosa sapidissima', 'allice_shad': 'European shad', 'alewife': 'flesh of shad-like fish abundant along the Atlantic coast or in coastal streams', 'Pomolobus': 'genus to which the alewife is sometimes assigned', 'Brevoortia': 'menhaden', 'menhaden': 'shad-like North American marine fishes used for fish meal and oil and fertilizer', 'Clupea': 'type genus of the Clupeidae: typical herrings', 'herring': 'valuable flesh of fatty fish from shallow waters of northern Atlantic or Pacific; usually salted or pickled', 'Atlantic_herring': 'important food fish; found in enormous shoals in the northern Atlantic', 'Pacific_herring': 'important food fish of the northern Pacific', 'sardine': 'small fatty fish usually canned', 'sild': 'any of various young herrings (other than brislings) canned as sardines in Norway', 'brisling': 'small herring processed like a sardine', 'Sardina': 'pilchards', 'pilchard': 'small fishes found in great schools along coasts of Europe; smaller and rounder than herring', 'Sardinops': 'pilchards', 'Pacific_sardine': 'small pilchards common off the pacific coast of North America', 'Engraulidae': 'anchovies', 'anchovy': \"tiny fishes usually canned or salted; used for hors d'oeuvres or as seasoning in sauces\", 'Engraulis': 'type genus of the family Engraulidae', 'mediterranean_anchovy': 'esteemed for its flavor; usually preserved or used for sauces and relishes', 'Salmonidae': 'salmon and trout', 'salmonid': 'soft-finned fishes of cold and temperate waters', 'salmon': 'flesh of any of various marine or freshwater fish of the family Salmonidae', 'blackfish': 'female salmon that has recently spawned', 'redfish': 'North Atlantic rockfish', 'Salmo': 'type genus of the Salmonidae: salmon and trout', 'Atlantic_salmon': 'fatty pink flesh of fish from northern coastal Atlantic; usually marketed fresh', 'landlocked_salmon': 'Atlantic salmon confined to lakes of New England and southeastern Canada', 'Oncorhynchus': 'Pacific salmon including sockeye salmon; chinook salmon; chum salmon; coho salmon', 'sockeye': 'small salmon with red flesh; found in rivers and tributaries of the northern Pacific and valued as food; adults die after spawning', 'chinook': 'a warm dry wind blowing down the eastern slopes of the Rockies', 'chum_salmon': 'a large Pacific salmon with small spots on its back; an important food fish', 'coho': 'small salmon of northern Pacific coasts and the Great Lakes', 'trout': 'flesh of any of several primarily freshwater game and food fishes', 'brown_trout': 'speckled trout of European rivers; introduced in North America', 'rainbow_trout': 'flesh of Pacific trout that migrate from salt to fresh water', 'sea_trout': 'flesh of marine trout that migrate from salt to fresh water', 'Salvelinus': 'brook trout', 'lake_trout': 'flesh of large trout of northern lakes', 'brook_trout': 'a delicious freshwater food fish', 'char': 'a charred substance', 'Arctic_char': 'small trout of northern waters; landlocked populations in Quebec and northern New England', 'Coregonidae': 'soft-finned fishes comprising the freshwater whitefishes; formerly included in the family Salmonidae', 'whitefish': 'any market fish--edible saltwater fish or shellfish--except herring', 'Coregonus': 'type genus of the Coregonidae: whitefishes', 'lake_whitefish': 'found in the Great Lakes and north to Alaska', 'cisco': 'important food fish of cold deep lakes of North America', 'Prosopium': 'whitefishes', 'round_whitefish': 'a whitefish with a bronze back; of northern North America and Siberia', 'Rocky_Mountain_whitefish': 'whitefish of the western United States and Canada', 'Osmeridae': 'smelts', 'smelt': 'small cold-water silvery fish; migrate between salt and fresh water', 'Osmerus': 'type genus of the Osmeridae', 'rainbow_smelt': 'important marine and landlocked food fish of eastern North America and Alaska', 'sparling': 'the common smelt of Europe', 'Mallotus': 'capelins', 'capelin': 'very small northern fish; forage for sea birds and marine mammals and other fishes', 'Elopidae': 'tarpons and ladyfishes', 'genus_Tarpon': 'tarpons', 'tarpon': 'large silvery game fish of warm Atlantic coastal waters especially off Florida', 'Elops': 'type genus of the Elopidae: tenpounder', 'ladyfish': 'game fish resembling the tarpon but smaller', 'Albulidae': 'bonefish', 'Albula': 'type and sole genus of the family Albulidae', 'bonefish': 'slender silvery marine fish found in tropical mud flats and mangrove lagoons', 'Argentinidae': 'small marine soft-finned fishes with long silvery bodies; related to salmons and trouts', 'Argentina': 'a republic in southern South America; second largest country in South America', 'argentine': 'any of various small silver-scaled salmon-like marine fishes', 'Myctophidae': 'deep-sea fishes comprising the lantern fishes', 'lanternfish': 'small fish having rows of luminous organs along each side; some surface at night', 'Synodontidae': 'soft-finned bottom-dwelling fishes', 'lizardfish': 'tropical fishes with large mouths in lizard-like heads; found worldwide', 'Chlorophthalmidae': 'small family of soft-finned bottom-dwellers with large eyes; relatives of lizardfishes', 'greeneye': 'bottom-dwellers having large eyes with metallic green luster', 'Alepisaurus': 'slender scaleless predaceous tropical deep-sea fishes', 'lancetfish': 'large elongate scaleless oceanic fishes with sharp teeth and a long dorsal fin that resembles a sail', 'handsaw_fish': 'a soft-finned fish of the genus Alepisaurus', 'Osteoglossiformes': 'teleost fish with bony tongues', 'Osteoglossidae': 'a family of large fishes that live in freshwater; includes bandfish and bonytongues', 'Scleropages': 'a genus of large freshwater fishes of Australia and Borneo', 'Australian_arowana': 'a species of large fish found in Australian rivers', 'Australian_bonytongue': 'a species of large fish found in Australian rivers', 'Lampridae': 'opahs', 'Lampris': 'type genus of the Lampridae', 'opah': 'large elliptical brightly colored deep-sea fish of Atlantic and Pacific and Mediterranean', 'New_World_opah': 'from Nova Scotia to West Indies and Gulf of Mexico', 'Trachipteridae': 'ribbonfishes', 'ribbonfish': 'marine fish having a long compressed ribbonlike body', 'Trachipterus': 'type genus of the Trachipteridae', 'dealfish': 'deep-sea ribbonfish', 'Regalecidae': 'ribbonfishes', 'Reglaecus': 'type genus of the Regalecidae', 'oarfish': 'thin deep-water tropical fish 20 to 30 feet long having a red dorsal fin', 'Pediculati': 'anglers and batfishes; spiny-finned marine fishes having pectoral fins at the ends of armlike processes and a long movable spine on the dorsal fin to lure prey to the large mouth', 'Ogcocephalidae': 'batfishes: sluggish bottom-dwelling spiny fishes', 'batfish': 'bottom-dweller of warm western Atlantic coastal waters having a flattened scaleless body that crawls about on fleshy pectoral and pelvic fins', 'Lophiidae': 'large-headed marine fishes comprising the anglers', 'Lophius': 'type genus of family Lophiidae', 'goosefish': 'fishes having large mouths with a wormlike filament attached for luring prey', 'Batrachoididae': 'toadfishes; related to anglers and batfishes', 'toadfish': 'bottom-dwelling fish having scaleless slimy skin and a broad thick head with a wide mouth', 'oyster_fish': 'a variety of toadfish', 'Antennariidae': 'frogfishes; tropical spiny-finned marine fishes having large nearly vertical mouths; related to toadfishes and anglers', 'frogfish': 'fish having a frog-like mouth with a lure on the snout', 'sargassum_fish': 'small fantastically formed and colored fishes found among masses of sargassum', 'Synentognathi': 'order of fishes having spineless fins; needlefishes; sauries; flying fishes; halfbeaks', 'Belonidae': 'ferocious fishes of warm regions resembling but unrelated to the freshwater gars', 'needlefish': 'elongate European surface-dwelling predacious fishes with long toothed jaws; abundant in coastal waters', 'timucu': 'found in warm waters of western Atlantic', 'Exocoetidae': 'flying fishes; closely related to the halfbeaks', 'flying_fish': 'tropical marine fishes having enlarged winglike fins used for brief gliding flight', 'monoplane_flying_fish': 'having only pectoral fins enlarged', 'biplane_flying_fish': 'having both pectoral and pelvic fins enlarged', 'Hemiramphidae': 'halfbeaks; marine and freshwater fishes closely related to the flying fishes but not able to glide', 'halfbeak': 'tropical and subtropical marine and freshwater fishes having an elongated body and long protruding lower jaw', 'Scomberesocidae': 'only sauries', 'Scomberesox': 'a genus of Scomberesocidae', 'saury': 'slender long-beaked fish of temperate Atlantic waters', 'Acanthopterygii': 'teleost fishes having fins with sharp bony rays', 'spiny-finned_fish': 'a teleost fish with fins that are supported by sharp inflexible rays', 'Ophiodontidae': 'fishes closely related to greenlings', 'Ophiodon': 'a genus of Ophiodontidae', 'lingcod': 'the lean flesh of a fish caught off the Pacific coast of the United States', 'Perciformes': 'one of the largest natural groups of fishes of both marine and fresh water: true perches; basses; tuna', 'Percoidea': 'in some classifications nearly or exactly equivalent to the Perciformes which are considered a suborder', 'percoid_fish': 'any of numerous spiny-finned fishes of the order Perciformes', 'perch': 'a linear measure of 16.5 feet', 'Anabantidae': 'small freshwater spiny-finned fishes of Africa and southern Asia', 'Anabas': 'the type genus of the family Anabantidae; small fish that resemble perch', 'climbing_perch': 'a small perch of India whose gills are modified to allow it to breathe air; has spiny pectoral fins that enable it to travel on land', 'Percidae': 'active freshwater fishes; true perches and pike perches', 'Perca': 'type genus of the Percidae', 'yellow_perch': 'North American perch', 'European_perch': 'a perch native to Europe', 'Stizostedion': 'pike-perches', 'pike-perch': 'any of several pike-like fishes of the perch family', 'walleye': 'strabismus in which one or both eyes are directed outward', 'blue_pike': 'variety inhabiting the Great Lakes', 'Percina': 'a genus of Percidae', 'snail_darter': 'a small snail-eating perch of the Tennessee River', 'Trichodontidae': 'two species of elongate compressed scaleless large-eyed fishes that live in sand or mud', 'sandfish': 'either of two small silvery scaleless fishes of the northern Pacific that burrow into sand', 'Ophidiidae': 'eellike marine fishes', 'cusk-eel': 'elongate compressed somewhat eel-shaped fishes', 'Brotulidae': 'chiefly deep-sea fishes related to the Ophidiidae', 'brotula': 'deep-sea fishes', 'Carapidae': 'pearlfishes: related to the Brotulidae', 'pearlfish': 'found living within the alimentary canals of e.g. sea cucumbers or between the shells of pearl oysters in or near shallow seagrass beds', 'Centropomidae': 'a family of fish or the order Perciformes including robalos', 'robalo': 'a kind of percoid fish', 'Centropomus': 'type genus of the Centropomidae: snooks', 'snook': 'large tropical American food and game fishes of coastal and brackish waters; resemble pike', 'Latinae': 'a subfamily of the family Centropomidae', 'Lates': 'a genus of large percoid fishes of fresh and brackish water', 'barramundi': 'a species of large perch noted for its sporting and eating qualities; lives in marine, estuary, and freshwater habitats', 'Esocidae': 'pikes; pickerels; muskellunges', 'Esox': 'type and only genus of the family Esocidae', 'pike': 'highly valued northern freshwater fish with lean flesh', 'northern_pike': 'voracious piscivorous pike of waters of northern hemisphere', 'muskellunge': 'flesh of very large North American pike; a game fish', 'pickerel': 'flesh of young or small pike', 'chain_pickerel': 'common in quiet waters of eastern United States', 'redfin_pickerel': 'small but gamy pickerel of Atlantic coastal states', 'Centrarchidae': 'sunfish family', 'sunfish': 'the lean flesh of any of numerous American perch-like fishes of the family Centrarchidae', 'Pomoxis': 'crappies', 'crappie': 'small sunfishes of the genus Pomoxis of central United States rivers', 'black_crappie': 'a crappie that is black', 'white_crappie': 'a crappie that is white', 'freshwater_bream': 'any of various usually edible freshwater percoid fishes having compressed bodies and shiny scales; especially (but not exclusively) of the genus Lepomis', 'Lepomis': 'bream', 'pumpkinseed': 'small brilliantly colored North American sunfish', 'bluegill': 'important edible sunfish of eastern and central United States', 'spotted_sunfish': 'inhabits streams from South Carolina to Florida; esteemed panfish', 'Ambloplites': 'a genus of Centrarchidae', 'freshwater_bass': 'any of various North American freshwater fish with lean flesh (especially of the genus Micropterus)', 'rock_bass': 'game and food fish of upper Mississippi and Great Lakes', 'Micropterus': 'American freshwater black basses', 'black_bass': 'widely distributed and highly prized American freshwater game fishes (sunfish family)', 'Kentucky_black_bass': 'a variety of black bass', 'smallmouth': 'a variety of black bass; the angle of the jaw falls below the eye', 'largemouth': 'a large black bass; the angle of the jaw falls behind the eye', 'bass': 'an adult male singer with the lowest voice', 'Serranidae': 'marine fishes: sea basses; sea perches; groupers; jewfish', 'serranid_fish': 'marine food sport fishes mainly of warm coastal waters', 'Morone': 'carnivorous fresh and salt water fishes', 'white_perch': 'small silvery food and game fish of eastern United States streams', 'yellow_bass': 'North American freshwater bass resembling the larger marine striped bass', 'sea_bass': 'the lean flesh of a saltwater fish of the family Serranidae', 'Synagrops': 'a genus of Serranidae', 'blackmouth_bass': 'small marine fish with black mouth and gill cavity', 'Centropristis': 'sea basses', 'rock_sea_bass': 'a kind of sea bass', 'black_sea_bass': 'bluish black-striped sea bass of the Atlantic coast of the United States', 'Roccus': 'a genus of Serranidae', 'striped_bass': 'caught along the Atlantic coast of the United States', 'Polyprion': 'wreckfish', 'stone_bass': 'brown fish of the Atlantic and Mediterranean found around rocks and shipwrecks', 'Serranus': 'type genus of the Serranidae: mostly small Pacific sea basses', 'belted_sandfish': 'found in warm shallow waters of western Atlantic', 'grouper': 'flesh of a saltwater fish similar to sea bass', 'Epinephelus': 'genus of groupers or sea bass', 'coney': 'black-spotted usually dusky-colored fish with reddish fins', 'rock_hind': 'found around rocky coasts or on reefs', 'Paranthias': 'a genus of Serranidae', 'creole-fish': 'deep-sea fish of tropical Atlantic', 'Mycteroperca': 'groupers', 'jewfish': 'large dark grouper with a thick head and rough scales', 'Rypticus': 'a genus of fish of the family Serranidae, including soapfishes', 'soapfish': 'fishes with slimy mucus-covered skin; found in the warm Atlantic coastal waters of America', 'Embiotocidae': 'viviparous percoid fishes comprising the surf fishes', 'surfperch': 'small to medium-sized shallow-water fishes of the Pacific coast of North America', 'Hipsurus': 'a genus of Embiotocidae', 'rainbow_seaperch': 'Pacific coast fish', 'Priacanthidae': 'small carnivorous percoid fishes found worldwide in tropical seas', 'Priacanthus': 'type genus of the Priacanthidae', 'bigeye': 'red fishes of American coastal tropical waters having very large eyes and rough scales', 'catalufa': 'brightly colored carnivorous fish of western Atlantic and West Indies waters', 'Apogonidae': 'bright-colored marine fishes that incubate eggs in the mouth', 'cardinalfish': 'small red fishes of coral reefs and inshore tropical waters', 'Apogon': 'type genus of the Apogonidae', 'flame_fish': 'a cardinalfish found in tropical Atlantic coastal waters', 'Astropogon': 'a genus of fish of the family Apogonidae', 'conchfish': 'found in West Indies; lives in mantle cavity of a living conch', 'Malacanthidae': 'short-headed marine fishes; often brightly colored', 'Lopholatilus': 'large brightly colored food fish of deep Atlantic waters', 'tilefish': 'yellow-spotted violet food fish of warm deep waters', 'Pomatomidae': 'food and game fishes related to pompanos', 'Pomatomus': 'type genus of the Pomatomidae', 'bluefish': 'fatty bluish flesh of bluefish', 'Rachycentridae': 'family of pelagic fishes containing solely the cobia', 'Rachycentron': 'genus and family are coextensive and comprise only the cobia', 'cobia': 'large dark-striped tropical food and game fish related to remoras; found worldwide in coastal to open waters', 'Discocephali': 'small order of fishes comprising the remoras', 'Echeneididae': 'fishes having a sucking disk on the head for clinging to other fishes and to ships', 'remora': 'marine fishes with a flattened elongated body and a sucking disk on the head for attaching to large fish or moving objects', 'Echeneis': 'type genus of the Echeneididae: typical remoras', 'sharksucker': 'remoras found attached to sharks', 'Remilegia': 'a genus of Echeneididae', 'whale_sucker': 'large blue Pacific remora that attaches to whales and dolphins', 'Carangidae': 'large family of narrow-bodied marine food fishes with widely forked tails; chiefly of warm seas', 'carangid_fish': 'a percoid fish of the family Carangidae', 'Caranx': 'type genus of the Carangidae', 'crevalle_jack': 'fish of western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico', 'yellow_jack': 'caused by a flavivirus transmitted by a mosquito', 'runner': 'a trained athlete who competes in foot races', 'Elagatis': 'a genus of Carangidae', 'rainbow_runner': 'streamlined cigar-shaped jack; good game fish', 'Oligoplites': 'leatherjackets', 'Alectis': 'a genus of Carangidae', 'threadfish': 'fish having greatly elongated front rays on dorsal and anal fins', 'Selene': '(Greek mythology) goddess of the Moon in ancient mythology; identified with Roman Luna', 'moonfish': 'any of several silvery marine fishes with very flat bodies', 'lookdown': 'similar to moonfish but with eyes high on the truncated forehead', 'Seriola': 'a genus of Carangidae', 'amberjack': 'any of several amber to coppery fork-tailed warm-water carangid fishes', 'yellowtail': 'superior food fish of the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean with broad yellow stripe along the sides and on the tail', 'rudderfish': 'fish having the habit of following ships; found in North American and South American coastal waters', 'kingfish': 'the lean flesh of any of several fish caught off the Atlantic coast of the United States', 'Trachinotus': 'a genus of Carangidae', 'pompano': 'flesh of pompano; warm-water fatty fish', 'Florida_pompano': 'found in coastal waters New England to Brazil except clear waters of West Indies', 'permit': 'large game fish; found in waters of the West Indies', 'Naucrates': 'a genus of Carangidae', 'pilotfish': 'small pelagic fish often accompanying sharks or mantas', 'scad': 'any of a number of fishes of the family Carangidae', 'Trachurus': 'the scads (particularly horse mackerels)', 'horse_mackerel': 'large elongated compressed food fish of the Atlantic waters of Europe', 'Selar': 'big-eyed scad', 'bigeye_scad': 'of Atlantic coastal waters; commonly used for bait', 'Decapterus': 'scads especially mackerel scad; cosmopolitan in distribution', 'mackerel_scad': 'small silvery fish; Nova Scotia to Brazil', 'round_scad': 'small fusiform fish of western Atlantic', 'Coryphaenidae': 'large active pelagic percoid fish', 'dolphinfish': 'the lean flesh of a saltwater fish found in warm waters (especially in Hawaii)', 'Coryphaena_hippurus': 'the more common dolphinfish valued as food; about six feet long', 'Coryphaena_equisetis': 'a kind of dolphinfish', 'Bramidae': 'deep-bodied percoid fishes of the open seas', 'Brama': 'type genus of the Bramidae', 'pomfret': 'deep-bodied sooty-black pelagic spiny-finned fish of the northern Atlantic and northern Pacific; valued for food', 'Branchiostegidae': 'small family of marine fishes having covered gills', 'blanquillo': 'important marine food fishes', 'Characidae': 'tropical freshwater fishes of Africa and South America and Central America', 'Characinidae': 'former name of the Characidae', 'characin': 'any freshwater fish of the family Characinidae', 'Hemigrammus': 'tetras', 'tetra': 'brightly colored tropical freshwater fishes', 'Paracheirodon': 'a genus of Characidae', 'cardinal_tetra': 'small bright red and blue aquarium fish from streams in Brazil and Colombia', 'Serrasalmus': 'piranhas', 'piranha': 'small voraciously carnivorous freshwater fishes of South America that attack and destroy living animals', 'tentacle': 'something that acts like a tentacle in its ability to grasp and hold; \"caught in the tentacles of organized crime\"', 'antenna': 'sensitivity similar to that of a receptor organ; \"he had a special antenna for public relations\"', 'arista': 'bristlelike process near the tip of the antenna of certain flies', 'barbel': 'slender tactile process on the jaws of a fish', 'swimmeret': 'one of the paired abdominal appendages of certain aquatic crustaceans that function primarily for carrying the eggs in females and are usually adapted for swimming', 'Cichlidae': 'cichlids', 'cichlid': 'freshwater fishes of tropical America and Africa and Asia similar to American sunfishes; some are food fishes; many small ones are popular in aquariums', 'Tilapia': 'a genus of Cichlidae', 'bolti': 'important food fish of the Nile and other rivers of Africa and Asia Minor', 'Lutjanidae': 'snappers', 'snapper': 'flesh of any of various important food fishes of warm seas', 'Lutjanus': 'type genus of the Lutjanidae: snappers', 'red_snapper': 'highly esteemed reddish lean flesh of snapper from Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico', 'grey_snapper': 'found in shallow waters off the coast of Florida', 'mutton_snapper': \"similar to and often marketed as `red snapper';\", 'schoolmaster': 'any person (or institution) who acts as an educator', 'Ocyurus': 'snappers', 'Haemulidae': 'grunts', 'grunt': 'an unskilled or low-ranking soldier or other worker; \"infantrymen in Vietnam were called grunts\"; \"he went from grunt to chairman in six years\"', 'Haemulon': 'type genus of the Haemulidae', 'margate': 'a grunt with a red mouth that is found from Florida to Brazil', 'Spanish_grunt': 'a kind of grunt', 'tomtate': 'found off the West Indies and Florida', 'cottonwick': 'of warm Atlantic waters', \"sailor's-choice\": 'a grunt found from Florida to Brazil and Gulf of Mexico', 'Anisotremus': 'a genus of Haemulidae', 'porkfish': 'black and gold grunt found from Bermuda to Caribbean to Brazil', 'pompon': 'decoration consisting of a ball of tufted wool or silk; usually worn on a hat', 'Orthopristis': 'a genus of Haemulidae', 'pigfish': 'found around the Great Barrier Reef', 'Sparidae': 'porgies; scups', 'sparid': 'spiny-finned food fishes of warm waters having well-developed teeth', 'sea_bream': 'any of numerous marine percoid fishes especially (but not exclusively) of the family Sparidae', 'porgy': 'lean flesh of fish found in warm waters of southern Atlantic coast of the United States', 'Pagrus': 'a genus of Sparidae', 'red_porgy': 'food fish of the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Europe and America', 'Pagellus': 'sea breams', 'European_sea_bream': 'food fish of European coastal waters', 'Archosargus': 'a genus of Sparidae', 'Atlantic_sea_bream': 'sea bream of warm Atlantic waters', 'sheepshead': 'large (up to 20 lbs) food fish of the eastern coast of the United States and Mexico', 'Lagodon': 'a genus of Sparidae', 'pinfish': 'similar to sea bream; small spiny-finned fish found in bays along the southeastern coast of the United States', 'Calamus': 'a genus of Sparidae', 'sheepshead_porgy': 'from Florida and Bahamas to Brazil', 'Chrysophrys': 'Australian snapper', 'black_bream': 'important dark-colored edible food and game fish of Australia', 'Stenotomus': 'scups', 'scup': 'flesh of fish found in colder waters of northern Atlantic coast of the United States', 'Sciaenidae': 'warm-water marine fishes including the drums and grunts and croakers and sea trout', 'sciaenid_fish': 'widely distributed family of carnivorous percoid fishes having a large air bladder used to produce sound', 'drum': 'the sound of a drum; \"he could hear the drums before he heard the fifes\"', 'Equetus': 'drumfish', 'striped_drum': 'a kind of drumfish', 'jackknife-fish': 'black-and-white drumfish with an erect elongated dorsal fin', 'Bairdiella': 'drumfish', 'silver_perch': 'small silvery drumfish often mistaken for white perch; found along coasts of United States from New York to Mexico', 'Sciaenops': 'a genus of Sciaenidae', 'red_drum': 'large edible fish found off coast of United States from Massachusetts to Mexico', 'Sciaena': 'type genus of the Sciaenidae: croakers', 'mulloway': 'large important food fish of Australia; almost indistinguishable from the maigre', 'maigre': 'large European marine food fish', 'croaker': 'the lean flesh of a saltwater fish caught along Atlantic coast of southern U.S.', 'Micropogonias': 'croakers', 'Atlantic_croaker': 'a silvery-bodied croaker with dark markings and tiny barbels', 'Umbrina': 'croakers', 'yellowfin_croaker': 'a fish of the Pacific coast of North America', 'Menticirrhus': 'kingfishes; whiting', 'king_whiting': 'whiting of the southeastern coast of North America', 'northern_whiting': 'whiting of the east coast of United States; closely resembles king whiting', 'corbina': 'bluish-grey whiting of California coast', 'silver_whiting': 'a dull silvery whiting of southern Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States', 'Genyonemus': 'a genus of Sciaenidae', 'white_croaker': 'silvery and bluish drumfish of shallow California coastal waters', 'Seriphus': 'a genus of Sciaenidae', 'Cynoscion': 'sea trout', 'weakfish': 'lean flesh of food and game fishes of the Atlantic coast of the United States', 'spotted_weakfish': 'weakfish of southern Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of United States', 'Mullidae': 'goatfishes or red mullets', 'mullet': 'highly valued lean flesh of marine or freshwater mullet', 'Mullus': 'type genus of the Mullidae: goatfishes', 'goatfish': 'brightly colored tropical fishes with chin barbels', 'red_goatfish': 'body bright scarlet with 2 yellow to reddish strips on side', 'Mulloidichthys': 'a genus of Mullidae', 'yellow_goatfish': 'schooling goatfish; greyish with yellow stripe', 'Mugiloidea': 'fishes distinguished by abdominal pelvic fins: families Mugilidae; Atherinidae; Sphyraenidae', 'Mugilidae': 'grey mullets', 'Mugil': 'type genus of the Mugilidae: mullets', 'striped_mullet': 'most important commercial mullet in eastern United States', 'white_mullet': 'silvery mullet of Atlantic and Pacific coasts', 'liza': 'similar to the striped mullet and takes its place in the Caribbean region', 'Atherinidae': 'small spiny-finned fishes of both salt and fresh water', 'silversides': 'small fishes having a silver stripe along each side; abundant along the Atlantic coast of the United States', 'Atherinopsis': 'a genus of Atherinidae', 'jacksmelt': 'a relatively large silversides of the Pacific coast of North America (known to reach 18 inches in length)', 'Sphyraenidae': 'monotypic family of large active fishes of tropical and subtropical waters: barracuda', 'Sphyraena': 'type and sole genus of the Sphyraenidae: barracuda', 'barracuda': 'any voracious marine fish of the genus Sphyraena having an elongated cylindrical body and large mouth with projecting lower jaw and long strong teeth', 'great_barracuda': 'large (up to 6 ft) greyish-brown barracuda highly regarded as a food and sport fish; may be dangerous to swimmers', 'Pempheridae': 'sweepers', 'sweeper': 'an employee who sweeps (floors or streets etc.)', 'Kyphosidae': 'sea chubs', 'sea_chub': 'schooling fishes mostly of Indian and western Pacific oceans; two species in western Atlantic', 'Kyphosus': 'type genus of the Kyphosidae', 'Bermuda_chub': 'food and game fish around Bermuda and Florida; often follow ships', 'Ephippidae': 'small family comprising the spadefishes', 'Chaetodipterus': 'a genus of Ephippidae', 'spadefish': 'deep-bodied disk-shaped food fish of warmer western Atlantic coastal waters', 'Chaetodontidae': 'butterfly fishes', 'butterfly_fish': 'small usually brilliantly colored tropical marine fishes having narrow deep bodies with large broad fins; found worldwide', 'genus_Chaetodon': 'type genus of the Chaetodontidae', 'chaetodon': 'any fish of the genus Chaetodon', 'Pomacanthus': 'angelfishes', 'angelfish': 'a butterfly fish of the genus Pomacanthus', 'rock_beauty': 'gold and black butterflyfish found from West Indies to Brazil', 'Pomacentridae': 'damselfishes', 'damselfish': 'small brilliantly colored tropical marine fishes of coral reefs', 'Pomacentrus': 'type genus of the Pomacentridae: damselfishes', 'beaugregory': 'a blue and yellow damselfish of Bermuda and Florida and the West Indies', 'Amphiprion': 'damsel fishes', 'anemone_fish': 'live associated with sea anemones', 'clown_anemone_fish': 'an anemone fish of the genus Amphiprion', 'Abudefduf': 'damsel fishes', 'sergeant_major': 'a noncommissioned officer serving as chief administrative officer of a headquarters unit of the Army', 'Labridae': 'wrasses', 'wrasse': 'chiefly tropical marine fishes with fleshy lips and powerful teeth; usually brightly colored', 'Achoerodus': 'a genus of Labridae', 'Lachnolaimus': 'a genus of Labridae', 'hogfish': \"large wrasse of western Atlantic; head of male resembles a pig's snout\", 'Halicoeres': 'a genus of Labridae', 'slippery_dick': 'small wrasse of tropical Atlantic', 'puddingwife': 'bluish and bronze wrasse; found from Florida keys to Brazil', 'Thalassoma': 'a genus of Labridae', 'bluehead': 'small Atlantic wrasse the male of which has a brilliant blue head', 'Hemipteronatus': 'razor fish', 'razor_fish': 'any of several small wrasses with compressed sharp-edged heads of the West Indies and Mediterranean', 'pearly_razorfish': 'a kind of razor fish', 'Tautoga': 'tautogs', 'tautog': 'large dark-colored food fish of the Atlantic coast of North America', 'Tautogolabrus': 'a genus of Labridae', 'cunner': 'common in north Atlantic coastal waters of the United States', 'Scaridae': 'parrotfishes', 'parrotfish': 'gaudy tropical fishes with parrotlike beaks formed by fusion of teeth', 'Polynemidae': 'threadfins', 'threadfin': 'mullet-like tropical marine fishes having pectoral fins with long threadlike rays', 'Polydactylus': 'a genus of Polynemidae', 'barbu': 'found along western Atlantic coast', 'Opisthognathidae': 'jawfishes', 'jawfish': 'small large-mouthed tropical marine fishes common along sandy bottoms; males brood egg balls in their mouths; popular aquarium fishes', 'Uranoscopidae': 'stargazers', 'stargazer': 'heavy-bodied marine bottom-lurkers with eyes on flattened top of the head', 'Dactyloscopidae': 'sand stargazers', 'sand_stargazer': 'small pallid fishes of shoal tropical waters of North America and South America having eyes on stalks atop head; they burrow in sand to await prey', 'Blennioidea': 'blennies; butterfishes; gunnels', 'blennioid_fish': 'elongated mostly scaleless marine fishes with large pectoral fins and reduced pelvic fins', 'Blenniidae': 'a family of fish including: combtooth blennies', 'blenny': 'small usually scaleless fishes with comb-like teeth living about rocky shores; are territorial and live in holes between rocks', 'Blennius': 'type genus of the Blenniidae', 'shanny': 'European scaleless blenny', 'Scartella': 'a genus of Blenniidae', 'Molly_Miller': 'inhabits both coasts of tropical Atlantic', 'Clinidae': 'viviparous blennies of temperate and tropical seas', 'clinid': 'mostly small blennioid fishes of coral reefs and seagrass beds', 'Chaenopsis': 'a genus of fish of the family Clinidae including pikeblennies', 'pikeblenny': 'tropical American fishes; males are aggressively defensive of their territory', 'bluethroat_pikeblenny': 'found from Florida to Cuba', 'Pholidae': 'a family of fish of suborder Blennioidea', 'gunnel': 'small eellike fishes common in shallow waters of the northern Atlantic', 'Pholis': 'type genus of the Pholidae: gunnels', 'rock_gunnel': 'slippery scaleless food fish of the northern Atlantic coastal waters', 'Stichaeidae': 'pricklebacks', 'prickleback': 'small elongate fishes of shallow northern seas; a long dorsal fin consists entirely of spines', 'Lumpenus': 'a genus of Stichaeidae', 'snakeblenny': 'found in Arctic and northern Atlantic waters', 'eelblenny': 'eellike fishes found in subarctic coastal waters', 'Cryptacanthodes': 'a genus of Stichaeidae', 'wrymouth': 'eellike Atlantic bottom fish with large almost vertical mouth', 'Anarhichadidae': 'wolffishes', 'Anarhichas': 'type genus of the Anarhichadidae', 'wolffish': 'large ferocious northern deep-sea food fishes with strong teeth and no pelvic fins', 'Zoarcidae': 'eelpouts', 'eelpout': 'marine eellike mostly bottom-dwelling fishes of northern seas', 'Zoarces': 'type genus of the Zoarcidae', 'viviparous_eelpout': 'an eelpout of northern Europe that is viviparous', 'Gymnelis': 'a genus of Zoarcidae', 'fish_doctor': 'brightly colored scaleless Arctic eelpout', 'Macrozoarces': 'a genus of Zoarcidae', 'ocean_pout': 'common along northeastern coast of North America', 'Ammodytidae': 'sand lances', 'Ammodytes': 'type genus of the Ammodytidae', 'sand_lance': 'very small silvery eellike schooling fishes that burrow into sandy beaches', 'Callionymidae': 'dragonets', 'dragonet': 'small often brightly colored scaleless marine bottom-dwellers; found in tropical and warm temperate waters of Europe and America', 'Gobiidae': 'gobies', 'goby': 'small spiny-finned fish of coastal or brackish waters having a large head and elongated tapering body having the ventral fins modified as a sucker', 'Periophthalmus': 'a genus of Gobiidae', 'mudskipper': 'found in tropical coastal regions of Africa and Asia; able to move on land on strong pectoral fins', 'Eleotridae': 'sleepers', 'Percophidae': 'percoid flatheads', 'flathead': 'food fish of the Indonesian region of the Pacific; resembles gurnards', 'Toxotidae': 'archerfishes', 'Toxotes': 'type genus of the Toxotidae', 'archerfish': 'any of several small freshwater fishes that catch insects by squirting water at them and knocking them into the water; found in Indonesia and Australia', 'Microdesmidae': 'worm fish', 'worm_fish': 'poorly known family of small tropical shallow-water fishes related to gobies', 'Acanthuridae': 'surgeonfishes', 'surgeonfish': 'brightly colored coral-reef fish with knifelike spines at the tail', 'Acanthurus': 'type genus of the Acanthuridae: doctorfishes', 'doctorfish': 'surgeon fish of the West Indies', 'Gempylidae': 'snake mackerels', 'gempylid': 'snake mackerels; elongated marine fishes with oily flesh; resembles mackerels; found worldwide', 'Gempylus': 'type genus of the Gempylidae', 'snake_mackerel': 'predatory tropical fishes with jutting jaws and strong teeth', 'Lepidocybium': 'a genus of Gempylidae', 'escolar': 'large snake mackerel with rings like spectacles around its eyes', 'oilfish': 'very large deep-water snake mackerel', 'Trichiuridae': 'cutlassfishes', 'cutlassfish': 'long-bodied marine fishes having a long whiplike scaleless body and sharp teeth; closely related to snake mackerel', 'Scombroidea': 'mackerels; tunas; albacores; bonitos; swordfishes; sailfishes', 'scombroid': 'important marine food and game fishes found in all tropical and temperate seas; some are at least partially endothermic and can thrive in colder waters', 'Scombridae': 'marine food fishes: mackerels; chub mackerels; tuna', 'mackerel': 'flesh of very important usually small (to 18 in) fatty Atlantic fish', 'Scomber': 'type genus of the Scombridae', 'common_mackerel': 'important food fish of the northern Atlantic and Mediterranean; its body is greenish-blue with dark bars and small if any scales', 'Spanish_mackerel': 'flesh of commercially important fishes especially of the Atlantic coastal waters of America', 'chub_mackerel': 'small mackerel found nearly worldwide', 'Acanthocybium': 'wahoos', 'wahoo': 'deciduous shrub having purple capsules enclosing scarlet seeds', 'Scomberomorus': 'Spanish mackerels', 'king_mackerel': 'large mackerel with long pointed snout; important food and game fish of the eastern Atlantic coast southward to Brazil', 'Scomberomorus_maculatus': 'a large commercially important mackerel of the Atlantic coastal waters of North America', 'cero': 'large edible mackerel of temperate United States coastal Atlantic waters', 'sierra': 'a range of mountains (usually with jagged peaks and irregular outline)', 'Thunnus': 'tunas: warm-blooded fishes', 'albacore': 'relatively small tuna with choice white flesh; major source of canned tuna', 'bluefin': 'flesh of very large tuna', 'yellowfin': 'may reach 400 pounds; worldwide in tropics', 'Sarda': 'bonitos', 'bonito': 'flesh of mostly Pacific food fishes of the genus Sarda of the family Scombridae; related to but smaller than tuna', 'skipjack': 'oceanic schooling tuna of considerable value in Pacific but less in Atlantic; reaches 75 pounds; very similar to if not the same as oceanic bonito', 'Chile_bonito': 'common bonito of Pacific coast of the Americas; its dark oily flesh cans well', 'Euthynnus': 'a genus of Scombridae', 'Katsuwonus': 'oceanic bonitos; in some classifications placed in its own family Katsuwonidae', 'Katsuwonidae': 'in some classifications considered a separate family comprising the oceanic bonitos', 'Xiphiidae': 'comprising the common swordfishes', 'Xiphias': 'type genus of the Xiphiidae', 'swordfish': 'flesh of swordfish usually served as steaks', 'Istiophoridae': 'sailfishes; spearfishes; marlins', 'sailfish': 'a saltwater fish with lean flesh', 'Istiophorus': 'type genus of the Istiophoridae', 'Atlantic_sailfish': 'a kind of sailfish', 'billfish': 'giant warm-water game fish having a prolonged and rounded toothless upper jaw', 'Makaira': 'marlins', 'marlin': 'large long-jawed oceanic sport fishes; related to sailfishes and spearfishes; not completely cold-blooded i.e. able to warm their brains and eyes', 'blue_marlin': 'largest marlin; may reach 2000 pounds; found worldwide in warm seas', 'black_marlin': 'large game fish in the Pacific Ocean; may reach 1000 pounds', 'striped_marlin': 'Pacific food and game fish marked with dark blue vertical stripes', 'white_marlin': 'small marlin (to 180 pounds) of western Atlantic', 'Tetrapturus': 'a genus of Istiophoridae', 'spearfish': 'any of several large vigorous pelagic fishes resembling sailfishes but with first dorsal fin much reduced; worldwide but rare', 'Luvaridae': 'louvars', 'Luvarus': 'type genus of the Luvaridae', 'louvar': 'large silvery fish found worldwide in warm seas but nowhere common; resembles a whale and feeds on plankton', 'Stromateidae': 'butterfishes: harvest fishes; dollar fishes', 'butterfish': 'any of numerous small flat Atlantic food fish having smooth skin', 'Poronotus': 'a genus of Stromateidae', 'dollarfish': 'small food fish of Atlantic coast', 'genus_Palometa': 'a genus of Stromateidae', 'palometa': 'smaller than Florida pompano; common in West Indies', 'Paprilus': 'a genus of Stromateidae', 'harvestfish': 'butterfish up to a foot long of Atlantic waters from Chesapeake Bay to Argentina', 'Psenes': 'a genus of Stromateidae', 'driftfish': 'larger butterfishes of the western Atlantic from the New York area to the northern Gulf of Mexico', 'Ariomma': 'a genus of Stromateidae', 'Tetragonurus': 'a genus of Stromateidae', 'squaretail': 'sluggish square-tailed fish armored with tough bony scales; of deep warm waters', 'Hyperoglyphe': 'a genus of Stromateidae', 'barrelfish': 'blackish fish of New England waters', 'Gobiesocidae': 'clingfishes', 'Gobiesox': 'type genus of the Gobiesocidae', 'clingfish': 'very small (to 3 inches) flattened marine fish with a sucking disc on the abdomen for clinging to rocks etc.', 'skillet_fish': 'clingfish with typical skillet shape', 'Lobotidae': 'tripletails', 'Lobotes': 'type genus of the Lobotidae', 'tripletail': 'large food fish of warm waters worldwide having long anal and dorsal fins that with a caudal fin suggest a three-lobed tail', 'Atlantic_tripletail': 'tripletail found from Cape Cod to northern South America', 'Pacific_tripletail': 'tripletail found in the Pacific', 'Gerreidae': 'mojarras', 'mojarra': 'small silvery schooling fishes with protrusible mouths found in warm coastal waters', 'Gerres': 'type genus of the Gerreidae', 'yellowfin_mojarra': 'popular panfish from Bermuda and Gulf of Mexico to Brazil', 'Eucinostomus': 'a genus of Gerreidae', 'silver_jenny': 'silvery mojarra found along sandy shores of the western Atlantic', 'Sillaginidae': 'small family of small food fishes in shallow waters of the Pacific around Indonesia', 'Sillago': 'type genus of the Sillaginidae', 'ganoin': 'shiny substance that resemble enamel and is secreted by the corium of certain fishes (especially ganoid fishes) and composes the outer layer of their scales', 'Ganoidei': 'a group of mostly extinct primitive bony fishes characterized by armor-like bony scales', 'ganoid': 'primitive fishes having thick bony scales with a shiny covering', 'Amiidae': 'only the bowfins', 'Amia': 'type genus of the Amiidae', 'bowfin': 'primitive long-bodied carnivorous freshwater fish with a very long dorsal fin; found in sluggish waters of North America', 'Polyodontidae': 'paddlefishes', 'Polyodon': 'type genus of the Polyodontidae', 'paddlefish': 'primitive fish of the Mississippi valley having a long paddle-shaped snout', 'Psephurus': 'a genus of Polyodontidae', 'Chinese_paddlefish': 'fish of larger rivers of China similar to the Mississippi paddlefish', 'Acipenseridae': 'sturgeons', 'sturgeon': 'large primitive fishes valued for their flesh and roe; widely distributed in the North Temperate Zone', 'Acipenser': 'type genus of the Acipenseridae: sturgeons', 'Pacific_sturgeon': 'food and game fish of marine and fresh waters of northwestern coast of North America', 'beluga': 'valuable source of caviar and isinglass; found in Black and Caspian seas', 'Lepisosteidae': 'comprises the genus Lepisosteus', 'Lepisosteus': 'type genus of the Lepisosteidae: freshwater gars', 'gar': 'primitive predaceous North American fish covered with hard scales and having long jaws with needlelike teeth', 'Scleroparei': 'scorpionfishes; sculpins; gurnards; greenlings; flying gurnards', 'Scorpaenoidea': 'mail-cheeked fishes: scorpionfishes; gurnards', 'scorpaenoid': 'fishes having the head armored with bony plates', 'Scorpaenidae': 'scorpionfishes; rockfishes; lionfishes', 'scorpaenid': 'any of numerous carnivorous usually bottom-dwelling warm-water marine fishes found worldwide but most abundant in the Pacific', 'Scorpaena': 'type genus of the Scorpaenidae: scorpionfishes', 'scorpionfish': 'marine fishes having a tapering body with an armored head and venomous spines', 'plumed_scorpionfish': 'a kind of scorpionfish', 'Pterois': 'lionfishes', 'lionfish': 'brightly striped fish of the tropical Pacific having elongated spiny fins', 'Synanceja': 'stonefishes', 'stonefish': 'venomous tropical marine fish resembling a piece of rock', 'Sebastodes': 'rockfishes', 'rockfish': 'the lean flesh of any of various valuable market fish caught among rocks', 'copper_rockfish': 'a rockfish of the Pacific coastal waters of North America', 'vermillion_rockfish': 'a commercially important fish of the Pacific coast of North America', 'red_rockfish': 'red flesh of large food fish of Pacific coast', 'rosefish': 'large fish of northern Atlantic coasts of America and Europe', 'Cottidae': 'sculpins', 'Cottus': 'type genus of the Cottidae: sculpins', 'sculpin': 'any of numerous spiny large-headed usually scaleless scorpaenoid fishes with broad mouths', \"miller's-thumb\": 'small freshwater sculpin of Europe and North America', 'Hemitripterus': 'sea ravens', 'sea_raven': 'large sculpin of western Atlantic; inflates itself when caught', 'Myxocephalus': 'grubby', 'grubby': 'small sculpin of the coast of New England', 'Cyclopteridae': 'lumpfishes', 'Cyclopterus': 'type genus of the Cyclopteridae: lumpfishes', 'lumpfish': 'clumsy soft thick-bodied northern Atlantic fish with pelvic fins fused into a sucker; edible roe used for caviar', 'lumpsucker': 'any of several very small lumpfishes', 'Liparididae': 'snailfishes', 'Liparis': 'type genus of the Liparididae: snailfishes', 'snailfish': 'small tadpole-shaped cold-water fishes with pelvic fins forming a sucker; related to lumpfish', 'Agonidae': 'poachers', 'poacher': 'someone who hunts or fishes illegally on the property of another', 'Agonus': 'type genus of the Agonidae', 'pogge': 'northern Atlantic sea poacher', 'Aspidophoroides': 'alligatorfishes', 'alligatorfish': 'small very elongate sea poachers', 'Hexagrammidae': 'greenlings', 'greenling': 'food fish of the northern Pacific', 'Hexagrammos': 'type genus of the Hexagrammidae', 'kelp_greenling': 'common food and sport fish of western coast of North America', 'Oxylebius': 'a genus of Hexagrammidae', 'painted_greenling': 'greenling with whitish body marked with black bands', 'Platycephalidae': 'scorpaenoid flatheads', 'Triglidae': 'in some classifications restricted to the gurnards and subdivided into the subfamilies Triglinae (true sea robins) and Peristediinae (armored sea robins)', 'gurnard': 'bottom-dwelling coastal fishes with spiny armored heads and fingerlike pectoral fins used for crawling along the sea bottom', 'Triga': 'type genus of the Triglidae', 'tub_gurnard': 'a kind of gurnard', 'sea_robin': 'American gurnard; mostly found in bays and estuaries', 'Triglinae': 'in some classifications considered a subfamily of Triglidae comprising searobins having ordinary scales and no barbels (true searobins)', 'Prionotus': 'a genus of Triglidae', 'northern_sea_robin': 'large searobin; found from Nova Scotia to Florida', 'Peristediinae': 'in some classifications considered a subfamily of Triglidae comprising the armored searobins', 'Peristedion': 'in some classifications the type genus of the subfamily Peristediinae: armored sea robins', 'armored_searobin': 'sea robins having bony scutes on the body and barbels on the chin; found mostly on the continental slope', 'Dactylopteridae': 'flying gurnards', 'Dactylopterus': 'a genus of Dactylopteridae', 'flying_gurnard': 'tropical fish with huge fanlike pectoral fins for underwater gliding; unrelated to searobins', 'Plectognathi': 'boxfishes; filefishes; globefishes; ocean sunfishes; triggerfishes; puffers', 'plectognath': 'tropical marine fishes having the teeth fused into a beak and thick skin covered with bony plates or spines', 'Balistidae': 'triggerfishes', 'triggerfish': 'any of numerous compressed deep-bodied tropical fishes with sandpapery skin and erectile spines in the first dorsal fin', 'Balistes': 'type genus of the Balistidae', 'queen_triggerfish': 'tropical Atlantic fish', 'Monocanthidae': 'filefishes', 'filefish': 'narrow flattened warm-water fishes with leathery skin and a long file-like dorsal spine', 'Monocanthus': 'type genus of the Monocanthidae', 'Ostraciidae': 'boxfishes', 'boxfish': 'any of numerous small tropical fishes having body and head encased in bony plates', 'Lactophrys': 'a genus of Ostraciidae', 'cowfish': 'trunkfish having hornlike spines over the eyes', 'Tetraodontidae': 'puffers', 'puffer': 'any of numerous marine fishes whose elongated spiny body can inflate itself with water or air to form a globe; several species contain a potent nerve poison; closely related to spiny puffers', 'Diodontidae': 'spiny puffers', 'spiny_puffer': 'puffers having rigid or erectile spines', 'Diodon': 'type genus of the Diodontidae', 'porcupinefish': 'spines become erect when the body is inflated; worldwide in warm waters', 'balloonfish': 'similar to but smaller than porcupinefish', 'Chilomycterus': 'burrfishes', 'burrfish': 'any of several fishes having rigid flattened spines', 'Molidae': 'ocean sunfishes', 'genus_Mola': 'type genus of the Molidae', 'ocean_sunfish': 'among the largest bony fish; pelagic fish having an oval compressed body with high dorsal and anal fins and caudal fin reduced to a rudder-like lobe; worldwide in warm waters', 'sharptail_mola': 'caudal fin has a central projection', 'Heterosomata': 'flatfishes: halibut; sole; flounder; plaice; turbot; tonguefishes', 'flatfish': 'sweet lean whitish flesh of any of numerous thin-bodied fish; usually served as thin fillets', 'flounder': 'flesh of any of various American and European flatfish', 'Pleuronectidae': 'righteye flounders', 'righteye_flounder': 'flounders with both eyes on the right side of the head', 'Pleuronectes': 'type genus of the Pleuronectidae', 'plaice': 'flesh of large European flatfish', 'Platichthys': 'a genus of Pleuronectidae', 'European_flatfish': 'important food fish of Europe', 'Limanda': 'a genus of Pleuronectidae; righteye flounders having a humped nose and small scales; the underside is often brightly colored', 'yellowtail_flounder': 'flesh of American flounder having a yellowish tail', 'Pseudopleuronectes': 'a genus of Pleuronectidae', 'winter_flounder': 'important American food fish in the winter', 'Microstomus': 'a genus of Pleuronectidae', 'lemon_sole': 'flesh of American flounder; important in the winter', 'Hippoglossoides': 'a genus of Pleuronectidae', 'American_plaice': 'large American food fish', 'halibut': 'lean flesh of very large flatfish of Atlantic or Pacific', 'Hippoglossus': 'halibuts', 'Atlantic_halibut': 'largest United States flatfish', 'Pacific_halibut': 'a righteye flounder found in the Pacific', 'Bothidae': 'a family of fish of the order Heterosomata', 'lefteye_flounder': 'flatfishes with both eyes on the left side of the head', 'Paralichthys': 'a genus of Bothidae', 'southern_flounder': 'flounder of southern United States', 'summer_flounder': 'flounder of eastern coast of North America', 'Etropus': 'a genus of Bothidae', 'grey_flounder': 'flounder found from North Carolina to Florida and the eastern Gulf of Mexico', 'Citharichthys': 'a genus of Bothidae', 'horned_whiff': 'a whiff found in waters from the Bahamas and northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil', 'sand_dab': 'the lean flesh of a small flounder from the Pacific coast of North America', 'Scophthalmus': 'a genus of Bothidae', 'windowpane': 'a pane of glass in a window; \"the ball shattered the window\"', 'brill': 'European food fish', 'Psetta': 'a genus of Bothidae', 'turbot': 'flesh of a large European flatfish', 'Cynoglossidae': 'tonguefishes', 'tonguefish': 'left-eyed marine flatfish whose tail tapers to a point; of little commercial value', 'Soleidae': 'soles', 'sole': 'lean flesh of any of several flatfish', 'Solea': 'type genus of the Soleidae', 'European_sole': 'highly valued as food', 'Parophrys': 'a genus of Soleidae', 'English_sole': 'popular pale brown food flatfish of the Pacific coast of North America', 'Psettichthys': 'a genus of Soleidae', 'sand_sole': 'a common flatfish of the Pacific coast of North America', 'Trinectes': 'a genus of Soleidae', 'hogchoker': 'useless as food; in coastal streams from Maine to Texas and Panama', 'thick_skin': 'skin that is very thick (as an elephant or rhinoceros)', 'thorax': 'the middle region of the body of an arthropod between the head and the abdomen', 'prothorax': \"the anterior part of an insect's thorax; bears the first pair of legs\", 'metamere': 'one of a series of similar body segments into which some animals are divided longitudinally', 'aba': 'a loose sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth; worn by Arabs', 'abacus': 'a tablet placed horizontally on top of the capital of a column as an aid in supporting the architrave', 'abandoned_ship': 'a ship abandoned on the high seas', 'A_battery': 'the battery used to heat the filaments of a vacuum tube', 'abattis': 'a line of defense consisting of a barrier of felled or live trees with branches (sharpened or with barbed wire entwined) pointed toward the enemy', 'abattoir': 'a building where animals are butchered', 'abaya': '(Arabic) a loose black robe from head to toe; traditionally worn by Muslim women', 'Abbe_condenser': 'a condenser having 2 or 3 lenses with wide aperture for use in microscopes', 'abbey': 'a church associated with a monastery or convent', 'Abney_level': 'a surveying instrument consisting of a spirit level and a sighting tube; used to measure the angle of inclination of a line from the observer to the target', 'abortifacient': 'a drug (or other chemical agent) that causes abortion', 'abortion_pill': 'an abortion-inducing drug (trade name RU_486) developed in France; when taken during the first five weeks of pregnancy it blocks the action of progesterone so that the uterus sloughs off the embryo', 'abrader': 'a tool or machine used for wearing down or smoothing or polishing', 'abrading_stone': 'a primitive stone artifact (usually made of sandstone) used as an abrader', 'Abstract_Expressionism': 'a New York school of painting characterized by freely created abstractions; the first important school of American painting to develop independently of European styles', 'abstractionism': 'a representation having no reference to concrete objects or specific examples', 'abutment': 'point of contact between two objects or parts', 'abutment_arch': 'an arch supported by an abutment', 'academic_costume': 'a costume worn on formal occasions by the faculty or students of a university or college', 'academic_gown': 'a gown worn by academics or judges', 'academy': 'an institution for the advancement of art or science or literature', 'Acapulco_gold': 'a particularly potent variety of marijuana', 'accelerator': 'a pedal that controls the throttle valve; \"he stepped on the gas\"', 'accelerometer': 'an instrument for measuring the acceleration of aircraft or rockets', 'accessory': 'someone who helps another person commit a crime', 'access_road': 'a short road giving access to an expressway; \"in Britain they call an access road a slip road\"', 'accommodating_lens_implant': 'a lens implant containing a hinge that allows for both near and far vision (thus mimicking the natural lens of a young person)', 'accommodation_ladder': '(nautical) a portable ladder hung over the side of a vessel to give access to small boats alongside', 'accordion': 'a portable box-shaped free-reed instrument; the reeds are made to vibrate by air from the bellows controlled by the player', 'accumulator': '(computer science) a register that has a built-in adder that adds an input number to the contents of the register', 'acebutolol': 'an oral beta blocker (trade name Sectral) used in treating hypertension', 'ACE_inhibitor': 'an antihypertensive drug that blocks the formation of angiotensin II in the kidney, leading to relaxation of the arteries; promotes the excretion of salt and water by inhibiting the activity of the angiotensin converting enzyme; also used to treat congestive heart failure', 'ace_of_clubs': 'the ace in the club suit', 'ace_of_diamonds': 'the ace in the diamond suit', 'ace_of_hearts': 'the ace in the heart suit', 'ace_of_spades': 'the ace in the spade suit; sometimes taken as a portent of death', 'acetaminophen': 'an analgesic for mild pain but not for inflammation; also used as an antipyretic; (Datril, Tylenol, Panadol, Phenaphen, Tempra, and Anacin III are trademarks of brands of acetaminophen tablets)', 'acetanilide': 'a white crystalline compound used as an analgesic and also as an antipyretic', 'acetate_disk': 'a disk coated with cellulose acetate', 'acetate_rayon': 'a fabric made from fibers of cellulose acetate', 'acetophenetidin': 'a white crystalline compound used as an analgesic and also as an antipyretic', 'achromatic_lens': 'a compound lens system that forms an image free from chromatic aberration', 'acid': 'any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt', 'acorn_tube': 'a small vacuum tube; used at high frequencies', 'acoustic': 'a remedy for hearing loss or deafness', 'acoustic_delay_line': 'a delay line based on the time of propagation of sound waves', 'acoustic_device': 'a device for amplifying or transmitting sound', 'acoustic_guitar': 'sound is not amplified by electrical means', 'acoustic_modem': 'a modem that converts electrical signals to telephone tones and back again', 'acoustic_storage': 'a storage device consisting of acoustic delay lines', 'acropolis': 'the citadel in ancient Greek towns', 'acrylic': 'a glassy thermoplastic; can be cast and molded or used in coatings and adhesives', 'Actifed': 'trade name for a drug containing an antihistamine and a decongestant; used to treat upper respiratory conditions and minor allergies', 'actinometer': 'an instrument for measuring the intensity of electromagnetic radiation (usually by the photochemical effect)', 'actinomycin': 'any of various red antibiotics isolated from soil bacteria', 'active_matrix_screen': 'a type of LCD screen used for some portable computers; there is a separate circuit for each pixel', 'active_placebo': 'a placebo used in experimental tests of a drug that has noticeable side effects; \"an active placebo mimics the side effects of the experimental drug\"', 'actuator': 'a mechanism that puts something into automatic action', 'acyclovir': 'an oral antiviral drug (trade name Zovirax) used to treat genital herpes; does not cure the disease but relieves the symptoms', 'Adam': 'Scottish architect who designed many public buildings in England and Scotland (1728-1792)', 'adapter': 'device that enables something to be used in a way different from that for which it was intended or makes different pieces of apparatus compatible', 'adding_machine': 'a calculator that performs simple arithmetic functions', 'additive': 'something added to enhance food or gasoline or paint or medicine', 'addressing_machine': 'a printer that automatically prints addresses on letters for mailing', 'adhesive_bandage': 'bandage consisting of a medical dressing of plain absorbent gauze held in place by a plastic or fabric tape coated with adhesive', 'adhesive_tape': 'tape coated with adhesive', 'adit': 'a nearly horizontal passage from the surface into a mine', 'adjoining_room': 'a hotel room that shares a wall with another hotel room', 'adjustable_wrench': 'can be changed to different settings', 'adjuvant': 'an additive that enhances the effectiveness of medical treatment', 'admixture': 'the state of impairing the quality or reducing the value of something', 'adobe': 'the clay from which adobe bricks are made', 'adrenergic': 'drug that has the effects of epinephrine', 'adumbration': 'a sketchy or imperfect or faint representation', 'adz': 'an edge tool used to cut and shape wood', 'aeolian_harp': 'a harp having strings tuned in unison; they sound when wind passes over them', 'aerator': 'an apparatus for exposing something to the air (as sewage)', 'aerial_ladder': 'mechanically extendible ladder; used on a fire truck', 'aerial_torpedo': 'a torpedo designed to be launched from an airplane', 'aerosol': 'a cloud of solid or liquid particles in a gas', 'Aertex': 'a trademark for a loosely woven cotton fabric that is used to make shirts and underwear', 'afghan': 'a blanket knitted or crocheted in strips or squares; sometimes used as a shawl', 'Afro-wig': 'a wig that gives the appearance of an Afro hairdo', 'afterburner': 'a device injects fuel into a hot exhaust for extra thrust', 'afterdeck': 'a deck abaft of midships', 'after-shave': \"a fragrant lotion for a man's face after shaving\", 'afterthought': 'an addition that was not included in the original plan; \"the garage was an afterthought\"', 'agal': \"a cord (usually of goat's hair) that Arabs (especially Bedouins) wind around their heads to hold down the kaffiyeh\", 'agateware': 'pottery that is veined and mottled to resemble agate', 'agglomerator': 'a device that causes material to gather into rounded balls; \"a sonic agglomerator\"', 'aglet': 'metal or plastic sheath over the end of a shoelace or ribbon', 'agonist': 'someone involved in a contest or battle (as in an agon)', 'agora': '100 agorot equal 1 shekel in Israel', 'aigrette': 'a long plume (especially one of egret feathers) worn on a hat or a piece of jewelry in the shape of a plume', 'aileron': 'an airfoil that controls lateral motion', 'air_bag': 'a safety restraint in an automobile; the bag inflates on collision and prevents the driver or passenger from being thrown forward', 'air_base': 'a base for military aircraft', 'airbrake': 'a small parachute or articulated flap to reduce the speed of an aircraft', 'airbrush': 'an atomizer to spray paint by means of compressed air', 'airbus': 'a subsonic jet airliner operated over short distances', 'air_compressor': 'a compressor that takes in air at atmospheric pressure and delivers it at a higher pressure', 'air_conditioner': 'a system that keeps air cool and dry', 'aircraft': 'a vehicle that can fly', 'aircraft_carrier': 'a large warship that carries planes and has a long flat deck for takeoffs and landings', 'aircraft_engine': 'the engine that powers and aircraft', 'air_cushion': 'the trapped air that supports a hovercraft a short distance above the water or ground', 'airdock': 'a large structure at an airport where aircraft can be stored and maintained', 'airfield': 'a place where planes take off and land', 'air_filter': 'a filter that removes dust from the air that passes through it', 'airfoil': 'a device that provides reactive force when in motion relative to the surrounding air; can lift or control a plane in flight', 'Air_Force_Research_Laboratory': 'a United States Air Force defense laboratory responsible for discovering and developing and integrating fighting technologies for aerospace forces', 'airframe': 'the framework and covering of an airplane or rocket (excluding the engines)', 'air_gun': 'a gun that propels a projectile by compressed air', 'air_hammer': 'a hammer driven by compressed air', 'air_hole': 'a hole that allows the passage of air', 'air_horn': 'a pneumatic horn', 'airing_cupboard': 'a warm cupboard where you put newly washed clothes until they are completely dry', 'air-intake': 'a duct that admits air to be mixed with fuel', 'airline': 'a hose that carries air under pressure', 'airliner': 'a commercial airplane that carries passengers', 'airlock': 'a chamber that provides access to space where air is under pressure', 'airmailer': 'a mailer for airmail', 'air_mattress': 'a mattress that can be stored flat and inflated for use', 'air_passage': 'a duct that provides ventilation (as in mines)', 'airplane': 'an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets; \"the flight was delayed due to trouble with the airplane\"', 'airplane_propeller': 'a propeller that rotates to push against air', 'airport': 'an airfield equipped with control tower and hangars as well as accommodations for passengers and cargo', 'air_pump': 'a pump that moves air in or out of something', 'air_search_radar': 'a shipboard radar that searches for aircraft', 'air_shaft': 'a shaft for ventilation', 'airship': 'a steerable self-propelled aircraft', 'airstrip': 'an airfield without normal airport facilities', 'air_terminal': 'a terminal that serves air travelers or air freight', 'air-to-air_missile': 'a missile designed to be launched from one airplane at another', 'air-to-ground_missile': 'a missile designed to be launched from an airplane at a target on the ground', 'air_transportation_system': 'a transportation system for moving passengers or goods by air', 'aisle': 'a long narrow passage (as in a cave or woods)', \"Aladdin's_lamp\": '(Arabian Nights) a magical lamp from which Aladdin summoned a genie', 'alarm': 'fear resulting from the awareness of danger', 'alarm_clock': 'a clock that wakes a sleeper at some preset time', 'Alaskan_pipeline': 'an oil pipeline that runs 800 miles from wells at Prudhoe Bay to the port of Valdez', 'alb': 'a white linen liturgical vestment with sleeves; worn by priests', 'album': 'one or more recordings issued together; originally released on 12-inch phonograph records (usually with attractive record covers) and later on cassette audiotape and compact disc', 'albuterol': 'a bronchodilator (trade names Ventolin or Proventil) used for asthma and emphysema and other lung conditions; available in oral or inhalant forms; side effects are tachycardia and shakiness', 'alcazar': 'any of various Spanish fortresses or palaces built by the Moors', 'alcohol_thermometer': 'thermometer consisting of a glass capillary tube marked with degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit and containing alcohol which rises or falls as it expands or contracts with changes in temperature', 'alcove': 'a small recess opening off a larger room', 'alehouse': 'a tavern where ale is sold', 'alembic': 'an obsolete kind of container used for distillation; two retorts connected by a tube', 'alendronate': 'a tablet (trade name Fosamax) prescribed to prevent or treat osteoporosis in women after menopause', 'algometer': 'device for measuring pain caused by pressure', 'Alhambra': 'a fortified Moorish palace built near Granada by Muslim kings in the Middle Ages', 'alidade': 'surveying instrument consisting of the upper movable part of a theodolite including the telescope and its attachments', 'A-line': 'women\\'s clothing that has a fitted top and a flared skirt that is widest at the hemline; \"it is called the A-line because the effect resembles the capital letter A\"', 'alkylating_agent': 'an antineoplastic drug used to treat some forms of cancer', 'Allen_screw': 'a screw with a hexagonal hole in the head', 'Allen_wrench': 'a wrench for Allen screws', 'alley': 'a narrow street with walls on both sides', 'alligator_wrench': 'a wrench with a v-shaped jaw and serrations on one side (resembles the open jaws of an alligator)', 'allopurinol': 'a drug (trade name Zyloprim) used to treat gout and other conditions in which there is an excessive buildup of uric acid', 'alms_dish': 'a tray for collecting the offering from a congregation', 'aloes': 'a purgative made from the leaves of aloe', 'alpenstock': 'a stout staff with a metal point; used by mountain climbers', 'alpha_blocker': 'any of various drugs that block alpha-adrenergic receptors; used in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia; relaxes the muscles of the prostate and bladder', 'alpha-interferon': 'a form of interferon that is produced endogenously and commercially for its pharmacological effects (including regulation of the immune system and antiviral and antineoplastic effects)', 'alprazolam': 'an antianxiety agent (trade name Xanax) of the benzodiazepine class', 'altar': 'the table in Christian churches where communion is given', 'altarpiece': 'a painted or carved screen placed above and behind an altar or communion table', 'altazimuth': 'an instrument that measures the altitude and azimuth of celestial bodies; used in navigation', 'alternator': 'an old term for an electric generator that produces alternating current (especially in automobiles)', 'altimeter': 'an instrument that measures the height above ground; used in navigation', 'alto_relievo': 'a sculptural relief in which forms extend out from the background to at least half their depth', 'alum': 'a white crystalline double sulfate of aluminum: the ammonium double sulfate of aluminum', 'aluminum_foil': 'foil made of aluminum', 'Amati': 'Italian violin maker in Cremona; taught the craft to Guarneri and Stradivari (1596-1684)', 'ambulance': 'a vehicle that takes people to and from hospitals', 'ambulatory': 'a covered walkway (as in a cloister); \"it has an ambulatory and seven chapels\"', 'amen_corner': \"area reserved for persons leading the responsive `amens'\", 'Americana': 'any artifact (such as books or furniture or art) that is distinctive of America', 'American_flag': 'the national flag of the United States of America', 'American_organ': 'a free-reed instrument in which air is drawn in through reeds by suction bellows', 'American_Stock_Exchange': 'a stock exchange in New York', 'aminophylline': 'a theophylline derivative that is used as a bronchodilator in the treatment of bronchial asthma, emphysema, and bronchitis', 'aminopyrine': 'a white crystalline substance used as an analgesic and antipyretic', 'amiodarone': 'an antiarrhythmic drug (trade name Cordarone) that has potentially fatal side effects and is used to control serious heart rhythm problems only when safer agents have been ineffective', 'amitriptyline': 'a tricyclic antidepressant drug (trade name Elavil) with serious side effects; interacts with many other medications', 'amlodipine_besylate': 'a vasodilator (trade name Norvasc) taken in tablet form; prescribed for hypertension and angina pectoris', 'ammeter': 'a meter that measures the flow of electrical current in amperes', 'ammonia_clock': 'an atomic clock based on vibrational frequency of the nitrogen atom in the ammonia molecule', 'ammunition': 'any nuclear or chemical or biological material that can be used as a weapon of mass destruction', 'amobarbital': 'a barbiturate with sedative and hypnotic effects; used to relieve insomnia and as an anticonvulsant', 'amobarbital_sodium': 'the sodium salt of amobarbital that is used as a barbiturate; used as a sedative and a hypnotic', 'amoxicillin': 'an antibiotic; a semisynthetic oral penicillin (trade names Amoxil and Larotid and Polymox and Trimox and Augmentin) used to treat bacterial infections', 'amphetamine': 'a central nervous system stimulant that increases energy and decreases appetite; used to treat narcolepsy and some forms of depression', 'amphetamine_sulfate': 'a sulfate derivative of amphetamine that is used as a stimulant for the central nervous system', 'amphitheater': 'a sloping gallery with seats for spectators (as in an operating room or theater)', 'amphora': 'an ancient jar with two handles and a narrow neck; used to hold oil or wine', 'amphotericin': 'an antibiotic and antifungal agent', 'ampicillin': 'semisynthetic penicillin (trade names Principen and Polycillin and SK-Ampicillin)', 'amplifier': 'electronic equipment that increases strength of signals passing through it', 'ampulla': 'the dilated portion of a canal or duct especially of the semicircular canals of the ear', 'amrinone': 'a drug (trade name Inocor) used intravenously in heart failure; increases strength of contraction of myocardium', 'amulet': 'a trinket or piece of jewelry usually hung about the neck and thought to be a magical protection against evil or disease', 'amusement_arcade': 'an arcade featuring coin-operated game machines', 'amyl_nitrate': 'a vasodilator that is sometimes used to treat angina pectoris', 'anachronism': 'something located at a time when it could not have existed or occurred', 'anaglyph': 'moving or still pictures in contrasting colors that appear three-dimensional when superimposed', 'analeptic': 'a medication used as a stimulant to the central nervous system', 'analgesic': 'a medicine used to relieve pain', 'analog_clock': 'a clock that displays the time of day by the position of hands on a dial', 'analog_computer': 'a computer that represents information by variable quantities (e.g., positions or voltages)', 'analog_watch': 'a watch that represents time by the position of hands on a dial', 'analytical_balance': 'a beam balance of great precision used in quantitative chemical analysis', 'analyzer': 'an instrument that performs analyses', 'anamorphosis': 'the evolution of one type of organism from another by a long series of gradual changes', 'anastigmat': 'compound lens or lens system designed to be free of astigmatism and able to form approximately point images', 'anastigmatic_lens': 'a lens designed to correct astigmatism', 'anchor': 'a television reporter who coordinates a broadcast to which several correspondents contribute', 'anchor_chain': 'the chain or rope that attaches an anchor to a vessel', 'anchor_light': 'a light in the rigging of a ship that is riding at anchor', 'AND_circuit': 'a circuit in a computer that fires only when all of its inputs fire', 'andiron': 'metal supports for logs in a fireplace; \"the andirons were too hot to touch\"', 'android': 'an automaton that resembles a human being', 'anechoic_chamber': 'a chamber having very little reverberation', 'anemometer': 'a gauge for recording the speed and direction of wind', 'aneroid_barometer': 'a barometer that measures pressure without using fluids', 'anesthetic': 'a drug that causes temporary loss of bodily sensations', 'anesthyl': 'a mixture of methyl and ethyl chloride; sprayed on as a local anesthetic', 'angiocardiogram': 'a series of X rays representing the action of the heart and its blood vessels after the injection of a radiopaque substance', 'angiogenesis_inhibitor': 'a drug that is designed to prevent the growth of blood vessels that nourish tumors', 'angiogram': 'an X-ray representation of blood vessels made after the injection of a radiopaque substance; \"angiograms are produced by angiography\"', 'angioscope': 'a modified microscope used to study capillary vessels', 'angiotensin': 'any of several vasoconstrictor substances (trade name Hypertensin) that cause narrowing of blood vessels', 'angiotensin_I': 'a physiologically inactive form of angiotensin that is the precursor to angiotensin II', 'angiotensin_II': 'a potent vasopressor agent formed from angiotensin I', 'angiotensin_II_inhibitor': 'an agent that retards or restrains the action of angiotensin II', 'angle_bracket': 'an L-shaped metal bracket', 'angledozer': 'a bulldozer with an angled moldboard to push earth to one side', 'Angostura_Bridge': 'a suspension bridge across the Orinoco River at Ciudad Bolivar', 'animalization': 'a depiction in the form of an animal', 'ankle_brace': 'a brace worn to strengthen the ankle', 'anklet': 'a shoe for a child or woman that has a strap around the ankle', 'ankus': 'an elephant goad with a sharp spike and a hook', 'annex': 'an addition that extends a main building', 'annulet': '(heraldry) a charge in the shape of a circle; \"a hollow roundel\"', 'annunciator': 'an indicator that announces which electrical circuit has been active (as on a telephone switchboard)', 'anode': 'the negatively charged terminal of a voltaic cell or storage battery that supplies current', 'answering_machine': 'an electronic device that answers the telephone and records messages', 'antagonist': 'a muscle that relaxes while another contracts; \"when bending the elbow the triceps are the antagonist\"', 'antefix': 'carved ornament at the eaves of a tile roof concealing the joints between tiles', 'anteroom': 'a large entrance or reception room or area', 'antiaircraft': 'artillery designed to shoot upward at airplanes', 'antiarrhythmic': 'a drug used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm', 'antibacterial': 'any drug that destroys bacteria or inhibits their growth', 'antiballistic_missile': 'a defensive missile designed to shoot down incoming intercontinental ballistic missiles; \"the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks placed limits on the deployment of ABMs\"', 'antibiotic': 'a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that can kill microorganisms and cure bacterial infections; \"when antibiotics were first discovered they were called wonder drugs\"', 'anticholinergic': 'a substance that opposes or blocks the action of acetylcholine', 'anticholinesterase': 'a medicine that inhibits cholinesterase by combining with it and so has a cholinergic effect', 'anticoagulant': 'medicine that prevents or retards the clotting of blood', 'anticonvulsant': 'a drug used to treat or prevent convulsions (as in epilepsy)', 'antidepressant': 'any of a class of drugs used to treat depression; often have undesirable side effects', 'antidiabetic': 'a drug used to treat diabetes mellitus', 'antidiarrheal': 'a drug used to control or stop diarrhea', 'antidiuretic': 'a drug that limits the formation of urine', 'antidote': 'a remedy that stops or controls the effects of a poison', 'antiemetic': 'a drug that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting', 'antiflatulent': 'any agent that reduces intestinal gas', 'antifouling_paint': 'a paint used to protect against the accumulation of barnacles etc. on underwater surfaces', 'antifungal': 'any agent that destroys or prevents the growth of fungi', 'anti-G_suit': 'worn by fliers and astronauts to counteract the forces of gravity and acceleration', 'antihistamine': 'a medicine used to treat allergies and hypersensitive reactions and colds; works by counteracting the effects of histamine on a receptor site', 'antihypertensive': 'a drug that reduces high blood pressure', 'anti-inflammatory': 'a medicine intended to reduce inflammation', 'antimacassar': 'a piece of ornamented cloth that protects the back of a chair from hair oils', 'antimalarial': 'a medicinal drug used to prevent or treat malaria', 'antimetabolite': 'an antineoplastic drug that inhibits the utilization of a metabolite', 'antimycin': 'a crystalline antibiotic active against various fungi', 'antineoplastic': 'any of several drugs that control or kill neoplastic cells; used in chemotherapy to kill cancer cells; all have unpleasant side effects that may include nausea and vomiting and hair loss and suppression of bone marrow function', 'antineoplastic_antibiotic': 'an antibiotic drug used as an antineoplastic in chemotherapy', 'antiperspirant': 'an astringent substance applied to the skin to reduce perspiration', 'antiprotozoal': 'a medicinal drug used to fight diseases (like malaria) that are caused by protozoa', 'antipruritic': 'a substance that relieves or prevents itching', 'antipyretic': 'any medicine that lowers body temperature to prevent or alleviate fever', 'antique': 'any piece of furniture or decorative object or the like produced in a former period and valuable because of its beauty or rarity', 'antiquity': 'the historic period preceding the Middle Ages in Europe', 'antiseptic': 'a substance that destroys micro-organisms that carry disease without harming body tissues', 'antispasmodic': 'a drug used to relieve or prevent spasms (especially of the smooth muscles)', 'anti-submarine_rocket': 'a shipboard system to fire rockets at submarines', 'antisyphilitic': 'a drug (or other chemical agent) that is effective against syphilis', 'anti-TNF_compound': 'a class of drugs that block the action of tumor necrosis factor (TNF); used in cases of rheumatoid arthritis because TNF instigates inflammation of the joints', 'antitussive': 'any medicine used to suppress or relieve coughing', 'antiviral': 'any drug that destroys viruses', 'Antonine_Wall': 'a fortification 37 miles long across the narrowest part of southern Scotland (between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde); built in 140 to mark the frontier of the Roman province of Britain', 'anvil': 'a heavy block of iron or steel on which hot metals are shaped by hammering', 'ao_dai': 'the traditional dress of Vietnamese women consisting of a tunic with long sleeves and panels front and back; the tunic is worn over trousers', 'apadana': 'the great hall in ancient Persian palaces', 'apartment': 'a suite of rooms usually on one floor of an apartment house', 'apartment_building': 'a building that is divided into apartments', 'APC': 'a drug combination found in some over-the-counter headache remedies (aspirin and phenacetin and caffeine)', 'aperture': 'a natural opening in something', 'aphrodisiac': 'a drug or other agent that stimulates sexual desire', 'apiary': 'a shed containing a number of beehives', 'apishamore': 'a saddle blanket made of buffalo hide', 'apomorphine': 'a morphine derivative that is not as strong as morphine; used as an emetic and in small doses as a sedative', 'apparatus': '(anatomy) a group of body parts that work together to perform a given function; \"the breathing apparatus\"', 'apparel': 'clothing in general; \"she was refined in her choice of apparel\"; \"he always bought his clothes at the same store\"; \"fastidious about his dress\"', 'appendage': 'a part that is joined to something larger', 'appendicle': 'a small appendage', 'Appian_Way': 'an ancient Roman road in Italy extending south from Rome to Brindisi; begun in 312 BC', 'applecart': \"the planning that is disrupted when someone `upsets the applecart'\", 'apple_of_discord': \"(classical mythology) a golden apple thrown into a banquet of the gods by Eris (goddess of discord--who had not been invited); the apple had `for the fairest' written on it and Hera and Athena and Aphrodite all claimed it; when Paris (prince of Troy) awarded it to Aphrodite it began a chain of events that led to the Trojan War\", 'apple_orchard': 'a grove of apple trees', 'appliance': 'a device or control that is very useful for a particular job', 'applicator': 'a device for applying a substance', 'applique': 'a decorative design made of one material sewn over another', 'approach_trench': 'a trench that provides protected passage between the rear and front lines of a defensive position', 'apron': '(golf) the part of the fairway leading onto the green', 'apron_string': '(usually used in the plural) a cord used to tie an apron at the waist', 'apse': 'a domed or vaulted recess or projection on a building especially the east end of a church; usually contains the altar', 'aqualung': 'a device (trade name Aqua-Lung) that lets divers breathe under water; scuba is an acronym for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus', 'aquaplane': 'a board that is pulled by a speedboat as a person stands on it and skims over the top of the water', 'aquarium': 'a tank or pool or bowl filled with water for keeping live fish and underwater animals', 'aqueduct': 'a conduit that resembles a bridge but carries water over a valley', 'arabesque': 'position in which the dancer has one leg raised behind and arms outstretched in a conventional pose', 'araroba': 'a bitter yellow powder used to treat skin diseases', 'arbor': 'tree (as opposed to shrub)', 'arboretum': 'a facility where trees and shrubs are cultivated for exhibition', 'arcade': 'a covered passageway with shops and stalls on either side', 'arch': 'a curved shape in the vertical plane that spans an opening', 'architectural_ornament': '(architecture) something added to a building to improve its appearance', 'architrave': 'the molding around a door or window', 'archive': 'a depository containing historical records and documents', 'arch_support': 'a support for the arch of the foot', 'arc_lamp': 'a lamp that produces light when electric current flows across the gap between two electrodes', 'arctic': 'a waterproof overshoe that protects shoes from water or snow', 'area': 'a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography); \"it was a mountainous area\"; \"Bible country\"', 'areaway': 'a passageway between buildings or giving access to a basement', 'arena': 'the central area of an ancient Roman amphitheater where contests and spectacles were held; especially an area that was strewn with sand', 'arena_theater': 'a theater arranged with seats around at least three sides of the stage', 'argyle': 'a design consisting of a pattern of varicolored diamonds on a solid background (originally for knitted articles); patterned after the tartan of a clan in western Scotland', 'argyll': 'a covered gravy holder of silver or other metal containing a detachable central vessel for hot water to keep the gravy warm', 'ark': 'a boat built by Noah to save his family and animals from the flood', 'Ark': '(Judaism) sacred chest where the ancient Hebrews kept the two tablets containing the Ten Commandments', 'arm': 'a human limb; technically the part of the superior limb between the shoulder and the elbow but commonly used to refer to the whole superior limb', 'armament': 'weaponry used by military or naval force', 'armature': 'coil in which voltage is induced by motion through a magnetic field', 'armband': 'worn around arm as identification or to indicate mourning', 'armchair': 'chair with a support on each side for arms', 'armet': 'a medieval helmet with a visor and a neck guard', 'arm_guard': 'a pad worn by football players and hockey goalkeepers', 'armhole': 'a hole through which you put your arm and where a sleeve can be attached', 'armilla': '(archeology) a bracelet worn around the wrist or arm', 'armillary_sphere': 'a celestial globe consisting of metal hoops; used by early astronomers to determine the positions of stars', 'armlet': 'a band worn around the arm for decoration', 'armoire': 'a large wardrobe or cabinet; originally used for storing weapons', 'armored_car': 'an armor-plated truck with strong doors and locks used to transport money or valuables; \"the paintings were delivered to the museum in an air-conditioned armored car\"', 'armored_personnel_carrier': '(military) an armored vehicle (usually equipped with caterpillar treads) that is used to transport infantry', 'armored_vehicle': 'a vehicle that is protected by armor plate', 'armor_plate': 'specially hardened steel plate used to protect fortifications or vehicles from enemy fire', 'armory': 'a collection of resources; \"he dipped into his intellectual armory to find an answer\"', 'armrest': 'a support for the arm', 'army_base': 'a large base of operations for an army', 'Army_High_Performance_Computing_Research_Center': 'a United States defense laboratory to conduct research in high-performance computing for defense technology applications; a partnership of government and university and industry', 'arnica': 'used especially in treating bruises', 'arquebus': 'an obsolete firearm with a long barrel', 'array': 'an orderly arrangement; \"an array of troops in battle order\"', 'arrester': 'a restraint that slows airplanes as they land on the flight deck of an aircraft carrier', 'arrival_gate': 'gate where passengers disembark', 'arrow': 'a mark to indicate a direction or relation', 'arrowhead': 'the pointed head or striking tip of an arrow', 'arsenal': 'all the weapons and equipment that a country has', 'Artemision_at_Ephesus': 'the large temple of the Greek goddess Artemis which was begun at Ephesus in 541 BC and completed 220 years later; the temple was destroyed by the Goths in 262', 'arterial_road': 'a major or main route', 'arteriogram': 'an X ray of an artery filled with a contrast medium', 'artery': 'a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body', 'artesian_well': 'a well drilled through impermeable strata into strata that receive water from a higher altitude so there is pressure to force the water to flow upward', 'arthrogram': 'an X ray of a joint after the injection of a contrast medium', 'arthroscope': 'a type of endoscope that is inserted into a joint for visual examination', 'article_of_commerce': 'an article that is offered for sale', 'articulated_ladder': 'a ladder consisting of segments (usually four) that are held together by joints that can lock in place', 'artificial_flower': 'a handmade imitation of a blossom', 'artificial_heart': 'a pump that replaces the natural heart', 'artificial_horizon': 'a navigational instrument based on a gyroscope; it artificially provides a simulated horizon for the pilot', 'artificial_joint': 'a metal or plastic part that is surgically implanted to replace a natural joint (possibly elbow or wrist but usually hip or knee)', 'artificial_kidney': \"a machine that uses dialysis to remove impurities and waste products from the bloodstream before returning the blood to the patient's body\", 'artificial_skin': 'a synthetic covering with two layers used experimentally to treat burn victims', 'artillery': 'an army unit that uses big guns', 'artillery_shell': 'a shell fired by artillery', \"artist's_loft\": \"a factory loft that has been converted into an artist's workroom and living area\", \"artist's_workroom\": 'a studio especially for an artist or designer', 'art_school': 'a school specializing in art', 'ascot': 'a cravat with wide square ends; secured with an ornamental pin', 'ashcan': 'a bin that holds rubbish until it is collected', 'Ash_Can': 'early 20th-century United States painting; portrays realistic and sordid scenes of city life', 'ashlar': 'a rectangular block of hewn stone used for building purposes', 'ash-pan': 'a receptacle fitted beneath the grate in which ashes collect and are removed', 'ashtray': \"a receptacle for the ash from smokers' cigars or cigarettes\", 'asparaginase': 'antineoplastic drug (trade name Elspar) sometimes used to treat lymphoblastic leukemia', 'asparagus_bed': 'a bed in which asparagus is growing', 'aspergill': 'a short-handled device with a globe containing a sponge; used for sprinkling holy water', 'aspersorium': 'the basin or other vessel that holds holy water in Roman Catholic Churches', 'aspirator': 'a pump that draws air or another gas through a liquid', 'aspirin': 'the acetylated derivative of salicylic acid; used as an analgesic anti-inflammatory drug (trade names Bayer, Empirin, and St. Joseph) usually taken in tablet form; used as an antipyretic; slows clotting of the blood by poisoning platelets', 'aspirin_powder': 'a powdered form of aspirin', 'assault_gun': 'an armored vehicle with the chassis of a tank (but no turret) and a large gun; used as an antitank weapon and to support infantry', 'assault_rifle': 'any of the automatic rifles or semiautomatic rifles with large magazines designed for military use', 'assegai': 'the slender spear of the Bantu-speaking people of Africa', 'assembly_hall': 'a hall where many people can congregate', 'assembly_plant': 'a factory where manufactured parts are assembled into a finished product', 'astatic_coils': 'an arrangement of coils used in sensitive electrical instruments; the coils are arranged to give zero resultant external magnetic field when a current passes through them and to have zero electromotive force induced in them by an external magnetic field', 'astatic_galvanometer': \"has a moving magnet and astatic coils arranged to cancel the effect of the Earth's magnetic field\", 'astringent': 'a drug that causes contraction of body tissues and canals', 'astrodome': 'a transparent dome on top of an airplane where the navigator can make celestial observations', 'astrolabe': 'an early form of sextant', 'astronomical_telescope': 'any telescope designed to collect and record electromagnetic radiation from cosmic sources', 'astronomy_satellite': 'a satellite equipped with a telescope to observe infrared radiation', 'Aswan_High_Dam': \"one of the world's largest dams on the Nile River in southern Egypt\", 'atenolol': 'an oral beta blocker (trade name Tenormin) used in treating hypertension and angina; has adverse side effects (depression and exacerbation of congestive heart failure etc.)', 'athanor': 'a furnace that feeds itself so as to maintain a uniform temperature; used by alchemists', 'athenaeum': 'a literary or scientific association for the promotion of learning', 'athletic_facility': 'a facility for athletic events', 'athletic_sock': 'a sock worn for athletic events', 'athletic_supporter': 'a support for the genitals worn by men engaging in strenuous exercise', 'atlas': 'a collection of maps in book form', 'atmometer': 'an instrument that measures rate of evaporation of water', 'atom_bomb': 'a nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission (splitting the nuclei of a heavy element like uranium 235 or plutonium 239)', 'atomic_clock': 'a timepiece that derives its time scale from the vibration of atoms or molecules', 'atomic_cocktail': 'an oral dose of radioactive substance used in treatment and diagnosis of cancer', 'atomic_pile': 'a nuclear reactor that uses controlled nuclear fission to generate energy', 'atomic_warhead': 'the warhead of a missile designed to deliver an atom bomb', 'atomizer': 'a dispenser that turns a liquid (such as perfume) into a fine mist', 'atorvastatin': 'an oral drug (trade name Lipitor) that is effective in lowering triglycerides; potent in reducing LDL cholesterol because higher doses can be given', 'atrium': 'any chamber that is connected to other chambers or passageways (especially one of the two upper chambers of the heart)', 'atropine': 'a poisonous crystalline alkaloid extracted from the nightshade family; used as an antispasmodic and to dilate the eye pupil; also administered in large amounts as an antidote for organophosphate nerve agents or organophosphate insecticides', 'attache_case': 'a shallow and rectangular briefcase', 'attack_submarine': 'a military submarine designed and armed to attack enemy shipping', 'attenuator': 'an electrical device for attenuating the strength of an electrical signal', 'attic': 'informal terms for a human head', 'attic_fan': 'a fan that blows heated air out of the attic of a building', 'attire': 'clothing of a distinctive style or for a particular occasion; \"formal attire\"; \"battle dress\"', 'auction_block': 'a platform from which an auctioneer sells; \"they put their paintings on the block\"', 'audio': 'the audible part of a transmitted signal; \"they always raise the audio for commercials\"', 'audio_amplifier': 'an amplifier that increases the amplitude of reproduced sound', 'audiocassette': 'a cassette for audiotape', 'audio_CD': 'compact discs used to reproduce sound (voice and music)', 'audiogram': \"a graphical representation of a person's auditory sensitivity to sound\", 'audiometer': 'an instrument used to measure the sensitivity of hearing', 'audio_system': 'a system of electronic equipment for recording or reproducing sound', 'audiotape': 'a tape recording of sound', 'audiovisual': 'materials using sight or sound to present information; \"language tapes and videocassettes and other audiovisuals\"', 'auditorium': 'the area of a theater or concert hall where the audience sits', 'Augean_stables': '(Greek mythology) the extremely dirty stables that were finally cleaned by Hercules who diverted two rivers through them', 'auger': 'hand tool for boring holes', 'Auschwitz': 'a Nazi concentration camp for Jews in southwestern Poland during World War II', 'auto_accessory': 'an accessory for an automobile', 'autobahn': 'an expressway in a German-speaking country', 'autoclave': 'a device for heating substances above their boiling point; used to manufacture chemicals or to sterilize surgical instruments', 'autofocus': 'an optical device for focussing a camera or other instrument automatically', 'autogiro': 'an aircraft that is supported in flight by unpowered rotating horizontal wings (or blades); forward propulsion is provided by a conventional propeller', 'autograph_album': 'an album for autographs', 'autoinjector': 'a hypodermic syringe to use in injecting yourself with a liquid; \"United States troops now carry atropine and autoinjectors in their first-aid kits to use in case of organophosphate nerve agent poisoning\"', 'autoloader': 'a firearm that reloads itself', 'automat': 'a vending machine from which you can get food', 'automatic_choke': 'a choke that automatically controls the flow of air to the carburetor', 'automatic_firearm': 'a firearm that reloads itself and keeps firing until the trigger is released', 'automatic_pistol': 'a pistol that will keep firing until the ammunition is gone or the trigger is released', 'automatic_rifle': 'light machine gun', 'automatic_transmission': 'a transmission that automatically changes the gears according to the speed of the car', 'automaton': 'someone who acts or responds in a mechanical or apathetic way; \"only an automaton wouldn\\'t have noticed\"', 'automobile_engine': 'the engine that propels an automobile', 'automobile_factory': 'a factory where automobiles are manufactured', 'automobile_horn': 'a device on an automobile for making a warning noise', 'auto_part': 'a component of an automobile; \"his business is auto parts\"', 'autopilot': 'a navigational device that automatically keeps ships or planes or spacecraft on a steady course', 'autoradiograph': 'a radiogram produced by radiation emitted by the specimen being photographed', 'autostrada': 'an expressway in an Italian-speaking country', 'auxiliary_airfield': 'an airfield that functions in a subsidiary capacity', 'auxiliary_boiler': \"(nautical) an extra boiler (as a ship's boiler that is used while the ship is in port)\", 'auxiliary_engine': '(nautical) a small engine (as one used on board ships to operate a windlass)', 'auxiliary_pump': 'a supplementary pump available if needed', 'auxiliary_research_submarine': 'a submarine for research purposes', 'auxiliary_storage': 'a data storage device that is not the main memory of a computer', 'aviary': 'a building where birds are kept', 'awl': 'a pointed tool for marking surfaces or for punching small holes', 'awning': 'a canopy made of canvas to shelter people or things from rain or sun', 'ax': 'an edge tool with a heavy bladed head mounted across a handle', 'ax_handle': 'the handle of an ax', 'ax_head': 'the cutting head of an ax', 'axis': 'the main stem or central part about which plant organs or plant parts such as branches are arranged', 'axle': 'a shaft on which a wheel rotates', 'axle_bar': 'an iron bar that serves as an axletree', 'axletree': 'a dead axle on a carriage or wagon that has terminal spindles on which the wheels revolve', 'azathioprine': 'an immunosuppressive drug (trade name Imuran) used to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ', 'zidovudine': 'an antiviral drug (trade name Retrovir) used in the treatment of AIDS; adverse side effects include liver damage and suppression of the bone marrow', 'azithromycin': 'a systemic antibacterial medicine (trade name Zithromax) that is prescribed to treat bacterial infections in many different parts of the body', 'aztreonam': 'an antibiotic (trade name Azactam) used against severe infections; has minimal side effects', 'B-52': 'United States military aircraft; B- stands for bomber', 'babushka': \"a woman's headscarf folded into a triangle and tied under the chin; worn by Russian peasant women\", 'baby_bed': 'a small bed for babies; enclosed by sides to prevent the baby from falling', 'baby_buggy': 'a small vehicle with four wheels in which a baby or child is pushed around', 'baby_grand': 'a small grand piano', 'baby_oil': 'an ointment for babies', 'baby_powder': \"powder used to prevent a baby's diaper from chafing\", 'baby_shoe': 'a shoe designed to be worn by infants', 'bacitracin': 'a polypeptide antibiotic of known chemical structure effective against several types of Gram-positive organisms; usually applied locally', 'backband': 'a broad band that passes over the back of a horse and supports the shafts of a vehicle', 'backbench': 'any of the seats occupied by backbenchers in the House of Commons', 'backboard': 'a raised vertical board with basket attached; used to play basketball; \"he banked the shot off the backboard\"', 'backbone': 'fortitude and determination; \"he didn\\'t have the guts to try it\"', 'back_brace': 'a brace worn to support the back', 'backdrop': 'scenery hung at back of stage', 'backgammon_board': 'the board on which backgammon is played', 'background': 'extraneous signals that can be confused with the phenomenon to be observed or measured; \"they got a bad connection and could hardly hear one another over the background signals\"', 'backhoe': 'an excavator whose shovel bucket is attached to a hinged boom and is drawn backward to move earth', 'backlighting': 'lighting from behind', 'backpack': 'a bag carried by a strap on your back or shoulder', 'backpacking_tent': 'a tent that can be carried in a backpack', 'backplate': 'plate armor protecting the back; worn as part of a cuirass', 'back_porch': 'a porch for the back door', 'back_room': 'a room located in the rear of an establishment; usually accessible only to privileged groups', 'backroom': 'the meeting place of a group of leaders who make their decisions via private negotiations', 'backsaw': 'a handsaw that is stiffened by metal reinforcement along the upper edge', 'backscratcher': 'someone who is willing to trade favors or services for mutual advantage', 'backseat': 'a secondary or inferior position or status; \"tennis has had to take a backseat while his work is so demanding\"', 'backspace_key': 'the typewriter key used for back spacing', 'backstairs': 'a second staircase at the rear of a building', 'backstay': 'a stay that supports the back of something', 'backstitch': 'an overlapping stitch made by starting the next stitch at the middle of the preceding one', 'backsword': 'a sword with only one cutting edge', 'backup': 'an accumulation caused by clogging or a stoppage; \"a traffic backup on the main street\"; \"he discovered a backup in the toilet\"', 'backup_system': 'a computer system for making backups', 'backyard': 'the grounds in back of a house', 'bacteria_bed': 'layer of sand or gravel used to expose sewage effluent to air and the action of microorganisms', 'badminton_court': 'the court on which badminton is played', 'badminton_equipment': 'equipment for playing the game of badminton', 'badminton_racket': 'a light long-handled racket used by badminton players', 'baffle': 'a flat plate that controls or directs the flow of fluid or energy', 'bag': 'the quantity that a bag will hold; \"he ate a large bag of popcorn\"', 'baggage': 'a worthless or immoral woman', 'baggage_car': \"a railway car where passengers' bags are carried\", 'baggage_claim': 'an area in an airport where arriving passengers can collect the luggage that has been carried in the hold of the aircraft', 'bagger': 'a machine for putting objects or substances into bags', 'bagpipe': 'a tubular wind instrument; the player blows air into a bag and squeezes it out through the drone', 'bailey': 'the outer courtyard of a castle', 'Bailey_bridge': 'a temporary bridge designed for rapid construction', 'bain-marie': 'a large pan that is filled with hot water; smaller pans containing food can be set in the larger pan to keep food warm or to cook food slowly', 'bait': 'anything that serves as an enticement', 'baize': 'a bright green fabric napped to resemble felt; used to cover gaming tables', 'bakery': 'a workplace where baked goods (breads and cakes and pastries) are produced or sold', 'balaclava': 'a cap that is close-fitting and woolen and covers all of the head but the face', 'balalaika': 'a stringed instrument that has a triangular body and three strings', 'balance': 'a state of equilibrium', 'balance_beam': 'a gymnastic apparatus used by women gymnasts', 'balance_wheel': 'a wheel that regulates the rate of movement in a machine; especially a wheel oscillating against the hairspring of a timepiece to regulate its beat', 'balbriggan': 'a cotton knit fabric used for underwear', 'balcony': 'an upper floor projecting from the rear over the main floor in an auditorium', 'baldachin': 'ornamented canopy supported by columns or suspended from a roof or projected from a wall (as over an altar)', 'baldric': 'a wide (ornamented) belt worn over the right shoulder to support a sword or bugle by the left hip', 'bale': 'a large bundle bound for storage or transport', 'baling_wire': 'wire used to make bales', 'ball_and_chain': 'heavy iron ball attached to a prisoner by a chain', 'ball-and-socket_joint': 'a freely moving joint in which a sphere on the head of one bone fits into a rounded cavity in the other bone', 'ballast': 'coarse gravel laid to form a bed for streets and railroads', 'ballast_resistor': 'a resistor inserted into a circuit to compensate for changes (as those arising from temperature fluctuations)', 'ball_bearing': 'bearings containing small metal balls', 'ball_cartridge': 'a general purpose cartridge having a primer and a ball and a full charge of powder', 'ballcock': 'floating ball that controls level in a water tank', 'balldress': 'a suit or dress for formal occasions', 'ballet_skirt': 'very short skirt worn by ballerinas', 'ball_field': 'the baseball playing field', 'ball_gown': 'the most formal gown; worn to a ball', 'ballistic_galvanometer': 'a moving-coil galvanometer that measures electric charge', 'ballistic_missile': 'a missile that is guided in the first part of its flight but falls freely as it approaches target', 'ballistic_pendulum': \"a physical pendulum consisting of a large mass suspended from a rod; when it is struck by a projectile its displacement is used to measure the projectile's velocity\", 'ballistocardiograph': 'a medical instrument that measures the mechanical force of cardiac contractions and the amount of blood passing through the heart during a specified period by measuring the recoil of the body as blood is pumped from the ventricles', 'balloon': 'small thin inflatable rubber bag with narrow neck', 'balloon_bomb': 'a bomb carried by a balloon; \"In World War II the Japanese launched balloon bombs against North America\"', 'balloon_sail': 'any light loose sail', 'ballot_box': 'a box where voters deposit their ballots', 'ballpark': 'a facility in which ball games are played (especially baseball games); \"take me out to the ballpark\"', 'ball-peen_hammer': 'a hammer with one round and one flat end; used in working metal', 'ballpoint': 'a pen that has a small metal ball as the point of transfer of ink to paper', 'ballroom': 'large room used mainly for dancing', 'ball_valve': 'any valve that checks flow by the seating of a ball', 'Balmoral': 'a brimless dark blue Scottish cap with a flat top and a plume on one side', 'balmoral': 'a sturdy laced walking shoe', 'balsam': 'any of various fragrant oleoresins used in medicines and perfumes', 'balsa_raft': 'a light raft made of balsa', 'baluster': 'one of a number of closely spaced supports for a railing', 'banana_boat': 'a ship designed to transport bananas', 'band': 'instrumentalists not including string players', 'bandage': 'a piece of soft material that covers and protects an injured part of the body', 'Band_Aid': 'trade name for an adhesive bandage to cover small cuts or blisters', 'bandanna': 'large and brightly colored handkerchief; often used as a neckerchief', 'bandbox': 'a light cylindrical box for holding light articles of attire (especially hats)', 'banderilla': 'a decorated dart that is implanted in the neck or shoulders of the bull during a bull fight', 'bandoleer': 'a broad cartridge belt worn over the shoulder by soldiers', 'bandoneon': 'a type of concertina popular in South America', 'bandsaw': 'an endless saw consisting of a toothed metal band that is driven around two wheels', 'bandstand': 'a platform where a (brass) band can play in the open air', 'bandwagon': 'a popular trend that attracts growing support; \"when they saw how things were going everybody jumped on the bandwagon\"', 'bangalore_torpedo': 'a metal pipe filled with explosive, used to detonate land mines or to clear a path through barbed wire', 'bangle': 'cheap showy jewelry or ornament on clothing', 'banjo': 'a stringed instrument of the guitar family that has long neck and circular body', 'banner': 'long strip of cloth or paper used for decoration or advertising', 'bannister': 'a railing at the side of a staircase or balcony to prevent people from falling', 'banquette': 'an upholstered bench', 'banyan': 'East Indian tree that puts out aerial shoots that grow down into the soil forming additional trunks', 'baptismal_font': 'bowl for baptismal water', 'bar': '(meteorology) a unit of pressure equal to a million dynes per square centimeter; \"unfortunately some writers have used bar for one dyne per square centimeter\"', 'barbecue': 'meat that has been barbecued or grilled in a highly seasoned sauce', 'barbed_wire': 'strong wire with barbs at regular intervals used to prevent passage', 'barbell': 'a bar to which heavy discs are attached at each end; used in weightlifting', 'barber_chair': 'a large fixed adjustable chair in which barbers seat their customers', 'barbershop': 'a shop where men can get their hair cut', 'barbette': '(formerly) a mound of earth inside a fort from which heavy gun can be fired over the parapet', 'barbette_carriage': 'a gun carriage elevated so that the gun can be fired over the parapet', 'barbican': 'a tower that is part of a defensive structure (such as a castle)', 'bar_bit': 'a bit for horses that is a solid bar of metal', 'barbital': 'a barbiturate used as a hypnotic', 'barbiturate': 'organic compound having powerful soporific effect; overdose can be fatal', 'bard': 'a lyric poet', 'bareboat': 'a vessel (such as a yacht) that can be chartered without a captain or crew or provisions', 'barge': 'a flatbottom boat for carrying heavy loads (especially on canals)', 'bargello': 'needlepoint embroidery stitch that produces zigzag lines', 'barge_pole': 'a long pole used to propel or guide a barge; \"I wouldn\\'t touch it with a barge pole\"', 'baritone': 'a male singer', 'bark': 'tough protective covering of the woody stems and roots of trees and other woody plants', 'bar_magnet': 'a magnet in the form of a bar with magnetic poles at each end', 'bar_mask': \"a catcher's mask with bars\", 'barn': '(physics) a unit of nuclear cross section; the effective circular area that one particle presents to another as a target for an encounter', 'barndoor': 'an opaque adjustable flap on a lamp fixture; used in photography to cut off light from particular areas', 'barn_door': 'the large sliding door of a barn', 'barnyard': 'a yard adjoining a barn', 'barograph': 'a recording barometer; automatically records on paper the variations in atmospheric pressure', 'barometer': 'an instrument that measures atmospheric pressure', 'barong': 'a knife resembling a cleaver; used in the Philippines', 'barouche': 'a horse-drawn carriage having four wheels; has an outside seat for the driver and facing inside seats for two couples and a folding top', 'bar_printer': 'an impact printer that uses a bar to carry the type slugs', 'barrack': 'a building or group of buildings used to house military personnel', 'barrage_balloon': 'an elongated tethered balloon or blimp with cables or net suspended from it to deter enemy planes that are flying low', 'barrel': 'a bulging cylindrical shape; hollow with flat ends', 'barrelhouse': 'a cheap drinking and dancing establishment', 'barrel_knot': 'a knot used for tying fishing leaders together; the ends of the two leaders are wrapped around each other two or three times', 'barrel_organ': 'a musical instrument that makes music by rotation of a cylinder studded with pegs', 'barrel_vault': 'the simplest form of vault; a single continuous arch', 'barrette': \"a pin for holding women's hair in place\", 'barricade': 'a barrier (usually thrown up hastily) to impede the advance of an enemy; \"they stormed the barricade\"', 'barrier': 'anything serving to maintain separation by obstructing vision or access', 'barroom': 'a room or establishment where alcoholic drinks are served over a counter; \"he drowned his sorrows in whiskey at the bar\"', 'barrow': 'the quantity that a barrow will hold', 'bar_soap': 'soap in the form of a bar', 'bascule': 'a structure or device in which one end is counterbalanced by the other (on the principle of the seesaw)', 'base': 'any of various water-soluble compounds capable of turning litmus blue and reacting with an acid to form a salt and water; \"bases include oxides and hydroxides of metals and ammonia\"', 'baseball_bat': 'an implement used in baseball by the batter', 'baseball_cap': 'a cap with a bill', 'baseball_card': 'a trading card with a picture of a baseball player and information about his playing record', 'baseball_diamond': 'the area of a baseball field that is enclosed by 3 bases and home plate', 'baseball_equipment': 'equipment used in playing baseball', 'baseball_glove': 'the handwear used by fielders in playing baseball', 'baseboard': 'a molding covering the joint formed by a wall and the floor', 'basement': 'the ground floor facade or interior in Renaissance architecture', 'basic': '(usually plural) a necessary commodity for which demand is constant', 'basic_point_defense_missile_system': 'a shipboard missile system', 'basilica': 'an early Christian church designed like a Roman basilica; or a Roman Catholic church or cathedral accorded certain privileges; \"the church was raised to the rank of basilica\"', 'basin': 'the quantity that a basin will hold; \"a basinful of water\"', 'basinet': 'a medieval steel helmet', 'basketball_court': 'the court on which basketball is played', 'basketball_equipment': 'sports equipment used in playing basketball', 'basket_hilt': 'a hilt with a basket-shaped guard for the hand', 'basket_weave': 'a cloth woven of two or more threads interlaced to suggest the weave of a basket', 'bas_relief': 'a sculptural relief in which forms extend only slightly from the background; no figures are undercut', 'bass_clarinet': 'a large clarinet whose range is an octave below the B-flat clarinet', 'bass_drum': 'a large drum with two heads; makes a sound of indefinite but very low pitch', 'basset_horn': 'a tenor clarinet; pitched in the key of F below the B-flat clarinet', 'bass_fiddle': 'largest and lowest member of the violin family', 'bass_guitar': 'the guitar with six strings that has the lowest pitch', 'bass_horn': 'the lowest brass wind instrument', 'bassinet': 'a perambulator that resembles a bassinet', 'bassoon': 'a double-reed instrument; the tenor of the oboe family', 'bastard': 'the illegitimate offspring of unmarried parents', 'baste': 'a loose temporary sewing stitch to hold layers of fabric together', 'baster': 'a cook who bastes roasting meat with melted fat or gravy', 'bastille': 'a jail or prison (especially one that is run in a tyrannical manner)', 'Bastille': 'a fortress built in Paris in the 14th century and used as a prison in the 17th and 18th centuries; it was destroyed July 14, 1789 at the start of the French Revolution', 'bastion': 'a group that defends a principle; \"a bastion against corruption\"; \"the last bastion of communism\"', 'basuco': 'low-grade cocaine mixed with coca paste and cannabis', 'bath_chair': 'a wheelchair usually pushed by an attendant, as at a spa', 'bathhouse': 'a building containing dressing rooms for bathers', 'bathing_cap': 'a tight-fitting cap that keeps hair dry while swimming', 'bath_linen': 'linens for use in the bathroom', 'bath_mat': 'a heavy towel or mat to stand on while drying yourself after a bath', 'bath_oil': 'a scented oil added to your bath water', 'bathrobe': 'a loose-fitting robe of towelling; worn after a bath or swim', 'bathroom': 'a room (as in a residence) containing a bathtub or shower and usually a washbasin and toilet', 'bathroom_cleaner': 'a preparation for cleaning bathrooms', 'bathroom_fixture': 'any fixture in a bathroom', 'bath_salts': 'a preparation that softens or scents a bath', 'bath_towel': 'a large towel; to dry yourself after a bath', 'bathtub': 'a relatively large open container that you fill with water and use to wash the body', 'bathymeter': 'an instrument that measures the depth of water', 'bathyscaphe': 'navigable deep diving vessel for underwater exploration', 'bathysphere': 'spherical deep diving apparatus (lowered by a cable) for underwater exploration', 'batik': 'a dyed fabric; a removable wax is used where the dye is not wanted', 'batiste': 'a thin plain-weave cotton or linen fabric; used for shirts or dresses', 'baton': 'a short staff carried by some officials to symbolize an office or an authority', 'Baton_Rouge_Bridge': 'a cantilever bridge across the Mississippi at Baton Rouge', 'batten': 'a strip fixed to something to hold it firm', 'battering_ram': 'a ram used to break down doors of fortified buildings', \"batter's_box\": 'an area on a baseball diamond (on either side of home plate) marked by lines within which the batter must stand when at bat', 'batting_cage': 'a movable screen placed behind home base to catch balls during batting practice', 'batting_glove': 'a glove worn by batters in baseball to give a firmer grip on the bat', 'batting_helmet': 'a helmet worn by the batter in baseball', 'battle-ax': 'a sharp-tongued domineering wife', 'battle_cruiser': 'a cruiser of maximum speed and firepower', 'battle_dress': 'a military uniform designed for field service', 'battle_flag': 'a flag that leads troops into battle', 'battlement': 'a rampart built around the top of a castle with regular gaps for firing arrows or guns', 'battleship': 'large and heavily armoured warship', 'battle_sight': 'an arrangement of sights that makes possible the rapid aiming of a firearm at short ranges', 'batwing': 'one of a pair of swinging doors (as at the entrance to a western saloon)', 'bayonet': 'a knife that can be fixed to the end of a rifle and used as a weapon', 'Bayonne_Bridge': 'a steel arch bridge connecting New Jersey and Staten Island at Bayonne, New Jersey', 'bay_rum': 'an aromatic liquid originally obtained by distilling the leaves of the bayberry tree with rum', 'bay_window': 'a window that sticks out from the outside wall of a house', 'bazooka': 'a portable rocket launcher used by infantrymen as an antitank weapon', 'BB': 'a small pellet fired from an air rifle or BB gun', 'B_battery': 'battery for supplying a constant positive voltage to the plate of a vacuum tube', 'BB_gun': 'an air gun in which BBs are propelled by compressed air', 'beach_ball': 'large and light ball; for play at the seaside', 'beach_house': 'a house built on or near a beach', 'beach_towel': 'very large towel to dry yourself after swimming', 'beach_wagon': 'a car that has a long body and rear door with space behind rear seat', 'beachwear': 'clothing to be worn at a beach', 'beacon': 'a fire (usually on a hill or tower) that can be seen from a distance', 'bead': 'a small ball with a hole through the middle', 'beading': 'ornamentation with beads', 'beading_plane': 'a plane with a concave blade for making moulding with beadwork', 'beads': 'several beads threaded together on a string', 'beaker': 'a flatbottomed jar made of glass or plastic; used for chemistry', 'beam': 'a group of nearly parallel lines of electromagnetic radiation', 'beam_balance': 'a balance consisting of a lever with two equal arms and a pan suspended from each arm', 'beanbag': 'a small cloth bag filled with dried beans; thrown in games', 'beanie': 'a small skullcap; formerly worn by schoolboys and college freshmen', 'bearing': 'relevant relation or interconnection; \"those issues have no bearing on our situation\"', 'bearing_rein': \"a rein designed to keep the horse's head in the desired position\", 'bearing_wall': 'any wall supporting a floor or the roof of a building', 'bearskin': 'the pelt of a bear (sometimes used as a rug)', 'beater': 'a worker who rouses wild game from under cover for a hunter', 'beating-reed_instrument': 'a musical instrument that sounds by means of a vibrating reed', 'beauty_spot': \"a spot that is worn on a lady's face for adornment\", 'beaver_board': 'a light wallboard made of compressed wood pulp', 'becket': '(nautical) a short line with an eye at one end and a knot at the other; used to secure loose items on a ship', 'Beckman_thermometer': 'a mercury thermometer that measures small differences or changes in temperature', 'bed': '(geology) a stratum of rock (especially sedimentary rock); \"they found a bed of sandstone\"', 'bed_and_breakfast': 'an overnight boardinghouse with breakfast', 'bedclothes': 'coverings that are used on a bed', 'bedding_material': 'material used to provide a bed for animals', 'Bedford_cord': 'a heavy corded fabric similar to corduroy; used for clothing', 'bed_jacket': 'a lightweight jacket worn over bedclothes (as when sitting in bed)', 'Bedlam': 'pejorative terms for an insane asylum', 'bed_linen': 'linen or cotton articles for a bed (as sheets and pillowcases)', 'bedpan': 'a shallow vessel used by a bedridden patient for defecation and urination', 'bed_pillow': 'a soft pillow for use on a bed', 'bedpost': 'any of 4 vertical supports at the corners of a bedstead', 'bedroll': 'bedding rolled up for carrying', 'bedroom': 'a room used primarily for sleeping', 'bedroom_furniture': 'furniture intended for use in a bedroom', 'bedsitting_room': 'a furnished sitting room with sleeping accommodations (and some plumbing)', 'bedspread': 'decorative cover for a bed', 'bedspring': '(usually plural) one of the springs holding up the mattress of a bed', 'bedstead': 'the framework of a bed', 'beefcake': 'a photograph of a muscular man in minimal attire', 'beehive': 'a structure that provides a natural habitation for bees; as in a hollow tree', 'beeper': 'an electronic device that generates a series of beeps when the person carrying it is being paged', 'beer_barrel': 'a barrel that holds beer', 'beer_bottle': 'a bottle that holds beer', 'beer_can': 'a can that holds beer', 'beer_garden': 'tavern with an outdoor area (usually resembling a garden) where beer and other alcoholic drinks are served', 'beer_glass': 'a relatively large glass for serving beer', 'beer_hall': 'a hall or barroom featuring beer and (usually) entertainment', 'beer_mat': 'a drip mat placed under a glass of beer', 'beer_mug': 'a mug intended for serving beer', 'belaying_pin': 'a wood or metal bar to which a rope can be secured (as on a ship or in mountain climbing)', 'belfry': 'a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung', 'bell': \"(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m.\", 'belladonna': 'perennial Eurasian herb with reddish bell-shaped flowers and shining black berries; extensively grown in United States; roots and leaves yield atropine', 'bell_arch': 'a round arch resting on corbels', 'bellarmine': 'a stoneware drinking jug with a long neck; decorated with a caricature of Cardinal Bellarmine (17th century)', 'bellbottom_trousers': 'trousers with legs that flare; worn by sailors; absurdly wide hems were fashionable in the 1960s', 'bell_cote': 'a small shelter for bells; has a gable or shed roof', 'bell_deck': 'a floor under the bells of an open belfry', 'bell_foundry': 'a foundry where bells are cast', 'bell_gable': 'an extension of a gable that serves as a bell cote', 'bell_jar': 'a bell-shaped glass cover used to protect and display delicate objects or to cover scientific apparatus or to contain gases', 'bellows': 'a mechanical device that blows a strong current of air; used to make a fire burn more fiercely or to sound a musical instrument', 'bellpull': \"a handle or cord that is pulled to ring a doorbell or a servant's bell etc.\", 'bell_push': 'a button that is pushed to ring a bell', 'bell_seat': 'a seat that has a bell shape (on some 18th century chairs)', 'bell_tent': 'a bell-shaped tent', 'bell_tower': 'a tower that supports or shelters a bell', 'bellyband': 'a cloth band that is worn around the waist (as on infants until the navel has healed)', 'Belmont_Park': 'a racetrack for thoroughbred racing in Elmont on Long Island; site of the Belmont Stakes', 'Belsen': 'a Nazi concentration camp for Jews created in northwestern Germany during World War II', 'belt': 'an elongated region where a specific condition or characteristic is found; \"a belt of high pressure\"', 'belt_buckle': 'the buckle used to fasten a belt', 'belting': 'the material of which belts are made', 'belvedere': 'a gazebo sited to command a fine view', 'beltway': 'a highway that encircles an urban area so that traffic does not have to pass through the center', 'bench': 'the reserve players on a team; \"our team has a strong bench\"', 'bench_clamp': 'a clamp used to hold work in place on a workbench', 'bench_hook': 'any of various stops on a workbench against which work can be pushed (as while chiseling or planing)', 'bench_lathe': 'lathe mounted on a workbench', 'bend': 'a circular segment of a curve; \"a bend in the road\"; \"a crook in the path\"', 'bender': 'a tool for bending; \"he used pliers as a bender\"', 'Benjamin_Franklin_Bridge': 'a suspension bridge across the Delaware River', 'bentwood': 'wood that is steamed until it becomes pliable and then is shaped for use in making furniture; \"bentwood chairs\"', 'Benzedrine': 'a form of amphetamine', 'benzocaine': 'a white crystalline ester used as a local anesthetic', 'benzodiazepine': 'any of several similar lipophilic amines used as tranquilizers or sedatives or hypnotics or muscle relaxants; chronic use can lead to dependency', 'beret': 'a cap with no brim or bill; made of soft cloth', 'berlin': 'a limousine with a glass partition between the front and back seats', 'Bermuda_rig': 'a rig of triangular sails for a yacht', 'Bermuda_shorts': 'short pants that end at the knee', 'berth': 'a bed on a ship or train; usually in tiers', 'besom': 'a broom made of twigs tied together on a long handle', 'Bessemer_converter': 'a refractory-lined furnace used to convert pig iron into steel by the Bessemer process', 'beta_blocker': 'any of various drugs used in treating hypertension or arrhythmia; decreases force and rate of heart contractions by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors of the autonomic nervous system', 'beta-interferon': 'a form of interferon that is produced by fibroblasts and have antiviral effects; used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis', 'betatron': 'accelerates a continuous beam of electrons to high speeds by means of the electric field produced by changing magnetic flux', 'bethel': 'a house of worship (especially one for sailors)', 'betting_shop': \"a licensed bookmaker's shop that is not at the race track\", 'bevatron': 'a cyclotron that accelerates protons up to several billion electron volts', 'bevel': 'two surfaces meeting at an angle different from 90 degrees', 'bevel_gear': 'gears that mesh at an angle', 'bezel': 'a sloping edge on a cutting tool', 'B-flat_clarinet': 'the ordinary clarinet with a middle range', 'bhang': 'a preparation of the leaves and flowers of the hemp plant; much used in India', 'bib': 'top part of an apron; covering the chest', 'bib-and-tucker': 'an attractive outfit; \"she wore her best bib-and-tucker\"', 'bicorn': 'a cocked hat with the brim turned up to form two points', 'bicycle': 'a wheeled vehicle that has two wheels and is moved by foot pedals', 'bicycle-built-for-two': 'a bicycle with two sets of pedals and two seats', 'bicycle_chain': 'a chain that transmits the power from the pedals to the rear wheel of a bicycle', 'bicycle_clip': \"a clip worn around a cyclist's ankles that keeps trousers from becoming caught in the bicycle chain\", 'bicycle_pump': 'a small pump that fills bicycle tires with air', 'bicycle_rack': 'a rack for parking bicycles', 'bicycle_seat': 'a seat for the rider of a bicycle', 'bicycle_wheel': 'the wheel of a bicycle', 'bidet': 'a basin for washing genitals and anal area', 'bier': 'a coffin along with its stand; \"we followed the bier to the graveyard\"', 'bi-fold_door': 'an interior door', 'bifocals': 'eyeglasses having two focal lengths, one for near vision and the other for far vision', 'Big_Ben': 'clock in the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, London', 'Big_Blue': 'a reliable and deadly 15,000-pound fragmentation bomb that explodes just above ground with a large radius; the largest conventional bomb in existence; used in Afghanistan', 'big_board': 'the large display board at the New York Stock Exchange that reports on stocks traded on the exchange', 'biggin': \"a child's tight-fitting cap; often ties under the chin\", 'big_H': 'street names for heroin', 'bight': 'a loop in a rope', 'bijou': 'a small and delicately worked piece', 'bikini': \"a woman's very brief bathing suit\", 'bikini_pants': 'small and tight-fitting underpants; worn by women', 'bilge': 'water accumulated in the bilge of a ship', 'bilge_keel': \"either of two lengthwise fins attached along the outside of a ship's bilge; reduces rolling\", 'bilge_pump': 'a pump to remove bilgewater', 'bilges': 'in a vessel with two hulls, an enclosed area between the frames at each side', 'bilge_well': '(nautical) a well where seepage drains to be pumped away', 'billboard': 'large outdoor signboard', 'billet': 'lodging for military personnel (especially in a private home)', 'billiard_ball': 'ball used in playing billiards', 'billiard_marker': 'a device for keeping the score in a game of billiards', 'billiard_room': 'a room in which billiards is played', 'bimetallic_strip': 'a strip consisting of two metals that bends with a rise in temperature', 'bin': 'the quantity contained in a bin', 'binder': 'something used to bind separate particles together or facilitate adhesion to a surface', 'bindery': 'a workshop where books are bound', 'binding': 'the capacity to attract and hold something', 'bin_liner': 'a plastic bag used to line a trash or garbage bin', 'binnacle': \"a nonmagnetic housing for a ship's compass (usually in front of the helm)\", 'binoculars': 'an optical instrument designed for simultaneous use by both eyes', 'binocular_microscope': 'a light microscope adapted to the use of both eyes', 'biochip': 'a microchip that uses tiny strands of DNA to latch onto and quickly recognize thousands of genes at a time; intended for use in a biological environment', 'biohazard_suit': 'a loose one-piece garment worn to protect the wearer against dangerous biological or chemical agents', 'biology_lab': 'a laboratory for biological research', 'bioscope': 'a South African movie theater', 'bioweapon': 'any weapon usable in biological warfare; \"they feared use of the smallpox virus as a bioweapon\"', 'biplane': 'old fashioned airplane; has two wings one above the other', 'biprism': 'an optical device for obtaining interference fringes', 'birch': 'hard close-grained wood of any of various birch trees; used especially in furniture and interior finishes and plywood', 'birchbark_canoe': 'a canoe made with the bark of a birch tree', 'birdbath': 'an ornamental basin (usually in a garden) for birds to bathe in', 'birdcage': 'a cage in which a bird can be kept', 'birdcage_mask': \"a catcher's mask with a strong wire face\", 'birdcall': 'the characteristic sound produced by a bird; \"a bird will not learn its song unless it hears it at an early age\"', 'bird_feeder': 'an outdoor device that supplies food for wild birds', 'birdhouse': 'a shelter for birds', 'bird_shot': 'small lead shot for shotgun shells', 'biretta': 'a stiff cap with ridges across the crown; worn by Roman Catholic clergy', 'bishop': 'a senior member of the Christian clergy having spiritual and administrative authority; appointed in Christian churches to oversee priests or ministers; considered in some churches to be successors of the twelve Apostles of Christ', 'bistro': 'a small informal restaurant; serves wine', 'bit': 'a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit); the amount of information in a system having two equiprobable states; \"there are 8 bits in a byte\"', 'bite_plate': 'a removable dental appliance that is worn in the palate for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes', 'bitewing': 'a dental X-ray film that can be held in place by the teeth during radiography', 'bitmap': 'an image represented as a two dimensional array of brightness values for pixels', 'bitter_end': 'the final extremity (however unpleasant it may be); \"he was determined to fight to the bitter end\"', 'bitthead': 'the upper end of a bitt', 'bitt_pin': 'a pin through the bitthead to keep the mooring lines from slipping off', 'bitumastic': 'a protective coating of asphalt and filter used on structural metals that are exposed to weathering', 'black': 'the quality or state of the achromatic color of least lightness (bearing the least resemblance to white)', 'black_and_white': 'a black-and-white photograph or slide', 'blackboard': 'sheet of slate; for writing with chalk', 'blackboard_eraser': 'an eraser that removes chalk marks from blackboard', 'black_box': 'equipment that records information about the performance of an aircraft during flight', 'blackface': 'the makeup (usually burnt cork) used by a performer in order to imitate a Negro', 'black_flag': 'a flag usually bearing a white skull and crossbones on a black background; indicates a pirate ship', 'Black_Hole_of_Calcutta': 'a dungeon (20 feet square) in a fort in Calcutta where as many as 146 English prisoners were held overnight by Siraj-ud-daula; the next morning only 23 were still alive', 'black_tie': 'a black bow tie worn with a dinner jacket', 'Blackwall_hitch': 'a simple hitch used for temporarily attaching a line to a hook', 'blackwash': 'a mixture of calomel and limewater that is used on syphilitic sores', 'bladder': 'a distensible membranous sac (usually containing liquid or gas)', 'blade': 'especially a leaf of grass or the broad portion of a leaf as distinct from the petiole', 'blank': 'a piece of material ready to be made into something', 'blanket': 'anything that covers; \"there was a blanket of snow\"', 'blanket_stitch': 'a strong reinforcing stitch for edges of blanket and other thick material; similar to buttonhole stitch', 'Blarney_Stone': 'a stone in a castle in Ireland that is said to impart skill in flattery to anyone who kisses it', 'blast_furnace': 'a furnace for smelting of iron from iron oxide ores; combustion is intensified by a blast of air', 'blasting_cap': 'a small tube filled with detonating substances; used to detonate high explosives', 'blasting_gelatin': 'mixture of guncotton with nitroglycerin', 'blazer': 'lightweight single-breasted jacket; often striped in the colors of a club or school', 'bleachers': 'an outdoor grandstand without a roof; patrons are exposed to the sun as linens are when they are bleached', 'blender': 'an electrically powered mixer with whirling blades that mix or chop or liquefy foods', 'blimp': 'a small nonrigid airship used for observation or as a barrage balloon', 'blind': 'people who have severe visual impairments, considered as a group; \"he spent hours reading to the blind\"', 'blind_corner': 'a street corner that you cannot see around as you are driving', 'blind_curve': 'a curve or bend in the road that you cannot see around as you are driving', 'blindfold': 'a cloth used to cover the eyes', 'bling': 'flashy, ostentatious jewelry; \"the rapper was loaded with bling\"', 'blinker': 'a blinking light on a motor vehicle that indicates the direction in which the vehicle is about to turn', 'blister_pack': 'packaging in which a product is sealed between a cardboard backing and clear plastic cover', 'block': 'a three-dimensional shape with six square or rectangular sides', 'blockade-runner': 'a ship that runs through or around a naval blockade', 'block_and_tackle': 'pulley blocks with associated rope or cable', 'block_diagram': 'a diagram showing the interconnections between the components of system (especially an electronic system)', 'blocker': 'a football player whose responsibility is to block players attempting to stop an offensive play', 'blockhouse': 'a stronghold that is reinforced for protection from enemy fire; with apertures for defensive fire', 'block_plane': 'a small plane used on end grains of wood', 'bloodmobile': 'a motor vehicle equipped to collect blood donations', 'bloomers': 'underpants worn by women; \"she was afraid that her bloomers might have been showing\"', 'blouse': 'a top worn by women', 'blower': 'a device that produces a current of air', 'blowgun': 'a tube through which darts can be shot by blowing', 'blowtorch': 'a burner that mixes air and gas to produce a very hot flame', 'blowtube': 'a tube that directs air or gas into a flame to concentrate heat', 'blucher': 'a high shoe with laces over the tongue', 'bludgeon': 'a club used as a weapon', 'blue_chip': 'a common stock of a nationally known company whose value and dividends are reliable; typically have high price and low yield; \"blue chips are usually safe investments\"', 'blueprint': 'something intended as a guide for making something else; \"a blueprint for a house\"; \"a pattern for a skirt\"', 'blunderbuss': 'a short musket of wide bore with a flared muzzle', 'blunt_file': 'a file with parallel edges', 'board': 'a stout length of sawn timber; made in a wide variety of sizes and used for many purposes', 'boarding_house': 'a private house that provides accommodations and meals for paying guests', 'boardroom': 'a room where a committee meets (such as the board of directors of a company)', 'board_rule': 'a measure used in computing board feet', 'boards': 'the stage of a theater; \"most actors love to stride the boards\"', 'boardwalk': 'a walkway made of wooden boards; usually at seaside', 'boat': 'a small vessel for travel on water', 'boat_deck': 'the upper deck on which lifeboats are stored', 'boater': 'a stiff hat made of straw with a flat crown', 'boat_hook': 'pole-handled hook used to pull or push boats', 'boathouse': 'a shed at the edge of a river or lake; used to store boats', \"boatswain's_chair\": 'a seat consisting of a board and a rope; used while working aloft or over the side of a ship', 'boat_train': 'a train taking passengers to or from a port', 'boat_whistle': 'a whistle on a boat that is sounded as a warning', 'boatyard': 'a place where boats are built or maintained or stored', 'bobbin': 'a winder around which thread or tape or film or other flexible materials can be wound', 'bobby_pin': 'a flat wire hairpin whose prongs press tightly together; used to hold bobbed hair in place; \"in Britain they call a bobby pin a grip\"', 'bobsled': 'formerly two short sleds coupled together', 'bocce_ball': 'wooden ball that is bowled in the Italian game of bocce', 'bodega': 'a small Hispanic shop selling wine and groceries', 'bodice': 'part of a dress above the waist', 'bodkin': 'formerly a long hairpin; usually with an ornamental head', 'body': 'an individual 3-dimensional object that has mass and that is distinguishable from other objects; \"heavenly body\"', 'body_armor': \"armor that protects the wearer's whole body\", 'body_bag': 'a bag in which the body of a dead soldier is placed', 'body_lotion': 'lotion applied to the body after bathing', 'body_stocking': 'a one-piece tight-fitting undergarment for women that covers the torso (and may have sleeves and legs)', 'body_plethysmograph': 'plethysmograph consisting of a chamber surrounding the entire body; used in studies of respiration', 'body_pad': 'a pad worn by hockey goalkeeper', 'Bofors_gun': 'an automatic double-barreled antiaircraft gun', 'bogy': 'an unidentified (and possibly enemy) aircraft', 'boiler': 'sealed vessel where water is converted to steam', 'boilerplate': 'standard formulations uniformly found in certain types of legal documents or news stories', 'boiling_water_reactor': 'a nuclear reactor that uses water as a coolant and moderator; the water boils in the reactor core and the steam produced can drive a steam turbine', 'bola': 'a rope with weights attached to the ends; is thrown to entangle the legs of an animal; of South American origin', 'bollard': 'a strong post (as on a wharf or quay or ship for attaching mooring lines); \"the road was closed to vehicular traffic with bollards\"', 'bollock': 'a pulley-block at the head of a topmast', 'bolo': 'long heavy knife with a single edge; of Philippine origin', 'bologram': 'record or recording made by a bolometer', 'bolometer': 'an instrument that measures heat radiation; extremely sensitive', 'bolo_tie': 'a cord fastened around the neck with an ornamental clasp and worn as a necktie', 'bolster': 'a pillow that is often put across a bed underneath the regular pillows', 'bolt_cutter': 'an implement for cutting bolts', 'bolus': 'a small round soft mass (as of chewed food)', 'bomb': 'an explosive device fused to explode under specific conditions', 'bombardon': 'a large shawm; the bass member of the shawm family', 'bombazine': 'a twilled fabric used for dresses; the warp is silk and the weft is worsted; \"black bombazine is frequently used for mourning garments\"', 'bomb_calorimeter': 'strong sealed vessel for measuring heat of combustion', 'bomber': 'a person who plants bombs', 'bomber_jacket': 'a jacket gathered into a band at the waist', 'bombie': 'an unexploded bomblet; \"unexploded bomblets known in Laos as `bombies\\' caused farmers to fear cultivating their fields\"', 'bomblet': 'one of the smaller bombs that are released from a cluster bomb', 'bomb_rack': 'a device on an aircraft for carrying bombs', 'bombshell': 'an entertainer who has a sensational effect; \"she was a blonde bombshell\"', 'bomb_shelter': 'a chamber (often underground) reinforced against bombing and provided with food and living facilities; used during air raids', 'bombsight': 'a sighting device in an aircraft for aiming bombs', 'bone-ash_cup': 'a small porous bowl made of bone ash used in assaying to separate precious metals from e.g. lead', 'bone_china': 'fine porcelain that contains bone ash', 'bones': 'a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance', 'boneshaker': 'any wheeled vehicle that is dilapidated and uncomfortable; \"that old bike without rubber tires was a real boneshaker\"', 'bonnet': 'a hat tied under the chin', 'booby_prize': 'a prize given to one who finishes last in a contest', 'book': 'a collection of playing cards satisfying the rules of a card game', 'book_bag': 'a bag in which students carry their books', 'bookbindery': \"a bookbinder's workshop; a place for binding books\", 'bookcase': 'a piece of furniture with shelves for storing books', 'bookend': 'a support placed at the end of a row of books to keep them upright (on a shelf or table)', 'bookmark': \"a marker (a piece of paper or ribbon) placed between the pages of a book to mark the reader's place\", 'bookmobile': 'a van with shelves of books; serves as a mobile library or bookstore', 'bookshelf': 'a shelf on which to keep books', 'bookshop': 'a shop where books are sold', 'boom': 'a state of economic prosperity', 'boomerang': 'a curved piece of wood; when properly thrown will return to thrower', 'booster': 'a thief who steals goods that are in a store', 'boot_camp': 'camp for training military recruits', 'bootee': 'a slipper that is soft and wool (for babies)', 'booth': 'a table (in a restaurant or bar) surrounded by two high-backed benches', 'boothose': 'protective stockings worn with or in place of boots', 'bootjack': 'has V-shaped notch for pulling off boots', 'bootlace': 'a long lace for fastening boots', 'bootleg': 'the part of a boot above the instep', 'bootstrap': 'a strap that is looped and sewn to the top of a boot for pulling it on', 'Bordeaux_mixture': 'antifungal agent consisting of a solution of copper sulphate and quicklime', 'border': 'a strip forming the outer edge of something; \"the rug had a wide blue border\"', 'bore': 'a person who evokes boredom', 'bore_bit': 'a drill for penetrating rock', 'boron_chamber': 'an ionization chamber lined with boron or filled with boron trifluoride gas for counting low velocity neutrons', 'boron_counter_tube': 'a proportional counter tube for counting neutrons', 'borstal': 'formerly a British reform school for youths considered too young to send to prison', 'bosom': 'the chest considered as the place where secret thoughts are kept; \"his bosom was bursting with the secret\"', 'Bosporus_Bridge': 'a suspension bridge across the Bosporus at Istanbul', 'Boston_rocker': 'a rocking chair that has a high spindle back and a decorative top panel', 'bota': 'a wine bottle made of leather', 'botanical': 'a drug made from part of a plant (as the bark or root or leaves)', 'bottle': 'the quantity contained in a bottle', 'bottle_bank': 'a place where bottles can be deposited for recycling', 'bottlebrush': 'a cylindrical brush on a thin shaft that is used to clean bottles', 'bottlecap': 'a cap that seals a bottle', 'bottleneck': 'the narrow part of a bottle near the top', 'bottle_opener': 'an opener for removing caps or corks from bottles', 'bottling_plant': 'a plant where beverages are put into bottles with caps', 'bottom': 'the second half of an inning; while the home team is at bat', 'boucle': 'a fabric of uneven yarn that has an uneven knobby effect', 'boudoir': \"a lady's bedroom or private sitting room\", 'boulle': 'an inlaid furniture decoration; tortoiseshell and yellow and white metal form scrolls in cabinetwork', 'bouncing_betty': 'an antipersonnel land mine', 'Bounty': 'a ship of the British navy; in 1789 part of the crew mutinied against their commander William Bligh and set him afloat in an open boat', 'bouquet': 'a pleasingly sweet olfactory property', 'Bourse': 'the stock exchange in Paris', 'boutique': \"a shop that sells women's clothes and jewelry\", 'boutonniere': 'a flower that is worn in a buttonhole', 'bow_and_arrow': 'a weapon consisting of arrows and the bow to shoot them', 'bowed_stringed_instrument': 'stringed instruments that are played with a bow; \"the strings played superlatively well\"', 'Bowie_knife': 'a stout hunting knife with a single edge', 'bowl': 'a concave shape with an open top', 'bowler_hat': 'a felt hat that is round and hard with a narrow brim', 'bowline': 'a loop knot that neither slips nor jams', 'bowling_alley': 'a building that contains several alleys for bowling', 'bowling_ball': 'a large ball with finger holes used in the sport of bowling', 'bowling_equipment': 'equipment used in bowling', 'bowling_pin': 'a club-shaped wooden object used in bowling; set up in triangular groups of ten as the target', 'bowling_shoe': 'a special shoe worn when bowling', 'bowsprit': 'a spar projecting from the bow of a vessel', 'bowstring': \"the string of an archer's bow\", 'bow_tie': \"a man's tie that ties in a bow\", 'box_beam': 'a beam built up from boards; has a hollow rectangular cross section', 'box_camera': 'a simple camera shaped like a rectangular box', 'boxcar': 'a freight car with roof and sliding doors in the sides', 'box_coat': 'a short coat that hangs loosely from the shoulders', 'boxing_equipment': 'equipment used in boxing', 'boxing_glove': 'boxing equipment consisting of big and padded coverings for the fists of the fighters; worn for the sport of boxing', 'boxing_ring': 'a square ring where boxers fight', 'box_kite': 'a kite shaped like a box open at both ends', 'box_office': 'total admission receipts for an entertainment', 'box_pleat': 'a flat double pleat made by folding under the fabric on either side of it', 'box_seat': 'a special seat in a theater or grandstand box', 'box_spring': 'a coiled bedspring in a frame that is covered with cloth', 'box_wrench': 'a wrench with a closed loop (a socket) that fits over a nut or bolt head', 'brace': 'either of two punctuation marks ({ or }) used to enclose textual material', 'brace_and_bit': 'a drill consisting of a bit and a brace to hold and turn it', 'bracelet': 'jewelry worn around the wrist for decoration', 'bracer': 'a protective covering for the wrist or arm that is used in archery and fencing and other sports', 'brace_wrench': 'a wrench shaped like a brace (has a handle shaped like a crank) and a socket head', 'bracket': 'a category falling within certain defined limits', 'brad': 'a small nail', 'bradawl': 'an awl for making small holes for brads or small screws', 'braid': 'a hairdo formed by braiding or twisting the hair', 'brail': 'a small net used to draw fish into a boat', 'brake': 'any of various ferns of the genus Pteris having pinnately compound leaves and including several popular houseplants', 'brake_band': 'a band that can be tightened around a shaft to stop its rotation', 'brake_cylinder': 'a cylinder that contains brake fluid that is compressed by a piston', 'brake_disk': 'a disk or plate that is fixed to the wheel; pressure is applied to it by the brake pads', 'brake_drum': 'a hollow cast-iron cylinder attached to the wheel that forms part of the brakes', 'brake_lining': 'the lining on the brake shoes that comes in contact with the brake drum', 'brake_pad': 'one of the pads that apply friction to both sides of the brake disk', 'brake_pedal': 'foot pedal that moves a piston in the master brake cylinder', 'brake_shoe': \"a restraint provided when the brake linings are moved hydraulically against the brake drum to retard the wheel's rotation\", 'brake_system': 'a braking device consisting of a combination of interacting parts that work to slow a motor vehicle', 'branch_line': 'a railway line connected to a trunk line', 'brand-name_drug': 'a drug that has a trade name and is protected by a patent (can be produced and sold only by the company holding the patent)', 'brass': 'an alloy of copper and zinc', 'brassard': 'armor plate that protects the arm', 'brasserie': 'a small restaurant serving beer and wine as well as food; usually cheap', 'brassie': '(formerly) a golfing wood with a face more elevated that a driver but less than a spoon', 'brassiere': 'an undergarment worn by women to support their breasts', 'brass_knucks': 'a small metal weapon; worn over the knuckles on the back of the hand', 'brass_monkey': 'a metal stand that formerly held cannon balls on sailing ships', 'brattice': 'a partition (often temporary) of planks or cloth that is used to control ventilation in a mine', 'brazier': 'large metal container in which coal or charcoal is burned; warms people who must stay outside for long times', 'breadbasket': 'a geographic region serving as the principal source of grain', 'bread-bin': 'a container used to keep bread or cake in', 'breadboard': 'a wooden or plastic board on which dough is kneaded or bread is sliced', 'bread_knife': 'a knife used to cut bread', 'breakable': 'an article that is fragile and easily broken; \"pack the breakables separately\"', 'breakfast_area': 'a place for light meals (usually near a kitchen); \"the breakfast nook had a built in table and seats\"', 'breakfast_table': 'a table where breakfast is eaten', 'break_seal': 'a seal that must be broken when first used and cannot easily be resealed; \"it was stored in a tube with a break seal\"', 'breakwater': 'a protective structure of stone or concrete; extends from shore into the water to prevent a beach from washing away', 'breast_drill': 'a portable drill with a plate that is pressed against the chest to force the drill point into the work', 'breast_implant': 'an implant for cosmetic purposes to replace a breast that has been surgically removed', 'breastplate': 'armor plate that protects the chest; the front part of a cuirass', 'breast_pocket': \"a pocket inside of a man's coat\", 'breathalyzer': \"a device that measures chemicals (especially the alcohol content) in a person's expired breath\", 'breathing_device': 'a device that facilitates breathing in cases of respiratory failure', 'breech': 'opening in the rear of the barrel of a gun where bullets can be loaded', 'breechblock': 'a metal block in breech-loading firearms that is withdrawn to insert a cartridge and replaced to close the breech before firing', 'breechcloth': 'a garment that provides covering for the loins', 'breeches': 'trousers ending above the knee', 'breeches_buoy': 'a life buoy in the form of a ring with short breeches for support; used to transfer people from a ship', 'breechloader': 'a gun that is loaded at the breech', 'breeder_reactor': 'a nuclear reactor that produces more fissile material than it burns', 'Bren': 'a submachine gun operated by gas pressure; used by the British in World War II', 'brewery': 'a plant where beer is brewed by fermentation', 'brewpub': 'a combination brewery and restaurant; beer is brewed for consumption on the premises and served along with food', 'briar': 'a pipe made from the root (briarroot) of the tree heath', 'bric-a-brac': 'miscellaneous curios', 'brick': 'a good fellow; helpful and trustworthy', 'brickkiln': 'a kiln for making bricks', \"bricklayer's_hammer\": 'a hammer used in laying bricks', 'brick_trowel': 'a trowel used in masonry', 'brickwork': 'masonry done with bricks and mortar', 'brickyard': 'a place where bricks are made and sold', 'bridal_gown': 'a gown worn by the bride at a wedding', 'bridged-T': 'a circuit consisting of a T-network with an additional shunt bridging the two series circuits', 'bridle_path': 'a path suitable for riding or leading horses (but not for cars)', 'bridoon': 'a bit resembling a snaffle bit; used with a separate curb', 'briefcase': 'a case with a handle; for carrying papers or files or books', 'briefcase_bomb': 'a bomb consisting of an explosive and timer hidden inside a briefcase', 'briefcase_computer': 'a portable computer housed in a box that resembles a briefcase', 'briefs': 'short tight-fitting underpants (trade name Jockey shorts)', 'brig': 'two-masted sailing vessel square-rigged on both masts', 'brigandine': 'a medieval coat of chain mail consisting of metal rings sewn onto leather or cloth', 'brigantine': 'two-masted sailing vessel square-rigged on the foremast and fore-and-aft rigged on the mainmast', 'brilliantine': 'a pomade to make the hair manageable and lustrous', 'brilliant_pebble': 'a code name for a small computerized heat-seeking missile that was supposed to intercept and destroy enemy missiles', 'brim': 'the top edge of a vessel or other container', 'briquette': 'a block made from charcoal or coal dust and burned as fuel', 'bristle_brush': 'a brush that is made with the short stiff hairs of an animal or plant', 'britches': 'informal term for breeches', 'broad_arrow': 'an arrowhead mark identifying British government property', 'broadax': 'a large ax with a broad cutting blade', 'brochette': 'a small spit or skewer', 'broadcaster': 'someone who broadcasts on radio or television', 'broadcasting_station': 'a station equipped to broadcast radio or television programs', 'broadcasting_studio': 'a studio where broadcasts originate', 'broadcloth': 'a densely textured woolen fabric with a lustrous finish', 'broad_gauge': 'a railroad track (or its width) broader than the standard 56.5 inches', 'broad_hatchet': 'a short-handled hatchet with a broad blade opposite a hammerhead', 'broadloom': 'a carpet woven on a wide loom to obviate the need for seams', 'broadsword': 'a sword with a broad blade and (usually) two cutting edges; used to cut rather than stab', 'brocade': 'thick heavy expensive material with a raised pattern', 'brogan': 'a thick and heavy shoe', 'broiler': 'flesh of a small young chicken not over 2 1/2 lb suitable for broiling', 'broken_arch': 'an arch with a gap at the apex; the gap is usually filled with some decoration', 'brokerage_house': 'place where a broker conducts his business', 'brompheniramine_maleate': 'antihistamine (trade name Dimetane) used to treat hypersensitivity reactions (as rhinitis)', 'bronchodilator': 'a drug that relaxes and dilates the bronchial passageways and improves the passages of air into the lungs', 'bronchoscope': 'a slender tubular instrument used to examine the bronchial tubes', 'Bronx-Whitestone_Bridge': 'a suspension bridge across the East River in New York City', 'bronze': 'an alloy of copper and tin and sometimes other elements; also any copper-base alloy containing other elements in place of tin', 'bronze_medal': 'a trophy made of bronze (or having the appearance of bronze) that is usually awarded for winning third place in a competition', 'brooch': 'a decorative pin worn by women', 'Brooklyn_Bridge': 'a suspension bridge across the East River in New York City; opened in 1883', 'broom': 'any of various shrubs of the genera Cytisus or Genista or Spartium having long slender branches and racemes of yellow flowers', 'broom_closet': 'a small room for storing brooms and other cleaning equipment', 'broomstick': 'the handle of a broom', 'brougham': 'light carriage; pulled by a single horse', 'Browning_automatic_rifle': 'a portable .30 caliber automatic rifle operated by gas pressure and fed by cartridges from a magazine; used by United States troops in World War I and in World War II and in the Korean War', 'Browning_machine_gun': 'a belt-fed machine gun capable of firing more than 500 rounds per minute; used by United States troops in World War II and the Korean War', 'brownstone': 'a reddish brown sandstone; used in buildings', 'Brown_University': 'a university in Rhode Island', 'brunch_coat': \"a woman's short housecoat or wrapper\", 'Brussels_carpet': 'a carpet with a strong linen warp and a heavy pile of colored woolen yarns drawn up in uncut loops to form a pattern', 'Brussels_lace': 'fine lace with a raised or applique design', 'bubble': 'a hollow globule of gas (e.g., air or carbon dioxide)', 'bubble_chamber': 'an instrument that records the tracks of ionizing particles', 'bubble_jet_printer': 'a kind of ink-jet printer', 'bubbler': 'any of various devices in which air or some other gas is bubbled through a liquid', 'Buchenwald': 'a Nazi concentration camp for Jews in World War II that was located in central Germany', 'buckboard': 'an open horse-drawn carriage with four wheels; has a seat attached to a flexible board between the two axles', 'bucket': 'the quantity contained in a bucket', 'bucket_seat': 'a low single seat as in cars or planes', 'bucket_shop': 'an unethical or overly aggressive brokerage firm', 'buckle': 'fastener that fastens together two ends of a belt or strap; often has loose prong', 'buckram': 'a coarse cotton fabric stiffened with glue; used in bookbinding and to stiffen clothing', 'bucksaw': 'a saw that is set in a frame in the shape of an H; used with both hands to cut wood that is held in a sawbuck', 'buckskins': 'breeches made of buckskin', 'buff': 'a soft thick undyed leather from the skins of e.g. buffalo or oxen', 'buffer': '(chemistry) an ionic compound that resists changes in its pH', 'buffered_aspirin': 'aspirin coated with a substance capable of neutralizing acid (trade name Bufferin)', 'buffet': 'a meal set out on a buffet at which guests help themselves', 'buffing_wheel': 'a wheel that is covered with soft material', 'buggy': 'a small lightweight carriage; drawn by a single horse', 'buggy_whip': 'a horsewhip once used by a driver of a buggy; \"since buggies have been replaced by cars the buggy whip has become a symbol for anything that is hopelessly outmoded\"', 'bugle': 'any of various low-growing annual or perennial evergreen herbs native to Eurasia; used for ground cover', 'building': 'the occupants of a building; \"the entire building complained about the noise\"', 'building_block': 'a block of material used in construction work', 'building_complex': 'a whole structure (as a building) made up of interconnected or related structures', 'building_supply_store': 'a store where builders can purchase materials for building houses and related structures', 'built-in_bed': 'a bed that is built in and fixed to a wall', 'bulb': 'anything with a round shape resembling a teardrop', 'bulkhead': 'a partition that divides a ship or plane into compartments', 'bulla': 'the round leaden seal affixed to a papal bull', 'bulldog_clip': 'a clip with a spring that closes the metal jaws', 'bulldog_wrench': 'a wrench designed to provide a firm grip on something', 'bulldozer': 'large powerful tractor; a large blade in front flattens areas of ground', 'bullet': 'a projectile that is fired from a gun', 'bulletin_board': 'a board that hangs on a wall; displays announcements', 'bulletin_board_system': 'a computer that is running software that allows users to leave messages and access information of general interest', 'bulletproof_vest': 'a vest capable of resisting the impact of a bullet', 'bullet_train': 'a high-speed passenger train', 'bullfight': 'a Spanish or Portuguese or Latin American spectacle; a matador baits and (usually) kills a bull in an arena before many spectators', 'bullhorn': 'a portable loudspeaker with built-in microphone and amplifier', 'bullion': 'a mass of precious metal', 'bullnose': \"a small carpenter's plane with the cutting edge near the front\", 'bullpen': 'a place on a baseball field where relief pitchers can warm up during a game', 'bullring': 'a stadium where bullfights take place', 'bull_tongue': 'a heavy plow with a single wide blade; used chiefly in cotton fields', 'bulwark': 'a fencelike structure around a deck (usually plural)', 'bumboat': 'a small boat that ferries supplies and commodities for sale to a larger ship at anchor', 'bumper': 'a glass filled to the brim (especially as a toast); \"we quaffed a bumper of ale\"', 'bumper_car': 'a small low-powered electrically powered vehicle driven on a special platform where there are many others to be dodged', 'bumper_guard': 'vertical bars attached to a bumper to prevent locking bumpers with another vehicle', 'bumper_jack': 'a jack for lifting a motor vehicle by the bumper', 'bundle': 'a package of several things tied together for carrying or storing', 'bung': 'a plug used to close a hole in a barrel or flask', 'bungalow': 'a small house with a single story', 'bungee': 'an elasticized rope', 'bunghole': 'a hole in a barrel or cask; used to fill or empty it', 'bunk': 'unacceptable behavior (especially ludicrously false statements)', 'bunk_bed': 'beds built one above the other', 'bunker': 'a large container for storing fuel; \"the ship\\'s bunkers were full of coal\"', 'Bunker_Buster': 'a 5,000 pound laser-guided bomb that can be programmed to penetrate to a given depth before exploding; used to penetrate hardened underground facilities', 'bunsen_burner': 'a gas burner used in laboratories; has an air valve to regulate the mixture of gas and air', 'bur': 'seed vessel having hooks or prickles', 'Burberry': 'a lightweight belted raincoat typically made of tan gabardine with a distinctive tartan lining; named for the original manufacturer', 'burette': 'measuring instrument consisting of a graduated glass tube with a tap at the bottom; used for titration', 'burglar_alarm': 'a loud warning signal produced by a burglar alarm; \"they could hear the burglar alarm a mile away\"', 'burial_chamber': 'a chamber that is used as a grave', 'burial_garment': 'cloth used to cover a corpse in preparation for burial', 'burial_mound': '(archeology) a heap of earth placed over prehistoric tombs', 'burin': 'a chisel of tempered steel with a sharp point; used for engraving', 'burqa': 'a loose garment (usually with veiled holes for the eyes) worn by Muslim women especially in India and Pakistan; \"the Taliban forced all women to wear the burqa\"', 'burlap': 'coarse jute fabric', 'burn_bag': 'a bag into which secret documents are placed before being burned', 'burn_center': 'a center where patients with severe burns can be treated', 'burner': 'the heating elements of a stove or range on which pots and pans are placed for cooking; \"the electric range had one large burner and three smaller one\"', 'burnous': 'a long hooded cloak woven of wool in one piece; worn by Arabs and Moors', 'burp_gun': 'a fully automatic pistol; a small submachine gun', 'burr': 'rotary file for smoothing rough edges left on a workpiece', 'burthen': \"a variant of `burden'\", 'bus': 'a car that is old and unreliable; \"the fenders had fallen off that old bus\"', 'busbar': 'an electrical conductor that makes a common connection between several circuits; \"the busbar in this computer can transmit data either way between any two components of the system\"', 'bushel_basket': 'a basket large enough to hold a bushel', 'bushing': 'an insulating liner in an opening through which conductors pass', 'bush_jacket': 'a loose fitting jacket; resembles a shirt with four patch pockets and a belt', 'business_suit': 'a suit of clothes traditionally worn by businessmen', 'buskin': 'a boot reaching halfway up to the knee', 'bus_lane': 'a traffic lane intended for buses only', 'bus_line': 'an organization responsible for operating a bus transportation system', 'buspirone': 'a drug (trade name BuSpar) designed specifically for anxiety', 'bus_terminal': 'a terminal that serves bus passengers', 'bustier': 'a close-fitting and strapless top without sleeves that is worn by women either as lingerie or for evening dress', 'butacaine': 'a white crystalline ester that is applied to mucous membranes as a local anesthetic', 'butcher_board': 'a thick wooden slab formed by bonding together thick laminated strips of unpainted hardwood', 'butcher_knife': 'a large sharp knife for cutting or trimming meat', 'butcher_shop': 'a shop in which meat and poultry (and sometimes fish) are sold', 'butt': 'the part of a plant from which the roots spring or the part of a stalk or trunk nearest the roots', 'butter_dish': 'a small dish (often with a cover) for holding butter at the table', 'butterfly_valve': 'a valve in a carburetor that consists of a disc that turns and acts as a throttle', 'butter_knife': 'a small knife with a dull blade; for cutting or spreading butter', 'buttery': 'a teashop where students in British universities can purchase light meals', 'butt_hinge': 'a hinge mortised flush into the edge of the door and jamb', 'butt_joint': 'a joint made by fastening ends together without overlapping', 'button': 'any of various plant parts that resemble buttons', 'buttonhole': 'a hole through which buttons are pushed', 'buttonhole_stitch': 'a reinforcing looped stitch for edges, as around a buttonhole', 'buttonhook': 'a hook for pulling a button through a buttonhole', 'buttress': 'a support usually of stone or brick; supports the wall of a building', 'butt_shaft': 'a blunt arrow without a barb; an arrow used for target practice', 'butt_weld': 'a butt joint that is welded', 'butyl_nitrite': 'a colorless pungent liquid sometimes used as a stimulant drug by drug abusers', 'buzz_bomb': 'a small jet-propelled winged missile that carries a bomb', 'buzzer': 'a signaling device that makes a buzzing sound', 'BVD': \"trademark for men's underwear\", 'bypass_condenser': 'a capacitor that provides low impedance over certain (high) frequencies', 'by-product': 'a secondary and sometimes unexpected consequence', 'byway': 'a side road little traveled (as in the countryside)', 'cab': 'a compartment at the front of a motor vehicle or locomotive where driver sits', 'cabana': 'a small tent used as a dressing room beside the sea or a swimming pool', 'caber': 'a heavy wooden pole (such as the trunk of a young fir) that is tossed as a test of strength (in the Highlands of northern Scotland)', 'cabin': 'a small house built of wood; usually in a wooded area', 'cabin_car': 'a car on a freight train for use of the train crew; usually the last car on the train', 'cabin_class': 'a class of accommodations on a ship or train or plane that are less expensive than first class accommodations', 'cabin_cruiser': 'a large motorboat that has a cabin and plumbing and other conveniences necessary for living on board', 'cabinet': 'persons appointed by a head of state to head executive departments of government and act as official advisers', 'cabin_liner': 'a liner with cabins for passengers', 'cable': 'a nautical unit of depth', 'cable_car': 'a conveyance for passengers or freight on a cable railway; \"they took a cable car to the top of the mountain\"', 'cable_railway': 'a railway up the side of a mountain pulled by a moving cable and having counterbalancing ascending and descending cars', 'cache': '(computer science) RAM memory that is set aside as a specialized buffer storage that is continually updated; used to optimize data transfers between system elements with different characteristics', 'cachet': 'an indication of approved or superior status', 'caddy': 'a can for storing tea', 'caesium_clock': 'an atomic clock based on the energy difference between two states of the caesium nucleus in a magnetic field', 'cafe': 'a small restaurant where drinks and snacks are sold', 'cafeteria': 'a restaurant where you serve yourself and pay a cashier', 'cafeteria_facility': '(usually plural) facilities for providing food for employees or visitors', 'cafeteria_tray': 'a tray for carrying your food in a cafeteria', 'caff': 'informal British term for a cafe', 'caftan': \"a woman's dress style that imitates the caftan cloaks worn by men in the Near East\", 'cage': 'something that restricts freedom as a cage restricts movement', 'cagoule': 'lightweight parka; waterproof', 'caisson': 'a two-wheeled military vehicle carrying artillery ammunition', 'cake': 'baked goods made from or based on a mixture of flour, sugar, eggs, and fat', 'calabash': 'round gourd of the calabash tree', 'calamine_lotion': 'a lotion consisting of a liquid preparation containing calamine; used to treat itching or mild skin irritations', 'calash': \"a woman's large folded hooped hood; worn in the 18th century\", 'calceus': 'a shoe covering the ankle; worn by ancient Romans', 'calcimine': 'a water-base paint containing zinc oxide and glue and coloring; used as a wash for walls and ceilings', 'calcium_blocker': 'any of a class of drugs that block the flow of the electrolyte calcium (either in nerve cell conduction or smooth muscle contraction of the heart); has been used in the treatment of angina or arrhythmia or hypertension or migraine', 'calculator': 'an expert at calculation (or at operating calculating machines)', 'caldron': 'a very large pot that is used for boiling', 'Caledonian_Canal': 'a canal in northern Scotland that links North Sea with the Atlantic Ocean; runs diagonally between Moray Firth at the northeastern end and Loch Linnhe at the southwestern end; now little used', 'calender': 'a machine that smooths or glazes paper or cloth by pressing it between plates or passing it through rollers', 'calico': 'coarse cloth with a bright print', 'caliper': 'an instrument for measuring the distance between two points (often used in the plural)', 'calk': 'a metal cleat on the bottom front of a horseshoe to prevent slipping', 'call-board': 'a bulletin board backstage in a theater', 'call_center': 'a center equipped to handle a large volume of telephone calls (especially for taking orders or serving customers)', 'caller_ID': 'a small display that will show you the telephone number of the party calling you', 'calliope': 'a musical instrument consisting of a series of steam whistles played from a keyboard', 'Caloosahatchee_Canal': 'a canal that connects Lake Okeechobee with the Caloosahatchee River in southern Florida to form part of the Cross-Florida Waterway', 'calorimeter': 'a measuring instrument that determines quantities of heat', 'calpac': 'a high-crowned black cap (usually made of felt or sheepskin) worn by men in Turkey and Iran and the Caucasus', 'calumet': 'a highly decorated ceremonial pipe of Amerindians; smoked on ceremonial occasions (especially as a token of peace)', 'Calvary_cross': 'a Latin cross set on three steps', 'cam': 'a rotating disk shaped to convert circular into linear motion', 'camail': 'a medieval hood of mail suspended from a basinet to protect the head and neck', 'camber_arch': 'an arch with a straight horizontal extrados and a slightly arched intrados', 'cambric': 'a finely woven white linen', 'Cambridge_University': 'a university in England', 'camcorder': 'a portable television camera and videocassette recorder', \"camel's_hair\": 'a soft tan cloth made with the hair of a camel', 'cameo': 'engraving or carving in low relief on a stone (as in a brooch or ring)', 'camera': 'equipment for taking photographs (usually consisting of a lightproof box with a lens at one end and light-sensitive film at the other)', 'camera_lens': 'a lens that focuses the image in a camera', 'camera_lucida': 'an optical device consisting of an attachment that enables an observer to view simultaneously the image and a drawing surface for sketching it', 'camera_obscura': 'a darkened enclosure in which images of outside objects are projected through a small aperture or lens onto a facing surface', 'camera_tripod': 'a tripod used to support a camera', 'camise': 'a loose shirt or tunic; originally worn in the Middle Ages', 'camisole': 'a short sleeveless undergarment for women', 'camlet': 'a garment made of camlet fabric', 'camouflage': 'fabric dyed with splotches of green and brown and black and tan; intended to make the wearer of a garment made of this fabric hard to distinguish from the background', 'camp': 'a group of people living together in a camp; \"the whole camp laughed at his mistake\"', 'campaign_hat': 'a broad-brimmed felt hat with a high crown; formerly worn by the United States Army and Marine personnel', 'campanile': 'a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building', 'camp_chair': 'a light folding chair', 'camper': 'someone living temporarily in a tent or lodge for recreation', 'camper_trailer': 'a trailer equipped for occupancy (especially for holiday trips)', 'camphor_ice': 'a cerate made of camphor and wax and spermaceti and castor oil', 'campstool': 'a folding stool', 'camshaft': 'has cams attached to it', 'can': 'the quantity contained in a can', 'canal': '(astronomy) an indistinct surface feature of Mars once thought to be a system of channels; they are now believed to be an optical illusion', 'canal_boat': 'a long boat that carries freight and is narrow enough to be used in canals', 'candelabrum': 'branched candlestick; ornamental; has several lights', 'candid_camera': 'a miniature camera with a fast lens', 'candle': \"the basic unit of luminous intensity adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites; equal to 1/60 of the luminous intensity per square centimeter of a black body radiating at the temperature of 2,046 degrees Kelvin\", 'candlepin': 'a bowling pin that is thin by comparison with a tenpin', 'candlesnuffer': 'an implement with a small cup at the end of a handle; used to extinguish the flame of a candle', 'candlestick': 'a holder with sockets for candles', 'candlewick': 'loops of soft yarn are cut to give a tufted pattern', 'candy_thermometer': 'a thermometer used to determine the temperature of candy syrups during cooking', 'cane': 'a strong slender often flexible stem as of bamboos, reeds, rattans, or sugar cane', 'cangue': 'an instrument of punishment formerly used in China for petty criminals; consists of a heavy wooden collar enclosing the neck and arms', 'canister': 'metal container for storing dry foods such as tea or flour', 'cannabis': 'any plant of the genus Cannabis; a coarse bushy annual with palmate leaves and clusters of small green flowers; yields tough fibers and narcotic drugs', 'cannery': 'a factory where food is canned', 'cannikin': 'a wooden bucket', 'cannonball': 'a solid projectile that in former times was fired from a cannon', 'cannon_cracker': 'a large firecracker', 'cannula': 'a small flexible tube inserted into a body cavity for draining off fluid or introducing medication', 'canoe': 'small and light boat; pointed at both ends; propelled with a paddle', 'can_opener': 'a device for cutting cans open', 'canopic_jar': 'a jar used in ancient Egypt to contain entrails of an embalmed body', 'canopy': 'the transparent covering of an aircraft cockpit', 'canteen': 'sells food and personal items to personnel at an institution or school or camp etc.', 'cant_hook': 'a peavey having a hook instead of a spike; used for handling logs', 'cantilever': 'projecting horizontal beam fixed at one end only', 'cantilever_bridge': 'bridge constructed of two cantilevers that meet in the middle', 'cantle': 'the back of a saddle seat', 'Canton_crepe': 'a soft thick crinkled dress crepe; heavier than crepe de Chine', 'canvas': 'the setting for a narrative or fictional or dramatic account; \"the crowded canvas of history\"; \"the movie demanded a dramatic canvas of sound\"', 'canvas_tent': 'a tent made of canvas fabric', 'cap': 'a fruiting structure resembling an umbrella or a cone that forms the top of a stalked fleshy fungus such as a mushroom', 'capacitor': 'an electrical device characterized by its capacity to store an electric charge', 'caparison': 'stable gear consisting of a decorated covering for a horse, especially (formerly) for a warhorse', 'cape': 'a strip of land projecting into a body of water', 'capeline_bandage': 'bandage that covers the head or an amputation stump like a cap', 'capillary': 'any of the minute blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules', 'capital': 'assets available for use in the production of further assets', 'capital_ship': 'a warship of the first rank in size and armament', 'Capitol': 'the government building in Washington where the United States Senate and the House of Representatives meet', 'capitol': 'a building occupied by a state legislature', 'cap_opener': 'a bottle opener to pry off caps', 'capote': 'a long overcoat with a hood that can be pulled over the head', 'cap_screw': 'a threaded screw for machine parts; screws into a tapped hole', 'capstan': 'a windlass rotated in a horizontal plane around a vertical axis; used on ships for weighing anchor or raising heavy sails', 'capstone': 'a stone that forms the top of wall or building', 'capsule': 'a dry dehiscent seed vessel or the spore-containing structure of e.g. mosses', \"captain's_chair\": 'a wooden armchair with a saddle seat and a low back that has vertical spindles', 'captopril': 'a drug (trade name Capoten) that blocks the formation of angiotensin in the kidneys resulting in vasodilation; used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure', 'car': 'the compartment that is suspended from an airship and that carries personnel and the cargo and the power plant', 'carabiner': 'an oblong metal ring with a spring clip; used in mountaineering to attach a rope to a piton or to connect two ropes', 'carafe': 'a bottle with a stopper; for serving wine or water', 'caravansary': 'an inn in some eastern countries with a large courtyard that provides accommodation for caravans', 'car_battery': \"a lead-acid storage battery in a motor vehicle; usually a 12-volt battery of six cells; the heart of the car's electrical system\", 'carbine': 'light automatic rifle', 'car_bomb': 'a bomb placed in a car and wired to explode when the ignition is started or by remote control or by a timing device', 'carbomycin': 'a colorless basic antibiotic that inhibits the growth of Gram-positive organisms', 'carbon': 'an abundant nonmetallic tetravalent element occurring in three allotropic forms: amorphous carbon and graphite and diamond; occurs in all organic compounds', 'carbon_arc_lamp': 'has carbon electrodes', 'carboy': 'a large bottle for holding corrosive liquids; usually cushioned in a special container', 'carburetor': 'mixes air with gasoline vapor prior to explosion', 'car_carrier': 'a trailer that can be loaded with new cars for delivery to sales agencies', 'card': 'thin cardboard, usually rectangular', 'cardcase': 'a small case for carrying business cards', 'cardiac_monitor': 'a piece of electronic equipment for continual observation of the function of the heart', 'cardigan': 'knitted jacket that is fastened up the front with buttons or a zipper', 'card_index': 'an alphabetical listing of items (e.g., books in a library) with a separate card for each item', 'cardiograph': 'medical instrument that records electric currents associated with contractions of the heart', 'cardioid_microphone': 'a directional microphone with a cardioid pattern of sensitivity', 'car_door': 'the door of a car', 'cardroom': 'a room for gambling on card games', 'card_table': 'a table for playing cards (as in a casino)', 'car-ferry': 'a ferry that transports motor vehicles', 'cargo': 'goods carried by a large vehicle', 'cargo_area': 'the space in a ship or aircraft for storing cargo', 'cargo_container': 'a large container for freight', 'cargo_door': 'door used to load or unload cargo', 'cargo_hatch': 'hatch opening into the cargo compartment', 'cargo_helicopter': 'a helicopter that carries cargo', 'cargo_liner': 'a liner that carries cargo', 'cargo_ship': 'a ship designed to carry cargo', 'carillon': 'set of bells hung in a bell tower', 'carminative': 'medication that prevents the formation of gas in the alimentary tract or eases its passing', 'car_mirror': 'a mirror that the driver of a car can use', 'Carnegie_Mellon_University': 'an engineering university in Pittsburgh', 'caroche': 'a luxurious carriage suitable for nobility in the 16th and 17th century', 'carousel': 'a conveyer belt that carries luggage to be claimed by air travelers', \"carpenter's_hammer\": 'a hammer with a cleft at one end for pulling nails', \"carpenter's_kit\": \"a set of carpenter's tools\", \"carpenter's_level\": 'a straight bar of light metal with a spirit level in it', \"carpenter's_mallet\": 'a short-handled mallet with a wooden head used to strike a chisel or wedge', \"carpenter's_rule\": 'a rule used by a carpenter', \"carpenter's_square\": 'a steel square used by carpenters; larger than a try square', 'carpetbag': 'traveling bag made of carpet; widely used in 19th century', 'carpet_beater': 'implement for beating dust out of carpets', 'carpet_loom': 'a loom for weaving carpeting', 'carpet_pad': 'a pad placed under a carpet', 'carpet_sweeper': 'a cleaning implement with revolving brushes that pick up dirt as the implement is pushed over a carpet', 'carpet_tack': 'used to nail down carpets', 'carport': 'garage for one or two cars consisting of a flat roof supported on poles', 'carrack': 'a large galleon sailed in the Mediterranean as a merchantman', 'carrel': 'small individual study area in a library', 'carriage': 'characteristic way of bearing one\\'s body; \"stood with good posture\"', 'carriage_bolt': 'a roundheaded bolt for timber; threaded along part of the shank; inserted into holes already drilled', 'carriageway': 'one of the two sides of a motorway where traffic travels in one direction only usually in two or three lanes', 'carriage_wrench': 'a wrench designed for use with carriage bolts', 'carrick_bend': 'a knot used to connect the ends of two large ropes or hawsers', 'carrick_bitt': \"either of a pair of strong posts that support a windlass on a ship's deck\", 'carron_oil': 'an ointment formerly used to treat burns', 'carryall': 'a capacious bag or basket', 'carrycot': 'box-shaped baby bed with handles (for a baby to sleep in while being carried)', 'car_seat': 'a seat in a car', 'cart': 'a heavy open wagon usually having two wheels and drawn by an animal', 'car_tire': 'a tire consisting of a rubber ring around the rim of an automobile wheel', 'carton': 'the quantity contained in a carton', 'cartouche': 'a cartridge (usually with paper casing)', 'car_train': 'a train that transports passengers and their automobiles', 'cartridge': 'a module designed to be inserted into a larger piece of equipment; \"he loaded a cartridge of fresh tape into the tape deck\"', 'cartridge_belt': 'a broad belt with loops or pockets for holding ammunition', 'cartridge_ejector': 'a mechanism in a firearm that ejects the empty shell case after firing', 'cartridge_extractor': 'a mechanism in a firearm that pulls an empty shell case out of the chamber and passes it to the ejector', 'cartridge_fuse': 'a fuse cased in a tube', 'cartridge_holder': 'a metal frame or container holding cartridges; can be inserted into an automatic gun', 'carvedilol': 'beta blocker that can reduce the progression of heart failure in individuals whose disease is not advanced', 'carving_fork': 'a large fork used in carving cooked meat', 'carving_knife': 'a large knife used to carve cooked meat', 'car_wheel': 'a wheel that has a tire and rim and hubcap; used to propel the car', 'car_window': 'a window in a car', 'caryatid': 'a supporting column carved in the shape of a person', 'cascade_liquefier': 'an apparatus used to liquefy air or oxygen etc.', 'cascade_transformer': 'a number of transformers in series; provides a high-voltage source', 'case': 'a specific state of mind that is temporary; \"a case of the jitters\"', 'casein_paint': 'a water-base paint made with a protein precipitated from milk', 'case_knife': 'a metal blade with a handle; used as cutlery', 'casement': 'a window sash that is hinged (usually on one side)', 'casement_window': 'a window with one or more casements', 'casern': 'military barracks in a garrison town', 'case_shot': 'a metallic cylinder packed with shot and used as ammunition in a firearm', 'cash_bar': 'a counter at a large party where you can purchase drinks by the glass', 'cashbox': 'a strongbox for holding cash', 'cash_machine': 'an unattended machine (outside some banks) that dispenses money when a personal coded card is used', 'cashmere': 'the wool of the Kashmir goat', 'cash_register': 'a cashbox with an adding machine to register transactions; used in shops to add up the bill', 'casing': 'the outermost covering of a pneumatic tire', 'casket': 'small and often ornate box for holding jewels or other valuables', 'casque': '(15-16th century) any armor for the head; usually ornate without a visor', 'casquet': 'a light open casque without a visor or beaver', 'Cassegrainian_telescope': 'a reflecting telescope that has a paraboloidal primary mirror and a hyperboloidal secondary mirror; light is brought to a focus through an aperture in the center of the primary mirror', 'casserole': 'food cooked and served in a casserole', 'cassette': 'a container that holds a magnetic tape used for recording or playing sound or video', 'cassette_deck': 'a tape deck for playing and recording cassette tapes', 'cassette_player': 'electronic equipment for playing cassettes', 'cassette_recorder': 'a recorder for recording or playing cassettes', 'cassette_tape': 'a cassette that contains magnetic tape', 'cassock': 'a black garment reaching down to the ankles; worn by priests or choristers', 'caster': 'a worker who casts molten metal into finished products', 'castile_soap': 'a good hard soap made from olive oil and sodium hydroxide', 'castor_oil': 'a purgative extracted from the seed of the castor-oil plant; used in paint and varnish as well as medically', 'catacomb': 'an underground tunnel with recesses where bodies were buried (as in ancient Rome)', 'catafalque': 'a decorated bier on which a coffin rests in state during a funeral', 'catalytic_converter': 'a converter that uses a platinum-iridium catalyst to oxidize pollutants and carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and water; an antipollution device on an automotive exhaust system', 'catalytic_cracker': 'a chemical reactor for converting oils with high boiling points into fuels with lower boiling points in the presence of a catalyst', 'catamaran': 'a sailboat with two parallel hulls held together by single deck', 'catapult': 'a device that launches aircraft from a warship', 'catboat': 'a sailboat with a single mast set far forward', 'cat_box': 'a receptacle for cat excrement', 'catchall': 'an enclosure or receptacle for odds and ends', \"catcher's_mask\": 'a mask to protect the face of the catcher in baseball', 'catchment': 'a structure in which water is collected (especially a natural drainage area)', 'Caterpillar': 'a large tracked vehicle that is propelled by two endless metal belts; frequently used for moving earth in construction and farm work', 'catgut': 'perennial subshrub of eastern North America having downy leaves yellowish and rose flowers and; source of rotenone', 'cathedra': 'a throne that is the official chair of a bishop', 'cathedral': \"the principal Christian church building of a bishop's diocese\", 'catherine_wheel': 'a circular firework that spins round and round emitting colored fire', 'catheter': 'a thin flexible tube inserted into the body to permit introduction or withdrawal of fluids or to keep the passageway open', 'cathode': 'the positively charged terminal of a voltaic cell or storage battery that supplies current', 'cathode-ray_tube': 'a vacuum tube in which a hot cathode emits a beam of electrons that pass through a high voltage anode and are focused or deflected before hitting a phosphorescent screen', 'catling': 'a long double-edged knife used for amputations', \"cat-o'-nine-tails\": 'a whip with nine knotted cords; \"British sailors feared the cat\"', 'cat_rig': 'rig of a catboat', \"cat's-paw\": 'a hitch in the middle of rope that has two eyes into which tackle can be hooked', 'catsup_bottle': 'a bottle that holds catsup', 'cattle_car': 'a freight car for transporting cattle', 'cattle_guard': 'a bridge over a ditch consisting of parallel metal bars that allow pedestrians and vehicles to pass, but not cattle', 'cattleship': 'a cargo ship for the transport of livestock', 'cattle_trail': 'a trail over which cattle were driven to market', 'catwalk': 'narrow platform extending out into an auditorium; \"models displayed clothes on a catwalk at the fashion show\"', 'causeway': 'a road that is raised above water or marshland or sand', 'cavalier_hat': 'a soft felt hat with a wide flexible brim', 'cavalry_sword': 'a stout sword with a curved blade and thick back', 'cavetto': 'a concave molding shaped like a quarter circle in cross section', 'cavity_wall': 'a wall formed of two thicknesses of masonry with a space between them', 'C_battery': 'battery used to maintain the grid potential in a vacuum tube', 'C-clamp': 'a clamp in the shape of the letter C', 'CD_drive': 'a drive that reads a compact disc and that is connected to an audio system', 'CD_player': 'a stand-alone piece of electronic equipment that either has its own display or attaches to a television set', 'CD-R': 'a compact disc on which you can write only once and thereafter is read-only memory', 'CD-ROM': 'a compact disk that is used with a computer (rather than with an audio system); a large amount of digital information can be stored and accessed but it cannot be altered by the user', 'CD-ROM_drive': \"a drive that is connected to a computer and on which a CD-ROM can be `played'\", 'cedar_chest': 'a chest made of cedar', 'cefadroxil': 'a cephalosporin antibiotic (trade name Ultracef)', 'cefoperazone': 'a parenteral cephalosporin (trade name Cefobid) used for severe infections', 'cefotaxime': 'a parenteral cephalosporin (trade name Claforan) used for severe infections of the lungs or throat or ears or urinary tract', 'ceftazidime': 'a parenteral cephalosporin (trade names Fortaz and Tazicef) used to treat moderate infections', 'ceftriaxone': 'a parenteral cephalosporin (trade name Rocephin) used for severe infection of the lungs or throat or ears or urinary tract', 'cefuroxime': 'a cephalosporin that can be given parenterally (trade name Zinacef) or orally by tablets (trade name Ceftin); indicated for infections of the lungs or throat or ears or urinary tract or meninges', 'ceiling': 'an upper limit on what is allowed; \"he put a ceiling on the number of women who worked for him\"; \"there was a roof on salaries\"; \"they established a cap for prices\"', 'celecoxib': 'a Cox-2 inhibitor (trade name Celebrex) that relieves pain and inflammation without harming the digestive tract', 'celesta': 'a musical instrument consisting of graduated steel plates that are struck by hammers activated by a keyboard', 'celestial_globe': 'a globe that is a spherical model of the heavens', 'cellar': 'storage space where wines are stored', 'cellarage': 'a charge for storing goods in a cellar', 'cellblock': 'a division of a prison (usually consisting of several cells)', 'cello': 'a large stringed instrument; seated player holds it upright while playing', 'cellophane': 'a transparent paperlike product that is impervious to moisture and used to wrap candy or cigarettes etc.', 'cellular_telephone': 'a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver', 'cellulose_tape': 'transparent or semitransparent adhesive tape (trade names Scotch tape and Sellotape) used for sealing or attaching or mending', 'Celtic_cross': 'a Latin cross with a ring surrounding the intersection', 'cenotaph': 'a monument built to honor people whose remains are interred elsewhere or whose remains cannot be recovered', 'censer': 'a container for burning incense (especially one that is swung on a chain in a religious ritual)', 'center_bit': 'a bit with a sharp center point for guidance and two side cutters', 'centerboard': 'a retractable fin keel used on sailboats to prevent drifting to leeward', 'centerpiece': 'the central or most important feature; \"education was the centerpiece of the Democratic Party\\'s political platform\"', 'center_punch': 'a tool with a conical point that is used to make indentations in metal (especially to mark points for drilling)', 'Centigrade_thermometer': 'a thermometer calibrated in degrees centigrade', 'central': 'a workplace that serves as a telecommunications facility where lines from telephones can be connected together to permit communication', 'central_heating': 'a heating system in which air or water is heated at a central furnace and sent through the building via vents or pipes and radiators', 'central_processing_unit': '(computer science) the part of a computer (a microprocessor chip) that does most of the data processing; \"the CPU and the memory form the central part of a computer to which the peripherals are attached\"', 'centrex': '(CENTRal EXchange) a kind of telephone exchange', 'centrifugal_pump': 'a pump that use centrifugal force to discharge fluid into a pipe', 'centrifuge': 'an apparatus that uses centrifugal force to separate particles from a suspension', 'cephalexin': 'an oral cephalosporin (trade names Keflex and Keflin and Keftab) commonly prescribe for mild to moderately severe infections of the skin or ears or throat or lungs or urinary tract', 'cephaloglycin': 'antibiotic related to cephalosporin but no longer in common use', 'cephaloridine': 'a broad spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic produced by modifying cephalosporin', 'cephalosporin': 'one of several broad spectrum antibiotic substances obtained from fungi and related to penicillin (trade names Mefoxin); addition of side chains has produced semisynthetic antibiotics with greater antibacterial activity', 'cephalothin': 'a semisynthetic analogue of cephalosporin', 'ceramic': 'an artifact made of hard brittle material produced from nonmetallic minerals by firing at high temperatures', 'ceramic_ware': 'utensils made from ceramic material', 'cerate': 'a hard medicated paste made of lard or oil mixed with wax or resin', 'cereal_bowl': 'a bowl for holding breakfast cereal', 'cereal_box': 'a paper box in which breakfast cereals are sold', 'cerecloth': 'a waterproof waxed cloth once used as a shroud', 'cerivastatin': 'an oral drug (trade name Baycol) to reduce blood cholesterol levels', 'cervical_cap': 'a contraceptive device consisting of a small thimble-shaped cup that is placed over the uterine cervix to prevent the entrance of spermatozoa', 'cesspool': 'a covered cistern; waste water and sewage flow into it', 'chachka': '(Yiddish) an attractive, unconventional woman', 'chador': 'a cloth used as a head covering (and veil and shawl) by Muslim and Hindu women', 'chaff': 'material consisting of seed coverings and small pieces of stem or leaves that have been separated from the seeds', 'chafing_dish': 'a metal pan over a heater; used to cook or to keep things warm at the table', 'chafing_gear': 'covering (usually rope or canvas) of a line or spar to protect it from friction', 'chain': 'a unit of length', 'chainlink_fence': 'a fence of steel wires woven into a diamond pattern', 'chain_mail': '(Middle Ages) flexible armor made of interlinked metal rings', 'chain_printer': 'an impact printer that carries the type slugs by links of a revolving chain', 'chain_saw': 'portable power saw; teeth linked to form an endless chain', 'chain_stitch': 'the most basic of all crochet stitches made by pulling a loop of yarn through another loop', 'chain_store': 'one of a chain of retail stores under the same management and selling the same merchandise', 'chain_tongs': 'a pipe wrench used for turning large pipes; an adjustable chain circles the pipe with its ends connected to the head whose teeth engage the pipe', 'chain_wrench': 'another name for chain tongs', 'chair': 'a particular seat in an orchestra; \"he is second chair violin\"', 'chair_of_state': 'a ceremonial chair for an exalted or powerful person', 'chairlift': 'a ski lift on which riders (skiers or sightseers) are seated and carried up or down a mountainside; seats are hung from an endless overhead cable', 'chaise': 'a carriage consisting of two wheels and a calash top; drawn by a single horse', 'chaise_longue': 'a long chair; for reclining', 'chalet': 'a Swiss house with a sloping roof and wide eaves or a house built in this style', 'chalice': 'a bowl-shaped drinking vessel; especially the Eucharistic cup', 'chalk': 'a soft whitish calcite', 'chalk_line': 'a chalked string used in the building trades to make a straight line on a vertical surface', 'chalkpit': 'a quarry for chalk', 'challis': 'a soft lightweight fabric (usually printed)', 'chamber': 'a deliberative or legislative or administrative or judicial assembly; \"the upper chamber is the senate\"', 'chamberpot': 'a receptacle for urination or defecation in the bedroom', 'chambray': 'a lightweight fabric woven with white threads across a colored warp', 'chamfer_bit': 'a bit that is used for beveling', 'chamfer_plane': 'a plane that makes a beveled edge', 'chamois_cloth': 'a piece of chamois used for washing windows or cars', 'chancel': 'area around the altar of a church for the clergy and choir; often enclosed by a lattice or railing', 'chancellery': 'a government building housing the office of a chancellor', 'chancery': 'a court with jurisdiction in equity', 'chandelier': 'branched lighting fixture; often ornate; hangs from the ceiling', 'chandlery': 'candles and other commodities sold by a chandler', 'chanfron': \"medieval plate armor to protect a horse's head\", 'channel': 'a deep and relatively narrow body of water (as in a river or a harbor or a strait linking two larger bodies) that allows the best passage for vessels; \"the ship went aground in the channel\"', 'chanter': 'reed pipe with finger holes on which the melody is played', 'chantry': 'an endowment for the singing of Masses', 'chap': 'a boy or man; \"that chap is your host\"; \"there\\'s a fellow at the door\"; \"he\\'s a likable cuss\"; \"he\\'s a good bloke\"', 'chapel': 'a place of worship that has its own altar', 'chapterhouse': 'a building attached to a monastery or cathedral; used as a meeting place for the chapter', 'character_printer': 'a printer that prints a single character at a time', 'charcoal': 'a carbonaceous material obtained by heating wood or other organic matter in the absence of air', 'charcoal_burner': 'a worker whose job is to make charcoal', 'charcuterie': 'a delicatessen that specializes in meats', 'charge-exchange_accelerator': 'an accelerator in which high-energy ions escape from plasma following charge exchange', 'chariot': 'a two-wheeled horse-drawn battle vehicle; used in war and races in ancient Egypt and Greece and Rome', 'Charlestown_Navy_Yard': \"the navy yard in Boston where the frigate `Constitution' is anchored\", 'charm': '(physics) one of the six flavors of quark', 'charnel_house': 'a vault or building where corpses or bones are deposited', 'chart': 'a visual display of information', 'charterhouse': 'a Carthusian monastery', 'Chartres_Cathedral': 'a Gothic cathedral in northern France; built in 13th century', 'chase': 'a rectangular metal frame used in letterpress printing to hold together the pages or columns of composed type that are printed at one time', 'chassis': 'a metal mounting for the circuit components of an electronic device', 'chasuble': 'a long sleeveless vestment worn by a priest when celebrating Mass', 'chateau': 'an impressive country house (or castle) in France', 'chatelaine': 'the mistress of a chateau or large country house', 'checker': 'an attendant who checks coats or baggage', 'checkerboard': 'a board having 64 squares of two alternating colors', 'checkout': 'the latest time for vacating a hotel room; \"the checkout here is 12 noon\"', 'checkroom': 'a room where baggage or parcels are checked', 'cheekpiece': 'either of two straps of a bridle that connect the bit to the headpiece', 'cheeseboard': 'tray on which cheeses are served', 'cheesecake': 'made with sweetened cream cheese and eggs and cream baked in a crumb crust', 'cheesecloth': 'a coarse loosely woven cotton gauze; originally used to wrap cheeses', 'cheese_cutter': 'a kitchen utensil (board or handle) with a wire for cutting cheese', 'cheese_press': 'a press for shaping cheese curd', 'chemical_bomb': 'a bomb laden with chemical agents that are released when the bomb explodes', 'chemical_plant': 'an industrial plant where chemicals are produced', 'chemical_reactor': 'an apparatus for holding substances that are undergoing a chemical reaction', 'chemical_weapon': 'chemical substances that can be delivered using munitions and dispersal devices to cause death or severe harm to people and animals and plants', 'chemise': \"a woman's sleeveless undergarment\", 'chemistry_lab': 'a laboratory for research in chemistry', 'chenille': 'a soft tufted cord used in embroidery', 'cheroot': 'a cigar with both ends cut flat', 'cherry_bomb': 'a red ball-shaped firecracker with high explosive power', 'chessboard': 'a checkerboard used to play chess', 'chessman': 'any of 16 white and 16 black pieces used in playing the game of chess', 'chest': 'box with a lid; used for storage; usually large and sturdy', 'chesterfield': 'an overstuffed davenport with upright armrests', 'chest_of_drawers': 'furniture with drawers for keeping clothes', 'chest_protector': 'protective garment consisting of a pad worn in baseball by catchers and by football players', 'cheval-de-frise': 'defensive structure consisting of a movable obstacle composed of barbed wire or spikes attached to a wooden frame; used to obstruct cavalry', 'cheval_glass': 'a full length mirror mounted in a frame in which it can be tilted', 'chevron': 'V-shaped sleeve badge indicating military rank and service; \"they earned their stripes in Kuwait\"', 'chiaroscuro': 'a monochrome picture made by using several different shades of the same color', 'chicane': 'a bridge hand that is void of trumps', 'chicken_coop': 'a farm building for housing poultry', 'chicken_farm': 'farm where chickens are raised for sale', 'chicken_wire': 'a galvanized wire network with a hexagonal mesh; used to build fences', 'chicken_yard': 'an enclosed yard for keeping poultry', 'chiffon': 'a sheer fabric of silk or rayon', 'chiffonier': 'a tall elegant chest of drawers', \"child's_room\": 'a bedroom for a child', 'chime': 'a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument', 'chimney': 'a vertical flue that provides a path through which smoke from a fire is carried away through the wall or roof of a building', 'chimney_breast': 'walls that project out from the wall of a room and surround the chimney base', 'chimney_corner': 'a corner by a fireplace', 'chimneypot': 'a short earthenware pipe on the top of a chimney to increase the draft', 'chimneystack': 'the part of the chimney that is above the roof; usually has several flues', 'china': 'high quality porcelain originally made only in China', 'china_cabinet': 'a cabinet (usually with glass doors) for storing and displaying china', 'chinaware': 'dishware made of high quality porcelain', 'Chinese_lantern': 'a collapsible paper lantern in bright colors; used for decorative purposes', 'Chinese_puzzle': 'intricate or ingenious puzzle consisting of boxes within boxes', 'Chinese_Wall': 'a fortification 1,500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC; it averages 6 meters in width', 'chinning_bar': 'a horizontal bar on which you can chin yourself', 'chino': 'trousers made with chino cloth', 'chinoiserie': 'a style in art reflecting Chinese influence; elaborately decorated and intricately patterned', 'chin_rest': 'a rest on which a violinist can place the chin', 'chin_strap': 'a strap attached to a hat; passes under the chin and holds the hat in place', 'chintz': 'a brightly printed and glazed cotton fabric', 'chisel': 'an edge tool with a flat steel blade with a cutting edge', 'Chisholm_Trail': 'a former cattle trail from San Antonio in Texas to Abilene in Kansas; not used after the 1880s', 'chlamys': 'a short mantle or cape fastened at the shoulder; worn by men in ancient Greece', 'chloral_hydrate': 'a colorless crystalline drug used as a sedative; irritates the stomach and can be addictive', 'chlorambucil': 'an alkalating agent (trade name Leukeran) used to treat some kinds of cancer', 'chloramine': 'any of several compounds containing chlorine and nitrogen; used as an antiseptic in wounds', 'chloramphenicol': 'an oral antibiotic (trade name Chloromycetin) used to treat serious infections (especially typhoid fever)', 'chlordiazepoxide': 'a tranquilizer (trade names Librium and Libritabs) used in the treatment of alcoholism', 'chlorhexidine': 'a long-lasting liquid antiseptic; used by surgeons to wash their hands before performing surgery', 'chloroform': 'a volatile liquid haloform (CHCl3); formerly used as an anesthetic; \"chloroform was the first inhalation anesthetic\"', 'chloroquine': 'an antimalarial drug used to treat malaria and amebic dysentery and systemic lupus erythematosus', 'chlorothiazide': 'a diuretic drug (trade name Diuril) used in the treatment of edema and hypertension', 'chlorpheniramine_maleate': 'an antihistamine (trade names Coricidin and Chlor-Trimeton)', 'chlorpromazine': 'a drug (trade name Thorazine) derived from phenothiazine that has antipsychotic effects and is used as a sedative and tranquilizer', 'chlortetracycline': 'a yellow crystalline antibiotic (trade name Aureomycin) used to treat certain bacterial and rickettsial diseases', 'chlorthalidone': 'a diuretic (trade names Hygroton and Thalidone) used to control hypertension and conditions that cause edema; effective in lowering blood pressure to prevent heart attacks', 'chock': 'a block of wood used to prevent the sliding or rolling of a heavy object', 'choir': 'a family of similar musical instrument playing together', 'choir_loft': 'a gallery in a church occupied by the choir', 'choke': 'a coil of low resistance and high inductance used in electrical circuits to pass direct current and attenuate alternating current', 'choker': 'an unfortunate person who is unable to perform effectively because of nervous tension or agitation; \"he could win if he wasn\\'t a choker\"', 'chokey': 'British slang (dated) for a prison', 'choo-choo': \"a child's word for locomotive\", 'chopine': \"a woman's shoe with a very high thick sole\", 'chopping_block': 'a steady wooden block on which food can be cut or diced or wood can be split', 'chopping_board': 'a wooden board where meats or vegetables can be cut', 'chop_shop': 'a place where stolen cars are disassembled for their parts', 'chopstick': 'one of a pair of slender sticks used as oriental tableware to eat food with', 'chordophone': 'a stringed instrument of the group including harps, lutes, lyres, and zithers', 'choropleth_map': 'a map that uses graded differences in shading or color or the placing of symbols inside defined areas on the map in order to indicate the average values of some property or quantity in those areas', 'chrism': 'a consecrated ointment consisting of a mixture of oil and balsam', 'Christmas_stocking': 'a stocking that is filled with small Christmas presents', 'Christmas_tree': 'an ornamented evergreen used as a Christmas decoration', 'chromatogram': 'the recording (column or paper strip) on which the constituents of a mixture are adsorbed in chromatography', 'chronograph': 'an accurate timer for recording time', 'chronometer': 'an accurate clock (especially used in navigation)', 'chronoscope': 'an instrument for accurate measurements of small intervals of time', 'chuck': 'the part of a forequarter from the neck to the ribs and including the shoulder blade', 'chuck_wagon': 'a wagon equipped with a cookstove and provisions (for cowboys)', 'chukka': 'a shoe that comes up to the ankle and is laced through two or three pairs of eyelets; often made of suede', 'chum': 'bait consisting of chopped fish and fish oils that are dumped overboard to attract fish', 'chunnel': 'the railroad tunnel between France and England under the English Channel', 'church': 'the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church; \"our church is hosting a picnic next week\"', 'church_bell': 'a bell in a church tower (usually sounded to summon people to church); \"church bells were ringing all over town\"', 'church_hat': 'a fanciful hat of the kind worn by Black women for Sunday worship', 'Churchill_Downs': 'a racetrack for thoroughbred racing in Louisville; site of the Kentucky Derby', 'church_key': 'can opener that has a triangular pointed end that pierces the tops of cans', 'church_tower': 'the tower of a church', 'churidars': 'tight trousers worn by people from the Indian subcontinent (typically with a kameez or kurta)', 'churn': 'a vessel in which cream is agitated to separate butterfat from buttermilk', 'chute': 'sloping channel through which things can descend', 'cider_mill': 'mill that extracts juice from apples to make apple cider', 'ciderpress': 'a press that is used to extract the juice from apples', 'cigar': 'a roll of tobacco for smoking', 'cigar_band': 'a narrow paper band around a cigar', 'cigar_box': 'a box for holding cigars', 'cigar_butt': 'small part of a cigar that is left after smoking', 'cigar_cutter': 'an implement for cutting the tip off of a cigar', 'cigarette': 'finely ground tobacco wrapped in paper; for smoking', 'cigarette_butt': 'small part of a cigarette that is left after smoking', 'cigarette_case': 'a small flat case for holding cigarettes; can be carried in a purse or a pocket', 'cigarette_holder': 'a tube that holds a cigarette while it is being smoked', 'cigarillo': 'small cigar or cigarette wrapped in tobacco instead of paper', 'cigar_lighter': 'a lighter for cigars or cigarettes', 'cimetidine': 'a drug (trade name Tagamet) used to treat peptic ulcers by decreasing the secretion of stomach acid', 'cinder_block': 'a light concrete building block made with cinder aggregate; \"cinder blocks are called breeze blocks in Britain\"', 'cinder_track': 'a racetrack paved with fine cinders', 'cinema': 'a theater where films are shown', 'cinquefoil': 'any of a numerous plants grown for their five-petaled flowers; abundant in temperate regions; alleged to have medicinal properties', 'ciprofloxacin': 'an oral antibiotic (trade name Cipro) used against serious bacterial infections of the skin or respiratory tract or urinary tract or bones or joints', 'circle': 'something approximating the shape of a circle; \"the chairs were arranged in a circle\"', 'circlet': 'a small circle', 'circuit': 'an established itinerary of venues or events that a particular group of people travel to; \"she\\'s a familiar name on the club circuit\"; \"on the lecture circuit\"; \"the judge makes a circuit of the courts in his district\"; \"the international tennis circuit\"', 'circuit_board': \"a printed circuit that can be inserted into expansion slots in a computer to increase the computer's capabilities\", 'circuit_breaker': 'a device that trips like a switch and opens the circuit when overloaded', 'circuitry': 'electronic equipment consisting of a system of circuits', 'circular_plane': 'a plane with a flexible face that can plane concave or convex surfaces', 'circular_saw': 'a power saw that has a steel disk with cutting teeth on the periphery; rotates on a spindle', 'circus_tent': 'a canvas tent to house the audience at a circus performance; \"he was afraid of a fire in the circus tent\"; \"they had the big top up in less than an hour\"', 'cistern': 'a tank that holds the water used to flush a toilet', 'cittern': 'a 16th century musical instrument resembling a guitar with a pear-shaped soundbox and wire strings', 'city_hall': 'a building that houses administrative offices of a municipal government', 'cityscape': 'a viewpoint toward a city or other heavily populated area; \"the dominant character of the cityscape is it poverty\"', 'city_university': 'an urban university in a large city', 'civies': 'civilian garb as opposed to a military uniform', 'civilian_clothing': 'ordinary clothing as distinguished from uniforms, work clothes, clerical garb, etc.', 'clack_valve': 'a simple valve with a hinge on one side; allows fluid to flow in only one direction', 'clamp': 'a device (generally used by carpenters) that holds things firmly together', 'clapper': 'someone who applauds', 'clapperboard': 'photographic equipment used to synchronize sound and motion picture; boards held in front of a movie camera are banged together', 'clarence': 'a closed carriage with four wheels and seats for four passengers', 'clarinet': 'a single-reed instrument with a straight tube', 'clarion': 'a medieval brass instrument with a clear shrill tone', 'Clark_cell': 'a form of voltaic cell once used as a standard for electromotive force', 'claro': 'a cigar made with light-colored tobacco', 'clasp_knife': 'a large knife with one or more folding blades', 'classic': 'an artist who has created classic works', 'classroom': 'a room in a school where lessons take place', 'clavichord': 'an early stringed instrument like a piano but with more delicate sound', 'clavier': 'a stringed instrument that has a keyboard', 'claw_hatchet': 'a hatchet that has a cleft for pulling nails', 'clay_pigeon': 'target used in skeet or trapshooting', 'claymore_mine': 'an antipersonnel land mine whose blast is aimed at the oncoming enemy', 'claymore': 'a large double-edged broadsword; formerly used by Scottish Highlanders', 'clay_pipe': 'a pipe made of clay', 'clean_bomb': 'an atom bomb leaving little or no radioactive contamination', 'cleaners': 'shop where dry cleaning is done', 'cleaning_implement': 'any of a large class of implements used for cleaning', 'cleaning_pad': 'a pad used as a cleaning implement', 'clean_room': 'a room that is virtually free of dust or bacteria; used in laboratory work and in assembly or repair of precision equipment', 'cleansing_agent': 'a preparation used in cleaning something', 'clearway': 'a road on which you are not allowed to stop (unless you have a breakdown)', 'cleat': 'a metal or leather projection (as from the sole of a shoe); prevents slipping', 'cleats': 'shoes with leather or metal projections on the soles; \"the football players all wore cleats\"', 'cleaver': \"a butcher's knife having a large square blade\", 'clerestory': 'part of an interior wall rising above the adjacent roof with windows admitting light', 'clerical_collar': 'a stiff white collar with no opening in the front; a distinctive symbol of the clergy', 'clevis': 'a coupler shaped like the letter U with holes through each end so a bolt or pin can pass through the holes to complete the coupling; used to attach a drawbar to a plow or wagon or trailer etc.', 'clews': 'the cords used to suspend a hammock', 'cliff_dwelling': 'a rock and adobe dwelling built on sheltered ledges in the sides of a cliff; \"the Anasazi built cliff dwellings in the southwestern United States\"', 'climbing_frame': 'a framework of bars or logs for children to climb on', 'clincher': 'an argument that is conclusive', 'clinic': 'a medical establishment run by a group of medical specialists', 'clinical_thermometer': 'a mercury thermometer designed to measure the temperature of the human body; graduated to cover a range a few degrees on either side of the normal body temperature', 'clinker': 'a hard brick used as a paving stone', 'clinometer': 'an instrument used by surveyors in order to measure an angle of inclination or elevation', 'clip_art': 'ready-made pieces of computerized graphic art that can be used to decorate a document', 'clipboard': 'a small writing board with a clip at the top for holding papers', 'clip_joint': 'a place of entertainment where high prices are charged for poor entertainment', 'clip_lead': 'a short piece of wire with alligator clips on both ends', 'clip-on': 'a device (as an earring, sunglasses, microphone etc.) that is attached by clips', 'clipper': 'a fast sailing ship used in former times', 'cloak': 'anything that covers or conceals', 'cloakroom': 'a private lounge off of a legislative chamber', 'cloche': 'a low transparent cover put over young plants to protect them from cold', 'clock': 'a timepiece that shows the time of day', 'clock_face': 'the face of a clock showing hours and minutes of the day', 'clock_pendulum': 'a physical pendulum used to regulate a clockwork mechanism', 'clock_radio': 'a radio that includes a clock that can be set to turn it on automatically', 'clock_tower': 'a tower with a large clock visible high up on an outside face', 'clockwork': 'any mechanism of geared wheels that is driven by a coiled spring; resembles the works of a mechanical clock', 'clofibrate': 'a drug (trade name Atromid-S) that reduces lipids in the blood serum; used to treat some cardiovascular diseases', 'clog': 'footwear usually with wooden soles', 'cloisonne': 'enamelware in which colored areas are separated by thin metal strips', 'cloister': 'a courtyard with covered walks (as in religious institutions)', 'clomiphene': 'a fertility drug (trade name Clomid) that is used to stimulate ovulation and that has been associated with multiple births', 'clomipramine': 'a tricyclic antidepressant drug', 'clonidine': 'an antihypertensive (trade name Catapres) that can be administered orally or via transdermal patches', 'clopidogrel_bisulfate': 'a blood thinner (trade name Plavix) approved for the treatment of mild heart attacks; works by preventing blood platelets from sticking together to form clots that would restrict blood flow', 'closed_circuit': 'a complete electrical circuit around which current flows or a signal circulates', 'closed-circuit_television': 'a television system that is not used for broadcasting but is connected by cables to designated monitors (as in a factory or theater)', 'closed_loop': 'a control system with a feedback loop that is active', 'closet': 'a small private room for study or prayer', 'closet_auger': 'a snake used to unblock toilets', 'closeup': 'a photograph taken at close range', 'closeup_lens': 'a photographic lens with a short focal length used to take pictures at short ranges', 'cloth_cap': 'a flat woolen cap with a stiff peak', 'cloth_covering': 'a covering made of cloth', 'clothesbrush': 'a brush used for cleaning clothing', 'clothes_closet': 'a closet where clothes are stored', 'clothes_dryer': 'a dryer that dries clothes wet from washing', 'clothes_hamper': 'a hamper that holds dirty clothes to be washed or wet clothes to be dried', 'clotheshorse': 'a framework on which to hang clothes (as for drying)', 'clothesline': 'a cord on which clothes are hung to dry', 'clothespin': 'wood or plastic fastener; for holding clothes on a clothesline', 'clothes_tree': 'an upright pole with pegs or hooks on which to hang clothing', 'clothing': \"a covering designed to be worn on a person's body\", 'clothing_store': \"a store where men's clothes are sold\", 'cloud_chamber': 'apparatus that detects the path of high-energy particles passing through a supersaturated vapor; each particle ionizes molecules along its path and small droplets condense on them to produce a visible track', 'clout_nail': 'a short nail with a flat head; used to attach sheet metal to wood', 'clove_hitch': 'a knot used to fasten a line temporarily to a post or spar', 'cloverleaf': 'an interchange that does not require left-hand turns', 'clozapine': 'an antipsychotic drug (trade name Clozaril) used as a sedative and for treatment-resistant schizophrenia; know to have few side effects', 'club': 'a formal association of people with similar interests; \"he joined a golf club\"; \"they formed a small lunch society\"; \"men from the fraternal order will staff the soup kitchen today\"', 'club_car': 'railroad car having a bar and tables and lounge chairs', 'club_drug': 'a controlled substance that is usually taken by young people at dance clubs and raves', 'clubhouse': 'a building that is occupied by a social club; \"the clubhouse needed a new roof\"', 'clubroom': 'a room used for the activities of a club', 'cluster_bomb': 'bomb consisting of a canister that is dropped from a plane and that opens to release a cluster of bomblets (usually fragmentation bombs) over a wide area; \"cluster bombs cannot be targeted precisely\"', 'clutch': 'a tense critical situation; \"he is a good man in the clutch\"', 'clutch_bag': \"a woman's strapless purse that is carried in the hand\", 'CN_Tower': 'a tower in Toronto; 1815 feet tall for broadcasting widely', 'coach': '(sports) someone in charge of training an athlete or a team', 'coach_house': 'a small building for housing coaches and carriages and other vehicles', 'coalbin': 'a bin for holding coal', 'coal_car': 'freight car with fixed sides and no roof; for transporting coal', 'coal_chute': 'a chute for coal', 'coal_house': 'a shed for storing coal', 'coal_mine': 'a mine where coal is dug from the ground', 'coal_shovel': 'a hand shovel for shoveling coal', 'coaming': 'a raised framework around a hatchway on a ship to keep water out', 'coaster': 'a resident of a coastal area', 'coaster_brake': 'a brake on a bicycle that engages with reverse pressure on the pedals', 'coat_button': 'a button on a coat', 'coat_closet': 'a closet for storing outerwear', 'coatdress': 'a dress that is tailored like a coat and buttons up the front', 'coatee': 'a short close-fitting coat', 'coat_hanger': \"a hanger that is shaped like a person's shoulders and used to hang garments on\", 'coating': 'a decorative texture or appearance of a surface (or the substance that gives it that appearance); \"the boat had a metallic finish\"; \"he applied a coat of a clear finish\"; \"when the finish is too thin it is difficult to apply evenly\"', 'coat_of_arms': 'the official symbols of a family, state, etc.', 'coat_of_paint': 'a layer of paint covering something else', 'coatrack': 'a rack with hooks for temporarily holding coats and hats', 'coattail': 'the loose back flap of a coat that hangs below the waist', 'coaxial_cable': 'a transmission line for high-frequency signals', 'cobble': 'rectangular paving stone with curved top; once used to make roads', 'cobweb': 'a fabric so delicate and transparent as to resemble a web of a spider', 'coca': 'dried leaves of the coca plant (and related plants that also contain cocaine); chewed by Andean people for their stimulating effect', 'cocaine': 'a narcotic (alkaloid) extracted from coca leaves; used as a surface anesthetic or taken for pleasure; can become powerfully addictive', 'cockade': 'an ornament (such as a knot of ribbon or a rosette) usually worn on the hat', 'Cockcroft_and_Walton_accelerator': 'a high-voltage machine in which rectifiers charge capacitors that discharge and drive charged particles through an accelerating tube', 'cocked_hat': 'hat with opposing brims turned up and caught together to form points', 'cockhorse': 'anything used as a toy horse (such as a rocking horse or one knee of an adult)', 'cockleshell': 'a small light flimsy boat', 'cockloft': 'a small loft or garret', 'cockpit': 'a pit for cockfights', 'cockscomb': 'garden annual with featherlike spikes of red or yellow flowers', 'cocktail_dress': 'a dress suitable for formal occasions', 'cocktail_lounge': 'a barroom in a hotel or restaurant where cocktails are served', 'cocktail_shaker': 'a shaker for mixing cocktails', 'cocotte': 'a small casserole in which individual portions can be cooked and served', 'codeine': 'derivative of opium; used as an antitussive (to relieve coughing) and an analgesic (to relieve pain)', 'codpiece': \"(15th-16th century) a flap for the crotch of men's tight-fitting breeches\", 'coelostat': 'optical device used to follow the path of a celestial body and reflect its light into a telescope; has a movable and a fixed mirror', 'coffee_can': 'a can for storing ground coffee', 'coffee_cup': 'a cup from which coffee is drunk', 'coffee_filter': 'filter (usually of paper) that passes the coffee and retains the coffee grounds', 'coffee_maker': 'a kitchen appliance for brewing coffee automatically', 'coffee_mill': 'a mill that grinds roasted coffee beans', 'coffee_mug': 'a mug intended for serving coffee', 'coffeepot': 'tall pot in which coffee is brewed', 'coffee_stall': 'a stand (usually movable) selling hot coffee and food (especially at night)', 'coffee_table': 'low table where magazines can be placed and coffee or cocktails are served', 'coffee-table_book': 'an elaborate oversize book suitable for displaying on a coffee table', 'coffee_urn': 'an urn in which coffee is made and kept hot', 'coffer': 'an ornamental sunken panel in a ceiling or dome', 'Coffey_still': 'a still consisting of an apparatus for the fractional distillation of ethanol from fermentation on an industrial scale', 'coffin': 'box in which a corpse is buried or cremated', 'cog': 'a subordinate who performs an important but routine function; \"he was a small cog in a large machine\"', 'cog_railway': 'railway for steep mountains; a cogwheel on the locomotive engages cogs on a center rail to provide traction', 'coif': 'a skullcap worn by nuns under a veil or by soldiers under a hood of mail or formerly by British sergeants-at-law', 'coil': 'a round shape formed by a series of concentric circles (as formed by leaves or flower petals)', 'coil_spring': 'a spring in the shape of a coil', 'coin_box': 'the part of a slot machine that serves as a receptacle for the coins', 'coin_slot': 'a slot through which coins can be inserted into a slot machine', 'coke': 'carbon fuel produced by distillation of coal', 'colander': 'bowl-shaped strainer; used to wash or drain foods', 'colchicine': 'an analgesic drug derived from the saffron plant and used to treat gout', 'cold_cathode': 'a cathode that is a source of electrons without being heated', 'cold_chisel': 'narrow chisel made of steel; used to cut stone or bricks', 'cold_cream': 'a cream used cosmetically (mostly by women) for softening and cleaning the skin', 'cold_frame': 'protective covering consisting of a wooden frame with a glass top in which small plants are protected from the cold', 'cold_medicine': 'medicine intended to relieve the symptoms of the common cold', 'cold-water_flat': 'an apartment without modern conveniences', 'collage': 'any collection of diverse things; \"a collage of memories\"', 'collectible': 'things considered to be worth collecting (not necessarily valuable or antique)', 'collector': 'a person who collects things', \"collector's_item\": 'the outstanding item (the prize piece or main exhibit) in a collection', 'college': 'an institution of higher education created to educate and grant degrees; often a part of a university', 'collet': 'a cone-shaped chuck used for holding cylindrical pieces in a lathe', 'collider': 'an accelerator in which two beams of particles are forced to collide head on', 'colliery': 'a workplace consisting of a coal mine plus all the buildings and equipment connected with it', 'collimator': 'a small telescope attached to a large telescope to use in setting the line of the larger one', 'cologne': 'a perfumed liquid made of essential oils and alcohol', 'colonnade': 'structure consisting of a row of evenly spaced columns', 'colonoscope': 'an elongated fiberoptic endoscope for examining the entire colon from cecum to rectum', 'colophon': \"a publisher's emblem printed in a book (usually on the title page)\", 'colorimeter': 'a measuring instrument used in colorimetric analysis to determine the quantity of a substance from the color it yields with specific reagents', 'coloring_book': 'a picture book with line drawings intended to be colored with crayons by children', 'colors': 'a distinguishing emblem; \"his tie proclaimed his school colors\"', 'color_television': 'a television that transmits images in color', 'color_tube': 'a television tube that displays images in full color', 'color_wash': 'a wash of whitewash or other water-base paint tinted with a colored pigment', 'Colosseum': 'a large amphitheater in Rome whose construction was begun by Vespasian about AD 75 or 80', 'Colossus_of_Rhodes': 'a huge bronze statue of the sun god Helios that was built around 285 BC and that stood beside the harbor entrance on the island of Rhodes for about 50 years before it was toppled by an earthquake', 'Colt': 'a kind of revolver', 'colter': 'a sharp steel wedge that precedes the plow and cuts vertically through the soil', 'columbarium': 'a niche for a funeral urn containing the ashes of the cremated dead', 'Columbia_University': 'a university in New York City', 'column': 'anything that approximates the shape of a column or tower; \"the test tube held a column of white powder\"; \"a tower of dust rose above the horizon\"; \"a thin pillar of smoke betrayed their campsite\"', 'comber': 'a person who separates and straightens the fibers of cotton or wool', 'combination_lock': 'lock that can be opened only by turning dials in a special sequence', 'combination_plane': 'a woodworking plane that has interchangeable cutters of various shapes', 'combine': 'harvester that heads and threshes and cleans grain while moving across the field', 'comforter': 'device used for an infant to suck or bite on', 'command_module': 'a space module in which astronauts can live and control the spacecraft and communicate with earth', 'command_post': 'military headquarters from which a military commander controls and organizes the forces', 'commercial_art': 'art used for commercial purposes (as in advertising)', 'commissary': 'a snack bar in a film studio', 'commodity': 'articles of commerce', 'commodity_exchange': 'an exchange for buying and selling commodities for future delivery', 'Commodore_John_Barry_Bridge': 'a cantilever bridge in Chester, Pennsylvania', 'common_ax': 'an ax with a long handle and a head that has one cutting edge and one blunt side', 'common_room': 'a sitting room (usually at school or university)', 'communications_satellite': 'an artificial satellite that relays signals back to earth; moves in a geostationary orbit', 'communication_system': 'a system for communicating', 'community_center': 'a center where the members of a community can gather for social or cultural activities', 'commutator': 'switch for reversing the direction of an electric current', 'commuter': 'someone who travels regularly from home in a suburb to work in a city', 'compact': 'a small and economical car', 'compact_disk': 'a digitally encoded recording on an optical disk that is smaller than a phonograph record; played back by a laser', 'compact-disk_burner': 'recording equipment for making compact disks', 'companionway': 'a stairway or ladder that leads from one deck to another on a ship', 'compartment': 'a space into which an area is subdivided', 'compass': 'the limit of capability; \"within the compass of education\"', 'compass_card': 'compass in the form of a card that rotates so that 0 degrees or North points to magnetic north', 'compass_saw': 'a handsaw with a narrow triangular blade for cutting curves', 'component': 'an abstract part of something; \"jealousy was a component of his character\"; \"two constituents of a musical composition are melody and harmony\"; \"the grammatical elements of a sentence\"; \"a key factor in her success\"; \"humor: an effective ingredient of a speech\"', 'composition': 'a mixture of ingredients', 'compound': '(chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight', 'compound_lens': 'a lens system consisting of two or more lenses on the same axis', 'compound_lever': 'a pair of levers hinged at the fulcrum', 'compound_microscope': 'light microscope that has two converging lens systems: the objective and the eyepiece', 'compress': 'a cloth pad or dressing (with or without medication) applied firmly to some part of the body (to relieve discomfort or reduce fever)', 'compression_bandage': 'bandage that stops the flow of blood from an artery by applying pressure', 'compressor': 'a mechanical device that compresses gasses', 'computer': 'a machine for performing calculations automatically', 'computer_accessory': 'an accessory for a computer; \"when you add in all the computer accessories you are going to need the computer gets pretty expensive\"', 'computer_circuit': 'a circuit that is part of a computer', 'computer_graphics': 'the pictorial representation and manipulation of data by a computer', 'computerized_axial_tomography_scanner': 'a tomograph that constructs a 3-D model of an object by combining parallel planes', 'computer_keyboard': 'a keyboard that is a data input device for computers; arrangement of keys is modelled after the typewriter keyboard', 'computer_monitor': 'a device that displays signals on a computer screen', 'computer_network': '(computer science) a network of computers', 'computer_screen': 'a screen used to display the output of a computer to the user', 'computer_store': 'a store that sells computers to the small businessperson or personal user', 'computer_system': 'a system of one or more computers and associated software with common storage', 'concentration_camp': 'a situation characterized by crowding and extremely harsh conditions', 'concert_grand': 'a grand piano suitable for concert performances', 'concert_hall': 'a hall where concerts are given', 'concertina': 'coiled barbed wire used as an obstacle', 'concrete_mixer': 'a machine with a large revolving drum in which cement is mixed with other materials to make concrete', 'condensation_pump': 'vacuum pump used to obtain a high vacuum', 'condenser': 'an apparatus that converts vapor into liquid', 'condenser_microphone': 'microphone consisting of a capacitor with one plate fixed and the other forming the diaphragm moved by sound waves', 'condom': 'contraceptive device consisting of a sheath of thin rubber or latex that is worn over the penis during intercourse', 'condominium': 'one of the dwelling units in a condominium', 'conductor': 'a substance that readily conducts e.g. electricity and heat', 'conduit': 'a passage (a pipe or tunnel) through which water or electric wires can pass; \"the computers were connected through a system of conduits\"', 'cone': 'a shape whose base is a circle and whose sides taper up to a point', 'cone_clutch': 'a friction clutch in which the frictional surfaces are cone-shaped', 'conference_center': 'a center where conferences can be conducted', 'conference_room': 'a room in which a conference can be held', 'conference_table': 'the table that conferees sit around as they hold a meeting', 'confessional': 'a booth where a priest sits to hear confessions', 'confetti': 'small pieces or streamers of colored paper that are thrown around on festive occasions (as at a wedding)', 'conformal_projection': 'a map projection in which a small area is rendered in its true shape', 'congress_boot': 'an ankle high shoe with elastic gussets in the sides', 'conic_projection': \"a map projection of the globe onto a cone with its point over one of the earth's poles\", 'connecting_rod': 'a rod that transmits motion (especially one that connects a rotating wheel to a reciprocating shaft)', 'connecting_room': 'a hotel room that shares a wall with an adjoining room and is connected by a private door', 'conning_tower': 'an armored pilothouse on a warship', 'conservatory': 'the faculty and students of a school specializing in one of the fine arts', 'console': 'a scientific instrument consisting of displays and an input device that an operator can use to monitor and control a system (especially a computer system)', 'console_table': 'a small table fixed to a wall or designed to stand against a wall', 'Constitution': 'a United States 44-gun frigate that was one of the first three naval ships built by the United States; it won brilliant victories over British frigates during the War of 1812 and is without doubt the most famous ship in the history of the United States Navy; it has been rebuilt and is anchored in the Charlestown Navy Yard in Boston', 'consulate': 'diplomatic building that serves as the residence or workplace of a consul', 'consumer_goods': 'goods (as food or clothing) intended for direct use or consumption', 'contact_print': 'a print made by exposing a photosensitive surface to direct contact with a photographic negative', 'container': 'any object that can be used to hold things (especially a large metal boxlike object of standardized dimensions that can be loaded from one form of transport to another)', 'container_ship': 'a cargo ship designed to hold containerized cargoes; \"the weight of the documentation of all the consignments on board a contemporary container ship can exceed 90 pounds\"', 'contour_map': 'a map having contour lines through points of equal elevation', 'contraband': 'goods whose importation or exportation or possession is prohibited by law', 'contrabassoon': 'the bassoon that is the largest instrument in the oboe family', 'contraceptive': 'an agent or device intended to prevent conception', 'control_center': 'the operational center for a group of related activities; \"the general in command never left the control center\"', 'control_circuit': 'a feedback circuit that subtracts from the input', 'control_key': '(computer science) the key on a computer keyboard that is used (in combination with some other key) to type control characters', 'controlled_substance': 'a drug or chemical substance whose possession and use are controlled by law', 'control_panel': 'electrical device consisting of a flat insulated surface that contains switches and dials and meters for controlling other electrical devices; \"he checked the instrument panel\"; \"suddenly the board lit up like a Christmas tree\"', 'control_rod': 'a steel or aluminum rod that can be moved up or down to control the rate of the nuclear reaction', 'control_room': 'a room housing control equipment (as in a recording studio)', 'control_system': 'a system for controlling the operation of another system', 'control_tower': 'a tower with an elevated workspace enclosed in glass for the visual observation of aircraft around an airport', 'convector': 'a space heater that transfers heat to the surrounding air by convection', 'convenience_store': 'a store selling a limited variety of food and pharmaceutical items; open long hours for the convenience of customers', 'convent': 'a community of people in a religious order (especially nuns) living together', 'conventicle': 'a secret unauthorized meeting for religious worship', 'converging_lens': 'lens such that a beam of light passing through it is brought to a point or focus', 'converter': 'a device for changing one substance or form or state into another', 'convertible': 'a corporate security (usually bonds or preferred stock) that can be exchanged for another form of security (usually common stock)', 'conveyer_belt': 'a moving belt that transports objects (as in a factory)', 'cooker': 'a utensil for cooking', 'cookfire': 'a fire for cooking', 'cookhouse': 'a detached or outdoor shelter for cooking; \"the circus used a tent as their cookhouse\"', 'cookie_cutter': 'a kitchen utensil used to cut a sheet of cookie dough into desired shapes before baking', 'cookie_jar': 'a jar in which cookies are kept (and sometimes money is hidden)', 'cookie_sheet': 'a cooking utensil consisting of a flat rectangular metal sheet used for baking cookies or biscuits', 'cooking_utensil': 'a kitchen utensil made of material that does not melt easily; used for cooking', 'cookstove': 'a stove for cooking (especially a wood- or coal-burning kitchen stove)', 'coolant_system': 'a cooling system that uses a fluid to transfer heat from one place to another', 'cooler': 'an iced drink especially white wine and fruit juice', 'cooling_system': 'equipment in a motor vehicle that cools the engine', 'cooling_tower': 'a cooling system used in industry to cool hot water (by partial evaporation) before reusing it as a coolant', 'coonskin_cap': 'a raccoon cap with the tail hanging down the back', 'Cooper_Union': 'university founded in 1859 by Peter Cooper to offer free courses in the arts and sciences', 'cope': 'a long cloak; worn by a priest or bishop on ceremonial occasions', 'coping_saw': 'a handsaw with a taut thin blade; used for cutting small curves in wood', 'copper_mine': 'a mine where copper is dug from the ground', 'copperplate': 'a graceful style of handwriting based on the writing used on copperplate engravings', 'copperware': 'utensils made with copper', 'copy': 'material suitable for a journalistic account; \"catastrophes make good copy\"', 'copyholder': 'mechanical device used in printing; holds the copy for the compositor', 'coquille': 'seafood served in a scallop shell', 'coracle': 'a small rounded boat made of hides stretched over a wicker frame; still used in some parts of Great Britain', 'corbel': '(architecture) a triangular bracket of brick or stone (usually of slight extent)', 'corbel_arch': '(architecture) an arch constructed of masonry courses that are corbelled until they meet', 'corbel_step': '(architecture) a step on the top of a gable wall', 'corbie_gable': '(architecture) a gable having corbie-steps or corbel steps', 'cord': 'a unit of amount of wood cut for burning; 128 cubic feet', 'cordage': 'the amount of wood in an area as measured in cords', 'cordite': 'explosive powder (nitroglycerin and guncotton and petrolatum) dissolved in acetone and dried and extruded in brown cords', 'cordon': 'a series of sentinels or of military posts enclosing or guarding some place or thing', 'cords': 'cotton trousers made of corduroy cloth', 'corduroy': 'a road made of logs laid crosswise', 'core': 'a cylindrical sample of soil or rock obtained with a hollow drill', 'core_bit': 'a hollow drilling bit that is the cutting part of a core drill; allows core samples to be taken', 'core_drill': 'a drill that removes a cylindrical core from the drill hole', 'corer': 'a device for removing the core from apples', 'cork': 'outer bark of the cork oak; used for stoppers for bottles etc.', 'corker': '(dated slang) a remarkable or excellent thing or person; \"that story was a corker\"', 'corkscrew': 'a bottle opener that pulls corks', 'corncrib': 'a crib for storing and drying ears of corn', 'Cornell_University': 'a university in Ithaca, New York', 'corner': 'a temporary monopoly on a kind of commercial trade; \"a corner on the silver market\"', 'corner_pocket': 'a pocket at the corner of a billiard table', 'corner_post': 'a square post supporting a structural member at the corner of a building', 'cornerstone': 'a stone in the exterior of a large and important building; usually carved with a date and laid with appropriate ceremonies', 'cornet': 'a brass musical instrument with a brilliant tone; has a narrow tube and a flared bell and is played by means of valves', 'corn_exchange': 'an exchange where grains are bought and sold', 'cornice': 'a decorative framework to conceal curtain fixtures at the top of a window casing', 'corona': '(botany) the trumpet-shaped or cup-shaped outgrowth of the corolla of a daffodil or narcissus flower', 'correctional_institution': 'a penal institution maintained by the government', 'corrective': 'a device for treating injury or disease', 'corridor': 'an enclosed passageway; rooms usually open onto it', 'corrugated_fastener': 'a small strip of corrugated steel with sharp points on one side; hammered across wood joints in rough carpentry', 'corrugated_iron': 'usually galvanized sheet iron or sheet steel shaped into straight parallel ridges and hollows', 'corsair': 'a pirate along the Barbary Coast', 'corselet': 'a piece of body armor for the trunk; usually consists of a breastplate and back piece', 'corset': \"a woman's close-fitting foundation garment\", 'corvette': 'a highly maneuverable escort warship; smaller than a destroyer', 'cosmetic': 'a toiletry designed to beautify the body', 'cosmography': 'the science that maps the general features of the universe; describes both heaven and earth (but without encroaching on geography or astronomy)', 'cosmotron': 'a large proton synchrotron; uses frequency modulation of an electric field to accelerate protons', 'costume': 'the prevalent fashion of dress (including accessories and hair style as well as garments)', 'cosy': 'a padded cloth covering to keep a teapot warm', 'cot': 'a small bed that folds up for storage or transport', 'cote': 'a small shelter for domestic animals (as sheep or pigeons)', 'cottage_tent': 'a tent providing shelter for a family', 'cotter': 'a peasant farmer in the Scottish Highlands', 'cotter_pin': 'a cotter consisting of a split pin that is secured (after passing through a hole) by splitting the ends apart', 'cotton': 'soft silky fibers from cotton plants in their raw state', 'cotton_flannel': 'a stout cotton fabric with nap on only one side', 'cotton_gin': 'a machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers', 'cotton_mill': 'a textile mill for making cotton textiles', 'couch': 'a flat coat of paint or varnish used by artists as a primer', 'couchette': 'a compartment on a European passenger train; contains 4 to 6 berths for sleeping', 'coude_telescope': 'a reflecting telescope so constructed that the light is led to a plate holder or spectrograph', 'coulisse': 'a flat situated in the wings', 'counter': 'a person who counts things', 'counterbore': 'a bit for enlarging the upper part of a hole', 'counterirritant': 'a medicine applied locally to produce superficial inflammation in order to reduce deeper inflammation', 'counterpart': 'a person or thing having the same function or characteristics as another', 'countersink': 'a hole (usually in wood) with the top part enlarged so that a screw or bolt will fit into it and lie below the surface', 'countertop': 'the top side of a counter', 'counter_tube': 'a measuring instrument for counting individual ionizing events', 'counterweight': 'a weight that balances another weight', 'countinghouse': 'office used by the accountants of a business', 'country_house': 'a house (usually large and impressive) on an estate in the country', 'country_store': 'a retail store serving a sparsely populated region; usually stocked with a wide variety of merchandise', 'coupe': 'a car with two doors and front seats and a luggage compartment', 'Courtelle': 'an acrylic fabric resembling wool', 'courthouse': 'a government building that houses the offices of a county government', 'court_plaster': 'a plaster composed of isinglass on silk; formerly used to dress superficial wounds', 'coverall': 'a loose-fitting protective garment that is worn over other clothing', 'covered_bridge': 'a bridge whose passageway is protected by a roof and enclosing sides', 'covered_couch': 'a litter with a cover for privacy', 'covered_wagon': 'a large wagon with broad wheels and an arched canvas top; used by the United States pioneers to cross the prairies in the 19th century', 'cover_glass': 'a small and very thin piece of glass used to cover the specimen on a microscope slide', 'coverlet': 'a decorative bedspread (usually quilted)', 'cover_plate': 'covering consisting of a plate used to cover over or close in a chamber or receptacle', 'cowbarn': 'a barn for cows', 'cowbell': 'a bell hung around the neck of cow so that the cow can be easily located', 'cowboy_boot': 'a boot with a high arch and fancy stitching; worn by American cowboys', 'cowboy_hat': 'a hat with a wide brim and a soft crown; worn by American ranch hands', 'cowhide': 'leather made from the hide of a cow', 'cowl': 'a loose hood or hooded robe (as worn by a monk)', 'cow_pen': 'a pen for cattle', 'Cox-2_inhibitor': 'an anti-inflammatory drug that fights pain and blocks Cox-2 activity without impeding the activity of Cox-1; increases the risk of heart attacks; \"Cox-2 inhibitors reduce the symptoms of arthritis without endangering the stomach and kidneys\"', 'CPU_board': 'the main circuit board for a computer', 'cracker': 'a programmer who cracks (gains unauthorized access to) computers, typically to do malicious things; \"crackers are often mistakenly called hackers\"', 'crackle': 'the sharp sound of snapping noises', 'cradle': 'birth of a person; \"he was taught from the cradle never to cry\"', 'craft': 'people who perform a particular kind of skilled work; \"he represented the craft of brewers\"; \"as they say in the trade\"', 'cramp': 'a clamp for holding pieces of wood together while they are glued', 'crampon': 'a hinged pair of curved iron bars; used to raise heavy objects', 'craniometer': 'an instrument for measuring skull sizes', 'crank': 'a hand tool consisting of a rotating shaft with parallel handle', 'crankcase': 'housing for a crankshaft', 'crank_handle': 'crank used to start an engine', 'crankshaft': 'a rotating shaft driven by (or driving) a crank', 'crash_barrier': 'a strong protective barrier that is erected around a racetrack or in the middle of a dual-lane highway in order to reduce the likelihood of severe accidents', 'crash_helmet': 'a padded helmet worn by people riding bicycles or motorcycles; protects the head in case of accidents', 'crate': 'the quantity contained in a crate', 'cravat': 'neckwear worn in a slipknot with long ends overlapping vertically in front', 'crayon': 'writing implement consisting of a colored stick of composition wax used for writing and drawing', 'crazy_quilt': 'a patchwork quilt without a design', 'cream': 'the best people or things in a group; \"the cream of England\\'s young men were killed in the Great War\"', 'creamery': 'a workplace where dairy products (butter and cheese etc.) are produced or sold', 'cream_pitcher': 'a small pitcher for serving cream', 'creche': \"a representation of Christ's nativity in the stable at Bethlehem\", 'credenza': 'a kind of sideboard or buffet', 'creel': 'a wicker basket used by anglers to hold fish', 'creep': 'someone unpleasantly strange or eccentric', 'crematory': 'a mortuary where corpses are cremated', 'crenel': 'a notch or open space between two merlons in a crenelated battlement', 'crepe': 'paper with a crinkled texture; usually colored and used for decorations', 'crepe_de_Chine': 'a very thin crepe of silk or silklike fabric', 'crescent_wrench': 'an adjustable wrench designed to fit hexagonal nuts with the adjusting screw built into the head of the wrench', 'cretonne': 'an unglazed heavy fabric; brightly printed; used for slipcovers and draperies', 'crewelwork': 'embroidery done with loosely twisted worsted yarn', 'crew_neck': 'a plain straight neckline opening from shoulder to shoulder of sweaters', 'cribbage_board': 'a board with pegs and regularly spaced holes for holding the pegs; used for keeping the score in a game of cribbage', 'cricket_ball': 'the ball used in playing cricket', 'cricket_bat': 'the club used in playing cricket; \"a cricket bat has a narrow handle and a broad flat end for hitting\"', 'cricket_equipment': 'sports equipment used in playing cricket', 'cringle': 'fastener consisting of a metal ring for lining a small hole to permit the attachment of cords or lines', 'crinoline': 'a full stiff petticoat made of crinoline fabric', 'crochet': 'needlework done by interlocking looped stitches with a hooked needle', 'crochet_needle': 'a needle with a hook on the end; used in crocheting', 'crochet_stitch': 'any one of a number of stitches made by pulling a loop of yarn through another loop with a crochet needle', 'crock': 'nonsense; foolish talk; \"that\\'s a crock\"', 'crockery': 'tableware (eating and serving dishes) collectively', 'crocket': 'an architectural ornament of curved foliage used at the edge of a spire or gable', 'Crock_Pot': 'an electric cooker that maintains a relatively low temperature', 'croft': 'a small farm worked by a crofter', 'crook': 'a long staff with one end being hook shaped', 'Crookes_radiometer': 'electromagnetic radiometer consisting of a small paddlewheel that rotates when placed in daylight', 'Crookes_tube': 'the original gas-discharge cathode-ray tube', 'crop': 'the yield from plants in a single growing season', 'croquet_ball': 'a wooden ball used in playing croquet', 'croquet_equipment': 'sports equipment used in playing croquet', 'croquet_mallet': 'a mallet used to strike the ball in croquet', 'Cross': 'a representation of the structure on which Jesus was crucified; used as an emblem of Christianity or in heraldry', 'cross': 'any affliction that causes great suffering; \"that is his cross to bear\"; \"he bears his afflictions like a crown of thorns\"', 'crossbar': 'a horizontal bar that goes across something', 'crossbench': 'any of the seats in the House of Commons used by members who do not vote regularly with either the government or the Opposition', 'cross_bit': 'a rock drill having cruciform cutting edges; used in mining', 'crossbow': 'a bow fixed transversely on a wooden stock grooved to direct the arrow (quarrel)', 'crosscut_saw': 'handsaw that cuts at right angles to the grain (or major axis)', 'crosse': 'a long racket with a triangular frame; used in playing lacrosse', 'cross_hair': 'either of two fine mutually perpendicular lines that cross in the focus plane of an optical instrument and are use for sighting or calibration; \"he had the target in his cross hairs\"', 'crosshead': 'metal block that connects to a piston; it slides on parallel guides and moves a connecting rod back and forth', 'crossjack': 'the lowermost sail on a mizzenmast', 'crosspiece': 'a transverse brace', 'cross-stitch': 'two stitches forming a cross or X', 'cross_street': 'a street intersecting a main street (usually at right angles) and continuing on both sides of it', 'crotchet': 'a small tool or hooklike implement', \"croupier's_rake\": 'a small rake used by a croupier to move chips around on the table', 'crowbar': 'a heavy iron lever with one end forged into a wedge', 'crown': 'an English coin worth 5 shillings', 'crown_jewel': 'the most desirable assets of a corporation; \"their crown jewels figured prominently in the takeover attempt\"', 'crown_jewels': 'regalia (jewelry and other paraphernalia) worn by a sovereign on state occasions', 'crown_lens': 'a lens made of optical crown glass', 'crown_of_thorns': 'somewhat climbing bushy spurge of Madagascar having long woody spiny stems with few leaves and flowers with scarlet bracts', 'crown_saw': 'a saw having teeth around the edge of a hollow cylinder', \"crow's_nest\": 'platform for a lookout at or near the top of a mast', 'crucible': 'a vessel made of material that does not melt easily; used for high temperature chemical reactions', 'cruet': 'bottle that holds wine or oil or vinegar for the table', 'cruet-stand': 'a stand for cruets containing various condiments', 'cruise_control': 'control mechanism for keeping an automobile at a set speed', 'cruise_missile': 'an unmanned aircraft that is a self-contained bomb', 'cruiser': 'a car in which policemen cruise the streets; equipped with radiotelephonic communications to headquarters', 'cruise_ship': 'a passenger ship used commercially for pleasure cruises', 'crupper': \"a strap from the back of a saddle passing under the horse's tail; prevents saddle from slipping forward\", 'cruse': 'small jar; holds liquid (oil or water)', 'crusher': 'a device that crushes something', 'cryometer': 'a thermometer designed to measure low temperatures', 'cryoscope': 'a measuring instrument for measuring freezing and melting points', 'cryostat': 'a thermostat that operates at very low temperatures', 'crypt': 'a cellar or vault or underground burial chamber (especially beneath a church)', 'cryptograph': 'a device for deciphering codes and ciphers', 'crystal': 'a solid formed by the solidification of a chemical and having a highly regular atomic structure', 'crystal_ball': 'a glass or crystal globe used in crystal gazing by fortunetellers', 'crystal_counter': 'a counter tube in which an ionizing event increases conductivity', 'crystal_detector': 'a detector consisting of a fine wire in contact with a galena crystal; acts as a rectifier', 'crystal_microphone': 'a microphone in which sound waves vibrate a piezoelectric crystal that generates a varying voltage', 'crystal_oscillator': 'an oscillator that produces electrical oscillations at a frequency determined by the physical characteristics of a piezoelectric quartz crystal', 'crystal_pickup': 'a cartridge in which an output voltage is produced by the vibration of a piezoelectric crystal', 'crystal_set': 'an early radio receiver using a crystal detector', 'Cuban_heel': \"a broad heel of medium height on women's shoes\", 'cubby': 'a small secluded room', 'cubbyhole': 'a small compartment', 'cube': 'a hexahedron with six equal squares as faces', 'cubeb': 'spicy fruit of the cubeb vine; when dried and crushed is used medicinally or in perfumery and sometimes smoked in cigarettes', 'cubitiere': 'body armor that protects the elbow', 'cucking_stool': 'an instrument of punishment consisting of a chair in which offenders were ducked in water', 'cuckoo_clock': 'clock that announces the hours with a sound like the call of the cuckoo', 'cuddy': 'the galley or pantry of a small ship', 'cudgel': 'a club that is used as a weapon', 'cue': \"an actor's line that immediately precedes and serves as a reminder for some action or speech\", 'cue_ball': 'the ball that the billiard player or pool player strikes with his cue', 'cuff': 'the lap consisting of a turned-back hem encircling the end of the sleeve or leg', 'cufflink': 'jewelry consisting of one of a pair of linked buttons used to fasten the cuffs of a shirt', 'cuirass': 'medieval body armor that covers the chest and back', 'cuisse': 'armor plate that protects the thigh', 'cul': 'a passage with access only at one end', 'culdoscope': \"a specialized endoscope for visually examining a woman's pelvic organs\", 'cullis': 'a gutter in a roof', 'culotte': 'a divided skirt', 'cultivator': 'a farm implement used to break up the surface of the soil (for aeration and weed control and conservation of moisture)', 'culverin': 'a heavy cannon with a long barrel used in the 16th and 17th centuries', 'culvert': 'a transverse and totally enclosed drain under a road or railway', 'cummerbund': 'a broad pleated sash worn as formal dress with a tuxedo', 'cup': 'any cup-shaped concavity; \"bees filled the waxen cups with honey\"; \"he wore a jock strap with a metal cup\"; \"the cup of her bra\"', 'cupboard': 'a small room (or recess) or cabinet used for storage space', 'cup_hook': 'hook (usually on the underside of a shelf) for hanging cups', \"Cupid's_bow\": \"the double curve of the upper lip when considered to resemble Cupid's bow\", 'cupola': 'a vertical cylindrical furnace for melting iron for casting', 'curb': \"a horse's bit with an attached chain or strap to check the horse\", 'curb_market': 'a stock market for trading in securities not listed on the New York Stock Exchange', 'curb_roof': 'a roof with two or more slopes on each side of the ridge', 'curbside': 'the side of a sidewalk that is bordered by a curb; \"policemen stood at intervals along the curbside\"', 'curbstone': 'a paving stone forming part of a curb', 'curette': 'a surgical instrument shaped like a scoop to remove tissue from a bodily cavity', 'curio': 'something unusual -- perhaps worthy of collecting', 'curler': 'a mechanical device consisting of a cylindrical tube around which the hair is wound to curl it; \"a woman with her head full of curlers is not a pretty sight\"', 'curling_iron': 'a cylindrical metal home appliance that heats a lock of hair that has been curled around it', 'currycomb': 'a square comb with rows of small teeth; used to curry horses', 'cursor': '(computer science) indicator consisting of a movable spot of light (an icon) on a visual display; moving it allows the user to point to commands or screen positions', 'curtain': 'any barrier to communication or vision; \"a curtain of secrecy\"; \"a curtain of trees\"', 'curtain_ring': 'a circular ring for holding up a curtain', 'cushion': 'the layer of air that supports a hovercraft or similar vehicle', 'cusp': 'a thin triangular flap of a heart valve', 'cuspidation': 'a decoration using cusps', 'custard_pie': 'a prop consisting of an open pie filled with real or artificial custard; thrown in slapstick comedies', 'customhouse': 'a government building where customs are collected and where ships are cleared to enter or leave the country', 'custom-made': \"an item made to the customer's specifications\", 'cutaway': 'a representation (drawing or model) of something in which the outside is omitted to reveal the inner parts', 'cut_glass': 'glass decorated by cutting or grinding facets', 'cutlas': 'a short heavy curved sword with one edge; formerly used by sailors', 'cutlery': 'tableware implements for cutting and eating food', 'cutoff': 'a designated limit beyond which something cannot function or must be terminated', 'cutout': 'a switch that interrupts an electric circuit in the event of an overload', 'cutter': 'someone who carves the meat', 'cutting_implement': 'a tool used for cutting or slicing', 'cutting_room': 'a room where films or tapes are edited (by cutting out unwanted parts)', 'cutty_stool': 'a low stool; formerly in Scotland, a seat in a church where an offender was publicly rebuked', 'cutwork': 'embroidery in which the design is outlined in a buttonhole stitch and the intervening material is cut away', 'cyberart': 'art that is produced with the help of computer hardware and software', 'cybercafe': 'a cafe whose customers sit at computer terminals and log on to the internet while they eat and drink', 'cyclobenzaprine': 'muscle relaxant (trade name Flexeril) used for muscle spasms or acute injury', 'cyclopean_masonry': 'a primitive style of masonry characterized by use of massive stones of irregular shape and size', 'cyclopropane': 'a colorless flammable gas sometimes used as an inhalation anesthetic', 'cycloserine': 'an antibiotic that is especially active against the tubercle bacillus', 'cyclostyle': 'a writing implement with a small toothed wheel that cuts small holes in a stencil', 'cyclotron': 'an accelerator that imparts energies of several million electron-volts to rapidly moving particles', 'cylinder': 'a surface generated by rotating a parallel line around a fixed line', 'cylinder_head': 'a detachable plate that covers the closed end of a cylinder chamber in a reciprocating engine or pump', 'cylinder_lock': 'a lock in which a cylinder rotates to move a bolt; tumblers are pins; inserting the key lifts and aligns the pins to free the cylinder to rotate', 'cyma': '(architecture) a molding for a cornice; in profile it is shaped like an S (partly concave and partly convex)', 'cyma_recta': 'a cyma in which the upper section is concave and the lower section is convex', 'cymbal': 'a percussion instrument consisting of a concave brass disk; makes a loud crashing sound when hit with a drumstick or when two are struck together', 'cyproheptadine': 'an antihistamine (trade name Periactin) used to treat some allergic reactions', 'cytophotometer': 'a photometer that can be used to locate and identify chemical compounds in a cell by measuring the intensity of the light that passes through stained sections of the cytoplasm', 'cytotoxic_drug': 'any drug that has a toxic effect on cells; commonly used in chemotherapy to inhibit the proliferation of cancerous cells', 'dacha': 'Russian country house', 'Dachau': 'a concentration camp for Jews created by the Nazis near Munich in southern Germany', 'Dacron': 'a kind of polyester fabric', 'dado': 'the section of a pedestal between the base and the surbase', 'dado_plane': 'a plane for making a dado groove', 'dagger': 'a character used in printing to indicate a cross reference or footnote', 'daggerboard': 'a removable centerboard on a small sailboat that can be lowered into the water to serve as a keel', 'daguerreotype': 'a photograph made by an early photographic process; the image was produced on a silver plate sensitized to iodine and developed in mercury vapor', 'dairy': 'a farm where dairy products are produced', 'dais': 'a platform raised above the surrounding level to give prominence to the person on it', 'daisy_chain': '(figurative) a series of associated things or people or experiences', 'daisy_print_wheel': 'a wheel around which is a set of print characters that make a typing impression on paper', 'daisywheel_printer': 'a printer that uses a daisy print wheel', 'damascene': 'a design produced by inlaying gold or silver into steel', 'damask': 'a table linen made from linen with a damask pattern', 'dampener': 'a device that dampens or moistens something; \"he used a dampener to moisten the shirts before he ironed them\"', 'damp-proof_course': 'a course of some impermeable material laid in the foundation walls of building near the ground to prevent dampness from rising into the building', 'damper_block': 'damper consisting of a small felted block that drops onto a piano string to stop its vibration', 'dance_floor': 'a bare floor polished for dancing', 'dapsone': 'antibacterial drug used to treat leprosy and some kinds of skin diseases', 'dark_lantern': 'a lantern with a single opening and a sliding panel that can be closed to conceal the light', 'darkroom': 'a room in which photographs are developed', 'darning_needle': 'a long needle with an eye large enough for heavy darning or embroidery thread', 'dart': 'a small narrow pointed missile that is thrown or shot', 'dartboard': 'a circular board of wood or cork used as the target in the game of darts', 'Dartmouth_College': 'a college in New Hampshire', 'dashboard': 'instrument panel on an automobile or airplane containing dials and controls', 'dashiki': 'a loose and brightly colored African shirt', 'dash-pot': 'a mechanical damper; the vibrating part is attached to a piston that moves in a chamber filled with liquid', 'dasymeter': 'densimeter consisting of a thin glass globe that is weighed in a gas to determine its density', 'data_converter': 'converter for changing information from one code to another', 'data_input_device': 'a device that can be used to insert data into a computer or other computational device', 'data_multiplexer': 'a multiplexer that permits two or more data sources to share a common transmission medium', 'data_system': 'system consisting of the network of all communication channels used within an organization', 'daub': 'material used to daub walls', 'davenport': 'a small decorative writing desk', 'Davis_Cup': 'cup awarded for the annual international team tennis competition', 'davit': 'a crane-like device (usually one of a pair) for suspending or lowering equipment (as a lifeboat)', 'daybed': 'an armless couch; a seat by day and a bed by night', 'daybook': 'a ledger in which transactions have been recorded as they occurred', 'day_camp': 'a camp providing care and activities for children during the daytime', 'day_nursery': 'a nursery for the supervision of preschool children while the parents work', 'day_school': 'a school giving instruction during the daytime', 'dead-air_space': 'an unventilated area where no air circulates', 'dead_axle': 'an axle that carries a wheel but without power to drive it', 'deadeye': 'a dead shot', 'deadhead': 'a nonenterprising person who is not paying his way; \"the deadheads on the payroll should be eased out as fast as possible\"', 'deadlight': \"a strong shutter over a ship's porthole that is closed in stormy weather\", 'dead_load': 'a constant load on a structure (e.g. a bridge) due to the weight of the supported structure itself', 'deanery': 'the official residence of a dean', 'deathbed': 'the last few hours before death', 'death_camp': 'a concentration camp where prisoners are likely to die or be killed', 'death_house': 'the cellblock in a prison where those condemned to death await execution', 'death_knell': 'an omen of death or destruction', 'death_mask': 'a cast taken from the face of a dead person', 'death_seat': 'the car seat beside the driver of an automobile; believed to be the most dangerous place to sit in a car in case of an accident', 'deathtrap': 'any structure that is very unsafe; where people are likely to be killed', 'decal': 'either a design that is fixed to some surface or a paper bearing the design which is to be transferred to the surface', 'deck': 'a porch that resembles the deck on a ship', 'deck_chair': 'a folding chair for use outdoors; a wooden frame supports a length of canvas', 'decker': '(often used in combinations) something constructed with multiple levels; \"they rode in a double-decker bus\"', 'deck-house': 'a superstructure on the upper deck of a ship', 'deckle': '(paper making) a frame used to form paper pulp into sheets', 'deckle_edge': 'rough edge left by a deckle on handmade paper or produced artificially on machine-made paper', 'declinometer': 'an instrument for measuring magnetic declination', 'decoder': 'the kind of intellectual who converts messages from a code to plain text', 'decolletage': \"a low-cut neckline on a woman's dress\", 'decongestant': 'a drug that decreases pulmonary congestion', 'dedicated_file_server': '(computer science) a file server that can be used only as a file server', 'deep-freeze': 'electric refrigerator (trade name Deepfreeze) in which food is frozen and stored for long periods of time', 'deerstalker': 'a tight-fitting hat with visors front and back; formerly worn by hunters', 'deer_trail': 'a trail worn by the passage of deer', 'defense_laboratory': 'a laboratory devoted to research and development for national defense', 'defense_system': 'the weaponry available for the defense of a region', 'defensive_structure': 'a structure used to defend against attack; \"the artillery battered down the defenses\"', 'defibrillator': 'an electronic device that administers an electric shock of preset voltage to the heart through the chest wall in an attempt to restore the normal rhythm of the heart during ventricular fibrillation', 'defilade': 'the arrangement of defensive fortifications to protect against enemy fire', 'deflector': 'a device intended to turn aside the flow of something (water or air or smoke etc)', 'defroster': 'heater that removes ice or frost (as from a windshield or a refrigerator or the wings of an airplane)', 'delavirdine': 'a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (trade name Rescriptor) used to treat AIDS and HIV', 'Delaware_Memorial_Bridge': 'a suspension bridge across the Delaware River', 'delayed_action': 'a mechanism that automatically delays the release of a camera shutter for a fixed period of time so that the photographer can appear in the picture', 'delay_line': 'a circuit designed to introduce a calculated delay into the transmission of a signal', 'delf': 'an excavation; usually a quarry or mine', 'delft': 'a style of glazed earthenware; usually white with blue decoration', 'delicatessen': 'ready-to-eat food products', 'delineation': 'a drawing of the outlines of forms or objects', 'deliverable': 'something that can be provided as the product of development; \"under this contract the deliverables include both software and hardware\"', 'delivery_truck': 'a van suitable for delivering goods or services to customers', 'delta_wing': 'an airplane with wings that give it the appearance of an isosceles triangle', 'demeclocycline_hydrochloride': 'tetracycline antibacterial (trade name Declomycin) effective in the treatment of some bacterial and rickettsial and other infections', 'demijohn': 'large bottle with a short narrow neck; often has small handles at neck and is enclosed in wickerwork', 'demister': 'heater that removes mist from the windshield of a car', 'demitasse': 'small coffee cup; for serving black coffee', 'demulcent': 'a medication (in the form of an oil or salve etc.) that soothes inflamed or injured skin', 'Demulen': 'trade name for an oral contraceptive', 'den': 'a unit of 8 to 10 cub scouts', 'denim': 'a coarse durable twill-weave cotton fabric', 'densimeter': 'a measuring instrument for determining density or specific gravity', 'densitometer': 'a measuring instrument for determining optical or photographic density', 'dental_appliance': 'a device to repair teeth or replace missing teeth', 'dental_floss': 'a soft thread for cleaning the spaces between the teeth', 'dental_implant': 'an implant that replaces a natural tooth', 'dentifrice': 'a substance for cleaning the teeth; applied with a toothbrush', \"dentist's_drill\": 'a high speed drill that dentists use to cut into teeth', 'denture': 'a dental appliance that artificially replaces missing teeth', 'deodorant': 'a toiletry applied to the skin in order to mask unpleasant odors', 'department_store': 'a large retail store organized into departments offering a variety of merchandise; commonly part of a retail chain', 'departure_gate': 'gate where passengers embark', 'departure_lounge': 'lounge where passengers can await departure', 'depilatory': 'a chemical (usually a sulfide) used to remove hair or wool or bristles from hides', 'depository': 'a facility where things can be deposited for storage or safekeeping', 'depressor': 'any skeletal muscle that draws a body part down', 'depth_charge': 'a bomb that explodes at a preset depth under water; antisubmarine device', 'depth_finder': 'navigational instrument used to measure the depth of a body of water (as by ultrasound or radar)', 'depth_gauge': 'a gauge for measuring the depth of grooves or holes or other concavities', 'dermatome': 'a surgical instrument used to cut very thin slices of skin', 'derrick': 'a framework erected over an oil well to allow drill tubes to be raised and lowered', 'derringer': 'a pocket pistol of large caliber with a short barrel', 'designer_drug': 'a psychoactive drug deliberately synthesized to avoid anti-drug laws; mimics the effects of a banned drug; law was revised in 1986 to ban designer drugs', 'desk': 'a piece of furniture with a writing surface and usually drawers or other compartments', 'desk_phone': 'a telephone set that sits on a desk or table', 'desktop_computer': 'a personal computer small enough to fit conveniently in an individual workspace', 'desipramine': 'a tricyclic antidepressant drug that activates the psychomotor system', 'dessert_plate': 'a small plate on which dessert can be served', 'dessert_spoon': 'a spoon larger than a teaspoon and smaller than a tablespoon', 'destroyer': 'a person who destroys or ruins or lays waste to; \"a destroyer of the environment\"; \"jealousy was his undoer\"; \"uprooters of gravestones\"', 'destroyer_escort': 'warship smaller than a destroyer; designed to escort fleets or convoys', 'detached_house': 'a house that stands alone', 'detector': 'rectifier that extracts modulation from a radio carrier wave', 'detention_home': 'an institution where juvenile offenders can be held temporarily (usually under the supervision of a juvenile court)', 'detergent': 'a surface-active chemical widely used in industry and laundering', 'detonating_fuse': 'a fuse containing an explosive', 'detonator': 'a mechanical or electrical explosive device or a small amount of explosive; can be used to initiate the reaction of a disrupting explosive', 'detour': 'a roundabout road (especially one that is used temporarily while a main route is blocked)', 'detox': 'the hospital ward or clinic in which patients are detoxified', 'deuce': 'a tie in tennis or table tennis that requires winning two successive points to win the game', 'developer': 'someone who develops real estate (especially someone who prepares a site for residential or commercial use)', 'Dewar_flask': 'vacuum flask that holds liquid air or helium for scientific experiments', 'dextroamphetamine_sulphate': 'an isomer of amphetamine (trade name Dexedrine) used as a central nervous system stimulant', 'dhoti': 'a long loincloth worn by Hindu men', 'dhow': 'a lateen-rigged sailing vessel used by Arabs', 'diagram': 'a drawing intended to explain how something works; a drawing showing the relation between the parts', 'dial': 'the control on a radio or television set that is used for tuning', 'dialog_box': \"(computer science) a small temporary window in a graphical user interface that appears in order to request information from the user; after the information has been provided the user dismisses the box with `okay' or `cancel'\", 'dial_telephone': 'a telephone with a dial for registering the number to be called', 'dialyzer': 'a medical instrument for separating substances in solution by unequal diffusion through semipermeable membranes', 'diamond': 'very hard native crystalline carbon valued as a gem', 'diamond_point': 'a very hard small point made from a diamond', 'diamante': 'fabric covered with glittering ornaments such as sequins or rhinestones', 'diapason': 'either of the two main stops on a pipe organ', 'diaper': 'a fabric (usually cotton or linen) with a distinctive woven pattern of small repeated figures', 'diaphone': 'a foghorn that makes a signal consisting of two tones', 'diaphoretic': 'used to produce perspiration', 'diaphragm': '(anatomy) a muscular partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities; functions in respiration', 'diary': 'a daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations', 'diathermy_machine': 'a medical instrument for local heating of bodily tissues for medical purposes', 'diazepam': 'a tranquilizer (trade name Valium) used to relieve anxiety and relax muscles; acts by enhancing the inhibitory actions of the neurotransmitter GABA; can also be used as an anticonvulsant drug in cases of nerve agent poisoning', 'diazoxide': 'vasodilator (trade name Hyperstat) used to treat severe hypertension', 'dibble': 'a wooden hand tool with a pointed end; used to make holes in the ground for planting seeds or bulbs', 'dibucaine': 'a local anesthetic that is administered by injection', 'dideoxycytosine': 'an antiviral drug used to combat HIV infection', 'dideoxyinosine': 'an antiviral drug used to combat HIV infection', 'die': 'a cutting tool that is fitted into a diestock and used for cutting male (external) screw threads on screws or bolts or pipes or rods', 'dice_cup': 'a small container (open at one end) in which dice are shaken by hand and from which they are thrown', 'dicer': 'a mechanical device used for dicing food', 'dickey': 'a small third seat in the back of an old-fashioned two-seater', 'diclofenac_potassium': 'a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Cataflam)', 'diclofenac_sodium': 'a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Voltaren) that is administered only orally', 'dicloxacillin': 'antibacterial (trade name Dynapen) used to treat staphylococcal infections that are resistant to penicillin', 'Dictaphone': 'a tape recorder that records and reproduces dictation', 'dicumarol': 'an anticoagulant drug that has now been largely replaced by warfarin', 'diesel': 'an internal-combustion engine that burns heavy oil', 'diesel-electric_locomotive': 'a locomotive driven by the electric current generated by a diesel engine', 'diesel-hydraulic_locomotive': 'a locomotive driven by a hydraulic transmission system powered by a diesel engine', 'diesel_locomotive': 'a locomotive driven by a diesel engine', 'diestock': 'a device that holds the dies that cut external threads on metal cylinders', 'diethylstilbesterol': 'synthetic nonsteroid with the properties of estrogen; formerly used to treat menstrual problems but was found to be associated with vaginal cancers in the daughters of women so treated during pregnancy', 'differential_analyzer': 'an analog computer designed to solve differential equations', 'differential_gear': 'a bevel gear that permits rotation of two shafts at different speeds; used on the rear axle of automobiles to allow wheels to rotate at different speeds on curves', 'diffraction_grating': 'optical device consisting of a surface with many parallel grooves in it; disperses a beam of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) into its wavelengths to produce its spectrum', 'diffuser': 'baffle that distributes sound waves evenly', 'diflunisal': 'nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (trade name Dolobid) used to treat arthritis and other inflammatory conditions', 'digester': 'autoclave consisting of a vessel in which plant or animal materials are digested', 'diggings': 'an excavation for ore or precious stones or for archaeology', 'digital-analog_converter': 'device for converting digital signals into analogue signals', 'digital_audiotape': 'a digital tape recording of sound', 'digital_camera': 'a camera that encodes an image digitally and store it for later reproduction', 'digital_clock': 'a clock that displays the time of day digitally', 'digital_computer': 'a computer that represents information by numerical (binary) digits', 'digital_display': 'a display that gives the information in the form of characters (numbers or letters)', 'digital_plethysmograph': 'plethysmograph applied to a digit of the hand or foot to measure skin blood flow', 'digital_subscriber_line': 'a generic name for digital lines that are provided by telephone companies to their local subscribers and that carry data at high speeds', 'digital_voltmeter': 'an electronic voltmeter that gives readings in digits', 'digital_watch': 'a watch with a digital display', 'digitizer': 'device for converting analogue signals into digital signals', 'digitoxin': 'digitalis preparation used to treat congestive heart failure or cardiac arrhythmia', 'digoxin': 'digitalis preparation (trade name Lanoxin) used to treat congestive heart failure or cardiac arrhythmia; helps the heart beat more forcefully', 'dihydrostreptomycin': 'antibiotic consisting of a hydrogenated form of streptomycin; used against tuberculosis and tularemia and Gram-negative organisms', 'dilator': 'a muscle or nerve that dilates or widens a body part', 'dildo': 'a vibrating device that substitutes for an erect penis to provide vaginal stimulation', 'diltiazem': 'a calcium blocker (trade name Cardizem) used in treating hypertension or angina or heart failure', 'dime_bag': 'street name for a packet of illegal drugs that is sold for ten dollars', 'dimenhydrinate': 'antihistamine and antiemetic (trade name Dramamine) used to treat motion sickness', 'Dimetapp': 'trade name for a drug containing an antihistamine and a decongestant; used to relieve nasal congestion and to treat rhinitis', 'dimity': 'a strong cotton fabric with a raised pattern; used for bedcovers and curtains', 'dimmer': 'a rheostat that varies the current through an electric light in order to control the level of illumination', 'diner': 'a person eating a meal (especially in a restaurant)', 'dinette': 'a small area off of a kitchen that is used for dining', 'dinghy': 'a small boat of shallow draft with cross thwarts for seats and rowlocks for oars with which it is propelled', 'dinky': 'a small locomotive', 'dining_area': 'an area arranged for dining; \"they put up tents for the dining area\"', 'dining_car': 'a passenger car where food is served in transit', 'dining-hall': 'a large room at a college or university; used especially for dining', 'dining_room': 'a room used for dining', 'dining-room_furniture': 'furniture intended for use in a dining room', 'dining-room_table': 'dining-room furniture consisting of a table on which meals can be served', 'dining_table': 'a table at which meals are served; \"he helped her clear the dining table\"; \"a feast was spread upon the board\"', 'dinner_bell': 'a bell rung to announce that dinner has been served', 'dinner_dress': 'a gown for evening wear', 'dinner_jacket': 'semiformal evening dress for men', 'dinner_napkin': 'a large napkin used when dinner is served', 'dinner_pail': 'a pail in which a workman carries his lunch or dinner', 'dinner_plate': 'a plate from which a diner eats during the main course of a meal', 'dinner_service': 'a table service for serving dinner', 'dinner_table': 'the dining table where dinner is served and eaten', 'dinner_theater': 'a theater at which dinner is included in the price of admission', 'dinnerware': 'the tableware (plates and platters and serving bowls etc.) used in serving a meal', 'diode': 'a thermionic tube having two electrodes; used as a rectifier', 'diphenhydramine': 'antihistamine (trade name Benadryl) used to treat allergic reactions involving the nasal passages (hay fever) and also to treat motion sickness', 'diphenylhydantoin': 'an anticonvulsant drug (trade name Dilantin) used to treat epilepsy and that is not a sedative', 'diphenylbutyl_piperidine': 'a group of antipsychotic drugs used mainly in the treatment of schizophrenia', 'diplomatic_building': 'government building in which diplomats live or work', 'diplomatic_pouch': 'a mail pouch that is sealed shut and that is used to carry communications between a legation and its home office', 'dipole': 'a pair of equal and opposite electric charges or magnetic poles separated by a small distance', 'dipper': 'a ladle that has a cup with a long handle', 'dipstick': 'a graduated rod dipped into a container to indicate the fluid level', 'DIP_switch': '(computer science) one of a set of small on-off switches mounted in computer hardware; used in place of jumpers to configure the machine for a user', 'diptych': 'a painting or carving (especially an altarpiece) on two panels (usually hinged like a book)', 'directional_antenna': 'an antenna that transmits or receives signals only in a narrow angle', 'directional_microphone': 'a microphone that is designed to receive sound from a particular direction', 'direction_finder': 'radio; determines the direction of incoming radio waves', 'dirk': 'a relatively long dagger with a straight blade', 'dirndl': 'a full skirt with a gathered waistband', 'dirt_track': 'a racetrack that is not paved', 'dirty_bomb': 'an atom bomb that leaves considerable radioactive contamination', 'discharge_lamp': 'a lamp that generates light by a discharge between two electrodes in a gas', 'discharge_pipe': 'a pipe through which fluids can be discharged', 'disco': 'popular dance music (especially in the late 1970s); melodic with a regular bass beat; intended mainly for dancing at discotheques', 'discount_house': 'a sales outlet offering goods at a discounted price', 'discus': 'an athletic competition in which a disk-shaped object is thrown as far as possible', 'dish': 'the quantity that a dish will hold; \"they served me a dish of rice\"', 'dishpan': 'large pan for washing dishes', 'dish_rack': 'a rack for holding dishes as dishwater drains off of them', 'dishrag': 'a cloth for washing dishes', 'dishtowel': 'a towel for drying dishes', 'dishwasher': 'someone who washes dishes', 'dishwasher_detergent': 'a low-sudsing detergent designed for use in dishwashers', 'disinfectant': 'an agent (as heat or radiation or a chemical) that destroys microorganisms that might carry disease', 'disk': 'something with a round shape resembling a flat circular plate; \"the moon\\'s disk hung in a cloudless sky\"', 'disk_access': 'memory access to the computer disk on which information is stored', 'disk_brake': 'hydraulic brake in which friction is applied to both sides of a spinning disk by the brake pads', 'disk_cache': 'a cache that stores copies of frequently used disk sectors in random access memory (RAM) so they can be read without accessing the slower disk', 'disk_clutch': 'a friction clutch in which the frictional surfaces are disks', 'disk_controller': '(computer science) a circuit or chip that translates commands into a form that can control a hard disk drive', 'disk_drive': 'computer hardware that holds and spins a magnetic or optical disk and reads and writes information on it', 'diskette': 'a small plastic magnetic disk enclosed in a stiff envelope with a radial slit; used to store data or programs for a microcomputer; \"floppy disks are noted for their relatively slow speed and small capacity and low price\"', 'disk_harrow': 'a harrow with a series of disks set on edge at an angle', 'dispatch_case': 'case consisting of an oblong container (usually having a lock) for carrying dispatches or other valuables', 'dispensary': 'clinic where medicine and medical supplies are dispensed', 'dispenser': 'a person who dispenses', 'display_adapter': '(computer science) an electronic device that converts information in memory to video output to a display', 'display_panel': 'a vertical surface on which information can be displayed to public view', 'display_window': 'a window of a store facing onto the street; used to display merchandise for sale in the store', 'disposable': 'an item that can be disposed of after it has been used', 'disrupting_explosive': 'a high explosive that is used to damage the target that is under attack', 'distaff': 'the sphere of work by women', 'distillery': 'a plant and works where alcoholic drinks are made by distillation', 'distributor': 'someone who markets merchandise', 'distributor_cam': 'the cam inside the distributor that rotates to contact spark plug terminals in the correct order', 'distributor_cap': 'the cap of the distributor that holds in place the wires from the distributor to the spark plugs', 'distributor_housing': 'the housing that supports the distributor cam', 'distributor_point': 'a contact in the distributor; as the rotor turns its projecting arm contacts them and current flows to the spark plugs', 'disulfiram': 'a drug (trade name Antabuse) used in the treatment of alcoholism; causes nausea and vomiting if alcohol is ingested', 'ditch': 'any small natural waterway', 'ditch_spade': 'a spade with a long handle for digging narrow ditches', 'ditty_bag': 'kit used by sailors and soldiers', 'diuretic_drug': 'any substance that tends to increase the flow of urine, which causes the body to get rid of excess water', 'divan': 'a Muslim council of state', 'dive_bomber': 'a bomber that releases its bombs during a steep dive toward the target', 'diverging_lens': 'a lens such that a parallel beam of light passing through it is caused to diverge or spread out', 'divided_highway': 'a highway divided down the middle by a barrier that separates traffic going in different directions; \"in Britain they call a divided highway a dual carriageway\"', 'divider': 'a person who separates something into parts or groups', 'diving_bell': 'diving apparatus for underwater work; has an open bottom and is supplied with compressed air', 'diving_board': 'a springboard from which swimmers can dive', 'divining_rod': 'forked stick that is said to dip down to indicate underground water or oil', 'diving_suit': 'a weighted and hermetically sealed garment supplied with air; worn by underwater divers', 'dixie': 'a large metal pot (12 gallon camp kettle) for cooking; used in military camps', 'Dixie_cup': 'a disposable cup made of paper; for holding drinks', 'document': 'a written account of ownership or obligation', 'doeskin': 'soft leather from deerskin or lambskin', 'dogcart': 'a cart drawn by a dog', 'dog_collar': 'a collar for a dog', 'doggie_bag': \"a bag for food that a customer did not eat at a restaurant; the transparent pretense is that the food is taken home to feed the customer's dog\", 'dogleg': 'angle that resembles the hind leg of a dog', 'dogsled': 'a sled pulled by dogs', 'dogtooth': 'a carved pyramidal ornament; used in 13th century England', 'dog_wrench': 'a wrench with a handle shaped like a crank', 'doodad': 'something unspecified whose name is either forgotten or not known; \"she eased the ball-shaped doodad back into its socket\"; \"there may be some great new gizmo around the corner that you will want to use\"', 'doily': 'a small round piece of linen placed under a dish or bowl', 'doll': 'a small replica of a person; used as a toy', 'dollhouse': \"a house so small that it is likened to a child's plaything\", 'dolly': 'conveyance consisting of a wheeled support on which a camera can be mounted', 'dolman': \"a hussar's jacket worn over the shoulders\", 'dolman_sleeve': 'a sleeve with a large armhole and tight cuff', 'dolmen': 'a prehistoric megalithic tomb typically having two large upright stones and a capstone', 'dolphin_striker': 'spar under the bowsprit of a sailboat', 'dome': 'a concave shape whose distinguishing characteristic is that the concavity faces downward', 'domino': 'a loose hooded cloak worn with a half mask as part of a masquerade costume', 'dongle': '(computer science) an electronic device that must be attached to a computer in order for it to use protected software', 'donkey_jacket': 'a short thick jacket; often worn by workmen', 'door': 'anything providing a means of access (or escape); \"we closed the door to Haitian immigrants\"; \"education is the door to success\"', 'doorbell': 'a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed', 'doorframe': 'the frame that supports a door', 'doorjamb': 'a jamb for a door', 'doorknob': \"a knob used to release the catch when opening a door (often called `doorhandle' in Great Britain)\", 'doorlock': 'a lock on an exterior door', 'doormat': 'a mat placed outside an exterior door for wiping the shoes before entering', 'doornail': 'a nail with a large head; formerly used to decorate doors', 'doorplate': 'a nameplate fastened to a door; indicates the person who works or lives there', 'doorsill': 'the sill of a door; a horizontal piece of wood or stone that forms the bottom of a doorway and offers support when passing through a doorway', 'doorstop': 'a stop that keeps open doors from moving', 'doorway': 'the entrance (the space in a wall) through which you enter or leave a room or building; the space that a door can close; \"he stuck his head in the doorway\"', 'dooryard': 'a yard outside the front or rear door of a house', 'Doppler_radar': 'radar that uses the Doppler shift to measure velocity', 'dormer': 'a gabled extension built out from a sloping roof to accommodate a vertical window', 'dormer_window': 'the window in a gabled extension built to accommodate a window', 'dormitory': 'a large sleeping room containing several beds', 'dose': 'the quantity of an active agent (substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed at any one time', 'dosemeter': 'a measuring instrument for measuring doses of ionizing radiation (X-rays or radioactivity)', 'dossal': 'an ornamental hanging of rich fabric hung behind the altar of a church or at the sides of a chancel', 'dot_matrix_printer': 'a printer that represents each character as a pattern of dots from a dot matrix', 'double_bed': 'a bed wide enough to accommodate two sleepers', 'double-bitted_ax': 'an ax that has cutting edges on both sides of the head', 'double_boiler': 'two saucepans, one fitting inside the other', 'double-breasted_jacket': 'a jacket having fronts that overlap enough for two separate rows of buttons', 'double-breasted_suit': 'a suit with a double-breasted jacket', 'double_clinch': 'a clinch with two loops', 'double_crochet': 'a kind of crochet stitch', 'double_door': 'two vertical doors that meet in the middle of the door frame when closed', 'double_glazing': 'a window with two panes of glass and a space between them; reduces heat and noise transmission through the window', 'double-hung_window': 'a window having two sashes that slide up and down', 'double_knit': 'a knit fabric similar to jersey that is made with two sets of needles producing a double thickness joined by interlocking stitches', 'double-prop': 'a propeller plane with an engine that drives two propellers in opposite directions (for stability)', 'doubler': 'an electronic device that doubles the voltage or the frequency of an input signal', 'double_reed': 'a pair of joined reeds that vibrate together to produce the sound in some woodwinds', 'double-reed_instrument': 'a woodwind that has a pair of joined reeds that vibrate together', 'doublet': \"a man's close-fitting jacket; worn during the Renaissance\", 'doubletree': 'a crossbar on a wagon or carriage to which two whiffletrees are attached in order to harness two horses abreast', 'dovecote': 'a birdhouse for pigeons', \"Dover's_powder\": 'a medicinal powder made essentially of ipecac and opium; formerly used to relieve pain and induce perspiration', 'dovetail': 'a mortise joint formed by interlocking tenons and mortises', 'dovetail_plane': 'a woodworking plane designed to make the grooves for dovetail joints', 'dowel': 'a fastener that is inserted into holes in two adjacent pieces and holds them together', 'downcast': 'a ventilation shaft through which air enters a mine', 'downstage': 'the front half of the stage (as seen from the audience)', 'doxazosin': 'an antihypertensive drug (trade name Cardura) that works by relaxing blood vessels so that blood passes through them more easily; it is also used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia', 'doxepin': 'a tricyclic antidepressant (trade names Adapin and Sinequan) with numerous side effects (dry mouth and sedation and gastrointestinal disturbances)', 'doxorubicin': 'an antibiotic used as an anticancer drug', 'doxycycline': 'an antibiotic derived from tetracycline that is effective against many infections; \"Vibramycin is the trade name of doxycycline\"', 'DPT_vaccine': 'abbreviation for combination vaccine against diphtheria and pertussis (whooping cough) and tetanus toxoids; usually given in a series of injections in early childhood', 'drafting_board': 'a smooth board on which paper is placed for making drawings', 'drafting_instrument': 'an instrument used by a draftsman in making drawings', 'drafting_table': 'a worktable with adjustable top', 'dragee': 'silvery candy beads used for decorating cakes', 'Dragunov': 'a sniper rifle with a telescopic sight', 'drainage_ditch': 'a ditch for carrying off excess water or sewage', 'drainage_system': 'a system of watercourses or drains for carrying off excess water', 'drain_basket': 'a filter in a sink drain; traps debris but passes water', 'drainboard': 'a board beside a kitchen sink and inclined to drain into the sink', 'drainplug': 'a removable plug for holding water in a tub or basin', 'drape': 'the manner in which fabric hangs or falls; \"she adjusted the drape of her skirt\"', 'drapery': 'cloth gracefully draped and arranged in loose folds', 'drawbar': 'a strong metal bar bearing a hook to attach something to be pulled', 'drawbridge': 'a bridge that can be raised to block passage or to allow boats or ships to pass beneath it', 'drawer': 'the person who writes a check or draft instructing the drawee to pay someone else', 'drawers': 'underpants worn by men', 'drawing_card': 'an entertainer who attracts large audiences; \"he was the biggest drawing card they had\"', 'drawing_chalk': 'colored chalks used by artists', 'drawing_room': 'a private compartment on a sleeping car with three bunks and a toilet', 'drawknife': \"a woodworker's knife to shave surfaces\", 'drawnwork': 'ornamental needlework done by drawing threads to form lacelike patterns', 'drawstring': 'a tie consisting of a cord that goes through a seam around an opening; \"he pulled the drawstring and closed the bag\"', 'drawstring_bag': 'a bag that is closed at the top with a drawstring', 'dray': 'a low heavy horse cart without sides; used for haulage', 'dreadnought': 'battleship that has big guns all of the same caliber', 'dredge': 'a power shovel to remove material from a channel or riverbed', 'dredger': 'a barge (or a vessel resembling a barge) that is used for dredging', 'dredging_bucket': 'a bucket for lifting material from a channel or riverbed', 'dress': 'a one-piece garment for a woman; has skirt and bodice', 'dress_blues': 'a dress uniform for formal occasions', 'dresser': 'a person who dresses in a particular way; \"she\\'s an elegant dresser\"; \"he\\'s a meticulous dresser\"', 'dress_hat': \"a man's hat with a tall crown; usually covered with silk or with beaver fur\", 'dressing_case': 'a small piece of luggage for carrying brushes and bottles and toilet articles while traveling', 'dressing_gown': 'a robe worn before dressing or while lounging', 'dressing_room': 'a room in which you can change clothes', 'dressing_sack': \"a woman's loose jacket; worn while dressing\", 'dressing_station': '(military) a station located near a combat area for giving first aid to the wounded', 'dressing_table': 'low table with mirror or mirrors where one sits while dressing or applying makeup', 'dress_rack': 'a rack used primarily to display dresses for sale in a store', 'dress_shirt': \"a man's white shirt (with a starch front) for evening wear (usually with a tuxedo)\", 'dress_suit': 'formalwear consisting of full evening dress for men', 'dress_uniform': 'a military uniform worn on formal occasions', 'drift': 'a process of linguistic change over a period of time', 'drift_net': 'a large fishnet supported by floats; it drifts with the current', 'electric_drill': 'a rotating power drill powered by an electric motor', 'drilling_bit': 'a bit used in drilling for oil', 'drilling_pipe': 'a series of tubes (joined by screwed collars) that connect a drilling platform to the drilling bit; rotates the bit and supplies drilling mud', 'drilling_platform': 'drilling rig consisting of an offshore platform (floating or fixed to the sea bed) from which many oil wells can be bored radially', 'drill_press': 'a machine tool with a separate, upright stand; an electric drill is pressed into the work automatically or with a hand lever', 'drill_rig': 'rig used in drilling for oil or gas', 'drill_site': 'workplace that is the site of a drill hole', 'drinking_fountain': 'a public fountain to provide a jet of drinking water', 'drinking_vessel': 'a vessel intended for drinking', 'drip': 'flowing in drops; the formation and falling of drops of liquid; \"there\\'s a drip through the roof\"', 'drip_loop': 'a downward hanging loop in a line that runs to a building; \"when it rained water would fall from the drip loop before it reached the building\"', 'drip_mat': 'a small mat placed under a glass to protect a surface from condensation', 'drip_pan': 'pan under a refrigerator for collecting liquid waste', 'dripping_pan': 'pan for catching drippings under roasting meat', 'drip_pot': 'a coffeepot for making drip coffee', 'dripstone': 'the form of calcium carbonate found in stalactites and stalagmites', 'drive-in': 'any installation designed to accommodate patrons in their automobiles', 'drive_line': 'mechanism that transmits power from the engine to the driving wheels of a motor vehicle', 'driven_well': 'a well made by driving a tube into the earth to a stratum that bears water', 'driver': 'someone who drives animals that pull a vehicle', 'driveshaft': 'a rotating shaft that transmits power from the engine to the point of application', 'driveway': 'a road leading up to a private house; \"they parked in the driveway\"', 'driving_belt': 'a belt that carries motion from a motor to the machinery', 'driving_iron': '(golf) the long iron with the most nearly vertical face', 'driving_wheel': 'a wheel that drives a motor vehicle (transforms torque into a tractive force)', 'Drixoral': 'the trade name for a drug used to treat upper respiratory congestion; it contains an antihistamine and a bronchodilator and a vasoconstrictor', 'drogue': 'a funnel-shaped device towed as a target by an airplane', 'drogue_parachute': 'a small parachute that pulls the main parachute from its storage pack', 'dronabinol': 'psychoactive substance present in marijuana; used therapeutically to control nausea associated with cancer therapy', 'drop_arch': 'a blunt pointed arch drawn from two centers within the span', 'drop_cloth': 'a large piece of cloth laid over the floor or furniture while a room is being painted', 'drop_curtain': 'a curtain that can be lowered and raised onto a stage from the flies; often used as background scenery', 'drop_forge': 'device for making large forgings', 'drop-leaf': 'a hinged leaf on a table that can be raised and supported by a bracket', 'drop-leaf_table': 'a table that has a drop-leaf to enlarge its surface', 'dropper': 'pipet consisting of a small tube with a vacuum bulb at one end for drawing liquid in and releasing it a drop at a time; \"she used an eye dropper to administer medication to the eyes\"', 'droshky': 'an open horse-drawn carriage with four wheels; formerly used in Poland and Russia', 'drove': 'a group of animals (a herd or flock) moving together', 'drug': 'a substance that is used as a medicine or narcotic', 'drug_cocktail': 'a combination of protease inhibitors taken with reverse transcriptase inhibitors; used in treating AIDS and HIV', 'drugget': 'a rug made of a coarse fabric having a cotton warp and a wool filling', 'drug_of_abuse': 'a drug that is taken for nonmedicinal reasons (usually for mind-altering effects); drug abuse can lead to physical and mental damage and (with some substances) dependence and addiction', 'drugstore': 'a retail shop where medicine and other articles are sold', 'drum_brake': 'hydraulic brake in which friction is applied to the inside of a spinning drum by the brake shoe', 'drumhead': 'a membrane that is stretched taut over a drum', 'drum_printer': 'a line printer in which the type is mounted on a rotating drum that contains a full character set for each printing position', 'drum_sander': 'a power tool used for sanding wood; an endless loop of sandpaper is moved at high speed by an electric motor', 'drumstick': 'the lower joint of the leg of a fowl', 'dry_battery': 'a voltaic battery consisting of two or more dry cells', 'dry-bulb_thermometer': 'an ordinary thermometer with a dry bulb; used to measure the air temperature', 'dry_cell': 'a small Leclanche cell containing no free liquid; the electrolyte is a paste and the negative zinc pole forms the container of the cell; used in flashlights, portable radios, etc.', 'dry_dock': 'a large dock from which water can be pumped out; used for building ships or for repairing a ship below its waterline', 'dryer': 'an appliance that removes moisture', 'dry_fly': \"a fly (fisherman's lure) that skims the surface of the water\", 'drygoods': 'textiles or clothing and related merchandise', 'dry_kiln': 'a kiln for drying and seasoning lumber', 'dry_masonry': 'masonry without mortar', 'dry_point': 'a print produced by dry point engraving', 'dry_wall': 'a stone wall made with stones fitted together without mortar', 'dual_scan_display': 'a type of passive matrix display in which the top and bottom half of the screen are refreshed simultaneously', 'dubbing': 'a new soundtrack that is added to a film', 'duckboard': 'a boardwalk laid across muddy ground', 'duckpin': 'a bowling pin that is short and squat by comparison with a tenpin', 'duct': 'a continuous tube formed by a row of elongated cells lacking intervening end walls', 'duct_tape': 'a wide silvery adhesive tape intended to seal joints in sheet metal duct work but having many other uses; \"duct tape holds the world together\"', 'dudeen': 'a clay pipe with a short stem', 'duffel': 'a coarse heavy woolen fabric', 'duffel_bag': 'a large cylindrical bag of heavy cloth; for carrying personal belongings', 'duffel_coat': 'a warm coat made of duffel; usually has a hood and fastens with toggles', 'dugout': 'either of two low shelters on either side of a baseball diamond where the players and coaches sit during the game', 'dugout_canoe': 'a canoe made by hollowing out and shaping a large log', 'Duke_University': 'a university in Durham, North Carolina', 'dulciana': 'the organ stop having a tone of soft sweet string quality', 'dulcimer': 'a stringed instrument used in American folk music; an elliptical body and a fretted fingerboard and three strings', 'dumbbell': 'an ignorant or foolish person', 'dumb_bomb': 'a bomb that falls because of gravity and is not guided to a target', 'dumbwaiter': 'a small elevator used to convey food (or other goods) from one floor of a building to another', 'dumdum': 'a soft-nosed small-arms bullet that expands when it hits a target and causes a gaping wound', 'dummy': 'a person who does not talk', 'dump': 'a piece of land where waste materials are dumped', 'dumpcart': 'a cart that can be tilted to empty contents without handling', 'Dumpster': 'a container designed to receive and transport and dump waste', 'dump_truck': 'truck whose contents can be emptied without handling; the front end of the platform can be pneumatically raised so that the load is discharged by gravity', 'Dumpy_level': \"a surveyor's level having a short telescope fixed to a horizontally rotating table and a spirit level\", 'dunce_cap': 'a cone-shaped paper hat formerly placed on the head of slow or lazy pupils', 'dune_buggy': 'a recreational vehicle with large tires used on beaches or sand dunes', 'dungeon': 'a dark cell (usually underground) where prisoners can be confined', 'duplex_apartment': 'an apartment having rooms on two floors that are connected by a staircase', 'duplex_house': 'a house with two units sharing a common wall', 'duplicate': 'a copy that corresponds to an original exactly; \"he made a duplicate for the files\"', 'duplicator': 'apparatus that makes copies of typed, written or drawn material', 'durables': 'consumer goods that are not destroyed by use', 'durbar': 'the room in the palace of a native prince of India in which audiences and receptions occur', 'dust_bag': 'a bag into which dirt is sucked by a vacuum cleaner', 'dustcloth': 'a piece of cloth used for dusting', 'dust_cover': 'a large piece of cloth used to cover furniture that is not in use for a long period', 'dustmop': 'a dry swab for dusting floors', 'dustpan': 'the quantity that a dustpan will hold', 'Dutch_door': 'an exterior door divided in two horizontally; either half can be closed or open independently', 'Dutch_oven': 'iron or earthenware cooking pot; used for stews', 'dwelling': 'housing that someone is living in; \"he built a modest dwelling near the pond\"; \"they raise money to provide homes for the homeless\"', 'dye-works': 'a workshop where dyeing is done', 'dynamite': 'an explosive containing nitrate sensitized with nitroglycerin absorbed on wood pulp', 'dynamo': 'generator consisting of a coil (the armature) that rotates between the poles of an electromagnet (the field magnet) causing a current to flow in the armature', 'dynamometer': 'measuring instrument designed to measure power', 'Eames_chair': 'a chair designed by Charles Eames; originally made of molded plywood; seat and back shaped to fit the human body', 'earflap': 'one of two flaps attached to a cap to keep the ears warm', 'ear_hole': 'a hole (as in a helmet) for sound to reach the ears', 'early_warning_radar': 'a radar that is part of an early warning system', 'early_warning_system': 'a network of radar installations designed to detect enemy missiles or aircraft while there is still time to intercept them', 'earmuff': 'either of a pair of ear coverings (usually connected by a headband) that are worn to keep the ears warm in cold weather', 'earphone': 'electro-acoustic transducer for converting electric signals into sounds; it is held over or inserted into the ear; \"it was not the typing but the earphones that she disliked\"', 'earplug': 'an earphone that is inserted into the ear canal', 'earring': 'jewelry to ornament the ear; usually clipped to the earlobe or fastened through a hole in the lobe', 'earthenware': 'ceramic ware made of porous clay fired at low heat', 'earthwork': 'an earthen rampart', 'easel': \"an upright tripod for displaying something (usually an artist's canvas)\", 'easy_chair': 'a comfortable upholstered armchair', 'eaves': 'the overhang at the lower edge of a roof', 'ecce_homo': 'a representation (a picture or sculpture) of Jesus wearing a crown of thorns', 'ecclesiastical_attire': 'attire that is appropriate to wear in a church', 'echelon': 'a body of troops arranged in a line', 'echinus': 'ovolo molding between the shaft and the abacus of a Doric column', 'echocardiograph': 'a sonograph that creates an image of the heart and its abnormalities', 'echoencephalograph': 'a sonograph that creates an image of the brain and its abnormalities', 'echo_chamber': 'an enclosed space for producing reverberation of a sound', 'edge': 'the boundary of a surface', 'edger': 'a person who puts finishing edges on a garment', 'edge_tool': 'any cutting tool with a sharp cutting edge (as a chisel or knife or plane or gouge)', 'edging': 'border consisting of anything placed on the edge to finish something (such as a fringe on clothing or on a rug)', 'efficiency_apartment': 'a furnished apartment with a kitchenette and bathroom', 'effigy': 'a representation of a person (especially in the form of sculpture); \"the coin bears an effigy of Lincoln\"; \"the emperor\\'s tomb had his image carved in stone\"', 'egg-and-dart': 'a decorative molding; a series of egg-shaped figures alternating with another shape', 'eggbeater': 'a mixer for beating eggs or whipping cream', 'eggcup': 'dishware consisting of a small cup for serving a boiled egg', 'egg_timer': 'a sandglass that runs for three minutes; used to time the boiling of eggs', 'Eiffel_Tower': 'a wrought iron tower 300 meters high that was constructed in Paris in 1889; for many years it was the tallest man-made structure', 'eight_ball': 'a black pool ball bearing the number 8; should be the last to go in certain pool games', 'eightpenny_nail': 'a nail 2.5 inches long', 'eight-spot': 'one of four playing cards in a deck with eight pips on the face', 'ejection_seat': \"a pilot's seat in an airplane that can be forcibly ejected in the case of an emergency; then the pilot descends by parachute\", 'elastic': 'a fabric made of yarns containing an elastic material', 'elastic_bandage': 'a bandage containing stretchable material that can apply local pressure', 'elastic_device': 'any flexible device that will return to its original shape when stretched', 'Elastoplast': 'an elastic adhesive bandage for covering cuts or wounds', 'elbow_pad': 'protective garment consisting of a pad worn over the elbow by football and hockey players', 'electric': 'a car that is powered by electricity', 'electrical_cable': 'a cable that provides an electrical connection for telephone or television or power stations', 'electrical_contact': 'contact that allows current to pass from one conductor to another', 'electrical_converter': 'converter that converts alternating current into direct current or vice versa', 'electrical_device': 'a device that produces or is powered by electricity', 'electrical_system': 'utility that provides electricity', 'electric_bell': 'a bell activated by the magnetic effect of an electric current', 'electric_blanket': 'a blanket containing and electric heating element that can be controlled to the desired temperature by a rheostat', 'electric_chair': 'an instrument of execution by electrocution; resembles an ordinary seat for one person; \"the murderer was sentenced to die in the chair\"', 'electric_clock': 'a clock using a small electric motor', 'electric-discharge_lamp': 'an electric lamp in which the light comes from an electric discharge between two electrodes in a glass tube', 'electric_fan': 'a fan run by an electric motor', 'electric_frying_pan': 'a frying pan heated by electricity', 'electric_furnace': 'any furnace in which the heat is provided by an electric current', 'electric_guitar': 'a guitar whose sound is amplified by electrical means', 'electric_hammer': 'a hammer driven by electric motor', 'electric_heater': 'a small electric space heater', 'electric_lamp': 'a lamp powered by electricity', 'electric_locomotive': 'a locomotive that is powered by an electric motor', 'electric_main': 'a main that distributes electricity', 'electric_meter': 'a meter for measuring the amount of electric power used', 'electric_mixer': 'a food mixer powered by an electric motor', 'electric_motor': 'a motor that converts electricity to mechanical work', 'electric_organ': '(music) an electronic simulation of a pipe organ', 'electric_range': 'a kitchen range in which the heat for cooking is provided by electric power', 'electric_refrigerator': 'a refrigerator in which the coolant is pumped around by an electric motor', 'electric_socket': 'a socket into which a lightbulb can be inserted', 'electric_toothbrush': 'a toothbrush with an electric motor in the handle that vibrates the head of the brush', 'electric_typewriter': 'a typewriter powered by an electric motor', 'electro-acoustic_transducer': 'a transducer that converts electrical to acoustic energy or vice versa', 'electrode': 'a conductor used to make electrical contact with some part of a circuit', 'electrodynamometer': 'measuring instrument that uses the interaction of the magnetic fields of two coils to measure current or voltage or power', 'electroencephalograph': 'medical instrument that records electric currents generated by the brain', 'electrograph': 'an apparatus for the electrical transmission of pictures', 'electrolytic': 'a fixed capacitor consisting of two electrodes separated by an electrolyte', 'electrolytic_cell': 'a cell containing an electrolyte in which an applied voltage causes a reaction to occur that would not occur otherwise (such as the breakdown of water into hydrogen and oxygen)', 'electromagnet': 'a temporary magnet made by coiling wire around an iron core; when current flows in the coil the iron becomes a magnet', 'electromagnetic_delay_line': 'a delay line based on the time of propagation of electromagnetic waves', 'electromechanical_device': 'a mechanical device that is operated by electricity', 'electrometer': 'meter to measure electrostatic voltage differences; draws no current from the source', 'electromyograph': 'a medical instrument that records the electrical waves associated with the activity of skeletal muscles', 'electron_accelerator': 'collider that consists of an accelerator that collides electrons and positrons', 'electron_gun': 'the electrode that is the source of electrons in a cathode-ray tube or electron microscope; consists of a cathode that emits a stream of electrons and the electrostatic or electromagnetic apparatus that focuses it', 'electronic_balance': 'a balance that generates a current proportional to the displacement of the pan', 'electronic_converter': '(telecommunication) converter for converting a signal from one frequency to another', 'electronic_device': 'a device that accomplishes its purpose electronically', 'electronic_equipment': 'equipment that involves the controlled conduction of electrons (especially in a gas or vacuum or semiconductor)', 'electronic_fetal_monitor': \"an electronic monitor that monitors fetal heartbeat and the mother's uterine contractions during childbirth\", 'electronic_instrument': 'a musical instrument that generates sounds electronically', 'electronic_voltmeter': 'a voltmeter whose sensitivity is increased by amplification', 'electron_microscope': 'a microscope that is similar in purpose to a light microscope but achieves much greater resolving power by using a parallel beam of electrons to illuminate the object instead of a beam of light', 'electron_multiplier': 'a vacuum tube that amplifies a flow of electrons', 'electrophorus': 'a simple electrostatic generator that generates repeated charges of static electricity', 'electroplate': 'any artifact that has been plated with a thin coat of metal by electrolysis', 'electroscope': 'measuring instrument that detects electric charge; two gold leaves diverge owing to repulsion of charges with like sign', 'electrostatic_generator': 'electrical device that produces a high voltage by building up a charge of static electricity', 'electrostatic_printer': 'a printer that uses an electric charge to deposit toner on paper', 'elevated_railway': 'a railway that is powered by electricity and that runs on a track that is raised above the street level', 'elevation': 'angular distance above the horizon (especially of a celestial object)', 'elevator': 'the airfoil on the tailplane of an aircraft that makes it ascend or descend', 'elevator_shaft': 'a vertical shaft in a building to permit the passage of an elevator from floor to floor', 'ell': 'an extension at the end and at right angles to the main building', 'embankment': 'a long artificial mound of stone or earth; built to hold back water or to support a road or as protection', 'embassy': 'an ambassador and his entourage collectively', 'embellishment': 'elaboration of an interpretation by the use of decorative (sometimes fictitious) detail; \"the mystery has been heightened by many embellishments in subsequent retellings\"', 'emblem': 'a visible symbol representing an abstract idea', 'embroidery': 'decorative needlework', 'emergency_room': 'a room in a hospital or clinic staffed and equipped to provide emergency care to persons requiring immediate medical treatment', 'emesis_basin': 'a basin used by bedridden patients for vomiting', 'emetic': 'a medicine that induces nausea and vomiting', 'Emetrol': 'trade name for an antiemetic drug that has a mint flavor', 'emitter': 'the electrode in a transistor where electrons originate', 'Empire_State_Building': 'a skyscraper built in New York City in 1931; 1250 feet tall', 'emplacement': 'military installation consisting of a prepared position for siting a weapon', 'empty': 'a container that has been emptied; \"return all empties to the store\"', 'emulsion': '(chemistry) a colloid in which both phases are liquids; \"an oil-in-water emulsion\"', 'enamel': 'a colored glassy compound (opaque or partially opaque) that is fused to the surface of metal or glass or pottery for decoration or protection', 'enamelware': 'cooking utensil of enameled iron', 'enalapril': 'an ACE inhibitor (trade name Vasotec) that blocks the formation of angiotensin in the kidney and so results in vasodilation; administered after heart attacks', 'encainide': 'antiarrhythmic drug (trade name Enkaid) used to treat life-threatening arrhythmias but increases the risk of sudden death in heart attack patients', 'encaustic': 'a paint consisting of pigment mixed with melted beeswax; it is fixed with heat after application', 'encephalogram': 'an X ray of the brain made by replacing spinal fluid with a gas (usually oxygen) to improve contrast', 'endoscope': 'a long slender medical instrument for examining the interior of a bodily organ or performing minor surgery', 'endotracheal_tube': 'a catheter that is inserted into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to maintain an open air passage or to deliver oxygen or to permit the suctioning of mucus or to prevent aspiration of the stomach contents', 'end_product': 'final product; the things produced', 'energizer': 'someone who imparts energy and vitality and spirit to other people', 'enflurane': 'a nonflammable liquid (trade name Ethrane) used as an inhalation general anesthetic', 'engagement_ring': 'a ring given and worn as a sign of betrothal', 'engine': 'something used to achieve a purpose; \"an engine of change\"', 'engine_block': 'a metal casting containing the cylinders and cooling ducts of an engine; \"the engine had to be replaced because the block was cracked\"', 'engineering': 'the discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems; \"he had trouble deciding which branch of engineering to study\"', 'enginery': 'machinery consisting of engines collectively', 'English_horn': 'a double-reed woodwind instrument similar to an oboe but lower in pitch', 'English_saddle': 'a saddle having a steel cantle and pommel and no horn', 'enlargement': 'the state of being enlarged', 'enlarger': 'photographic equipment consisting of an optical projector used to enlarge a photograph', 'Enovid': 'trade name for an oral contraceptive containing mestranol and norethynodrel', 'ensemble': 'a cast other than the principals', 'ensign': 'a person who holds a commissioned rank in the United States Navy or the United States Coast Guard; below lieutenant junior grade', 'entablature': '(architecture) the structure consisting of the part of a classical temple above the columns between a capital and the roof', 'enteric-coated_aspirin': 'aspirin that is treated to pass through the stomach unaltered and to dissolve in the intestines', 'entertainment_center': 'a wall unit containing sound and television systems', 'entrant': 'someone who enters; \"new entrants to the country must go though immigration procedures\"', 'entrenching_tool': 'a hand shovel carried by infantrymen for digging trenches', 'entrenchment': 'an entrenched fortification; a position protected by trenches', 'envelope': 'a curve that is tangent to each of a family of curves', 'eolith': 'a crude stone artifact (as a chipped flint); possibly the earliest tools', 'epaulet': 'adornment consisting of an ornamental cloth pad worn on the shoulder', 'epauliere': 'armor plate that protects the shoulder', 'epee': 'a fencing sword similar to a foil but with a heavier blade', 'epergne': 'a large table centerpiece with branching holders for fruit or sweets or flowers', 'epicyclic_train': 'a system of epicyclic gears in which at least one wheel axis itself revolves about another fixed axis', 'epidiascope': 'an optical projector that gives images of both transparent and opaque objects', 'epilating_wax': 'a mixture of resins and waxes to remove cosmetically undesirable hair; mixture is applied hot to the surface and after cooling is pulled away taking the hairs with it', 'Epsom_salts': 'hydrated magnesium sulfate that is taken orally to treat heartburn and constipation and injected to prevent seizures', 'equal-area_projection': 'a map projection in which quadrilaterals formed by meridians and parallels have an area on the map proportional to their area on the globe', 'equatorial': \"a telescope whose mounting has only two axes of motion, one parallel to the Earth's axis and the other one at right angles to it\", 'equipment': 'an instrumentality needed for an undertaking or to perform a service', 'erasable_programmable_read-only_memory': '(computer science) a read-only memory chip that can be erased by ultraviolet light and programmed again with new data', 'eraser': 'an implement used to erase something', 'erecting_prism': 'a right-angled optical prism used to turn an inverted image upright', 'erection': 'an erect penis', 'Erlenmeyer_flask': 'a conical flask with a wide base and narrow neck', 'erythromycin': 'an antibiotic (trade name Erythrocin or E-Mycin or Ethril or Ilosone or Pediamycin) obtained from the actinomycete Streptomyces erythreus; effective against many Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative', 'escalator': 'a stairway whose steps move continuously on a circulating belt', 'escape_hatch': 'hatchway that provides a means of escape in an emergency', 'escapement': 'mechanical device that regulates movement', 'escape_wheel': 'gear that engages a rocking lever', 'escarpment': 'a long steep slope or cliff at the edge of a plateau or ridge; usually formed by erosion', 'escutcheon': \"(nautical) a plate on a ship's stern on which the name is inscribed\", 'esmolol': 'intravenous beta blocker (trade name Brevibloc) that acts for only a short time; used primarily for cardiac arrhythmias', 'esophagoscope': 'an optical instrument for examining the inside of the esophagus', 'espadrille': 'a sandal with a sole made of rope or rubber and a cloth upper part', 'espalier': 'a trellis on which ornamental shrub or fruit tree is trained to grow flat', 'esplanade': 'a long stretch of open level ground (paved or grassy) for walking beside the seashore', 'espresso_maker': 'a coffee maker that forces live steam under pressure through dark roasted coffee grounds', 'espresso_shop': 'a cafe where espresso is served', 'establishment': '(ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat', 'estaminet': 'a small (and usually shabby) cafe selling wine and beer and coffee', 'estazolam': 'a frequently prescribed sleeping pill (trade name ProSom)', 'estradiol_patch': 'a transdermal patch that allows estradiol to be absorbed into the blood stream; used in treating estrogen deficiency and in hormone replacement therapy', 'estrogen_antagonist': 'an antagonist for estrogen that is used in the treatment of breast cancer', 'etagere': 'a piece of furniture with open shelves for displaying small ornaments', 'etamine': 'a soft cotton or worsted fabric with an open mesh; used for curtains or clothing etc.', 'etanercept': 'a genetically engineered anti-TNF compound (trade name Enbrel) consisting of receptors that bind TNF; it is injected twice a week in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis', 'etcetera': 'additional unspecified odds and ends; more of the same; \"his report was full of etceteras\"', 'etching': 'an impression made from an etched plate', 'ethacrynic_acid': 'diuretic (trade name Edecrin) used to treat edema', 'ethchlorvynol': 'a mild sedative-hypnotic drug (trade name Placidyl)', 'ether': 'any of a class of organic compounds that have two hydrocarbon groups linked by an oxygen atom', 'ethernet': 'a type of network technology for local area networks; coaxial cable carries radio frequency signals between computers at a rate of 10 megabits per second', 'ethernet_cable': 'any of several types of coaxial cable used in ethernets', 'ethosuximide': 'an anticonvulsant drug (trade names Emeside and Zarontin) used to treat petit mal epilepsy', 'ethyl_chloride': 'a colorless flammable gas used as a local surface anesthetic', 'etodolac': 'a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Lodine)', 'Eton_collar': 'broad white collar worn over the lapels of a jacket', 'Eton_jacket': 'a jacket hanging to the waist and cut square at the bottom', 'etui': \"small ornamental ladies' bag for small articles\", 'eudiometer': 'measuring instrument consisting of a graduated glass tube for measuring volume changes in chemical reactions between gases', 'euphonium': 'a bass horn (brass wind instrument) that is the tenor of the tuba family', 'euphoriant': 'a psychoactive drug that tends to produce elation and euphoria', 'evaporative_cooler': 'a cooling system that cools by evaporation', 'evening_bag': 'a handbag used with evening wear', 'Excalibur': 'the legendary sword of King Arthur', 'exercise_bike': 'an exercise device resembling a stationary bike', 'exercise_device': 'a device designed to provide exercise for the user', 'exhaust': 'gases ejected from an engine as waste products', 'exhaust_fan': 'a fan that moves air out of an enclosure', 'exhaust_manifold': 'a manifold that receives exhaust gases from the cylinders and conducts them to the exhaust pipe', 'exhaust_pipe': 'a pipe through which burned gases travel from the exhaust manifold to the muffler', 'exhaust_valve': 'a valve through which burned gases from a cylinder escape into the exhaust manifold', 'exhibition_hall': 'a large hall for holding exhibitions', 'Exocet': 'a guided missile developed by the French government for use against ships', 'expansion_bit': 'a bit with a cutting blade that can be adjusted to different sizes', 'expansion_bolt': 'a bolt that has an attachment that expands as the bolt is driven into a surface', 'expectorant': 'a medicine promoting expectoration', 'explosive': 'a chemical substance that undergoes a rapid chemical change (with the production of gas) on being heated or struck', 'explosive_compound': 'a compound that is explosive', 'explosive_detection_system': \"a rapid automatic system to detect plastic explosives in passengers' luggage using X-ray technology and computers; designed for use in airports\", 'explosive_device': 'device that bursts with sudden violence from internal energy', 'explosive_mixture': 'a mixture that is explosive', 'explosive_trace_detection': 'a system for screening luggage in airports; an agent passes a swab around or inside luggage and then runs the swab through a machine that can detect trace amounts of explosives', 'export': 'commodities (goods or services) sold to a foreign country', 'expressway': 'a broad highway designed for high-speed traffic', 'extension_cord': 'an electric cord used to extend the length of a power cord', 'extension_ladder': 'a ladder whose length can be extended', 'exterior_door': 'a doorway that allows entrance to or exit from a building', 'external-combustion_engine': 'a heat engine in which ignition occurs outside the chamber (cylinder or turbine) in which heat is converted to mechanical energy', 'external_drive': 'a drive with its own power supply and fan mounted outside the computer system enclosure and connected to the computer by a cable', 'extra': 'an additional edition of a newspaper (usually to report a crisis)', 'extractor': 'an instrument for extracting tight-fitting components', 'eye': 'attention to what is seen; \"he tried to catch her eye\"', 'eyebrow_pencil': 'makeup provided by a cosmetic pencil that is used to darken the eyebrows', 'eyecup': 'a small vessel with a rim curved to fit the orbit of the eye; use to apply medicated or cleansing solution to the eyeball; \"an eyecup is called an eyebath in Britain\"', 'eyelet': 'a small hole (usually round and finished around the edges) in cloth or leather for the passage of a cord or hook or bar', 'eyeliner': 'makeup applied to emphasize the shape of the eyes', 'eye-lotion': 'lotion consisting of a solution used as a cleanser for the eyes', 'eyepatch': 'a protective cloth covering for an injured eye', 'eyepiece': 'combination of lenses at the viewing end of optical instruments', 'eyeshadow': 'makeup consisting of a cosmetic substance used to darken the eyes', 'fabric': 'artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers; \"the fabric in the curtains was light and semitransparent\"; \"woven cloth originated in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC\"; \"she measured off enough material for a dress\"', 'facade': 'a showy misrepresentation intended to conceal something unpleasant', 'face': 'a part of a person that is used to refer to a person; \"he looked out at a roomful of faces\"; \"when he returned to work he met many new faces\"', 'face_card': 'one of the twelve cards in a deck bearing a picture of a face', 'face_guard': 'face mask consisting of a strong wire mesh on the front of football helmets', 'face_mask': 'mask that provides a protective covering for the face in such sports as baseball or football or hockey', 'faceplate': 'a protective covering for the front of a machine or device (as a door lock or computer component)', 'face_powder': 'cosmetic powder for the face', 'face_veil': 'a piece of more-or-less transparent material that covers the face', 'facing': 'an ornamental coating to a building', 'facsimile': 'an exact copy or reproduction', 'factory': 'a plant consisting of one or more buildings with facilities for manufacturing', 'factory_ship': 'a whaling ship equipped to process whale products at sea', 'factory_whistle': 'a whistle at a factory that is sounded to announce times for starting or stopping work', 'fag_end': 'the time of the last part of something; \"the fag end of this crisis-ridden century\"; \"the tail of the storm\"', 'fagot': 'offensive term for an openly homosexual man', 'fagoting': 'embroidery in which groups of parallel threads are tied together with fagot stitches', 'fagot_stitch': 'the stitch that ties a group of parallel threads together in fagoting', 'Fahrenheit_thermometer': 'a thermometer calibrated in degrees Fahrenheit', 'faience': 'glazed earthenware decorated with opaque colors', 'faille': 'a ribbed woven fabric of silk or rayon or cotton', 'fail-safe': 'a mechanism capable of returning to a safe state in case there is a failure or malfunction', 'fairlead': \"a pulley-block used to guide a rope forming part of a ship's rigging to avoid chafing\", 'fairy_light': 'a small colored light used for decoration (especially at Christmas)', 'fake': 'something that is a counterfeit; not what it seems to be', 'fake_book': 'a fake in the form of an imitation book; used to fill bookcases of people who wish to appear scholarly', 'falchion': 'a short broad slightly convex medieval sword with a sharp point', 'fallboard': 'the hinged protective covering that protects the keyboard of a piano when it is not being played', 'fallout_shelter': 'a shelter to protect occupants from the fallout from an atomic bomb', 'false_bottom': 'a horizontal structure that partitions a ship or box (especially one built close to the actual bottom)', 'false_face': 'a mask worn as part of a masquerade costume', 'false_teeth': 'a removable denture', 'falsie': 'padding that is worn inside a brassiere', 'family_room': 'a recreation room in a private house', 'famotidine': 'a histamine blocker (trade name Pepcid) used to treat peptic ulcers and gastritis and esophageal reflux', 'fan': 'an ardent follower and admirer', 'fan_belt': 'a belt driven by the crankshaft that drives a fan that pulls air through the radiator', 'fan_blade': 'blade of a rotating fan', 'fancy_dress': 'a costume worn as a disguise at a masquerade party', 'fancy_goods': 'goods that are chiefly ornamental', 'fanion': 'a small flag used by surveyors or soldiers to mark a position', 'fanlight': 'a semicircular window over a door or window; usually has sash bars like the ribs of a fan', 'fanjet': 'an airplane propelled by a fanjet engine', 'fanny_pack': 'a waist pack worn with the pouch in back', 'fantail': 'an overhang consisting of the fan-shaped part of the deck extending aft of the sternpost of a ship', 'fan_tracery': 'the carved tracery on fan vaulting', 'fan_vaulting': 'an elaborate system of vaulting in which the ribs diverge like fans', 'farm': 'workplace consisting of farm buildings and cultivated land as a unit; \"it takes several people to work the farm\"', 'farm_building': 'a building on a farm', \"farmer's_market\": 'an open-air marketplace for farm products', 'farmhouse': 'house for a farmer and family', 'farm_machine': 'a machine used in farming', 'farmplace': 'a farm together with its buildings', 'farmyard': 'an area adjacent to farm buildings', 'farthingale': 'a hoop worn beneath a skirt to extend it horizontally; worn by European women in the 16th and 17th centuries', 'fashion_plate': 'a plate illustrating the latest fashion in dress', 'fastener': 'a person who fastens or makes fast; \"he found the door fastened and wondered who the fastener was\"', 'fast_lane': 'a hectic and pressured lifestyle often characterized by recklessness or dissipation; \"life in fashion\\'s fast lane has taught her a lot\"', 'fast_reactor': 'nuclear reactor in which nuclear fissions are caused by fast neutrons because little or no moderator is used', 'fat_farm': 'a health spa that specializes in helping people lose weight', 'fatigues': 'military uniform worn by military personnel when doing menial labor', 'faucet': 'a regulator for controlling the flow of a liquid from a reservoir', 'fauld': 'a piece of armor plate below the breastplate', 'fauteuil': 'an upholstered armchair', 'feather_bed': 'a mattress stuffed with feathers', 'feather_boa': 'a long thin fluffy scarf of feathers or fur', 'featheredge': 'a thin tapering edge', 'feature': 'the principal (full-length) film in a program at a movie theater; \"the feature tonight is `Casablanca\\'\"', 'fedora': 'a hat made of felt with a creased crown', 'feedback_circuit': 'a circuit that feeds back some of the output to the input of a system', 'feeder_line': 'a branching path off of a main transportation line (especially an airline)', 'feedlot': 'a building where livestock are fattened for market', 'felloe': 'rim (or part of the rim) into which spokes are inserted', 'felt': 'a fabric made of compressed matted animal fibers', 'felt-tip_pen': 'a pen with a writing tip made of felt (trade name Magic Marker)', 'felucca': 'a fast narrow sailing ship of the Mediterranean', 'fence': 'a dealer in stolen property', 'fencing_mask': \"a face mask made of fine mesh that is worn over a fencer's face\", 'fencing_sword': 'a sword used in the sport of fencing', 'fender': 'an inclined metal frame at the front of a locomotive to clear the track', 'fenoprofen': 'a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Nalfon) used in the treatment of arthritis and other painful inflammatory disorders', 'Fentanyl': 'trade names of a narcotic analgesic that can be inhaled and that acts on the central nervous system and may become addictive; used as a veterinary anesthetic and with other drugs before, during, and after surgery; also used as a nonlethal gas to incapacitate people in hostage situations; also abused as a recreational drug', 'Feosol': 'trade name of a drug rich in iron; used to treat some kinds of anemia', 'Fergon': 'trade name of a drug rich in iron; used to treat some types of anemia', 'Ferris_wheel': 'a vertical rotating mechanism consisting of a large wheel with suspended seats that remain upright as the wheel rotates; provides a ride at an amusement park', 'ferrule': 'a metal cap or band placed on a wooden pole to prevent splitting', 'fertility_drug': \"a drug used to increase a woman's fertility\", 'ferule': 'a switch (a stick or cane or flat paddle) used to punish children', 'fesse': '(heraldry) an ordinary consisting of a broad horizontal band across a shield', 'festoon': 'a curtain of fabric draped and bound at intervals to form graceful curves', 'fetoscope': \"a stethoscope placed on the pregnant woman's abdomen to listen for the fetal heartbeat\", 'fetter': 'a shackle for the ankles or feet', 'fez': 'a felt cap (usually red) for a man; shaped like a flat-topped cone with a tassel that hangs from the crown', 'fiber': 'a slender and greatly elongated substance capable of being spun into yarn', 'fiberboard': 'wallboard composed of wood chips or shavings bonded together with resin and compressed into rigid sheets', 'fiber_optic_cable': 'a cable made of optical fibers that can transmit large amounts of information at the speed of light', 'fiber-optic_transmission_system': 'a communication system using fiber optic cables', 'fiberscope': 'a flexible medical instrument involving fiber optics that is used to examine internal organs', 'fichu': 'a lightweight triangular scarf worn by a woman', 'fiddlestick': 'a bow used in playing the violin', 'field_artillery': 'movable artillery (other than antiaircraft) used by armies in the field (especially for direct support of front-line troops)', 'field_coil': 'the electric coil around a field magnet that produces the magneto motive force to set up the flux in an electric machine', 'field-effect_transistor': 'a transistor in which most current flows in a channel whose effective resistance can be controlled by a transverse electric field', 'field-emission_microscope': 'electron microscope used to observe the surface structure of a solid', 'field_glass': 'a small refracting telescope', 'field_hockey_ball': 'ball used in playing field hockey', 'field_hospital': 'a temporary military hospital near the battle lines', 'field_house': 'a building for indoor sports', 'field_lens': 'the lens that is farthest from the eye in an optical device with more than one lens', 'field_magnet': 'a magnet that provides a magnetic field in a dynamo or electric motor', 'field-sequential_color_television': 'an early form of color TV in which successive fields are scanned in three primary colors', 'field_tent': 'a canvas tent for use in the field', 'fieldwork': 'a temporary fortification built by troops in the field', 'fife': 'a small high-pitched flute similar to a piccolo; has a shrill tone and is used chiefly to accompany drums in a marching band', 'fife_rail': 'the railing surrounding the mast of a sailing vessel', 'fifth_wheel': 'someone or something that is unwanted and unneeded', 'fighter': 'a high-speed military or naval airplane designed to destroy enemy aircraft in the air', 'fighting_chair': 'a fixed chair from which a saltwater angler can fight a hooked fish', 'fig_leaf': 'a leaf from a fig tree', 'figurehead': 'figure on the bow of some sailing vessels', 'figure_loom': 'a loom for weaving figured fabrics', 'figure_skate': 'an ice skate worn for figure skating; has a slightly curved blade and a row of jagged points at the front of the blade', 'figurine': 'a small carved or molded figure', 'filament': 'the stalk of a stamen', 'filature': 'a bobbin used in spinning silk into thread', 'file': 'a line of persons or things ranged one behind the other', 'file_folder': 'folder that holds papers together in a filing cabinet', 'file_server': '(computer science) a digital computer that provides workstations on a network with controlled access to shared resources', 'filet': 'lace having a square mesh', 'filigree': 'delicate and intricate ornamentation (usually in gold or silver or other fine twisted wire)', 'filler': 'used for filling cracks or holes in a surface', 'fillet': 'a boneless steak cut from the tenderloin of beef', 'film': 'a medium that disseminates moving pictures; \"theater pieces transferred to celluloid\"; \"this story would be good cinema\"; \"film coverage of sporting events\"', 'film_advance': 'a mechanism for advancing film in a camera or projector', 'filter': 'an electrical device that alters the frequency spectrum of signals passing through it', 'filter_bed': 'filter consisting of a layer of sand or gravel for filtering water', 'filter_tip': 'an air filter on the end of a cigarette; contains material that filters the smoke', 'filter-tipped_cigarette': 'a cigarette with a filter tip', 'finder': 'someone who comes upon something after searching', 'finery': 'elaborate or showy attire and accessories', 'finger': 'the length of breadth of a finger used as a linear measure', 'fingerboard': 'a narrow strip of wood on the neck of some stringed instruments (violin or cello or guitar etc) where the strings are held against the wood with the fingers', 'finger_bowl': 'small bowl for rinsing the fingers at table', 'finger_hole': 'one of a series of holes in a woodwind instrument; pitch changes when a finger covers it', 'finger_paint': 'paint that has the consistency of jelly', 'finger_plate': 'a flat protective covering (on a door or wall etc) to prevent soiling by dirty fingers', 'fingerstall': 'a sheath worn to protect a finger', 'finial': 'an ornament at the top of a spire or gable; usually a foliated fleur-de-lis', 'finish_coat': 'the final coat of paint', 'fin_keel': 'a metal plate projecting from the keel of a shallow vessel to give it greater lateral stability', 'fipple': 'a wooden plug forming a flue pipe (as the mouthpiece of a recorder)', 'fipple_flute': 'a tubular wind instrument with 8 finger holes and a fipple mouthpiece', 'fire_alarm': 'a shout or bell to warn that fire has broken out', 'firearm': 'a portable gun; \"he wore his firearm in a shoulder holster\"', 'firebase': 'an artillery base to support advancing troops', 'fire_bell': 'a bell rung to give a fire alarm', 'fireboat': 'a boat equipped to fight fires on ships or along a waterfront', 'firebox': 'a furnace (as on a steam locomotive) in which fuel is burned', 'firebrick': 'brick made of fire clay; used for lining e.g. furnaces and chimneys', 'fire_control_radar': 'naval radar that controls the delivery of fire on a military target', 'fire_control_system': 'naval weaponry consisting of a system for controlling the delivery of fire on a military target', 'firecracker': 'firework consisting of a small explosive charge and fuse in a heavy paper casing', 'fire_door': 'a fire-resistant door that can be closed to stop the spread of a fire', 'fire_engine': 'any of various large trucks that carry firemen and equipment to the site of a fire', 'fire_escape': 'a stairway (often on the outside of a building) that permits exit in the case of fire or other emergency', 'fire_extinguisher': 'a manually operated device for extinguishing small fires', 'fire_hose': 'a large hose that carries water from a fire hydrant to the site of the fire', 'fire_iron': 'metal fireside implements', \"fireman's_ax\": 'an ax that has a long handle and a head with one cutting edge and a point on the other side', 'fireplace': 'an open recess in a wall at the base of a chimney where a fire can be built; \"the fireplace was so large you could walk inside it\"; \"he laid a fire in the hearth and lit it\"; \"the hearth was black with the charcoal of many fires\"', 'fireplug': 'an upright hydrant for drawing water to use in fighting a fire', 'fire_screen': 'a metal screen before an open fire for protection (especially against flying sparks)', 'fire_ship': 'a weapon consisting of a ship carrying explosives that is set adrift to destroy enemy ships', 'fire_station': 'a station housing fire apparatus and firemen', 'fire_tongs': 'tongs for taking hold of burning coals', 'fire_tower': 'a watchtower where a lookout is posted to watch for fires', 'firetrap': 'a building that would be hard to escape from if it were to catch fire', 'fire_trench': 'a trench especially constructed for the delivery of small-arms fire', 'firework': '(usually plural) a device with an explosive that burns at a low rate and with colored flames; can be used to illuminate areas or send signals etc.', 'firing_chamber': 'chamber that is the part of a gun that receives the charge', 'firing_pin': 'striker that ignites the charge by striking the primer', 'firing_range': 'a practice range for target practice', 'firkin': 'a British unit of capacity equal to 9 imperial gallons', 'firmer_chisel': 'a chisel with a thin blade for woodworking', 'first-aid_kit': 'kit consisting of a set of bandages and medicines for giving first aid', 'first-aid_station': 'a station providing emergency care or treatment before regular medical aid can be obtained', 'first_class': 'mail that includes letters and postcards and packages sealed against inspection', 'first_gear': 'the lowest forward gear ratio in the gear box of a motor vehicle; used to start a car moving', 'fishbowl': 'a transparent bowl in which small fish are kept', \"fisherman's_bend\": 'a knot for tying a line to a spar or ring', \"fisherman's_knot\": 'a knot for tying the ends of two lines together', \"fisherman's_lure\": '(angling) any bright artificial bait consisting of plastic or metal mounted with hooks and trimmed with feathers', 'fishery': 'a workplace where fish are caught and processed and sold', 'fish_farm': 'a workplace (usually a pond) where fish are raised for food', 'fishhook': 'a sharp barbed hook for catching fish', 'fishing_boat': 'a vessel for fishing; often has a well to keep the catch alive', 'fishing_gear': 'gear used in fishing', 'fishing_line': 'a length of cord to which the leader and float and sinker and hook are attached', 'fishing_rod': 'a rod of wood or steel or fiberglass that is used in fishing to extend the fishing line', 'fish_joint': 'a butt joint formed by bolting fish plates to the sides of two rails or beams', 'fish_knife': 'a small table knife with a spatula blade used for eating fish', 'fish_ladder': 'a series of ascending pools providing a passage for salmon to swim upstream past a dam', 'fishnet': 'a net that will enclose fish when it is pulled in', 'fishplate': 'metal plate bolted along sides of two rails or beams', 'fish_slice': 'a food turner with a broad blade used for turning or serving fish or other food that is cooked in a frying pan', 'fishtail_bit': 'a drilling bit with cutting edges usually hardened against wear', 'fitment': 'any of the items furnishing or equipping a room (especially built-in furniture); \"she liked the kitchen fitments\"', 'fitted_sheet': 'a sheet (usually with elastic edges) tailored to fit a particular mattress', 'five-spot': 'California annual having white flowers with a deep purple blotch on each petal', 'fixative': 'a compound (such as ethanol or formaldehyde) that fixes tissues and cells for microscopic study', 'fixed-combination_drug': 'drug containing fixed amounts of two or more ingredients', 'fixer-upper': 'a house or other dwelling in need of repair (usually offered for sale at a low price)', 'fixings': 'the accessories that normally accompany (something or some activity); \"an elaborate formal dinner with all the fixings\"; \"he bought a Christmas tree and trimmings to decorate it\"', 'fixture': 'an object firmly fixed in place (especially in a household)', 'fizgig': 'a firework that fizzes as it moves', 'flageolet': 'a French bean variety with light-colored seeds; usually dried', 'flagging': 'flagstones collectively; \"there was a pile of flagging waiting to be laid in place\"', 'flagon': 'a large metal or pottery vessel with a handle and spout; used to hold alcoholic beverages (usually wine)', 'flagpole': 'a tall staff or pole on which a flag is raised', 'flagship': 'the chief one of a related group; \"it is their flagship newspaper\"', 'flail': 'an implement consisting of handle with a free swinging stick at the end; used in manual threshing', 'flambeau': 'a flaming torch (such as are used in processions at night)', 'flamethrower': 'a weapon that squirts ignited fuel for several yards', 'Flaminian_Way': 'an ancient Roman road in Italy built by Gaius Flaminius in 220 BC; extends north from Rome to cisalpine Gaul', 'flange': 'a projection used for strength or for attaching to another object', 'flannel': '(usually in the plural) trousers made of flannel or gabardine or tweed or white cloth', 'flannelette': 'a cotton fabric imitating flannel', 'flap': 'the motion made by flapping up and down', 'flare_path': 'an airstrip outline with lights to guide an airplane pilot in landing', 'flash': 'a sudden intense burst of radiant energy', 'flashboard': 'boarding place along the top of a dam to increase its height', 'flash_camera': 'a camera with a photoflash attachment', 'flasher': 'an electrical device that automatically turns a lamp on and off (as for an advertising display)', 'flashing': 'sheet metal shaped and attached to a roof for strength and weatherproofing', 'flashlight': 'a small portable battery-powered electric lamp', 'flashlight_battery': 'a small dry battery containing dry cells; used to power flashlights', 'flash_memory': 'nonvolatile storage that can be electrically erased and programmed anew', 'flask': 'the quantity a flask will hold', 'flat': 'a level tract of land; \"the salt flats of Utah\"', 'flat_arch': 'an arch with mutually supporting voussoirs that has a straight horizontal extrados and intrados', 'flatbed': 'an open truck bed or trailer with no sides; used to carry large heavy objects', 'flatbed_press': 'a printing press where the type is carried on a flat bed under a cylinder that holds paper and rolls over the type', 'flat_bench': 'a bench on which a weightlifter lies to do exercises', 'flatcar': 'freight car without permanent sides or roof', 'flat_coat': 'the first or preliminary coat of paint or size applied to a surface', 'flat_file': 'a file with two flat surfaces', 'flatiron': 'an iron that was heated by placing it on a stove', 'flatlet': 'a tiny flat', 'flat_panel_display': 'a type of video display that is thin and flat; commonly used in laptop computers', 'flats': 'footwear (shoes or slippers) with no heel (or a very low heel)', 'flat_tip_screwdriver': 'a screwdriver with a flat wedge-shaped tip that fits into a slot in the head of a screw', 'flatware': 'tableware that is relatively flat and fashioned as a single piece', 'flatwork': 'ironing that can be done mechanically', 'fleabag': 'a run-down hotel', 'fleapit': 'an old shabby movie theater', 'flecainide': 'oral antiarrhythmic medication (trade name Tambocor) used as a last resort in treating arrhythmias; increases the risk of sudden death in heart attack patients', 'fleece': 'the wool of a sheep or similar animal', 'fleet_ballistic_missile_submarine': 'a submarine carrying ballistic missiles', 'fleur-de-lis': '(heraldry) charge consisting of a conventionalized representation of an iris', 'flight_deck': 'the upper deck of an aircraft carrier; used as a runway', 'flight_simulator': 'simulator consisting of a machine on the ground that simulates the conditions of flying a plane', 'flintlock': 'a muzzle loader that had a flintlock type of gunlock', 'float': 'the time interval between the deposit of a check in a bank and its payment', 'floating_dock': 'dry dock that can be submerged under a vessel and then raised', 'floating_mine': 'an explosive mine designed to destroy ships that bump into it', 'floatplane': 'a seaplane equipped with pontoons for landing or taking off from water', 'floor': 'the lower inside surface of any hollow structure; \"the floor of the pelvis\"; \"the floor of the cave\"', 'floorboard': 'the floor of an automobile', 'floor_cover': 'a covering for a floor', 'floor_joist': 'joist that supports a floor', 'floor_lamp': 'a lamp that stands on the floor', 'floor_plan': 'scale drawing of a horizontal section through a building at a given level; contrasts with elevation', 'flophouse': 'a cheap lodging house', 'florist': 'someone who grows and deals in flowers; \"the florist made up an attractive bouquet\"', 'floss': 'a soft loosely twisted thread used in embroidery', 'flotilla': 'a United States Navy fleet consisting of two or more squadrons of small warships', 'flotsam': 'the floating wreckage of a ship', 'flour_bin': 'a bin for holding flour', 'flour_mill': 'a mill for grinding grain into flour', 'flower_arrangement': 'a decorative arrangement of flowers', 'flowerbed': 'a bed in which flowers are growing', 'flower_chain': 'flowers strung together in a chain', 'flower_garden': 'a garden featuring flowering plants', 'floxuridine': 'antineoplastic drug used to treat some cancers; can cause loss of hair', 'flue': 'a conduit to carry off smoke', 'flue_pipe': 'organ pipe whose tone is produced by air passing across the sharp edge of a fissure or lip', 'flue_stop': 'an organ stop with the tone of a flue pipe', 'flugelhorn': 'a brass instrument resembling a cornet but with a wider bore', 'fluid_drive': 'an automotive power coupling', 'fluid_flywheel': 'a kind of fluid coupling in which the flywheel is the driving rotor', 'flume': 'watercourse that consists of an open artificial chute filled with water for power or for carrying logs', 'flunitrazepan': 'a depressant and tranquilizer (trade name Rohypnol) often used in the commission of sexual assault; legally available in Europe and Mexico and Colombia', 'fluorescent': 'a lighting fixture that uses a fluorescent lamp', 'fluorescent_lamp': 'lamp consisting of a tube coated on the inside with a fluorescent material; mercury vapor in the tube emits ultraviolet radiation that is converted to visible radiation by the fluorescent material', 'fluoroscope': 'an X-ray machine that combines an X-ray source and a fluorescent screen to enable direct observation', 'fluorouracil': 'an antimetabolite used to treat certain cancers', 'fluoxetine': 'a selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor commonly prescribed as an antidepressant (trade names Prozac or Sarafem); it is thought to work by increasing the activity of serotonin in the brain', 'fluphenazine': 'tranquilizer used to treat psychotic disorders', 'flurazepam': 'tranquilizer (trade name Dalmane) used to treat insomnia', 'flurbiprofen': 'a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Ansaid) that is administered only orally', 'flushless_toilet': 'a toilet that relies on bacteria to break down waste matter (instead of using water)', 'flush_toilet': 'a toilet that is cleaned of waste by the flow of water through it', 'flute': 'a tall narrow wineglass', 'fluvastatin': 'least expensive statin drug (trade name Lescol); usually taken orally at bedtime', 'flux_applicator': 'an applicator for applying flux (as in soldering)', 'fluxmeter': 'meter that measures magnetic flux by the current it generates in a coil', 'fly_gallery': 'a narrow raised platform at the side of a stage in a theater; stagehands can work the ropes controlling equipment in the flies', 'flying_boat': 'a large seaplane that floats with its fuselage in the water rather than on pontoons', 'flying_bridge': 'the highest navigational bridge on a ship; a small (often open) deck above the pilot house', 'flying_buttress': 'a buttress that stands apart from the main structure and connected to it by an arch', 'flying_carpet': '(Asian folktale) an imaginary carpet that will fly people anywhere they wish to go', 'flying_jib': 'the outermost of two or more jibs', 'fly_rod': 'a long flexible fishing rod used in fly fishing', 'fly_tent': 'a tent with a fly front', 'flytrap': 'a trap for catching flies', 'flywheel': 'regulator consisting of a heavy wheel that stores kinetic energy and smooths the operation of a reciprocating engine', 'fob': 'a vest pocket to hold a pocket watch', 'foghorn': 'a loud low warning signal that can be heard by fogbound ships', 'foglamp': 'headlight that provides strong beam for use in foggy weather', 'foible': \"the weaker part of a sword's blade from the forte to the tip\", 'foil': 'anything that serves by contrast to call attention to another thing\\'s good qualities; \"pretty girls like plain friends as foils\"', 'folder': 'covering that is folded over to protect the contents', 'folderal': 'ornamental objects of no great value', 'folding_chair': 'a chair that can be folded flat for storage', 'folding_door': 'an interior door that opens by folding back in sections (rather than by swinging on hinges)', 'folding_saw': 'a saw with a toothed blade that folds into a handle (the way a pocketknife folds)', 'folio': 'a book (or manuscript) consisting of large sheets of paper folded in the middle to make two leaves or four pages; \"the first folio of Shakespeare\\'s plays\"', 'folk_art': 'genre of art of unknown origin that reflects traditional values of a society', 'food_additive': 'an additive to food intended to improve its flavor or appearance or shelf-life', 'food_court': 'an area (as in a shopping mall) where fast food is sold (usually around a common eating area)', 'food_processor': 'a kitchen appliance with interchangeable blades; used for shredding or blending or chopping or slicing food', 'food_hamper': 'a hamper for packing and transporting food', 'footage': 'a rate of charging by the linear foot of work done', 'football_field': 'the playing field on which football is played', 'football_helmet': 'a padded helmet with a face mask to protect the head of football players', 'football_stadium': 'a stadium where football games are held', 'footbath': 'a small bathtub for warming or washing or disinfecting the feet', 'footboard': 'a narrow platform on which to stand or brace the feet', 'foot_brake': 'hydraulic brake operated by pressing on a foot pedal', 'footbridge': 'a bridge designed for pedestrians', 'foothold': 'a place providing support for the foot in standing or climbing', 'footlights': 'theater light at the front of a stage that illuminate the set and actors', 'footlocker': 'a trunk for storing personal possessions; usually kept at the foot of a bed (as in a barracks)', 'footplate': 'the platform in the cab of a locomotive on which the engineer stands to operate the controls', 'foot_rule': 'a ruler one foot long', 'footstool': 'a low seat or a stool to rest the feet of a seated person', 'footwear': \"clothing worn on a person's feet\", 'forceps': 'an extractor consisting of a pair of pincers used in medical treatment (especially for the delivery of babies)', 'force_pump': 'pump used to force a liquid up and expel it under pressure', 'fore-and-after': 'sailing vessel with a fore-and-aft rig', 'fore-and-aft_rig': 'rig in which the principal sails are fore-and-aft', 'fore-and-aft_sail': 'any sail not set on a yard and whose normal position is in a fore-and-aft direction', 'forecastle': 'living quarters consisting of a superstructure in the bow of a merchant ship where the crew is housed', 'forecourt': 'the outer or front court of a building or of a group of buildings', 'foredeck': 'the deck between the bridge and the forecastle', 'fore_edge': 'the part of a book that faces inward when the book is shelved; the part opposite the spine', 'foreground': 'the part of a scene that is near the viewer', 'foremast': 'the mast nearest the bow in vessels with two or more masts', 'fore_plane': \"a carpenter's plane intermediate between a jack plane and a jointer plane\", 'foresail': 'the lowest sail on the foremast of a square-rigged vessel', 'forestay': 'an adjustable stay from the foremast to the deck or bowsprit; controls the bending of the mast', 'foretop': 'a platform at the head of a foremast', 'fore-topmast': 'the topmast next above the foremast', 'fore-topsail': 'the topsail on a foremast', 'forge': 'furnace consisting of a special hearth where metal is heated before shaping', 'fork': 'the region of the angle formed by the junction of two branches; \"they took the south fork\"; \"he climbed into the crotch of a tree\"', 'forklift': 'a small industrial vehicle with a power operated forked platform in front that can be inserted under loads to lift and move them', 'form': '(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups; \"a new strain of microorganisms\"', 'formal_garden': 'a garden laid out on regular lines with plants arranged in symmetrical locations or in geometrical designs', 'formalwear': 'attire to wear on formal occasions in the evening', 'forte': 'an asset of special worth or utility; \"cooking is his forte\"', 'fortress': 'a fortified defensive structure', 'forty-five': 'a .45-caliber pistol', 'forum': 'a public meeting or assembly for open discussion', 'Foucault_pendulum': \"pendulum with a long wire; can swing in any direction; the change in the swing plane demonstrates the earth's rotation\", 'foulard': 'a light plain-weave or twill-weave silk or silklike fabric (usually with a printed design)', 'foul-weather_gear': 'protective garment that is intended to keep the wearer dry and warm in bad weather', 'foundation': 'the basis on which something is grounded; \"there is little foundation for his objections\"', 'foundation_garment': \"a woman's undergarment worn to give shape to the contours of the body\", 'foundation_stone': 'a stone laid at a ceremony to mark the founding of a new building', 'foundry': 'factory where metal castings are produced', 'fountain': 'a structure from which an artificially produced jet of water arises', 'fountain_pen': 'a pen that is supplied with ink from a reservoir in its barrel', 'four-in-hand': 'a long necktie that is tied in a slipknot with one end hanging in front of the other', 'fourpenny_nail': 'a nail 1.5 inches long', 'four-poster': 'a bed with posts at the four corners that can be used to support a canopy or curtains', 'four-pounder': 'an artillery gun that throws a shot weighing four pounds', 'four-spot': 'a playing card or domino or die whose upward face shows four pips', 'four-stroke_engine': 'an internal-combustion engine in which an explosive mixture is drawn into the cylinder on the first stroke and is compressed and ignited on the second stroke; work is done on the third stroke and the products of combustion are exhausted on the fourth stroke', 'four-tailed_bandage': 'a bandage consisting of a strip of cloth split in two on both ends; the central part is placed under the chin to restrict motion of the mandible and the tails are tied over the top of the head', 'four-wheel_drive': 'a motor vehicle with a four-wheel drive transmission system', 'four-wheeler': 'a hackney carriage with four wheels', 'fowling_piece': 'a light shotgun used for fowling', 'foxhole': 'a small dugout with a pit for individual shelter against enemy fire', 'fraction': 'a component of a mixture that has been separated by a fractional process', 'fragmentation_bomb': 'a bomb with only 10 to 20 per cent explosive and the remainder consisting of casings designed to break into many small high-velocity fragments; most effective against troops and vehicles', 'frail': 'the weight of a frail (basket) full of raisins or figs; between 50 and 75 pounds', 'fraise': 'a ruff for the neck worn in the 16th century', 'frame_buffer': '(computer science) a buffer that stores the contents of an image pixel by pixel', 'framework': 'the underlying structure; \"providing a factual framework for future research\"; \"it is part of the fabric of society\"', 'Francis_turbine': 'a type of hydroelectric turbine', 'franking_machine': 'a machine that automatically stamps letters or packages passing through it and computes the total charge', 'freeboard_deck': 'the uppermost watertight deck', 'free_house': 'a public house that is not controlled by a brewery and so is free to sell different brands of beer and ale', 'free-reed': 'a reed that does not fit closely over the aperture', 'free-reed_instrument': 'a wind instrument with a free reed', 'free_throw_lane': 'a lane on a basketball court extending from the end line to 15 feet in front of the backboard; players may not enter this lane during a free throw', 'freewheel': 'a clutch (as on the rear wheel of a bicycle) that allows wheels to turn freely (as in coasting)', 'freight_car': 'a railway car that carries freight', 'freight_elevator': 'an elevator designed for carrying freight', 'freight_liner': 'a long-distance express freight train between industrial centers and seaports with facilities for rapid loading and unloading of goods', 'freight_train': 'a railroad train consisting of freight cars', 'French_door': 'a light door with transparent or glazed panels extending the full length', 'French_heel': \"a fairly high narrow heel on women's shoes\", 'French_horn': 'a brass musical instrument consisting of a conical tube that is coiled into a spiral and played by means of valves', 'French_knot': 'a stitch made by looping the thread several times around the needle before inserting it into the fabric', 'French_polish': 'the glaze produced by repeated applications of French polish shellac', 'French_roof': 'a mansard roof with sides that are nearly perpendicular', 'French_window': 'a French door situated in an exterior wall of a building', 'freshener': 'anything that freshens', 'Fresnel_lens': 'lens composed of a number of small lenses arranged to make a lightweight lens of large diameter and short focal length', 'fret': 'agitation resulting from active worry; \"don\\'t get in a stew\"; \"he\\'s in a sweat about exams\"', 'friary': 'a monastery of friars', 'friction_clutch': 'a clutch in which one part turns the other by the friction between them', 'friction_tape': 'a water-resistant adhesive tape used to insulate exposed electrical conductors', 'frieze': 'an architectural ornament consisting of a horizontal sculptured band between the architrave and the cornice', 'frigate': 'a medium size square-rigged warship of the 18th and 19th centuries', 'frill': '(paleontology) a bony plate that curves upward behind the skull of many ceratopsian dinosaurs', 'fringe': 'one of the light or dark bands produced by the interference and diffraction of light', 'Frisbee': 'a light, plastic disk about 10 inches in diameter; propelled with a flip of the wrist for recreation or competition', 'frock': 'a habit worn by clerics', 'frock_coat': \"a man's coat having knee-length skirts front and back; worn in the 19th century\", 'front': 'a sphere of activity involving effort; \"the Japanese were active last week on the diplomatic front\"; \"they advertise on many different fronts\"', 'frontage_road': 'a local road that runs parallel to an expressway and allows local traffic to gain access to property', 'frontal': 'a drapery that covers the front of an altar', 'front_bench': 'any of the front seats in the House of Commons that are reserved for ministers or former ministers', 'front_door': 'exterior door (at the entrance) at the front of a building', 'frontispiece': 'an ornamental facade', 'frontlet': 'an adornment worn on the forehead', 'front_porch': 'a porch for the front door', 'front_projector': 'a projector for digital input', 'front_yard': 'the yard in front of a house; between the house and the street', 'fruit_machine': 'a coin-operated gambling machine that produces random combinations of symbols (usually pictures of different fruits) on rotating dials; certain combinations win money for the player', 'frying_pan': 'a pan used for frying foods', 'fuel-air_explosive': 'a device consisting of a container of fuel and two explosive charges; the first charge bursts open the fuel container at a predetermined height and spreads the fuel in a cloud that mixes with atmospheric oxygen; the second charge detonates the cloud which creates an enormous blast wave and incinerates whatever is below', 'fuel_cell': 'cell that produces electricity by oxidation of fuel (hydrogen and oxygen or zinc and air); often used in electric cars', 'fuel_filter': 'a filter in the fuel line that screens out dirt and rust particles from the fuel', 'fuel_gauge': 'an indicator of the amount of fuel remaining in a vehicle', 'fuel_injection': 'mechanical system to inject atomized fuel directly into the cylinders of an internal-combustion engine; avoids the need for a carburetor', 'fuel_line': 'a pipe that carries gasoline from a tank to a gasoline engine; \"the car wouldn\\'t start because dirt clogged the gas line\"', 'fuel_system': 'equipment in a motor vehicle or aircraft that delivers fuel to the engine', 'fulcrum': 'the pivot about which a lever turns', 'full-dress_uniform': 'the naval or military uniform that is specified by regulations to be worn on ceremonial occasions', 'full_metal_jacket': 'a lead bullet that is covered with a jacket of a harder metal (usually copper)', 'full_skirt': 'a long skirt gathered at the waist', 'full-wave_rectifier': 'rectifier that converts the negative half wave of an alternating current into a positive half wave', 'fumigator': 'someone whose job is to fumigate', 'funeral_home': 'a mortuary where those who knew the deceased can come to pay their last respects', 'fungible': 'a commodity that is freely interchangeable with another in satisfying an obligation', 'funk_hole': 'dugout as a place of safe retreat (when in a funk)', 'funnel': 'a conical shape with a wider and a narrower opening at the two ends', 'funnel_web': 'a funnel-shaped spider web; the funnel-web spider perches in the center of the web', 'funny_wagon': 'an ambulance used to transport patients to a mental hospital', 'fur_coat': 'a coat made of fur', 'fur_hat': 'a hat made of fur', 'furnace': 'an enclosed chamber in which heat is produced to heat buildings, destroy refuse, smelt or refine ores, etc.', 'furnace_lining': 'lining consisting of material with a high melting point; used to line the inside walls of a furnace', 'furnace_room': 'a room (usually in the basement of a building) that contains a furnace for heating the building', 'furniture': 'furnishings that make a room or other area ready for occupancy; \"they had too much furniture for the small apartment\"; \"there was only one piece of furniture in the room\"', 'furosemide': 'commonly used diuretic (trade name Lasix) used to treat hypertension and edema', 'fur-piece': 'a neckpiece made of fur', 'furring_strip': 'strip used to give a level surface for attaching wallboard', 'furrow': 'a long shallow trench in the ground (especially one made by a plow)', 'fuse': 'an electrical device that can interrupt the flow of electrical current when it is overloaded', 'fusee': 'a colored flare used as a warning signal by trucks and trains', 'fusee_drive': 'a spirally grooved spindle in a clock that counteracts the diminishing power of the uncoiling mainspring', 'fuselage': 'the central body of an airplane that is designed to accommodate the crew and passengers (or cargo)', 'fusil': 'a light flintlock musket', 'fustian': 'a strong cotton and linen fabric with a slight nap', 'futon': 'mattress consisting of a pad of cotton batting that is used for sleeping on the floor or on a raised frame', 'futtock_shroud': \"shroud that is part of a ship's rigging\", 'future': 'the time yet to come', 'futures_exchange': 'a commodity exchange where futures contracts are traded', 'gabapentin': 'an anticonvulsant (trade name Neurontin) used to control some types of seizures in the treatment of epilepsy; also used to manage neuralgia caused by shingles', 'gabardine': 'a firm durable fabric with a twill weave', 'gable': 'the vertical triangular wall between the sloping ends of gable roof', 'gable_roof': 'a double sloping roof with a ridge and gables at each end', 'gaddi': 'a cushion on a throne for a prince in India', 'gadgetry': 'appliances collectively; \"laborsaving gadgetry\"', 'gaff': 'a sharp metal spike or spur that is fastened to the leg of a gamecock', 'gaffsail': 'a quadrilateral fore-and-aft sail suspended from a gaff', 'gaff_topsail': 'a triangular fore-and-aft sail with its foot along the gaff and its luff on the topmast', 'gag': \"restraint put into a person's mouth to prevent speaking or shouting\", 'gaiter': 'a shoe covering the ankle with elastic gores in the sides', 'Galilean_telescope': 'a type of refracting telescope that is no longer used in astronomy', 'galleon': 'a large square-rigged sailing ship with three or more masts; used by the Spanish for commerce and war from the 15th to 18th centuries', 'gallery': 'spectators at a golf or tennis match', 'galley': 'a large medieval vessel with a single deck propelled by sails and oars with guns at stern and prow; a complement of 1,000 men; used mainly in the Mediterranean for war and trading', 'gallows': 'an instrument of execution consisting of a wooden frame from which a condemned person is executed by hanging', 'gallows_tree': 'alternative terms for gallows', 'galvanometer': 'meter for detecting or comparing or measuring small electric currents', 'gambling_house': 'a public building in which a variety of games of chance can be played (operated as a business)', 'gambrel': 'a gable roof with two slopes on each side and the lower slope being steeper', 'gamebag': 'a canvas or leather bag for carrying game (especially birds) killed by a hunter', 'game_equipment': 'equipment or apparatus used in playing a game', 'gaming_card': 'one of a set of cards used in gambling games', 'gaming_table': 'a table used for gambling; may be equipped with a gameboard and slots for chips', 'gamma_hydroxybutyrate': 'a club drug available in liquid or powder form is taken orally (frequently combined with alcohol); used to incapacitate individuals for the commission of sexual assault and rape', 'gamma-interferon': 'a form of interferon that is produced by T cells and macrophages; involved in the activation of phagocytes', 'gamp': 'colloquial terms for an umbrella', 'gang': 'an association of criminals; \"police tried to break up the gang\"; \"a pack of thieves\"', 'gangplank': 'a temporary bridge for getting on and off a vessel at dockside', 'gangsaw': 'a power saw that has several parallel blades making simultaneous cuts', 'gangway': 'a temporary passageway of planks (as over mud on a building site)', 'gantlet': 'the convergence of two parallel railroad tracks in a narrow place; the inner rails cross and run parallel and then diverge so a train remains on its own tracks at all times', 'gantry': 'a framework of steel bars raised on side supports to bridge over or around something; can display railway signals above several tracks or can support a traveling crane etc.', 'gap': 'a difference (especially an unfortunate difference) between two opinions or two views or two situations', 'garage': 'a repair shop where cars and trucks are serviced and repaired', 'Garand_rifle': 'a semiautomatic rifle', 'garbage': 'food that is discarded (as from a kitchen)', 'garbage_truck': 'a truck for collecting domestic refuse; \"in Britain a garbage truck is called a dustcart\"', 'garboard': 'the first wale laid next to the keel of a wooden ship', 'garden': 'the flowers or vegetables or fruits or herbs that are cultivated in a garden', 'garden_hose': 'a hose used for watering a lawn or garden', 'garden_rake': 'a rake used by gardeners', 'garden_roller': 'heavy cast-iron cylinder used to flatten lawns', 'garden_spade': 'a spade used by gardeners', 'garden_tool': 'used for working in gardens or yards', 'garden_trowel': 'a trowel used by gardeners', 'gargoyle': 'a spout that terminates in a grotesquely carved figure of a person or animal', 'garibaldi': \"a loose high-necked blouse with long sleeves; styled after the red flannel shirts worn by Garibaldi's soldiers\", 'garlic_press': 'a press for extracting juice from garlic', 'garment': 'an article of clothing; \"garments of the finest silk\"', 'garment_bag': 'a suitcase that unfolds to be hung up', 'garnish': 'something (such as parsley) added to a dish for flavor or decoration', 'garrison': 'the troops who maintain and guard a fortified place', 'garrison_cap': 'a wedge-shaped wool or cotton cap; worn as part of a uniform', 'garrote': 'an instrument of execution for execution by strangulation', 'garter': 'a band (usually elastic) worn around the leg to hold up a stocking (or around the arm to hold up a sleeve)', 'garter_belt': 'a wide belt of elastic with straps hanging from it; worn by women to hold up stockings', 'garter_stitch': 'a knitting stitch that results in a pattern of horizontal ridges formed by knitting both sides (instead of purling one side)', 'gas_guzzler': 'a car with relatively low fuel efficiency', 'gas_shell': '(military) bomb consisting of an explosive projectile filled with a toxic gas that is released when the bomb explodes', 'gas_bracket': 'a pipe with one or more burners projecting from a wall', 'gas_burner': 'burner such that combustible gas issues from a nozzle to form a steady flame', 'gas_chamber': 'instrument of execution consisting of a sealed chamber into which poison gas is introduced; used to kill people or animals', 'gas-cooled_reactor': 'a nuclear reactor using gas as a coolant', 'gas-discharge_tube': 'a tube in which an electric discharge takes place through a gas', 'gas_engine': 'an internal-combustion engine similar to a gasoline engine but using natural gas instead of gasoline vapor', 'gas_fitting': 'the fitting (pipes or valves or meters) that convey gas from the gas main to the gas fixtures of a building', 'gas_fixture': 'a device to convey illuminating gas from the pipe to the gas burner', 'gas_furnace': 'a furnace that burns gas', 'gas_gun': 'a gun that fires gas shells', 'gas_heat': 'heating system that burns natural gas', 'gas_heater': 'a heater that burns gas for heat', 'gas_holder': 'a large gas-tight spherical or cylindrical tank for holding gas to be used as fuel', 'gasket': 'seal consisting of a ring for packing pistons or sealing a pipe joint', 'gas_lamp': 'a lamp that burns illuminating gas', 'gas_line': 'a queue of vehicles waiting to purchase gasoline', 'gas_main': 'a main that distributes gas', 'gas_maser': 'a maser in which microwave radiation interacts with gas molecules', 'gasmask': 'a protective mask with a filter; protects the face and lungs against poisonous gases', 'gas_meter': 'a meter for measuring the amount of gas flowing through a particular pipe', 'gasoline_engine': 'an internal-combustion engine that burns gasoline; most automobiles are driven by gasoline engines', 'gasoline_gauge': 'gauge that indicates the amount of gasoline left in the gasoline tank of a vehicle', 'gasoline_station': 'a service station that sells gasoline', 'gas_oven': 'a cremation chamber fueled by gas', 'gas_pump': 'a pump in a service station that draws gasoline from underground storage tanks', 'gas_range': 'a range with gas rings and an oven for cooking with gas', 'gas_ring': 'gas burner consisting of a circular metal pipe with several small holes through which gas can escape to be burned', 'gas_system': 'facility (plant and equipment) for providing natural-gas service', 'gas_tank': 'a tank for holding gasoline to supply a vehicle', 'gas_thermometer': 'thermometer that measures temperature by changes in the pressure of a gas kept at constant volume', 'gastroscope': 'a type of endoscope for visually examining the stomach', 'gas_turbine': 'turbine that converts the chemical energy of a liquid fuel into mechanical energy by internal combustion; gaseous products of the fuel (which is burned in compressed air) are expanded through a turbine', 'gas-turbine_ship': 'a ship powered by a gas turbine', 'gas_well': 'a well that yields or has yielded natural gas', 'gasworks': 'the workplace where coal gas is manufactured', 'gat': \"a gangster's pistol\", 'gate': 'total admission receipts at a sports event', 'gatehouse': \"a house built at a gateway; usually the gatekeeper's residence\", 'gateleg_table': 'a drop-leaf table with the drop-leaves supported by hinged legs', 'gatepost': 'either of two posts that bound a gate', 'gateway': 'an entrance that can be closed by a gate', 'gateway_drug': 'a habit-forming drug that is not addictive but its use may lead to the use of other addictive drugs; \"one college athlete recently called beer a gateway drug for young people\"', 'gathered_skirt': 'a skirt whose fabric is drawn together around the waist', 'Gatling_gun': 'an early form of machine gun having several barrels that fire in sequence as they are rotated', 'gauge': 'accepted or approved instance or example of a quantity or quality against which others are judged or measured or compared', 'gauze': '(medicine) bleached cotton cloth of plain weave used for bandages and dressings', 'gavel': 'a small mallet used by a presiding officer or a judge', 'gazebo': 'a small roofed building affording shade and rest', 'gear': 'a mechanism for transmitting motion for some specific purpose (as the steering gear of a vehicle)', 'gearbox': 'the shell (metal casing) in which a train of gears is sealed', 'gearing': 'wheelwork consisting of a connected set of rotating gears by which force is transmitted or motion or torque is changed; \"the fool got his tie caught in the geartrain\"', 'gearset': 'a set of gears', 'gearshift': 'a mechanical device for engaging and disengaging gears; \"in Britain they call a gearshift a gear lever\"', 'Geiger_counter': 'counter tube that detects ionizing radiations', 'Geiger_tube': 'an ionization chamber contained in a tube in a Geiger counter', 'gelatin': 'a colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin', 'gelignite': 'a type of dynamite in which the nitroglycerin is absorbed in a base of wood pulp and sodium or potassium nitrate', 'gem': 'a crystalline rock that can be cut and polished for jewelry; \"he had the gem set in a ring for his wife\"; \"she had jewels made of all the rarest stones\"', 'gemfibrozil': 'medication (trade name Lopid) used to lower the levels of triglyceride in the blood', 'gene_chip': 'a microchip that holds DNA probes that form half of the DNA double helix and can recognize DNA from samples being tested', 'general_anesthetic': 'an anesthetic that anesthetizes the entire body and causes loss of consciousness', 'general-purpose_bomb': 'a large bomb (500 to 2,000 pounds that is 50% explosive) whose explosion creates a blast and whose metal casing creates some fragmentation effect', 'generator': 'someone who originates or causes or initiates something; \"he was the generator of several complaints\"', 'generic': 'a wine that is a blend of several varieties of grapes with no one grape predominating; a wine that does not carry the name of any specific grape', 'generic_drug': 'when the patent protection for a brand-name drug expires generic versions of the drug can be offered for sale if the FDA agrees; \"generic drugs are usually cheaper than brand-name drugs\"', 'Geneva_gown': 'black academic gown widely used by Protestant clergymen', 'genre': 'a kind of literary or artistic work', 'genre_painting': 'a genre depicting everyday life', 'gentamicin': 'an antibiotic (trade name Garamycin) that is derived from an actinomycete; used in treating infections of the urinary tract', 'geodesic_dome': 'a lightweight dome constructed of interlocking polygons; invented by R. Buckminster Fuller', 'georgette': 'a thin silk dress material', 'George_Washington_Bridge': 'a suspension bridge across the Hudson River between New York and New Jersey', 'gharry': 'a horse-drawn carriage in India', 'ghat': 'stairway in India leading down to a landing on the water', 'ghetto_blaster': 'a portable stereo', 'ghillie': 'a shoe without a tongue and with decorative lacing up the instep', 'gift_shop': 'a shop that sells miscellaneous articles appropriate as gifts', 'gift_wrapping': 'ornamental wrapping for gifts', 'gildhall': 'the meeting place of a medieval guild', 'gill_net': 'a flat fishnet suspended vertically in the water to entangle fish by their gills', 'gilt': 'a coating of gold or of something that looks like gold', 'gimbal': \"an appliance that allows an object (such as a ship's compass) to remain horizontal even as its support tips\", 'gingham': 'a clothing fabric in a plaid weave', 'girandole': 'an ornate candle holder; often with a mirror', 'girder': 'a beam made usually of steel; a main support in a structure', 'girdle': 'an encircling or ringlike structure', 'glass': 'a brittle transparent solid with irregular atomic structure', 'glass_cutter': 'someone who cuts or grinds designs on glass', 'glasses_case': 'a case for carrying spectacles', 'glass_eye': 'prosthesis consisting of an artificial eye made of glass', 'glassware': 'an article of tableware made of glass', 'glassworks': 'a workplace where glass is made', 'glebe_house': 'a parsonage (especially one provided for the holder of a benefice)', 'Glen_Canyon_Dam': 'a large dam built in 1964 on the Colorado River in Arizona', 'Glengarry': 'a Scottish cap with straight sides and a crease along the top from front to back; worn by Highlanders as part of military dress', 'glider': 'aircraft supported only by the dynamic action of air against its surfaces', 'glipizide': 'an oral antidiabetic drug (trade name Glucotrol) that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas', 'Global_Positioning_System': 'a navigational system involving satellites and computers that can determine the latitude and longitude of a receiver on Earth by computing the time difference for signals from different satellites to reach the receiver', 'globe': 'a sphere on which a map (especially of the earth) is represented', 'glockenspiel': 'a percussion instrument consisting of a set of graduated metal bars mounted on a frame and played with small hammers', 'glory_hole': 'a small locker at the stern of a boat or between decks of a ship', 'glossy': 'a photograph that is printed on smooth shiny paper', 'glove': 'handwear: covers the hand and wrist', 'glove_compartment': 'compartment on the dashboard of a car', 'glow_lamp': 'a gas-discharge tube with a hot cathode; used in stroboscopes', 'glow_tube': 'a gas-discharge tube consisting of a cold cathode and a diode in a tube filled with gas; the color of the glow depends on the particular gas', 'glutethimide': 'sedative (trade name Doriden) used to treat some sleep disorders', 'glyburide': 'an oral antidiabetic drug (trade names DiaBeta and Micronase) that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas', 'glyph': 'glyptic art in the form of a symbolic figure carved or incised in relief', 'glyptic_art': 'carvings or engravings (especially on precious stones)', 'glyptics': 'the art of engraving on precious stones', 'gnomon': 'indicator provided by the stationary arm whose shadow indicates the time on the sundial', 'goalmouth': '(sports) the area immediately in front of the goal', 'goalpost': 'one of a pair of posts (usually joined by a crossbar) that are set up as a goal at each end of a playing field', 'goblet': 'a drinking glass with a base and stem', 'go_board': 'a board used for playing go', 'godown': '(in India and Malaysia) a warehouse', 'goffer': 'a zealously energetic person (especially a salesman)', 'goggles': 'tight-fitting spectacles worn to protect the eyes', 'go-kart': 'a small low motor vehicle with four wheels and an open framework; used for racing', 'Golconda': 'a source of great wealth (especially a mine)', 'golden_calf': '(Old Testament) an idol made by Aaron for the Israelites to worship; destroyed by Moses; it is now used to refer to anything worshipped undeservedly', 'Golden_Gate_Bridge': 'a suspension bridge across the Golden Gate', 'gold_foil': 'foil made of gold', 'gold_leaf': 'a very thin form of gold foil', 'gold_medal': 'a trophy made of gold (or having the appearance of gold) that is usually awarded for winning first place in a competition', 'goldmine': 'a good source of something that is desired', 'gold_plate': 'tableware that is plated with gold', 'golf_bag': 'golf equipment consisting of a bag for carrying golf clubs and balls', 'golf_ball': 'a small hard ball used in playing golf; dimpled to reduce wind resistance', 'golfcart': 'a small motor vehicle in which golfers can ride between shots', 'golf_club': 'a club of people to play golf', 'golf-club_head': '(golf) the head of the club which strikes the ball', 'golf_course': 'course consisting of a large landscaped area for playing golf', 'golf_equipment': 'sports equipment used in playing golf', 'golf_glove': 'a glove worn by golfers to give a firm grip on the handle of the golf club', 'golf_range': 'a practice range for practicing golf shots', 'golliwog': 'a grotesque black doll', 'gondola': 'long narrow flat-bottomed boat propelled by sculling; traditionally used on canals of Venice', 'gondola_car': 'a low flat-bottomed freight car with fixed sides but no roof', 'gong': 'a percussion instrument consisting of a metal plate that is struck with a softheaded drumstick', 'goniometer': 'direction finder that determines the angular direction of incoming radio signals', 'Gordian_knot': 'any very difficult problem; insoluble in its own terms', 'gore': 'coagulated blood from a wound', 'gorgerin': 'the molding at the top of a column', 'gorget': 'armor plate that protects the neck', 'gossamer': 'a gauze fabric with an extremely fine texture', 'Gota_Canal': 'a canal for small oceangoing ships to enter Lake Vanern in Sweden', 'Gothic_arch': 'a pointed arch; usually has a joint (instead of a keystone) at the apex', 'gouache': 'an opaque watercolor prepared with gum', 'gourd': 'any of numerous inedible fruits with hard rinds', 'government_building': 'a building that houses a branch of government', 'government_office': 'an office where government employees work', 'governor': 'the head of a state government', 'gown': 'the members of a university as distinguished from the other residents of the town in which the university is located; \"the relations between town and gown are always sensitive\"', 'grab': 'a mechanical device for gripping an object', 'grab_bag': 'an assortment of miscellaneous items', 'grab_bar': 'a bar attached parallel to a wall to provide a handgrip for steadying yourself', 'grace_cup': 'cup to be passed around for the final toast after a meal', 'grade_separation': 'a crossing that uses an underpass or overpass', 'graduate': 'a measuring instrument for measuring fluid volume; a glass container (cup or cylinder or flask) whose sides are marked with or divided into amounts', 'graduated_cylinder': 'a cylindrical graduate', 'graffito': 'a rude decoration inscribed on rocks or walls', 'grail': 'the object of any prolonged endeavor', 'gramicidin': 'an antibiotic produced by a soil bacterium; used chiefly as an antiseptic in treating local infections produced by Gram-positive bacteria', 'gramophone': 'an antique record player; the sound of the vibrating needle is amplified acoustically', 'granary': 'a storehouse for threshed grain or animal feed', 'grandfather_clock': 'a pendulum clock enclosed in a tall narrow case', 'grand_piano': 'a piano with the strings on a horizontal harp-shaped frame; usually supported by three legs', 'grandstand': 'the audience at a stadium or racetrack', 'grange': 'an outlying farm', 'graniteware': 'a kind of stone-grey enamelware', 'granny_knot': 'a reef knot crossed the wrong way and therefore insecure', 'grape_arbor': 'an arbor where grapes are grown', 'grapeshot': 'a cluster of small projectiles fired together from a cannon to produce a hail of shot', 'graphic': 'an image that is generated by a computer', 'graphic_art': 'the arts of drawing or painting or printmaking', 'graphics': 'the drawings and photographs in the layout of a book', 'grapnel': 'a tool consisting of several hooks for grasping and holding; often thrown with a rope', 'grass_skirt': 'a skirt made of long blades of grass', 'grate': 'a harsh rasping sound made by scraping something', 'grater': 'utensil with sharp perforations for shredding foods (as vegetables or cheese)', 'grave': 'death of a person; \"he went to his grave without forgiving me\"; \"from cradle to grave\"', 'gravel_pit': 'a quarry for gravel', 'graver': 'a tool used by an engraver', 'gravestone': 'a stone that is used to mark a grave', 'gravimeter': 'a measuring instrument for measuring variations in the gravitational field of the earth', 'gravy_boat': 'a dish (often boat-shaped) for serving gravy or sauce', 'grease-gun': 'a hand-operated pump that resembles a revolver; forces grease into parts of a machine', 'greasepaint': 'a greasy substance used as makeup by actors', 'greasy_spoon': 'a small restaurant specializing in short-order fried foods', 'greatcoat': 'a heavy coat worn over clothes in winter', 'Greater_New_Orleans_Bridge': 'twin cantilever bridges across the Mississippi at New Orleans', 'great_hall': 'the principal hall in a castle or mansion; can be used for dining or entertainment', 'great_seal': 'the principal seal of a government, symbolizing authority or sovereignty', 'Great_Seal_of_the_United_States': 'the seal of the United States government', 'greave': 'armor plate that protects legs below the knee', 'Greek_cross': 'a cross with each of the four arms the same length', 'greengrocery': 'groceries sold by a greengrocer', 'greenhouse': 'a building with glass walls and roof; for the cultivation and exhibition of plants under controlled conditions', 'greenroom': 'a backstage room in a theater where performers rest or have visitors', 'grenade': 'a small explosive bomb thrown by hand or fired from a missile', 'grid': 'a pattern of regularly spaced horizontal and vertical lines', 'reef': 'a submerged ridge of rock or coral near the surface of the water', 'reference_grid': 'a pattern of horizontal and vertical lines that provide coordinates for locating points on an image or a map', 'griddle': 'cooking utensil consisting of a flat heated surface (as on top of a stove) on which food is cooked', 'grigri': 'an African amulet', 'grill': 'a framework of metal bars used as a partition or a grate; \"he cooked hamburgers on the grill\"', 'grille': \"grating that admits cooling air to car's radiator\", 'grillroom': 'a restaurant where food is cooked on a grill', 'grinder': 'a machine tool that polishes metal', 'grinding_wheel': 'a wheel composed of abrasive material; used for grinding', 'grindstone': 'a revolving stone shaped like a disk; used to grind or sharpen or polish edge tools', 'gripsack': 'a small suitcase', 'grisaille': 'chiaroscuro painting or stained glass etc., in shades of grey imitating the effect of relief', 'griseofulvin': 'a kind of penicillin (a fungicidal antibiotic with the trade name Fulvicin) produced by molds of the genus Penicillium', 'gristmill': \"a mill for grinding grain (especially the customer's own grain)\", 'grizzle': 'a grey wig', 'grocery': '(usually plural) consumer goods sold by a grocer', 'grocery_bag': \"a sack for holding customer's groceries\", 'grocery_store': 'a marketplace where groceries are sold; \"the grocery store included a meat market\"', 'grogram': 'a coarse fabric of silk mixed with wool or mohair and often stiffened with gum', 'groin': 'the crease at the junction of the inner part of the thigh with the trunk together with the adjacent region and often including the external genitals', 'groined_vault': 'two barrel vaults intersecting at right angles', 'groover': 'a device that makes grooves by cutting or punching', 'grosgrain': 'a silk or silklike fabric with crosswise ribs', 'gros_point': 'a needlepoint stitch covering two horizontal and two vertical threads', 'grotesque': 'art characterized by an incongruous mixture of parts of humans and animals interwoven with plants', 'ground': 'a position to be won or defended in battle (or as if in battle); \"they gained ground step by step\"; \"they fought to regain the lost ground\"', 'ground_bait': 'bait scattered on the water to attract fish', 'ground_cable': 'a mooring cable; runs from a buoy to a mooring anchor', 'ground_control': 'a communication system for sending continuous radio messages to an airplane pilot who is making a ground-controlled approach to landing', 'ground_floor': 'becoming part of a venture at the beginning (regarded as position of advantage); \"he got in on the ground floor\"', 'ground_plan': 'a floor plan for the ground level of a building', 'groundsheet': 'a waterproofed piece of cloth spread on the ground (as under a tent) to protect from moisture', 'grove': 'a small growth of trees without underbrush', 'G-string': 'minimal clothing worn by stripteasers; a narrow strip of fabric that covers the pubic area, passes between the thighs, and is supported by a waistband', 'guanabenz': 'antihypertensive drug (trade name Wytensin) that reduces blood pressure by its effect on the central nervous system', 'guard_boat': 'a boat that is on guard duty (as in a harbor) around a fleet of warships', 'guardhouse': 'a military facility that serves as the headquarters for military police and in which military prisoners can be detained', 'guardroom': 'a cell in which soldiers who are prisoners are confined', 'guard_ship': 'a warship (at anchor or under way) required to maintain a higher degree of readiness than others in its squadron', \"guard's_van\": 'the car on a train that is occupied by the guard', 'gueridon': 'a small round table', 'Guarnerius': 'a violin made by a member of the Guarneri family', 'guesthouse': 'a house separate from the main house; for housing guests', 'guestroom': 'a bedroom that is kept for the use of guests', 'guidance_system': 'a system of equipment for automatically guiding the path of a vehicle (especially a missile)', 'guide': 'someone who shows the way by leading or advising', 'guided_missile': 'a rocket-propelled missile whose path can be controlled during flight either by radio signals or by internal homing devices', 'guided_missile_cruiser': 'a cruiser that carries guided missiles', 'guided_missile_frigate': 'a frigate that carries guided missiles', 'guide_rope': 'a rope used to guide the movement of the load of a crane', 'guildhall': 'the hall of a guild or corporation', 'guilloche': 'an architectural decoration formed by two intersecting wavy bands', 'guillotine': 'instrument of execution that consists of a weighted blade between two vertical poles; used for beheading people', 'guimpe': \"a piece of starched cloth covering the shoulders of a nun's habit\", 'guitar': 'a stringed instrument usually having six strings; played by strumming or plucking', 'guitar_pick': 'a plectrum used to pluck a guitar', 'gulag': 'a Russian prison camp for political prisoners', 'gunboat': 'a small shallow-draft boat carrying mounted guns; used by costal patrols', 'gun_carriage': 'a framework on which a gun is mounted for firing', 'gun_case': 'a case for storing a gun', 'gun_deck': 'formerly any deck other than the weather deck having cannons from end to end', 'gun_emplacement': 'an emplacement for a gun', 'gun_enclosure': 'a self-contained weapons platform housing guns and capable of rotation', 'gunflint': 'the piece of flint that provides the igniting spark in a flintlock weapon', 'gunlock': 'the action that ignites the charge in a firearm', 'gun_muzzle': 'the open circular discharging end of a gun', 'gunnery': 'guns collectively', 'gunnysack': 'a bag made of burlap', 'gun_pendulum': 'a ballistic pendulum consisting of a suspended gun; the velocity of a projectile in the bore of a gun can be measured by the recoil when the gun is discharged', 'gun_room': 'military quarters of midshipmen and junior officers on a British warship', 'gunsight': 'a sight used for aiming a gun', 'gun_trigger': 'lever that activates the firing mechanism of a gun', 'gunwale': 'wale at the top of the side of boat; topmost planking of a wooden vessel', 'gurney': 'a metal stretcher with wheels', 'gusher': 'an oil well with a strong natural flow so that pumping is not necessary', 'gusset': 'a metal plate used to strengthen a joist', 'gutter': 'misfortune resulting in lost effort or money; \"his career was in the gutter\"; \"all that work went down the sewer\"; \"pensions are in the toilet\"', 'guy': 'an informal term for a youth or man; \"a nice guy\"; \"the guy\\'s only doing it for some doll\"', 'Guy': 'an effigy of Guy Fawkes that is burned on a bonfire on Guy Fawkes Day', 'gymnasium': 'athletic facility equipped for sports or physical training', 'gymnastic_apparatus': 'sports equipment used in gymnastic exercises', 'gym_shoe': 'a canvas shoe with a pliable rubber sole', 'gym_suit': 'clothes prescribed for wear while participating in gymnastic exercise', 'gymslip': 'a sleeveless tunic worn by English girls as part of a school uniform', 'gypsy_cab': 'a taxicab that cruises for customers although it is licensed only to respond to calls', 'gyrocompass': 'a compass that does not depend on magnetism but uses a gyroscope instead', 'gyroscope': 'rotating mechanism in the form of a universally mounted spinning wheel that offers resistance to turns in any direction', 'gyrostabilizer': 'a stabilizer consisting of a heavy gyroscope that spins on a vertical axis; reduces side-to-side rolling of a ship or plane', 'haberdashery': 'the drygoods sold by a haberdasher', 'habergeon': '(Middle Ages) a light sleeveless coat of chain mail worn under the hauberk', 'hacienda': 'a large estate in Spanish-speaking countries', 'hacksaw': 'saw used with one hand for cutting metal', 'haft': 'the handle of a weapon or tool', 'Hagia_Sophia': 'a 6th century masterpiece of Byzantine architecture in Istanbul; built as a Christian church, converted to a mosque in 1453, and made into a museum in the middle of the 20th century', 'haik': 'an outer garment consisting of a large piece of white cloth; worn by men and women in northern Africa', 'hairbrush': \"a brush used to groom a person's hair\", 'haircloth': 'cloth woven from horsehair or camelhair; used for upholstery or stiffening in garments', 'hairdressing': 'a toiletry for the hair', 'hairnet': 'a small net that some women wear over their hair to keep it in place', 'hairpiece': 'a covering or bunch of human or artificial hair used for disguise or adornment', 'hairpin': \"a double pronged pin used to hold women's hair in place\", 'hairpin_bend': 'a U-shaped bend in a road', 'hair_shirt': 'an uncomfortable shirt made of coarse animal hair; worn next to the skin as a penance', 'hair_slide': 'a decorative hinged clip that girls and women put in their hair to hold it in place', 'hair_space': '(printing) the narrowest of the spaces used to separate words or letters', 'hair_spray': 'toiletry consisting of a commercial preparation that is sprayed on the hair to hold it in place', 'hairspring': 'a fine spiral spring that regulates the movement of the balance wheel in a timepiece', 'hair_trigger': 'a gun trigger that responds with little pressure', 'halberd': 'a pike fitted with an ax head', 'half_binding': 'book binding in which the spine and part of the sides are bound in one material and the rest in another', 'half_cross_stitch': 'a single cross stitch at a diagonal', 'half_hatchet': 'a hatchet with a broad blade on one end and a hammer head of the other', 'half_hitch': 'a knot used to fasten a rope temporarily to an object; usually tied double', 'half-length': 'a portrait showing the body from only the waist up', 'half_sole': 'shoe sole extending from the shank to the toe', 'halftone': 'a print obtained from photoengraving', 'half_track': 'a motor vehicle propelled by half tracks; frequently used by the military', 'hall': 'a large building used by a college or university for teaching or research; \"halls of learning\"', 'Hall_of_Fame': 'a building containing trophies honoring famous people', 'hall_of_residence': 'a university dormitory', 'hallstand': 'a piece of furniture where coats and hats and umbrellas can be hung; usually has a mirror', 'hallucinogen': 'a psychoactive drug that induces hallucinations or altered sensory experiences', 'hallway': 'an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open; \"the elevators were at the end of the hall\"', 'haloperidol': \"tranquilizer (trade name Haldol) used to treat some psychotic disorders and Tourette's syndrome\", 'halothane': 'a nonflammable inhalation anesthetic that produces general anesthesia; used along with analgesics and muscle relaxants for many types of surgical procedures', 'halyard': 'a rope for raising or lowering a sail or flag', 'hame': 'stable gear consisting of either of two curved supports that are attached to the collar of a draft horse and that hold the traces', 'hammock': 'a hanging bed of canvas or rope netting (usually suspended between two trees); swings easily', 'hamper': 'a basket usually with a cover', 'hand_ax': 'a stone tool with a cutting edge; the stone is held in the hand and used for chopping', 'handball_court': 'the court on which handball is played', 'handbarrow': 'a rectangular frame with handles at both ends; carried by two people', 'handbell': 'a bell that is held in the hand', 'hand_blower': 'a hand-held electric blower that can blow warm air onto the hair; used for styling hair', 'handbow': 'a bow drawn by hand as distinguished from a crossbow', 'hand_brake': 'a brake operated by hand; usually operates by mechanical linkage', 'hand_calculator': 'a calculator small enough to hold in the hand or carry in a pocket', 'handcar': 'a small railroad car propelled by hand or by a small motor', 'handcart': 'wheeled vehicle that can be pushed by a person; may have one or two or four wheels; \"he used a handcart to carry the rocks away\"; \"their pushcart was piled high with groceries\"', 'hand_cream': 'moisturizing cream for the hands', 'handcuff': 'shackle that consists of a metal loop that can be locked around the wrist; usually used in pairs', 'hand_drill': 'a small portable drill held and operated by hand', 'hand_glass': 'a mirror intended to be held in the hand', 'hand_grenade': 'a grenade designed to be thrown by hand', 'hand-held_computer': 'a portable battery-powered computer small enough to be carried in your pocket', 'handhold': 'an appendage to hold onto', 'handkerchief': 'a square piece of cloth used for wiping the eyes or nose or as a costume accessory', 'handle': 'the appendage to an object that is designed to be held in order to use or move it; \"he grabbed the hammer by the handle\"; \"it was an old briefcase but it still had a good grip\"', 'handlebar': 'the shaped bar used to steer a bicycle', 'handline': 'a fishing line managed principally by hand', 'handloom': 'a loom powered by hand', 'hand_lotion': 'lotion used to soften the hands', 'hand_luggage': 'luggage that is light enough to be carried by hand', 'hand-me-down': 'outgrown garment passed down from one person to another', 'hand_mower': 'a lawn mower that is operated by hand', 'hand_pump': 'a pump worked by hand', 'hand_puppet': 'a puppet with a cloth body and hollow head; fits over the hand', 'handrest': 'a support for the hand', 'handsaw': 'a saw used with one hand for cutting wood', 'handset': 'telephone set with the mouthpiece and earpiece mounted on a single handle', 'hand_shovel': 'a shovel that is operated by hand', 'handspike': 'a metal bar (or length of pipe) used as a lever', 'handstamp': 'a stamp (usually made of rubber) for imprinting a mark or design by hand', 'hand_throttle': 'a hand-operated lever that controls the throttle valve', 'hand_tool': \"a tool used with workers' hands\", 'hand_towel': 'a small towel used to dry the hands or face', 'hand_truck': 'a handcart that has a frame with two low wheels and a ledge at the bottom and handles at the top; used to move crates or other heavy objects', 'handwear': 'clothing for the hands', 'handwheel': 'a wheel worked by hand', 'hangar_queen': 'an airplane with a bad maintenance record', 'hanger': 'a worker who hangs something', 'hang_glider': 'a rider of a hang glider', 'Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon': 'a terraced garden at Babylon watered by pumps from the Euphrates; construction attributed to Nebuchadnezzar around 600 BC', \"hangman's_rope\": 'a rope that is used by a hangman to execute persons who have been condemned to death by hanging', 'hank': 'a coil of rope or wool or yarn', 'hansom': \"a two-wheeled horse-drawn covered carriage with the driver's seat above and behind the passengers\", 'harbor': 'a place of refuge and comfort and security', 'hardback': 'a book with cardboard or cloth or leather covers', 'hard_disc': 'a rigid magnetic disk mounted permanently in a drive unit', 'hard_drug': 'a narcotic that is considered relatively strong and likely to cause addiction', 'hard_hat': 'a lightweight protective helmet (plastic or metal) worn by construction workers', 'hard_shoulder': 'a paved strip beside a motorway (for stopping in emergencies)', 'hardtop': 'a car that resembles a convertible but has a fixed rigid top', 'hardware': 'instrumentalities (tools or implements) made of metal', 'hardware_store': 'a store selling hardware; \"in Great Britain they used to call a hardware store an ironmonger\\'s shop\"', 'harem': 'living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household', 'harmonica': 'a small rectangular free-reed instrument having a row of free reeds set back in air holes and played by blowing into the desired hole', 'harmonium': 'a free-reed instrument in which air is forced through the reeds by bellows', 'harness': 'a support consisting of an arrangement of straps for holding something to the body (especially one supporting a person suspended from a parachute)', 'harp': 'a pair of curved vertical supports for a lampshade', 'harpoon': 'a spear with a shaft and barbed point for throwing; used for catching large fish or whales; a strong line is attached to it', 'harpoon_gun': 'a cannon or similar gun that fires harpoons', 'harpoon_line': \"a strong rope for making the catch fast to the harpooner's boat\", 'harpoon_log': 'a cylindrical log with a device that registers distance', 'harpsichord': 'a clavier with strings that are plucked by plectra mounted on pivots', 'Harris_Tweed': 'a loosely woven tweed made in the Outer Hebrides', 'harrow': 'a cultivator that pulverizes or smooths the soil', 'Harvard_University': 'a university in Massachusetts', 'harvester': 'someone who helps to gather the harvest', 'hash_house': 'an inexpensive restaurant', 'hashish': 'purified resinous extract of the hemp plant; used as a hallucinogen', 'hasp': 'a fastener for a door or lid; a hinged metal plate is fitted over a staple and is locked with a pin or padlock', 'hassock': 'a cushion for kneeling on (as when praying in church)', 'hatband': 'a band around the crown of a hat just above the brim', 'hatbox': 'a round piece of luggage for carrying hats', 'hatch': 'the production of young from an egg', 'hatchback': 'a car having a hatchback door', 'hatchel': 'a comb for separating flax fibers', 'hatchet': 'a small ax with a short handle used with one hand (usually to chop wood)', 'hatchway': 'an entrance equipped with a hatch; especially a passageway between decks of a ship', 'hatpin': 'a long sturdy pin used by women to secure a hat to their hair', 'hauberk': 'a long (usually sleeveless) tunic of chain mail formerly worn as defensive armor', 'havelock': 'a cloth covering for a service cap with a flap extending over the back of the neck to protect the neck from direct rays of the sun', 'haven': 'a shelter serving as a place of safety or sanctuary', 'Hawaiian_guitar': 'guitar whose steel strings are twanged while being pressed with a movable steel bar for a glissando effect', 'hawse': 'the hole that an anchor rope passes through', 'hawser': 'large heavy rope for nautical use', 'hawser_bend': 'a knot uniting the ends of two lines', 'hay_bale': 'a bale of hay', 'hayfork': 'a long-handled fork for turning or lifting hay', 'hayloft': 'a loft in a barn where hay is stored', 'hayrack': 'a rack that holds hay for feeding livestock', 'haywire': 'wire for tying up bales of hay', 'hazard': 'a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune; \"drinking alcohol is a health hazard\"', 'headband': 'a band worn around or over the head; \"the earphones were held in place by a headband\"', 'headboard': 'a vertical board or panel forming the head of a bedstead', 'head_covering': 'a garment that covers the head and face', 'headdress': 'clothing for the head', 'headfast': 'a mooring line that secures the bow of a boat or ship to a wharf', 'head_gasket': 'a gasket to seal a cylinder head', 'head_gate': 'a gate upstream from a lock or canal that is used to control the flow of water at the upper end', 'headgear': 'the hoist at the pithead of a mine', 'headlight': 'a powerful light with reflector; attached to the front of an automobile or locomotive', 'headpiece': 'a protective helmet for the head', 'headpin': 'the front bowling pin in the triangular arrangement of ten pins', 'headquarters': '(plural) a military unit consisting of a commander and the headquarters staff', 'headrace': 'a waterway that feeds water to a mill or water wheel or turbine', 'headrest': \"a cushion attached to the top of the back of an automobile's seat to prevent whiplash\", 'headsail': 'any sail set forward of the foremast of a vessel', 'headscarf': 'a kerchief worn over the head and tied under the chin', 'headset': 'receiver consisting of a pair of headphones', 'head_shop': 'a shop specializing in articles of interest to drug users; \"he bought some roach clips and hashish pipes at the head shop\"', 'headstall': \"the band that is the part of a bridle that fits around a horse's head\", 'headstock': 'the stationary support in a machine or power tool that supports and drives a revolving part (as a chuck or the spindle on a lathe)', 'health_spa': 'a place of business with equipment and facilities for exercising and improving physical fitness', 'hearing_aid': 'an electronic device that amplifies sound and is worn to compensate for poor hearing', 'hearse': 'a vehicle for carrying a coffin to a church or a cemetery; formerly drawn by horses but now usually a motor vehicle', 'heart': 'a plane figure with rounded sides curving inward at the top and intersecting at the bottom; conventionally used on playing cards and valentines; \"he drew a heart and called it a valentine\"', 'hearth': 'an area near a fireplace (usually paved and extending out into a room); \"they sat on the hearth and warmed themselves before the fire\"', 'hearthrug': 'a rug spread out in front of a fireplace', 'hearthstone': 'a stone that forms a hearth', 'heart-lung_machine': 'a pump to maintain circulation during heart surgery; diverts blood from the heart and oxygenates it and then pumps it through the body', 'heart_valve': 'a valve to control one-way flow of blood', 'heat_engine': 'any engine that makes use of heat to do work', 'heater': 'device that heats water or supplies warmth to a room', 'heat_exchanger': 'device that transfers heat from one liquid to another without allowing them to mix', 'heating_element': 'the component of a heater or range that transforms fuel or electricity into heat', 'heating_pad': 'heater consisting of electrical heating elements contained in a flexible pad', 'heating_system': 'utility to warm a building; \"the heating system wasn\\'t working\"; \"they have radiant heating\"', 'heat_lamp': 'electric heater consisting of a high-power incandescent lamp that emits infrared radiation; \"the bathroom could be warmed by an infrared lamp\"', 'heat_pump': 'apparatus that extracts heat from a liquid that is at a higher temperature than its surroundings; can be used to transfer heat from a reservoir outside in order to heat a building', 'heat-seeking_missile': 'a missile with a guidance system that directs it toward targets emitting infrared radiation (as the emissions of a jet engine)', 'heat_shield': 'a protective covering that protects a spacecraft from overheating on reentry', 'heat_sink': 'a metal conductor specially designed to conduct (and radiate) heat', 'heaume': 'a large medieval helmet supported on the shoulders', 'heaver': 'a workman who heaves freight or bulk goods (especially at a dockyard)', 'heavier-than-air_craft': 'a non-buoyant aircraft that requires a source of power to hold it aloft and to propel it', 'heckelphone': 'an oboe pitched an octave below the ordinary oboe', 'hectograph': 'duplicator consisting of a gelatin plate from which ink can be taken to make a copy', 'hedge': 'any technique designed to reduce or eliminate financial risk; for example, taking two positions that will offset each other if prices change', 'hedge_trimmer': 'a garden tool for trimming hedges', 'heel': 'one of the crusty ends of a loaf of bread', 'helicon': 'a tuba that coils over the shoulder of the musician', 'helicopter': 'an aircraft without wings that obtains its lift from the rotation of overhead blades', 'heliograph': \"an apparatus for sending telegraphic messages by using a mirror to turn the sun's rays off and on\", 'heliometer': 'an instrument used to measure the angular separation of two stars that are too far apart to be included in the field of view of an ordinary telescope', 'heliport': 'an airport for helicopters', 'helmet': 'armor plate that protects the head', 'hem': 'the utterance of a sound similar to clearing the throat; intended to get attention, express hesitancy, fill a pause, hide embarrassment, warn a friend, etc.', 'hematinic': 'a medicine that increases the hemoglobin content of the blood; used to treat iron-deficiency anemia', 'hematocrit': 'the ratio of the volume occupied by packed red blood cells to the volume of the whole blood as measured by a hematocrit', 'hemming-stitch': 'a stitch used in sewing hems on skirts and dresses', 'hemostat': 'a surgical instrument that stops bleeding by clamping the blood vessel', 'hemstitch': 'a stitch in which parallel threads are drawn and exposed threads are caught together in groups', 'henroost': 'a roost for hens at night', 'heparin': 'a polysaccharide produced in basophils (especially in the lung and liver) and that inhibits the activity of thrombin in coagulation of the blood; it (trade names Lipo-Hepin and Liquaemin) is used as an anticoagulant in the treatment of thrombosis and in heart surgery', 'heraldry': 'the study and classification of armorial bearings and the tracing of genealogies', 'herb_garden': 'a garden for growing herbs', 'herm': 'a statue consisting of a squared stone pillar with a carved head (usually a bearded Hermes) on top; used in ancient Greece as a boundary marker or signpost', 'hermitage': 'the abode of a hermit', 'heroin': 'a narcotic that is considered a hard drug; a highly addictive morphine derivative; intravenous injection provides the fastest and most intense rush', 'herringbone': 'a pattern of columns of short parallel lines with all the lines in one column sloping one way and lines in adjacent columns sloping the other way; it is used in weaving, masonry, parquetry, embroidery', 'Herschelian_telescope': 'a reflecting telescope with the mirror slightly tilted to throw the image to the side where it can be viewed', 'Hessian_boot': \"(19th century) a man's high tasseled boot\", 'heterodyne_receiver': 'a radio receiver that combines a locally generated frequency with the carrier frequency to produce a supersonic signal that is demodulated and amplified', 'hexachlorophene': 'antibacterial substance that is a water-soluble powder used in antiseptic soaps and toothpaste', 'hex_nut': 'a nut with a hexagonal shape', 'hibachi': 'a portable brazier that burns charcoal and has a grill for cooking', 'hideaway': 'an area where you can be alone', 'hi-fi': 'equipment for the reproduction of sound with high fidelity', 'high_altar': 'the main altar in a church', 'high-angle_gun': 'a cannon that can be fired at a high elevation for relatively short ranges', 'highball_glass': 'a tall glass for serving highballs', 'highboard': 'a high diving board', 'highboy': 'a tall chest of drawers divided into two sections and supported on four legs', 'highchair': 'a chair for feeding a very young child; has four long legs and a footrest and a detachable tray', 'high_gear': 'a forward gear with a gear ratio that gives the greatest vehicle velocity for a given engine speed', 'high-hat_cymbal': 'cymbals that are operated by a foot pedal', 'highlighter': 'a cosmetic used to highlight the eyes or cheekbones', 'high-pass_filter': 'a filter that passes frequencies above a certain value and attenuates frequencies below that value', 'high-rise': 'tower consisting of a multistoried building of offices or apartments; \"`tower block\\' is the British term for `high-rise\\'\"', 'highroad': 'a highway', 'high_table': 'a dining table in a dining-hall raised on a platform; seats are reserved for distinguished persons', 'high-warp_loom': 'a handloom in which the warp is carried vertically; for weaving tapestry', 'highway': 'a major road for any form of motor transport', 'highway_system': 'a transportation system consisting of roads for motor transport', 'high_wire': 'a tightrope very high above the ground', 'hilt': 'the handle of a sword or dagger', 'hinge': 'a circumstance upon which subsequent events depend; \"his absence is the hinge of our plan\"', 'hinging_post': 'the gatepost on which the gate is hung', 'hip_boot': 'a very high boot; used especially for fishing', 'hipflask': 'a flask that holds spirits', 'hip_pad': 'protective garment consisting of a pad worn by football and hockey players', 'hip_pocket': 'a pocket in rear of trousers', 'hippodrome': 'a stadium for horse shows or horse races', 'hip_roof': 'a roof having sloping ends as well as sloping sides', 'histamine_blocker': 'a medicine used to treat the gastric effects of histamine in cases of peptic ulcers and gastritis and gastroesophageal reflux; works by blocking the effects of histamine on the receptor site known as H2', 'hitching_post': 'a fixed post with a ring to which a horse can be hitched to prevent it from straying', 'hitchrack': 'a fixed horizontal rail to which a horse can be hitched to prevent it from straying', 'hob': 'a hard steel edge tool used to cut gears', 'hobble_skirt': 'a long skirt very narrow below the knees, worn between 1910 and 1914', 'hobnail': 'a short nail with a thick head; used to protect the soles of boots', 'hockey_skate': 'an ice skate worn for playing hockey; has a short blade and a strong boot to protect the feet and ankles', 'hockey_stick': 'sports implement consisting of a stick used by hockey players to move the puck', 'hod': 'an open box attached to a long pole handle; bricks or mortar are carried on the shoulder', 'hodoscope': '(physics) scientific instrument that traces the path of a charged particle', 'hoe': 'a tool with a flat blade attached at right angles to a long handle', 'hoe_handle': 'the handle of a hoe', 'hogan': 'a Navajo lodge covered with earth; traditionally built with the entrance facing east', 'hogshead': 'a British unit of capacity for alcoholic beverages', 'hoist': 'lifting device for raising heavy or cumbersome objects', 'hold': 'power by which something or someone is affected or dominated; \"he has a hold over them\"', 'holder': 'a person who holds something; \"they held two hostages\"; \"he holds the trophy\"; \"she holds a United States passport\"', 'holding_cell': 'a jail in a courthouse where accused persons can be confined during a trial', 'holding_device': 'a device for holding something', 'holding_pen': 'a pen where livestock is temporarily confined', 'hole': 'a fault; \"he shot holes in my argument\"', 'hole_card': 'any assets that are concealed until they can be used advantageously', 'hollowware': 'silverware serving dishes', 'hologram': 'the intermediate photograph (or photographic record) that contains information for reproducing a three-dimensional image by holography', 'holster': 'a belt with loops or slots for carrying small hand tools', 'holy_of_holies': '(figurative) something regarded as sacred or inviolable; \"every politician fears to touch that holy of holies, the Social Security System\"', 'Holy_Sepulcher': \"the sepulcher in which Christ's body lay between burial and resurrection\", 'home': 'an environment offering affection and security; \"home is where the heart is\"; \"he grew up in a good Christian home\"; \"there\\'s no place like home\"', 'home_appliance': 'an appliance that does a particular job in the home', 'home_computer': 'a computer intended for use in the home', 'home_court': '(basketball) the court where the host team plays its home games', 'home-farm': 'a farm that supplies the needs of a large estate of establishment', 'home_plate': '(baseball) base consisting of a rubber slab where the batter stands; it must be touched by a base runner in order to score; \"he ruled that the runner failed to touch home\"', 'home_room': 'a classroom in which all students in a particular grade (or in a division of a grade) meet at certain times under the supervision of a teacher who takes attendance and does other administrative business', 'homespun': 'a rough loosely woven fabric originally made with yarn that was spun at home', 'homestead': 'the home and adjacent grounds occupied by a family', 'homestretch': 'the end of an enterprise; \"they were on the homestretch when the computer crashed\"', 'home_theater': 'television and video equipment designed to reproduce in the home the experience of being in a movie theater', 'homing_device': 'the mechanism in a guided missile that guides it toward its objective', 'homing_torpedo': \"a torpedo that is guided to its target (as by the sound of a ship's engines)\", 'homolosine_projection': 'an equal-area projection map of the globe; oceans are distorted in order to minimize the distortion of the continents', 'hone': 'a whetstone made of fine gritstone; used for sharpening razors', 'honeycomb': 'a structure of small hexagonal cells constructed from beeswax by bees and used to store honey and larvae', 'honkytonk': 'a cheap disreputable nightclub or dance hall', 'hood_latch': 'a catch that holds the hood of a car shut', 'hoodoo': '(geology) a column of weathered and unusually shaped rock; \"a tall sandstone hoodoo\"', 'hood_ornament': 'an ornament on the front of the hood of a car emblematic of the manufacturer', 'hookah': 'an oriental tobacco pipe with a long flexible tube connected to a container where the smoke is cooled by passing through water; \"a bipolar world with the hookah and Turkish coffee versus hamburgers and Coca Cola\"', 'hook_and_eye': 'a kind of fastener used on clothing', 'hookup': 'a device providing a connection between a power source and a user; \"some campsites have electrical hookups for trailers\"', 'hook_wrench': 'a wrench with a hook that fits over a nut or bolt head', 'hoop': 'a light curved skeleton to spread out a skirt', 'hoopskirt': 'a skirt stiffened with hoops', 'hoosegow': 'slang for a jail', 'Hoover': 'United States industrialist who manufactured vacuum cleaners (1849-1932)', 'Hoover_Dam': 'a large dam built in 1933 on the Colorado River in Nevada', 'hope_chest': 'chest for storage of clothing (trousseau) and household goods in anticipation of marriage', 'hop_garden': 'a garden where hops are grown', 'hopper': 'someone who hops; \"at hopscotch, the best hoppers are the children\"', 'hop-picker': 'a machine used for picking hops', 'hop_pole': 'a tall pole to support the wires on which the hop plant is trained', 'hopsacking': 'a loosely woven coarse fabric of cotton or linen; used in clothing', 'horizontal_bar': 'gymnastic apparatus consisting of a bar supported in a horizontal position by uprights at both ends', 'horizontal_section': 'a mechanical drawing of an object as if made by a plane cutting through it horizontally', 'horizontal_stabilizer': \"the horizontal airfoil of an aircraft's tail assembly that is fixed and to which the elevator is hinged\", 'horizontal_surface': 'a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line; \"park the car on the level\"', 'horizontal_tail': 'the horizontal stabilizer and elevator in the tail assembly of an aircraft', 'horn_button': 'a button that you press to activate the horn of an automobile', 'horoscope': \"a prediction of someone's future based on the relative positions of the planets\", 'horror': 'intense and profound fear', 'horsebox': 'a conveyance (railroad car or trailer) for transporting racehorses', 'horsecar': 'an early form of streetcar that was drawn by horses', 'horse_cart': 'heavy cart; drawn by a horse; used for farm work', 'horsecloth': 'a cloth for the trapping of a horse', 'horse-drawn_vehicle': 'a wheeled vehicle drawn by one or more horses', 'horsehair': 'hair taken from the mane or tail of a horse', 'horsehair_wig': 'a wig made of horsehair; \"the English judiciary wear their traditional horsehair wigs\"', 'horseless_carriage': 'an early term for an automobile; \"when automobiles first replaced horse-drawn carriages they were called horseless carriages\"', 'horse_pistol': 'a large pistol (usually in a holster) formerly carried by horsemen', 'horseshoe': 'game equipment consisting of an open ring of iron used in playing horseshoes', 'horse-trail': 'a trail for horses', 'horsewhip': 'a whip for controlling horses', 'hose': \"man's close-fitting garment of the 16th and 17th centuries covering the legs and reaching up to the waist; worn with a doublet\", 'hosiery': 'socks and stockings and tights collectively (the British include underwear)', 'hospital': 'a medical institution where sick or injured people are given medical or surgical care', 'hospital_bed': 'a single bed with a frame in three sections so the head or middle or foot can be raised as required', 'hospital_room': 'a room in a hospital for the care of patients', 'hospital_ship': 'a ship built to serve as a hospital; used for wounded in wartime', 'hospital_train': 'a military train built to transport wounded troops to a hospital', 'hostel': 'a hotel providing overnight lodging for travelers', 'hot-air_balloon': 'balloon for travel through the air in a basket suspended below a large bag of heated air', 'hotbed': 'a situation that is ideal for rapid development (especially of something bad); \"it was a hotbed of vice\"', 'hotbox': 'a journal bearing (as of a railroad car) that has overheated', 'hotel': 'a building where travelers can pay for lodging and meals and other services', 'hotel-casino': 'a business establishment that combines a casino and a hotel', 'hotel_room': 'a bedroom (usually with bath) in a hotel', 'hot_line': 'a direct telephone line between two officials', 'hot_pants': 'skin-tight very short pants worn by young women as an outer garment', 'hot_plate': 'a portable electric appliance for heating or cooking or keeping food warm', 'hot_rod': 'a car modified to increase its speed and acceleration', 'hot_spot': 'a place of political unrest and potential violence; \"the United States cannot police all of the world\\'s hot spots\"', 'hot_tub': 'a very large tub (large enough for more than one bather) filled with hot water', 'hot-water_bottle': 'a stoppered receptacle (usually made of rubber) that is to be filled with hot water and used for warming a bed or parts of the body', 'houndstooth_check': 'textile with a pattern of small broken or jagged checks', 'hourglass': 'a sandglass that runs for sixty minutes', 'hour_hand': 'the shorter hand of a clock that points to the hours', 'houseboat': 'a barge that is designed and equipped for use as a dwelling', 'houselights': \"lights that illuminate the audience's part of a theater or other auditorium\", 'house_of_cards': 'a speculative scheme that depends on unstable factors that the planner cannot control; \"his proposal was nothing but a house of cards\"; \"a real estate bubble\"', 'house_of_correction': '(formerly) a jail or other place of detention for persons convicted of minor offences', 'house_paint': 'paint used to cover the exterior woodwork of a house', 'housetop': 'the roof of a house; \"shout it from the housetops\"', 'housing': 'a protective cover designed to contain or support a mechanical component', 'hovel': 'small crude shelter used as a dwelling', 'hovercraft': 'a craft capable of moving over water or land on a cushion of air created by jet engines', 'howdah': 'a (usually canopied) seat for riding on the back of a camel or elephant', 'huarache': 'a sandal with flat heels and an upper of woven leather straps', 'hub': 'a center of activity or interest or commerce or transportation; a focal point around which events revolve; \"the playground is the hub of parental supervision\"; \"the airport is the economic hub of the area\"', 'hub-and-spoke': 'a system of air transportation in which local airports offer air transportation to a central airport where long-distance flights are available', 'hubcap': 'cap that fits over the hub of a wheel', 'huck': 'toweling consisting of coarse absorbent cotton or linen fabric', 'hug-me-tight': \"a woman's fitted jacket\", 'hula-hoop': 'plaything consisting of a tubular plastic hoop for swinging around the hips', 'hulk': 'a ship that has been wrecked and abandoned', 'hull': 'dry outer covering of a fruit or seed or nut', 'Humber_Bridge': 'a suspension bridge at Hull, England; 4,626 feet long', 'humeral_veil': 'a vestment worn by a priest at High Mass in the Roman Catholic Church; a silk shawl', 'humming_top': 'a top that makes a humming noise as it spins', 'Humvee': 'a high mobility, multipurpose, military vehicle with four-wheel drive', 'hunter': 'a person who searches for something; \"a treasure hunter\"', 'hunting_knife': 'a large sharp knife with a handle shaped to fit the grip', 'hurdle': 'an obstacle that you are expected to overcome; \"the last hurdle before graduation\"', 'hurricane_deck': 'a deck at the top of a passenger ship', 'hurricane_lamp': 'an oil lamp with a glass chimney and perforated metal lid to protect the flame from high winds; candlestick with a glass chimney', 'hut': 'temporary military shelter', 'hutch': 'a cage (usually made of wood and wire mesh) for small animals', 'hutment': 'an encampment of huts (chiefly military)', 'hydantoin': 'any of a group of anticonvulsant drugs used in treating epilepsy', 'hydralazine': 'an antihypertensive drug (trade name Apresoline) that dilates blood vessels; used (often with a diuretic) to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure', 'hydrant': 'a discharge pipe with a valve and spout at which water may be drawn from the mains of waterworks', 'hydraulic_brake': 'brake system in which a brake pedal moves a piston in the master cylinder; brake fluid then applies great force to the brake pads or shoes', 'hydraulic_press': 'press in which a force applied by a piston to a small area is transmitted through water to another piston having a large area', 'hydraulic_pump': 'a water pump that uses the kinetic energy of flowing water to force a small fraction of that water to a reservoir at a higher level', 'hydraulic_system': 'a mechanism operated by the resistance offered or the pressure transmitted when a liquid is forced through a small opening or tube', 'hydraulic_transmission': 'a transmission that depends on a hydraulic system', 'hydrochlorothiazide': 'a diuretic drug (trade name Microzide, Esidrix, and HydroDIURIL) used in the treatment of hypertension', 'hydroelectric_turbine': 'turbine consisting of a large and efficient version of a water wheel used to drive an electric generator', 'hydroflumethiazide': 'diuretic used to treat hypertension and edema', 'hydrofoil': 'a device consisting of a flat or curved piece (as a metal plate) so that its surface reacts to the water it is passing through; \"the fins of a fish act as hydrofoils\"', 'hydrogen_bomb': 'a nuclear weapon that releases atomic energy by union of light (hydrogen) nuclei at high temperatures to form helium', 'hydrometer': 'a measuring instrument for determining the specific gravity of a liquid or solid', 'hydromorphone_hydrochloride': 'a narcotic analgesic (trade name Dilaudid) used to treat moderate to severe pain', 'hydroxychloroquine': 'anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Plaquenil) used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and malaria and lupus erythematosus', 'hydroxyzine_hydrochloride': 'a drug (trade names Atarax and Vistaril) used as a tranquilizer to treat anxiety and motion sickness', 'hygrodeik': 'a wet and dry bulb hygrometer', 'hygrometer': 'measuring instrument for measuring the relative humidity of the atmosphere', 'hygroscope': 'hygrometer that shows variations in the relative humidity of the atmosphere', 'hyoscyamine': 'a poisonous crystalline alkaloid (isometric with atropine but more potent); used to treat excess motility of the gastrointestinal tract', 'hyperbaric_chamber': 'a large chamber in which the oxygen pressure is above normal for the atmosphere; used in treating breathing disorders or carbon monoxide poisoning', 'hypercoaster': 'a roller coaster that goes up 200 feet or higher and can catapult riders from 0 to 70 mph in 4 seconds by motors originally designed to launch rockets', 'hypermarket': 'a huge supermarket (usually built on the outskirts of a town)', 'hypodermic_needle': 'a hollow needle', 'hypodermic_syringe': 'a piston syringe that is fitted with a hypodermic needle for giving injections', 'hypsometer': 'an altimeter that uses the boiling point of water to determine land elevation', 'hysterosalpingogram': 'X ray of the uterus and Fallopian tubes; usually done in diagnosing infertility (to see if there any blockages)', 'I-beam': \"girder having a cross section resembling the letter `I'\", 'ibuprofen': 'a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic medicine (trade names Advil and Motrin and Nuprin) used to relieve the pain of arthritis and as an antipyretic; \"daily use of ibuprofen can irritate the stomach\"', 'ice_ax': 'an ax used by mountain climbers for cutting footholds in ice', 'iceboat': 'a sailing vessel with runners and a cross-shaped frame; suitable for traveling over ice', 'ice_cube': 'a small cube of artificial ice; used for cooling drinks', 'iced-tea_spoon': 'a teaspoon with a long handle', 'ice_hockey_rink': 'an ice rink for playing ice hockey', 'icehouse': 'a house for storing ice', 'ice_machine': 'an electric refrigerator to supply ice cubes', 'ice_maker': 'an appliance included in some electric refrigerators for making ice cubes', 'ice_pack': 'a waterproof bag filled with ice: applied to the body (especially the head) to cool or reduce swelling', 'icepick': 'pick consisting of a steel rod with a sharp point; used for breaking up blocks of ice', 'ice_rink': 'a rink with a floor of ice for ice hockey or ice skating; \"the crowd applauded when she skated out onto the ice\"', 'ice_skate': 'skate consisting of a boot with a steel blade fitted to the sole', 'ice_tongs': 'tongs for lifting blocks of ice', 'icetray': 'a tray for making cubes of ice in a refrigerator', 'ice_wagon': '(formerly) a horse-drawn wagon that delivered ice door to door', 'icon': '(computer science) a graphic symbol (usually a simple picture) that denotes a program or a command or a data file or a concept in a graphical user interface', 'iconography': 'the images and symbolic representations that are traditionally associated with a person or a subject; \"religious iconography\"; \"the propagandistic iconography of a despot\"', 'iconoscope': 'the first practical television-camera for picture pickup; invented in 1923 by Vladimir Kosma Zworykin', 'Identikit': \"a likeness of a person's face constructed from descriptions given to police; uses a set of transparencies of various facial features that can be combined to build up a picture of the person sought\", 'Iditarod_Trail': 'a trail that extends 1,100 miles from Anchorage over the Alaska Range to Nome', 'idle_pulley': 'a pulley on a shaft that presses against a guide belt to guide or tighten it', 'idol': 'someone who is adored blindly and excessively', 'igloo': 'an Eskimo hut; usually built of blocks (of sod or snow) in the shape of a dome', 'ignition_coil': 'an induction coil that converts current from a battery into the high-voltage current required by spark plugs', 'ignition_key': 'a key that operates the ignition switch of an automotive engine', 'ignition_switch': 'switch that operates a solenoid that closes a circuit to operate the starter', 'illustration': 'artwork that helps make something clear or attractive', 'imaret': 'a hostel for pilgrims in Turkey', 'imbrication': 'covering with a design in which one element covers a part of another (as with tiles or shingles)', 'imipramine': 'a tricyclic antidepressant (trade names Imavate and Tofranil) used to treat clinical depression', 'counterfeit': 'a copy that is represented as the original', 'immersion_heater': 'a heating element that is immersed in the liquid that is to be heated (as in a hot-water tank)', 'immovable_bandage': 'a bandage of cloth impregnated with a substance (e.g., plaster of Paris) that hardens soon after it is applied', 'immunogen': 'any substance or organism that provokes an immune response (produces immunity) when introduced into the body', 'immunosuppressant': \"a drug that lowers the body's normal immune response\", 'impact_printer': 'a printer that prints by mechanical impacts', 'impedimenta': 'the baggage and equipment carried by an army', 'impeller': 'the blade of a rotor (as in the compressor of a jet engine)', 'imperial': 'a small tufted beard worn by Emperor Napoleon III', 'implant': 'a prosthesis placed permanently in tissue', 'implement': 'instrumentation (a piece of equipment or tool) used to effect an end', 'import': 'an imported person brought from a foreign country; \"the lead role was played by an import from Sweden\"; \"they are descendants of indentured importees\"', 'Impressionism': 'a school of late 19th century French painters who pictured appearances by strokes of unmixed colors to give the impression of reflected light', 'imprint': 'an identification of a publisher; a publisher\\'s name along with the date and address and edition that is printed at the bottom of the title page; \"the book was published under a distinguished imprint\"', 'improvised_explosive_device': 'an explosive device that is improvised', 'impulse_turbine': 'a turbine that is driven by jets direct against the blades', 'in-basket': 'a wood or metal receptacle placed on your desk to hold your incoming material', 'incendiary_bomb': 'a bomb that is designed to start fires; is most effective against flammable targets (such as fuel)', 'incinerator': 'a furnace for incinerating (especially to dispose of refuse)', 'inclined_plane': 'a simple machine for elevating objects; consists of plane surface that makes an acute angle with the horizontal', 'inclinometer': 'an instrument showing the angle that an aircraft makes with the horizon', 'incrustation': 'the formation of a crust', 'incubator': 'apparatus consisting of a box designed to maintain a constant temperature by the use of a thermostat; used for chicks or premature infants', 'indapamide': 'diuretic (trade name Lozal) used in the treatment of hypertension', 'Independence_Hall': 'the building in Philadelphia where the Declaration of Independence was signed', 'index_register': '(computer science) a register used to determine the address of an operand', 'Indiaman': 'a large sailing ship that was engaged in the British trade with India', 'Indian_club': 'a bottle-shaped club used in exercises', 'Indian_trail': 'a trail through the wilderness worn by Amerindians', 'indicator': '(chemistry) a substance that changes color to indicate the presence of some ion or substance; can be used to indicate the completion of a chemical reaction or (in medicine) to test for a particular reaction', 'indinavir': 'a protease inhibitor (trade name Crixivan) used for treating HIV', 'indirect_lighting': 'a concealed lighting fixture', 'indomethacin': 'a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Indocin)', 'induction_coil': 'a coil for producing a high voltage from a low-voltage source', 'inductor': 'an electrical device (typically a conducting coil) that introduces inductance into a circuit', 'industrial_watercourse': 'a canal that is operated by one or more industries', 'inertial_guidance_system': 'a system to control a plane or spacecraft; uses inertial forces', 'inflater': 'an air pump operated by hand to inflate something (as a tire)', 'infliximab': \"a monoclonal antibody (trade name Remicade) used to treat Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis; administered by infusion; use and dosage must be determined by a physician\", 'infrastructure': 'the basic structure or features of a system or organization', 'ingot': 'metal that is cast in the shape of a block for convenient handling', 'ingredient': 'food that is a component of a mixture in cooking; \"the recipe lists all the fixings for a salad\"', 'inhalation_anesthetic': 'a gas that produces general anesthesia when inhaled', 'inhalant': 'something that is inhaled', 'inhaler': 'a dispenser that produces a chemical vapor to be inhaled in order to relieve nasal congestion', 'injector': 'a contrivance for injecting (e.g., water into the boiler of a steam engine or particles into an accelerator etc.)', 'ink_bottle': 'a bottle of ink', 'ink_cartridge': 'a cartridge that contains ink and can be replaced', 'ink_eraser': 'an eraser that removes ink marks', 'ink-jet_printer': 'a printer that produces characters by projecting electrically charged droplets of ink', 'inkle': 'a linen tape used for trimming as a decoration', 'inkstand': 'a tray or stand for writing implements and containers for ink', 'inkwell': 'a small well holding writing ink into which a pen can be dipped', 'inlay': '(dentistry) a filling consisting of a solid substance (as gold or porcelain) fitted to a cavity in a tooth and cemented into place', 'inlet_manifold': 'manifold that carries vaporized fuel from the carburetor to the inlet valves of the cylinders', 'inner_tube': 'an inflatable rubber tube that fits inside the casing of a pneumatic tire', 'input': 'a component of production; something that goes into the production of output', 'insert': 'a folded section placed between the leaves of another publication', 'inset': 'a small picture inserted within the bounds or a larger one', 'inside_caliper': 'caliper for measuring inside dimensions (the size of a cavity or hole); points on its legs curve outward', 'inside_clinch': 'a clinch with the end of the line inside the loop', 'insole': 'the inner sole of a shoe or boot where the foot rests', 'instep': 'the arch of the foot', 'instillator': 'medical apparatus that puts a liquid into a cavity drop by drop', 'institution': 'an organization founded and united for a specific purpose', 'instrumentality': 'a subsidiary organ of government created for a special purpose; \"are the judicial instrumentalities of local governments adequate?\"; \"he studied the French instrumentalities for law enforcement\"', 'instrument_of_execution': 'an instrument designed and used to take the life of a condemned person', 'instrument_of_punishment': 'an instrument designed and used to punish a condemned person', 'instrument_of_torture': 'an instrument of punishment designed and used to inflict torture on the condemned person', 'intaglio': 'glyptic art consisting of a sunken or depressed engraving or carving on a stone or gem (as opposed to cameo)', 'intake': 'an opening through which fluid is admitted to a tube or container', 'intake_manifold': 'a manifold consisting of a pipe to carry fuel to each cylinder in an internal-combustion engine', 'intake_valve': 'a valve that controls the flow of fluid through an intake', 'integrated_circuit': 'a microelectronic computer circuit incorporated into a chip or semiconductor; a whole system rather than a single component', 'integrator': 'a measuring instrument for measuring the area of an irregular plane figure', 'Intelnet': 'a computer network similar to but separate from the internet; devoted to the dissemination of information to and for the Intelligence Community', 'interceptor': 'a fast maneuverable fighter plane designed to intercept enemy aircraft', 'intercommunication_system': 'a communication system linking different rooms within a building or ship etc', 'intercontinental_ballistic_missile': 'a ballistic missile that is capable of traveling from one continent to another', 'interface': '(computer science) a program that controls a display for the user (usually on a computer monitor) and that allows the user to interact with the system', 'interferometer': 'any measuring instrument that uses interference patterns to make accurate measurements of waves', 'interferon': 'an antiviral protein produced by cells that have been invaded by a virus; inhibits replication of the virus', 'interior_door': 'a door that closes off rooms within a building', 'interlayer': 'a layer placed between other layers', 'interlock': 'a device that prevents an automotive engine from starting; \"car theives know how to bypass the ignition interlock\"', 'internal-combustion_engine': 'a heat engine in which combustion occurs inside the engine rather than in a separate furnace; heat expands a gas that either moves a piston or turns a gas turbine', 'internal_drive': 'a drive mounted inside of a computer', 'internet': 'a computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computer networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange', 'interphone': 'a telephonic intercommunication system linking different rooms in a building or ship etc', 'interrupter': 'a device for automatically interrupting an electric current', 'interstate': 'one of the system of highways linking major cities in the 48 contiguous states of the United States', 'interstice': 'a small structural space between tissues or parts of an organ; \"the interstices of a network\"', 'intoxicant': 'a drug that can produce a state of intoxication', 'intranet': 'a restricted computer network; a private network created using World Wide Web software', 'intraocular_lens': 'an artificial lens that is implanted into the eye of someone to replace a damaged natural lens or someone who has had a cataract removed', 'intrauterine_device': 'contraceptive device consisting of a piece of bent plastic or metal that is inserted through the vagina into the uterus', 'intravenous_anesthetic': 'an anesthetic that produces anesthesia when injected into the circulatory system', 'intravenous_pyelogram': 'X-ray picture of the kidneys and ureters after injection of a radiopaque dye', 'inverted_pleat': 'a box pleat reversed so that the fullness is turned inward', 'inverter': 'an electrical converter that converts direct current into alternating current', 'iodochlorhydroxyquin': \"drug used to treat certain fungal infection (as athlete's foot)\", 'iodoform': 'sweet smelling yellow solid haloform CHI3', 'ion_engine': 'a type of reaction-propulsion engine to propel rockets in space; a stream of positive ions is accelerated to a high velocity by an electric field', 'ionization_chamber': 'a measuring instrument that measures the amount of ionizing radiation', 'ion_pump': 'a vacuum pump that removes gas by ionizing the atoms or molecules and adsorbing them on a metal surface', 'ipecac': 'a medicinal drug used to evoke vomiting (especially in cases of drug overdose or poisoning)', 'ipratropium_bromide': 'an inhaled bronchodilator (trade name Atrovent)', 'iPod': '(trademark) a pocket-sized device used to play music files', 'video_iPod': '(trademark) an iPod that can also play video files', 'iproclozide': 'an antidepressant drug that acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor', 'iris': 'plants with sword-shaped leaves and erect stalks bearing bright-colored flowers composed of three petals and three drooping sepals', 'iron': 'a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element; is silver-white in pure form but readily rusts; used in construction and tools and armament; plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the blood', 'irons': 'metal shackles; for hands or legs', 'ironclad': 'a wooden warship of the 19th century that is plated with iron or steel armor', 'iron_foundry': 'a foundry where cast iron is produced', 'iron_horse': '(c. 1840) an early term for a locomotive', 'ironing_board': 'narrow padded board on collapsible supports; used for ironing clothes', 'iron_lung': \"respirator that produces alternations in air pressure in a chamber surrounding a patient's chest to force air into and out of the lungs thus providing artificial respiration\", 'iron_maiden': 'instrument of torture consisting of a hollow iron frame shaped like the human body and lined with spikes to impale the victim', 'ironmongery': \"the merchandise that is sold in an ironmonger's shop\", 'ironwork': 'work made of iron (gratings or rails or railings etc); \"the houses had much ornamental ironwork\"', 'ironworks': 'the workplace where iron is smelted or where iron goods are made', 'irregular': 'merchandise that has imperfections; usually sold at a reduced price without the brand name', 'irrigation_ditch': 'a ditch to supply dry land with water artificially', 'island': 'a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water', 'isocarboxazid': 'a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (trade name Marplan) that is used to treat clinical depression', 'isoflurane': 'a widely used inhalation anesthetic', 'isoniazid': 'antibacterial drug (trade name Nydrazid) used to treat tuberculosis', 'isoproterenol': 'drug (trade name Isuprel) used to treat bronchial asthma and to stimulate the heart', 'isosorbide': 'drug (trade name Isordil) used to treat angina pectoris and congestive heart failure', 'izar': 'a voluminous cotton outer garment (usually white) traditionally worn by Muslim women of northern Africa and the Middle East; covers the entire body', 'item': 'a distinct part that can be specified separately in a group of things that could be enumerated on a list; \"he noticed an item in the New York Times\"; \"she had several items on her shopping list\"; \"the main point on the agenda was taken up first\"', 'itraconazole': 'an oral antifungal drug (trade name Sporanox) taken for cases of fungal nail disease', 'jabot': \"a ruffle on the front of a woman's blouse or a man's shirt\", 'jacket': 'the outer skin of a potato', 'jack-in-the-box': 'plaything consisting of a toy clown that jumps out of a box when the lid is opened', 'jacklight': 'a light used as a lure in hunting or fishing at night', \"jack-o'-lantern\": 'lantern carved from a pumpkin', 'jack_plane': \"a carpenter's plane for rough finishing\", 'jackscrew': 'screw-operated jack', \"Jacob's_ladder\": 'pinnate-leaved European perennial having bright blue or white flowers', 'jaconet': 'a lightweight cotton cloth with a smooth and slightly stiff finish; used for clothing and bandages', 'jackstraw': 'a thin strip of wood used in playing the game of jackstraws', 'Jacquard_loom': 'a loom with an attachment for forming openings for the passage of the shuttle between the warp threads; used in weaving figured fabrics', 'jacquard': 'a highly figured fabric woven on a Jacquard loom', 'jail': 'a correctional institution used to detain persons who are in the lawful custody of the government (either accused persons awaiting trial or convicted persons serving a sentence)', 'jalousie': 'a shutter made of angled slats', 'jamb': 'upright consisting of a vertical side member of a door or window frame', 'jammer': 'a transmitter used to broadcast electronic jamming', 'jampan': 'a kind of sedan chair used in India', 'jampot': 'a jar for holding jellies or preserves', 'japan': 'lacquerware decorated and varnished in the Japanese manner with a glossy durable black lacquer', 'jar': 'the quantity contained in a jar; \"he drank a jar of beer\"', 'Jarvik_heart': 'a kind of artificial heart that has been used with some success', 'jaunting_car': 'an open two-wheeled one-horse cart formerly widely used in Ireland', 'javelin': 'an athletic competition in which a javelin is thrown as far as possible', 'jaw': 'the bones of the skull that frame the mouth and serve to open it; the bones that hold the teeth', 'Jaws_of_Life': 'hydraulic tool inserted into a wrecked vehicle and used to pry the wreckage apart in order to provide access to people trapped inside', 'jean': '(usually plural) close-fitting trousers of heavy denim for manual work or casual wear', 'jeep': 'a car suitable for traveling over rough terrain', 'jellaba': 'a loose cloak with a hood; worn in the Middle East and northern Africa', 'je_ne_sais_quoi': 'something indescribable', 'jerkin': 'a tight sleeveless and collarless jacket (often made of leather) worn by men in former times', 'jeroboam': 'a large wine bottle (holds 4/5 of a gallon)', 'jersey': 'a close-fitting pullover shirt', 'Jerusalem_cross': 'a cross with equal arms, each terminating in a small crossbar', 'jet': 'a hard black form of lignite that takes a brilliant polish and is used in jewelry or ornamentation', 'jet_bridge': 'an extendible bridge for loading passengers onto large commercial airplanes; provides protected access to the plane from the gate', 'jet_engine': 'a gas turbine produces a stream of hot gas that propels a jet plane by reaction propulsion', 'jetliner': 'a large jet plane that carries passengers', 'jetsam': \"the part of a ship's equipment or cargo that is thrown overboard to lighten the load in a storm\", 'jewel': 'a person who is as brilliant and precious as a piece of jewelry', \"jeweler's_glass\": 'an optical instrument used by jewelers; has one or more lenses and is used to view features not readily seen', 'jewelled_headdress': 'a headdress adorned with jewels', 'jewelry': 'an adornment (as a bracelet or ring or necklace) made of precious metals and set with gems (or imitation gems)', \"jew's_harp\": 'a small lyre-shaped musical instrument that is placed between the teeth and played by twanging a wire tongue while changing the shape of the mouth cavity', 'jib': 'any triangular fore-and-aft sail (set forward of the foremast)', 'jibboom': 'a spar that extends the bowsprit', 'jiggermast': 'any small mast on a sailing vessel; especially the mizzenmast of a yawl', 'jigsaw': 'fine-toothed power saw with a narrow blade; used to cut curved outlines', 'jigsaw_puzzle': 'a puzzle that requires you to reassemble a picture that has been mounted on a stiff base and cut into interlocking pieces', 'jim_crow': 'a crowbar fitted with a claw for pulling nails', 'jimdandy': 'someone excellent of their kind; \"he\\'s a jimdandy of a soldier\"', 'jimmy': 'a short crowbar; \"in Britain they call a jimmy and jemmy\"', 'jinrikisha': 'a small two-wheeled cart for one passenger; pulled by one person', 'jobcentre': 'a government office in a town where information about available jobs is displayed and where unemployment benefits are administered', 'job-oriented_terminal': 'a terminal designed for a particular application', 'jodhpurs': 'flared trousers ending at the calves; worn with riding boots', 'jodhpur': 'a short riding boot that fastens with a buckle at the side', 'Johns_Hopkins': 'a university in Baltimore', 'joinery': 'fine woodwork done by a joiner', 'joint': '(anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if it allows motion)', 'Joint_Direct_Attack_Munition': 'a pinpoint bomb guidance device that can be strapped to a gravity bomb thus converting dumb bombs into smart bombs', 'jointer': \"a long carpenter's plane used to shape the edges of boards so they will fit together\", 'joist': 'beam used to support floors or roofs', 'joker': 'a person who does something thoughtless or annoying; \"some joker is blocking the driveway\"', 'jolly_boat': \"a yawl used by a ship's sailors for general work\", 'jorum': 'a large drinking bowl', 'joss': 'a Chinese god worshipped in the form of an idol', 'joss_house': 'a Chinese temple or shrine for idol worship', 'journal': 'a periodical dedicated to a particular subject; \"he reads the medical journals\"', 'journal_bearing': 'the bearing of a journal', 'journal_box': 'metal housing for a journal bearing', 'joystick': 'a manual control consisting of a vertical handle that can move freely in two directions; used as an input device to computers or to devices controlled by computers', 'judas': 'a one-way peephole in a door', 'jungle_gym': 'a structure of vertical and horizontal rods where children can climb and play', 'junk': 'any of various Chinese boats with a high poop and lugsails', 'jug': 'the quantity contained in a jug', 'Juggernaut': 'a crude idol of Krishna', 'juju': 'the power associated with a juju', 'jukebox': 'a cabinet containing an automatic record player; records are played by inserting a coin', 'jumbojet': 'a very large jet plane', 'jumper_cable': 'a jumper that consists of a short piece of wire; \"it was a tangle of jumper cables and clip leads\"', 'jumping_jack': 'plaything consisting of a toy figure with movable joints that can be made to dance by pulling strings', 'jump_seat': 'a folding seat in an automobile', 'jump_suit': \"one-piece garment fashioned after a parachutist's uniform\", 'junction_barrier': 'a junction unit for connecting 2 cables without the need for plugs', 'junk_shop': 'a shop that sells cheap secondhand goods', 'jury_box': 'an enclosure within a courtroom for the jury', 'jury_mast': 'a temporary mast to replace one that has broken off', 'K': 'the 11th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'Kaaba': '(Islam) a black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine; believed to have been given by Gabriel to Abraham; Muslims turn in its direction when praying', 'kachina': 'a masked dancer during a Pueblo religious ceremony who is thought to embody some particular spirit', 'kaffiyeh': 'an Arab headdress consisting of a square piece of cloth folded into a triangle and fastened over the crown by an agal', 'Kakemono': 'a Japanese (paper or silk) wall hanging; usually narrow with a picture or writing on it and a roller at the bottom', 'kalansuwa': 'a cap that is wrapped around by a turban and worn by Muslim religious elders', 'Kalashnikov': 'a type of submachine gun made in Russia', 'kaleidoscope': 'a complex pattern of constantly changing colors and shapes', 'kameez': 'a long tunic worn by many people from the Indian subcontinent (usually with a salwar or churidars)', 'kamikaze': 'a pilot trained and willing to cause a suicidal crash', 'Kammon_Strait_Bridge': 'a suspension bridge between Kyushu and Honshu', 'kanamycin': 'antibiotic (trade name Kantrex) used to treat severe infections', 'kanzu': '(Swahili) a long garment (usually white) with long sleeves; worn by men in East Africa', 'Kaopectate': 'trade name for a fixed-combination antidiarrheal drug that use kaolin as the adsorbent and pectin as the emollient', 'kat': 'the leaves of the shrub Catha edulis which are chewed like tobacco or used to make tea; has the effect of a euphoric stimulant; \"in Yemen kat is used daily by 85% of adults\"', 'katharometer': 'measures thermal conductivity', 'kayak': 'a small canoe consisting of a light frame made watertight with animal skins; used by Eskimos', 'kazoo': 'a toy wind instrument that has a membrane that makes a sound when you hum into the mouthpiece', 'keel': 'a projection or ridge that suggests a keel', 'keelboat': 'river boat with a shallow draught and a keel but no sails; used to carry freight; moved by rowing or punting or towing', 'keelson': 'a longitudinal beam connected to the keel of ship to strengthen it', 'keep': 'the main tower within the walls of a medieval castle or fortress', 'keepsake': 'something of sentimental value', 'keg': 'the quantity contained in a keg', 'kennel': 'outbuilding that serves as a shelter for a dog', 'kepi': 'a cap with a flat circular top and a visor', 'keratoscope': 'medical instrument to examine the cornea in order to detect irregularities in its anterior surface', 'kerchief': 'a square scarf that is folded into a triangle and worn over the head or about the neck', 'kern': 'the part of a metal typeface that projects beyond its body', 'Kerr_cell': 'optical device consisting of a transparent cell with two electrodes between two polarizing media; passes light only if the two planes of polarization are parallel; used as a high-speed shutter or to modulate a laser beam', 'ketamine': 'a general anesthetic and tranquilizer (not a barbiturate) that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly; used mainly by veterinarians or for minor surgery with geriatric or pediatric patients; taken in large doses it causes hallucinations similar to those associated with the use of PCP', 'ketch': 'a sailing vessel with two masts; the mizzen is forward of the rudderpost', 'ketoprofen': 'nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade names Orudis or Orudis KT or Oruvail)', 'ketorolac': 'nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (trade name Torodal) that is given only orally', 'ketorolac_tromethamine': 'nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade names Acular and Toradol) that is administered only intramuscularly', 'kettle': 'the quantity a kettle will hold', 'key': 'a kilogram of a narcotic drug; \"they were carrying two keys of heroin\"', 'keyboard': 'device consisting of a set of keys on a piano or organ or typewriter or typesetting machine or computer or the like', 'keyboard_buffer': 'a buffer that keeps track of key strokes until the computer is ready to respond to them', 'keyboard_instrument': 'a musical instrument that is played by means of a keyboard', 'keyhole': 'the hole where a key is inserted', 'keyhole_saw': 'a handsaw with a long narrow blade for cutting short radius curves; similar to a compass saw', 'key_ring': 'a circular ring of metal for holding keys', 'keystone': 'the central building block at the top of an arch or vault', 'khadi': 'a coarse homespun cotton cloth made in India', 'khaki': 'a sturdy twilled cloth of a yellowish brown color used especially for military uniforms', 'khakis': 'a military uniform made of khaki fabric', 'khimar': 'a headscarf worn by observant Muslim women that hangs down to just above the waist', 'khukuri': 'a curved steel knife with a razor-sharp edge used in combat by the Gurkhas; has cultural and religious significance in Nepal', 'kibble': 'coarsely ground grain in the form of pellets (as for pet food)', 'kick_pleat': 'pleat in back of a straight skirt to allow ease in walking', 'kicksorter': 'scientific instrument consisting of an electronic circuit that permits only voltage pulses of predetermined height to pass', 'kickstand': 'a swiveling metal rod attached to a bicycle or motorcycle or other two-wheeled vehicle; the rod lies horizontally when not in use but can be kicked into a vertical position as a support to hold the vehicle upright when it is not being ridden', 'kick_starter': 'a starter (as on a motorcycle) that is activated with the foot and the weight of the body', 'kid_glove': 'a glove made of fine soft leather (as kidskin)', 'kiln': 'a furnace for firing or burning or drying such things as porcelain or bricks', 'kilt': 'a knee-length pleated tartan skirt worn by men as part of the traditional dress in the Highlands of northern Scotland', 'kimono': 'a loose robe; imitated from robes originally worn by Japanese', 'kinescope': 'a cathode-ray tube in a television receiver; translates the received signal into a picture on a luminescent screen', 'Kinetoscope': 'a device invented by Edison that gave an impression of movement as an endless loop of film moved continuously over a light source with a rapid shutter; precursor of the modern motion picture', 'king': 'preeminence in a particular category or group or field; \"the lion is the king of beasts\"', 'kingbolt': 'bolt that provides a steering joint in a motor vehicle', 'king_post': 'post connecting the crossbeam to the apex of a triangular truss', \"Kipp's_apparatus\": 'a laboratory apparatus for producing a gas (usually hydrogen sulfide) by the action of a liquid on a solid without heating', 'kirk': 'a Scottish church', 'kirpan': 'a ceremonial four-inch curved dagger that Sikh men and women are obliged to wear at all times', 'kirtle': 'a garment resembling a tunic that was worn by men in the Middle Ages', 'kitbag': 'a knapsack (usually for a soldier)', 'kitchen': 'a room equipped for preparing meals', 'kitchen_appliance': 'a home appliance used in preparing food', 'kitchenette': 'small kitchen', 'kitchen_garden': 'a small garden where vegetables are grown', 'kitchen_island': 'an unattached counter in a kitchen that permits access from all sides', 'kitchen_match': 'a wooden friction match that will light on any granular surface; useful to light wood or gas stoves', 'kitchen_sink': 'a sink in a kitchen', 'kitchen_table': 'a table in the kitchen', 'kitchen_utensil': 'a utensil used in preparing food', 'kitchenware': 'hardware utensils for use in a kitchen', 'kite_balloon': 'a barrage balloon with lobes at one end that keep it headed into the wind', 'kite_tail': 'a bob on a kite to provide balance', 'kitsch': 'excessively garish or sentimental art; usually considered in bad taste', 'klaxon': 'a kind of loud horn formerly used on motor vehicles', 'Klein_bottle': 'a closed surface with only one side; formed by passing one end of a tube through the side of the tube and joining it with the other end', 'klieg_light': 'carbon arc lamp that emits an intense light used in producing films', 'klystron': 'an electron tube used to generate or amplify electromagnetic radiation in the microwave region by velocity modulation', 'knee': 'hinge joint in the human leg connecting the tibia and fibula with the femur and protected in front by the patella', 'knee_brace': 'a brace worn to strengthen the knee', 'knee-high': 'a sock or stocking that reaches up to just below the knees', 'kneeler': 'a person in a kneeling position', 'knee_pad': 'protective garment consisting of a pad worn by football or baseball or hockey players', 'knee_piece': 'armor plate that protects the knee', 'knickknack': 'a small inexpensive mass-produced article', 'knife': 'a weapon with a handle and blade with a sharp point', 'knife_blade': 'the blade of a knife', 'knife_edge': 'the sharp cutting side of the blade of a knife', 'knife_pleat': 'a single pleat turned in one direction', 'knight': 'originally a person of noble birth trained to arms and chivalry; today in Great Britain a person honored by the sovereign for personal merit', 'knit': 'a fabric made by knitting', 'knitting_machine': 'a textile machine that makes knitted fabrics', 'knitting_needle': 'needle consisting of a slender rod with pointed ends; usually used in pairs', 'knitting_stitch': 'a stitch taken in knitting', 'knitwear': 'knitted clothing', 'knob': 'an ornament in the shape of a ball on the hilt of a sword or dagger', 'knobble': 'a small knob', 'knobkerrie': 'a short wooden club with a heavy knob on one end; used by aborigines in southern Africa', 'knockabout': 'a sloop with a simplified rig and no bowsprit', 'knocker': '(Yiddish) a big shot who knows it and acts that way; a boastful immoderate person', 'knockoff': 'an unauthorized copy or imitation', 'knockout_drops': 'chloral hydrate in combination with alcohol; usually administered surreptitiously to make the drinker unconscious', 'knout': 'a whip with a lash of leather thongs twisted with wire; used for flogging prisoners', 'knuckle_joint': 'a joint allowing movement in one plane only', 'kohl': 'a cosmetic preparation used by women in Egypt and Arabia to darken the edges of their eyelids', 'koto': 'Japanese stringed instrument that resembles a zither; has a rectangular wooden sounding board and usually 13 silk strings that are plucked with the fingers', 'kraal': 'a village of huts for native Africans in southern Africa; usually surrounded by a stockade', 'kremlin': 'citadel of a Russian town', 'Kremlin': 'citadel of Moscow, housing the offices of the Russian government', 'kris': 'a Malayan dagger with a wavy blade', 'krummhorn': 'a Renaissance woodwind with a double reed and a curving tube (crooked horn)', \"Kundt's_tube\": 'a measuring instrument used to measure the speed of sound', 'Kurdistan': 'an extensive geographical region in the Middle East to the south of the Caucasus', 'kurta': 'a loose collarless shirt worn by many people on the Indian subcontinent (usually with a salwar or churidars or pyjama)', 'kylie': 'an Australian boomerang; one side flat and the other convex', 'kylix': 'a shallow drinking cup with two handles; used in ancient Greece', 'kymograph': 'scientific instrument consisting of a rotating drum holding paper on which a stylus traces a continuous record (as of breathing or blood pressure)', 'laager': 'a camp defended by a circular formation of wagons', 'lab': 'a workplace for the conduct of scientific research', 'lab_bench': 'a workbench in a laboratory', 'lab_coat': 'a light coat worn to protect clothing from substances used while working in a laboratory', 'labetalol': 'antihypertensive drug (trade names Trandate and Normodyne) that blocks alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system (leading to a decrease in blood pressure)', 'labor_camp': 'a penal institution for political prisoners who are used as forced labor', 'Labyrinth_of_Minos': 'a vast labyrinth built in Crete by Daedalus at the command of Minos in order to contain the Minotaur', 'lace': 'a cord that is drawn through eyelets or around hooks in order to draw together two edges (as of a shoe or garment)', 'lacework': 'work consisting of (or resembling) lace fabric', 'lacquer': 'a black resinous substance obtained from certain trees and used as a natural varnish', 'lacquerware': 'a decorative work made of wood and covered with lacquer and often inlaid with ivory or precious metals', 'lacrosse_ball': 'ball used in playing lacrosse', 'lacuna': 'a blank gap or missing part', 'ladder': 'ascending stages by which somebody or something can progress; \"he climbed the career ladder\"', 'ladder-back': 'a chair with a ladder-back', 'ladder_truck': 'a fire engine carrying ladders', \"ladies'_room\": \"a woman's restroom in a public (or semipublic) building\", 'ladle': 'a spoon-shaped vessel with a long handle; frequently used to transfer liquids from one container to another', 'lady_chapel': 'a small chapel in a church; dedicated to the Virgin Mary', 'lagan': 'goods (or wreckage) on the sea bed that is attached to a buoy so that it can be recovered', 'lagerphone': 'an Australian percussion instrument used for playing bush music; a long stick with bottle caps nailed loosely to it; played by hitting it with a stick or banging it on the ground', 'lag_screw': 'a heavy woodscrew with a square or hexagonal head that is driven in with a wrench', 'lake_dwelling': 'dwelling built on piles in or near a lake; specifically in prehistoric villages', 'Lake_Mead': 'the largest reservoir in the United States; located in southeastern Nevada and northwestern Arizona and formed by the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River; the center of a recreational area', 'Lake_Powell': 'the second largest reservoir in the United States; located in southern Utah and north central Arizona and formed by the Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River', 'Lake_Volta': \"the Volta river in southeastern has been dammed to create one of the world's largest man-made lakes\", 'lally': 'support column consisting of a steel cylinder filled with concrete', 'lamasery': 'a monastery for lamas', 'lambrequin': \"a scarf that covers a knight's helmet\", 'lame': 'a fabric interwoven with threads of metal; \"she wore a gold lame dress\"', 'lamella': 'a thin membrane that is one of the calcified layers that form bones', 'laminar_flow_clean_room': 'a clean room free of all extraneous particles; used in fabricating microprocessors', 'laminate': 'a sheet of material made by bonding two or more sheets or layers', 'lamivudine': 'a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is very effective in combination with zidovudine in treating AIDS and HIV', 'lamp': 'a piece of furniture holding one or more electric light bulbs', 'lamp_chimney': 'a glass flue surrounding the wick of an oil lamp', 'lamp_house': 'housing that holds a lamp (as in a movie projector)', 'lamppost': 'a metal post supporting an outdoor lamp (such as a streetlight)', 'lampshade': 'a protective ornamental shade used to screen a light bulb from direct view', 'lanai': 'a veranda or roofed patio often furnished and used as a living room', 'lancet': 'a surgical knife with a pointed double-edged blade; used for punctures and small incisions', 'lancet_arch': 'an acutely pointed Gothic arch, like a lance', 'lancet_window': 'a narrow window having a lancet arch and without tracery', 'landau': 'a four-wheel covered carriage with a roof divided into two parts (front and back) that can be let down separately', 'lander': 'a space vehicle that is designed to land on the moon or another planet', 'landing_craft': 'naval craft designed for putting ashore troops and equipment', 'landing_flap': 'a flap on the underside of the wing that is lowered to slow the plane for landing', 'landing_gear': 'an undercarriage that supports the weight of the plane when it is on the ground', 'landing_net': 'a bag-shaped fishnet on a long handle to take a captured fish from the water', 'landing_skid': 'one of two parts of the landing gear of a helicopter', 'landing_stage': 'platform from which passengers and cargo can be (un)loaded', 'land_line': 'a telephone line that travels over terrestrial circuits; \"a land line can be wire or fiber optics or microwave\"', 'land_mine': 'an explosive mine hidden underground; explodes when stepped on or driven over', 'land_office': 'a government office where business relating to public lands is transacted', 'landscape': 'an expanse of scenery that can be seen in a single view', 'landside': 'component consisting of a side piece opposite the moldboard', 'lane': 'a well-defined track or path; for e.g. swimmers or lines of traffic', 'lanolin': 'a yellow viscous animal oil extracted from wool; a mixture of fatty acids and esters; used in some ointments and cosmetics', 'lantern': 'light in a transparent protective case', 'lantern_pinion': 'a small pinion having cylindrical bars instead of teeth, used chiefly in inexpensive clocks', 'lanyard': 'a cord with an attached hook that is used to fire certain types of cannon', 'laparoscope': 'a slender endoscope inserted through an incision in the abdominal wall in order to examine the abdominal organs or to perform minor surgery', 'lapboard': 'writing board used on the lap as a table or desk', 'lapel': 'lap at the front of a coat; continuation of the coat collar', 'lap_joint': 'joint made by overlapping two ends and joining them together', 'laptop': 'a portable computer small enough to use in your lap', 'larboard': 'the left side of a ship or aircraft to someone who is aboard and facing the bow or nose', 'laryngoscope': 'a medical instrument for examining the larynx', 'laser': 'an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; an optical device that produces an intense monochromatic beam of coherent light', 'laser-guided_bomb': 'a smart bomb that seeks the laser light reflected off of the target and uses it to correct its descent; \"laser-guided bombs cannot be used in cloudy weather\"', 'laser_printer': 'electrostatic printer that focuses a laser beam to form images that are transferred to paper electrostatically', 'lash': 'leather strip that forms the flexible part of a whip', 'lashing': 'rope that is used for fastening something to something else; \"the boats were held together by lashings\"', 'lash-up': 'any improvised arrangement for temporary use', 'lasso': 'a long noosed rope used to catch animals', 'Lastex': 'yarn that has an elastic core wound around with cotton or silk or nylon or rayon threads', 'latch': 'spring-loaded doorlock that can only be opened from the outside with a key', 'latchet': 'a leather strap or thong used to attach a sandal or shoe to the foot', 'latchkey': 'key for raising or drawing back a latch or opening an outside door', 'latchstring': 'opener consisting of a string that can be passed through a hole in a door for raising the latch from outside', 'lateen': 'a triangular fore-and-aft sail used especially in the Mediterranean', 'lateen-rig': 'the rig on a lateen-rigged sailing vessel', 'Lateran_Palace': 'a palace that served as the residence of the popes until the 14th century', 'latex_paint': 'a water-base paint that has a latex binder', 'lath': 'a narrow thin strip of wood used as backing for plaster or to make latticework', 'lathe': 'machine tool for shaping metal or wood; the workpiece turns about a horizontal axis against a fixed tool', 'lathi': 'club consisting of a heavy stick (often bamboo) bound with iron; used by police in India', 'Latin_cross': 'a cross with the lowest arm being longer than the others', 'latrine': 'a public toilet in a military area', 'lattice': 'an arrangement of points or particles or objects in a regular periodic pattern in 2 or 3 dimensions', 'laudanum': 'narcotic consisting of an alcohol solution of opium or any preparation in which opium is the main ingredient', 'laugh_track': 'prerecorded laughter added to the soundtrack of a radio or television show', 'launch': 'a motorboat with an open deck or a half deck', 'launcher': 'armament in the form of a device capable of launching a rocket', 'launching_pad': 'a platform from which rockets or space craft are launched', 'launderette': 'a self-service laundry (service mark Laundromat) where coin-operated washing machines are available to individual customers', 'laundry': 'garments or white goods that can be cleaned by laundering', 'laundry_cart': 'handcart for moving a load of laundry', 'laundry_detergent': 'any of various detergents designed for use in a washing machine for clothing', 'laundry_truck': 'van that picks up and delivers laundry; \"a laundry truck stops by every week\"', 'laurel': 'any of various aromatic trees of the laurel family', 'lavalava': 'a skirt consisting of a rectangle of calico or printed cotton; worn by Polynesians (especially Samoans)', 'lavaliere': 'jeweled pendant worn on a chain around the neck', 'laver': '(Old Testament) large basin used by a priest in an ancient Jewish temple to perform ritual ablutions', 'lawn_chair': 'chair left outside for use on a lawn or in a garden', 'lawn_furniture': 'furniture intended for use on a lawn or in a garden', 'lawn_mower': 'garden tool for mowing grass on lawns', 'laxative': 'a mild cathartic', 'layette': 'kit consisting of a complete outfit (clothing and accessories) for a new baby', 'lay_figure': \"dummy in the form of an artist's jointed model of the human body\", 'lazaretto': 'hospital for persons with infectious diseases (especially leprosy)', 'lazy_daisy_stitch': 'long chain stitches arranged in flower patterns', 'lead-acid_battery': 'a battery with lead electrodes with dilute sulphuric acid as the electrolyte; each cell generates about 2 volts', 'lead-in': 'wire connecting an antenna to a receiver or a transmitter to a transmission line', 'leading_edge': 'forward edge of an airfoil', 'leading_rein': \"rein to direct the horse's head left or right\", 'lead_line': '(nautical) plumb line for determining depth', 'lead_pencil': 'pencil that has graphite as the marking substance', 'leaf': 'the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants', 'leaf_spring': 'long narrow spring consisting of several layers of metal springs bracketed together', 'Leaning_Tower': 'a tall round marble campanile in Pisa that is not perpendicular; construction was begun in 1174', 'lean-to': 'rough shelter whose roof has only one slope', 'lean-to_tent': 'tent that is attached to the side of a building', 'leash': 'restraint consisting of a rope (or light chain) used to restrain an animal', 'leatherette': 'fabric made to look like leather', 'leather_strip': 'implement consisting of a strip of leather', 'leatherwork': 'work made of leather', 'Leclanche_cell': 'voltaic cell that produces approximately 1.5 volts', 'lectern': 'desk or stand with a slanted top used to hold a text at the proper height for a lecturer', 'lecture_room': 'classroom where lectures are given', 'lederhosen': 'leather shorts often worn with suspenders; worn especially by men and boys in Bavaria', 'ledger_board': 'top rail of a fence or balustrade', 'leflunomide': 'an anti-TNF compound (trade name Arava) that is given orally; can slow the progression of rheumatoid arthritis by slowing the proliferation of white blood cells which reduces inflammation in the synovium', 'legging': 'a garment covering the leg (usually extending from the knee to the ankle)', 'Lego': \"(trademark) a child's plastic construction set for making mechanical models\", 'Leiden_jar': 'an electrostatic capacitor of historical interest', 'leister': 'a spear with three or more prongs; used for spearing fish (especially salmon)', 'leisure_wear': 'informal clothing designed to be worn when you are relaxing', 'lemon': 'a small evergreen tree that originated in Asia but is widely cultivated for its fruit', 'lemon_grove': 'a grove of lemon trees', 'lending_library': 'library that provides books for use outside the building', 'length': 'the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end; \"the editor limited the length of my article to 500 words\"', 'lenitive': 'remedy that eases pain and discomfort', 'lens': '(metaphor) a channel through which something can be seen or understood; \"the writer is the lens through which history can be seen\"', 'lens_cap': 'cap used to keep lens free of dust when not in use', 'lens_implant': 'a clear plastic lens that is implanted in the eye; usually done when the natural lens has been removed in a cataract operation', 'leotard': 'a tight-fitting garment of stretchy material that covers the body from the shoulders to the thighs (and may have long sleeves or legs reaching down to the ankles); worn by ballet dancers and acrobats for practice or performance', 'lethal_dose': 'the size dose that will cause death', 'letter_bomb': 'a thin explosive device inside an envelope or package and detonated when opened', 'letter_case': 'case for carrying letters', 'letter_opener': 'dull knife used to cut open the envelopes in which letters are mailed or to slit uncut pages of books', 'levallorphan': 'drug (trade name Lorfan) that is related to morphine but that counteracts the respiratory depression produced by morphine poisoning but without affecting its analgesic effects', 'levee': 'a formal reception of visitors or guests (as at a royal court)', 'level': 'an abstract place usually conceived as having depth; \"a good actor communicates on several levels\"; \"a simile has at least two layers of meaning\"; \"the mind functions on many strata simultaneously\"', 'level_crossing': 'intersection of a railway and a road on the same level; barriers close road when trains pass', 'lever': 'a simple machine that gives a mechanical advantage when given a fulcrum', 'lever_lock': 'a lock whose tumblers are levers that must be raised to a given position so that the bolt can move', \"Levi's\": 'a popular brand of jeans', 'Liberty_Bell': 'the bell of Independence Hall; rung 8 July 1776 to announce the signing of the Declaration of Independence', 'liberty_cap': 'close-fitting conical cap worn as a symbol of liberty during the French Revolution and in the U.S. before 1800', 'Liberty_ship': 'a slow cargo ship built during World War II', 'library': 'a collection of literary documents or records kept for reference or borrowing', 'license_plate': \"a plate mounted on the front and back of car and bearing the car's registration number\", 'lid': 'a movable top or cover (hinged or separate) for closing the opening at the top of a box, chest, jar, pan, etc.; \"he raised the piano lid\"', 'lidar': 'a measuring system that detects and locates objects on the same principle as radar but uses light from a laser; a potential technology for detecting air turbulence that can affect aircraft', 'lido': 'a recreational facility including a swimming pool for water sports', 'Lidocaine': 'a local anesthetic (trade names Lidocaine and Xylocaine) used topically on the skin and mucous membranes', 'lido_deck': 'an open deck including a swimming pool', 'Liebig_condenser': 'a condenser: during distillation the vapor passes through a tube that is cooled by water', 'lie_detector': 'a polygraph that records bodily changes sometimes associated with lying', 'lifeboat': 'a strong sea boat designed to rescue people from a sinking ship', 'life_buoy': 'a life preserver in the form of a ring of buoyant material', 'life_jacket': 'life preserver consisting of a sleeveless jacket of buoyant or inflatable design', 'lifeline': 'support that enables people to survive or to continue doing something (often by providing an essential connection); \"the airlift provided a lifeline for Berlin\"; \"she offered me a lifeline in my time of grief\"', 'life_mask': 'a cast taken from the face of a living person', 'life_office': 'life assurance office', 'life_preserver': 'rescue equipment consisting of a buoyant belt or jacket to keep a person from drowning', 'life_raft': 'a raft to use if a ship must be abandoned in an emergency', 'life-support_system': 'equipment that makes life possible in otherwise deadly environmental conditions; \"the astronauts relied on their life-support systems\"', 'lifting_device': 'a device for lifting heavy loads', 'lift_pump': 'pump used to lift rather than force a liquid up', 'ligament': 'a sheet or band of tough fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages or supporting muscles or organs', 'ligature': '(music) a group of notes connected by a slur', 'light': 'a condition of spiritual awareness; divine illumination; \"follow God\\'s light\"', 'light_arm': 'a rifle or pistol', 'light_bulb': 'electric lamp consisting of a transparent or translucent glass housing containing a wire filament (usually tungsten) that emits light when heated by electricity', 'light_circuit': 'wiring that provides power to electric lights', 'light-emitting_diode': 'diode such that light emitted at a p-n junction is proportional to the bias current; color depends on the material used', 'lighter': 'a device for lighting or igniting fuel or charges or fires; \"do you have a light?\"', 'lighter-than-air_craft': 'aircraft supported by its own buoyancy', 'light_filter': 'a transparent filter that reduces the light (or some wavelengths of the light) passing through it', 'lighting_fixture': 'a fixture providing artificial light', 'light_machine_gun': 'a submachine gun not greater than .30 millimeter', 'light_meter': 'photographic equipment that measures the intensity of light', 'light_microscope': 'microscope consisting of an optical instrument that magnifies the image of an object', 'lightning_rod': 'someone who is a frequent target of negative reactions and serves to distract attention from another', 'light_pen': '(computer science) a pointer that when pointed at a computer display senses whether or not the spot is illuminated', 'lightship': 'a ship equipped like a lighthouse and anchored where a permanent lighthouse would be impracticable', 'likeness': 'similarity in appearance or character or nature between persons or things; \"man created God in his own likeness\"', 'Lilo': 'a type of inflatable air mattress', 'limb': 'any of the main branches arising from the trunk or a bough of a tree', 'limber': 'a two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle used to pull a field gun or caisson', 'limbers': \"a channel or gutter on either side of a ship's keelson; carries bilge water into the pump well\", 'limekiln': 'a kiln used to reduce naturally occurring forms of calcium carbonate to lime', 'limelight': 'a focus of public attention; \"he enjoyed being in the limelight\"; \"when Congress investigates it brings the full glare of publicity to the agency\"', 'limiter': '(electronics) a nonlinear electronic circuit whose output is limited in amplitude; used to limit the instantaneous amplitude of a waveform (to clip off the peaks of a waveform); \"a limiter introduces amplitude distortion\"', 'limousine': 'large luxurious car; usually driven by a chauffeur', 'linchpin': 'pin inserted through an axletree to hold a wheel on', 'Lincoln_Memorial': 'memorial building in Washington containing a large marble statue of Abraham Lincoln', 'lincomycin': 'antibiotic (trade name Lincocin) obtained from a streptomyces bacterium and used in the treatment of certain penicillin-resistant infections', 'linear_accelerator': 'ions are accelerated along a linear path by voltage differences on electrodes along the path', 'linecut': 'a print obtained from a line drawing', 'linen': 'a high-quality paper made of linen fibers or with a linen finish', 'line_of_defense': 'any organization whose responsibility it is to defend against something; \"police are the major line of defense against crime\"', 'line_printer': 'printer that serves as an output device on a computer; prints a whole line of characters at a time', 'lingerie': \"women's underwear and nightclothes\", 'liniment': 'a medicinal liquid that is rubbed into the skin to relieve muscular stiffness and pain', 'link': 'the means of connection between things linked in series', 'links': 'a golf course that is built on sandy ground near a shore', 'Link_trainer': 'an early form of flight simulator', 'linocut': 'a print that is made from a design carved in relief into a block of linoleum', 'linoleum_knife': 'a knife having a short stiff blade with a curved point used for cutting linoleum', 'Linotype': 'a typesetting machine operated from a keyboard that casts an entire line as a single slug of metal', 'linsey-woolsey': 'a rough fabric of linen warp and wool or cotton woof', 'linstock': 'a stick about a meter long with a point on one end (to stick in the ground) and a forked head on the other end (to hold a lighted match); formerly used to fire cannons', 'lint': 'fine ravellings of cotton or linen fibers', 'lion-jaw_forceps': 'a type of forceps', 'lip_balm': 'a balm applied to the lips', 'lip-gloss': 'makeup that makes the lips shiny', 'lipid-lowering_medicine': 'a medicine that lowers blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase', 'lipstick': 'makeup that is used to color the lips', 'liqueur_glass': 'a small glass for serving a small amount of liqueur (typically after dinner)', 'liquid_crystal_display': 'a digital display that uses liquid crystal cells that change reflectivity in an applied electric field; used for portable computer displays and watches etc.', 'liquid_detergent': 'a detergent in liquid form', 'liquid_metal_reactor': 'a nuclear reactor using liquid metal as a coolant', 'liquid_soap': 'soap in liquid form', 'lisinopril': 'an ACE inhibiting drug (trade names Prinival or Zestril) administered as an antihypertensive and after heart attacks', 'lisle': 'a fabric woven with lisle thread', 'lister': 'assessor who makes out the tax lists', 'lithograph': 'a print produced by lithography', 'litter': 'rubbish carelessly dropped or left about (especially in public places)', 'litterbin': 'bin (usually in or outside a public building) into which the public can put rubbish', 'little_theater': 'a small theater for experimental drama or collegiate or community groups', 'live_axle': 'the axle of a self-propelled vehicle that provides the driving power', 'live_load': 'a variable load on a structure (e.g. a bridge) such as moving traffic', 'livery_stable': 'stable where horses and vehicles are kept for hire', 'living_quarters': 'housing available for people to live in; \"he found quarters for his family\"; \"I visited his bachelor quarters\"', 'living_room': 'a room in a private house or establishment where people can sit and talk and relax', 'load': 'a quantity that can be processed or transported at one time; \"the system broke down under excessive loads\"', 'Loafer': 'a low leather step-in shoe; the top resembles a moccasin but it has a broad flat heel', 'loaner': 'a car that is lent as a replacement for one that is under repair', 'loan_office': 'an office where loans are negotiated and repaid', 'lobe': '(botany) a part into which a leaf is divided', 'lobster_pot': 'trap for catching lobsters', 'local': 'public transport consisting of a bus or train that stops at all stations or stops; \"the local seemed to take forever to get to New York\"', 'local_anesthetic': 'anesthetic that numbs a particular area of the body', 'local_area_network': 'a local computer network for communication between computers; especially a network connecting computers and word processors and other electronic office equipment to create a communication system between offices', 'local_oscillator': 'an oscillator whose output heterodynes with the incoming radio signal to produce sum and difference tones', 'local_road': 'a street that is primarily used to gain access to the property bordering it', 'Lochaber_ax': 'a battle-ax formerly used by Scottish Highlanders', 'locker': 'a fastener that locks or closes', 'locker_room': 'a room (as at an athletic facility or workplace) where you can change clothes and which contains lockers for the temporary storage of your clothing and personal possessions', 'locket': 'a small ornamental case; usually contains a picture or a lock of hair and is worn on a necklace', 'lock-gate': 'a gate that can be locked', 'locking_pliers': 'pliers that can be locked in place', 'locknut': 'supplementary nut that is screwed down on a primary nut to prevent it from loosening', 'lockring': 'washer that prevents a nut from loosening', 'lockstitch': 'machine stitch in which the top thread interlocks with the bobbin thread', 'lockup': 'jail in a local police station', 'locomotive': 'a wheeled vehicle consisting of a self-propelled engine that is used to draw trains along railway tracks', 'lodge': 'small house at the entrance to the grounds of a country mansion; usually occupied by a gatekeeper or gardener', 'lodging_house': 'a house where rooms are rented', 'Loestrin': 'trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norethindrone', 'loft': '(golf) the backward slant on the head of some golf clubs that is designed to drive the ball high in the air', 'log': 'a segment of the trunk of a tree when stripped of branches', 'log_cabin': 'a cabin built with logs', 'loge': 'balcony consisting of the forward section of a theater mezzanine', 'loggia': 'a roofed arcade or gallery with open sides stretching along the front or side of a building; often at an upper level', 'logic_element': 'an electronic device that performs an elementary logic operation', 'log_line': 'a knotted cord that runs out from a reel to a piece of wood that is attached to it', 'Lomotil': 'trade name of an antidiarrheal', 'lomustine': \"an antineoplastic drug often used to treat brain tumors or Hodgkin's disease\", 'longboat': 'the largest boat carried by a merchant sailing vessel', 'longbow': 'a powerful wooden bow drawn by hand; usually 5-6 feet long; used in medieval England', 'long_iron': 'an iron with a long shaft and a steep face; for hitting long low shots', 'long_johns': 'warm underwear with long legs', 'longshot': 'a photograph taken from a distance', 'long_sleeve': 'a sleeve extending from shoulder to wrist', 'long_tom': 'a long swivel cannon formerly used by the navy', 'long_trousers': 'trousers reaching to the foot', 'long_underwear': 'an undergarment with shirt and drawers in one piece', 'looking_glass': \"a mirror; usually a ladies' dressing mirror\", 'loom': 'a textile machine for weaving yarn into a textile', 'loophole': 'an ambiguity (especially one in the text of a law or contract) that makes it possible to evade a difficulty or obligation', 'loop_knot': 'any of various knots used to make a fixed loop in a rope', 'loop-line': 'a railway branch line that branches from the trunk line and then rejoins it later on', 'Lo/Ovral': 'trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norgestrel', 'lorazepam': 'tranquilizer (trade name Ativan) used to treat anxiety and tension and insomnia', 'lorgnette': 'eyeglasses that are held to the eyes with a long handle', 'Lorraine_cross': 'a cross with two crossbars, one above and one below the midpoint of the vertical, the lower longer than the upper', 'lorry': 'a large low horse-drawn wagon without sides', 'lost-and-found': 'repository in a public building where lost articles can be kept until their owners reclaim them', 'lota': 'a globular water bottle used in Asia', 'lotion': 'liquid preparation having a soothing or antiseptic or medicinal action when applied to the skin; \"a lotion for dry skin\"', 'loudspeaker': 'electro-acoustic transducer that converts electrical signals into sounds loud enough to be heard at a distance', 'lounge': 'a room (as in a hotel or airport) with seating where people can wait', 'lounger': 'an article of clothing designed for comfort and leisure wear', 'lounging_jacket': \"a man's soft jacket usually with a tie belt; worn at home\", 'lounging_pajama': 'pajamas worn while lounging', 'loungewear': 'clothing suitable for relaxation', 'loupe': 'small magnifying glass (usually set in an eyepiece) used by jewelers and horologists', 'louver': 'one of a set of parallel slats in a door or window to admit air and reject rain', 'louvered_window': 'a window with glass louvers', 'Louvre': 'an art museum that is a famous tourist attraction in Paris', 'lovastatin': 'an oral drug (trade name Mevacor) to reduce blood cholesterol levels; used when dietary changes have proved inadequate', 'love_knot': 'a stylized or decorative knot used as an emblem of love', 'love_seat': 'small sofa that seats two people', 'love-token': 'keepsake given as a token of love', 'loving_cup': 'a large drinking vessel (usually with two handles) that people drink out of in turn at a banquet', 'lowboy': 'a low chest or table with drawers and supported on four legs', 'lower_berth': 'the lower of two berths', 'lower_deck': 'the deck below the main deck', 'low-pass_filter': 'a filter that passes frequencies below a certain value and attenuates frequencies above that value', 'low-warp-loom': 'a handloom in which the warp is carried horizontally; for weaving tapestry', 'loxapine': 'a tranquilizer (trade name Loxitane) used to treat schizophrenia', 'LP': 'a long-playing phonograph record; designed to be played at 33.3 rpm', 'L-plate': 'a square plate bearing the letter L that is attached to both ends of a car to indicate that the driver is a learner', \"lubber's_hole\": 'hole in a platform on a mast through which a sailor can climb without going out on the shrouds', 'lubricating_system': 'mechanical system of lubricating internal combustion engines in which a pump forces oil into the engine bearings', 'lug': 'a projecting piece that is used to lift or support or turn something', 'luge': 'a racing sled for one or two people', 'Luger': 'a German semiautomatic pistol', 'luggage_carrier': 'carrier (as behind a bicycle seat) for luggage', 'luggage_compartment': 'compartment in an automobile that carries luggage or shopping or tools; \"he put his golf bag in the trunk\"', 'luggage_rack': 'carrier for holding luggage above the seats of a train or on top of a car', 'lugger': 'small fishing boat rigged with one or more lugsails', 'lugsail': 'a sail with four corners that is hoisted from a yard that is oblique to the mast', 'lug_wrench': 'a wrench with jaws that have projecting lugs to engage the object that is to be rotated', 'lumberjack': 'a short warm outer jacket', 'lumbermill': 'a mill for dressing logs and lumber', 'lumber_room': 'a storeroom in a house where odds and ends can be stored (especially furniture)', 'lumberyard': 'a workplace where lumber is stocked for sale', 'lunar_excursion_module': 'a spacecraft that carries astronauts from the command module to the surface of the moon and back', 'lunchroom': 'a restaurant (in a facility) where lunch can be purchased', 'lunette': 'temporary fortification like a detached bastion', 'lungi': 'a long piece of brightly colored cloth (cotton or silk) used as clothing (a skirt or loincloth or sash etc.) in India and Pakistan and Burma', 'lunula': 'a crescent-shaped metal ornament of the Bronze Age', 'lusterware': 'pottery with a metallic sheen produced by adding metallic oxides to the glaze', 'lute': 'a substance for packing a joint or coating a porous surface to make it impervious to gas or liquid', 'luxury_liner': 'a liner equipped for sumptuous living', 'lyceum': 'a public hall for lectures and concerts', 'lychgate': 'a roofed gate to a churchyard, formerly used as a temporary shelter for the bier during funerals', 'lymphangiogram': 'an angiogram of the lymph nodes and lymph vessels made after the injection of a radiopaque substance', 'lypressin': 'an antidiuretic and vasoconstrictor used to treat diabetes insipidus', 'lyre': 'a harp used by ancient Greeks for accompaniment', 'lysergic_acid_diethylamide': 'a powerful hallucinogenic drug manufactured from lysergic acid', 'machete': 'a large heavy knife used in Central and South America as a weapon or for cutting vegetation', 'machicolation': 'a projecting parapet supported by corbels on a medieval castle; has openings through which stones or boiling water could be dropped on an enemy', 'machine': 'an efficient person; \"the boxer was a magnificent fighting machine\"', 'machine_bolt': 'a bolt with a square or hexagonal head on one end and a threaded shaft on the other end; tightened with a wrench; used to connect metal parts', 'machine_gun': 'a rapidly firing automatic gun (often mounted)', 'machinery': 'a system of means and activities whereby a social institution functions; \"the complex machinery of negotiation\"; \"the machinery of command labored and brought forth an order\"', 'machine_screw': 'a screw used either with a nut or with a tapped hole; slotted head can be driven by a screwdriver', 'machine_shop': 'workshop where metal is cut and shaped etc., by machine tools', 'machine_stitch': 'a sewing stitch made by a sewing machine, sometimes using more than one thread', 'machine_tool': 'a powered machine for cutting or shaping or finishing metals or other materials', \"machinist's_vise\": 'a vise with two parallel iron jaws and a wide opening below', 'machmeter': 'speedometer for measuring the speed of an aircraft relative to the speed of sound', 'macintosh': 'a waterproof raincoat made of rubberized fabric', 'Mackinac_Bridge': 'a suspension bridge across the channel between the lower and upper peninsulas of Michigan', 'mackinaw': 'a short plaid coat made of made of thick woolen material', 'mackintosh': 'a lightweight waterproof (usually rubberized) fabric', 'macrame': 'a relatively coarse lace; made by weaving and knotting cords', 'madras': 'a light patterned cotton cloth', 'Mae_West': 'an inflatable life jacket', 'magazine': 'a business firm that publishes magazines; \"he works for a magazine\"', 'magazine_rack': 'a rack for displaying magazines', 'magic_bullet': 'a remedy (drug or therapy or preventive) that cures or prevents a disease; \"there is no magic bullet against cancer\"', 'magic_lantern': 'an early form of slide projector', 'magic_realism': 'a literary or artistic genre in which realistic narrative or meticulously realistic painting are combined with surreal elements of fantasy or dreams', 'Maginot_Line': \"a fortification built before World War II to protect France's eastern border; initially considered to be impregnable, it was easily overrun by the German army in 1940\", 'magnet': '(physics) a device that attracts iron and produces a magnetic field', 'magnetic_bottle': 'container consisting of any configuration of magnetic fields used to contain a plasma during controlled thermonuclear reactions', 'magnetic_bubble_memory': 'a nonvolatile storage device that holds information in the form of bubbles on a thin film of magnetic silicate; no longer used in most computers', 'magnetic_compass': 'compass based on an indicator (as a magnetic needle) that points to the magnetic north', 'magnetic_core_memory': '(computer science) a computer memory consisting of an array of magnetic cores; now superseded by semiconductor memories', 'magnetic_disk': '(computer science) a memory device consisting of a flat disk covered with a magnetic coating on which information is stored', 'magnetic_head': 'an electromagnet (as on a tape recorder) that converts electrical variations into magnetic variations that can be stored on a surface and later retrieved', 'magnetic_mine': '(nautical) a marine mine that is detonated by a mechanism that responds to magnetic material (as the steel hull of a ship)', 'magnetic_needle': \"a slender magnet suspended in a magnetic compass on a mounting with little friction; used to indicate the direction of the earth's magnetic pole\", 'magnetic_recorder': 'recorder consisting of equipment for making records on magnetic media', 'magnetic_stripe': 'a short strip of magnetic tape attached to a credit card or debit card; it contains data that will tell a reading device who you are and what your account number is, etc.', 'magnetic_tape': 'memory device consisting of a long thin plastic strip coated with iron oxide; used to record audio or video signals or to store computer information; \"he took along a dozen tapes to record the interview\"', 'magneto': 'a small dynamo with a secondary winding that produces a high voltage enabling a spark to jump between the poles of a spark plug in a gasoline engine', 'magnetograph': \"a scientific instrument that registers magnetic variations (especially variations of the earth's magnetic field)\", 'magnetometer': 'a meter to compare strengths of magnetic fields', 'magnetron': 'a diode vacuum tube in which the flow of electrons from a central cathode to a cylindrical anode is controlled by crossed magnetic and electric fields; used mainly in microwave oscillators', 'magnifier': 'a scientific instrument that magnifies an image', 'magnum': 'a large wine bottle for liquor or wine', 'magnum_opus': 'a great work of art or literature', 'magnus_hitch': 'a rolling hitch similar to a clove hitch', 'mail': 'any particular collection of letters or packages that is delivered; \"your mail is on the table\"; \"is there any post for me?\"; \"she was opening her post\"', 'mailbag': 'pouch used in the shipment of mail', 'mailboat': 'a boat for carrying mail', 'mailbox': 'a private box for delivery of mail', 'mail_car': 'a railway car in which mail is transported and sorted', 'maildrop': 'a drop where mail can be deposited', 'mailer': 'a person who mails something', 'maillot': \"a woman's one-piece bathing suit\", 'mail_slot': 'a slot (usually in a door) through which mail can be delivered', 'mailsorter': 'a sorter for sorting mail according to the address', 'mail_train': 'a train that carries mail', 'main': 'any very large body of (salt) water', 'main_course': 'a square mainsail', 'main_deck': 'the uppermost sheltered deck that runs the entire length of a large vessel', 'main_drag': 'the main street of a town or city', 'mainframe': 'a large digital computer serving 100-400 users and occupying a special air-conditioned room', 'main_line': 'the principal route of a transportation system', 'mainmast': 'the chief mast of a sailing vessel with two or more masts', 'main_rotor': 'rotor consisting of large rotating airfoils on a single-rotor helicopter that produce the lift to support the helicopter in the air', 'mainsail': 'the lowermost sail on the mainmast', 'mainspring': 'the most important spring in a mechanical device (especially a clock or watch); as it uncoils it drives the mechanism', 'mainstay': 'the forestay that braces the mainmast', 'main_street': 'street that serves as a principal thoroughfare for traffic in a town', 'main-topmast': 'the topmast next above the mainmast', 'main-topsail': 'a topsail set on the mainmast', 'main_yard': 'yard for a square mainsail', 'maisonette': 'a self-contained apartment (usually on two floors) in a larger house and with its own entrance from the outside', 'majolica': 'highly decorated earthenware with a glaze of tin oxide', 'major_suit': '(bridge) a suit of superior scoring value, either spades or hearts', 'major_tranquilizer': 'tranquilizer used to treat psychotic conditions when a calming effect is desired', 'makeup': 'an event that is substituted for a previously cancelled event; \"he missed the test and had to take a makeup\"; \"the two teams played a makeup one week later\"', 'makeweight': 'anything added to fill out a whole; \"some of the items in the collection are mere makeweights\"', 'making': '(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something; \"the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake\"', 'Maksutov_telescope': 'reflecting telescope in which the aberration of the concave mirror is reduced by a meniscus lens', 'malacca': 'stem of the rattan palm used for making canes and umbrella handles', 'mallet': 'a sports implement with a long handle and a head like a hammer; used in sports (polo or croquet) to hit a ball', 'Maltese_cross': 'a cross with triangular or arrow-shaped arms and the points toward the center', 'mammogram': 'X-ray film of the soft tissue of the breast', 'man': 'a male subordinate; \"the chief stationed two men outside the building\"; \"he awaited word from his man in Havana\"', 'mandala': 'any of various geometric designs (usually circular) symbolizing the universe; used chiefly in Hinduism and Buddhism as an aid to meditation', 'mandola': 'an early type of mandolin', 'mandolin': 'a stringed instrument related to the lute, usually played with a plectrum', 'manger': 'a container (usually in a barn or stable) from which cattle or horses feed', 'mangle': 'clothes dryer for drying and ironing laundry by passing it between two heavy heated rollers', 'manhole': 'a hole (usually with a flush cover) through which a person can gain access to an underground structure', 'manhole_cover': 'a flush iron cover for a manhole (as in a street)', 'manifold': 'a set of points such as those of a closed surface or an analogue in three or more dimensions', 'mannequin': 'a woman who wears clothes to display fashions; \"she was too fat to be a mannequin\"', 'mannitol': 'a diuretic (trade name Osmitrol) used to promote the excretion of urine', 'man-of-war': 'a warship intended for combat', 'manometer': 'a pressure gauge for comparing pressures of a gas', 'manor': 'the landed estate of a lord (including the house on it)', 'manor_hall': 'the large room of a manor or castle', 'MANPAD': 'a man-portable surface-to-air missile', 'mansard': 'a hip roof having two slopes on each side', 'manse': 'the residence of a clergyman (especially a Presbyterian clergyman)', 'mansion': 'a large and imposing house', 'mantel': 'shelf that projects from wall above fireplace; \"in Britain they call a mantel a chimneypiece\"', 'mantelet': 'portable bulletproof shelter', 'mantilla': \"a woman's silk or lace scarf\", 'mantrap': 'a trap for catching trespassers', 'mantua': 'loose gown of the 17th and 18th centuries', 'Mao_jacket': 'a light weight jacket with a high collar; worn by Mao Zedong and the Chinese people during his regime', 'map': \"a diagrammatic representation of the earth's surface (or part of it)\", 'map_projection': 'a projection of the globe onto a flat map using a grid of lines of latitude and longitude', 'maquiladora': 'an assembly plant in Mexico (near the United States border); parts are shipped into Mexico and the finished product is shipped back across the border', 'maraca': 'a percussion instrument consisting of a hollow gourd containing pebbles or beans; often played in pairs', 'marble': 'a hard crystalline metamorphic rock that takes a high polish; used for sculpture and as building material', 'marching_order': 'equipage for marching; \"the company was dressed in full marching order\"', 'marimba': 'a percussion instrument with wooden bars tuned to produce a chromatic scale and with resonators; played with small mallets', 'marina': 'a fancy dock for small yachts and cabin cruisers', 'Marineland': 'a commercial aquarium featuring trained dolphins', 'marker': 'a distinguishing symbol; \"the owner\\'s mark was on all the sheep\"', 'market_garden': 'a garden where fruit and vegetables are grown for marketing', 'marketplace': 'an area in a town where a public mercantile establishment is set up', 'marline': 'a small usually tarred line of 2 strands', 'marlinespike': 'a pointed iron hand tool that is used to separate strands of a rope or cable (as in splicing)', 'marmite': 'soup cooked in a large pot', 'marocain': 'a dress crepe; similar to Canton crepe', 'maroon': 'a person who is stranded (as on an island); \"when the tide came in I was a maroon out there\"', 'marquee': 'permanent canopy over an entrance of a hotel etc.', 'marquetry': 'inlaid veneers are fitted together to form a design or picture that is then used to ornament furniture', 'marriage_bed': 'the bed shared by a newly wed couple', 'marseille': 'strong cotton fabric with a raised pattern; used for bedspreads', 'marshalling_yard': 'a railway yard in which trains are assembled and goods are loaded', 'martello_tower': 'a circular masonry fort for coastal defence', 'martingale': 'a harness strap that connects the nose piece to the girth; prevents the horse from throwing back its head', 'mascara': 'makeup that is used to darken and thicken the eye lashes', 'maser': 'an acronym for microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; an amplifier that works on the same principle as a laser and emits coherent microwave radiation', 'masher': 'a kitchen utensil used for mashing (e.g. potatoes)', 'mashie': 'middle-distance iron', 'mashie_niblick': 'iron with a lofted face for hitting high shots to the green', 'masjid': '(Islam) a Muslim place of worship', 'masking_piece': \"scenery used to block the audience's view of parts of the stage that should not be seen\", 'masking_tape': 'adhesive tape used to cover the part of a surface that should not be painted', 'Masonite': 'a type of fiberboard', 'Mason_jar': 'a glass jar with an air-tight screw top; used in home canning', \"mason's_level\": \"a level longer than a carpenter's level\", 'Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology': 'an engineering university in Cambridge', 'massage_parlor': 'a place where illicit sex is available under the guise of therapeutic massage', 'mass_spectrograph': 'a mass spectrometer that produces a graphical representation of the mass spectrum', 'mass_spectrometer': 'spectroscope for obtaining a mass spectrum by deflecting ions into a thin slit and measuring the ion current with an electrometer', 'mast': 'nuts of forest trees (as beechnuts and acorns) accumulated on the ground', 'mastaba': 'an ancient Egyptian mud-brick tomb with a rectangular base and sloping sides and flat roof; \"the Egyptian pyramids developed from the mastaba\"', 'master': 'an officer who is licensed to command a merchant ship', 'master_bedroom': 'the principal bedroom in a house; usually occupied by the head of the household', 'masthead': 'a listing printed in all issues of a newspaper or magazine (usually on the editorial page) that gives the name of the publication and the names of the editorial staff, etc.', 'mat': 'a mass that is densely tangled or interwoven; \"a mat of weeds and grass\"', 'match': 'the score needed to win a match', 'matchboard': 'a board that has a groove cut into one edge and a tongue cut into the other so they fit tightly together (as in a floor)', 'matchbook': 'a small folder of paper safety matches', 'matchbox': 'a box for holding matches', 'matchlock': 'an early style of musket; a slow-burning wick would be lowered into a hole in the breech to ignite the charge', 'match_plane': 'a plane having cutters designed to make the tongues and grooves on the edges of matchboards', 'matchstick': 'a short thin stick of wood used in making matches', 'material': 'the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object; \"coal is a hard black material\"; \"wheat is the stuff they use to make bread\"', 'materiel': 'equipment and supplies of a military force', 'maternity_hospital': 'a hospital that provides care for women during pregnancy and childbirth and for newborn infants', 'maternity_ward': 'a hospital ward that provides care for women during pregnancy and childbirth and for newborn infants', 'matrix': '(geology) amass of fine-grained rock in which fossils, crystals, or gems are embedded', 'Matthew_Walker': 'a kind of stopper knot', 'matting': 'a covering of coarse fabric (usually of straw or hemp)', 'mattock': 'a kind of pick that is used for digging; has a flat blade set at right angles to the handle', 'mattress': 'a large thick pad filled with resilient material and often incorporating coiled springs, used as a bed or part of a bed', 'mattress_cover': 'bedclothes that provide a cover for a mattress', 'mattress_pad': 'a protective pad over a mattress to protect it', 'maul': 'a heavy long-handled hammer used to drive stakes or wedges', 'maulstick': 'a long stick that a painter uses to support the hand holding the brush', 'Mauser': 'German arms manufacturer and inventor of a repeating rifle and pistol (1838-1914)', 'mausoleum': 'a large burial chamber, usually above ground', 'Mausoleum_at_Halicarnasus': 'a white marble mausoleum 140 feet high built in 352 BC at Halicarnassus as a memorial to a king; destroyed in 1402', 'maxi': 'a long skirt ending below the calf', 'Maxim_gun': 'an obsolete water-cooled machine gun having a single barrel', 'maximum_and_minimum_thermometer': 'thermometer that records the highest and lowest temperatures reached during a period of time', 'Maxzide': 'trade name for an antihypertensive drug containing hydrochlorothiazide and another diuretic', 'Mayflower': 'the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620', 'maypole': 'a vertical pole or post decorated with streamers that can be held by dancers celebrating May Day', 'maze': 'complex system of paths or tunnels in which it is easy to get lost', 'mazer': 'a large hardwood drinking bowl', 'measuring_cup': 'graduated cup used to measure liquid or granular ingredients', 'measuring_instrument': 'instrument that shows the extent or amount or quantity or degree of something', 'measuring_stick': 'measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals; used as a reference in making measurements', 'meat_counter': 'counter where meats are displayed for sale', 'meat_hook': 'a strong pointed hook from which the carcasses of animals are hung', 'meat_house': 'a small house (on a farm) where meat is stored', 'meat_safe': 'a safe for storing meat', 'meat_thermometer': 'a thermometer that is inserted into the center of a roast (with the top away from the heat source); used to measure how well done the meat is', 'mebendazole': 'an anthelmintic used to treat hookworm and pinworm and roundworm infestations', 'Meccano': \"a child's construction set for making mechanical models\", 'mechanical_device': 'mechanism consisting of a device that works on mechanical principles', 'mechanical_drawing': 'scale drawing of a machine or architectural plan etc,', 'mechanical_piano': 'a mechanically operated piano that uses a roll of perforated paper to activate the keys', 'mechanical_system': 'a system of elements that interact on mechanical principles', 'meclizine': 'an antihistamine (trade name Antivert) used to treat or prevent motion sickness', 'meclofenamate': 'a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (trade name Meclomen) used to treat arthritis', 'medical_building': 'building where medicine is practiced', 'medical_instrument': 'instrument used in the practice of medicine', 'medicine_ball': 'heavy ball used in physical training', 'medicine_chest': 'cabinet that holds medicines and toiletries', 'MEDLINE': 'the computer-based telephone system of the United States National Library of Medicine that provides rapid linkage to MEDLARS', 'meerschaum': 'a white clayey mineral', 'mefenamic_acid': 'a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug (trade name Ponstel) used to treat mild pain (especially menstrual cramps)', 'mefloquine': 'an antimalarial drug (trade name Larium and Mephaquine) that is effective in cases that do not respond to chloroquine; said to produce harmful neuropsychiatric effects on some people', 'megalith': 'memorial consisting of a very large stone forming part of a prehistoric structure (especially in western Europe)', 'megaphone': 'a cone-shaped acoustic device held to the mouth to intensify and direct the human voice', 'megaton_bomb': 'a nuclear weapon with an explosive power equivalent to one million tons of TNT', 'melphalan': 'antineoplastic drug (trade name Alkeran) used to treat multiple myeloma and some other malignancies', 'membrane': 'a pliable sheet of tissue that covers or lines or connects the organs or cells of animals or plants', 'memorial': 'a recognition of meritorious service', 'memory': 'the area of cognitive psychology that studies memory processes; \"he taught a graduate course on learning and memory\"', 'memory_chip': 'a RAM microchip that can be plugged into a computer to provide additional memory', 'memory_device': 'a device that preserves information for retrieval', 'menagerie': 'a collection of live animals for study or display', 'mend': 'sewing that repairs a worn or torn hole (especially in a garment); \"her stockings had several mends\"', 'mending': 'garments that must be repaired', 'menhir': 'a tall upright megalith; found primarily in England and northern France', 'meniscus': '(anatomy) a disk of cartilage that serves as a cushion between the ends of bones that meet at a joint', 'menorah': '(Judaism) a candelabrum with nine branches; used during the Hanukkah festival', 'Menorah': '(Judaism) a candelabrum with seven branches used in ceremonies to symbolize the seven days of Creation', \"man's_clothing\": 'clothing that is designed for men to wear', \"men's_room\": 'a public toilet for men', 'mental_hospital': 'a hospital for mentally incompetent or unbalanced person', 'menthol': 'a crystalline compound that has the cool and minty taste and odor that occurs naturally in peppermint oil; used as a flavoring and in medicine to relieve itching, pain, and nasal congestion', 'mentholated_salve': 'a salve containing menthol', 'meperidine': 'a synthetic narcotic drug (trade name Demerol) used to treat pain', 'mephenytoin': 'a toxic anticonvulsant drug (trade name Mesantoin) used in the treatment of epilepsy when less toxic anticonvulsants have been ineffective', 'mephobarbital': 'a long-acting crystalline barbiturate (trade name Mebaral) used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant in the treatment of epilepsy', 'meprobamate': 'a sedative and tranquilizer (trade name Miltown and Equanil and Meprin) used to treat muscle tension and anxiety', 'merbromine': 'a mercurial compound applied topically as an antiseptic; Mercurochrome is the trademark', 'mercantile_establishment': 'a place of business for retailing goods', 'mercaptopurine': 'a drug (trade name Purinethol) that interferes with the metabolism of purine and is used to treat acute lymphocytic leukemia', 'Mercator_projection': 'a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder; areas appear greater the farther they are from the equator', 'merchandise': 'commodities offered for sale; \"good business depends on having good merchandise\"; \"that store offers a variety of products\"', 'mercurial_ointment': 'an ointment containing mercury', 'mercury_barometer': 'barometer that shows pressure by the height of a column of mercury', 'mercury_cell': 'a primary cell consisting of a zinc anode and a cathode of mercury oxide and an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide', 'mercury_thermometer': 'thermometer consisting of mercury contained in a bulb at the bottom of a graduated sealed glass capillary tube marked in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit; mercury expands with a rise in temperature causing a thin thread of mercury to rise in the tube', 'mercury-vapor_lamp': 'ultraviolet lamp that emits a strong bluish light (rich in ultraviolet radiation) as electric current passes through mercury vapor', 'mercy_seat': 'the throne of God', 'merlon': 'a solid section between two crenels in a crenelated battlement', 'Merrimac': 'an ironclad vessel built by the Confederate forces in the hope of breaking the blockade imposed by the North', 'mescaline': 'the hallucinatory alkaloid that is the active agent in mescal buttons', 'mess': 'a state of confusion and disorderliness; \"the house was a mess\"; \"she smoothed the mussiness of the bed\"', 'mess_jacket': 'waist-length jacket tapering to a point at the back; worn by officers in the mess for formal dinners', 'mess_kit': 'kit containing a metal dish and eating utensils; used by soldiers and campers', 'messuage': '(law) a dwelling house and its adjacent buildings and the adjacent land used by the household', 'metal_detector': 'detector that gives a signal when it detects the presence of metal; used to detect the presence of stray bits of metal in food products or to find buried metal', 'metallic': 'a fabric made of a yarn that is partly or entirely of metal', 'metal_screw': 'screw made of metal', 'metalware': 'household articles made of metal (especially for use at table)', 'metal_wood': 'golf wood with a metal head instead of the traditional wooden head', 'metalwork': 'the metal parts of something; \"there were bullet holes in the metalwork\"', 'metaproterenol': 'a bronchodilator (trade name Alupent) used to treat asthma and emphysema and other lung conditions; available in oral or inhalant forms; side effects include tachycardia and shakiness', 'meteorological_balloon': 'a small unmanned balloon set aloft to observe atmospheric conditions', 'meter': \"the basic unit of length adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites (approximately 1.094 yards)\", 'meterstick': 'a rule one meter long (usually marked off in centimeters and millimeters)', 'metformin': 'an antidiabetic drug (trade name Glucophage) prescribed to treat type II diabetes', 'methacholine': 'parasympathomimetic drug (trademark Mecholyl) that stimulates secretions and smooth muscle activity', 'methadone': 'synthetic narcotic drug similar to morphine but less habit-forming; used in narcotic detoxification and maintenance of heroin addiction', 'methamphetamine': 'an amphetamine derivative (trade name Methedrine) used in the form of a crystalline hydrochloride; used as a stimulant to the nervous system and as an appetite suppressant', 'methapyrilene': 'antihistamine used to treat allergic responses (as rhinitis or dermatitis or pruritus)', 'methaqualone': 'sedative-hypnotic drug (trade name Quaalude) that is a drug of abuse', 'metharbital': 'anticonvulsant drug (trade name Gemonil) used in the treatment of epilepsy', 'methenamine': 'antibacterial agent (trade names Mandelamine and Urex) that is contained in many products that are used to treat urinary infections', 'methicillin': 'antibiotic drug of the penicillin family used in the treatment of certain staphylococcal infections', 'methocarbamol': 'muscle relaxant for skeletal muscles (trade name Robaxin) used to treat spasms', 'methotrexate': 'toxic antimetabolite that limits cellular reproduction by acting as an antagonist to folic acid; used to treat certain cancers and psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis', 'methyldopa': 'antihypertensive drug (trade name Aldomet) used in the treatment of high blood pressure', 'methylenedioxymethamphetamine': 'a stimulant drug that is chemically related to mescaline and amphetamine and is used illicitly for its euphoric and hallucinogenic effects; it was formerly used in psychotherapy but in 1985 it was declared illegal in the United States; \"MDMA is often used at parties because it enables partygoers to remain active for long periods of time\"', 'methylphenidate': 'central nervous system stimulant (trade name Ritalin) used in the treatment of narcolepsy in adults and attention deficit disorder in children', 'metoprolol': 'beta blocker (trade name Lopressor) used in treating hypertension and angina and arrhythmia and acute myocardial infarction; has adverse side effects (depression and exacerbation of congestive heart failure etc.)', 'metro': 'an electric railway operating below the surface of the ground (usually in a city); \"in Paris the subway system is called the `metro\\' and in London it is called the `tube\\' or the `underground\\'\"', 'metronidazole': 'antiprotozoal medication (trade name Flagyl) used to treat trichomoniasis and giardiasis', 'metronome': 'clicking pendulum indicates the exact tempo of a piece of music', 'mews': 'street lined with buildings that were originally private stables but have been remodeled as dwellings; \"she lives in a Chelsea mews\"', 'mexiletine': 'antiarrhythmic drug (trade name Mexitil) used to treat ventricular arrhythmias', 'mezzanine': 'first or lowest balcony', 'mezzo-relievo': 'a sculptural relief between low relief and high relief', 'mezzotint': 'print produced by an engraving that has been scraped to represent light or shade', 'Mickey_Finn': 'slang term for knockout drops', 'miconazole': 'an antifungal agent usually administered in the form of a nitrate (trade name Monistat)', 'microbalance': 'balance for weighing very small objects', 'microbrewery': 'a small brewery; consumption of the product is mainly elsewhere', 'microdot': 'photograph reduced to the size of a dot (usually for purposes of security)', 'microfiche': 'small sheet of microfilm on which many pages of material have been photographed; a magnification system is used to read the material', 'microfilm': 'film on which materials are photographed at greatly reduced size; useful for storage; a magnification system is used to read the material', 'micrometer': 'caliper for measuring small distances', 'Micronor': 'trade name for and oral contraceptive containing the progestin compound norethindrone', 'microphone': 'device for converting sound waves into electrical energy', 'microphotometer': 'special kind of densitometer that measures density variations over a very small area', 'microprocessor': 'integrated circuit semiconductor chip that performs the bulk of the processing and controls the parts of a system; \"a microprocessor functions as the central processing unit of a microcomputer\"; \"a disk drive contains a microprocessor to handle the internal functions of the drive\"', 'microscope': 'magnifier of the image of small objects; \"the invention of the microscope led to the discovery of the cell\"', 'microtome': 'scientific instrument that cuts thin slices of something for microscopic examination', 'microwave': 'a short electromagnetic wave (longer than infrared but shorter than radio waves); used for radar and microwave ovens and for transmitting telephone, facsimile, video and data', 'microwave_bomb': 'a bomb that explodes in midair and releases a massive burst of electromagnetic energy sufficient to disable computers and telecommunications without killing people or damaging buildings', 'microwave_diathermy_machine': 'diathermy machine that uses microwave radiation as the source of heat', 'microwave_linear_accelerator': 'linear accelerator that uses microwaves', 'midazolam': 'an injectable form of benzodiazepine (trade name Versed) useful for sedation and for reducing pain during uncomfortable medical procedures', 'middling': 'any commodity of intermediate quality or size (especially when coarse particles of ground wheat are mixed with bran)', 'middy': 'blouse with a sailor collar', 'midiron': 'long iron with a nearly vertical face', 'mihrab': '(Islam) a design in the shape of niche in a Muslim prayer rug; during worship the niche must be pointed toward Mecca', 'mild_silver_protein': 'antiseptic consisting of a compound of protein and silver (trade name Argyrol)', 'military_hospital': 'hospital for soldiers and other military personnel', 'military_installation': 'any facility servicing military forces', 'military_post': 'military installation at which a body of troops is stationed; \"this military post provides an important source of income for the town nearby\"; \"there is an officer\\'s club on the post\"', 'military_quarters': 'living quarters for personnel on a military post', 'military_uniform': 'prescribed identifying uniform for soldiers', 'military_vehicle': 'vehicle used by the armed forces', 'milk_bar': 'snack bar that sells milk drinks and light refreshments (such as ice cream)', 'milk_can': 'large can for transporting milk', 'milk_float': 'a van (typically powered by electricity) with an open side that is used to deliver milk to houses', 'milking_machine': 'machine consisting of a suction apparatus for milking cows mechanically', 'milking_stool': 'low three-legged stool with a half round seat; used to sit on while milking a cow', 'milk_of_magnesia': 'purgative consisting of a milky white liquid suspension of magnesium hydroxide; used as a laxative and (in smaller doses) as an antacid', 'milk_wagon': 'wagon for delivering milk', 'mill': 'machinery that processes materials by grinding or crushing', 'milldam': 'dam to make a millpond to provide power for a water mill', 'miller': 'someone who works in a mill (especially a grain mill)', 'milliammeter': 'a sensitive ammeter graduated in milliamperes', 'millinery': \"shop selling women's hats\", 'milling': 'corrugated edge of a coin', 'millivoltmeter': 'sensitive voltmeter that can measure voltage in millivolts', 'millrace': 'a channel for the water current that turns a millwheel', 'millstone': 'any load that is difficult to carry', 'millwheel': 'water wheel that is used to drive machinery in a mill', 'millwork': 'woodwork that has been machined at a mill', 'mimeograph': 'a rotary duplicator that uses a stencil through which ink is pressed (trade mark Roneo)', 'minaret': 'slender tower with balconies', 'Minato_Ohashi_Bridge': 'cantilever bridge at Osaka, Japan', 'mincer': 'a kitchen utensil that cuts or chops food (especially meat) into small pieces', 'mine': 'excavation in the earth from which ores and minerals are extracted', 'mine_detector': 'detector consisting of an electromagnetic device; used to locate explosive mines', 'minelayer': 'ship equipped for laying marine mines', 'mineshaft': 'excavation consisting of a vertical or sloping passageway for finding or mining ore or for ventilating a mine', 'minesweeper': 'ship equipped to detect and then destroy or neutralize or remove marine mines', 'miniature': 'painting or drawing included in a book (especially in illuminated medieval manuscripts)', 'minibar': 'sideboard with compartments for holding bottles', 'minibike': 'small motorcycle with a low frame and small wheels and elevated handlebars', 'minibus': 'a light bus (4 to 10 passengers)', 'minicab': 'a minicar used as a taxicab', 'minicar': 'a car that is even smaller than a subcompact car', 'minicomputer': 'a digital computer of medium size', 'miniskirt': 'a very short skirt', 'minisub': 'submersible vessel for one or two persons; for naval operations or underwater exploration', 'minivan': 'a small box-shaped passenger van; usually has removable seats; used as a family car', 'miniver': 'trimming on ceremonial robes consisting of white or light grey fur', 'minocycline': 'tetracycline antibiotic (trade name Minocin) used to treat a variety of bacterial and rickettsial infections', 'minor_suit': '( bridge) a suit of inferior scoring value, either diamonds or clubs', 'minor_tranquilizer': 'a tranquilizer used to relieve anxiety and reduce tension and irritability', 'minoxidil': 'a vasodilator (trade name Loniten) used to treat severe hypertension; one side effect is hirsutism so it is also sold (trade name Rogaine) as a treatment for male-patterned baldness', 'minster': 'any of certain cathedrals and large churches; originally connected to a monastery', 'mint': 'any north temperate plant of the genus Mentha with aromatic leaves and small mauve flowers', 'minute_gun': '(military) gun that is discharged once every minute (usually as part of a military funeral)', 'minute_hand': 'points to the minutes', 'Minuteman': 'an American militiaman prior to and during the American Revolution', 'miotic_drug': 'a drug that causes miosis (constriction of the pupil of the eye)', 'mirror': 'a faithful depiction or reflection; \"the best mirror is an old friend\"', 'mise_en_scene': 'arrangement of scenery and properties to represent the place where a play or movie is enacted', 'missile': 'a rocket carrying a warhead of conventional or nuclear explosives; may be ballistic or directed by remote control', 'missile_defense_system': 'naval weaponry providing a defense system', 'miter': 'the surface of a beveled end of a piece where a miter joint is made; \"he covered the miter with glue before making the joint\"', 'miter_box': 'hand tool for guiding handsaws in making crosscuts or miter joints', 'miter_joint': 'joint that forms a corner; usually both sides are bevelled at a 45-degree angle to form a 90-degree corner', 'mithramycin': 'an antineoplastic drug (trade name Mithracin) used to treat cancer of the testes', 'mitomycin': 'a complex of antibiotic substances obtained from a streptomyces bacterium; one form (trade name Mutamycin) shows promise as an anticancer drug', 'mitten': 'glove that encases the thumb separately and the other four fingers together', 'mixer': 'club soda or fruit juice used to mix with alcohol', 'mixing_bowl': 'bowl used with an electric mixer', 'mixing_faucet': 'single faucet for separate hot and cold water pipes', 'mizzen': 'fore-and-aft sail set on the mizzenmast', 'mizzenmast': 'third mast from the bow in a vessel having three or more masts; the after and shorter mast of a yawl, ketch, or dandy', 'moat': 'ditch dug as a fortification and usually filled with water', 'mobcap': 'large high frilly cap with a full crown; formerly worn indoors by women', 'mobile': 'sculpture suspended in midair whose delicately balanced parts can be set in motion by air currents', 'mobile_home': 'a large house trailer that can be connected to utilities and can be parked in one place and used as permanent housing', 'Mobius_strip': 'a continuous closed surface with only one side; formed from a rectangular strip by rotating one end 180 degrees and joining it with the other end', 'moccasin': 'soft leather shoe; originally worn by Native Americans', 'mock-up': 'full-scale working model of something built for study or testing or display', 'mod_con': 'modern convenience; the appliances and conveniences characteristic of a modern house', 'Model_T': 'the first widely available automobile powered by a gasoline engine; mass-produced by Henry Ford from 1908 to 1927', 'modem': '(from a combination of MOdulate and DEModulate) electronic equipment consisting of a device used to connect computers by a telephone line', 'Modicon': 'trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norethindrone', 'modification': 'the grammatical relation that exists when a word qualifies the meaning of the phrase', 'modillion': '(architecture) one of a set of ornamental brackets under a cornice', 'module': 'detachable compartment of a spacecraft', 'mohair': 'fabric made with yarn made from the silky hair of the Angora goat', 'moire': 'silk fabric with a wavy surface pattern', 'mold': 'loose soil rich in organic matter', 'moldboard': 'wedge formed by the curved part of a steel plow blade that turns the furrow', 'moldboard_plow': 'plow that has a moldboard', 'moleskin': 'a durable cotton fabric with a velvety nap', 'molindone': 'antipsychotic drug (trade name Moban) used in the treatment of schizophrenia', 'Molotov_cocktail': 'a crude incendiary bomb made of a bottle filled with flammable liquid and fitted with a rag wick', 'monastery': 'the residence of a religious community', 'monastic_habit': 'a long loose habit worn by monks in a monastery', 'moneybag': 'a drawstring bag for holding money', 'money_belt': 'belt with a concealed section for holding money', 'Monitor': 'an ironclad vessel built by Federal forces to do battle with the Merrimac', 'monkey_bridge': 'a high narrow platform above a deck or in an engine room or boiler room', 'monkey_ladder': 'a light ladder to the monkey bridge on a ship', 'monkey-wrench': 'adjustable wrench that has one fixed and one adjustable jaw', \"monk's_cloth\": 'a heavy cloth in basket weave', 'monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor': 'any of a group of antidepressant drugs that inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase in the brain and so allow monoamines to accumulate', 'monochrome': 'painting done in a range of tones of a single color', 'monocle': 'lens for correcting defective vision in one eye; held in place by facial muscles', 'monofocal_lens_implant': 'a lens with a single focus that is used after cataract surgery to provide clear distance vision', 'monolith': 'a single great stone (often in the form of a column or obelisk)', 'monoplane': 'an airplane with a single wing', 'monopoly_board': 'a board used for playing monopoly', 'monorail': 'a railway having a single track', 'monotype': '(biology) a taxonomic group with a single member (a single species or genus)', 'monstrance': '(Roman Catholic Church) a vessel (usually of gold or silver) in which the consecrated Host is exposed for adoration', 'mooring': 'a place where a craft can be made fast', 'mooring_anchor': 'an anchor used to hold a mooring buoy or a channel marker in place', 'mooring_tower': 'a tower for mooring airships', 'Moorish_arch': 'a round arch that widens before rounding off', 'moped': 'a motorbike that can be pedaled or driven by a low-powered gasoline engine', 'mop_handle': 'the handle of a mop', 'moquette': 'a thick velvety synthetic fabric used for carpets and soft upholstery', 'moreen': 'a heavy fabric of wool (or wool and cotton) used mostly in upholstery or for curtains', 'morgue': 'a building (or room) where dead bodies are kept before burial or cremation', 'morion': 'a metal helmet worn by common soldiers in the 16th century', 'morning-after_pill': 'a large dose of estrogen taken orally within 24 to 72 hours after intercourse; prevents implantation of a fertilized ovum and so acts as a contraceptive; commonly used after rape or incest', 'morning_dress': 'formal attire for men during the daytime', 'morning_room': 'a sitting room used during the daylight hours', 'morphine': 'an alkaloid narcotic drug extracted from opium; a powerful, habit-forming narcotic used to relieve pain', 'Morris_chair': 'an armchair with an adjustable back', 'mortar': 'used as a bond in masonry or for covering a wall', 'mortarboard': 'a square board with a handle underneath; used by masons to hold or carry mortar', 'mortise': 'a square hole made to receive a tenon and so to form a joint', 'mortise_joint': 'a joint made by inserting tenon on one piece into mortise holes in the other', 'mosaic': 'viral disease in solanaceous plants (tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco) resulting in mottling and often shriveling of the leaves', 'mosque': '(Islam) a Muslim place of worship that usually has a minaret', 'mosquito_net': 'a fine net or screen (especially around beds) to protect against mosquitos', 'motel': 'a motor hotel', 'motel_room': 'a sleeping room in a motel', 'mothball': 'a small sphere of camphor or naphthalene used to keep moths away from stored clothing', 'Mother_Hubbard': \"a woman's loose unbelted dress\", 'motif': 'a theme that is repeated or elaborated in a piece of music', 'motion-picture_camera': 'a camera that takes a sequence of photographs that can give the illusion of motion when viewed in rapid succession', 'motion-picture_film': 'photographic film several hundred feet long and wound on a spool; to be used in a movie camera', 'motley': \"a garment made of motley (especially a court jester's costume)\", 'motor': 'a nonspecific agent that imparts motion; \"happiness is the aim of all men and the motor of all action\"', 'motorboat': 'a boat propelled by an internal-combustion engine', 'motorcycle': 'a motor vehicle with two wheels and a strong frame', 'motor_hotel': 'a hotel for motorists; provides direct access from rooms to parking area', 'motorized_wheelchair': 'a wheelchair propelled by a motor', 'motor_scooter': 'a wheeled vehicle with small wheels and a low-powered gasoline engine geared to the rear wheel', 'motor_vehicle': 'a self-propelled wheeled vehicle that does not run on rails', 'mound': '(baseball) the slight elevation on which the pitcher stands', 'mount': 'a mounting consisting of a piece of metal (as in a ring or other jewelry) that holds a gem in place; \"the diamond was in a plain gold mount\"', 'mountain_bike': 'a bicycle with a sturdy frame and fat tires; originally designed for riding in mountainous country', 'mountain_tent': 'a lightweight tent with a floor; flaps close with a zipper', 'mountain_trail': 'a trail through mountainous country', 'mounting': 'framework used for support or display', 'mourning_ring': 'a ring worn as a memorial to a dead person', 'mouse_button': 'a push button on the mouse', 'mouse-tooth_forceps': 'a type of forceps', 'mousse': 'a rich, frothy, creamy dessert made with whipped egg whites and heavy cream', 'mousseline_de_sole': 'a gauze-like fabric of silk or rayon', 'mouth': 'a person conceived as a consumer of food; \"he has four mouths to feed\"', 'mouth_hole': 'a hole (as in a ski mask) for the mouth', 'mousepad': 'a small portable pad that provides traction for the ball of a computer mouse', 'mouthpiece': 'a spokesperson (as a lawyer)', 'movable_barrier': 'a barrier that can be moved to allow passage', 'movie_projector': 'projects successive frames from a reel of film to create moving pictures', 'moving-coil_galvanometer': 'a galvanometer that is operated by the force exerted by an electric current flowing in a movable coil suspended in a magnetic field', 'moving_van': 'a van used for moving home or office furniture', 'mud_brick': 'a brick made from baked mud', 'mudguard': 'a curved piece above the wheel of a bicycle or motorcycle to protect the rider from water or mud thrown up by the wheels', 'mudhif': 'a reed hut in the marshlands of Iraq; rare since the marshes were drained', 'muff': 'a warm tubular covering for the hands', 'muffle': 'a kiln with an inner chamber for firing things at a low temperature', 'muffler': 'a scarf worn around the neck', 'mufti': 'a jurist who interprets Muslim religious law', 'mug': 'the quantity that can be held in a mug', 'mug_shot': \"a photograph of someone's face (especially one made for police records)\", 'mukataa': 'an Arabic word for headquarters or administrative center; \"Arafat was holed up in the mukataa of his West Bank compound\"', 'mulch': 'a protective covering of rotting vegetable matter spread to reduce evaporation and soil erosion', 'muller': 'a vessel in which wine is mulled', 'mullion': 'a nonstructural vertical strip between the casements or panes of a window (or the panels of a screen)', 'multichannel_recorder': 'a recorder with two or more channels; makes continuous records of two or more signals simultaneously', 'multiengine_airplane': 'a plane with two or more engines', 'multifocal_lens_implant': 'a type of lens implant that contains several rings with a common center and adjusts for near or far vision; the eye is in focus for near and far vision simultaneously', 'multiplex': 'communicates two or more signals over a common channel', 'multiplexer': 'a device that can interleave two or more activities', 'multiprocessor': 'a computer that uses two or more processing units under integrated control', 'multistage_rocket': 'a rocket having two or more rocket engines (each with its own fuel) that are fired in succession and jettisoned when the fuel is exhausted', 'munition': 'military supplies', 'mural': 'a painting that is applied to a wall surface', 'Murphy_bed': 'a bed that can be folded or swung into a cabinet when not being used', 'muscle_relaxant': 'a drug that reduces muscle contractility by blocking the transmission of nerve impulses or by decreasing the excitability of the motor end plate or by other actions', 'musette': 'a small bagpipe formerly popular in France', 'musette_pipe': 'a small simple oboe', 'museum': 'a depository for collecting and displaying objects having scientific or historical or artistic value', 'mushroom_anchor': 'an anchor used for semipermanent moorings; has a bowl-shaped head that will dig in however it falls', 'musical_instrument': 'any of various devices or contrivances that can be used to produce musical tones or sounds', 'music_box': 'produces music by means of pins on a revolving cylinder that strike the tuned teeth of a comb-like metal plate', 'music_hall': 'a theater in which vaudeville is staged', 'music_school': 'a school for the study of music', 'music_stand': 'a light stand for holding sheets of printed music', 'music_stool': 'a stool for piano players; usually adjustable in height', 'musket': 'a muzzle-loading shoulder gun with a long barrel; formerly used by infantrymen', 'musket_ball': 'a solid projectile that is shot by a musket; \"they had to carry a ramrod as well as powder and ball\"', 'muslin': 'plain-woven cotton fabric', 'musnud': 'a seat with a cushion that is used as a throne by Indian princes', 'mustache_cup': \"a drinking cup with a bar inside the rim to keep a man's mustache out of the drink\", 'mustard_plaster': 'a plaster containing powdered black mustard; applied to the skin as a counterirritant or rubefacient', 'mute': 'a deaf person who is unable to speak', 'muzzle_loader': 'an obsolete firearm that was loaded through the muzzle', 'mycomycin': 'a highly unsaturated antibiotic acid obtained from an actinomycete', 'mydriatic': 'a drug that causes the pupil of the eye to dilate; used to aid eye examinations', 'myelogram': 'X-ray film of the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots and subarachnoid space', 'nabumetone': 'a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Relafen)', 'nacelle': 'a streamlined enclosure for an aircraft engine', 'nadolol': 'a beta-adrenergic blocking agent (trade name Corgard) that is used to treat hypertension and angina', 'nafcillin': 'a penicillinase-resistant form of penicillin (trade name Nafcil) used (usually in the form of its sodium salt) to treat infections caused by penicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci', 'nail': 'a former unit of length for cloth equal to 1/16 of a yard', 'nailbrush': \"a brush used to clean a person's fingernails\", 'nailfile': 'a small flat file for shaping the nails', 'nailhead': 'something resembling the head of a nail that is used as an ornamental device', 'nail_hole': 'a hole left after a nail is removed', 'nail_polish': 'a cosmetic lacquer that dries quickly and that is applied to the nails to color them or make them shiny', 'nainsook': 'a soft lightweight muslin used especially for babies', 'nalidixic_acid': 'antibacterial agent used especially to treat genitourinary infections', 'nalorphine': 'a narcotic antagonist (trade name Nalline) that counteracts the effects of narcotics (especially the effects of poisoning by morphine)', 'naloxone': 'a potent narcotic antagonist (trade name Narcan) especially effective with morphine', 'naltrexone': 'an oral antagonist against the action of opiates', 'nameplate': 'a plate bearing a name', 'NAND_circuit': 'a logic gate that produces an output that is the inverse of the output of an AND gate', 'nankeen': 'a durable fabric formerly loomed by hand in China from natural cotton having a yellowish color', 'naphazoline': 'vasoconstrictor (trade names Privine and Sudafed) used in nasal sprays to treat symptoms of nasal congestion and in eyedrops to treat eye irritation', \"Napier's_bones\": 'a set of graduated rods formerly used to do multiplication and division by a method invented by John Napier', 'napkin': 'a small piece of table linen that is used to wipe the mouth and to cover the lap in order to protect clothing', 'napkin_ring': \"a circular band used to hold a particular person's napkin\", 'naproxen': 'a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Naprosyn) used in the treatment of arthritis and musculoskeletal inflammation and moderate pain', 'naproxen_sodium': 'a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trademarks Aleve and Anaprox and Aflaxen) that fights pain and inflammation', 'narcoleptic': 'a person who has narcolepsy', 'narcotic': 'a drug that produces numbness or stupor; often taken for pleasure or to reduce pain; extensive use can lead to addiction', 'narcotic_antagonist': 'an antagonist used to counteract the effects of narcotics (especially to counteract the depression of respiration)', 'nard': 'an aromatic ointment used in antiquity', 'narrowbody_aircraft': 'a commercial airliner with a single aisle', 'narrow_gauge': 'a railroad track (or its width) narrower than the standard 56.5 inches', 'narrow_wale': 'corduroy with narrow ribs', 'narthex': 'portico at the west end of an early Christian basilica or church', 'nasal_decongestant': 'a decongestant that provides temporary relief of nasal symptoms of the common cold and rhinitis and upper respiratory infections', 'National_Association_of_Securities_Dealers_Automated_Quotations': 'a computerized data system to provide brokers with price quotations for securities traded over the counter', 'nasotracheal_tube': 'a tube inserted into the trachea through the nose and pharynx; used to deliver oxygen', 'National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame': 'a Hall of Fame and museum in Cooperstown, New York, honoring great baseball players', 'National_Library_of_Medicine': \"the world's largest medical library\", 'national_monument': 'memorial consisting of a structure or natural landmark of historic interest; set aside by national government for preservation and public enjoyment', 'naumachy': 'a naval spectacle; a mock sea battle put on by the ancient Romans', 'nautilus': 'a submarine that is propelled by nuclear power', 'navigational_system': 'a system that provides information useful in determining the position and course of a ship or aircraft', 'naval_chart': 'a chart for a navigator showing the prevailing meteorological and hydrographic and navigational conditions', 'naval_equipment': 'equipment for a navy', 'naval_gun': 'naval weaponry consisting of a large gun carried on a warship', 'naval_installation': 'military installation servicing naval forces', 'naval_missile': 'naval weaponry consisting of a missile carried on a warship', 'naval_radar': 'naval equipment consisting of a shipboard radar', 'Naval_Research_Laboratory': \"the United States Navy's defense laboratory that conducts basic and applied research for the Navy in a variety of scientific and technical disciplines\", 'naval_tactical_data_system': 'a shipboard system for collecting and displaying tactical data', 'naval_weaponry': 'weaponry for warships', 'nave': 'the central area of a church', 'navigational_instrument': 'an instrument used for navigating', 'navigation_light': \"light on an airplane that indicates the plane's position and orientation; red light on the left (port) wing tip and green light on the right (starboard) wing tip\", 'navy_base': 'base of operations for a naval fleet', 'navy_yard': 'a military shipyard', 'nearside': 'the side of a vehicle nearest the kerb', 'nebuchadnezzar': 'a very large wine bottle holding the equivalent of 20 normal bottles of wine; used especially for display', 'neck': 'a narrow elongated projecting strip of land', 'neckband': 'a band around the collar of a garment', 'neck_brace': 'a brace worn to steady the neck', 'neckcloth': 'an ornamental white cravat', 'neckerchief': 'a kerchief worn around the neck', 'necklace': 'jewelry consisting of a cord or chain (often bearing gems) worn about the neck as an ornament (especially by women)', 'necklet': 'decoration worn about the neck (fur piece or tight necklace) as an ornament', 'neckline': 'the line formed by the edge of a garment around the neck', 'neckpiece': 'an article of apparel worn about the neck', 'necktie': 'neckwear consisting of a long narrow piece of material worn (mostly by men) under a collar and tied in knot at the front; \"he stood in front of the mirror tightening his necktie\"; \"he wore a vest and tie\"', 'neckwear': 'articles of clothing worn about the neck', 'needle': 'a slender pointer for indicating the reading on the scale of a measuring instrument', 'needlenose_pliers': 'small pliers with long thin jaws for fine work', 'needlepoint': 'embroidery consisting of allover embroidered canvas resembling tapestry', 'nefazodone': 'an antidepressant drug (trade name Serzone)', 'negative': 'a reply of denial; \"he answered in the negative\"', 'negative_magnetic_pole': 'the pole of a magnet that points toward the south when the magnet is suspended freely', 'negative_pole': 'the terminal of a battery that is connected to the negative plate', 'negligee': 'a loose dressing gown for women', 'nelfinavir': 'a protease inhibitor (trade name Viracept) used in treating HIV usually in combination with other drugs', 'neolith': 'a stone tool from the Neolithic Age', 'neomycin': 'an antibiotic obtained from an actinomycete and used (as a sulphate under the trade name Neobiotic) as an intestinal antiseptic in surgery', 'neon_lamp': 'a lamp consisting of a small gas-discharge tube containing neon at low pressure; luminescence is produced by the action of currents at high frequencies that are wrapped a few turns around the tube', 'Neosporin': 'trade name for a topical drug containing several antibacterials; used as an ointment for skin irritations and in the form of eyedrops for minor eye infections', 'neostigmine': 'a cholinergic drug (trade name Prostigmin) used to treat some ophthalmic conditions and to treat myasthenia gravis', 'nephoscope': 'a measuring instrument that uses a grid for measuring the altitude, direction, and velocity of movement of clouds', 'nest': 'a structure in which animals lay eggs or give birth to their young', 'nest_egg': 'device consisting of an artificial egg left in a nest to induce hens to lay their eggs in it', 'net': 'a goal lined with netting (as in soccer or hockey)', 'network': 'an interconnected system of things or people; \"he owned a network of shops\"; \"retirement meant dropping out of a whole network of people who had been part of my life\"; \"tangled in a web of cloth\"', 'neutron_bomb': 'atom bomb that produces lethal neutrons with less blast', 'nevirapine': 'a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (trade name Viramune) used to treat AIDS and HIV', 'newel': 'the central pillar of a circular staircase', 'newel_post': 'the post at the top or bottom of a flight of stairs; it supports the handrail', 'Newgate': 'a former prison in London notorious for its unsanitary conditions and burnt down in riots in 1780; a new prison was built on the same spot but was torn down in 1902', 'newmarket': 'a long close-fitting coat worn for riding in the 19th century', 'New_River_Gorge_Bridge': 'a steel arch bridge across New River at Fayetteville, West Virginia', 'newspaper': 'cheap paper made from wood pulp and used for printing newspapers; \"they used bales of newspaper every day\"', 'newsroom': 'the staff of a newspaper or the news department of a periodical; \"every newspaper editor is criticized by the newsroom\"', 'newsstand': 'a stall where newspapers and other periodicals are sold', 'Newtonian_telescope': 'reflecting telescope in which the image is viewed through an eyepiece perpendicular to main axis', 'New_York_Stock_Exchange': 'a stock exchange in New York', 'nib': 'the writing point of a pen', 'niblick': 'an iron with considerable loft', 'nicad': 'a rechargeable battery with a nickel cathode and a cadmium anode; often used in emergency systems because of its low discharge rate when not in use', 'nick': '(British slang) a prison; \"he\\'s in the nick\"', 'nickel-iron_battery': 'a storage battery having a nickel oxide cathode and an iron anode with an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide; each cell gives about 1.2 volts', 'Nicol_prism': 'optical device that produces plane-polarized light', 'nifedipine': 'calcium blocker (trade name Procardia); appears to increase the risk of recurrent heart attacks', 'night_bell': 'a doorbell to be used at night', 'nightgown': 'lingerie consisting of a loose dress designed to be worn in bed by women', 'night_latch': 'doorlock operated by a knob on the inside and a key on the outside', 'night-light': 'light (as a candle or small bulb) that burns in a bedroom at night (as for children or invalids)', 'night-line': 'a fishing line with baited hooks left in the water to catch fish over night', 'nightshirt': 'nightclothes worn by men', 'nightwear': 'garments designed to be worn in bed', 'ninepin': 'a bowling pin of the type used in playing ninepins or (in England) skittles', 'ninepin_ball': 'ball used to knock down ninepins', 'nine-spot': 'one of four playing cards in a deck with nine pips on the face', 'ninon': 'a fine strong sheer silky fabric made of silk or rayon or nylon', 'nipple': 'the small projection of a mammary gland', 'nipple_shield': 'a rubber or plastic shield to protect the nipples of nursing women', 'niqab': 'a face veil covering the lower part of the face (up to the eyes) worn by observant Muslim women', 'Nissen_hut': 'a prefabricated hut of corrugated iron having a semicircular cross section', 'nitrazepam': 'a hypnotic and sedative drug of the benzodiazepine type', 'nitrofurantoin': 'derivative of nitrofuran used as an antibacterial medicine (trade name Macrodantin) effective against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; used to treat infections of the urinary tract', 'Nitrospan': 'trade names for nitroglycerin used as a coronary vasodilator in the treatment of angina pectoris', 'nitrous_oxide': 'inhalation anesthetic used as an anesthetic in dentistry and surgery', 'node': 'a connecting point at which several lines come together', 'nog': 'a wooden block built into a masonry wall so that joinery structure can be nailed to it', 'nogging': 'rough brick masonry used to fill in the gaps in a wooden frame', 'noisemaker': 'a device (such as a clapper or bell or horn) used to make a loud noise at a celebration', 'nomogram': 'a graphic representation of numerical relations', 'non-dedicated_file_server': '(computer science) a file server that can be used simultaneously as a workstation', 'nonsmoker': 'a person who does not smoke tobacco', 'non-nucleoside_reverse_transcriptase_inhibitor': 'an antiviral drug used against HIV; binds directly to reverse transcriptase and prevents RNA conversion to DNA; often used in combination with other drugs', 'nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory': 'an anti-inflammatory drug that does not contain steroids; \"NSAIDs inhibit the activity of both Cox-1 and Cox-2 enzymes\"', 'nontricyclic': 'a class of antidepressant drugs that are not tricyclic drugs and do not act by inhibiting MAO', 'non-volatile_storage': 'computer storage that is not lost when the power is turned off', 'noose': 'a loop formed in a cord or rope by means of a slipknot; it binds tighter as the cord or rope is pulled', 'Norfolk_jacket': 'loose-fitting single-breasted jacket', 'noria': 'a water wheel with buckets attached to the rim; used to raise water for transfer to an irrigation channel', 'Norinyl': 'trade name for an oral contraceptive containing norethindrone and mestranol', 'Norlestrin': 'trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norethindrone', 'Nor-Q-D': 'trade name for an oral contraceptive containing norethindrone', 'nortriptyline': 'a tricyclic antidepressant drug (trade name Pamelor) used along with psychotherapy to treat dysthymic depression; may interact dangerously if taken with other drugs', 'nose': 'a small distance; \"my horse lost the race by a nose\"', 'nosebag': 'a canvas bag that is used to feed an animal (such as a horse); covers the muzzle and fastens at the top of the head', 'noseband': \"a strap that is the part of a bridle that goes over the animal's nose\", 'nose_cone': 'front consisting of the conical head of a missile or rocket that protects the payload from heat during its passage through the atmosphere', 'nose_flute': 'a flute that is played by blowing through the nostrils (used in some Asian countries)', 'nosepiece': 'armor plate that protects the nose', 'nose_ring': 'a ring worn on the nose as an ornament or on the nose of an animal to control it', 'nosewheel': \"a wheel located under the nose of an airplane that is part of the plane's landing gear\", 'nostrum': 'patent medicine whose efficacy is questionable', 'notebook': 'a book with blank pages for recording notes or memoranda', 'notion': 'an odd or fanciful or capricious idea; \"the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories\"; \"he had a whimsy about flying to the moon\"; \"whimsy can be humorous to someone with time to enjoy it\"', 'notions_counter': 'counter where notions are sold', 'novel': 'an extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story', 'novillada': 'a bullfight in which the bulls are less than four years old', 'novobiocin': 'an antibiotic obtained from an actinomycete and used to treat infections by Gram-positive bacteria', 'nozzle': 'a projecting spout from which a fluid is discharged', 'n-type_semiconductor': 'a semiconductor in which electrical conduction is due chiefly to the movement of electrons', 'nuclear-powered_ship': 'ship whose motive power comes from the energy of a nuclear reactor', 'nuclear_reactor': '(physics) any of several kinds of apparatus that maintain and control a nuclear reaction for the production of energy or artificial elements', 'nuclear_rocket': 'a rocket engine in which a nuclear reactor is used to heat a propellant', 'nuclear_weapon': 'a weapon of mass destruction whose explosive power derives from a nuclear reaction', 'nucleoside_reverse_transcriptase_inhibitor': 'an antiviral drug used against HIV; is incorporated into the DNA of the virus and stops the building process; results in incomplete DNA that cannot create a new virus; often used in combination with other drugs', 'nude': 'without clothing (especially in the phrase `in the nude\\'); \"they swam in the nude\"', 'number': 'a concept of quantity involving zero and units; \"every number has a unique position in the sequence\"', 'number_cruncher': 'someone able to perform complex and lengthy calculations', 'numdah': 'an embroidered rug made from a coarse Indian felt', 'nunnery': 'the convent of a community of nuns', \"nun's_habit\": 'a long loose habit worn by nuns in a convent', 'nursery': \"a child's room for a baby\", 'nut': 'usually large hard-shelled seed', 'nut_and_bolt': 'a fastener made by screwing a nut onto a threaded bolt', 'nux_vomica': 'a medicine made from the seeds of an Asiatic tree; contains strychnine and brucine; formerly used as a stimulant', 'nylon': 'a thermoplastic polyamide; a family of strong resilient synthetic fibers', 'nylons': \"women's stockings made from a sheer material (nylon or rayon or silk)\", 'nystatin': 'an antifungal and antibiotic (trade names Mycostatin and Nystan) discovered in New York State; derived from soil fungi actinomycetes', 'oar': 'an implement used to propel or steer a boat', 'oast': 'a kiln for drying hops', 'oast_house': 'a building containing an oast (a kiln for drying hops); usually has a conical or pyramidal roof', 'obelisk': 'a stone pillar having a rectangular cross section tapering towards a pyramidal top', 'object_ball': 'the billiard ball that is intended to be the first ball struck by the cue ball', 'objective': 'the lens or system of lenses in a telescope or microscope that is nearest the object being viewed', \"objet_d'art\": 'a work of art of some artistic value; \"this store sells only objets d\\'art\"; \"it is not known who created this piece\"', 'oblique_bandage': 'a bandage in which successive turns proceed obliquely up or down a limb', 'oboe': 'a slender double-reed instrument; a woodwind with a conical bore and a double-reed mouthpiece', 'oboe_da_caccia': 'an alto oboe; precursor of the English horn', \"oboe_d'amore\": 'an oboe pitched a minor third lower than the ordinary oboe; used to perform baroque music', 'observation_dome': 'lookout consisting of a dome-shaped observatory', 'observation_station': 'a station set up for making observations of something', 'observatory': 'a building designed and equipped to observe astronomical phenomena', 'obstacle': 'something immaterial that stands in the way and must be circumvented or surmounted; \"lack of imagination is an obstacle to one\\'s advancement\"; \"the poverty of a district is an obstacle to good education\"; \"the filibuster was a major obstruction to the success of their plan\"', 'obturator': 'a prosthesis used to close an opening (as to close an opening of the hard palate in cases of cleft palate)', 'obverse': 'the more conspicuous of two alternatives or cases or sides; \"the obverse of this issue\"', 'ocarina': 'egg-shaped terra cotta wind instrument with a mouthpiece and finger holes', 'octant': 'a measuring instrument for measuring angles to a celestial body; similar to a sextant but with 45 degree calibration', 'odd-leg_caliper': 'caliper having the points on its legs both curve in the same direction', 'odometer': 'a meter that shows mileage traversed', 'oeil_de_boeuf': 'a circular or oval window; 17th or 18th century French architecture', 'oeuvre': 'the total output of a writer or artist (or a substantial part of it); \"he studied the entire Wagnerian oeuvre\"; \"Picasso\\'s work can be divided into periods\"', 'office_building': 'a building containing offices where work is done', 'office_furniture': 'furniture intended for use in an office', \"officer's_mess\": 'a mess for the exclusive use of officers', 'off-line_equipment': 'electronic equipment not in direct communication (or under the control of) the central processing unit', 'ogee': 'a molding that (in section) has the shape of an S with the convex part above and the concave part below', 'ogee_arch': 'a pointed arch having an S-shape on both sides', 'Ohio_State_University': 'a university in Columbus, Ohio', 'ohmmeter': 'a meter for measuring electrical resistance in ohms', 'oil': 'a slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with water', 'oil_burner': 'a furnace that burns oil', 'oilcan': 'a can with a long nozzle to apply oil to machinery', 'oilcloth': 'cloth treated on one side with a drying oil or synthetic resin', 'oil_filter': 'a filter that removes impurities from the oil used to lubricate an internal-combustion engine', 'oil_future': 'petroleum bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date', 'oil_heater': 'heater that burns oil (as kerosine) for heating or cooking', 'oil_lamp': 'a lamp that burns oil (as kerosine) for light', 'oil_paint': 'paint in which a drying oil is the vehicle', 'oil_pipeline': 'a pipeline used to transport oil', 'oil_pump': 'a pump that keeps a supply of oil on moving parts', 'oil_refinery': 'a refinery for petroleum', 'oilskin': 'a macintosh made from cotton fabric treated with oil and pigment to make it waterproof', 'oil_slick': 'a thin film of oil floating on top of water (especially crude oil spilled from a ship)', 'oilstone': 'a whetstone for use with oil', 'oil_tanker': 'a cargo ship designed to carry crude oil in bulk', 'oil_well': 'a well that yields or has yielded oil', 'ointment': 'semisolid preparation (usually containing a medicine) applied externally as a remedy or for soothing an irritation', 'old_school_tie': 'necktie indicating the school the wearer attended', 'olive_drab': 'a dull greyish to yellowish or light olive brown', 'Olympian_Zeus': 'a seated statue of the supreme god of ancient Greek mythology created for the temple at Olympia; the statue was 40 feet tall and rested on a base that was 12 feet high', 'omelet_pan': 'pan for cooking omelets', 'omnidirectional_antenna': 'an antenna that sends or receives signals equally in all directions', 'omnirange': 'a navigational system consisting of a network of radio beacons that provide aircraft with information about exact position and bearing', 'one-spot': 'a domino or die whose upward face shows one pip', 'one-way_street': 'unilateral interaction; \"cooperation cannot be a one-way street\"', 'onion_dome': 'a dome that is shaped like a bulb; characteristic of Russian and Byzantine church architecture', 'op_art': 'a style of abstractionism popular in the 1960s; produces dramatic visual effects with colors and contrasts that are difficult for the eye to resolve', 'open-air_market': 'a public marketplace where food and merchandise is sold', 'open_circuit': 'an incomplete electrical circuit in which no current flows', 'open-end_wrench': 'a wrench having parallel jaws at fixed separation (often on both ends of the handle)', 'opener': 'the first event in a series; \"she played Chopin for her opener\"; \"the season\\'s opener was a game against the Yankees\"', 'open-hearth_furnace': 'a furnace for making steel in which the steel is placed on a shallow hearth and flames of burning gas and hot air play over it', 'openside_plane': 'a woodworking plane designed to cut rabbets', 'open_sight': 'rear gunsight having an open notch instead of a peephole or telescope', 'open_weave': 'a weave in which warp threads never come together, leaving interstices in the fabric', 'openwork': 'ornamental work (such as embroidery or latticework) having a pattern of openings', 'opera': 'a drama set to music; consists of singing with orchestral accompaniment and an orchestral overture and interludes', 'opera_cloak': 'a large cloak worn over evening clothes', 'operating_microscope': 'binocular microscope used in surgery to provide a clear view of small and inaccessible parts of the body (as in microsurgery)', 'operating_room': 'a room in a hospital equipped for the performance of surgical operations; \"great care is taken to keep the operating rooms aseptic\"', 'operating_table': 'table on which the patient lies during a surgical operation', 'ophthalmoscope': 'medical instrument for examining the retina of the eye', 'opiate': 'a narcotic drug that contains opium or an opium derivative', 'opium': 'an addictive narcotic extracted from seed capsules of the opium poppy', 'opium_den': 'a building where opium is sold and used', 'optical_bench': 'apparatus for observation and measurement of optical phenomena', 'optical_device': 'a device for producing or controlling light', 'optical_disk': 'a disk coated with plastic that can store digital data as tiny pits etched in the surface; is read with a laser that scans the surface', 'optical_fiber': 'a very thin fiber made of glass that functions as a waveguide for light; used in bundles to transmit images', 'optical_instrument': 'an instrument designed to aid vision', 'optical_pyrometer': 'a pyrometer that uses the color of the light emitted by a hot object', 'optical_telescope': 'an astronomical telescope designed to collect and record light from cosmic sources', 'oracle': 'a prophecy (usually obscure or allegorical) revealed by a priest or priestess; believed to be infallible', 'orange_grove': 'grove of orange trees', 'orb_web': 'a circular spider web', 'orchestra': 'a musical organization consisting of a group of instrumentalists including string players', 'orchestra_pit': 'lowered area in front of a stage where an orchestra accompanies the performers', 'OR_circuit': 'a gate circuit in a computer that fires when any of its inputs fire', 'order_book': \"a book in which customers' orders are entered; usually makes multiple copies of the order\", 'ordinary': 'the expected or commonplace condition or situation; \"not out of the ordinary\"', 'organ': 'a government agency or instrument devoted to the performance of some specific function; \"The Census Bureau is an organ of the Commerce Department\"', 'organdy': 'a sheer stiff muslin', 'organic_light-emitting_diode': 'a self-luminous diode (it glows when an electrical field is applied to the electrodes) that does not require backlighting or diffusers', 'organ_loft': 'a gallery occupied by a church organ', 'organ_pipe': 'the flues and stops on a pipe organ', 'organ_stop': 'a graduated set of organ pipes of like tone quality', 'organza': 'a fabric made of silk or a silklike fabric that resembles organdy', 'oriel': 'a projecting bay window corbeled or cantilevered out from a wall', 'oriflamme': 'an inspiring symbol or ideal that serves as a rallying point in a struggle', 'O_ring': 'a gasket consisting of a flat ring of rubber or plastic; used to seal a joint against high pressure', 'Orlon': 'an acrylic fiber or the lightweight crease-resistant fabric made with Orlon yarns', 'orlop_deck': 'the fourth or lowest deck', 'orphanage': 'the condition of being a child without living parents; \"his early orphanage shaped his character as an adult\"', 'orphenadrine': 'a skeletal muscle relaxant (trade name Norflex) used to treat severe muscle strain and Parkinsonism', 'orphrey': 'a richly embroidered edging on an ecclesiastical vestment', 'orrery': 'planetarium consisting of an apparatus that illustrates the relative positions and motions of bodies in the solar system by rotation and revolution of balls moved by wheelwork; sometimes incorporated in a clock', 'orthicon': 'a now obsolete picture pickup tube in a television camera; electrons emitted from a photoemissive surface in proportion to the intensity of the incident light are focused onto the target causing secondary emission of electrons', 'orthochromatic_film': 'a photographic film sensitive to green and blue and violet light', 'orthopter': 'heavier-than-air craft that is propelled by the flapping of wings', 'orthoscope': 'an ophthalmoscope with a layer of water to neutralize the refraction of the cornea', 'oscillator': 'generator that produces sonic oscillations or alternating current', 'oscillogram': 'the recording produced by an oscillograph', 'oscillograph': 'a device for making a record of the wave forms of fluctuating voltages or currents', 'oscilloscope': 'electronic equipment that provides visual images of varying electrical quantities', 'ossuary': 'any receptacle for the burial of human bones', 'otoscope': 'medical instrument consisting of a magnifying lens and light; used for examining the external ear (the auditory meatus and especially the tympanic membrane)', 'ottoman': 'thick cushion used as a seat', 'oubliette': 'a dungeon with the only entrance or exit being a trap door in the ceiling', 'Ouija': 'a board with the alphabet on it; used with a planchette to spell out supernatural messages', 'out-basket': 'a wood or metal receptacle placed on your desk to hold your outgoing material', 'outboard_motor': 'internal-combustion engine that mounts at stern of small boat', 'outboard_motorboat': 'a motorboat with an outboard motor', 'outbuilding': 'a building that is subordinate to and separate from a main building', 'outerwear': 'clothing for use outdoors', 'outfall': 'the outlet of a river or drain or other source of water', 'outfield': 'the area of a baseball playing field beyond the lines connecting the bases', 'outfit': 'any cohesive unit such as a military company', 'outfitter': \"someone who sells men's clothes\", 'outhouse': 'a small outbuilding with a bench having holes through which a user can defecate', 'outlet_box': '(electricity) receptacle consisting of the metal box designed for connections to a wiring system', 'outpost': 'a military post stationed at a distance from the main body of troops', 'output_device': 'electronic or electromechanical equipment connected to a computer and used to transfer data out of the computer in the form of text, images, sounds, or other media', 'outrigger': 'a stabilizer for a canoe; spars attach to a shaped log or float parallel to the hull', 'outrigger_canoe': 'a seagoing canoe (as in South Pacific) with an outrigger to prevent it from upsetting', 'outside_caliper': 'caliper for measuring outside dimensions; points on its legs curve inward', 'outside_clinch': 'a clinch with the end of the line outside the loop', 'outside_mirror': 'car mirror that reflects the view at side and behind car', 'outsider_art': 'a genre of art and outdoor constructions made by untrained artists who do not recognize themselves as artists', 'outsole': 'the outer sole of a shoe or boot that is the bottom of the shoe and makes contact with the ground', 'outwork': 'subsidiary defensive structure lying outside the main fortified area; \"the outworks of the castle\"', 'Oval_Office': 'the office of the President of the United States in the White House', 'oven': 'kitchen appliance used for baking or roasting', 'oven_thermometer': 'a thermometer that registers the temperature inside an oven', 'ovenware': 'heat-resistant dishware in which food can be cooked as well as served', 'overall': 'a loose protective coverall or smock worn over ordinary clothing for dirty work', 'overcoat': 'an additional protective coating (as of paint or varnish)', 'overdrive': 'the state of high or excessive activity or productivity or concentration; \"Troops are ready to go into overdrive as soon as the signal is given\"; \"Melissa\\'s brain was in overdrive\"', 'overgarment': 'a garment worn over other garments', 'overhand_knot': 'a simple small knot (often used as part of other knots)', 'overhand_stitch': 'a stitch passing over an edge vertically', 'overhang': 'projection that extends beyond or hangs over something else', 'overhead_projector': \"a projector operated by a speaker; projects the image over the speaker's head\", 'overlay': 'a layer of decorative material (such as gold leaf or wood veneer) applied over a surface', 'overload': 'an electrical load that exceeds the available electrical power', 'overmantel': 'a shelf over a mantelpiece', 'overnighter': 'a guest who stays overnight', 'overpass': 'bridge formed by the upper level of a crossing of two highways at different levels', 'overprint': 'something added by overprinting', 'override': 'a manually operated device to correct the operation of an automatic device', 'overshoe': 'footwear that protects your shoes from water or snow or cold', 'overskirt': 'an outer skirt worn over another skirt', 'over-the-counter_drug': 'a drug that is sold without a prescription', 'over-the-counter_market': 'a stock exchange where securities transactions are made via telephone and computer rather than on the floor of an exchange', 'Ovocon': 'trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norethindrone', 'ovolo': 'a convex molding having a cross section in the form of a quarter of a circle or of an ellipse', 'Ovral': 'trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norgestrel', 'Ovrette': 'trade name for an oral contraceptive containing norgestrel', 'Ovulen': 'trade name for an oral contraceptive containing mestranol and a progestin compound', 'oxacillin': 'a form of penicillin resistant to penicillinase and effective against penicillin-resistant staphylococci', 'oxaprozin': 'a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Daypro)', 'oxazepam': 'a tranquilizing drug (trade name Serax) used to treat anxiety and insomnia and alcohol withdrawal', 'oxbow': 'the land inside an oxbow bend in a river', 'Oxbridge': 'general term for an ancient and prestigious and privileged university (especially Oxford University or Cambridge University)', 'oxcart': 'a cart that is drawn by an ox', 'oxeye': 'Eurasian perennial herbs having daisylike flowers with yellow rays and dark centers', 'oxford': 'a low shoe laced over the instep', 'Oxford_University': 'a university in England', 'oximeter': 'a measuring instrument that measures the oxygen in arterial blood', 'oxyacetylene_torch': 'a blowtorch that burns oxyacetylene', 'oxygen_mask': 'a breathing device that is placed over the mouth and nose; supplies oxygen from an attached storage tank', 'oxyphenbutazone': 'an anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Tandearil) used to treat arthritis and bursitis', 'oxyphencyclimine': 'an anticholinergic drug (trade name Daricon) used in treating peptic ulcers', 'oxytetracycline': 'a yellow crystalline antibiotic (trademark Terramycin) obtained from a soil actinomycete; used to treat various bacterial and rickettsial infections', 'oxytocic': 'a drug that induces labor by stimulating contractions of the muscles of the uterus', 'oyster_bar': 'a bar (as in a restaurant) that specializes in oysters prepared in different ways', 'oyster_bed': 'a workplace where oysters are bred and grown', 'pace_car': 'a high-performance car that leads a parade of competing cars through the pace lap and then pulls off the course', 'pacemaker': 'a specialized bit of heart tissue that controls the heartbeat', 'pacifier': 'anything that serves to pacify', 'pack': 'a group of hunting animals', 'package': 'a collection of things wrapped or boxed together', 'packaged_goods': 'groceries that are packaged for sale', 'package_store': 'a store that sells alcoholic beverages for consumption elsewhere', 'packet': '(computer science) a message or message fragment', 'packing_box': 'a large crate in which goods are packed for shipment or storage', 'packinghouse': 'a building where foodstuffs are processed and packed; \"they came from an apple packinghouse\"', 'packing_needle': 'a large needle used to sew up canvas packages', 'packsaddle': 'a saddle for pack animals to which loads can be attached', 'packthread': 'a strong three-ply twine used to sew or tie packages', 'padding': 'artifact consisting of soft or resilient material used to fill or give shape or protect or add comfort', 'paddle': 'small wooden bat with a flat surface; used for hitting balls in various games', 'paddle_box': 'a wooden covering for the upper part of a paddlewheel', 'paddle_steamer': 'a steam vessel propelled by paddle wheels', 'paddlewheel': 'a large wheel fitted with paddles and driven by an engine in order to propel a boat', 'paddock': 'pen where racehorses are saddled and paraded before a race', 'padlock': 'a detachable lock; has a hinged shackle that can be passed through the staple of a hasp or the links in a chain and then snapped shut', 'page_printer': 'a printer that prints one page at a time', 'pagoda': 'an Asian temple; usually a pyramidal tower with an upward curving roof', 'paillasse': 'mattress consisting of a thin pad filled with straw or sawdust', 'paint': 'a substance used as a coating to protect or decorate a surface (especially a mixture of pigment suspended in a liquid); dries to form a hard coating; \"artists use `paint\\' and `pigment\\' interchangeably\"', 'paintball_gun': 'an air gun used in the game of paintball; designed to simulate a semiautomatic', 'paintbox': \"a box containing a collection of cubes or tubes of artists' paint\", 'paintbrush': 'a brush used as an applicator (to apply paint)', 'painter': 'a worker who is employed to cover objects with paint', 'paint_roller': 'a roller that has an absorbent surface used for spreading paint', 'paisley': 'a soft wool fabric with a colorful swirled pattern of curved shapes', 'pajama': 'a pair of loose trousers tied by a drawstring around the waist; worn by men and women in some Asian countries', 'palace': 'the governing group of a kingdom; \"the palace issued an order binding on all subjects\"', 'palanquin': 'a closed litter carried on the shoulders of four bearers', 'paleolith': 'a stone tool from the Paleolithic age', 'palestra': 'a public place in ancient Greece or Rome devoted to the training of wrestlers and other athletes', 'palette': 'the range of colour characteristic of a particular artist or painting or school of art', 'palette_knife': 'a spatula used by artists for mixing or applying or scraping off oil paints', 'palisade': 'fortification consisting of a strong fence made of stakes driven into the ground', 'pall': 'burial garment in which a corpse is wrapped', 'pallet': 'a portable platform for storing or moving goods that are stacked on it', 'pallette': 'one of the rounded armor plates at the armpits of a suit of armor', 'palliative': 'remedy that alleviates pain without curing', 'pallium': '(Roman Catholic Church) vestment consisting of a band encircling the shoulders with two lappets hanging in front and back', 'pan': 'cooking utensil consisting of a wide metal vessel', 'panacea': 'hypothetical remedy for all ills or diseases; once sought by the alchemists', 'panache': 'a feathered plume on a helmet', 'Panama_Canal': 'a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)', 'panatela': 'a long slender cigar', 'pancake_turner': 'turner for serving or turning pancakes', 'panchromatic_film': 'photographic film sensitive to light of all colors (including red)', 'panda_car': 'a police cruiser', \"Pandora's_box\": '(Greek mythology) a box that Zeus gave to Pandora with instructions that she not open it; she gave in to her curiosity and opened it; all the miseries and evils flew out to afflict mankind', 'pane': 'sheet glass cut in shapes for windows or doors', 'panel': '(law) a group of people summoned for jury service (from whom a jury will be chosen)', 'panel_heating': 'heating system consisting of wall or floor or baseboard or ceiling panels containing electric conductors or heating pipes', 'paneling': 'a panel or section of panels in a wall or door', 'panel_light': 'a light to illuminate an instrument panel', 'panhandle': 'a relatively narrow strip of land projecting from some larger area; \"Wheeling is located in the northern panhandle of West Virginia\"', 'panic_button': 'a button to push in order to summon help in case of an emergency; \"the circuit is operated by a panic button\"; \"when he saw that I was angry he hit the panic button\"', 'pannier': 'either of a pair of bags or boxes hung over the rear wheel of a vehicle (as a bicycle)', 'pannikin': 'a small pan or cup (usually of tin)', 'panopticon': 'an area where everything is visible', 'panorama': 'a picture (or series of pictures) representing a continuous scene', 'panoramic_sight': 'gunsight (a telescopic device for an artillery piece) that can be rotated horizontally in a full circle', 'panpipe': 'a primitive wind instrument consisting of several parallel pipes bound together', 'pantaloon': 'trousers worn in former times', 'pantechnicon': 'a large moving van (especially one used for moving furniture)', 'pantheon': 'all the gods of a religion', 'pantie': 'short underpants for women or children (usually used in the plural)', 'pant_leg': 'the leg of a pair of trousers', 'pantograph': 'mechanical device used to copy a figure or plan on a different scale', 'pantry': 'a small storeroom for storing foods or wines', 'pants_suit': 'a pair of pants and a matching jacket worn by women', 'panty_girdle': \"a woman's undergarment that combines a girdle and panties\", 'pantyhose': \"a woman's tights consisting of underpants and stockings\", 'panzer': 'an armored vehicle or tank', 'papal_cross': 'a cross with three crossbars', 'papaverine': 'an alkaloid medicine (trade name Kavrin) obtained from opium; used to relax smooth muscles; it is nonaddictive', 'paperback_book': 'a book with paper covers', 'paper_chain': 'a chain made of loops of colored paper; used to decorate a room', 'paper_clip': 'a wire or plastic clip for holding sheets of paper together; \"the paper clip was invented in 1900\"', 'paper_cutter': 'a cutting implement for cutting sheets of paper to the desired size', 'paper_doll': 'a piece of paper cut or folded into the shape of a human being', 'paper_fastener': 'a fastener for holding a sheet of paper in place', 'paper_feed': 'a device for inserting sheets of paper into a printer or typewriter; \"the job was delayed because the paper feed was clogged\"', 'paper_mill': 'a mill where paper is manufactured', 'paper_plate': 'a disposable plate made of cardboard', 'paper_towel': 'a disposable towel made of absorbent paper', 'paperweight': 'a weight used to hold down a stack of papers', 'parabolic_mirror': 'a parabolic reflector for light radiation', 'parabolic_reflector': 'a concave reflector used to produce a parallel beam when the source is placed at its focus or to focus an incoming parallel beam', 'parachute': 'rescue equipment consisting of a device that fills with air and retards your fall', 'parallel_bars': 'gymnastic apparatus consisting of two parallel wooden rods supported on uprights', 'parallel_circuit': 'a closed circuit in which the current divides into two or more paths before recombining to complete the circuit', 'parallel_interface': 'an interface between a computer and a printer where the computer sends multiple bits of information to the printer simultaneously', 'paramagnet': 'magnet made of a substance whose magnetization is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field applied to it', 'parang': 'a stout straight knife used in Malaysia and Indonesia', 'parapet': 'a low wall along the edge of a roof or balcony', 'parasail': 'parachute that will lift a person up into the air when it is towed by a motorboat or a car', 'parasol': 'a handheld collapsible source of shade', 'paregoric': 'medicine used to treat diarrhea', 'parer': 'a manicurist who trims the fingernails', 'parfait_glass': 'a tall slender glass with a short stem in which parfait is served', 'pari-mutuel_machine': 'computer that registers bets and divides the total amount bet among those who won', 'Paris_University': 'a university in Paris; intellectual center of France', 'park': 'a piece of open land for recreational use in an urban area; \"they went for a walk in the park\"', 'parka': \"a kind of heavy jacket (`windcheater' is a British term)\", 'park_bench': 'a bench in a public park', 'parking_meter': 'a coin-operated timer located next to a parking space; depositing money into it entitles you to park your car there for a specified length of time', 'parlor': 'reception room in an inn or club where visitors can be received', 'parlor_car': 'a passenger car for day travel; you pay extra fare for individual chairs', 'paroxetime': 'a selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor commonly prescribed as an antidepressant (trade name Paxil)', 'parquet': 'a floor made of parquetry', 'parquet_circle': 'seating at the rear of the main floor (beneath the balconies)', 'parquetry': 'a patterned wood inlay used to cover a floor', 'parsonage': 'an official residence provided by a church for its parson or vicar or rector', 'Parsons_table': 'a sturdy rectangular table with block legs at the four corners; the top and the legs are the same width', 'part': 'something determined in relation to something that includes it; \"he wanted to feel a part of something bigger than himself\"; \"I read a portion of the manuscript\"; \"the smaller component is hard to reach\"; \"the animal constituent of plankton\"', 'parterre': 'an ornamental flower garden; beds and paths are arranged to form a pattern', 'Parthenon': 'the main temple of the goddess Athena; built on the acropolis in Athens more than 400 years B.C.; example of Doric architecture', 'partial_denture': 'a denture replacing one or more teeth in a dental arch', 'particle_detector': 'a chamber in which particles can be made visible', 'partisan': 'a fervent and even militant proponent of something', 'partition': '(computer science) the part of a hard disk that is dedicated to a particular operating system or application and accessed as a single unit', 'parts_bin': 'a bin for holding spare parts', 'party_favor': 'souvenir consisting of a small gift given to a guest at a party', 'party_line': 'the policy of a political group; \"He won in a vote along party lines\"', 'party_wall': 'a wall erected on the line between two properties and shared by both owners', 'parvis': 'a courtyard or portico in front of a building (especially a cathedral)', 'passageway': 'a passage between rooms or between buildings', 'passenger_car': 'a railcar where passengers ride', 'passenger_ship': 'a ship built to carry passengers', 'passenger_train': 'a train that carries passengers', 'passenger_van': 'a van that carries passengers', 'passe-partout': 'a mounting for a picture using gummed tape', 'passive_matrix_display': 'a type of LCD display used for some portable computers; parallel wires run both vertically and horizontally and pixels are turned on when the wires intersecting at that pixel are both energized; \"passive matrix displays are generally inferior to active matrix displays\"', 'passkey': 'key that secures entrance everywhere', 'pass-through': 'an opening that resembles a window between two rooms (especially a shelved opening between a kitchen and dining room that is used to pass dishes)', 'paste-up': 'a composition of flat objects pasted on a board or other backing; \"they showed him a paste-up of the book jacket\"', 'pastiche': 'a work of art that imitates the style of some previous work', 'pastry_cart': 'a serving cart for displaying pastry desserts to restaurant patrons', 'pasty': 'small meat pie or turnover', 'patch': 'a short set of commands to correct a bug in a computer program', 'patchcord': 'a length of wire that has a plug at each end; used to make connections at a patchboard', 'patchouli': 'small East Indian shrubby mint; fragrant oil from its leaves is used in perfumes', 'patch_pocket': 'a flat pocket sewn to the outside of a garment', 'patchwork': 'a theory or argument made up of miscellaneous or incongruous ideas', 'patent_log': \"a cigar-shaped log with rotary fins that measure the ship's speed\", 'patent_medicine': \"medicine that is protected by a patent and available without a doctor's prescription\", 'paternoster': 'a type of lift having a chain of open compartments that move continually in an endless loop so that (agile) passengers can step on or off at each floor', 'path': 'a line or route along which something travels or moves; \"the hurricane demolished houses in its path\"; \"the track of an animal\"; \"the course of the river\"', 'pathway': 'a trodden path', 'patina': 'a fine coating of oxide on the surface of a metal', 'patio': 'usually paved outdoor area adjoining a residence', 'patisserie': 'a bakery specializing in French pastry', 'patka': 'a scarf worn by Sikh men', 'patriarchal_cross': 'a cross with two crossbars', 'patrol_boat': 'a vessel assigned to patrol an area', 'patty-pan': 'a pan for cooking patties or pasties', 'pave': 'a setting with precious stones so closely set that no metal shows', 'paved_surface': 'a level horizontal surface covered with paving material', 'pavement': 'the paved surface of a thoroughfare', 'pavilion': 'large and often sumptuous tent', 'paving_stone': 'a stone used for paving', 'pavior': 'a machine for laying pavement', 'pavis': '(Middle Ages) a large heavy oblong shield protecting the whole body; originally carried but sometimes set up in permanent position', 'pawl': 'a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward', \"pawnbroker's_shop\": 'a shop where loans are made with personal property as security', 'pay-phone': 'a coin-operated telephone', 'PC_board': 'a removable circuit board for a personal computer; fits into a slot in the mother board', 'peacekeeper': 'a member of a military force that is assigned (often with international sanction) to preserve peace in a trouble area', 'peach_orchard': 'a grove of peach trees', 'peacock-throne': 'the golden throne of former kings of Delhi; stolen by the Persians in 1739 and subsequently lost; symbol of the former Shah of Iran', 'pea_jacket': \"a sailor's heavy woolen double-breasted jacket\", 'pearl_fishery': 'a fishery where they fish for pearl oysters', 'pea_shooter': 'a straight narrow tube through which pellets (as dried peas) can be blown at a target', 'peavey': 'a stout lever with a sharp spike; used for handling logs', 'pectoral': 'either of two large muscles of the chest', 'pedal': 'a lever that is operated with the foot', 'pedal_pusher': 'snug trousers ending at the calves; worn by women and girls', 'pedestal': 'a position of great esteem (and supposed superiority); \"they put him on a pedestal\"', 'pedestal_table': 'a table supported by a single central column', 'pedestrian_crossing': 'street crossing where pedestrians have right of way; often marked in some way (especially with diagonal stripes)', 'pedicab': 'a tricycle (usually propelled by pedalling); used in the Orient for transporting passengers for hire; \"boys who once pulled rickshaws now pedal pedicabs\"', 'pediment': 'a triangular gable between a horizontal entablature and a sloping roof', 'pedometer': 'measuring instrument for recording the number of steps taken in walking', 'peeler': 'a worker who peels the skins from fruits and vegetables', 'peen': 'the part of a hammerhead opposite the flat striking surface (may have various shapes)', 'peephole': 'a hole (in a door or an oven etc) through which you can peep', 'peep_sight': 'rear gunsight having an adjustable eyepiece with a small aperture through which the front sight and the target are aligned', 'peg': 'small markers inserted into a surface to mark scores or define locations etc.', 'pegboard': 'a board perforated with regularly spaced holes into which pegs can be fitted', 'peg_top': 'a pear-shaped top made of wood with a metal center pin', 'Pelham': 'a bit with a bar mouthpiece that is designed to combine a curb and snaffle', 'pelican_crossing': 'an acronym for pedestrian light control; a pedestrian crossing with traffic lights that are controlled by pedestrians', 'pelisse': 'a sleeveless cape that is lined or trimmed with fur', 'pelvimeter': 'measuring instrument for performing pelvimetry', 'penal_colony': 'a penal institution where prisoners are exiled (often located on an island from which escape is difficult or impossible)', 'penal_institution': 'an institution where persons are confined for punishment and to protect the public', 'penalty_box': '(ice hockey) an enclosed bench to the side of an ice-hockey rink for players who are serving time penalties', 'pen-and-ink': 'a drawing executed with pen and ink', 'pencil': 'graphite (or a similar substance) used in such a way as to be a medium of communication; \"the words were scribbled in pencil\"; \"this artist\\'s favorite medium is pencil\"', 'pencil_box': 'a box for holding pencils', 'pencil_sharpener': 'a rotary implement for sharpening the point on pencils', 'pendant': 'an adornment that hangs from a piece of jewelry (necklace or earring)', 'pendant_earring': 'an earring with a pendant ornament', 'pendulum': 'an apparatus consisting of an object mounted so that it swings freely under the influence of gravity', 'pendulum_clock': 'a clock regulated by a pendulum', 'pendulum_watch': '(18th century) a watch with a balance wheel having a fake pendulum attached to it', 'penetration_bomb': 'a bomb with about 30% explosive and a casing designed to penetrate hardened targets before the explosive detonates', 'penicillamine': \"a drug (trade name Cuprimine) used to treat heavy metal poisoning and Wilson's disease and severe arthritis\", 'penicillin': 'any of various antibiotics obtained from Penicillium molds (or produced synthetically) and used in the treatment of various infections and diseases', 'penicillinase-resistant_antibiotic': 'a form of penicillin that is not rendered inactive by penicillinase', 'penicillin_F': 'the first form of penicillin that was isolated in Great Britain', 'penicillin_G': 'the penicillin that constitutes the principal component of many commercial antibiotics', 'penicillin_O': 'a penicillin that is similar in antibiotic action to penicillin G but is obtained differently', 'penicillin_V': 'a crystalline penicillin similar in action to penicillin G but more resistant to the action of gastric acids', 'penicillin_V_potassium': 'a form of penicillin V (trade name Ledercillin VK)', 'penile_implant': 'an implant that creates an artificial erection', 'penitentiary': 'a correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes', 'penknife': 'a small pocketknife; originally used to cut quill pens', 'penlight': 'a small flashlight resembling a fountain pen', 'pennant': 'a flag longer than it is wide (and often tapering)', 'pennoncel': 'a small pennant borne on a lance', 'penny_arcade': 'an arcade with coin-operated devices for entertainment', 'pennywhistle': 'an inexpensive fipple flute', 'pentaerythritol': 'a coronary vasodilator (trade name Peritrate) used to treat angina pectoris', 'Pentagon': 'the United States military establishment', 'pentazocine': 'analgesic drug (trade name Talwin) that is less addictive than morphine', 'penthouse': 'an apartment located on the top floors of a building', 'pentimento': 'the reappearance in a painting of an underlying image that had been painted over (usually when the later painting becomes transparent with age)', 'pentobarbital_sodium': 'a barbiturate (trade name Nembutal) used as a sedative and hypnotic and antispasmodic', 'pentode': 'a thermionic tube having five electrodes', 'pentoxifylline': 'a drug (trade name Trental) used to treat claudication; believed to increase the flexibility of red blood cells so they can flow through the blood vessels to the legs and feet', 'pentylenetetrazol': 'a drug used as a circulatory and respiratory stimulant; larger doses cause convulsions in shock therapy; Metrazol is a trademark', 'peplos': 'a garment worn by women in ancient Greece; cloth caught at the shoulders and draped in folds to the waist', 'peplum': 'a flared ruffle attached to the waistline of a dress or jacket or blouse', 'pepper-and-salt': 'a fabric woven with flecks of light and dark', 'pepper_mill': 'a mill for grinding pepper', 'pepper_shaker': 'a shaker with a perforated top for sprinkling ground pepper', 'pepper_spray': 'a nonlethal aerosol spray made with the pepper derivative oleoresin capiscum; used to cause temporary blindness and incapacitate an attacker; also used as a bear deterrent', 'percale': 'a fine closely woven cotton fabric', 'percolator': 'a coffeepot in which boiling water ascends through a central tube and filters back down through a basket of ground coffee beans', 'percussion_cap': 'a detonator that explodes when struck', 'percussion_instrument': 'a musical instrument in which the sound is produced by one object striking another', 'perfume': 'a toiletry that emits and diffuses a fragrant odor', 'period_piece': 'any work of art whose special value lies in its evocation of a historical period', 'peripheral': '(computer science) electronic equipment connected by cable to the CPU of a computer; \"disk drives and printers are important peripherals\"', 'periscope': 'an optical instrument that provides a view of an otherwise obstructed field', 'peristyle': 'a colonnade surrounding a building or enclosing a court', 'periwig': 'a wig for men that was fashionable in the 17th and 18th centuries', 'periwinkle_plant_derivative': 'an antineoplastic drug used to treat some forms of cancer', 'permanent_magnet': 'a magnet that retains its magnetism after being removed from a magnetic field', 'permanent_press': 'a fabric that has been chemically processed to resist wrinkles and hold its shape', 'perpendicular': 'a straight line at right angles to another line', 'perpetual_motion_machine': 'a machine that can continue to do work indefinitely without drawing energy from some external source; impossible under the law of conservation of energy', 'perphenazine': 'tranquilizer and antidepressant (trade name Triavil) sometimes used as an antiemetic for adults', 'personal_computer': 'a small digital computer based on a microprocessor and designed to be used by one person at a time', 'personal_digital_assistant': 'a lightweight consumer electronic device that looks like a hand-held computer but instead performs specific tasks; can serve as a diary or a personal database or a telephone or an alarm clock etc.', 'personnel_carrier': 'a military vehicle (usually armored) for transporting military personnel and their equipment', 'pestle': 'a heavy tool of stone or iron (usually with a flat base and a handle) that is used to grind and mix material (as grain or drugs or pigments) against a slab of stone', 'petard': 'an explosive device used to break down a gate or wall', 'petcock': 'regulator consisting of a small cock or faucet or valve for letting out air or releasing compression or draining', 'Peter_Pan_collar': 'a flat collar with rounded ends that meet in front', 'petit_point': 'a small diagonal needlepoint stitch', 'Petri_dish': 'a shallow dish used to culture bacteria', 'petrolatum_gauze': 'gauze saturated with petrolatum', 'Petronas_Towers': 'twin skyscrapers built in Kuala Lumpur in 1997; 1482 feet high', 'pet_shop': 'a shop where pet animals can be purchased', 'petticoat': 'undergarment worn under a skirt', 'pew': 'long bench with backs; used in church by the congregation', 'pharmaceutical': 'drug or medicine that is prepared or dispensed in pharmacies and used in medical treatment', 'pharmacopoeia': 'a collection or stock of drugs', 'phenazopyridine': 'analgesic (trade name Pyridium) used to treat urinary tract infections', 'phencyclidine': \"a drug used as an anesthetic by veterinarians; illicitly taken (originally in the form of powder or `dust') for its effects as a hallucinogen\", 'phenelzine': 'monoamine oxidase inhibitor (trade name Nardil) used to treat clinical depression', 'pheniramine': 'an antihistamine used in preparations to treat allergies and respiratory infections; used to treat rhinitis and skin rashes and pruritus', 'phenolphthalein': 'a laxative used in many preparations under various trade names; also used as an acid-base indicator in titrations involving weak acids and strong bases because it is brilliant red at high alkalinity and colorless below pH 8', 'phensuximide': 'anticonvulsant (trade name Milontin) used to treat petit mal', 'phentolamine': 'a virility drug (trade name Vasomax) to treat erectile dysfunction in men', 'phenylbutazone': 'anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Butazolidin)', 'phenylephrine': 'a powerful vasoconstrictor used to dilate the pupils and relieve nasal congestion', 'phenylpropanolamine': 'an adrenergic drug used in many preparations to relieve allergic reactions or respiratory infections; \"drugs containing phenylpropanolamine are being recalled\"', 'phenyltoloxamine': 'antihistamine included in some preparations used to treat coughing and nasal congestion', 'phial': 'a small bottle that contains a drug (especially a sealed sterile container for injection by needle)', 'Phillips_screw': 'a screw with a special head having crossed slots', 'Phillips_screwdriver': 'a screwdriver for use with Phillips screws', 'phonograph_album': 'an album for holding phonograph records', 'phonograph_needle': 'a stylus that formerly made sound by following a groove in a phonograph record', 'phonograph_record': 'sound recording consisting of a disk with a continuous groove; used to reproduce music by rotating while a phonograph needle tracks in the groove', 'photocathode': 'a cathode that emits electrons when illuminated', 'photocoagulator': 'surgical instrument containing a laser for use in photocoagulation', 'photocopier': 'a copier that uses photographic methods of making copies', 'photocopy': 'a photographic copy of written or printed or graphic work', 'photoelectric_cell': 'a transducer used to detect and measure light and other radiations', 'photograph': 'a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide; recorded by a camera on light-sensitive material', 'photograph_album': 'an album for photographs', 'photographic_equipment': 'equipment used by a photographer', 'photographic_paper': 'light-sensitive paper on which photograph can be printed', 'photographic_print': 'a printed picture produced from a photographic negative', 'photolithograph': 'a lithograph produced by photographically produced plates', 'photometer': 'measuring instrument for measuring the luminous intensity of a source by comparing it (visually or photoelectrically) with a standard source', 'photomicrograph': 'a photograph taken with the help of a microscope', 'photomontage': 'a montage that uses photographic images', 'Photostat': 'a duplicating machine that makes quick positive or negative copies directly on the surface of prepared paper', 'photostat': 'a photocopy made on a Photostat machine', 'phrontistery': 'an establishment for study and learning (sometimes including modern universities)', 'physical_pendulum': 'pendulum consisting of an actual object allowed to rotate freely around a horizontal axis', 'physics_lab': 'a laboratory for research in physics', 'piano': '(music) low loudness', 'piano_action': 'action consisting of a system of levers that move a felt hammer to strike the strings when a key is depressed', 'piano_keyboard': 'a bank of keys on a musical instrument', 'piano_wire': 'thin steel wire of high tensile strength', 'piccolo': 'a small flute; pitched an octave above the standard flute', 'pickelhaube': 'a spiked helmet worn by German soldiers', 'picket_boat': 'a boat serving as a picket', 'picket_fence': 'a fence made of upright pickets', 'picket_ship': 'a ship serving as a picket', 'pickle_barrel': 'a barrel holding vinegar in which cucumbers are pickled', 'picot': 'an edging of small loops, as on lace or ribbon', 'picture': 'a situation treated as an observable object; \"the political picture is favorable\"; \"the religious scene in England has changed in the last century\"', 'picture_book': 'a book consisting chiefly of pictures', 'picture_frame': 'a framework in which a picture is mounted', 'picture_hat': \"a woman's dressy hat with a wide brim\", 'picture_rail': 'rail fixed to a wall for hanging pictures', 'picture_window': 'a large window with a single pane (usually overlooking a view)', 'piece': 'a serving that has been cut from a larger portion; \"a piece of pie\"; \"a slice of bread\"', 'piece_of_cloth': 'a separate part consisting of fabric', 'piece_of_leather': 'a separate part consisting of leather', 'pied-a-terre': 'lodging for occasional or secondary use; \"they bought a pied-a-terre in London\"', 'pier': '(architecture) a vertical supporting structure (as a portion of wall between two doors or windows)', 'pier_arch': 'an arch supported on piers', 'pier_glass': 'a large mirror between two windows', 'Pierre_Laporte_Bridge': 'a suspension bridge across the Saint Lawrence River at Quebec', 'pier_table': 'a low table set below a pier glass', 'pieta': 'a representation of the Virgin Mary mourning over the dead body of Jesus', 'piezoelectric_crystal': 'a crystal that can be used as a transducer', 'piezometer': 'a measuring instrument for measuring high pressures', 'pig': 'a crude block of metal (lead or iron) poured from a smelting furnace', 'pig_bed': 'mold consisting of a bed of sand in which pig iron is cast', 'piggery': 'a farm where pigs are raised or kept', 'piggy_bank': \"a child's coin bank (often shaped like a pig)\", 'pikestaff': 'the staff of a pike', 'pilaster': 'a rectangular column that usually projects about a third of its width from the wall to which it is attached', 'pile': 'a large sum of money (especially as pay or profit); \"she made a bundle selling real estate\"; \"they sank megabucks into their new house\"', 'pile_driver': 'a machine that drives piling into the ground', 'pill': 'a unpleasant or tiresome person', 'pillar_box': 'a red pillar-shaped letter box', 'pill_bottle': 'a small bottle for holding pills', 'pillbox': \"a small round woman's hat\", 'pillion': 'a seat behind the rider of a horse or motorbike etc.', 'pillory': 'a wooden instrument of punishment on a post with holes for the wrists and neck; offenders were locked in and so exposed to public scorn', 'pillow': 'a cushion to support the head of a sleeping person', 'pillow_block': 'a cast-iron or steel block for supporting a journal or bearing', 'pillow_lace': 'a handmade lace worked on a pillow with threads wound on bobbins; the pattern is marked out on the pillow by pins', 'pillow_sham': 'bed linen consisting of a decorative cover for a pillow', 'pilocarpine': 'cholinergic alkaloid used in eyedrops to treat glaucoma', 'pilot_balloon': 'meteorological balloon used to observe air currents', 'pilot_bit': 'a small bit that drills a first hole to guide a larger drill', 'pilot_boat': 'a boat to carry pilots to and from large ships', 'pilot_burner': 'small auxiliary gas burner that provides a flame to ignite a larger gas burner', 'pilot_cloth': 'a thick blue cloth used to make overcoats and coats for sailors etc', 'pilot_engine': 'a locomotive that precedes a train to check the track', 'pilothouse': 'an enclosed compartment from which a vessel can be navigated', 'pilot_light': 'indicator consisting of a light to indicate whether power is on or a motor is in operation', 'Pimlico': 'a racetrack for thoroughbred racing; site of the Preakness', 'pimozide': 'the most commonly used diphenylbutyl piperidine', 'pin': 'informal terms for the leg; \"fever left him weak on his sticks\"', 'pinata': 'plaything consisting of a container filled with toys and candy; suspended from a height for blindfolded children to break with sticks', 'pinball_machine': 'game equipment on which pinball is played; \"in Britain they call a pinball machine a pin table\"', 'pince-nez': 'spectacles clipped to the nose by a spring', 'pincer': 'a hand tool for holding consisting of a compound lever for grasping', 'pinch_bar': 'a lever with a pointed projection that serves as a fulcrum; used to roll heavy wheels', 'pincurl_clip': 'a variety of clip for holding pin curls', 'pincushion': 'a small stiff cushion into which pins are stuck ready for use', 'pindolol': 'an oral beta blocker (trade name Visken) used in treating hypertension', 'pine-tar_rag': 'baseball equipment consisting of a rag soaked with pine tar; used on the handle of a baseball bat to give a batter a firm grip', 'pinfold': 'a pen where stray animals are confined', 'pinger': 'a pulse generator used for echo sounding in sonar', 'ping-pong_ball': 'light hollow ball used in playing table tennis', 'pinhead': 'the head of a pin', 'pinhole': 'a small puncture that might have been made by a pin', 'pinion': 'a gear with a small number of teeth designed to mesh with a larger wheel or rack', 'pinnacle': 'a lofty peak', 'pinner': \"a woman's cap with two long flaps pinned on\", 'pinpoint': 'a very brief moment; \"they were strangers sharing a pinpoint of time together\"', 'pinprick': 'a minor annoyance', 'pinstripe': 'a suit made from a fabric with very thin stripes', 'pintle': 'a pin or bolt forming the pivot of a hinge', 'pinwheel': 'perennial subshrub of Tenerife having leaves in rosettes resembling pinwheels', 'pin_wrench': 'a wrench that has a projecting pin that fits into a socket on the object to be turned', 'pipe': 'a hollow cylindrical shape', 'tabor_pipe': 'a small fipple flute that is played with the left hand while the right hand is free to beat a tabor', 'pipe_bomb': 'a small homemade bomb usually contained in a metal pipe', 'pipe_cleaner': 'cleaning implement consisting of a flexible tufted wire that is used to clean a pipe stem', 'pipe_cutter': 'a hand tool for cutting pipe', 'pipefitting': 'fitting consisting of threaded pieces of pipe for joining pipes together', 'pipeline': 'a pipe used to transport liquids or gases; \"a pipeline runs from the wells to the seaport\"', 'piperacillin': 'a synthetic type of penicillin antibiotic (trade name Pipracil) used for moderate to severe infections', 'pipe_rack': \"a rack for holding a smoker's pipes\", 'piperazine': 'vermifuge used to treat infestations by roundworms or pinworms', 'piperocaine': 'a compound used in the form of its hydrochloride as a local or spinal anesthetic', 'pipet': 'measuring instrument consisting of a graduated glass tube used to measure or transfer precise volumes of a liquid by drawing the liquid up into the tube', 'pipe_vise': 'a clamp for holding pipe that is to be cut or threaded', 'pipe_wrench': 'adjustable wrench for gripping and turning a pipe; has two serrated jaws that are adjusted to grip the pipe', 'pique': 'a sudden outburst of anger; \"his temper sparked like damp firewood\"', 'pirate': 'someone who robs at sea or plunders the land from the sea without having a commission from any sovereign nation', 'piroxicam': 'a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Feldene) used to treat arthritis and other inflammatory conditions', 'piste': 'a flat rectangular area for fencing bouts', 'pistol': 'a firearm that is held and fired with one hand', 'pistol_grip': 'a handle (as of a gun or saw) shaped like the butt of a pistol', 'piston': 'mechanical device that has a plunging or thrusting motion', 'piston_ring': 'seal consisting of a split metal ring that seals the gap between a piston and the cylinder wall', 'piston_rod': 'connecting rod that moves or is moved by a piston', 'pit': 'a concavity in a surface (especially an anatomical depression)', 'pitchfork': 'a long-handled hand tool with sharp widely spaced prongs for lifting and pitching hay', 'pitching_wedge': 'a wedge used to loft the golf ball over obstacles', 'pitch_pipe': 'a small pipe sounding a tone of standard frequency; used to establish the starting pitch for unaccompanied singing', 'pithead': 'the entrance to a coal mine', 'pith_hat': 'a lightweight hat worn in tropical countries for protection from the sun', 'piton': 'a metal spike with a hole for a rope; mountaineers drive it into ice or rock to use as a hold', 'Pitot-static_tube': 'measuring instrument consisting of a combined Pitot tube and static tube that measures total and static pressure; used in aircraft to measure airspeed', 'Pitot_tube': 'measuring instrument consisting of a right-angled tube with an open end that is directed in opposition to the flow of a fluid and used to measure the velocity of fluid flow', 'pitprop': 'a wooden prop used to support the roof of a mine', 'pitsaw': 'a large two-handed saw formerly used to cut logs into planks; one man stood above the log and the other in a pit below', 'pivoting_window': 'a window that opens by pivoting either horizontally or vertically', 'pixel': '(computer science) the smallest discrete component of an image or picture on a CRT screen (usually a colored dot); \"the greater the number of pixels per inch the greater the resolution\"', 'pizzeria': 'a shop where pizzas are made and sold', 'place_mat': 'a mat serving as table linen for an individual place setting', 'place_of_business': 'an establishment (a factory or an assembly plant or retail store or warehouse etc.) where business is conducted, goods are made or stored or processed or where services are rendered', 'place_of_worship': 'any building where congregations gather for prayer', 'place_setting': 'a table service for one person; \"a place setting of sterling flatware\"', 'placket': 'a piece of cloth sewn under an opening', 'plain_weave': 'a basic style of weave in which the weft and warp threads intertwine alternately to produce a checkerboard effect', 'plan': 'a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished; \"they drew up a six-step plan\"; \"they discussed plans for a new bond issue\"', 'planchet': 'a flat metal disk ready for stamping as a coin', 'planchette': 'a triangular board supported on casters; when lightly touched with the fingertips it is supposed to spell out supernatural (or unconscious) messages', 'plane': 'a level of existence or development; \"he lived on a worldly plane\"', 'plane_seat': 'a seat on a commercial airliner', 'plane_table': 'surveying instrument consisting of a drawing board and a ruler that are mounted on a tripod; used to sight and map topographical details', 'planetarium': 'a building housing an instrument for projecting the positions of the planets onto a domed ceiling', 'planetary_gear': 'an outer gear that revolves about a central sun gear of an epicyclic train', 'plank-bed': 'a bed of boards (without a mattress)', 'planner': 'a person who makes plans', 'planter': 'a worker who puts or sets seeds or seedlings into the ground', 'plaster': 'a mixture of lime or gypsum with sand and water; hardens into a smooth solid; used to cover walls and ceilings', 'plasterboard': 'wallboard with a gypsum plaster core bonded to layers of paper or fiberboard; used instead of plaster or wallboard to make interior walls', 'plastering_trowel': 'a trowel used to spread and smooth plaster', 'plastic_art': 'the arts of shaping or modeling; carving and sculpture', 'plastic_bag': 'a bag made of thin plastic material', 'plastic_bomb': 'a bomb made of plastic explosive', 'plastic_explosive': 'an explosive material that is easily molded around the object it is intended to destroy', 'plastic_laminate': 'a laminate made by bonding plastic layers', 'plastic_wrap': 'wrapping consisting of a very thin transparent sheet of plastic', 'plat': 'a map showing planned or actual features of an area (streets and building lots etc.)', 'plate': 'the quantity contained in a plate', 'plate_glass': 'glass formed into large thin sheets', 'plate_iron': 'a plate of iron', 'platen': 'work table of a machine tool', 'plate_rack': 'a rack for holding plates to dry after they have been washed', 'plate_rail': 'rail or narrow shelf fixed to a wall to display plates', 'platform': 'a document stating the aims and principles of a political party; \"their candidate simply ignored the party platform\"; \"they won the election even though they offered no positive program\"', 'platform_bed': 'a bed without springs', 'platform_rocker': 'rocking chair on a stationary base', 'platter': 'a large shallow dish used for serving food', 'playbox': \"a box for a child's toys and personal things (especially at a boarding school)\", 'playground': \"yard consisting of an outdoor area for children's play\", 'playhouse': 'plaything consisting of a small model of a house that children can play inside of', 'playing_card': 'one of a pack of cards that are used to play card games', 'playpen': 'a portable enclosure in which babies may be left to play', 'playsuit': 'a sports outfit for women or children; usually consists of shorts and a blouse', 'plaything': 'an artifact designed to be played with', 'plaza': 'a public square with room for pedestrians; \"they met at Elm Plaza\"; \"Grosvenor Place\"', 'pleat': 'any of various types of fold formed by doubling fabric back upon itself and then pressing or stitching into shape', 'plenum': 'a meeting of a legislative body at which all members are present; \"the plenum will vote on all tax increases\"', 'plethysmograph': 'a measuring instrument for measuring changes in volume of a part or organ or whole body (usually resulting from fluctuations in the amount of blood it contains)', 'pleximeter': 'a small thin metal plate held against the body and struck with a plexor in percussive examinations', 'plexor': '(medicine) a small hammer with a rubber head used in percussive examinations of the chest and in testing reflexes', 'pliers': 'a gripping hand tool with two hinged arms and (usually) serrated jaws', 'plimsoll': 'a light gym shoe with a rubber sole and a canvas top', 'plotter': 'a clerk who marks data on a chart', 'plow': 'a farm tool having one or more heavy blades to break the soil and cut a furrow prior to sowing', 'plowshare': 'a sharp steel wedge that cuts loose the top layer of soil', 'plug': 'an electrical device with two or three pins that is inserted in a socket to make an electrical connection', 'plug_fuse': 'a fuse with a thread that screws into a socket', 'plughole': 'a hole into which a plug fits (especially a hole where water drains away)', 'plumb_bob': 'the metal bob of a plumb line', \"plumber's_snake\": 'a long flexible steel coil for dislodging stoppages in curved pipes', 'plumbing_fixture': 'a fixture for the distribution and use of water in a building', 'plumb_level': \"a carpenter's level with a plumb line at right angles to it\", 'plumb_line': \"a cord from which a metal weight is suspended pointing directly to the earth's center of gravity; used to determine the vertical from a given point\", 'plumb_rule': 'a plumb line attached to a narrow board', 'plume': 'anything that resembles a feather in shape or lightness; \"a plume of smoke\"; \"grass with large plumes\"', 'plunger': 'hand tool consisting of a stick with a rubber suction cup at one end; used to clean clogged drains', 'plus_fours': \"men's baggy knickers hanging below the knees; formerly worn for sports (especially golf)\", 'plush': 'a fabric with a nap that is longer and softer than velvet', 'plutonium_trigger': 'a steel or beryllium sphere containing plutonium 239 that triggers nuclear fission when compressed by explosives', 'ply': 'one of the strands twisted together to make yarn or rope or thread; often used in combination; \"three-ply cord\"; \"four-ply yarn\"', 'plywood': 'a laminate made of thin layers of wood', 'pneumatic_drill': 'a power drill powered by compressed air', 'pneumatic_tire': 'a tire made of reinforced rubber and filled with compressed air; used on motor vehicles and bicycles etc', 'pneumococcal_vaccine': 'vaccine (trade name Pneumovax) effective against the 23 most common strains of pneumococcus', 'p-n_junction': 'the junction between a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor; \"a p-n junction has marked rectifying characteristics\"', 'p-n-p_transistor': 'a junction transistor having an n-type semiconductor between a p-type semiconductor that serves as an emitter and a p-type semiconductor that serves as a collector', 'pocket': '(bowling) the space between the headpin and the pins behind it on the right or left; \"the ball hit the pocket and gave him a perfect strike\"', 'pocket_battleship': 'a small battleship built to conform with treaty limitations on tonnage and armament (from 1925 to 1930)', 'pocketbook': 'your personal financial means; \"that car is too expensive for my pocketbook\"', 'pocketcomb': 'a small comb suitable for carrying in a pocket', 'pocket_flap': 'a flap that covers the access to a pocket', 'pocket-handkerchief': 'a handkerchief that is carried in a pocket', 'pocketknife': 'a knife with a blade that folds into the handle; suitable for carrying in the pocket', 'pocket_watch': 'a watch that is carried in a small watch pocket', 'pod': 'the vessel that contains the seeds of a plant (not the seeds themselves)', 'pogo_stick': 'plaything consisting of a pole with foot rests and a strong spring; propelled by jumping', 'point': 'an instant of time; \"at that point I had to leave\"', 'point-and-shoot_camera': 'a lightweight photographic camera with an autofocus', 'pointed_arch': 'an arch with a pointed apex; characteristic of Gothic architecture', 'pointillism': \"a school of painters who used a technique of painting with tiny dots of pure colors that would blend in the viewer's eye; developed by Georges Seurat and his followers late in 19th century France\", 'pointing_trowel': 'a trowel used to fill and finish masonry joints with mortar or cement', 'point_lace': 'lace worked with a needle in a buttonhole stitch on a paper pattern', 'polarimeter': 'an optical device used to measure the rotation of the plane of vibration of polarized light', 'Polaroid': '(trade mark) a plastic film that can polarize a beam of light; often used in sunglasses to eliminate glare', 'Polaroid_camera': 'a camera that develops and produces a positive print within seconds', 'pole': \"one of two points of intersection of the Earth's axis and the celestial sphere\", 'poleax': 'an ax used to slaughter cattle; has a hammer opposite the blade', 'police_boat': 'a boat used by harbor police', 'police_station': 'a station that serves as headquarters for police in a particular district; serves as a place from which policemen are dispatched and to which arrested persons are brought', 'police_van': 'van used by police to transport prisoners', 'poliovirus_vaccine': 'vaccine prepared from poliovirus to provide immunity to poliomyelitis', 'polka_dot': 'design consisting of a pattern of regularly spaced circular spots', 'polling_booth': 'a temporary booth in a polling place which people enter to cast their votes', 'polo_ball': 'wooden ball that is struck with mallets in playing polo', 'polo_mallet': 'a mallet used to strike the ball in polo', 'polonaise': \"a woman's dress with a tight bodice and an overskirt drawn back to reveal a colorful underskirt\", 'polo_shirt': 'a shirt with short sleeves designed for comfort and casual wear', 'polychrome': 'a piece of work composed of or decorated in many colors', 'polyconic_projection': 'a conic projection of a map having distances between meridians equal to those distances on a globe', 'polyester': 'any of numerous synthetic resins; they are light and strong and weather resistant', 'polygraph': 'a medical instrument that records several physiological processes simultaneously (e.g., pulse rate and blood pressure and respiration and perspiration)', 'polymyxin': 'any of several toxic antibiotics obtained from a particular soil bacterium', 'polypropenonitrile': 'acrylic resin used to make a strong soft crease-resistant fabric (trade name Acrilan)', 'pomade': 'hairdressing consisting of a perfumed oil or ointment', 'pommel': 'a handgrip that a gymnast uses when performing exercises on a pommel horse', 'pommel_horse': 'a gymnastic horse with a cylindrical body covered with leather and two upright handles (pommels) near the center; held upright by two steel supports, one at each end', 'poncho': 'a blanket-like cloak with a hole in the center for the head', 'pongee': 'a soft thin cloth woven from raw silk (or an imitation)', 'poniard': 'a dagger with a slender blade', 'Ponte_25_de_Abril': 'a suspension bridge across the Tagus River at Lisbon', 'pontifical': 'the vestments and other insignia of a pontiff (especially a bishop)', 'pontoon': '(nautical) a floating structure (as a flat-bottomed boat) that serves as a dock or to support a bridge', 'pontoon_bridge': 'a temporary bridge built over a series of pontoons', 'pony_cart': 'a cart with an underslung axle and two seats', 'pool_ball': 'ball used in playing pool', 'poolroom': 'a room with pool tables where pool is played', 'pool_table': 'game equipment consisting of a heavy table on which pool is played', 'poop_deck': 'an exposed partial weather deck on the stern superstructure of a ship', 'poor_box': 'box for collecting alms, especially one in a church', 'poorhouse': 'an establishment maintained at public expense in order to provide housing for the poor and homeless', 'Pop_Art': 'a school of art that emerged in the United Kingdom in the 1950s and became prevalent in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1960s; it imitated the techniques of commercial art (as the soup cans of Andy Warhol) and the styles of popular culture and the mass media', 'pop_bottle': 'a bottle for holding soft drinks', 'popgun': 'plaything consisting of a toy gun that makes a popping sound', 'poplin': 'a ribbed fabric used in clothing and upholstery', 'popper': 'a container of stimulant drug (amyl nitrate or butyl nitrite)', 'poppet': 'a mushroom-shaped valve that rises perpendicularly from its seat; commonly used in internal-combustion engines', 'pop_tent': 'a small tent that is easy to carry and quick to set up', 'porcelain': 'ceramic ware made of a more or less translucent ceramic', 'porch': 'a structure attached to the exterior of a building often forming a covered entrance', 'porkpie': \"man's hat with a low, flat crown and a snap brim\", 'porringer': 'a shallow metal bowl (usually with a handle); \"the child was eating pottage from a porringer\"', 'port': 'a place (seaport or airport) where people and merchandise can enter or leave a country', 'portable': 'a small light typewriter; usually with a case in which it can be carried', 'portable_computer': 'a personal computer that can easily be carried by hand', 'portable_circular_saw': 'a circular saw that is portable and is operated with a hand grip', 'portal': 'a grand and imposing entrance (often extended metaphorically); \"the portals of the cathedral\"; \"the portals of heaven\"; \"the portals of success\"', 'portcullis': 'gate consisting of an iron or wooden grating that hangs in the entry to a castle or fortified town; can be lowered to prevent passage', 'porte-cochere': 'a carriage entrance passing through a building to an enclosed courtyard', 'porthole': 'a window in a ship or airplane', 'portico': 'a porch or entrance to a building consisting of a covered and often columned area', 'portiere': 'a heavy curtain hung across a doorway', 'portmanteau': 'a large travelling bag made of stiff leather', 'portrait': 'any likeness of a person, in any medium; \"the photographer made excellent portraits\"', 'portrait_camera': 'a camera with a portrait lens', 'portrait_lens': 'a compound camera lens with a relatively high aperture', 'positive': 'the primary form of an adjective or adverb; denotes a quality without qualification, comparison, or relation to increase or diminution', 'positive_pole': 'the terminal of a battery that is connected to the positive plate', 'positron_emission_tomography_scanner': 'a tomograph that produces cross-sectional X-rays of metabolic processes in the body', 'postage_meter': 'meter for bulk mailings that imprints correct prepaid postage on pieces of mail and records the total charge', 'post_and_lintel': 'a structure consisting of vertical beams (posts) supporting a horizontal beam (lintel)', 'postbox': 'public box for deposit of mail', 'post_chaise': 'closed horse-drawn carriage with four wheels; formerly used to transport passengers and mail', 'postern': 'a small gate in the rear of a fort or castle', 'post_exchange': 'a commissary on a United States Army post', 'posthole': 'a hole dug in the ground to hold a fence post', 'posthole_digger': 'a shovel used to sink postholes', 'post_horn': 'wind instrument used by postilions of the 18th and 19th centuries', 'posthouse': 'an inn for exchanging post horses and accommodating riders', 'postmodernism': 'genre of art and literature and especially architecture in reaction against principles and practices of established modernism', 'Post-Office_box': 'a numbered compartment in a post office where mail is put to be called for', 'post_road': 'a road over which mail is carried', 'pot': 'the quantity contained in a pot', 'potbelly': 'a bulbous stove in which wood or coal is burned', 'Potemkin_village': 'something that seems impressive but in fact lacks substance', 'potential_divider': 'resistors connected in series across a voltage source; used to obtain a desired fraction of the voltage', 'potentiometer': 'a measuring instrument for measuring direct current electromotive forces', 'pot_farm': 'a plot of ground where marijuana is grown and harvested (often hidden in a national forest)', 'potholder': 'an insulated pad for holding hot pots', 'pothook': 'an S-shaped hook to suspend a pot over a fire', 'potpourri': 'a jar of mixed flower petals and spices used as perfume', 'potsherd': 'a shard of pottery', \"potter's_wheel\": 'a horizontal rotating wheel holding the clay being shaped by a potter; \"the potter\\'s wheel was invented in Asia Minor around 6500 BC\"', 'pottle': 'a pot that holds 2 quarts', 'potty_seat': 'toilet consisting of a small seat used by young children', 'pouch': 'an enclosed space; \"the trapped miners found a pocket of air\"', 'poultice': 'a medical dressing consisting of a soft heated mass of meal or clay that is spread on a cloth and applied to the skin to treat inflamed areas or improve circulation etc.', 'pound': 'a unit of apothecary weight equal to 12 ounces troy', 'pound_net': 'trap consisting of an arrangement of nets directing fish into an enclosure', 'powder': 'a solid substance in the form of tiny loose particles; a solid that has been pulverized', 'powder_and_shot': 'ammunition consisting of gunpowder and bullets for muskets', 'powdered_mustard': 'a substance such that one to three tablespoons dissolved in a glass of warm water is a homemade emetic', 'powder_horn': 'container for carrying gunpowder; made of the hollow horn of an animal', 'powder_keg': 'a potentially explosive state', 'powderpuff': 'a soft spherical object made from fluffy fibers; for applying powder to the skin', 'power_brake': 'a brake on an automobile that magnifies a small force applied to the brake pedal into a proportionately larger force applied to slow or stop the vehicle', 'power_cord': 'a cord to conduct power to an electrical appliance', 'power_drill': 'a power tool for drilling holes into hard materials', 'power_line': 'cable used to distribute electricity', 'power_loom': 'a loom operated mechanically', 'power_module': 'module that provides power to operate other modules', 'power_mower': 'a lawn mower powered by a gasoline motor', 'power_pack': 'a device for converting a power supply to a voltage required by particular equipment', 'power_saw': 'a power tool for cutting wood', 'power_shovel': 'a machine for excavating', 'power_station': 'an electrical generating station', 'power_steering': 'automotive steering where engineer power amplifies the torque applied to the steering wheel', 'power_system': 'a system of high tension cables by which electrical power is distributed throughout a region', 'power_takeoff': 'a device that transfers power from an engine (as in a tractor or other motor vehicle) to another piece of equipment (as to a pump or jackhammer)', 'power_tool': 'a tool driven by a motor', 'practice_range': 'a place for practicing golf shots', 'praetorium': 'the tent of an ancient Roman general', 'pravastatin': 'an oral drug (trade name Pravachol) administered to reduce blood cholesterol levels; recommended after nonfatal heart attacks', 'prayer_rug': 'a small rug used by Muslims during their devotions', 'prayer_shawl': '(Judaism) a shawl with a ritually knotted fringe at each corner; worn by Jews at morning prayer', 'prazosin': 'antihypertensive drug (trade name Minipress)', 'precipitator': 'removes dust particles from gases by electrostatic precipitation', 'predictor': 'information that supports a probabilistic estimate of future events; \"the weekly bulletin contains several predictors of mutual fund performance\"', 'prefab': 'a prefabricated structure', 'presbytery': 'building reserved for the officiating clergy', 'prescription_drug': 'a drug that is available only with written instructions from a doctor or dentist to a pharmacist; \"he told the doctor that he had been taking his prescription regularly\"', 'presence_chamber': 'room in which a monarch or other great person receives guests, assemblies, etc.', 'presidio': 'a fortress established in the southwestern United States by the Spanish in order to protect their missions and other holdings; \"Tucson was first settled as a walled presidio\"', 'press_box': 'box reserved for reporters (as at a sports event)', 'press_gallery': 'an area (sometimes in a balcony) set aside for reporters (especially in a legislative hall)', 'pressing': 'a metal or plastic part that is made by a mechanical press', 'press_of_sail': 'the greatest amount of sail that a ship can carry safely', 'pressure_cabin': 'cabin consisting of the pressurized section of an aircraft or spacecraft', 'pressure_cooker': 'autoclave for cooking at temperatures above the boiling point of water', 'pressure_dome': 'a dome-shaped building that is pressurized', 'pressure_gauge': 'gauge for measuring and indicating fluid pressure', 'pressurized_water_reactor': 'a nuclear reactor that uses water as a coolant and moderator; the steam produced can drive a steam turbine', 'pressure_suit': 'protective garment consisting of an inflatable suit for space or high altitude flying', 'preventive': 'remedy that prevents or slows the course of an illness or disease; \"the doctor recommended several preventatives\"', 'prie-dieu': 'low bench for kneeling on', 'primaquine': 'synthetic antimalarial drug', 'Primaxin': 'trade name for a parenteral antibiotic', 'primary_coil': 'coil forming the part of an electrical circuit such that changing current in it induces a current in a neighboring circuit; \"current through the primary coil induces current in the secondary coil\"', 'primidone': 'an anticonvulsant (trade name Mysoline) used to treat grand mal seizures and essential tremor', 'primitivism': 'a genre characteristic of (or imitative of) primitive artists or children', 'Primus_stove': 'a portable paraffin cooking stove; used by campers', 'Prince_Albert': \"a man's double-breasted frock coat\", 'Princeton_University': 'a university in New Jersey', 'print': 'the text appearing in a book, newspaper, or other printed publication; \"I want to see it in print\"', 'print_buffer': 'a buffer that stores data until the printer is ready', 'printed_circuit': 'computer circuit consisting of an electronic sub-assembly; copper conductors are laminated on an insulating board or card and circuit components are inserted into holes and dip soldered', 'printer': 'someone whose occupation is printing', 'printer_cable': 'a cable between a computer and a printer', 'print_shop': 'a workplace where printing is done', 'priory': 'religious residence in a monastery governed by a prior or a convent governed by a prioress', 'prism': 'a polyhedron with two congruent and parallel faces (the bases) and whose lateral faces are parallelograms', 'prison': 'a prisonlike situation; a place of seeming confinement', 'prison_camp': 'a camp for prisoners of war', 'privateer': 'an officer or crew member of a privateer', 'private_line': 'a telephone line serving a single subscriber', 'privet_hedge': 'hedge of privet plants', 'probenecid': 'a uricosuric drug that reduces the level of uric acid in the blood; used to treat gout', 'procaine': 'a white crystalline powder (trade name Ethocaine) administered near nerves as a local anesthetic in dentistry and medicine', 'procaine_hydrochloride': 'procaine administered as a hydrochloride (trade name Novocain)', 'procarbazine': \"an antineoplastic drug used to treat Hodgkin's disease\", 'prochlorperazine': 'antipsychotic and antiemetic drug used to treat schizophrenia and to combat nausea and vomiting', 'proctoscope': 'an endoscope for examining the rectum', 'procyclidine': 'drug (trade name Kemadrin) used to reduce tremors in Parkinsonism', 'prod': 'a pointed instrument that is used to prod into a state of motion', 'product': 'a chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction; \"a product of lime and nitric acid\"', 'production_line': 'mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it', 'projectile': 'a weapon that is forcibly thrown or projected at a targets but is not self-propelled', 'projection': 'any solid convex shape that juts out from something', 'projector': 'an optical device for projecting a beam of light', 'prolonge': 'a rope fitted with a hook and used for towing a gun carriage', 'prolonge_knot': 'a knot in the rope used to drag a gun carriage', 'promethazine': 'antihistamine (trade name Phenergan) used to treat allergies; also an antiemetic used to treat motion sickness', 'prompt_box': 'a booth projecting above the floor in the front of a stage where the prompter sits; opens toward the performers on stage', 'prompter': 'someone who assists a performer by providing the next words of a forgotten speech', 'prong': 'a pointed projection', 'proof': 'a measure of alcoholic strength expressed as an integer twice the percentage of alcohol present (by volume)', 'prop': 'a support placed beneath or against something to keep it from shaking or falling', 'propanolol': 'the first beta blocker (trade name Inderal) used in treating hypertension and angina pectoris and essential tremor', 'propellant_explosive': 'an explosive that is used to propel projectiles from guns or to propel rockets and missiles or to launch torpedos and depth charges', 'propeller': 'a mechanical device that rotates to push against air or water', 'propeller_plane': 'an airplane that is driven by a propeller', 'property': 'something owned; any tangible or intangible possession that is owned by someone; \"that hat is my property\"; \"he is a man of property\";', 'propjet': 'an airplane with an external propeller that is driven by a turbojet engine', 'proportional_counter_tube': 'counter tube whose output pulse is proportional to number of ions produced', 'propoxyphene': 'a mildly narcotic analgesic drug (trade name Darvon) related to methadone but less addictive', 'propulsion_system': 'a system that provides a propelling or driving force', 'proscenium': 'the part of a modern theater stage between the curtain and the orchestra (i.e., in front of the curtain)', 'proscenium_arch': 'the arch over the opening in the proscenium wall', 'prosthesis': 'corrective consisting of a replacement for a part of the body', 'protease_inhibitor': 'an antiviral drug used against HIV; interrupts HIV replication by binding and blocking HIV protease; often used in combination with other drugs', 'protective_garment': 'clothing that is intended to protect the wearer from injury', 'proteosome_vaccine': 'a form of vaccine that can be administered by an inhaler', 'proton_accelerator': 'a collider that collides beams of protons and antiprotons', 'protractor': 'drafting instrument used to draw or measure angles', 'protriptyline': 'tricyclic antidepressant used to treat clinical depression', 'proving_ground': 'a workplace for testing new equipment or ideas', 'pruner': 'a worker who thins out and trims trees and shrubs; \"untouched by the pruner\\'s axe\"', 'pruning_knife': 'a knife with a curved or hooked blade', 'pruning_saw': 'a handsaw used for pruning trees', 'pruning_shears': 'shears with strong blades used for light pruning of woody plants', 'psaltery': 'an ancient stringed instrument similar to the lyre or zither but having a trapezoidal sounding board under the strings', 'psilocybin': 'a hallucinogenic compound obtained from a mushroom', 'psychoactive_drug': 'a drug that can produce mood changes and distorted perceptions', 'psychotropic_agent': 'a chemical substance that can influence human consciousness', 'psychrometer': 'a hygrometer consisting of a dry-bulb thermometer and a wet-bulb thermometer; their difference indicates the dryness of the surrounding air', 'PT_boat': 'a small fast unarmored and lightly armed torpedo boat; P(atrol) T(orpedo) boat', 'p-type_semiconductor': 'a semiconductor in which electrical conduction is due chiefly to the movement of positive holes', 'public_address_system': 'an electronic amplification system used as a communication system in public areas', 'public_house': 'tavern consisting of a building with a bar and public rooms; often provides light meals', 'public_toilet': 'a toilet that is available to the public', 'public_transit': 'a public transportation system for moving passengers', 'public_transport': 'conveyance for passengers or mail or freight', 'public_works': 'structures (such as highways or schools or bridges or docks) constructed at government expense for public use', 'puck': 'a vulcanized rubber disk 3 inches in diameter that is used instead of a ball in ice hockey', 'pull_chain': 'a chain (usually with a handle at the end) that is pulled in order to operate some mechanism (e.g. to flush a toilet)', 'pulley': 'a simple machine consisting of a wheel with a groove in which a rope can run to change the direction or point of application of a force applied to the rope', 'pull-in': 'a roadside cafe especially for lorry drivers', 'pull-off': 'designated paved area beside a main road where cars can stop temporarily', 'Pullman': 'luxurious passenger car; for day or night travel', 'pullover': 'a sweater that is put on by pulling it over the head', 'pull-through': 'cleaning implement consisting of an oily rag attached by a cord to a weight; is pulled through the barrel of a rifle or handgun to clean it', 'pulse_counter': 'an electronic counter that counts the number of electric pulses', 'pulse_generator': 'a generator of single or multiple voltage pulses; usually adjustable for pulse rate', 'pulse_timing_circuit': 'a circuit that times pulses', 'pump': 'a low-cut shoe without fastenings', 'pump_action': 'action mechanism in a modern rifle or shotgun; a back and forward motion of a sliding lever ejects the empty shell case and cocks the firearm and loads a new round', 'pump_house': 'a house where pumps (e.g. to irrigate) are installed and operated', 'pump_room': 'a pump house at a spa where medicinal waters are pumped and where patrons gather', 'pump-type_pliers': 'a type of pliers', 'pump_well': \"an enclosure in the middle of a ship's hold that protects the ship's pumps\", 'punchboard': 'a small board full of holes; each hole contains a slip of paper with symbols printed on it; a gambler pays a small sum for the privilege of pushing out a slip in the hope of obtaining one that entitles him to a prize', 'punch_bowl': 'a large bowl for serving beverages; usually with a ladle', 'punched_card': 'a card on which data can be recorded in the form of punched holes', 'punching_bag': 'a person on whom another person vents their anger; \"he resigned because his boss used him as a punching bag\"', 'punch_pliers': 'punch consisting of pliers for perforating paper or leather', 'punch_press': 'a power driven press used to shape metal parts', 'pung': 'a one-horse sleigh consisting of a box on runners', 'punkah': 'a large fan consisting of a frame covered with canvas that is suspended from the ceiling; used in India for circulating air in a room', 'punnet': 'a small light basket used as a measure for fruits', 'puppet': 'a small figure of a person operated from above with strings by a puppeteer', 'pup_tent': 'a wedge-shaped tent; usually without a floor or windows', 'purdah': 'the traditional Hindu or Muslim system of keeping women secluded', 'purgative': 'a purging medicine; stimulates evacuation of the bowels', 'purifier': 'an apparatus for removing impurities', 'purl': 'gold or silver wire thread', 'purse': 'a sum of money spoken of as the contents of a money purse; \"he made the contribution out of his own purse\"; \"he and his wife shared a common purse\"', 'purse_seine': 'a seine designed to be set by two boats around a school of fish and then closed at the bottom by means of a line', 'purse_string': 'a drawstring used to close the mouth of a purse', 'push-bike': 'a bicycle that must be pedaled', 'push_broom': 'a wide broom that is pushed ahead of the sweeper', 'push_button': 'an electrical switch operated by pressing; \"the elevator was operated by push buttons\"; \"the push beside the bed operated a buzzer at the desk\"', 'push-button_radio': 'a radio receiver that can be tuned by pressing buttons', 'push-down_storage': 'a storage device that handles data so that the next item to be retrieved is the item most recently stored (LIFO)', 'pusher': 'one who intrudes or pushes himself forward', 'put-put': 'a small gasoline engine (as on motor boat)', 'puttee': 'a strip of cloth wound around the leg to form legging; used by soldiers in World War I', 'putter': 'a golfer who is putting', 'putty_knife': 'a spatula used to mix or apply putty', 'puzzle': 'a particularly baffling problem that is said to have a correct solution; \"he loved to solve chessmate puzzles\"; \"that\\'s a real puzzler\"', 'pyelogram': 'an X ray of the kidneys and ureters', 'pylon': 'a tower for guiding pilots or marking the turning point in a race', 'pyocyanase': 'a yellow-green mixture of antibiotics obtained from the bacillus of green pus', 'pyocyanin': 'a toxic blue crystalline antibiotic found in green pus', 'Pyramid': 'a massive monument with a square base and four triangular sides; begun by Cheops around 2700 BC as royal tombs in ancient Egypt', 'pyramidal_tent': 'a large tent shaped like a pyramid; can hold half a dozen people', 'pyrilamine': 'antihistamine used to treat rhinitis and pruritus', 'pyrograph': 'a design produced by pyrography', 'pyrometer': 'a thermometer designed to measure high temperatures', 'pyrometric_cone': 'a pyrometer consisting of a series of cones that melt at different temperatures', 'pyrostat': 'a thermostat that operates at very high temperatures', 'pyx': 'a chest in which coins from the mint are held to await assay', 'pyxis': 'a small box used by ancient Greeks to hold medicines', 'quad': '(printing) a block of type without a raised letter; used for spacing between words or sentences', 'quadrant': 'a quarter of the circumference of a circle', 'quadraphony': 'a stereophonic sound recording or reproducing system using four separate channels', 'quadruplicate': 'any four copies; any of four things that correspond to one another exactly; \"it was signed in quadruplicate\"', 'Quaker_gun': 'a dummy gun or piece of artillery made usually of wood', 'quarrel': 'an angry dispute; \"they had a quarrel\"; \"they had words\"', 'quarterdeck': \"the stern area of a ship's upper deck\", 'quarterlight': 'car window consisting of a small pivoted glass vent in the door of a car', 'quarter_plate': 'a photographic plate measuring 3.25 inches by 4.25 inches', 'quarterstaff': 'a long stout staff used as a weapon', 'quartz_battery': 'a stamp mill for stamping quartz', 'quartz_crystal': 'a thin plate or small rod of quartz cut along certain lines and ground so that it can produce an electric signal at a constant frequency; used in crystal oscillators', 'quartz_lamp': 'a mercury-vapor lamp that is enclosed in a quartz container instead of a glass container', 'quay': 'wharf usually built parallel to the shoreline', 'Quebec_Bridge': 'a cantilever bridge in Quebec', 'queen_post': 'vertical tie post in a roof truss', 'Queensboro_Bridge': 'a cantilever bridge across the East River between Manhattan and Queens', 'quern': 'a primitive stone mill for grinding corn by hand', 'quilt': 'bedding made of two layers of cloth filled with stuffing and stitched together', 'quilted_bedspread': 'a bedspread constructed like a thin quilt', 'quilting': 'stitching through layers of fabric and a filling so as to create a design', 'quinacrine': 'a drug (trade name Atabrine) used to treat certain worm infestations and once used to treat malaria', 'quinidine': 'cardiac drug (trade names Quinidex and Quinora) used to treat certain heart arrhythmias', 'quinine': 'a bitter alkaloid extracted from chinchona bark; used in malaria therapy', 'quipu': 'calculator consisting of a cord with attached cords; used by ancient Peruvians for calculating and keeping records', 'quirk': 'a narrow groove beside a beading', 'quirk_bead': 'beading formed with a narrow groove separating it from the surface it decorates', 'quirk_molding': 'a molding having a small groove in it', 'quirt': 'whip with a leather thong at the end', 'quiver': 'case for holding arrows', 'quoin': 'expandable metal or wooden wedge used by printers to lock up a form within a chase', 'quoit': 'game equipment consisting of a ring of iron or circle of rope used in playing the game of quoits', 'QWERTY_keyboard': 'the standard typewriter keyboard; the keys for Q, W, E, R, T, and Y are the first six from the left on the top row of letter keys', 'R-2': 'street names for flunitrazepan', 'rabato': 'a wired or starched collar of intricate lace; worn in 17th century', 'rabbet': 'a rectangular groove made to hold two pieces together', 'rabbet_joint': 'a joint formed by fitting together two rabbeted boards', 'rabbit_hutch': 'a hutch for rabbits', 'raceabout': 'a small sloop having the keep of a knockabout but with finer lines and carrying more sail', 'racetrack': 'a course over which races are run', 'raceway': 'a canal for a current of water', 'racing_boat': 'a boat propelled by oarsmen and designed for racing', 'racing_circuit': 'a racetrack for automobile races', 'racing_gig': 'a light narrow racing boat for two or more oarsmen', 'racing_skiff': 'a shell for a single oarsman', 'rack_and_pinion': 'a wheel gear (the pinion) meshes with a toothed rack; converts rotary to reciprocating motion (and vice versa)', 'radar': 'measuring instrument in which the echo of a pulse of microwave radiation is used to detect and locate distant objects', 'radial': 'pneumatic tire that has radial-ply casing', 'radial_engine': 'an internal-combustion engine having cylinders arranged radially around a central crankcase', 'radiation_pyrometer': 'a pyrometer for estimating the temperature of distant sources of heat; radiation is focussed on a thermojunction connected in circuit with a galvanometer', 'radiator': 'any object that radiates energy', 'radiator_cap': 'cap on the opening in the top of a radiator through which a coolant liquid can be added', 'radiator_hose': 'a flexible hose between the radiator and the engine block', 'radio': 'medium for communication', 'radio_antenna': 'omnidirectional antenna comprising the part of a radio receiver by means of which radio signals are received', 'radio_beacon': 'a characteristic signal emitted by a transmitter used for navigation', 'radio_chassis': 'a chassis for a radio receiver', 'radio_compass': 'a direction finder that gives a bearing by determining the direction of incoming radio signals', 'radiogram': 'a message transmitted by wireless telegraphy', 'radio_interferometer': 'radio telescope that uses interference patterns from two antennas instead of a parabolic antenna', 'radio_link': 'a two-way radio communication system (usually microwave); part of a more extensive telecommunication network', 'radiometer': 'meter to detect and measure radiant energy (electromagnetic or acoustic)', 'radiomicrometer': 'radiometer that is extremely sensitive', 'radiopharmaceutical': 'pharmaceutical consisting of a radioactive compound used in radiation therapy', 'radio-phonograph': 'electronic equipment consisting of a combination of a radio receiver and a record player', 'radiophotograph': 'a photograph transmitted by radio waves', 'radio_receiver': 'an electronic receiver that detects and demodulates and amplifies transmitted signals', 'radio_station': 'station for the production and transmission of AM or FM radio broadcasts', 'radiotelegraph': 'telegraphy that uses transmission by radio rather than by wire', 'radiotelephone': 'telephony that uses transmission by radio rather than by wire', 'radio_telescope': 'astronomical telescope that picks up electromagnetic radiations in the radio-frequency range from extraterrestrial sources', 'radiotherapy_equipment': 'equipment used to treat diseases with x-rays or radioactivity', 'radio_transmitter': 'transmitter that is the part of a radio system that transmits signals', 'radome': 'a housing for a radar antenna; transparent to radio waves', 'raft': 'a flat float (usually made of logs or planks) that can be used for transport or as a platform for swimmers', 'rafter': 'one of several parallel sloping beams that support a roof', 'raft_foundation': 'a foundation (usually on soft ground) consisting of an extended layer of reinforced concrete', 'ragbag': 'a bag in which rags are kept', 'rag_doll': 'a cloth doll that is stuffed and (usually) painted', 'raglan': 'a garment (coat or sweater) that has raglan sleeves', 'raglan_sleeve': 'a sleeve that extends in one piece to the neckline of a coat or sweater with seams from the armhole to the neck', 'rail_fence': 'a fence (usually made of split logs laid across each other at an angle)', 'railhead': 'the end of the completed track on an unfinished railway', 'railing': 'material for making rails or rails collectively', 'railroad_bed': 'a bed on which railroad track is laid', 'railroad_flat': 'an apartment whose rooms are all in a line with doors between them', 'railroad_track': 'a line of track providing a runway for wheels; \"he walked along the railroad track\"', 'railroad_tunnel': 'a tunnel through which the railroad track runs', 'railway': 'line that is the commercial organization responsible for operating a system of transportation for trains that pull passengers or freight', 'railway_junction': 'a junction where two or more railway lines meet or cross', 'railway_station': 'terminal where trains load or unload passengers or goods', 'rain_barrel': 'a barrel used as a cistern to hold rainwater', 'raincoat': 'a water-resistant coat', 'rain_gauge': 'gauge consisting of an instrument to measure the quantity of precipitation', 'rain_stick': 'a percussion instrument that is made from a dried cactus branch that is hollowed out and filled with small pebbles and capped at both ends; makes the sound of falling rain when tilted; origin was in Chile where tribesmen used it in ceremonies to bring rain', 'rake': 'a dissolute man in fashionable society', 'rake_handle': 'the handle of a rake', 'RAM_disk': '(computer science) a virtual drive that is created by setting aside part of the random-access memory to use as if it were a group of sectors; \"access to a RAM disk is very fast but the data it contains is lost when the system is turned off\"', 'ramekin': 'a cheese dish made with egg and bread crumbs that is baked and served in individual fireproof dishes', 'ramipril': 'an ACE inhibitor (trade name Altace) used to treat high blood pressure or in some patients who have had a heart attack', 'ramjet': 'a simple type of jet engine; must be launched at high speed', 'rammer': 'a tool for driving something with force', 'ramp': 'North American perennial having a slender bulb and whitish flowers', 'rampant_arch': 'an arch whose support is higher on one side than on the other', 'rampart': 'an embankment built around a space for defensive purposes; \"they stormed the ramparts of the city\"; \"they blew the trumpet and the walls came tumbling down\"', 'ramrod': 'a harshly demanding overseer', 'ranch': 'farm consisting of a large tract of land along with facilities needed to raise livestock (especially cattle)', 'ranch_house': 'a one story house with a low pitched roof', 'random-access_memory': 'the most common computer memory which can be used by programs to perform necessary tasks while the computer is on; an integrated circuit memory chip allows information to be stored or accessed in any order and all storage locations are equally accessible', 'range': 'a series of hills or mountains; \"the valley was between two ranges of hills\"; \"the plains lay just beyond the mountain range\"', 'rangefinder': 'a measuring instrument (acoustic or optical or electronic) for finding the distance of an object', 'range_hood': 'exhaust hood over a kitchen range', 'range_pole': 'surveying instrument consisting of a straight rod painted in bands of alternate red and white each one foot wide; used for sightings by surveyors', 'ranitidine': 'a histamine blocker and antacid (trade name Zantac) used to treat peptic ulcers and gastritis and esophageal reflux', 'rapid_transit': 'an urban public transit system using underground or elevated trains', 'rapier': 'a straight sword with a narrow blade and two edges', 'rappee': 'strong snuff made from dark coarse tobacco', 'rariora': \"(plural) rare collector's items\", 'rasp': 'uttering in an irritated tone', 'raster': 'the rectangular formation of parallel scanning lines that guide the electron beam on a television screen or a computer monitor', 'ratchet': 'mechanical device consisting of a toothed wheel or rack engaged with a pawl that permits it to move in only one direction', 'ratchet_wheel': 'toothed wheel held in place by a pawl or detent and turned by a lever', 'rathole': 'a hole (as in the wall of a building) made by rats', 'rathskeller': 'a tavern below street level featuring beer; originally a German restaurant in the basement of city hall', 'ratline': '(nautical) a small horizontal rope between the shrouds of a sailing ship; they form a ladder for climbing aloft', 'rat-tail_file': 'a thin round file shaped like the tail of a rat', 'rattan': 'climbing palm of Sri Lanka and southern India remarkable for the great length of the stems which are used for malacca canes', 'rattrap': 'a difficult entangling situation', 'ravehook': 'a hooked hand tool used to prepare the seams of a boat for oakum', 'Rayleigh_disk': 'an acoustic radiometer consisting of a light disk suspended from a quartz thread; when exposed to a progressive sound wave its torque can measure velocity', 'rayon': 'a synthetic silklike fabric', 'razor': 'edge tool used in shaving', 'razorblade': 'a blade that has very sharp edge', 'razor_edge': 'an edge that is as sharp as the cutting side of a razor', 'reaction-propulsion_engine': 'a jet or rocket engine based on a form of aerodynamic propulsion in which the vehicle emits a high-speed stream', 'reaction_turbine': 'a turbine with blades arranged to develop torque from gradual decrease of steam pressure from inlet to exhaust', 'reactor': 'an electrical device used to introduce reactance into a circuit', 'reading_lamp': 'a lamp that provides light for reading', 'reading_room': 'a room set aside for reading', 'read-only_memory': '(computer science) memory whose contents can be accessed and read but cannot be changed', 'read-only_memory_chip': 'a memory chip providing read-only memory', 'readout': 'the output of a computer in readable form', 'read/write_head': '(computer science) a tiny electromagnetic coil and metal pole used to write and read magnetic patterns on a disk', 'ready-made': 'a manufactured artifact (as a garment or piece of furniture) that is made in advance and available for purchase; \"their apartment was furnished with ready-mades\"', 'ready-to-wear': 'ready-made clothing; \"she couldn\\'t find anything in ready-to-wear that she liked\"', 'real_storage': 'the main memory in a virtual memory system', 'reamer': 'a squeezer with a conical ridged center that is used for squeezing juice from citrus fruit', 'rear': 'the side of an object that is opposite its front; \"his room was toward the rear of the hotel\"', 'rearview_mirror': 'car mirror that reflects the view out of the rear window', 'rear_window': 'car window that allows vision out of the back of the car', 'Reaumur_thermometer': 'an alcohol thermometer calibrated in degrees Reaumur', 'reboxetine': 'an antidepressant drug that blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine', 'rebozo': 'a long woolen or linen scarf covering the head and shoulders (also used as a sling for holding a baby); traditionally worn by Latin-American women', 'receiver': 'the tennis player who receives the serve', 'receptacle': 'enlarged tip of a stem that bears the floral parts', 'reception_desk': 'a counter (as in a hotel) where guests are received', 'reception_room': 'a room for receiving and entertaining visitors (as in a private house or hotel)', 'recess': 'a small concavity', 'reciprocating_engine': 'an internal-combustion engine in which the crankshaft is turned by pistons moving up and down in cylinders', 'recliner': 'an armchair whose back can be lowered and foot can be raised to allow the sitter to recline in it', 'reconnaissance_plane': 'a military airplane used to gain information about an enemy', 'reconnaissance_vehicle': 'fast armored military vehicle with four-wheel drive and open top', 'record_changer': 'an automatic mechanical device on a record player that causes new records to be played without manual intervention', 'recorder': 'a barrister or solicitor who serves as part-time judge in towns or boroughs', 'recording_studio': 'studio where tapes and records are recorded', 'recording_system': 'audio system for recoding sound', 'record_jacket': 'the jacket for a phonograph record', 'record_player': 'machine in which rotating records cause a stylus to vibrate and the vibrations are amplified acoustically or electronically', 'record_sleeve': 'a sleeve for storing a phonograph record', 'recovery_room': 'a hospital room for the care of patients immediately after surgery', 'recreational_drug': 'a narcotic drug that is used only occasionally and is claimed to be nonaddictive', 'recreational_facility': 'a public facility for recreation', 'recreational_vehicle': 'a motorized wheeled vehicle used for camping or other recreational activities', 'recreation_room': 'a room equipped for informal entertaining', 'rectifier': 'a person who corrects or sets right; \"a rectifier of prejudices\"', 'recycling_bin': 'a bin for depositing things to be recycled', 'recycling_plant': 'a plant for reprocessing used or abandoned materials', 'redbrick_university': '(British informal) a provincial British university of relatively recent founding; distinguished from Oxford University and Cambridge University', 'red_carpet': 'a strip of red carpeting laid down for dignitaries to walk on', 'redoubt': '(military) a temporary or supplementary fortification; typically square or polygonal without flanking defenses', 'reducer': 'pipefitting that joins two pipes of different diameter', 'reduction_gear': 'gearing that reduces an input speed to a slower output speed', 'reed': 'tall woody perennial grasses with hollow slender stems especially of the genera Arundo and Phragmites', 'reed_pipe': 'organ pipe with a vibrating reed', 'reed_stop': 'an organ stop with the tone of a reed instrument', 'reef_knot': 'a square knot used in a reef line', 'refectory': 'a communal dining-hall (usually in a monastery)', 'refectory_table': 'a long narrow dining table supported by a stretcher between two trestles', 'refill': 'a prescription drug that is provided again; \"he got a refill of his prescription\"; \"the prescription specified only one refill\"', 'refinery': 'an industrial plant for purifying a crude substance', 'reflecting_telescope': 'optical telescope consisting of a large concave mirror that produces an image that is magnified by the eyepiece; \"Isaac Newton invented the reflecting telescope in 1668\"', 'reflection': '(mathematics) a transformation in which the direction of one axis is reversed', 'reflectometer': 'a meter that measures the reflectance of a surface', 'reflector': 'device that reflects radiation', 'reflex_camera': 'camera that allows the photographer to view and focus the exact scene being photographed', 'reflux_condenser': 'condenser such that vapor over a boiling liquid is condensed and flows back into the vessel to prevent its contents from boiling dry', 'reformatory': 'correctional institution for the detention and discipline and training of young or first offenders', 'reformer': 'a disputant who advocates reform', 'refracting_telescope': 'optical telescope that has a large convex lens that produces an image that is viewed through the eyepiece', 'refractometer': 'measuring instrument for measuring the refractive index of a substance', 'refrigeration_system': 'a cooling system for chilling or freezing (usually for preservative purposes)', 'refrigerator': 'white goods in which food can be stored at low temperatures', 'refrigerator_car': 'a freight car that is equipped with refrigeration system', 'refuge': 'a shelter from danger or hardship', 'regalia': 'paraphernalia indicative of royalty (or other high office)', 'regimentals': 'the military uniform and insignia of a regiment', 'register': 'a book in which names and transactions are listed', 'regulator': 'an official responsible for control and supervision of a particular activity or area of public interest', 'rein': 'any means of control; \"he took up the reins of government\"', 'relaxant': 'a drug that relaxes and relieves tension', 'relic': 'an antiquity that has survived from the distant past', 'religious_residence': 'residence that is a place of religious seclusion (such as a monastery)', 'reliquary': 'a container where religious relics are stored or displayed (especially relics of saints)', 'remake': 'creation that is created again or anew; \"it is a remake of an old film\"', 'remedy': 'a medicine or therapy that cures disease or relieve pain', 'remote_control': 'a device that can be used to control a machine or apparatus from a distance; \"he lost the remote for his TV\"', 'remote-control_bomb': 'a bomb that can be detonated by remote control', 'remote_terminal': 'a terminal connected to a computer by a data link', 'removable_disk': 'a hard disk that can be removed from the disk drive; removal prevents unauthorized use', 'rep': \"informal abbreviation of `representative'\", 'repair_shop': 'a shop specializing in repairs and maintenance', 'repeater': 'a person who repeats; \"the audience consisted largely of repeaters who had seen the movie many times\"', 'repeating_firearm': 'a firearm that can fire several rounds without reloading', 'repertory': 'the entire range of skills or aptitudes or devices used in a particular field or occupation; \"the repertory of the supposed feats of mesmerism\"; \"has a large repertory of dialects and characters\"', 'replica': 'copy that is not the original; something that has been copied', 'repository': 'a person to whom a secret is entrusted', 'reproducer': 'an audio system that can reproduce and amplify signals to produce sound', 'rerebrace': 'cannon that provides plate armor for the upper arm', 'rescue_equipment': 'equipment used to rescue passengers in case of emergency', 'research_center': 'a center where research is done', 'reseau': 'a net or mesh foundation for lace', 'reserpine': 'antihypertensive consisting of an alkaloid extracted from the plant Rauwolfia serpentina (trade names Raudixin or Rau-Sed or Sandril or Serpasil)', 'reservoir': 'a large or extra supply of something; \"a reservoir of talent\"', 'reset': 'device for resetting instruments or controls', 'reset_button': 'a push button that you press to activate the reset mechanism', 'residence': 'any address at which you dwell more than temporarily; \"a person can have several residences\"', 'resistance_pyrometer': 'pyrometer that measures high temperatures by the resistance in a heated wire', 'resistance_thermometer': 'thermometer that measures temperature by changes in the resistance of a spiral of platinum wire', 'resistor': 'an electrical device that resists the flow of electrical current', 'resonator': 'a hollow chamber whose dimensions allow the resonant oscillation of electromagnetic or acoustic waves', 'resort_hotel': 'a fashionable hotel usually in a resort area', 'respirator': 'a breathing device for administering long-term artificial respiration', 'restaurant': 'a building where people go to eat', 'rest_house': 'a building used for shelter by travelers (especially in areas where there are no hotels)', 'resuscitator': 'a breathing apparatus used for resuscitation by forcing oxygen into the lungs of a person who has undergone asphyxia or arrest of respiration', 'retainer': 'a fee charged in advance to retain the services of someone', 'retaining_wall': 'a wall that is built to resist lateral pressure (especially a wall built to prevent the advance of a mass of earth)', 'reticle': 'a network of fine lines, dots, cross hairs, or wires in the focal plane of the eyepiece of an optical instrument', 'reticulation': '(photography) the formation of a network of cracks or wrinkles in a photographic emulsion', 'reticule': \"a woman's drawstring handbag; usually made of net or beading or brocade; used in 18th and 19th centuries\", 'retort': 'a vessel where substances are distilled or decomposed by heat', 'retractor': 'surgical instrument that holds back the edges of a surgical incision', 'retread': 'a used automobile tire that has been remolded to give it new treads', 'retrorocket': 'a small rocket engine on a larger rocket or spacecraft that is fired to slow or alter its course', 'return_key': 'the key on electric typewriters or computer keyboards that causes a carriage return and a line feed', 'reverberatory_furnace': 'a furnace in which the material that is being treated is heated indirectly by flames that are directed at the roof and walls of the furnace', 'revers': \"a lapel on a woman's garment; turned back to show the reverse side\", 'reverse_transcriptase_inhibitor': 'an antiviral drug that inhibits the action of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses such as HIV', 'reversible': 'a garment (especially a coat) that can be worn inside out (with either side of the cloth showing)', 'reversing_thermometer': 'a thermometer that registers the temperature in deep waters', 'revetment': 'a barrier against explosives', 'reviewing_stand': 'a stand from which a parade or military force can be reviewed', 'revolver': 'a pistol with a revolving cylinder (usually having six chambers for bullets)', 'revolving_door': 'an organization or institution with a high rate of turnover of personnel or membership', 'rheometer': 'an instrument for measuring the flow of liquids (especially arterial blood)', 'rheostat': 'resistor for regulating current', 'rhinoscope': 'medical instrument consisting of a mirror mounted at an angle on a rod; used to examine the nasal passages (through the nasopharynx)', 'rib': 'cut of meat including one or more ribs', 'riband': 'a ribbon used as a decoration', 'ribavirin': 'an inhaled antiviral agent (trade name Virazole) that may be used to treat serious virus infections', 'ribbed_vault': 'vault that resembles a groined vault but has ribbed arches', 'ribbing': 'a framework of ribs', 'ribbon': 'any long object resembling a thin line; \"a mere ribbon of land\"; \"the lighted ribbon of traffic\"; \"from the air the road was a grey thread\"; \"a thread of smoke climbed upward\"', 'ribbon_development': 'building complex in a continuous row along a road', 'rib_joint_pliers': 'a type of pliers', 'ricer': 'a kitchen utensil used for ricing soft foods by extruding them through small holes', 'rickrack': 'a narrow zigzag ribbon used as trimming', 'riddle': 'a difficult problem', 'ride': 'a mechanical device that you ride for amusement or excitement', 'rider_plate': \"a horizontal beam (or plate) connected to the top of a ship's vertical keel or to the keelson\", 'ridge': 'any long raised strip', 'ridge_rope': 'either of a pair of lifelines running alongside the bowsprit of a ship', 'riding_bitt': 'one of the large bitts used to secure the cable of a dropped anchor', 'riding_boot': 'a boot without laces that is worn for riding horses; part of a riding habit', 'riding_crop': 'a short whip with a thong at the end and a handle for opening gates', 'riding_mower': 'a power mower you can ride on', 'rifampin': 'an antibacterial drug (trade names Rifadin and Rimactane) used to treat tuberculosis', 'rifle': 'a shoulder firearm with a long barrel and a rifled bore; \"he lifted the rifle to his shoulder and fired\"', 'rifle_ball': 'a bullet designed to be fired from a rifle; no longer made spherical in shape', 'rifle_butt': 'the butt end of a rifle', 'rifle_grenade': 'a grenade that is thrown from a launching device attached to the barrel of a rifle', 'rifle_range': 'the distance that a rifle bullet will carry; \"the target was out of rifle range\"', 'rig': 'formation of masts, spars, sails, etc., on a vessel', 'rigger': 'someone who works on an oil rig', 'rigging': \"gear consisting of ropes etc. supporting a ship's masts and sails\", 'right_of_way': 'the privilege of someone to pass over land belonging to someone else', 'rigout': 'a person\\'s costume (especially if bizarre); \"What a queer rigout!\"', 'rim': 'the shape of a raised edge of a more or less circular object', 'ring': 'a toroidal shape; \"a ring of ships in the harbor\"; \"a halo of smoke\"', 'rings': 'gymnastic apparatus consisting of a pair of heavy metal circles (usually covered with leather) suspended by ropes; used for gymnastic exercises; \"the rings require a strong upper body\"', 'ringside': 'first row of seating; has an unobstructed view of a boxing or wrestling ring', 'rink': 'building that contains a surface for ice skating or roller skating', 'riot_gun': 'a firearm designed to disperse rioters rather than to inflict serious injury or death', 'ripcord': 'a cord that is pulled to open the gasbag of a balloon wide enough to release gas and so causes the balloon to descend', 'ripping_bar': 'a steel lever with one end formed into a ripping chisel and the other a gooseneck with a claw for pulling nails', 'ripping_chisel': 'a long chisel with a slightly bent cutting end; used for heavy prying or cleaning mortises', 'ripsaw': 'a handsaw for cutting with the grain of the wood', 'riser': 'a person who rises (especially from bed); \"he\\'s usually a late riser\"', 'ritonavir': 'a protease inhibitor (trade name Norvir) used in treating HIV', 'Ritz': 'Swiss hotelier who created a chain of elegant hotels (1850-1918)', 'river_boat': 'a boat used on rivers or to ply a river', 'rivet': 'heavy pin having a head at one end and the other end being hammered flat after being passed through holes in the pieces that are fastened together', 'riveting_machine': 'a machine for driving rivets', 'rivet_line': 'a line of rivets at a seam; \"the fuselage cracked along the rivet line\"', 'roach_clip': 'metal tweezers used by marijuana smokers to hold a roach', 'roadbed': 'a bed supporting a road', 'roadblock': 'a barrier set up by police to stop traffic on a street or road in order to catch a fugitive or inspect traffic etc.', 'roadhouse': 'an inn (usually outside city limits on a main road) providing meals and liquor and dancing and (sometimes) gambling', 'road_map': 'a detailed plan or explanation to guide you in setting standards or determining a course of action; \"the president said he had a road map for normalizing relations with Vietnam\"', 'roadster': 'an open automobile having a front seat and a rumble seat', 'road_surface': 'the paved surface of a paved roadway', 'roadway': 'a road (especially that part of a road) over which vehicles travel', 'roaster': 'a harsh or humorous critic (sometimes intended as a facetious compliment); \"the honoree gave his roasters as good as he got\"', 'robe': 'any loose flowing garment', 'Robitussin': 'trade name of an expectorant that loosens phlegm and makes it easier to cough up', 'robotics_equipment': 'equipment used in robotics', 'Rochon_prism': 'optical device that produces plane-polarized ultraviolet light', 'rock_bit': 'a drill bit that has hardened rotating rollers', 'rocker': 'an attendant who rocks a child in a cradle', 'rocker_arm': 'a lever pivoted at the center; used especially to push a valve down in an internal-combustion engine', 'rocket': 'erect European annual often grown as a salad crop to be harvested when young and tender', 'rocket_base': 'a military base for rocket missiles', 'rocket_range': 'a firing range for rocket missiles', 'rock_garden': 'a garden featuring rocks; usually alpine plants', 'rocking_chair': 'a chair mounted on rockers', 'roentgenogram': 'a radiogram made by exposing photographic film to X rays; used in medical diagnosis', 'rofecoxib': 'a Cox-2 inhibitor (trade name Vioxx) that relieves pain and inflammation without harming the digestive tract; voluntarily withdrawn from the market in 2004', 'roller_bandage': 'bandage consisting of a strip of sterile fabric (of variable width) rolled into a cylinder to facilitate application', 'in-line_skate': 'a shoe with a line of rollers fixed to the sole', 'Rollerblade': '(trademark) an in-line skate', 'roller_blind': 'a window shade that rolls up out of the way', 'roller_coaster': 'anything characterized by abrupt and extreme changes (especially up and down); \"the economy has been on a roller coaster all year\"', 'roller_skate': 'a shoe with pairs of rollers fixed to the sole', 'roller_towel': 'a towel with the ends sewn together, hung on a roller', 'roll_film': 'photographic film wound on a spool', 'rolling_hitch': 'a hitch for fastening a line to a spar or another rope', 'rolling_mill': 'steel mill where metal is rolled into sheets and bars', 'rolling_pin': 'utensil consisting of a cylinder (usually of wood) with a handle at each end; used to roll out dough', 'rolling_stock': 'collection of wheeled vehicles owned by a railroad or motor carrier', 'roll_of_tobacco': 'tobacco leaves that have been made into a cylinder', 'roll-on': 'a dispenser of a liquid cosmetic (such as a deodorant) having a revolving ball as an applicator', 'roll-on_roll-off': 'a method of transport (as a ferry or train or plane) that vehicles roll onto at the beginning and roll off of at the destination', 'Rolodex': '(trademark) a desktop rotary card index with removable cards; usually used for names, addresses, and telephone numbers; \"a news reporter has to have a good Rolodex\"', 'Roman_arch': 'a round arch drawn from a single center', 'Roman_building': 'a building constructed by the ancient Romans', 'Roman_candle': 'a cylindrical firework that projects a series of colored balls of fire', 'romper': 'a person who romps or frolics', 'rood_screen': 'a screen in a church; separates the nave from the choir or chancel', 'roof': 'the inner top surface of a covered area or hollow space; \"the roof of the cave was very high\"; \"I could see the roof of the bear\\'s mouth\"', 'roof_garden': 'a garden on a flat roof of a building', 'roof_peak': 'the highest point of a roof', 'room': 'opportunity for; \"room for improvement\"', 'roomette': 'a small private compartment for one on a sleeping car', 'room_light': 'light that provides general illumination for a room', 'roost': 'a shelter with perches for fowl or other birds', 'root_cellar': 'an excavation where root vegetables are stored', 'rope': 'a strong line', 'rope_bridge': 'a bridge consisting of ropes', 'rope_ladder': 'a ladder with side pieces of rope', 'rope_tow': 'a ski tow offering only a moving rope to hold onto', 'ropewalk': 'workplace consisting of a long narrow path or shed where rope is made', 'rope_yarn': 'the strands out of which ropes are made', 'rosary': 'a string of beads used in counting prayers (especially by Catholics)', 'rose_bed': 'a flower bed in which roses are growing', 'rose_garden': 'a garden for growing roses', 'rosemaling': 'a Scandinavian style of carved or painted decoration (as on furniture or walls or dinnerware) consisting of floral motifs', 'rosette': 'a cluster of leaves growing in crowded circles from a common center or crown (usually at or close to the ground)', 'rose_water': 'perfume consisting of water scented with oil of roses', 'rose_window': 'circular window filled with tracery', 'rosin_bag': 'a bag filled with rosin; used by baseball pitchers to improve their grip on the ball', 'rotary_actuator': '(computer science) the actuator that moves a read/write head to the proper data track', 'rotary_engine': 'an internal-combustion engine in which power is transmitted directly to rotating components', 'rotary_press': 'a printing press for printing from a revolving cylinder', 'rotating_mechanism': 'a mechanism that rotates', 'rotating_shaft': 'a revolving rod that transmits power or motion', 'rotisserie': 'an oven or broiler equipped with a rotating spit on which meat cooks as it turns', 'rotor': 'the revolving bar of a distributor', 'rotor_blade': 'the long airfoil that rotates to provide the lift that supports a helicopter in the air', 'rotor_head': 'the axis around which the major rotor of a helicopter turns', 'rotunda': 'a building having a circular plan and a dome', 'rouge': 'makeup consisting of a pink or red powder applied to the cheeks', 'roughcast': 'a coarse plaster for the surface of external walls', 'rouleau': 'a roll of ribbon', 'roulette_ball': 'the ball used to play roulette', 'roulette_wheel': 'game equipment consisting of a wheel with slots that is used for gambling; the wheel rotates horizontally and players bet on which slot the roulette ball will stop in', 'round_arch': 'an arch formed in a continuous curve; characteristic of Roman architecture', 'round-bottom_flask': 'a spherical flask with a narrow neck', 'roundel': 'English form of rondeau having three triplets with a refrain after the first and third', 'rounder': 'a tool for rounding corners or edges', 'round_file': 'a file with a circular cross section; used to file the inside of holes', 'Round_Table': '(legend) the circular table for King Arthur and his knights', 'router': 'a worker who routes shipments for distribution and delivery', 'router_plane': 'a woodworking plane with a narrow cutting head that will make grooves with smooth bottoms', 'rowel': 'a small spiked wheel at the end of a spur', 'row_house': 'a house that is one of a row of identical houses situated side by side and sharing common walls', 'rowing_boat': 'a rowboat', 'rowlock_arch': 'an arch that is formed with more than one concentric row of voussoirs', 'row_of_bricks': 'a course of bricks place next to each other (usually in a straight line)', 'royal_brace': 'a brace to secure the royal mast', 'royal_mast': 'topmast immediately above the topgallant mast', 'rubber_band': 'a narrow band of elastic rubber used to hold things (such as papers) together', 'rubber_boot': 'a high boot made of rubber', 'rubber_bullet': 'a bullet made of hard rubber; designed for use in crowd control', 'rubber_eraser': 'an eraser made of rubber (or of a synthetic material with properties similar to rubber); commonly mounted at one end of a pencil', 'rubbing': 'representation consisting of a copy (as of an engraving) made by laying paper over something and rubbing it with charcoal', 'rubbing_alcohol': 'lotion consisting of a poisonous solution of isopropyl alcohol or denatured ethanol alcohol for external use', 'rubefacient': 'a medicine for external application that produces redness of the skin', 'rudder': 'a hinged vertical airfoil mounted at the tail of an aircraft and used to make horizontal course changes', 'rudder_blade': 'the vertical blade on a rudder', 'rudderpost': 'a vertical post at the forward edge of a rudder that enables the rudder to pivot', 'rue': 'European strong-scented perennial herb with grey-green bitter-tasting leaves; an irritant similar to poison ivy', 'rug': 'floor covering consisting of a piece of thick heavy fabric (usually with nap or pile)', 'rugby_ball': 'inflated oval ball used in playing rugby', 'ruin': 'an irrecoverable state of devastation and destruction; \"you have brought ruin on this entire family\"', 'rule': 'the duration of a monarch\\'s or government\\'s power; \"during the rule of Elizabeth\"', 'rumble_seat': 'a folding outside seat in the back of some early cars', 'rummer': 'a large drinking glass (ovoid bowl on a stem) for drinking toasts', 'rumpus_room': \"a recreation room for noisy activities (parties or children's play etc)\", 'runcible_spoon': 'a fork-like spoon with a cutting edge; coined by Edward Lear', 'rundle': 'one of the crosspieces that form the steps of a ladder', 'rung': 'a crosspiece between the legs of a chair', 'running_board': 'a narrow footboard serving as a step beneath the doors of some old cars', 'running_shoe': 'a light comfortable shoe designed for running', 'running_stitch': 'small, even, hand stitches run in and out', 'running_suit': 'a matching jacket and pants worn by joggers and made of fabric that absorbs perspiration', 'runway': 'a chute down which logs can slide', 'rushlight': 'a tallow candle with a rush stem as the wick', 'russet': 'a reddish brown homespun fabric', 'rya': 'a shag rug made in Sweden', 'saber': 'a fencing sword with a v-shaped blade and a slightly curved handle', 'saber_saw': 'a portable power saw with a reciprocating blade; can be used with a variety of blades depending on the application and kind of cut; generally have a plate that rides on the surface that is being cut', 'Sabin_vaccine': 'an oral vaccine (containing live but weakened poliovirus) that is given to provide immunity to poliomyelitis', 'sable_coat': 'a fur coat made of sable furs', 'sabot': 'a shoe carved from a single block of wood', 'sachet': 'a small soft bag containing perfumed powder; used to perfume items in a drawer or chest', 'sackbut': 'a medieval musical instrument resembling a trombone', 'sackcloth': 'a garment made of coarse sacking; formerly worn as an indication of remorse', 'sack_coat': \"man's hiplength coat with a straight back; the jacket of a suit\", 'sacking': 'coarse fabric used for bags or sacks', 'saddlebag': 'a large bag (or pair of bags) hung over a saddle', 'saddle_blanket': 'stable gear consisting of a blanket placed under the saddle', 'saddle_oxford': 'an oxford with a saddle of contrasting color', 'saddlery': 'workshop where a saddler works', 'saddle_seat': 'a chair seat that is slightly concave and sometimes has a thickened ridge in the center; \"the saddle seat fitted his buttocks nicely\"', 'saddle_soap': 'a mild soap for cleansing and conditioning leather', 'saddle_stitch': 'a decorative overcast or running stitch, especially in a contrasting color', 'safe': 'a ventilated or refrigerated cupboard for securing provisions from pests', 'safe-deposit': 'a fireproof metal strongbox (usually in a bank) for storing valuables', 'safehold': 'a refuge from attack', 'safe_house': 'a house used as a hiding place or refuge by members of certain organizations', 'safety_arch': 'an undecorated arch that is included in order to strengthen or support a construction', 'safety_belt': 'belt attaching you to some object as a restraint in order to prevent you from getting hurt', 'safety_bicycle': 'bicycle that has two wheels of equal size; pedals are connected to the rear wheel by a multiplying gear', 'safety_bolt': 'a bolt that cannot be moved from outside the door or gate', 'safety_catch': 'guard consisting of a locking device that prevents a weapon from being fired', 'safety_curtain': 'a fireproof theater curtain to be dropped in case of fire', 'safety_fuse': 'a slow-burning fuse consisting of a tube or cord filled or saturated with combustible matter; used to ignite detonators from a distance', 'safety_lamp': 'an oil lamp that will not ignite flammable gases (methane)', 'safety_match': 'a paper match that strikes only on a specially prepared surface', 'safety_net': 'a guarantee of professional or financial security', 'safety_pin': 'a pin in the form of a clasp; has a guard so the point of the pin will not stick the user', 'safety_rail': 'a railing placed alongside a stairway or road for safety', 'safety_razor': 'a razor with a guard to prevent deep cuts in the skin', 'safety_valve': 'a valve in a container in which pressure can build up (as a steam boiler); it opens automatically when the pressure reaches a dangerous level', 'sail': 'any structure that resembles a sail', 'sailboat': 'a small sailing vessel; usually with a single mast', 'sailcloth': 'a strong fabric (such as cotton canvas) used for making sails and tents', 'sailing_vessel': 'a vessel that is powered by the wind; often having several masts', 'sailing_warship': 'a warship that was powered by sails and equipped with many heavy guns; not built after the middle of the 19th century', 'sailor_cap': 'a cap worn by sailors', 'sailor_suit': \"a boy's ensemble; copied from a sailor's uniform\", 'Saint_Lawrence_Seaway': 'a seaway involving the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes that was developed jointly by Canada and the United States; oceangoing ships can travel as far west as Lake Superior', 'salad_bar': 'a bar where diners can assemble a salad to their own taste', 'salad_bowl': 'a large bowl for mixing and serving a salad', 'salad_fork': 'a fork intended for eating salads', 'salad_plate': 'a plate or bowl for individual servings of salad', 'salinometer': 'a hydrometer that determines the concentration of salt solutions by measuring their density', 'Salk_vaccine': 'a poliovirus vaccine consisting of inactivated polio virus that is injected subcutaneously to provide immunity to poliomyelitis', 'sallet': 'a light medieval helmet with a slit for vision', 'salon': 'a shop where hairdressers and beauticians work', 'saltbox': 'a type of house built in New England; has two stories in front and one behind', 'saltcellar': 'a small container for holding salt at the dining table', 'salt_mine': 'a mine where salt is dug', 'saltshaker': 'a shaker with a perforated top for sprinkling salt', 'saltworks': 'a plant where salt is produced commercially', 'salver': 'a tray (or large plate) for serving food or drinks; usually made of silver', 'salvinorin': 'a hallucinogen obtained from Salvia divinorum', 'salwar': 'a pair of light loose trousers with a tight fit around the ankles; worn by women from the Indian subcontinent (usually with a kameez)', 'Salyut': 'either of two Soviet space stations launched in the 1970s', 'Sam_Browne_belt': 'leather belt supported by a strap over the right shoulder', 'samisen': 'a Japanese stringed instrument resembling a banjo with a long neck and three strings and a fretted fingerboard and a rectangular soundbox; played with a plectrum', 'samite': 'a heavy silk fabric (often woven with silver or gold threads); used to make clothing in the Middle Ages', 'samovar': 'a metal urn with a spigot at the base; used in Russia to boil water for tea', 'sampan': 'an Asian skiff usually propelled by two oars', 'sampler': 'an assortment of various samples; \"a candy sampler\"; \"a sampler of French poets\"', 'sampling_station': 'an observation station that is set up to make sample observations of something', 'sanatorium': 'a hospital for recuperation or for the treatment of chronic diseases', 'sanctuary': 'a consecrated place where sacred objects are kept', 'sandal': 'a shoe consisting of a sole fastened by straps to the foot', 'sandbag': 'a bag filled with sand; used as a weapon or to build walls or as ballast', 'sandblaster': 'a tool that throws out a blast of steam laden with sand; used to clean or grind hard surfaces', 'sandbox': 'mold consisting of a box with sand shaped to mold metal', 'sandglass': 'timepiece in which the passage of time is indicated by the flow of sand from one transparent container to another through a narrow passage', 'sand_painting': 'a painting done by Amerindians (especially Navaho); made of fine colored sands on a neutral background', 'sand_wedge': 'a wedge used to get out of sand traps', 'sandwich_board': 'signboard consisting of two hinged boards that hang front and back from the shoulders of a walker and are used to display advertisements', 'sanitary_napkin': 'a disposable absorbent pad (trade name Kotex); worn to absorb menstrual flow', 'Santa_Fe_Trail': 'a trail that extends from Missouri to New Mexico; an important route for settlers moving west in the 19th century', 'cling_film': 'a thin plastic film made of saran (trade name Saran Wrap) that sticks to itself; used for wrapping food', 'sarcenet': 'a fine soft silk fabric often used for linings', 'sarcophagus': 'a stone coffin (usually bearing sculpture or inscriptions)', 'sari': 'a dress worn primarily by Hindu women; consists of several yards of light material that is draped around the body', 'sarong': 'a loose skirt consisting of brightly colored fabric wrapped around the body; worn by both women and men in the South Pacific', 'sash': 'a framework that holds the panes of a window in the window frame', 'sash_cord': 'a strong cord connecting a sash weight to a sliding sash', 'sash_fastener': 'a lock attached to the sashes of a double hung window that can fix both in the shut position', 'sash_weight': 'a counterweight for a sliding sash', 'sash_window': 'a window with (usually two) sashes that slide vertically to let in air', 'satchel': 'luggage consisting of a small case with a flat bottom and (usually) a shoulder strap', 'sateen': 'a cotton fabric with a satiny finish', 'satellite': 'a person who follows or serves another', 'satellite_receiver': 'a receiver on a communications satellite', 'satellite_television': 'a television system in which the signal is transmitted to an orbiting satellite that receives the signal and amplifies it and transmits it back to earth', 'satellite_transmitter': 'a transmitter on a communications satellite', 'satin': 'a smooth fabric of silk or rayon; has a glossy face and a dull back', 'satinet': 'a fabric with a finish resembling satin but made partly or wholly from cotton or synthetic fiber', 'satin_stitch': 'flat stitches worked so closely as to resemble satin', 'satin_weave': 'a weave in which the filling and warp threads intersect in such a way as to give a smooth compact surface with no distinguishable twill line', 'Saturday_night_special': 'a cheap handgun that is easily obtained', 'saucepan': 'a deep pan with a handle; used for stewing or boiling', 'saucepot': 'a cooking pot that has handles on either side and tight fitting lid; used for stewing or boiling', 'saucer': 'a small shallow dish for holding a cup at the table', 'sauna': 'a Finnish steam bath; steam is produced by pouring water over heated rocks', 'save-all': 'a receptacle for catching waste products for further use', 'savings_bank': 'a thrift institution in the northeastern United States; since deregulation in the 1980s they offer services competitive with many commercial banks', 'saw': 'hand tool having a toothed blade for cutting', 'sawdust_doll': 'a doll that is stuffed with sawdust', 'sawdust_saloon': 'a saloon whose floor is covered with sawdust', 'sawed-off_shotgun': 'a shotgun with short barrels', 'sawhorse': 'a framework for holding wood that is being sawed', 'sawmill': 'a large sawing machine', 'saw_set': 'a tool used to bend each alternate sawtooth at a slight angle outward', 'sawtooth': 'a serration on a saw blade', 'sax': 'a single-reed woodwind with a conical bore', 'saxhorn': 'any of a family of brass wind instruments that resemble a bugle with valves', 'scabbard': 'a sheath for a sword or dagger or bayonet', 'scaffold': 'a platform from which criminals are executed (hanged or beheaded)', 'scaffolding': 'a system of scaffolds', 'scaler': 'an electronic pulse counter used to count pulses that occur too rapidly to be recorded individually', 'scaling_ladder': 'a ladder used to scale walls (as in an attack)', 'scalpel': 'a thin straight surgical knife used in dissection and surgery', 'scanner': 'someone who scans verse to determine the number and prosodic value of the syllables', 'scantling': 'an upright in house framing', 'scarecrow': 'an effigy in the shape of a man to frighten birds away from seeds', 'scarf': 'a garment worn around the head or neck or shoulders for warmth or decoration', 'scarf_joint': 'a joint made by notching the ends of two pieces of timber or metal so that they will lock together end-to-end', 'scatter_pin': 'small pin usually worn in groups of two or more', 'scatter_rug': 'a small rug; several can be used in a room', 'scauper': 'a graver used to scoop out broad areas when engraving wood or metal', 'scene': 'the place where some action occurs; \"the police returned to the scene of the crime\"', 'scenery': 'the appearance of a place', 'scenic_railway': 'small railway in an amusement park', 'scheduler': 'computer hardware that arranges jobs to be done by the computer in an appropriate order', 'schematic': 'diagram of an electrical or mechanical system', 'schlock': 'merchandise that is shoddy or inferior', 'Schmidt_telescope': 'reflecting telescope that has plate that corrects for aberration so a wide area of sky can be photographed', 'school': 'the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session; \"stay after school\"; \"he didn\\'t miss a single day of school\"; \"when the school day was done we would walk home together\"', 'schoolbag': 'a bag for carrying school books and supplies; \"found just the right dictionary to fit into his schoolbag\"', 'school_bell': 'a bell rung to announce beginning or ending of class', 'school_bus': 'a bus used to transport children to or from school', 'school_crossing': 'a pedestrian crossing where school children cross a street on the way to school', 'school_ship': 'a ship used to train students as sailors', 'school_system': 'establishment including the plant and equipment for providing education from kindergarten through high school', 'schooner': 'a large beer glass', 'science_museum': 'a museum that collects and displays objects having scientific interest', 'scientific_instrument': 'an instrument used by scientists', 'scimitar': 'a curved oriental saber; the edge is on the convex side of the blade', 'scintillation_counter': 'counter tube in which light flashes when exposed to ionizing radiation', 'sclerometer': 'a measuring instrument that measures the hardness of materials by penetrating them with a stylus that has a diamond point', 'scoinson_arch': 'an arch that supports part of the wall', 'sconce': 'a shelter or screen providing protection from enemy fire or from the weather', 'scoop': 'a hollow concave shape made by removing something', 'scooter': \"child's two-wheeled vehicle operated by foot\", 'scopolamine': 'an alkaloid with anticholinergic effects that is used as a sedative and to treat nausea and to dilate the pupils in ophthalmic procedures; \"transdermal scopolamine is used to treat motion sickness\"; \"someone sedated with scopolamine has difficulty lying\"', 'scoreboard': 'a large board for displaying the score of a contest (and some other information)', 'scourge': 'a whip used to inflict punishment (often used for pedantic humor)', 'scouring_pad': 'a small abrasive cleaning pad used for scouring pots and pans', 'scow': 'any of various flat-bottomed boats with sloping ends', 'scrambler': 'a rapid mover; someone who scrambles; \"their quarterback was a good scrambler\"; \"scramblers can often unnerve a better tennis player\"', 'scrap': 'a small piece of something that is left over after the rest has been used; \"she jotted it on a scrap of paper\"; \"there was not a scrap left\"', 'scrapbook': 'an album into which clippings or notes or pictures can be pasted', 'scraper': 'any of various hand tools for scraping', 'scratcher': 'a workman who uses a tool for scratching', 'scratchpad': '(computer science) a high-speed internal memory used for temporary storage of preliminary information', 'screed': 'a long monotonous harangue', 'screen': 'a white or silvered surface where pictures can be projected for viewing', 'screen_door': 'a door that consists of a frame holding metallic or plastic netting; used to allow ventilation and to keep insects from entering a building through the open door; \"he heard the screen slam as she left\"', 'screen_saver': '(computer science) a moving design that appears on a computer screen when there has been no input for a specified period of time; \"screen savers prevent the damage that occurs when the same areas of light and dark are displayed too long\"', 'screw': 'a simple machine of the inclined-plane type consisting of a spirally threaded cylindrical rod that engages with a similarly threaded hole', 'screwdriver': 'a cocktail made with vodka and orange juice', 'screw_eye': 'a woodscrew having its shank bent into a ring', 'screw_key': 'a wrench for turning a screw', 'screw_thread': 'the raised helical rib going around a screw', 'screwtop': 'the top of a container that must be screwed off and on', 'screw_wrench': 'adjustable wrench that has one jaw that can be adjusted by turning a screw', 'scribble': 'poor handwriting', 'scriber': 'a sharp-pointed awl for marking wood or metal to be cut', 'scrim': 'a firm open-weave fabric used for a curtain in the theater', 'scrimshaw': 'a carving (or engraving) on whalebone, whale ivory, walrus tusk, etc., usually by American whalers', 'scriptorium': 'a room in a monastery that is set aside for writing or copying manuscripts', 'scrubber': 'a worker who uses a scrub brush to clean a surface (usually a floor or deck)', 'scrub_brush': 'a brush with short stiff bristles for heavy cleaning', 'scrub_plane': 'a narrow woodworking plane used to cut away excess stock', 'scuffer': 'a lightweight flexible sandal with a sturdy sole; worn as play shoes by children and as sportswear by adults', 'scuffle': 'a hoe that is used by pushing rather than pulling', 'scull': 'a long oar that is mounted at the stern of a boat and moved left and right to propel the boat forward', 'scullery': 'a small room (in large old British houses) next to the kitchen; where kitchen utensils are cleaned and kept and other rough household jobs are done', 'scum': 'a film of impurities or vegetation that can form on the surface of a liquid', 'scupper': 'drain that allows water on the deck of a vessel to flow overboard', 'scuttle': 'container for coal; shaped to permit pouring the coal onto the fire', 'scyphus': 'an ancient Greek drinking cup; two handles and footed base', 'scythe': 'an edge tool for cutting grass; has a long handle that must be held with both hands and a curved blade that moves parallel to the ground', 'sea_anchor': 'restraint consisting of a canvas covered frame that floats behind a vessel; prevents drifting or maintains the heading into a wind', 'seabag': 'a cylindrical drawstring bag used by sailors to hold their clothing and other gear', 'sea_boat': 'a boat that is seaworthy; that is adapted to the open seas', 'sea_chest': \"a sailor's storage chest for personal property\", 'sea_ladder': \"(nautical) ladder to be lowered over a ship's side for coming aboard\", 'seal_bomb': 'a small explosive device (resembling a firecracker) that is used underwater in order to frighten mammals away from fishing grounds', 'sealing_wax': 'fastener consisting of a resinous composition that is plastic when warm; used for sealing documents and parcels and letters', 'sealskin': 'a garment (as a jacket or coat or robe) made of sealskin', 'seam': 'a stratum of ore or coal thick enough to be mined with profit; \"he worked in the coal beds\"', 'seaplane': 'an airplane that can land on or take off from water; \"the designer of marine aircraft demonstrated his newest hydroplane\"', 'searchlight': 'a light source with reflectors that projects a beam of light in a particular direction', 'searing_iron': 'a hot iron used to destroy tissue', 'Sears_Tower': 'a skyscraper built in Chicago in 1974; 1454 feet tall', 'seascape': 'a view of the sea', 'seat': 'a center of authority (as a city from which authority is exercised)', 'seat_belt': 'a safety belt used in a car or plane to hold you in your seat in case of an accident', 'seat_cushion': 'a cushion that makes a seat more comfortable', 'seaway': 'a lane at sea that is a regularly used route for vessels', 'secateurs': 'small pruning shears with a spring that holds the handles open and a single blade that closes against a flat surface', 'secobarbital_sodium': 'barbiturate that is a white odorless slightly bitter powder (trade name Seconal) used as a sodium salt for sedation and to treat convulsions', 'secondary_coil': 'coil such that current is induced in it by passing a current through the primary coil', 'second_balcony': 'rearmost or uppermost area in the balcony containing the least expensive seats', 'second_gear': 'the gear that has the second lowest forward gear ratio in the gear box of a motor vehicle; \"he had to shift down into second to make the hill\"', 'second_hand': 'an intermediate person; used in the phrase `at second hand\\'; \"he could learn at second hand from books\"', 'secretary': 'a person who is head of an administrative department of government', 'section': 'a land unit equal to 1 square mile', 'sectional': 'a piece of furniture made up of sections that can be arranged individually or together', 'sector': 'a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle', 'security_blanket': 'anything that an adult person uses to reduce anxiety', 'security_system': '(computing) a system that enforces boundaries between computer networks', 'sedan': 'a closed litter for one passenger', 'sedative': 'a drug that reduces excitability and calms a person', 'sedative-hypnotic': 'a sedative that depresses activity of the central nervous system and reduces anxiety and induces sleep', 'seedbed': 'a bed where seedlings are grown before transplanting', 'seeder': 'a person who seeds clouds', 'seeker': 'someone making a search or inquiry; \"they are seekers after truth\"', 'seersucker': 'a light puckered fabric (usually striped)', 'seesaw': 'a plaything consisting of a board balanced on a fulcrum; the board is ridden up and down by children at either end', 'segmental_arch': 'a shallow arch; an arch that is less than a semicircle', 'Segway': '(trademark) a self-balancing personal transportation device with two wheels; can operate in any level pedestrian environment', 'seidel': 'a glass for beer', 'seine': 'a large fishnet that hangs vertically, with floats at the top and weights at the bottom', 'seismogram': 'the graphical record of an earth tremor made by using a seismograph', 'seismograph': 'a measuring instrument for detecting and measuring the intensity and direction and duration of movements of the ground (as an earthquake)', 'seizing': 'small stuff that is used for lashing two or more ropes together', 'selective-serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor': 'an antidepressant drug that acts by blocking the reuptake of serotonin so that more serotonin is available to act on receptors in the brain', 'selector': 'a switch that is used to select among alternatives', 'selenium_cell': 'a photoelectric cell that uses a strip of selenium', 'self-feeder': 'a machine that automatically provides a supply of some material; \"the feeder discharged feed into a trough for the livestock\"', 'self-portrait': 'a portrait of yourself created by yourself', 'self-propelled_vehicle': 'a wheeled vehicle that carries in itself a means of propulsion', 'self-registering_thermometer': 'a thermometer that records the temperature automatically', 'self-starter': 'an energetic person with unusual initiative', 'selsyn': 'a system consisting of a generator and a motor so connected that the motor will assume the same relative position as the generator; the generator and the motor are synchronized', 'selvage': 'border consisting of an ornamental fringe at either end of an oriental carpet', 'semaphore': 'an apparatus for visual signaling with lights or mechanically moving arms', 'semi-abstraction': 'a semiabstract painting', 'semiautomatic_firearm': 'an autoloader that fires only one shot at each pull of the trigger', 'semiautomatic_pistol': 'a pistol that is a semiautomatic firearm capable of loading and firing continuously', 'semiconductor_device': 'a conductor made with semiconducting material', 'semi-detached_house': 'a dwelling that is attached to something on only one side', 'semigloss': 'a paint that dries with a finish between glossy and flat', 'semitrailer': 'a trailer having wheels only in the rear; the front is supported by the towing vehicle', 'sennit': 'flat braided cordage that is used on ships', 'sensitometer': 'a measuring instrument for measuring the light sensitivity of film over a range of exposures', 'sentry_box': 'a small shelter with an open front to protect a sentry from the weather', 'separate': 'a garment that can be purchased separately and worn in combinations with other garments', 'septic_tank': 'large tank where solid matter or sewage is disintegrated by bacteria', 'sequence': 'serial arrangement in which things follow in logical order or a recurrent pattern; \"the sequence of names was alphabetical\"; \"he invented a technique to determine the sequence of base pairs in DNA\"', 'sequencer': '(chemistry) an apparatus that can determine the sequence of monomers in a polymer', 'sequin': 'adornment consisting of a small piece of shiny material used to decorate clothing', 'serape': 'a long brightly colored shawl; worn mainly by Mexican men', 'serge': 'a twilled woolen fabric', 'serger': 'a sewing machine that overcasts the raw edges of a fabric with a V-shaped stitch', 'serial_port': 'an interface (commonly used for modems and mice and some printers) that transmits data a bit at a time', 'series_circuit': 'a circuit having its parts connected serially', 'serpent': 'a firework that moves in serpentine manner when ignited', 'serration': 'the condition of being serrated; \"the serrations of a city skyline\"', 'sertraline': 'a selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor commonly prescribed as an antidepressant (trade name Zoloft)', 'server': '(court games) the player who serves to start a point', 'service_club': 'a club of professional or business people organized for their coordination and active in public services', 'service_door': 'an entrance intended for the use of servants or for delivery of goods and removal of refuse', 'service_station': 'a station where gasoline and oil are sold and facilities are available for repairing or maintaining automobiles', 'serving_cart': 'a handcart for serving food', 'serving_dish': 'a dish used for serving food', 'servo': 'control system that converts a small mechanical motion into one requiring much greater power; may include a negative feedback system', 'set-back': 'structure where a wall or building narrows abruptly', 'set_decoration': 'a decoration used as part of the set of a theatrical or movie production', 'set_gun': 'a gun that is set to fire on any intruder that comes in contact with the wire that sets it off', 'set_piece': 'a piece of scenery intended to stand alone as part of the stage setting', 'setscrew': 'a screw that is used to adjust the tension on a spring', 'set_square': 'a try square with an adjustable sliding head', 'settee': 'a small sofa', 'settle': 'a long wooden bench with a back', 'settlement_house': 'a center in an underprivileged area that provides community services', 'seven-spot': 'one of four playing cards in a deck with seven pips on the face', 'seventy-eight': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of seventy and eight', 'Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World': 'impressive monuments created in the ancient world that were regarded with awe', 'sewage_disposal_plant': 'a plant for disposing of sewage', 'sewage_farm': 'a farm that is irrigated and fertilized with raw sewage', 'sewage_system': 'facility consisting of a system of sewers for carrying off liquid and solid sewage', 'sewer': 'someone who sews; \"a sewer of fine gowns\"', 'sewer_main': 'a main in a sewage system', 'sewing_basket': 'a workbasket in which sewing materials can be stored', 'sewing_kit': 'a kit of articles used in sewing', 'sewing_machine': 'a textile machine used as a home appliance for sewing', 'sewing_needle': 'a needle used in sewing to pull thread through cloth', 'sewing_room': 'a room set aside for sewing', 'sewing_stitch': 'a stitch made with thread and a threaded sewing needle through fabric or leather', 'sextant': 'a unit of angular distance equal to 60 degrees', 'sgraffito': 'a ceramic or mural decoration made by scratching off a surface layer to reveal the ground', 'shackle': 'a U-shaped bar; the open end can be passed through chain links and closed with a bar', 'shade': 'relative darkness caused by light rays being intercepted by an opaque body; \"it is much cooler in the shade\"; \"there\\'s too much shadiness to take good photographs\"', 'shadow_box': 'a shallow rectangular box with a transparent front used to protect and display small items (jewelry, coins, etc.)', 'shaft': 'a line that forms the length of an arrow pointer', 'shag_rug': 'a rug with long pile', 'shaker': 'a person who wields power and influence; \"a shaker of traditional beliefs\"; \"movers and shakers in the business world\"', 'shantung': 'a heavy silk fabric with a rough surface (or a cotton imitation)', 'shaper': 'a machine tool for shaping metal or wood', 'shaping_tool': 'a tool for shaping metal', 'shard': 'a broken piece of a brittle artifact', 'sharkskin': 'a smooth crisp fabric', 'sharp': 'a musical notation indicating one half step higher than the note named', 'sharpener': 'any implement that is used to make something (an edge or a point) sharper; \"a knife sharpener\"', 'sharpie': 'a shallow-draft sailboat with a sharp prow, flat bottom, and triangular sail; formerly used along the northern Atlantic coast of the United States', 'Sharpie': 'a pen with indelible ink that will write on any surface', 'sharpshooter': 'an athlete noted for accurate aim', 'shaver': 'an adult male who shaves', 'shaving_brush': 'a brush used to apply lather prior to shaving', 'shaving_cream': 'toiletry consisting of a preparation of soap and fatty acids that forms a rich lather for softening the beard before shaving', 'shaving_foam': 'toiletry consisting of a liquid preparation containing many small bubbles that soften the beard before shaving', 'shawl': 'cloak consisting of an oblong piece of cloth used to cover the head and shoulders', 'shawm': 'a medieval oboe', 'shear': '(physics) a deformation of an object in which parallel planes remain parallel but are shifted in a direction parallel to themselves; \"the shear changed the quadrilateral into a parallelogram\"', 'shears': 'large scissors with strong blades', 'sheath': 'an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part', 'sheathing': 'protective covering consisting, for example, of a layer of boards applied to the studs and joists of a building to strengthen it and serve as a foundation for a weatherproof exterior', 'shed': 'an outbuilding with a single story; used for shelter or storage', 'sheep_bell': 'a bell hung round the neck of a sheep so that the sheep can be easily located', 'sheepshank': 'a knot for shortening a line', 'sheepskin_coat': 'a coat made of sheepskin', 'sheepwalk': 'farm devoted to raising sheep', 'sheet': 'any broad thin expanse or surface; \"a sheet of ice\"', 'sheet_anchor': 'spare anchor for use in emergency', 'sheet_bend': 'a hitch used for temporarily tying a rope to the middle of another rope (or to an eye)', 'sheeting': 'fabric from which bed sheets are made', 'sheet_iron': 'plate iron thinner than tank iron', 'sheet_metal': 'sheet of metal formed into a thin plate', 'sheet_pile': 'a pile in a row of piles driven side by side to retain earth or prevent seepage', 'Sheetrock': 'a kind of plasterboard', 'sheet_web': 'an irregular spider web woven in a single plane and looking like flattened hammocks', 'shelf': 'a support that consists of a horizontal surface for holding objects', 'shelf_bracket': 'a bracket to support a shelf', 'shellac': 'lac purified by heating and filtering; usually in thin orange or yellow flakes but sometimes bleached white', 'shell_plating': 'the plates covering the frame of a steel ship and corresponding to the planking of a wooden ship', 'shell_stitch': 'a crochet stitch', 'shelter': 'temporary housing for homeless or displaced persons', 'sheltered_workshop': 'a workshop that offers jobs to members of the physically or developmentally disabled population', 'Sheraton': 'a furniture style that originated in England around 1800; simple in design with straight lines and classical ornamentation', 'shield': 'a protective covering or structure', 'shift_key': 'the key on the typewriter keyboard that shifts from lower-case letters to upper-case letters', 'shift_register': '(computer science) register in which all bits can be shifted one or more positions to the left or to the right', 'shillelagh': 'a cudgel made of hardwood (usually oak or blackthorn)', 'shim': 'a thin wedge of material (wood or metal or stone) for driving into crevices', 'shingle': 'building material used as siding or roofing', 'shin_guard': 'a stiff protective garment worn by hockey players or a catcher in baseball to protect the shins', 'ship': 'a vessel that carries passengers or freight', 'shipboard_system': 'a system designed to work as a coherent entity on board a naval ship', 'ship_canal': 'a canal large enough for seagoing vessels', 'shipping': 'conveyance provided by the ships belonging to one country or industry', 'shipping_office': 'the office of a shipping agent; an office where seamen are hired', 'shipping_room': 'a room where goods are packaged and shipped', 'ship-towed_long-range_acoustic_detection_system': 'a shipboard system consisting of an acoustic detection system that is towed behind the ship', 'shipwreck': 'an irretrievable loss; \"that was the shipwreck of their romance\"', 'shipyard': 'a workplace where ships are built or repaired', 'shirt': 'a garment worn on the upper half of the body', 'shirt_button': 'a button on a shirt', 'shirtdress': 'a dress that is tailored like a shirt and has buttons all the way down the front', 'shirtfront': 'the front of a shirt (usually the part not covered by a jacket); \"he had spilled catsup on his shirtfront\"', 'shirting': \"any of various fabrics used to make men's shirts\", 'shirtsleeve': 'the sleeve of a shirt', 'shirttail': 'a brief addendum at the end of a newspaper article', 'shirtwaist': 'a blouse with buttons down the front; \"in Britain they call a shirtwaist a shirtwaister\"', 'shiv': 'a knife used as a weapon', 'shock_absorber': 'a mechanical damper; absorbs energy of sudden impulses; \"the old car needed a new set of shocks\"', 'shoe': '(card games) a case from which playing cards are dealt one at a time', 'shoe_bomb': 'an explosive device concealed inside the heel and sole of a shoe', 'shoebox': 'a structure resembling a shoebox (as a rectangular building or a cramped room or compartment)', 'shoehorn': 'a device used for easing the foot into a shoe', 'shoelace': 'a lace used for fastening shoes', 'shoe_shop': 'a shop where shoes are sold', 'shoetree': 'a wooden or metal device that is inserted into a shoe to preserve its shape when it is not being worn', 'shofar': 'an ancient musical horn made from the horn of a ram; used in ancient times by the Israelites to sound a warning or a summons; used in synagogues today on solemn occasions', 'shoji': 'a translucent screen made of a wooden frame covered with rice paper', 'shoofly': 'an undercover police officer who investigates other policemen', 'shook': 'a disassembled barrel; the parts packed for storage or shipment', 'shooting_brake': 'another name for a station wagon', 'shooting_gallery': 'a building (usually abandoned) where drug addicts buy and use heroin', 'shooting_lodge': 'a small country house used by hunters during the shooting season', 'shooting_stick': 'device that resembles a spiked walking stick but the top opens into a seat', 'shop': 'a mercantile establishment for the retail sale of goods or services; \"he bought it at a shop on Cape Cod\"', 'shop_bell': 'a bell attached to the door of a small shop; warns the proprietor that a customer has entered the shop', 'shop_floor': 'workplace consisting of the part of a factory housing the machines; \"the productive work is done on the shop floor\"', 'shopfront': 'the front side of a store facing the street; usually contains display windows', 'shopping_bag': 'a bag made of plastic or strong paper (often with handles); used to transport goods after shopping', 'shopping_basket': 'a handbasket used to carry goods while shopping', 'shopping_cart': 'a handcart that holds groceries or other goods while shopping', 'shore': 'the land along the edge of a body of water', 'short': 'the location on a baseball field where the shortstop is stationed', 'short_circuit': 'accidental contact between two points in an electric circuit that have a potential difference', 'shortcut': 'a route shorter than the usual one', 'short_iron': 'an iron with a short shaft and pitched face; for hitting short high shots', 'short_line': 'a transportation system that operates over relatively short distances', 'short_pants': 'trousers that end at or above the knee', 'short_sleeve': 'a sleeve extending from the shoulder to the elbow', 'shortwave_diathermy_machine': 'a diathermy machine that uses short wave radiation as the source of heat', 'shot_glass': 'a small glass adequate to hold a single swallow of whiskey', 'shotgun': 'firearm that is a double-barreled smoothbore shoulder weapon for firing shot at short ranges', 'shotgun_shell': 'a shell containing lead shot; used in shotguns', 'shot_hole': 'drill hole for a charge of an explosive', 'shot_tower': 'tower of a kind once used to make shot; molten lead was poured through a sieve and dropped into water', 'shoulder': 'a cut of meat including the upper joint of the foreleg', 'shoulder_bag': 'a large handbag that can be carried by a strap looped over the shoulder', 'shoulder_board': 'epaulets that indicate rank', 'shouldered_arch': 'an arch consisting of a horizontal lintel supported at each end by corbels that project into the aperture', 'shoulder_holster': 'a holster worn over your shoulder so a gun can be concealed under your jacket', 'shoulder_pad': 'protective garment consisting of a hard rounded pad worn by football players to protect their shoulders', 'shoulder_patch': 'patch worn on the shoulder of a military uniform to indicate rank', 'shovel': 'the quantity a shovel can hold', 'shovel_hat': 'a stiff broad-brimmed hat with the brim turned up at the sides and projecting in front; worn by some clergymen in Britain', 'showboat': 'a river steamboat on which theatrical performances could be given (especially on the Mississippi River)', 'shower_cap': 'a tight cap worn to keep hair dry while showering', 'shower_curtain': 'a curtain that keeps water from splashing out of the shower area', 'showerhead': 'a perforated nozzle that showers water on a bather', 'shower_room': 'a room with several showers', 'shower_stall': 'booth for washing yourself, usually in a bathroom', 'showroom': 'an area where merchandise (such as cars) can be displayed; \"in Britain a showroom is called a salesroom\"', 'shrapnel': 'shell containing lead pellets that explodes in flight', 'shredder': 'a device that shreds documents (usually in order to prevent the wrong people from reading them)', 'shrimper': 'a vessel engaged in shrimping', 'shrine': 'a place of worship hallowed by association with some sacred thing or person', 'shrink-wrap': 'the clinging transparent plastic film that is used to shrinkwrap something', 'shroud': 'a line that suspends the harness from the canopy of a parachute', 'shunt': 'a passage by which a bodily fluid (especially blood) is diverted from one channel to another; \"an arteriovenus shunt\"', 'shunter': 'a small locomotive used to move cars around but not to make trips', 'shutter': 'a mechanical device on a camera that opens and closes to control the time of a photographic exposure', 'shutting_post': 'the gatepost against which the gate closes', 'shuttle': 'public transport that consists of a bus or train or airplane that plies back and forth between two points', 'shuttle_bus': 'shuttle consisting of a bus that travels between two points', 'shuttlecock': 'badminton equipment consisting of a ball of cork or rubber with a crown of feathers', 'shuttle_helicopter': 'a helicopter that shuttles back and forth', 'siamese': 'an inlet with two or more couplings to which a hose can be attached so that fire engines can pump water into the sprinkler system of a building', 'Sibley_tent': 'a light conical canvas tent erected on a tripod with ventilation at the top', 'sick_bag': 'a bag provided on an airplane for passengers who are suffering from airsickness and need to vomit', 'sickbay': '(nautical) a room for the treatment of the sick or injured (as on a ship)', 'sickbed': 'the bed on which a sick person lies', 'sickle': 'an edge tool for cutting grass or crops; has a curved blade and a short handle', 'sickroom': 'a room to which a sick person is confined', 'side': 'a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location; \"they always sat on the right side of the church\"; \"he never left my side\"', 'sideboard': 'a removable board fitted on the side of a wagon to increase its capacity', 'sidecar': 'a cocktail made of orange liqueur with lemon juice and brandy', 'side_chapel': 'a small chapel off the side aisle of a church', 'side_door': 'an exterior door at one side of a building', 'sidelight': \"light carried by a boat that indicates the boat's direction; vessels at night carry a red light on the port bow and a green light on the starboard bow\", 'sideline': 'a line that marks the side boundary of a playing field', 'side_pocket': 'a pocket on the side of a billiard table', 'side_road': 'a minor road branching off of a main road', 'sidesaddle': 'a saddle for a woman; rider sits with both feet on the same side of the horse', 'side_street': 'a street intersecting a main street and terminating there', 'sidewalk': 'walk consisting of a paved area for pedestrians; usually beside a street or roadway', 'sidewall': 'the side of an automobile tire; \"the car had white sidewalls\"', 'side-wheeler': 'a paddle steamer having a paddle wheel on each side', 'side_yard': 'the grounds at either side of a house', 'siding': 'material applied to the outside of a building to make it weatherproof', 'Siege_Perilous': \"the legendary seat at King Arthur's Round Table reserved for the knight who would find the Holy Grail; it was fatal for anyone else to sit in it\", 'Siegfried_line': 'German fortifications facing the Maginot Line', 'sieve': 'a strainer for separating lumps from powdered material or grading particles', 'sifter': 'a household sieve (as for flour)', 'sights': 'an optical instrument for aiding the eye in aiming, as on a firearm or surveying instrument', 'sight_setting': 'the adjustment of a gunsight for elevation and windage on a particular range under favorable light conditions', 'sigmoidoscope': 'an endoscope (a flexible fiberoptic probe) for examining the sigmoid colon', 'signal_box': 'a building from which signals are sent to control the movements of railway trains', 'signaling_device': 'a device used to send signals', 'signboard': 'structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted; \"the highway was lined with signboards\"', 'signet': 'a seal (especially one used to mark documents officially)', 'signet_ring': 'a ring bearing a signet', 'sildenafil': 'virility drug (trade name Viagra) used to treat erectile dysfunction in men', 'silencer': 'short tube attached to the muzzle of a gun that deadens the sound of firing', 'silent_butler': 'a small receptacle with a handle and a hinged lid; used for collecting crumbs or ashes', 'silesia': 'a sturdy twill-weave cotton fabric; used for pockets and linings', 'Silex': 'a vacuum coffee maker', 'silhouette': 'an outline of a solid object (as cast by its shadow)', 'silk': 'animal fibers produced by silkworms and other larvae that spin cocoons and by most spiders', 'silks': 'the brightly colored garments of a jockey; emblematic of the stable', 'silkscreen': 'a print made using a stencil process in which an image or design is superimposed on a very fine mesh screen and printing ink is squeegeed onto the printing surface through the area of the screen that is not covered by the stencil', 'sill': '(geology) a flat (usually horizontal) mass of igneous rock between two layers of older sedimentary rock', 'silo': 'military installation consisting of an underground structure where ballistic missiles can be stored and fired', 'silver_medal': 'a trophy made of silver (or having the appearance of silver) that is usually awarded for winning second place in a competition', 'silver_mine': 'a mine where silver ore is dug', 'silver_plate': 'tableware that is plated with silver', 'silverpoint': 'a drawing made on specially prepared paper with an instrument having a silver tip (15th and 16th centuries)', 'silver_protein': 'a colloid preparation of protein (albumin or gelatin) and silver oxide; used in aqueous solution as an antibacterial agent', 'silverware': 'tableware made of silver or silver plate or pewter or stainless steel', 'silverwork': 'decorative work made of silver', 'simple_pendulum': 'a hypothetical pendulum suspended by a weightless frictionless thread of constant length', 'simulator': 'a machine that simulates an environment for the purpose of training or research', 'simvastatin': 'an oral lipid-lowering medicine (trade name Zocor) administered to reduce blood cholesterol levels; recommended after heart attacks', 'single_bed': 'a bed for one occupant', 'single-breasted_jacket': 'a jacket having fronts that overlap only enough for a single row of buttons', 'single-breasted_suit': 'a suit having a single-breasted jacket', 'single_crochet': 'a crochet stitch', 'single_prop': 'a propeller plane with a single propeller', 'single-reed_instrument': 'a beating-reed instrument with a single reed (as a clarinet or saxophone)', 'single-rotor_helicopter': 'a helicopter having a single rotor', 'singlestick': 'a stick used instead of a sword for fencing', 'singlet': \"a collarless men's undergarment for the upper part of the body\", 'singleton': 'a single object (as distinguished from a pair)', 'sink': '(technology) a process that acts to absorb or remove energy or a substance from a system; \"the ocean is a sink for carbon dioxide\"', 'sinusoidal_projection': 'an equal-area map projection showing parallels and the equator as straight lines and other meridians as curved; used to map tropical latitudes', 'sister_ship': 'a ship that is one of two or more similar ships built at the same time', 'Sistine_Chapel': 'the private chapel of the popes in Rome; it was built by and named after Sixtus IV in 1473', 'sitar': 'a stringed instrument of India; has a long neck and movable frets; has 6 or 7 metal strings for playing and usually 13 resonating strings', 'sitz_bath': 'a bathtub in which your buttocks and hips are immersed as if you were sitting in a chair and you bathe in a sitting position', 'six-pack': 'a carton containing six bottles or cans', 'sixpenny_nail': 'a nail 2 inches long', 'six-spot': 'a playing card or domino or die whose upward face shows six pips', 'size_stick': 'a mechanical measuring stick used by shoe fitters to measure the length and width of your foot', 'skateboard': 'a board with wheels that is ridden in a standing or crouching position and propelled by foot', 'skeen_arch': 'an arch whose height is less than half its width', 'skeg': 'a brace that extends from the rear of the keel to support the rudderpost', 'skein': 'coils of worsted yarn', 'skeleton': 'something reduced to its minimal form; \"the battalion was a mere skeleton of its former self\"; \"the bare skeleton of a novel\"', 'skeleton_key': 'a passkey with much of the bit filed away so that it can open different locks', 'skep': 'a large round wicker basket (used on farms)', 'sketch': 'a brief literary description', 'sketchbook': 'a book containing sheets of paper on which sketches can be drawn', 'sketcher': 'someone who draws sketches', 'sketch_map': 'a map drawn from observation (rather than from exact measurements) and representing the main features of an area', 'skew_arch': 'an arch whose jambs are not at right angles with the face', 'skewer': 'a long pin for holding meat in position while it is being roasted', 'ski': 'narrow wood or metal or plastic runners used in pairs for gliding over snow', 'ski_binding': 'one of a pair of mechanical devices that are attached to a ski and that will grip a ski boot; the bindings should release in case of a fall', 'skibob': 'a vehicle resembling a bicycle but having skis instead of wheels; the rider wears short skis for balancing', 'ski_boot': 'a stiff boot that is fastened to a ski with a ski binding', 'ski_cap': 'a close-fitting woolen cap; often has a tapering tail with a tassel', 'skidder': 'a person who slips or slides because of loss of traction', 'skid_lid': 'a crash helmet', 'skidpan': 'a paved surface on which cars can be made to skid so that drivers can practice controlling them', 'skid_road': 'the district of a town frequented by loggers', 'skiff': 'any of various small boats propelled by oars or by sails or by a motor', 'ski_jump': 'a steep downward ramp from which skiers jump', 'ski_lodge': 'a hotel at a ski resort', 'ski_mask': 'a woolen face mask to protect the face from cold while skiing on snow', 'skin': 'a person\\'s skin regarded as their life; \"he tried to save his skin\"', 'ski_parka': 'a parka to be worn while skiing', 'ski-plane': 'an airplane equipped with skis so it can land on a snowfield', 'ski_pole': 'a pole with metal points used as an aid in skiing', 'ski_rack': 'a carrier for holding skis on top of a vehicle', 'skirt': 'cloth covering that forms the part of a garment below the waist', 'skirt_of_tasses': 'armor plate that protects the body below the waist', 'ski_run': 'trail or slope prepared for skiing', 'ski_tow': 'a powered conveyance that carries skiers up a hill', 'Skivvies': \"men's underwear consisting of cotton T-shirt and shorts\", 'skull_and_crossbones': 'emblem warning of danger or death', 'skullcap': 'a herbaceous plant of the genus Scutellaria which has a calyx that, when inverted, resembles a helmet with its visor raised', 'skybox': 'an elevated box for viewing events at a sports stadium', 'skyhook': 'helicopter carrying a reel of steel cable that can be used to lift and transport heavy objects', 'Skylab': 'United States space station; in orbit from 1973 to 1979', 'skylight': 'a window in a roof to admit daylight', 'skyrocket': 'sends a firework display high into the sky', 'skysail': 'the sail above the royal on a square-rigger', 'skyscraper': 'a very tall building with many stories', 'skywalk': 'an elevated walkway between buildings (usually enclosed)', 'slab': 'block consisting of a thick piece of something', 'slack': 'dust consisting of a mixture of small coal fragments and coal dust and dirt that sifts out when coal is passed over a sieve', 'slacks': '(usually in the plural) pants for casual wear', 'slack_suit': 'casual dress consisting of slacks and matching jacket', 'slapstick': 'a boisterous comedy with chases and collisions and practical jokes', 'slasher': 'someone who slashes another person', 'slash_pocket': 'a pocket in a garment (usually below the waist) to which access is provided by a vertical or diagonal slit in the outside of the garment', 'slat': 'a thin strip (wood or metal)', 'slate': 'thin layers of rock used for roofing', 'slate_pencil': 'a pencil of soft slate (or soapstone) used for writing on a slate', 'slate_roof': 'a roof covered with slate', 'slave_market': 'a marketplace where slaves were auctioned off (especially in the southern United States before the American Civil War)', 'slave_ship': 'a ship used to transport slaves from their homes to places of bondage', 'sled': 'a vehicle mounted on runners and pulled by horses or dogs; for transportation over snow', 'sleeping_bag': 'large padded bag designed to be slept in outdoors; usually rolls up like a bedroll', 'sleeping_car': 'a passenger car that has berths for sleeping', 'sleeping_pill': 'a soporific drug in the form of a pill (or tablet or capsule)', 'sleeve': 'small case into which an object fits', 'sleigh_bed': 'a bed with solid headboard and footboard that roll outward at the top', 'sleigh_bell': 'a bell attached to a sleigh, or to the harness of a horse that is pulling a sleigh', 'slice_bar': 'iron bar used to loosen and rake clinkers out of furnaces', 'slicer': 'a golfer whose shots typically curve right (for right-handed golfers)', 'slick': 'a magazine printed on good quality paper', 'slide_fastener': 'a fastener for locking together two toothed edges by means of a sliding tab', 'slide_projector': 'projector that projects an enlarged image of a slide onto a screen', 'slide_rule': 'analog computer consisting of a handheld instrument used for rapid calculations; have been replaced by pocket calculators', 'slide_valve': 'valve that opens and closes a passageway by sliding over a port', 'sliding_door': 'a door that opens by sliding instead of swinging', 'sliding_seat': \"rower's seat that slides fore and aft\", 'sliding_window': 'a window that open by sliding horizontally', 'sling': 'a highball with liquor and water with sugar and lemon or lime juice', 'slingback': 'a shoe that has a strap that wraps around the heel', 'slinger_ring': 'dispenser consisting of a tubular ring around the propeller hub of an airplane through which antifreeze solution is spread over the blades', 'slingshot': 'a plaything consisting of a Y-shaped stick with elastic between the arms; used to propel small stones', 'slip_clutch': 'a friction clutch that will slip when the torque is too great', 'slip_coach': 'a railway car at the end of the train; it can be detached without stopping the train', 'slipcover': 'a removable fitted cloth covering for upholstered furniture', 'slip-joint_pliers': 'pliers with a joint adjustable to two positions in order to increase the opening of the jaws', 'slipknot': 'a knot at the end of a cord or rope that can slip along the cord or rope around which it is made', 'slip-on': 'an article of clothing (garment or shoe) that is easily slipped on or off', 'slipper': 'low footwear that can be slipped on and off easily; usually worn indoors', 'slip_ring': 'connection consisting of a metal ring on a rotating part of a machine; provides a continuous electrical connection through brushes on stationary contacts', 'slip_stitch': 'a loose stitch catching only a thread or two of fabric; designed to be invisible from the right side', 'slit': 'a narrow fissure', 'slit_lamp': '(ophthalmology) a lamp that emits a narrow but intense beam of light that enables an ophthalmologist, using a microscope, to view the retina and optic nerve', 'slit_trench': 'narrow trench for shelter in battle', 'sloop': \"a sailing vessel with a single mast set about one third of the boat's length aft of the bow\", 'sloop_of_war': 'a sailing or steam warship having cannons on only one deck', 'slop_basin': 'a bowl into which the dregs of teacups and coffee cups are emptied at the table', 'slop_chest': 'commissary maintained aboard merchant ships to sell merchandise to the crew', 'slop_pail': 'a large pail used to receive waste water from a washbasin or chamber pot', 'slops': 'cheap clothing (as formerly issued to sailors in Britain)', 'slopshop': 'a store that sells cheap ready-made clothing', 'slot': 'a position in a hierarchy or organization; \"Bob Dylan occupied the top slot for several weeks\"; \"she beat some tough competition for the number one slot\"', 'slot_machine': 'a machine that is operated by the insertion of a coin in a slot', 'slow_lane': 'the traffic lane for vehicles that are moving slowly', 'slow_match': 'match or fuse made to burn slowly and evenly', 'sluice': 'conduit that carries a rapid flow of water controlled by a sluicegate', 'sluicegate': 'regulator consisting of a valve or gate that controls the rate of water flow through a sluice', 'small_boat': 'a boat that is small', 'small_computer_system_interface': 'interface consisting of a standard port between a computer and its peripherals that is used in some computers', 'small_ship': 'a ship that is small', 'small_stores': \"personal items conforming to regulations that are sold aboard ship or at a naval base and charged to the person's pay\", 'small_stuff': 'any light rope used on shipboard', 'smart_bomb': 'a bomb that can be guided (by a laser beam or radio) to its target; \"smart bombs have revolutionized aerial bombardment\"', 'smelling_bottle': 'a bottle containing smelling salts', 'smelter': 'an industrial plant for smelting', 'smocking': 'embroidery consisting of ornamental needlework on a garment that is made by gathering the cloth tightly in stitches', 'smoke_bomb': 'a bomb that gives off thick smoke when it explodes; used to make a smoke screen or to mark a position', 'smoke_hole': 'a vent (as in a roof) for smoke to escape', 'smokehouse': 'a small house where smoke is used to cure meat or fish', 'smoker': 'a person who smokes tobacco', 'smokestack': 'a large tall chimney through which combustion gases and smoke can be evacuated', 'smoking_mixture': 'a blend of tobaccos to be smoked in a pipe', 'smoking_room': 'room in a hotel or club set apart for smokers', 'smoothbore': 'a firearm that has no rifling', 'smooth_plane': 'a small plane for finish work', 'snack_bar': 'usually inexpensive bar', 'snaffle': 'a simple jointed bit for a horse; without a curb', 'snap_brim': 'a brim that can be turned up and down on opposite sides', 'snap-brim_hat': 'a hat with a snap brim', 'snapshot': 'an informal photograph; usually made with a small hand-held camera; \"my snapshots haven\\'t been developed yet\"; \"he tried to get unposed shots of his friends\"', 'snare': 'a surgical instrument consisting of wire hoop that can be drawn tight around the base of polyps or small tumors to sever them; used especially in body cavities', 'snare_drum': 'a small drum with two heads and a snare stretched across the lower head', 'snatch_block': 'a pulley-block that can be opened to receive the bight of a rope', 'Snellen_chart': 'display consisting of a printed card with letters and numbers in lines of decreasing size; used to test visual acuity', 'snifter': 'a globular glass with a small top; used for serving brandy', 'snip': 'a small piece of anything (especially a piece that has been snipped off)', 'sniper_rifle': 'an extremely powerful rifle developed for the military; capable of destroying light armored vehicles and aircraft more than a mile away', 'snips': '(plural) hand shears for cutting sheet metal', 'Sno-cat': 'a kind of snowmobile', 'snood': \"an ornamental net in the shape of a bag that confines a woman's hair; pins or ties at the back of the head\", 'snorkel': \"breathing device consisting of a bent tube fitting into a swimmer's mouth and extending above the surface; allows swimmer to breathe while face down in the water\", 'snorter': 'someone who expresses contempt or indignation by uttering a snorting sound', 'snowball': 'plant having heads of fragrant white trumpet-shaped flowers; grows in sandy arid regions', 'snowbank': 'a mound or heap of snow', 'snowboard': 'a board that resembles a broad ski or a small surfboard; used in a standing position to slide down snow-covered slopes', 'snowman': 'a figure of a person made of packed snow', 'snowmobile': 'tracked vehicle for travel on snow having skis in front', 'snowplow': 'a vehicle used to push snow from roads', 'snowshoe': 'a device to help you walk on deep snow; a lightweight frame shaped like a racquet is strengthened with cross pieces and contains a network of thongs; one is worn on each foot', 'snowsuit': \"a child's overgarment for cold weather\", 'snow_thrower': 'a machine that removes snow by scooping it up and throwing it forcefully through a chute', 'snow_tire': 'an automobile pneumatic tire with deep tread to give traction in snow', 'snuff': 'the charred portion of a candlewick', 'snuffbox': 'a small ornamental box for carrying snuff in your pocket', 'snuffer': 'a person who snuffs out candles', 'snuffers': 'scissors for cropping and holding the snuff of a candlewick', 'soap': 'money offered as a bribe', 'soapbox': 'a crate for packing soap', 'soap_dish': 'a bathroom or kitchen fixture for holding a bar of soap', 'soap_dispenser': 'dispenser of liquid soap', 'soap_film': 'a film left on objects after they have been washed in soap', 'soap_flakes': 'soap that has been cut into flakes to make suds faster', 'soap_pad': 'a cleaning pad containing soap', 'soap_powder': 'soap in powdered form mixed with alkaline builders', 'soccer_ball': 'an inflated ball used in playing soccer', 'sock': 'hosiery consisting of a cloth covering for the foot; worn inside the shoe; reaches to between the ankle and the knee', 'socket': 'a bony hollow into which a structure fits', 'socket_wrench': 'a wrench with a handle onto which sockets of different sizes can be fitted', 'socle': 'a plain plinth that supports a wall', 'soda_can': 'a can for holding soft drinks', 'soda_fountain': 'a counter where ice cream and sodas and sundaes are prepared and served', 'sod_house': 'a house built of sod or adobe laid in horizontal courses', 'sodium_salicylate': 'a crystalline salt used as an analgesic and antipyretic', 'sodium_thiopental': 'a long-acting barbiturate used as a sedative', 'sodium-vapor_lamp': 'lamp in which an electric current passed through a tube of sodium vapor makes a yellow light; used is street lighting', 'sofa': 'an upholstered seat for more than one person', 'soffit': 'the underside of a part of a building (such as an arch or overhang or beam etc.)', 'soft_drug': 'a drug of abuse that is considered relatively mild and not likely to cause addiction', 'soft_pedal': 'a pedal on a piano that moves the action closer to the strings and so soften the sound', 'soft_soap': 'a soft (or liquid) soap made from vegetable oils; used in certain skin diseases', 'software_package': 'merchandise consisting of a computer program that is offered for sale', 'soil_pipe': 'drain that conveys liquid waste from toilets, etc.', 'solar_array': 'electrical device consisting of a large array of connected solar cells', 'solar_cell': 'a cell that converts solar energy into electrical energy', 'solar_dish': 'a concave mirror that concentrates the rays of the sun; can produce high temperatures', 'solar_heater': 'a heater that makes direct use of solar energy', 'solar_house': 'a house designed to use solar radiation for heating; usually has large areas of glass in front of heat-absorbing materials', 'solar_telescope': 'a telescope designed to make observations of the sun', 'solar_thermal_system': 'a system that converts sunlight into heat', 'soldering_iron': 'a hand tool with a heatable tip; used to melt and apply solder', 'solenoid': 'a coil of wire around an iron core; becomes a magnet when current passes through the coil', 'solleret': 'armor plate that protects the foot; consists of mail with a solid toe and heel', 'sombrero': 'a straw hat with a tall crown and broad brim; worn in American southwest and in Mexico', 'sonar': 'a measuring instrument that sends out an acoustic pulse in water and measures distances in terms of the time for the echo of the pulse to return; \"sonar is an acronym for sound navigation ranging\"; \"asdic is an acronym for antisubmarine detection investigation committee\"', 'sonic_depth_finder': 'depth finder for determining depth of water or a submerged object by means of ultrasound waves', 'sonogram': 'an image of a structure that is produced by ultrasonography (reflections of high-frequency sound waves); used to observe fetal growth or to study bodily organs', 'sonograph': 'an instrument that uses the differential transmission and reflection of ultrasonic waves in order to provide an image of a bodily organ', 'soothing_syrup': 'medicine in the form of a syrup that has a calming effect', 'soporific': 'a drug that induces sleep', 'sorter': 'a clerk who sorts things (as letters at the post office)', 'souk': 'an open-air market in an Arabian city', 'sound_bow': 'contact (the part of a bell) against which the clapper strikes', 'soundbox': 'a resonating chamber in a musical instrument (as the body of a violin)', 'sound_camera': 'a movie camera that records sounds in synchrony with the visual images', 'sounder': 'a device for making soundings', 'sound_film': 'motion-picture film with sound effects and dialogue recorded on it', 'sound_hole': 'a hole in a soundboard (as of a violin) designed to resonate with the tones', 'sounding_board': 'a person whose reactions to something serve as an indication of its acceptability; \"I would use newspapermen as a sounding board for such policies\"', 'sounding_lead': 'a metal bob at the end of a sounding line', 'sounding_rocket': 'a research rocket used to obtain information about the atmosphere at various altitudes', 'sound_recording': 'a recording of acoustic signals', 'sound_spectrograph': 'a spectrograph for acoustic spectra', 'soundtrack': 'sound recording on a narrow strip of a motion picture film', 'sound_truck': 'a truck equipped with a loudspeaker and used for advertising', 'soup_bowl': 'a bowl for serving soup', 'soup_ladle': 'a ladle for serving soup', 'soup_plate': 'a deep plate with a wide rim', 'soupspoon': 'a spoon with a rounded bowl for eating soup', 'source': '(technology) a process by which energy or a substance enters a system; \"a heat source\"; \"a source of carbon dioxide\"', 'source_of_illumination': 'any device serving as a source of visible electromagnetic radiation', 'sourdine': 'a mute for a violin', 'soutache': 'a narrow braid used as a decorative trimming', 'soutane': 'a long cassock with buttons down the front; worn by Roman Catholic priests', \"sou'wester\": 'waterproof hat with wide slanting brim longer in back than in front', 'soybean_future': 'soybeans bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date', 'space_bar': 'the bar-shaped typewriter key that introduces spaces when used', 'space_capsule': 'a spacecraft designed to transport people and support human life in outer space', 'spacecraft': 'a craft capable of traveling in outer space; technically, a satellite around the sun', 'space_heater': 'heater consisting of a self-contained (usually portable) unit to warm a room', 'space_helmet': 'a helmet worn by astronauts while in outer space', 'Space_Needle': 'a tower 605 feet tall in Seattle; a tourist attraction', 'space_probe': \"a rocket-propelled guided missile that can escape the earth's atmosphere; makes observations of the solar system that cannot be made by terrestrial observation\", 'space_rocket': 'a rocket powerful enough to travel into outer space', 'space_shuttle': \"a reusable spacecraft with wings for a controlled descent through the Earth's atmosphere\", 'space_station': 'a manned artificial satellite in a fixed orbit designed for scientific research', 'spacesuit': 'a pressure suit worn by astronauts while in outer space', 'spade': 'a playing card in the major suit that has one or more black figures on it; \"she led a low spade\"; \"spades were trumps\"', 'spade_bit': 'a thin bit with a center point and cutting edges on either side', 'spaghetti_junction': 'a complicated highway interchange with multiple overpasses', 'Spandau': 'a German machine gun', 'spandex': 'an elastic synthetic fabric', 'spandrel': 'an approximately triangular surface area between two adjacent arches and the horizontal plane above them', 'spanker': 'a fore-and-aft sail set on the aftermost lower mast (usually the mizzenmast) of a vessel', 'spare_part': 'an extra component of a machine or other apparatus', 'sparge_pipe': 'a horizontal pipe having fine holes drilled throughout its length so as to deliver a spray of water', 'spark_arrester': 'electrical device to reduce sparking when electrical contacts are opened or closed', 'spark_chamber': 'an instrument that detects ionizing radiation from elementary particles', 'spark_coil': 'an induction coil used to create sparks', 'spark_gap': 'a component of an ignition system; consists of two shaped electrodes and the space between them', 'sparkler': 'a firework that burns slowly and throws out a shower of sparks', 'spark_lever': '(on early automobiles) a lever mounted on the steering column and used to adjust the timing of the ignition', 'spark_plug': 'electrical device that fits into the cylinder head of an internal-combustion engine and ignites the gas by means of an electric spark', 'sparkplug_wrench': 'a wrench for removing or tightening spark plugs into the cylinder head of an internal combustion engine', 'spark_transmitter': 'an early radio transmitter using a discharge across a spark gap as the source of its power', 'spatula': 'a turner with a narrow flexible blade', 'speakeasy': '(during prohibition) an illegal barroom', 'speakerphone': 'a telephone with a microphone and loudspeaker; can be used without picking up a handset; several people can participate in a call at the same time', 'speaking_trumpet': 'a trumpet-shaped acoustic device to intensify and direct the human voice; formerly held to the ear by a hard-of-hearing person', 'speaking_tube': 'a tube for conveying the sound of a voice from one room to another', 'spear': 'an implement with a shaft and barbed point used for catching fish', 'spearhead': 'someone who leads or initiates an activity (attack or campaign etc.)', 'specialty_store': 'a store that sells only one kind of merchandise', 'specific': 'a medicine that has a mitigating effect on a specific disease; \"quinine is a specific for malaria\"', 'specimen_bottle': 'a bottle for holding urine specimens', 'spectacles': 'optical instrument consisting of a frame that holds a pair of lenses for correcting defective vision', 'spectator_pump': \"a woman's pump with medium heel; usually in contrasting colors for toe and heel\", 'spectinomycin': 'an antibiotic used to treat gonorrhea', 'spectrogram': 'a photographic record of a spectrum', 'spectrograph': 'a spectroscope by which spectra can be photographed', 'spectrophotometer': 'a photometer for comparing two light radiations wavelength by wavelength', 'spectroscope': 'an optical instrument for spectrographic analysis', 'speculum': 'a mirror (especially one made of polished metal) for use in an optical instrument', 'speedboat': 'a fast motorboat', 'speed_bump': 'a hindrance to speeding created by a crosswise ridge in the surface of a roadway', 'speedometer': 'a meter fixed to a vehicle that measures and displays its speed', 'speed_skate': 'an ice skate with a long blade; worn for racing', 'speedway': 'road where high speed driving is allowed', 'sperm_bank': 'a depository for storing sperm', 'spermicide': 'a contraceptive agent that kills spermatozoa', 'sphere': 'a particular environment or walk of life; \"his social sphere is limited\"; \"it was a closed area of employment\"; \"he\\'s out of my orbit\"', 'spherometer': 'a measuring instrument for measuring the curvature of a surface', 'sphinx': 'an inscrutable person who keeps his thoughts and intentions secret', 'sphygmomanometer': 'a pressure gauge for measuring blood pressure', 'spicemill': 'a mill for grinding spices', 'spice_rack': 'a rack for displaying containers filled with spices', 'spider_web': 'a web resembling the webs spun by spiders', 'spike': '(botany) an indeterminate inflorescence bearing sessile flowers on an unbranched axis', 'spike_heel': \"a very high narrow heel on women's shoes\", 'spike_mike': 'a contact microphone for listening through walls', 'spillway': 'a channel that carries excess water over or around a dam or other obstruction', 'spinal_anesthetic': 'an anesthetic that is injected into the spine', 'spindle': '(biology) tiny fibers that are seen in cell division; the fibers radiate from two poles and meet at the equator in the middle; \"chromosomes are distributed by spindles in mitosis and meiosis\"', 'spin_dryer': 'a clothes dryer that uses centrifugal motion to dry the clothes that are put into it', 'spinet': 'a small and compactly built upright piano', 'spinnaker': 'a large and usually triangular headsail; carried by a yacht as a headsail when running before the wind', 'spinner': 'someone who spins (who twists fibers into threads)', 'spinning_frame': 'spinning machine that draws, twists, and winds yarn', 'spinning_jenny': 'an early spinning machine with multiple spindles', 'spinning_machine': 'a textile machine for spinning yarn and thread', 'spinning_rod': 'a fishing rod designed for casting a spinning lure', 'spinning_wheel': 'a small domestic spinning machine with a single spindle that is driven by hand or foot', 'spiral_bandage': 'an oblique bandage in which successive turns overlap preceding turns', 'spiral_ratchet_screwdriver': 'a screwdriver with a ratchet (so the blade turns in only one direction) and a spiral in the handle (so the blade rotates) with downward pressure on the handle', 'spiral_spring': 'a spring that is wound like a spiral', 'spirit_lamp': 'a lamp that burns a volatile liquid fuel such as alcohol', 'spirit_stove': 'a stove that burns a volatile liquid fuel such as alcohol', 'spirogram': 'a recording of breathing made with a spirograph', 'spirograph': 'a measuring instrument for recording the depth and rapidity of breathing movements', 'spirometer': 'a measuring instrument for measuring the vital capacity of the lungs', 'spittoon': 'a receptacle for spit (usually in a public place)', 'splashboard': 'protective covering consisting of a panel to protect people from the splashing water or mud etc.', 'splasher': 'a protective covering over or beside a wheel to protect the upper part of a vehicle from splashes of mud', 'splat': 'a single splash; \"he heard a splat as it hit the floor\"', 'splay': 'an outward bevel around a door or window that makes it seem larger', 'splice': 'a junction where two things (as paper or film or magnetic tape) have been joined together; \"the break was due to an imperfect splice\"', 'splicer': 'a woodworker who joins pieces of wood with a splice', 'spline': 'a flexible strip (wood or rubber) used in drawing curved lines', 'splint': 'a thin sliver of wood; \"he lit the fire with a burning splint\"', 'split_rail': 'a rail that is split from a log', 'Spode': 'English potter who started a pottery famous for its bone china (1754-1827)', 'spoiler': 'a candidate with no chance of winning but who may draw enough votes to prevent one of the leading candidates from winning', 'spoke': 'support consisting of a radial member of a wheel joining the hub to the rim', 'spokeshave': 'a small plane that has a handle on each side of its blade; used for shaping or smoothing cylindrical wooden surfaces (originally wheel spokes)', 'sponge_cloth': 'any soft porous fabric (especially in a loose honeycomb weave)', 'sponge_mop': 'a wet mop with a sponge as the absorbent', 'spoon': 'as much as a spoon will hold; \"he added two spoons of sugar\"', 'Spork': 'trademark for a plastic eating utensil that has both tines and a bowl like a spoon', 'sporran': 'a fur or leather pouch worn at the front of the kilt as part of the traditional dress of Scottish Highlanders', 'sporting_goods': 'sports equipment sold as a commodity', 'sport_kite': 'a maneuverable kite controlled by two lines and flown with both hands', 'sports_car': 'a small low car with a high-powered engine; usually seats two persons', 'sports_equipment': 'equipment needed to participate in a particular sport', 'sports_implement': 'an implement used in a sport', 'sportswear': 'attire worn for sport or for casual wear', 'sport_utility': 'a high-performance four-wheel drive car built on a truck chassis', 'spot': 'a small piece or quantity of something; \"a spot of tea\"; \"a bit of paper\"; \"a bit of lint\"; \"I gave him a bit of my mind\"', 'spotlight': 'a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer', 'spot_market': 'a market in which a commodity is bought or sold for immediate delivery or delivery in the very near future', 'spot_weld': 'each of the welds made by welding at a separate point', 'spout': 'an opening that allows the passage of liquids or grain', 'sprag': 'a chock or bar wedged under a wheel or between the spokes to prevent a vehicle from rolling down an incline', 'spray': 'water in small drops in the atmosphere; blown from waves or thrown up by a waterfall', 'spray_gun': 'an applicator resembling a gun for applying liquid substances (as paint) in the form of a spray', 'spray_paint': 'paint applied with a spray gun', 'spreader': 'a hand tool for spreading something; \"he used his knife as a spreader\"', 'sprig': 'an ornament that resembles a spray of leaves or flowers', 'spring': 'the season of growth; \"the emerging buds were a sure sign of spring\"; \"he will hold office until the spring of next year\"', 'spring_balance': 'a balance that measure weight by the tension on a helical spring', 'spring_mattress': 'a mattress containing springs in a rigid frame', 'sprinkler': 'mechanical device that attaches to a garden hose for watering lawn or garden', 'sprinkler_system': 'a system for extinguishing fires; water from a network of overhead pipes is released through nozzles that open automatically with the rise in temperature', 'sprit': 'a light spar that crosses a fore-and-aft sail diagonally', 'spritsail': 'a fore-and-aft sail extended by a sprit', 'sprocket': 'roller that has teeth on the rims to pull film or paper through', 'spud': 'a sharp hand shovel for digging out roots and weeds', 'spun_yarn': '(nautical) small stuff consisting of a lightweight rope made of several rope yarns loosely wound together', 'spur': 'any sharply pointed projection', 'spur_gear': 'gear wheels that mesh in the same plane', 'sputnik': 'a Russian artificial satellite; \"Sputnik was the first man-made satellite to orbit the earth\"', 'spy_satellite': 'a satellite with sensors to detect nuclear explosions', 'squad_room': 'a room in a police station where members of the force assemble for roll call and duty assignments', 'square': 'something approximating the shape of a square', 'square_knot': 'a double knot made of two half hitches and used to join the ends of two cords', 'square_nut': 'nut with a square shape', 'square-rigger': 'a square-rigged sailing ship', 'square_sail': 'a four-sided sail set beneath a horizontal yard suspended at the middle from a mast', 'squash_ball': 'rubber ball used in playing squash', 'squash_court': 'the indoor court in which squash is played', 'squash_racket': 'a small racket with a long handle used for playing squash', 'squawk_box': 'the loudspeaker on an intercom or public address system', 'squeaker': 'any artifact that makes a squeaking sound when used; \"those sneakers are squeakers\"; \"which hinge is the squeaker?\"', 'squeegee': 'T-shaped cleaning implement with a rubber edge across the top; drawn across a surface to remove water (as in washing windows)', 'squeezer': 'a kitchen utensil for squeezing juice from fruit', 'squelch_circuit': 'an electric circuit that cuts off a receiver when the signal becomes weaker than the noise', 'squib': 'firework consisting of a tube filled with powder (as a broken firecracker) that burns with a fizzing noise', 'saquinavir': 'a weak protease inhibitor (trade name Invirase) used in treating HIV', 'squinch': 'a small arch built across the interior angle of two walls (usually to support a spire)', 'squirrel_cage': 'cage with a cylindrical framework that rotates as a small animal runs inside it', 'stabile': 'a sculpture having fixed units (usually constructed of sheet metal) and attached to a fixed support', 'stabilizer': 'a chemical that is added to a solution or mixture or suspension to maintain it in a stable or unchanging state', 'stabilizer_bar': 'a rigid metal bar between the front suspensions and between the rear suspensions of cars and trucks; serves to stabilize the chassis', 'stable': 'a farm building for housing horses or other livestock', 'stable_gear': 'gear for a horse', 'stabling': 'accommodation for animals (especially for horses)', 'stacked_heel': 'a heel made of many layers of leather', 'stacks': 'storage space in a library consisting of an extensive arrangement of bookshelves where most of the books are stored', 'staddle': 'a base or platform on which hay or corn is stacked', 'stadium': 'a large structure for open-air sports or entertainments', 'staff': 'building material consisting of plaster and hair; used to cover external surfaces of temporary structure (as at an exposition) or for decoration', 'stagecoach': 'a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns; \"we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles\"', 'stage_door': 'an entrance to the backstage area of theater; used by performers and other theater personnel', 'stage_set': 'representation consisting of the scenery and other properties used to identify the location of a dramatic production; \"the sets were meticulously authentic\"', 'stained-glass_window': 'a window made of stained glass', 'stair-carpet': 'a strip of carpet for laying on stairs', 'stairhead': 'platform at the top of a staircase', 'stair-rod': 'a rod that holds a stair-carpet in the angle between two steps', 'stairs': 'a flight of stairs or a flight of steps', 'stairway': 'a way of access (upward and downward) consisting of a set of steps', 'stairwell': 'a vertical well around which there is a stairway', 'stake': 'the money risked on a gamble', 'stall_bar': 'a gymnastic apparatus used for strengthening exercises; uprights fastened to a wall and connected by horizontal rungs', 'stammel': 'a coarse woolen cloth formerly used for undergarments and usually dyed bright red', 'stamp': 'a type or class; \"more men of his stamp are needed\"', 'stamp_album': 'an album for stamps', 'stamp_mill': 'a mill in which ore is crushed with stamps', 'stamping_machine': 'a power tool that stamps; \"a metal stamper\"', 'stanchion': 'any vertical post or rod used as a support', 'standard': 'a board measure = 1980 board feet', 'standard_cell': 'a primary cell used as a standard of electromotive force', 'standard_gauge': 'railroad track having the standard width of 56.5 inches', 'standard_transmission': 'a transmission that is operated manually with a gear lever and a clutch pedal', 'standby': 'something that can be relied on when needed', 'standee': 'someone who stands in a place where one might otherwise sit (as a spectator who uses standing room in a theater or a passenger on a crowded bus or train); \"the allowed number of standees is posted\"', 'standing_press': 'a large printing press that exerts pressure vertically', 'standing_room': 'room for passengers or spectators to stand; \"there was standing room for thousands more people\"', 'standpipe': 'a vertical pipe', \"St._Andrew's_cross\": 'a cross resembling the letter x, with diagonal bars of equal length', 'Stanford_University': 'a university in California', 'stanhope': 'a light open horse-drawn carriage with two or four wheels and one seat', 'Stanley_Steamer': 'a steam-powered automobile', 'staple': 'a natural fiber (raw cotton, wool, hemp, flax) that can be twisted to form yarn; \"staple fibers vary widely in length\"', 'staple_gun': 'a hand-held machine for driving staples home', 'stapler': 'a machine that inserts staples into sheets of paper in order to fasten them together', 'starboard': 'the right side of a ship or aircraft to someone who is aboard and facing the bow or nose', 'star_drill': 'a steel rock drill with a star-shaped point that is used for making holes in stones or masonry; it is operated by hitting the end with a hammer while rotating it between blows', 'Stars_and_Bars': 'the first flag of the Confederate States of America', 'starship': 'a spacecraft designed to carry a crew into interstellar space (especially in science fiction)', 'starting_block': \"block providing bracing for a runner's feet at start of a race\", 'starting_gate': 'a movable barrier on the starting line of a race course', 'stash_house': 'a house where weapons and supplies are hidden; \"attacks on stash houses is the most frequently used method of counterterrorism\"', 'Stassano_furnace': 'an electric furnace in which an electric arc provides the source of heat for making steel', 'Statehouse': 'a government building in which a state legislature meets', 'stately_home': 'a mansion that is (or formerly was) occupied by an aristocratic family', 'state_prison': 'a prison maintained by a state of the U.S.', 'stateroom': 'a guest cabin', 'static_line': 'a cord used instead of a ripcord to open a parachute; the cord is attached at one end to the aircraft and temporarily attached to the pack of a parachute at the other; it opens the parachute after the jumper is clear of the plane', 'static_tube': 'a measuring instrument used to measure static pressure in a stream of fluid', 'station': '(nautical) the location to which a ship or fleet is assigned for duty', 'Station_of_the_Cross': \"a representation of any of the 14 stages in Christ's journey to Calvary\", 'stator': 'mechanical device consisting of the stationary part of a motor or generator in or around which the rotor revolves', 'statue': 'a sculpture representing a human or animal', 'Statue_of_Liberty': 'a large monumental statue symbolizing liberty on Liberty Island in New York Bay', 'stave': 'one of several thin slats of wood forming the sides of a barrel or bucket', 'staysail': 'a fore-and-aft sail set on a stay (as between two masts)', 'steakhouse': 'a restaurant that specializes in steaks', 'steak_knife': 'a sharp table knife used in eating steak', 'stealth_aircraft': 'an aircraft designed in accordance with technology that makes detection by radar difficult', 'stealth_bomber': 'a bomber that is difficult to detect by radar', 'stealth_fighter': 'a fighter that is difficult to detect by radar; is built for precise targeting and uses laser-guided bombs', 'steam_bath': \"a room that can be filled with steam in which people bathe; `vapour bath' is a British term\", 'steamboat': 'a boat propelled by a steam engine', 'steam_chest': 'the chamber from which steam is distributed to a cylinder', 'steam_engine': 'external-combustion engine in which heat is used to raise steam which either turns a turbine or forces a piston to move up and down in a cylinder', 'steamer': 'a cooking utensil that can be used to cook food by steaming it', 'steam_heat': 'a heating system in which steam is generated in boilers and piped to radiators', 'steam_iron': 'a pressing iron that can emit steam', 'steam_line': 'a pipe conducting steam', 'steam_locomotive': 'a locomotive powered by a steam engine', 'steamroller': 'vehicle equipped with heavy wide smooth rollers for compacting roads and pavements', 'steamship_company': 'a line responsible for the operation of a fleet of steamships', 'steam_shovel': 'a power shovel that is driven by steam', 'steam_turbine': 'turbine in which steam strikes blades and makes them turn', 'steam_whistle': 'a whistle in which the sound is produced by steam; usually attached to a steam boiler', 'steel': 'an alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon; widely used in construction; mechanical properties can be varied over a wide range', 'steel_arch_bridge': 'a steel bridge constructed in the form of an arch', 'steel_drum': 'a concave percussion instrument made from the metal top of an oil drum; has an array of flattened areas that produce different tones when struck (of Caribbean origin)', 'steel_mill': 'a factory where steel is made', 'steel_plate': 'a plate of steel', 'steel_trap': 'an acute intelligence (an analogy based on the well-known sharpness of steel traps); \"he\\'s as sharp as a steel trap\"; \"a mind like a steel trap\"', 'steel-wool_pad': 'abrader consisting of a pad of steel wool used for polishing or smoothing', 'steelyard': 'a portable balance consisting of a pivoted bar with arms of unequal length', 'steeper': 'a vessel (usually a pot or vat) used for steeping', 'steeple': 'a tall tower that forms the superstructure of a building (usually a church or temple) and that tapers to a point at the top', 'steerage': 'the cheapest accommodations on a passenger ship', 'steering_gear': 'a gear that couples the steering wheel to the steering linkage of a motor vehicle', 'steering_linkage': 'mechanism consisting of a system of rods and levers connected to the front wheels of a motor vehicle; the steering gear pushes it left or right which swivels the front wheels, causing the vehicle to turn', 'steering_system': 'a mechanism by which something is steered (especially a motor vehicle)', 'steering_wheel': 'a handwheel that is used for steering', 'stele': 'the usually cylindrical central vascular portion of the axis of a vascular plant', 'stem': 'the tube of a tobacco pipe', 'stemmer': 'a worker who makes or applies stems for artificial flowers', 'stem-winder': 'a watch that is wound by turning a knob at the stem', 'stencil': 'a sheet of material (metal, plastic, cardboard, waxed paper, silk, etc.) that has been perforated with a pattern (printing or a design); ink or paint can pass through the perforations to create the printed pattern on the surface below', 'Sten_gun': 'a lightweight British submachine gun', 'stenograph': 'a shorthand character', 'stent': 'a slender tube inserted inside a tubular body part (as a blood vessel) to provide support during and after surgical anastomosis', 'step-down_transformer': 'a transformer that reduces voltage', 'step_ladder': 'a folding portable ladder hinged at the top', 'step_stool': 'a stool that has one or two steps that fold under the seat', 'step-up_transformer': 'a transformer that increases voltage', 'stereo': 'two photographs taken from slightly different angles that appear three-dimensional when viewed together', 'stereoscope': 'an optical device for viewing stereoscopic photographs', 'stern': 'the rear part of a ship', 'stern_chaser': 'a naval gun able to fire astern at a ship in chase', 'sternpost': '(nautical) the principal upright timber at the stern of a vessel', 'sternwheeler': 'a paddle steamer having the paddle wheel in the stern', 'stethoscope': 'a medical instrument for listening to the sounds generated inside the body', 'stewing_pan': 'a saucepan used for stewing', 'stick_figure': 'drawing of a human or animal that represents the head by a circle and the rest of the body by straight lines', 'stick_horse': \"a child's plaything consisting on an imitation horse's head on one end of a stick\", 'stickpin': 'a decorative pin that is worn in a necktie', 'stile': 'an upright that is a member in a door or window frame', 'stiletto': 'a small dagger with a tapered blade', 'still': 'a static photograph (especially one taken from a movie and used for advertising purposes); \"he wanted some stills for a magazine ad\"', 'still_life': 'a painting of inanimate objects such as fruit or flowers', 'stillroom': 'a pantry or storeroom connected with the kitchen (especially in a large house) for preparing tea and beverages and for storing liquors and preserves and tea etc', 'Stillson_wrench': 'a large pipe wrench with L-shaped adjustable jaws that tighten as pressure on the handle is increased', 'stimulant': 'a drug that temporarily quickens some vital process', 'Stinger': 'a portable low altitude surface-to-air missile system using infrared guidance and an impact fuse; fired from the shoulder', 'stink_bomb': 'a small bomb designed to give off a foul odor when it explodes', 'stinker': 'anything that gives off an offensive odor (especially a cheap cigar)', 'stirrer': 'an implement used for stirring', 'stirrup': \"support consisting of metal loops into which rider's feet go\", 'stirrup_pump': 'a hand-operated reciprocating pump; used in fighting fires', 'stitch': 'a sharp spasm of pain in the side resulting from running', 'stob': 'a short straight stick of wood', 'stock': 'the reputation and popularity a person has; \"his stock was so high he could have been elected mayor\"', 'stockade': 'fortification consisting of a fence made of a line of stout posts set firmly for defense', 'stockcar': 'boxcar with latticed sides; for transporting livestock', 'stock_car': \"a car kept in dealers' stock for regular sales\", 'stock_exchange': 'an exchange where security trading is conducted by professional stockbrokers', 'stockinet': \"knit used especially for infants' wear and undergarments\", 'stockinette_stitch': 'knitting stitch having alternate rows of knit stitches and purl stitches, producing a fabric as for stockings', 'stock-in-trade': 'any equipment constantly used as part of a profession or occupation; \"friendliness is the salesman\\'s stock in trade\"', 'stockpot': 'a pot used for preparing soup stock', 'stockroom': 'storeroom for storing goods and supplies used in a business', 'stocks': 'a frame that supports a boat while it is under construction', 'stock_saddle': 'an ornamented saddle used by cowboys; has a high horn to hold the lariat', 'stockyard': 'enclosed yard where cattle, pigs, horses, or sheep are kept temporarily', 'stogy': 'a cheap cigar', 'stokehold': '(nautical) chamber or compartment in which the furnaces of a ship are stoked or fired', 'stoker': 'a laborer who tends fires (as on a coal-fired train or steamship)', 'stole': 'a wide scarf worn about their shoulders by women', 'stomacher': 'garment consisting of a V-shaped panel of stiff material worn over the chest and stomach in the 16th century', 'stomach_pump': 'a suction pump used to remove the contents of the stomach', 'stone': 'an avoirdupois unit used to measure the weight of a human body; equal to 14 pounds; \"a heavy chap who must have weighed more than twenty stone\"', 'stone_wall': 'a fence built of rough stones; used to separate fields', 'stoneware': 'ceramic ware that is fired in high heat and vitrified and nonporous', 'stonework': 'masonry done with stone', 'stool': '(forestry) the stump of a tree that has been felled or headed for the production of saplings', 'stool_pigeon': 'a dummy pigeon used to decoy others', 'stop_bath': 'an acid bath used to stop the action of a developer', 'stopcock': 'faucet consisting of a rotating device for regulating flow of a liquid', 'stopper': '(bridge) a playing card with a value sufficiently high to insure taking a trick in a particular suit; \"if my partner has a spade stopper I can bid no trump\"', 'stopper_knot': 'a knot that prevents a rope from passing through a hole', 'stopwatch': 'a timepiece that can be started or stopped for exact timing (as of a race)', 'storage_battery': 'a voltaic battery that stores electric charge', 'storage_cell': 'a cell that can be recharged', 'storage_ring': 'container consisting of a set of magnets set in a doughnut-shaped ring around which charged particles from an accelerator can be kept circulating until they are used', 'storage_space': 'the area in any structure that provides space for storage', 'storehouse': 'a depository for goods; \"storehouses were built close to the docks\"', 'storeroom': 'a room in which things are stored', 'storm_cellar': 'an underground shelter where you can go until a storm passes', 'storm_door': 'an extra outer door for protection against severe weather or winter', 'storm_window': 'a window outside an ordinary window to protect against severe weather or winter', 'stoup': 'an archaic drinking vessel', 'stove': 'a kitchen appliance used for cooking food; \"dinner was already on the stove\"', 'stove_bolt': 'a small machine bolt', 'stovepipe': 'chimney consisting of a metal pipe of large diameter that is used to connect a stove to a flue', 'stovepipe_iron': 'plate iron that is thinner than tank iron', 'Stradavarius': 'a violin made by Antonio Stradivari or a member of his family', 'straightaway': 'a straight segment of a roadway or racecourse', 'straight_chair': 'a straight-backed chair without arms', 'straightedge': 'hand tool consisting of a flat rigid rectangular bar (metal or wood) that can be used to draw straight lines (or test their straightness)', 'straightener': 'a device for straightening; \"a hair straightener\"', 'straight_flute': 'a rock drill with flutes that are straight', 'straight_pin': 'pin consisting of a short straight stiff piece of wire with a pointed end; used to fasten pieces of cloth or paper together', 'straight_razor': 'a razor with a straight cutting edge enclosed in a case that forms a handle when the razor is opened for use', 'strainer': 'a filter to retain larger pieces while smaller pieces and liquids pass through', 'strain_gauge': 'a gauge for measuring strain in a surface', 'straitjacket': 'anything immaterial that severely hinders or confines; \"they defected because Russian dance was in a straitjacket\"; \"the government is operating in an economic straitjacket\"', 'strand': 'a poetic term for a shore (as the area periodically covered and uncovered by the tides)', 'strap': 'hanger consisting of a loop of leather suspended from the ceiling of a bus or train; passengers hold onto it', 'strap_hinge': 'a hinge with two long straps; one strap is fastened to the surface of a moving part (e.g., a door or lid) and the other is fastened to the adjacent stationary frame', 'strapless': \"a woman's garment that exposes the shoulders and has no shoulder straps\", 'straw': 'plant fiber used e.g. for making baskets and hats or as fodder', 'streamer_fly': 'an artificial fly that has wings extending back beyond the crook of the fishhook', 'streamliner': 'a streamlined train', 'street': 'the streets of a city viewed as a depressed environment in which there is poverty and crime and prostitution and dereliction; \"she tried to keep her children off the street\"', 'streetcar': 'a wheeled vehicle that runs on rails and is propelled by electricity', 'street_clothes': 'ordinary clothing suitable for public appearances (as opposed to costumes or sports apparel or work clothes etc.)', 'streetlight': 'a lamp supported on a lamppost; for illuminating a street', 'strengthener': 'a device designed to provide additional strength; \"the cardboard backing was just a strengthener\"; \"he used gummed reinforcements to hold the page in his notebook\"', 'streptomycin': 'an antibiotic produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces griseus and used to treat tuberculosis', 'streptothricin': 'a basic antibiotic derived from a soil actinomycete', 'stretcher': 'a wooden framework on which canvas is stretched and fixed for oil painting', 'stretch_pants': 'trousers made of a stretchy fabric', 'strickle': 'an implement for sharpening scythes', 'striker': 'a forward on a soccer team', 'string': 'a tough piece of fiber in vegetables, meat, or other food (especially the tough fibers connecting the two halves of a bean pod)', 'stringed_instrument': 'a musical instrument in which taut strings provide the source of sound', 'stringer': 'a member of a squad on a team; \"a first stringer\"; \"a second stringer\"', 'string_tie': 'a very narrow necktie usually tied in a bow', 'strip_lighting': 'light consisting of long tubes (instead of bulbs) that provide the illumination', 'strip_mall': 'a mercantile establishment consisting of a row of various stores and business and restaurants along a road or busy street; usually opening on a parking lot', 'strip_mine': 'an open mine (usually for coal) where the seams run close to the surface', 'stripper_well': 'an oil well whose production has declined to less than ten barrels a day', 'stroboscope': 'scientific instrument that provides a flashing light synchronized with the periodic movement of an object; can make moving object appear stationary', 'strongbox': 'a strongly made box for holding money or valuables; can be locked', 'stronghold': 'a strongly fortified defensive structure', 'strongroom': 'a burglarproof and fireproof room in which valuables are kept', 'strop': 'a leather strap used to sharpen razors', 'structural_member': 'support that is a constituent part of any structure or building', 'structure': 'the complex composition of knowledge as elements and their combinations; \"his lectures have no structure\"', 'stub_nail': 'a short thick nail', 'student_center': 'a center for student activities at a college or university', 'student_lamp': 'a reading lamp with a flexible neck; used on a desk', 'student_union': 'a building on a college campus dedicated to social and organizational activities of the student body', 'stud_farm': 'a farm where horses are bred', 'stud_finder': 'a small permanent magnet in a metal container; when the magnet clicks against the container it indicates that the magnet is directly over an iron nail that holds the wallboard to a stud', 'studio': 'workplace consisting of a room or building where movies or television shows or radio programs are produced and recorded', 'studio_apartment': 'an apartment with a living space and a bathroom and a small kitchen', 'studio_couch': 'convertible consisting of an upholstered couch that can be converted into a double bed', 'study': 'someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play); \"he is a quick study\"', 'study_hall': 'a period of time during the school day that is set aside for study', 'stuff': 'informal terms for personal possessions; \"did you take all your clobber?\"', 'stuffing': 'a mixture of seasoned ingredients used to stuff meats and vegetables', 'stuffing_box': 'a small chamber in which packing is compressed around a reciprocating shaft or piston to form a seal', 'stuffing_nut': 'a nut used to tighten a stuffing box', 'stumbling_block': 'any obstacle or impediment', 'stump': 'the base part of a tree that remains standing after the tree has been felled', 'stun_gun': 'a weapon designed to disable a victim temporarily by delivering a nonlethal high-voltage electric shock', 'stupa': 'a dome-shaped shrine erected by Buddhists', 'sty': 'an infection of the sebaceous gland of the eyelid', 'stylus': 'a sharp pointed device attached to the cartridge of a record player', 'sub-assembly': 'a unit assembled separately but designed to fit with other units in a manufactured product', 'subbase': 'the lowest molding of an architectural base or of a baseboard', 'subcompact': 'a car smaller than a compact car', 'subject': 'a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation; \"the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly\"; \"the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities\"', 'submachine_gun': 'machine gun that is a portable automatic firearm', 'submarine': 'a submersible warship usually armed with torpedoes', 'submarine_torpedo': 'a torpedo designed to be launched from a submarine', 'submersible': 'an apparatus intended for use under water', 'subsection': 'a section of a section; a part of a part; i.e., a part of something already divided', 'substation': 'a subsidiary station where electricity is transformed for distribution by a low-voltage network', 'subtilin': 'a polypeptide antibiotic (similar to bacitracin) obtained from a soil bacterium', 'subtracter': 'a person who subtracts numbers', 'subway_station': 'a terminal where subways load and unload passengers', 'subway_token': 'a token that is used to pay for entry to the subway system', 'subway_train': 'a train that runs in a subway system', 'subwoofer': 'a loudspeaker that is designed to reproduce very low bass frequencies', 'succinylcholine': 'a muscle relaxant for striated muscle that is used as an adjunct to anesthesia during certain surgical procedures', 'sucralfate': 'medicine consisting of a tablet (trade name Carafate) used to treat peptic ulcers; said to bind to the ulcer site and coat it', 'suction_cup': 'a cup-shaped device (made of rubber, glass, or plastic) that produces a partial vacuum; used to adhere or draw something to a surface', 'suction_pump': 'a pump for raising fluids by suction', 'sudatorium': 'a bathhouse for hot air baths or steam baths', 'sudorific': 'a medicine that causes or increases sweating', 'suede_cloth': 'a fabric made to resemble suede leather', 'sugar_bowl': 'a dish in which sugar is served', 'sugar_refinery': 'a refinery for sugar', 'sugar_spoon': 'a spoon for serving sugar; often made in the shape of a seashell', 'suit': '(slang) a businessman dressed in a business suit; \"all the suits care about is the bottom line\"', 'suite': 'a matching set of furniture', 'suiting': 'a fabric used for suits', 'sulfacetamide': 'a topical sulfonamide (trade name Sulamyd) used to treat eye infections', 'sulfadiazine': 'a sulfa drug used in treating meningitis and pneumonia and other infections', 'sulfa_drug': 'antibacterial consisting of any of several synthetic organic compounds capable of inhibiting the growth of bacteria that require PABA', 'sulfamethazine': 'a sulfa drug used like sulfadiazine and also in veterinary medicine', 'sulfamethoxazole': 'a sulfonamide (trade name Gantanol) used to treat infections (especially infections of the urinary tract)', 'sulfanilamide': 'a white odorless crystalline sulfa drug; the parent compound of most of the sulfa drugs', 'sulfapyridine': 'sulfa drug derived from pyridine and sulfanilamide', 'sulfisoxazole': 'a sulfonamide (trade name Gantrisin) used to treat infections of the urinary tract', 'sulfonylurea': 'antidiabetic consisting of any of several drugs that reduce the level of glucose in the blood; used to treat diabetes mellitus', 'sulindac': 'a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Clinoril)', 'sulky': 'a light two-wheeled vehicle for one person; drawn by one horse', 'sulphur_mine': 'a mine where sulphur is dug from the ground', 'sum': 'a quantity of money; \"he borrowed a large sum\"; \"the amount he had in cash was insufficient\"', 'summer_house': 'a country house (usually located in the country) that provides a cool place to live in the summer', 'sumo_ring': 'the circular ring in which Sumo wrestlers compete', 'sump': 'an oil reservoir in an internal combustion engine', 'sump_pump': 'a suction pump for removing liquid from a sump', 'sunbonnet': 'a large bonnet that shades the face; worn by girls and women', 'sunburst': 'a sudden emergence of the sun from behind clouds', 'sunburst_pleat': 'knife pleat cut on the bias to produce a flared effect', 'Sunday_best': 'the best attire you have which is worn to church on Sunday', 'sun_deck': 'an unroofed deck', 'sundial': 'timepiece that indicates the daylight hours by the shadow that the gnomon casts on a calibrated dial', 'sundress': 'a light loose sleeveless summer dress with a wide neckline and thin shoulder straps that expose the arms and shoulders', 'sundries': 'miscellaneous objects too numerous or too small to be specified', 'sun_gear': 'the central gear in an epicyclic train', 'sunglass': 'a convex lens that focuses the rays of the sun; used to start a fire', 'sunglasses': 'spectacles that are darkened or polarized to protect the eyes from the glare of the sun; \"he was wearing a pair of mirrored shades\"', 'sunken_garden': 'a garden set below the level of the ground surrounding it', 'sunk_fence': 'a ditch with one side being a retaining wall; used to divide lands without defacing the landscape', 'sunhat': 'a hat with a broad brim that protects the face from direct exposure to the sun', 'sunlamp': 'a mercury-vapor lamp used in medical or cosmetic treatments', 'sun_parlor': 'a room enclosed largely with glass and affording exposure to the sun', 'sunroof': 'an automobile roof having a sliding or raisable panel; \"`sunshine-roof\\' is a British term for `sunroof\\'\"', 'sunscreen': 'a cream spread on the skin; contains a chemical (as PABA) to filter out ultraviolet light and so protect from sunburn', 'sunsuit': \"a child's garment consisting of a brief top and shorts\", 'suntrap': 'a terrace or garden oriented to take advantage of the sun while protected from cold winds', 'sun_visor': 'a shade (sometimes of green mica) affixed above the windshield of an automobile', 'supercharger': 'compressor that forces increased oxygen into the cylinders of an internal-combustion engine', 'supercomputer': 'a mainframe computer that is one of the most powerful available at a given time', 'superconducting_supercollider': 'a collider that operates at very low temperatures', 'superficies': 'the purely external aspect of a thing; superficial appearance; \"the audience was held by the substance of the play rather than by the superficies of the production\"-R.W.Speaight', 'superhighway': 'an extensive electronic network (such as the internet) used for the rapid transfer of sound and video and graphics in digital form', 'supermarket': 'a large self-service grocery store selling groceries and dairy products and household goods', 'superstructure': 'structure consisting of the part of a ship above the main deck', 'supertanker': 'the largest class of oil tankers', 'supper_club': 'usually a small luxurious nightclub', 'supplejack': 'walking stick made from the wood of an American tropical vine', 'supply_chamber': 'a mechanical device for holding something and supplying it as needed', 'supply_closet': 'a closet for storing supplies', 'support_column': 'a column that supports a heavy weight', 'support_hose': 'elasticized stocking intended to reduce pressure on the veins of the leg (as in case of varicose veins)', 'supporting_structure': 'a structure that serves to support something', 'supporting_tower': 'a tower that serves to support something', 'suppository': 'a small plug of medication designed for insertion into the rectum or vagina where it melts', 'suppressant': 'a drug that suppresses appetite', 'suppressor': 'someone who suppresses; \"dictators are suppressors of free speech\"', 'surbase': 'the molding or border above the base of a structure (a pedestal or podium or wall)', 'surcoat': 'a loose outer coat usually of rich material', 'surface': 'the outermost level of the land or sea; \"earthquakes originate far below the surface\"; \"three quarters of the Earth\\'s surface is covered by water\"', 'surface_gauge': 'gauge consisting of a scriber mounted on an adjustable stand; used to test the accuracy of plane surfaces', 'surface_lift': 'a ski tow that pulls skiers up a slope without lifting them off the ground', 'surface_search_radar': 'a naval radar to search for surface targets', 'surface_ship': 'a warship that operates on the surface of the water', 'surface-to-air_missile': 'a guided missile fired from land or shipboard against an airborne target', 'surface-to-air_missile_system': 'the shipboard system that fires missiles at aircraft', 'surfboard': 'a narrow buoyant board for riding surf', 'surfboat': 'a boat that can be launched or landed in heavy surf', \"surgeon's_knot\": 'any of several knots used in tying stitches or ligatures', 'surgery': 'the branch of medical science that treats disease or injury by operative procedures; \"he is professor of surgery at the Harvard Medical School\"', 'surge_suppressor': 'electrical device inserted in a power line to protect equipment from sudden fluctuations in current', 'surgical_dressing': 'a loosely woven cotton dressing for incisions made during surgery', 'surgical_instrument': 'a medical instrument used in surgery', 'surgical_knife': 'a very sharp knife used in surgery', 'surplice': 'a loose-fitting white ecclesiastical vestment with wide sleeves', 'surrey': 'a light four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage; has two or four seats', 'surtout': \"a man's overcoat in the style of a frock coat\", 'surveillance_system': 'a closed-circuit television system used to maintain close observation of a person or group', 'surveying_instrument': 'an instrument used by surveyors', \"surveyor's_level\": 'surveying instrument consisting basically of a small telescope with an attached spirit level rotating around a vertical axis; for measuring relative heights of land', 'sushi_bar': 'a bar where sushi is served', 'suspension_bridge': 'a bridge that has a roadway supported by cables that are anchored at both ends', 'suspensory': 'a bandage of elastic fabric applied to uplift a dependant part (as the scrotum or a pendulous breast)', 'sustaining_pedal': 'a pedal on a piano that lifts the dampers from the strings and so allows them to continue vibrating', 'suture': 'an immovable joint (especially between the bones of the skull)', 'swab': 'implement consisting of a small piece of cotton that is used to apply medication or cleanse a wound or obtain a specimen of a secretion', 'swag': 'valuable goods', 'swage_block': 'an iron block cut with holes and grooves to assist in cold working metal', 'swagger_stick': 'a short cane or stick covered with leather and carried by army officers', 'swallow-tailed_coat': \"a man's full-dress jacket with two long tapering tails at the back\", 'swamp_buggy': 'an amphibious vehicle typically having four-wheel drive and a raised body', 'swatch': 'a sample piece of cloth', 'swathe': 'an enveloping bandage', 'swathing': 'cloth coverings wrapped around something (as a wound or a baby)', 'swatter': 'an implement with a flat part (of mesh or plastic) and a long handle; used to kill insects', 'sweat_bag': 'a porous bag (usually of canvas) that holds water and cools it by evaporation', 'sweatband': 'a band of material tied around the forehead or wrist to absorb sweat', 'sweatbox': 'small or narrow cell', 'sweater': 'a crocheted or knitted garment covering the upper part of the body', 'sweat_pants': 'loose-fitting trousers with elastic cuffs; worn by athletes', 'sweatshirt': 'cotton knit pullover with long sleeves worn during athletic activity', 'sweatshop': 'factory where workers do piecework for poor pay and are prevented from forming unions; common in the clothing industry', 'sweat_suit': 'garment consisting of sweat pants and a sweatshirt', 'sweep_hand': 'a second hand that is mounted on the same center as the hour and minute hand and is read on the minutes', 'swimming_pool': 'pool that provides a facility for swimming; \"`swimming bath\\' is a British term\"', 'swimming_trunks': 'swimsuit worn by men while swimming', 'swimsuit': 'tight fitting garment worn for swimming', 'swing_door': 'a door that swings on a double hinge; opens in either direction', 'switchblade': 'a pocketknife with a blade that springs open at the press of a button', 'switchboard': 'telephone central where circuits are completed with patchcords', 'switch_engine': 'a locomotive for switching rolling stock in a railroad yard', 'swivel': 'a coupling (as in a chain) that has one end that turns on a headed pin', 'swivel_chair': 'a chair that swivels on its base', 'swizzle_stick': 'a small stick used to stir mixed drinks', 'sword': 'a cutting or thrusting weapon that has a long metal blade and a hilt with a hand guard', 'sword_cane': 'a cane concealing a sword or dagger', 'sword_knot': 'an ornamental tassel on the hilt of a sword', 'S_wrench': 'a wrench with an S-shaped handle', 'Sydney_Harbor_Bridge': 'a steel arch bridge in Sydney, Australia', 'synagogue': '(Judaism) the place of worship for a Jewish congregation', 'synchrocyclotron': 'cyclotron that achieves relativistic velocities by modulating the frequency of the accelerating electric field', 'synchroflash': 'a device used in photography to synchronize the peak of a flash with the opening of the camera shutter', 'synchromesh': 'an automotive system for shifting gears in which the gears revolve at the same speed and so shift smoothly', 'synchronous_converter': 'electrical converter consisting of a synchronous machine that converts alternating to direct current or vice versa', 'synchronous_motor': 'electric motor in which the speed of rotation is proportional to the frequency of the A.C. power', 'synchrotron': 'cyclotron in which the electric field is maintained at a constant frequency', 'synchroscope': 'an instrument that indicates whether two periodic motions are synchronous (especially an instrument that enables a pilot to synchronize the propellers of a plane that has two or more engines)', 'synergist': 'a drug that augments the activity of another drug', 'synthesizer': '(music) an electronic instrument (usually played with a keyboard) that generates and modifies sounds electronically and can imitate a variety of other musical instruments', 'synthetism': 'a genre of French painting characterized by bright flat shapes and symbolic treatments of abstract ideas', 'syringe': 'a medical instrument used to inject or withdraw fluids', 'system': '(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; \"in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface\"; \"a system generating hydrogen peroxide\"', 'system_clock': 'a time-of-day clock in a computer system', 'tab': 'a short strip of material attached to or projecting from something in order to facilitate opening or identifying or handling it; \"pull the tab to open the can\"; \"files with a red tab will be stored separately\"; \"the collar has a tab with a button hole\"; \"the filing cards were organized by cards having indexed tabs\"', 'tabard': 'a short sleeveless outer tunic emblazoned with a coat of arms; worn by a knight over his armor or by a herald', 'Tabernacle': 'the Mormon temple', 'tabi': 'a sock with a separation for the big toe; worn with thong sandals by the Japanese', 'tab_key': 'the key on a typewriter or a word processor that causes a tabulation', 'table': 'a company of people assembled at a table for a meal or game; \"he entertained the whole table with his witty remarks\"', 'tablecloth': 'a covering spread over a dining table', 'tablefork': 'a fork for eating at a dining table', 'table_knife': 'a knife used for eating at dining table', 'table_lamp': 'a lamp that sits on a table', 'table_linen': 'linens for the dining table', 'table_mat': 'a pad for use under a hot dish to protect a table', 'table_saw': 'a circular saw mounted under a table or bench so that the blade of the saw projects up through a slot', 'tablespoon': 'as much as a tablespoon will hold', 'tablet': 'a slab of stone or wood suitable for bearing an inscription', 'tablet-armed_chair': 'a chair with an arm that has been widened for writing', 'table-tennis_table': 'a table used for playing table tennis', 'table-tennis_racquet': 'paddle used to play table tennis', 'tabletop': 'the top horizontal work surface of a table', 'tableware': 'articles for use at the table (dishes and silverware and glassware)', 'tabor': 'a small drum with one head of soft calfskin', 'taboret': 'a low stool in the shape of a drum', 'tachistoscope': 'scientific instrument used by psychologists; presents visual stimuli for brief exposures', 'tachograph': 'a tachometer that produces a graphical record of its readings; used to record the speed and duration of trips in a motor vehicle', 'tachometer': 'measuring instrument for indicating speed of rotation', 'tachymeter': 'a theodolite designed for rapid measurements', 'tack_hammer': 'a light hammer that is used to drive tacks', 'Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge': 'a suspension bridge across Puget Sound at Tacoma', 'tadalafil': 'virility drug (trade name Cialis) used to treat erectile dysfunction in men', 'taffeta': 'a crisp smooth lustrous fabric', 'taffrail': 'the railing around the stern of a ship', 'tailgate': 'a gate at the rear of a vehicle; can be lowered for loading', 'tail_gate': 'a gate downstream from a lock or canal that is used to control the flow of water at the lower end', 'taillight': 'lamp (usually red) mounted at the rear of a motor vehicle', 'tailor-made': 'custom-made clothing', \"tailor's_chalk\": 'chalk used by tailors to make temporary marks on cloth', \"tailor's_tack\": 'a loose, looped, sewing stitch used to transfer marking for darts, etc., from a pattern to material', 'tailpiece': 'appendage added to extend the length of something', 'tailpipe': 'a pipe carrying fumes from the muffler to the rear of a car', 'tailrace': 'a watercourse that carries water away from a mill or water wheel or turbine', 'tail_rotor': 'rotor consisting of a rotating airfoil on the tail of a single-rotor helicopter; keeps the helicopter from spinning in the direction opposite to the rotation of the main rotor', 'tailstock': 'support consisting of the movable part of a lathe that slides along the bed in alignment with the headstock and is locked into position to support the free end of the workpiece', 'Taj_Mahal': 'beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife', 'talaria': 'a winged sandal (as worn by Hermes in Graeco-Roman art)', 'talcum': 'a toilet powder made of purified talc and usually scented; absorbs excess moisture', 'talking_book': 'sound recording of someone reading a book; frequently used by blind people', 'tam': 'a woolen cap of Scottish origin', 'tambour': 'a frame made of two hoops; used for embroidering', 'tambourine': 'a shallow drum with a single drumhead and with metallic disks in the sides', 'tammy': 'plain-woven (often glazed) fabric of wool or wool and cotton used especially formerly for linings and garments and curtains', 'tamp': 'a tool for tamping (e.g., for tamping tobacco into a pipe bowl or a charge into a drill hole etc.)', 'Tampax': 'tampon used to absorb menstrual flow', 'tampion': 'plug for the muzzle of a gun to keep out dust and moisture', 'tampon': 'plug of cotton or other absorbent material; inserted into wound or body cavity to absorb exuded fluids (especially blood)', 'tandem_trailer': 'trucking rig with two trailers in tandem', 'tandoor': 'a clay oven used in northern India and Pakistan', 'tangram': 'a Chinese puzzle consisting of a square divided into seven pieces that must be arranged to match particular designs', 'tank': 'as much as a tank will hold', 'tanka': 'a form of Japanese poetry; the 1st and 3rd lines have five syllables and the 2nd, 4th, and 5th have seven syllables', 'tankard': 'large drinking vessel with one handle', 'tank_car': 'a freight car that transports liquids or gases in bulk', 'tank_circuit': 'an oscillatory circuit', 'tank_destroyer': 'an armored vehicle equipped with an antitank gun and capable of high speeds', 'tank_engine': 'a locomotive that carries its own fuel and water; no tender is needed', 'tanker_plane': 'an airplane constructed to transport chemicals that can be dropped in order to fight a forest fire', 'tank_furnace': 'furnace into one end of which a batch of measured raw materials is shoveled and from the other end molten glass is obtained', 'tank_iron': 'plate iron that is thinner than boilerplate but thicker than sheet iron or stovepipe iron', 'tank_shell': 'a shell fired by the cannon on a tank', 'tank_top': 'a tight-fitting sleeveless shirt with wide shoulder straps and low neck and no front opening; often worn over a shirt or blouse', 'tannery': 'workplace where skins and hides are tanned', 'tannoy': 'a loudspeaker', 'tapa': 'the thin fibrous bark of the paper mulberry and Pipturus albidus', 'tape': 'the finishing line for a foot race; \"he broke the tape in record time\"', 'tape_cartridge': 'a cartridge containing magnetic tape; for use with audio or video recorders or computer systems', 'tape_deck': 'electronic equipment for making or playing magnetic tapes (but without amplifiers or speakers); a component in an audio system', 'tape_drive': 'a mechanism that transports magnetic tape across the read/write heads of a tape playback/recorder', 'tape_player': 'electronic equipment for playing back magnetic tapes', 'tape_recorder': 'a magnetic recorder using magnetic tape', 'taper_file': 'a file with converging edges', 'tapestry': 'something that resembles a tapestry in its complex pictorial designs; \"the tapestry of European history\"', 'Tappan_Zee_Bridge': 'a cantilever bridge across the Hudson River', 'tappet': 'a lever that is moved in order to tap something else', 'tap_wrench': 'a wrench for turning a tap to create an internal screw thread', 'tare': 'an adjustment made for the weight of the packaging in order to determine the net weight of the goods', 'target': 'the location of the target that is to be hit', 'target_acquisition_system': 'a shipboard system for the detection and identification and location of a target with enough detail to permit effective weapon employment', 'tarmacadam': 'a paving material of tar and broken stone; mixed in a factory and shaped during paving', 'tarot_card': 'any of a set of (usually 72) cards that include 22 cards representing virtues and vices and death and fortune etc.; used by fortunetellers', 'tarpaulin': 'waterproofed canvas', 'tartan': 'a cloth having a crisscross design', 'tassel': 'adornment consisting of a bunch of cords fastened at one end', 'tasset': 'one of two pieces of armor plate hanging from the fauld to protect the upper thighs', 'tatting': 'needlework consisting of handmade lace made by looping and knotting a single thread on a small shuttle', 'tau_cross': 'cross resembling the Greek letter tau', 'tavern': 'a building with a bar that is licensed to sell alcoholic drinks', 'taw': 'the 23rd letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'tawse': 'a leather strap for punishing children', 'taximeter': 'a meter in a taxi that registers the fare (based on the length of the ride)', 'taxiway': 'a paved surface in the form of a strip; used by planes taxiing to or from the runway at an airport', 'T-bar_lift': 'a surface lift where riders hold a bar and are pulled up the hill on their skis', 'tea_bag': 'a measured amount of tea in a bag for an individual serving of tea', 'tea_ball': 'a kitchen utensil consisting of a perforated metal ball for making tea', 'tea_cart': 'serving cart for serving tea or light refreshments', 'tea_chest': 'chest for storing or transporting tea', 'teaching_aid': 'materials and equipment used in teaching', 'tea_cloth': 'a small tablecloth', 'teacup': 'as much as a teacup will hold', 'tea_garden': 'a public garden where tea is served', 'tea_gown': 'a long loose-fitting gown formerly popular for wear at afternoon tea', 'teakettle': 'kettle for boiling water to make tea', 'tea_maker': 'a covered spoon with perforations', 'tea_napkin': 'a small napkin used when tea is served', 'teapot': 'pot for brewing tea; usually has a spout and handle', 'teaser': 'a worker who teases wool', 'tea_service': 'a set of china or silverware for serving tea', 'teashop': 'a restaurant where tea and light meals are available', 'teaspoon': 'as much as a teaspoon will hold', 'tea-strainer': 'a device to keep back tea leaves when pouring a cup of tea', 'tea_table': 'a small table for serving afternoon tea', 'tea_tray': 'a tray that accommodates a tea service', 'tea_urn': 'an urn in which tea is brewed and from which it is served', 'technical': 'a pickup truck with a gun mounted on it', 'teddy': \"plaything consisting of a child's toy bear (usually plush and stuffed with soft materials)\", 'tee': 'the starting place for each hole on a golf course; \"they were waiting on the first tee\"', 'tee_hinge': 'a hinge that looks like the letter T when it is opened; similar to a strap hinge except that one strap has been replaced by half of a butt hinge that can be mortised flush into the stationary frame', 'telecom_hotel': 'a building that houses telecommunications equipment; \"the telecom hotels are prime targets for bombing\"', 'telecommunication_system': 'a communication system for communicating at a distance', 'telegraph': 'apparatus used to communicate at a distance over a wire (usually in Morse code)', 'telegraph_key': 'key consisting of a lever that sends a telegraph signal when it is depressed and the circuit is closed', 'telemeter': 'any scientific instrument for observing events at a distance and transmitting the information back to the observer', 'telephone': 'transmitting speech at a distance', 'telephone_bell': 'electric bell that rings to signal a call', 'telephone_booth': 'booth for using a telephone', 'telephone_cord': 'the telephone wire that connects to the handset', 'telephone_jack': 'a jack for plugging in a telephone', 'telephone_line': 'a telephone connection', 'telephone_plug': 'a plug for connecting a telephone', 'telephone_pole': 'tall pole supporting telephone wires', 'telephone_receiver': 'earphone that converts electrical signals into sounds', 'telephone_system': 'a communication system that transmits sound between distant points', 'telephone_wire': 'the wire that carries telegraph and telephone signals', 'telephotograph': 'a photograph transmitted and reproduced over a distance', 'telephoto_lens': 'a camera lens that magnifies the image', 'Teleprompter': 'a prompter for television performers', 'telescope': 'a magnifier of images of distant objects', 'telescopic_sight': 'gunsight consisting of a telescope on a firearm for use as a sight', 'telethermometer': 'a thermometer that registers the temperature at some distant point', 'teletypewriter': 'a character printer connected to a telegraph that operates like a typewriter', 'television': 'broadcasting visual images of stationary or moving objects; \"she is a star of screen and video\"; \"Television is a medium because it is neither rare nor well done\" - Ernie Kovacs', 'television_antenna': 'an omnidirectional antenna tuned to the broadcast frequencies assigned to television', 'television_camera': 'television equipment consisting of a lens system that focuses an image on a photosensitive mosaic that is scanned by an electron beam', 'television-camera_tube': 'a tube that rapidly scans an optical image and converts it into electronic signals', 'television_equipment': 'electronic equipment that broadcasts or receives electromagnetic waves representing images and sound', 'television_monitor': 'monitor used in a studio for monitoring the program being broadcast', 'television_receiver': 'an electronic device that receives television signals and displays them on a screen; \"the British call a tv set a telly\"', 'television_room': 'a room set aside for viewing television', 'television_station': 'station for the production and transmission of television broadcasts', 'television_transmitter': 'transmitter that is part of a television system', 'telpher': 'one of the conveyances (or cars) in a telpherage', 'telpherage': 'a transportation system in which cars (telphers) are suspended from cables and operated on electricity', 'temazepam': 'a frequently prescribed benzodiazepine (trade name Restoril); takes effect slowly and lasts long enough to help those people who wake up frequently during the night', 'tempera': 'pigment mixed with water-soluble glutinous materials such as size and egg yolk', 'temple': 'the flat area on either side of the forehead; \"the veins in his temple throbbed\"', 'Temple_of_Apollo': '(Greek mythology) the oracle at Delphi where a priestess supposedly delivered messages from Apollo to those who sought advice; the messages were usually obscure or ambiguous', 'Temple_of_Artemis': 'a large temple at Ephesus that was said to be one of the seven wonders of the ancient world', 'Temple_of_Jerusalem': 'any of three successive temples in Jerusalem that served as the primary center for Jewish worship; the first temple contained the Ark of the Covenant and was built by Solomon in the 10th century BC and destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BC; the second was built in 515 BC and the third was an enlargement by Herod the Great in 20 BC that was destroyed by the Romans during a Jewish revolt in AD 70; all that remains is the Wailing Wall', 'temporary_hookup': 'a connection intended to be used for a limited time', 'tender': 'something that can be used as an official medium of payment', 'tenement': 'a run-down apartment house barely meeting minimal standards', 'tennis_ball': 'ball about the size of a fist used in playing tennis', 'tennis_camp': 'a camp where tennis is taught', 'tennis_court': 'the court on which tennis is played', 'tennis_racket': 'a racket used to play tennis', 'tenon': 'a projection at the end of a piece of wood that is shaped to fit into a mortise and form a mortise joint', 'tenor_drum': 'any of various drums with small heads', 'Tenoretic': 'trade name for an antihypertensive drug consisting of a fixed combination of atenolol and a diuretic', 'tenoroon': 'a tenor bassoon; pitched a fifth higher than the ordinary bassoon', 'tenpenny_nail': 'a nail 3 inches long', 'tenpin': 'one of the bottle-shaped pins used in bowling', 'tensimeter': 'a manometer for measuring vapor pressure', 'tensiometer': 'a measuring instrument for measuring the moisture content of soil', 'ten-spot': 'one of four playing cards in a deck with ten pips on the face', 'tent': 'a web that resembles a tent or carpet', 'tenter': 'a framework with hooks used for stretching and drying cloth', 'tenterhook': 'one of a series of hooks used to hold cloth on a tenter', 'tent-fly': 'flap consisting of a piece of canvas that can be drawn back to provide entrance to a tent', 'tent_peg': 'a peg driven into the ground to hold a rope supporting a tent', 'tepee': 'a Native American tent; usually of conical shape', 'terazosin': 'antihypertensive drug (trade name Hytrin) used to treat high blood pressure', 'terbinafine': 'an oral antifungal drug (trade name Lamisil) used to treat cases of fungal nail disease', 'terminal': 'electronic equipment consisting of a device providing access to a computer; has a keyboard and display', 'terminus': '(architecture) a statue or a human bust or an animal carved out of the top of a square pillar; originally used as a boundary marker in ancient Rome', 'terraced_house': 'a house that is part of a terrace', 'terra_cotta': 'a hard unglazed brownish-red earthenware', 'terrarium': 'a vivarium in which selected living plants are kept and observed', 'terra_sigillata': 'earthenware made from the reddish-brown clay found on the Aegean island of Lemnos', 'terry': 'a pile fabric (usually cotton) with uncut loops on both sides; used to make bath towels and bath robes', 'Tesla_coil': 'a step-up transformer with an air core; used to produce high voltages at high frequencies', 'tessella': 'a small tessera', 'tessera': 'a small square tile of stone or glass used in making mosaics', 'test_bed': 'a place equipped with instruments for testing (e.g. engines or machinery or computer programs etc.) under working conditions', 'test_equipment': 'equipment required to perform a test', 'tester': 'a flat canopy (especially one over a four-poster bed)', 'test_paper': 'a written examination', 'test_range': 'a range for conducting tests', 'test_rocket': 'a rocket fired for test purposes', 'test_room': 'a room in which tests are conducted', 'test_tube': 'glass tube closed at one end', 'testudo': 'a movable protective covering that provided protection from above; used by Roman troops when approaching the walls of a besieged fortification', 'tetracaine': 'a crystalline compound used in the form of a hydrochloride as a local anesthetic', 'tetrachlorethylene': 'anthelmintic agent used against hookworm and other nematodes', 'tetracycline': 'an antibiotic (trade name Achromycin) derived from microorganisms of the genus Streptomyces and used broadly to treat infections', 'tetrahydrocannabinol': 'psychoactive substance present in marijuana', 'tetraskelion': 'a figure consisting of four stylized human arms or legs (or bent lines) radiating from a center', 'tetrode': 'a thermionic tube having four electrodes', 'textile_machine': 'a machine for making textiles', 'textile_mill': 'a factory for making textiles', 'thalidomide': 'a sedative and hypnotic drug; withdrawn from sale after discovered to cause severe birth defects because it inhibits angiogenesis', 'thatch': 'plant stalks used as roofing material', 'theater': 'a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented; \"the house was full\"', 'theater_curtain': 'a hanging cloth that conceals the stage from the view of the audience; rises or parts at the beginning and descends or closes between acts and at the end of a performance', 'theater_light': 'any of various lights used in a theater', 'theater_stage': 'a stage in a theater on which actors can perform', 'theodolite': 'a surveying instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles, consisting of a small telescope mounted on a tripod', 'theophylline': 'a colorless crystalline alkaloid derived from tea leaves or made synthetically; used in medicine as a bronchial dilator', 'theremin': 'an electronic musical instrument; melodies can be played by moving the right hand between two rods that serve as antennas to control pitch; the left hand controls phrasing', 'thermal_printer': 'a printer that produces characters by applying heat to special paper that is sensitive to heat', 'thermal_reactor': 'a nuclear reactor in which nuclear fissions are caused by neutrons that are slowed down by a moderator', 'thermistor': 'a semiconductor device made of materials whose resistance varies as a function of temperature; can be used to compensate for temperature variation in other components of a circuit', 'thermobaric_bomb': 'a bomb that uses a fuel-air explosive; \"a thermobaric bomb can create overpressures equal to an atomic bomb\"', 'thermocouple': 'a kind of thermometer consisting of two wires of different metals that are joined at both ends; one junction is at the temperature to be measured and the other is held at a fixed lower temperature; the current generated in the circuit is proportional to the temperature difference', 'thermoelectric_thermometer': 'a thermometer that uses thermoelectric current to measure temperature', 'thermograph': 'medical instrument that uses an infrared camera to reveal temperature variations on the surface of the body', 'thermohydrometer': 'a hydrometer that includes a thermometer', 'thermojunction': 'a junction between two dissimilar metals across which a voltage appears', 'thermometer': 'measuring instrument for measuring temperature', 'thermonuclear_reactor': 'a nuclear reactor that uses controlled nuclear fusion to generate energy', 'thermopile': 'a kind of thermometer for measuring heat radiation; consists of several thermocouple junctions in series', 'thermos': 'vacuum flask that preserves temperature of hot or cold drinks', 'thermostat': 'a regulator for automatically regulating temperature by starting or stopping the supply of heat', 'thiabendazole': 'an antifungal agent and anthelmintic', 'thiazide': 'any of a group of drugs commonly used as diuretics in the treatment of hypertension; they block the reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys', 'thigh_pad': 'protective garment consisting of a pad worn over the thighs by football players', 'thill': 'one of two shafts extending from the body of a cart or carriage on either side of the animal that pulls it', 'thimble': 'as much as a thimble will hold', 'thimerosal': 'a light-colored crystalline powder (trade name Merthiolate) used as a surgical antiseptic', 'thinning_shears': 'shears with one serrate blade; used for thinning hair', 'thioguanine': 'an antineoplastic drug used to treat acute leukemias', 'thiopental': 'barbiturate that is a hygroscopic powder (trade name Pentothal) that is a strong barbiturate that acts rapidly; induces a relaxed state when injected as a general anesthetic', 'thioridazine': 'a tranquilizer (trade name Mellaril) used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders', 'Thiosulfil': 'trade name for a sulfonamide antibacterial', 'thiotepa': 'an antineoplastic drug used to treat certain malignancies', 'thiothixene': 'a tranquilizer (trade name Navane) used to treat schizophrenia', 'third_gear': 'the third from the lowest forward ratio gear in the gear box of a motor vehicle; \"you shouldn\\'t try to start in third gear\"', 'third_rail': 'a rail through which electric current is supplied to an electric locomotive', 'thong': 'underpants resembling a G-string; worn by women especially under very tight pants; \"she wore thongs in her quest for the callipygian ideal\"', 'thoroughfare': 'a public road from one place to another', 'thread': 'a fine cord of twisted fibers (of cotton or silk or wool or nylon etc.) used in sewing and weaving', 'three-centered_arch': 'a round arch whose inner curve is drawn with circles having three centers', 'three-decker': 'any ship having three decks', 'three-dimensional_radar': 'radar that will report altitude as well as azimuth and distance of a target', 'three-piece_suit': 'a business suit consisting of a jacket and vest and trousers', 'three-quarter_binding': 'the spine and much of the sides are a different material from the rest of the cover', 'three-way_switch': 'an electric switch that has three terminals; used to control a circuit from two different locations', 'threshing_floor': 'a floor or ground area for threshing or treading out grain', 'threshold_element': 'a logic element that performs a threshold operation', 'thriftshop': 'a shop that sells secondhand goods at reduced prices', 'throat_protector': 'protective garment worn by hockey goalkeeper and catcher in baseball', 'thrombolytic': 'a kind of pharmaceutical that can break up clots blocking the flow of blood to the heart muscle', 'throstle': 'a spinning machine formerly used to twist and wind fibers of cotton or wool continuously', 'throughput': 'output relative to input; the amount passing through a system from input to output (especially of a computer program over a period of time)', 'throwing_stick': 'a device resembling a sling that is used in various primitive societies to propel a dart or spear', 'throw_pillow': 'a small cushion that is used for decorative purposes', 'thrust_bearing': 'a bearing designed to take thrusts parallel to the axis of revolution', 'thruster': 'a small rocket engine that provides the thrust needed to maneuver a spacecraft', 'thrust_stage': \"a theater stage that extends out into the audience's part of a theater and has seats on three sides\", 'thumb': 'the thick short innermost digit of the forelimb', 'thumbhole': 'the hole in a woodwind that is closed and opened with the thumb', 'thumb_index': 'one of a series of rounded notches in the fore edge of a book to indicate sections', 'thumbscrew': 'instrument of torture that crushes the thumb', 'thumbstall': 'protective covering for an injured thumb', 'thumbtack': 'a tack for attaching papers to a bulletin board or drawing board', 'thunderer': 'a noisemaker that makes a sound like thunder', 'thwart': 'a crosspiece spreading the gunnels of a boat; used as a seat in a rowboat', 'tiara': 'a jeweled headdress worn by women on formal occasions', 'ticker': 'a character printer that automatically prints stock quotations on ticker tape', 'ticket_window': 'a window through which tickets are sold (as from a ticket booth)', 'ticking': 'a strong fabric used for mattress and pillow covers', 'tickler_coil': 'a small coil in series with the anode of a vacuum tube and coupled to the grid to provide feedback', 'tidemark': 'indicator consisting of a line at the highwater or low-water limits of the tides', 'tidy': 'receptacle that holds odds and ends (as sewing materials)', 'tie': 'equality of score in a contest', 'tie_clip': \"a piece of jewelry that holds a man's tie in place\", 'tier': 'any one of two or more competitors who tie one another', 'tie_rack': 'a rack for storing ties', 'tiered_seat': 'seating that is arranged in sloping tiers so that spectators in the back can see over the heads of those in front', 'tie_rod': 'either of two rods that link the steering gear to the front wheels', 'tie_tack': 'a pin used to hold the tie in place', 'tightrope': 'tightly stretched rope or wire on which acrobats perform high above the ground', 'tights': 'skintight knit hose covering the body from the waist to the feet worn by acrobats and dancers and as stockings by women and girls', 'tile': 'a thin flat slab of fired clay used for roofing', 'tile_cutter': 'a cutter (tool for cutting) for floor tiles', 'tile_roof': 'a roof made of fired clay tiles', 'tiller': 'a shoot that sprouts from the base of a grass', 'tilter': 'someone who engages in a tilt or joust', 'tilt-top_table': 'a pedestal table whose top is hinged so that it can be tilted to a vertical position', 'timber': 'a post made of wood', 'timber_hitch': 'a hitch used to secure a rope to a log or spar; often supplemented by a half hitch', 'timbrel': 'small hand drum similar to a tambourine; formerly carried by itinerant jugglers', 'time-ball': 'a ball that slides down a staff to show a fixed time; especially at an observatory', 'time_bomb': 'a problematic situation that will eventually become dangerous if not addressed; \"India is a demographic time bomb\"; \"the refugee camp is a ticking bomb waiting to go off\"', 'time_capsule': 'container for preserving historical records to be discovered at some future time', 'timecard': \"a card recording an employee's starting and quitting times each work day\", 'time_clock': 'clock used to record the hours that people work', 'time-delay_measuring_instrument': 'chronoscope for measuring the time difference between two events', 'time-fuse': 'a fuse made to burn for a given time (especially to explode a bomb)', 'time_machine': 'a science fiction machine that is supposed to transport people or objects into the past or the future', 'timepiece': 'a measuring instrument or device for keeping time', 'timer': 'a regulator that activates or deactivates a mechanism at set times', 'time-switch': 'a switch set to operate at a desired time', 'timolol': 'a beta blocker (trade name Blocadren) administered after heart attacks', 'tin': 'a silvery malleable metallic element that resists corrosion; used in many alloys and to coat other metals to prevent corrosion; obtained chiefly from cassiterite where it occurs as tin oxide', 'tin_can': 'informal term for a destroyer', 'tincture': 'a substances that colors metals', 'tincture_of_iodine': 'a tincture consisting of a solution of iodine in ethyl alcohol; applied topically to wounds as an antiseptic', 'tinderbox': 'a dangerous state of affairs; a situation that is a potential source of violence; \"the Balkans are the tinderbox of Europe\"', 'tine': 'prong on a fork or pitchfork or antler', 'tinfoil': 'foil made of tin or an alloy of tin and lead', 'tin_plate': 'a thin sheet of metal (iron or steel) coated with tin to prevent rusting; used especially for cans, pots, and tins', 'tinsel': 'a showy decoration that is basically valueless; \"all the tinsel of self-promotion\"', 'tintack': 'tack or small nail of tinned iron', 'tinware': 'articles of commerce made of tin plate', 'tippet': \"a woman's fur shoulder cape with hanging ends; often consisting of the whole fur of a fox or marten\", 'tire': 'hoop that covers a wheel; \"automobile tires are usually made of rubber and filled with compressed air\"', 'tire_chain': 'chain attached to wheels to increase traction on ice or snow', 'tire_iron': 'hand tool consisting of a lever that is used to force the casing of a pneumatic tire onto a steel wheel', 'tissue_plasminogen_activator': 'a thrombolytic agent (trade name Activase) that causes fibrinolysis at the site of a blood clot; used in treating acute myocardial infarction', 'titfer': \"a hat (Cockney rhyming slang: `tit for tat' rhymes with `hat')\", 'tithe_barn': 'barn originally built to hold tithes paid in kind and common in England', 'titrator': 'an apparatus for performing a titration', 'T-junction': 'a junction where two roads or pipes etc. meet to form a T', 'T-network': 'a circuit formed by two equal series circuits with a shunt between them', 'TNT': 'explosive consisting of a yellow crystalline compound that is a flammable toxic derivative of toluene', 'toaster': 'someone who proposes a toast; someone who drinks to the health of success of someone or some venture', 'toaster_oven': 'kitchen appliance consisting of a small electric oven for toasting or warming food', 'toasting_fork': 'long-handled fork for cooking or toasting frankfurters or bread etc. (especially over an open fire)', 'toastrack': 'a rack for holding slices of toast', 'tobacco': 'aromatic annual or perennial herbs and shrubs', 'tobacco_pouch': 'a pouch for carrying pipe tobacco', 'tobacco_shop': 'a shop that sells pipes and pipe tobacco and cigars and cigarettes', 'toboggan': 'a long narrow sled without runners; boards curve upward in front', 'tobramycin': 'an antibiotic (trade name Nebcin) that is especially effective against Gram-negative bacteria', 'toby': 'a drinking mug in the shape of a stout man wearing a three-cornered hat', 'tocainide': 'antiarrhythmic drug (trade name Tonocard) used to treat ventricular arrhythmias when less dangerous drugs have failed', 'tocsin': 'the sound of an alarm (usually a bell)', 'toe': 'forepart of a hoof', 'toe_box': 'the forward tip of the upper of a shoe or boot that provides space and protection for the toes; \"the toe box may be rounded or pointed\"', 'toecap': 'a protective leather or steel cover for the toe of a boot or shoe, reinforcing or decorating it', 'toga': 'a one-piece cloak worn by men in ancient Rome', 'toga_virilis': '(ancient Rome) a toga worn by a youth as a symbol of manhood and citizenship', 'toggle': 'any instruction that works first one way and then the other; it turns something on the first time it is used and then turns it off the next time', 'toggle_bolt': 'a fastener consisting of a threaded bolt and a hinged spring-loaded toggle; used to fasten objects to hollow walls', 'toggle_joint': 'a joint made by two arms attached by a pivot; used to apply pressure at the two ends by straightening the joint', 'toggle_switch': 'a hinged switch that can assume either of two positions', 'togs': 'informal terms for clothing', 'toilet_bag': 'a waterproof bag for holding bathrooms items (soap and toothpaste etc.) when you are travelling', 'toilet_bowl': 'the bowl of a toilet that can be flushed with water', 'toilet_kit': 'a kit for carrying toilet articles while traveling', 'toilet_powder': 'a fine powder for spreading on the body (as after bathing)', 'toiletry': 'artifacts used in making your toilet (washing and taking care of your body)', 'toilet_seat': 'the hinged seat on a toilet', 'toilet_soap': 'soap used as a toiletry', 'toilet_water': 'a perfumed liquid lighter than cologne', 'tokamak': 'a doughnut-shaped chamber used in fusion research; a plasma is heated and confined in a magnetic bottle', 'token': 'an individual instance of a type of symbol; \"the word`error\\' contains three tokens of `r\\'\"', 'tolazamide': 'a drug (trade name Tolinase) used in treating stable adult-onset diabetes mellitus', 'tolazoline': 'vasodilator that is used to treat spasms of peripheral blood vessels (as in acrocyanosis)', 'tolbutamide': 'sulfonylurea; an oral antidiabetic drug (trade name Orinase) used in the treatment of adult-onset diabetes mellitus', 'tole': 'enameled or lacquered metalware (usually gilded and elaborately painted); popular in the 18th century; \"the Pennsylvania Dutch tole watering can might be a reproduction but it looks convincing\"', 'tollbooth': 'a booth at a tollgate where the toll collector collects tolls', 'toll_bridge': 'a bridge where toll is charged for crossing', 'tollgate': 'a gate or bar across a toll bridge or toll road which is lifted when the toll is paid', 'toll_line': 'a telephone line for long-distance calls', 'tolmetin_sodium': 'a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Tolectin)', 'tomahawk': 'weapon consisting of a fighting ax; used by North American Indians', 'Tommy_gun': 'a .45-caliber submachine gun', 'tomograph': 'X-ray machine in which a computer builds a detailed image of a particular plane through an object from multiple X-ray measurements', 'tone_arm': 'mechanical device consisting of a light balanced arm that carries the cartridge', 'toner': 'a solution containing chemicals that can change the color of a photographic print', 'tongs': 'any of various devices for taking hold of objects; usually have two hinged legs with handles above and pointed hooks below', 'tongue': 'any long thin projection that is transient; \"tongues of flame licked at the walls\"; \"rifles exploded quick knives of fire into the dark\"', 'tongue_and_groove_joint': 'a mortise joint made by fitting a projection on the edge of one board into a matching groove on another board', 'tongue_depressor': 'a thin depressor used to press the tongue down during an examination of the mouth and throat', 'tonic': 'lime- or lemon-flavored carbonated water containing quinine', 'tonometer': 'measuring instrument for measuring tension or pressure (especially for measuring intraocular pressure in testing for glaucoma)', 'tool': 'an implement used in the practice of a vocation', 'tool_bag': 'a bag in which tools are carried', 'toolbox': 'a box or chest or cabinet for holding hand tools', 'toolshed': 'a shed for storing tools', 'toothbrush': 'small brush; has long handle; used to clean teeth', 'toothpaste': 'a dentifrice in the form of a paste', 'toothpick': 'pick consisting of a small strip of wood or plastic; used to pick food from between the teeth', 'tooth_powder': 'a dentifrice in the form of a powder', 'top': 'the first half of an inning; while the visiting team is at bat; \"a relief pitcher took over in the top of the fifth\"', 'topgallant': 'a sail set on a yard of a topgallant mast', 'top_lift': 'the bottom layer of a heel', 'topmast': 'the mast next above a lower mast and topmost in a fore-and-aft rig', 'top_of_the_line': 'the best (most expensive) in a given line of merchandise', 'topper': 'a worker who makes or adds the top to something', 'topsail': 'a sail (or either of a pair of sails) immediately above the lowermost sail of a mast and supported by a topmast', 'topside': \"(usually plural) weather deck; the part of a ship's hull that is above the waterline\", 'toque': 'a tall white hat with a pouched crown; worn by chefs', 'torch': 'a light usually carried in the hand; consists of some flammable substance', 'tormenter': 'a flat at each side of the stage to prevent the audience from seeing into the wings', 'torpedo': 'an explosive device that is set off in an oil well (or a gas well) to start or to increase the flow of oil (or gas)', 'torpedo_boat': 'small high-speed warship designed for torpedo attacks in coastal waters', 'torpedo-boat_destroyer': 'small destroyer that was the forerunner of modern destroyers; designed to destroy torpedo boats', 'torpedo_tube': 'a tube near the waterline of a vessel through which a torpedo is fired', 'torque_converter': 'converter for transmitting and amplifying torque (especially by hydraulic means)', 'torque_wrench': 'a wrench that has a gauge that indicates the amount of torque being applied', 'torsion_balance': 'measuring instrument designed to measure small forces by the torsion they exert on a thin wire', 'torture_chamber': 'a room in which torture is inflicted', 'torus': 'a ring-shaped surface generated by rotating a circle around an axis that does not intersect the circle', 'totem': 'a clan or tribe identified by their kinship to a common totemic object', 'totem_pole': 'a tribal emblem consisting of a pillar carved and painted with totemic figures; erected by Indian tribes of the northwest Pacific coast', 'touch_screen': 'a computer display that enables the user to interact with the computer by touching areas on the screen', 'toupee': 'a small hairpiece to cover partial baldness', 'touring_car': 'large open car seating four with folding top', 'tourist_class': 'inexpensive accommodations on a ship or train', 'towel': 'a rectangular piece of absorbent cloth (or paper) for drying or wiping', 'toweling': 'any of various fabrics (linen or cotton) used to make towels', 'towel_rack': 'a rack consisting of one or more bars on which towels can be hung', 'towel_rail': 'a horizontal bar a few inches from a wall for holding towels', 'towel_ring': 'a circular hoop for holding a towel', 'tower': 'a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building', 'Tower_of_Babel': \"(Genesis 11:1-11) a tower built by Noah's descendants (probably in Babylon) who intended it to reach up to heaven; God foiled them by confusing their language so they could no longer understand one another\", 'Tower_of_London': 'a fortress in London on the Thames; used as a palace and a state prison and now as a museum containing the crown jewels', 'Tower_of_Pharos': 'a great lighthouse (500 feet high) built at Alexandria in 285 BC', 'towline': '(nautical) a rope used in towing', 'town_hall': 'a government building that houses administrative offices of a town government', 'towpath': 'a path along a canal or river used by animals towing boats', 'tow_truck': 'a truck equipped to hoist and pull wrecked cars (or to remove cars from no-parking zones)', 'toy': 'a nonfunctional replica of something else (frequently used as a modifier); \"a toy stove\"', 'toy_box': 'chest for storage of toys', 'toyshop': 'shop where toys are sold', 'toy_soldier': 'a doll that resembles a soldier', 'trace': 'a just detectable amount; \"he speaks French with a trace of an accent\"', 'trace_detector': 'a screening device for traces of explosives; used at airline terminals', 'tracer': 'an investigator who is employed to find missing persons or missing goods', 'tracery': 'decoration consisting of an open pattern of interlacing ribs', 'trackball': 'an electronic device consisting of a rotatable ball in a housing; used to position the cursor and move images on a computer screen; \"a trackball is essentially an upside-down mouse\"', 'tracked_vehicle': 'a self-propelled vehicle that moves on tracks', 'tract_house': 'one of many houses of similar design constructed together on a tract of land', 'tract_housing': 'housing consisting of similar houses constructed together on a tract of land', 'traction_engine': 'steam-powered locomotive for drawing heavy loads along surfaces other than tracks', 'tractor': 'a truck that has a cab but no body; used for pulling large trailers or vans', 'trading_card': 'a card with a picture on it; collected and traded by children', 'traffic_circle': 'a road junction at which traffic streams circularly around a central island; \"the accident blocked all traffic at the rotary\"', 'traffic_island': 'a curbed area in a roadway from which traffic is excluded; provides safe area for pedestrians', 'traffic_lane': 'a lane of a main road that is defined by painted lines; \"that car is in the wrong traffic lane\"', 'trail': 'a track or mark left by something that has passed; \"there as a trail of blood\"; \"a tear left its trail on her cheek\"', 'trail_bike': 'a lightweight motorcycle equipped with rugged tires and suspension; an off-road motorcycle designed for riding cross country or over unpaved ground', 'trailer': 'a large transport conveyance designed to be pulled by a truck or tractor', 'trailer_camp': 'a camp where space for house trailers can be rented; utilities are generally provided', 'trailer_truck': 'a truck consisting of a tractor and trailer together', 'trailing_edge': 'the rear edge of an airfoil', 'train': 'a series of consequences wrought by an event; \"it led to a train of disasters\"', 'train_set': 'a toy consisting of small models of railroad trains and the track for them to run on', 'tramcar': 'a four-wheeled wagon that runs on tracks in a mine; \"a tramcar carries coal out of a coal mine\"', 'tramline': 'the track on which trams or streetcars run', 'trammel': 'an adjustable pothook set in a fireplace', 'trammel_net': 'a fishing net with three layers; the outer two are coarse mesh and the loose inner layer is fine mesh', 'trampoline': 'gymnastic apparatus consisting of a strong canvas sheet attached with springs to a metal frame; used for tumbling', 'tramp_steamer': 'a commercial steamer for hire; one having no regular schedule', 'tramway': 'a conveyance that transports passengers or freight in carriers suspended from cables and supported by a series of towers', 'trandolapril': 'an ACE inhibiting drug (trade name Mavik) used in some patients after a heart attack or to treat hypertension', 'tranquilizer': 'a drug used to reduce stress or tension without reducing mental clarity', 'transcription': '(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA; the process whereby a base sequence of messenger RNA is synthesized on a template of complementary DNA', 'transdermal_patch': 'a medicated adhesive pad placed on the skin for absorption of a time released dose of medication into the bloodstream', 'transducer': 'an electrical device that converts one form of energy into another', 'transept': 'structure forming the transverse part of a cruciform church; crosses the nave at right angles', 'transformer': 'an electrical device by which alternating current of one voltage is changed to another voltage', 'transistor': 'a semiconductor device capable of amplification', 'transit_instrument': 'a telescope mounted on an axis running east and west and used to time the transit of a celestial body across the meridian', 'transit_line': 'a line providing public transit', 'transmission_shaft': 'rotating shaft that transmits rotary motion from the engine to the differential', 'transmitter': 'set used to broadcast radio or tv signals', 'transom': 'a window above a door that is usually hinged to a horizontal crosspiece over the door', 'transponder': 'electrical device designed to receive a specific signal and automatically transmit a specific reply', 'transportation_system': 'a facility consisting of the means and equipment necessary for the movement of passengers or goods', 'transporter': 'a long truck for carrying motor vehicles', 'transport_ship': 'a ship for carrying soldiers or military equipment', 'tranylcypromine': 'an antidepressant drug that is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor; administered as a sulfate', 'trap': 'something (often something deceptively attractive) that catches you unawares; \"the exam was full of trap questions\"; \"it was all a snare and delusion\"', 'trap-and-drain_auger': \"a plumber's snake for clearing a trap and drain\", 'trap_door': 'a hinged or sliding door in a floor or ceiling', 'trapeze': 'a swing used by circus acrobats', 'trave': 'a horizontal beam that extends across something', 'travel_iron': 'a small lightweight iron that can be carried while traveling', 'trawl': 'a long fishing line with many shorter lines and hooks attached to it (usually suspended between buoys)', 'trawler': 'a fisherman who use a trawl net', 'tray': 'an open receptacle for holding or displaying or serving articles or food', 'tray_cloth': 'table linen consisting of a small cloth for a tray', 'trazodone': 'oral antidepressant (trade name Desyrel) that is a nontricyclic drug used as a sedative', 'tread': 'the grooved surface of a pneumatic tire', 'treasure_chest': 'a chest filled with valuables', 'treasure_house': 'a storehouse for treasures', 'treasure_ship': 'a 16th-century ship loaded with treasure', 'treasury': 'the funds of a government or institution or individual', 'tree_house': 'a playhouse built in the branches of a tree', 'treenail': 'a wooden peg that is used to fasten timbers in shipbuilding; water causes the peg to swell and hold the timbers fast', 'trefoil': 'an architectural ornament in the form of three arcs arranged in a circle', 'trefoil_arch': 'a pointed arch having cusps in the intrados on either side of the apex', 'trellis': 'latticework used to support climbing plants', 'trench': 'a long steep-sided depression in the ocean floor', 'trench_coat': 'a military style raincoat; belted with deep pockets', 'trencher': 'someone who digs trenches', 'trench_knife': 'a knife with a double-edged blade for hand-to-hand fighting', 'trepan': 'a surgical instrument used to remove sections of bone from the skull', 'trestle': 'a supporting tower used to support a bridge', 'trestle_bridge': 'a bridge supported by trestlework', 'trestle_table': 'a table supported on trestles', 'trestlework': 'a supporting structure composed of a system of connected trestles; for a bridge or pier or scaffold e.g.', 'trews': 'tight-fitting trousers; usually of tartan', 'trey': 'one of four playing cards in a deck having three pips', 'trial_balloon': 'a test of public opinion', 'triazolam': 'a form of benzodiazepine (trade name Halcion) frequently prescribed as a sleeping pill; usually given to people who have trouble falling asleep', 'triangle': 'something approximating the shape of a triangle; \"the coastline of Chile and Argentina and Brazil forms two legs of a triangle\"', 'tribromoethanol': 'an intravenous anesthetic', 'tribune': '(ancient Rome) an official elected by the plebeians to protect their interests', 'trichlormethiazide': 'diuretic drug (trade name Naqua) used to treat hypertension', 'triclinium': 'a dining room (especially a dining room containing a dining table with couches along three sides)', 'tricolor': 'a flag having three colored stripes (especially the French flag)', 'tricolor_television_tube': 'a color television tube in which three primary colors are combined to give the full range of colors', 'tricorn': 'cocked hat with the brim turned up to form three points', 'tricot': 'a knitted fabric or one resembling knitting', 'tricycle': 'a vehicle with three wheels that is moved by foot pedals', 'tricyclic': 'an antidepressant drug that acts by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin and thus making more of those substances available to act on receptors in the brain', 'trident': 'a spear with three prongs', 'trigon': 'a triangular lyre of ancient Greece and Rome', 'trimaran': 'a fast sailboat with 3 parallel hulls', 'trimipramine': 'tricyclic antidepressant drug (trade name Surmontil) used to treat depression and anxiety and (sometimes) insomnia', 'trimmer': 'a machine that trims timber', 'trimmer_arch': 'an arch built between trimmers in a floor (to support the weight of a hearth)', 'triode': 'a thermionic vacuum tube having three electrodes; fluctuations of the charge on the grid control the flow from cathode to anode which makes amplification possible', 'triphammer': 'a massive power hammer; raised by a cam until released to fall under gravity', 'triplicate': 'one of three copies; any of three things that correspond to one another exactly', 'trip_line': 'a light rope used in lumbering to free a dog hook from a log at a distance', 'tripod': 'a three-legged rack used for support', 'tripper': '(slang) someone who has taken a psychedelic drug and is undergoing hallucinations', 'triptych': 'art consisting of a painting or carving (especially an altarpiece) on three panels (usually hinged together)', 'trip_wire': 'a small military force that serves as a first line of defense; if they become engaged in hostilities it will trigger the intervention of stronger military forces', 'trireme': 'ancient Greek or Roman galley or warship having three tiers of oars on each side', 'triskelion': 'a figure consisting of three stylized human arms or legs (or three bent lines) radiating from a center', 'triumphal_arch': 'a monumental archway; usually they are built to commemorate some notable victory', 'trivet': 'a three-legged metal stand for supporting a cooking vessel in a hearth', 'triviality': 'something of small importance', 'troika': 'a modern Russian triumvirate', 'Trojan_Horse': 'a large hollow wooden figure of a horse (filled with Greek soldiers) left by the Greeks outside Troy during the Trojan War', 'trolleybus': 'a passenger bus with an electric motor that draws power from overhead wires', 'trolley_line': 'a transit line using streetcars or trolley buses', 'trombone': 'a brass instrument consisting of a long tube whose length can be varied by a U-shaped slide', \"trompe_l'oeil\": 'a painting rendered in such great detail as to deceive the viewer concerning its reality', 'troop_carrier': 'any land or sea or air vehicle designed to carry troops', 'troopship': 'ship for transporting troops', 'trophy': 'an award for success in war or hunting', 'trophy_case': 'a case in which to display trophies', 'trou-de-loup': 'a sloping pit with a stake in the middle used as an obstacle to the enemy', 'trough': 'a narrow depression (as in the earth or between ocean waves or in the ocean bed)', 'trouser': '(usually in the plural) a garment extending from the waist to the knee or ankle, covering each leg separately; \"he had a sharp crease in his trousers\"', 'trouser_cuff': 'a cuff on the bottoms of trouser legs', 'trouser_press': 'a home appliance in which trousers can be hung and the wrinkles pressed out', 'trousseau': 'the personal outfit of a bride; clothes and accessories and linens', 'trowel': 'a small hand tool with a handle and flat metal blade; used for scooping or spreading plaster or similar materials', 'truck': 'an automotive vehicle suitable for hauling', 'truck_bed': 'the floor or bottom of a wagon or truck or trailer', 'truck_farm': 'a farm where vegetables are grown for market', 'truck_stop': 'a roadside service station (and restaurant) that caters to truck drivers', 'trump': 'a playing card in the suit that has been declared trumps; \"the ace of trumps is a sure winner\"', 'trumpet_arch': 'a conical squinch', 'truncheon': 'a short stout club used primarily by policemen', 'trundle': 'small wheel or roller', 'trundle_bed': 'a low bed to be slid under a higher bed', 'trunk': 'the main stem of a tree; usually covered with bark; the bole is usually the part that is commercially useful for lumber', 'trunk_hose': 'puffed breeches of the 16th and 17th centuries usually worn over hose', 'trunk_lid': 'hinged lid for a trunk', 'trunk_line': 'line that is the main route on a railway', 'truss': '(medicine) a bandage consisting of a pad and belt; worn to hold a hernia in place by pressure', 'truss_bridge': 'a bridge supported by trusses', 'truth_serum': 'an intravenous anesthetic drug that has a hypnotic effect; induces relaxation and weakens inhibitions; is believed to induce people to talk freely', 'try_square': 'a square having a metal ruler set at right angles to another straight piece', 'T-square': 'a square used by draftsmen to draw parallel lines', 'tub': 'the amount that a tub will hold; \"a tub of water\"', 'tube': '(anatomy) any hollow cylindrical body structure', 'tubeless': 'pneumatic tire not needing an inner tube to be airtight', 'tuck': 'eatables (especially sweets)', 'tuck_box': 'a box for storing eatables (especially at boarding school)', 'tucker': 'a sewer who tucks', 'tucker-bag': 'a bag used for carrying food; \"the swagman filled his tuckerbag\"', 'tuck_shop': 'a candy store in Great Britain', 'Tudor_arch': 'a low elliptical or pointed arch; usually drawn from four centers', 'tudung': 'a scarf worn around the head by Muslim women in Malaysia; conceals the hair but not the face', 'tugboat': 'a powerful small boat designed to pull or push larger ships', 'Tuileries': 'palace and royal residence built for Catherine de Medicis in 1564 and burned down in 1871; all that remains today are the formal gardens', 'tuille': 'armor plate that protects the hip and thigh', 'tulip_bed': 'a flowerbed in which tulips are growing', 'tulle': 'a fine (often starched) net used for veils or tutus or gowns', 'tumble-dryer': 'a clothes dryer that spins wet clothes inside a cylinder with heated air', 'tumbler': 'a gymnast who performs rolls and somersaults and twists etc.', 'tumbrel': 'a farm dumpcart for carrying dung; carts of this type were used to carry prisoners to the guillotine during the French Revolution', 'tun': 'a large cask especially one holding a volume equivalent to 2 butts or 252 gals', 'tunic': 'an enveloping or covering membrane or layer of body tissue', 'tuning_fork': 'a metal implement with two prongs that gives a fixed tone when struck; used to tune musical instruments', 'tunnel': 'a passageway through or under something, usually underground (especially one for trains or cars); \"the tunnel reduced congestion at that intersection\"', 'tupik': 'tent that is an Eskimo summer dwelling', 'turban': 'a traditional Muslim headdress consisting of a long scarf wrapped around the head', 'turbine': 'rotary engine in which the kinetic energy of a moving fluid is converted into mechanical energy by causing a bladed rotor to rotate', 'turbogenerator': 'generator consisting of a steam turbine coupled to an electric generator for the production of electric power', 'tureen': 'large deep serving dish with a cover; for serving soups and stews', 'Turing_machine': 'a hypothetical computer with an infinitely long memory tape', 'Turkish_towel': 'a bath towel with rough loose pile', \"Turk's_head\": 'an ornamental knot that resembles a small turban', 'turnbuckle': 'an oblong metal coupling with a swivel at one end and an internal thread at the other into which a threaded rod can be screwed in order to form a unit that can be adjusted for length or tension', 'turner': 'a tumbler who is a member of a turnverein', 'turnery': 'workshop where objects are made on a lathe', 'turnip_bed': 'a bed in which turnips are growing', 'turnoff': 'something causing antagonism or loss of interest', 'turnpike': '(from 16th to 19th centuries) gates set across a road to prevent passage until a toll had been paid', 'turnspit': 'a roasting spit that can be turned', 'turnstile': 'a gate consisting of a post that acts as a pivot for rotating arms; set in a passageway for controlling the persons entering', 'turntable': 'a revolving tray placed on a dining table', 'turret': 'a small tower extending above a building', 'turret_clock': 'a clock with more than one dial to show the time in all directions from a tower', 'turtleneck': 'a sweater or jersey with a high close-fitting collar', 'turtleneck_collar': 'a high close-fitting turnover collar', 'tweed': 'thick woolen fabric used for clothing; originated in Scotland', 'tweeter': 'a loudspeaker that reproduces higher audio frequency sounds; \"the sound system had both tweeters and woofers\"', 'twenty-two': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-one and one', 'twenty-two_pistol': 'a .22-caliber pistol', 'twenty-two_rifle': 'a .22-caliber rifle', 'twill': 'a weave used to produce the effect of parallel diagonal ribs', 'twin_bed': 'one of a pair of identical beds', 'twinjet': 'a jet plane propelled by two jet engines', 'twist_bit': 'a bit or drill having deep helical grooves', 'two-by-four': 'a timber measuring (slightly under) 2 inches by 4 inches in cross section', 'two-handed_saw': 'a saw with handles at both ends; intended for use by two people', 'two-man_tent': 'a tent designed for occupancy by two persons', 'two-piece': 'a business suit consisting of a matching jacket and skirt or trousers', 'two-way_street': 'a street on which vehicular traffic can move in either of two directions; \"you have to look both ways crossing a two-way street\"', 'type': '(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon', 'typesetting_machine': 'a printer that sets textual material in type', 'type_slug': 'a strip of type metal used for spacing', 'typewriter': 'hand-operated character printer for printing written messages one character at a time', 'typewriter_carriage': 'a carriage for carrying a sheet of paper', 'typewriter_keyboard': 'a keyboard for manually entering characters to be printed', 'tyrocidine': 'a basic polypeptide antibiotic derived from a soil bacterium; a major component of tyrothricin', 'tyrolean': 'soft green felt hat with a feather or brush cockade', 'tyrosine_kinase_inhibitor': 'a drug used in cases of chronic myeloid leukemia', 'tyrothricin': 'a mixture of antibiotics applied locally to infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria', 'uke': 'a small guitar having four strings', 'ulster': 'loose long overcoat of heavy fabric; usually belted', 'ultracentrifuge': 'a high speed centrifuge used to determine the relative molecular masses of large molecules in high polymers and proteins', 'ultramicroscope': 'light microscope that uses scattered light to show particles too small to see with ordinary microscopes', 'Ultrasuede': 'a synthetic suede cloth', 'ultraviolet_lamp': 'any source of illumination that emits ultraviolet radiation', 'umbrella_tent': 'a small tent with a single supporting pole and radiating metal ribs', 'undercarriage': 'framework that serves as a support for the body of a vehicle', 'undercharge': 'a price that is too low', 'underfelt': 'a carpet pad of thick felt', 'undergarment': 'a garment worn under other garments', 'underpants': 'an undergarment that covers the body from the waist no further than to the thighs; usually worn next to the skin', 'underpass': 'an underground tunnel or passage enabling pedestrians to cross a road or railway', 'underwear': 'undergarment worn next to the skin and under the outer garments', 'undies': \"women's underwear\", 'uneven_parallel_bars': \"a pair of parallel bars set at different heights; used in women's gymnastics\", 'unicycle': 'a vehicle with a single wheel that is driven by pedals', 'uniform': 'clothing of distinctive design worn by members of a particular group as a means of identification', 'Union_Jack': 'national flag of the United Kingdom', 'United_States_Army_Criminal_Investigation_Laboratory': \"a defense laboratory of the Criminal Investigation Command; the United States Army's primary forensic laboratory in support of criminal intelligence\", 'United_States_Mint': 'the mint that manufactures and distributes United States coins for circulation through Federal Reserve Banks; processes gold and silver bullion', 'universal_joint': 'coupling that connects two rotating shafts allowing freedom of movement in all directions; \"in motor vehicles a universal joint allows the driveshaft to move up and down as the vehicle passes over bumps\"', 'university': 'a large and diverse institution of higher learning created to educate for life and for a profession and to grant degrees', 'University_of_California_at_Berkeley': 'a university in Berkeley, California', 'University_of_Chicago': 'a university in Chicago, Illinois', 'University_of_Michigan': 'a university in Ann Arbor, Michigan', 'University_of_Nebraska': 'a university in Lincoln, Nebraska', 'University_of_North_Carolina': 'a university in Chapel Hill, North Carolina', 'University_of_Pennsylvania': 'a university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania', 'University_of_Pittsburgh': 'a university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania', 'University_of_Sussex': 'a red-brick university in Brighton, England', 'University_of_Texas': 'a university in Austin, Texas', 'University_of_Vermont': 'a university in Burlington, Vermont', 'University_of_Washington': 'a university in Seattle, Washington', 'University_of_West_Virginia': 'a university in Morgantown, West Virginia', 'University_of_Wisconsin': 'a university in Madison, Wisconsin', 'upcast': 'air passage consisting of a ventilation shaft through which air leaves a mine', 'upholstery_material': 'the fabric used in upholstering', 'upholstery_needle': 'any of several very heavy and sometimes curved sewing needles used by upholsterers', 'uplift': 'a brassiere that lifts and supports the breasts', 'upper': 'piece of leather or synthetic material that forms the part of a shoe or boot above the sole that encases the foot; \"Uppers come in many styles\"', 'upper_berth': 'the higher of two berths', 'upper_deck': 'a higher deck', 'upper_surface': 'the side that is uppermost', 'upright': 'a vertical structural member as a post or stake; \"the ball sailed between the uprights\"', 'upstage': 'the rear part of the stage', 'upstairs': 'the part of a building above the ground floor; \"no one was allowed to see the upstairs\"', 'urceole': 'a vessel that holds water for washing the hands', 'urinal': 'a plumbing fixture (usually attached to the wall) used by men to urinate', 'urn': 'a large pot for making coffee or tea', 'used-car': 'a car that has been previously owned; not a new car', 'USS_Cole': 'a United States destroyer; \"17 sailors died as the result of a terrorist attack while the USS Cole was anchored in Aden\"', 'utensil': 'an implement for practical use (especially in a household)', 'Uzi': 'a type of submachine gun that is designed and manufactured in Israel; \"the Uzi is used throughout the world as a police and special forces firearm\"', 'vacation_home': 'a dwelling (a second home) where you live while you are on vacation', 'vaccine': 'immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies', 'vacuum': 'the absence of matter', 'vacuum_chamber': 'a chamber from which nearly all matter (especially air) has been removed', 'vacuum_flask': 'flask with double walls separated by vacuum; used to maintain substances at high or low temperatures', 'vacuum_gauge': 'a gauge for indicating negative atmospheric pressure', 'valdecoxib': 'a Cox-2 inhibitor (trade name Bextra) that relieves pain and inflammation without harming the digestive tract', 'Valenciennes': 'a town in northeastern France long noted for its lace industry', 'valise': 'a small overnight bag for short trips', 'valproic_acid': 'anticonvulsant (trade name Depokene) used to prevent some kinds of seizures', 'valsartan': 'an angiotensin II inhibitor that is used to treat high blood pressure', 'valve-in-head_engine': 'internal-combustion engine having both inlet and exhaust valves located in the cylinder head', 'vambrace': 'cannon of plate armor protecting the forearm', 'vamp': 'an improvised musical accompaniment', 'van': '(Great Britain) a closed railroad car that carries baggage or freight', 'vancomycin': 'an antibiotic (trade name Vancocin) effective against some bacterial infections', 'vaporizer': 'a device that puts out a substance in the form of a vapor (especially for medicinal inhalation)', 'vapor_lock': 'a stoppage in a pipeline caused by gas bubbles (especially a stoppage that develops in hot weather in an internal-combustion engine when fuel in the gas line boils and forms bubbles that block the flow of gasoline to the carburetor)', 'vardenafil': 'virility drug (trade name Levitra) used to treat erectile dysfunction in men', 'variable-pitch_propeller': 'propeller for which the angle of the blades is adjustable', 'variometer': 'a measuring instrument for measuring variations in a magnetic field', 'varnish': 'a coating that provides a hard, lustrous, transparent finish to a surface', 'vase': 'an open jar of glass or porcelain used as an ornament or to hold flowers', 'Vaseline': 'a trademarked brand of petroleum jelly', 'vasoconstrictor': 'any agent that causes a narrowing of an opening of a blood vessel: cold or stress or nicotine or epinephrine or norepinephrine or angiotensin or vasopressin or certain drugs; maintains or increases blood pressure', 'vasodilator': 'a drug that causes dilation of blood vessels', 'vasopressor': 'any agent that produces vasoconstriction and a rise in blood pressure (usually understood as increased arterial pressure)', 'Vatican': 'the residence of the Catholic Pope in the Vatican City', 'vaulting': '(architecture) a vaulted structure; \"arches and vaulting\"', 'vaulting_horse': 'a gymnastic horse without pommels and with one end elongated; used lengthwise for vaulting', 'vehicle': 'any substance that facilitates the use of a drug or pigment or other material that is mixed with it', 'Velcro': 'nylon fabric used as a fastening', 'velocipede': 'any of several early bicycles with pedals on the front wheel', 'velodrome': 'a banked oval track for bicycle or motorcycle racing', 'velour': 'heavy fabric that resembles velvet', 'velvet': 'a silky densely piled fabric with a plain back', 'velveteen': 'a usually cotton fabric with a short pile imitating velvet', 'vending_machine': 'a slot machine for selling goods', 'veneer': 'coating consisting of a thin layer of superior wood glued to a base of inferior wood', 'Venetian_blind': 'a window blind made of horizontal strips that overlap when closed', 'Venetian_glass': 'fine glassware made near Venice', 'Venn_diagram': 'a diagram that uses circles to represent mathematical or logical sets pictorially inside a rectangle (the universal set); elements that are common to more than one set are represented by intersections of the circles', 'venogram': 'an X ray of a vein injected with a radiopaque contrast medium', 'ventilation_shaft': 'a shaft in a building; serves as an air passage for ventilation', 'ventilator': 'a device (such as a fan) that introduces fresh air or expels foul air', \"ventriloquist's_dummy\": 'a wooden dummy into which a ventriloquist projects the voice', 'venturi': 'a tube with a constriction; used to control fluid flow (as in the air inlet of a carburetor)', 'Venturi_tube': 'a short tube inserted into a pipeline and used to measure the quantity of a liquid that is flowing in the pipeline', 'veranda': 'a porch along the outside of a building (sometimes partly enclosed)', 'verapamil': 'a drug (trade names Calan and Isoptin) used as an oral or parenteral calcium blocker in cases of hypertension or congestive heart failure or angina or migraine', 'verdigris': 'a blue or green powder used as a paint pigment', 'verge': 'the limit beyond which something happens or changes; \"on the verge of tears\"; \"on the brink of bankruptcy\"', 'vermicide': 'an agent that kills worms (especially those in the intestines)', 'vermiculation': 'a decoration consisting of wormlike carvings', 'vermifuge': 'a medication capable of causing the evacuation of parasitic intestinal worms', 'vernier_caliper': 'a caliper with a vernier scale for very fine measurements', 'vernier_scale': 'a small movable scale that slides along a main scale; the small scale is calibrated to indicate fractional divisions of the main scale', 'Verrazano-Narrows_Bridge': 'a suspension bridge across the Verrazano Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island', 'Versailles': 'a city in north central France near Paris; site of the Palace of Versailles that was built by Louis XIV in the 17th century', 'vertical_file': 'a file in which records are stored upright on one edge', 'vertical_section': 'a mechanical drawing showing the interior of an object as if made by a vertical plane passing through it', 'vertical_stabilizer': 'a stabilizer that is part of the vertical tail structure of an airplane', 'vertical_surface': 'a surface that is vertical', 'vertical_tail': 'the vertical airfoil in the tail assembly of an aircraft', 'Very_pistol': 'a pistol for firing Very-light flares', 'vessel': 'a tube in which a body fluid circulates', 'vest': \"a man's sleeveless garment worn underneath a coat\", 'vestiture': 'an archaic term for clothing', 'vestment': 'gown (especially ceremonial garments) worn by the clergy', 'vest_pocket': \"a small pocket in a man's vest\", 'vestry': 'in the Protestant Episcopal Church: a committee elected by the congregation to work with the churchwardens in managing the temporal affairs of the church', 'viaduct': 'bridge consisting of a series of arches supported by piers used to carry a road (or railroad) over a valley', 'vibraphone': 'a percussion instrument similar to a xylophone but having metal bars and rotating disks in the resonators that produce a vibrato sound', 'vibrator': 'a mechanical device that vibrates; \"a reed is the vibrator that produces the sound\"', 'victory_garden': 'a kitchen garden planted during wartime to relieve food shortages', 'Victrola': 'a brand of gramophone', 'videocassette': 'a cassette for videotape', 'videocassette_recorder': 'a magnetic tape recorder for recording (and playing back) TV programs', 'videodisk': 'a digital recording (as of a movie) on an optical disk that can be played on a computer or a television set', 'video_recording': 'a recording of both the visual and audible components (especially one containing a recording of a movie or television program)', 'videotape': 'a video recording made on magnetic tape', 'viewer': 'an optical device for viewing photographic transparencies', 'viewgraph': 'a transparency for use with an overhead projector', 'vigil_light': 'a candle lighted by a worshiper in a church', 'vignette': 'a photograph whose edges shade off gradually', 'villa': 'detached or semidetached suburban house', 'vinblastine': 'periwinkle plant derivative used as an antineoplastic drug (trade name Velban) that disrupts cell division', 'vincristine': 'periwinkle plant derivative used as an antineoplastic drug (trade name Oncovin); used to treat cancer of the lymphatic system', 'vineyard': 'a farm of grapevines where wine grapes are produced', 'viol': 'any of a family of bowed stringed instruments that preceded the violin family', 'viola': 'any of the numerous plants of the genus Viola', 'viola_da_braccio': 'a member of the viol family with approximately the range of a viola', 'viola_da_gamba': 'viol that is the bass member of the viol family with approximately the range of the cello', \"viola_d'amore\": 'viol that is the tenor of the viol family', 'violin': 'bowed stringed instrument that is the highest member of the violin family; this instrument has four strings and a hollow body and an unfretted fingerboard and is played with a bow', 'viomycin': 'a basic polypeptide antibiotic (trade name Viocin) administered intramuscularly (along with other drugs) in the treatment of tuberculosis', 'virginal': 'a legless rectangular harpsichord; played (usually by women) in the 16th and 17th centuries', 'virility_drug': 'drug to treat impotence attributable to erectile dysfunction', 'virtu': 'love of or taste for fine objects of art', 'virtual_memory': '(computer science) memory created by using the hard disk to simulate additional random-access memory; the addressable storage space available to the user of a computer system in which virtual addresses are mapped into real addresses', 'viscometer': 'a measuring instrument for measuring viscosity', 'viscose_rayon': 'a rayon fabric made from viscose (cellulose xanthate) fibers', 'vise': 'a holding device attached to a workbench; has two jaws to hold workpiece firmly in place', 'visible_speech': 'a phonetic alphabet invented by Melville Bell in the 19th century', 'visor': 'a piece of armor plate (with eye slits) fixed or hinged to a medieval helmet to protect the face', 'visual_display_unit': '(British) British term for video display', 'vivarium': 'an indoor enclosure for keeping and raising living animals and plants and observing them under natural conditions', 'Viyella': 'a fabric made from a twilled mixture of cotton and wool', 'V_neck': 'the neck of a garment has the shape in front of the letter V', 'voider': 'a piece of chain mail covering a place unprotected by armor plate', 'voile': 'a light semitransparent fabric', 'volatile_storage': 'computer storage that is erased when the power is turned off', 'volleyball_court': 'the court on which volleyball is played', 'volleyball_net': 'the high net that separates the two teams and over which the volleyball must pass', 'voltage_regulator': 'a transformer whose voltage ratio of transformation can be adjusted', 'voltaic_battery': 'battery consisting of a number of voltaic cells arranged in series or parallel', 'voltaic_cell': 'an electric cell that generates an electromotive force by an irreversible conversion of chemical to electrical energy; cannot be recharged', 'voltaic_pile': 'battery consisting of voltaic cells arranged in series; the earliest electric battery devised by Volta', 'voltmeter': 'meter that measures the potential difference between two points', 'volumeter': 'a meter to measure the volume of gases, liquids, or solids (either directly or by displacement)', 'vomitory': 'an entrance to an amphitheater or stadium', 'von_Neumann_machine': 'any digital computer incorporating the ideas of stored programs and serial counters that were proposed in 1946 by von Neumann and his colleagues', 'voting_booth': 'a booth in which a person can cast a private vote', 'voting_machine': 'a mechanical device for recording and counting votes mechanically', 'vouge': 'a kind of pike used by foot soldiers in the 14th century', 'voussoir': 'wedge-shaped stone building block used in constructing an arch or vault', 'vox_angelica': 'an organ stop producing a gentle tremolo effect', 'vox_humana': 'an organ reed stop producing tones imitative of the human voice', 'waders': 'waterproof hip boots (sometimes extending to the chest) worn by anglers', 'wading_pool': 'a shallow pool for children', 'waffle_iron': 'a kitchen appliance for baking waffles; the appliance usually consists of two indented metal pans hinged together so that they create a pattern on the waffle', 'wagon': \"a child's four-wheeled toy cart sometimes used for coasting\", 'wagon_tire': 'a metal hoop forming the tread of a wheel', 'wagon_wheel': 'a wheel of a wagon', 'wain': 'large open farm wagon', 'wainscot': 'panel forming the lower part of an interior wall when it is finished differently from the rest of the wall', 'wainscoting': 'a wainscoted wall (or wainscoted walls collectively)', 'waist_pack': 'a small pouch (usually with a zipper) that attaches to a belt and is worn around the waist', 'wake_board': 'a buoyant board (resembling a surfboard) that is used to ride over water while being pulled behind a motorboat', 'wale': 'a raised mark on the skin (as produced by the blow of a whip); characteristic of many allergic reactions', 'walker': 'a shoe designed for comfortable walking', 'walkie-talkie': 'small portable radio link (receiver and transmitter)', 'walk-in': 'person who walks in without having an appointment; \"the emergency room was overrun with walk-ins\"', 'walking_shoe': 'a light comfortable shoe designed for vigorous walking', 'Walkman': '(trademark) a pocket-sized stereo system with light weight earphones', 'walk-up': 'an apartment building without an elevator', 'walk-up_apartment': 'an apartment in a building without an elevator', 'wall': 'a difficult or awkward situation; \"his back was to the wall\"; \"competition was pushing them to the wall\"', 'wallboard': 'a wide flat board used to cover walls or partitions; made from plaster or wood pulp or other materials and used primarily to form the interior walls of houses', 'wall_clock': 'a clock mounted on a wall', 'wallet': 'a pocket-size case for holding papers and paper money', 'wall_panel': 'paneling that forms part of a wall', 'wall_plate': 'plate (a timber along the top of a wall) to support the ends of joists, etc., and distribute the load', 'wall_socket': 'receptacle providing a place in a wiring system where current can be taken to run electrical devices', 'wall_tent': 'a canvas tent with four vertical walls', 'wall_unit': 'a piece of furniture having several units that stands against one wall of a room', 'Walt_Whitman_Bridge': 'a suspension bridge across the Delaware River', 'wampum': 'small cylindrical beads made from polished shells and fashioned into strings or belts; used by certain Native American peoples as jewelry or currency', 'wand': 'a thin supple twig or rod; \"stems bearing slender wands of flowers\"', 'Wankel_engine': 'a rotary engine that is a four-stroke internal-combustion engine without reciprocating parts', 'ward': 'a person who is under the protection or in the custody of another', 'wardrobe': 'collection of costumes belonging to a theatrical company', 'wardroom': 'military quarters for dining and recreation for officers of a warship (except the captain)', 'ware': \"articles of the same kind or material; usually used in combination: `silverware', `software'\", 'warehouse': 'a storehouse for goods and merchandise', 'warfarin': 'an anticoagulant (trade name Coumadin) use to prevent and treat a thrombus or embolus', 'warhead': 'the front part of a guided missile or rocket or torpedo that carries the nuclear or explosive charge or the chemical or biological agents', 'warming_pan': 'a long-handled covered pan holding live coals to warm a bed', 'warp': 'a shape distorted by twisting or folding', 'war_paint': 'adornment consisting of paint applied to the face and body of certain Amerindians before a battle', 'warplane': 'an aircraft designed and used for combat', 'war_room': 'a room where strategic decisions are made (especially for military or political campaigns)', 'warship': 'a government ship that is available for waging war', 'wash-and-wear': 'a fabric treated to be easily washable and to require no ironing', 'washbasin': 'a bathroom sink that is permanently installed and connected to a water supply and drainpipe; where you can wash your hands and face; \"he ran some water in the basin and splashed it on his face\"', 'washboard': 'device consisting of a corrugated surface to scrub clothes on', 'washcloth': 'bath linen consisting of a piece of cloth used to wash the face and body', 'washer': 'someone who washes things for a living', 'washhouse': 'a building or outbuilding where laundry is done', 'Washington_Monument': 'a stone obelisk built in Washington in 1884 to honor George Washington; 555 feet tall', 'washroom': 'a lavatory (particularly a lavatory in a public place)', 'washstand': \"furniture consisting of a table or stand to hold a basin and pitcher of water for washing: `wash-hand stand' is a British term\", 'washtub': 'a tub in which clothes or linens can be washed', 'wastepaper_basket': 'a container with an open top; for discarded paper and other rubbish', 'watchband': 'a band of cloth or leather or metal links attached to a wristwatch and wrapped around the wrist', 'watch_cap': 'a knitted dark blue wool cap worn by seamen in cold or stormy weather', 'watch_case': 'the metal case in which the works of a watch are housed', 'watch_glass': 'laboratory glassware; a shallow glass dish used as an evaporating surface or to cover a beaker', 'watch_key': 'winder consisting of a key with a square hole; used for winding some watches', 'watchtower': 'an observation tower for a lookout to watch over prisoners or watch for fires or enemies', 'water_back': 'water heater consisting of a tank or pipes set at the back of a fireplace or in the firebox of a stove', 'water-base_paint': 'paint in which water is used as the vehicle', 'water_bed': 'a bed with a mattress made of strong plastic that is filled with water', 'water_bottle': 'a bottle for holding water', 'water_butt': 'a butt set on end to contain water especially to store rainwater', 'water_cannon': 'a hose (carried on a truck) that fires water under high pressure to disperse crowds (especially crowds of rioters)', 'water_cart': 'cart with a tank for water (especially with fresh water for sale)', 'water_chute': 'chute with flowing water down which toboggans and inner tubes and people slide into a pool', 'water_clock': 'clock that measures time by the escape of water', 'water_closet': 'a toilet in Britain', 'water-cooled_reactor': 'nuclear reactor using water as a coolant', 'water_cooler': 'a device for cooling and dispensing drinking water', 'watercourse': 'natural or artificial channel through which water flows', 'water_faucet': 'a faucet for drawing water from a pipe or cask', 'water_filter': 'a filter to remove impurities from the water supply', 'water_gauge': 'gauge for indicating the level of water in e.g. a tank or boiler or reservoir', 'water_glass': 'a glass for drinking water', 'water_hazard': 'hazard provided by ponds of water that the golfer must avoid', 'water_heater': 'a heater and storage tank to supply heated water', 'watering_can': 'a container with a handle and a spout with a perforated nozzle; used to sprinkle water over plants', 'watering_cart': 'water cart with a tank and sprinkler for sprinkling roads', 'water_jacket': 'a container filled with water that surrounds a machine to cool it; especially that surrounding the cylinder block of an engine', 'water_jug': 'a jug that holds water', 'water_jump': 'a pool or stream in a steeplechase or similar contest', 'water_level': 'the level of the surface of a body of water', 'water_main': 'main (a pipe or conduit) for conveying water', 'water_meter': 'meter for measuring the quantity of water passing through a particular outlet', 'water_mill': 'a mill powered by a water wheel', 'water_pistol': 'plaything consisting of a toy pistol that squirts water', 'waterproof': 'any fabric impervious to water', 'water_pump': 'the pump in the cooling system of an automobile that cause the water to circulate', 'water_scooter': 'a motorboat resembling a motor scooter', 'water_ski': 'broad ski for skimming over water towed by a speedboat', 'waterskin': 'a container of skin for holding water', 'waterspout': 'a tornado passing over water and picking up a column of water and mist', 'water_system': 'a river and all of its tributaries', 'water_tower': 'a large reservoir for water', 'water_wagon': 'a wagon that carries water (as for troops or work gangs or to sprinkle down dusty dirt roads in the summertime)', 'waterwheel': 'a wheel with buckets attached to its rim; raises water from a stream or pond', 'water_wings': \"a life preserver consisting of a connected pair of inflatable bags that fit under a person's arms and provide buoyancy; used by children learning to swim\", 'waterworks': 'workplace where water is stored and purified and distributed for a community', 'WATS': 'a telephone line;long distance service at fixed rates for fixed zones; an acronym for wide area telephone service', 'wattle': 'any of various Australasian trees yielding slender poles suitable for wattle', 'wattmeter': 'an instrument for measuring in watts the flow of power in an electrical circuit', 'waveguide': 'a hollow metal conductor that provides a path to guide microwaves; used in radar', 'waxwork': 'an effigy (usually of a famous person) made of wax', 'ways': 'structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired', 'wayside': 'edge of a way or road or path; \"flowers along the wayside\"', 'weapon': 'a means of persuading or arguing; \"he used all his conversational weapons\"', 'weapon_of_mass_destruction': 'a weapon that kills or injures civilian as well as military personnel (nuclear and chemical and biological weapons)', 'weaponry': 'weapons considered collectively', 'weapons_carrier': 'military vehicle that is a light truck designed to carry mortars or machine guns and their crews', 'weathercock': 'weathervane with a vane in the form of a rooster', 'weather_deck': 'upper deck having no overhead protection from the weather, but sheltering the deck below', 'weatherglass': 'a simple barometer for indicating changes in atmospheric pressure', 'weather_map': '(meteorology) a map showing the principal meteorological elements at a given time and over an extended region', 'weather_radar': 'radar that is able to detect clouds and precipitation', 'weather_satellite': 'a satellite that transmits frequent picture of the earth below', 'weather_ship': 'an oceangoing vessel equipped to make meteorological observations', 'weather_strip': 'a narrow strip of material to cover the joint of a door or window to exclude the cold', 'weathervane': 'mechanical device attached to an elevated structure; rotates freely to show the direction of the wind', 'weave': 'pattern of weaving or structure of a fabric', 'webbing': 'something forming a web (as between the toes of birds)', 'webcam': 'a digital camera designed to take digital photographs and transmit them over the internet', 'wedding_picture': 'photographs of bride and groom and their friends taken at their wedding', 'wedding_ring': 'a ring (usually plain gold) given to the bride (and sometimes one is also given to the groom) at the wedding', 'wedge': 'any shape that is triangular in cross section', 'wedge_heel': 'a heel that is an extension of the sole of the shoe', 'wedgie': 'a shoe with a wedge heel', 'Wedgwood': 'English potter (1730-1795)', 'weeder': 'a farmhand hired to remove weeds', 'weeds': 'a black garment (dress) worn by a widow as a sign of mourning', 'weed': 'any plant that crowds out cultivated plants', 'weekender': 'someone who vacations on a weekend', 'weighbridge': 'platform scale flush with a roadway for weighing vehicles and cattle etc', 'weight': '(statistics) a coefficient assigned to elements of a frequency distribution in order to represent their relative importance', 'weir': 'a fence or wattle built across a stream to catch or retain fish', 'welcome_wagon': 'a wheeled vehicle carrying information and gifts from local merchants for new residents in an area', 'weld': 'a metal joint formed by softening with heat and fusing or hammering together', \"welder's_mask\": 'a mask that you wear for protection when doing welding', 'weldment': 'an assembly of parts welded together', 'well': 'an abundant source; \"she was a well of information\"', 'wellhead': 'the source of water for a well', 'well_point': 'a perforated tube driven into the ground to collect water from the surrounding area', 'welt': 'a raised or strengthened seam', 'Weston_cell': 'a standard voltaic cell (trademark Weston)', 'wet_bar': 'a bar for mixing drinks that has a sink with running water', 'wet-bulb_thermometer': 'a thermometer with a bulb that is covered with moist muslin; used in a psychrometer to measure humidity', 'wet_cell': 'a primary voltaic cell having a liquid electrolyte', 'wet_fly': \"fisherman's fly that floats under the surface of the water\", 'wet_suit': 'a close-fitting garment made of a permeable material; worn in cold water (as by skin divers) to retain body heat', 'whacker': 'something especially big or impressive of its kind', 'whaleboat': 'a long narrow boat designed for quick turning and use in rough seas', 'whaler': 'a seaman who works on a ship that hunts whales', 'whaling_gun': 'a gun (or device resembling a gun) for discharging a projectile (especially a harpoon) at a whale', 'Wheatstone_bridge': 'a bridge used to measure resistances', 'wheat_future': 'wheat bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date', 'wheel': 'forces that provide energy and direction; \"the wheels of government began to turn\"', 'wheel_and_axle': 'hoist so arranged that a rope unwinding from a wheel is wound onto a cylindrical drum or shaft coaxial with the wheel', 'wheelchair': 'a movable chair mounted on large wheels; for invalids or those who cannot walk; frequently propelled by the occupant', 'wheeled_vehicle': 'a vehicle that moves on wheels and usually has a container for transporting things or people; \"the oldest known wheeled vehicles were found in Sumer and Syria and date from around 3500 BC\"', 'wheel_lock': 'an obsolete gunlock using flint and a revolving wheel', 'wheelwork': 'mechanical device including an arrangement of wheel in a machine (especially a train of gears)', 'wherry': 'sailing barge used especially in East Anglia', 'whetstone': 'a flat stone for sharpening edged tools or knives', 'whiffletree': 'a crossbar that is attached to the traces of a draft horse and to the vehicle or implement that the horse is pulling', 'whipcord': 'closely twisted hard cord used for the lashes of whips', 'whipping_post': 'post formerly used in public to which offenders are tied to be whipped', 'whipping_top': 'a top that is spun by whipping', 'whipstitch': 'a sewing stitch passing over an edge diagonally', 'whirler': 'a revolving mechanism', 'whisk': 'a mixer incorporating a coil of wires; used for whipping eggs or cream', 'whiskey_bottle': 'a bottle for holding whiskey', 'whiskey_jug': 'a jug that contains whiskey', 'whispering_gallery': 'a space beneath a dome or arch in which sounds produced at certain points are clearly audible at certain distant points', 'whistle': 'the sound made by something moving rapidly or by steam coming out of a small aperture', 'whistle_stop': 'a small railway station between the principal stations or a station where the train stops only on a signal', 'white': 'the quality or state of the achromatic color of greatest lightness (bearing the least resemblance to black)', 'white_flag': 'flag consisting of a piece of white cloth that is hoisted to signal surrender or to ask for a truce', 'white_goods': 'large electrical home appliances (refrigerators or washing machines etc.) that are typically finished in white enamel', 'White_House': 'the chief executive department of the United States government', 'white_tie': \"bow tie worn as part of a man's formal evening dress\", 'whizbang': 'a small high-velocity shell; it makes a whizzing sound followed by a bang when it hits', 'whorehouse': 'a building where prostitutes are available', 'wick': 'any piece of cord that conveys liquid by capillary action; \"the physician put a wick in the wound to drain it\"', 'wicker': 'slender flexible branches or twigs (especially of willow or some canes); used for wickerwork', 'wicker_basket': 'a basket made of wickerwork', 'wicket': 'cricket equipment consisting of a set of three stumps topped by crosspieces; used in playing cricket', 'wickiup': 'a lodge consisting of a frame covered with matting or brush; used by nomadic American Indians in the southwestern United States', 'wide-angle_lens': 'a camera lens having a wider than normal angle of view (and usually a short focal length); produces an image that is foreshortened in the center and increasingly distorted in the periphery', 'wide_area_network': 'a computer network that spans a wider area than does a local area network', 'widebody_aircraft': 'a commercial airliner with two aisles', 'wide_screen': 'a projection screen that is much wider than it is high', 'wide_wale': 'corduroy with wide ribs', \"widow's_walk\": 'a lookout atop a coastal house', 'Wiffle': '(trademark) a hollow plastic ball with cutouts', 'wig': 'British slang for a scolding', 'wigwam': 'a Native American lodge frequently having an oval shape and covered with bark or hides', 'wild_card': 'an unpredictable factor; \"the weather was a wild card\"', 'wildcat_well': 'an exploratory oil well drilled in land not known to be an oil field', 'willow': 'any of numerous deciduous trees and shrubs of the genus Salix', 'willowware': 'chinaware decorated with a blue Chinese design on a white background depicting a willow tree and often a river', 'Wilton': 'a carpet woven on a Jacquard loom with loops like a Brussels carpet but having the loops cut to form a close velvety pile', 'wimple': 'headdress of cloth; worn over the head and around the neck and ears by medieval women', 'wincey': 'a plain or twilled fabric of wool and cotton used especially for warm shirts or skirts and pajamas', 'winceyette': 'cotton flannelette with a nap on both sides', 'winch': 'lifting device consisting of a horizontal cylinder turned by a crank on which a cable or rope winds', 'Winchester': 'a city in southern England; administrative center of Hampshire', 'windbreak': 'hedge or fence of trees designed to lessen the force of the wind and reduce erosion', 'wind_chime': 'a decorative arrangement of pieces of metal or glass or pottery that hang together loosely so the wind can cause them to tinkle', 'winder': 'a worker who winds (e.g., a winch or clock or other mechanism)', 'wind_farm': 'a power plant that uses wind turbines to generate electricity', 'wind_instrument': 'a musical instrument in which the sound is produced by an enclosed column of air that is moved by the breath', 'windjammer': 'a large sailing ship', 'windmill': 'a mill that is powered by the wind', 'window': 'the time period that is considered best for starting or finishing something; \"the expanded window will give us time to catch the thieves\"; \"they had a window of less than an hour when an attack would have succeeded\"', 'window_blind': 'a blind for privacy or to keep out light', 'window_box': 'a long narrow box for growing plants on a windowsill', 'window_envelope': 'an envelope with a transparent panel that reveals the address on the enclosure', 'window_frame': 'the framework that supports a window', 'window_screen': 'screen to keep insects from entering a building through the open window', 'window_seat': 'a bench or similar seat built into a window recess', 'window_shade': 'an opaque window blind that can cover or uncover a window', 'windowsill': 'the sill of a window; the horizontal member at the bottom of the window frame', 'wind_rose': 'weather map showing the frequency and strength of winds from different directions', 'windshield': 'transparent screen (as of glass) to protect occupants of a vehicle', 'windshield_wiper': 'a mechanical device that cleans the windshield', 'Windsor_chair': 'straight chair having a shaped seat and a back of many spindles', 'Windsor_knot': 'a wide triangular slipknot for tying a tie', 'Windsor_tie': 'a wide necktie worn in a loose bow', 'wind_tee': 'weather vane shaped like a T and located at an airfield', 'wind_tunnel': 'a structure resembling a tunnel where air is blown at known velocities for testing parts of aircraft', 'wind_turbine': 'a turbine that is driven by the wind', 'wine_bar': 'a bar that serves only wine', 'wine_bottle': 'a bottle for holding wine', 'wine_bucket': 'a bucket of ice used to chill a bottle of wine', 'wine_cask': 'a barrel that holds wine', 'wineglass': 'a glass that has a stem and in which wine is served', 'wineglass_heel': \"a heel on a woman's shoe in the shape of a wineglass\", 'winepress': 'a press that is used to extract the juice from grapes', 'winery': 'distillery where wine is made', 'wineskin': 'an animal skin (usually a goatskin) that forms a bag and is used to hold and dispense wine', 'wing_chair': 'easy chair having wings on each side of a high back', 'wing_nut': 'any tree of the genus Pterocarya; fruit is a small winged nutlet; Caucasus to southeastern Asia', 'wing_tip': 'a shoe having a wing-tip toecap', 'winker': 'a person who winks', 'wiper': 'a worker who wipes', 'wiper_motor': 'electric motor that moves the windshield wiper', 'wire': 'the finishing line on a racetrack', 'wire_cloth': 'fabric woven of metallic wire', 'wire_cutter': 'an edge tool used in cutting wire', 'wire_gauge': 'gauge for measuring the diameter of wire', 'wireless_local_area_network': 'a local area network that uses high frequency radio signals to transmit and receive data over distances of a few hundred feet; uses ethernet protocol', 'wire_matrix_printer': 'an impact printer in which each character is represented by a pattern of dots made by wires or styli', 'wire_recorder': 'an early type of magnetic recorder using iron wire', 'wire_stripper': 'a hand tool used by electricians to remove insulation from the cut end of an insulated wire', 'wirework': 'mesh netting made of wires', 'wiring_diagram': 'a schematic drawing of the wiring of an electrical system', 'wishing_cap': 'a magical cap that secures whatever one wishes for', 'witch_hazel': 'any of several shrubs or trees of the genus Hamamelis; bark yields an astringent lotion', 'withe': 'strong flexible twig', 'witness_box': 'a box enclosure for a witness when testifying', 'wobbler': 'something that wobbles', 'wok': 'pan with a convex bottom; used for frying in Chinese cooking', \"woman's_clothing\": 'clothing that is designed for women to wear', 'wood': 'the hard fibrous lignified substance under the bark of trees', 'woodcarving': 'a carving created by carving wood', 'wood_chisel': 'a chisel for working wood; it is either struck with a mallet or pushed by hand', 'woodcut': 'a print made from a woodcut', 'woodenware': 'ware for domestic use made of wood', 'wooden_spoon': 'a booby prize consisting of a spoon made of wood', 'woodscrew': 'a metal screw that tapers to a point so that it can be driven into wood with a screwdriver', 'woodshed': 'a shed for storing firewood or garden tools', 'wood_vise': 'a vise with jaws that are padded in order to hold lumber without denting it', 'woodwind': 'any wind instrument other than the brass instruments', 'woodwork': 'work made of wood; especially moldings or stairways or furniture', 'woof': 'the yarn woven across the warp yarn in weaving', 'woofer': 'a loudspeaker that reproduces lower audio frequency sounds', 'worldly_possession': 'a commodity or good associated with the earthly, rather than the spiritual, existence of human beings', 'workbasket': 'container for holding implements and materials for work (especially for sewing)', 'workbench': 'a strong worktable for a carpenter or mechanic', 'workboard': 'a horizontal board that provides a supported surface for manual work', 'work_camp': 'a camp for trustworthy prisoners employed in government projects', 'work-clothing': 'clothing worn for doing manual labor', 'workhouse': 'a poorhouse where able-bodied poor are compelled to labor', 'working': 'a mine or quarry that is being or has been worked', 'work_in_progress': 'a piece of work that is not yet finished', 'work_of_art': 'art that is a product of one of the fine arts (especially a painting or sculpture of artistic merit)', 'workpiece': 'work consisting of a piece of metal being machined', 'workplace': 'a place where work is done; \"he arrived at work early today\"', 'workroom': 'room where work is done', 'work-shirt': 'heavy-duty shirts worn for manual or physical work', 'workstation': 'a desktop digital computer that is conventionally considered to be more powerful than a microcomputer', 'work_surface': 'a horizontal surface for supporting objects used in working or playing games', 'worktable': 'a table designed for a particular task', 'workwear': 'heavy-duty clothes for manual or physical work', 'World_Trade_Center': 'twin skyscrapers 110 stories high in New York City; built 1368 feet tall in 1970 to 1973; destroyed by a terrorist attack on September 11, 2001', 'World_Wide_Web': 'computer network consisting of a collection of internet sites that offer text and graphics and sound and animation resources through the hypertext transfer protocol', 'worm_fence': 'rail fence consisting of a zigzag of interlocking rails', 'worm_gear': 'gear consisting of a shaft with screw thread (the worm) that meshes with a toothed wheel (the worm wheel); changes the direction of the axis of rotary motion', 'worm_wheel': 'gear with the thread of a worm', 'worsted': 'a tightly twisted woolen yarn spun from long-staple wool', 'wrap': 'a sandwich in which the filling is rolled up in a soft tortilla', 'wraparound': 'a garment (as a dress or coat) with a full length opening; adjusts to the body by wrapping around', 'wrapping': 'the covering (usually paper or cellophane) in which something is wrapped', 'wreath': 'flower arrangement consisting of a circular band of foliage or flowers for ornamental purposes', 'wreck': 'something or someone that has suffered ruin or dilapidation; \"the house was a wreck when they bought it\"; \"thanks to that quack I am a human wreck\"', 'wreckage': 'the remaining parts of something that has been wrecked; \"they searched the wreckage for signs of survivors\"', 'wrench': 'a sharp strain on muscles or ligaments; \"the wrench to his knee occurred as he fell\"; \"he was sidelined with a hamstring pull\"', 'wrestling_mat': 'a mat on which wrestling matches are conducted', 'wrestling_ring': 'a square ring in which wrestlers compete', 'wringer': 'a clothes dryer consisting of two rollers between which the wet clothes are squeezed', 'wristband': 'band consisting of a part of a sleeve that covers the wrist', 'wristlet': 'a band or bracelet worn around the wrist', 'wrist_pad': 'protective garment consisting of a pad worn by football players', 'wrist_pin': 'pin joining a piston to a connecting rod', 'wristwatch': 'a watch that is worn strapped to the wrist', 'writing_arm': 'an arm of a tablet-armed chair; widened to provide a writing surface', 'writing_board': 'work surface consisting of a wide lightweight board that can be placed across the lap and used for writing', 'writing_desk': 'a portable case containing writing materials and having a writing surface', 'writing_implement': 'an implement that is used to write', 'xerographic_printer': 'a page printer that uses the xerographic process', 'Xerox': 'a duplicator (trade mark Xerox) that copies graphic matter by the action of light on an electrically charged photoconductive insulating surface in which the latent image is developed with a resinous powder', 'xerox': 'a copy made by a xerographic printer', 'X-OR_circuit': 'gate for exclusive OR; a circuit in a computer that fires only if only one of its inputs fire', 'X-ray_film': 'photographic film used to make X-ray pictures', 'X-ray_machine': 'an apparatus that provides a source of X rays', 'X-ray_tube': 'a vacuum tube containing a metal target onto which a beam of electrons is directed at high energy for the generation of X rays', 'yacht': 'an expensive vessel propelled by sail or power and used for cruising or racing', 'yacht_chair': 'a light folding armchair for outdoor use', 'yagi': 'a sharply directional antenna', 'Yale_University': 'a university in Connecticut', 'yard': 'a unit of length equal to 3 feet; defined as 91.44 centimeters; originally taken to be the average length of a stride', 'yardarm': 'either end of the yard of a square-rigged ship', 'yarder': '(used only in combinations) the height or length of something in yards; \"the golfer hit a 300-yarder to the green\"', 'yard_goods': 'merchandise in the form of fabrics sold by the yard', 'yard_marker': '(football) a marker indicating the yard line', 'yardstick': 'a measure or standard used for comparison; \"on what kind of yardstick is he basing his judgment?\"', 'yarmulke': 'a skullcap worn by religious Jews (especially at prayer)', 'yashmak': 'the face veil worn by Muslim women', 'yataghan': 'a long Turkish knife with a curved blade having a single edge', 'yawl': \"a ship's small boat (usually rowed by 4 or 6 oars)\", 'yield': 'an amount of a product', 'yoke': 'an oppressive power; \"under the yoke of a tyrant\"; \"they threw off the yoke of domination\"', 'yo-yo': 'a toy consisting of a spool that is reeled up and down on a string by motions of the hand', 'yurt': 'a circular domed dwelling that is portable and self-supporting; originally used by nomadic Mongol and Turkic people of central Asia but now used as inexpensive alternative or temporary housing', 'Zamboni': 'the trademark for a machine that smooths the ice in an ice-skating rink', 'zapper': 'an electrical device that can injure or kill by means of electric currents; \"a bug zapper\"', 'zarf': 'an ornamental metal cup-shaped holder for a hot coffee cup', 'zeppelin': 'a large rigid dirigible designed to carry passengers or bombs', 'zero': 'a mathematical element that when added to another number yields the same number', 'ziggurat': 'a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians', 'zill': 'one of a pair of small metallic cymbals worn on the thumb and middle finger; used in belly dancing in rhythm with the dance', 'zinc_ointment': 'an ointment containing zinc that is used to treat certain skin diseases', 'zip_gun': 'a crude homemade pistol', 'zither': 'a musical stringed instrument with strings stretched over a flat sounding board; it is laid flat and played with a plectrum and with fingers', 'zodiac': 'a belt-shaped region in the heavens on either side to the ecliptic; divided into 12 constellations or signs for astrological purposes', 'zoot_suit': 'a flashy suit of extreme cut', 'human_nature': 'the shared psychological attributes of humankind that are assumed to be shared by all human beings; \"a great observer of human nature\"', 'trait': 'a distinguishing feature of your personal nature', 'character': 'good repute; \"he is a man of character\"', 'unit_character': '(genetics) a character inherited on an all-or-none basis and dependent on the presence of a single gene', 'common_denominator': 'an integer that is a common multiple of the denominators of two or more fractions', 'personality': 'a person of considerable prominence; \"she is a Hollywood personality\"', 'identity': 'an operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates; \"the identity under numerical multiplication is 1\"', 'gender_identity': 'your identity as it is experienced with regard to your individuality as male or female; awareness normally begin in infancy and is reinforced during adolescence', 'identification': 'the condition of having the identity (of a person or object) established; \"the thief\\'s identification was followed quickly by his arrest\"; \"identification of the gun was an important clue\"', 'personhood': 'being a person; \"finding her own personhood as a campus activist\"', 'personableness': 'the complex of attributes that make a person socially attractive', 'anal_personality': '(psychoanalysis) a personality characterized by meticulous neatness and suspicion and reserve; said to be formed in early childhood by fixation during the anal stage of development (usually as a consequence of toilet training)', 'genital_personality': '(psychoanalysis) the mature personality which is not dominated by infantile pleasure drives', 'narcissistic_personality': 'personality marked by self-love and self-absorption; unrealistic views about your own qualities and little regard for others', 'obsessive-compulsive_personality': 'personality characterized by a strong need to repeat certain acts or rituals', 'oral_personality': '(psychoanalysis) a personality characterized either by generous optimism or aggressive and ambitious selfishness; formed in early childhood by fixation during the oral stage of development', 'spirit': 'the general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people; \"the feel of the city excited him\"; \"a clergyman improved the tone of the meeting\"; \"it had the smell of treason\"', 'outwardness': 'concern with outward things or material objects as opposed to the mind and spirit; \"what is the origin of the outwardness of our sensations of sound, smell, or taste\"; \"an abstract conception with feelings of reality and spatial outwardness attached to it\"', 'inwardness': 'preoccupation especially with one\\'s attitudes and ethical or ideological values; \"the sensitiveness of James\\'s characters, their seeming inwardness\"; \"inwardness is what an Englishman quite simply has, painlessly, as a birthright\"', 'spirituality': 'concern with things of the spirit', 'worldliness': 'concern with worldly affairs to the neglect of spiritual needs; \"he disliked the worldliness of many bishops around him\"', 'extraversion': '(psychology) an extroverted disposition; concern with what is outside the self', 'introversion': \"(psychology) an introverted disposition; concern with one's own thoughts and feelings\", 'ambiversion': '(psychology) a balanced disposition intermediate between extroversion and introversion', 'aloneness': 'a disposition toward being alone', 'friendlessness': 'being without friends', 'reclusiveness': 'a disposition to prefer seclusion or isolation', 'privacy': 'the condition of being concealed or hidden', 'nature': 'a causal agent creating and controlling things in the universe; \"the laws of nature\"; \"nature has seen to it that men are stronger than women\"', 'animality': 'the physical (or animal) side of a person as opposed to the spirit or intellect', 'disposition': 'a natural or acquired habit or characteristic tendency in a person or thing; \"a swelling with a disposition to rupture\"', 'complexion': 'a combination that results from coupling or interlinking; \"diphthongs are complexions of vowels\"', 'animalism': 'the doctrine that human beings are purely animal in nature and lacking a spiritual nature', 'bloodiness': 'the state of being bloody', 'nervousness': 'an uneasy psychological state; \"he suffered an attack of nerves\"', 'esprit_de_corps': 'the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed', 'restlessness': 'a lack of patience; irritation with anything that causes delay', 'jactitation': '(law) a false boast that can harm others; especially a false claim to be married to someone (formerly actionable at law)', 'skittishness': 'characterized by nervousness and quickness to take fright', 'compulsiveness': 'the trait of acting compulsively', 'obsessiveness': 'extreme compulsiveness', 'workaholism': 'compulsiveness about working', 'emotionality': 'emotional nature or quality', 'drama': 'an episode that is turbulent or highly emotional', 'demonstrativeness': 'tending to express your feelings freely', 'affectionateness': 'a quality proceeding from feelings of affection or love', 'tenderness': 'a pain that is felt (as when the area is touched); \"the best results are generally obtained by inserting the needle into the point of maximum tenderness\"; \"after taking a cold, rawness of the larynx and trachea come on\"', 'uxoriousness': \"foolish fondness for or excessive submissiveness to one's wife\", 'mawkishness': 'insincere pathos', 'corn': 'a hard thickening of the skin (especially on the top or sides of the toes) caused by the pressure of ill-fitting shoes', 'schmaltz': '(Yiddish) excessive sentimentality in art or music', 'sentimentalism': 'the excessive expression of tender feelings, nostalgia, or sadness in any form', 'heat': 'a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature', 'fieriness': 'the heat or the color of fire', 'moodiness': 'a sullen gloomy feeling', 'blood': 'people viewed as members of a group; \"we need more young blood in this organization\"', 'excitability': 'excessive sensitivity of an organ or body part', 'boiling_point': 'the temperature at which a liquid boils at sea level; \"they brought the water to a boil\"', 'unemotionality': 'absence of emotion', 'blandness': 'lacking any distinctive or interesting taste property', 'coldness': 'the absence of heat; \"the coldness made our breath visible\"; \"come in out of the cold\"; \"cold is a vasoconstrictor\"', 'dispassion': 'objectivity and detachment; \"her manner assumed a dispassion and dryness very unlike her usual tone\"', 'stoicism': 'an indifference to pleasure or pain', 'tepidness': 'lack of passion, force or animation', 'cheerfulness': 'a feeling of spontaneous good spirits; \"his cheerfulness made everyone feel better\"', 'good-temperedness': 'a cheerful willingness to be obliging', 'uncheerfulness': 'not conducive to cheer or good spirits', 'gloominess': 'the quality of excessive mournfulness and uncheerfulness', 'chirpiness': 'cheerful and lively', 'pertness': 'quality of being lively and confident; \"there was a pertness about her that attracted him\"', 'airiness': 'the property of something spacious and abounding in fresh air', 'alacrity': 'liveliness and eagerness; \"he accepted with alacrity\"; \"the smartness of the pace soon exhausted him\"', 'energy': 'a healthy capacity for vigorous activity; \"jogging works off my excess energy\"; \"he seemed full of vim and vigor\"', 'vitality': 'an energetic style', 'elan': 'enthusiastic and assured vigor and liveliness; \"a performance of great elan and sophistication\"', 'esprit': 'liveliness of mind or spirit', 'breeziness': 'a mildly windy state of the air', 'irrepressibility': 'irrepressible liveliness and good spirit; \"I admired his buoyancy and persistent good humor\"', 'high-spiritedness': 'exuberant liveliness', 'vivacity': 'characterized by high spirits and animation', 'mettlesomeness': 'courageous high-spiritedness', 'exuberance': 'joyful enthusiasm', 'lyricism': 'unrestrained and exaggerated enthusiasm', 'pep': 'liveliness and energy; \"this tonic is guaranteed to give you more pep\"', 'inanition': 'weakness characterized by a lack of vitality or energy', 'activeness': 'the trait of being active; moving or acting rapidly and energetically; \"the level of activity declines with age\"', 'dynamism': 'any of the various theories or doctrines or philosophical systems that attempt to explain the phenomena of the universe in terms of some immanent force or energy', 'inactiveness': 'a disposition to remain inactive or inert; \"he had to overcome his inertia and get back to work\"', 'languor': 'a relaxed comfortable feeling', 'restfulness': 'the attribute of being restful; \"he longed for the restfulness of home\"', 'passivity': 'submission to others or to outside influences', 'apathy': 'an absence of emotion or enthusiasm', 'listlessness': 'inactivity resulting from lethargy and lack of vigor or energy', 'indolence': 'inactivity resulting from a dislike of work', 'faineance': 'the trait of being idle out of a reluctance to work', 'shiftlessness': 'a failure to be active as a consequence of lack of initiative or ambition', 'perfectionism': 'a disposition to feel that anything less than perfect is unacceptable; \"his perfectionism seemed excessive to his students\"', 'permissiveness': 'a disposition to allow freedom of choice and behavior', 'self_acceptance': 'an acceptance of yourself as you are, warts and all', 'softness': 'a state of declining economic condition; \"orders have recently picked up after a period of extreme softness\"; \"he attributes the disappointing results to softness in the economy\"', 'overtolerance': 'too much permissiveness', 'unpermissiveness': 'a lack of permissiveness or indulgence and a tendency to confine behavior within certain specified limits', 'sternness': 'the quality (as of scenery) being grim and gloomy and forbidding; \"the sternness of his surroundings made him uncomfortable\"', 'Puritanism': 'the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects)', 'severity': 'excessive sternness; \"severity of character\"; \"the harshness of his punishment was inhuman\"; \"the rigors of boot camp\"', 'good_nature': 'a cheerful, obliging disposition', 'grace': '(Christian theology) a state of sanctification by God; the state of one who is under such divine influence; \"the conception of grace developed alongside the conception of sin\"; \"it was debated whether saving grace could be obtained outside the membership of the church\"; \"the Virgin lived in a state of grace\"', 'patience': 'good-natured tolerance of delay or incompetence', 'easygoingness': 'being without worry or concern', 'risibility': 'a disposition to laugh', 'agreeableness': 'pleasantness resulting from agreeable conditions; \"a well trained staff saw to the agreeableness of our accommodations\"; \"he discovered the amenities of reading at an early age\"', 'complaisance': 'a disposition or tendency to yield to the will of others', 'ill_nature': 'a disagreeable, irritable, or malevolent disposition', 'crabbiness': 'a disposition to be ill-tempered', 'crankiness': 'a fussy and eccentric disposition', 'sulkiness': 'a feeling of sulky resentment', 'temper': 'a characteristic (habitual or relatively temporary) state of feeling; \"whether he praised or cursed me depended on his temper at the time\"; \"he was in a bad humor\"', 'impatience': 'a restless desire for change and excitement', 'intolerance': 'unwillingness to recognize and respect differences in opinions or beliefs', 'shrewishness': 'a nature given to nagging or scolding', 'querulousness': 'the quality of being given to complaining', 'asperity': 'something hard to endure; \"the asperity of northern winters\"', 'disagreeableness': 'the quality of being disagreeable and unpleasant', 'bitterness': 'the property of having a harsh unpleasant taste', 'aggressiveness': 'the quality of being bold and enterprising', 'bellicosity': 'a natural disposition to fight', 'quarrelsomeness': 'an inclination to be quarrelsome and contentious', 'truculence': 'obstreperous and defiant aggressiveness', 'litigiousness': 'a quarrelsome disposition to engage in or carry on lawsuits; \"charges of litigiousness and widespread perjury\"', 'willingness': 'cheerful compliance; \"he expressed his willingness to help\"', 'readiness': 'the state of having been made ready or prepared for use or action (especially military action); \"putting them in readiness\"; \"their preparation was more than adequate\"', 'receptiveness': 'willingness or readiness to receive (especially impressions or ideas); \"he was testing the government\\'s receptiveness to reform\"; \"this receptiveness is the key feature in oestral behavior, enabling natural mating to occur\"; \"their receptivity to the proposal\"', 'wholeheartedness': 'undivided commitment or unreserved enthusiasm', 'unwillingness': 'the trait of being unwilling; \"his unwillingness to cooperate vetoed every proposal I made\"; \"in spite of our warnings he plowed ahead with the involuntariness of an automaton\"', 'reluctance': '(physics) opposition to magnetic flux (analogous to electric resistance)', 'seriousness': 'the quality of arousing fear or distress; \"he learned the seriousness of his illness\"', 'committedness': 'the trait of sincere and steadfast fixity of purpose; \"a man of energy and commitment\"', 'graveness': 'a manner that is serious and solemn', 'sedateness': 'a trait of dignified seriousness', 'stodginess': 'dull and pompous gravity', 'frivolity': 'the trait of being frivolous; not serious or sensible', 'giddiness': 'an impulsive scatterbrained manner', 'lightsomeness': 'the trait of being lighthearted and frivolous', 'levity': 'feeling an inappropriate lack of seriousness', 'flippancy': 'inappropriate levity; \"her mood changed and she was all lightness and joy\"', 'jocoseness': 'the trait of merry joking', 'playfulness': 'a disposition to find (or make) causes for amusement; \"her playfulness surprised me\"; \"he was fun to be with\"', 'facetiousness': 'playful humor', 'impertinence': 'inappropriate playfulness', 'friskiness': 'lively high-spirited playfulness', 'impishness': 'the trait of behaving like an imp', 'humor': '(Middle Ages) one of the four fluids in the body whose balance was believed to determine your emotional and physical state; \"the humors are blood and phlegm and yellow and black bile\"', 'communicativeness': 'the trait of being communicative', 'frankness': 'the trait of being blunt and outspoken', 'bluffness': 'good-natured frankness', 'effusiveness': 'a friendly open trait of a talkative person', 'fluency': 'skillfulness in speaking or writing', 'garrulity': 'the quality of being wordy and talkative', 'leresis': 'rambling talkativeness (especially in the aged)', 'uncommunicativeness': 'the trait of being uncommunicative', 'muteness': 'a refusal to speak when expected; \"his silence about my contribution was surprising\"', 'secrecy': 'the trait of keeping things secret', 'mum': 'secrecy; \"mum\\'s the word\"', 'reserve': '(medicine) potential capacity to respond in order to maintain vital functions', 'sociality': 'the tendency to associate with others and to form social groups; \"mammals as a class are not strong on sociality\"', 'sociability': \"the relative tendency or disposition to be sociable or associate with one's fellows\", 'conviviality': 'a jovial nature', 'companionability': 'suitability to be a companion', 'chumminess': 'the quality of affording easy familiarity and sociability', 'gregariousness': 'the quality of being gregarious--having a dislike of being alone', 'openness': 'without obstructions to passage or view; \"the openness of the prairies\"', 'friendliness': 'a feeling of liking for another person; enjoyment in their company', 'affability': 'a disposition to be friendly and approachable (easy to talk to)', 'amicability': 'a disinclination to quarrel', 'condescension': 'a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient', 'approachability': 'the attribute of being easy to meet or deal with', 'congeniality': 'a congenial disposition', 'amity': 'a state of friendship and cordiality', 'neighborliness': 'a disposition to be friendly and helpful to neighbors', 'hospitableness': 'having a disposition that welcomes guests and is fond of entertaining', 'mellowness': 'kindheartedness through maturity or old age', 'sweetness_and_light': 'a mild reasonableness; \"when he learned who I was he became all sweetness and light\"', 'unsociability': 'an unsociable disposition; avoiding friendship or companionship', 'aloofness': 'a disposition to be distant and unsympathetic in manner', 'unapproachability': 'a disposition to be unapproachable; unfriendly and inaccessible', 'closeness': 'a feeling of being intimate and belonging together; \"their closeness grew as the night wore on\"', 'furtiveness': 'a disposition to be sly and stealthy and to do things surreptitiously', 'unfriendliness': 'dislike experienced as an absence of friendliness', 'hostility': 'a state of deep-seated ill-will', 'virulence': 'extreme harmfulness (as the capacity of a microorganism to cause disease); \"the virulence of the plague\"', 'misanthropy': 'hatred of mankind', 'uncongeniality': 'a disposition not to be congenial', 'unneighborliness': 'an unneighborly disposition', 'inhospitableness': 'the environmental condition in a region that lacks a favorable climate or terrain for life or growth', 'adaptability': 'the ability to change (or be changed) to fit changed circumstances', 'flexibility': 'the property of being flexible; easily bent or shaped', 'wiggle_room': 'flexibility of interpretation or of options; \"the request left some wiggle room for future restructuring\"', 'pliability': 'adaptability of mind or character; \"he was valued for his reliability and pliability\"; \"he increased the leanness and suppleness of the organization\"', 'unadaptability': 'the inability to change or be changed to fit changed circumstances', 'inflexibility': 'a lack of physical flexibility', 'thoughtfulness': 'the trait of thinking carefully before acting', 'pensiveness': 'persistent morbid meditation on a problem', 'introspectiveness': 'thoughtfulness about your own situation and feelings', 'deliberation': '(usually plural) discussion of all sides of a question; \"the deliberations of the jury\"', 'intentionality': 'expressive of intentions', 'reflectiveness': 'the capability of quiet thought or contemplation', 'unthoughtfulness': 'the trait of not thinking carefully before acting', 'recklessness': 'the trait of giving little thought to danger', 'adventurism': 'recklessness in politics or foreign affairs', 'brashness': 'the trait of being rash and hasty', 'desperation': 'desperate recklessness; \"it was a policy of desperation\"', 'impulsiveness': 'the trait of acting suddenly on impulse without reflection', 'impetuousness': 'rash impulsiveness', 'hastiness': 'hasty impulsiveness', 'attentiveness': 'paying particular notice (as to children or helpless people); \"his attentiveness to her wishes\"; \"he spends without heed to the consequences\"', 'inattentiveness': 'a lack of attentiveness (as to children or helpless people)', 'carefulness': 'the quality of being careful and painstaking; \"I admired the carefulness of his work\"', 'mindfulness': 'the trait of staying aware of (paying close attention to) your responsibilities', 'caution': 'a warning against certain acts; \"a caveat against unfair practices\"', 'wariness': 'the trait of being cautious and watchful', 'alertness': 'a state of readiness to respond; \"alerting was indicated by the desynchronization of the EEG\"', 'watchfulness': 'the process of paying close and continuous attention; \"wakefulness, watchfulness, and bellicosity make a good hunter\"; \"vigilance is especially susceptible to fatigue\"', 'carelessness': 'the quality of not being careful or taking pains', 'incaution': 'the trait of forgetting or ignoring possible danger', 'unwariness': 'the trait of not being cautious and watchful', 'unmindfulness': 'the trait of forgetting or ignoring your responsibilities', 'laxness': 'the condition of being physiologically lax; \"baths can help the laxness of the bowels\"', 'masculinity': 'the trait of behaving in ways considered typical for men', 'manfulness': 'the trait of being manly; having the characteristics of an adult male', 'boyishness': 'being characteristic of a boy', 'machismo': 'exaggerated masculinity', 'hoydenism': 'masculinity in women (especially in girls and young women)', 'femininity': 'the trait of behaving in ways considered typical for women', 'womanliness': 'the trait of being womanly; having the characteristics of an adult female', 'ladylikeness': 'behavior befitting a lady', 'maidenliness': 'behavior befitting a young maiden', 'girlishness': 'being characteristic of a girl', 'effeminacy': 'the trait of being effeminate (derogatory of a man); \"the students associated science with masculinity and arts with effeminacy\"; \"Spartans accused Athenians of effeminateness\"; \"he was shocked by the softness of the atmosphere surrounding the young prince, arising from the superfluity of the femininity that guided him\"', 'emasculation': 'loss of power and masculinity', 'trustworthiness': 'the trait of deserving trust and confidence', 'creditworthiness': \"trustworthiness with money as based on a person's credit history; a general qualification for borrowing\", 'responsibility': 'a form of trustworthiness; the trait of being answerable to someone for something or being responsible for one\\'s conduct; \"he holds a position of great responsibility\"', 'accountability': 'responsibility to someone or for some activity', 'dependability': 'the quality of being dependable or reliable', 'untrustworthiness': 'the trait of not deserving trust or confidence', 'irresponsibility': 'a form of untrustworthiness; the trait of lacking a sense of responsibility and not feeling accountable for your actions', 'solidity': 'state of having the interior filled with matter', 'undependability': 'the trait of not being dependable or reliable', 'flightiness': 'the trait of acting unpredictably and more from whim or caprice than from reason or judgment; \"I despair at the flightiness and whimsicality of my memory\"', 'carefreeness': 'the cheerful feeling you have when nothing is troubling you', 'conscientiousness': 'the quality of being in accord with the dictates of conscience', 'meticulousness': 'strict attention to minute details', 'thoroughness': 'conscientiousness in performing all aspects of a task', 'diligence': 'persevering determination to perform a task; \"his diligence won him quick promotions\"; \"frugality and industry are still regarded as virtues\"', 'strictness': 'conscientious attention to rules and details', 'unconscientiousness': 'the quality of being willing to ignore the dictates of conscience', 'nonchalance': 'the trait of remaining calm and seeming not to care; a casual lack of concern', 'recommendation': 'something that recommends (or expresses commendation of) a person or thing as worthy or desirable', 'agerasia': 'youthful appearance in an old person', 'color': 'a race with skin pigmentation different from the white race (especially Blacks)', 'image': '(mathematics) the set of values of the dependent variable for which a function is defined; \"the image of f(x) = x^2 is the set of all non-negative real numbers if the domain of the function is the set of all real numbers\"', 'mark': 'formerly the basic unit of money in Germany', 'perspective': 'the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer', 'phase': 'any distinct time period in a sequence of events; \"we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected\"', 'tout_ensemble': 'a total impression or effect of something made up of individual parts', 'vanishing_point': 'the point beyond which something disappears or ceases to exist', 'format': 'the organization of information according to preset specifications (usually for computer processing)', 'persona': '(Jungian psychology) a personal facade that one presents to the world; \"a public image is as fragile as Humpty Dumpty\"', 'semblance': 'an outward or token appearance or form that is deliberately misleading; \"he hoped his claims would have a semblance of authenticity\"; \"he tried to give his falsehood the gloss of moral sanction\"; \"the situation soon took on a different color\"', 'color_of_law': 'a mere semblance of legal right; something done with the apparent authority of law but actually in contravention of law; \"the plaintiff claimed that under color of law the officer had deprived him of his civil rights\"', 'simulacrum': 'an insubstantial or vague semblance', 'face_value': 'the apparent worth as opposed to the real worth', 'guise': 'an artful or simulated semblance; \"under the guise of friendship he betrayed them\"', 'verisimilitude': 'the appearance of truth; the quality of seeming to be true', 'countenance': \"the human face (`kisser' and `smiler' and `mug' are informal terms for `face' and `phiz' is British)\", 'leer': 'a suggestive or sneering look or grin', 'poker_face': 'a face without any interpretable expression (as that of a good poker player)', 'stretch_mark': 'a narrow band resulting from tension on the skin (as on abdominal skin after pregnancy)', 'blaze': 'a strong flame that burns brightly; \"the blaze spread rapidly\"', 'speck': 'a very small spot; \"the plane was just a speck in the sky\"', 'crisscross': 'a marking that consists of lines that cross each other', 'eyespot': 'an eyelike marking (as on the wings of some butterflies); usually a spot of color inside a ring of another color', 'nebula': 'a medicinal liquid preparation intended for use in an atomizer', 'worn_spot': 'a spot that has been worn away by abrasion or erosion', 'stripe': 'a piece of braid, usually on the sleeve, indicating military rank or length of service', 'hairiness': 'the quality of having hair', 'hirsuteness': 'excessive hairiness', 'hairlessness': 'the condition of being void of hair', 'beauty': 'an outstanding example of its kind; \"his roses were beauties\"; \"when I make a mistake it\\'s a beaut\"', 'raw_beauty': 'beauty that is stark and powerfully impressive', 'glory': 'a state of high honor; \"he valued glory above life itself\"', 'exquisiteness': 'extreme beauty of a delicate sort', 'picturesqueness': 'the quality of being strikingly expressive or vivid', 'pleasingness': 'pleasant palatability', 'pulchritude': 'physical beauty (especially of a woman)', 'glamor': 'alluring beauty or charm (often with sex-appeal)', 'comeliness': 'the quality of being good looking and attractive', 'prettiness': 'the quality of being appealing in a delicate or graceful way (of a girl or young woman)', 'handsomeness': 'the quality of having regular well-defined features (especially of a man)', 'attractiveness': 'sexual allure', 'adorability': 'extreme attractiveness', 'bewitchery': 'magnetic personal charm', 'charisma': 'a personal attractiveness or interestingness that enables you to influence others', 'curvaceousness': 'the quality of having a well-rounded body', 'sex_appeal': 'attractiveness to the opposite sex', 'sultriness': 'oppressively hot and humid weather', 'siren_call': 'the enticing appeal of something alluring but potentially dangerous; \"he succumbed to the siren call of the wilderness\"', 'spiff': 'attractiveness in appearance or dress or manner; \"he gets by largely on pure spiff\"', 'winsomeness': 'childlike charm or appeal', 'associability': 'the capability of being easily associated or joined or connected in thought', 'attraction': 'the force by which one object attracts another', 'affinity': '(anthropology) kinship by marriage or adoption; not a blood relationship', 'allure': 'the power to entice or attract through personal charm', 'invitation': 'a request (spoken or written) to participate or be present or take part in something; \"an invitation to lunch\"; \"she threw the invitation away\"', 'drawing_power': 'the capacity for attracting people (customers or supporters)', 'fascination': 'the state of being intensely interested (as by awe or terror)', 'lure': 'qualities that attract by seeming to promise some kind of reward', 'sexual_attraction': 'attractiveness on the basis of sexual desire', 'show-stopper': 'an act so striking or impressive that the show must be delayed until the audience quiets down', 'ugliness': 'qualities of appearance that do not give pleasure to the senses', 'unsightliness': 'ugliness that is unpleasant to look at', 'grotesqueness': 'ludicrous or incongruous unnaturalness or distortion', 'garishness': 'strident color or excessive ornamentation', 'unpleasingness': 'the quality of being unpleasant', 'hideousness': 'dreadful ugliness; horrible repulsiveness', 'disfigurement': 'an appearance that has been spoiled or is misshapen; \"there were distinguishing disfigurements on the suspect\\'s back\"; \"suffering from facial disfiguration\"', 'unattractiveness': 'an ugliness of appearance that is not appealing to viewers', 'homeliness': 'an appearance that is not attractive or beautiful; \"fine clothes could not conceal the girl\\'s homeliness\"', 'shapelessness': 'an amorphous or indefinite shape; \"a shapeless mass\"', 'blemish': 'a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something (especially on a person\\'s body); \"a facial blemish\"', 'birthmark': 'a blemish on the skin that is formed before birth', 'chatter_mark': 'marks on a glaciated rock caused by the movement of a glacier', 'craze': 'state of violent mental agitation', 'dent': 'an appreciable consequence (especially a lessening); \"it made a dent in my bank account\"', 'eyesore': 'something very ugly and offensive', 'scratch': 'a competitor who has withdrawn from competition', 'cigarette_burn': 'a burn mark left by a smoldering cigarette; \"a cigarette burn on the edge of the table\"', 'smudge': 'a smoky fire to drive away insects', 'blotch': 'an irregularly shaped spot', 'fingermark': 'a smudge made by a (dirty) finger', 'inkblot': 'a blot made with ink', 'stain': '(microscopy) a dye or other coloring material that is used in microscopy to make structures visible', 'scorch': 'a surface burn', 'bloodstain': 'a discoloration caused by blood', 'iron_mold': 'a spot caused the staining with rust or ink', 'mud_stain': 'a stain produced by mud', 'oil_stain': 'a stain produced by oil', 'tarnish': 'discoloration of metal surface caused by oxidation', 'stigma': 'the apical end of the style where deposited pollen enters the pistil', 'port-wine_stain': 'a flat birthmark varying from pink to purple', 'strawberry': 'any of various low perennial herbs with many runners and bearing white flowers followed by edible fruits having many small achenes scattered on the surface of an enlarged red pulpy berry', 'wart': 'an imperfection in someone or something that is suggestive of a wart (especially in smallness or unattractiveness)', 'common_wart': 'a benign growth (often with a rough surface)', 'genital_wart': 'a small benign wart on or around the genitals and anus', 'juvenile_wart': 'a small benign growth on the faces of hands of children', 'plantar_wart': 'a wart occurring on the sole of the foot; \"pressure causes plantar warts to develop a painful callus around the soft center\"', 'plainness': 'the state of being unmixed with other material; \"the plainness of vanilla ice cream\"', 'chasteness': 'lack of ornamentation; \"the room was simply decorated with great restraint\"', 'austereness': 'extreme plainness', 'bareness': 'the state of being unclothed and exposed (especially of a part of the body)', 'ornateness': 'an ornate appearance; being elaborately (even excessively) decorated', 'baroque': 'elaborate and extensive ornamentation in decorative art and architecture that flourished in Europe in the 17th century', 'classical_style': 'the artistic style of ancient Greek art with its emphasis on proportion and harmony', 'Doric_order': 'the oldest and simplest of the Greek orders and the only one that normally has no base', 'Ionic_order': 'the second Greek order; the capital is decorated with spiral scrolls', 'Corinthian_order': 'the last Greek order; similar to the Ionic order except the capital is decorated with carvings of acanthus leaves', 'Composite_order': 'a Roman order that combines the Corinthian acanthus leaves with the spiral scrolls of the Ionic order', 'Tuscan_order': 'a Roman order that resembles the Doric order but without a fluted shaft', 'rococo': 'fanciful but graceful asymmetric ornamentation in art and architecture that originated in France in the 18th century', 'flamboyance': 'extravagant elaborateness; \"he wrote with great flamboyance\"', 'fussiness': 'unnecessary elaborateness in details', 'decorativeness': 'an appearance that serves to decorate and make something more attractive', 'glaze': 'any of various thin shiny (savory or sweet) coatings applied to foods', 'luster': 'a quality that outshines the usual', 'clearness': 'the quality of clear water; \"when she awoke the clarity was back in her eyes\"', 'pellucidness': 'passing light without diffusion or distortion', 'transparency': 'permitting the free passage of electromagnetic radiation', 'translucence': 'the quality of allowing light to pass diffusely', 'visibility': 'degree of exposure to public notice; \"that candidate does not have sufficient visibility to win an election\"', 'distinctness': 'the quality of being sharp and clear', 'definition': 'a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol', 'discernability': 'distinctness that makes perception easy', 'focus': 'a central point or locus of an infection in an organism; \"the focus of infection\"', 'opacity': 'the phenomenon of not permitting the passage of electromagnetic radiation', 'cloudiness': 'the state of the sky when it is covered by clouds', 'turbidity': 'muddiness created by stirring up sediment or having foreign particles suspended', 'haziness': 'vagueness attributable to being not clearly defined', 'indistinctness': 'the quality of being indistinct and without sharp outlines', 'dimness': 'the state of being poorly illuminated', 'vagueness': 'unclearness by virtue of being poorly expressed or not coherent in meaning; \"the Conservative manifesto is a model of vagueness\"; \"these terms were used with a vagueness that suggested little or no thought about what each might convey\"', 'divisibility': 'the quality of being divisible; the capacity to be divided into parts or divided among a number of persons', 'fissiparity': 'reproduction of some multicellular organisms by division, as in the case of some starfish', 'sharpness': 'the quality of being keenly and painfully felt; \"the sharpness of her loss\"', 'acuteness': 'a sensitivity that is keen and highly developed; \"dogs have a remarkable acuteness of smell\"', 'dullness': 'the quality of being slow to understand', 'obtuseness': 'the quality of lacking a sharp edge or point', 'conspicuousness': 'the state of being conspicuous', 'obviousness': 'the property of being easy to see and understand', 'apparentness': 'the property of being apparent', 'blatancy': 'the property of being both obvious and offensive; \"the blatancy of his attempt to whitewash the crime was unforgivable\"', 'obtrusiveness': 'an unwelcome conspicuousness', 'boldness': 'the trait of being willing to undertake things that involve risk or danger; \"the proposal required great boldness\"; \"the plan required great hardiness of heart\"', 'predomination': 'the quality of being more noticeable than anything else; \"the predomination of blues gave the painting a quiet tone\"', 'inconspicuousness': 'the quality of being not easily seen', 'unnoticeableness': 'the quality of being not easily noticed', 'unobtrusiveness': 'the quality of not sticking out in an unwelcome way', 'ease': 'a freedom from financial difficulty that promotes a comfortable state; \"a life of luxury and ease\"; \"he had all the material comforts of this world\"', 'effortlessness': 'the quality of requiring little effort; \"such effortlessness is achieved only after hours of practice\"', 'smoothness': 'a texture without roughness; smooth to the touch; \"admiring the slim smoothness of her thighs\"; \"some artists prefer the smoothness of a board\"', 'difficulty': 'a condition or state of affairs almost beyond one\\'s ability to deal with and requiring great effort to bear or overcome; \"grappling with financial difficulties\"', 'effortfulness': 'the quality of requiring deliberate effort', 'arduousness': 'extreme effortfulness', 'laboriousness': 'the quality of requiring extended effort', 'hardness': 'the property of being rigid and resistant to pressure; not easily scratched; measured on Mohs scale', 'formidability': 'impressive difficulty', 'burdensomeness': 'unwelcome burdensome difficulty', 'subtlety': 'the quality of being difficult to detect or analyze; \"you had to admire the subtlety of the distinctions he drew\"', 'troublesomeness': 'a difficulty that causes anxiety', 'awkwardness': 'unskillfulness resulting from a lack of training', 'flea_bite': 'sting inflicted by a flea', 'fly_in_the_ointment': 'an inconvenience that detracts from the usefulness of something', 'unwieldiness': 'the quality of being difficult to direct or control by reason of complexity; \"avoiding the unwieldiness of formal legal processes\"; \"the onset of unwieldiness and bureaucracy in large organizations\"', 'combustibility': 'the quality of being capable of igniting and burning', 'flammability': 'the quality of being easily ignited and burning rapidly', 'compatibility': 'a feeling of sympathetic understanding', 'congenialness': 'compatibility between persons', 'harmony': 'a harmonious state of things in general and of their properties (as of colors and sounds); congruity of parts with one another and with the whole', 'accord': 'concurrence of opinion; \"we are in accord with your proposal\"', 'agreement': 'harmony of people\\'s opinions or actions or characters; \"the two parties were in agreement\"', 'justness': 'conformity with some esthetic standard of correctness or propriety; \"it was performed with justness and beauty\"', 'normality': 'being within certain limits that define the range of normal functioning', 'congruity': 'the quality of agreeing; being suitable and appropriate', 'incompatibility': \"(immunology) the degree to which the body's immune system will try to reject foreign material (as transfused blood or transplanted tissue)\", 'incongruity': 'the quality of disagreeing; being unsuitable and inappropriate', 'irony': 'a trope that involves incongruity between what is expected and what occurs', 'Socratic_irony': \"admission of your own ignorance and willingness to learn while exposing someone's inconsistencies by close questioning\", 'suitability': 'the quality of having the properties that are right for a specific purpose; \"an important requirement is suitability for long trips\"', 'arability': 'the quality of land that is appropriate for cultivation', 'appropriateness': 'appropriate conduct; doing the right thing', 'felicity': 'pleasing and appropriate manner or style (especially manner or style of expression)', 'aptness': 'a disposition to behave in a certain way; \"the aptness of iron to rust\"; \"the propensity of disease to spread\"', 'ticket': 'a summons issued to an offender (especially to someone who violates a traffic regulation)', 'fitness': 'good physical condition; being in shape or in condition', 'eligibility': 'the quality or state of being eligible; \"eligibility of a candidate for office\"; \"eligibility for a loan\"', 'insurability': 'the quality of being insurable; the conditions under which an insurance company will issue insurance to an applicant (based on standards set by the insurance company)', 'marriageability': 'eligibility for marriage', 'ineligibility': 'the quality or state of being ineligible', 'uninsurability': 'the quality of being uninsurable; the conditions under which an insurance company will refuse to issue insurance to an applicant (based on standards set by the insurance company)', 'convenience': 'the state of being suitable or opportune; \"chairs arranged for his own convenience\"', 'opportuneness': 'timely convenience', 'handiness': 'skillfulness with the hands; \"he can do any sort of work requiring handiness and dexterity\"', 'command': 'a position of highest authority; \"the corporation has just undergone a change in command\"', 'impressiveness': 'splendid or imposing in size or appearance; \"the grandness of the architecture\"; \"impressed by the richness of the flora\"', 'navigability': 'the quality of being suitable for the passage of a ship or aircraft', 'neediness': 'the quality of needing attention and affection and reassurance to a marked degree; \"he recognized her neediness but had no time to respond to it\"', 'painfulness': 'the quality of being painful; \"she feared the painfulness of childbirth\"', 'piquancy': 'the quality of being agreeably stimulating or mentally exciting', 'publicity': 'the quality of being open to public view; \"the publicity of the court room\"', 'spinnability': 'the quality of being suitable for spinning or the capability of being spun (used of textile fibers)', 'spinnbarkeit': 'the capacity of a viscous liquid (especially the cervical mucus) to be drawn out into a strand or blown up into a bubble', 'unsuitability': 'the quality of having the wrong properties for a specific purpose', 'inaptness': 'inappropriateness; \"greater inaptness of expression would be hard to imagine\"', 'inappropriateness': 'inappropriate conduct', 'infelicity': 'inappropriate and unpleasing manner or style (especially manner or style of expression)', 'habitability': 'suitability for living in or on', 'unfitness': 'poor physical condition; being out of shape or out of condition (as from a life of ease and luxury)', 'inconvenience': 'an inconvenient discomfort', 'inaccessibility': 'the quality of not being available when needed', 'inopportuneness': 'the quality of occurring at an inconvenient time', 'ethos': '(anthropology) the distinctive spirit of a culture or an era; \"the Greek ethos\"', 'eidos': '(anthropology) the distinctive expression of the cognitive or intellectual character of a culture or a social group', 'protectiveness': 'a feeling of protective affection', 'quality': 'high social status; \"a man of quality\"', 'humanness': 'the quality of being human; \"he feared the speedy decline of all manhood\"', 'air': 'once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)', 'mystique': 'an aura of heightened value or interest or meaning surrounding a person or thing', 'note': 'a promise to pay a specified amount on demand or at a certain time; \"I had to co-sign his note at the bank\"', 'superiority': 'the quality of being at a competitive advantage', 'fineness': 'the property of being very narrow or thin; \"he marvelled at the fineness of her hair\"', 'excellence': 'an outstanding feature; something in which something or someone excels; \"a center of manufacturing excellence\"; \"the use of herbs is one of the excellencies of French cuisine\"', 'ultimate': 'the finest or most superior quality of its kind; \"the ultimate in luxury\"', 'admirability': 'admirable excellence', 'expansiveness': 'a quality characterized by magnificence of scale or the tendency to expand; \"the expansiveness of their extravagant life style was soon curtailed\"', 'stateliness': 'an elaborate manner of doing something; \"she served coffee with great stateliness\"', 'first_water': 'the highest quality gems', 'ingenuity': 'the property of being ingenious; \"a plot of great ingenuity\"; \"the cleverness of its design\"', 'inferiority': 'the state of being inferior', 'poorness': 'less than adequate; \"the relative poorness of New England farmland\"', 'scrawniness': 'the property of being stunted and inferior in size or quality; \"the scrawniness of sickly trees\"', 'second_class': 'not the highest rank in a classification', 'wretchedness': 'the character of being uncomfortable and unpleasant; \"the wretchedness for which these prisons became known\"; \"the grey wretchedness of the rain\"', 'characteristic': 'the integer part (positive or negative) of the representation of a logarithm; in the expression log 643 = 2.808 the characteristic is 2', 'salability': 'the quality of being salable or marketable', 'selling_point': 'a characteristic of something that is up for sale that makes it attractive to potential customers', 'hallmark': 'a distinctive characteristic or attribute', 'saving_grace': 'a redeeming quality or characteristic; \"her love of music remains her one saving grace\"; \"her sense of humor has to be a saving grace\"; \"the saving grace for both developments is that they are creating jobs\"', 'aspect': 'the beginning or duration or completion or repetition of the action of a verb', 'gaseousness': 'having the consistency of a gas', 'bubbliness': 'the property of giving off bubbles', 'foaminess': 'the property of being foamy', 'changeableness': 'the quality of being changeable; having a marked tendency to change; \"the changeableness of the weather\"', 'commutability': 'the quality of being commutable', 'fluidity': 'the property of flowing easily; \"adding lead makes the alloy easier to cast because the melting point is reduced and the fluidity is increased\"; \"they believe that fluidity increases as the water gets warmer\"', 'reversibility': 'the quality of being reversible in either direction', 'shiftiness': 'the quality of being changeable in direction; \"the shiftiness of the wind caused the boat to veer unpredictably\"', 'inconstancy': 'the quality of being changeable and variable', 'capriciousness': 'the quality of being guided by sudden unpredictable impulses', 'variability': 'the quality of being subject to variation', 'variedness': 'characterized by variation', 'diversity': 'the condition or result of being changeable', 'variegation': 'variability in coloration', 'exchangeability': 'the quality of being capable of exchange or interchange', 'duality': '(physics) the property of matter and electromagnetic radiation that is characterized by the fact that some properties can be explained best by wave theory and others by particle theory', 'transferability': 'the quality of being transferable or exchangeable; \"sterling transferability affords a means of multilateral settlement for....trade between nondollar countries\"', 'convertibility': 'the quality of being exchangeable (especially the ability to convert a currency into gold or other currencies without restriction)', 'inconvertibility': 'the quality of not being exchangeable; \"the inconvertibility of their currency made international trade impossible\"', 'replaceability': 'exchangeability by virtue of being replaceable', 'liquidity': 'being in cash or easily convertible to cash; debt paying ability', 'permutability': 'ability to change sequence', 'progressiveness': 'advancement toward better conditions or policies or methods', 'changelessness': 'the property of remaining unchanged', 'absoluteness': 'the quality of being absolute; \"the absoluteness of the pope\\'s decree could not be challenged\"', 'constancy': '(psychology) the tendency for perceived objects to give rise to very similar perceptual experiences in spite of wide variations in the conditions of observation', 'invariance': 'the nature of a quantity or property or function that remains unchanged when a given transformation is applied to it; \"the invariance of the configuration under translation\"', 'metastability': 'the quality of a physical system that persists in its existing equilibrium when undisturbed (or only slightly disturbed) but able to pass to a more stable equilibrium when sufficiently disturbed', 'monotony': 'the quality of wearisome constancy, routine, and lack of variety; \"he had never grown accustomed to the monotony of his work\"; \"he was sick of the humdrum of his fellow prisoners\"; \"he hated the sameness of the food the college served\"', 'innateness': 'the quality of being innate', 'irreversibility': 'the quality of being irreversible (once done it cannot be changed)', 'invariability': 'the quality of being resistant to variation', 'unvariedness': 'characterized by an absence of variation', 'fixedness': 'the quality of being fixed and unchangeable; \"the fixedness of his gaze upset her\"', 'unexchangeability': 'the quality of being incapable of exchange or interchange', 'incommutability': 'the quality of being not interchangeable', 'irreplaceableness': 'the quality of being irreplaceable', 'mutability': 'the quality of being capable of mutation', 'alterability': 'the quality of being alterable', 'vicissitude': 'a variation in circumstances or fortune at different times in your life or in the development of something; \"the project was subject to the usual vicissitudes of exploratory research\"', 'immutability': 'the quality of being incapable of mutation; \"Darwin challenged the fixity of species\"', 'unalterability': 'the quality of not being alterable', 'incurability': 'incapability of being cured or healed', 'agelessness': 'the quality of being timeless and eternal', 'sameness': 'the quality of being alike; \"sameness of purpose kept them together\"', 'otherness': 'the quality of being not alike; being distinct or different from that otherwise experienced or known', 'oneness': 'the quality of being united into one', 'selfsameness': 'the quality of being identical with itself', 'similarity': 'a Gestalt principle of organization holding that (other things being equal) parts of a stimulus field that are similar to each other tend to be perceived as belonging together as a unit', 'homogeny': '(biology) similarity because of common evolution', 'homology': 'the quality of being similar or corresponding in position or value or structure or function', 'homomorphism': 'similarity of form', 'isomorphism': '(biology) similarity or identity of form or shape or structure', 'parallelism': 'similarity by virtue of corresponding', 'uniformity': 'a condition in which everything is regular and unvarying', 'homogeneity': 'the quality of being of uniform throughout in composition or structure', 'consistency': 'logical coherence and accordance with the facts; \"a rambling argument that lacked any consistency\"', 'sort': 'an operation that segregates items into groups according to a specified criterion; \"the bottleneck in mail delivery is the process of sorting\"', 'analogue': 'something having the property of being analogous to something else', 'mirror_image': 'a likeness in which left and right are reversed', 'naturalness': 'the quality of being natural or based on natural principles; \"he accepted the naturalness of death\"; \"the spontaneous naturalness of his manner\"', 'resemblance': 'similarity in appearance or external or superficial details', 'spitting_image': 'a perfect likeness or counterpart', 'mutual_resemblance': 'symmetrical resemblance', 'equality': 'a state of being essentially equal or equivalent; equally balanced; \"on a par with the best\"', 'equatability': 'capability of being equated', 'equivalence': 'essential equality and interchangeability', 'parity': '(obstetrics) the number of liveborn children a woman has delivered; \"the parity of the mother must be considered\"; \"a bipara is a woman who has given birth to two children\"', 'evenness': 'the parity of even numbers (divisible by two)', 'isometry': 'the growth rates in different parts of a growing organism are the same', 'difference': 'a significant change; \"the difference in her is amazing\"; \"his support made a real difference\"', 'differential': 'a quality that differentiates between similar things', 'differentia': 'distinguishing characteristics (especially in different species of a genus)', 'distinction': 'a distinguishing quality; \"it has the distinction of being the cheapest restaurant in town\"', 'discrepancy': 'an event that departs from expectations', 'dissimilarity': 'the quality of being dissimilar', 'disparateness': 'utter dissimilarity', 'heterology': '(biology) the lack of correspondence of apparently similar body parts', 'unlikeness': 'dissimilarity evidenced by an absence of likeness', 'nonuniformity': 'the quality of being diverse and interesting', 'heterogeneity': 'the quality of being diverse and not comparable in kind', 'diverseness': 'noticeable heterogeneity; \"a diversity of possibilities\"; \"the range and variety of his work is amazing\"', 'biodiversity': 'the diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat (or in the world as a whole); \"a high level of biodiversity is desirable\"', 'inconsistency': 'the quality of being inconsistent and lacking a harmonious uniformity among things or parts', 'variety': '(biology) a taxonomic category consisting of members of a species that differ from others of the same species in minor but heritable characteristics; \"varieties are frequently recognized in botany\"', 'inequality': 'lack of equality; \"the growing inequality between rich and poor\"', 'nonequivalence': 'not interchangeable', 'disparity': 'inequality or difference in some respect', 'far_cry': 'distance estimated in terms of the audibility of a cry; \"it\\'s a far cry from here\"', 'gulf': 'an arm of a sea or ocean partly enclosed by land; larger than a bay', 'unevenness': 'the quality of being uneven and lacking uniformity', 'certainty': 'the state of being certain; \"his certainty reassured the others\"', 'cert': 'an absolute certainty; \"it\\'s a dead cert\"', 'ineluctability': 'the quality of being impossible to avoid or evade', 'inevitability': 'the quality of being unavoidable', 'determinateness': 'the quality of being predictable with great confidence', 'finality': 'the quality of being final or definitely settled; \"the finality of death\"', 'surety': 'something clearly established', 'indisputability': 'the quality of being beyond question or dispute or doubt', 'incontrovertibility': 'the quality of being undeniable and not worth arguing about', 'demonstrability': 'capability of being demonstrated or logically proved', 'givenness': 'the quality of being granted as a supposition; of being acknowledged or assumed', 'moral_certainty': 'certainty based on an inner conviction; \"she believed in the importance of moral absolutes and moral certainty\"; \"the prosecutor had a moral certainty that the prisoner was guilty\"', 'predictability': 'the quality of being predictable', 'probability': 'a measure of how likely it is that some event will occur; a number expressing the ratio of favorable cases to the whole number of cases possible; \"the probability that an unbiased coin will fall with the head up is 0.5\"', 'odds': 'the ratio by which one better\\'s wager is greater than that of another; \"he offered odds of two to one\"', 'likelihood': 'the probability of a specified outcome', 'uncertainty': 'being unsettled or in doubt or dependent on chance; \"the uncertainty of the outcome\"; \"the precariousness of his income\"', 'doubt': 'the state of being unsure of something', 'indefiniteness': 'the quality of being vague and poorly defined', 'inconclusiveness': 'the quality of being inconclusive', 'unpredictability': 'lacking predictability', 'improbability': 'the quality of being improbable; \"impossibility should never be confused with improbability\"; \"the improbability of such rare coincidences\"', 'unlikelihood': 'the improbability of a specified outcome', 'fortuitousness': 'the quality of happening accidentally and by lucky chance', 'speculativeness': 'financial risk; \"he rejected stocks that didn\\'t pay dividends because of their speculativeness\"', 'factuality': 'the quality of being actual or based on fact; \"the realm of factuality must be distinguished from the realm of imagination\"', 'counterfactuality': 'the quality of being contrary to fact', 'concreteness': 'the quality of being concrete (not abstract)', 'tangibility': 'the quality of being perceivable by touch', 'intangibility': 'the quality of being intangible and not perceptible by touch', 'literalness': 'adhereing to the concrete construal of something', 'materiality': 'relevance requiring careful consideration', 'substantiality': 'the quality of being substantial or having substance', 'immateriality': 'complete irrelevance requiring no further consideration', 'insubstantiality': 'lack of solid substance and strength', 'abstractness': 'the quality of being considered apart from a specific instance or object', 'reality': 'the state of the world as it really is rather than as you might want it to be; \"businessmen have to face harsh realities\"', 'unreality': 'the state of being insubstantial or imaginary; not existing objectively or in fact', 'particularity': 'the quality of being particular and pertaining to a specific case or instance; \"the particularity of human situations\"', 'specificity': 'the quality of being specific to a particular organism; \"host specificity of a parasite\"', 'individuality': 'the quality of being individual; \"so absorbed by the movement that she lost all sense of individuality\"', 'singularity': 'strangeness by virtue of being remarkable or unusual', 'peculiarity': 'an odd or unusual characteristic', 'idiosyncrasy': 'a behavioral attribute that is distinctive and peculiar to an individual', 'generality': 'the quality of being general or widespread or having general applicability', 'commonality': 'sharing of common attributes', 'solidarity': 'a union of interests or purposes or sympathies among members of a group', 'pervasiveness': 'the quality of filling or spreading throughout; \"the pervasiveness of the odor of cabbage in tenement hallways\"', 'prevalence': '(epidemiology) the ratio (for a given time period) of the number of occurrences of a disease or event to the number of units at risk in the population', 'currency': 'the metal or paper medium of exchange that is presently used', 'universality': 'the quality of being universal; existing everywhere', 'totality': 'the quality of being complete and indiscriminate; \"the totality of war and its consequences\"; \"the all-embracing totality of the state\"', 'simplicity': 'a lack of penetration or subtlety; \"they took advantage of her simplicity\"', 'complexity': 'the quality of being intricate and compounded; \"he enjoyed the complexity of modern computers\"', 'complicatedness': 'puzzling complexity', 'elaborateness': 'marked by elaborately complex detail', 'trickiness': 'the quality of requiring skill or caution; \"these puzzles are famous for their trickiness\"', 'regularity': 'a property of polygons: the property of having equal sides and equal angles', 'cyclicity': 'the quality of recurring at regular intervals', 'rhythm': 'the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music; \"the piece has a fast rhythm\"; \"the conductor set the beat\"', 'cardiac_rhythm': 'the rhythm of a beating heart', 'atrioventricular_nodal_rhythm': 'the normal cardiac rhythm when the heart is controlled by the atrioventricular node', 'orderliness': 'a condition of regular or proper arrangement; \"he put his desk in order\"; \"the machine is now in working order\"', 'inhomogeneity': 'the quality of being inhomogeneous', 'even_spacing': 'regularity of spacing', 'steadiness': 'freedom from wavering or indecision; constancy of resolve or conduct; \"He trusted her clear steadiness that she would do what she said\"', 'irregularity': 'an irregular asymmetry in shape; an irregular spatial pattern', 'fitfulness': 'the quality of being spasmodic and irregular', 'intermittence': 'the quality of being intermittent; subject to interruption or periodic stopping', 'fluctuation': 'a wave motion; \"the fluctuations of the sea\"', 'scintillation': '(physics) a flash of light that is produced in a phosphor when it absorbs a photon or ionizing particle', 'randomness': '(thermodynamics) a thermodynamic quantity representing the amount of energy in a system that is no longer available for doing mechanical work; \"entropy increases as matter and energy in the universe degrade to an ultimate state of inert uniformity\"', 'ergodicity': 'an attribute of stochastic systems; generally, a system that tends in probability to a limiting form that is independent of the initial conditions', 'spasticity': 'the quality of moving or acting in spasms', 'rockiness': 'the quality of abounding in rocks and stones; \"due to the rockiness of the land it was quickly dry even after a heavy rain\"', 'ruggedness': 'the quality of being topologically uneven; \"the ruggedness of the mountains\"', 'hilliness': 'the quality of being hilly; \"the hilliness of West Virginia\"', 'jaggedness': 'something irregular like a bump or crack in a smooth surface', 'patchiness': 'unevenness in quality or performance', 'waviness': 'unevenness produced by waves or wrinkles', 'personal_equation': 'variability attributable to individual differences', 'unsteadiness': 'the quality of not being steady or securely fixed in place', 'mobility': 'the quality of moving freely', 'motility': 'ability to move spontaneously and independently', 'movability': 'the quality of being movable; capable of being moved or rearranged', 'maneuverability': 'the quality of being maneuverable', 'manipulability': 'the quality of being controllable by skilled movements of the hands', 'looseness': 'freedom from restraint; \"the flexibility and looseness of the materials from which mythology is made\"', 'weatherliness': '(of a sailing vessel) the quality of being able to sail close to the wind with little drift to the leeward (even in a stiff wind); \"the Spanish ships had superior speed and weatherliness\"', 'wiggliness': 'a jerky back and forth kind of mobility; \"he walked with the wiggliness of a child on high heels\"', 'instability': 'an unstable order', 'shakiness': 'the quality of being unstable and insecure; \"the shakiness of the present regime\"', 'portability': 'the quality of being light enough to be carried', 'immobility': 'the quality of not moving', 'immotility': 'lacking an ability to move', 'inertness': 'immobility by virtue of being inert', 'immovability': 'not capable of being moved or rearranged', 'tightness': 'lack of movement or room for movement', 'fastness': 'the quality of being fixed in place as by some firm attachment', 'lodgment': 'bringing a charge or accusation against someone', 'granite': 'plutonic igneous rock having visibly crystalline texture; generally composed of feldspar and mica and quartz', 'sureness': 'the quality of being steady and unfailing; \"sureness of hand\"', 'stability': 'a stable order (especially of society)', 'pleasantness': 'the feeling caused by agreeable stimuli; one pole of a continuum of states of feeling', 'enjoyableness': 'pleasantness resulting from something that can be enjoyed; \"the enjoyableness of an afternoon at the beach\"', 'niceness': 'the quality of nice', 'unpleasantness': 'the feeling caused by disagreeable stimuli; one pole of a continuum of states of feeling', 'abrasiveness': 'the quality of being sharply disagreeable', 'acridity': 'having an acrid smell', 'unpalatability': 'the property of being unacceptable to the mouth', 'disgustingness': 'extreme unpalatability to the mouth', 'nastiness': 'the quality of being unpleasant; \"I flinched at the nastiness of his wound\"', 'offensiveness': 'the quality of being offensive', 'loathsomeness': 'the quality of being disgusting to the senses or emotions; \"the vileness of his language surprised us\"', 'hatefulness': 'the quality of being hateful', 'beastliness': 'the quality of being deliberately mean', 'awfulness': 'a quality of extreme unpleasantness', 'frightfulness': 'the quality of being frightful', 'ghastliness': 'the quality of being ghastly', 'credibility': 'the quality of being believable or trustworthy', 'authenticity': 'undisputed credibility', 'real_McCoy': 'informal usage attributing authenticity', 'cogency': 'persuasive relevance', 'plausibility': 'apparent validity', 'reasonableness': 'goodness of reason and judgment; \"the judiciary is built on the reasonableness of judges\"', 'incredibility': 'the quality of being incredible', 'implausibility': 'the quality of provoking disbelief', 'street_credibility': 'credibility among young fashionable urban individuals', 'logicality': 'correct and valid reasoning', 'rationality': 'the state of having good sense and sound judgment; \"his rationality may have been impaired\"; \"he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions\"', 'completeness': 'the state of being complete and entire; having everything that is needed', 'illogicality': 'invalid or incorrect reasoning', 'unaffectedness': 'not affected; a personal manner that is not consciously constrained', 'sincerity': 'the quality of being open and truthful; not deceitful or hypocritical; \"his sincerity inspired belief\"; \"they demanded some proof of my sincerity\"', 'spontaneity': 'the quality of being spontaneous and coming from natural feelings without constraint; \"the spontaneity of his laughter\"', 'unpretentiousness': 'the quality of being natural and without pretensions', 'unnaturalness': 'the quality of being unnatural or not based on natural principles', 'affectedness': 'the quality of being false or artificial (as to impress others)', 'airs': 'affected manners intended to impress others; \"don\\'t put on airs with me\"', 'coyness': 'the affectation of being demure in a provocative way', 'preciosity': 'the quality of being fastidious or excessively refined', 'artificiality': 'the quality of being produced by people and not occurring naturally', 'staginess': 'an artificial and mannered quality', 'pretension': 'the advancing of a claim; \"his pretension to the crown\"; \"the town still puts forward pretensions as a famous resort\"', 'pretentiousness': 'the quality of being pretentious (behaving or speaking in such a manner as to create a false appearance of great importance or worth)', 'ostentation': 'a gaudy outward display', 'supernaturalism': 'a belief in forces beyond ordinary human understanding', 'wholesomeness': 'the quality of being beneficial and generally good for you', 'nutritiousness': 'the quality of being nourishing and promoting healthy growth', 'healthfulness': 'the quality of promoting good health', 'salubrity': 'the quality of being salubrious and invigorating', 'unwholesomeness': 'the quality of being unhealthful and generally bad for you', 'harmfulness': 'destructiveness that causes harm or injury', 'perniciousness': 'grave harmfulness or deadliness', 'deadliness': 'the quality of being deadly', 'fatality': 'a death resulting from an accident or a disaster; \"a decrease in the number of automobile fatalities\"', 'jejunity': 'the quality of being vapid and unsophisticated', 'putrescence': 'in a state of progressive putrefaction', 'unhealthfulness': 'the quality of promoting poor health', 'insalubrity': 'the quality of being insalubrious and debilitating', 'satisfactoriness': 'the quality of giving satisfaction sufficient to meet a demand or requirement', 'adequacy': 'the quality of being able to meet a need satisfactorily: \"he questioned the adequacy of the usual sentimental interpretation of the Golden Rule\"', 'acceptability': 'satisfactoriness by virtue of conforming to approved standards', 'admissibility': 'acceptability by virtue of being admissible', 'permissibility': 'admissibility as a consequence of being permitted', 'unsatisfactoriness': 'the quality of being inadequate or unsuitable', 'inadequacy': 'unsatisfactoriness by virtue of being inadequate', 'perishability': 'unsatisfactoriness by virtue of being subject to decay or spoilage or destruction', 'unacceptability': 'unsatisfactoriness by virtue of not conforming to approved standards', 'inadmissibility': 'unacceptability as a consequence of not being admissible', 'impermissibility': 'inadmissibility as a consequence of not being permitted', 'palatability': 'the property of being acceptable to the mouth', 'ordinariness': 'the quality of being commonplace and ordinary', 'averageness': 'the state of being that is average; indicates normality but with connotations of mediocrity', 'expectedness': 'ordinariness as a consequence of being expected and not surprising', 'commonness': 'the state of being that is commonly observed', 'prosiness': 'commonplaceness as a consequence of being humdrum and not exciting', 'usualness': 'commonness by virtue of not being unusual', 'extraordinariness': 'the quality of being extraordinary and not commonly encountered', 'unexpectedness': 'extraordinariness by virtue of being unexpected; \"the unexpectedness of the warm welcome\"', 'uncommonness': 'extraordinariness as a consequence of being marked by an uncommon or superlative quality', 'unusualness': 'uncommonness by virtue of being unusual', 'unfamiliarity': 'unusualness as a consequence of not being well known', 'oddity': 'eccentricity that is not easily explained', 'eeriness': 'strangeness by virtue of being mysterious and inspiring fear', 'outlandishness': 'strikingly out of the ordinary', 'quaintness': 'the quality of being quaint and old-fashioned; \"she liked the old cottage; its quaintness was appealing\"', 'eccentricity': '(geometry) a ratio describing the shape of a conic section; the ratio of the distance between the foci to the length of the major axis; \"a circle is an ellipse with zero eccentricity\"', 'ethnicity': 'an ethnic quality or affiliation resulting from racial or cultural ties; \"ethnicity has a strong influence on community status relations\"', 'foreignness': 'the quality of being alien or not native; \"the strangeness of a foreigner\"', 'exoticism': 'the quality of being exotic; \"he loved the exoticism of Egypt\"', 'alienage': 'the quality of being alien', 'nativeness': 'the quality of belonging to or being connected with a certain place or region by virtue of birth or origin', 'indigenousness': 'nativeness by virtue of originating or occurring naturally (as in a particular place)', 'originality': 'the ability to think and act independently', 'freshness': 'an alert and refreshed state', 'unorthodoxy': 'any opinions or doctrines at variance with the official or orthodox position', 'unconventionality': 'originality by virtue of being unconventional', 'unoriginality': 'uncreativeness due to a lack of originality', 'orthodoxy': 'a belief or orientation agreeing with conventional standards', 'conventionality': 'conformity with conventional thought and behavior', 'ossification': 'the calcification of soft tissue into a bonelike material', 'scholasticism': 'orthodoxy of a scholastic variety', 'correctness': ' the quality of conformity to social expectations', 'incorrectness': 'lack of conformity to social expectations', 'erroneousness': 'inadvertent incorrectness', 'accuracy': '(mathematics) the number of significant figures given in a number; \"the atomic clock enabled scientists to measure time with much greater accuracy\"', 'exactness': 'the quality of being exact; \"he demanded exactness in all details\"; \"a man of great exactitude\"', 'minuteness': 'great precision; painstaking attention to details; \"he examined the essay with the greatest minuteness\"', 'preciseness': 'clarity as a consequence of precision', 'trueness': 'exactness of adjustment; \"I marveled at the trueness of his aim\"', 'fidelity': 'the quality of being faithful', 'inaccuracy': 'the quality of being inaccurate and having errors', 'inexactness': 'the quality of being inaccurate and having errors', 'impreciseness': 'the quality of lacking precision', 'infallibility': 'the quality of never making an error', 'inerrancy': '(Christianity) exemption from error; \"biblical inerrancy\"', 'errancy': '(Christianity) holding views that disagree with accepted doctrine; especially disagreement with papal infallibility; \"he denies the errancy of the Catholic Church\"', 'papal_infallibility': 'belief of the Roman Catholic Church that God protects the pope from error when he speaks about faith or morality', 'reproducibility': 'the quality of being reproducible', 'irreproducibility': 'the quality of being unreproducible; \"he could not explain the irreproducibility of the results of his experiment\"', 'fallibility': 'the likelihood of making errors', 'worthiness': 'the quality or state of having merit or value', 'deservingness': 'the quality of being deserving (e.g., deserving assistance); \"there were many children whose deservingness he recognized and rewarded\"', 'praiseworthiness': 'the quality of being worthy of praise', 'quotability': 'the quality of being worthy of being quoted', 'roadworthiness': '(of motor vehicles) the quality of being fit to drive on the open road', 'unworthiness': 'the quality or state of lacking merit or value', 'baseness': 'unworthiness by virtue of lacking higher values', 'shamefulness': 'unworthiness meriting public disgrace and dishonor', 'scandalousness': 'disgracefulness that offends public morality', 'popularity': 'the quality of being widely admired or accepted or sought after; \"his charm soon won him affection and popularity\"; \"the universal popularity of American movies\"', 'hot_stuff': 'the quality of being attractive and exciting (especially sexually exciting); \"he thought she was really hot stuff\"', 'unpopularity': 'the quality of lacking general approval or acceptance', 'legality': 'lawfulness by virtue of conformity to a legal statute', 'validity': 'the quality of having legal force or effectiveness', 'effect': 'a symptom caused by an illness or a drug; \"the effects of sleep loss\"; \"the effect of the anesthetic\"', 'lawfulness': 'the quality of conforming to law', 'legitimacy': 'lawfulness by virtue of being authorized or in accordance with law', 'licitness': 'the quality of strictly conforming to law', 'illegality': 'unlawfulness by virtue of violating some legal statute', 'invalidity': 'illogicality as a consequence of having a conclusion that does not follow from the premisses', 'fallaciousness': 'result of a fallacy or error in reasoning', 'unlawfulness': 'the quality of failing to conform to law', 'lawlessness': 'illegality as a consequence of unlawful acts; defiance of the law', 'infection': 'the pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms', 'illegitimacy': 'unlawfulness by virtue of not being authorized by or in accordance with law', 'illicitness': 'the quality of not conforming strictly to law', 'shadiness': 'of questionable honesty or legality; \"they acted with such obvious shadiness that they were instantly recognizable\"; \"the shadiness of their transactions\"', 'refinement': 'the result of improving something; \"he described a refinement of this technique\"', 'elegance': 'a quality of neatness and ingenious simplicity in the solution of a problem (especially in science or mathematics); \"the simplicity and elegance of his invention\"', 'daintiness': 'the quality of being beautiful and delicate in appearance; \"the daintiness of her touch\"; \"the fineness of her features\"', 'courtliness': 'elegance suggestive of a royal court', 'tastefulness': 'elegance indicated by good taste', 'chic': 'elegance by virtue of being fashionable', 'jauntiness': 'stylishness as evidenced by a smart appearance', 'magnificence': 'the quality of being magnificent or splendid or grand; \"for magnificence and personal service there is the Queen\\'s hotel\"; \"his `Hamlet\\' lacks the brilliance that one expects\"; \"it is the university that gives the scene its stately splendor\"; \"an imaginative mix of old-fashioned grandeur and colorful art\"; \"advertisers capitalize on the grandness and elegance it brings to their products\"', 'eclat': 'brilliant or conspicuous success or effect; \"the eclat of a great achievement\"', 'pomp': 'ceremonial elegance and splendor; \"entered with much eclat in a coach drawn by eight white horses\"', 'class': 'a league ranked by quality; \"he played baseball in class D for two years\"; \"Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA\"', 'inelegance': 'the quality of lacking refinement and good taste', 'woodenness': 'the quality of being wooden and awkward; \"he criticized the woodenness of the acting\"; \"there was a certain woodenness in his replies\"', 'rusticity': 'the quality of being rustic or gauche', 'urbanity': 'polished courtesy; elegance of manner', 'dowdiness': 'having a drab or dowdy quality; lacking stylishness or elegance', 'shabbiness': 'a lack of elegance as a consequence of wearing threadbare or dirty clothing', 'tweediness': 'an informal, homely, outdoor look characteristic of those who wear tweeds', 'raggedness': 'shabbiness by virtue of being in rags', 'coarseness': 'the quality of being composed of relatively large particles', 'crudeness': 'a wild or unrefined state', 'boorishness': 'the manner of a rude or insensitive person', 'tastelessness': 'inelegance indicated by a lack of good taste', 'cheapness': 'tastelessness by virtue of being cheap and vulgar', 'flashiness': 'tasteless showiness', 'comprehensibility': 'the quality of comprehensible language or thought', 'legibility': 'a quality of writing (print or handwriting) that can be easily read', 'intelligibility': 'the quality of language that is comprehensible', 'expressiveness': 'the quality of being expressive', 'readability': 'the quality of written language that makes it easy to read and understand', 'speech_intelligibility': 'the intelligibility of speech (usually measured in the presence of noise or distortion)', 'clarity': 'free from obscurity and easy to understand; the comprehensibility of clear expression', 'monosemy': 'having a single meaning (absence of ambiguity) usually of individual words or phrases', 'coherence': 'the state of cohering or sticking together', 'perspicuity': 'clarity as a consequence of being perspicuous', 'unambiguity': 'clarity achieved by the avoidance of ambiguity', 'explicitness': 'clarity as a consequence of being explicit', 'incomprehensibility': 'the quality of being incomprehensible', 'inscrutability': 'the quality of being impossible to investigate; \"the inscrutability of the future\"', 'illegibility': 'the quality of writing (print or handwriting) that cannot be deciphered', 'impenetrability': 'the quality of being impenetrable (by people or light or missiles etc.)', 'noise': 'electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication', 'obscureness': 'the quality of being unclear or abstruse and hard to understand', 'unintelligibility': 'incomprehensibility as a consequence of being unintelligible', 'unclearness': 'incomprehensibility as a result of not being clear', 'elusiveness': 'the quality of being difficult to grasp or pin down; \"the author\\'s elusiveness may at times be construed as evasiveness\"', 'inexplicitness': 'unclearness by virtue of not being explicit', 'implicitness': 'inexplicitness as a consequence of being implied or indirect', 'ambiguity': 'an expression whose meaning cannot be determined from its context', 'polysemy': 'the ambiguity of an individual word or phrase that can be used (in different contexts) to express two or more different meanings', 'twilight_zone': 'the lowest level of the ocean to which light can reach', 'righteousness': 'adhering to moral principles', 'impeccability': 'the quality of being exempt from sin or incapable of sinning', 'uprightness': 'righteousness as a consequence of being honorable and honest', 'piety': 'righteousness by virtue of being pious', 'devoutness': 'piety by virtue of being devout', 'religiosity': 'exaggerated or affected piety and religious zeal', 'dutifulness': 'piety by virtue of devotion to duty', 'godliness': 'piety by virtue of being a godly person', 'unrighteousness': 'failure to adhere to moral principles; \"forgave us our sins and cleansed us of all unrighteousness\"', 'mark_of_Cain': \"the mark that God set upon Cain now refers to a person's sinful nature\", 'impiety': 'unrighteousness by virtue of lacking respect for a god', 'undutifulness': 'impiety characterized by lack of devotion to duty', 'irreligiousness': 'the quality of not being devout', 'ungodliness': 'impiety by virtue of not being a godly person', 'humaneness': 'the quality of compassion or consideration for others (people or animals)', 'humanity': 'the quality of being humane', 'mercifulness': 'the feeling that motivates compassion', 'compassion': \"a deep awareness of and sympathy for another's suffering\", 'forgivingness': 'tendency to be kind and forgiving', 'inhumaneness': 'the quality of lacking compassion or consideration for others', 'ferociousness': 'the trait of extreme cruelty', 'murderousness': 'a bloodthirsty hatred arousing murderous impulses', 'mercilessness': 'inhumaneness evidenced by an unwillingness to be kind or forgiving', 'pitilessness': 'mercilessness characterized by a lack of pity', 'relentlessness': 'mercilessness characterized by an unwillingness to relent or let up; \"the relentlessness or their pursuit\"', 'charitableness': 'generosity as manifested by practicing charity (as for the poor or unfortunate)', 'bounty': 'payment or reward (especially from a government) for acts such as catching criminals or killing predatory animals or enlisting in the military', 'bigheartedness': 'the quality of being kind and generous', 'liberality': 'an inclination to favor progress and individual freedom', 'munificence': 'liberality in bestowing gifts; extremely liberal and generous of spirit', 'unselfishness': 'the quality of not putting yourself first but being willing to give your time or money or effort etc. for others; \"rural people show more devotion and unselfishness than do their urban cousins\"', 'altruism': 'the quality of unselfish concern for the welfare of others', 'stinginess': 'a lack of generosity; a general unwillingness to part with money', 'meanness': 'extreme stinginess', 'pettiness': 'narrowness of mind or ideas or views', 'miserliness': 'total lack of generosity with money', 'penuriousness': 'a disposition to be niggardly with money', 'illiberality': 'a disposition not to be liberal (generous) with money', 'selfishness': 'stinginess resulting from a concern for your own welfare and a disregard of others', 'greediness': 'an excessive desire for food', 'egoism': '(ethics) the theory that the pursuit of your own welfare in the basis of morality', 'self-love': 'an exceptional interest in and admiration for yourself; \"self-love that shut out everyone else\"', 'opportunism': 'taking advantage of opportunities without regard for the consequences for others', 'ambition': 'a cherished desire; \"his ambition is to own his own business\"', 'aspiration': 'a manner of articulation involving an audible release of breath', 'power_hunger': 'a drive to acquire power', 'competitiveness': 'an aggressive willingness to compete; \"the team was full of fight\"', 'combativeness': 'a militant aggressiveness', 'scrappiness': 'the trait of being scrappy and pugnacious', 'intrusiveness': 'aggressiveness as evidenced by intruding; by advancing yourself or your ideas without invitation', 'audacity': 'fearless daring', 'uppityness': \"assumption of airs beyond one's station\", 'fairness': 'ability to make judgments free from discrimination or dishonesty', 'non-discrimination': 'fairness in treating people without prejudice', 'sportsmanship': 'fairness in following the rules of the game', 'unfairness': 'partiality that is not fair or equitable', 'gamesmanship': 'the use of dubious (although not technically illegal) methods to win a game', 'beneficence': 'doing good; feeling beneficent', 'benignity': 'the quality of being kind and gentle', 'loving-kindness': 'tender kindness motivated by a feeling of affection', 'kindliness': 'friendliness evidence by a kindly and helpful disposition', 'tact': 'consideration in dealing with others and avoiding giving offense', 'delicacy': 'refined taste; tact', 'savoir-faire': 'social skill', 'malevolence': 'wishing evil to others', 'cattiness': 'malevolence by virtue of being malicious or spiteful or nasty', 'malignity': 'quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will', 'sensitivity': 'susceptibility to a pathogen', 'defensiveness': 'excessive sensitivity to criticism; \"his defensiveness was manifested in hurt silence\"; \"the fear of being sued for malpractice has magnified physicians\\' defensiveness\"', 'bunker_mentality': 'defensiveness resulting from repeated attacks; \"after so many suicide bombings the Israelis have to resist developing a bunker mentality\"', 'perceptiveness': 'the quality of insight and sympathetic understanding', 'insensitivity': 'the inability to respond to affective changes in your interpersonal environment', 'crassness': 'the quality of being crass--devoid of refinement', 'tin_ear': 'insensitivity to the appropriateness or subtlety of language; \"he has a tin ear for dialogue\"', 'unfeelingness': 'devoid of passion or feeling; hardheartedness', 'unperceptiveness': 'the lack of insight and sympathetic understanding', 'unkindness': 'lack of sympathy', 'unhelpfulness': 'an inability to be helpful', 'inconsideration': 'the quality of failing to be considerate of others', 'tactlessness': 'the quality of lacking tact', 'bluntness': 'the quality of being direct and outspoken; \"the bluntness of a Yorkshireman\"', 'maleficence': 'doing or causing evil', 'morality': 'concern with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong; right or good conduct', 'rightness': 'according with conscience or morality', 'virtue': 'morality with respect to sexual relations', 'cardinal_virtue': 'one of the seven preeminent virtues', 'natural_virtue': '(scholasticism) one of the four virtues (prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance) derived from nature', 'theological_virtue': 'according to Christian ethics: one of the three virtues (faith, hope, and charity) created by God to round out the natural virtues', 'hope': 'someone (or something) on which expectations are centered; \"he was their best hope for a victory\"', 'saintliness': 'the quality of resembling a saint', 'conscience': \"motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles that govern a person's thoughts and actions\", 'religiousness': 'the quality of being extremely conscientious; \"his care in observing the rules of good health amounted to a kind of religiousness\"', 'good': 'benefit; \"for your own good\"; \"what\\'s the good of worrying?\"', 'summum_bonum': 'the supreme good in which all moral values are included or from which they are derived', 'honor': 'the state of being honored', 'immorality': 'the quality of not being in accord with standards of right or good conduct; \"the immorality of basing the defense of the West on the threat of mutual assured destruction\"', 'corruptibility': 'the capability of being corrupted', 'licentiousness': 'the quality of being lewd and lascivious', 'anomie': 'personal state of isolation and anxiety resulting from a lack of social control and regulation', 'wrongness': 'contrary to conscience or morality', 'nefariousness': 'the quality of being wicked', 'filthiness': 'moral corruption or pollution; \"this deformity and filthiness of sin\"', 'reprehensibility': 'being reprehensible; worthy of and deserving reprehension or reproof', 'perversity': 'deliberately deviating from what is good; \"there will always be a few people who, through macho perversity, gain satisfaction from bullying and terrorism\"', 'frailty': 'moral weakness', 'corruptness': 'the state of being corrupt', 'venality': 'prostitution of talents or offices or services for reward', 'amorality': 'the quality of being amoral', 'divinity': 'white creamy fudge made with egg whites', 'holiness': 'the quality of being holy', 'sacredness': 'the quality of being sacred', 'ideality': 'the quality of being ideal', 'unholiness': 'the quality of being unholy', 'profaneness': 'an attitude of irreverence or contempt for a divinity', 'sacrilegiousness': 'profaneness by virtue of committing sacrilege', 'safeness': 'the quality of being safe', 'dangerousness': 'the quality of not being safe', 'precariousness': 'extreme dangerousness', 'curability': 'capability of being cured or healed', 'courage': 'a quality of spirit that enables you to face danger or pain without showing fear', 'heroism': 'the qualities of a hero or heroine; exceptional or heroic courage when facing danger (especially in battle); \"he showed great heroism in battle\"; \"he received a medal for valor\"', 'dauntlessness': 'resolute courageousness', 'Dutch_courage': 'courage resulting from intoxication', 'stoutheartedness': 'the trait of having a courageous spirit', 'fearlessness': 'feeling no fear', 'coolness': 'calm and unruffled self-assurance; \"he performed with all the coolness of a veteran\"', 'adventurousness': 'the trait of being adventurous', 'daredevilry': 'boldness as manifested in rash and daredevil behavior', 'shamelessness': 'behavior marked by a bold defiance of the proprieties and lack of shame', 'gutsiness': 'the trait of showing courage and determination in spite of possible loss or injury', 'cowardice': 'the trait of lacking courage', 'cravenness': 'meanspirited cowardice', 'faintheartedness': 'the trait of lacking boldness and courage; \"faintness of heart and infirmity of purpose\"', 'fearfulness': 'the trait of being afraid', 'timidity': 'fear of the unknown or unfamiliar or fear of making decisions', 'pusillanimity': 'contemptible fearfulness', 'poltroonery': 'abject pusillanimity', 'dastardliness': 'despicable cowardice', 'gutlessness': 'the trait of lacking courage and determination; fearful of loss or injury', 'resoluteness': 'the trait of being resolute; \"his resoluteness carried him through the battle\"; \"it was his unshakeable resolution to finish the work\"', 'self-control': 'the trait of resolutely controlling your own behavior', 'nerves': 'control of your emotions; \"this kind of tension is not good for my nerves\"', 'sturdiness': 'the state of being vigorous and robust', 'presence_of_mind': 'self-control in a crisis; ability to say or do the right thing in an emergency', 'stiffness': 'the physical property of being inflexible and hard to bend', 'stubbornness': 'the trait of being difficult to handle or overcome', 'impenitence': 'the trait of refusing to repent', 'intransigency': 'the trait of being intransigent; stubbornly refusing to compromise', 'single-mindedness': 'characterized by one unified purpose', 'adamance': 'resoluteness by virtue of being unyielding and inflexible', 'decisiveness': 'the trait of resoluteness as evidenced by firmness of character or purpose; \"a man of unusual decisiveness\"', 'doggedness': 'persistent determination', 'indefatigability': 'tireless determination', 'steadfastness': 'loyalty in the face of trouble and difficulty', 'assiduity': 'great and constant diligence and attention', 'intentness': 'the quality of being intent and concentrated; \"the intentness of his gaze\"', 'singleness': 'without hypocrisy; \"the singleness of his motives could not be questioned\"', 'sedulity': 'the quality of being constantly diligent and attentive', 'studiousness': 'diligent study', 'bookishness': 'exaggerated studiousness', 'irresoluteness': 'the trait of being irresolute; lacking firmness of purpose', 'volatility': 'the property of changing readily from a solid or liquid to a vapor', 'indecisiveness': 'the trait of irresolution; a lack of firmness of character or purpose; \"the king\\'s incurable indecisiveness caused turmoil in his court\"', 'sooth': 'truth or reality; \"in sooth\"', 'heartiness': 'the quality of hearty sincerity', 'insincerity': 'the quality of not being open or truthful; deceitful or hypocritical', 'hypocrisy': 'an expression of agreement that is not supported by real conviction', 'sanctimoniousness': 'the quality of being hypocritically devout', 'fulsomeness': 'smug self-serving earnestness', 'honorableness': 'the quality of deserving honor or respect; characterized by honor', 'scrupulousness': 'conformity to high standards of ethics or excellence', 'venerability': 'the quality of deserving veneration', 'integrity': 'an undivided or unbroken completeness or totality with nothing wanting; \"the integrity of the nervous system is required for normal development\"; \"he took measures to insure the territorial unity of Croatia\"', 'probity': 'complete and confirmed integrity; having strong moral principles; \"in a world where financial probity may not be widespread\"; \"he enjoys an exaggerated reputation for probity\"', 'incorruptness': 'characterized by integrity or probity', 'incorruptibility': 'the incapability of being corrupted', 'nobility': 'the state of being of noble birth', 'high-mindedness': 'elevated ideals or conduct; the quality of believing that ideals should be pursued', 'sublimity': 'nobility in thought or feeling or style', 'respectability': 'honorableness by virtue of being respectable and having a good reputation', 'decency': 'the quality of conforming to standards of propriety and morality', 'honesty': 'southeastern European plant cultivated for its fragrant purplish flowers and round flat papery silver-white seedpods that are used for indoor decoration', 'candor': 'the quality of being honest and straightforward in attitude and speech', 'good_faith': 'having honest intentions; \"he acted in good faith\"; \"doubt was expressed as to the good faith of the immigrants\"', 'truthfulness': 'the quality of being truthful', 'veracity': 'unwillingness to tell lies', 'ingenuousness': 'openly straightforward or frank', 'artlessness': 'the quality of innocent naivete', 'parental_quality': 'a quality appropriate to a parent', 'motherliness': 'the quality of having or showing the tenderness and warmth and affection of or befitting a mother; \"the girl\\'s motherliness made her invaluable in caring for the children\"', 'fatherliness': 'the benignity and protectiveness of or befitting a father; \"the gentleness and fatherliness of the strange old man eased her fears\"', 'dishonorableness': 'the quality of not deserving honor or respect', 'ignobleness': 'the quality of being ignoble', 'dishonor': 'a state of shame or disgrace; \"he was resigned to a life of dishonor\"', 'unscrupulousness': 'the quality of unscrupulous dishonesty', 'sleaziness': 'morally dishonorable; \"an embarrassing sleaziness that I hope will be corrected by the more ethical newspapers\"', 'unrespectability': 'dishonorableness by virtue of lacking respectability or a good reputation', 'deceptiveness': 'the quality of being deceptive', 'speciousness': 'an appearance of truth that is false or deceptive; seeming plausibility; \"the speciousness of his argument\"', 'fraudulence': 'a fraudulent or duplicitous representation', 'jobbery': 'corruptness among public officials', 'crookedness': 'having or distinguished by crooks or curves or bends or angles', 'rascality': 'the quality of being a slippery rascal', 'thievishness': 'having a disposition to steal', 'untruthfulness': 'the quality of being untruthful', 'mendacity': 'the tendency to be untruthful', 'disingenuousness': 'the quality of being disingenuous and lacking candor', 'craftiness': 'the quality of being crafty', 'artfulness': 'the quality of being adroit in taking unfair advantage', 'cunning': 'crafty artfulness (especially in deception)', 'dedication': 'a ceremony in which something (as a building) is dedicated to some goal or purpose', 'loyalty': 'feelings of allegiance', 'allegiance': 'the loyalty that citizens owe to their country (or subjects to their sovereign)', 'patriotism': 'love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it; \"they rode the same wave of popular patriotism\"; \"British nationalism was in the air and patriotic sentiments ran high\"', 'regionalism': 'a feature (as a pronunciation or expression or custom) that is characteristic of a particular region', 'chauvinism': 'fanatical patriotism', 'infidelity': 'the quality of being unfaithful', 'faithlessness': 'unfaithfulness by virtue of being unreliable or treacherous', 'disloyalty': 'the quality of being disloyal', 'disaffection': 'disloyalty to the government or to established authority; \"the widespread disaffection of the troops\"', 'betrayal': 'the quality of aiding an enemy', 'perfidy': 'betrayal of a trust', 'insidiousness': 'subtle and cumulative harmfulness (especially of a disease)', 'naivete': 'lack of sophistication or worldliness', 'innocency': 'an innocent quality or thing or act; \"the innocencies of childhood\"', 'credulousness': 'tendency to believe too readily and therefore to be easily deceived', 'self-discipline': 'the trait of practicing self discipline', 'austerity': 'the trait of great self-denial (especially refraining from worldly pleasures)', 'monasticism': 'asceticism as a form of religious life; usually conducted in a community under a common rule and characterized by celibacy and poverty and obedience', 'eremitism': 'monasticism characterized by solitude in which the social dimension of life is sacrificed to the primacy of religious experience', 'continence': 'voluntary control over urinary and fecal discharge', 'self-restraint': 'exhibiting restraint imposed on the self; \"an effective temperateness in debate\"', 'stiff_upper_lip': 'self-restraint in the expression of emotion (especially fear or grief); \"the British like to keep a stiff upper lip\"', 'abstemiousness': 'restricted to bare necessities', 'taboo': 'a prejudice (especially in Polynesia and other South Pacific islands) that prohibits the use or mention of something because of its sacred nature', 'indiscipline': 'the trait of lacking discipline', 'dissoluteness': 'indiscipline with regard to sensuous pleasures', 'rakishness': 'the quality of a rake', 'unrestraint': 'the quality of lacking restraint', 'abandon': 'the trait of lacking restraint or control; reckless freedom from inhibition or worry; \"she danced with abandon\"', 'madness': 'unrestrained excitement or enthusiasm; \"poetry is a sort of divine madness\"', 'sottishness': 'stupefaction from drink', 'edacity': 'excessive desire to eat', 'civic_pride': 'pride in your city', 'dignity': 'high office or rank or station; \"he respected the dignity of the emissaries\"', 'conceit': 'an elaborate poetic image or a far-fetched comparison of very dissimilar things', 'boastfulness': 'outspoken conceit', 'egotism': 'an exaggerated opinion of your own importance', 'posturing': 'adopting a vain conceited posture', 'superiority_complex': 'an exaggerated estimate of your own value and importance', 'arrogance': 'overbearing pride evidenced by a superior manner toward inferiors', 'contemptuousness': 'the manifestation of scorn and contempt; \"every subordinate sensed his contemptuousness and hated him in return\"', 'hubris': 'overbearing pride or presumption', 'imperiousness': 'the trait of being imperious and overbearing', 'snobbery': 'the trait of condescending to those of lower social status', 'clannishness': 'tendency to associate with only a select group', 'humility': 'a humble feeling; \"he was filled with humility at the sight of the Pope\"', 'meekness': 'the feeling of patient, submissive humbleness', 'spinelessness': 'the quality of lacking a strong character; an irresolute disposition', 'wisdom': 'accumulated knowledge or erudition or enlightenment', 'judiciousness': 'good judgment', 'knowledgeability': 'wisdom as evidenced by the possession of knowledge; \"his knowledgeability impressed me\"; \"his dullness was due to lack of initiation\"', 'statesmanship': 'wisdom in the management of public affairs', 'discretion': \"freedom to act or judge on one's own\", 'circumspection': 'the trait of being circumspect and prudent', 'absurdity': 'a message whose content is at variance with reason', 'asininity': 'the quality of being asinine; stupidity combined with stubbornness', 'objectivity': 'judgment based on observable phenomena and uninfluenced by emotions or personal prejudices', 'subjectivity': 'judgment based on individual personal impressions and feelings and opinions rather than external facts', 'prudence': 'discretion in practical affairs', 'foresight': 'providence by virtue of planning prudently for the future', 'frugality': 'prudence in avoiding waste', 'parsimony': 'extreme care in spending money; reluctance to spend money unnecessarily', 'imprudence': 'a lack of caution in practical affairs', 'heedlessness': 'the trait of acting rashly and without prudence', 'lightheadedness': 'a frivolous lack of prudence', 'improvidence': 'a lack of prudence and care by someone in the management of resources', 'thriftlessness': 'the trait of wasting resources; \"a life characterized by thriftlessness and waste\"; \"the wastefulness of missed opportunities\"', 'trust': 'something (as property) held by one party (the trustee) for the benefit of another (the beneficiary); \"he is the beneficiary of a generous trust set up by his father\"', 'credulity': 'tendency to believe readily', 'overcredulity': 'too much credulity', 'distrust': 'the trait of not trusting others', 'suspicion': 'the state of being suspected; \"he tried to shield me from suspicion\"', 'cleanliness': 'the habit of keeping free of superficial imperfections', 'fastidiousness': 'the trait of being meticulous about matters of taste or style; \"neatness and fastidiousness of dress\"', 'tidiness': 'the habit of being tidy', 'uncleanliness': 'lack of cleanly habits', 'slovenliness': 'habitual uncleanliness', 'slatternliness': 'in the manner of a slattern', 'squeamishness': 'the trait of being excessively fastidious and easily shocked; \"the program was withdrawn because of the squeamishness of some viewers\"; \"he refused to allow squeamishness to deter him from his duty\"', 'untidiness': 'the condition of being untidy', 'disarray': 'untidiness (especially of clothing and appearance)', 'demeanor': '(behavioral attributes) the way a person behaves toward other people', 'manners': 'social deportment; \"he has the manners of a pig\"', 'citizenship': 'the status of a citizen with rights and duties', 'swashbuckling': 'flamboyantly reckless and boastful behavior', 'propriety': 'correct or appropriate behavior', 'decorum': 'propriety in manners and conduct', 'good_form': 'behavior that conforms to social conventions of the time; \"it is not good form to brag about winning\"', 'faultlessness': 'the quality of being without an error or fault', 'political_correctness': 'avoidance of expressions or actions that can be perceived to exclude or marginalize or insult people who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against', 'priggishness': 'exaggerated and arrogant properness', 'modesty': 'freedom from vanity or conceit', 'demureness': 'the trait of behaving with reserve and decorum', 'seemliness': 'a sense of propriety and consideration for others; \"a place where the company of others must be accepted with good grace\"', 'becomingness': 'the quality of being becoming', 'primness': 'excessive or affected modesty', 'impropriety': 'the condition of being improper', 'political_incorrectness': 'the use of expressions or actions that can be perceived to exclude or marginalize or insult groups who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against', 'gaminess': 'behavior or language bordering on indelicacy', 'indecorum': 'a lack of decorum', 'unseemliness': 'a lack of consideration for others', 'unbecomingness': 'the quality of being unbecoming', 'immodesty': 'the trait of being vain and conceited', 'outrageousness': 'the quality of being outrageous', 'smuttiness': 'the state of being dirty with soot', 'composure': 'steadiness of mind under stress; \"he accepted their problems with composure and she with equanimity\"', 'aplomb': 'great coolness and composure under strain; \"keep your cool\"', 'repose': 'a disposition free from stress or emotion', 'ataraxia': 'peace of mind', 'discomposure': 'a temperament that is perturbed and lacking in composure', 'disquiet': 'the trait of seeming ill at ease', 'perturbation': '(physics) a secondary influence on a system that causes it to deviate slightly', 'tractability': 'the trait of being easily persuaded', 'manageability': 'capable of being managed or controlled', 'docility': 'the trait of being agreeably submissive and manageable', 'tameness': 'the attribute of having been domesticated', 'amenability': 'the trait of being cooperative', 'submissiveness': 'the trait of being willing to yield to the will of another person or a superior force etc.', 'obsequiousness': 'abject or cringing submissiveness', 'sycophancy': 'fawning obsequiousness', 'subordination': 'the state of being subordinate to something', 'intractability': 'the trait of being hard to influence or control', 'refractoriness': 'the trait of being unmanageable', 'wildness': 'a feeling of extreme emotional intensity; \"the wildness of his anger\"', 'obstreperousness': 'noisy defiance', 'unruliness': 'the trait of being prone to disobedience and lack of discipline', 'balkiness': 'likely to stop abruptly and unexpectedly', 'contrariness': 'deliberate and stubborn unruliness and resistance to guidance or discipline', 'cussedness': 'meanspirited disagreeable contrariness', 'naughtiness': 'an attribute of mischievous children', 'prankishness': 'the trait of indulging in disreputable pranks', 'manner': 'a kind; \"what manner of man are you?\"', 'bedside_manner': 'manner or conduct of a physician in the presence of a patient', 'foppishness': 'the manner and dress of a fop or dandy', 'gentleness': 'acting in a manner that is gentle and mild and even-tempered; \"his fingers have learned gentleness\"; \"suddenly her gigantic power melted into softness for the baby\"; \"even in the pulpit there are moments when mildness of manner is not enough\"', 'ceremoniousness': 'a ceremonial manner', 'informality': 'a manner that does not take forms and ceremonies seriously', 'casualness': 'a casual manner', 'slanginess': 'casualness in use of language', 'unceremoniousness': 'an unceremonial manner', 'suavity': 'the quality of being bland and gracious or ingratiating in manner', 'graciousness': 'excellence of manners or social conduct', 'chivalry': 'the medieval principles governing knighthood and knightly conduct', 'civility': 'formal or perfunctory politeness', 'impoliteness': 'a discourteous manner that ignores accepted social usage', 'bad_manners': 'impoliteness resulting from ignorance', 'ungraciousness': 'an offensive lack of good manners', 'incivility': 'deliberate discourtesy', 'abruptness': 'the property possessed by a slope that is very steep', 'crust': 'a hard outer layer that covers something', 'chutzpa': '(Yiddish) unbelievable gall; insolence; audacity', 'actinism': 'the property of radiation that enables it to produce photochemical effects', 'isotropy': '(physics) the property of being isotropic; having the same value when measured in different directions', 'anisotropy': 'the property of being anisotropic; having a different value when measured in different directions', 'connectivity': 'the property of being connected or the degree to which something has connections', 'directness': 'trueness of course toward a goal; \"rivaling a hawk in directness of aim\"', 'downrightness': 'the quality of being direct and straightforward; \"what some people take for rudeness is really straightforwardness\"', 'immediacy': 'immediate intuitive awareness', 'pointedness': 'the quality of being obviously directed at a particular person or thing; \"the pointedness of his sarcasm was unmistakable\"', 'indirectness': 'having the characteristic of lacking a true course toward a goal', 'allusiveness': 'a quality characterized by indirect reference', 'mediacy': 'the quality of being mediate', 'deviousness': 'the quality of being oblique and rambling indirectly', 'discursiveness': 'the quality of being discursive', 'robustness': 'the property of being strong and healthy in constitution', 'rurality': 'a rural characteristic or trait; \"a place with the rurality of a turnip field\"', 'streak': 'an unbroken series of events; \"had a streak of bad luck\"; \"Nicklaus had a run of birdies\"', 'heredity': 'the biological process whereby genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next', 'birthright': 'an inheritance coming by right of birth (especially by primogeniture)', 'upbringing': \"properties acquired during a person's formative years\", 'raising': 'the properties acquired as a consequence of the way you were treated as a child', 'heterosis': '(genetics) the tendency of a crossbred organism to have qualities superior to those of either parent', 'ancestry': 'inherited properties shared with others of your bloodline', 'X-linked_dominant_inheritance': 'hereditary pattern in which a dominant gene on the X chromosome causes a characteristic to be manifested in the offspring', 'X-linked_recessive_inheritance': 'hereditary pattern in which a recessive gene on the X chromosome results in the manifestation of characteristics in male offspring and a carrier state in female offspring', 'origin': 'the source of something\\'s existence or from which it derives or is derived; \"the rumor had its origin in idle gossip\"; \"vegetable origins\"; \"mineral origin\"; \"origin in sensation\"', 'pedigree': 'line of descent of a purebred animal', 'full_blood': 'descent from parents both of one pure breed', 'age': 'a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises; \"she was now of school age\"; \"tall for his eld\"', 'chronological_age': 'age measured by the time (years and months) that something or someone has existed; \"his chronological age was 71 years\"', 'bone_age': \"a person's age measured by matching their bone development (as shown by X rays) with bone development of an average person of known chronological age\", 'developmental_age': \"a measure of a child's development (in body size or motor skill or psychological function) expressed in terms of age norms\", 'fetal_age': 'the age of an embryo counting from the time of fertilization', 'mental_age': 'the level of intellectual development as measured by an intelligence test', 'oldness': 'the opposite of youngness', 'obsoleteness': 'the property of being out of date and not current', 'ancientness': 'extreme oldness', 'old-fashionedness': 'the property of being no longer fashionable', 'vintage': \"a season's yield of wine from a vineyard\", 'hoariness': 'great age (especially grey or white with age)', 'newness': 'the quality of being new; the opposite of oldness', 'brand-newness': 'the property of being very new', 'crispness': 'an expressive style that is direct and to the point; \"the crispness of his reply\"', 'recency': 'a time immediately before the present', 'agedness': 'the property characteristic of old age', 'senility': 'the state of being senile', 'longevity': 'duration of service; \"her longevity as a star\"; \"had unusual longevity in the company\"', 'staleness': 'having lost purity and freshness as a consequence of aging', 'mustiness': 'the quality of smelling or tasting old or stale or mouldy', 'youngness': 'the opposite of oldness', 'youth': 'an early period of development; \"during the youth of the project\"', 'childishness': 'a property characteristic of a child', 'artistic_style': 'the style of a particular artist or school or movement; \"an imaginative orchestral idiom\"', 'High_Renaissance': 'the artistic style of early 16th century painting in Florence and Rome; characterized by technical mastery and heroic composition and humanistic content', 'fit': 'a display of bad temper; \"he had a fit\"; \"she threw a tantrum\"; \"he made a scene\"', 'life_style': \"a manner of living that reflects the person's values and attitudes\", 'free_living': 'a lifestyle given to easy indulgence of the appetites', 'vanity_fair': 'a vain and frivolous lifestyle especially in large cities', 'setup': 'the way something is organized or arranged; \"it takes time to learn the setup around here\"', 'common_touch': 'the property of appealing to people in general (usually by appearing to have qualities in common with them)', 'wise': 'a way of doing or being; \"in no wise\"; \"in this wise\"', 'computer_architecture': 'the art of assembling logical elements into a computing device; the specification of the relation between parts of a computer system', 'complex_instruction_set_computing': '(computer science) a kind of computer architecture that has a large number of instructions hard coded into the CPU chip', 'reduced_instruction_set_computing': '(computer science) a kind of computer architecture that has a relatively small set of computer instructions that it can perform', 'cytoarchitecture': 'the cellular composition of a bodily structure', 'phenotype': 'what an organism looks like as a consequence of the interaction of its genotype and the environment', 'genotype': 'a group of organisms sharing a specific genetic constitution', 'texture': 'the essential quality of something; \"the texture of Neapolitan life\"', 'viscosity': 'resistance of a liquid to shear forces (and hence to flow)', 'stickiness': 'the property of sticking to a surface', 'sliminess': 'a property resembling or being covered with slime', 'adhesiveness': 'the property of sticking together (as of glue and wood) or the joining of surfaces of different composition; \"the mutual adhesiveness of cells\"; \"a heated hydraulic press was required for adhesion\"', 'cohesiveness': 'the property of being cohesive and sticky', 'gelatinousness': 'the property of having a viscosity like jelly', 'thickness': 'indistinct articulation; \"judging from the thickness of his speech he had been drinking heavily\"', 'semifluidity': 'a property midway between a solid and a liquid', 'creaminess': 'the property of having the thickness of heavy cream', 'thinness': 'relatively small dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width; \"the tenuity of a hair\"; \"the thinness of a rope\"', 'wateriness': 'the wetness of ground that is covered or soaked with water; \"the baseball game was canceled because of the wateriness of the outfield\"; \"the water\\'s muddiness made it undrinkable\"; \"the sloppiness of a rainy November day\"', 'firmness': 'the muscle tone of healthy tissue; \"his muscular firmness\"', 'compressibility': 'the property of being able to occupy less space', 'incompressibility': 'the property of being incompressible', 'downiness': 'a light softness', 'flabbiness': 'a flabby softness', 'mushiness': 'a mushy pulpy softness', 'breakableness': 'the consistency of something that breaks under pressure', 'brittleness': 'firm but easily broken', 'crumbliness': 'excessive breakableness', 'flakiness': 'having or breaking into thin crisp flakes', 'unbreakableness': 'a consistency of something that does not break under pressure', 'porosity': 'the property of being porous; being able to absorb fluids', 'sponginess': 'the porosity of a sponge', 'permeability': 'the property of something that can be pervaded by a liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion)', 'penetrability': 'the quality of being penetrable (by people or light or missiles etc.)', 'absorbency': 'the property of being absorbent', 'compactness': 'the consistency of a compact solid', 'density': 'the amount per unit size', 'specific_gravity': 'the density of a substance relative to the density of water', 'vapor_density': 'the density of a gas relative to the density of hydrogen', 'impermeability': 'the property of something that cannot be pervaded by a liquid', 'retentiveness': 'the property of retaining possessions that have been acquired', 'urinary_retention': 'holding urine in the urinary bladder; \"he has a problem with urinary retention\"', 'nonabsorbency': 'the property of not being absorbent', 'mordacity': 'a disposition to biting', 'predisposition': 'an inclination beforehand to interpret statements in a particular way', 'proneness': 'being disposed to do something; \"accident proneness\"', 'separatism': 'a disposition toward schism and secession from a larger group; the principles and practices of separatists; \"separatism is a serious problem in Quebec\"; \"demands for some form of separatism on grounds of religion have been perceived as a threat to mainstream education\"', 'tendency': 'a general direction in which something tends to move; \"the shoreward tendency of the current\"; \"the trend of the stock market\"', 'buoyancy': 'cheerfulness that bubbles to the surface', 'electronegativity': '(chemistry) the tendency of an atom or radical to attract electrons in the formation of an ionic bond', 'stainability': '(cytology) the capacity of cells or cell parts to stain specifically with certain dyes', 'basophilia': 'the tendency of cells to stain with basic dyes; \"cytoplasmic basophilia\"', 'desire': 'something that is desired', 'hunger': 'a physiological need for food; the consequence of food deprivation', 'greed': 'excessive desire to acquire or possess more (especially more material wealth) than one needs or deserves', 'possessiveness': 'excessive desire to possess or dominate', 'acquisitiveness': 'strong desire to acquire and possess', 'bibliomania': 'preoccupation with the acquisition and possession of books', 'tactile_property': 'a property perceived by touch', 'silkiness': 'the smooth feel of silk fabric', 'slickness': 'a slippery smoothness; \"he could feel the slickness of the tiller\"', 'soapiness': 'the quality of being soap or being covered with soap; \"she could smell the soapiness of the doctor\\'s hands\"', 'scaliness': 'the property of being scaly', 'slub': 'soft lump or unevenness in a yarn; either an imperfection or created by design', 'harshness': 'the quality of being unpleasant (harsh or rough or grating) to the senses', 'sandiness': 'a texture resembling that of sand', 'shagginess': 'unkemptness of hair', 'bumpiness': 'the texture of a surface that has many bumps', 'prickliness': 'the quality of being covered with prickly thorns or spines', 'optics': 'the branch of physics that studies the physical properties of light', 'visual_property': 'an attribute of vision', 'sleekness': 'the quality of being well-groomed and neatly tailored; \"the sleekness of his appearance reminded me of his financial successes\"', 'grain': 'the side of leather from which the hair has been removed', 'wood_grain': 'texture produced by the fibers in wood', 'graining': 'a texture like that of wood', 'marbleization': 'a texture like that of marble', 'aura': 'a sensation (as of a cold breeze or bright light) that precedes the onset of certain disorders such as a migraine attack or epileptic seizure', 'sunniness': 'lightness created by sunlight', 'cloudlessness': 'the lightness of a sunny day when there are no clouds in the sky', 'highlight': 'the most interesting or memorable part; \"the highlight of the tour was our visit to the Vatican\"', 'brightness': 'intelligence as manifested in being quick and witty', 'dazzle': 'brightness enough to blind partially and temporarily', 'glitter': 'the occurrence of a small flash or spark', 'glint': 'a spatially localized brightness', 'sparkle': 'merriment expressed by a brightness or gleam or animation of countenance; \"he had a sparkle in his eye\"; \"there\\'s a perpetual twinkle in his eyes\"', 'opalescence': 'the visual property of something having a milky brightness and a play of colors from the surface', 'radiance': 'an attractive combination of good health and happiness; \"the radiance of her countenance\"', 'radio_brightness': 'the strength of a radio wave picked up by a radio telescope', 'gleam': 'a flash of light (especially reflected light)', 'shininess': 'the visual property of something that shines with reflected light', 'polish': 'a preparation used in polishing', 'flatness': 'a want of animation or brilliance; \"the almost self-conscious flatness of Hemingway\\'s style\"', 'primary_color': 'any of three colors from which all others can be obtained by mixing', 'primary_color_for_pigments': 'any of three pigments from which all colors can be obtained by mixing; \"the primary colors for pigments are red, blue, and yellow\"', 'primary_color_for_light': 'any of three primary colors of light from which all colors can be obtained by additive mixing; \"the primary colors for light are red, blue, and green\"', 'primary_subtractive_color_for_light': 'any of the three colors that give the primary colors for light after subtraction from white light; \"the primary subtractive colors for light are magenta, cyan, and yellow\"', 'heather_mixture': 'interwoven yarns of mixed colors producing muted greyish shades with flecks of color', 'richness': 'the quality of having high intrinsic value; \"the richness of the mines and pastureland\"; \"the cut of her clothes and the richness of the fabric were distinctive\"', 'colorlessness': 'the visual property of being without chromatic color', 'mottle': 'an irregular arrangement of patches of color; \"it was not dull grey as distance had suggested, but a mottle of khaki and black and olive-green\"', 'achromia': 'an absence of normal pigmentation especially in the skin (as in albinism) or in red blood cells', 'undertone': 'a quiet or hushed tone of voice; \"spoke in undertones\"', 'chromatic_color': 'a color that has hue', 'achromatic_color': 'a color lacking hue; white or grey or black', 'coal_black': 'a very dark black', 'alabaster': 'a hard compact kind of calcite', 'bone': 'the porous calcified substance from which bones are made', 'frostiness': 'coldness as evidenced by frost', 'gray': 'the SI unit of energy absorbed from ionizing radiation; equal to the absorption of one joule of radiation energy by one kilogram of matter; one gray equals 100 rad', 'ash_grey': 'a light shade of grey', 'dapple-grey': 'grey with a mottled pattern of darker grey markings', 'iron-grey': 'the color of freshly broken cast iron', 'tattletale_grey': 'a greyish white', 'red': 'red color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of blood', 'sanguine': 'a blood-red color', 'chrome_red': 'a red pigment used in paints; basic lead chromate', 'Turkey_red': 'a bright orange-red color produced in cotton cloth with alizarine dye', 'crimson': 'a deep and vivid red color', 'dark_red': 'a red color that reflects little light', 'burgundy': 'a dark purplish-red to blackish-red color', 'claret': 'dry red Bordeaux or Bordeaux-like wine', 'oxblood_red': 'a dark brownish-red color', 'wine': 'fermented juice (of grapes especially)', 'purplish_red': 'a red with a tinge of purple', 'cerise': 'a red the color of ripe cherries', 'magenta': 'a primary subtractive color for light; a dark purple-red color; the dye for magenta was discovered in 1859, the year of the battle of Magenta', 'fuschia': 'a dark purplish-red color', 'scarlet': 'a variable color that is vivid red but sometimes with an orange tinge', 'orange': 'any pigment producing the orange color', 'reddish_orange': 'an orange color closer to red than to yellow', 'tangerine': 'a variety of mandarin orange', 'yellow': 'yellow color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of sunflowers or ripe lemons', 'blond': 'a person with fair skin and hair', 'canary_yellow': 'a moderate yellow with a greenish tinge', 'amber': 'a hard yellowish to brownish translucent fossil resin; used for jewelry', 'brownish_yellow': 'a yellow color of low lightness with a brownish tinge', 'gamboge': 'a gum resin used as a yellow pigment and a purgative', 'old_gold': 'a dark yellow', 'orange_yellow': 'a shade of yellow tinged with orange', 'ocher': 'any of various earths containing silica and alumina and ferric oxide; used as a pigment', 'pale_yellow': 'a variable yellow tint; dull yellow, often diluted with white', 'greenish_yellow': 'a shade of yellow tinged with green', 'green': 'an area of closely cropped grass surrounding the hole on a golf course; \"the ball rolled across the green and into the bunker\"', 'greenishness': 'the property of being somewhat green', 'sea_green': 'the property of a moderate green color resembling the waters of the sea', 'sage_green': 'the color of sage leaves', 'bottle_green': 'dark to moderate or greyish green', 'chrome_green': 'any of a class of green pigments consisting of chrome yellow and iron blue', 'emerald': 'a green transparent form of beryl; highly valued as a gemstone', 'olive_green': 'a color that is lighter and greener than olive', 'yellow_green': 'a shade of green tinged with yellow', 'bluish_green': 'a blue-green color or pigment; \"they painted it a light shade of bluish green\"', 'cyan': 'a primary subtractive color for light; has a blue-green color', 'jade_green': 'a light green color varying from bluish green to yellowish green', 'azure': 'a light shade of blue', 'powder_blue': 'a pale blue color with grey in it', 'steel_blue': 'a greyish blue color', 'Prussian_blue': 'a dark greenish-blue color', 'dark_blue': 'a dark shade of blue', 'greenish_blue': 'a shade of blue tinged with green', 'purplish_blue': 'a shade of blue tinged with purple', 'purple': 'of imperial status; \"he was born to the purple\"', 'Tyrian_purple': 'a red-purple to deep purple dye obtained from snails or made synthetically', 'indigo': 'deciduous subshrub of southeastern Asia having pinnate leaves and clusters of red or purple flowers; a source of indigo dye', 'lavender': 'any of various Old World aromatic shrubs or subshrubs with usually mauve or blue flowers; widely cultivated', 'mauve': 'a moderate purple', 'reddish_purple': 'a shade of purple tinged with red', 'violet': 'any of numerous low-growing violas with small flowers', 'pink': 'any of various flowers of plants of the genus Dianthus cultivated for their fragrant flowers', 'pinkness': 'the quality of being pink', 'carnation': 'Eurasian plant with pink to purple-red spice-scented usually double flowers; widely cultivated in many varieties and many colors', 'rose': 'any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses', 'old_rose': 'a greyish-pink color', 'solferino': 'a pink dye that was discovered in 1859, the year a battle was fought at Solferino', 'yellowish_pink': 'a shade of pink tinged with yellow', 'brown': 'an orange of low brightness and saturation', 'Vandyke_brown': 'a moderate brown color', 'chocolate': 'a food made from roasted ground cacao beans', 'hazel': 'Australian tree grown especially for ornament and its fine-grained wood and bearing edible nuts', 'light_brown': 'a brown that is light but unsaturated', 'mocha': 'soft suede glove leather from goatskin', 'tan': 'a browning of the skin resulting from exposure to the rays of the sun', 'beige': 'a very light brown', 'reddish_brown': 'a shade of brown with a tinge of red', 'brick_red': 'a bright reddish-brown color', 'Indian_red': 'a red pigment composed in part from ferric oxide which is often used in paints and cosmetics', 'yellowish_brown': 'a medium to dark tan color', 'puce': 'a color varying from dark purplish brown to dark red', 'olive_brown': 'a shade of brown tinged with green', 'olive': 'small ovoid fruit of the European olive tree; important food and source of oil', 'pastel': 'any of various pale or light colors', 'snuff-color': 'dark yellowish brown', 'taupe': 'a greyish brown', 'ultramarine': 'blue pigment made of powdered lapis lazuli', 'color_property': 'an attribute of color', 'hue': 'the quality of a color as determined by its dominant wavelength', 'paleness': 'the property of having a naturally light complexion', 'complementary_color': 'either one of two chromatic colors that when mixed together give white (in the case of lights) or grey (in the case of pigments); \"yellow and blue are complementaries\"', 'pigmentation': 'the deposition of pigment in animals or plants or human beings', 'chromatism': 'hallucinatory perception of colored lights', 'melanoderma': 'abnormally dark skin caused by increased deposits of melatonin', 'depigmentation': 'absence or loss of pigmentation (or less than normal pigmentation) in the skin or hair', 'poliosis': 'loss of color from the hair', 'ruddiness': 'a healthy reddish complexion', 'lividness': 'unnatural lack of color in the skin (as from bruising or sickness or emotional distress)', 'sallowness': 'a sickly yellowish skin color', 'tawniness': 'the quality or state of being the color of tanned leather; \"the tawniness of his complexion\"', 'darkness': 'an unilluminated area; \"he moved off into the darkness\"', 'whiteness': 'lightness or fairness of complexion; \"only the whiteness of her cheeks gave any indication of the stress from which she was suffering\"', 'nonsolid_color': 'a color produced by a pattern of differently colored dots that together simulate the desired color', 'protective_coloration': 'coloration making an organism less visible or attractive to predators', 'aposematic_coloration': 'conspicuous coloration or markings of an animal serving to warn off predators; \"a skunk\\'s aposematic coloration\"', 'apatetic_coloration': 'coloring serving as natural camouflage', 'cryptic_coloration': \"coloring that conceals or disguises an animal's shape\", 'value': '(music) the relative duration of a musical note', 'lightness': 'the property of being comparatively small in weight; \"the lightness of balsa wood\"', 'olfactory_property': 'any property detected by the olfactory system', 'malodorousness': 'the attribute of having a strong offensive smell', 'body_odor': 'malodorousness resulting from a failure to bathe', 'muskiness': 'having the olfactory properties of musk', 'sound': 'mechanical vibrations transmitted by an elastic medium; \"falling trees make a sound in the forest even when no one is there to hear them\"', 'noisiness': 'the auditory effect characterized by loud and constant noise', 'unison': 'corresponding exactly; \"marching in unison\"', 'androglossia': \"a woman's voice with male qualities\", 'silence': 'the state of being silent (as when no one is speaking); \"there was a shocked silence\"; \"he gestured for silence\"', 'hush': '(poetic) tranquil silence; \"the still of the night\"', 'speechlessness': 'the property of being speechless', 'quietness': 'the property of making no sound', 'noiselessness': 'the property of making no noise', 'sound_property': 'an attribute of sound', 'musicality': 'the property of sounding like music', 'lyricality': 'the property of being suitable for singing', 'melodiousness': 'the property of having a melody', 'consonance': 'the repetition of consonants (or consonant patterns) especially at the ends of words', 'dissonance': 'disagreeable sounds', 'discordance': 'a harsh mixture of sounds', 'disharmony': 'a lack of harmony', 'cacophony': 'loud confusing disagreeable sounds', 'boisterousness': 'a turbulent and stormy state of the sea', 'concert_pitch': 'the pitch used to tune instruments for concert performances; usually assigns 440 Hz to the A above middle C', 'high_pitch': 'a pitch that is perceived as above other pitches', 'soprano': 'a female singer', 'tenor': 'an adult male with a tenor voice', 'low_pitch': 'a pitch that is perceived as below other pitches', 'deepness': 'the quality of being physically deep; \"the profundity of the mine was almost a mile\"', 'alto': 'a singer whose voice lies in the alto clef', 'tone': 'the quality of a person\\'s voice; \"he began in a conversational tone\"; \"he spoke in a nervous tone of voice\"', 'timbre': '(music) the distinctive property of a complex sound (a voice or noise or musical sound); \"the timbre of her soprano was rich and lovely\"; \"the muffled tones of the broken bell summoned them to meet\"', 'harmonic': 'a tone that is a component of a complex sound', 'resonance': 'an excited state of a stable particle causing a sharp maximum in the probability of absorption of electromagnetic radiation', 'gruffness': 'a throaty harshness', 'fullness': 'the condition of being filled to capacity', 'nasality': 'a quality of the voice that is produced by nasal resonators', 'twang': 'a sharp vibrating sound (as of a plucked string)', 'plangency': 'having the character of a loud deep sound; the quality of being resonant', 'shrillness': 'the quality of being sharp or harsh to the senses; \"the shrillness of her hair color\"', 'volume': 'a relative amount; \"mix one volume of the solution with ten volumes of water\"', 'crescendo': '(music) a gradual increase in loudness', 'swell': 'a rounded elevation (especially one on an ocean floor)', 'faintness': 'a feeling of faintness and of being ready to swoon', 'decrescendo': '(music) a gradual decrease in loudness', 'rhythmicity': 'the rhythmic property imparted by the accents and relative durations of notes in a piece of music', 'cadence': 'the close of a musical section', 'lilt': 'a jaunty rhythm in music', 'taste_property': 'a property appreciated via the sense of taste', 'rancidness': 'the property of being rancid', 'spiciness': 'the property of being seasoned with spice and so highly flavored', 'pungency': 'wit having a sharp and caustic quality; \"he commented with typical pungency\"; \"the bite of satire\"', 'hotness': 'the presence of heat', 'saltiness': 'language or humor that is down-to-earth; \"the saltiness of their language was inappropriate\"; \"self-parody and saltiness riddled their core genre\"', 'brininess': 'the relative proportion of salt in a solution', 'brackishness': 'the quality of being salty, as the saltiness of water', 'sourness': 'the property of being acidic', 'acerbity': 'a sharp bitterness', 'vinegariness': 'a sourness resembling that of vinegar', 'sweetness': 'the property of tasting as if it contains sugar', 'saccharinity': 'the excessive sweetness of saccharin', 'sugariness': 'the sweetness of sugar', 'appetizingness': 'the property of stimulating the appetite', 'delectability': 'extreme appetizingness', 'flavorsomeness': 'having an appetizing flavor', 'sapidity': 'a pleasant flavor', 'succulence': 'a juicy appetizingness', 'unappetizingness': 'the property of spoiling the appetite', 'flavorlessness': 'the property of having no flavor', 'edibility': 'the property of being fit to eat', 'digestibility': 'the property of being easy to digest', 'indigestibility': 'the property of being difficult to digest', 'bodily_property': 'an attribute of the body', 'bipedalism': 'the bodily attribute of being bipedal; having two feet; \"bipedalism made the human form of birth possible\"', 'laterality': 'superior development of one side of the body', 'physique': 'constitution of the human body', 'lankiness': 'a tall and thin physique', 'dumpiness': 'a short and stout physique', 'body_type': 'a category of physique', 'asthenic_type': 'slender, weak, and lightweight', 'endomorphy': 'round, fat, and heavy', 'athletic_type': 'muscular and big-boned', 'fatness': 'excess bodily weight; \"she disliked fatness in herself as well as in others\"', 'adiposity': 'having the property of containing fat; \"he recommended exercise to reduce my adiposity\"', 'abdominousness': 'the bodily property of a protruding belly', 'greasiness': 'consisting of or covered with oil', 'fleshiness': 'more than average fatness', 'corpulence': 'the property of excessive fatness', 'exogenous_obesity': 'obesity caused by overeating', 'steatopygia': 'an extreme accumulation of fat on the buttocks', 'plumpness': 'the bodily property of being well rounded', 'chubbiness': 'the property of having a plump and round body', 'buxomness': 'the bodily property of being attractively plump and vigorous and (of women) full-bosomed', 'leanness': 'the property of having little body fat', 'skinniness': 'the bodily property of lacking flesh', 'bonyness': 'extreme leanness (usually caused by starvation or disease)', 'slenderness': 'the quality of being slight or inadequate; \"he knew the slenderness of my wallet\"; \"the slenderness of the chances that anything would be done\"; \"the slenderness of the evidence\"', 'stature': 'high level of respect gained by impressive development or achievement; \"a man of great stature\"', 'tallness': 'the property of being taller than average stature', 'shortness': 'the condition of being short of something; \"there was no shortness of money\"; \"can cause shortness of breath\"', 'slouch': 'an incompetent person; usually used in negative constructions; \"he\\'s no slouch when it comes to baseball\"', 'gracefulness': 'beautiful carriage', 'agility': 'the gracefulness of a person or animal that is quick and nimble', 'lissomeness': 'the gracefulness of a person or animal that is flexible and supple', 'gracelessness': 'an unpleasant lack of grace in carriage or form or movement or expression', 'gawkiness': 'the carriage of someone whose movements and posture are extremely ungainly and inelegant', 'physiology': 'the branch of the biological sciences dealing with the functioning of organisms', 'physiological_property': 'a property having to do with the functioning of the body', 'animateness': 'the property of being animated; having animal life as distinguished from plant life', 'sentience': 'the readiness to perceive sensations; elementary or undifferentiated consciousness; \"gave sentience to slugs and newts\"- Richard Eberhart', 'inanimateness': 'not having life', 'deadness': 'the physical property of something that has lost its elasticity; \"he objected to the deadness of the tennis balls\"', 'insentience': 'lacking consciousness or ability to perceive sensations', 'sex': 'either of the two categories (male or female) into which most organisms are divided; \"the war between the sexes\"', 'sex_characteristic': 'those characteristics (both anatomical and psychological) that are strongly associated with one sex relative to the other', 'primary_sex_characteristic': 'the genetically determined sex characteristics bound up with reproduction (genitals and organs of reproduction)', 'secondary_sex_characteristic': 'the genetically determined sex characteristics that are not functionally necessary for reproduction (pitch of the voice and body hair and musculature)', 'asexuality': 'having no evident sex or sex organs', 'maleness': 'the properties characteristic of the male sex', 'virility': 'the masculine property of being capable of copulation and procreation', 'virilism': 'the development of male secondary sexual characteristics in a female (or prematurely in a young boy)', 'androgyny': 'showing characteristics of both sexes', 'femaleness': 'the properties characteristic of the female sex', 'physical_property': 'any property used to characterize matter and energy and their interactions', 'chemical_property': 'a property used to characterize materials in reactions that change their identity', 'absorptivity': '(physics) the property of a body that determines the fraction of the incident radiation or sound flux absorbed or absorbable by the body', 'dissolubility': 'the property of being dissoluble; \"he measure the dissolubility of sugar in water\"', 'drippiness': 'the physical property of being soft and drippy', 're-echo': 'the echo of an echo', 'deflection': 'a twist or aberration; especially a perverse or abnormal way of judging or acting', 'windage': 'the retarding force of air friction on a moving object', 'refractivity': 'the physical property of a medium as determined by its index of refraction', 'temperature': 'the somatic sensation of cold or heat', 'heat_content': '(thermodynamics) a thermodynamic quantity equal to the internal energy of a system plus the product of its volume and pressure; \"enthalpy is the amount of energy in a system capable of doing mechanical work\"', 'conformational_entropy': 'entropy calculated from the probability that a state could be reached by chance alone', 'absolute_temperature': 'temperature measured on the absolute scale', 'absolute_zero': '(cryogenics) the lowest temperature theoretically attainable (at which the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules is minimal); 0 Kelvin or -273.15 centigrade or -459.67 Fahrenheit', 'Curie_temperature': 'the temperature above which a ferromagnetic substance loses its ferromagnetism and becomes paramagnetic', 'dew_point': 'the temperature at which the water vapor in the air becomes saturated and condensation begins', 'flash_point': 'point at which something is ready to blow up', 'freezing_point': 'the temperature below which a liquid turns into a solid', 'mercury': 'a heavy silvery toxic univalent and bivalent metallic element; the only metal that is liquid at ordinary temperatures', 'room_temperature': 'the normal temperature of room in which people live', 'simmer': 'temperature just below the boiling point; \"the stew remained at a simmer for hours\"', 'basal_body_temperature': 'body temperature in the morning before rising or moving about or eating anything', 'body_temperature': \"temperature of the body; normally 98.6 F or 37 C in humans; usually measured to obtain a quick evaluation of a person's health\", 'chill': 'a sensation of cold that often marks the start of an infection and the development of a fever', 'chilliness': 'the property of being moderately cold; \"the chilliness of early morning\"', 'cool': 'the quality of being at a refreshingly low temperature; \"the cool of early morning\"', 'calefaction': 'the property of being warming', 'torridity': 'extreme heat', 'warmth': 'the quality of having a moderate degree of heat; \"an agreeable warmth in the house\"', 'lukewarmness': 'a warmness resembling the temperature of the skin', 'white_heat': 'the hotness of something heated until it turns white', 'perceptibility': 'the property of being perceptible by the mind or the senses', 'visual_range': 'distance at which a given standard object can be seen with the unaided eye', 'invisibility': 'the quality of not being perceivable by the eye', 'luminosity': 'the quality of being luminous; emitting or reflecting light; \"its luminosity is measured relative to that of our sun\"', 'illuminance': 'the luminous flux incident on a unit area', 'incandescence': 'the phenomenon of light emission by a body as its temperature is raised', 'luminescence': 'light not due to incandescence; occurs at low temperatures', 'audibility': 'quality or fact or degree of being audible or perceptible by the ear', 'inaudibility': 'the quality of not being perceptible by the ear', 'imperceptibility': 'the property of being imperceptible by the mind or the senses', 'reluctivity': '(physics) the resistance of a material to the establishment of a magnetic field in it', 'frequency_response': '(electronics) a curve representing the output-to-input ratio of a transducer as a function of frequency', 'magnetization': 'the extent or degree to which something is magnetized', 'elasticity': 'the tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or compressed; \"the waistband had lost its snap\"', 'resilience': 'an occurrence of rebounding or springing back', 'bounce': 'rebounding from an impact (or series of impacts)', 'give': 'the elasticity of something that can be stretched and returns to its original length', 'elasticity_of_shear': 'the elasticity of a body that has been pulled out of shape by a shearing force', 'malleability': 'the property of being physically malleable; the property of something that can be worked or hammered or shaped without breaking', 'ductility': 'the malleability of something that can be drawn into threads or wires or hammered into thin sheets', 'fibrosity': 'the quality of being fibrous', 'bendability': 'the property of being easily bent without breaking', 'pliancy': 'the property of being pliant and flexible', 'inelasticity': 'the lack of elasticity', 'rigidity': 'the physical property of being stiff and resisting bending', 'unmalleability': 'a lack of malleability', 'mass': 'a body of matter without definite shape; \"a huge ice mass\"', 'biomass': 'plant materials and animal waste used as fuel', 'critical_mass': 'the minimum amount (of something) required to start or maintain a venture; \"the battle for the computer market has now reached critical mass\"; \"there is now a critical mass of successful women to take the lead\"; \"they sold the business because it lacked critical mass\"', 'rest_mass': '(physics) the mass of a body as measured when the body is at rest relative to an observer, an inherent property of the body', 'relativistic_mass': '(physics) the mass of a body in motion relative to the observer: it is equal to the rest mass multiplied by a factor that is greater than 1 and that increases as the magnitude of the velocity increases', 'bulk': 'the property of something that is great in magnitude; \"it is cheaper to buy it in bulk\"; \"he received a mass of correspondence\"; \"the volume of exports\"', 'gravitational_mass': '(physics) the mass of a body as measured by its gravitational attraction for other bodies', 'inertial_mass': '(physics) the mass of a body as determined by the second law of motion from the acceleration of the body when it is subjected to a force that is not due to gravity', 'atomic_mass': '(chemistry) the mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units', 'mass_energy': '(physics) the mass of a body regarded relativistically as energy', 'molecular_weight': '(chemistry) the sum of the relative atomic masses of the constituent atoms of a molecule', 'equivalent': 'a person or thing equal to another in value or measure or force or effect or significance etc; \"send two dollars or the equivalent in stamps\"', 'milliequivalent': 'one-thousandth of an equivalent', 'body_weight': \"the weight of a person's body\", 'reporting_weight': \"a person's body weight (as an athlete's) at the beginning of the season (when first reporting for practice)\", 'dead_weight': 'an oppressive encumbrance', 'heaviness': 'persisting sadness; \"nothing lifted the heaviness of her heart after her loss\"', 'heft': 'the property of being large in mass', 'preponderance': 'superiority in power or influence; \"the preponderance of good over evil\"; \"the preponderance of wealth and power\"', 'poundage': 'a charge based on weight measured in pounds', 'throw-weight': 'the weight of the payload of a missile (not including the weight of the rocket)', 'momentum': 'an impelling force or strength; \"the car\\'s momentum carried it off the road\"', 'angular_momentum': 'the product of the momentum of a rotating body and its distance from the axis of rotation; \"any rotating body has an angular momentum about its center of mass\"; \"angular momentum makes the world go round\"', 'sustainability': 'the property of being sustainable', 'strength': 'the condition of financial success; \"the strength of the company\\'s stock in recent weeks\"', 'good_part': 'a place of especial strength', 'tensile_strength': 'the strength of material expressed as the greatest longitudinal stress it can bear without tearing apart', 'brawn': 'possessing muscular strength', 'might': 'physical strength', 'vigor': 'active strength of body or mind', 'huskiness': 'the property of being big and strong', 'smallness': 'the property of being a relatively small amount; \"he was attracted by the smallness of the taxes\"', 'stoutness': 'the property of being strong and resolute', 'indomitability': 'the property being difficult or impossible to defeat', 'fortitude': 'strength of mind that enables one to endure adversity with courage', 'endurance': 'the power to withstand hardship or stress; \"the marathon tests a runner\\'s endurance\"', 'sufferance': 'patient endurance especially of pain or distress', 'stamina': 'enduring strength and energy', 'legs': 'staying power; \"that old Broadway play really has legs\"', 'wiriness': 'the property of being lean and tough and sinewy', 'long-sufferance': 'patient endurance of pain or unhappiness', 'invulnerability': 'having the strength to withstand attack', 'immunity': '(medicine) the condition in which an organism can resist disease', 'power_of_appointment': \"authority given (in a will or deed) by a donor to a donee to appoint the beneficiaries of the donor's property\", 'potency': \"the state of being potent; a male's capacity to have sexual intercourse\", 'valence': '(biology) a relative capacity to unite or react or interact as with antigens or a biological substrate', 'covalence': 'valence characterized by the sharing of electrons in a chemical compound; the number of pairs of electrons an atom can share', 'sea_power': 'a nation that possesses formidable naval strength', 'force': '(physics) the influence that produces a change in a physical quantity; \"force equals mass times acceleration\"', 'brunt': 'main force of a blow etc; \"bore the brunt of the attack\"', 'athleticism': 'intense energy; \"his music is characterized by a happy athleticism\"', 'intensity': 'the amount of energy transmitted (as by acoustic or electromagnetic radiation); \"he adjusted the intensity of the sound\"; \"they measured the station\\'s signal strength\"', 'badness': 'used of the degree of something undesirable e.g. pain or weather', 'foulness': 'disgusting wickedness and immorality; \"he understood the foulness of sin\"; \"his display of foulness deserved severe punishment\"; \"mouths which speak such foulness must be cleansed\"', 'vehemence': 'intensity or forcefulness of expression; \"the vehemence of his denial\"; \"his emphasis on civil rights\"', 'overemphasis': 'too much emphasis', 'ferocity': 'the property of being wild or turbulent; \"the storm\\'s violence\"', 'savageness': 'the property of being untamed and ferocious; \"the coastline is littered with testaments to the savageness of the waters\"; \"a craving for barbaric splendor, for savagery and color and the throb of drums\"', 'titer': 'the concentration of a solution as determined by titration', 'hydrogen_ion_concentration': 'the number of moles of hydrogen ions per cubic decimeter', 'pH': '(from potential of Hydrogen) the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter; provides a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (where 7 is neutral and greater than 7 is more basic and less than 7 is more acidic);', 'acidity': 'the taste experience when something acidic is taken into the mouth', 'hyperacidity': 'excessive acidity', 'alkalinity': 'pH values above 7', 'molality': 'concentration measured by the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent', 'molarity': 'concentration measured by the number of moles of solute per liter of solution', 'weakness': 'the condition of being financially weak; \"the weakness of the dollar against the yen\"', 'adynamia': 'lack of strength or vigor (especially from illness)', 'feebleness': 'the quality of lacking intensity or substance; \"a shrill yet sweet tenuity of voice\"- Nathaniel Hawthorne', 'flimsiness': 'the property of weakness by virtue of careless construction', 'fragility': 'quality of being easily damaged or destroyed', 'attenuation': 'weakening in force or intensity; \"attenuation in the volume of the sound\"', 'fatigability': 'susceptibility to fatigue; a tendency to get tired or lose strength', 'weak_part': 'a place of especial vulnerability', \"Achilles'_heel\": 'a seemingly small but actual mortal weakness', 'jugular': 'a vital part that is vulnerable to attack; \"he always goes for the jugular\"', 'underbelly': 'lower side; \"the underbellies of clouds\"', 'vulnerability': 'the state of being vulnerable or exposed; \"his vulnerability to litigation\"; \"his exposure to ridicule\"', 'defenselessness': 'the property of being helpless in the face of attack', 'assailability': 'vulnerability to forceful attack', 'destructibility': 'vulnerability to destruction', 'indestructibility': 'the strength to resist destruction', 'solarization': 'exposure to the rays of the sun', 'temporal_property': 'a property relating to time', 'temporal_arrangement': 'arrangement of events in time', 'rain': 'drops of fresh water that fall as precipitation from clouds', 'row': 'a long continuous strip (usually running horizontally); \"a mackerel sky filled with rows of clouds\"; \"rows of barbed wire protected the trenches\"', 'earliness': 'quality of coming early or earlier in time', 'forwardness': 'an advanced stage; \"the forwardness of the harvest this year\"; \"the arts are in no kind of forwardness in this matter\"', 'lateness': 'quality of coming late or later in time', 'priority': 'preceding in time', 'posteriority': 'the quality of being toward the back or toward the rear end', 'punctuality': 'the quality or habit of adhering to an appointed time', 'tardiness': 'the quality or habit of not adhering to a correct or usual or expected time', 'simultaneity': 'happening or existing or done at the same time', 'concomitance': 'occurrence or existence together or in connection with one another', 'overlap': 'a representation of common ground between theories or phenomena; \"there was no overlap between their proposals\"', 'contemporaneity': 'the quality of belonging to the same period of time', 'seasonableness': 'being at the right time', 'unseasonableness': 'being at an inappropriate time', 'pastness': 'the quality of being past', 'futurity': 'the quality of being in or of the future', 'presentness': 'the quality of being the present; \"a study of the pastness of the present and...of the presentness of the past\"- R.E.Spiller', 'currentness': 'the property of belonging to the present time; \"the currency of a slang term\"', 'modernity': 'the quality of being current or of the present; \"a shopping mall would instill a spirit of modernity into this village\"', 'spark_advance': 'the timing of ignition relative to the position of the piston in an internal-combustion engine', 'duration': 'the period of time during which something continues', 'longness': 'the property of being of long spatial extent; \"one gene causes shortness and the other causes longness\"', 'lengthiness': 'the consequence of being lengthened in duration', 'fermata': 'a musical notation (over a note or chord or rest) that indicates it is to be prolonged by an unspecified amount', 'endlessness': 'the property of being (or seeming to be) without end', 'continuousness': 'the quality of something that continues without end or interruption', 'brevity': 'the use of brief expressions', 'permanence': 'the property of being able to exist for an indefinite duration', 'perpetuity': 'the property of being perpetual (seemingly ceaseless)', 'lastingness': 'permanence by virtue of the power to resist stress or force; \"they advertised the durability of their products\"', 'continuity': 'uninterrupted connection or union', 'everlastingness': 'the property of lasting forever', 'imperishability': 'the property of being resistant to decay; \"he advertised the imperishability of the product\"', 'perdurability': 'the property of being extremely durable', 'impermanence': 'the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations', 'temporariness': 'the property of lasting only a short time', 'transience': 'an impermanence that suggests the inevitability of ending or dying', 'fugacity': 'the tendency of a gas to expand or escape', 'ephemerality': 'the property of lasting for a very short time', 'mortality': 'the quality or state of being mortal', 'immortality': 'perpetual life after death', 'viability': 'capable of being done in a practical and useful way', 'radio_frequency': 'an electromagnetic wave frequency between audio and infrared', 'infrared': 'electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than radio waves', 'extremely_low_frequency': 'below 3 kilohertz', 'very_low_frequency': '3 to 30 kilohertz', 'low_frequency': '30 to 300 kilohertz', 'medium_frequency': '300 to 3000 kilohertz', 'high_frequency': '3 to 30 megahertz', 'very_high_frequency': '30 to 300 megahertz', 'ultrahigh_frequency': '300 to 3000 megahertz', 'superhigh_frequency': '3 to 30 gigahertz', 'extremely_high_frequency': '30 to 300 gigahertz', 'fleetness': 'rapidity of movement; \"fleetness of foot\"', 'celerity': 'a rate that is rapid', 'promptness': 'the characteristic of doing things without delay', 'precipitation': 'the quantity of water falling to earth at a specific place within a specified period of time; \"the storm brought several inches of precipitation\"', 'execution_speed': '(computer science) the speed with which a computational device can execute instructions; measured in MIPS', 'graduality': 'the quality of being gradual or of coming about by gradual stages', 'slowness': 'a rate demonstrating an absence of haste or hurry', 'leisureliness': 'slowness by virtue of being leisurely', 'dilatoriness': 'slowness as a consequence of not getting around to it', 'sluggishness': 'the pace of things that move relatively slowly; \"the sluggishness of the economy\"; \"the sluggishness of the compass in the Arctic cold\"', 'spatial_property': 'any property relating to or occupying space', 'dimensionality': 'the spatial property of having dimensions; \"all matter has dimensionality\"', 'one-dimensionality': 'the property of having one dimension', 'two-dimensionality': 'the property of having two dimensions', 'three-dimensionality': 'the property of having three dimensions', 'cubicity': 'the property of resembling a cube', 'directionality': 'the property of being directional or maintaining a direction; \"the directionality of written English is from left to right\"', 'topography': 'precise detailed study of the surface features of a region', 'lobularity': 'the property of having lobules', 'symmetry': 'balance among the parts of something', 'bilaterality': 'the property of being symmetrical about a vertical plane', 'radial_symmetry': 'the property of symmetry about an axis; \"the starfish illustrates radial symmetry\"', 'asymmetry': '(mathematics) a lack of symmetry', 'lopsidedness': 'an oblique or slanting asymmetry', 'obliqueness': 'the property of being neither parallel nor perpendicular, but at a slanting angle', 'radial_asymmetry': 'the absence of symmetry about an axis', 'directivity': 'the quality of being directive', 'handedness': 'the property of using one hand more than the other', 'ambidexterity': 'the property of being equally skillful with each hand', 'left-handedness': 'the status of being born of a morganatic marriage', 'right-handedness': 'preference for using the right hand', 'footedness': 'the property of favoring one foot over the other (as in kicking a ball)', 'eyedness': 'the property of favoring one eye over the other (as in taking aim)', 'occlusion': 'closure or blockage (as of a blood vessel)', 'tilt': 'a slight but noticeable partiality; \"the court\\'s tilt toward conservative rulings\"', 'gradient': 'a graded change in the magnitude of some physical quantity or dimension', 'downgrade': 'the property possessed by a slope or surface that descends', 'gradualness': 'the property possessed by a slope that is very gradual', 'concavity': 'the property possessed by a concave shape', 'hollowness': 'the state of being hollow: having an empty space within', 'convexity': 'the property possessed by a convex shape', 'roundedness': 'the property possessed by a rounded convexity', 'oblateness': 'the property possessed by a round shape that is flattened at the poles; \"the oblateness of the planet\"', 'angularity': 'the property possessed by a shape that has angles', 'coarctation': '(biology) a narrowing or constriction of a vessel or canal; especially a congenital narrowing of the aorta', 'taper': 'a convex shape that narrows toward a point', 'unpointedness': 'the property of having only a dull tip (if any)', 'rectangularity': 'the property of being shaped like a rectangle', 'orthogonality': 'the relation of opposition between things at right angles', 'perpendicularity': 'the quality of being at right angles to a given line or plane (especially the plane of the horizon)', 'squareness': 'the property of being shaped like a square', 'triangularity': 'the property of being shaped like a triangle', 'curvature': '(medicine) a curving or bending; often abnormal; \"curvature of the spine\"', 'roundness': 'the fullness of a tone of voice; \"there is a musky roundness to his wordiness\"', 'sphericity': 'the roundness of a 3-dimensional object', 'cylindricality': 'the roundness of a 3-dimensional cylinder', 'circularity': 'the roundness of a 2-dimensional figure', 'concentricity': 'the quality of having the same center (as circles inside one another)', 'straightness': '(of hair) lack of a tendency to curl', 'curliness': '(of hair) a tendency to curl', 'columniation': '(architecture) the arrangement of columns (especially freestanding columns) in a structure', 'point_of_view': 'a mental position from which things are viewed; \"we should consider this problem from the viewpoint of the Russians\"; \"teaching history gave him a special point of view toward current events\"', 'camera_angle': 'the point of view of a camera', 'proportion': 'the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole', 'true': 'proper alignment; the property possessed by something that is in correct or proper alignment; \"out of true\"', 'misalignment': 'the spatial property of things that are not properly aligned', 'coincidence': 'an event that might have been arranged although it was really accidental', 'dead_center': 'the position of a crank when it is in line with the connecting rod and not exerting torque', 'centrality': 'the property of being central', 'marginality': 'the property of being marginal or on the fringes', 'anteriority': 'the quality of being in front or (in lower animals) toward the head', 'malposition': 'faulty position', 'northernness': 'the property of being to the north', 'southernness': 'the property of being to the south', 'horizontality': 'the quality of being parallel to the horizon; \"houses with a pronounced horizontality\"', 'verticality': 'position at right angles to the horizon', 'ballet_position': 'classical position of the body and especially the feet in ballet', 'decubitus': 'a reclining position (as in a bed)', 'eversion': 'the position of being turned outward; \"the eversion of the foot\"', 'lithotomy_position': 'a position lying on your back with knees bent and thighs apart; assumed for vaginal or rectal examination', 'lotus_position': 'a sitting position with the legs crossed; used in yoga', 'missionary_position': 'a position for sexual intercourse; a man and woman lie facing each other with the man on top; so-called because missionaries thought it the proper position for primitive peoples', 'pose': 'a posture assumed by models for photographic or artistic purposes', 'ectopia': 'abnormal position of a part or organ (especially at the time of birth)', 'asana': '(Hinduism) a posture or manner of sitting (as in the practice of yoga)', 'matsyendra': '(Hinduism) a religious posture', 'sprawl': 'an ungainly posture with arms and legs spread about', 'stance': 'standing posture', 'address': 'the place where a person or organization can be found or communicated with', 'erectness': 'the property of being upright in posture', 'ramification': 'an arrangement of branching parts', 'spacing': 'the time between occurrences of a repeating event; \"some women do not control the spacing of their children\"', 'tandem': 'an arrangement of two or more objects or persons one behind another', 'patency': 'the openness (lack of obstruction) of a bodily passage or duct', 'distance': 'a remote point in time; \"if that happens it will be at some distance in the future\"; \"at a distance of ten years he had forgotten many of the details\"', 'mean_distance': 'the arithmetic mean of the maximum and minimum distances of a celestial body (satellite or secondary star) from its primary', 'farness': 'the property of being remote', 'nearness': 'the spatial property resulting from a relatively small distance; \"the sudden closeness of the dock sent him into action\"', 'proximity': 'the region close around a person or thing', 'adjacency': 'the attribute of being so near as to be touching', 'wavelength': 'a shared orientation leading to mutual understanding; \"they are on the same wavelength\"', 'focal_distance': 'the distance from a lens to its focus', 'hyperfocal_distance': 'the distance in front of a lens that is focused at infinity beyond which all objects are well defined and clear', 'span': 'the complete duration of something; \"the job was finished in the span of an hour\"', 'wheelbase': \"the distance from the center of a car's front wheel to the rear axle\", 'complementary_distribution': '(linguistics) a distribution of related speech sounds or forms in such a way that they only appear in different contexts', 'diaspora': 'the body of Jews (or Jewish communities) outside Palestine or modern Israel', 'dissemination': 'the opening of a subject to widespread discussion and debate', 'innervation': 'the distribution of nerve fibers to an organ or body region', 'diffuseness': 'the spatial property of being spread out over a wide area or through a large volume', 'bits_per_inch': 'a measure of how densely information is packed on a storage medium', 'flux_density': '(physics) the number of changes in energy flow across a given surface per unit area', 'optical_density': '(physics) a measure of the extent to which a substance transmits light or other electromagnetic radiation', 'rarity': 'noteworthy scarcity', 'relative_density': 'the ratio of the density of something to the density of a standard', 'interval': 'the difference in pitch between two notes', 'remove': 'degree of figurative distance or separation; \"just one remove from madness\" or \"it imitates at many removes a Shakespearean tragedy\";', 'magnitude': 'relative importance; \"a problem of the first magnitude\"', 'absolute_magnitude': '(astronomy) the magnitude that a star would have if it were viewed from a distance of 10 parsecs (32.62 light years) from the earth', 'information': 'formal accusation of a crime', 'conditional_probability': 'the probability that an event will occur given that one or more other events have occurred', 'cross_section': 'a section created by a plane cutting a solid perpendicular to its longest axis', 'exceedance': '(geology) the probability that an earthquake will generate a level of ground motion that exceeds a specified reference level during a given exposure time; \"the concept of exceedance can be applied to any type of environmental risk modeling\"', 'fair_chance': 'a reasonable probability of success', 'fat_chance': 'little or no chance of success', 'joint_probability': 'the probability of two events occurring together', 'dimension': 'one of three Cartesian coordinates that determine a position in space', 'degree': 'a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process; \"a remarkable degree of frankness\"; \"at what stage are the social sciences?\"', 'depth': '(usually plural) a low moral state; \"he had sunk to the depths of addiction\"', 'profundity': 'intellectual depth; penetrating knowledge; keen insight; etc; \"the depth of my feeling\"; \"the profoundness of the silence\"', 'superficiality': 'shallowness in terms of affecting only surface layers of something; \"he ignored the wound because of its superficiality\"', 'glibness': 'a kind of fluent easy superficiality; \"the glibness of a high-pressure salesman\"', 'sciolism': 'pretentious superficiality of knowledge', 'size': 'any glutinous material used to fill pores in surfaces or to stiffen fabrics; \"size gives body to a fabric\"', 'extra_large': 'a garment size for a very large person', 'large': 'a garment size for a large person', 'octavo': 'the size of a book whose pages are made by folding a sheet of paper three times to form eight leaves', 'outsize': 'an unusual garment size (especially one that is very large)', 'petite': 'a garment size for short or slender women', 'quarto': 'the size of a book whose pages are made by folding a sheet of paper twice to form four leaves', 'regular': 'a soldier in the regular army', 'small': 'the slender part of the back', 'stout': 'a strong very dark heavy-bodied ale made from pale malt and roasted unmalted barley and (often) caramel malt with hops', 'tall': 'a garment size for a tall person', 'highness': 'the quality of being high or lofty', 'high': 'an air mass of higher than normal pressure; \"the east coast benefits from a Bermuda high\"', 'low': 'an air mass of lower pressure; often brings precipitation; \"a low moved in over night bringing sleet and snow\"', 'lowness': 'the quality of being low; lacking height; \"he was suddenly aware of the lowness of the ceiling\"', 'extreme': 'the furthest or highest degree of something; \"he carried it to extremes\"', 'extremeness': 'the quality of being extreme', 'amplitude': '(physics) the maximum displacement of a periodic wave', 'amplitude_level': 'the level on a scale of amplitude', 'signal_level': 'the amplitude level of the desired signal', 'noise_level': 'the amplitude level of the undesired background noise', 'multiplicity': 'the property of being multiple', 'triplicity': '(astrology) one of four groups of the zodiac where each group consists of three signs separated from each other by 120 degrees', 'muchness': 'greatness of quantity or measure or extent', 'threshold_level': 'the intensity level that is just barely perceptible', 'field_strength': 'the vector sum of all the forces exerted by an electrical or magnetic field (on a unit mass or unit charge or unit magnetic pole) at a given point in the field', 'magnetic_field_strength': 'the amount of magnetic flux in a unit area perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flow', 'candlepower': 'luminous intensity measured in candelas', 'acoustic_power': 'the physical intensity of sound', 'acoustic_radiation_pressure': '(acoustics) the pressure exerted on a surface normal to the direction of propagation of a sound wave', 'half-intensity': 'half the maximum intensity', 'circumference': 'the boundary line encompassing an area or object; \"he had walked the full circumference of his land\"; \"a danger to all races over the whole circumference of the globe\"', 'girth': \"the distance around a person's body\", 'diameter': 'a straight line connecting the center of a circle with two points on its perimeter (or the center of a sphere with two points on its surface)', 'radius': 'a straight line from the center to the perimeter of a circle (or from the center to the surface of a sphere)', 'semidiameter': 'the apparent radius of a celestial body when viewed as a disc from the earth', 'radius_of_curvature': 'the radius of the circle of curvature; the absolute value of the reciprocal of the curvature of a curve at a given point', 'center_of_curvature': 'the center of the circle of curvature', 'circle_of_curvature': 'the circle that touches a curve (on the concave side) and whose radius is the radius of curvature', 'largeness': 'large or extensive in breadth or importance or comprehensiveness; \"the might have repercussions of unimaginable largeness\"; \"the very extensiveness of his power was a temptation to abuse it\"', 'ampleness': 'the property of being more than sufficient; comfortable sufficiency; \"the ampleness of her servings more than satisfied his hunger\"', 'bulkiness': 'an unwieldy largeness', 'enormousness': 'unusual largeness in size or extent or number', 'capaciousness': 'intellectual breadth; \"the very capaciousness of the idea meant that agreement on fundamentals was unnecessary\"; \"his unselfishness gave him great intellectual roominess\"', 'seating_capacity': 'the number of people that can be seated in a vehicle or auditorium or stadium etc.', 'gigantism': 'excessive largeness of stature', 'diminutiveness': 'the property of being very small in size; \"hence the minuteness of detail in the painting\"', 'puniness': 'smallness of stature', 'dwarfishness': 'smallness of stature', 'amount': 'the relative magnitude of something with reference to a criterion; \"an adequate amount of food for four people\"', 'positivity': 'the character of the positive electric pole', 'negativity': 'the character of the negative electric pole', 'quantity': 'the concept that something has a magnitude and can be represented in mathematical expressions by a constant or a variable', 'complement': 'one of a series of enzymes in the blood serum that are part of the immune response', 'fare_increase': 'increase in the sum charged for riding in a public conveyance', 'price_increase': 'increase in price', 'supplement': 'a quantity added (e.g. to make up for a deficiency)', 'tax-increase': 'the amount by which taxes are increased; \"a tax increase of 15 percent\"', 'up-tick': 'a small increase; \"the up-tick in terrorist activity\"', 'loop_gain': '(telecommunication) the gain of a feedback amplifier or system as a function of how much output is fed back to the input; \"if the loop gain is too great the system may go into oscillation\"', 'voltage_drop': 'a decrease in voltage along a conductor through which current is flowing', 'shrinkage': 'the amount by which something shrinks', 'dollar_volume': 'the volume measured in dollars; \"the store\\'s dollar volume continues to rise\"', 'stuffiness': 'state of obstruction or stoppage or air in the nose or throat', 'sufficiency': 'sufficient resources to provide comfort and meet obligations; \"her father questioned the young suitor\\'s sufficiency\"', 'insufficiency': 'a lack of competence; \"pointed out the insufficiencies in my report\"; \"juvenile offenses often reflect an inadequacy in the parents\"', 'meagerness': 'the quality of being meager; \"an exiguity of cloth that would only allow of miniature capes\"-George Eliot', 'deficit': 'a deficiency or failure in neurological or mental functioning; \"the people concerned have a deficit in verbal memory\"; \"they have serious linguistic deficits\"', 'oxygen_deficit': 'temporary oxygen shortage in cells resulting from strenuous exercise', 'sparseness': 'the property of being scanty or scattered; lacking denseness', 'abundance': '(physics) the ratio of the number of atoms of a specific isotope of an element to the total number of isotopes present', 'plenty': 'a full supply; \"there was plenty of food for everyone\"', 'profusion': 'the property of being extremely abundant; \"the profusion of detail\"; \"the idiomatic richness of English\"', 'wealth': 'the state of being rich and affluent; having a plentiful supply of material goods and money; \"great wealth is not a sign of great intelligence\"', 'luxuriance': 'the property of being lush and abundant and a pleasure to the senses', 'overgrowth': 'a profusion of growth on or over something else', 'greenness': 'the state of not being ripe', 'wilderness': '(politics) a state of disfavor; \"he led the Democratic party back from the wilderness\"', 'scarcity': 'a small and inadequate amount', 'dearth': 'an acute insufficiency', 'golden_mean': 'the middle between extremes', 'immoderation': 'the quality of being excessive and lacking in moderation', 'excess': 'a quantity much larger than is needed', 'sun_protection_factor': 'the degree to which a sunscreen protects the skin from the direct rays of the sun', 'exorbitance': 'excessive excess', 'luxury': 'wealth as evidenced by sumptuous living', 'overabundance': 'a quantity that is more than what is appropriate; \"four-year-olds have an overabundance of energy\"; \"we received an inundation of email\"', 'glut': 'the quality of being so overabundant that prices fall', 'bellyful': 'an undesirable overabundance; \"a bellyful of your complaints\"', 'overplus': 'extreme excess; \"an embarrassment of riches\"', 'margin': 'the boundary line or the area immediately inside the boundary', 'margin_of_safety': 'the margin required in order to insure safety; \"in engineering the margin of safety is the strength of the material minus the anticipated stress\"', 'narrow_margin': 'a small margin; \"the president was not humbled by his narrow margin of victory\"; \"the landslide he had in the electoral college obscured the narrowness of a victory based on just 43% of the popular vote\"', 'numerousness': 'a large number', 'multitudinousness': 'a very large number (especially of people)', 'innumerableness': 'a number beyond counting', 'majority': 'the age at which persons are considered competent to manage their own affairs', 'minority': 'any age prior to the legal age', 'fewness': 'the quality of being small in number', 'extent': 'the point or degree to which something extends; \"the extent of the damage\"; \"the full extent of the law\"; \"to a certain extent she was right\"', 'coverage': 'the total amount and type of insurance carried', 'frontage': 'the direction in which something (such as a building) faces', 'limit': 'the mathematical value toward which a function goes as the independent variable approaches infinity', 'knife-edge': 'a narrow boundary; \"he lived on a knife-edge between genius and insanity\"', 'starkness': 'the quality of being complete or utter or extreme; \"the starkness of his contrast between justice and fairness was open to many objections\"', 'thermal_barrier': 'a limit to high speed flight imposed by aerodynamic heating', 'utmost': 'the greatest possible degree; \"he tried his utmost\"', 'scope': 'an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: \"the range of a supersonic jet\"; \"a piano has a greater range than the human voice\"; \"the ambit of municipal legislation\"; \"within the compass of this article\"; \"within the scope of an investigation\"; \"outside the reach of the law\"; \"in the political orbit of a world power\"', 'approximate_range': 'near to the scope or range of something; \"his answer wasn\\'t even in the right ballpark\"', 'confines': 'a bounded scope; \"he stayed within the confines of the city\"', 'internationality': 'quality of being international in scope; \"he applauded the internationality of scientific terminology\"', 'head_register': 'the higher ranges of the voice in speaking or singing; the vibrations of sung notes are felt in the head', 'falsetto': 'a male singing voice with artificially high tones in an upper register', 'chest_register': 'the lower ranges of the voice in speaking or singing', 'latitude': 'freedom from normal restraints in conduct; \"the new freedom in movies and novels\"; \"allowed his children considerable latitude in how they spent their money\"', 'horizon': 'a specific layer or stratum of soil or subsoil in a vertical cross section of land', 'gamut': 'the entire scale of musical notes', 'spectrum': 'an ordered array of the components of an emission or wave', 'acreage': 'an area of ground used for some particular purpose (such as building or farming); \"he wanted some acreage to build on\"', 'footprint': 'a trace suggesting that something was once present or felt or otherwise important; \"the footprints of an earlier civilization\"', \"arm's_length\": 'a distance sufficient to exclude intimacy', 'light_time': 'distance measured in terms of the speed of light (or radio waves); \"the light time from Jupiter to the sun is approximately 43 minutes\"', 'skip_distance': 'the shortest distance that permits radio signals (of a given frequency) to travel from the transmitter to the receiver by reflection from the ionosphere', 'wingspan': 'linear distance between the extremities of an airfoil', 'wingspread': 'distance between the tips of the wings (as of a bird or insect) when fully extended', 'yardage': 'distance measured in the aggregate number of yards; \"what is the yardage of this golf course?\"', 'hour': 'a special and memorable period; \"it was their finest hour\"', 'mileage': 'the ratio of the number of miles traveled to the number of gallons of gasoline burned', 'altitude': 'the perpendicular distance from the base of a geometric figure to the opposite vertex (or side if parallel)', 'sea_level': \"level of the ocean's surface (especially that halfway between mean high and low tide); used as a standard in reckoning land elevation or sea depth\", 'absolute_ceiling': 'the maximum altitude at which an airplane can maintain horizontal flight', 'combat_ceiling': 'altitude above which a plane cannot climb faster than a given rate', 'coextension': 'equality of extension or duration', 'curtailment': 'the temporal property of being cut short', 'briefness': 'the temporal property of being very short', 'bottomlessness': 'the property of being very deep; without limit', 'shallowness': 'the quality of lacking physical depth; \"take into account the shallowness at that end of the pool before you dive\"', 'width': 'the extent of something from side to side', 'wideness': 'the property of being wide; having great width', 'narrowness': 'a restriction of range or scope; \"the problem with achievement tests is the narrowness they impose on students\"; \"the attraction of the book is precisely its narrowness of focus\"; \"frustrated by the narrowness of people\\'s horizons\"', 'height': 'the vertical dimension of extension; distance from the base of something to the top', 'squatness': 'the property of being short and broad', 'third_dimension': 'the dimension whereby a solid object differs from a two-dimensional drawing of it', 'worth': 'an indefinite quantity of something having a specified value; \"10 dollars worth of gasoline\"', 'merit': 'any admirable quality or attribute; \"work of great merit\"', 'demerit': 'a mark against a person for misconduct or failure; usually given in school or armed forces; \"ten demerits and he loses his privileges\"', 'praisworthiness': 'the property of deserving praise', 'worthwhileness': 'value sufficient to repay time or effort spent', 'worthlessness': 'the quality of being without practical use', 'fecklessness': 'worthlessness due to being feeble and ineffectual', 'groundlessness': 'the quality of lacking substance or value; \"the groundlessness of their report was quickly recognized\"', 'paltriness': 'worthlessness due to insignificance', 'valuelessness': 'having none of the properties that endow something with value', 'shoddiness': 'the quality of being cheaply imitative of something better', 'damn': 'something of little value; \"his promise is not worth a damn\"; \"not worth one red cent\"; \"not worth shucks\"', 'vanity': 'the quality of being valueless or futile; \"he rejected the vanities of the world\"', 'invaluableness': 'the positive quality of being precious and beyond value', 'gold': 'a soft yellow malleable ductile (trivalent and univalent) metallic element; occurs mainly as nuggets in rocks and alluvial deposits; does not react with most chemicals but is attacked by chlorine and aqua regia', 'price': 'cost of bribing someone; \"they say that every politician has a price\"', 'desirability': 'the quality of being worthy of desiring', 'undesirability': 'the quality possessed by something that should be avoided', 'benefit': 'financial assistance in time of need', 'advantage': '(tennis) first point scored after deuce', 'sake': 'Japanese alcoholic beverage made from fermented rice; usually served hot', 'better': 'a superior person having claim to precedence; \"the common man has been kept in his place by his betters\"', 'optimum': 'most favorable conditions or greatest degree or amount possible under given circumstances', 'bad': 'that which is below standard or expectations as of ethics or decency; \"take the bad with the good\"', 'worse': 'something inferior in quality or condition or effect; \"for better or for worse\"; \"accused of cheating and lying and worse\"', 'Four_Horsemen': '(New Testament) the four evils that will come at the end of the world: conquest rides a white horse; war a red horse; famine a black horse; plague a pale horse', 'monetary_value': 'the property of having material worth (often indicated by the amount of money something would bring if sold); \"the fluctuating monetary value of gold and silver\"; \"he puts a high price on his services\"; \"he couldn\\'t calculate the cost of the collection\"', 'average_cost': 'total cost for all units bought (or produced) divided by the number of units', 'marginal_cost': 'the increase or decrease in costs as a result of one more or one less unit of output', 'expensiveness': 'the quality of being high-priced', 'assessment': 'an amount determined as payable; \"the assessment for repairs outraged the club\\'s membership\"', 'tax_assessment': 'the value set on taxable property', 'costliness': 'the quality possessed by something with a great price or value', 'lavishness': 'the quality possessed by something that is excessively expensive', 'inexpensiveness': 'the quality of being affordable', 'bargain_rate': 'a price below the standard price', 'fruitfulness': 'the quality of something that causes or assists healthy growth', 'productiveness': 'the quality of being productive or having the power to produce', 'fruitlessness': 'a lack of creative imagination', 'unproductiveness': 'the quality of lacking the power to produce', 'detergency': 'detergent quality; the quality of having cleansing power', \"raison_d'etre\": 'reason for being', 'helpfulness': 'the property of providing useful assistance', 'avail': 'a means of serving; \"of no avail\"; \"there\\'s no help for it\"', 'serviceability': 'the quality of being able to provide good service', 'inutility': 'the quality of having no practical use', 'futility': 'uselessness as a consequence of having no practical result', 'practicality': 'concerned with actual use rather than theoretical possibilities', 'functionality': 'capable of serving a purpose well; \"software with greater functionality\"', 'sensibleness': 'the quality of showing good sense or practical judgment', 'realism': '(philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that physical objects continue to exist when not perceived', 'practicability': 'the quality of being usable', 'feasibility': 'the quality of being doable', 'impracticality': 'concerned with theoretical possibilities rather than actual use', 'idealism': '(philosophy) the philosophical theory that ideas are the only reality', 'romanticism': 'an exciting and mysterious quality (as of a heroic time or adventure)', 'knight_errantry': '(Middle Ages) the code of conduct observed by a knight errant who is wandering in search of deeds of chivalry', 'impracticability': 'the quality of not being usable', 'infeasibility': 'the quality of not being doable', 'competence': 'the quality of being adequately or well qualified physically and intellectually', 'linguistic_competence': \"(linguistics) a speaker's implicit, internalized knowledge of the rules of their language (contrasted with linguistic performance)\", 'proficiency': 'skillfulness in the command of fundamentals deriving from practice and familiarity; \"practice greatly improves proficiency\"', 'incompetence': 'inability of a part or organ to function properly', 'asset': 'a useful or valuable quality', 'resource': 'available source of wealth; a new or reserve supply that can be drawn upon when needed', 'shadow': 'shade within clear boundaries', 'resourcefulness': 'the quality of being able to cope with a difficult situation; \"a man of great resourcefulness\"', 'inner_resource': 'a resource provided by the mind or one\\'s personal capabilities; \"to have an inner resource against loneliness\"', 'bargaining_chip': 'leverage in the form of an inducement or a concession useful in successful negotiations', 'handicap': 'advantage given to a competitor to equalize chances of winning', 'homecourt_advantage': 'the advantage of playing on your home court in front of fans who are rooting for you', 'profit': 'the advantageous quality of being beneficial', 'account': 'a formal contractual relationship established to provide for regular banking or brokerage or business services; \"he asked to see the executive who handled his account\"', 'profitableness': 'the quality of affording gain or benefit or profit', 'preference': 'a strong liking; \"my own preference is for good literature\"; \"the Irish have a penchant for blarney\"', 'privilege': '(law) the right to refuse to divulge information obtained in a confidential relationship', 'expedience': 'the quality of being suited to the end in view', 'inside_track': 'the inner side of a curved racecourse', 'upper_hand': 'position of advantage and control', 'green_thumb': 'a special ability to make plants grow', 'weak_point': 'an attribute that is inadequate or deficient', 'common_good': 'the good of a community', 'unsoundness': 'a condition of damage or decay', 'advisability': 'the quality of being advisable; \"they questioned the advisability of our policy\"', 'favorableness': 'the quality of being encouraging or promising of a successful outcome', 'auspiciousness': 'the favorable quality of strongly indicating a successful result', 'liability': 'the state of being legally obliged and responsible', 'disadvantage': 'the quality of having an inferior or less favorable position', 'unfavorableness': 'the quality of not being encouraging or indicative of success', 'inauspiciousness': 'the quality of suggesting an unsuccessful result', 'defect': 'an imperfection in an object or machine; \"a flaw caused the crystal to shatter\"; \"if there are any defects you should send it back to the manufacturer\"', 'penalty': 'a payment required for not fulfilling a contract', 'game_misconduct': '(ice hockey) a penalty that suspends a player for the remainder of a game (but allows the team to send in a substitute for the suspended player)', 'death_toll': 'the number of deaths resulting from some particular cause such as an accident or a battle or a natural disaster', 'drawback': 'the quality of being a hindrance; \"he pointed out all the drawbacks to my plan\"', 'inadvisability': 'the quality of being ill-advised', 'inexpedience': 'the quality of being unsuited to the end in view', 'unprofitableness': 'the quality of affording no gain or no benefit or no profit', 'constructiveness': 'the quality of serving to build or improve', 'destructiveness': 'the quality of causing destruction', 'poison': 'any substance that causes injury or illness or death of a living organism', 'affirmativeness': 'the agreeable quality of one who assents', 'assertiveness': 'aggressive self-assurance; given to making bold assertions', 'bumptiousness': 'offensive boldness and assertiveness', 'occidentalism': 'the quality or customs or mannerisms characteristic of Western civilizations', 'orientalism': 'the quality or customs or mannerisms characteristic of Asian civilizations; \"orientalisms can be found in Mozart\\'s operas\"', 'importance': 'a prominent status; \"a person of importance\"', 'big_deal': 'anything of great importance or consequence', 'momentousness': 'utmost importance', 'prominence': 'the state of being prominent: widely known or eminent', 'greatness': 'the property possessed by something or someone of outstanding importance or eminence', 'significance': 'a meaning that is not expressly stated but can be inferred; \"the significance of his remark became clear only later\"; \"the expectation was spread both by word and by implication\"', 'historicalness': 'the state of having in fact existed in the past', 'meaningfulness': 'the quality of having great value or significance', 'purposefulness': 'the quality of having a definite purpose', 'consequence': 'a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon; \"the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise\"; \"his decision had depressing consequences for business\"; \"he acted very wise after the event\"', 'hell_to_pay': 'dire consequences; \"when the pig ran away there was hell to pay\"', 'essentiality': 'basic importance', 'vitalness': 'the quality of being essential to maintain life', 'indispensability': 'the quality possessed by something that you cannot possibly do without', 'urgency': 'the state of being urgent; an earnest and insistent necessity', 'imperativeness': 'the state of demanding notice or attention; \"the insistence of their hunger\"; \"the press of business matters\"', 'unimportance': 'the quality of not being important or worthy of note', 'inessentiality': 'not of basic importance', 'dispensability': 'the quality possessed by something that you can get along without', 'joke': 'a humorous anecdote or remark intended to provoke laughter; \"he told a very funny joke\"; \"he knows a million gags\"; \"thanks for the laugh\"; \"he laughed unpleasantly at his own jest\"; \"even a schoolboy\\'s jape is supposed to have some ascertainable point\"', 'insignificance': 'the quality of having little or no significance', 'meaninglessness': 'the quality of having no value or significance; \"he resented the meaninglessness of the tasks they assigned him\"', 'inanity': 'total lack of meaning or ideas', 'purposelessness': 'the quality of lacking any definite purpose', 'inconsequence': 'having no important effects or influence', 'advowson': 'the right in English law of presenting a nominee to a vacant ecclesiastical benefice', 'due': 'a payment that is due (e.g., as the price of membership); \"the society dropped him for non-payment of dues\"', 'authority': '(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others; \"the authorities have issued a curfew\"', 'human_right': '(law) any basic right or freedom to which all human beings are entitled and in whose exercise a government may not interfere (including rights to life and liberty as well as freedom of thought and expression and equality before the law)', 'legal_right': 'a right based in law', 'compulsory_process': 'the right of a defendant to have a court use its subpoena power to compel the appearance of material witnesses before the court', 'conjugal_right': 'the right of married persons to the enjoyment of association and sympathy and confidence and domestic happiness and the comfort of living together and eating meals at the same table and profiting from joint property right and the intimacies of domestic relations', 'conjugal_visitation_right': 'the legal right in a prison for the inmate and spouse to have sexual intercourse', 'prerogative': 'a right reserved exclusively by a particular person or group (especially a hereditary or official right); \"suffrage was the prerogative of white adult males\"', 'public_easement': \"any easement enjoyed by the public in general (as the public's right to use public streets)\", 'easement': \"(law) the privilege of using something that is not your own (as using another's land as a right of way to your own land)\", 'privilege_of_the_floor': 'the right to be admitted onto the floor of a legislative assembly while it is in session', 'attorney-client_privilege': 'the right of a lawyer to refuse to divulge confidential information from his client', \"informer's_privilege\": 'the right of the government to refuse to reveal the identity of an informer', \"journalist's_privilege\": 'the right of a journalist to refuse to divulge sources of confidential information', 'marital_communications_privilege': 'neither spouse can divulge confidential communications from the other while they were married', 'physician-patient_privilege': 'the right of a physician to refuse to divulge confidential information from a patient without the consent of the patient', 'priest-penitent_privilege': 'the right of a clergyman to refuse to divulge confidential information received from a person during confession or similar exchanges', 'open_door': 'freedom of access; \"he maintained an open door for all employees\"', 'title': 'a general or descriptive heading for a section of a written work; \"the novel had chapter titles\"', 'own_right': 'by title vested in yourself or by virtue of qualifications that you have achieved; \"a peer in his own right\"; \"a leading sports figure in his own right\"; \"a fine opera in its own right\"', 'entitlement': 'right granted by law or contract (especially a right to benefits); \"entitlements make up the major part of the federal budget\"', 'right_to_privacy': 'right to be free of unsanctioned intrusion', 'right_to_life': 'the right to live', 'right_to_liberty': 'the right to be free', 'right_to_the_pursuit_of_happiness': 'the right to try to find happiness', 'freedom_of_thought': 'the right to hold unpopular ideas', 'equality_before_the_law': 'the right to equal protection of the laws', 'civil_right': 'right or rights belonging to a person by reason of citizenship including especially the fundamental freedoms and privileges guaranteed by the 13th and 14th amendments and subsequent acts of Congress including the right to legal and social and economic equality', 'civil_liberty': \"one's freedom to exercise one's rights as guaranteed under the laws of the country\", 'habeas_corpus': 'a writ ordering a prisoner to be brought before a judge', 'freedom_of_religion': 'a civil right guaranteed by the First Amendment to the US Constitution', 'freedom_of_speech': 'a civil right guaranteed by the First Amendment to the US Constitution', 'freedom_of_the_press': 'a right guaranteed by the First Amendment to the US Constitution', 'freedom_of_assembly': 'the right to peaceably assemble and to petition the government for redress of grievances; guaranteed by the First Amendment to the US Constitution', 'freedom_to_bear_arms': 'a right guaranteed by the 2nd amendment to the US Constitution', 'freedom_from_search_and_seizure': 'a right guaranteed by the 4th amendment to the US Constitution', 'right_to_due_process': 'a right guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution; reaffirmed by the Fourteenth Amendment', 'freedom_from_self-incrimination': 'the civil right (guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution) to refuse to answer questions or otherwise give testimony against yourself', 'freedom_from_double_jeopardy': 'a civil right guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution', 'right_to_speedy_and_public_trial_by_jury': 'a civil right guaranteed by the 6th amendment to the US Constitution', 'right_to_an_attorney': 'a civil right guaranteed by the 6th amendment to the US Constitution', 'right_to_confront_accusors': 'a right guaranteed by the 6th amendment to the US Constitution', 'freedom_from_cruel_and_unusual_punishment': 'a right guaranteed by the 8th amendment to the US Constitution', 'freedom_from_involuntary_servitude': 'a civil right guaranteed by the 13th amendment to the US Constitution', 'equal_protection_of_the_laws': 'a right guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution and by the due-process clause of the Fifth Amendment', 'right_to_vote': 'a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment; \"American women got the vote in 1920\"', 'universal_suffrage': 'suffrage for all adults who are not disqualified by the laws of the country', 'freedom_from_discrimination': 'immunity from discrimination on the basis of race or sex or nationality or religion or age; guaranteed by federal laws of the United States', 'equal_opportunity': 'the right to equivalent opportunities for employment regardless of race or color or sex or national origin', 'eminent_domain': 'the right of the state to take private property for public use; the Fifth Amendment that was added to the Constitution of the United States requires that just compensation be made', 'franchise': \"a business established or operated under an authorization to sell or distribute a company's goods or services in a particular area\", 'right_of_action': 'the legal right to sue', 'right_of_search': 'the right of a belligerent to stop neutral ships on the high seas in wartime and search them', \"states'_rights\": 'a doctrine that federal powers should be curtailed and returned to the individual states', 'voting_right': 'the right to vote; especially the right of a common shareholder to vote in person or by proxy on the affairs of a company', 'water_right': 'right of access to water', 'patent_right': 'the right granted by a patent; especially the exclusive right to an invention', 'right_of_election': 'in probate law: the legal right of a surviving spouse to elect to take either what the deceased spouse gave under the will or the share of the estate as set forth by statute', 'right_of_entry': 'the legal right to take possession of real estate in a peaceable manner', 'right_of_re-entry': 'the legal right to resume possession (a right that was reserved when a former possession was parted with)', 'right_of_offset': '(banking) the legal right of a bank to seize deposited funds to cover a loan that is in default', 'right_of_privacy': 'a legal right (not explicitly provided in the United States Constitution) to be left alone; the right to live life free from unwarranted publicity', 'usufruct': 'a legal right to use and derive profit from property belonging to someone else provided that the property itself is not injured in any way', 'visitation_right': 'the right granted by a court to a parent (or other relative) who is deprived of custody of a child to visit the child on a regular basis', 'power': '(physics) the rate of doing work; measured in watts (= joules/second)', 'puissance': 'power to influence or coerce; \"the puissance of the labor vote\"', 'persuasiveness': 'the power to induce the taking of a course of action or the embracing of a point of view by means of argument or entreaty; \"the strength of his argument settled the matter\"', 'convincingness': 'the power of argument or evidence to cause belief', 'irresistibility': 'the quality of being overpowering and impossible to resist', 'interest': 'a fixed charge for borrowing money; usually a percentage of the amount borrowed; \"how much interest do you pay on your mortgage?\"', 'newsworthiness': 'the quality of being sufficiently interesting to be reported in news bulletins; \"the judge conceded the newsworthiness of the trial\"; \"he is no longer news in the fashion world\"', 'topicality': 'the attribute of being of interest at the present time; \"the library had to discard books that had lost their topicality\"', 'sway': 'controlling influence', 'dead_hand': 'the oppressive influence of past events or decisions', 'grip': 'the friction between a body and the surface on which it moves (as between an automobile tire and the road)', 'pressure': 'an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress', 'duress': 'compulsory force or threat; \"confessed under duress\"', 'heartbeat': 'an animating or vital unifying force; \"New York is the commercial heartbeat of America\"', 'lifeblood': 'the blood considered as the seat of vitality', 'repellent': 'a compound with which fabrics are treated to repel water', 'hydrophobicity': 'the property of being water-repellent; tending to repel and not absorb water', 'corporatism': 'control of a state or organization by large interest groups; \"individualism is in danger of being swamped by a kind of corporatism\"', 'iron_fist': 'rigorous or ruthless control; \"she rules the office with an iron fist\"; \"it takes an iron fist to contain the dissenting factions\"', 'carte_blanche': 'complete freedom or authority to act', 'imperium': 'supreme authority; absolute dominion', 'lordship': 'the authority of a lord', 'muscle': 'one of the contractile organs of the body', 'sovereignty': 'government free from external control', 'legal_power': '(law) the right and power to interpret and apply the law; \"courts having jurisdiction in this district\"', 'free_will': 'the power of making free choices unconstrained by external agencies', 'self-determination': \"determination of one's own fate or course of action without compulsion\", 'effectiveness': 'power to be effective; the quality of being able to bring about an effect', 'incisiveness': 'keenness and forcefulness of thought or expression or intellect', 'efficacy': 'capacity or power to produce a desired effect; \"concern about the safety and efficacy of the vaccine\"', 'ability': 'possession of the qualities (especially mental qualities) required to do something or get something done; \"danger heightened his powers of discrimination\"', 'interoperability': '(computer science) the ability to exchange and use information (usually in a large heterogeneous network made up of several local area networks)', 'magical_ability': 'an ability to perform magic', 'lycanthropy': '(folklore) the magical ability of a person to assume the characteristics of a wolf', 'Midas_touch': 'an ability to make and manage large amounts of money', 'physical_ability': 'the ability to perform some physical act; contrasting with mental ability', 'contractility': 'the capability or quality of shrinking or contracting, especially by muscle fibers and even some other forms of living matter', 'astringency': 'a sharp astringent taste; the taste experience when a substance causes the mouth to pucker', 'lung-power': 'the ability to speak loudly', 'capability': 'the susceptibility of something to a particular treatment; \"the capability of a metal to be fused\"', 'defensibility': 'capability of being defended; \"they built their castles with an eye to their defensibility\"; \"client complaints create a felt need for the defensibility of individual actions\"', 'executability': 'capability of being executed; \"the job is executable for two million dollars\"; \"this contract is not executable\"', 'military_capability': 'capability in terms of personnel and materiel that affect the capacity to fight a war; \"we faced an army of great strength\"; \"politicians have neglected our military posture\"', 'firepower': '(military) the relative capacity for delivering fire on a target', 'operating_capability': 'the capability of a technological system to perform as intended', 'powerlessness': 'the quality of lacking strength or power; being weak and feeble', 'helplessness': 'the state of needing help from something', 'unpersuasiveness': 'inability to persuade', 'uninterestingness': \"inability to capture or hold one's interest\", 'voicelessness': 'having no voice in the management or control of affairs; \"the voicelessness of those who live in situations of hopelessness\"', 'boringness': 'extreme dullness; lacking spirit or interest', 'tediousness': 'dullness owing to length or slowness', 'ponderousness': 'an oppressive quality that is laborious and solemn and lacks grace or fluency; \"a book so serious that it sometimes subsided into ponderousness\"; \"his lectures tend to heaviness and repetition\"', 'inability': 'lack of ability (especially mental ability) to do something', 'paper_tiger': 'the nature of a person or organization that appears powerful but is actually powerless and ineffectual; \"he reminded Mao that the paper tiger had nuclear teeth\"', 'incapability': 'lack of potential for development', 'incapacity': 'lack of intellectual power', 'ineffectiveness': 'lacking the power to be effective', 'inefficacy': 'a lack of efficacy', 'stardust': 'a dreamy romantic or sentimental quality', 'analyticity': 'the property of being analytic', 'compositeness': 'the property of being a composite number', 'primality': 'the property of being a prime number', 'selectivity': 'the property of being selective', 'infiniteness': 'the quality of being infinite; without bound or limit', 'finiteness': 'the quality of being finite', 'quantifiability': 'the quality of being measurable', 'ratability': 'the state of being liable to assessment or taxation', 'scalability': 'the quality of being scalable', 'solubility': 'the quantity of a particular substance that can dissolve in a particular solvent (yielding a saturated solution)', 'insolubility': 'the quality of being insoluble and difficult to dissolve in liquid', 'comicality': 'the quality of being comical', 'pathos': 'a style that has the power to evoke feelings', 'optimism': 'the optimistic feeling that all is going to turn out well', 'pessimism': 'the feeling that things will turn out badly', 'epicurism': 'the disposition and habits of an epicure', 'gourmandism': 'the disposition and habits of a gourmand', 'brachycephaly': 'the quality of being brachycephalic', 'dolichocephaly': 'the quality of being dolichocephalic', 'relativity': '(physics) the theory that space and time are relative concepts rather than absolute concepts', 'response': 'a result; \"this situation developed in response to events in Africa\"', 'responsiveness': 'responsive to stimulation', 'unresponsiveness': 'the quality of being unresponsive; not reacting; as a quality of people, it is marked by a failure to respond quickly or with emotion to people or events; \"she began to recover from her numb unresponsiveness after the accident\"; \"in an instant all the deadness and withdrawal were wiped away\"', 'frigidity': 'sexual unresponsiveness (especially of women) and inability to achieve orgasm during intercourse', 'subjectivism': '(philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge and value are dependent on and limited by your subjective experience', 'fair_use': 'the conditions under which you can use material that is copyrighted by someone else without paying royalties', 'fruition': 'the condition of bearing fruit', 'vascularity': 'the property being vascular; \"a prominent vascularity\"', 'snootiness': 'the quality of being snooty; \"he disliked his neighbors\\' snootiness\"', 'totipotency': 'the ability of a cell to give rise to unlike cells and so to develop a new organism or part; \"animal cells lose their totipotency at an early stage in embryonic development\"', 'ulteriority': 'the quality of being ulterior; \"their conversation was limited to ulteriorities\"; \"a terrible feeling of ulteriority\"; \"his stories were too susceptible to ulteriority\"', 'solvability': 'the property (of a problem or difficulty) that makes it possible to solve', 'unsolvability': 'the property (of a problem or difficulty) that makes it impossible to solve', 'memorability': 'the quality of being worth remembering; \"continuous change results in lack of memorability\"; \"true memorability of phrase\"', 'woodiness': 'the quality of abounding in trees', 'waxiness': 'the quality of being made of wax or covered with wax', 'life_form': 'the characteristic bodily form of a mature organism', 'human_body': 'alternative names for the body of a human being; \"Leonardo studied the human body\"; \"he has a strong physique\"; \"the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak\"', 'cadaver': 'the dead body of a human being; \"the cadaver was intended for dissection\"; \"the end of the police search was the discovery of a corpse\"; \"the murderer confessed that he threw the stiff in the river\"; \"honor comes to bless the turf that wraps their clay\"', 'cremains': 'the remains of a dead body after cremation', 'mummy': 'a body embalmed and dried and wrapped for burial (as in ancient Egypt)', 'live_body': 'the body of a living animal or person', 'juvenile_body': 'the body of a young person', \"child's_body\": 'the body of a human child', 'adult_body': 'the body of an adult human being', 'male_body': 'the body of a male human being', 'female_body': 'the body of a female human being', 'adult_female_body': 'the body of an adult woman', 'adult_male_body': 'the body of an adult man', 'body_part': 'any part of an organism such as an organ or extremity', 'corpus': 'a collection of writings; \"he edited the Hemingway corpus\"', 'adnexa': 'accessory or adjoining anatomical parts or appendages to an organ (especially of the embryo); \"Fallopian tubes and ovaries are adnexa of the uterus\"', 'groove': 'a long narrow furrow cut either by a natural process (such as erosion) or by a tool (as e.g. a groove in a phonograph record)', 'septum': 'a partition or wall especially in an ovary', 'nasal_septum': 'a partition of bone and cartilage between the nasal cavities', 'costal_groove': 'groove between the ribs where the nerves and blood vessels are', 'fissure': '(anatomy) a long narrow slit or groove that divides an organ into lobes', 'sulcus': '(anatomy) any of the narrow grooves in an organ or tissue especially those that mark the convolutions on the surface of the brain', 'fissure_of_Rolando': 'a brain fissure extending upward on the lateral surface of both hemispheres; separates the frontal and parietal lobes', 'fissure_of_Sylvius': 'the deepest and most prominent of the cortical fissures; separates the frontal lobes and temporal lobes in both hemispheres', 'parieto-occipital_sulcus': 'a sulcus near the posterior end of each hemisphere that separates the parietal lobes and the occipital lobes in both hemispheres', 'calcarine_sulcus': 'a sulcus in the mesial surface of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum', 'hilus': '(anatomy) a depression or fissure where vessels or nerves or ducts enter a bodily organ; \"the hilus of the kidney\"', 'erogenous_zone': 'any area of the body especially sensitive to sexual stimulation', 'external_body_part': 'any body part visible externally', 'arthromere': 'any of the segments in the body of a jointed animal like an arthropod', 'birth_canal': 'a passage in the uterus and vagina through which a fetus passes during vaginal birth', 'carina': 'any of various keel-shaped structures or ridges such as that on the breastbone of a bird or that formed by the fused petals of a pea blossom', 'carina_fornicis': 'ridge on the lower surface of the fornix of the brain', 'fornix': 'generally any arch shaped structure (but often it refers to the arched roof of an anatomical space)', 'mamillary_body': 'one of two small round structures on the undersurface of the brain that form the terminals of the anterior arches of the fornix', 'cauda': 'any taillike structure', 'chiasma': 'an intersection or crossing of two tracts in the form of the letter X', 'cingulum': '(anatomy) an encircling structure (as the ridge around the base of a tooth)', 'optic_chiasma': 'the crossing of the optic nerves from the two eyes at the base of the brain', 'optic_radiation': 'a nerve pathway from the lateral geniculate body to the visual cortex', 'concha': '(anatomy) a structure that resembles a shell in shape', 'nasal_concha': 'one of several turbinate bones in the nasal cavity', 'germ': 'a small apparently simple structure (as a fertilized egg) from which new tissue can develop into a complete organism', 'infundibulum': 'any of various funnel-shaped parts of the body (but especially the hypophyseal stalk)', 'landmark': 'the position of a prominent or well-known object in a particular landscape; \"the church steeple provided a convenient landmark\"', 'craniometric_point': 'a landmark on the skull from which craniometric measurements can be taken', 'acanthion': 'the craniometric point at the anterior extremity of the intermaxillary suture', 'asterion': 'the craniometric point at the junction of the lamboid suture and the occipitomastoid suture and the parietomastoid suture', 'auriculare': 'the craniometric point at the center of the opening of the external acoustic meatus', 'bregma': 'the craniometric point at the junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures at the top of the cranium', 'condylion': 'the craniometric point at the tip of the mandibular condyle', 'coronion': 'the craniometric point at the tip of the coronoid process of the mandible', 'crotaphion': 'the tip of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone', 'dacryon': 'the craniometric point at the junction of the anterior border of the lacrimal bone with the frontal bone', 'entomion': 'the craniometric point at the tip of the angular part of the parietal bone that articulates with the temporal bone', 'glabella': 'a smooth prominence of the frontal bone between and above the eyebrows; the most forward projecting point of the forehead in the midline at the level of the supraorbital ridges', 'gnathion': 'the most inferior point of the mandible in the midline', 'gonion': 'the craniometric point on either side at the apex of the lower jaw', 'inion': 'the craniometric point that is the most prominent point at the back of the head (at the occipital protuberance)', 'jugale': 'the craniometric point at the union of the frontal and temporal processes of the zygomatic bone', 'lambda': 'the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet', 'mandibular_notch': 'small indentation in the middle of the lower jawbone', 'mastoidale': 'the craniometric point at the lowest point of the mastoid process', 'metopion': 'the craniometric point midway between the frontal eminences of the skull', 'nasion': 'the craniometric point at the bridge of the nose where the frontal and nasal bones of the skull meet', 'obelion': 'the craniometric point on the sagittal suture near the lamboid suture', 'ophryon': 'the craniometric point in the midline of the forehead immediately above the orbits', 'orbitale': 'the craniometric point at the lowest point on the lower edge of the orbit', 'pogonion': 'the craniometric point that is the most forward-projecting point on the anterior surface of the chin', 'prosthion': 'craniometric point that is the most anterior point in the midline on the alveolar process of the maxilla', 'pterion': 'the craniometric point in the region of the sphenoid fontanelle', 'rhinion': 'the anterior tip at the end of the suture of the nasal bones', 'sphenion': 'the anterior tip of the parietal bone', 'stephanion': 'the craniometric point on the coronal suture above the acoustic meatus', 'symphysion': 'the most forward point of the alveolar process of the mandible', 'limbus': 'a border or edge of any of various body parts distinguished by color or structure', 'radicle': '(anatomy) a small structure resembling a rootlet (such as a fibril of a nerve)', 'plexus': 'a network of intersecting blood vessels or intersecting nerves or intersecting lymph vessels', 'aortic_plexus': 'a plexus of lymph nodes in the lower portion of the abdominal aorta', 'autonomic_plexus': 'a plexus of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers', 'nerve_plexus': 'a network of intersecting nerves', 'body_covering': 'any covering for the body or a body part', 'pressure_point': 'any of several points on the body where the pulse can be felt and where pressure on an underlying artery will control bleeding from that artery at a more distal point', 'integument': 'an outer protective covering such as the skin of an animal or a cuticle or seed coat or rind or shell', 'skin_graft': 'a piece of skin taken from a donor area and surgically grafted at the site of an injury or burn', 'dewlap': \"a hanging fold of loose skin on an elderly person's neck\", 'epithelium': 'membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body', 'exuviae': 'cast-off skins or coverings of various organisms during ecdysis', 'epidermis': 'the outer layer of the skin covering the exterior body surface of vertebrates', 'endothelium': 'an epithelium of mesoblastic origin; a thin layer of flattened cells that lines the inside of some body cavities', 'mesothelium': 'epithelium originating in the embryonic mesoderm; lines the primordial body cavity', 'neuroepithelium': 'epithelium associated with special sense organs and containing sensory nerve endings', 'skin_cell': 'any of the cells making up the skin', 'epidermal_cell': 'any of the cells making up the epidermis', 'melanoblast': 'an epidermal cell that is a precursor of a melanocyte', 'melanocyte': 'a cell in the basal layer of the epidermis that produces melanin under the control of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone', 'prickle_cell': 'a cell in the germinal layer of the skin (the prickle-cell layer); has many spines and radiating processes', 'epithelial_cell': 'one of the closely packed cells forming the epithelium', 'columnar_cell': 'an epithelial cell that is shaped like a column; some have cilia', 'spongioblast': 'any of various columnar epithelial cells in the central nervous system that develop into neuroglia', 'cuboidal_cell': 'an epithelial cell that shaped like a cube', 'goblet_cell': 'an epithelial cell that secretes mucous', 'hair_cell': 'a sensory epithelial cell present in the organ of Corti', \"Kupffer's_cell\": 'specialized cells in the liver that destroy bacteria, foreign proteins, and worn-out blood cells', 'squamous_cell': 'an epithelial cell that is flat like a plate and form a single layer of epithelial tissue', 'stratum_corneum': 'the outermost layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells that slough off', 'stratum_lucidum': 'the layer of epidermis immediately under the stratum corneum in the skin of the palms and soles', 'stratum_granulosum': 'the layer of epidermis just under the stratum corneum or (on the palms and soles) just under the stratum lucidum; contains cells (with visible granules) that die and move to the surface', 'stratum_germinativum': 'the innermost layer of the epidermis', 'dermis': 'the deep vascular inner layer of the skin', 'mantle': 'the layer of the earth between the crust and the core', 'plaque': '(pathology) a small abnormal patch on or inside the body', 'amyloid_plaque': \"a plaque consisting of tangles of amyloid protein in nervous tissue (a pathological mark of Alzheimer's disease)\", 'arterial_plaque': 'a fatty deposit inside an arterial wall; characteristic of atherosclerosis', 'dental_plaque': 'a film of mucus and bacteria deposited on the teeth that encourages the development of dental caries', 'macule': 'a patch of skin that is discolored but not usually elevated; caused by various diseases', 'freckle': 'a small brownish spot (of the pigment melanin) on the skin', 'liver_spot': 'a type of skin disease that causes brown spots on the skin', 'plague_spot': 'a spot on the skin characteristic of the plague', 'whitehead': 'a small whitish lump in the skin due to a clogged sebaceous gland', 'blackhead': 'a black-tipped plug clogging a pore of the skin', 'pore': 'any tiny hole admitting passage of a liquid (fluid or gas)', 'aortic_orifice': 'the orifice from the lower left chamber of the heart to the aorta', 'stoma': 'a minute epidermal pore in a leaf or stem through which gases and water vapor can pass', 'tubule': 'a small tube', 'microtubule': 'a microscopically small tubule', 'salpinx': 'a tube in the uterus or the ear', 'nephron': 'any of the small tubules that are the excretory units of the vertebrate kidney', 'malpighian_body': \"the capsule that contains Bowman's capsule and a glomerulus at the expanded end of a nephron\", \"Bowman's_capsule\": 'thin double membrane surrounding the glomerulus of a nephron', 'glomerulus': 'a small intertwined group of capillaries in the malpighian body; it filters the blood during urine formation', 'tomentum': 'a network of tiny blood vessels between the cerebral surface of the pia mater and the cerebral cortex', 'meatus': 'a natural body passageway', 'auditory_meatus': 'either of the passages in the outer ear from the auricle to the tympanic membrane', 'deltoid_tuberosity': 'a bump on the outside of the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches', 'nasal_meatus': 'the passages in the nasal cavity formed by the projections of the nasal conchae', 'spinal_canal': 'the canal in successive vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes', 'anastomosis': 'a natural or surgical joining of parts or branches of tubular structures so as to make or become continuous', 'orifice': 'an aperture or hole that opens into a bodily cavity; \"the orifice into the aorta from the lower left chamber of the heart\"', 'porta_hepatis': 'opening for major blood vessels to enter and leave the liver', 'spiracle': 'a breathing orifice', 'blowhole': 'the spiracle of a cetacean located far back on the skull', 'ductule': 'a very small duct', 'canaliculus': 'a small canal or duct as in some bones and parts of plants', 'canal_of_Schlemm': 'a circular canal in the eye that drains aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye into the anterior ciliary veins', 'venous_sinus': 'a wide channel containing blood; does not have the coating of an ordinary blood vessel', 'cavernous_sinus': 'either of a pair of large venous sinuses in the cranial cavity', 'coronary_sinus': 'a short sinus receiving most of the veins of the heart; empties into the right atrium', 'sigmoid_sinus': 'an S-shaped dural sinus on the temporal and occipital bones', 'straight_sinus': 'an unpaired sinus of the dura mater', 'transverse_sinus': 'a paired dural sinus; terminates in the sigmoid sinus', 'sinus': 'any of various air-filled cavities especially in the bones of the skull', 'ethmoid_sinus': 'a sinus of the meatuses of the nasal cavity (behind the bridge of the nose)', 'frontal_sinus': 'one of a pair of cavities in the frontal bone', 'maxillary_sinus': 'one of a pair of sinuses forming a cavity in the maxilla', 'paranasal_sinus': 'any of the paired sinuses in the bones of the face adjacent to the nasal cavity that are lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with the lining of the nasal cavities', 'sinusoid': 'tiny endothelium-lined passages for blood in the tissue of an organ', 'locule': 'a small cavity or space within an organ or in a plant or animal', 'lumen': 'a unit of luminous flux equal to the amount of light given out through a solid angle of 1 steradian by a point source of 1 candela intensity radiating uniformly in all directions', 'ingrown_hair': 'a hair that does not emerge from the follicle but remains embedded in the skin (usually causing inflammation)', 'headful': 'the quantity of information that a head will hold; \"he has a headful of baseball statistics\"', 'body_hair': \"short hair growing over a person's body\", 'lanugo': 'the fine downy hair covering a human fetus; normally shed during the ninth month of gestation', 'hairline': 'a very thin line', \"widow's_peak\": 'a V-shaped point in the hairline in the middle of the forehead', 'cowlick': 'a tuft of hair that grows in a different direction from the rest of the hair and usually will not lie flat', 'hairdo': \"the arrangement of the hair (especially a woman's hair)\", 'bouffant': \"a woman's hairstyle in which the hair gives a puffy appearance\", 'sausage_curl': 'a fat sausage-shaped curl', 'quiff': 'a prominent forelock (especially one brushed upward from the forehead)', 'crimp': 'someone who tricks or coerces men into service as sailors or soldiers', 'pin_curl': 'a curl of hair made by dampening a strand of hair and curling it and holding the curl with a clip or bobby pin', 'spit_curl': 'a spiral curl plastered on the forehead or cheek', 'dreadlock': 'one of many long thin braids of hair radiating from the scalp; popularized by Rastafarians', 'Afro': 'a rounded thickly curled hairdo', 'bang': 'the swift release of a store of affective force; \"they got a great bang out of it\"; \"what a boot!\"; \"he got a quick rush from injecting heroin\"; \"he does it for kicks\"', 'finger_wave': 'a wave made with the fingers', 'chignon': 'a roll of hair worn at the nape of the neck', 'queue': 'a line of people or vehicles waiting for something', 'pigtail': 'a plait of braided hair', 'marcel': 'a hairdo characterized by deep regular waves that are made by a heated curling iron', 'pageboy': 'a smooth hair style with the ends of the hair curled inward', 'pompadour': 'a hair style in which the front hair is swept up from the forehead', 'ponytail': \"a hair style that draws the hair back so that it hangs down in back of the head like a pony's tail\", 'permanent_wave': 'a series of waves in the hair made by applying heat and chemicals', 'brush_cut': 'a short haircut with hairs standing up like a brush', 'crew_cut': 'a closely cropped haircut; usually for men', 'mohawk': 'haircut in which the head is shaved except for a band of hair down the middle of the scalp', 'scalp_lock': 'a long tuft of hair left on top of the shaven head', 'facial_hair': 'hair on the face (especially on the face of a man)', 'fuzz': 'the first beard of an adolescent boy', 'mustache': 'an unshaved growth of hair on the upper lip; \"he looked younger after he shaved off his mustache\"', 'soup-strainer': 'slang for a mustache', 'mustachio': 'a large bushy moustache (with hair growing sometimes down the sides of the mouth)', 'walrus_mustache': 'a bushy droopy mustache', 'sideburn': \"facial hair that has grown down the side of a man's face in front of the ears (especially when the rest of the beard is shaved off)\", 'goatee': \"a small chin beard trimmed to a point; named for its resemblance to a goat's beard\", 'stubble': \"short stiff hairs growing on a man's face when he has not shaved for a few days\", 'vandyke_beard': 'a short pointed beard (named after the artist Anthony Vandyke)', 'soul_patch': 'a small patch of facial hair just below the lower lip and above the chin', 'pubic_hair': 'hair growing in the pubic area', 'minge': \"vulgar term for a woman's pubic hair or genitals\", 'body_substance': 'the substance of the body', 'solid_body_substance': 'the solid parts of the body', 'scab': 'someone who works (or provides workers) during a strike', 'eschar': 'a dry scab formed on the skin following a burn or cauterization of the skin', 'fundus': '(anatomy) the base of a hollow organ or that part of the organ farthest from its opening; \"the uterine fundus\"; \"the fundus of the stomach\"', 'funiculus': 'any of several body structure resembling a cord', 'nodule': 'small rounded wartlike protuberance on a plant', 'smear': 'slanderous defamation', 'alimentary_tract_smear': 'any of several cytologic smears obtained from different parts of the alimentary tract; obtained by specialized lavage techniques and used mainly to diagnose cancer in those parts', 'esophageal_smear': 'alimentary tract smear of material obtained from the esophagus', 'gastric_smear': 'alimentary tract smear of material obtained from the stomach', 'oral_smear': 'alimentary tract smear of material obtained from the mouth', 'paraduodenal_smear': 'alimentary tract smear of material obtained from the duodenum', 'cervical_smear': 'a sample of secretions and superficial cells of the uterine cervix and uterus; examined with a microscope to detect any abnormal cells', 'lower_respiratory_tract_smear': 'any of several cytologic smears obtained from different parts of the lower respiratory tract; used for cytologic study of cancer and other diseases of the lungs', 'vaginal_smear': 'smear taken from the vaginal mucosa for cytological analysis', 'specimen': 'an example regarded as typical of its class', 'cytologic_specimen': 'a specimen used for cytologic examination and diagnosis', 'isthmus': 'a relatively narrow strip of land (with water on both sides) connecting two larger land areas', 'tissue': 'a soft thin (usually translucent) paper', 'animal_tissue': 'the tissue in the bodies of animals', 'flesh': 'the soft tissue of the body of a vertebrate: mainly muscle tissue and fat', 'areolar_tissue': 'fibrous connective tissue with the fibers arranged in a mesh or net', 'beta_cell': 'a cell that produces insulin in the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas', 'capillary_bed': 'a layer of tissue densely packed with capillaries', 'parenchyma': 'the primary tissue of higher plants composed of thin-walled cells that remain capable of cell division even when mature; constitutes the greater part of leaves, roots, the pulp of fruits, and the pith of stems', 'interstitial_tissue': 'tissue between the cells of a structure or part in plant or animal', 'adipose_tissue': 'a kind of body tissue containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy; it also cushions and insulates vital organs; \"fatty tissue protected them from the severe cold\"', 'flab': 'loose or flaccid body fat', 'atheroma': 'a fatty deposit in the intima (inner lining) of an artery; can obstruct blood flow', 'cellulite': \"lumpy deposits of body fat especially on women's thighs etc.\", 'puppy_fat': 'fat on the body of a baby or child; disappears at adolescence', 'anklebone': 'the bone in the ankle that articulates with the leg bones to form the ankle joint', 'bare_bone': 'bone stripped of flesh', 'cuboid_bone': 'the cube shaped bone on the outer side of the tarsus', 'carpal_bone': 'any of the eight small bones of the wrist of primates', 'carpal_tunnel': 'a passageway in the wrist through which nerves and the flexor muscles of the hands pass', 'scaphoid_bone': 'the largest wrist bone on the thumb side', 'lunate_bone': 'one of the eight small wrist bones', 'triquetral': 'a wrist bone that articulates with the pisiform and hamate and lunate bones', 'pisiform': 'a small wrist bone that articulates only with the triquetral', 'trapezium': 'a quadrilateral with no parallel sides', 'trapezoid': 'a quadrilateral with two parallel sides', 'capitate': 'the wrist bone with a rounded head shape that articulates with the 3rd metacarpus', 'hamate': 'the wrist bone in line with the 4th and 5th fingers', 'cartilage_bone': 'any bone that develops within cartilage rather than a fibrous tissue', 'centrum': 'the main body of a vertebra', 'cheekbone': 'the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek', 'clavicle': 'bone linking the scapula and sternum', 'coccyx': 'the end of the vertebral column in humans and tailless apes', 'dentine': 'a calcareous material harder and denser than bone that comprises the bulk of a tooth', 'ethmoid': 'one of the eight bones of the cranium; a small bone filled with air spaces that forms part of the eye sockets and the nasal cavity', 'heelbone': 'the largest tarsal bone; forms the human heel', 'hipbone': 'large flaring bone forming one half of the pelvis; made up of the ilium and ischium and pubis', 'hyoid': 'a U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue muscles', 'ilium': 'the upper and widest of the three bones making up the hipbone', 'ischium': 'one of the three sections of the hipbone; situated below the ilium', 'long_bone': 'in limbs of vertebrate animals: a long cylindrical bone that contains marrow', 'lower_jaw': 'the jaw in vertebrates that is hinged to open the mouth', 'ramus': 'the posterior part of the mandible that is more or less vertical', 'raphe': 'a ridge that forms a seam between two parts', 'palatine_raphe': 'the seam at the middle of the hard palate', 'mandibular_joint': 'the joint between the head of the lower jawbone and the temporal bone', 'membrane_bone': 'any bone that develops within membranous tissue without previous cartilage formation; e.g. the clavicle and bones of the skull', 'mentum': 'a projection like a chin formed by the sepals and base of the column in some orchids', 'metacarpal': 'any bone of the hand between the wrist and fingers', 'metatarsal': 'any bone of the foot between the ankle and the toes', 'nasal': 'an elongated rectangular bone that forms the bridge of the nose', 'ossicle': 'a small bone; especially one in the middle ear', 'auditory_ossicle': 'ossicles of the middle ear that transmit acoustic vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear', 'palatine': 'any of various important officials in ancient Rome', 'patella': 'a small flat triangular bone in front of the knee that protects the knee joint', 'phalanx': 'any closely ranked crowd of people', 'pubis': 'one of the three sections of the hipbone; together these two bones form the front of the pelvis', 'punctum': '(anatomy) a point or small area', 'round_bone': 'bones that are round in shape', 'sacrum': 'wedge-shaped bone consisting of five fused vertebrae forming the posterior part of the pelvis; its base connects with the lowest lumbar vertebra and its tip with the coccyx', 'scapula': 'either of two flat triangular bones one on each side of the shoulder in human beings', 'glenoid_fossa': 'a deep concavity in the temporal bone at the root of the zygomatic arch that receives the condyle of the mandible', 'acromion': 'the outermost point of the spine of the shoulder blade', 'sesamoid_bone': 'any of several small round bones formed in a tendon where it passes over a joint', 'short_bone': 'a bone that is of approximately equal dimension in all directions', 'sphenoid_bone': 'butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull', 'sternum': 'the flat bone that articulates with the clavicles and the first seven pairs of ribs', 'gladiolus': 'any of numerous plants of the genus Gladiolus native chiefly to tropical and South Africa having sword-shaped leaves and one-sided spikes of brightly colored funnel-shaped flowers; widely cultivated', 'manubrium': 'the upper part of the breastbone', 'xiphoid_process': 'smallest of the three parts of the breastbone; articulates with the corpus sternum and the seventh rib', 'tarsal': 'any bone of the tarsus', 'temporal_bone': 'a thick bone forming the side of the human cranium and encasing the inner ear', 'primary_dentition': 'dentition of deciduous teeth', 'secondary_dentition': 'dentition of permanent teeth', 'dentition': 'the kind and number and arrangement of teeth (collectively) in a person or animal', 'diastema': 'a gap or vacant space between two teeth', 'pulp_cavity': 'the central cavity of a tooth containing the pulp (including the root canal)', 'chopper': \"informal terms for a human `tooth'\", 'carnassial_tooth': 'the last upper premolar and first lower molar teeth of a carnivore; having sharp edges for cutting flesh', 'turbinate_bone': 'any of the scrolled spongy bones of the nasal passages in man and other vertebrates', 'tympanic_bone': 'the bone enclosing the middle ear', 'upper_jaw': 'the jaw in vertebrates that is fused to the cranium', 'vertebra': 'one of the bony segments of the spinal column', 'intervertebral_disc': 'a fibrocartilaginous disc serving as a cushion between all of the vertebrae of the spinal column (except between the first two)', 'zygoma': 'the slender arch formed by the temporal process of the cheekbone that bridges to the zygomatic process of the temporal bone', 'hip_socket': 'the socket part of the ball-and-socket joint between the head of the femur and the innominate bone', 'eye_socket': 'the bony cavity in the skull containing the eyeball', 'tooth_socket': 'a bony socket in the alveolar ridge that holds a tooth', 'marrow': 'any of various squash plants grown for their elongated fruit with smooth dark green skin and whitish flesh', 'red_marrow': 'bone marrow of children and some adult bones that is required for the formation of red blood cells', 'yellow_marrow': 'bone marrow that is yellow with fat; found at the ends of long bones in adults', 'axolemma': 'outer membrane covering an axon', 'basilar_membrane': 'a membrane in the cochlea that supports the organ of Corti', 'cambium': 'a formative one-cell layer of tissue between xylem and phloem in most vascular plants that is responsible for secondary growth', 'connective_tissue': 'tissue of mesodermal origin consisting of e.g. collagen fibroblasts and fatty cells; supports organs and fills spaces between them and forms tendons and ligaments', 'collagen': 'a fibrous scleroprotein in bone and cartilage and tendon and other connective tissue; yields gelatin on boiling', 'elastic_tissue': 'connective tissue consisting chiefly of elastic fibers found in the dermis of the skin and in the walls of veins and arteries and in some tendons and ligaments', 'endoneurium': 'delicate connective tissue around individual nerve fibers in nerve', 'elastin': 'a fibrous scleroprotein found in elastic tissues such as the walls of arteries', 'lymphatic_tissue': 'tissue making up the lymphatic system', 'cartilage': 'tough elastic tissue; mostly converted to bone in adults', 'fibrocartilage': 'cartilage that is largely composed of fibers like those in ordinary connective tissue', 'hyaline_cartilage': 'translucent cartilage that is common in joints and the respiratory passages; forms most of the fetal skeleton', 'erectile_tissue': 'vascular tissue capable of filling with blood and becoming rigid', 'contractile_organ': 'a bodily organ that contracts', 'striated_muscle_tissue': 'muscle tissue characterized by transverse stripes', 'skeletal_muscle': 'a muscle that is connected at either or both ends to a bone and so move parts of the skeleton; a muscle that is characterized by transverse stripes', 'voluntary_muscle': 'striated muscle that can be controlled voluntarily', 'abductor': 'a muscle that draws a body part away from the median line', 'musculus_abductor_digiti_minimi_manus': 'the abductor muscle of the little finger', 'musculus_abductor_digiti_minimi_pedis': 'the abductor muscles of the little toe', 'musculus_abductor_hallucis': 'the abductor muscle of the great toe', 'musculus_abductor_pollicis': 'the abductor muscle of the thumb', 'adductor': 'a muscle that draws a body part toward the median line', 'musculus_adductor_brevis': 'the short adductor muscle of the thigh', 'musculus_adductor_longus': 'the long adductor muscle of the thigh', 'musculus_adductor_magnus': 'the muscle that adducts and extends the thigh', 'musculus_adductor_hallucis': 'the adductor muscle of the great toe', 'pronator': 'a muscle that produces or assists in pronation', 'supinator': 'a muscle (especially in the forearm) that produces or assists in supination', 'levator': 'a muscle that serves to lift some body part (as the eyelid or lip)', 'anconeous_muscle': 'the muscle that extends the forearm and abducts the ulna in pronation of the wrist', 'antagonistic_muscle': '(physiology) a muscle that opposes the action of another; \"the biceps and triceps are antagonistic muscles\"', 'articular_muscle': 'a muscle that inserts directly onto the capsule of a joint', 'musculus_articularis_cubiti': 'a small branch of the triceps that inserts into the capsule of the elbow joint', 'musculus_articularis_genus': 'the articular muscle of the knee', 'cheek_muscle': 'a muscle that flattens the cheek and retracts the angle of the mouth', 'masseter': 'a large muscle that raises the lower jaw and is used in chewing', 'platysma': 'either of two broad muscles located on either side of the neck and innervated by the facial nerve; extends from lower jaw to clavicle and is involved in moving the mouth and jaw', 'extensor_muscle': 'a skeletal muscle whose contraction extends or stretches a body part', 'quadriceps': 'a muscle of the thigh that extends the leg', 'fibrous_tissue': 'tissue consisting of or containing fibers in both animals and plants', 'trabecula': 'rod-shaped structures of fibrous tissue that divide an organ into parts (as in the penis) or stabilize the structure of an organ (as in the spleen)', 'falciform_ligament': 'a ligament that attaches part of the liver to the diaphragm and the abdominal wall', 'round_ligament_of_the_uterus': 'ligament attached to the uterus on either side in front of and below the opening of the Fallopian tube and passing through the inguinal canal to the labia majora', 'perineurium': 'the sheath of connective tissue that covers a bundle of nerve fibers', 'perimysium': 'the sheath of connective tissue that covers a bundle of muscle fibers', 'tendon': 'a cord or band of inelastic tissue connecting a muscle with its bony attachment', 'flexor_muscle': 'a skeletal muscle whose contraction bends a joint', 'articulatory_system': 'the system of joints in the body', 'nervous_tissue': 'tissue composed of neurons', 'ganglion': 'an encapsulated neural structure consisting of a collection of cell bodies or neurons', 'autonomic_ganglion': 'any of the ganglia of the autonomic system whose unmyelinated fibers innervate the internal organs', 'otic_ganglion': 'an autonomic ganglion whose postganglionic fibers are distributed to the parotid gland', 'primordium': 'an organ in its earliest stage of development; the foundation for subsequent development', 'vital_organ': 'a bodily organ that is essential for life', 'effector': 'a nerve fiber that terminates on a muscle or gland and stimulates contraction or secretion', 'external_organ': 'an organ that is situated on or near the surface of the body', 'internal_organ': 'a main organ that is situated inside the body', 'viscera': 'internal organs collectively (especially those in the abdominal cavity); \"`viscera\\' is the plural form of `viscus\\'\"', 'sense_organ': 'an organ having nerve endings (in the skin or viscera or eye or ear or nose or mouth) that respond to stimulation', 'interoceptor': 'any receptor that responds to stimuli inside the body', 'exteroceptor': 'any receptor that responds to stimuli outside the body', 'third_eye': 'a sensory structure capable of light reception located on the dorsal side of the diencephalon in various reptiles', 'baroreceptor': 'a sensory receptor that responds to pressure', 'chemoreceptor': 'a sensory receptor that responds to chemical stimuli', 'thermoreceptor': 'a sensory receptor that responds to heat and cold', 'auditory_system': 'the sensory system for hearing', 'auditory_apparatus': 'all of the components of the organ of hearing including the outer and middle and inner ears', 'visual_system': 'the sensory system for vision', 'articulator': 'someone who pronounces words', 'glottis': 'the vocal apparatus of the larynx; the true vocal folds and the space between them where the voice tone is generated', 'epiglottis': 'a flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe while swallowing', 'os': 'a mouth or mouthlike opening', 'buccal_cavity': 'the cavity between the jaws and the cheeks', 'incompetent_cervix': '(obstetrics) uterine cervix that becomes dilated before term and without labor often resulting in miscarriage or premature birth', 'cervix': 'necklike opening to the uterus', 'cavity': 'space that is surrounded by something', 'antrum': 'a natural cavity or hollow in a bone', 'cloaca': '(zoology) the cavity (in birds, reptiles, amphibians, most fish, and monotremes but not mammals) at the end of the digestive tract into which the intestinal, genital, and urinary tracts open', 'vestibule': 'any of various bodily cavities leading to another cavity (as of the ear or vagina)', 'vestibule_of_the_ear': 'the central cavity of the bony labyrinth of the ear', 'gingiva': 'the tissue (covered by mucous membrane) of the jaws that surrounds the bases of the teeth', 'tastebud': 'an oval sensory end organ on the surface of the tongue', 'taste_cell': 'an epithelial cell in a taste bud that activates sensory fibers of the facial nerve or the glossopharyngeal nerve or the vagus nerve', 'speech_organ': 'any of the organs involved in speech production', 'overlip': 'the upper lip', 'underlip': 'the lower lip', 'front_tooth': 'a tooth situated at the front of the mouth; \"his malocclusion was caused by malposed anteriors\"', 'bucktooth': 'a large projecting front tooth', 'back_tooth': 'a tooth situated at the back of the mouth', 'malposed_tooth': 'a tooth that has grown in a faulty position', 'permanent_tooth': 'any of the 32 teeth that replace the deciduous teeth of early childhood and (with luck) can last until old age', 'primary_tooth': 'one of the first temporary teeth of a young mammal (one of 20 in children)', 'premolar': 'a tooth having two cusps or points; located between the incisors and the molars', 'incisor': 'a tooth for cutting or gnawing; located in the front of the mouth in both jaws', 'molar': 'grinding tooth with a broad crown; located behind the premolars', 'wisdom_tooth': 'any of the last 4 teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaw; the last of the permanent teeth to erupt (between ages 16 and 21)', 'root': 'a number that, when multiplied by itself some number of times, equals a given number', 'root_canal': 'the passage in the root of a tooth through which its nerve and blood vessels enter the pulp cavity', 'cementum': 'a specialized bony substance covering the root of a tooth', 'pulp': 'a mixture of cellulose fibers', 'tonsil': 'either of two masses of lymphatic tissue one on each side of the oral pharynx', 'uvula': 'a small pendant fleshy lobe at the back of the soft palate', 'soft_palate': 'a muscular flap that closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing or speaking', 'hard_palate': 'the bony part of the roof of the mouth', 'palate': 'the upper surface of the mouth that separates the oral and nasal cavities', 'alveolar_arch': 'the part of the upper or lower jawbones in which the teeth are set', 'alveolar_ridge': 'a ridge that forms the borders of the upper and lower jaws and contains the sockets of the teeth', 'caul': 'the inner membrane of embryos in higher vertebrates (especially when covering the head at birth)', 'fetal_membrane': 'any membrane that functions for the protection or nourishment or respiration or excretion of a developing fetus', 'naked_eye': 'the eye unaided by any optical instrument that alters the power of vision or alters the apparent size or distance of objects; \"it is not safe to look directly at the sun with the naked eye\"', 'oculus_dexter': 'the right eye', 'oculus_sinister': 'the left eye', 'simple_eye': 'an eye having a single lens', 'compound_eye': 'in insects and some crustaceans: composed of many light-sensitive elements each forming a portion of an image', 'ommatidium': 'any of the numerous small cone-shaped eyes that make up the compound eyes of some arthropods', 'cell_membrane': 'a thin membrane (a double layer of lipids) enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell; proteins in the membrane control passage of ions (like sodium or potassium or calcium) in and out of the cell; \"all cells have a cell membrane\"', 'choroid': 'a highly vascular membrane in the eye between the retina and the sclera; a dark pigmentation minimizes the scattering of light inside the eye', 'ciliary_body': 'the part of the tunic of the eye between the choroid coat and the iris; \"the ciliary body produces aqueous humor\"', 'eyebrow': 'the arch of hair above each eye', 'protective_fold': 'a flap of tissue that protects what it covers', 'eyelid': 'either of two folds of skin that can be moved to cover or open the eye; \"his lids would stay open no longer\"', 'canthus': 'either of the corners of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet', 'epicanthus': \"a vertical fold of skin over the nasal canthus; normal for Mongolian peoples; sometimes occurs in Down's syndrome\", 'nasal_canthus': 'the inner corner of the eye', 'temporal_canthus': 'the outer corner of the eye', 'nictitating_membrane': 'a protective fold of skin in the eyes of reptiles and birds and some mammals', 'haw': 'the nictitating membrane of a horse', 'eyelash': 'any of the short curved hairs that grow from the edges of the eyelids', 'conjunctiva': 'a transparent lubricating mucous membrane that covers the eyeball and the under surface of the eyelid', 'bulbar_conjunctiva': 'the part of the conjunctiva covering the anterior face of the sclera and the surface epithelium of the cornea', 'palpebra_conjunctiva': 'the part of the conjunctiva lining the posterior surface of the eyelids; continuous with the bulbar conjunctiva', 'pinguecula': 'a slightly elevated elastic tissue deposit in the conjunctiva that may extend to the cornea but does not cover it', 'eyeball': 'the ball-shaped capsule containing the vertebrate eye', 'ocular_muscle': 'one of the small muscles of the eye that serve to rotate the eyeball', 'abducens_muscle': 'the ocular muscle whose contraction turns the eyeball outward', 'rectus': 'any of various straight muscles', 'inferior_rectus_muscle': 'the ocular muscle whose contraction turns the eyeball down and medially', 'medial_rectus_muscle': 'the ocular muscle whose contraction turns the eyeball medially', 'superior_rectus_muscle': 'the ocular muscle whose contraction turns the eyeball upward and medially', 'cornea': 'the transparent dome-shaped anterior portion of the outer covering of the eye; it covers the iris and pupil and is continuous with the sclera', 'pterygium': 'either of two thickened triangular layers of conjunctiva extending from the nasal edge of the eye to the cornea; it arises from irritation of the pinguecula', 'arcus': 'a whitish deposit in the shape of an arc that is sometimes seen in the cornea', 'uvea': 'the part of the eye that contains the iris and ciliary body and choroid', 'uveoscleral_pathway': 'a tubule that drains excess aqueous humor', 'aqueous_humor': 'the limpid fluid within the eyeball between the cornea and the lens', 'vitreous_humor': 'the clear colorless transparent jelly that fills the posterior chamber of the eyeball', 'eardrum': 'the membrane in the ear that vibrates to sound', 'endocranium': 'membrane lining the inside of the skull', 'endosteum': 'vascular membrane that lines the inner surface of long bones', 'ependyma': 'thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricles of the brain and the spinal cord canal', 'fertilization_membrane': 'the membrane that forms around a fertilized ovum and prevents penetration by additional spermatozoon', 'hyaloid_membrane': 'the transparent membrane enveloping the vitreous humor of the eye and separating it from the retina', 'intima': 'the innermost membrane of an organ (especially the inner lining of an artery or vein or lymphatic vessel)', 'pupil': 'the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot', 'lens_cortex': 'the tissue that surrounds the lens nucleus', 'lens_nucleus': 'the central structure of the lens that is surrounded by the cortex', 'ear': 'fruiting spike of a cereal plant especially corn', 'organ_of_hearing': 'the part of the ear that is responsible for sensations of sound', 'inner_ear': 'a complex system of interconnecting cavities; concerned with hearing and equilibrium', 'membranous_labyrinth': 'the sensory structures of the inner ear including the labyrinthine receptors and the cochlea; contained within the bony labyrinth', 'bony_labyrinth': 'cavity in the petrous part of the temporal bone that contains the membranous labyrinth', 'endolymph': 'the bodily fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear', 'perilymph': 'the bodily fluid that fills the space between the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear', 'utricle': 'a small pouch into which the semicircular canals open', 'saccule': 'a small sac or pouch (especially the smaller chamber of the membranous labyrinth)', 'modiolus': 'the central conical bony pillar of the cochlea', 'organ_of_Corti': 'the hearing organ of the inner ear; contains receptors that respond to sound waves', 'vestibular_apparatus': 'organs mediating the labyrinthine sense; concerned with equilibrium', 'semicircular_canal': 'one of three tube loops filled with fluid and in planes nearly at right angles with one another; concerned with equilibrium', 'stretch_receptor': 'a receptor in a muscle that responds to stretching of the muscle tissue', 'earlobe': 'the fleshy pendulous part of the external human ear', 'external_ear': 'the part of the ear visible externally', 'auricle': 'a small conical pouch projecting from the upper anterior part of each atrium of the heart', 'tragus': 'a small cartilaginous flap in front of the external opening of the ear', 'cauliflower_ear': 'an auricle deformed by injury; common among boxers', 'perforated_eardrum': 'an eardrum with a hole or tear in it; can interfere with normal hearing and cause other ear problems', 'umbo': 'a slight rounded elevation where the malleus attaches to the eardrum', 'mediastinum': 'the part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that contains the heart and aorta and esophagus and trachea and thymus', 'middle_ear': 'the main cavity of the ear; between the eardrum and the inner ear', 'Eustachian_tube': 'either of the paired tubes connecting the middle ears to the nasopharynx; equalizes air pressure on the two sides of the eardrum', 'fenestra': 'a small opening covered with membrane (especially one in the bone between the middle and inner ear)', 'fenestra_ovalis': 'fenestra that has the base of the stapes attached to it', 'fenestra_rotunda': 'fenestra leading into the cochlea', 'malleus': 'the ossicle attached to the eardrum', 'lens_capsule': 'a tenuous mesoblastic membrane surrounding the lens of the eye', 'incus': 'the ossicle between the malleus and the stapes', 'stapes': 'the stirrup-shaped ossicle that transmits sound from the incus to the cochlea', 'cochlea': 'the snail-shaped tube (in the inner ear coiled around the modiolus) where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses by the organ of Corti', 'meninx': 'a membrane (one of 3) that envelops the brain and spinal cord', 'mucous_membrane': 'mucus-secreting membrane lining all body cavities or passages that communicate with the exterior', 'periosteum': 'a dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles; contains nerves and blood vessels that nourish the enclosed bone', 'perithelium': 'tissue layer around small blood vessels', 'gland': 'any of various organs that synthesize substances needed by the body and release it through ducts or directly into the bloodstream', 'oil_gland': 'a gland that secretes oil', 'sebaceous_gland': 'a cutaneous gland that secretes sebum (usually into a hair follicle) for lubricating hair and skin', 'Meibomian_gland': 'a long sebaceous gland that lubricates the eyelids; \"bacterial infection of a Meibomian gland produces a stye\"', \"Montgomery's_tubercle\": 'one of the sebaceous glands on the areolae of the breast that lubricate the breast during breast-feeding', 'exocrine_gland': 'a gland that secretes externally through a duct', 'digestive_system': 'the system that makes food absorbable into the body', 'endocrine_system': 'the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity', 'endocrine_gland': 'any of the glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream', 'thyroid_gland': 'located near the base of the neck', 'parathyroid_gland': 'any one of four endocrine glands situated above or within the thyroid gland', 'sweat_duct': 'a small duct that conveys sweat from a sudoriferous gland to the surface of the skin', 'sweat_gland': 'any of the glands in the skin that secrete perspiration', 'apocrine_gland': 'a large sweat gland that produces both a fluid and an apocrine secretion; in human beings located in hairy regions of the body', 'eccrine_gland': 'a small sweat gland that produces only a fluid; restricted to the human skin', 'adrenal_gland': 'either of a pair of complex endocrine glands situated near the kidney', 'prostate_gland': 'a firm partly muscular chestnut sized gland in males at the neck of the urethra; produces a viscid secretion that is the fluid part of semen', 'lacrimal_gland': 'any of the glands in the eyes that secrete tears', 'lacrimal_duct': 'any of several small ducts that carry tears from the lacrimal glands', 'lacrimal_sac': 'either of the two dilated ends of the lacrimal ducts at the nasal ends of the eyes that fill with tears secreted by the lacrimal glands', 'lacrimal_bone': 'small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts', 'nasolacrimal_duct': 'a duct that carries tears from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity', 'thymus_gland': 'a ductless glandular organ at the base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity; atrophies with age', 'kidney': 'either of two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes (especially urea) from the blood and excrete them and water in urine; \"urine passes out of the kidney through ureters to the bladder\"', 'excretory_organ': 'an organ that separates waste substances from the blood and discharges them', 'spleen': 'a large dark-red oval organ on the left side of the body between the stomach and the diaphragm; produces cells involved in immune responses', 'alveolar_artery': 'a branch of the maxillary artery that supplies the alveolar process', 'inferior_alveolar_artery': 'the alveolar artery that goes through the mandibular canal to supply the lower teeth', 'superior_alveolar_artery': 'the alveolar artery that supplies the upper teeth', 'angular_artery': 'the terminal branch of the facial artery', 'aorta': 'the large trunk artery that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to branch arteries', 'ascending_aorta': 'the ascending part of the aorta as it emerges from the left ventricle', 'aortic_arch': 'the part of the aorta that arches and turns downward', 'descending_aorta': 'the descending part of the aorta that branches into the thoracic and abdominal aortae', 'abdominal_aorta': 'a branch of the descending aorta', 'thoracic_aorta': 'a branch of the descending aorta; divides into the iliac arteries', 'appendicular_artery': 'the branch of the ileocolic artery that supplies the vermiform appendix', 'arcuate_artery': 'curved artery in the foot', 'arcuate_artery_of_the_kidney': 'curved arteries of the kidney', 'arteriole': 'one of the small thin-walled arteries that end in capillaries', 'artery_of_the_penis_bulb': 'a branch of the internal pudendal artery of males that supplies the bulb of the penis', 'artery_of_the_vestibule_bulb': 'a branch of the internal pudendal artery in females that supplies the bulb of the vestibule', 'ascending_artery': 'the branch of the ileocolic artery that supplies the ascending colon', 'auricular_artery': 'artery that supplies blood to the ear', 'axillary_artery': 'the part of the main artery of the arm that lies in the armpit and is continuous with the subclavian artery above and the brachial artery below', 'basilar_artery': 'an unpaired artery; supplies the pons and cerebellum and the back part of the cerebrum and the inner ear', 'brachial_artery': 'the main artery of the upper arm; a continuation of the axillary artery; bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the elbow', 'radial_artery': 'branch of the brachial artery beginning below the elbow and extending down the forearm around the wrist and into the palm', 'bronchial_artery': 'arteries that accompany the bronchioles', 'buccal_artery': 'a branch of the maxillary artery that supplies blood to the buccinator muscle and the cheek', 'carotid_artery': 'either of two major arteries of the neck and head; branches from the aorta', 'common_carotid_artery': 'runs upward in the neck and divides into the external and internal carotid arteries', 'external_carotid_artery': 'the branch of the carotid artery that supplies blood to the face and tongue and external parts of the head', 'internal_carotid_artery': 'the branch of the carotid artery that supplies blood to the brain and eyes and internal parts of the head', 'carotid_body': 'a chemoreceptor located near the bifurcations of the carotid arteries; monitors oxygen content of the blood and helps control respiration', 'celiac_trunk': 'an artery that originates from the abdominal aorta just below the diaphragm and branches into the left gastric artery and the common hepatic artery and the splenic artery', 'central_artery_of_the_retina': 'a branch of the ophthalmic artery; enters the eyeball with the optic nerve', 'cerebellar_artery': 'an artery that supplies the cerebellum', 'inferior_cerebellar_artery': 'the inferior branch of the cerebellar artery', 'superior_cerebellar_artery': 'the superior branch of the cerebellar artery', 'cerebral_artery': 'any of the arteries supplying blood to the cerebral cortex', 'anterior_cerebral_artery': 'one of two branches of the internal carotid artery; divides into two branches that serve (1) the thalamus and (2) parts of the frontal and parietal cortex', 'middle_cerebral_artery': 'one of two branches of the internal carotid artery; divides into three branches', 'posterior_cerebral_artery': 'arises from the basilar artery; divides into three branches', 'cervical_artery': 'an artery that supplies the muscles of the neck', 'choroidal_artery': 'an artery that supplies the choroid plexus', 'ciliary_artery': 'one of several arteries supplying the choroid coat of the eye', 'circle_of_Willis': 'a ring of arteries at the base of the brain', 'circumflex_artery': 'any of several paired curving arteries', 'circumflex_artery_of_the_thigh': 'an artery that supplies the hip joint and thigh muscles', 'circumflex_humeral_artery': 'an artery that supplies the shoulder joint and shoulder muscles', 'circumflex_iliac_artery': 'an artery that supplies the lower abdominal walls and skin and the sartorius muscle', 'circumflex_scapular_artery': 'an artery that serves the muscles of the shoulder and scapular area', 'colic_artery': 'arteries that supply blood to the colon', 'communicating_artery': 'any of three arteries in the brain that make up the circle of Willis', 'coronary_artery': 'the artery that branches from the aorta to supply blood to the heart', 'atrial_artery': 'the branch of the coronary artery that supplies the muscles of the atria', 'right_coronary_artery': 'arises from the right aortic sinus; supplies the right side of the heart', 'left_coronary_artery': 'arises from the left aortic sinus; supplies the left side of the heart', 'cystic_artery': 'a branch of the hepatic artery; supplies the gall bladder and the surface of the liver', 'digital_arteries': 'arteries in the hand and foot that supply the fingers and toes', 'epigastric_artery': 'one of three arteries supplying the anterior walls of the abdomen', 'ethmoidal_artery': 'a branch of the ophthalmic artery supplying structures in and around the nasal capsule', 'facial_artery': 'an artery that originates in the external carotid and gives off branches that supply the neck and face', 'femoral_artery': 'the chief artery of the thigh; a continuation of the external iliac artery', 'popliteal_artery': 'a continuation of the femoral artery that branches to supply the legs and feet', 'gastric_artery': 'the arteries that supply the walls of the stomach', 'right_gastric_artery': 'a branch of the hepatic artery that supplies the pyloric portion of the stomach on the lesser curvature', 'left_gastric_artery': 'a branch of the celiac artery that supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach and the abdominal part of the esophagus', 'short_gastric_artery': 'several small arteries branching off of the splenic artery and going to the greater curvature of the stomach', 'gluteal_artery': 'branches of the internal iliac artery that supply the hip joint and gluteal region', 'hepatic_artery': 'arteries that supply the liver', 'ileal_artery': 'branch of the superior mesenteric artery that supplies the ileum', 'ileocolic_artery': 'an artery that originates from the superior mesenteric artery and supplies the terminal part of the ileum and the cecum and the vermiform appendix and the ascending colon', 'iliac_artery': 'one of the large arteries supplying blood to the pelvis and legs', 'common_iliac_artery': 'terminal branches of the abdominal aorta', 'external_iliac_artery': 'the outer branch of the common iliac artery on either side of the body; becomes the femoral artery', 'internal_iliac_artery': 'the inner branch of the common iliac artery on either side of the body; divides into several branches that supply blood to the pelvic and gluteal areas', 'iliolumbar_artery': 'an artery that originates in the internal iliac artery and supplies the pelvic muscles and bones', 'infraorbital_artery': 'an artery that originates from the maxillary artery and supplies structures below the orbit (from lower eyelid to upper lip)', 'innominate_artery': 'a large artery arising from the arch of the aorta and divides into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery; supplies the right side of the neck and head and the right shoulder and arm', 'intercostal_artery': 'several arteries and supplying the intercostal spaces of the rib cage', 'jejunal_artery': 'an artery that is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that supplies the jejunum', 'labial_artery': 'an artery that is a branch of the facial artery that supplies the lips of the mouth', 'inferior_labial_artery': 'an artery that is a branch of the facial artery that supplies the lower lip', 'superior_labial_artery': 'an artery that is a branch of the facial artery that supplies the upper lip', 'labyrinthine_artery': 'an artery that is a branch of the basilar artery that supplies the labyrinth', 'lacrimal_artery': 'an artery that originates from the ophthalmic artery and supplies the lacrimal gland and rectal eye muscles and the upper eyelid and the forehead', 'laryngeal_artery': 'either of two arteries that supply blood to the larynx', 'lienal_artery': 'an artery that originates from the celiac trunk and supplies blood to the spleen', 'lingual_artery': 'an artery originating from the external carotid artery and supplying the under side of the tongue', 'lumbar_artery': 'one of four or five pairs of arteries that originate in the abdominal aorta and supply the lumbar vertebrae and the back muscles and abdominal wall', 'maxillary_artery': 'either of two arteries branching from the external carotid artery and supplying structure of the face', 'internal_maxillary_artery': 'the maxillary artery that supplies deep structure of the face and some of the meninges', 'meningeal_artery': 'any of three arteries supplying the meninges of the brain and neighboring structures', 'anterior_meningeal_artery': 'branch of the anterior ethmoidal artery that supplies meninges in the anterior cranial fossa', 'middle_meningeal_artery': 'branch of the maxillary artery; its branches supply meninges', 'posterior_meningeal_artery': 'branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery that supplies the dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa', 'mesenteric_artery': 'one of two branches of the aorta that pass between the two layers of the mesentery to the intestines', 'inferior_mesenteric_artery': 'arises near the lower end of the aorta and supplies the large intestine', 'superior_mesenteric_artery': 'originates from the upper part of the aorta that supplies the small intestines and the cecum and the colon', 'metacarpal_artery': 'dorsal and palmar arteries of the hand', 'metatarsal_artery': 'dorsal and plantar arteries to the metatarsal region of the foot', 'musculophrenic_artery': 'an artery that supplies the abdomen and intercostal muscles', 'nutrient_artery': 'an artery that supplies the medullary cavity of the long bone', 'ophthalmic_artery': 'a branch of the internal carotid artery that supplies the eye and neighboring structures', 'ovarian_artery': 'the artery that branches from the aorta and supplies blood to the ovaries', 'palatine_artery': 'one of several arteries supplying the face', 'pancreatic_artery': 'a branch of the splenic artery that supplies the pancreas', 'perineal_artery': 'a branch of the internal pudendal artery that supplies superficial structures of the perineum', 'pudendal_artery': 'arteries supplying the external genital organs of humans', 'pulmonary_artery': 'one of two arteries (branches of the pulmonary trunk) that carry venous blood from the heart to the lungs', 'pulmonary_trunk': 'the artery that carries venous blood from the right ventricle of the heart and divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries', 'rectal_artery': 'one of the arteries supplying the rectal area', 'renal_artery': 'an artery originating from the abdominal aorta and supplying the kidneys and adrenal glands and ureters', 'subclavian_artery': 'either of two arteries that supply blood to the neck and arms', 'temporal_artery': 'any of the three arteries on either side of the brain supplying the cortex of the temporal lobe', 'anterior_temporal_artery': 'temporal artery that goes to the anterior part of the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe', 'intermediate_temporal_artery': 'temporal artery that goes to the middle part of the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe', 'posterior_temporal_artery': 'temporal artery that supplies the posterior part of the cortex of the temporal lobe', 'testicular_artery': 'a branch of the aorta supplying the testicles', 'ulnar_artery': 'large artery that branches from the brachial artery to supply the muscles of the forearm and wrist and hand', 'uterine_artery': 'a branch of the internal iliac artery that supplies the uterus and the upper part of the vagina', 'vaginal_artery': 'a branch of the internal iliac that provides blood for the vagina and the base of the bladder and the rectum', 'vertebral_artery': 'the first branch of the subclavian artery; divided into four parts', 'accessory_cephalic_vein': 'a vein that passes along the radial edge of the forearm and joins the cephalic vein near the elbow', 'accessory_hemiazygos_vein': 'a vein formed by the union of the 4th to 7th posterior intercostal veins; empties into the azygos vein', 'accessory_vertebral_vein': 'a vein that accompanies the vertebral vein but passes through the foramen of the transverse process of the 7th cervical vertebra and empties into the brachiocephalic vein', 'accompanying_vein': 'a vein accompanying another structure; a vein may accompany an artery in such a way that the arterial pulses aid venous return', 'anastomotic_vein': 'either of two communicating veins serving the brain', 'angular_vein': 'a short vein formed by the supraorbital vein and the supratrochlear vein and continuing as the facial vein', 'anterior_vertebral_vein': 'a vein that accompanies the ascending cervical artery and opens into the vertebral vein', 'appendicular_vein': 'a vein that accompanies the appendicular artery and empties into the ileocolic vein', 'arcuate_vein_of_the_kidney': 'veins that receive blood from interlobular veins of kidney and rectal venules', 'auricular_vein': 'one of two veins serving the ear region', 'axillary_vein': 'a continuation of the basilic vein and brachial vein that becomes the subclavian vein', 'azygos_vein': 'one of a system of veins that drain the thoracic and abdominal walls; arises as a continuation of the right ascending lumbar vein and terminates in the superior vena cava', 'basal_vein': 'a large vein passing along the medial surface of the temporal lobe and emptying into the great cerebral vein', 'basilic_vein': 'a vein that drains the back of the hand and forearm and empties into the axillary vein', 'basivertebral_vein': 'one of a number of veins draining the spongy substance of the vertebrae and emptying into the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus', 'brachial_vein': 'two veins in either arm that accompany the brachial artery and empty into the axillary vein', 'brachiocephalic_vein': 'veins formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins', 'bronchial_vein': 'veins serving the bronchi; empty into the azygos vein', 'cardinal_vein': 'any of the major venous channels in primitive adult vertebrates and in embryos of higher vertebrates', 'anterior_cardinal_vein': 'a major drainage channel from the cephalic part of the body', 'posterior_cardinal_vein': 'a major drainage channel from the caudal part of the body', 'common_cardinal_vein': 'the major return channels to the heart; formed by anastomosis of the anterior and posterior cardinal veins', 'central_veins_of_liver': 'terminal branches of the hepatic veins that lie in the hepatic lobules and receive blood from the liver sinusoids', 'central_vein_of_retina': 'vein formed by the union of the retinal veins; accompanies central arteries of the retina in the optic nerve', 'central_vein_of_suprarenal_gland': 'a single draining vein; on the right it empties into the inferior vena cava; on the left it empties into the left renal vein', 'cephalic_vein': 'a large vein of the arm that empties into the axillary vein', 'cerebellar_vein': 'the veins draining the cerebellum', 'cerebral_vein': 'any of several veins serving the cerebral hemispheres of the brain', 'anterior_cerebral_vein': 'accompanies the anterior cerebral artery and empties into the basal vein', 'anterior_facial_vein': 'a continuation of the angular vein; unites with the retromandibular vein before emptying into the internal jugular vein', 'great_cerebral_vein': 'a cerebral vein formed by the two internal cerebral veins and continuing into the sinus rectus', 'inferior_cerebral_vein': 'veins that drain the undersurface of the cerebral hemispheres and empty into the cavernous and transverse sinuses', 'internal_cerebral_vein': 'two paired veins passing caudally near the midline and uniting to form the great cerebral vein', 'middle_cerebral_vein': 'either of two cerebral veins', 'deep_middle_cerebral_vein': 'accompanies the middle cerebral artery deep in the Sylvian fissure; empties into the basal vein', 'superficial_middle_cerebral_vein': 'a large vein along the line of the Sylvian fissure to the cavernous sinus', 'superior_cerebral_vein': 'a cerebral vein that drains the dorsal convexity of the cerebral hemisphere and empties into the cavernous sinus', 'cervical_vein': 'a vein that accompanies an artery of the same name', 'choroid_vein': 'either of two veins serving the choroid coat of the eye', 'ciliary_veins': 'small veins coming from the ciliary body', 'circumflex_vein': 'any of several curved parallel veins accompanying arteries of the same name', 'circumflex_iliac_vein': 'accompanies the artery of the same name', 'circumflex_femoral_vein': 'either of two veins that accompany arteries of the same name serving the hip and thigh', 'clitoral_vein': 'veins that serve the clitoris', 'colic_vein': 'vein serving the large intestine', 'common_facial_vein': 'vein formed by union of facial vein and the retromandibular vein and emptying into the jugular vein', 'conjunctival_veins': 'veins draining the conjunctiva', 'costoaxillary_vein': 'one of several veins connecting intercostal veins with the lateral thoracic vein or the thoracoepigastric vein', 'cutaneous_vein': 'one of a number of veins in the subcutaneous tissue that empty into deep veins', 'cystic_vein': 'vein that drains the gallbladder', 'digital_vein': 'one of the veins serving the fingers or toes', 'diploic_vein': 'one of the veins serving the spongy part of the cranial bones', 'dorsal_scapular_vein': 'vein that is a tributary of the subclavian vein or external jugular vein and accompanies the descending scapular artery', 'dorsal_root': 'one of the two roots of a spinal nerve that passes dorsally to the spinal cord and that consists of sensory fibers', 'emissary_vein': 'one of several connecting veins in the scalp and head that drain blood from sinuses in the dura mater to veins outside the skull', 'epigastric_vein': 'veins serving the anterior walls of the abdomen', 'inferior_epigastric_vein': 'empties into the external iliac vein', 'superficial_epigastric_vein': 'empties into the great saphenous vein', 'superior_epigastric_veins': 'veins that accompany the superior epigastric artery', 'episcleral_veins': 'small veins in the sclera near the corneal margin; empty into the anterior ciliary veins', 'esophageal_veins': 'small veins from the esophagus emptying into the brachiocephalic vein or the azygos veins', 'ethmoidal_vein': 'veins that drain the ethmoidal sinuses and empty into the superior ophthalmic vein', 'external_nasal_vein': 'one of the veins that drain the external nose and empty into the angular or facial vein', 'facial_vein': 'any of several veins draining the face', 'femoral_vein': 'a vein that accompanies the femoral artery in the same sheath; a continuation of the popliteal vein; becomes the external iliac vein', 'gastric_vein': 'one of several veins draining the stomach walls', 'gastroomental_vein': 'one of two veins serving the great curvature of the stomach', 'genicular_vein': 'veins that drain blood from structures around the knee; empty into the popliteal vein', 'glans': 'a small rounded structure; especially that at the end of the penis or clitoris', 'glans_clitoridis': 'small mass of erectile tissue at the end of the body of the clitoris', 'glans_penis': 'the conical mass of erectile tissue that forms the head of the penis', 'gluteal_vein': 'veins draining the gluteal muscles on either side of the body', 'hemizygos_vein': 'a continuation of the left ascending lumbar vein; crosses the midline at the 8th vertebra and empties into the azygos vein', 'hemorrhoidal_vein': 'any of several veins draining the walls of the anal canal and rectum', 'hepatic_vein': 'a vein that drains the liver; empties into the vena cava', 'hypogastric_vein': 'a vein that unites with the external iliac vein to form the common iliac vein', 'ileocolic_vein': 'a vein that drains the end of the ileum and the appendix and the cecum and the lower part of the ascending colon', 'external_iliac_vein': 'a continuation of the femoral vein; unites with the internal iliac vein to form the common iliac vein', 'common_iliac_vein': 'formed by the internal and external iliac veins; unites with its fellow from the opposite side of the body to form the inferior vena cava', 'iliac_vein': 'one of three veins draining the pelvic area', 'iliolumbar_vein': 'a branch of the internal iliac vein', 'intercapitular_vein': 'veins connecting the dorsal and palmar veins of the hand or the dorsal and plantar veins of the foot', 'intercostal_vein': 'several veins draining the intercostal spaces of the rib cage', 'intervertebral_vein': 'one of several veins accompanying spinal nerves', 'jugular_vein': 'veins in the neck that return blood from the head', 'anterior_jugular_vein': 'arises below the chin from veins draining the lower face; joins the external jugular vein', 'external_jugular_vein': 'formed by the junction of the posterior auricular and the retromandibular veins; empties into the subclavian vein', 'internal_jugular_vein': 'a continuation of the sigmoid sinus of the dura mater; joins the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein', 'labial_vein': 'veins draining the lips of the vulva', 'inferior_labial_vein': 'a tributary of the facial vein that drains the lower lip', 'superior_labial_vein': 'a tributary of the facial vein that drains the upper lip', 'labyrinthine_vein': 'veins that drain the inner ear', 'lacrimal_vein': 'drains the lacrimal gland; empties into the superior ophthalmic vein', 'laryngeal_vein': 'one of two veins draining the larynx', 'left_gastric_vein': 'arises from a union of veins from the gastric cardia; runs in the lesser omentum; empties into the portal vein', 'lingual_vein': 'a vein that receives blood from the tongue and the floor of the mouth and empties into the internal jugular or the facial vein', 'lumbar_vein': 'veins that drain the posterior body wall and the lumbar vertebral venous plexuses', 'maxillary_vein': 'posterior continuation of the pterygoid plexus; joins the superficial temporal vein to form the retromandibular vein', 'meningeal_veins': 'veins at accompany the meningeal arteries', 'mesenteric_vein': 'a tributary of the portal vein passing from the intestine between the two layers of mesentery', 'metacarpal_vein': 'dorsal and palmar veins of the hand', 'metatarsal_vein': 'dorsal and plantar branches of veins serving the metatarsal region of the foot', 'musculophrenic_vein': 'veins that drain the upper abdominal wall and the lower intercostal spaces and the abdomen', 'nasofrontal_vein': 'a vein located in the anterior medial part of the orbit; connects the superior ophthalmic with the angular vein', 'oblique_vein_of_the_left_atrium': 'a tributary of the coronary sinus; on the posterior wall of the left atrium', 'obturator_vein': 'a vein formed by the union of tributaries that drain the hip joints and thigh muscles; empties into the internal iliac vein', 'occipital_vein': 'a vein that drains the occipital region', 'ophthalmic_vein': 'either of two veins that serve the eye; empties into the cavernous sinus', 'inferior_ophthalmic_vein': 'a vein that drains a venous network in the floor and medial wall of the eye socket', 'superior_ophthalmic_vein': 'a vein that begins at the inner angle of the eye socket and passes through the superior orbital fissure to empty into the cavernous sinus', 'ovarian_vein': 'one of the veins that drain the ovaries; the right opens into the inferior vena cava; the left opens into the left renal vein', 'palatine_vein': 'a vein that drains the region of the palate and empties into the facial vein', 'pancreatic_vein': 'veins draining the pancreas and emptying into the superior mesenteric and splenic veins', 'paraumbilical_vein': 'small veins arising in skin around the navel; terminate as accessory portal veins', 'parotid_vein': 'parotid branches of the facial vein; they drain part of the parotid gland and empty into the retromandibular vein', 'pectoral_vein': 'veins that drain the pectoral muscles and empty into the subclavian vein', 'perforating_vein': 'veins that accompany the perforating arteries; drain leg muscles; empty into the deep femoral vein', 'pericardial_vein': 'several small veins from the pericardium', 'peroneal_vein': 'accompany the peroneal arteries; arising in the heel and running up the back of the leg to join the posterior tibial veins of the popliteal vein', 'pharyngeal_vein': 'veins from the pharyngeal plexus that empty into the internal jugular vein', 'phrenic_vein': 'either of two veins that drain the diaphragm', 'popliteal_vein': 'a vein arising in the knee and ascending to become the femoral vein', 'portal_system': 'system of veins that carry blood from the abdominal organs to the liver', 'portal_vein': 'a short vein that carries blood into the liver', 'posterior_vein_of_the_left_ventricle': 'arises near the apex of the heart and empties into the coronary sinus', 'prepyloric_vein': 'a tributary of the right gastric vein', 'pudendal_vein': 'vein of the pudendum', 'pulmonary_vein': 'any of four veins that carry arterial blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart', 'inferior_pulmonary_vein': 'either of two pulmonary veins (left and right) returning blood from the inferior lobes of the lungs', 'superior_pulmonary_vein': 'either of two pulmonary veins (left and right) returning blood from the superior lobes of the lungs', 'pyloric_vein': 'receives veins from the upper surfaces of the stomach and empties into the portal vein', 'radial_vein': 'superficial veins ascending the radial side of the forearm; combines with the ulnar veins to form the brachial vein', 'renal_vein': 'veins that accompany renal arteries; open into the vena cava at the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra', 'retromandibular_vein': 'posterior branch of the facial vein; formed by temporal veins in front of the ear', 'sacral_vein': 'vein of the sacral region', 'saphenous_vein': 'either of two chief superficial veins of the leg that drain blood from the foot', 'long_saphenous_vein': 'the longest vein in the body; runs from foot to the groin where it joins the femoral vein', 'short_saphenous_vein': 'a vein running from the foot up the back of the leg to the knee', 'scleral_veins': 'tributaries of the anterior ciliary veins that drain the sclera of the eye', 'scrotal_vein': 'veins passing from the scrotum to the pudendal veins', 'sigmoid_vein': 'tributaries of the inferior mesenteric vein; drains the sigmoid colon', 'spinal_vein': 'veins that drain the spinal cord', 'splenic_vein': 'a vein formed by several small veins on the surface of the spleen; joins the superior mesenteric to form the portal vein', 'stellate_venule': 'a star-shaped group of venules in the renal cortex', 'sternocleidomastoid_vein': 'drains the sternocleidomastoid muscle; empties into the internal jugular vein', 'stylomastoid_vein': 'a vein that drains the tympanic cavity and empties into the retromandibular vein', 'subclavian_vein': 'a continuation of the axillary vein; joins the internal jugular to form the brachiocephalic vein', 'sublingual_vein': 'a tributary of the lingual vein', 'supraorbital_vein': 'drains the front of the scalp; unites with the supratrochlear vein to form the angular vein', 'supratrochlear_vein': 'drains the front of the scalp; unites with the supraorbital vein to form the angular vein', 'temporal_vein': 'any of several veins draining the temporal region', 'deep_temporal_vein': 'temporal veins that empty into the pterygoid plexus', 'middle_temporal_vein': 'arises near the eye; joins the superficial temporal veins to form the retromandibular vein', 'superficial_temporal_vein': 'join the middle temporal vein to empty into the retromandibular vein', 'testicular_vein': 'a vein from the testicles', 'thalamostriate_vein': 'a vein serving the thalamus and corpus striatum', 'thoracoepigastric_vein': 'a vein arising from the region of the superficial epigastric vein and opening into the axillary vein or thoracic vein', 'superior_thalamostriate_vein': 'a long vein that helps to form the internal cerebral vein', 'inferior_thalamostriate_vein': 'tributaries to the basal vein', 'thoracic_vein': 'veins that drain the thoracic walls', 'thyroid_vein': 'any of several small veins draining blood from the thyroid area', 'inferior_thyroid_vein': 'any of several veins on each side that drain the thyroid gland and empty into the innominate vein', 'middle_thyroid_vein': 'a vein on each side that drains the lateral part of the thyroid and empties into the internal jugular vein', 'superior_thyroid_vein': 'a vein on each side that drains the upper part of the thyroid and empties into the internal jugular vein', 'tibial_vein': 'veins of the lower leg; empty into the popliteal vein', 'tracheal_vein': 'several small veins from the trachea', 'tympanic_vein': 'veins from the tympanic cavity that empty into the retromandibular vein', 'ulnar_vein': 'any of several veins of the forearm', 'umbilical_vein': 'a vein in the umbilical cord; returns nutrient blood from the placenta to the fetus', 'uterine_vein': 'one of two veins on each side that arise from the uterine plexus and empty into the internal iliac vein', 'gallbladder': 'a muscular sac attached to the liver that stores bile (secreted by the liver) until it is needed for digestion', 'hypochondrium': 'the upper region of the abdomen just below the lowest ribs on either side of the epigastrium', 'liver': 'a person who has a special life style; \"a high liver\"', 'Haversian_canal': 'any of the many tiny canals that contain blood vessels and connective tissue and that form a network in bone', 'hepatic_lobe': 'any of the five lobes forming the liver', 'hepatic_duct': 'the duct that drains bile from the liver', 'inguinal_canal': 'oblique passage through the lower abdominal wall; in males it is the passage through which the testes descend into the scrotum and it contains the spermatic cord; in females it transmits the round ligament of the uterus', 'common_bile_duct': 'a duct formed by the hepatic and cystic ducts; opens into the duodenum', 'biliary_ductule': 'excretory ducts of the liver; empty into the hepatic ducts', 'pancreas': 'a large elongated exocrine gland located behind the stomach; secretes pancreatic juice and insulin', 'pancreatic_duct': 'a duct connecting the pancreas with the intestine', 'lung': 'either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates; serves to remove carbon dioxide and provide oxygen to the blood', 'alveolar_bed': 'lung tissue densely packed with alveoli', 'lobe_of_the_lung': 'any of the three lobes of the right lung or the two lobes of the left lung', 'pleura': 'the thin serous membrane around the lungs and inner walls of the chest', 'parietal_pleura': 'pleura that lines the inner chest walls and covers the diaphragm', 'visceral_pleura': 'pleura that covers the lungs', 'pleural_cavity': 'the cavity in the thorax that contains the lungs and heart', 'pleural_space': 'the small potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura', \"athlete's_heart\": 'enlarged heart commonly found among athletes trained for endurance', 'biauriculate_heart': 'a heart (as of mammals and birds and reptiles) having two auricles', 'cardiac_muscle': 'the muscle tissue of the heart; adapted to continued rhythmic contraction', 'papillary_muscle': 'any of several muscles associated with the atrioventricular valves; \"the papillary muscles contract during systole to prevent regurgitation of blood into the atria\"', 'atrioventricular_bundle': 'a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contract', 'atrioventricular_node': 'a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium; receives impulses from the sinoatrial node and transmits them to atrioventricular bundle', 'myocardium': 'the middle muscular layer of the heart wall', 'Purkinje_fiber': 'a specialized cardiac muscle fiber that is part of the Purkinje network', 'Purkinje_network': 'a network of Purkinje fibers that carry the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles of the heart and causes them to contract', 'area_of_cardiac_dullness': 'a triangular area of the front of the chest (determined by percussion); corresponds to the part of the heart not covered by the lungs', 'ventricle': 'one of four connected cavities in the brain; is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and contains cerebrospinal fluid', 'left_ventricle': 'the chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta', 'right_ventricle': 'the chamber on the right side of the heart that receives venous blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk', 'auricula': 'yellow-flowered primrose native to Alps; commonly cultivated', 'cranial_cavity': 'the cavity enclosed by the cranium', 'atrium_cordis': 'the upper chamber of each half of the heart', 'right_atrium': 'the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus', 'left_atrium': 'the left upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins', 'mitral_valve': 'valve with two cusps; situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle', 'tricuspid_valve': 'valve with three cusps; situated between the right atrium and the right ventricle; allows blood to pass from atrium to ventricle and closes to prevent backflow when the ventricle contracts', 'atrioventricular_valve': 'either of two heart valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles; prevents return of blood to the atrium', 'aortic_valve': 'a semilunar valve between the left ventricle and the aorta; prevents blood from flowing from the aorta back into the heart', 'pulmonary_valve': 'a semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery; prevents blood from flowing from the artery back into the heart', 'semilunar_valve': 'a heart valve with cusps shaped like half-moons; prevents blood from flowing back into the heart', 'valvule': 'a small valve', 'stomach': 'an inclination or liking for things involving conflict or difficulty or unpleasantness; \"he had no stomach for a fight\"', 'epigastrium': 'the region lying on or over the stomach (just below the sternum)', 'cardia': 'the opening into the stomach and that part of the stomach connected to the esophagus', 'lymphatic_system': 'the interconnected system of spaces and vessels between body tissues and organs by which lymph circulates throughout the body', 'thoracic_duct': 'the major duct of the lymphatic system', 'lymph_vessel': 'a vascular duct that carries lymph which is eventually added to the venous blood circulation', 'lacteal': 'any of the lymphatic vessels that convey chyle from the small intestine to the thoracic duct', 'vascular_structure': 'a structure composed of or provided with blood vessels', 'liquid_body_substance': 'the liquid parts of the body', 'extracellular_fluid': 'liquid containing proteins and electrolytes including the liquid in blood plasma and interstitial fluid; \"the body normally has about 15 quarts of extracellular fluid\"', 'interstitial_fluid': 'liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid environment of the body', 'intracellular_fluid': 'liquid contained inside the cell membranes (usually containing dissolved solutes)', 'juice': 'energetic vitality; \"her creative juices were flowing\"', 'cancer_juice': 'a milky substance found in certain cancerous growths', 'karyolymph': 'a clear liquid in the cell nucleus in which the nucleolus and chromatin and other structures are dispersed', 'milk': 'any of several nutritive milklike liquids', \"mother's_milk\": 'milk secreted by a woman who has recently given birth', 'colostrum': 'milky fluid secreted for the first day or two after parturition', 'amniotic_cavity': 'the fluid-filled cavity that surrounds the developing embryo', 'amniotic_fluid': 'the serous fluid in which the embryo is suspended inside the amnion; \"before a woman gives birth her waters break\"', 'arterial_blood': 'blood found in arteries; \"except for the pulmonary artery the arterial blood is rich in oxygen\"', 'blood_group': 'human blood cells (usually just the red blood cells) that have the same antigens', 'A': 'the 1st letter of the Roman alphabet', 'B': 'the 2nd letter of the Roman alphabet', 'AB': 'the blood group whose red cells carry both the A and B antigens', 'O': 'the 15th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'Rh-positive_blood_type': 'the blood group (approximately 85% of people) whose red cells have the Rh factor (Rh antigen)', 'Rh-negative_blood_type': 'the blood group whose red cells lack the Rh factor (Rh antigen)', 'bloodstream': 'the blood flowing through the circulatory system', 'clot': 'a lump of material formed from the content of a liquid', 'blood_clot': 'a semisolid mass of coagulated red and white blood cells', 'cord_blood': 'blood obtained from the umbilical cord at birth', 'menorrhea': \"flow of blood from the uterus; occurs at roughly monthly intervals during a woman's reproductive years\", 'venous_blood': 'blood found in the veins; \"except in the pulmonary vein venous blood is rich in carbon dioxide and poor in oxygen\"', 'whole_blood': 'blood that has not been modified except for the addition of an anticoagulant; \"whole blood is normally used in blood transfusions\"', 'serum': 'an amber, watery fluid, rich in proteins, that separates out when blood coagulates', 'plasma': 'a green slightly translucent variety of chalcedony used as a gemstone', 'antiserum': 'blood serum containing antibodies against specific antigens; provides immunity to a disease', 'chyle': 'a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats', 'lymph': 'a thin coagulable fluid (similar to plasma but) containing white blood cells (lymphocytes) and chyle; is conveyed to the blood stream by lymphatic vessels', 'semen': 'the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract', 'ink': 'a liquid used for printing or writing or drawing', 'secretion': 'the organic process of synthesizing and releasing some substance', 'lacrimal_secretion': 'saline fluid secreted by lacrimal glands; lubricates the surface of the eyeball', 'lacrimal_apparatus': 'the structures that secrete and drain tears from the eye', 'perspiration': 'the process of the sweat glands of the skin secreting a salty fluid; \"perspiration is a homeostatic process\"', 'digestive_juice': 'secretions that aid digestion', 'gastric_juice': 'digestive secretions of the stomach glands consisting chiefly of hydrochloric acid and mucin and the enzymes pepsin and rennin and lipase', 'pancreatic_juice': 'a fluid secreted into the duodenum by the pancreas; important for breaking down starches and proteins and fats', 'bile': 'a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; aids in the digestion of fats', 'black_bile': 'a humor that was once believed to be secreted by the kidneys or spleen and to cause sadness and melancholy', 'yellow_bile': 'a humor that was once believed to be secreted by the liver and to cause irritability and anger', 'hormone': 'the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect', 'intestinal_juice': 'secretions by glands lining the walls of the intestines', 'noradrenaline': 'a catecholamine precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and also released at synapses', 'adrenocorticotropic_hormone': 'a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex', 'epinephrine': 'a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress (trade name Adrenalin); stimulates autonomic nerve action', 'gastrointestinal_hormone': 'hormones that affect gastrointestinal functioning', 'gastrin': 'polypeptide hormone secreted by the mucous lining of the stomach; when peptides and amino acids are present in the small intestine the secretion of gastric acid is stimulated', 'cholecystokinin': 'a gastrointestinal hormone that stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and the contraction and emptying of the gall bladder; its release is stimulated by the presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the small intestine', 'secretin': 'a gastrointestinal hormone that stimulates the secretion of water and bicarbonate from the pancreas and bile ducts whenever the stomach empties too much acid into the small intestine', 'ghrelin': 'a gastrointestinal hormone produced by epithelial cells lining the fundus of the stomach; appears to be a stimulant for appetite and feeding, but is also a strong stimulant of growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary', 'motilin': 'a gastrointestinal hormone that apparently participates in controlling smooth muscle contractions in the stomach and small intestine', 'glucagon': 'a hormone secreted by the pancreas; stimulates increases in blood sugar levels in the blood (thus opposing the action of insulin)', 'gonadotropin': 'hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and placenta; stimulates the gonads and controls reproductive activity', 'insulin': 'hormone secreted by the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas; regulates storage of glycogen in the liver and accelerates oxidation of sugar in cells', 'Lente_Insulin': 'trade names for forms of insulin that are used to treat diabetes mellitus', 'recombinant_human_insulin': 'a form of insulin (trade name Humulin) made from recombinant DNA that is identical to human insulin; used to treat diabetics who are allergic to preparations made from beef or pork insulin', 'melatonin': 'hormone secreted by the pineal gland', 'neurohormone': 'a hormone that is released by nerve impulses (e.g., norepinephrine or vasopressin)', 'oxytocin': 'hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitocin); stimulates contractions of the uterus and ejection of milk', 'parathyroid_hormone': 'hormone synthesized and released into the blood stream by the parathyroid glands; regulates phosphorus and calcium in the body and functions in neuromuscular excitation and blood clotting', 'relaxin': 'hormone secreted by the corpus luteum during the last days of pregnancy; relaxes the pelvic ligaments and prepares the uterus for labor', 'releasing_hormone': 'any of several hormones produced in the hypothalamus and carried by a vein to the anterior pituitary gland where they stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones; each of these hormones causes the anterior pituitary to secrete a specific hormone', 'somatotropin': 'a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland; promotes growth in humans', 'Protropin': 'trade name of a synthetic human growth hormone given to children deficient in the hormone; use by athletes and weightlifters is banned', 'thymosin': 'hormone secreted by the thymus; stimulates immunological activity of lymphoid tissue', 'thyroid_hormone': 'any of several closely related compounds that are produced by the thyroid gland and are active metabolically', 'calcitonin': 'thyroid hormone that tends to lower the level of calcium in the blood plasma and inhibit resorption of bone', 'thyroxine': 'hormone produced by the thyroid glands to regulate metabolism by controlling the rate of oxidation in cells; \"thyroxine is 65% iodine\"', 'triiodothyronine': 'thyroid hormone similar to thyroxine but with one less iodine atom per molecule and produced in smaller quantity; exerts the same biological effects as thyroxine but is more potent and briefer', 'vasopressin': 'hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitressin) and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus; affects blood pressure by stimulating capillary muscles and reduces urine flow by affecting reabsorption of water by kidney tubules', 'autacoid': 'any physiologically active internal secretion especially one of uncertain classification', 'histamine': 'amine formed from histidine that stimulates gastric secretions and dilates blood vessels; released by the human immune system during allergic reactions', 'prostaglandin': 'a potent substance that acts like a hormone and is found in many bodily tissues (and especially in semen); produced in response to trauma and may affect blood pressure and metabolism and smooth muscle activity', 'synovia': 'viscid lubricating fluid secreted by the membrane lining joints and tendon sheaths etc.', 'mucus': 'protective secretion of the mucus membranes; in the gut it lubricates the passage of food and protects the epithelial cells; in the nose and throat and lungs it can make it difficult for bacteria to penetrate the body through the epithelium', 'phlegm': 'expectorated matter; saliva mixed with discharges from the respiratory passages; in ancient and medieval physiology it was believed to cause sluggishness', 'snot': 'nasal mucus', 'booger': 'dried nasal mucus', 'saliva': 'a clear liquid secreted into the mouth by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth; moistens the mouth and starts the digestion of starches', 'salivary_duct': 'a duct through which saliva passes from the salivary gland into the mouth', 'drool': 'saliva spilling from the mouth', 'tobacco_juice': 'saliva colored brown by tobacco (snuff or chewing tobacco)', 'sebum': 'the oily secretion of the sebaceous glands; with perspiration it moistens and protects the skin', 'smegma': 'a white secretion of the sebaceous glands of the foreskin', 'lochia': 'substance discharged from the vagina (cellular debris and mucus and blood) that gradually decreases in amount during the weeks following childbirth', 'pus': 'a fluid product of inflammation', 'gleet': 'a thin morbid discharge as from a wound or especially chronic gonorrhea', 'leukorrhea': 'discharge of white mucous material from the vagina; often an indication of infection', 'blood_vessel': 'a vessel in which blood circulates', 'ductus_arteriosus': 'a blood vessel in a fetus that bypasses pulmonary circulation by connecting the pulmonary artery directly to the ascending aorta; normally closes at birth', 'patent_ductus_arteriosus': 'a ductus arteriosus that failed to close at birth; may require surgical correction', 'vasa_vasorum': 'any small blood vessel ramifying on the outside of a major artery or vein', 'venation': '(botany) the arrangement of veins in a leaf', 'varicose_vein': 'a vein that is permanently dilated; most common in the legs', 'vena_bulbi_penis': 'vein of the head of the penis; tributary of the internal pudendal vein that drains the perineum', 'vena_canaliculi_cochleae': 'vein of the cochlear canal', 'vein_of_penis': 'a vein serving the penis', 'venae_dorsales_penis_superficiales': 'superficial dorsal veins of the penis; paired tributaries of the external pudendal veins on each side', 'venae_dorsales_penis_profunda': 'deep dorsal vein of the penis; tributary of the prostatic plexus', 'vena_profunda_penis': 'deep vein of the penis; enters the prostatic plexus', 'vena_bulbi_vestibuli': 'vein of the vestibular bulb', 'vena_cava': 'either of two large veins that return oxygen-depleted blood to the right atrium of the heart', 'inferior_vena_cava': 'receives blood from lower limbs and abdominal organs and empties into the posterior part of the right atrium of the heart; formed from the union of the two iliac veins', 'superior_vena_cava': 'receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into the right atrium of the heart; formed from the azygos and both brachiocephalic veins', 'venae_profundae_clitoridis': 'deep veins of the clitoris; join the vesical plexus', 'vena_dorsalis_clitoridis_profunda': 'deep dorsal vein of the clitoris; tributary of the vesical venous plexus', 'venae_dorsales_clitoridis_superficiales': 'superficial dorsal veins of the clitoris; tributaries of the external pudendal vein on either side', 'venae_palpebrales': 'veins of the eyelids', 'venae_interlobulares_renis': 'interlobular veins of the kidney; receive blood from the arcuate vein and empty into the renal veins', 'venae_interlobulares_hepatis': 'interlobular veins of the liver', 'venae_renis': 'veins of the kidney; drain the kidney into the renal vein', 'venae_labiales_anteriores': 'veins from the labia majora to the external pudendal vein', 'venae_labiales_posteriores': 'veins that pass posterior from the labia majora to the internal pudendal vein', 'venter': 'a speaker who expresses or gives vent to a personal opinion or grievance', 'ventral_root': 'one of two the two roots of a spinal nerve that passes ventrally from the spinal cord and that consists of motor fibers', 'vertebral_vein': 'a vein that goes through the foramina of the cervical vertebrae and forms a plexus around the vertebral artery; empties into the brachiocephalic vein', 'vesical_vein': 'veins that drain the vesical plexus and join the internal iliac veins', 'vestibular_vein': 'veins that drain the saccule and utricle', 'vortex_vein': 'a vein formed by branches from the back surface of the eye and the ciliary body; empties into the ophthalmic veins', 'venule': 'a minute vein continuous with a capillary', 'retina': 'the innermost light-sensitive membrane covering the back wall of the eyeball; it is continuous with the optic nerve', 'ganglion_cell': 'a nerve cell whose body is outside the central nervous system; \"damage to ganglion cells in the retina may play a role in the development of glaucoma\"', 'sarcolemma': 'an extensible membrane enclosing the contractile substance of a muscle fiber', 'peritoneum': 'a transparent membrane that lines the abdominal cavity in mammals and covers most of the viscera', 'peritoneal_cavity': 'the interior of the peritoneum; a potential space between layers of the peritoneum', 'bursa_omentalis': 'an isolated part of the peritoneal cavity that is dorsal to the stomach', 'endocardium': 'the membrane that lines the cavities of the heart and forms part of the heart valves', 'pericardium': 'a serous membrane with two layers that surrounds the heart', 'epicardium': 'the innermost of the two layers of the pericardium', 'parietal_pericardium': 'the tough outermost layer of the pericardium that is attached to the diaphragm and the sternum', 'pericardial_cavity': 'the space between the layers of the pericardium that contains fluid that lubricates the membrane surfaces and allows easy heart movement', 'mesentery': 'a double layer of peritoneum that attaches to the back wall of the abdominal cavity and supports the small intestines', 'mesocolon': 'mesentery that holds the lower colon to the dorsal abdominal wall', 'omentum': 'a fold of peritoneum supporting the viscera', 'greater_omentum': 'part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and to the colon and covering the intestines', 'lesser_omentum': 'a part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and liver and supporting the hepatic vessels', 'submucosa': 'the connective tissue beneath mucous membrane', 'lymph_node': 'the source of lymph and lymphocytes', 'axillary_node': 'any of the lymph glands of the armpit; fights infections in the neck and chest and arm regions', \"Peyer's_patch\": 'any of several lymph nodes in the walls of the intestines near the junction of the ileum and colon', 'somatic_cell': 'any of the cells of a plant or animal except the reproductive cells; a cell that does not participate in the production of gametes; \"somatic cells are produced from preexisting cells\";', 'neoplastic_cell': 'a cell that is part of tumor', 'cancer_cell': 'a cell that is part of a malignant tumor', 'blastema': 'a mass of undifferentiated cells from which an organ or body part develops', 'energid': 'a biological unit consisting of a nucleus and the body of cytoplasm with which it interacts', 'pronucleus': 'the nucleus of the ovum or sperm after fertilization but before they fuse to form the nucleus of the zygote', 'zygote': '(genetics) the diploid cell resulting from the union of a haploid spermatozoon and ovum (including the organism that develops from that cell)', 'heterozygote': '(genetics) an organism having two different alleles of a particular gene and so giving rise to varying offspring', 'homozygote': '(genetics) an organism having two identical alleles of a particular gene and so breeding true for the particular characteristic', 'parthenote': 'a cell resulting from parthenogenesis', 'protoplasm': 'the substance of a living cell (including cytoplasm and nucleus)', 'cytoplasm': 'the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; is full of proteins that control cell metabolism', 'cytoplast': 'the intact cytoplasmic content of a cell', 'cytoskeleton': 'a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence', 'cytosol': 'the aqueous part of the cytoplasm within which various particles and organelles are suspended', 'ectoplasm': '(spiritualism) a substance supposed to emanate from the body of the medium during a trance', 'endoplasm': 'the inner portion of the cytoplasm of a cell', 'hyaloplasm': 'the clear nongranular portion of the cytoplasm of a cell', 'lysosome': 'an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells (especially in leukocytes and liver and kidney cells)', 'microsome': 'a tiny granule in the cytoplasm that is where protein synthesis takes place under the direction of mRNA', 'Golgi_body': 'a netlike structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells (especially in those cells that produce secretions)', 'nucleoplasm': 'the protoplasm that constitutes the nucleus of a cell', 'nucleus': '(astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail', 'nucleolus': 'a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus; such organelles contain RNA and are involved in protein synthesis', 'nucleolus_organizer': 'the particular part of a chromosome that is associated with a nucleolus after nuclear division', 'germ_plasm': 'the protoplasm of the germ cells that contains chromosomes and genes', 'sex_chromatin': 'chromatin found only in female cells; \"the presence or absence of sex chromatin in cells obtained by amniocentesis makes it possible to determine the sex of a fetus\"', 'chromatin': 'the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins; during mitotic division it condenses into chromosomes', 'achromatin': 'the part of a cell nucleus that is relatively uncolored by stains or dyes', 'linin': 'an obsolete term for the network of viscous material in the cell nucleus on which the chromatin granules were thought to be suspended', 'gene': '(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity; \"genes were formerly called factors\"', 'dominant_gene': 'gene that produces the same phenotype in the organism whether or not its allele identical; \"the dominant gene for brown eyes\"', 'allele': '(genetics) either of a pair (or series) of alternative forms of a gene that can occupy the same locus on a particular chromosome and that control the same character; \"some alleles are dominant over others\"', 'dominant_allele': 'an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different', 'recessive_allele': 'an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical', 'genetic_marker': 'a specific gene that produces a recognizable trait and can be used in family or population studies', 'homeotic_gene': 'one the genes that are involved in embryologic development', 'homeobox': 'one of various similar homeotic genes that are involved in bodily segmentation during embryonic development', 'lethal_gene': 'any gene that has an effect that causes the death of the organism at any stage of life', 'linkage_group': 'any pair of genes that tend to be transmitted together; \"the genes of Drosophila fall into four linkage groups\"', 'modifier': 'a moderator who makes less extreme or uncompromising', 'mutant_gene': 'a gene that has changed so that the normal transmission and expression of a trait is affected', 'haplotype': '(genetics) a combination of alleles (for different genes) that are located closely together on the same chromosome and that tend to be inherited together', 'cystic_fibrosis_transport_regulator': 'the gene that is mutated in cystic fibrosis', 'nonallele': 'genes that are not competitors at the same locus', 'operator_gene': 'a gene that activates the production of messenger RNA by adjacent structural genes', 'operon': 'a segment of DNA containing adjacent genes including structural genes and an operator gene and a regulatory gene', 'oncogene': 'a gene that disposes normal cells to change into cancerous tumor cells', 'polygene': 'a gene that by itself has little effect on the phenotype but which can act together with others to produce observable variations', 'proto-oncogene': 'a normal gene that has the potential to become an oncogene', 'recessive_gene': 'gene that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its allele is identical; \"the recessive gene for blue eyes\"', 'regulatory_gene': 'a gene that produces a repressor substance that inhibits an operator gene', 'repressor_gene': 'gene that prevents a nonallele from being transcribed', 'structural_gene': 'a gene that controls the production of a specific protein or peptide', 'transgene': 'an exogenous gene introduced into the genome of another organism', 'tumor_suppressor_gene': 'a suppressor gene that blocks unscheduled cell division', 'X-linked_gene': 'a gene located on an X chromosome', 'Y-linked_gene': 'a gene located on a Y chromosome', 'chromosome': 'a threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order; \"humans have 22 chromosome pairs plus two sex chromosomes\"', 'X_chromosome': 'the sex chromosome that is present in both sexes: singly in males and doubly in females; \"human females normally have two X chromosomes\"', 'XX': '(genetics) normal complement of sex chromosomes in a female', 'XXX': '(genetics) abnormal complement of three X chromosomes in a female', 'XXY': \"(genetics) abnormal complement of sex hormones in a male resulting in Klinefelter's syndrome\", 'XY': '(genetics) normal complement of sex hormones in a male', 'XYY': '(genetics) abnormal complement of sex hormones in a male who has two Y chromosomes', 'Y_chromosome': 'the sex chromosome that is carried by men; \"human males normally have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome\"', 'sex_chromosome': '(genetics) a chromosome that determines the sex of an individual; \"mammals normally have two sex chromosomes\"', 'autosome': 'any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; appear in pairs in body cells but as single chromosomes in spermatozoa', 'chromatid': 'one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis', 'centromere': 'a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape; \"the centromere is difficult to sequence\"', 'acentric_chromosome': 'a chromosome lacking a centromere', 'acrocentric_chromosome': 'a chromosome with the centromere near one end so that one chromosomal arm is short and one is long', 'karyotype': 'the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes)', 'metacentric_chromosome': 'a chromosome having two equal arms because the centromere is in median position', 'telocentric_chromosome': 'a chromosome like a straight rod with the centromere in terminal position', 'mitochondrion': 'an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy', 'sarcosome': 'a large mitochondrion in a striated muscle fiber', 'organelle': 'a specialized part of a cell; analogous to an organ; \"the first organelle to be identified was the nucleus\"', 'aster': 'any of various chiefly fall-blooming herbs of the genus Aster with showy daisylike flowers', 'centriole': 'one of a pair of small cylindrical cell organelles near the nucleus in animal cells; composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters during mitosis', 'ribosome': 'an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell; they attach to mRNA and move down it one codon at a time and then stop until tRNA brings the required amino acid; when it reaches a stop codon it falls apart and releases the completed protein molecule for use by the cell; \"the ribosome is the site of protein synthesis\"', 'centrosome': 'small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus; contains the centrioles and serves to organize the microtubules', 'sarcoplasm': 'the cytoplasm of a striated muscle fiber', 'vacuole': 'a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell', 'sclera': 'the whitish fibrous membrane (albuginea) that with the cornea forms the outer covering and protection of the eyeball', 'semipermeable_membrane': 'a membrane (as a cell membrane) that allows some molecules to pass through but not others', 'bone_cell': 'a cell that is part of a bone', 'embryonic_cell': 'a cell of an embryo', 'blastocyte': 'an undifferentiated embryonic cell', 'ameloblast': 'a cell from which tooth enamel develops', 'osteoblast': 'a cell from which bone develops', 'erythroblast': 'a nucleated cell in bone marrow from which red blood cells develop', 'fibroblast': 'a cell from which connective tissue develops', 'neuroblast': 'a cell from which a nerve cell develops', 'myelocyte': 'an immature leukocyte normally found in bone marrow', 'myeloblast': 'a precursor of leukocytes that normally occurs only in bone marrow', 'sideroblast': 'an erythroblast having granules of ferritin', 'megakaryocyte': 'a large bone marrow cell; regarded as the source of blood platelets', 'osteoclast': 'cell that functions in the breakdown and resorption of bone tissue', 'osteocyte': 'mature bone cell', 'blood_cell': 'either of two types of cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) and sometimes including platelets', 'akaryocyte': 'a cell without a nucleus (as an erythrocyte)', 'megalocyte': 'abnormally large red blood cell (associated with pernicious anemia)', 'megaloblast': 'abnormally large red blood cell present in pernicious anemia and folic acid deficiency', 'leukocyte': \"blood cells that engulf and digest bacteria and fungi; an important part of the body's defense system\", 'packed_cells': 'a preparation of blood cells separated from the liquid plasma; \"packed cells are given to severely anemic patients in order to avoid overloading the circulatory system with too much fluid\"', 'histiocyte': 'a macrophage that is found in connective tissue', 'macrophage': 'a large phagocyte; some are fixed and other circulate in the blood stream', 'phagocyte': 'a cell that engulfs and digests debris and invading microorganisms', 'fixed_phagocyte': 'a phagocyte that does not circulate in the blood but is fixed in the liver or spleen or bone marrow etc.', 'free_phagocyte': 'a phagocyte that circulates in the blood', 'lymphocyte': 'an agranulocytic leukocyte that normally makes up a quarter of the white blood cell count but increases in the presence of infection', 'B_cell': 'a lymphocyte derived from bone marrow that provides humoral immunity; it recognizes free antigen molecules in solution and matures into plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulin (antibodies) that inactivate the antigens', 'T_cell': \"a small lymphocyte developed in the thymus; it orchestrates the immune system's response to infected or malignant cells\", 'helper_T_cell': 'T cell with CD4 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and secretes lymphokines that stimulate B cells and killer T cells; helper T cells are infected and killed by the AIDS virus', 'killer_T_cell': 'T cell with CD8 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and binds to the infected cell and kill it', 'lymphoblast': 'an immature lymphocyte', 'plasma_cell': 'a cell that develops from a B lymphocyte in reaction to a specific antigen; found in bone marrow and sometimes in the blood', 'plasmablast': 'the precursor of a plasma cell', 'granulocyte': 'a leukocyte that has granules in its cytoplasm', 'monocyte': 'a type of granular leukocyte that functions in the ingestion of bacteria', 'monoblast': 'a large immature monocyte normally found in bone marrow', 'basophil': 'a leukocyte with basophilic granules easily stained by basic stains', 'neutrophil': 'the chief phagocytic leukocyte; stains with either basic or acid dyes', 'microphage': 'a neutrophil that ingests small things (as bacteria)', 'eosinophil': 'a leukocyte readily stained with eosin', 'red_blood_cell': 'a mature blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissues; a biconcave disc that has no nucleus', 'acanthocyte': 'an abnormal red blood cell that has thorny projections of protoplasm', 'microcyte': 'an abnormally small red blood cell (less than 5 microns in diameter)', 'reticulocyte': 'an immature red blood cell containing a network of filaments or granules', 'sickle_cell': 'an abnormal red blood cell that has a crescent shape and an abnormal form of hemoglobin', 'siderocyte': 'an abnormal red blood cell containing granules of iron not bound in hemoglobin', 'spherocyte': 'an abnormal spherical red blood cell', 'target_cell': 'any cell that has a specific receptor for an antigen or antibody or hormone or drug, or is the focus of contact by a virus or phagocyte or nerve fiber etc.', 'fovea': 'area consisting of a small depression in the retina containing cones and where vision is most acute', 'parafovea': 'area of the retina immediately surrounding the fovea', 'macula': 'a small yellowish central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear detailed vision', 'visual_cell': 'one of the cells of the retina that is sensitive to light', 'blind_spot': 'a subject about which you are ignorant or prejudiced and fail to exercise good judgment; \"golf is one of his blind spots and he\\'s proud of it\"', 'fat_cell': 'cells composed of fat', 'reproductive_cell': 'a spermatozoon or an ovum; a cell responsible for transmitting DNA to the next generation', 'gamete': 'a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes', 'anisogamete': 'either of a pair of unlike gametes especially those unlike in size', 'isogamete': 'either of a pair of conjugating gametes of the same size and structure', 'sperm': 'the male reproductive cell; the male gamete; \"a sperm is mostly a nucleus surrounded by little other cellular material\"', 'acrosome': 'a process at the anterior end of a sperm cell that produces enzymes to facilitate penetration of the egg', 'ovum': 'the female reproductive cell; the female gamete', 'ootid': 'mature ovum after penetration by sperm but before the formation of a zygote', 'ovule': 'a small body that contains the female germ cell of a plant; develops into a seed after fertilization', 'gametocyte': 'an immature animal or plant cell that develops into a gamete by meiosis', 'oocyte': 'a female gametocyte that develops into an ovum after two meiotic divisions', 'polar_body': 'a small cell containing little cytoplasm that is produced along with the oocyte and later discarded', 'spermatocele': 'a swelling on the epididymis or the testis; usually contains spermatozoa', 'spermatocyte': 'a male gametocyte that develops into four spermatids', 'spermatid': 'an immature gamete produced by a spermatocyte; develops into a spermatozoon', 'muscle_cell': 'an elongated contractile cell that forms the muscles of the body', 'Leydig_cell': 'a cell in the testes that secretes the hormone testosterone', 'Sertoli_cell': 'elongated cells found in the seminiferous tubules of the testis; apparently they nourish the spermatids', 'striated_muscle_cell': 'an elongated contractile cell in striated muscle tissue', 'myofibril': 'one of many contractile filaments that make up a striated muscle fiber', 'sarcomere': 'one of the segments into which a myofibril is divided', 'smooth_muscle': 'a muscle that contracts without conscious control and found in walls of internal organs such as stomach and intestine and bladder and blood vessels (excluding the heart)', 'smooth_muscle_cell': 'cells of the smooth muscles', 'immune_system': 'a system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response', 'integumentary_system': 'the skin and its appendages', 'reticuloendothelial_system': 'a widely distributed system consisting of all the cells able to ingest bacteria or colloidal particles etc, except for certain white blood cells', 'mononuclear_phagocyte_system': 'a widely distributed system of free and fixed macrophages derived from bone marrow', 'muscular_structure': 'the muscular system of an organism', 'musculoskeletal_system': 'the system of muscles and tendons and ligaments and bones and joints and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its form', 'nervous_system': 'the sensory and control apparatus consisting of a network of nerve cells', 'neural_structure': 'a structure that is part of the nervous system', 'reflex_arc': 'the neural path of a reflex', 'auditory_center': 'the part of the brain (in a fold of the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe on both sides of the brain) that receives impulses from the ear by way of the auditory nerve', 'nerve_fiber': 'a threadlike extension of a nerve cell', 'medullated_nerve_fiber': 'a nerve fiber encased in a sheath of myelin', \"Ranvier's_nodes\": 'small gaps in the myelin sheath of medullated axons', 'medullary_sheath': 'a layer of myelin encasing (and insulating) the axons of medullated nerve fibers', 'neurolemma': 'thin membranous sheath around a nerve fiber', 'Schwann_cell': 'any cell that covers the nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system and forms the myelin sheath', 'end_organ': 'a specialized structure at the peripheral end of some motor or sensory nerve fibers', 'nerve_cell': 'a cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses', 'brain_cell': 'a nerve cell in the brain', \"Golgi's_cell\": 'a neuron in the cerebral cortex with short dendrites and with either a long axon or a short axon that ramifies in the grey matter', 'Purkinje_cell': 'a large densely branching neuron that is the characteristic cell of the cerebellar cortex', 'end-plate': 'the flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle', 'osmoreceptor': 'sensory end organ that responds to changes in osmotic pressure', 'motor_neuron': 'a neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord', 'sensory_neuron': 'a neuron conducting impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord', 'neuroglia': 'sustentacular tissue that surrounds and supports neurons in the central nervous system; glial and neural cells together compose the tissue of the central nervous system', 'neurogliacyte': 'a cell of the neuroglia', 'astroglia': 'tissue consisting of large stellate neuroglial cells', 'astrocyte': 'comparatively large neuroglial cell', 'fibrous_astrocyte': 'star-shaped cells with long processes; found in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord', 'protoplasmic_astrocyte': 'a kind of astrocyte found in the grey matter', 'microglia': 'neuroglial tissue of mesodermal origin that can become phagocytic', 'microgliacyte': 'a cell of the microglia that may become phagocytic and collect waste products of nerve tissue', 'oligodendroglia': 'tissue consisting of glial cells with sheetlike processes that form the myelin sheath of nerve fibers', 'oligodendrocyte': 'a cell of the oligodendroglia', 'axon': 'long nerve fiber that conducts away from the cell body of the neuron', 'nerve_ending': 'the terminal structure of an axon that does not end at a synapse', 'free_nerve_ending': 'microscopic sensory nerve endings in the skin that are not connected to any specific sensory receptor', 'Pacinian_corpuscle': 'a specialized bulblike nerve ending located in the subcutaneous tissue of the skin; occurs abundantly in the skin of palms and soles and joints and genitals', 'proprioceptor': 'special nerve endings in the muscles and tendons and other organs that respond to stimuli regarding the position and movement of the body', 'dendrite': 'short fiber that conducts toward the cell body of the neuron', 'hybridoma': 'a hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a lymphocyte and a tumor cell; used to culture a specific monoclonal antibody', 'caruncle': \"an outgrowth on a plant or animal such as a fowl's wattle or a protuberance near the hilum of certain seeds\", 'condyle': 'a round bump on a bone where it forms a joint with another bone', 'condylar_process': 'the condyle of the ramus of the mandible that articulates with the skull', 'coronoid_process': 'a sharp triangular process projecting from a bone', 'coronoid_process_of_the_mandible': 'the coronoid process that provides an attachment for the temporal muscle', 'lateral_condyle': 'a condyle on the outer side of the lower extremity of the femur', 'medial_condyle': 'a condyle on the inner side of the lower extremity of the femur', 'epicondyle': 'a projection on a bone above a condyle serving for the attachment of muscles and ligaments', 'lateral_epicondyle': 'epicondyle near the lateral condyle of the femur', 'fimbria': 'thin projections forming a fringe (especially around the ovarian end of the Fallopian tube)', 'apophysis': '(botany) a natural swelling or enlargement: at the base of the stalk or seta in certain mosses or on the cone scale of certain conifers', 'spicule': 'small pointed structure serving as a skeletal element in various marine and freshwater invertebrates e.g. sponges and corals', 'osteophyte': 'small abnormal bony outgrowth', 'papilla': '(botany) a tiny outgrowth on the surface of a petal or leaf', 'synapse': 'the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle; \"nerve impulses cross a synapse through the action of neurotransmitters\"', 'neuromuscular_junction': 'the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies', 'nerve': 'any bundle of nerve fibers running to various organs and tissues of the body', 'motor_nerve': 'a nerve that conveys impulses toward or to muscles or glands', 'motor_fiber': 'a nerve fiber that carries impulses toward the muscles or glands', 'sensory_nerve': 'a nerve that passes impulses from receptors toward or to the central nervous system', 'sensory_fiber': 'a nerve fiber that carries impulses toward the central nervous system', 'lemniscus': 'a bundle of sensory nerve fibers going to the thalamus', 'fiber_bundle': 'a bundle of fibers (especially nerve fibers)', 'nerve_pathway': 'a bundle of myelinated nerve fibers following a path through the brain', 'commissure': 'a bundle of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other of the brain or spinal cord', 'cranial_nerve': 'any of the 12 paired nerves that originate in the brain stem', 'peduncle': 'the thin process of tissue that attaches a polyp to the body', 'hemisphere': 'half of a sphere', 'left_hemisphere': 'the cerebral hemisphere to the left of the corpus callosum that controls the right half of the body', 'pyriform_area': 'pear-shaped neural structure on either side of the brain in the rhinencephalon', 'right_hemisphere': 'the cerebral hemisphere to the right of the corpus callosum that controls the left half of the body', 'rhinencephalon': 'a center in the cerebral hemispheres that governs the sense of smell in lower animals; in humans it seems to mediate complex emotional behavior', 'olfactory_nerve': 'a collective term for numerous olfactory filaments in the nasal mucosa', 'olfactory_bulb': 'one of two enlargements at the terminus of the olfactory nerve at the base of the brain just above the nasal cavities', 'optic_nerve': 'the cranial nerve that serves the retina', 'oculomotor': 'supplies extrinsic muscles of the eye', 'trochlear': 'either of the two cranial nerves on either side that control the superior oblique muscles of the eyes', 'trigeminal': 'the main sensory nerve of the face and motor nerve for the muscles of mastication', 'abducent': 'a small motor nerve supplying the lateral rectus muscle of the eye', 'acoustic_nerve': 'a composite sensory nerve supplying the hair cells of the vestibular organ and the hair cells of the cochlea', 'glossopharyngeal_nerve': 'sensory nerve to the pharynx and back of the tongue; motor fibers innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx; includes parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion', 'vagus': 'a mixed nerve that supplies the pharynx and larynx and lungs and heart and esophagus and stomach and most of the abdominal viscera', 'accessory_nerve': 'arises from two sets of roots (cranial and spinal) that unite to form the nerve', 'hypoglossal': 'supplies intrinsic muscles of the tongue and other tongue muscles', 'central_nervous_system': 'the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord', 'brain': 'the brain of certain animals used as meat', 'neencephalon': 'the part of the brain having the most recent phylogenetic origin; the cerebral cortex and related parts', 'neopallium': 'the cortical part of the neencephalon', 'archipallium': 'the olfactory cortex of the cerebrum', 'metencephalon': 'the part of the hindbrain that develops into the pons and the cerebellum', 'paleencephalon': 'the more primitive parts of the brain phylogenetically; most structures other than the cerebral cortex', 'leptomeninges': 'the two innermost layers of the meninges; cerebrospinal fluid circulates between these innermost layers', 'dura_mater': 'the outermost (and toughest) of the 3 meninges', 'arachnoid': 'the middle of the 3 meninges', 'pia_mater': 'the highly vascular innermost of the 3 meninges', 'subarachnoid_space': 'a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid', 'neuropil': \"the complex network of unmyelinated axones, dendrites, and glial branches that form the bulk of the central nervous system's grey matter and in which nerve cell bodies are embedded\", 'grey_matter': 'greyish nervous tissue containing cell bodies as well as fibers; forms the cerebral cortex consisting of unmyelinated neurons', 'white_matter': 'whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths', 'pituitary': 'the master gland of the endocrine system; located at the base of the brain', 'hypophyseal_stalk': 'the funnel-shaped stalk connecting the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus', 'anterior_pituitary': 'the anterior lobe of the pituitary body; primarily glandular in nature', 'pars_distilis': 'the anterior part of the anterior pituitary', 'pars_intermedia': 'a thin piece of tissue that has become part of the posterior pituitary', 'posterior_pituitary': 'the posterior lobe of the pituitary body; primarily glandular in nature', 'pineal_gland': 'a small endocrine gland in the brain; situated beneath the back part of the corpus callosum; secretes melatonin', 'islands_of_Langerhans': 'cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that organ; secrete insulin and other hormones', 'cerebellum': 'a major division of the vertebrate brain; situated above the medulla oblongata and beneath the cerebrum in humans', 'cerebellar_hemisphere': 'either of two lateral lobes of the cerebellum', 'dentate_nucleus': 'a large laminar nucleus of grey matter within the white matter of each cerebral hemisphere', 'vermis': 'the narrow central part of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres', 'paleocerebellum': 'the anterior lobe of the cerebellum which was one of the earliest parts of the hindbrain to develop in mammals', 'cerebral_cortex': 'the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the cerebrum', 'cortical_area': 'any of various regions of the cerebral cortex', 'association_area': 'cortical areas that are neither motor or sensory but are thought to be involved in higher processing of information', 'geniculate_body': 'one of four small oval masses that protrude slightly from the underside of the thalamus and function as synaptic centers on the way to the cerebral cortex', 'lateral_geniculate_body': 'a neural structure that serves as a processing station on the way from the retina to the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex', 'medial_geniculate_body': 'a neural structure that serves as the last of a series of processing centers along the auditory pathway from the cochlea to the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex', 'auditory_area': 'the cortical area that receives auditory information from the medial geniculate body', \"Broca's_area\": 'the motor speech center in the left hemisphere of the brain in most people', \"Brodmann's_area\": 'one of the cortical areas mapped out on the basis of its cytoarchitecture', 'frontal_gyrus': 'any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum', 'temporal_gyrus': 'any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum', 'parietal_gyrus': 'any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum', 'occipital_gyrus': 'any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum', 'language_area': 'a large cortical area (in the left hemisphere in most people) containing all the centers associated with language', 'motor_area': 'the cortical area that influences motor movements', 'sensorium': 'the areas of the brain that process and register incoming sensory information and make possible the conscious awareness of the world', 'sensorimotor_area': 'an area of the cortex including the precentral gyrus and the postcentral gyrus and combining sensory and motor functions', 'visual_area': 'the cortical area that receives information from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus', \"Wernicke's_area\": 'the auditory word center; located in the posterior part of the superior temporal convolution in most people', 'cortex': 'the tissue forming the outer layer of an organ or structure in plant or animal', 'medulla': 'the inner part of an organ or structure in plant or animal', 'adrenal_cortex': 'the cortex of the adrenal gland; secretes corticosterone and sex hormones', 'renal_cortex': 'the cortex of the kidney containing the glomeruli and the convoluted tubules', 'adrenal_medulla': 'the medulla of the adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine', 'corpus_callosum': 'a broad transverse nerve tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres', 'pyramidal_tract': 'any of the important motor nerves on each side of the central nervous system that run from the sensorimotor areas of the cortex through the brainstem to motor neurons of the cranial nerve nuclei and the ventral root of the spinal cord', 'cerebrum': 'anterior portion of the brain consisting of two hemispheres; dominant part of the brain in humans', 'gyrus': 'a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain', 'central_gyrus': 'either of two gyri on either side of the central sulcus', 'precentral_gyrus': 'the convolution of the frontal lobe that is bounded in back by the central sulcus and that contains the motor area', 'precordium': 'the external surface of the body overlying the heart and stomach', 'postcentral_gyrus': 'the convolution of parietal lobe that is bounded in front by the central sulcus', 'lobule': 'a small lobe or subdivision of a lobe', 'frontal_lobe': 'that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying directly behind the forehead', 'prefrontal_lobe': 'the anterior part of the frontal lobe', 'parietal_lobe': 'that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying below the crown of the head', 'occipital_lobe': 'that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying in the back of the head', 'striate_cortex': 'the part of the occipital cortex that receives the fibers of the optic radiation from the lateral geniculate body and is the primary receptive area for vision', 'temporal_lobe': 'that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying inside the temples of the head', 'medulla_oblongata': 'lower or hindmost part of the brain; continuous with spinal cord; (`bulb\\' is an old term for medulla oblongata); \"the medulla oblongata is the most vital part of the brain because it contains centers controlling breathing and heart functioning\"', 'amygdala': 'an almond-shaped neural structure in the anterior part of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum; intimately connected with the hypothalamus and the hippocampus and the cingulate gyrus; as part of the limbic system it plays an important role in motivation and emotional behavior', 'forebrain': 'the anterior portion of the brain; the part of the brain that develops from the anterior part of the neural tube', 'hippocampus': 'a complex neural structure (shaped like a sea horse) consisting of grey matter and located on the floor of each lateral ventricle; intimately involved in motivation and emotion as part of the limbic system; has a central role in the formation of memories', 'cingulate_gyrus': 'a long curved structure on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres; the cortical part of the limbic system', 'telencephalon': 'the anterior division of the forebrain; the cerebrum and related parts of the hypothalamus', 'diencephalon': 'the posterior division of the forebrain; connects the cerebral hemispheres with the mesencephalon', 'basal_ganglion': 'any of several masses of subcortical grey matter at the base of each cerebral hemisphere that seem to be involved in the regulation of voluntary movement', 'caudate_nucleus': 'a tail-shaped basal ganglion located in a lateral ventricle of the brain', 'claustrum': 'a layer of grey matter in the brain adjacent to the lenticular nucleus', 'lenticular_nucleus': 'a basal ganglion shaped like a lens and including the outer reddish putamen and the inner pale yellow pallidum', 'pallidum': 'the inner pale yellow part of the lenticular nucleus', 'putamen': 'the outer reddish part of the lenticular nucleus', 'subthalamic_nucleus': 'an oval mass of grey matter located in the caudal part of the subthalamus; associated with the striate body', 'limbic_system': 'a system of functionally related neural structures in the brain that are involved in emotional behavior', 'subthalamus': 'the ventral part of the thalamus', 'thalamus': 'large egg-shaped structures of grey matter that form the dorsal subdivision of the diencephalon', 'hypothalamus': 'a basal part of the diencephalon governing autonomic nervous system', 'corpus_striatum': 'a striped mass of white and grey matter located in front of the thalamus in each cerebral hemisphere; consists of the caudate nucleus and the lenticular nucleus', 'midbrain': 'the middle portion of the brain', 'substantia_nigra': \"a layer of deeply pigmented grey matter in the midbrain; associated with the striate body; is involved in metabolic disturbances associated with Parkinson's disease and with Huntington's disease\", 'superior_colliculus': 'an essential visual center between the retina and the striate cortex', 'inferior_colliculus': 'an essential auditory center in the midbrain', 'hindbrain': 'the posterior portion of the brain including cerebellum and brainstem', 'myelencephalon': 'the posterior part of the hindbrain in developing vertebrates; forms the medulla oblongata in adults', 'pons': 'a band of nerve fibers linking the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum with the midbrain', 'brainstem': 'the part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord and comprising the medulla oblongata and pons and midbrain and parts of the hypothalamus', 'neural_network': 'computer architecture in which processors are connected in a manner suggestive of connections between neurons; can learn by trial and error', 'reticular_formation': 'a complex neural network in the central core of the brainstem; monitors the state of the body and functions in such processes as arousal and sleep and attention and muscle tone', 'reticular_activating_system': 'the network in the reticular formation that serves an alerting or arousal function', 'fourth_ventricle': 'an irregular ventricle between the third ventricle and the central canal of the spinal cord', 'third_ventricle': 'a narrow ventricle in the midplane below the corpus callosum; communicates with the fourth ventricle via the Sylvian aqueduct', 'lateral_ventricle': 'either of two horseshoe-shaped ventricles one in each cerebral hemisphere; they communicate with the third ventricle via the foramen of Monro', 'cerebral_aqueduct': 'a canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles', 'spinal_cord': 'a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain; a long tubelike structure extending from the base of the brain through the vertebral canal to the upper lumbar region', 'spinal_fluid': 'clear liquid produced in the ventricles of the brain; fills and protects cavities in the brain and spinal cord', 'peripheral_nervous_system': 'the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord', 'autonomic_nervous_system': 'the part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands', 'radial_nerve': 'largest branch of the brachial plexus; extends down the humerus to the lateral epicondyle where it divides into one branch that goes to the skin on the back of the hand and another that goes to the underlying extensor muscles', 'sympathetic_nervous_system': 'originates in the thoracic regions of the spinal cord; opposes physiological effects of the parasympathetic: reduces digestive secretions; speeds the heart; contracts blood vessels', 'splanchnic_nerve': 'any of several nerves of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system that innervate viscera and blood vessels', 'parasympathetic_nervous_system': 'originates in the brain stem and lower part of the spinal cord; opposes physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system: stimulates digestive secretions; slows the heart; constricts the pupils; dilates blood vessels', 'brachial_plexus': 'a network of nerves formed by cervical and thoracic spinal nerves and supplying the arm and parts of the shoulder', 'cardiac_plexus': 'a plexus of nerves supplying the heart and nearby structures', 'carotid_plexus': 'a plexus of nerves surrounding the internal carotid artery', 'cervical_plexus': 'a nerve plexus lying beneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle', 'choroid_plexus': 'a vascular plexus of the cerebral ventricles that regulate intraventricular pressure', 'coccygeal_plexus': 'a small plexus formed by the fifth sacral and coccygeal nerves', 'hypogastric_plexus': 'a plexus of nerves serving the pelvic viscera', 'lumbar_plexus': 'a lymphatic plexus located along the lower portion of the aorta and iliac vessels', 'lumbosacral_plexus': 'a nerve plexus formed by the ventral divisions of the coccygeal and sacral and lumbar nerves; supplies the lower limbs and perineum and coccygeal area', 'mesenteric_plexus': 'a plexus of autonomic nerves', 'myenteric_plexus': 'a plexus of unmyelinated fibers and postganglionic autonomic cell bodies in the muscular coat of the esophagus and stomach and intestines', 'periarterial_plexus': 'an autonomic plexus that accompanies an artery', 'plexus_dentalis': 'a plexus of nerves serving the teeth', 'pterygoid_plexus': 'a plexus of veins draining the region of the pterygoid muscles and draining into the internal maxillary and anterior facial veins', 'pulmonary_plexis': 'one of two autonomic nerve plexuses in each lung', 'sacral_plexus': 'a nerve plexus formed by the 4th and 5th lumbar and 1st, 2nd, 3rd sacral nerves; supplies the pelvic region and lower limbs', 'solar_plexus': 'a large plexus of sympathetic nerves in the abdomen behind the stomach', 'pit_of_the_stomach': 'a slight depression in the midline just below the sternum (where a blow can affect the solar plexus)', 'reproductive_system': 'organs and tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspring', 'urogenital_system': 'the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine', 'respiratory_system': 'the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide; in terrestrial animals this is accomplished by breathing', 'respiratory_tract': 'the passages through which air enters and leaves the body', 'lower_respiratory_tract': 'the bronchi and lungs', 'upper_respiratory_tract': 'the nose and throat and trachea', 'sensory_system': \"the body's system of sense organs\", 'tract': 'an extended area of land', 'urinary_tract': 'the organs and tubes involved in the production and excretion of urine', 'vascular_system': 'the vessels and tissue that carry or circulate fluids such as blood or lymph or sap through the body of an animal or plant', 'circulatory_system': 'the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body', 'fetal_circulation': 'the system of blood vessels and structures through which blood moves in a fetus', 'urinary_bladder': 'a membranous sac for temporary retention of urine', 'introitus': 'entrance or opening to a hollow organ or tube (especially the vaginal opening); \"the introitus of the vagina\"', 'urethral_orifice': 'the orifice through which urine is discharged', 'ureter': 'either of a pair of thick-walled tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder', 'urethra': 'duct through which urine is discharged in most mammals and which serves as the male genital duct', 'reproductive_organ': 'any organ involved in sexual reproduction', 'female_reproductive_system': 'the reproductive system of females', 'male_reproductive_system': 'the reproductive system of males', 'genitalia': 'external sex organ', 'pudendum': 'human external genital organs collectively especially of a female', 'female_genitalia': 'external female sex organs; \"in England `fanny\\' is vulgar slang for female genitals\"', 'female_internal_reproductive_organ': 'the reproductive organs of a woman', 'male_genitalia': 'external male sex organs', 'male_internal_reproductive_organ': 'the reproductive organs of a man', 'ovary': 'the organ that bears the ovules of a flower', 'ovotestis': 'hermaphroditic gonad that contains both testicular and ovarian tissue', 'sac': 'a structure resembling a bag in an animal', 'target_organ': '(radiology) organ intended to receive the therapeutic dose of a radioactive substance', 'taret_organ': '(endocrinology) organ most affected by a particular hormone', 'acinus': 'one of the small drupes making up an aggregate or multiple fruit like a blackberry', 'bursa': 'a small fluid-filled sac located between movable parts of the body especially at joints', 'cisterna': 'a sac or cavity containing fluid especially lymph or cerebrospinal fluid', 'cheek_pouch': 'a membranous pouch inside the mouth of many rodents (as a gopher)', 'marsupium': 'an external abdominal pouch in most marsupials where newborn offspring are suckled', 'scrotum': 'the external pouch that contains the testes', 'vesicle': 'a small anatomically normal sac or bladderlike structure (especially one containing fluid)', 'blister': 'a flaw on a surface resulting when an applied substance does not adhere (as an air bubble in a coat of paint)', 'follicle': 'any small spherical group of cells containing a cavity', 'hair_follicle': 'a small tubular cavity containing the root of a hair; small muscles and sebaceous glands are associated with them', 'Graafian_follicle': 'a vascular body in a mammalian ovary enclosing a developing egg', 'corpus_luteum': 'yellow endocrine tissue that forms in a ruptured Graafian follicle following the release of an ovum; it degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun', 'Fallopian_tube': 'either of a pair of tubes conducting the egg from the ovary to the uterus', 'uterus': 'a hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of females; contains the developing fetus', 'uterine_cavity': 'the space inside the uterus between the cervical canal and the Fallopian tubes', 'cervical_canal': 'a spindle-shaped canal extending from the uterus to the vagina', 'decidua': 'the epithelial tissue of the endometrium', 'endometrium': '(pregnancy) the mucous membrane that lines the uterus; thickens under hormonal control and (if pregnancy does not occur) is shed in menstruation; if pregnancy occurs it is shed along with the placenta at parturition', 'myometrium': 'the smooth muscle forming the wall of the uterus', 'liposome': 'an artificially made microscopic vesicle into which nucleic acids can be packaged; used in molecular biology as a transducing vector', 'umbilical_cord': 'membranous duct connecting the fetus with the placenta', 'placenta': 'that part of the ovary of a flowering plant where the ovules form', 'afterbirth': 'the placenta and fetal membranes that are expelled from the uterus after the baby is born', 'vagina': 'the lower part of the female reproductive tract; a moist canal in female mammals extending from the labia minora to the uterus; \"the vagina receives the penis during coitus\"; \"the vagina is elastic enough to allow the passage of a fetus\"', 'cunt': 'a person (usually but not necessarily a woman) who is thoroughly disliked; \"she said her son thought Hillary was a bitch\"', 'vulva': 'external parts of the female genitalia', 'hymen': 'a fold of tissue that partly covers the entrance to the vagina of a virgin', 'imperforate_hymen': 'hymen that is completely closed so that menstrual blood cannot flow out', 'mons': 'a mound of fatty tissue covering the pubic area in women', 'labium': \"a liplike structure that bounds a bodily orifice (especially any of the four labiate folds of a woman's vulva)\", 'labia_majora': 'the two outer folds of the vulva', 'pudendal_cleft': 'the fissure between the labia majora', 'labia_minora': 'the two inner folds of the vulva', 'vestibule_of_the_vagina': 'the space between the labia minora containing the orifice of the urethra', 'erectile_organ': 'an organ containing erectile tissue', 'clitoris': 'a female sexual organ homologous to the penis', \"Cowper's_gland\": \"either of two glands that discharge a component of seminal fluid into the urethra; homologous to Bartholin's gland in the female\", \"Bartholin's_gland\": \"either of the two posterior vestibular glands that secrete a lubricating mucus; homologous to Cowper's gland in the male\", 'cervical_glands': 'mucus-secreting glands in the mucosa of the uterine cervix', 'seminiferous_tubule': 'any of the numerous long convoluted tubules in the testis which are the sites where spermatozoa mature', 'gonad': 'a gland in which gametes (sex cells) are produced', 'testis': 'one of the two male reproductive glands that produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens; \"she kicked him in the balls and got away\"', 'cobblers': 'nonsense; \"I think that is a load of cobblers\"', 'male_reproductive_gland': 'the reproductive organs of a man', 'undescended_testis': 'a testis that fails to move into the scrotum as the male fetus develops; \"undescended testicles have an increased risk for cancer\"', 'epididymis': 'a convoluted tubule in each testis; carries sperm to vas deferens', 'rete_testis': 'network of tubules carrying sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia', 'vasa_efferentia': 'the several highly convoluted tubules that lead from the rete testis to the vas deferens and form the head of the epididymis', 'vas_deferens': 'a duct that carries spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct', 'penis': \"the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism)\", 'micropenis': 'an abnormally small penis', 'prepuce': 'a fold of skin covering the tip of the clitoris', 'seminal_duct': 'the efferent duct of the testis in man', 'ejaculatory_duct': 'a part of the seminal duct formed by the duct from the seminal vesicle and the vas deferens; passes through the prostate gland', 'seminal_vesicle': 'either of a pair of glands located on either side of the male urinary bladder that open into the vas deferens and that secrete many components of semen during ejaculation', 'spermatic_cord': 'a structure resembling a cord that suspends the testis within the scrotum and contains the vas deferens and other vessels and nerves', 'respiratory_organ': 'any organ involved in the process of respiration', 'book_lung': 'organ in many arachnids containing many thin folds of membrane resembling the leaves of a book', 'alveolus': 'a tiny sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of tiny air passageways', 'nasal_cavity': 'either of the two cavities lying between the floor of the cranium and the roof of the mouth and extending from the face to the pharynx', 'nasopharynx': 'cavity forming the upper part of the pharynx', 'oropharynx': 'cavity formed by the pharynx at the back of the mouth', 'laryngopharynx': 'the lower part of the pharynx', 'pharyngeal_tonsil': 'a collection of lymphatic tissue in the throat behind the uvula (on the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx); \"hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsils is called adenoids\"; \"enlarged adenoids may restrict the breathing of children\"', 'larynx': 'a cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea; contains elastic vocal cords that are the source of the vocal tone in speech', 'arytenoid': 'either of two small cartilages at the back of the larynx to which the vocal folds are attached', 'thyroid_cartilage': 'the largest cartilage of the larynx', 'vocal_cord': 'either of two pairs of folds of mucous membrane projecting into the larynx', 'false_vocal_cord': 'either of the upper two vocal cords that are not involved in vocalization', 'true_vocal_cord': 'either of the two lower vocal folds that come together to form the glottis; produce a vocal tone when they are approximated and air from the lungs passes between them', 'cartilaginous_structure': 'body structure given shape by cartilage', 'cartilaginous_tube': 'a duct with cartilaginous walls', 'bronchus': 'either of the two main branches of the trachea', 'bronchiole': 'any of the smallest bronchial ducts; ending in alveoli', 'trachea': 'one of the tubules forming the respiratory system of most insects and many arachnids', 'alimentary_canal': 'tubular passage of mucous membrane and muscle extending about 8.3 meters from mouth to anus; functions in digestion and elimination', 'enteron': 'the alimentary canal (especially of an embryo or a coelenterate)', 'digestive_gland': 'any gland having ducts that pour secretions into the digestive tract', 'salivary_gland': 'any of three pairs of glands in the mouth and digestive system that secrete saliva for digestion', 'parotid_gland': 'a large salivary gland that produces 50% of daytime saliva; in human beings it is located in front of and below each ear', 'sublingual_gland': 'a small salivary gland that produces mucin (the viscous component of saliva); in human beings it is located on either side of the mouth under the tongue', 'submaxillary_gland': 'a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva; discharges saliva into the mouth under the tongue', 'esophagus': 'the passage between the pharynx and the stomach', 'epicardia': 'the short part of the esophagus extending downward from the diaphragm to the stomach', 'intestine': 'the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus', 'hindgut': 'the caudal part of the alimentary canal in vertebrate embryos', 'small_intestine': 'the longest part of the alimentary canal; where digestion is completed', 'duodenum': 'the part of the small intestine between the stomach and the jejunum', 'pylorus': 'a small circular opening between the stomach and the duodenum', 'jejunum': 'the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum', 'ileum': 'the part of the small intestine between the jejunum and the cecum', 'large_intestine': 'beginning with the cecum and ending with the rectum; includes the cecum and the colon and the rectum; extracts moisture from food residues which are later excreted as feces', 'colon': 'the basic unit of money in El Salvador; equal to 100 centavos', 'megacolon': \"an abnormal enlargement of the colon; can be congenital (as in Hirschsprung's disease) or acquired (as when children refuse to defecate)\", 'cecum': 'the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens; \"the appendix is an offshoot of the cecum\"', 'ileocecal_valve': 'valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine; prevents material from flowing back from the large to the small intestine', 'transverse_colon': 'the part of the large intestine that extends across the abdominal cavity and joins the ascending to the descending colon', 'ascending_colon': 'the part of the large intestine that ascends from the cecum to the transverse colon', 'descending_colon': 'the part of the large intestine that descends from the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon', 'sigmoid_colon': 'the s-shaped curve between the descending colon and the rectum', 'appendix': 'supplementary material that is collected and appended at the back of a book', 'rectum': 'the terminal section of the alimentary canal; from the sigmoid flexure to the anus', 'anus': 'the excretory opening at the end of the alimentary canal', 'arse': 'vulgar slang for anus', 'imperforate_anus': 'a congenital defect of the anus; there is partial or complete obstruction of the anal opening', 'perineum': 'the general region between the anus and the genital organs', 'human_head': 'the head of a human being', 'bullethead': 'a head shaped like a bullet', 'pate': 'liver or meat or fowl finely minced or ground and variously seasoned', 'epicranium': 'the muscle and aponeurosis and skin covering the cranium', 'scalp': 'the skin that covers the top of the head; \"they wanted to take his scalp as a trophy\"', 'skull': 'the bony skeleton of the head of vertebrates', 'calvaria': 'the dome of the skull', 'cranium': 'the part of the skull that encloses the brain', 'occiput': 'back part of the head or skull', 'sinciput': 'the front part of the head or skull (including the forehead)', 'frontal_bone': 'the large cranial bone forming the front part of the cranium: includes the upper part of the orbits', 'frontal_eminence': 'either prominence of the frontal bone above each orbit', 'parietal_bone': 'either of two skull bones between the frontal and occipital bones and forming the top and sides of the cranium', 'occipital_bone': 'a saucer-shaped membrane bone that forms the back of the skull', 'occipital_protuberance': 'prominence on the outer surface of the occipital bone', 'mastoid': 'process of the temporal bone behind the ear at the base of the skull', 'styloid_process': 'extends from the base of the temporal bone', 'pterygoid_process': 'two bony processes descending from the body of the sphenoid bone', 'tuberosity': 'a protuberance on a bone especially for attachment of a muscle or ligament', 'synovial_joint': 'a joint so articulated as to move freely', 'anterior_fontanelle': 'corresponds to the bregma when bones have ossified', 'sphenoid_fontanelle': 'the irregularly shaped area on either side of the cranium where the frontal bone and the anterior tip of the parietal bone and the temporal bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone meet; corresponds to the pterion when bones have ossified', 'coronal_suture': 'the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull', 'frontal_suture': 'the suture between two halves of the frontal bone (usually obliterated by the age of 6)', 'intermaxillary_suture': 'the suture between the two maxillae of the upper jawbone', 'internasal_suture': 'the suture between the two nasal bones', 'lamboid_suture': 'the suture between the occipital and parietal bones', 'occipitomastoid_suture': 'the suture between the occipital and the temporal bones; a continuation of the lamboid suture', 'parietomastoid_suture': 'the suture between the parietal and the temporal bones', 'sagittal_suture': 'the suture uniting the two parietal bones', 'fontanelle': 'any membranous gap between the bones of the cranium in an infant or fetus', 'foramen': 'a natural opening or perforation through a bone or a membranous structure', 'interventricular_foramen': 'the small opening (on both the right and left sides) that connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon with the lateral ventricle in the cerebral hemisphere', 'foramen_magnum': 'the large opening at the base of the cranium through which the spinal cord passes', 'zygomatic_process': 'a slender process of the temporal bone that strengthens the zygomatic arch', 'bull_neck': 'a thick short powerful neck', 'nape': 'the back side of the neck', 'fauces': 'the passage between the back of the mouth and the pharynx', 'fistula': 'an abnormal passage leading from a suppurating cavity to the body surface', 'bypass': 'a surgically created shunt (usually around a damaged part)', 'portacaval_shunt': 'shunt that is created surgically between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava so that blood from the abdominal organs can bypass the liver', 'tubular_cavity': 'a cavity having the shape of a tube', 'deltoid': 'a large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint and serving to abduct and flex and extend and rotate the arm', 'armpit': 'the hollow under the arm where it is joined to the shoulder; \"they were up to their armpits in water\"', 'torso': 'the body excluding the head and neck and limbs; \"they moved their arms and legs and bodies\"', 'serratus': 'any of several muscles of the trunk', 'anterior_serratus_muscle': 'muscles that rotate the scapula and elevate the rib cage', 'posterior_serratus_muscle': 'skeletal muscle that draws the rib cage backward and downward', 'serratus_posterior_inferior': 'a thin quadrilateral muscle at the junction of the thoracic and lumbar regions; acts to counteract the pull of the diaphragm on the ribs to which it is attached', 'serratus_posterior_superior': 'a thin quadrilateral muscle of the upper and dorsal part of the thorax; acts to elevate the upper ribs', 'female_chest': 'the chest of a woman', 'male_chest': 'the chest of a man', 'pectoralis_major': 'a skeletal muscle that adducts and rotates the arm', 'pectoralis_minor': 'a skeletal muscle that draws down the scapula or raises the ribs', 'intercostal': 'muscles between the ribs; they contract during inspiration', 'chest_cavity': 'the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart', 'rib_cage': 'the bony enclosing wall of the chest', 'lactiferous_duct': 'ducts of the mammary gland that carry milk to the nipple', 'mammary_gland': 'milk-secreting organ of female mammals', 'areola': \"small space in a tissue or body part such as the area between veins on a leaf or an insect's wing\", 'nabothian_gland': 'one of many small glands of the uterine cervix that secrete mucus', 'vestibular_gland': 'a gland that opens into the vestibule of the vagina; secretions lubricate the vagina during coitus', 'middle': 'time between the beginning and the end of a temporal period; \"the middle of the war\"; \"rain during the middle of April\"', 'waist': 'the narrowing of the body between the ribs and hips', 'wasp_waist': 'a very slender waist', 'spare_tire': 'excess fat around the waistline', 'hip': '(architecture) the exterior angle formed by the junction of a sloping side and a sloping end of a roof', 'navel': 'the center point or middle of something; \"the Incas believed that Cuzco was the navel of the universe\"', 'abdomen': 'the region of the body of a vertebrate between the thorax and the pelvis', 'abdominal': 'the muscles of the abdomen', 'dorsum': 'the back of the body of a vertebrate or any analogous surface (as the upper or outer surface of an organ or appendage or part); \"the dorsum of the foot\"', 'external_oblique_muscle': 'a diagonally arranged abdominal muscle on either side of the torso', 'transversus_abdominis_muscle': 'a flat muscle with transverse fibers that forms the anterior and lateral walls of the abdominal cavity', 'abdominal_cavity': 'the cavity containing the major viscera; in mammals it is separated from the thorax by the diaphragm', 'pubes': 'the lower part of the abdomen just above the external genital organs', 'latissimus_dorsi': 'a broad flat muscle on either side of the back', 'buttocks': 'the fleshy part of the human body that you sit on; \"he deserves a good kick in the butt\"; \"are you going to sit on your fanny and do nothing?\"', 'buttock': 'either of the two large fleshy masses of muscular tissue that form the human rump', 'extremity': 'an extreme condition or state (especially of adversity or disease)', 'crus': 'the leg from the knee to foot', 'bowleg': 'a leg bowed outward at the knee (or below the knee)', \"shank's_mare\": 'you own legs; \"I traveled on shank\\'s mare\"', 'spindlelegs': 'a thin person with long thin legs', 'thigh': 'the part of the leg between the hip and the knee', 'shin': 'a cut of meat from the lower part of the leg', 'vertebrate_foot': 'the extremity of the limb in vertebrates', 'cubitus': 'the arm from the elbow to the fingertips', 'forearm': 'the part of the superior limb between the elbow and the wrist', 'fist': 'a hand with the fingers clenched in the palm (as for hitting)', 'hooks': 'large strong hand (as of a fighter); \"wait till I get my hooks on him\"', 'palm': 'a linear unit based on the length or width of the human hand', 'thenar': 'the fleshy area of the palm at the base of the thumb', 'digit': 'one of the elements that collectively form a system of numeration; \"0 and 1 are digits\"', 'minimus': 'the fifth digit; the little finger or little toe', 'fingertip': 'the end (tip) of a finger', 'index': 'a numerical scale used to compare variables with one another or with some reference number', 'ring_finger': 'the third finger (especially of the left hand)', 'middle_finger': 'the second finger; between the index finger and the ring finger', 'little_finger': 'the finger farthest from the thumb', 'sciatic_nerve': 'arises from the sacral plexus and passes about halfway down the thigh where it divides into the common peroneal and tibial nerves', 'femoral_nerve': 'one of a pair of nerves that originate from lumbar nerves and supply the muscles and skin of the anterior part of the thigh', 'saphenous_nerve': 'a branch of the femoral nerve that supplies cutaneous branches to the inner aspect of the leg and foot', 'phrenic_nerve': 'one of a pair of nerves that arises from cervical spinal roots and passes down the thorax to innervate the diaphragm and control breathing', 'ulnar_nerve': 'a nerve running along the inner side of the arm and passing near the elbow; supplies intrinsic muscles of the hand and the skin of the medial side of the hand', 'spinal_nerve': 'any of the 31 pairs of nerves emerging from each side of the spinal cord (each attached to the cord by two roots: ventral and dorsal)', 'cervical_nerve': 'any of eight pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the cervical section of the spinal cord', 'coccygeal_nerve': 'the lowest pair of spinal nerves', 'lumbar_nerve': 'any of five pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar section of the spinal cord', 'sacral_nerve': 'any of five pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the sacral region of the spinal cord', 'thoracic_nerve': 'any of twelve pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic region of the spinal cord', 'gluteus': 'any one of three large skeletal muscles that form the buttock and move the thigh', 'gluteus_maximus': 'the outermost of the three gluteal muscles', 'gluteus_medius': 'the middle of the three gluteal muscles', 'gluteus_minimus': 'the innermost of the three gluteal muscles', 'hamstring': 'one of the tendons at the back of the knee', 'sphincter': 'a ring of muscle that contracts to close an opening', 'cardiac_sphincter': 'the valve between the distal end of the esophagus and the stomach; the physiological sphincter at the esophagogastric junction', 'esophagogastric_junction': 'the junction between the esophagus and the stomach epithelium', 'physiological_sphincter': 'a sphincter that is not recognizable at autopsy because its resting arrangement cannot be distinguished from adjacent tissue', 'anal_sphincter': 'the sphincter muscle of the anus', 'musculus_sphincter_ani_externus': 'an external ring of striated muscle surrounding the anus', 'musculus_sphincter_ani_internus': 'an internal ring of smooth muscle formed by circular fibers of the rectum', 'urethral_sphincter': 'a striated sphincter muscle that constricts the urethra', 'bladder_sphincter': 'the sphincter muscle of the urinary bladder; made up of a thickened muscular layer of bladder around the urethral opening', 'musculus_sphincter_ductus_choledochi': 'the smooth muscle sphincter of the common bile duct', 'musculus_sphincter_ductus_pancreatici': 'the smooth muscle sphincter of the main pancreatic duct', 'pupillary_sphincter': 'a ring of smooth muscle surrounding the iris', 'pyloric_sphincter': 'the sphincter muscle of the pylorus that separates the stomach from the duodenum', 'tensor': 'a generalization of the concept of a vector', 'tensor_tympani': 'a small muscle in the middle ear that tenses to protect the eardrum', 'femur': 'the longest and thickest bone of the human skeleton; extends from the pelvis to the knee', 'trochanter': 'one of the bony prominences developed near the upper extremity of the femur to which muscles are attached', 'mid-calf': 'the middle of the calf; half way between the knee and ankle', 'gastrocnemius': 'the muscle in the back part of the leg that forms the greater part of the calf; responsible for the plantar flexion of the foot', 'psoas': 'either of two muscles of the abdomen and pelvis that flex the trunk and rotate the thigh', 'rhomboid': 'a parallelogram with adjacent sides of unequal lengths; an oblique-angled parallelogram with only the opposite sides equal', 'rhomboideus_major_muscle': 'rhomboid muscle that draws the scapula toward the spinal column', 'rhomboid_minor_muscle': 'rhomboid muscle that draws the scapula toward the vertebral column and slightly upward', 'soleus': 'a broad flat muscle in the calf of the leg under the gastrocnemius muscle', 'splenius': 'either of two flat muscles that extend from the upper vertebrae to the base of the skull and serve to rotate or flex or extend the head and neck', 'peroneus': 'muscle of the lower leg that is involved in moving the foot', 'pterygoid_muscle': 'muscle descending from the sphenoid bone to the lower jaw', 'flatfoot': 'a policeman who patrols a given region', 'metatarsal_arch': 'the short lateral arch formed by the heads of the metatarsals', 'sunken_arch': 'an instep flattened so the entire sole rests on the ground', 'tiptoe': 'the tip of a toe', 'big_toe': 'the first largest innermost toe', 'hammertoe': 'a deformed toe which is bent in a clawlike arch', 'little_toe': 'the fifth smallest outermost toe', 'gliding_joint': 'a freely moving joint in which the articulations allow only gliding motions', 'ankle': 'a gliding joint between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula and the proximal end of the talus', 'Achilles_tendon': 'a large tendon that runs from the heel to the calf', 'musculus_biceps_femoris': 'the biceps muscle of the thigh; it flexes the knee and rotates the leg laterally', 'biceps': 'any skeletal muscle having two origins (but especially the muscle that flexes the forearm)', 'biceps_brachii': 'a muscle that flexes and supinates the forearm', 'triceps': 'any skeletal muscle having three origins (but especially the triceps brachii)', 'triceps_brachii': 'the skeletal muscle having three origins that extends the forearm when it contracts', 'interphalangeal_joint': 'any of the joints between the phalanges of the fingers or toes', 'hinge_joint': 'a freely moving joint in which the bones are so articulated as to allow extensive movement in one plane', 'funny_bone': 'a point on the elbow where the ulnar nerve passes near the surface; a sharp tingling sensation results when the nerve is knocked against the bone; \"the funny bone is not humerus\"', 'lamina': 'a thin plate or layer (especially of bone or mineral)', 'lamina_arcus_vertebrae': 'lamina of the vertebral arch; the flattened posterior part of the vertebral arch from which the spinous process extends', 'horny_structure': 'any rigid body structure composed primarily of keratin', 'cuticle': 'the dead skin at the base of a fingernail or toenail', 'half-moon': 'the time at which the Moon is at first or last quarter when half its face is illuminated', 'fascia': 'a sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue separating or binding together muscles and organs etc', 'aponeurosis': 'any of the deeper and thicker fascia that attach muscles to bones; resemble flattened tendons', 'autograft': 'tissue that is taken from one site and grafted to another site on the same person; \"skin from his thigh replaced the burned skin on his arms\"', 'homograft': \"tissue or organ transplanted from a donor of the same species but different genetic makeup; recipient's immune system must be suppressed to prevent rejection of the graft\", 'heterograft': 'tissue from an animal of one species used as a temporary graft (as in cases of severe burns) on an individual of another species', 'scar_tissue': 'the connective tissue that forms a scar; consists of fibroblasts in new scars and collagen fibers in old scars', 'adhesion': 'abnormal union of bodily tissues; most common in the abdomen', 'stroma': 'a mass of fungal tissue that has spore-bearing structures embedded in it or on it', 'fingernail': 'the nail at the end of a finger', 'thumbnail': 'the nail of the thumb', 'toenail': 'the nail at the end of a toe', 'ingrown_toenail': 'toenail having its free tip or edges embedded in the surrounding flesh', 'hangnail': 'a loose narrow strip of skin near the base of a fingernail; tearing it produces a painful sore that is easily infected', 'wrist': 'a joint between the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones', 'knuckle': 'a joint of a finger when the fist is closed', 'skeletal_system': 'the hard structure (bones and cartilages) that provides a frame for the body of an animal', 'skeletal_structure': 'any structure created by the skeleton of an organism', 'pectoral_girdle': 'a skeletal support to which the forelimbs of vertebrates are attached', 'shoulder_girdle': 'the bony arch formed by the collarbones and shoulder blades in humans', 'endoskeleton': 'the internal skeleton; bony and cartilaginous structure (especially of vertebrates)', 'exoskeleton': 'the exterior protective or supporting structure or shell of many animals (especially invertebrates) including bony or horny parts such as nails or scales or hoofs', 'appendicular_skeleton': 'the part of the skeleton that includes the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle and the upper and lower limbs', 'axial_skeleton': 'the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs', 'axial_muscle': 'a skeletal muscle of the trunk or head', 'transverse_process': 'one of two processes that extend from each vertebra and provide the point of articulation for the ribs', 'hemal_arch': 'a structure arising ventrally from a vertebral centrum and enclosing the caudal blood vessels', 'neural_arch': 'a structure arising dorsally from a vertebral centrum and enclosing the spinal cord', 'spinal_column': 'the series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and protecting the spinal cord; \"the fall broke his back\"', 'cervical_vertebra': 'one of 7 vertebrae in the human spine located in the neck region', 'odontoid_process': 'a toothlike process at the back of 2nd vertebra of the neck', 'thoracic_vertebra': 'one of 12 vertebrae in the human vertebral column; thoracic vertebrae extend from the seventh cervical vertebra down to the first lumbar vertebra', 'lumbar_vertebra': 'one of 5 vertebrae in the human vertebral column; lumbar vertebrae extend from the twelfth thoracic vertebra down to the sacral vertebrae', 'sacral_vertebra': 'one of 5 vertebrae in the human spine that fuse in the adult to form the sacrum', 'coccygeal_vertebra': 'one of 4 vertebrae in the human coccyx', 'sartorius': 'a muscle in the thigh that helps to rotate the leg into the sitting position assumed by a tailor; the longest muscle in the human body', 'scalenus': 'any of four pairs of muscles extending from the cervical vertebrae to the second rib; involved in moving the neck and in breathing', 'sternocleidomastoid': 'one of two thick muscles running from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid and occipital bone; turns head obliquely to the opposite side; when acting together they flex the neck and extend the head', 'teres': 'either of two muscles in the shoulder region that move the shoulders and arms', 'teres_major': 'teres muscle that moves the arm and rotates it medially', 'teres_minor': 'teres muscle that adducts the arm and rotates it laterally', 'tibialis': 'either of two skeletal muscle in each leg arising from the tibia; provides for movement of the foot', 'tibialis_anticus': 'a muscle running from the tibia to the first metatarsal and cuneiform bones', 'tibialis_posticus': 'a deep muscle of the leg', 'trapezius': 'either of two flat triangular muscles of the shoulder and upper back that are involved in moving the shoulders and arms', 'true_rib': 'one of the first seven ribs in a human being which attach to the sternum', 'costa': 'a riblike part of a plant or animal (such as a middle rib of a leaf or a thickened vein of an insect wing)', 'costal_cartilage': 'the cartilages that connect the sternum and the ends of the ribs; its elasticity allows the chest to move in respiration', 'epiphysis': 'the end of a long bone; initially separated from the main bone by a layer of cartilage that eventually ossifies so the parts become fused', 'diaphysis': 'the main (mid) section of a long bone', 'metaphysis': 'the growing part of a long bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis', 'arm_bone': 'a bone in the arm', 'humerus': 'bone extending from the shoulder to the elbow', 'ulna': 'the inner and longer of the two bones of the human forearm', 'olecranon': 'process of the ulna that forms the outer bump of the elbow and fits into the fossa of the humerus when the arm is extended', 'metacarpus': 'the part of the hand between the carpus and phalanges', 'leg_bone': 'a bone of the leg', 'fibula': 'the outer and thinner of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle', 'tibia': 'the inner and thicker of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle', 'metatarsus': 'the skeleton of the human foot between the toes and the tarsus; the corresponding part of the foot in birds or of the hind foot in quadrupeds', 'tarsus': 'the part of the foot of a vertebrate between the metatarsus and the leg; in human beings the bones of the ankle and heel collectively', 'acetabulum': 'the cup-shaped hollow in the hipbone into which the head of the femur fits to form a ball-and-socket joint', 'pelvis': 'the structure of the vertebrate skeleton supporting the lower limbs in humans and the hind limbs or corresponding parts in other vertebrates', 'pelvic_cavity': 'the space bounded by the bones of the pelvis and containing the pelvic viscera', 'pivot_joint': 'a freely moving joint in which movement is limited to rotation; \"the articulation of the radius and ulna in the arm is a pivot joint\"', 'crotch': 'the angle formed by the inner sides of the legs where they join the human trunk', 'loins': 'the region of the hips and groin and lower abdomen', 'quick': 'any area of the body that is highly sensitive to pain (as the flesh underneath the skin or a fingernail or toenail)', 'conk': 'informal term for the nose', 'hawk_nose': 'a nose curved downward like the beak of a hawk', 'pug_nose': 'a short nose; flattened and turned up at the end', 'Roman_nose': 'a nose with a prominent slightly aquiline bridge', 'chin': 'the protruding part of the lower jaw', 'double_chin': 'a fold of fatty tissue under the chin', 'dimple': 'any slight depression in a surface; \"there are approximately 336 dimples on a golf ball\"', 'lantern_jaw': 'a long thin lower jaw', 'nostril': 'either one of the two external openings to the nasal cavity in the nose', 'posterior_naris': 'either one of the two posterior openings at the back of the nasal cavity leading to the nasopharynx', 'naris': 'any of the openings to the nasal cavities that allow air to flow through the cavities to the pharynx', 'pudding_face': 'a large fat human face', 'facial_muscle': 'any of the skeletal muscles of the face', 'temporalis_muscle': 'muscle extending from the temporal fossa to the coronoid process of the mandible; acts to raise the mandible and close the jaws', 'brow': 'the part of the face above the eyes', 'cheek': 'either side of the face below the eyes', 'jowl': 'a fullness and looseness of the flesh of the lower cheek and jaw (characteristic of aging)', 'supraorbital_ridge': 'a ridge on the frontal bone above the eye socket', 'excrescence': '(pathology) an abnormal outgrowth or enlargement of some part of the body', 'rudiment': 'the elementary stages of any subject (usually plural); \"he mastered only the rudiments of geometry\"', 'abdominal_wall': 'a wall of the abdomen', 'pericardial_sac': 'the membrane surrounding the heart', 'rotator_cuff': 'a supporting structure of the shoulder consisting of the muscles and tendons that attach the arm to the shoulder joint and enable the arm to move', 'respiratory_center': 'the center in the medulla oblongata and pons that integrates sensory information about the level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and determines the signals to be sent to the respiratory muscles', 'syncytium': 'a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei and enclosed in a membrane but no internal cell boundaries (as in muscle fibers)', 'serous_membrane': 'a thin membrane lining the closed cavities of the body; has two layers with a space between that is filled with serous fluid', 'synovial_membrane': 'a thin membrane in synovial (freely moving) joints that lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid', 'tunica_albuginea_testes': 'whitish cover of the testicle', 'albuginea': 'whitish tunic', 'celom': 'a cavity in the mesoderm of an embryo that gives rise in humans to the pleural cavity and pericardial cavity and peritoneal cavity', 'cornu': '(anatomy) any structure that resembles a horn in shape', 'ruga': '(anatomy) a fold or wrinkle or crease; \"rugae of the stomach\"', 'tentorium': '(anatomy) a fold of dura mater that covers the cerebellum and supports the occipital lobes of the cerebrum', 'mast_cell': 'a large connective tissue cell that contains histamine and heparin and serotonin which are released in allergic reactions or in response to injury or inflammation', 'stem_cell': 'an undifferentiated cell whose daughter cells may differentiate into other cell types (such as blood cells)', 'hematopoeitic_stem_cell': 'blood forming stem cells in the bone marrow; T cells and B cells arise from these stem cells', \"McBurney's_point\": 'a point one third of the way along a line drawn from the hip to the umbilicus; the point of maximum sensitivity in acute appendicitis', 'zona_pellucida': 'thick membrane around the mammalian ovum; can be penetrated by one sperm in the fertilization process; usually remains around the fertilized egg until it is implanted in the wall of the uterus', 'receptor': 'a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response', 'alpha_receptor': 'receptors postulated to exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympathetic nervous system in order to explain the specificity of certain agents that affect only some sympathetic activities (such as vasoconstriction and relaxation of intestinal muscles and contraction of smooth muscles)', 'beta_receptor': 'receptors postulated to exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympathetic nervous system in order to explain the specificity of certain agents that affect only some sympathetic activities (such as vasodilation and increased heart beat)', 'pharyngeal_recess': 'a small recess in the wall of the pharynx', 'rima': 'a narrow elongated opening or fissure between two symmetrical parts', 'rima_glottidis': 'the space between the two true vocal folds', 'rima_vestibuli': 'the opening between the false vocal folds', 'telomere': 'either (free) end of a eukaryotic chromosome; \"telomeres act as caps to keep the sticky ends of chromosomes from randomly clumping together\"', 'vomer': 'thin trapezoidal bone of the skull forming the posterior and inferior parts of the nasal septum', 'Wormian_bone': 'any of the tiny soft bones found in the sutures between cranial bones', 'zone': 'a locally circumscribed place characterized by some distinctive features', 'zonule': 'small beltlike zone', 'mind': 'your intention; what you intend to do; \"he had in mind to see his old teacher\"; \"the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces\"', 'noddle': 'an informal British expression for head or mind; \"use your noddle\"', 'place': 'proper or appropriate position or location; \"a woman\\'s place is no longer in the kitchen\"', 'public_knowledge': 'knowledge that is available to anyone', 'common_knowledge': 'anything generally known to everyone', 'episteme': 'the body of ideas that determine the knowledge that is intellectually certain at any particular time', 'ancient_history': 'a history of the ancient world', 'open': 'a clear or unobstructed space or expanse of land or water; \"finally broke out of the forest into the open\"', 'tabula_rasa': 'a young mind not yet affected by experience (according to John Locke)', 'ego': 'an inflated feeling of pride in your superiority to others', 'unconscious_mind': 'that part of the mind wherein psychic activity takes place of which the person is unaware', 'subconscious_mind': 'psychic activity just below the level of awareness', 'superego': '(psychoanalysis) that part of the unconscious mind that acts as a conscience', 'id': '(psychoanalysis) primitive instincts and energies underlying all psychic activity', 'astuteness': 'the intellectual ability to penetrate deeply into ideas', 'sagacity': 'the mental ability to understand and discriminate between relations', 'common_sense': 'sound practical judgment; \"Common sense is not so common\"; \"he hasn\\'t got the sense God gave little green apples\"; \"fortunately she had the good sense to run away\"', 'logic': 'the branch of philosophy that analyzes inference', 'nous': 'common sense; \"she has great social nous\"', 'road_sense': 'good judgment in avoiding trouble or accidents on the road', 'confidentiality': 'the state of being secret; \"you must respect the confidentiality of your client\\'s communications\"', 'injudiciousness': 'lacking good judgment', 'know-how': 'the (technical) knowledge and skill required to do something', 'bag_of_tricks': 'a supply of ways of accomplishing something; \"every good mechanic has a large bag of tricks\"', 'breadth': 'the capacity to understand a broad range of topics; \"a teacher must have a breadth of knowledge of the subject\"; \"a man distinguished by the largeness and scope of his views\"', 'nonverbal_intelligence': 'intelligence that is manifested in the performance of tasks requiring little or no use of language', 'verbal_intelligence': 'intelligence in the use and comprehension of language', 'mental_quickness': 'intelligence as revealed by an ability to give correct responses without delay', 'nimbleness': 'intelligence as revealed by quickness and alertness of mind; \"nimbleness of wit and imagination\"', 'brilliance': 'unusual mental ability', 'coruscation': 'a sudden or striking display of brilliance; \"coruscations of great wit\"', 'precociousness': 'intelligence achieved far ahead of normal developmental schedules', 'shrewdness': 'intelligence manifested by being astute (as in business dealings)', 'insightfulness': 'shrewdness shown by keen insight', 'knowingness': 'shrewdness demonstrated by knowledge', 'street_smarts': 'a shrewd ability to survive in a dangerous urban environment', 'wits': 'the basic human power of intelligent thought and perception; \"he used his wits to get ahead\"; \"I was scared out of my wits\"; \"he still had all his marbles and was in full possession of a lively mind\"', 'aptitude': 'inherent ability', 'bilingualism': 'the ability to speak two languages colloquially', 'instinct': 'inborn pattern of behavior often responsive to specific stimuli; \"the spawning instinct in salmon\"; \"altruistic instincts in social animals\"', 'perfectibility': 'the capability of becoming perfect; \"he believes in the ultimate perfectibility of man\"', 'sight': 'anything that is seen; \"he was a familiar sight on the television\"; \"they went to Paris to see the sights\"', 'natural_ability': 'ability that is inherited', 'bent': 'grass for pastures and lawns especially bowling and putting greens', 'flair': 'a natural talent; \"he has a flair for mathematics\"; \"he has a genius for interior decorating\"', 'raw_talent': 'powerfully impressive talent', 'creativity': 'the ability to create', 'fecundity': 'the intellectual productivity of a creative imagination', 'genius': 'someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality; \"Mozart was a child genius\"; \"he\\'s smart but he\\'s no Einstein\"', 'imagination': 'the ability to form mental images of things or events; \"he could still hear her in his imagination\"', 'imaginary_place': 'a place that exists only in imagination; a place said to exist in fictional or religious writings', 'afterworld': 'the place where you are after you die', 'Annwfn': '(Welsh mythology) the other world; land of fairies', 'Asgard': '(Norse mythology) the heavenly dwelling of the Norse gods (the Aesir) and slain war heroes', 'Atlantis': 'according to legend, an island in the Atlantic Ocean that Plato said was swallowed by an earthquake', 'Brobdingnag': 'a land imagined by Jonathan Swift where everything was enormous', 'cloud-cuckoo-land': 'an imaginary place where you say people are when they seem optimistically out of touch with reality', 'Cockaigne': '(Middle Ages) an imaginary land of luxury and idleness', 'El_Dorado': 'an imaginary place of great wealth and opportunity; sought in South America by 16th-century explorers', 'fairyland': 'the enchanted realm of fairies', 'Heaven': 'the abode of God and the angels', \"Abraham's_bosom\": 'the place where the just enjoy the peace of heaven after death', 'Celestial_City': 'phrases used to refer to Heaven; \"the Celestial City was Christian\\'s goal in Bunyan\\'s `Pilgrim\\'s Progress\\'\"', 'Elysium': 'a place or condition of ideal happiness', 'Eden': 'any place of complete bliss and delight and peace', 'Paradise': '(Christianity) the abode of righteous souls after death', 'Promised_Land': 'the goal towards which Christians strive', 'Valhalla': '(Norse mythology) the hall in which the souls of heros slain in battle were received by Odin', 'Hell': '(Christianity) the abode of Satan and the forces of evil; where sinners suffer eternal punishment; \"Hurl\\'d headlong...To bottomless perdition, there to dwell\"- John Milton; \"a demon from the depths of the pit\"; \"Hell is paved with good intentions\"-Dr. Johnson', 'Houyhnhnms': 'a land imagined by Jonathan Swift where intelligent horses ruled the Yahoos', 'Gehenna': 'a place where the wicked are punished after death', 'hellfire': 'a place of eternal fire envisaged as punishment for the damned', 'Laputa': 'a land imagined by Jonathan Swift where impractical projects were pursued and practical projects neglected', 'Lilliput': 'a land imagined by Jonathan Swift that was inhabited by tiny people', 'limbo': 'an imaginary place for lost or neglected things', 'Midgard': '(Norse mythology) the abode of humans in Norse mythology', 'never-never_land': 'a pleasing country existing only in dreams or imagination', 'purgatory': 'a temporary condition of torment or suffering; \"a purgatory of drug abuse\"', 'Ruritania': 'an imaginary kingdom in central Europe; often used as a scene for intrigue and romance', 'spirit_world': 'any imaginary place where spiritual beings (demons or fairies or angels or the like) abide; \"science has emptied the spirit world of its former inhabitants\"', 'Utopia': 'a book written by Sir Thomas More (1516) describing the perfect society on an imaginary island', 'wonderland': 'a place or scene of great or strange beauty or wonder', 'fancy': 'a kind of imagination that was held by Coleridge to be more casual and superficial than true imagination', 'fantasy': 'fiction with a large amount of imagination in it; \"she made a lot of money writing romantic fantasies\"', 'pipe_dream': 'a fantastic but vain hope (from fantasies induced by the opium pipe); \"I have this pipe dream about being emperor of the universe\"', 'fantasy_life': 'an imaginary life lived in a fantasy world', 'fantasy_world': 'something existing solely in the imagination (but often mistaken for reality)', 'paracosm': 'a prolonged fantasy world invented by children; can have a definite geography and language and history', 'inventiveness': 'the power of creative imagination', 'concoction': 'any foodstuff made by combining different ingredients; \"he volunteered to taste her latest concoction\"; \"he drank a mixture of beer and lemonade\"', 'contrivance': 'an elaborate or deceitful scheme contrived to deceive or evade; \"his testimony was just a contrivance to throw us off the track\"', 'innovativeness': 'originality by virtue of introducing new ideas', 'novelty': 'originality by virtue of being new and surprising', 'aviation': \"the aggregation of a country's military aircraft\", 'eristic': 'the art of logical disputation (especially if specious)', 'falconry': 'the art of training falcons to hunt and return', 'homiletics': 'the branch of theology that deals with sermons and homilies', 'horology': 'the art of designing and making clocks', 'minstrelsy': 'a troupe of minstrels', 'musicianship': 'artistry in performing music', 'enology': 'the art of wine making', 'taxidermy': 'the art of mounting the skins of animals so that they have lifelike appearance', 'telescopy': 'the art of making and using telescopes', 'ventriloquism': \"the art of projecting your voice so that it seems to come from another source (as from a ventriloquist's dummy)\", 'skill': 'an ability that has been acquired by training', 'virtuosity': 'technical skill or fluency or style exhibited by a virtuoso', 'bravura': 'brilliant and showy technical skill; \"in a final bravura the ballerina appeared to be floating in water\"; \"the music ends with a display of bravura\"', 'horsemanship': 'skill in handling and riding horses', 'literacy': 'the ability to read and write', 'marksmanship': 'skill in shooting', 'mixology': 'skill in preparing mixed drinks', 'superior_skill': 'more than ordinary ability', 'numeracy': 'skill with numbers and mathematics', 'oarsmanship': 'skill as an oarsman', 'salesmanship': 'skill in selling; skill in persuading people to buy; \"he read a book on salesmanship but it didn\\'t help\"', 'seamanship': 'skill in sailing', 'boatmanship': 'skill in handling boats', 'showmanship': 'the ability to present something (especially theatrical shows) in an attractive manner', 'soldiering': 'skills that are required for the life of soldier', 'swordsmanship': 'skill in fencing', 'skillfulness': 'the state of being cognitively skillful', 'expertness': 'skillfulness by virtue of possessing special knowledge', 'professionalism': 'the expertness characteristic of a professional person', 'incoordination': 'a lack of coordination of movements', 'versatility': 'having a wide variety of skills', 'adeptness': 'skillful performance or ability without difficulty; \"his quick adeptness was a product of good design\"; \"he was famous for his facility as an archer\"', 'finishing_touch': 'a final touch; a crowning achievement; a culmination', 'dexterity': 'adroitness in using the hands', 'disfluency': 'lack of skillfulness in speaking or writing', 'brushwork': \"an artist's distinctive technique of applying paint with a brush\", 'musketry': 'musketeers and their muskets collectively', 'housecraft': 'skill in domestic management', 'priestcraft': 'a derogatory reference to priests who use their influence to control secular or political affairs', 'stagecraft': 'skill in writing or staging plays', 'tradecraft': 'skill acquired through experience in a trade; often used to discuss skill in espionage; \"instructional designers are trained in something that might be called tradecraft\"; \"the CIA chief of station accepted responsibility for his agents\\' failures of tradecraft\"', 'watercraft': 'skill in the management of boats', 'woodcraft': 'skill and experience in matters relating to the woods (as hunting or fishing or camping)', 'efficiency': 'the ratio of the output to the input of any system', \"writer's_block\": 'an inability to write; \"he had writer\\'s block; the words wouldn\\'t come\"', 'denseness': 'the quality of being mentally slow and limited', 'retardation': 'the extent to which something is delayed or held back', 'feeblemindedness': 'severe mental deficiency', 'moronity': 'mild mental retardation', 'idiocy': 'extreme mental retardation', 'imbecility': 'retardation more severe than a moron but not as severe as an idiot', 'vacuousness': 'indicative of or marked by mental vacuity and an absence of ideas; \"the vacuousness of her face belied her feelings\"', 'inaptitude': 'a lack of aptitude', 'talentlessness': 'a lack of talent', 'imperfectibility': 'the capability of becoming imperfect', 'unskillfulness': 'a lack of cognitive skill', 'rustiness': 'the condition of being coated or clogged with rust', 'inefficiency': 'unskillfulness resulting from a lack of efficiency', 'amateurishness': 'something that demonstrates a lack of professional competency', 'illiteracy': 'ignorance resulting from not reading', 'uncreativeness': 'a lack of creativity', 'triteness': 'unoriginality as a result of being dull and hackneyed', 'faculty': 'one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual powers of the mind', 'language': 'a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols; \"he taught foreign languages\"; \"the language introduced is standard throughout the text\"; \"the speed with which a program can be executed depends on the language in which it is written\"', 'lexis': 'all of the words in a language; all word forms having meaning or grammatical function', 'vocabulary': 'a listing of the words used in some enterprise', 'reason': 'a rational motive for a belief or action; \"the reason that war was declared\"; \"the grounds for their declaration\"', 'sense': 'the meaning of a word or expression; the way in which a word or expression or situation can be interpreted; \"the dictionary gave several senses for the word\"; \"in the best sense charity is really a duty\"; \"the signifier is linked to the signified\"', 'velleity': 'a mere wish, unaccompanied by effort to obtain', 'hypersensitivity': 'pathological sensitivity', 'exteroception': 'sensitivity to stimuli originating outside of the body', 'interoception': 'sensitivity to stimuli originating inside of the body', 'photosensitivity': 'sensitivity to the action of radiant energy', 'stigmatism': 'the condition of having or being marked by stigmata', 'somatosense': 'any of the sensory systems that mediate sensations of pressure and tickle and warmth and cold and vibration and limb position and limb movement and pain', 'achromatic_vision': 'vision using the rods', 'acuity': 'sharpness of vision; the visual ability to resolve fine detail (usually measured by a Snellen chart)', 'twenty-twenty': 'normal visual acuity, as measured by the ability to read charts at a distance of 20 feet', 'oxyopia': 'unusually acute vision', 'binocular_vision': 'vision involving the use of both eyes', 'central_vision': 'vision using the fovea and parafovea; the middle part of the visual field', 'color_vision': 'the normal ability to see colors', 'distance_vision': 'vision for objects that a 20 feet or more from the viewer', 'eyesight': 'normal use of the faculty of vision', 'foveal_vision': 'vision with the fovea', 'monocular_vision': 'vision with only one eye', 'near_vision': 'vision for objects 2 feet or closer to the viewer', 'night_vision': 'the ability to see in reduced illumination (as in moonlight)', 'daylight_vision': 'normal vision in daylight; vision with sufficient illumination that the cones are active and hue is perceived', 'peripheral_vision': 'vision at the edges of the visual field using only the periphery of the retina', 'stereoscopic_vision': 'three-dimensional vision produced by the fusion of two slightly different views of a scene on each retina', 'absolute_pitch': 'the ability to identify the pitch of a tone', 'kinesthesis': 'the ability to feel movements of the limbs and body', 'kinanesthesia': 'inability to sense movement', 'equilibrium': 'a stable situation in which forces cancel one another', 'proprioception': 'the ability to sense the position and location and orientation and movement of the body and its parts', 'somesthesia': 'the perception of tactual or proprioceptive or gut sensations; \"he relied on somesthesia to warn him of pressure changes\"', 'method': 'a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)', 'scientific_method': 'a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses', 'experimental_method': 'the use of controlled observations and measurements to test hypotheses', 'teaching_method': 'the principles and methods of instruction', 'Socratic_method': 'a method of teaching by question and answer; used by Socrates to elicit truths from his students', 'method_of_choice': 'the best method to achieve a desired result', 'methodology': 'the branch of philosophy that analyzes the principles and procedures of inquiry in a particular discipline', 'mnemonics': 'a method or system for improving the memory', 'silver_bullet': 'a simple guaranteed solution for a difficult problem; \"no silver bullet can make the world safe from terrorism\"', 'accounting': \"a bookkeeper's chronological list of related debits and credits of a business; forms part of a ledger of accounts\", 'frame_of_reference': 'a system of assumptions and standards that sanction behavior and give it meaning', 'gambling_system': 'a system of rules for placing bets that is believed to lead to winning; \"he has a perfect gambling system at roulette\"', 'honor_system': 'a system of conduct in which participants are trusted not to take unfair advantage of others; \"the students are on the honor system\"', 'Aristotelian_logic': 'the syllogistic logic of Aristotle as developed by Boethius in the Middle Ages', 'merit_system': 'the system of employing and promoting civil servants on the basis of ability', 'point_system': 'a system of graduating sizes of type in multiples of the point', 'spoils_system': 'the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power', 'organon': 'a system of principles for philosophic or scientific investigations; an instrument for acquiring knowledge', 'technique': 'a practical method or art applied to some particular task', 'antialiasing': '(computer graphics) a technique that is used to smooth jagged distortions in curves and diagonal lines so they appear smoother', 'Benday_process': 'a photoengraving technique for adding shading or texture or tone to a printed image', 'terminal_emulation': '(computer science) having a computer act exactly like a terminal', 'immunofluorescence': '(immunology) a technique that uses antibodies linked to a fluorescent dye in order to study antigens in a sample of tissue', 'photomechanics': 'the process whereby printing surfaces (plates or cylinders) are produced by photographic methods; \"photomechanics revolutionized the practice of printing\"', 'technicolor': 'a trademarked method of making color motion pictures', 'mores': '(sociology) the conventions that embody the fundamental values of a group', 'code_of_conduct': 'a set of conventional principles and expectations that are considered binding on any person who is a member of a particular group', 'universal': '(linguistics) a grammatical rule (or other linguistic feature) that is found in all languages', 'courtly_love': '(Middle Ages) a highly conventionalized code of conduct for lovers', 'protocol': '(computer science) rules determining the format and transmission of data', 'Hadith': '(Islam) a tradition based on reports of the sayings and activities of Muhammad and his companions', 'levirate': \"the biblical institution whereby a man must marry the widow of his childless brother in order to maintain the brother's line\", 'heritage': 'practices that are handed down from the past by tradition; \"a heritage of freedom\"', 'cognitive_state': \"the state of a person's cognitive processes\", 'enthusiasm': 'a feeling of excitement', 'Anglomania': 'an excessive enthusiasm for all things English', 'balletomania': 'extraordinary enthusiasm for ballets', 'concern': 'an anxious feeling; \"care had aged him\"; \"they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction\"', 'worldly_concern': 'the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife; \"they consider the church to be independent of the world\"', 'interestedness': 'the state of being interested', 'least': 'something that is of no importance; \"it is the least I can do\"; \"that is the least of my concerns\"', 'personal_business': 'matters of personal concern; \"get his affairs in order\"', 'dirty_linen': 'personal matters that could be embarrassing if made public', 'point_of_honor': 'a concern that seriously reflects on your honor', 'cult_of_personality': 'intense devotion to a particular person', 'amnesia': 'partial or total loss of memory; \"he has a total blackout for events of the evening\"', 'paramnesia': '(psychiatry) a disorder of memory in which dreams or fantasies are confused with reality', 'anterograde_amnesia': 'loss of memory for events immediately following a trauma; sometimes in effect for events during and for a long time following the trauma', 'retrograde_amnesia': 'loss of memory for events immediately preceding a trauma', 'forgetfulness': 'unawareness caused by neglectful or heedless failure to remember; \"his forgetfulness increased as he grew older\"', 'senior_moment': 'a momentary lapse of memory (especially in older people)', 'selective_amnesia': 'amnesia about particular events that is very convenient for the person who cannot remember; \"why do politicians always develop selective amnesia when questioned about their transgressions?\"', 'posthypnotic_amnesia': 'selective amnesia after being in a hypnotic state of events occurring during hypnosis or of information designated by the hypnotist', 'obliviousness': 'total forgetfulness; \"he sought the great oblivion of sleep\"', 'transient_global_amnesia': 'memory disorder seen in middle aged and elderly persons; characterized by an episode of amnesia and bewilderment that lasts for several hours; person is otherwise alert and intellectually active', 'ivory_tower': 'a state of mind that is discussed as if it were a place; \"he lived in the ivory tower of speculation\"; \"they viewed universities as ivory towers\"', 'consciousness': 'an alert cognitive state in which you are aware of yourself and your situation; \"he lost consciousness\"', 'stream_of_consciousness': \"a literary genre that reveals a character's thoughts and feeling as they develop by means of a long soliloquy\", 'self': 'a person considered as a unique individual; \"one\\'s own self\"', 'anima': '(Jungian psychology) the inner self (not the external persona) that is in touch with the unconscious', 'awareness': 'state of elementary or undifferentiated consciousness; \"the crash intruded on his awareness\"', 'incognizance': 'a lack of knowledge or recognition', 'self-awareness': 'awareness of your own individuality', 'self-consciousness': 'embarrassment deriving from the feeling that others are critically aware of you', 'unselfconsciousness': 'the quality of being not self-conscious; unawareness of yourself or of others\\' views of yourself; \"he had the unselfconsciousness of a child\"', 'sense_of_direction': 'an awareness of your orientation in space', 'sense_of_responsibility': 'an awareness of your obligations', 'sensibility': 'refined sensitivity to pleasurable or painful impressions; \"cruelty offended his sensibility\"', 'waking': 'the state of remaining awake; \"days of danger and nights of waking\"', 'wakefulness': 'a temporary state in which you are unable (or unwilling) to sleep; \"accept your wakefulness and sleep in its own contrary way is more likely to come\"', 'unconsciousness': 'a state lacking normal awareness of the self or environment', 'automatic_pilot': 'a cognitive state in which you act without self-awareness; \"she went about her chores on automatic pilot\"; \"too much of the writing seems to have been done on automatic pilot\"; \"she talked and he dozed and my mind went on autopilot\"', 'unknowingness': 'unconsciousness resulting from lack of knowledge or attention', 'blackout': 'a suspension of radio or tv broadcasting', 'grogginess': 'a dazed and staggering state caused by alcohol', 'coma': '(botany) a usually terminal tuft of bracts (as in the pineapple) or tuft of hairs (especially on certain seeds)', 'diabetic_coma': 'coma that can develop in inadequately treated cases of diabetes mellitus', 'hepatic_coma': 'coma that can occur in severe cases of liver disease', 'electrosleep': 'unconsciousness brought about by the passage of a low voltage electric current through the brain', 'semicoma': 'a mild comatose state; a coma from which the person can be roused by appropriate stimuli', 'insensibility': 'a lack of sensibility', 'hebetude': 'mental lethargy or dullness', 'trance': 'a state of mind in which consciousness is fragile and voluntary action is poor or missing; a state resembling deep sleep', 'semitrance': 'a trancelike state in which the person can follow instructions but voluntary action is weak or absent', 'hypnotic_trance': 'a trance induced by the use of hypnosis; the person accepts the suggestions of the hypnotist', 'religious_trance': 'a trance induced by intense religious devotion; does not show reduced bodily functions that are typical of other trances', 'narcosis': 'unconsciousness induced by narcotics or anesthesia', 'nitrogen_narcosis': 'confused or stuporous state caused by high levels of dissolved nitrogen in the blood; \"deep-sea divers can suffer nitrogen narcosis from breathing air under high pressure\"', 'subconsciousness': 'a state of mind not immediately available to consciousness', 'curiosity': 'a state in which you want to learn more about something', 'desire_to_know': 'curiosity that motivates investigation and study', 'curiousness': 'a state of active curiosity', 'nosiness': 'offensive inquisitiveness', 'disorientation': 'a wild delusion (especially one induced by a hallucinogenic drug)', 'culture_shock': 'a condition of disorientation affecting someone who is suddenly exposed to an unfamiliar culture or way of life or set of attitudes', 'daze': 'the feeling of distress and disbelief that you have when something bad happens accidentally; \"his mother\\'s death left him in a daze\"; \"he was numb with shock\"', 'half-cock': 'confusion resulting from lack of preparation', 'jamais_vu': 'the experience of being unfamiliar with a person or situation that is actually very familiar; associated with certain types of epilepsy', 'bewilderment': 'confusion resulting from failure to understand', 'perplexity': 'trouble or confusion resulting from complexity', 'mystery': 'a story about a crime (usually murder) presented as a novel or play or movie', 'tangle': 'a twisted and tangled mass that is highly interwoven; \"they carved their way through the tangle of vines\"', 'dilemma': 'state of uncertainty or perplexity especially as requiring a choice between equally unfavorable options', 'double_bind': '(psychology) an unresolvable dilemma; situation in which a person receives contradictory messages from a person who is very powerful', 'cognitive_factor': 'something immaterial (as a circumstance or influence) that contributes to producing a result', 'divine_guidance': '(theology) a special influence of a divinity on the minds of human beings; \"they believe that the books of Scripture were written under divine guidance\"', 'can_of_worms': 'a source of unpredictable trouble and complexity', 'deep_water': 'serious trouble', 'growing_pains': 'pain in muscles or joints sometimes experienced by children and often attributed to rapid growth', 'facer': '(a dated Briticism) a serious difficulty with which one is suddenly faced', 'killer': 'someone who causes the death of a person or animal', 'kink': 'a sharp bend in a line produced when a line having a loop is pulled tight', 'pisser': 'a person who urinates', 'pitfall': 'an unforeseen or unexpected or surprising difficulty', 'bind': 'something that hinders as if with bonds', 'diriment_impediment': '(canon law) an impediment that invalidates a marriage (such as the existence of a prior marriage)', 'hang-up': 'an emotional preoccupation', 'stymie': \"a situation in golf where an opponent's ball blocks the line between your ball and the hole\", 'ideological_barrier': 'a barrier to cooperation or interaction resulting from conflicting ideologies', 'iron_curtain': 'an impenetrable barrier to communication or information especially as imposed by rigid censorship and secrecy; used by Winston Churchill in 1946 to describe the demarcation between democratic and communist countries', 'language_barrier': 'barrier to communication resulting from speaking different languages', 'bamboo_curtain': 'an ideological barrier around communist China especially in the 1950s and 1960s', 'color_bar': 'barrier preventing blacks from participating in various activities with whites', 'determinant': 'a square matrix used to solve simultaneous equations', 'imponderable': 'a factor whose effects cannot be accurately assessed; \"human behavior depends on many imponderables\"', 'morale_builder': 'something or someone who influences by building or strengthening morale', 'pestilence': 'a pernicious and malign influence that is hard to get rid of; \"racism is a pestilence at the heart of the nation\"; \"according to him, I was the canker in their midst\"', 'temptation': 'the desire to have or do something that you know you should avoid; \"he felt the temptation and his will power weakened\"', 'forbidden_fruit': 'originally an apple from the tree of knowledge of good and evil in the Garden of Eden; it is now used to refer to anything that is tempting but dangerous (as sexuality)', 'allurement': 'attractiveness; \"its allurement was its remoteness\"', 'mismatch': 'a bad or unsuitable match', 'substitute': 'an athlete who plays only when a starter on the team is replaced', 'ersatz': 'an artificial or inferior substitute or imitation', 'successor': 'a person who follows next in order; \"he was President Lincoln\\'s successor\"', 'succedaneum': '(medicine) something that can be used as a substitute (especially any medicine that may be taken in place of another)', 'assurance': 'a British term for some kinds of insurance', 'certitude': 'total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant', 'reliance': 'the state of relying on something', 'mental_reservation': 'an unstated doubt that prevents you from accepting something wholeheartedly', 'misgiving': \"doubt about someone's honesty\", 'incredulity': 'doubt about the truth of something', 'indecision': 'doubt concerning two or more possible alternatives or courses of action; \"his indecision was only momentary but the opportunity was lost\"', 'peradventure': 'doubt or uncertainty as to whether something is the case; \"this proves beyond peradventure that he is innocent\"', 'suspense': 'apprehension about what is going to happen', 'morbidity': 'the relative incidence of a particular disease', 'preoccupation': 'an idea that preoccupies the mind and holds the attention', 'obsession': 'an unhealthy and compulsive preoccupation with something or someone', 'abstractedness': 'preoccupation with something to the exclusion of all else', 'reverie': 'absentminded dreaming while awake', 'dream': 'someone or something wonderful; \"this dessert is a dream\"', 'brown_study': 'a state of deep absorption or thoughtfulness', 'absentmindedness': 'preoccupation so great that the ordinary demands on attention are ignored', 'basic_cognitive_process': 'cognitive processes involved in obtaining and storing knowledge', 'attention_span': 'the length of time you can concentrate on some idea or activity', 'clock-watching': 'paying excessive attention to the clock (in anticipation of stopping work)', 'notice': 'advance notification (usually written) of the intention to withdraw from an arrangement of contract; \"we received a notice to vacate the premises\"; \"he gave notice two months before he moved\"', 'advertence': 'the process of being heedful', 'mental_note': 'special attention with intent to remember; \"he made a mental note to send her flowers\"', 'particularism': 'a focus on something particular', 'specialism': 'the concentration of your efforts on a particular field of study or occupation', 'hobbyhorse': 'a topic to which one constantly reverts; \"don\\'t get him started on his hobbyhorse\"', 'jealousy': 'a feeling of jealous envy (especially of a rival)', 'inattention': 'lack of attention', 'pretermission': 'letting pass without notice', 'exception': 'grounds for adverse criticism; \"his authority is beyond exception\"', 'intuition': 'an impression that something might be the case; \"he had an intuition that something had gone wrong\"', 'sprachgefuhl': 'an intuitive feeling for the natural idiom of a language; \"Dubyuh has no sprachgefuhl\"', 'gnosis': 'intuitive knowledge of spiritual truths; said to have been possessed by ancient Gnostics', 'insight': 'a feeling of understanding', 'perception': 'a way of conceiving something; \"Luther had a new perception of the Bible\"', 'apperception': 'the process whereby perceived qualities of an object are related to past experience', 'brightness_constancy': 'the tendency for a visual object to be perceived as having the same brightness under widely different conditions of illumination', 'color_constancy': 'the tendency for a color to look the same under widely different viewing conditions', 'shape_constancy': 'the tendency to perceive the shape of a rigid object as constant despite differences in the viewing angle (and consequent differences in the shape of the pattern projected on the retina of the eye)', 'size_constancy': 'the tendency to perceive the veridical size of a familiar object despite differences in their distance (and consequent differences in the size of the pattern projected on the retina of the eye)', 'discernment': 'perception of that which is obscure', 'cognizance': 'range of what one can know or understand; \"beyond my ken\"', 'remark': 'a statement that expresses a personal opinion or belief or adds information; \"from time to time she contributed a personal comment on his account\"', 'visual_perception': 'perception by means of the eyes', 'face_recognition': 'biometric identification by scanning a person\\'s face and matching it against a library of known faces; \"they used face recognition to spot known terrorists\"', 'object_recognition': 'the visual perception of familiar objects', 'visual_space': 'the visual perception of space', 'auditory_perception': 'the perception of sound as a meaningful phenomenon', 'speech_perception': 'the auditory perception (and comprehension) of speech', 'musical_perception': 'the auditory perception of musical sounds', 'melody': 'the perception of pleasant arrangements of musical notes', 'sensation': 'a state of widespread public excitement and interest; \"the news caused a sensation\"', 'threshold': 'the starting point for a new state or experience; \"on the threshold of manhood\"', 'absolute_threshold': 'the lowest level of stimulation that a person can detect', 'pain_threshold': 'the lowest intensity of stimulation at which pain is experienced; \"some people have much higher pain thresholds than do other people\"', 'difference_threshold': 'the smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect', 'just-noticeable_difference': '(psychophysics) the difference between two stimuli that (under properly controlled experimental conditions) is detected as often as it is undetected', 'masking': 'the blocking of one sensation resulting from the presence of another sensation; \"he studied auditory masking by pure tones\"', 'vision': 'a religious or mystical experience of a supernatural appearance; \"he had a vision of the Virgin Mary\"', 'scent': 'an odor left in passing by which a person or animal can be traced', 'musk': 'an odorous glandular secretion from the male musk deer; used as a perfume fixative', 'aroma': 'a distinctive odor that is pleasant', 'incense': 'a substance that produces a fragrant odor when burned', 'malodor': 'a distinctive odor that is offensively unpleasant', 'niff': 'an unpleasant smell', 'relish': 'spicy or savory condiment', 'vanilla': 'any of numerous climbing plants of the genus Vanilla having fleshy leaves and clusters of large waxy highly fragrant white or green or topaz flowers', 'sweet': 'a food rich in sugar', 'sour': 'a cocktail made of a liquor (especially whiskey or gin) mixed with lemon or lime juice and sugar', 'bitter': 'English term for a dry sharp-tasting ale with strong flavor of hops (usually on draft)', 'salt': 'a compound formed by replacing hydrogen in an acid by a metal (or a radical that acts like a metal)', 'piano_music': 'sheet music to be played on a piano', 'music_of_the_spheres': 'an inaudible music that Pythagoras thought was produced by the celestial', 'fundamental': 'any factor that could be considered important to the understanding of a particular business; \"fundamentals include a company\\'s growth, revenues, earnings, management, and capital structure\"', 'overtone': '(usually plural) an ulterior implicit meaning or quality; \"overtones of despair\"', 'dub': 'the new sounds added by dubbing', 'synesthesia': 'a sensation that normally occurs in one sense modality occurs when another modality is stimulated', 'chromesthesia': 'a form of synesthesia in which nonvisual stimulation results in the experience of color sensations', 'colored_hearing': 'a form of chromesthesia in which experiences of color accompany auditory stimuli', 'tactual_sensation': 'the faculty of perceiving (via the skin) pressure or heat or pain', 'kinesthesia': 'the perception of body position and movement and muscular tensions etc', 'pins_and_needles': 'a sharp tingling sensation from lack of circulation', 'prickling': 'a somatic sensation as from many tiny prickles', 'creepiness': 'an uneasy sensation as of insects creeping on your skin', 'cutaneous_sensation': 'a sensation localized on the skin', 'itch': 'an irritating cutaneous sensation that produces a desire to scratch', 'pruritus': 'an intense itching sensation that can have various causes (as by allergies or infection or lymphoma or jaundice etc.)', 'pruritus_ani': 'chronic itching of the skin around the anus', 'pruritus_vulvae': 'persistent itching of the external female genitalia', 'topognosia': 'recognition of the location of a stimulus on the skin', 'urtication': 'an itchy skin eruption characterized by weals with pale interiors and well-defined red margins; usually the result of an allergic response to insect bites or food or drugs', 'pain': 'a symptom of some physical hurt or disorder; \"the patient developed severe pain and distension\"', 'mittelschmerz': 'pain in the area of the ovary that is felt at the time of ovulation (usually midway through the menstrual cycle)', 'phantom_limb_pain': 'pain felt by an amputee that seems to be located in the missing limb', 'twinge': 'a sharp stab of pain', 'cold': 'a mild viral infection involving the nose and respiratory passages (but not the lungs); \"will they never find a cure for the common cold?\"', 'comfort_zone': 'the temperature range (between 28 and 30 degrees Centigrade) at which the naked human body is able to maintain a heat balance without shivering or sweating', 'believing': 'the cognitive process that leads to convictions; \"seeing is believing\"', 'doublethink': 'believing two contradictory ideas at the same time', 'classification_system': 'a system for classifying things', 'Dewey_decimal_classification': 'a system used by libraries to classify nonfictional publications into subject categories; the subject is indicated by a three-digit numeral and further specification is given by numerals following a decimal point; publications are shelved by number', 'coordinate_system': 'a system that uses coordinates to establish position', 'Cartesian_coordinate_system': 'a coordinate system for which the coordinates of a point are its distances from a set perpendicular lines that intersect at the origin of the system', 'data_structure': '(computer science) the organization of data (and its storage allocations in a computer)', 'equidistribution': 'a flat distribution having equal frequencies of occurrence', 'genetic_map': 'graphical representation of the arrangement of genes on a chromosome', 'kinship_system': '(anthropology) the system of social relationships that constitute kinship in a particular culture, including the terminology that is used and the reciprocal obligations that are entailed', 'living_arrangement': 'an arrangement to allow people (or ideas) to coexist', 'topology': 'topographic study of a given place (especially the history of the place as indicated by its topography); \"Greenland\\'s topology has been shaped by the glaciers of the ice age\"', 'bus_topology': 'the topology of a network whose components are connected by a busbar', 'loop_topology': 'the topology of a network whose components are serially connected in such a way that the last component is connected to the first component', 'star_topology': 'the topology of a network whose components are connected to a hub', 'mesh_topology': 'the topology of a network whose components are all connected directly to every other component', 'physical_topology': 'the appearance of the network; \"the physical topologies of local area networks include the bus, the ring and the star\"', 'logical_topology': 'the way the network works; \"a network that looks like a star can have the logical topology of a bus\"', 'configuration': 'an arrangement of parts or elements; \"the outcome depends on the configuration of influences at the time\"', 'space_lattice': 'a 3-dimensional geometric arrangement of the atoms or molecules or ions composing a crystal', 'hierarchical_structure': 'a structure of data having several levels arranged in a treelike structure', 'hierarchical_classification_system': 'a classification system where entries are arranged based on some hierarchical structure', 'file_system': 'a system of classifying into files (usually arranged alphabetically)', 'rating_system': 'a system of classifying according to quality or merit or amount', 'ABO_blood_group_system': 'a classification system for the antigens of human blood; used in blood transfusion therapy; four groups are A and B and AB and O', 'critical_appraisal': 'an appraisal based on careful analytical evaluation', 'criticism': 'disapproval expressed by pointing out faults or shortcomings; \"the senator received severe criticism from his opponent\"', 'examen': 'a detailed inspection of your conscience (as done daily by Jesuits)', 'self-criticism': 'criticism of yourself', 'attribution': 'assigning some quality or character to a person or thing; \"the attribution of language to birds\"; \"the ascription to me of honors I had not earned\"', 'zoomorphism': 'the attribution of animal forms or qualities to a god', 'animatism': 'the attribution of consciousness and personality to natural phenomena such as thunderstorms and earthquakes and to objects such as plants and stones', 'imputation': 'a statement attributing something dishonest (especially a criminal offense); \"he denied the imputation\"', 'cross-classification': 'classification according to more than one attribute at the same time; \"the cross-classification of cases was done by age and sex\"', 'subsumption': 'incorporating something under a more general category', 'overvaluation': 'too high a value or price assigned to something', 'undervaluation': 'too low a value or price assigned to something', 'pricing': 'the evaluation of something in terms of its price', 'price_gouging': 'pricing above the market price when no alternative retailer is available', 'reevaluation': 'the evaluation of something a second time (or more)', 'grade_point': 'a numerical value assigned to a letter grade received in a course taken at a college or university multiplied by the number of credit hours awarded for the course', 'percentile': '(statistics) any of the 99 numbered points that divide an ordered set of scores into 100 parts each of which contains one-hundredth of the total', 'decile': '(statistics) any of nine points that divided a distribution of ranked scores into equal intervals where each interval contains one-tenth of the scores', 'quartile': '(statistics) any of three points that divide an ordered distribution into four parts each containing one quarter of the scores', 'bond_rating': 'an evaluation by a rating company of the probability that a particular bond issue will default; \"the bonds of highest quality are said to have bond ratings of AAA\"', 'countercheck': 'a check that restrains another check', 'diagnostic_test': 'an assay conducted for diagnostic purposes', 'Apgar_score': 'an assessment of the physical condition of a newborn infant; involves heart rate and muscle tone and respiratory effort and color and reflex responsiveness', 'agglutination_test': 'a blood test used to identify unknown antigens; blood with the unknown antigen is mixed with a known antibody and whether or not agglutination occurs helps to identify the antigen; used in tissue matching and blood grouping and diagnosis of infections', 'heterophil_test': 'a blood test to detect heterophil antibodies that agglutinate sheep red blood cells; positive result indicates infectious mononucleosis', 'Widal_test': 'a test for detecting typhoid fever and other salmonella infections', 'bioassay': 'appraisal of the biological activity of a substance by testing its effect on an organism and comparing the result with some agreed standard', 'immunoassay': 'identification of a substance (especially a protein) by its action as an antigen; \"PSA in the blood can be measured with an immunochemical assay\"', 'radioimmunoassay': 'immunoassay of a substance that has been radioactively labeled', 'biopsy': 'examination of tissues or liquids from the living body to determine the existence or cause of a disease', 'cloze_procedure': 'a test for diagnosing reading ability; words are deleted from a prose passage and the reader is required to fill in the blanks', 'fecal_occult_test': 'a test performed at home in which you collect specimens of your stool that are tested for traces of blood; used to detect colorectal cancers', 'GI_series': 'diagnostic tests of the alimentary canal; usually involves inserting a contrast medium (such as barium sulfate) and taking an X-ray', 'glucose_tolerance_test': \"test of the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates; used in the diagnosis of hypoglycemia and diabetes mellitus\", 'complement_fixation_test': 'a blood test in which a sample of serum is exposed to a particular antigen and complement in order to determine whether or not antibodies to that particular antigen are present; used as a diagnostic test', 'Wassermann_test': 'a blood test to detect syphilis; a complement fixation test is used to detect antibodies to the syphilis organism treponema; a positive reaction indicates the presence of antibodies and therefore syphilis infection', 'blood_test': 'a serologic analysis of a sample of blood', 'PSA_blood_test': 'a blood test that measures levels of a protein called prostate specific antigen that is manufactured exclusively by the prostate gland; men with prostate problems usually have elevated levels of PSA', 'chorionic_villus_sampling': 'a prenatal test to detect birth defects at an early stage of pregnancy; tissue from the chorionic villi is assayed', 'needle_biopsy': 'biopsy of deep tissue that is obtained through a hollow needle', 'Pap_test': 'a method of examining stained cells in a cervical smear for early diagnosis of uterine cancer', 'paternity_test': 'a test based on blood groups to determine whether a particular man could be the biological father of a particular child; negative results prove he was not the father but positive results show only that he could be', 'PKU_test': 'a test of newborn infants for phenylketonuria', 'pregnancy_test': 'a physiological test to determine whether a woman is pregnant', 'Friedman_test': \"pregnancy test that involves injecting some of the woman's urine into an unmated female rabbit and later examining the ovaries of the rabbit; presence of corpora lutea indicates that the woman is pregnant\", \"Queckenstedt's_test\": 'a test to determine whether there is a blockage of the spinal canal', 'radioactive_iodine_test': 'test of thyroid function in which the patient is given an oral dose of radioactive iodine-131', 'radioactive_iodine_excretion_test': 'radioactive iodine test that measures the amount of radioactive iodine excreted in the urine', 'radioactive_iodine_uptake_test': 'radioactive iodine test that measures the amount of radioactive iodine taken up by the thyroid gland', 'Rubin_test': 'test to determine the patency or occlusion of the Fallopian tubes', 'skin_test': 'any test to determine immunity or sensitivity to a disease by introducing small amounts on or into the skin', 'Dick_test': 'a skin test to determine your susceptibility to scarlet fever', 'patch_test': 'a test to determine allergic sensitivity by applying small pads soaked with allergen to the unbroken skin', 'Schick_test': 'a skin test for immunity to diphtheria', 'scratch_test': 'a test to determine allergic sensitivity to various substances by applying them to scratches in the skin', 'tuberculin_test': 'a skin test to determine past or present infection with the tuberculosis bacterium; based on hypersensitivity of the skin to tuberculin', 'Mantoux_test': 'tuberculin (a derivative of tubercle bacillus) is injected intradermally; a red area appearing 1-3 days later signifies an exposure (past or present) to tubercle bacilli and the need for further testing', 'tine_test': 'a tuberculin test in which a disk with several tines bearing tuberculin antigen is used to puncture the skin; development of a hard red area indicates past or present exposure to tubercle bacilli and the need for further testing', 'intradermal_test': 'a form of skin test in which the suspected allergen is injected into the skin', 'tissue_typing': 'a series of diagnostic tests before an organ transplant to determine whether the tissues of a donor and recipient are compatible', 'Snellen_test': 'a test of visual acuity using a Snellen chart', 'stress_test': 'a test measuring how a system functions when subjected to controlled amounts of stress', 'treadmill_test': 'a stress test in which the patient walks on a moving treadmill while the heart and breathing rates are monitored', 'acid_test': 'a rigorous or crucial appraisal', 'reappraisal': 'a new appraisal or evaluation', 'stocktaking': 'reappraisal of a situation or position or outlook', 'underevaluation': 'an appraisal that underestimates the value of something', 'contradistinction': 'a distinction drawn on the basis of contrast; \"sculpture in contradistinction to painting\"', 'Rubicon': \"the boundary in ancient times between Italy and Gaul; Caesar's crossing it with his army in 49 BC was an act of war\", 'hairsplitting': 'making too fine distinctions of little importance; \"they didn\\'t take his hairsplitting seriously\"', 'individualization': 'discriminating the individual from the generic group or species', 'vogue': 'a current state of general acceptance and use', 'New_Look': \"a style of women's clothing created by Christian Dior in 1947; involved a tight bodice and narrow waist and a flowing pleated skirt\", 'haute_couture': 'trend-setting fashions', 'fad': 'an interest followed with exaggerated zeal; \"he always follows the latest fads\"; \"it was all the rage that season\"', 'retro': 'a fashion reminiscent of the past', 'counterculture': 'a culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture', 'mass_culture': 'the culture that is widely disseminated via the mass media', 'flower_power': 'a counterculture of young people in the US during the 1960s and 70s', 'letters': 'scholarly attainment; \"he is a man of letters\"', 'learning': 'the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge; \"the child\\'s acquisition of language\"', 'conditioning': \"a learning process in which an organism's behavior becomes dependent on the occurrence of a stimulus in its environment\", 'developmental_learning': 'learning that takes place as a normal part of cognitive development', 'digestion': 'the process of decomposing organic matter (as in sewage) by bacteria or by chemical action or heat', 'internalization': 'learning (of values or attitudes etc.) that is incorporated within yourself', 'introjection': '(psychoanalysis) the internalization of the parent figures and their values; leads to the formation of the superego', 'imprinting': 'a learning process in early life whereby species specific patterns of behavior are established', 'language_learning': 'learning to use a language', 'audio_lingual_acquisition': 'system of language acquisition focusing intensively on listening and speaking', 'memorization': 'learning so as to be able to remember verbatim; \"the actor\\'s memorization of his lines\"', 'rote': 'memorization by repetition', 'assimilation': 'the state of being assimilated; people of different backgrounds come to see themselves as part of a larger national family', 'generalization': 'an idea or conclusion having general application; \"he spoke in broad generalities\"', 'irradiation': 'the condition of being exposed to radiation', 'physical_education': 'training in the development of and care for the human body; stresses athletics; includes hygiene', 'acculturation': 'all the knowledge and values shared by a society', 'self-education': 'the process of educating yourself', 'special_education': 'education of physically or mentally handicapped children whose needs cannot be met in an ordinary classroom', 'vocational_training': 'training for a specific vocation in industry or agriculture or trade', 'experience': 'an event as apprehended; \"a surprising experience\"; \"that painful experience certainly got our attention\"', 'familiarization': 'the experience of becoming familiar with something', 'aversive_conditioning': 'conditioning to avoid an aversive stimulus', 'conditioned_emotional_response': 'an emotional response that has been acquired by conditioning', 'classical_conditioning': 'conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex; the stimulus that evokes the reflex is given whether or not the conditioned response occurs until eventually the neutral stimulus comes to evoke the reflex', 'instrumental_conditioning': 'operant conditioning that pairs a response with a reinforcement in discrete trials; reinforcement occurs only after the response is given', 'operant_conditioning': 'conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response', 'counter_conditioning': 'conditioning in which a second incompatible response is conditioned to an already conditioned stimulus; \"counter conditioning lies behind many of the procedures used in behavior therapy\"', 'short-term_memory': 'what you can repeat immediately after perceiving it', 'working_memory': 'memory for intermediate results that must be held during thinking', 'long-term_memory': 'your general store of remembered information', 'episodic_memory': 'memory for episodes in your own life', 'semantic_memory': 'your memory for meanings and general (impersonal) facts', 'motor_memory': 'your memory for motor skills', 'retrieval': \"(computer science) the operation of accessing information from the computer's memory\", 'remembrance': 'the ability to recall past occurrences', 'regurgitation': 'backflow of blood through a defective heart valve', 'reminiscence': 'a mental impression retained and recalled from the past', 'speaker_identification': 'identification of a person from the sound of their voice', 'colligation': 'the connection of isolated facts by a general hypothesis', 'crossroads': 'a point where a choice must be made; \"Freud\\'s work stands at the crossroads between psychology and neurology\"', 'retrospection': 'reference to things past; \"the story begins with no introductory retrospections\"', 'representational_process': 'any basic cognitive process in which some entity comes to stand for or represent something else', 'symbol': 'an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance', 'interpretation': 'an explanation that results from interpreting something; \"the report included his interpretation of the forensic evidence\"', 'broad_interpretation': 'an interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court)', 'depicting': 'a representation by picture or portraiture', 'anthropomorphism': 'the representation of objects (especially a god) as having human form or traits', 'theanthropism': '(theology) the doctrine that Jesus was a union of the human and the divine', \"mind's_eye\": 'the imaging of remembered or invented scenes; \"I could see her clearly in my mind\\'s eye\"', 'picturing': 'visual imagery', 'nightmare': 'a situation resembling a terrifying dream', 'wet_dream': 'an erotic dream (usually at night) accompanied by the (nocturnal) emission of semen', 'chimera': 'a grotesque product of the imagination', 'woolgathering': 'an idle indulgence in fantasy', 'evocation': 'calling up supposed supernatural forces by spells and incantations', 'higher_cognitive_process': 'cognitive processes that presuppose the availability of knowledge and put it to use', 'thinking': 'the process of using your mind to consider something carefully; \"thinking always made him frown\"; \"she paused for thought\"', 'free_association': 'a thought process in which ideas (words or images) suggest other ideas in a sequence', 'suggestion': 'persuasion formulated as a suggestion', 'crystallization': 'the formation of crystals', 'gestation': 'the period during which an embryo develops (about 266 days in humans)', 'reasoning': 'thinking that is coherent and logical', 'argumentation': 'a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning; \"I can\\'t follow your line of reasoning\"', 'line_of_thought': 'a particular way of thinking that is characteristic of some individual or group', 'train_of_thought': 'the connections that link the various parts of an event or argument together; \"I couldn\\'t follow his train of thought\"; \"he lost the thread of his argument\"', 'line_of_inquiry': 'an ordering of questions so as to develop a particular argument', 'conjecture': 'reasoning that involves the formation of conclusions from incomplete evidence', 'deduction': 'an amount or percentage deducted', 'inference': 'the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation', 'prediction': 'a statement made about the future', 'prophecy': 'a prediction uttered under divine inspiration', 'crystal_gazing': 'staring into a crystal ball to arouse visions of future or distant events', 'prevision': 'seeing ahead; knowing in advance; foreseeing', 'retrovision': 'a vision of events in the distant past', 'prefiguration': 'an example that prefigures or foreshadows what is to come', 'divination': 'successful conjecture by unusual insight or good luck', 'arithmancy': 'divination by means of numbers', 'dowse': 'searching for underground water or minerals by using a dowsing rod', 'geomancy': 'divination by means of signs connected with the earth (as points taken at random or the arrangement of particles thrown down at random or from the configuration of a region and its relation to another)', 'hydromancy': 'divination by water (as by patterns seen in the ebb and flow of the tides)', 'lithomancy': 'divination by means of stones or stone talismans', 'necromancy': 'conjuring up the dead, especially for prophesying', 'oneiromancy': 'divination through the interpretation of dreams', 'onomancy': 'divination by the letters of a name', 'palmistry': 'telling fortunes by lines on the palm of the hand', 'pyromancy': 'divination by fire or flames', 'astrology': 'a pseudoscience claiming divination by the positions of the planets and sun and moon', 'horoscopy': 'the drawing up and interpretation of horoscopes', 'alchemy': 'a pseudoscientific forerunner of chemistry in medieval times', 'pseudoscience': 'an activity resembling science but based on fallacious assumptions', 'syllogism': 'deductive reasoning in which a conclusion is derived from two premises', 'theorization': 'the production or use of theories', 'ideology': 'imaginary or visionary theorization', 'supposition': 'the cognitive process of supposing', 'presupposition': 'the act of presupposing; a supposition made prior to having knowledge (as for the purpose of argument)', 'corollary': 'a practical consequence that follows naturally; \"blind jealousy is a frequent corollary of passionate love\"', 'extrapolation': '(mathematics) calculation of the value of a function outside the range of known values', 'conclusion': 'a final settlement; \"the conclusion of a business deal\"; \"the conclusion of the peace treaty\"', 'non_sequitur': 'a reply that has no relevance to what preceded it', 'breakdown': 'a mental or physical breakdown', 'cost-benefit_analysis': 'an analysis of the cost effectiveness of different alternatives in order to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs', 'reductionism': 'a theory that all complex systems can be completely understood in terms of their components', 'systems_analysis': 'analysis of all aspects of a project along with ways to collect information about the operation of its parts', 'factorization': '(mathematics) the resolution of an entity into factors such that when multiplied together they give the original entity', 'diagonalization': 'changing a square matrix to diagonal form (with all non-zero elements on the principal diagonal); \"the diagonalization of a normal matrix by a unitary transformation\"', 'ratiocination': 'logical and methodical reasoning', 'regress': 'the reasoning involved when you assume the conclusion is true and reason backward to the evidence', 'synthesis': 'the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds)', 'trend_analysis': 'analysis of changes over time', 'cogitation': 'a carefully considered thought about something; \"his cogitations were dutifully recorded in his daybook\"', 'lucubration': 'a solemn literary work that is the product of laborious cogitation', 'mysticism': 'a religion based on mystical communion with an ultimate reality', 'ideation': 'the process of forming and relating ideas', 'meditation': '(religion) contemplation of spiritual matters (usually on religious or philosophical subjects)', 'think': 'an instance of deliberate thinking; \"I need to give it a good think\"', 'introspection': 'the contemplation of your own thoughts and desires and conduct', 'soul-searching': 'a penetrating examination of your own beliefs and motives', 'omphaloskepsis': \"literally, the contemplation of one's navel, which is an idiom usually meaning complacent self-absorption\", 'retrospect': 'contemplation of things past; \"in retrospect\"', 'decision_making': 'the cognitive process of reaching a decision; \"a good executive must be good at decision making\"', 'eclecticism': 'making decisions on the basis of what seems best instead of following some single doctrine or style', 'groupthink': 'decision making by a group (especially in a manner that discourages creativity or individual responsibility)', 'settlement': 'an area where a group of families live together', 'prejudgment': 'a judgment reached before the evidence is available', 'reconsideration': 'a consideration of a topic (as in a meeting) with a view to changing an earlier decision', 'cull': 'the person or thing that is rejected or set aside as inferior in quality', 'favorite': 'something regarded with special favor or liking; \"that book is one of my favorites\"', 'option': 'the right to buy or sell property at an agreed price; the right is purchased and if it is not exercised by a stated date the money is forfeited', 'wish': 'a specific feeling of desire; \"he got his wish\"; \"he was above all wishing and desire\"', 'default_option': 'an option that is selected automatically unless an alternative is specified', 'possibility': 'capability of existing or happening or being true; \"there is a possibility that his sense of smell has been impaired\"', 'possible': 'an applicant who might be suitable', 'impossibility': 'incapability of existing or occurring', 'impossible': 'something that cannot be done; \"his assignment verged on the impossible\"', \"Hobson's_choice\": 'the choice of taking what is offered or nothing at all', 'soft_option': 'an easier alternative; \"the instructor took the soft option and gave the boy a passing grade\"', 'excogitation': 'thinking something out with care in order to achieve complete understanding of it', 'explanation': 'the act of explaining; making something plain or intelligible; \"I heard his explanation of the accident\"', 'rationale': '(law) an explanation of the fundamental reasons (especially an explanation of the working of some device in terms of laws of nature); \"the rationale for capital punishment\"; \"the principles of internal-combustion engines\"', 'basis': 'the most important or necessary part of something; \"the basis of this drink is orange juice\"', 'meat_and_potatoes': 'the fundamental part; \"successful negotiation is the meat and potatoes of arbitration\"', 'natural_history': 'the scientific study of plants or animals (more observational than experimental) usually published in popular magazines rather than in academic journals', 'collusion': 'secret agreement', 'prearrangement': 'something arranged in advance', 'mens_rea': '(law) criminal intent; the thoughts and intentions behind a wrongful act (including knowledge that the act is illegal); often at issue in murder trials', 'premeditation': 'planning or plotting in advance of acting', 'problem_solving': 'the area of cognitive psychology that studies the processes involved in solving problems', 'convergent_thinking': 'thinking that brings together information focussed on solving a problem (especially solving problems that have a single correct solution)', 'divergent_thinking': 'thinking that moves away in diverging directions so as to involve a variety of aspects and which sometimes lead to novel ideas and solutions; associated with creativity', 'nature_study': 'the study of animals and plants in the natural world (usually at an elementary level)', 'empirical_research': 'an empirical search for knowledge', 'control_experiment': 'an experiment designed to control for variables affecting the results of another experiment', 'control_condition': 'a standard against which other conditions can be compared in a scientific experiment; \"the control condition was inappropriate for the conclusions he wished to draw\"', 'condition': \"the state of (good) health (especially in the phrases `in condition' or `in shape' or `out of condition' or `out of shape')\", 'pilot_experiment': 'a preliminary experiment whose outcome can lead to a more extensive experiment', 'alpha_test': '(computer science) a first test of an experimental product (such as computer software) carried out by the developer', 'beta_test': '(computer science) a second test of an experimental product (such as computer software) carried out by an outside organization', 'road_test': 'a test to insure that a vehicle is roadworthy', 'testament': 'strong evidence for something; \"his easy victory was a testament to his skill\"', 'test_drive': 'test of the roadworthiness of a vehicle one is considering buying', 'fishing_expedition': 'an investigation undertaken in the hope (but not the stated purpose) of discovering information', 'exit_poll': 'a poll of voters as they leave the voting place; usually taken by news media in order to predict the outcome of an election', 'straw_vote': 'an unofficial vote taken to determine opinion on some issue', 'interpolation': 'a message (spoken or written) that is introduced or inserted; \"with the help of his friend\\'s interpolations his story was eventually told\"; \"with many insertions in the margins\"', 'data_conversion': 'conversion from one way of encoding data to another way', 'digitization': 'conversion of analog information into digital information', 'credit_rating': \"an estimate, based on previous dealings, of a person's or an organization's ability to fulfill their financial commitments\", 'guess': 'a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence', 'guesstimate': 'an estimate that combines reasoning with guessing', 'overestimate': 'an appraisal that is too high', 'underestimate': 'an estimation that is too low; an estimate that is less than the true or actual value', 'knowing': 'a clear and certain mental apprehension', 'know': 'the fact of being aware of information that is known to few people; \"he is always in the know\"', 'understanding': 'the cognitive condition of someone who understands; \"he has virtually no understanding of social cause and effect\"', 'comprehension': 'an ability to understand the meaning or importance of something (or the knowledge acquired as a result); \"how you can do that is beyond my comprehension\"; \"he was famous for his comprehension of American literature\"', 'incomprehension': 'an inability to understand; \"his incomprehension of the consequences\"', 'self-knowledge': 'an understanding of yourself and your goals and abilities', 'smattering': 'a slight or superficial understanding of a subject', 'hindsight': 'understanding the nature of an event after it has happened; \"hindsight is always better than foresight\"', 'revelation': 'communication of knowledge to man by a divine or supernatural agency', 'linguistic_process': 'a process involved in human language', 'speed-reading': 'reading at speeds significantly faster than normal', 'content': 'the proportion of a substance that is contained in a mixture or alloy etc.', 'tradition': 'an inherited pattern of thought or action', 'otherworld': 'an abstract spiritual world beyond earthly reality', 'real_world': 'the practical world as opposed to the academic world; \"a good consultant must have a lot of experience in the real world\"', 'deja_vu': 'the experience of thinking that a new situation had occurred before', 'reliving': 'a recurrence of a prior experience; \"the reliving of a strong emotion can be therapeutic\"', 'pabulum': 'insipid intellectual nourishment', 'antipathy': 'a feeling of intense dislike', 'bugbear': 'an object of dread or apprehension; \"Germany was always a bugbear for France\"; \"A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds\"--Ralph Waldo Emerson', 'execration': 'an appeal to some supernatural power to inflict evil on someone or some group', 'conversation_piece': 'something interesting that stimulates conversation', 'crosshairs': 'a center of interest; \"the war on terrorism has put Saddam Hussein in the crosshairs\"', 'cynosure': 'something that provides guidance (as Polaris guides mariners); \"let faith be your cynosure to walk by\"', 'eye-catcher': 'a striking person or thing that attracts attention', 'hallucination': 'illusory perception; a common symptom of severe mental disorder', 'infatuation': 'a foolish and usually extravagant passion or love or admiration', 'love': 'a score of zero in tennis or squash; \"it was 40 love\"', 'noumenon': 'the intellectual conception of a thing as it is in itself, not as it is known through perception', 'reminder': 'a message that helps you remember something; \"he ignored his wife\\'s reminders\"', 'memento': 'a reminder of past events', 'memento_mori': \"a reminder (as a death's head) of your mortality\", 'shades_of': 'something that reminds you of someone or something; \"aren\\'t there shades of 1948 here?\"', 'universe': 'everything that exists anywhere; \"they study the evolution of the universe\"; \"the biggest tree in existence\"', 'topic': 'some situation or event that is thought about; \"he kept drifting off the topic\"; \"he had been thinking about the subject for several years\"; \"it is a matter for the police\"', 'gut_issue': 'an issue that elicits strong emotional reactions', 'paramount_issue': 'an issue whose settlement is more important than anything else; and issue that must be settled before anything else can be settled', 'pocketbook_issue': 'an issue whose settlement will affect financial resources', 'quodlibet': 'an issue that is presented for formal disputation', 'remit': 'the topic that a person, committee, or piece of research is expected to deal with or has authority to deal with; \"they set up a group with a remit to suggest ways for strengthening family life\"', 'res_judicata': 'a matter already settled in court; cannot be raised again', 'datum': 'an item of factual information derived from measurement or research', 'acquaintance': 'a relationship less intimate than friendship', 'fact': 'an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; \"your fears have no basis in fact\"; \"how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell\"', 'detail': 'a small part that can be considered separately from the whole; \"it was perfect in all details\"', 'particular': '(logic) a proposition that asserts something about some (but not all) members of a class', 'general': 'the head of a religious order or congregation', 'matter_of_fact': 'a matter that is an actual fact or is demonstrable as a fact', 'scientific_fact': 'an observation that has been confirmed repeatedly and is accepted as true (although its truth is never final)', 'truth': 'conformity to reality or actuality; \"they debated the truth of the proposition\"; \"the situation brought home to us the blunt truth of the military threat\"; \"he was famous for the truth of his portraits\"; \"he turned to religion in his search for eternal verities\"', 'home_truth': 'an important truth that is unpleasant to acknowledge (as about yourself)', 'verity': 'an enduring or necessary ethical or religious or aesthetic truth', 'minutia': 'a small or minor detail; \"he had memorized the many minutiae of the legal code\"', 'nook_and_cranny': 'something remote; \"he explored every nook and cranny of science\"', 'respect': 'an attitude of admiration or esteem; \"she lost all respect for him\"', 'sticking_point': 'a point at which an impasse arises in progress toward an agreement or a goal', 'technicality': 'a detail that is considered insignificant', 'example': 'punishment intended as a warning to others; \"they decided to make an example of him\"', 'apology': 'a formal written defense of something you believe in strongly', 'precedent': 'a subject mentioned earlier (preceding in time)', 'quintessence': 'the fifth and highest element after air and earth and fire and water; was believed to be the substance composing all heavenly bodies', 'sample': 'all or part of a natural object that is collected and preserved as an example of its class', 'coupon': 'a negotiable certificate that can be detached and redeemed as needed', 'grab_sample': 'a single sample or measurement taken at a specific time or over as short a period as feasible', 'random_sample': 'a sample in which every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected', 'circumstance': 'a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity', 'mitigating_circumstance': '(law) a circumstance that does not exonerate a person but which reduces the penalty associated with the offense', 'descriptor': 'a piece of stored information that is used to identify an item in an information storage and retrieval system', 'evidence': '(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved', 'probable_cause': '(law) evidence sufficient to warrant an arrest or search and seizure; \"a magistrate determined that there was probable cause to search the house\"', 'reductio_ad_absurdum': '(reduction to the absurd) a disproof by showing that the consequences of the proposition are absurd; or a proof of a proposition by showing that its negation leads to a contradiction', 'bed_check': 'a check that everyone is in bed by the time they should be', 'parity_check': 'a system of checking for errors in computer functioning', 'checksum': 'a digit representing the sum of the digits in an instance of digital data; used to check whether errors have occurred in transmission or storage', 'disproof': 'any evidence that helps to establish the falsity of something', 'confutation': 'the speech act of refuting conclusively', 'counterexample': 'refutation by example', 'turn-on': 'something causing excitement or stimulating interest', 'conditioned_stimulus': 'the stimulus that is the occasion for a conditioned response', 'reinforcing_stimulus': '(psychology) a stimulus that strengthens or weakens the behavior that produced it', 'positive_reinforcing_stimulus': 'a reinforcing stimulus that serves to increase the likelihood of the response that produces it', 'negative_reinforcing_stimulus': 'a reinforcing stimulus whose removal serves to decrease the likelihood of the response that produced it', 'discriminative_stimulus': 'a stimulus that provides information about what to do', 'positive_stimulus': 'a stimulus with desirable consequences', 'negative_stimulus': 'a stimulus with undesirable consequences', 'bonus': 'an additional payment (or other remuneration) to employees as a means of increasing output', 'joy': 'the emotion of great happiness', 'nuisance': '(law) a broad legal concept including anything that disturbs the reasonable use of your property or endangers life and health or is offensive', 'abatable_nuisance': 'a nuisance that can remedied (suppressed or extinguished or rendered harmless); \"the continued existence of an abatable nuisance is not authorized under the law\"', 'attractive_nuisance': 'anything on your premises that might attract children into danger or harm; \"their swimming pool is an attractive nuisance; they should fence it in\"', 'mixed_nuisance': 'a nuisance that is both a public nuisance and a private nuisance at the same time', 'private_nuisance': 'a nuisance that interferes with your interest in and private use and enjoyment of your land', 'public_nuisance': 'a nuisance that unreasonably interferes with a right that is common to the general public; \"a public nuisance offends the public at large\"', 'irritant': 'something that causes irritation and annoyance; \"he\\'s a thorn in my flesh\"', 'plague': 'a serious (sometimes fatal) infection of rodents caused by Yersinia pestis and accidentally transmitted to humans by the bite of a flea that has bitten an infected animal', 'aversive_stimulus': 'any negative stimulus to which an organism will learn to make a response that avoids it', 'bugaboo': 'a source of concern; \"the old bugaboo of inflation still bothers them\"', 'burden': 'the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse', 'fardel': 'a burden (figuratively in the form of a bundle)', 'grief': 'intense sorrow caused by loss of a loved one (especially by death)', 'idea': 'a personal view; \"he has an idea that we don\\'t like him\"', 'taproot': '(botany) main root of a plant growing straight downward from the stem', 'muse': 'the source of an artist\\'s inspiration; \"Euterpe was his muse\"', 'mother': 'a stringy slimy substance consisting of yeast cells and bacteria; forms during fermentation and is added to cider or wine to produce vinegar', 'afflatus': 'a strong creative impulse; divine inspiration; \"divine afflatus\"', 'concept': 'an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances', 'mumpsimus': 'a traditional notion that is obstinately held although it is unreasonable; \"he still holds to the old mumpsimus that a woman\\'s place is in the kitchen\"', 'self-absorption': 'preoccupation with yourself to the exclusion of everything else', 'iron_trap': 'a trap from which there is no escape', 'speed_trap': 'a trap arranged on a roadway for catching speeders', 'category': 'a general concept that marks divisions or coordinations in a conceptual scheme', 'kind': 'a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality; \"sculpture is a form of art\"; \"what kinds of desserts are there?\"', 'breed': 'a special variety of domesticated animals within a species; \"he experimented on a particular breed of white rats\"; \"he created a new strain of sheep\"', 'pigeonhole': 'a specific (often simplistic) category', 'rubric': 'directions for the conduct of Christian church services (often printed in red in a prayer book)', 'description': 'the act of describing something', 'antitype': 'a person or thing represented or foreshadowed by a type or symbol; especially a figure in the Old Testament having a counterpart in the New Testament', 'art_form': '(architecture) a form of artistic expression (such as writing or painting or architecture)', 'architectural_style': 'architecture as a kind of art form', 'Bauhaus': 'a German style of architecture begun by Walter Gropius in 1918', 'Byzantine_architecture': 'the style of architecture developed in the Byzantine Empire developed after the 5th century; massive domes with square bases and round arches and spires and much use of mosaics', 'classical_architecture': 'architecture influenced by the ancient Greeks or Romans', 'Greek_architecture': 'the architecture of ancient Greece', 'Roman_architecture': 'the architecture of ancient Rome', 'Gothic': 'extinct East Germanic language of the ancient Goths; the only surviving record being fragments of a 4th-century translation of the Bible by Bishop Ulfilas', 'Romanesque': 'a style of architecture developed in Italy and western Europe between the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD; characterized by round arches and vaults and by the substitution of piers for columns and profuse ornament and arcades', 'Norman_architecture': 'a Romanesque style first appearing in Normandy around 950 AD and used in Britain from the Norman Conquest until the 12th century', 'Tudor_architecture': 'a style of English-Gothic architecture popular during the Tudor period; characterized by half-timbered houses', 'Moorish': 'a style of architecture common in Spain from the 13th to 16th centuries; characterized by horseshoe-shaped arches', 'Victorian_architecture': 'a style of architecture used in Britain during the reign of Queen Victoria; characterized by massive construction and elaborate ornamentation', 'flavor': '(physics) the six kinds of quarks', 'strangeness': '(physics) one of the six flavors of quark', 'species': '(biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed', 'genus': '(biology) taxonomic group containing one or more species', 'brand': 'a piece of wood that has been burned or is burning', 'like': 'a similar kind; \"dogs, foxes, and the like\", \"we don\\'t want the likes of you around here\"', 'metarule': 'a rule that describes how other rules should be used (as in AI)', 'algorithm': 'a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem', 'sorting_algorithm': 'an algorithm for sorting a list', 'heuristic': 'a commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem', 'lateral_thinking': 'a heuristic for solving problems; you try to look at the problem from many angles instead of tackling it head-on', 'recursion': '(mathematics) an expression such that each term is generated by repeating a particular mathematical operation', 'guidepost': 'a rule or principle that provides guidance to appropriate behavior', 'cy_pres': 'a rule that when literal compliance is impossible the intention of a donor or testator should be carried out as nearly as possible', 'working_principle': 'a rule that is adequate to permit work to be done', 'feature_of_speech': '(linguistics) a distinctive characteristic of a linguistic unit that serves to distinguish it from other units of the same kind', 'invariant': 'a feature (quantity or property or function) that remains unchanged when a particular transformation is applied to it', 'badge': 'an emblem (a small piece of plastic or cloth or metal) that signifies your status (rank or membership or affiliation etc.); \"they checked everyone\\'s badge before letting them in\"', 'contour': 'a line drawn on a map connecting points of equal height', 'external': 'outward features; \"he enjoyed the solemn externals of religion\"', 'calling_card': 'a card that is used instead of cash to make telephone calls', 'safety_feature': \"feature of an artifact that is added to insure a user's safety\", 'downside': 'a negative aspect of something that is generally positive; \"there is a downside even to motherhood\"', 'department': 'the territorial and administrative division of some countries (such as France)', 'tourist_attraction': 'a characteristic that attracts tourists', 'absolute': 'something that is conceived or that exists independently and not in relation to other things; something that does not depend on anything else and is beyond human control; something that is not relative; \"no mortal being can influence the absolute\"', 'teacher': 'a person whose occupation is teaching', 'quantum': 'a discrete amount of something that is analogous to the quantities in quantum theory', 'term': 'the end of gestation or point at which birth is imminent; \"a healthy baby born at full term\"', 'numerical_quantity': 'a quantity expressed as a number', 'eigenvalue': '(mathematics) any number such that a given square matrix minus that number times the identity matrix has a zero determinant', 'scale_value': 'a value on some scale of measurement', 'average': '(sports) the ratio of successful performances to opportunities', 'operand': 'a quantity upon which a mathematical operation is performed', 'variable': 'something that is likely to vary; something that is subject to variation; \"the weather is one variable to be considered\"', 'argument': 'a discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal; \"the argument over foreign aid goes on and on\"', 'arity': 'the number of arguments that a function can take', 'independent_variable': '(statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables', 'factor': 'any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together', 'correlate': 'either of two or more related or complementary variables', 'degree_of_freedom': 'one of the minimum number of parameters needed to describe the state of a physical system', 'dependent_variable': '(statistics) a variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value depends on the independent variable; \"if f(x)=y, y is the dependent variable\"', 'constant': 'a number representing a quantity assumed to have a fixed value in a specified mathematical context; \"the velocity of light is a constant\"', 'parameter': 'any factor that defines a system and determines (or limits) its performance', 'factorial': 'the product of all the integers up to and including a given integer; \"1, 2, 6, 24, and 120 are factorials\"', 'multiple': 'the product of a quantity by an integer; \"36 is a multiple of 9\"', 'quadruple': 'a quantity that is four times as great as another', 'lowest_common_multiple': 'the smallest multiple that is exactly divisible by every member of a set of numbers; \"the least common multiple of 12 and 18 is 36\"', 'grand_total': 'the sum of the sums of several groups of numbers', 'subtotal': 'the sum of part of a group of numbers', 'degree_of_a_term': 'the sum of the exponents of the variables in the term', 'degree_of_a_polynomial': 'the degree of the term in the polynomial that has the highest degree', 'first_degree': 'a degree of one; \"all of the terms in a linear equation are of the first degree\"', 'polynomial': 'a mathematical function that is the sum of a number of terms', 'biquadratic': 'a polynomial of the fourth degree', 'homogeneous_polynomial': 'a polynomial consisting of terms all of the same degree', 'monic_polynomial': 'a polynomial in one variable', 'quadratic': 'a polynomial of the second degree', 'quantic': 'a homogeneous polynomial having at least two variables', 'series': '(electronics) connection of components in such a manner that current flows first through one and then through the other; \"the voltage divider consisted of a series of fixed resistors\"', 'power_series': 'the sum of terms containing successively higher integral powers of a variable', 'geometric_series': 'a geometric progression written as a sum', 'Fourier_series': 'the sum of a series of trigonometric expressions; used in the analysis of periodic functions', 'predictor_variable': 'a variable that can be used to predict the value of another variable (as in statistical regression)', 'proportional': 'one of the quantities in a mathematical proportion', 'infinitesimal': '(mathematics) a variable that has zero as its limit', 'random_variable': 'a variable quantity that is random', 'scalar': 'a variable quantity that cannot be resolved into components', 'vector_product': 'a vector that is the product of two other vectors', 'scalar_product': 'a real number (a scalar) that is the product of two vectors', 'vector_sum': 'a vector that is the sum of two or more other vectors', 'radius_vector': 'a line connecting a satellite to the center of the body around which it is rotating', 'be-all_and_end-all': 'the essential factor; the all-important element; the supreme aim; \"profit is the be-all and end-all of business\"', 'plot_element': 'a component or element of the plot of a story', 'McGuffin': '(film) a plot element that catches the viewers\\' attention or drives the plot; \"the McGuffin was a key element of Alfred Hitchcock\\'s films\"', 'attractor': '(physics) a point in the ideal multidimensional phase space that is used to describe a system toward which the system tends to evolve regardless of the starting conditions of the system', 'strange_attractor': 'an attractor for which the approach to its final point in phase space is chaotic', 'metacenter': '(shipbuilding) the point of intersection between two vertical lines, one line through the center of buoyancy of the hull of a ship in equilibrium and the other line through the center of buoyancy of the hull when the ship is inclined to one side; the distance of this intersection above the center of gravity is an indication of the stability of the ship', 'vertex': 'the highest point (of something); \"at the peak of the pyramid\"', 'high_point': 'the most enjoyable part of a given experience; \"the trumpet solo was the high point of the concert\"', 'leaven': 'a substance used to produce fermentation in dough or a liquid', 'unit': 'an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole; \"the reduced the number of units and installations\"; \"the word is a basic linguistic unit\"', 'one': 'the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number; \"he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it\"; \"they had lunch at one\"', 'complex': 'a compound described in terms of the central atom to which other atoms are bound or coordinated', 'syndrome': 'a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease', 'divine_law': 'a law that is believed to come directly from God', 'dictate': 'an authoritative rule', 'fundamentals': 'principles from which other truths can be derived; \"first you must learn the fundamentals\"; \"let\\'s get down to basics\"', 'pleasure_principle': '(psychoanalysis) the governing principle of the id; the principle that an infant seeks gratification and fails to distinguish fantasy from reality', 'reality_principle': '(psychoanalysis) the governing principle of the ego; the principle that as a child grows it becomes aware of the real environment and the need to accommodate to it', 'insurrectionism': 'the principle of revolt against constituted authority', 'principle': 'rule of personal conduct', 'lexicalized_concept': 'a concept that is expressed by a word (in some particular language)', 'all-or-none_law': '(neurophysiology) a nerve impulse resulting from a weak stimulus is just as strong as a nerve impulse resulting from a strong stimulus', \"Archimedes'_principle\": '(hydrostatics) the apparent loss in weight of a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid', \"Avogadro's_law\": 'the principle that equal volumes of all gases (given the same temperature and pressure) contain equal numbers of molecules', \"Bernoulli's_law\": '(statistics) law stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on the average) have the population statistics', \"Benford's_law\": 'a law used by auditors to identify fictitious populations of numbers; applies to any population of numbers derived from other numbers; \"Benford\\'s law holds that 30% of the time the first non-zero digit of a derived number will be 1 and it will be 9 only 4.6% of the time\"', 'Bose-Einstein_statistics': '(physics) statistical law obeyed by a system of particles whose wave function is not changed when two particles are interchanged (the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply)', \"Boyle's_law\": 'the pressure of an ideal gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the volume', \"Coulomb's_Law\": 'a fundamental principle of electrostatics; the force of attraction or repulsion between two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them; principle also holds for magnetic poles', \"Dalton's_law\": '(chemistry and physics) law stating that the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture; the pressure of a gas in a mixture equals the pressure it would exert if it occupied the same volume alone at the same temperature', 'distribution_law': '(chemistry) the total energy in an assembly of molecules is not distributed equally but is distributed around an average value according to a statistical distribution', 'Maxwell-Boltzmann_distribution_law': '(physics) a law expressing the distribution of energy among the molecules of a gas in thermal equilibrium', 'equilibrium_law': '(chemistry) the principle that (at chemical equilibrium) in a reversible reaction the ratio of the rate of the forward reaction to the rate of the reverse reaction is a constant for that reaction', \"Fechner's_law\": '(psychophysics) the concept that the magnitude of a subjective sensation increases proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity; based on early work by E. H. Weber', 'Fermi-Dirac_statistics': '(physics) law obeyed by a systems of particles whose wave function changes when two particles are interchanged (the Pauli exclusion principle applies)', \"Gay-Lussac's_law\": '(physics) the density of an ideal gas at constant pressure varies inversely with the temperature', 'Gestalt_law_of_organization': 'a principle of Gestalt psychology that identifies factors leading to particular forms of perceptual organization', \"Henry's_law\": '(chemistry) law formulated by the English chemist William Henry; the amount of a gas that will be absorbed by water increases as the gas pressure increases', \"Hooke's_law\": '(physics) the principle that (within the elastic limit) the stress applied to a solid is proportional to the strain produced', \"Hubble's_law\": '(astronomy) the generalization that the speed of recession of distant galaxies (the red shift) is proportional to their distance from the observer', \"Kepler's_law\": '(astronomy) one of three empirical laws of planetary motion stated by Johannes Kepler', \"Kepler's_first_law\": 'a law stating that the orbit of each planet is an ellipse with the sun at one focus of the ellipse', \"Kepler's_second_law\": 'a law concerning the speed at which planets travel; a line connecting a planet to the sun will sweep out equal areas in equal times; \"Kepler\\'s second law means that a planet\\'s orbital speed changes with its distance from the sun\"', \"Kepler's_third_law\": 'a law stating that the ratio of the square of the revolutionary period (in years) to the cube of the orbital axis (in astronomical units) is the same for all planets', \"Kirchhoff's_laws\": '(physics) two laws governing electric networks in which steady currents flow: the sum of all the currents at a point is zero and the sum of the voltage gains and drops around any closed circuit is zero', 'law_of_averages': 'a law affirming that in the long run probabilities will determine performance', 'law_of_constant_proportion': '(chemistry) law stating that every pure substance always contains the same elements combined in the same proportions by weight', 'law_of_diminishing_returns': 'a law affirming that to continue after a certain level of performance has been reached will result in a decline in effectiveness', 'law_of_effect': '(psychology) the principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences; behavior having good consequences tends to be repeated whereas behavior that leads to bad consequences is not repeated', 'law_of_equivalent_proportions': '(chemistry) law stating that the proportions in which two elements separately combine with a third element are also the proportions in which they combine together', 'law_of_gravitation': '(physics) the law that states any two bodies attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them', 'law_of_multiple_proportions': '(chemistry) law stating that when two elements can combine to form more than one compound the amounts of one of them that combines with a fixed amount of the other will exhibit a simple multiple relation', 'law_of_mass_action': '(chemistry) the law that states the following principle: the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the molecular concentrations of the reacting substances', 'law_of_thermodynamics': '(physics) a law governing the relations between states of energy in a closed system', 'second_law_of_thermodynamics': 'a law stating that mechanical work can be derived from a body only when that body interacts with another at a lower temperature; any spontaneous process results in an increase of entropy', 'third_law_of_thermodynamics': 'law stating that the entropy of a substance approaches zero as its temperature approaches absolute zero', 'zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics': 'the law that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body then the first two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with each other', \"Le_Chatelier's_principle\": 'the principle that if any change is imposed on a system that is in equilibrium then the system tends to adjust to a new equilibrium counteracting the change', \"Gresham's_Law\": '(economics) the principle that when two kinds of money having the same denominational value are in circulation the intrinsically more valuable money will be hoarded and the money of lower intrinsic value will circulate more freely until the intrinsically more valuable money is driven out of circulation; bad money drives out good; credited to Sir Thomas Gresham', \"Mendel's_law\": '(genetics) one of two principles of heredity formulated by Gregor Mendel on the basis of his experiments with plants; the principles were limited and modified by subsequent genetic research', 'law_of_segregation': 'members of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes and are distributed to different gametes so that every gamete receives only one member of the pair', 'law_of_independent_assortment': 'each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random', 'mass-energy_equivalence': '(physics) the principle that a measured quantity of mass is equivalent (according to relativity theory) to a measured quantity of energy', \"Naegele's_rule\": 'rule for calculating an expected delivery date; subtract three months from the first day of the last menstrual period and add seven days to that date', \"Newton's_law_of_motion\": 'one of three basic laws of classical mechanics', 'first_law_of_motion': 'a body remains at rest or in motion with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force', 'second_law_of_motion': 'the rate of change of momentum is proportional to the imposed force and goes in the direction of the force', 'third_law_of_motion': 'action and reaction are equal and opposite', \"Ohm's_law\": 'electric current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance; I = E/R', \"Pascal's_law\": 'pressure applied anywhere to a body of fluid causes a force to be transmitted equally in all directions; the force acts at right angles to any surface in contact with the fluid; \"the hydraulic press is an application of Pascal\\'s law\"', 'Pauli_exclusion_principle': 'no two electrons or protons or neutrons in a given system can be in states characterized by the same set of quantum numbers', 'periodic_law': '(chemistry) the principle that chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers', \"Planck's_law\": \"(physics) the basis of quantum theory; the energy of electromagnetic waves is contained in indivisible quanta that have to be radiated or absorbed as a whole; the magnitude is proportional to frequency where the constant of proportionality is given by Planck's constant\", \"Planck's_radiation_law\": '(physics) an equation that expresses the distribution of energy in the radiated spectrum of an ideal black body', 'big-bang_theory': '(cosmology) the theory that the universe originated sometime between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago from the cataclysmic explosion of a small volume of matter at extremely high density and temperature', 'nebular_hypothesis': '(cosmology) the theory that the solar system evolved from a hot gaseous nebula', 'planetesimal_hypothesis': '(cosmology) the theory that the solar system was formed by the gravitational accumulation of planetesimals', 'steady_state_theory': '(cosmology) the theory that the universe maintains a constant average density with matter created to fill the void left by galaxies that are receding from each other; \"the steady state theory has been abandoned in favor of the big bang theory\"', 'hypothesis': 'a proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations', 'hypothetical': 'a hypothetical possibility, circumstance, statement, proposal, situation, etc.; \"consider the following, just as a hypothetical\"', 'gemmule': 'the physically discrete element that Darwin proposed as responsible for heredity', 'mean_sun': 'a theoretical sun that moves along the celestial equator at a constant speed and completes its annual course in the same amount of time the real sun takes at variable speeds', 'Copernican_system': \"(astronomy) Copernicus' astronomical model in which the Earth rotates around the sun\", 'Ptolemaic_system': \"(astronomy) Ptolemy's model of the universe with the Earth at the center\", 'M-theory': '(particle physics) a theory that involves an eleven-dimensional universe in which the weak and strong forces and gravity are unified and to which all the string theories belong', 'string_theory': '(particle physics) a theory that postulates that subatomic particles are one-dimensional strings', 'audit_program': 'a listing of audit procedures to be performed in completing an audit', 'outline': 'the line that appears to bound an object', 'speculation': 'an investment that is very risky but could yield great profits; \"he knew the stock was a speculation when he bought it\"', 'prerequisite': 'something that is required in advance; \"Latin was a prerequisite for admission\"', 'requirement': 'required activity; \"the requirements of his work affected his health\"; \"there were many demands on his time\"', 'precondition': 'a condition that is a prerequisite', 'academic_requirement': 'a requirement for admission to or completion of an academic program', 'language_requirement': 'a requirement that a student know certain languages', 'essential_condition': 'a prerequisite', 'given': 'an assumption that is taken for granted', 'basic_assumption': 'an assumption that is basic to an argument', 'misconception': 'an incorrect conception', 'fallacy': 'a misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning', 'logical_fallacy': 'a fallacy in logical argumentation', 'hysteron_proteron': \"reversal of normal order of two words or sentences etc. (as in `bred and born')\", 'ignoratio_elenchi': 'the logical fallacy of supposing that an argument proving an irrelevant point has proved the point at issue', 'pathetic_fallacy': \"the fallacy of attributing human feelings to inanimate objects; `the friendly sun' is an example of the pathetic fallacy\", 'petitio_principii': 'the logical fallacy of assuming the conclusion in the premises; begging the question', 'post_hoc': 'the logical fallacy of believing that temporal succession implies a causal relation', 'sophism': 'a deliberately invalid argument displaying ingenuity in reasoning in the hope of deceiving someone', 'paralogism': 'an unintentionally invalid argument', 'self-deception': 'a misconception that is favorable to the person who holds it', 'illusion': 'an erroneous mental representation', \"will-o'-the-wisp\": 'an illusion that misleads', 'wishful_thinking': 'the illusion that what you wish for is actually true', 'autism': '(psychiatry) an abnormal absorption with the self; marked by communication disorders and short attention span and inability to treat others as people', 'infantile_autism': 'a rare but serious syndrome of childhood characterized by withdrawal and lack of social responsiveness or interest in others and serious linguistic deficits; \"there is considerable dispute among specialists concerning infantile autism\"', 'unidentified_flying_object': 'an (apparently) flying object whose nature is unknown; especially those considered to have extraterrestrial origins', 'Flying_Dutchman': 'the captain of a phantom ship (the Flying Dutchman) who was condemned to sail against the wind until Judgment Day', 'ghost': 'the visible disembodied soul of a dead person', 'master_plan': 'a long-term outline of a project or government function; \"the zoning board adopted a master plan for the new development\"', 'Apollo_program': 'a program of space flights undertaken by US to land a man on the Moon; \"the first lunar landing was achieved by the Apollo program on July 20, 1969\"', 'Gemini_program': 'a program of space flights undertaken by US in 1965 and 1966; \"under the Gemini program each crew had two astronauts\"', 'Mercury_program': 'a program of rocket-powered flights undertaken by US between 1961 and 1963 with the goal of putting a man in orbit around the earth; \"under the Mercury program each flight had one astronaut\"', 'defense_program': 'a program for defending a country against its enemies', 'educational_program': 'a program for providing education', 'rehabilitation_program': 'a program for restoring someone to good health', 'space_program': 'a technological program intended to explore outer space', 'Superfund_program': 'the federal government\\'s program to locate and investigate and clean up the worst uncontrolled and abandoned toxic waste sites nationwide; administered by the Environmental Protection Agency; \"some have intimated that the Superfund\\'s money may have turned into a political slush fund\"', 'vocational_rehabilitation_program': 'a program of rehabilitation through job training with an eye to gainful employment', 'tax_program': 'a program for setting taxes', 'policy': 'a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government; \"they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation\"', 'activism': 'a policy of taking direct and militant action to achieve a political or social goal', 'beggar-my-neighbor_policy': 'a policy of promoting oneself at the expense of others; used especially of national policy; \"the United States has pursued a beggar-my-neighbor policy\"', 'plan_of_action': 'a plan for actively doing something', 'battle_plan': 'plan for conducting a battle', 'credit_system': 'a system for allowing people to purchase things on credit', 'legal_system': 'a system for interpreting and enforcing the laws', 'bail': '(criminal law) money that must be forfeited by the bondsman if an accused person fails to appear in court for trial; \"the judge set bail at $10,000\"; \"a $10,000 bond was furnished by an alderman\"', 'jury_system': 'a legal system for determining the facts at issue in a law suit', 'patent_system': 'a legal system for protecting the rights of inventors', 'tax_system': 'a legal system for assessing and collecting taxes', 'voting_system': 'a legal system for making democratic choices', 'uninominal_system': 'based on the principle of having only one member (as of a legislature) selected from each electoral district', 'list_system': 'based on the principle of proportional representation; voters choose between party lists, the number elected from each list being determined by the percentage cast for each list out of the total vote', 'pricing_system': 'a system for setting prices on goods or services', 'promotion_system': 'a system for advancing participants to higher-status positions', 'tactic': 'a plan for attaining a particular goal', 'scheme': 'an elaborate and systematic plan of action', 'travel_plan': 'a proposed route of travel', 'pump-and-dump_scheme': 'an illegal scheme for making money by manipulating stock prices; the schemer persuades other people to buy the stock and then sells it himself as soon as the price of the stock rises', 'wangle': 'an instance of accomplishing something by scheming or trickery', 'counterterrorism': 'a strategy intended to prevent or counter terrorism', 'game_plan': '(figurative) a carefully thought out strategy for achieving an objective in war or politics or business or personal affairs; \"newscasters speculated about the President\\'s game plan for an invasion\"', 'playbook': 'a notebook containing descriptions and diagrams of the plays that a team has practiced (especially an American football team)', 'plot': 'a small area of ground covered by specific vegetation; \"a bean plot\"; \"a cabbage patch\"; \"a briar patch\"', 'pyramid_scheme': 'a fraudulent scheme in which people are recruited to make payments to the person who recruited them while expecting to receive payments from the persons they recruit; when the number of new recruits fails to sustain the hierarchical payment structure the scheme collapses with most of the participants losing the money they put in', 'counterplot': 'a plot intended to subvert another plot', 'intrigue': 'a clandestine love affair', 'conspiracy': 'a group of conspirators banded together to achieve some harmful or illegal purpose', 'Gunpowder_Plot': 'a conspiracy in 1605 in England to blow up James I and the Houses of Parliament to avenge the persecution of Catholics in England; led by Guy Fawkes', 'waiting_game': 'a strategy of delay', 'regimen': '(medicine) a systematic plan for therapy (often including diet)', 'academic_program': '(education) a program of education in liberal arts and sciences (usually in preparation for higher education)', 'training_program': 'a program designed for training in specific skills', 'biofeedback': 'a training program in which a person is given information about physiological processes (heart rate or blood pressure) that is not normally available with the goal of gaining conscious control of them', 'preemployment_training_program': 'a training program to prepare you for employment', 'project': 'a planned undertaking', 'moneymaker': 'someone who is successful in accumulating wealth', 'vocational_program': 'a program of vocational education', 'works_program': 'a program to provide jobs on public works paid for by government funds', 'agenda': 'a list of matters to be taken up (as at a meeting)', 'menu': 'the dishes making up a meal', 'pension_plan': 'a plan for setting aside money to be spent after retirement', '401-k_plan': 'a retirement savings plan that is funded by employee contributions and (often) matching contributions from the employer; contributions are made from your salary before taxes and the funds grow tax-free until they are withdrawn, at which point they can be converted into an IRA; funds can be transferred if you change employers and you can (to some extent) manage the investments yourself', 'individual_retirement_account': 'a retirement plan that allows you to contribute a limited yearly sum toward your retirement; taxes on the interest earned in the account are deferred', 'Keogh_plan': 'a tax-deferred pension plan for employees of unincorporated businesses or for self-employed persons', 'employee_savings_plan': 'a plan that allows employees to contribute to an investment pool managed the employer', 'stock_purchase_plan': 'an organized plan for employees of a company to buy shares of its stock', 'employee_stock_ownership_plan': 'a program under which employees regularly accumulate shares and may ultimately assume control of the company', 'figment': 'a contrived or fantastic idea; \"a figment of the imagination\"', 'pillar': 'a prominent supporter; \"he is a pillar of the community\"', 'pillar_of_Islam': '(Islam) one of the five religious obligations accepted by all Muslims', 'shahadah': 'the first pillar of Islam is an affirmation of faith', 'salat': 'the second pillar of Islam is prayer; a prescribed liturgy performed five times a day (preferably in a mosque) and oriented toward Mecca', 'sawm': 'the third pillar of Islam is fasting (primarily during the month of Ramadan); Muslims abstain from food and drink and gambling and all sensuous pleasures from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan', 'zakat': 'the fourth pillar of Islam is almsgiving as an act of worship; \"the zakat is earmarked for the poor and disabled\"', 'hajj': 'the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Hijja; at least once in a lifetime a Muslim is expected to make a religious journey to Mecca and the Kaaba; \"for a Muslim the hajj is the ultimate act of worship\"', 'yang': 'the bright positive masculine principle in Chinese dualistic cosmology; \"yin and yang together produce everything that comes into existence\"', 'yin': 'the dark negative feminine principle in Chinese dualistic cosmology; \"the interaction of yin and yang maintains the harmony of the universe\"', 'feng_shui': 'rules in Chinese philosophy that govern spatial arrangement and orientation in relation to patterns of yin and yang and the flow of energy (qi); the favorable or unfavorable effects are taken into consideration in designing and siting buildings and graves and furniture', 'inkling': 'a slight suggestion or vague understanding; \"he had no inkling what was about to happen\"', 'posthypnotic_suggestion': 'a suggestion that is made to a person who is hypnotized that specifies an action he will perform (usually in response to a cue) after he has awakened', 'first_blush': 'at the first glimpse or impression; \"at first blush the idea possesses considerable intuitive appeal but on closer examination it fails\"', 'sound_effect': 'an effect that imitates a sound called for in the script of a play', 'special_effect': 'an effect used to produce scenes that cannot be achieved by normal techniques (especially on film)', 'stage_effect': 'a special effect created on the stage', 'theorem': 'a proposition deducible from basic postulates', \"Bayes'_theorem\": '(statistics) a theorem describing how the conditional probability of a set of possible causes for a given observed event can be computed from knowledge of the probability of each cause and the conditional probability of the outcome of each cause', \"Bayes'_postulate\": \"(statistics) the difficulty of applying Bayes' theorem is that the probabilities of the different causes are seldom known, in which case it may be postulated that they are all equal (sometimes known as postulating the equidistribution of ignorance)\", 'prescience': 'the power to foresee the future', 'meaning': 'the message that is intended or expressed or signified; \"what is the meaning of this sentence\"; \"the significance of a red traffic light\"; \"the signification of Chinese characters\"; \"the import of his announcement was ambiguous\"', 'theme': '(music) melodic subject of a musical composition; \"the theme is announced in the first measures\"; \"the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it\"', 'topos': 'a traditional theme or motif or literary convention; \"James Joyce uses the topos of the Wandering Jew in his Ulysses\"', 'semantics': 'the study of language meaning', 'kernel': 'the inner and usually edible part of a seed or grain or nut or fruit stone; \"black walnut kernels are difficult to get out of the shell\"', 'bare_bones': '(plural) the most basic facts or elements; \"he told us only the bare bones of the story\"', 'hypostasis': 'the suppression of a gene by the effect of an unrelated gene', 'quiddity': 'the essence that makes something the kind of thing it is and makes it different from any other', 'connotation': 'an idea that is implied or suggested', 'ideal': 'model of excellence or perfection of a kind; one having no equal', 'introject': \"(psychoanalysis) parental figures (and their values) that you introjected as a child; the voice of conscience is usually a parent's voice internalized\", 'paragon': 'an ideal instance; a perfect embodiment of a concept', 'gold_standard': 'a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by a stated quantity of gold', 'criterion': 'the ideal in terms of which something can be judged; \"they live by the standards of their community\"', 'design_criteria': 'criteria that designers should meet in designing some system or device; \"the job specifications summarized the design criteria\"', 'exemplar': 'something to be imitated; \"an exemplar of success\"; \"a model of clarity\"; \"he is the very model of a modern major general\"', 'ego_ideal': '(psychoanalysis) the part of the ego that contains an ideal of personal excellence toward which a person strives', 'keynote': 'the principal theme in a speech or literary work', 'reconditeness': 'wisdom that is recondite and abstruse and profound; \"the anthropologist was impressed by the reconditeness of the native proverbs\"', 'instantiation': 'a representation of an idea in the form of an instance of it; \"how many instantiations were found?\"', 'stereotype': 'a conventional or formulaic conception or image; \"regional stereotypes have been part of America since its founding\"', 'schema': 'an internal representation of the world; an organization of concepts and actions that can be revised by new information about the world', 'imagination_image': 'a mental image produced by the imagination', 'phantasmagoria': 'a constantly changing medley of real or imagined images (as in a dream)', 'bit_part': 'a small role', 'soubrette': 'a pert or flirtatious young girl', 'heavy': 'an actor who plays villainous roles', 'hero': 'a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength; \"RAF pilots were the heroes of the Battle of Britain\"', 'ingenue': 'an actress who specializes in playing the role of an artless innocent young girl', 'title_role': 'the role of the character after whom the play is named', 'psychosexuality': 'the mental representation of sexual activities', 'percept': 'the representation of what is perceived; basic component in the formation of a concept', 'fractal': '(mathematics) a geometric pattern that is repeated at every scale and so cannot be represented by classical geometry', 'gestalt': 'a configuration or pattern of elements so unified as a whole that it cannot be described merely as a sum of its parts', 'Amsler_grid': 'a pattern of small boxes that is used for self-monitoring by patients who have age-related macular degeneration', 'sonata_form': 'a musical form having 3 sections -- exposition and development and recapitulation; characteristic of 1st movement of a sonata or symphony', 'visual_percept': 'a percept that arises from the eyes; an image in the visual system', 'eye_candy': 'visual images that are pleasing to see but are intellectually undemanding; \"he wanted to put some eye candy on their web site\"', 'visual_field': 'all of the points of the physical environment that can be perceived by a stable eye at a given moment', 'coast': 'a slope down which sleds may coast; \"when it snowed they made a coast on the golf course\"', 'glimpse': 'a vague indication; \"he caught only a glimpse of the professor\\'s meaning\"', 'middle_distance': 'the part of a scene between the foreground and the background', 'side_view': 'a view from the side of something', 'tableau': 'a group of people attractively arranged (as if in a painting)', 'microscopic_field': 'the areas that is visible through a microscope', 'operative_field': 'the area that is open during surgery', 'recollection': 'something recalled to the mind', 'engram': 'a postulated biochemical change (presumably in neural tissue) that represents a memory', 'confabulation': '(psychiatry) a plausible but imagined memory that fills in gaps in what is remembered', 'screen_memory': 'an imagined memory of a childhood experience; hides another memory of distressing significance', 'memory_image': 'a mental image of something previously experienced', 'memory_picture': 'a memory image that is similar to a visual perception', 'afterimage': 'an image (usually a negative image) that persists after stimulation has ceased', 'aftertaste': 'an afterimage of a taste', 'visual_image': 'a mental image that is similar to a visual perception', 'mental_picture': 'a clear and telling mental image; \"he described his mental picture of his assailant\"; \"he had no clear picture of himself or his world\"; \"the events left a permanent impression in his mind\"', 'auditory_image': 'a mental image that is similar to an auditory perception', 'lodestar': 'guiding star; a star that is used as a reference point in navigation or astronomy', 'prototype': 'a standard or typical example; \"he is the prototype of good breeding\"; \"he provided America with an image of the good father\"', 'concentrate': 'a concentrated form of a foodstuff; the bulk is reduced by removing water', 'type_specimen': 'the original specimen from which the description of a new species is made', 'microcosm': 'a miniature model of something', 'original': 'something that serves as a model or a basis for making copies; \"this painting is a copy of the original\"', 'pacesetter': 'a leading instance in its field; \"the new policy will be a pacesetter in community relations\"', 'pattern': 'a model considered worthy of imitation; \"the American constitution has provided a pattern for many republics\"', 'template': 'a model or standard for making comparisons', 'prodigy': 'an unusually gifted or intelligent (young) person; someone whose talents excite wonder and admiration; \"she is a chess prodigy\"', 'three-D': 'a movie with images having three dimensional form or appearance', 'phantom_limb': 'the illusion that a limb still exists after it has been amputated', 'mirage': 'an optical illusion in which atmospheric refraction by a layer of hot air distorts or inverts reflections of distant objects', 'blur': 'a hazy or indistinct representation; \"it happened so fast it was just a blur\"; \"he tried to clear his head of the whisky fuzz\"', 'concretism': 'a representation of an abstract idea in concrete terms', 'belief': 'any cognitive content held as true', 'apophatism': \"the religious belief that God cannot be known but is completely `other' and must be described in negative terms (in terms of what God is not)\", 'cataphatism': \"the religious belief that God has given enough clues to be known to humans positively and affirmatively (e.g., God created Adam `in his own image')\", 'doctrine_of_analogy': 'the religious belief that between creature and creator no similarity can be found so great but that the dissimilarity is always greater; any analogy between God and humans will always be inadequate', 'doctrine': 'a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school', 'philosophy': 'the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics', 'expectation': 'the feeling that something is about to happen', 'geneticism': 'the belief that all human characteristics are determined genetically', 'meliorism': 'the belief that the world can be made better by human effort', 'autotelism': 'belief that a work of art is an end in itself or its own justification', 'originalism': 'the belief that the United States Constitution should be interpreted in the way the authors originally intended it', 'pacifism': 'the doctrine that all violence is unjustifiable', 'predestinarianism': 'the belief or doctrine of predestinarians', 'religion': 'an institution to express belief in a divine power; \"he was raised in the Baptist religion\"; \"a member of his own faith contradicted him\"', 'cult': 'followers of an exclusive system of religious beliefs and practices', 'quietism': 'a form of religious mysticism requiring withdrawal from all human effort and passive contemplation of God', 'Sufism': 'Islamic mysticism', 'nature_worship': 'a system of religion that deifies and worships natural forces and phenomena', 'revealed_religion': 'a religion founded primarily on the revelations of God to humankind', 'eyes': 'opinion or judgment; \"in the eyes of the law\"; \"I was wrong in her eyes\"', 'public_opinion': 'a belief or sentiment shared by most people; the voice of the people; \"he asked for a poll of public opinion\"', 'preconception': 'an opinion formed beforehand without adequate evidence; \"he did not even try to confirm his preconceptions\"', 'irrational_hostility': 'extreme prejudice', 'promise': 'a verbal commitment by one person to another agreeing to do (or not to do) something in the future', 'rainbow': \"an arc of colored light in the sky caused by refraction of the sun's rays by rain\", 'foretaste': 'an early limited awareness of something yet to occur', 'anticipation': 'anticipating with confidence of fulfillment', 'revolutionism': 'a belief in the spread of revolutionary principles', 'sacerdotalism': 'a belief that priests can act as mediators between human beings and God', 'spiritualism': '(theology) any doctrine that asserts the separate existence of God', 'spiritual_world': 'a belief that there is a realm controlled by a divine spirit', 'suffragism': 'the belief that the right to vote should be extended (as to women)', 'superstition': 'an irrational belief arising from ignorance or fear', 'supremacism': 'the belief that some particular group or race is superior to all others; \"white supremacism\"', 'theory': 'a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena; \"theories can incorporate facts and laws and tested hypotheses\"; \"true in fact and theory\"', 'theosophy': 'a system of belief based on mystical insight into the nature of God and the soul', 'theosophism': 'belief in theosophy', 'anthroposophy': 'a system of beliefs and practices based on the philosophy of Rudolf Steiner; it claims to integrate the practical and psychological in child-centered education', 'Kabbalah': 'an esoteric theosophy of rabbinical origin based on the Hebrew scriptures and developed between the 7th and 18th centuries', 'Kabbalism': 'the doctrines of the Kabbalah', 'thought': 'the organized beliefs of a period or group or individual; \"19th century thought\"; \"Darwinian thought\"', 'totemism': 'belief in the kinship of a group of people with a common totem', 'tribalism': 'the state of living together in tribes', 'values': 'beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something); \"he has very conservatives values\"', 'mainstream': 'the prevailing current of thought; \"his thinking was in the American mainstream\"', 'accounting_principle': 'a principle that governs current accounting practice and that is used as a reference to determine the appropriate treatment of complex transactions', 'ethic': 'a system of principles governing morality and acceptable conduct', 'Chartism': 'the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people', 'Hellenism': 'the principles and ideals associated with classical Greek civilization', 'legal_principle': '(law) a principle underlying the formulation of jurisprudence', 'jus_sanguinis': \"the principle that a person's nationality at birth is the same as that of his natural parents\", 'jus_soli': \"the principle that a person's nationality at birth is determined by the place of birth\", 'relation_back': '(law) the principle that an act done at a later time is deemed by law to have occurred at an earlier time; \"his attorney argued for the relation back of the amended complaint to the time the initial complaint was filed\"', 'scruple': 'a unit of apothecary weight equal to 20 grains', 'Golden_Rule': 'a command based on Jesus\\' words in the Sermon on the Mount; \"Whatsoever ye would that men do unto you, do you even so unto them\" (Matthew 7:12)', 'Athanasian_Creed': 'a Christian profession of faith', 'abolitionism': 'the doctrine that calls for the abolition of slavery', 'absolutism': 'dominance through threat of punishment and violence', 'amoralism': 'the doctrine that moral distinctions are invalid', 'animism': 'the doctrine that all natural objects and the universe itself have souls; \"animism is common among primitive peoples\"', 'antiestablishmentarianism': 'the doctrine of opposition to the social and political establishment', 'British_empiricism': 'the predominant philosophical tradition in Great Britain since the 17th century', 'contextualism': 'any doctrine emphasizing the importance of the context in solving problems or establishing the meaning of terms', 'creationism': 'the literal belief in the account of Creation given in the Book of Genesis; \"creationism denies the theory of evolution of species\"', 'creation_science': 'an effort to give scientific support for the truth of the account of Creation given in the Book of Genesis', 'creed': 'any system of principles or beliefs', 'divine_right': 'the doctrine that kings derive their right to rule directly from God and are not accountable to their subjects; rebellion is the worst of political crimes; \"the doctrine of the divine right of kings was enunciated by the Stuarts in Britain in the 16th century\"', 'dogma': 'a religious doctrine that is proclaimed as true without proof', 'dualism': 'the doctrine that reality consists of two basic opposing elements, often taken to be mind and matter (or mind and body), or good and evil', 'epicureanism': 'a doctrine of hedonism that was defended by several ancient Greek philosophers', 'establishmentarianism': 'the doctrine of supporting the social or political establishment', 'ethicism': 'a doctrine that ethics and ethical ideas are valid and important; \"his ethicism often led him to moralize\"', 'expansionism': 'the doctrine of expanding the territory or the economic influence of a country', 'experimentalism': 'an orientation that favors experimentation and innovation; \"the children of psychologists are often raised in an atmosphere of experimentalism\"', 'functionalism': 'a psychology based on the assumption that all mental process are useful to an organism in adapting to the environment', 'Girondism': 'the doctrine of the Girondists', 'gospel': 'folk music consisting of a genre of a cappella music originating with Black slaves in the United States and featuring call and response; influential on the development of other genres of popular music (especially soul)', 'gymnosophy': 'the doctrine of a sect of Hindu philosophers who practiced nudity and asceticism and meditation', 'mimesis': 'any disease that shows symptoms characteristic of another disease', 'individualism': 'a belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence', 'rugged_individualism': 'individualism in social and economic affairs; belief not only in personal liberty and self-reliance but also in free competition', 'internationalism': 'the doctrine that nations should cooperate because their common interests are more important than their differences', 'unilateralism': 'the doctrine that nations should conduct their foreign affairs individualistically without the advice or involvement of other nations', 'irredentism': 'the doctrine that irredenta should be controlled by the country to which they are ethnically or historically related', 'literalism': 'a disposition to interpret statements in their literal sense', 'majority_rule': 'the doctrine that the numerical majority of an organized group can make decisions binding on the whole group', 'monism': 'the doctrine that reality consists of a single basic substance or element', 'multiculturalism': 'the doctrine that several different cultures (rather than one national culture) can coexist peacefully and equitably in a single country', 'nationalism': 'the aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination', 'nihilism': 'complete denial of all established authority and institutions', 'populism': 'the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite', 'predestination': 'previous determination as if by destiny or fate', 'presentism': 'the doctrine that the Scripture prophecies of the Apocalypse (as in the Book of Revelations) are presently in the course of being fulfilled', 'rationalism': 'the theological doctrine that human reason rather than divine revelation establishes religious truth', 'reformism': 'a doctrine of reform', 'humanism': 'the cultural movement of the Renaissance; based on classical studies', 'humanitarianism': \"the doctrine that people's duty is to promote human welfare\", 'egalitarianism': 'the doctrine of the equality of mankind and the desirability of political and economic and social equality', 'feminism': 'a doctrine that advocates equal rights for women', 'magic': 'any art that invokes supernatural powers', 'mojo': 'a magic power or magic spell', 'occultism': 'the study of the supernatural', 'reincarnationism': 'a doctrine that on the death of the body the soul migrates to or is born again in another body', 'secessionism': 'a doctrine that maintains the right of secession', 'secularism': 'a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations', 'aesthetic': '(philosophy) a philosophical theory as to what is beautiful; \"he despised the esthetic of minimalism\"', 'Aristotelianism': '(philosophy) the philosophy of Aristotle that deals with logic and metaphysics and ethics and poetics and politics and natural science; \"Aristotelianism profoundly influenced Western thought\"', 'conceptualism': 'the doctrine that the application of a general term to various objects indicates the existence of a mental entity that mediates the application', 'Confucianism': 'the teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity; high value given to learning and to devotion to family (including ancestors); peace; justice; influenced the traditional culture of China', 'deconstruction': 'a philosophical theory of criticism (usually of literature or film) that seeks to expose deep-seated contradictions in a work by delving below its surface meaning', 'existentialism': '(philosophy) a 20th-century philosophical movement chiefly in Europe; assumes that people are entirely free and thus responsible for what they make of themselves', 'determinism': '(philosophy) a philosophical theory holding that all events are inevitable consequences of antecedent sufficient causes; often understood as denying the possibility of free will', 'fatalism': 'a submissive mental attitude resulting from acceptance of the doctrine that everything that happens is predetermined and inevitable', 'hereditarianism': 'the philosophical doctrine that heredity is more important than environment in determining intellectual growth', 'intuitionism': '(philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is acquired primarily by intuition', 'logicism': '(philosophy) the philosophical theory that all of mathematics can be derived from formal logic', 'materialism': 'a desire for wealth and material possessions with little interest in ethical or spiritual matters', 'mentalism': \"(philosophy) a doctrine that mind is the true reality and that objects exist only as aspects of the mind's awareness\", 'nativism': 'the policy of perpetuating native cultures (in opposition to acculturation)', 'naturalism': 'an artistic movement in 19th century France; artists and writers strove for detailed realistic and factual description', 'Neoplatonism': 'a system of philosophical and theological doctrines composed of elements of Platonism and Aristotelianism and oriental mysticism; its most distinctive doctrine holds that the first principle and source of reality transcends being and thought and is naturally unknowable; \"Neoplatonism was predominant in pagan Europe until the 6th century\"; \"Neoplatonism was a major influence on early Christian writers and on later medieval and Renaissance thought and on Islamic philosophy\"', 'nominalism': '(philosophy) the doctrine that the various objects labeled by the same term have nothing in common but their name', 'operationalism': '(philosophy) the doctrine that the meaning of a proposition consists of the operations involved in proving or applying it', 'Platonism': '(philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that abstract concepts exist independent of their names', 'pragmatism': '(philosophy) the doctrine that practical consequences are the criteria of knowledge and meaning and value', 'instrumentalism': 'a system of pragmatic philosophy that considers idea to be instruments that should guide our actions and their value is measured by their success', 'probabilism': 'a Roman Catholic system of casuistry that when expert opinions differ an actor can follow any solidly probable opinion that he wishes even though some different opinion might be more probable', 'relativism': '(philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that all criteria of judgment are relative to the individuals and situations involved', 'Scholasticism': 'the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe; based on Aristotle and the Church Fathers', 'semiotics': '(philosophy) a philosophical theory of the functions of signs and symbols', 'sensualism': '(philosophy) the ethical doctrine that feeling is the only criterion for what is good', 'solipsism': '(philosophy) the philosophical theory that the self is all that you know to exist', 'Stoicism': '(philosophy) the philosophical system of the Stoics following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno', 'Taoism': 'a Chinese sect claiming to follow the teaching of Lao-tzu but incorporating pantheism and sorcery in addition to Taoism', 'teleology': '(philosophy) a doctrine explaining phenomena by their ends or purposes', 'vitalism': '(philosophy) a doctrine that life is a vital principle distinct from physics and chemistry', 'conjuring': 'calling up a spirit or devil', \"old_wives'_tale\": 'a bit of lore passed on by word of mouth', 'exorcism': 'freeing from evil spirits', 'sorcery': 'the belief in magical spells that harness occult forces or evil spirits to produce unnatural effects in the world', 'theurgy': 'the effect of supernatural or divine intervention in human affairs', 'witchcraft': 'the art of sorcery', 'enchantment': 'a psychological state induced by (or as if induced by) a magical incantation', 'diabolism': 'a belief in and reverence for devils (especially Satan)', 'white_magic': 'magic used only for good purposes', 'unbelief': 'a rejection of belief', 'agnosticism': 'a religious orientation of doubt; a denial of ultimate knowledge of the existence of God; \"agnosticism holds that you can neither prove nor disprove God\\'s existence\"', 'atheism': 'the doctrine or belief that there is no God', 'heresy': 'a belief that rejects the orthodox tenets of a religion', 'iconoclasm': 'the orientation of an iconoclast', 'bourn': 'an archaic term for a boundary', 'end-all': 'the ultimate goal; \"human beings are not the end-all of evolution\"', 'destination': 'the ultimate goal for which something is done', 'no-goal': 'a nonexistent goal; \"he lived without a reason progressing toward no-goal\"', 'purpose': 'an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions; \"his intent was to provide a new translation\"; \"good intentions are not enough\"; \"it was created with the conscious aim of answering immediate needs\"; \"he made no secret of his designs\"', 'cross-purpose': 'a contrary aim; \"at cross-purposes\"', 'final_cause': '(philosophy) the end or purpose of a thing or process', 'will': \"a legal document declaring a person's wishes regarding the disposal of their property when they die\", 'occasions': 'something you have to do; \"he minded his own specialized occasions\"', 'meme': 'a cultural unit (an idea or value or pattern of behavior) that is passed from one person to another by non-genetic means (as by imitation); \"memes are the cultural counterpart of genes\"', 'lore': 'knowledge gained through tradition or anecdote; \"early peoples passed on plant and animal lore through legend\"', 'folklore': 'the unwritten lore (stories and proverbs and riddles and songs) of a culture', 'eruditeness': 'profound scholarly knowledge', 'enlightenment': 'education that results in understanding and the spread of knowledge', 'centralism': 'the political policy of concentrating power in a central organization', 'moderationism': 'the policy of being moderate or acting with moderation', 'Thatcherism': '(England) the political policy of Margaret Thatcher', 'ultramontanism': '(Roman Catholic Church) the policy that the absolute authority of the church should be vested in the pope', 'edification': 'uplifting enlightenment', 'satori': '(Zen Buddhism) a state of sudden spiritual enlightenment', 'disenchantment': 'freeing from false belief or illusions', 'ignorance': 'the lack of knowledge or education', 'dark': 'absence of light or illumination', 'ignorantness': 'ignorance (especially of orthodox beliefs)', 'inexperience': 'lack of experience and the knowledge and understanding derived from experience; \"procedural inexperience created difficulties\"; \"their poor behavior was due to the rawness of the troops\"', 'unenlightenment': 'a lack of understanding', 'theory_of_gravitation': '(physics) the theory that any two particles of matter attract one another with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them', 'principle_of_relativity': '(physics) a universal law that states that the laws of mechanics are not affected by a uniform rectilinear motion of the system of coordinates to which they are referred', \"Occam's_Razor\": 'the principle that entities should not be multiplied needlessly; the simplest of two competing theories is to be preferred', 'principle_of_equivalence': '(physics) the principle that an observer has no way of distinguishing whether his laboratory is in a uniform gravitational field or is in an accelerated frame of reference', 'principle_of_liquid_displacement': '(hydrostatics) the volume of a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the volume of the displaced fluid', 'principle_of_superposition': '(geology) the principle that in a series of stratified sedimentary rocks the lowest stratum is the oldest', 'mass-action_principle': '(neurology) the principle that the cortex of the brain operates as a coordinated system with large masses of neural tissue involved in all complex functioning', 'localization_of_function': '(physiology) the principle that specific functions have relatively circumscribed locations in some particular part or organ of the body', 'lateralization': 'localization of function on either the right or left sides of the brain', 'blastogenesis': 'asexual reproduction by budding', 'preformation': 'a theory (popular in the 18th century and now discredited) that an individual develops by simple enlargement of a tiny fully formed organism (a homunculus) that exists in the germ cell', 'dialectical_materialism': 'the materialistic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels', 'positivism': 'the form of empiricism that bases all knowledge on perceptual experience (not on intuition or revelation)', 'Comtism': \"Auguste Comte's positivistic philosophy that metaphysics and theology should be replaced by a hierarchy of sciences from mathematics at the base to sociology at the top\", 'scientific_theory': 'a theory that explains scientific observations; \"scientific theories must be falsifiable\"', 'field_theory': '(physics) a theory that explains a physical phenomenon in terms of a field and the manner in which it interacts with matter or with other fields', 'organicism': 'theory that the total organization of an organism rather than the functioning of individual organs is the determinant of life processes', 'economic_theory': '(economics) a theory of commercial activities (such as the production and consumption of goods)', 'Keynesianism': 'the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes who advocated government monetary and fiscal programs intended to stimulate business activity and increase employment', 'liberalism': 'a political orientation that favors social progress by reform and by changing laws rather than by revolution', 'Malthusianism': \"Malthus' theory that population increase would outpace increases in the means of subsistence\", 'monetarism': 'an economic theory holding that variations in unemployment and the rate of inflation are usually caused by changes in the supply of money', \"Stevens'_law\": '(psychophysics) the concept that the magnitude of a subjective sensation increases proportional to a power of the stimulus intensity', \"Weber's_law\": '(psychophysics) the concept that a just-noticeable difference in a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus; \"Weber\\'s law explains why you don\\'t notice your headlights are on in the daytime\"', 'communications': 'the discipline that studies the principles of transmiting information and the methods by which it is delivered (as print or radio or television etc.); \"communications is his major field of study\"', 'major': 'a university student who is studying a particular field as the principal subject; \"she is a linguistics major\"', 'region': 'the approximate amount of something (usually used prepositionally as in `in the region of\\'); \"it was going to take in the region of two or three months to finish the job\"; \"the price is in the neighborhood of $100\"', 'frontier': 'a wilderness at the edge of a settled area of a country; \"the individualism of the frontier in Andrew Jackson\\'s day\"', 'genealogy': 'successive generations of kin', 'allometry': 'the study of the relative growth of a part of an organism in relation to the growth of the whole', 'bibliotics': 'the scientific study of documents and handwriting etc. especially to determine authorship or authenticity', 'ology': 'an informal word (abstracted from words with this ending) for some unidentified branch of knowledge', 'symbology': 'the study or the use of symbols and symbolism', 'grey_area': 'an intermediate area; a topic that is not clearly one thing or the other', 'territory': 'the geographical area under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state; \"American troops were stationed on Japanese soil\"', 'knowledge_domain': 'the content of a particular field of knowledge', 'metaknowledge': 'knowledge about knowledge', 'scientific_knowledge': 'knowledge accumulated by systematic study and organized by general principles; \"mathematics is the basis for much scientific knowledge\"', 'science': 'a particular branch of scientific knowledge; \"the science of genetics\"', 'natural_science': 'the sciences involved in the study of the physical world and its phenomena', 'mathematics': 'a science (or group of related sciences) dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement', 'pure_mathematics': 'the branches of mathematics that study and develop the principles of mathematics for their own sake rather than for their immediate usefulness', 'arithmetic': 'the branch of pure mathematics dealing with the theory of numerical calculations', 'algorism': 'the Arabic (or decimal) system of numeration', 'geometry': 'the pure mathematics of points and lines and curves and surfaces', 'affine_geometry': 'the geometry of affine transformations', 'elementary_geometry': \"(mathematics) geometry based on Euclid's axioms\", \"Euclid's_axiom\": '(mathematics) any of five axioms that are generally recognized as the basis for Euclidean geometry', \"Euclid's_first_axiom\": 'a straight line can be drawn between any two points', \"Euclid's_second_axiom\": 'any terminated straight line can be projected indefinitely', \"Euclid's_third_axiom\": 'a circle with any radius can be drawn around any point', \"Euclid's_fourth_axiom\": 'all right angles are equal', \"Euclid's_fifth_axiom\": 'only one line can be drawn through a point parallel to another line', 'fractal_geometry': '(mathematics) the geometry of fractals; \"Benoit Mandelbrot pioneered fractal geometry\"', 'non-Euclidean_geometry': '(mathematics) geometry based on axioms different from Euclid\\'s; \"non-Euclidean geometries discard or replace one or more of the Euclidean axioms\"', 'hyperbolic_geometry': '(mathematics) a non-Euclidean geometry in which the parallel axiom is replaced by the assumption that through any point in a plane there are two or more lines that do not intersect a given line in the plane; \"Karl Gauss pioneered hyperbolic geometry\"', 'elliptic_geometry': '(mathematics) a non-Euclidean geometry that regards space as like a sphere and a line as like a great circle; \"Bernhard Riemann pioneered elliptic geometry\"', 'numerical_analysis': '(mathematics) the branch of mathematics that studies algorithms for approximating solutions to problems in the infinitesimal calculus', 'spherical_geometry': '(mathematics) the geometry of figures on the surface of a sphere', 'spherical_trigonometry': '(mathematics) the trigonometry of spherical triangles', 'analytic_geometry': 'the use of algebra to study geometric properties; operates on symbols defined in a coordinate system', 'coordinate_axis': 'one of the fixed reference lines of a coordinate system', 'x-axis': 'the horizontal axis in a plane coordinate system', 'y-axis': 'the vertical axis in a plane coordinate system', 'z-axis': 'the third axis in a 3-dimensional coordinate system', 'major_axis': 'the longest axis of an ellipse or ellipsoid; passes through the two foci', 'semimajor_axis': 'one-half the major axis of an ellipse; the distance from the center of an ellipse to one end', 'minor_axis': 'the shorter or shortest axis of an ellipse or ellipsoid', 'semiminor_axis': 'one-half the minor axis of an ellipse', 'principal_axis': 'a line that passes through the center of curvature of a lens so that light is neither reflected nor refracted; \"in a normal eye the optic axis is the direction in which objects are seen most distinctly\"', 'optic_axis': 'in a doubly refracting crystal, the line in the direction of which no double refraction occurs; \"a crystal may have either one or two optic axes\"', 'inertial_reference_frame': \"a coordinate system in which Newton's first law of motion is valid\", 'space-time': 'the four-dimensional coordinate system (3 dimensions of space and 1 of time) in which physical events are located', 'coordinate': 'a number that identifies a position relative to an axis', 'Cartesian_coordinate': 'one of the coordinates in a system of coordinates that locates a point on a plane or in space by its distance from two lines or three planes respectively; the two lines or the intersections of the three planes are the coordinate axes', 'abscissa': 'the value of a coordinate on the horizontal axis', 'ordinate': 'the value of a coordinate on the vertical axis', 'intercept': 'the point at which a line intersects a coordinate axis', 'polar_coordinate': 'either of two values that locate a point on a plane by its distance from a fixed pole and its angle from a fixed line passing through the pole', 'plane_geometry': 'the geometry of 2-dimensional figures', 'solid_geometry': 'the geometry of 3-dimensional space', 'projective_geometry': 'the geometry of properties that remain invariant under projection', 'trigonometry': 'the mathematics of triangles and trigonometric functions', 'algebra': 'the mathematics of generalized arithmetical operations', 'quadratics': 'a branch of algebra dealing with quadratic equations', 'linear_algebra': 'the part of algebra that deals with the theory of linear equations and linear transformation', 'vector_algebra': 'the part of algebra that deals with the theory of vectors and vector spaces', 'decomposition': 'in a decomposed state', 'matrix_algebra': 'the part of algebra that deals with the theory of matrices', 'calculus': 'a hard lump produced by the concretion of mineral salts; found in hollow organs or ducts of the body; \"renal calculi can be very painful\"', 'Fourier_analysis': 'analysis of a periodic function into a sum of simple sinusoidal components', 'differential_calculus': 'the part of calculus that deals with the variation of a function with respect to changes in the independent variable (or variables) by means of the concepts of derivative and differential', 'derived_function': 'the result of mathematical differentiation; the instantaneous change of one quantity relative to another; df(x)/dx', 'partial_derivative': 'the derivative of a function of two or more variables with respect to a single variable while the other variables are considered to be constant', 'integral_calculus': 'the part of calculus that deals with integration and its application in the solution of differential equations and in determining areas or volumes etc.', 'integral': 'the result of a mathematical integration; F(x) is the integral of f(x) if dF/dx = f(x)', 'indefinite_integral': 'the set of functions F(x) + C, where C is any real number, such that F(x) is the integral of f(x)', 'definite_integral': 'the integral of a function over a definite interval', 'calculus_of_variations': 'the calculus of maxima and minima of definite integrals', 'set_theory': 'the branch of pure mathematics that deals with the nature and relations of sets', 'closed_interval': 'an interval that includes its endpoints', 'open_interval': 'an interval that does not include its endpoints', 'sub-interval': 'an interval that is included in another interval', 'subgroup': 'a distinct and often subordinate group within a group', 'group_theory': 'the branch of mathematics dealing with groups', 'Galois_theory': 'group theory applied to the solution of algebraic equations', 'Abelian_group': 'a group that satisfies the commutative law', 'metamathematics': 'the logical analysis of mathematical reasoning', 'applied_mathematics': 'the branches of mathematics that are involved in the study of the physical or biological or sociological world', 'linear_programming': 'a mathematical technique used in economics; finds the maximum or minimum of linear functions in many variables subject to constraints', 'statistics': 'a branch of applied mathematics concerned with the collection and interpretation of quantitative data and the use of probability theory to estimate population parameters', 'statistical_method': 'a method of analyzing or representing statistical data; a procedure for calculating a statistic', 'least_squares': 'a method of fitting a curve to data points so as to minimize the sum of the squares of the distances of the points from the curve', 'multivariate_analysis': 'a generic term for any statistical technique used to analyze data from more than one variable', 'statistic': 'a datum that can be represented numerically', 'demographic': 'a statistic characterizing human populations (or segments of human populations broken down by age or sex or income etc.)', 'moment': 'an indefinitely short time; \"wait just a moment\"; \"in a mo\"; \"it only takes a minute\"; \"in just a bit\"', 'nonparametric_statistic': 'a statistic computed without knowledge of the form or the parameters of the distribution from which observations are drawn', 'parametric_statistic': 'any statistic computed by procedures that assume the data were drawn from a particular distribution', 'age_norm': 'the average age at which particular performances are expected to appear', 'outlier': 'a person who lives away from his place of work', 'mean_deviation': 'the arithmetic mean of the absolute values of deviations from the mean of a distribution', 'mode': 'a particular functioning condition or arrangement; \"switched from keyboard to voice mode\"', 'median': 'the value below which 50% of the cases fall', 'mean': 'an average of n numbers computed by adding some function of the numbers and dividing by some function of n', 'arithmetic_mean': 'the sum of the values of a random variable divided by the number of values', 'geometric_mean': 'the mean of n numbers expressed as the n-th root of their product', 'harmonic_mean': 'the mean of n numbers expressed as the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the numbers', 'second_moment': 'the expected value of the square of the deviations of a random variable from the point of origin', 'standard_deviation': 'the square root of the variance', 'covariance': '(statistics) the mean value of the product of the deviations of two variates from their respective means', 'frequency_distribution': 'a distribution of observed frequencies of occurrence of the values of a variable', 'normal_distribution': 'a theoretical distribution with finite mean and variance', 'Poisson_distribution': 'a theoretical distribution that is a good approximation to the binomial distribution when the probability is small and the number of trials is large', 'normal_curve': 'a symmetrical curve representing the normal distribution', 'subpopulation': 'a population that is part of a larger population', 'sample_distribution': 'items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population', 'stratified_sample': 'the population is divided into strata and a random sample is taken from each stratum', 'multiple_regression': 'a statistical technique that predicts values of one variable on the basis of two or more other variables', 'multicollinearity': 'a case of multiple regression in which the predictor variables are themselves highly correlated', 'regression_analysis': 'the use of regression to make quantitative predictions of one variable from the values of another', 'regression_equation': 'the equation representing the relation between selected values of one variable (x) and observed values of the other (y); it permits the prediction of the most probable values of y', 'regression_coefficient': 'when the regression line is linear (y = ax + b) the regression coefficient is the constant (a) that represents the rate of change of one variable (y) as a function of changes in the other (x); it is the slope of the regression line', 'linear_regression': 'the relation between variables when the regression equation is linear: e.g., y = ax + b', 'curvilinear_regression': 'the relation between variables when the regression equation is nonlinear (quadratic or higher order)', 'regression_line': 'a smooth curve fitted to the set of paired data in regression analysis; for linear regression the curve is a straight line', 'time_series': 'a series of values of a variable at successive times', 'vital_statistics': 'data relating to births and deaths and health and diseases and marriages', 'correlational_analysis': 'the use of statistical correlation to evaluate the strength of the relations between variables', 'correlation_matrix': 'a matrix giving the correlations between all pairs of data sets', 'factor_analysis': 'any of several methods for reducing correlational data to a smaller number of dimensions or factors; beginning with a correlation matrix a small number of components or factors are extracted that are regarded as the basic variables that account for the interrelations observed in the data', 'analysis_of_variance': 'a statistical method for making simultaneous comparisons between two or more means; a statistical method that yields values that can be tested to determine whether a significant relation exists between variables', 'correlation_table': 'a two-way tabulation of the relations between correlates; row headings are the scores on one variable and column headings are the scores on the second variables and a cell shows how many times the score on that row was associated with the score in that column', 'correlation': 'a reciprocal relation between two or more things', 'curvilinear_correlation': 'any correlation in which the rates of change of the variables is not constant', 'partial_correlation': 'a correlation between two variables when the effects of one or more related variables are removed', 'first-order_correlation': 'a partial correlation in which the effects of only one variable are removed (held constant)', 'correlation_coefficient': 'a statistic representing how closely two variables co-vary; it can vary from -1 (perfect negative correlation) through 0 (no correlation) to +1 (perfect positive correlation); \"what is the correlation between those two variables?\"', 'covariation': '(statistics) correlated variation', 'positive_correlation': 'a correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with large values of the other and small with small; the correlation coefficient is between 0 and +1', 'negative_correlation': 'a correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with small values of the other; the correlation coefficient is between 0 and -1', 'product-moment_correlation_coefficient': 'the most commonly used method of computing a correlation coefficient between variables that are linearly related', 'multiple_correlation_coefficient': 'an estimate of the combined influence of two or more variables on the observed (dependent) variable', 'biserial_correlation_coefficient': 'a correlation coefficient in which one variable is many-valued and the other is dichotomous', 'nonparametric_statistics': 'the branch of statistics dealing with variables without making assumptions about the form or the parameters of their distribution', 'rank-order_correlation_coefficient': 'the most commonly used method of computing a correlation coefficient between the ranks of scores on two variables', 'Kendall_test': 'any of several nonparametric measures of correlation (used when the assumptions of standard correlational analysis are not met)', 'Kendall_partial_rank_correlation': 'a nonparametric measure of partial correlation', 'coefficient_of_concordance': 'a coefficient of agreement (concordance) between different sets of rank orderings of the same set of things', 'tau_coefficient_of_correlation': 'a nonparametric measure of the agreement between two rankings', 'phi_coefficient': 'an index of the relation between any two sets of scores that can both be represented on ordered binary dimensions (e.g., male-female)', 'split-half_correlation': 'a correlation coefficient calculated between scores on two halves of a test; taken as an indication of the reliability of the test', 'tetrachoric_correlation_coefficient': 'a correlation coefficient computed for two normally distributed variables that are both expressed as a dichotomy', 'spurious_correlation': 'a correlation between two variables (e.g., between the number of electric motors in the home and grades at school) that does not result from any direct relation between them (buying electric motors will not raise grades) but from their relation to other variables', 'binomial': '(mathematics) a quantity expressed as a sum or difference of two terms; a polynomial with two terms', 'binomial_distribution': 'a theoretical distribution of the number of successes in a finite set of independent trials with a constant probability of success', 'binomial_theorem': 'a theorem giving the expansion of a binomial raised to a given power', 'probability_theory': 'the branch of applied mathematics that deals with probabilities', 'life_science': 'any of the branches of natural science dealing with the structure and behavior of living organisms', 'biology': 'characteristic life processes and phenomena of living organisms; \"the biology of viruses\"', 'biomedical_science': 'the application of the principles of the natural sciences to medicine', 'biometrics': 'a branch of biology that studies biological phenomena and observations by means of statistical analysis', 'craniology': 'the scientific study of the skulls of various human races', 'dermatoglyphics': 'the study of the whorls and loops and arches in the fingertips and on the palms of the hand and the soles of the feet; \"some criminologists specialize in dermatoglyphics\"', 'dietetics': 'the scientific study of food preparation and intake', 'macrobiotics': 'the theory of promoting health and longevity by means of diet (especially whole beans and grains)', 'eugenics': 'the study of methods of improving genetic qualities by selective breeding (especially as applied to human mating)', 'dysgenics': 'the study of the operation of factors causing degeneration in the type of offspring produced', 'euthenics': 'the study of methods of improving human well-being and efficient functioning by improving environmental conditions', 'medical_science': 'the science of dealing with the maintenance of health and the prevention and treatment of disease', 'phrenology': 'a now abandoned study of the shape of skull as indicative of the strengths of different faculties', 'aeromedicine': 'the study and treatment of disorders associated with flight (especially with space flight)', 'allergology': 'the branch of medical science that studies the causes and treatment of allergies', 'anesthesiology': 'the branch of medical science that studies and applies anesthetics', 'angiology': 'the branch of medical science that studies the blood and lymph vessels and their disorders', 'bacteriology': 'the branch of medical science that studies bacteria in relation to disease', 'biomedicine': 'the branch of medical science that applies biological and physiological principles to clinical practice', 'cardiology': 'the branch of medicine dealing with the heart and its diseases', 'dentistry': 'the branch of medicine dealing with the anatomy and development and diseases of the teeth', 'cosmetic_dentistry': 'the branch of dentistry dealing with the appearance of the teeth', 'dental_surgery': 'the branch of dentistry involving surgical procedures', 'endodontics': 'the branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the dental pulp', 'exodontics': 'the branch of dentistry dealing with extraction of teeth', 'orthodontics': 'the branch of dentistry dealing with the prevention or correction of irregularities of the teeth', 'periodontics': 'the branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the gums and other structures around the teeth', 'prosthetics': 'the branch of medicine dealing with the production and use of artificial body parts', 'prosthodontics': 'the branch of dentistry dealing with the replacement of teeth and related mouth or jaw structures by artificial devices', 'dermatology': 'the branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its diseases', 'emergency_medicine': 'the branch of medicine concerned with the prompt diagnosis and treatment of injuries or trauma or sudden illness', 'endocrinology': 'the branch of medicine dealing with the endocrine glands and their secretions', 'epidemiology': 'the branch of medical science dealing with the transmission and control of disease', 'forensic_medicine': 'the branch of medical science that uses medical knowledge for legal purposes; \"forensic pathology provided the evidence that convicted the murderer\"', 'gastroenterology': 'the branch of medicine that studies the gastrointestinal tract and its diseases', 'geriatrics': 'the branch of medical science that deals with diseases and problems specific to old people', 'gynecology': 'the branch of medicine that deals with the diseases and hygiene of women', 'hematology': 'the branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs', 'hygiene': 'a condition promoting sanitary practices; \"personal hygiene\"', 'immunology': \"the branch of medical science that studies the body's immune system\", 'immunochemistry': 'the field of chemistry concerned with chemical processes in immunology (such as chemical studies of antigens and antibodies)', 'immunopathology': 'the branch of immunology that deals with pathologies of the immune system', 'internal_medicine': 'the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and (nonsurgical) treatment of diseases of the internal organs (especially in adults)', 'nephrology': 'the branch of medicine concerned with the kidney - its development and anatomy and physiology and disorders', 'nuclear_medicine': \"the branch of medicine that uses radioactive materials either to image a patient's body or to destroy diseased cells\", 'neurology': 'the branch of medical science that deals with the nervous system', 'neuropsychiatry': 'the branch of medicine dealing with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system', 'nosology': 'the branch of medical science dealing with the classification of disease', 'obstetrics': 'the branch of medicine dealing with childbirth and care of the mother', 'fetology': 'the branch of medicine concerned with the fetus in the uterus', 'perinatology': 'the branch of obstetrics concerned with the anatomy and physiology and diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the mother and the fetus or newborn baby during late pregnancy and childbirth and the puerperium', 'oncology': 'the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of tumors', 'ophthalmology': 'the branch of medicine concerned with the eye and its diseases', 'otology': 'the branch of medicine concerned with the ear', 'pharmacology': 'the science or study of drugs: their preparation and properties and uses and effects', 'pharmacy': 'the art and science of preparing and dispensing drugs and medicines,', 'pharmacokinetics': 'the study of the action of drugs in the body: method and rate of excretion; duration of effect; etc.', 'posology': 'the pharmacological determination of appropriate doses of drugs and medicines', 'psychopharmacology': 'the study of drugs that affect the mind', 'psychiatry': 'the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders', 'alienism': 'an obsolete term for the study and treatment of mental illness', 'clinical_psychology': 'the branch of psychology concerned with the treatment of abnormal mentation and behavior', 'Freudian_psychology': 'the psychological theories of Sigmund Freud', 'Jungian_psychology': 'the psychological theories of Carl Jung', 'clinical_anatomy': 'the practical application of anatomical knowledge to diagnosis and treatment', 'comparative_anatomy': 'the study of anatomical features of animals of different species', 'dental_anatomy': 'the branch of gross anatomy concerning with the morphology of teeth', 'developmental_anatomy': 'the branch of anatomy that studies structural changes of an individual from fertilization to maturity', 'functional_anatomy': 'the study of anatomy in its relation to function', 'gross_anatomy': 'the study of the structure of the body and its parts without the use of a microscope', 'microscopic_anatomy': 'the study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs', 'neuroanatomy': 'the anatomy of the nervous system', 'osteology': 'the branch of anatomy that studies the bones of the vertebrate skeleton', 'regional_anatomy': 'the study of anatomy based on regions or divisions of the body and emphasizing the relations between various structures (muscles and nerves and arteries etc.) in that region', 'audiology': 'the measurement of hearing', 'pathology': 'any deviation from a healthy or normal condition', 'pediatrics': 'the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of infants and children', 'neonatology': 'that branch of pediatric medicine concerned with the newborn; the diagnosis and treatment of neonates', 'podiatry': 'the branch of medicine concerned with the feet', 'proctology': 'the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the colon or rectum or anus', 'radiology': 'the branch of medical science dealing with the medical use of X-rays or other penetrating radiation', 'rheumatology': 'the branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of pathologies of the muscles or tendons or joints', 'rhinolaryngology': 'the medical specialty that deals with diseases of the ear, nose and throat', 'serology': 'the branch of medical science that deals with serums; especially with blood serums and disease', 'space_medicine': 'the branch of medicine concerned with the effects of space flight on human beings', 'sports_medicine': 'the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of injuries or illness resulting from athletic activities', 'orthopedics': 'the branch of medical science concerned with disorders or deformities of the spine and joints', 'therapeutics': 'branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease', 'toxicology': 'the branch of pharmacology that deals with the nature and effects and treatments of poisons', 'thoracic_medicine': 'the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the chest', 'traumatology': 'the branch of medicine that deals with the surgical repair of injuries and wounds arising from accidents', 'tropical_medicine': 'the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases that are found most often in tropical regions', 'urology': 'the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the urinary tract or urogenital system', 'veterinary_medicine': 'the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries of animals (especially domestic animals)', 'virology': 'the branch of medical science that studies viruses and viral diseases', 'agronomy': 'the application of soil and plant sciences to land management and crop production', 'agrobiology': 'the study of plant nutrition and growth especially as a way to increase crop yield', 'agrology': 'science of soils in relation to crops', 'biogeography': 'dealing with the geographical distribution of animals and plants', 'botany': 'the branch of biology that studies plants', 'mycology': 'the branch of botany that studies fungi and fungus-caused diseases', 'pomology': 'the branch of botany that studies and cultivates fruits', 'cryobiology': 'the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living tissues or organs or organisms', 'cryonics': 'the freezing of a seriously ill or recently deceased person to stop tissues from decomposing; the body is preserved until new medical cures are developed that might bring the person back to life; \"cryonics is more science fiction than serious science\"', 'cytology': 'the branch of biology that studies the structure and function of cells', 'cytogenetics': 'the branch of biology that studies the cellular aspects of heredity (especially the chromosomes)', 'ecology': 'the environment as it relates to living organisms; \"it changed the ecology of the island\"', 'embryology': 'the branch of biology that studies the formation and early development of living organisms', 'exobiology': 'the branch of biology concerned with the effects of outer space on living organisms and the search for extraterrestrial life', 'forestry': 'the science of planting and caring for forests and the management of growing timber', 'silviculture': 'the branch of forestry dealing with the development and care of forests', 'entomology': 'the branch of zoology that studies insects', 'lepidopterology': 'the branch of entomology dealing with Lepidoptera', 'ethology': 'the branch of zoology that studies the behavior of animals in their natural habitats', 'herpetology': 'the branch of zoology concerned with reptiles and amphibians', 'ichthyology': 'the branch of zoology that studies fishes', 'malacology': 'the branch of zoology that studies the structure and behavior of mollusks', 'mammalogy': 'the branch of zoology that studies mammals', 'oology': \"the branch of zoology that studies eggs (especially birds' eggs and their size, shape, coloration, and number)\", 'ornithology': 'the branch of zoology that studies birds', 'primatology': 'the branch of zoology that studies primates', 'protozoology': 'the branch of zoology that studies protozoans', 'paleontology': 'the earth science that studies fossil organisms and related remains', 'paleoanthropology': 'the scientific study of human fossils', 'paleobotany': 'the study of fossil plants', 'phycology': 'the branch of botany that studies algae', 'pteridology': 'the branch of botany that studies ferns', 'paleodendrology': 'the branch of paleobotany that studies fossil trees', 'paleozoology': 'the study of fossil animals', 'paleomammalogy': 'the paleobiology of ancient mammals', 'paleornithology': 'the paleobiology of birds', 'functional_genomics': 'the branch of genomics that determines the biological function of the genes and their products', 'structural_genomics': 'the branch of genomics that determines the three-dimensional structures of proteins', 'genetics': 'the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms', 'genomics': 'the branch of genetics that studies organisms in terms of their genomes (their full DNA sequences)', 'proteomics': 'the branch of genetics that studies the full set of proteins encoded by a genome', 'histology': 'the branch of biology that studies the microscopic structure of animal or plant tissues', 'microbiology': 'the branch of biology that studies microorganisms and their effects on humans', 'molecular_genetics': 'the branch of genetics concerned with the structure and activity of genetic material at the molecular level', 'molecular_biology': 'the branch of biology that studies the structure and activity of macromolecules essential to life (and especially with their genetic role)', 'morphology': 'studies of the rules for forming admissible words', 'neurobiology': 'the branch of biology that deals with the anatomy and physiology and pathology of the nervous system', 'paleobiology': 'a branch of paleontology that deals with the origin and growth and structure of fossil animals and plants as living organisms', 'pharmacogenetics': 'the branch of genetics that studies the genetically determined variations in responses to drugs in humans or laboratory organisms', 'teratology': 'the branch of biology concerned with the development of malformations or serious deviations from the normal type of organism', 'biochemistry': 'the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms; the effort to understand biology within the context of chemistry', 'enzymology': 'the branch of biochemistry dealing with the chemical nature and biological activity of enzymes', 'zymology': 'the branch of chemistry concerned with fermentation (as in making wine or brewing or distilling)', 'neurophysiology': 'the branch of neuroscience that studies the physiology of the nervous system', 'neuroscience': 'the scientific study of the nervous system', 'brain_science': 'the branch of neuroscience concerned with the brain', 'cognitive_neuroscience': 'the branch of neuroscience that studies the biological foundations of mental phenomena', 'hemodynamics': 'the branch of physiology that studies the circulation of the blood and the forces involved', 'kinesiology': 'the branch of physiology that studies the mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement', 'myology': 'the branch of physiology that studies muscles', 'paleoecology': 'the branch of ecology that studies ancient ecology', 'radiobiology': 'the branch of biology that studies the effects of radiation on living organisms', 'sociobiology': 'the branch of biology that conducts comparative studies of the social organization of animals (including human beings) with regard to its evolutionary history', 'zoology': 'the branch of biology that studies animals', 'chemistry': 'the chemical composition and properties of a substance or object; \"the chemistry of soil\"', 'organic_chemistry': 'the chemistry of compounds containing carbon (originally defined as the chemistry of substances produced by living organisms but now extended to substances synthesized artificially)', 'inorganic_chemistry': 'the chemistry of compounds that do not contain hydrocarbon radicals', 'physical_chemistry': 'the branch of chemistry dealing with the physical properties of chemical substances', 'phytochemistry': 'the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the chemistry of plants', 'electrochemistry': 'branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions', 'femtochemistry': 'the branch of chemistry that studies elementary (often very fast) chemical reactions as they occur; the experimental methods are often based on the use of femtosecond laser pulses', 'geochemistry': \"the chemistry of the earth's crust\", 'photochemistry': 'branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of light', 'radiochemistry': 'the chemistry of radioactive substances', 'surface_chemistry': 'the branch of chemistry that studies processes occurring at interfaces between phases (especially those between liquid and gas)', 'physics': 'the physical properties, phenomena, and laws of something; \"he studied the physics of radiation\"', 'acoustics': 'the study of the physical properties of sound', 'astronomy': 'the branch of physics that studies celestial bodies and the universe as a whole', 'astrodynamics': 'the branch of astronomy that studies the motion of natural and artificial bodies in space', 'astrometry': 'the branch of astronomy that deals with the measurement of the position and motion of celestial bodies', 'radio_astronomy': 'the branch of astronomy that detects and studies the radio waves emitted by celestial bodies', 'aeronautics': 'the theory and practice of navigation through air or space', 'avionics': 'science and technology of electronic systems and devices for aeronautics and astronautics; \"avionics has become even more important with the development of the space program\"', 'biophysics': 'physics as applied to biological problems', 'celestial_mechanics': \"the branch of astronomy concerned with the application of Newton's laws of motion to the motions of heavenly bodies\", 'astrophysics': 'the branch of astronomy concerned with the physical and chemical properties of celestial bodies', 'selenology': 'the branch of astronomy that deals with the moon', 'solar_physics': 'the branch of astronomy that deals with the sun', 'cosmology': 'the metaphysical study of the origin and nature of the universe', 'cryogenics': 'the branch of physics that studies the phenomena that occur at very low temperatures', 'crystallography': 'the branch of science that studies the formation and structure of crystals', 'electromagnetism': 'magnetism produced by an electric current; \"electromagnetism was discovered when it was observed that a copper wire carrying an electric current can magnetize pieces of iron or steel near it\"', 'electronics': 'the branch of physics that deals with the emission and effects of electrons and with the use of electronic devices', 'electrostatics': 'the branch of physics that deals with static electricity', 'mechanics': 'the branch of physics concerned with the motion of bodies in a frame of reference', 'nuclear_physics': 'the branch of physics that studies the internal structure of atomic nuclei', 'catoptrics': 'branch of optics dealing with formation of images by mirrors', 'holography': 'the branch of optics that deals with the use of coherent light from a laser in order to make a hologram that can then be used to create a three-dimensional image', 'particle_physics': 'the branch of physics that studies subatomic particles and their interactions', 'plasma_physics': 'the branch of physics concerned with matter in its plasma phase', 'quantum_physics': 'the branch of physics based on quantum theory', 'quasiparticle': 'a quantum of energy (in a crystal lattice or other system) that has position and momentum and can in some respects be regarded as a particle', 'rheology': 'the branch of physics that studies the deformation and flow of matter', 'atomism': '(psychology) a theory that reduces all mental phenomena to simple elements (sensations and feelings) that form complex ideas by association', 'holism': 'the theory that the parts of any whole cannot exist and cannot be understood except in their relation to the whole; \"holism holds that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts\"; \"holistic theory has been applied to ecology and language and mental states\"', 'atomic_theory': 'a theory of the structure of the atom', 'Bohr_theory': \"(physics) a theory of atomic structure that combined Rutherford's model with the quantum theory; electrons orbiting a nucleus can only be in certain stationary energy states and light is emitted when electrons jump from one energy state to another\", 'Rutherford_atom': 'first modern concept of atomic structure; all of the positive charge and most of the mass of the atom are contained in a compact nucleus; a number of electrons (equal to the atomic number) occupy the rest of the volume of the atom and neutralize the positive charge', 'conservation_of_charge': 'the principle that the total electric charge of a system remains constant despite changes inside the system', 'conservation_of_energy': 'the fundamental principle of physics that the total energy of an isolated system is constant despite internal changes', 'conservation_of_mass': 'a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system', 'conservation_of_momentum': 'the principle that the total linear momentum in a closed system is constant and is not affected by processes occurring inside the system', 'cell_theory': '(biology) the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms; proposed in 1838 by Matthias Schleiden and by Theodor Schwann', 'wave_theory': '(physics) the theory that light is transmitted as waves', 'corpuscular_theory': '(physics) the theory that light is transmitted as a stream of particles', 'kinetic_theory': '(physics) a theory that gases consist of small particles in random motion', 'general_relativity': 'a generalization of special relativity to include gravity (based on the principle of equivalence)', 'special_relativity': 'a physical theory of relativity based on the assumption that the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant and the assumption that the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems', 'supersymmetry': '(physics) a theory that tries to link the four fundamental forces; \"according to supersymmetry each force emerged separately during the big bang\"', 'quantum_theory': '(physics) a physical theory that certain properties occur only in discrete amounts (quanta)', 'wave_mechanics': \"the modern form of quantum theory; an extension of quantum mechanics based on Schrodinger's equation; atomic events are explained as interactions between particle waves\", 'uncertainty_principle': '(quantum theory) the theory that it is impossible to measure both energy and time (or position and momentum) completely accurately at the same time', 'kinetic_theory_of_heat': 'a theory that the temperature of a body increases when kinetic energy increases', 'germ_theory': '(medicine) the theory that all contagious diseases are caused by microorganisms', 'information_theory': '(computer science) a statistical theory dealing with the limits and efficiency of information processing', 'theory_of_dissociation': '(chemistry) theory that describes aqueous solutions in terms of acids (which dissociate to give hydrogen ions) and bases (which dissociate to give hydroxyl ions); the product of an acid and a base is a salt and water', 'theory_of_evolution': '(biology) a scientific theory of the origin of species of plants and animals', 'theory_of_indicators': '(chemistry) the theory that all indicators are either weak acids or weak bases in which the color of the ionized form is different from the color before dissociation', 'theory_of_inheritance': '(biology) a theory of how characteristics of one generation are derived from earlier generations', 'Mendelism': \"the theory of inheritance based on Mendel's laws\", 'Darwinism': 'a theory of organic evolution claiming that new species arise and are perpetuated by natural selection', 'neo-Darwinism': 'a modern Darwinian theory that explains new species in terms of genetic mutations', 'Lamarckism': 'a theory of organic evolution claiming that acquired characteristics are transmitted to offspring', 'Neo-Lamarckism': 'a modern Lamarckian theory emphasizing the importance of environmental factors in genetic changes and retaining the notion of the inheritance of acquired characters', 'thermochemistry': 'the branch of chemistry that studies the relation between chemical action and the amount of heat absorbed or generated', 'punctuated_equilibrium': 'a theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change', 'harmonics': 'the study of musical sound', 'classical_mechanics': \"the branch of mechanics based on Newton's laws of motion\", 'solid-state_physics': 'the branch of physics that studies the properties of materials in the solid state: electrical conduction in crystals of semiconductors and metals; superconductivity; photoconductivity', 'statistical_mechanics': 'the branch of physics that makes theoretical predictions about the behavior of macroscopic systems on the basis of statistical laws governing its component particles', 'quantum_mechanics': 'the branch of quantum physics that accounts for matter at the atomic level; an extension of statistical mechanics based on quantum theory (especially the Pauli exclusion principle)', 'quantum_field_theory': 'the branch of quantum physics that is concerned with the theory of fields; it was motivated by the question of how an atom radiates light as its electrons jump from excited states', 'quantum_electrodynamics': 'a relativistic quantum theory of the electromagnetic interactions of photons and electrons and muons', 'quantum_chromodynamics': 'a theory of strong interactions between elementary particles (including the interaction that binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus); it assumes that strongly interacting particles (hadrons) are made of quarks and that gluons bind the quarks together', 'fluid_mechanics': 'study of the mechanics of fluids', 'pneumatics': 'the branch of mechanics that deals with the mechanical properties of gases', 'statics': 'the branch of mechanics concerned with forces in equilibrium', 'hydrostatics': 'study of the mechanical properties of fluids that are not in motion', 'dynamics': 'the branch of mechanics concerned with the forces that cause motions of bodies', 'kinematics': 'the branch of mechanics concerned with motion without reference to force or mass', 'hydrodynamics': 'study of fluids in motion', 'magnetohydrodynamics': 'the study of the interaction of magnetic fields and electrically conducting fluids (as plasma or molten metal)', 'ballistics': 'the trajectory of an object in free flight', 'aeromechanics': 'the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of gases (especially air) and their effects on bodies in the flow', 'thermodynamics': 'the branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different forms of energy', 'thermostatics': 'the aspect of thermodynamics concerned with thermal equilibrium', 'electron_optics': 'the branch of electronics that deals with beams of electrons and their focusing and deflection by magnetic fields', 'microelectronics': 'the branch of electronics that deals with miniature components', 'thermionics': 'the branch of electronics dealing with thermionic phenomena (especially thermionic vacuum tubes)', 'earth_science': 'any of the sciences that deal with the earth or its parts', 'geology': 'a science that deals with the history of the earth as recorded in rocks', 'hypsography': \"the scientific study of the earth's configuration above sea level (emphasizing the measurement of land altitudes relative to sea level)\", 'paleogeology': 'the study of geologic features once at the surface of the earth but now buried beneath rocks', 'geophysics': 'geology that uses physical principles to study properties of the earth', 'orology': 'the science of mountains', 'stratigraphy': 'the branch of geology that studies the arrangement and succession of strata', 'tectonics': \"the branch of geology studying the folding and faulting of the earth's crust\", 'meteorology': 'predicting what the weather will be', 'aerology': 'meteorology of the total extent of the atmosphere; especially the upper layers', 'climatology': 'meteorology of climates and their phenomena', 'bioclimatology': 'the study of effects of climate on living organisms', 'nephology': 'the branch of meteorology that studies clouds and cloud formation', 'hydrology': 'the branch of geology that studies water on the earth and in the atmosphere: its distribution and uses and conservation', 'oceanography': 'the branch of science dealing with physical and biological aspects of the oceans', 'hydrography': 'the science of the measurement and description and mapping of the surface waters of the earth with special reference to navigation', 'limnology': 'the scientific study of bodies of fresh water for their biological and physical and geological properties', 'seismology': 'the branch of geology that studies earthquakes', 'volcanology': 'the branch of geology that studies volcanoes', 'magnetism': 'attraction for iron; associated with electric currents as well as magnets; characterized by fields of force', 'geodesy': 'the branch of geology that studies the shape of the earth and the determination of the exact position of geographical points', 'mineralogy': 'the branch of geology that studies minerals: their structure and properties and the ways of distinguishing them', 'petrology': 'the branch of geology that studies rocks: their origin and formation and mineral composition and classification', 'petroleum_geology': 'the branch of economic geology that deals with the occurrence and exploitation of oil and gas fields', 'economic_geology': 'the branch of geology that deals with economically valuable geological materials', 'mining_geology': 'the branch of economic geology that deals with the applications of geology to mining', 'geography': \"study of the earth's surface; includes people's responses to topography and climate and soil and vegetation\", 'physical_geography': \"the study of physical features of the earth's surface\", 'economic_geography': 'the branch of geography concerned with the production and distribution of commodities', 'architectonics': 'the science of architecture', 'landscape_architecture': 'the branch of architecture dealing with the arrangement of land and buildings for human use and enjoyment', 'urban_planning': 'the branch of architecture dealing with the design and organization of urban space and activities', 'interior_design': 'the branch of architecture dealing with the selection and organization of furnishings for an architectural interior', 'metallurgy': 'the science and technology of metals', 'powder_metallurgy': 'the metallurgy of powdered metals; how to produce solid metal objects from powdered metal by compaction and sintering', 'bionics': 'application of biological principles to the study and design of engineering systems (especially electronic systems)', 'biotechnology': 'the branch of molecular biology that studies the use of microorganisms to perform specific industrial processes; \"biotechnology produced genetically altered bacteria that solved the problem\"', 'genetic_engineering': 'the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism', 'civil_engineering': 'the branch of engineering concerned with the design and construction of such public works as dams or bridges', 'hydraulic_engineering': 'the branch of civil engineering dealing with the use and control of water in motion', 'electrical_engineering': 'the branch of engineering science that studies the uses of electricity and the equipment for power generation and distribution and the control of machines and communication', 'telecommunication': '(often plural) systems used in transmitting messages over a distance electronically', 'computer_science': 'the branch of engineering science that studies (with the aid of computers) computable processes and structures', 'artificial_intelligence': 'the branch of computer science that deal with writing computer programs that can solve problems creatively; \"workers in AI hope to imitate or duplicate intelligence in computers and robots\"', 'machine_translation': 'the use of computers to translate from one language to another', 'robotics': 'the area of AI concerned with the practical use of robots', 'animatronics': 'the construction of robots to look like animals (developed for Disneyland)', 'telerobotics': 'the area of robotics that is concerned with the control of robots from a distance', 'architectural_engineering': 'the branch of engineering that deals with the construction of buildings (as distinguished from architecture as a design art)', 'industrial_engineering': 'the branch of engineering that deals with the creation and management of systems that integrate people and materials and energy in productive ways', 'information_technology': 'the branch of engineering that deals with the use of computers and telecommunications to retrieve and store and transmit information', 'mechanical_engineering': 'the branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction and operation of machinery', 'nanotechnology': 'the branch of engineering that deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers (especially with the manipulation of individual molecules)', 'tribology': 'the branch of engineering that deals with the interaction of surfaces in relative motion (as in bearings or gears): their design and friction and wear and lubrication', 'nuclear_engineering': 'the branch of engineering concerned with the design and construction and operation of nuclear reactors', 'naval_engineering': 'the branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction and operation of ships', 'rocketry': 'the branch of engineering science that studies rocket design and operation', 'metrology': 'the scientific study of measurement', 'nutrition': '(physiology) the organic process of nourishing or being nourished; the processes by which an organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and maintenance', 'futurology': 'the study or prediction of future developments on the basis of existing conditions', 'psychology': 'the science of mental life', 'abnormal_psychology': 'the branch of psychology concerned with abnormal behavior', 'associationism': '(psychology) a theory that association is the basic principle of mental activity', 'applied_psychology': 'any of several branches of psychology that seek to apply psychological principles to practical problems of education or industry or marketing etc.', 'cognitive_psychology': 'an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes', 'comparative_psychology': 'the branch of psychology concerned with the behavior of animals', 'developmental_psychology': 'the branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children', 'differential_psychology': 'the branch of psychology that studies measurable differences between individuals', 'experimental_psychology': 'the branch of psychology that uses experimental methods to study psychological issues', 'psychophysics': 'the branch of psychology concerned with quantitative relations between physical stimuli and their psychological effects', 'behaviorism': 'an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior', 'psycholinguistics': 'the branch of cognitive psychology that studies the psychological basis of linguistic competence and performance', 'physiological_psychology': 'the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes', 'psychometry': 'any branch of psychology concerned with psychological measurements', 'Gestalt_psychology': '(psychology) a theory of psychology that emphasizes the importance of configurational properties', 'social_psychology': 'the branch of psychology that studies persons and their relationships with others and with groups and with society as a whole', 'psychodynamics': 'the interrelation of conscious and unconscious processes and emotions that determine personality and motivation', 'group_dynamics': 'the branch of social psychology that studies the psychodynamics of interaction in social groups', 'information_science': 'the sciences concerned with gathering, manipulating, storing, retrieving, and classifying recorded information', 'natural_language_processing': 'the branch of information science that deals with natural language information', 'cybernetics': '(biology) the field of science concerned with processes of communication and control (especially the comparison of these processes in biological and artificial systems)', 'cognitive_science': 'the field of science concerned with cognition; includes parts of cognitive psychology and linguistics and computer science and cognitive neuroscience and philosophy of mind', 'social_science': 'the branch of science that studies society and the relationships of individual within a society', 'civics': 'the social science of municipal affairs', 'anthropology': 'the social science that studies the origins and social relationships of human beings', 'archeology': 'the branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people and their cultures', 'Assyriology': 'archeology of the ancient Assyrians', 'Egyptology': 'archeology of ancient Egyptian artifacts', 'Sumerology': 'the archeology of ancient Sumerians', 'micropaleontology': 'the paleontology of microfossils', 'marine_archeology': 'the archeology of underwater sites', 'paleoclimatology': 'the study of the climate of past ages', 'paleogeography': 'the study of the geography of ancient times or ancient epochs', 'paleography': 'the study of ancient forms of writing (and the deciphering of them)', 'paleopathology': 'the study of disease of former times (as inferred from fossil evidence)', 'paletiology': 'the explanation of past events in terms of scientific causes (as geological causes)', 'epigraphy': 'the study of ancient inscriptions', 'paleology': 'the study of (especially prehistoric) antiquities', 'protohistory': 'the study humans prior to the invention of writing', 'protoarcheology': 'the study of prehistoric human artifacts and human fossils', 'ethnography': 'the branch of anthropology that provides scientific description of individual human societies', 'paleoethnography': 'the ethnography of paleolithic humans', 'ethnology': 'the branch of anthropology that deals with the division of humankind into races and with their origins and distribution and distinctive characteristics', 'physical_anthropology': 'the branch of anthropology dealing with the genesis and variation of human beings', 'craniometry': 'the branch of physical anthropology dealing with the study and measurement of dry skulls after removal of its soft parts', 'social_anthropology': 'the branch of anthropology that deals with human culture and society', 'garbology': 'the study of a society by analyzing its garbage', 'mythology': 'myths collectively; the body of stories associated with a culture or institution or person', 'geopolitics': 'the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state', 'geostrategy': 'the branch of geopolitics dealing with strategy', 'realpolitik': 'politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations', 'home_economics': 'theory and practice of homemaking', 'economics': 'the branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management', 'game_theory': '(economics) a theory of competition stated in terms of gains and losses among opposing players', 'econometrics': 'the application of mathematics and statistics to the study of economic and financial data', 'macroeconomics': 'the branch of economics that studies the overall working of a national economy', 'microeconomics': 'the branch of economics that studies the economy of consumers or households or individual firms', 'supply-side_economics': 'the school of economic theory that stresses the costs of production as a means of stimulating the economy; advocates policies that raise capital and labor output by increasing the incentive to produce', 'proxemics': 'the study of spatial distances between individuals in different cultures and situations', 'sociology': 'the study and classification of human societies', 'criminology': 'the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior and law enforcement', 'demography': 'the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations', 'psephology': 'the branch of sociology that studies election trends (as by opinion polls)', 'penology': 'the branch of criminology concerned with prison management and prisoner rehabilitation', 'sociometry': 'the quantitative study of social relationships', 'strategics': 'the science or art of strategy', 'systematics': 'the science of systematic classification', 'biosystematics': 'use of data (e.g. cytogenetic or biochemical) to assess taxonomic relations especially within an evolutionary framework', 'cladistics': 'a system of biological taxonomy based on the quantitative analysis of comparative data and used to reconstruct cladograms summarizing the (assumed) phylogenetic relations and evolutionary history of groups of organisms', 'thanatology': 'the branch of science that studies death (especially its social and psychological aspects)', 'humanistic_discipline': 'studies intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills (rather than occupational or professional skills); \"the college of arts and sciences\"', 'neoclassicism': 'revival of a classical style (in art or literature or architecture or music) but from a new perspective or with a new motivation', 'classicism': 'a movement in literature and art during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe that favored rationality and restraint and strict forms; \"classicism often derived its models from the ancient Greeks and Romans\"', 'Romanticism': 'a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization; \"Romanticism valued imagination and emotion over rationality\"', 'English': 'the people of England', 'history': 'the continuum of events occurring in succession leading from the past to the present and even into the future; \"all of human history\"', 'historicism': 'a theory that social and cultural events are determined by history', 'art_history': 'the academic discipline that studies the development of painting and sculpture', 'iconology': 'the branch of art history that studies visual images and their symbolic meaning (especially in social or political terms)', 'chronology': 'an arrangement of events in time', 'glottochronology': 'the determination of how long ago different languages evolved from a common source language; \"he mapped the glottochronology of the Romance languages\"', 'fine_arts': 'the study and creation of visual works of art', 'performing_arts': 'arts or skills that require public performance', 'Occidentalism': 'the scholarly knowledge of western cultures and languages and people', 'Orientalism': 'the scholarly knowledge of Asian cultures and languages and people', 'ethics': 'the philosophical study of moral values and rules', 'bioethics': 'the branch of ethics that studies moral values in the biomedical sciences', 'neuroethics': 'the study of ethical implications of treatments for neurological diseases', 'casuistry': 'argumentation that is specious or excessively subtle and intended to be misleading', 'eudemonism': 'an ethical system that evaluates actions by reference to personal well-being through a life based on reason', 'hedonism': 'the pursuit of pleasure as a matter of ethical principle', 'etiology': 'the cause of a disease', 'aesthetics': '(art) the branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste (emphasizing the evaluative criteria that are applied to art); \"traditional aesthetics assumed the existence of universal and timeless criteria of artistic value\"', 'axiology': 'the study of values and value judgments', 'jurisprudence': 'the branch of philosophy concerned with the law and the principles that lead courts to make the decisions they do', 'contract_law': 'that branch of jurisprudence that studies the rights and obligations of parties entering into contracts', 'corporation_law': 'that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing corporations', 'matrimonial_law': 'that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing matrimony', 'patent_law': 'that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing patents', 'metaphysics': 'the philosophical study of being and knowing', 'ontology': '(computer science) a rigorous and exhaustive organization of some knowledge domain that is usually hierarchical and contains all the relevant entities and their relations', 'dialectics': 'a rationale for dialectical materialism based on change through the conflict of opposing forces', 'dialectic': 'a contradiction of ideas that serves as the determining factor in their interaction; \"this situation created the inner dialectic of American history\"', 'symbolic_logic': 'any logical system that abstracts the form of statements away from their content in order to establish abstract criteria of consistency and validity', 'Boolean_logic': 'a system of symbolic logic devised by George Boole; used in computers', 'propositional_logic': 'a branch of symbolic logic dealing with propositions as units and with their combinations and the connectives that relate them', 'predicate_calculus': 'a system of symbolic logic that represents individuals and predicates and quantification over individuals (as well as the relations between propositions)', 'modal_logic': 'the logical study of necessity and possibility', 'alethic_logic': 'the modal logic of necessity and possibility and contingency', 'deontic_logic': 'the modal logic of obligation and permissibility', 'epistemic_logic': 'the modal logic of knowledge and uncertainty and ignorance', 'doxastic_logic': 'the modal logic of belief and disbelief', 'fuzzy_logic': 'a form of mathematical logic in which truth can assume a continuum of values between 0 and 1', 'epistemology': 'the philosophical theory of knowledge', 'phenomenology': 'a philosophical doctrine proposed by Edmund Husserl based on the study of human experience in which considerations of objective reality are not taken into account', 'philosophical_doctrine': 'a doctrine accepted by adherents to a philosophy', 'structuralism': 'linguistics defined as the analysis of formal structures in a text or discourse', 'computational_linguistics': 'the use of computers for linguistic research and applications', 'dialect_geography': 'the study of the geographical distribution of linguistic features', 'etymology': 'a history of a word', 'historical_linguistics': 'the study of linguistic change; \"the synchrony and diachrony of language\"', 'literary_study': 'the humanistic study of literature', 'comparative_literature': 'study of literary works from different cultures (often in translation)', 'literary_criticism': 'the informed analysis and evaluation of literature', 'poetics': 'study of poetic works', 'prosody': 'the patterns of stress and intonation in a language', 'classics': 'study of the literary works of ancient Greece and Rome', 'rhetoric': 'using language effectively to please or persuade', 'library_science': 'the study of the principles and practices of library administration', 'linguistics': 'the scientific study of language', 'dialectology': 'the branch of philology that is devoted to the study of dialects', 'musicology': 'the scholarly and scientific study of music', 'Sinology': 'the study of Chinese history and language and culture', 'stemmatology': 'the humanistic discipline that attempts to reconstruct the transmission of a text (especially a text in manuscript form) on the basis of relations between the various surviving manuscripts (sometimes using cladistic analysis); \"stemmatology also plays an important role in musicology\"; \"transcription errors are of decisive importance in stemmatics\"', 'trivium': '(Middle Ages) an introductory curriculum at a medieval university involving grammar and logic and rhetoric; considered to be a triple way to eloquence', 'quadrivium': '(Middle Ages) a higher division of the curriculum in a medieval university involving arithmetic and music and geometry and astronomy', 'cryptanalysis': 'the science of analyzing and deciphering codes and ciphers and cryptograms', 'grammar': 'the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics)', 'descriptive_grammar': 'a grammar that is produced by descriptive linguistics', 'prescriptive_grammar': 'a grammar that is produced by prescriptive linguistics', 'syntax': 'a systematic orderly arrangement', 'generative_grammar': '(linguistics) a type of grammar that describes syntax in terms of a set of logical rules that can generate all and only the infinite number of grammatical sentences in a language and assigns them all the correct structural description', 'orthoepy': \"a term formerly used for the part of phonology that dealt with the `correct' pronunciation of words and its relation to `correct' orthography\", 'phonetics': 'the branch of acoustics concerned with speech processes including its production and perception and acoustic analysis', 'phonology': 'the study of the sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phonemes', 'inflectional_morphology': 'the part of grammar that deals with the inflections of words', 'derivational_morphology': 'the part of grammar that deals with the derivations of words', 'compound_morphology': 'the part of grammar that deals with combinations of simple words into compound words', 'morphophonemics': 'the study of the phonological realization of the allomorphs of the morphemes of a language', 'lexicology': 'the branch of linguistics that studies the lexical component of language', 'onomastics': 'the branch of lexicology that studies the forms and origins of proper names', 'toponymy': 'the nomenclature of regional anatomy', 'neurolinguistics': 'the branch of linguistics that studies the relation between language and the structure and function of the nervous system', 'pragmatics': 'the study of language use', 'lexicostatistics': 'a statistical technique used in glottochronology; used to estimate how long ago different languages evolved from a common source language', 'deixis': 'the function of pointing or specifying from the perspective of a participant in an act of speech or writing; aspects of a communication whose interpretation depends on knowledge of the context in which the communication occurs', 'formal_semantics': 'the branch of semantics that studies the logical aspects of meaning', 'lexical_semantics': 'the branch of semantics that studies the meanings and relations of words', 'cognitive_semantics': 'the branch of semantics that studies the cognitive aspects of meaning', 'sound_law': 'a law describing sound changes in the history of a language', \"Grimm's_law\": 'a sound law relating German consonants and consonants in other Indo-European languages', \"Verner's_law\": \"a qualification of Grimm's law\", 'sociolinguistics': 'the study of language in relation to its sociocultural context', 'synchronic_linguistics': 'the study of a language without reference to its historical context', 'descriptive_linguistics': 'a description (at a given point in time) of a language with respect to its phonology and morphology and syntax and semantics without value judgments', 'prescriptive_linguistics': \"an account of how a language should be used instead of how it is actually used; a prescription for the `correct' phonology and morphology and syntax and semantics\", 'angelology': 'the branch of theology that is concerned with angels', 'apologetics': 'the branch of theology that is concerned with the defense of Christian doctrines', 'ecclesiology': 'the branch of theology concerned with the nature and the constitution and the functions of a church', 'eschatology': 'the branch of theology that is concerned with such final things as death and Last Judgment; Heaven and Hell; the ultimate destiny of humankind', 'hermeneutics': 'the branch of theology that deals with principles of exegesis', 'liturgics': 'the study of liturgies', 'theodicy': \"the branch of theology that defends God's goodness and justice in the face of the existence of evil\", 'Christian_theology': 'the teachings of Christian churches', 'Christology': \"a religious doctrine or theory based on Jesus or Jesus' teachings\", 'liberation_theology': 'a form of Christian theology (developed by South American Roman Catholics) that emphasizes social and political liberation as the anticipation of ultimate salvation', 'natural_theology': 'a theology that holds that knowledge of God can be acquired by human reason without the aid of divine revelation', 'Jesuitism': 'the theology or the practices of the Jesuits (often considered to be casuistic)', 'patristics': 'the writings of the early Church Fathers', 'polemics': 'the branch of Christian theology devoted to the refutation of errors', 'theological_doctrine': 'the doctrine of a religious group', 'antinomianism': \"the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture)\", 'Thomism': 'the comprehensive theological doctrine created by Saint Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century and still taught by the Dominicans', 'utilitarianism': 'doctrine that the useful is the good; especially as elaborated by Jeremy Bentham and James Mill; the aim was said to be the greatest happiness for the greatest number', 'Arianism': 'heretical doctrine taught by Arius that asserted the radical primacy of the Father over the Son', 'Athanasianism': 'the theological doctrine taught by Athanasius that Christ the Son is of the same substance as God the Father', 'Boehmenism': 'the mystical theological doctrine of Jakob Boehme that influenced the Quakers', 'consubstantiation': 'the doctrine of the High Anglican Church that after the consecration of the Eucharist the substance of the body and blood of Christ coexists with the substance of the consecrated bread and wine', 'Episcopalianism': 'the theological doctrine of church government by bishops', 'Erastianism': 'the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters', 'Hinayanism': 'the religious doctrine of Hinayana Buddhism', 'Jansenism': 'the Roman Catholic doctrine of Cornelis Jansen and his disciples; salvation is limited to those who are subject to supernatural determinism and the rest are assigned to perdition', 'Mahayanism': 'the religious doctrine of Mahayana Buddhism', 'Marcionism': 'the Christian heresy of the 2nd and 3rd centuries that rejected the Old Testament and denied the incarnation of God in Jesus as a human', 'millenarianism': 'belief in the Christian doctrine of the millennium mentioned in the Book of Revelations', 'Monophysitism': 'a Christian heresy of the 5th and 6th centuries that challenged the orthodox definition of the two natures (human and divine) in Jesus and instead believed there was a single divine nature', 'Monothelitism': 'the theological doctrine that Christ had only one will even though he had two natures (human and divine); condemned as heretical in the Third Council of Constantinople', 'Nestorianism': 'the theological doctrine (named after Nestorius) that Christ is both the son of God and the man Jesus (which is opposed to Roman Catholic doctrine that Christ is fully God)', 'Pelagianism': 'the theological doctrine put forward by Pelagius which denied original sin and affirmed the ability of humans to be righteous; condemned as heresy by the Council of Ephesus in 431', 'Quakerism': 'the theological doctrine of the Society of Friends characterized by opposition to war and rejection of ritual and a formal creed and an ordained ministry', 'reincarnation': 'embodiment in a new form (especially the reappearance or a person in another form); \"his reincarnation as a lion\"', 'Rosicrucianism': \"the theological doctrine that venerates the rose and the cross as symbols of Christ's Resurrection and redemption; claims various occult powers\", 'soteriology': 'the branch of Christian theology that deals with salvation as the effect of a divine agency', 'synergism': 'the theological doctrine that salvation results from the interaction of human will and divine grace', 'total_depravity': 'the Calvinist doctrine that everyone is born in a state of corruption as a result of original sin', 'transcendentalism': 'any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material', 'transubstantiation': 'the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist', 'universalism': 'the theological doctrine that all people will eventually be saved', 'vertebrate_paleontology': 'the paleontology of vertebrates', 'Virgin_Birth': \"the theological doctrine that Jesus Christ had no human father; Christians believe that Jesus's birth fulfilled Old Testament prophecies and was attended by miracles; the Nativity is celebrated at Christmas\", 'credence': 'the mental attitude that something is believable and should be accepted as true; \"he gave credence to the gossip\"; \"acceptance of Newtonian mechanics was unquestioned for 200 years\"', 'cyberculture': 'the culture that emerges from the use of computers for communication and entertainment and business', 'Kalashnikov_culture': 'the attitudes and behavior in a social group that resolves political disputes by force of arms; \"the Kalashnikov culture in Afghanistan\"', 'mosaic_culture': 'a highly diverse culture; \"the city\\'s mosaic culture results in great diversity in the arts\"', 'defensive': \"an attitude of defensiveness (especially in the phrase `on the defensive')\", 'high_horse': 'an attitude of arrogant superiority; \"get off your high horse and admit you are wrong\"', 'southernism': 'a locution or pronunciation peculiar to the southern United States', 'mentality': 'a habitual or characteristic mental attitude that determines how you will interpret and respond to situations', 'paternalism': 'the attitude (of a person or a government) that subordinates should be controlled in a fatherly way for their own good', 'hard_line': 'a firm and uncompromising stance or position; \"the governor took a hard line on drugs\"', 'direction': 'the spatial relation between something and the course along which it points or moves; \"he checked the direction and velocity of the wind\"', 'evolutionary_trend': 'a general direction of evolutionary change', 'neoteny': 'an evolutionary trend to be born earlier so that development is cut off at an earlier stage and juvenile characteristics are retained in adults of the species', 'gravitation': 'movement downward resulting from gravitational attraction; \"irrigation by gravitation rather than by pumps\"', 'Call': 'a special disposition (as if from a divine source) to pursue a particular course; \"he was disappointed that he had not heard the Call\"', 'denominationalism': 'the tendency, in Protestantism, to separate into religious denominations or to advocate such separations', 'devices': 'an inclination or desire; used in the plural in the phrase `left to your own devices\\'; \"eventually the family left the house to the devices of this malevolent force\"; \"the children were left to their own devices\"', 'sympathy': 'a relation of affinity or harmony between people; whatever affects one correspondingly affects the other; \"the two of them were in close sympathy\"', 'favoritism': 'an inclination to favor some person or group', 'proclivity': 'a natural inclination; \"he has a proclivity for exaggeration\"', 'perseveration': 'the tendency for a memory or idea to persist or recur without any apparent stimulus for it', 'predilection': 'a predisposition in favor of something; \"a predilection for expensive cars\"; \"his sexual preferences\"; \"showed a Marxist orientation\"', 'disfavor': 'the state of being out of favor; \"he is in disfavor with the king\"', 'doghouse': 'an idiomatic term for being in disfavor; \"in the doghouse\"', 'reprobation': 'rejection by God; the state of being condemned to eternal misery in Hell', 'partiality': 'an inclination to favor one group or view or opinion over alternatives', 'anthropocentrism': 'an inclination to evaluate reality exclusively in terms of human values', 'ethnocentrism': \"belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group\", 'Eurocentrism': 'belief in the preeminence of Europe and the Europeans', 'bias': 'a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation', 'sectionalism': 'a partiality for some particular place', 'impartiality': 'an inclination to weigh both views or opinions equally', 'disinterestedness': 'freedom from bias or from selfish motives', 'experimenter_bias': '(psychology) bias introduced by an experimenter whose expectations about the outcome of the experiment can be subtly communicated to the participants in the experiment', 'homophobia': 'prejudice against (fear or dislike of) homosexual people and homosexuality', 'Islamophobia': 'prejudice against Muslims; \"Muslim intellectuals are afraid of growing Islamophobia in the West\"', 'anti-Semitism': 'the intense dislike for and prejudice against Jewish people', 'white_supremacy': 'the prejudice that members of the white race are superior to members of other races', 'tendentiousness': 'an intentional and controversial bias', 'broad-mindedness': 'an inclination to tolerate or overlook opposing or shocking opinions or behavior', 'disinterest': 'tolerance attributable to a lack of involvement', 'narrow-mindedness': 'an inclination to criticize opposing opinions or shocking behavior', 'parochialism': 'a limitation of views or interests like that defined by a local parish', 'provincialism': 'a lack of sophistication', 'sectarianism': 'a narrow-minded adherence to a particular sect or party or denomination; \"he condemned religious sectarianism\"', 'bigotry': 'the intolerance and prejudice of a bigot', 'fanaticism': 'excessive intolerance of opposing views', 'religionism': 'exaggerated religious zealotry', 'zero_tolerance': 'extreme intolerance of antisocial behavior (usually by an uncompromising application of the law); \"he urged zero tolerance for priests who abuse children sexually\"', 'reputation': 'notoriety for some particular characteristic; \"his reputation for promiscuity\"', 'disrespect': 'an expression of lack of respect', 'reorientation': 'a fresh orientation; a changed set of attitudes and beliefs', \"bird's_eye_view\": 'a situation or topic as if viewed from an altitude or distance', 'futurism': 'an artistic movement in Italy around 1910 that tried to express the energy and values of the machine age', 'vanguard': 'the leading units moving at the head of an army', 'paradigm': 'systematic arrangement of all the inflected forms of a word', 'slant': 'a biased way of looking at or presenting something', 'Weltanschauung': 'a comprehensive view of the world and human life', 'clockwork_universe': 'the view that the universe resembles a clock built by God and ticking along according to Newtonian mechanics', 'legalism': 'strict conformity to the letter of the law rather than its spirit', 'political_orientation': 'an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation', 'anarchism': 'a political theory favoring the abolition of governments', 'autocracy': 'a political system governed by a single individual', 'Machiavellianism': 'the political doctrine of Machiavelli: any means (however unscrupulous) can be used by a ruler in order to create and maintain his autocratic government', 'centrism': 'a political philosophy of avoiding the extremes of left and right by taking a moderate position or course of action', 'collectivism': 'a political theory that the people should own the means of production', 'communism': 'a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership', 'Castroism': 'a form of communism developed in Cuba by Fidel Castro', 'Leninism': 'the political and economic theories of Lenin which provided the guiding doctrine of the Soviet Union; the modification of Marxism by Lenin stressed that imperialism is the highest form of capitalism (which shifts the struggle from developed to underdeveloped countries)', 'Maoism': 'a form of communism developed in China by Mao Zedong', 'Marxism': 'the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded by communism', 'Trotskyism': 'the form of communism advocated by Leon Trotsky; calls for immediate worldwide revolution by the proletariat', 'conservatism': 'a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes', 'neoconservatism': 'an approach to politics or theology that represents a return to a traditional point of view (in contrast to more liberal or radical schools of thought of the 1960s)', 'segregationism': 'a political orientation favoring political or racial segregation', 'constitutionalism': 'a constitutional system of government (usually with a written constitution)', 'democracy': 'a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them', 'social_democracy': 'the belief in a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism by democratic means', 'domino_theory': 'the political theory that if one nation comes under communist control then neighboring nations will also come under communist control', 'elitism': 'the attitude that society should be governed by an elite group of individuals', 'extremism': 'any political theory favoring immoderate uncompromising policies', 'fascism': 'a political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism)', 'federalism': 'the idea of a federal organization of more or less self-governing units', 'leftism': 'the ideology of the political left; belief in or support of the tenets of the political left', 'meritocracy': 'a form of social system in which power goes to those with superior intellects', 'neoliberalism': 'a political orientation originating in the 1960s; blends liberal political views with an emphasis on economic growth', 'libertarianism': 'an ideological belief in freedom of thought and speech', 'monarchism': 'a belief in and advocacy of monarchy as a political system', 'Negritude': 'an ideological position that holds Black culture to be independent and valid on its own terms; an affirmation of the African cultural heritage', 'Orleanism': 'the political philosophy of the Orleanists', 'progressivism': 'the political orientation of those who favor progress toward better conditions in government and society', 'radicalism': 'the political orientation of those who favor revolutionary change in government and society', 'Jacobinism': 'the ideology of the most radical element of the French Revolution that instituted the Reign of Terror', 'reactionism': 'the political orientation of reactionaries', 'republicanism': 'the political orientation of those who hold that a republic is the best form of government', 'rightism': 'the ideology of the political right; belief in or support of the tenets of the political right', 'socialism': 'an economic system based on state ownership of capital', 'Fabianism': 'socialism to be established by gradual reforms within the law', 'guild_socialism': 'a form of socialist theory advocating state ownership of industry but managements by guilds of workers', 'utopian_socialism': 'socialism achieved by voluntary sacrifice', 'theocracy': 'a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)', 'Utopianism': 'the political orientation of a Utopian who believes in impossibly idealistic schemes of social perfection', 'dovishness': 'any political orientation favoring compromise to avoid conflict', 'peace_advocacy': 'any policy that advocates maintaining peaceful international relations', 'hawkishness': 'any political orientation favoring aggressive policies', 'militarism': 'a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests', 'warmongering': 'a policy of advocating war', 'religious_orientation': 'an attitude toward religion or religious practices', 'Docetism': 'the heretical doctrine (associated with the Gnostics) that Jesus had no human body and his sufferings and death on the cross were apparent rather than real', 'Gnosticism': \"a religious orientation advocating gnosis as the way to release a person's spiritual element; considered heresy by Christian churches\", 'Mandaeanism': 'a Gnostic religion originating the 2nd and 3rd centuries that believes John the Baptist was the Messiah and that incorporates Jewish and Christian elements into a framework of dualistic beliefs', 'theism': 'the doctrine or belief in the existence of a God or gods', 'deism': 'the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation', 'monotheism': 'belief in a single God', 'polytheism': 'belief in multiple Gods', 'tritheism': '(Christianity) the heretical belief that the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit are three separate gods', 'paganism': 'any of various religions other than Christianity or Judaism or Islamism', 'druidism': 'the system of religion and philosophy taught by the Druids and their rites and ceremonies', 'pantheism': '(rare) worship that admits or tolerates all gods', 'cargo_cult': \"(Melanesia) the followers of one of several millenarian cults that believe salvation will come in the form of wealth (`cargo') brought by westerners; some ascribe divine attributes to westerners on first contact (especially to missionaries)\", 'macumba': '(Brazil) followers of a religious cult of African origin', 'obeah': '(West Indies) followers of a religious system involving witchcraft and sorcery', 'Rastafarianism': 'a religious cult based on a belief that Ras Tafari (Haile Selassie) is the Messiah and that Africa (especially Ethiopia) is the Promised Land', 'Christianity': 'a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior', 'Adventism': 'any Christian religion that believes the second coming of Christ is imminent', 'Seventh-Day_Adventism': 'Adventism that is strongly Protestant and observes Saturday as the Sabbath', 'Catholicism': 'the beliefs and practices of a Catholic Church', 'anti-Catholicism': 'a religious orientation opposed to Catholicism', 'Romanism': 'the beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church based in Rome', 'Albigensianism': 'a Christian movement considered to be a medieval descendant of Manichaeism in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries; characterized by dualism (asserted the coexistence of two mutually opposed principles, one good and one evil); was exterminated for heresy during the Inquisition', 'Donatism': 'a schismatic Christian religion in northern Africa from the 4th to the 7th century; held that only those who led a blameless life belonged in the church or could administer the sacraments', 'Eastern_Catholicism': 'the beliefs and practices of any of the eastern Catholic Churches based in Constantinople or Antioch or Alexandria or Moscow or Jerusalem', 'Protestantism': 'the theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation', 'Anglicanism': 'the faith and doctrine and practice of the Anglican Church', 'Anglo-Catholicism': 'a doctrine and practice within the Church of England emphasizing the Catholic tradition', 'Tractarianism': \"principles of the founders of the Oxford movement as expounded in pamphlets called `Tracts for the Times'\", 'Arminianism': \"17th century theology (named after its founder Jacobus Arminius) that opposes the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin and holds that human free will is compatible with God's sovereignty\", 'Calvinism': 'the theological system of John Calvin and his followers emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone', 'Christian_Science': 'Protestant denomination founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1866', 'Lutheranism': 'teachings of Martin Luther emphasizing the cardinal doctrine of justification by faith alone', 'Unitarianism': 'Christian doctrine that stresses individual freedom of belief and rejects the Trinity', 'Trinitarianism': 'Christian doctrine stressing belief in the Trinity', 'Congregationalism': 'system of beliefs and church government of a Protestant denomination in which each member church is self-governing', 'Mennonitism': 'system of beliefs and practices including belief in scriptural authority; plain dress; adult baptism; foot washing; restriction of marriage to members of the group', 'evangelicalism': 'stresses the importance of personal conversion and faith as the means of salvation', 'revivalism': 'an attempt to reawaken the evangelical faith', 'fundamentalism': 'the interpretation of every word in the sacred texts as literal truth', 'Methodism': 'the religious beliefs and practices of Methodists characterized by concern with social welfare and public morals', 'Wesleyanism': 'evangelical principles taught by John Wesley', 'Anabaptism': 'a Protestant movement in the 16th century that believed in the primacy of the Bible, baptised only believers, not infants, and believed in complete separation of church and state', 'Baptistic_doctrine': 'any of various doctrines closely related to Anabaptism', 'Mormonism': 'the doctrines and practices of the Mormon Church based on the Book of Mormon', 'pentecostalism': 'the principles and practices of Pentecostal religious groups; characterized by religious excitement and talking in tongues', 'Presbyterianism': 'the doctrines and practices of the Presbyterian Church: based in Calvinism', 'Judaism': 'Jews collectively who practice a religion based on the Torah and the Talmud', 'Orthodox_Judaism': 'Jews who strictly observe the Mosaic law as interpreted in the Talmud', 'Hasidism': 'beliefs and practices of a sect of Orthodox Jews', 'Chabad': 'a form of Hasidism practiced by Lithuanian and Russian Jews under communist rule; the beliefs and practices of the Lubavitch movement', 'Conservative_Judaism': 'Jews who keep some of the requirements of the Mosaic law but allow for adaptation of other requirements (as some of the dietary laws) to fit modern circumstances', 'Reform_Judaism': 'the most liberal Jews; Jews who do not follow the Talmud strictly but try to adapt all of the historical forms of Judaism to the modern world', 'Islam': 'the civilization of Muslims collectively which is governed by the Muslim religion; \"Islam is predominant in northern Africa, the Middle East, Pakistan, and Indonesia\"', 'Mahdism': 'belief in the appearance of the Mahdi; devotion to a Mahdi', 'Salafism': 'a militant group of extremist Sunnis who believe themselves the only correct interpreters of the Koran and consider moderate Muslims to be infidels; seek to convert all Muslims and to insure that its own fundamentalist version of Islam will dominate the world', 'Shiism': 'the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs', 'Ismailism': 'the branch of Shiism noted for its esoteric philosophy', 'Wahhabism': 'a conservative and intolerant form of Islam that is practiced in Saudi Arabia; \"Osama bin Laden and his followers practice Wahhabism\"', 'Hinduism': 'the religion of most people in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal', 'Brahmanism': 'the religious and social system of orthodox Hinduism', 'Darsana': \"(from the Sanskrit word for `to see') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints on the nature of reality and the release from bondage to karma\", 'Mimamsa': \"(from the Sanskrit word for `reflection' or `interpretation') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints on ritual traditions rooted in the Vedas and the Brahmanas as opposed to Vedanta which relies mostly on the Upanishads\", 'Vedanta': \"(from the Sanskrit for `end of the Veda') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints rooted in the Upanishads as opposed to Mimamsa which relies on the Vedas and Brahmanas\", 'Krishnaism': 'worship of Krishna the 8th avatar of Vishnu', 'Shivaism': 'a Hindu sect worshiping Shiva', 'Shaktism': 'a Hindu sect worshiping Shakti', 'Vaishnavism': 'Hindu sect worshiping of Vishnu', 'Jainism': 'sect founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism', 'Sikhism': 'the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam', 'Buddhism': 'a religion represented by the many groups (especially in Asia) that profess various forms of the Buddhist doctrine and that venerate Buddha', 'Mahayana': 'a major school of Buddhism teaching social concern and universal salvation; China; Japan; Tibet; Nepal; Korea; Mongolia', 'Theravada': 'one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing personal salvation through your own efforts; a conservative form of Buddhism that adheres to Pali scriptures and the non-theistic ideal of self purification to nirvana; the dominant religion of Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand and Laos and Cambodia', 'Hinayana': \"a major school of Buddhism teaching personal salvation through one's own efforts\", 'Lamaism': 'a Buddhist doctrine that includes elements from India that are not Buddhist and elements of preexisting shamanism', 'Zen': 'school of Mahayana Buddhism asserting that enlightenment can come through meditation and intuition rather than faith; China and Japan', 'Shingon': \"a form of Buddhism emphasizing mystical symbolism of mantras and mudras and the Buddha's ideal which is inexpressible\", 'Tantra': \"doctrine of enlightenment as the realization of the oneness of one's self and the visible world; combines elements of Hinduism and paganism including magical and mystical elements like mantras and mudras and erotic rites; especially influential in Tibet\", 'Yogacara': 'one of the main traditions of Mahayana Buddhism; holds that the mind is real but that objects are just ideas or states of consciousness', 'Tao': 'the ultimate principle of the universe', 'Shinto': 'the native religion and former ethnic cult of Japan', 'Manichaeism': 'a religion founded by Manes in the third century; a synthesis of Zoroastrian dualism between light and dark and Babylonian folklore and Buddhist ethics and superficial elements of Christianity; spread widely in the Roman Empire but had largely died out by 1000', 'Mithraism': 'ancient Persian religion; popular among Romans during first three centuries a.d.', 'Zoroastrianism': 'system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster; set forth in the Zend-Avesta; based on concept of struggle between light (good) and dark (evil)', 'Parsiism': 'the faith of a Zoroastrian sect in India', 'Bahaism': 'a religion founded in Iran in 1863; emphasizes the spiritual unity of all humankind; incorporates Christian and Islamic tenets; many adherents live in the United States; \"Bahaism has no public rituals or sacraments and praying is done in private\"', 'shamanism': 'any animistic religion similar to Asian shamanism (especially as practiced by certain Native American tribes)', 'Vedism': 'the form of Hinduism that revolves primarily around the mythic version and ritual ideologies in the Vedas', 'Wicca': 'a community of followers of the Wicca religion', 'obiism': 'belief in a kind of sorcery that originated in Africa and is practiced in the West Indies', 'voodoo': '(Haiti) followers of a religion that involves witchcraft and animistic deities', 'amateurism': 'the conviction that people should participate in sports as a hobby (for the fun of it) rather than for money', 'anagoge': 'a mystical or allegorical interpretation (especially of Scripture)', 'dynamical_system': '(physics) a phase space together with a transformation of that space', 'chaos': 'a state of extreme confusion and disorder', 'condensation': 'the process of changing from a gaseous to a liquid or solid state', 'transference': '(psychoanalysis) the process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another; during psychoanalysis the displacement of feelings toward others (usually the parents) is onto the analyst', 'countertransference': \"the psychoanalyst's displacement of emotion onto the patient or more generally the psychoanalyst's emotional involvement in the therapeutic interaction\", 'floodgate': 'something that restrains a flood or outpouring; \"suspension of surveillance opened the floodgates to illegal immigrants\"', 'military_science': 'the discipline dealing with the principles of warfare', 'escapology': 'the study of methods of escaping (especially as a form of entertainment)', 'graphology': \"the study of handwriting (especially as an indicator of the writer's character or disposition)\", 'numerology': 'the study of the supposed occult influence of numbers on human affairs', 'protology': 'the study of origins and first things; \"To Christians, protology refers to God\\'s fundamental purpose for humanity\"', 'theogony': 'the study of the origins and genealogy of the gods', 'tactics': 'the branch of military science dealing with detailed maneuvers to achieve objectives set by strategy', 'strategy': 'the branch of military science dealing with military command and the planning and conduct of a war', 'common_fate': 'a Gestalt principle of organization holding that aspects of perceptual field that move or function in a similar manner will be perceived as a unit', 'descriptivism': '(ethics) a doctrine holding that moral statements have a truth value', 'good_continuation': 'a Gestalt principle of organization holding that there is an innate tendency to perceive a line as continuing its established direction', 'prescriptivism': '(ethics) a doctrine holding that moral statements prescribe appropriate attitudes and behavior', 'wrinkle': 'a slight depression in the smoothness of a surface; \"his face has many lines\"; \"ironing gets rid of most wrinkles\"', 'Zurvanism': 'a Zoroastrian sect that claims Zurvan was the ultimate source of the universe', 'intercommunication': 'mutual communication; communication with each other; \"they intercepted intercommunication between enemy ships\"', 'propagation': 'the movement of a wave through a medium', 'message': 'what a communication that is about something is about', 'broadcast': 'a radio or television show; \"did you see his program last night?\"', 'cipher': 'a person of no influence', 'heliogram': \"a message transmitted by means of the sun's rays\", 'medium': 'a liquid with which pigment is mixed by a painter', 'paper': 'a material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood or rags or certain grasses', 'signature': 'a melody used to identify a performer or a dance band or radio/tv program', 'flyleaf': 'a blank leaf in the front or back of a book', 'interleaf': 'a blank leaf inserted between the leaves of a book', 'page': 'a boy who is employed to run errands', 'tear_sheet': 'a sheet that can be easily torn out of a publication', 'full_page': 'something that covers an entire page; \"the ad took up a full page\"', 'half_page': 'something that covers (the top or bottom) half of a page', 'recto': 'right-hand page', 'verso': 'left-hand page', 'title_page': 'a page of a book displaying the title and author and publisher', 'half_title': 'a first page of some books displaying only the title of the book', 'sports_page': 'any page in the sports section of a newspaper', 'center_spread': 'the spread at the center of a magazine', 'centerfold': 'a magazine center spread; especially a foldout of a large photograph or map or other feature', 'foldout': 'an oversize page that is folded in to a book or magazine', 'pagination': 'the system of numbering pages', 'stationery': 'paper cut to an appropriate size for writing letters; usually with matching envelopes', 'letterhead': 'a sheet of stationery with name and address of the organization printed at the top', 'notepaper': 'writing paper intended for writing short notes or letters', 'Post-It': 'brand name for a slip of notepaper that has an adhesive that allows it to stick to a surface and be removed without damaging the surface', 'foolscap': 'a size of paper used especially in Britain', 'style_sheet': 'a sheet summarizing the editorial conventions to be followed in preparing text for publication', 'worksheet': 'a piece of paper recording work planned or done on a project', 'frequency_band': 'a band of adjacent radio frequencies (e.g., assigned for transmitting radio or television signals)', 'back_channel': 'an alternative to the regular channels of communication that is used when agreements must be made secretly (especially in diplomacy or government); \"they negotiated via a back channel\"', 'liaison': 'a channel for communication between groups; \"he provided a liaison with the guerrillas\"', 'channels': 'official routes of communication; \"you have to go through channels\"', 'multimedia': 'transmission that combine media of communication (text and graphics and sound etc.)', 'hypermedia': 'a multimedia system in which related items of information are connected and can be presented together', 'hypertext': 'machine-readable text that is not sequential but is organized so that related items of information are connected; \"Let me introduce the word hypertext to mean a body of written or pictorial material interconnected in such a complex way that it could not conveniently be presented or represented on paper\"--Ted Nelson', 'silver_screen': 'the film industry', 'gutter_press': 'press that engages in sensational journalism (especially concerning the private lives of public figures)', 'free_press': 'a press not restricted or controlled by government censorship regarding politics or ideology', 'print_media': 'a medium that disseminates printed matter', 'storage_medium': 'a medium for storing information', 'magnetic_storage_medium': 'any storage medium in which different patterns of magnetization are used to represent stored bits or bytes of information; \"the hard disk in you computer is magnetic storage\"', 'broadcast_medium': 'a medium that disseminates via telecommunications', 'airmail': 'letters and packages that are transported by aircraft', 'snail_mail': 'any mail that is physically delivered by the postal service; \"email is much faster than snail mail\"', 'rural_free_delivery': 'free government delivery of mail in outlying country areas', 'poste_restante': 'a notation written on mail that is to be held at the post office until called for (not in the United States or Canada)', 'pony_express': 'express mail carried by relays of riders on horseback; especially between Missouri and California around 1860', 'parcel_post': 'postal service that handles packages', 'bulk_mail': 'mail consisting of large numbers of identical items (circulars or advertisements) sent to individual addresses at less than 1st-class rates and paid for in one lot', 'direct_mail': 'advertising sent directly to prospective customers via the mail', 'Fleet_Street': 'a street in central London where newspaper offices are situated', 'photojournalism': 'journalism that presents a story primarily through the use of pictures', 'news_photography': 'photography of newsworthy events', 'rotogravure': 'printing by transferring an image from a photogravure plate to a cylinder in a rotary press', 'daily': 'a newspaper that is published every day', 'gazette': 'a newspaper or official journal', 'school_newspaper': 'a newspaper written and published by students in a school', 'tabloid': 'newspaper with half-size pages', 'yellow_journalism': 'sensationalist journalism', 'magazine_article': 'an article published in a magazine', 'news_article': 'an article reporting news', 'morceau': 'a short literary or musical composition', 'offprint': 'a separately printed article that originally appeared in a larger publication', 'think_piece': 'an article in a newspaper or magazine or journal that represents opinions and ideas and discussion rather than bare facts', 'reissue': 'a publication (such as a book) that is reprinted without changes or editing and offered again for sale', 'new_edition': 'a publication (such as a book) that has been modified or updated and offered again for sale', 'article_of_faith': '(Christianity) any of the sections into which a creed or other statement of doctrine is divided', 'opening_line': 'the first line of a piece of writing (as a newspaper story)', 'personal': 'a short newspaper article about a particular person or group', 'sidebar': \"(law) a courtroom conference between the lawyers and the judge that is held out of the jury's hearing\", 'agony_column': 'a newspaper column devoted to personal problems', 'samizdat': 'a system of clandestine printing and distribution of dissident or banned literature', 'voice_mail': 'a computerized system for answering and routing telephone calls; telephone messages can be recorded and stored and relayed', 'collect_call': 'a telephone call that the receiving party is asked to pay for', 'call_forwarding': 'lets you transfer your incoming calls to any telephone that you can dial direct', 'call-in': 'a telephone call to a radio station or a television station in which the caller participates in the on-going program', 'call_waiting': 'a way of letting you know that someone else is calling when you are using your telephone', 'crank_call': 'a hostile telephone call (from a crank)', 'local_call': 'a telephone call made within a local calling area', 'long_distance': 'a telephone call made outside the local calling area; \"I talked to her by long distance\"', 'toll_call': 'a long-distance telephone call at charges above a local rate', 'conference_call': 'a telephone call in which more than two people participate', 'wake-up_call': 'a warning to take action concerning something that was overlooked or neglected; \"the bombing was a wake-up call to strengthen domestic security\"', 'three-way_calling': 'a way of adding a third party to your conversation without the assistance of a telephone operator', 'telegraphy': 'communicating at a distance by electric transmission over wire', 'letter_telegram': 'a cheaper form of telegram that is sent abroad for delivery the next day', 'wireless': 'transmission by radio waves', 'third-class_mail': 'mail consisting of printed matter qualifying for reduced postal rates', 'junk_mail': \"third-class mail consisting of advertising and often addressed to `resident' or `occupant'\", 'phone_message': 'a message transmitted by telephone', 'broadcasting': 'taking part in a radio or tv program', 'Rediffusion': 'a system for distributing radio or tv programs', 'video': '(computer science) the appearance of text and graphics on a video display', 'cable_television': 'television that is transmitted over cable directly to the receiver', 'high-definition_television': 'a television system that has more than the usual number of lines per frame so its pictures show more detail', 'electronic_communication': 'communication by computer', 'digital_communication': 'electronic transmission of information that has been encoded digitally (as for storage and processing by computers)', 'asynchronous_transfer_mode': 'a means of digital communications that is capable of very high speeds; suitable for transmission of images or voice or video as well as data; \"ATM is used for both LAN and WAN\"', 'electronic_mail': '(computer science) a system of world-wide electronic communication in which a computer user can compose a message at one terminal that can be regenerated at the recipient\\'s terminal when the recipient logs in; \"you cannot send packages by electronic mail\"', 'freemail': 'a service providing free email delivery in exchange for exposure to advertising', 'emoticon': 'a representation of a facial expression (as a smile or frown) created by typing a sequence of characters in sending email; \":-( and :-) are emoticons\"', 'smiley': 'an emoticon of a smiling face', 'smoking_gun': 'indisputable evidence (especially of a crime)', 'spam': 'unwanted e-mail (usually of a commercial nature sent out in bulk)', 'messaging': 'the sending and processing of e-mail by computer', 'prompt': 'a cue given to a performer (usually the beginning of the next line to be spoken); \"the audience could hear his prompting\"', 'fiber_optics': 'the transmission of light signals via glass fibers', 'signal_detection': 'the detection that a signal is being received', 'amplitude_modulation': 'modulation of the amplitude of the (radio) carrier wave', 'frequency_modulation': 'modulation of the frequency of the (radio) carrier wave', 'phase_modulation': 'modulation of the phase of the carrier wave', 'pulse_modulation': 'modulation that imposes a signal on a train of pulses', 'pulse-time_modulation': 'modulation of the time between successive pulses', 'demodulation': '(electronics) the reception of a signal by extracting it from the carrier wave', 'contagion': 'the communication of an attitude or emotional state among a number of people; \"a contagion of mirth\"; \"the infection of his enthusiasm for poetry\"', 'usage': 'the customary manner in which a language (or a form of a language) is spoken or written; \"English usage\"; \"a usage borrowed from French\"', 'dead_language': 'a language that is no longer learned as a native language', 'words': 'the words that are spoken; \"I listened to his words very closely\"', 'source_language': 'a language that is to be translated into another language', 'object_language': 'a computer language into which something written in another computer language is to be translated', 'language_unit': 'one of the natural units into which linguistic messages can be analyzed', 'discourse': 'extended verbal expression in speech or writing', 'context': 'the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event; \"the historical context\"', 'sentence': 'a string of words satisfying the grammatical rules of a language; \"he always spoke in grammatical sentences\"', 'simple_sentence': 'a sentence having no coordinate clauses or subordinate clauses', 'complex_sentence': 'a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause', 'loose_sentence': 'a complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows', 'periodic_sentence': 'a complex sentence in which the main clause comes last and is preceded by the subordinate clause', 'compound_sentence': 'a sentence composed of at least two coordinate independent clauses', 'sentential_function': 'formal expression containing variables; becomes a sentence when variables are replaced by constants', 'word': 'a word is a string of bits stored in computer memory; \"large computers use words up to 64 bits long\"', 'anagram': 'a word or phrase spelled by rearranging the letters of another word or phrase', 'anaphor': 'a word (such as a pronoun) used to avoid repetition; the referent of an anaphor is determined by its antecedent', 'antonym': 'a word that expresses a meaning opposed to the meaning of another word, in which case the two words are antonyms of each other; \"to him the antonym of `gay\\' was `depressed\\'\"', 'back-formation': 'a word invented (usually unwittingly by subtracting an affix) on the assumption that a familiar word derives from it', 'charade': 'a word acted out in an episode of the game of charades', 'cognate': 'a word is cognate with another if both derive from the same word in an ancestral language', 'content_word': 'a word to which an independent meaning can be assigned', 'deictic': 'a word specifying identity or spatial or temporal location from the perspective of a speaker or hearer in the context in which the communication occurs; \"words that introduce particulars of the speaker\\'s and hearer\\'s shared cognitive field into the message\"- R.Rommetveit', 'derivative': 'a compound obtained from, or regarded as derived from, another compound', 'diminutive': 'a word that is formed with a suffix (such as -let or -kin) to indicate smallness', 'dirty_word': 'a word that is considered to be unmentionable; \"`failure\\' is a dirty word to him\"', 'disyllable': 'a word having two syllables', 'four-letter_word': 'any of several short English words (often having 4 letters) generally regarded as obscene or offensive', 'function_word': 'a word that is uninflected and serves a grammatical function but has little identifiable meaning', 'guide_word': 'a word printed at the top of the page of a dictionary or other reference book to indicate the first or last item on that page', 'headword': 'a content word that can be qualified by a modifier', 'heteronym': 'two words are heteronyms if they are spelled the same way but differ in pronunciation; \"the word `bow\\' is an example of a heteronym\"', 'holonym': 'a word that names the whole of which a given word is a part; \"`hat\\' is a holonym for `brim\\' and `crown\\'\"', 'homonym': 'two words are homonyms if they are pronounced or spelled the same way but have different meanings', 'hypernym': 'a word that is more generic than a given word', 'hyponym': 'a word that is more specific than a given word', 'key_word': 'a word that is used as a pattern to decode an encrypted message', 'loanblend': \"a word that is composed of parts from different languages (e.g., `monolingual' has a Greek prefix and a Latin root)\", 'loanword': \"a word borrowed from another language; e.g. `blitz' is a German word borrowed into modern English\", 'Latinism': 'a word or phrase borrowed from Latin', 'meronym': 'a word that names a part of a larger whole; \"`brim\\' and `crown\\' are meronyms of `hat\\'\"', 'metonym': 'a word that denotes one thing but refers to a related thing; \"Washington is a metonym for the United States government\"; \"plastic is a metonym for credit card\"', 'antigram': 'an anagram that means the opposite of the original word or phrase; \"`restful\\' is the antigram of `fluster\\'\"', 'monosyllable': 'a word or utterance of one syllable', 'nonce_word': 'a word with a special meaning used for a special occasion', 'oxytone': 'word having stress or an acute accent on the last syllable', 'palindrome': 'a word or phrase that reads the same backward as forward', 'primitive': 'a person who belongs to an early stage of civilization', 'plural': 'the form of a word that is used to denote more than one', 'singular': 'the form of a word that is used to denote a singleton', 'ghost_word': 'a word form that has entered the language through the perpetuation of an error', 'etymon': 'a simple form inferred as the common basis from which related words in several languages can be derived by linguistic processes', 'citation_form': 'the form of a word that heads a lexical entry and is alphabetized in a dictionary', 'lexical_entry': 'the entry in a dictionary of information about a word', 'Beatitude': 'one of the eight sayings of Jesus at the beginning of the Sermon on the Mount; in Latin each saying begins with `beatus\\' (blessed); \"her favorite Beatitude is `Blessed are the meek for they shall inherit the earth\\'\"', 'logion': 'a saying of Jesus that is regarded as authentic although it is not recorded in the Gospels', 'calque': 'an expression introduced into one language by translating it from another language; \"`superman\\' is a calque for the German `Ubermensch\\'\"', 'paroxytone': 'word having stress or acute accent on the next to last syllable', 'partitive': \"word (such a `some' or `less') that is used to indicate a part as distinct from a whole\", 'polysemant': 'a word having more than one meaning', 'polysyllable': 'a word of more than three syllables', 'proparoxytone': 'word having stress or acute accent on the antepenult', 'quantifier': \"(logic) a word (such as `some' or `all' or `no') that binds the variables in a logical proposition\", 'existential_quantifier': 'a logical quantifier of a proposition that asserts the existence of at least one thing for which the proposition is true', 'universal_quantifier': 'a logical quantifier of a proposition that asserts that the proposition is true for all members of a class of things', 'retronym': 'a word introduced because an existing term has become inadequate; \"Nobody ever heard of analog clocks until digital clocks became common, so `analog clock\\' is a retronym\"', 'substantive': 'any word or group of words functioning as a noun', 'synonym': 'two words that can be interchanged in a context are said to be synonymous relative to that context', 'terminology': 'a system of words used to name things in a particular discipline; \"legal terminology\"; \"biological nomenclature\"; \"the language of sociology\"', 'trisyllable': 'a word having three syllables', 'troponym': 'a word that denotes a manner of doing something; \"`march\\' is a troponym of `walk\\'\"', 'vocable': 'a word that is spoken aloud', 'syllable': 'a unit of spoken language larger than a phoneme; \"the word `pocket\\' has two syllables\"', 'ultima': 'the last syllable in a word', 'penult': 'the next to last syllable in a word', 'antepenult': 'the 3rd syllable of a word counting back from the end', 'jawbreaker': 'a large round hard candy', 'sesquipedalian': 'a very long word (a foot and a half long)', 'direct_antonym': \"antonyms that are commonly associated (e.g., `wet' and `dry')\", 'indirect_antonym': \"antonyms whose opposition is mediated (e.g., the antonymy of `wet' and `parched' is mediated by the similarity of `parched' to `dry')\", 'lexeme': \"a minimal unit (as a word or stem) in the lexicon of a language; `go' and `went' and `gone' and `going' are all members of the English lexeme `go'\", 'morpheme': 'minimal meaningful language unit; it cannot be divided into smaller meaningful units', 'formative': 'minimal language unit that has a syntactic (or morphological) function', 'allomorph': 'any of several different crystalline forms of the same chemical compound; \"calcium carbonate occurs in the allomorphs calcite and aragonite\"', 'free_morpheme': 'a morpheme that can occur alone', 'bound_morpheme': 'a morpheme that occurs only as part of a larger construction; eg an -s at the end of plural nouns', 'combining_form': 'a bound form used only in compounds; \"`hemato-\\' is a combining form in words like `hematology\\'\"', 'affix': 'a linguistic element added to a word to produce an inflected or derived form', 'prefix': 'an affix that is added in front of the word', 'classifier': 'a person who creates classifications', 'alpha_privative': 'the negative prefix a- or un-', 'ending': 'event whose occurrence ends something; \"his death marked the ending of an era\"; \"when these final episodes are broadcast it will be the finish of the show\"', 'suffix': 'an affix that is added at the end of the word', 'inflectional_ending': 'an inflection that is added at the end of a root word', 'infix': 'an affix that is inserted inside the word', 'grammatical_category': '(grammar) a category of words having the same grammatical properties', 'substitution_class': 'the class of all items that can be substituted into the same position (or slot) in a grammatical sentence (are in paradigmatic relation with one another)', 'prepositional_object': 'the object governed by a preposition', 'direct_object': 'the object that receives the direct action of the verb', 'indirect_object': 'the object that is the recipient or beneficiary of the action of the verb', 'retained_object': 'an object in a passive construction', 'nominative': 'the category of nouns serving as the grammatical subject of a verb', 'oblique': 'any grammatical case other than the nominative', 'accusative': 'the case of nouns serving as the direct object of a verb', 'dative': 'the category of nouns serving as the indirect object of a verb', 'genitive': 'the case expressing ownership', 'attributive_genitive': 'a word in the genitive case that is used as an attributive adjective; \"an example of the attributive genetive is `John\\'s\\' in `John\\'s mother\\'\"', 'vocative': 'the case (in some inflected languages) used when the referent of the noun is being addressed', 'ablative': 'the case indicating the agent in passive sentences or the instrument or manner or place of the action described by the verb', 'ablative_absolute': 'a constituent in Latin grammar; a noun and its modifier can function as a sentence modifier', 'adjunct': 'a person who is an assistant or subordinate to another', 'constituent': 'a member of a constituency; a citizen who is represented in a government by officials for whom he or she votes; \"needs continued support by constituents to be re-elected\"', 'immediate_constituent': 'a constituent of a sentence at the first step in an analysis: e.g., subject and predicate', 'syntagma': 'a syntactic string of words that forms a part of some larger syntactic unit', 'misconstruction': 'an ungrammatical constituent', 'clause': '(grammar) an expression including a subject and predicate but not constituting a complete sentence', 'main_clause': 'a clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence', 'coordinate_clause': 'a clause in a complex sentence that is grammatically equivalent to the main clause and that performs the same grammatical function', 'subordinate_clause': 'a clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb', 'relative_clause': 'a clause introduced by a relative pronoun; \"`who visits frequently\\' is a relative clause in the sentence `John, who visits frequently, is ill\\'\"', 'restrictive_clause': 'a subordinate clause that limits or restricts the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies', 'nonrestrictive_clause': 'a subordinate clause that does not limit or restrict the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies', 'parenthetical_expression': 'an expression in parentheses; \"his writing was full of parentheticals\"', 'predicator': 'an expression that predicates', 'noun_phrase': 'a phrase that can function as the subject or object of a verb', 'predicate': '(logic) what is predicated of the subject of a proposition; the second term in a proposition is predicated of the first term by means of the copula; \"`Socrates is a man\\' predicates manhood of Socrates\"', 'split_infinitive': \"an infinitive with an adverb between `to' and the verb (e.g., `to boldly go')\", 'prepositional_phrase': 'a phrase beginning with a preposition', 'pronominal_phrase': 'a phrase that functions as a pronoun', 'part_of_speech': 'one of the traditional categories of words intended to reflect their functions in a grammatical context', 'major_form_class': 'any of the major parts of speech of traditional grammar', 'noun': 'a content word that can be used to refer to a person, place, thing, quality, or action', 'verb': 'a content word that denotes an action, occurrence, or state of existence', 'gerund': \"a noun formed from a verb (such as the `-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun)\", 'auxiliary_verb': 'a verb that combines with another verb in a verb phrase to help form tense, mood, voice, or condition of the verb it combines with', 'modal_auxiliary_verb': \"an auxiliary verb (such as `can' or `will') that is used to express modality\", 'infinitive': 'the uninflected form of the verb', 'adjective': 'a word that expresses an attribute of something', 'adverb': 'a word that modifies something other than a noun', 'collective_noun': 'a noun that is singular in form but refers to a group of people or things', 'mass_noun': 'a noun that does not form plurals', 'count_noun': 'a noun that forms plurals', 'generic_noun': 'a noun that does not specify either masculine or feminine gender', 'proper_noun': 'a noun that denotes a particular thing; usually capitalized', 'common_noun': 'a noun that denotes any or all members of a class', 'verbal_noun': 'a noun that is derived from a verb', 'adnoun': 'an adjective used as a noun; \"`meek\\' in `blessed are the meek\\' is an adnoun\"', 'intensifier': 'a modifier that has little meaning except to intensify the meaning it modifies; \"`up\\' in `finished up\\' is an intensifier\"; \"`honestly\\' in `I honestly don\\'t know\\' is an intensifier\"', 'descriptive_adjective': \"an adjective that ascribes to its noun the value of an attribute of that noun (e.g., `a nervous person' or `a musical speaking voice')\", 'relational_adjective': \"an adjective that classifies its noun (e.g., `a nervous disease' or `a musical instrument')\", 'pertainym': 'meaning relating to or pertaining to', 'comparative': 'the comparative form of an adjective or adverb; \"`faster\\' is the comparative of the adjective `fast\\'\"; \"`less famous\\' is the comparative degree of the adjective `famous\\'\"; \"`more surely\\' is the comparative of the adverb `surely\\'\"', 'superlative': 'an exaggerated expression (usually of praise); \"the critics lavished superlatives on it\"', 'dangling_modifier': \"a word or phrase apparently modifying an unintended word because of its placement in a sentence: e.g., `when young' in `when young, circuses appeal to all of us'\", 'dangling_participle': \"a participle (usually at the beginning of a sentence) apparently modifying a word other than the word intended: e.g., `flying across the country' in `flying across the country the Rockies came into view'\", 'adverbial': 'a word or group of words function as an adverb', 'determiner': 'one of a limited class of noun modifiers that determine the referents of noun phrases', 'definite_article': \"a determiner (as `the' in English) that indicates specificity of reference\", 'indefinite_article': \"a determiner (as `a' or `some' in English) that indicates nonspecific reference\", 'preposition': '(linguistics) the placing of one linguistic element before another (as placing a modifier before the word it modifies in a sentence or placing an affix before the base to which it is attached)', 'pronoun': 'a function word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase', 'anaphoric_pronoun': 'a pronoun that refers to an antecedent', 'demonstrative_pronoun': 'a pronoun that points out an intended referent', 'conjunction': 'the grammatical relation between linguistic units (words or phrases or clauses) that are connected by a conjunction', 'coordinating_conjunction': 'the coordination by conjunction of linguistic units of the same status', 'subordinating_conjunction': 'the subordination that occurs when a conjunction makes one linguistic unit a constituent of another', 'particle': 'a body having finite mass and internal structure but negligible dimensions', 'personal_pronoun': 'a pronoun expressing a distinction of person', 'reciprocal_pronoun': 'a pronoun or pronominal phrase (as `each other\\') that expresses a mutual action or relationship between the individuals indicated in the plural subject; \"The sentence `They cared for each other\\' contains a reciprocal pronoun\"', 'relative_pronoun': \"a pronoun (as `that' or `which' or `who') that introduces a relative clause referring to some antecedent\", 'first_person': 'pronouns and verbs used to refer to the speaker or writer of the language in which they occur', 'second_person': 'pronouns and verbs used to refer to the person addressed by the language in which they occur', 'third_person': 'pronouns and verbs that are used to refer to something other than the speaker or addressee of the language in which they occur', 'reflexive_pronoun': \"a personal pronoun compounded with -self to show the agent's action affects the agent\", 'reflexive_verb': 'a verb whose agent performs an action that is directed at the agent; \"the sentence `he washed\\' has a reflexive verb\"; \"`perjure\\' is a reflexive verb because you cannot perjure anyone but yourself\"', 'gender': 'a grammatical category in inflected languages governing the agreement between nouns and pronouns and adjectives; in some languages it is quite arbitrary but in Indo-European languages it is usually based on sex or animateness', 'feminine': 'a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to females or to objects classified as female', 'masculine': 'a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to males or to objects classified as male', 'neuter': 'a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to inanimate objects (neither masculine nor feminine)', 'tense': 'a grammatical category of verbs used to express distinctions of time', 'present': 'the period of time that is happening now; any continuous stretch of time including the moment of speech; \"that is enough for the present\"; \"he lives in the present with no thought of tomorrow\"', 'historical_present': 'the use of the present tense to describe past actions or states', 'aorist': 'a verb tense in some languages (classical Greek and Sanskrit) expressing action (especially past action) without indicating its completion or continuation', 'past': 'a earlier period in someone\\'s life (especially one that they have reason to keep secret); \"reporters dug into the candidate\\'s past\"', 'participle': 'a non-finite form of the verb; in English it is used adjectivally and to form compound tenses', 'phrasal_verb': 'an English verb followed by one or more particles where the combination behaves as a syntactic and semantic unit; \"`turn out\\' is a phrasal verb in the question `how many turned out to vote?\\'\"', 'present_participle': 'a participle expressing present action; in English is formed by adding -ing', 'past_participle': 'a participle that expresses completed action', 'transitive_verb': 'a verb (or verb construction) that requires an object in order to be grammatical', 'doubly_transitive_verb': 'a transitive verb that takes both a direct and an indirect object', 'intransitive_verb': 'a verb (or verb construction) that does not take an object', 'semantic_role': '(linguistics) the underlying relation that a constituent has with the main verb in a clause', 'affected_role': 'the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause', 'agentive_role': 'the semantic role of the animate entity that instigates or causes the happening denoted by the verb in the clause', 'benefactive_role': 'the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause', 'instrumental_role': 'the semantic role of the entity (usually inanimate) that the agent uses to perform an action or start a process', 'locative_role': 'the semantic role of the noun phrase that designates the place of the state or action denoted by the verb', 'recipient_role': 'the semantic role of the animate entity that is passively involved in the happening denoted by the verb in the clause', 'resultant_role': 'the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause', 'temporal_role': 'the semantic role of the noun phrase that designates the time of the state or action denoted by the verb', 'agnomen': \"an additional name or an epithet appended to a name (as in `Ferdinand the Great')\", 'assumed_name': '(law) a name under which a corporation conducts business that is not the legal name of the corporation as shown in its articles of incorporation', 'eponym': 'the person for whom something is named; \"Constantine I is the eponym for Constantinople\"', 'filename': '(computer science) the name given to a computer file in order to distinguish it from other files; may contain an extension that indicates the type of file', 'patronymic': \"a family name derived from name of your father or a paternal ancestor (especially with an affix (such as -son in English or O'- in Irish) added to the name of your father or a paternal ancestor)\", 'matronymic': 'a name derived from the name of your mother or a maternal ancestor', 'street_name': 'an alternative name that a person chooses or is given (especially in inner city neighborhoods); \"her street name is Bonbon\"', 'surname': \"the name used to identify the members of a family (as distinguished from each member's given name)\", 'maiden_name': \"a woman's surname before marriage\", 'middle_name': 'a name between your first name and your surname', 'first_name': 'the name that precedes the surname', 'Christian_name': 'the first name given to Christians at birth or christening', 'praenomen': 'the first name of a citizen of ancient Rome', 'nickname': 'a descriptive name for a place or thing; \"the nickname for the U.S. Constitution is `Old Ironsides\\'\"', 'alias': 'a name that has been assumed temporarily', 'pseudonym': 'a fictitious name used when the person performs a particular social role', 'misnomer': 'an incorrect or unsuitable name', 'stage_name': 'the pseudonym of an actor', 'pen_name': \"an author's pseudonym\", \"writer's_name\": 'the name that appears on the by-line to identify the author of a work', 'appellation': 'identifying word or words by which someone or something is called and classified or distinguished from others', 'pet_name': 'a name of endearment (especially one using a diminutive suffix); \"`Billy\\' is a hypocorism for `William\\'\"', 'Aga': 'title for a civil or military leader (especially in Turkey)', 'Defender_of_the_Faith': 'a title that Leo X bestowed on Henry VIII and later withdrew; parliament restored the title and it has been used by English sovereigns ever since', 'Don': 'a Spanish gentleman or nobleman', 'Dona': 'a Spanish courtesy title or form of address for a woman; \"Dona Marguerita\"', 'Frau': 'a German courtesy title or form of address for an adult woman', 'Fraulein': 'a German courtesy title or form of address for an unmarried woman', 'Hakham': 'a Hebrew title of respect for a wise and highly educated man', 'Herr': 'a German man; used before the name as a title equivalent to Mr in English', 'Miss': 'a form of address for an unmarried woman', 'Mister': 'a form of address for a man', 'Mrs': 'a form of address for a married woman', 'Ms': 'a form of address for a woman', 'Rabbi': 'a Hebrew title of respect for a Jewish scholar or teacher', 'Reverend': 'a title of respect for a clergyman', 'Senor': \"a Spanish title or form of address for a man; similar to the English `Mr' or `sir'\", 'Senora': \"a Spanish title or form of address for a married woman; similar to the English `Mrs' or `madam'\", 'Senorita': \"a Spanish title or form of address used to or of an unmarried girl or woman; similar to the English `Miss'\", 'Signora': 'an Italian title or form of address for a married woman', 'Signorina': 'an Italian title or form of address for an unmarried woman', 'Very_Reverend': 'a title of respect for various ecclesiastical officials (as cathedral deans and canons and others)', 'Lordship': 'a title used to address any British peer except a duke and extended to a bishop or a judge; \"Your Lordship\"; \"His Lordship\"', 'Ladyship': 'a title used to address any peeress except a duchess; \"Your Ladyship\"; \"Her Ladyship\"', 'baronetcy': 'the rank or dignity or position of a baronet or baroness', 'viscountcy': 'the dignity or rank or position of a viscount or viscountess', 'place_name': 'the name by which a geographical place is known', 'heading': 'a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about; \"the heading seemed to have little to do with the text\"', 'crossheading': 'a heading of a subsection printed within the body of the text', 'headline': 'the heading or caption of a newspaper article', 'lemma': 'the lower and stouter of the two glumes immediately enclosing the floret in most Gramineae', 'running_head': 'a heading printed at the top of every page (or every other page) of a book', 'subheading': 'a heading of a subdivision of a text', 'running_title': 'the title (or a shortened title) of a book used as a running head', 'dropline': 'a headline with the top line flush left and succeeding lines indented to the right', 'streamer': 'light that streams; \"streamers of flames\"', 'caption': 'taking exception; especially a quibble based on a captious argument; \"a mere caption unworthy of a reply\"', 'subtitle': 'translation of foreign dialogue of a movie or TV program; usually displayed at the bottom of the screen', 'mistranslation': 'an incorrect translation', 'retroversion': 'a turning or tilting backward of an organ or body part; \"retroversion of the uterus\"', 'supertitle': 'translation of the words of a foreign opera (or choral work) projected on a screen above the stage', 'line_of_poetry': 'a single line of words in a poem', 'acatalectic': '(prosody) a line of verse that has the full number of syllables', 'Alexandrine': '(prosody) a line of verse that has six iambic feet', 'catalectic': '(prosody) a line of verse that lacks a syllable in the last metrical foot', 'hypercatalectic': '(prosody) a line of poetry having an extra syllable or syllables at the end of the last metrical foot', 'by-line': 'a line giving the name of the writer of a story or article', 'dateline': 'an imaginary line on the surface of the earth following (approximately) the 180th meridian', 'written_communication': 'communication by means of written symbols (either printed or handwritten)', 'transliteration': 'a transcription from one alphabet to another', 'phonetic_transcription': 'a transcription intended to represent each distinct speech sound with a separate symbol', 'shorthand': 'a method of writing rapidly', 'longhand': 'rapid handwriting in which letters are set down in full and are cursively connected within words without lifting the writing implement from the paper', 'minuscule': 'a small cursive script developed from uncial between the 7th and 9th centuries and used in medieval manuscripts', 'italic': 'a typeface with letters slanting upward to the right', 'round_hand': 'a clearly written style of longhand with large round curves', 'orthography': 'a method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols', 'script': 'a written version of a play or other dramatic composition; used in preparing for a performance', 'Aramaic': 'a Semitic language originally of the ancient Arameans but still spoken by other people in southwestern Asia', 'Armenian': 'a native or inhabitant of Armenia', 'Avestan': 'an ancient Iranian language', 'Babylonian': 'an inhabitant of ancient Babylon', 'Brahmi': 'a script (probably adapted from the Aramaic about the 7th century BC) from which later Indian scripts developed', 'Devanagari': 'a syllabic script used in writing Sanskrit and Hindi', 'Pahlavi': 'Shah of Iran who was deposed in 1979 by Islamic fundamentalists (1919-1980)', 'Uighur': 'a member of a people who speak Uighur and live in Xinjiang and adjacent areas', 'uncial': 'a style of orthography characterized by somewhat rounded capital letters; found especially in Greek and Latin manuscripts of the 4th to 8th centuries', 'spelling': 'forming words with letters according to the principles underlying accepted usage', 'misspelling': 'a spelling that is incorrect', 'coding_system': 'a system of signals used to represent letters or numbers in transmitting messages', 'code': 'a set of rules or principles or laws (especially written ones)', 'area_code': 'a number usually of 3 digits assigned to a telephone area as in the United States and Canada', 'bar_code': 'code consisting of a series of vertical bars of variable width that are scanned by a laser; printed on consumer product packages to identify the item for a computer that provides the price and registers inventory information', 'color_code': 'system using colors to designate classifications', 'cryptogram': 'a piece of writing in code or cipher', 'Morse': 'United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)', 'ZIP_code': 'a code of letters and digits added to a postal address to aid in the sorting of mail', 'American_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange': '(computer science) a code for information exchange between computers made by different companies; a string of 7 binary digits represents each character; used in most microcomputers', 'ASCII_character_set': '(computer science) 128 characters that make up the ASCII coding scheme; \"the ASCII character set is the most universal character coding set\"', 'binary_code': 'code using a string of 8 binary digits to represent characters', 'error_correction_code': '(telecommunication) a coding system that incorporates extra parity bits in order to detect errors', 'cyclic_redundancy_check': 'an error correction code that is recorded in each sector of a magnetic disk and used to catch errors in the data', 'firmware': '(computer science) coded instructions that are stored permanently in read-only memory', 'machine_code': 'a set of instructions coded so that the computer can use it directly without further translation', 'object_code': 'the machine-language output of a compiler that is ready for execution on a particular computer', 'operation_code': 'the portion of a set of operation descriptions that specifies the operation to be performed; the set of operations in a computer', 'source_code': 'program instructions written as an ASCII text file; must be translated by a compiler or interpreter or assembler into the object code for a particular computer before execution', 'URL': 'the address of a web page on the world wide web', 'web_page': 'a document connected to the World Wide Web and viewable by anyone connected to the internet who has a web browser', 'home_page': 'the opening page of a web site', 'web_site': 'a computer connected to the internet that maintains a series of web pages on the World Wide Web; \"the Israeli web site was damaged by hostile hackers\"', 'chat_room': 'a site on the internet where a number of users can communicate in real time (typically one dedicated to a particular topic)', 'portal_site': 'a site that the owner positions as an entrance to other sites on the internet; \"a portal typically has search engines and free email and chat rooms etc.\"', 'written_word': 'the written form of a word; \"while the spoken word stands for something, the written word stands for something that stands for something\"; \"a craftsman of the written word\"', 'bigram': 'a word that is written with two letters in an alphabetic writing system', 'trigram': 'a word that is written with three letters in an alphabetic writing system', 'tetragram': 'a word that is written with four letters in an alphabetic writing system', 'Tetragrammaton': 'four Hebrew letters usually transliterated as YHWH (Yahweh) or JHVH (Jehovah) signifying the Hebrew name for God which the Jews regarded as too holy to pronounce', 'picture_writing': 'a writing system using pictographs', 'alphabetic_writing': 'a writing system based on alphabetic characters', 'boustrophedon': \"an ancient writing system: having alternate lines written in opposite directions; literally `as the ox ploughs'\", 'cuneiform': 'an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia', 'syllabary': 'a writing system whose characters represent syllables', 'Linear_A': 'an undeciphered writing system used in Crete in the 17th century B.C.', 'Linear_B': 'a syllabic script used in Greece in the 13th century B.C.', 'ideography': 'the use of ideograms in writing', 'hieratic': 'a cursive form of Egyptian hieroglyphics; used especially by the priests', 'hieroglyph': 'writing that resembles hieroglyphics (usually by being illegible)', 'braille': 'a point system of writing in which patterns of raised dots represent letters and numerals', 'rewrite': 'something that has been written again; \"the rewrite was much better\"', 'literary_composition': 'imaginative or creative writing', 'prescription': 'directions prescribed beforehand; the action of prescribing authoritative rules or directions; \"I tried to follow her prescription for success\"', 'acrostic': 'verse in which certain letters such as the first in each line form a word or message', 'belles-lettres': 'creative writing valued for esthetic content', 'dialogue': 'a conversation between two persons', 'allegory': 'an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; an extended metaphor', 'euphuism': 'any artificially elegant style of language', 'fiction': 'a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact', 'fictionalization': 'a literary work based partly or wholly on fact but written as if it were fiction', 'nonfiction': 'prose writing that is not fictional', 'dystopia': 'state in which the conditions of life are extremely bad as from deprivation or oppression or terror', 'detective_novel': 'novel in which the reader is challenged to solve a puzzle before the detective explains it at the end', 'dime_novel': 'a melodramatic paperback novel', 'science_fiction': 'literary fantasy involving the imagined impact of science on society', 'cyberpunk': 'a writer of science fiction set in a lawless subculture of an oppressive society dominated by computer technology', 'novelette': 'a short novel', 'roman_a_clef': 'a novel in which actual persons and events are disguised as fictional characters', 'romance': 'a novel dealing with idealized events remote from everyday life', 'Gothic_romance': 'a romance that deals with desolate and mysterious and grotesque events', 'bodice_ripper': 'a romantic novel containing scenes in which the heroine is sexually violated', 'roman_fleuve': 'a French novel in the form of a long chronicle of a family or other social group', 'story': 'a piece of fiction that narrates a chain of related events; \"he writes stories for the magazines\"', 'utopia': 'ideally perfect state; especially in its social and political and moral aspects', 'adventure_story': 'a story of an adventure', 'thriller': 'a suspenseful adventure story or play or movie', 'saga': 'a narrative telling the adventures of a hero or a family; originally (12th to 14th centuries) a story of the families that settled Iceland and their descendants but now any prose narrative that resembles such an account', 'detective_story': 'a narrative about someone who investigates crimes and obtains evidence leading to their resolution', 'murder_mystery': 'a narrative about a murder and how the murderer is discovered', 'love_story': 'a story dealing with love', 'legend': 'a story about mythical or supernatural beings or events', 'Arthurian_legend': 'the legend of King Arthur and his court at Camelot', 'short_story': 'a prose narrative shorter than a novel', 'fable': 'a short moral story (often with animal characters)', \"Aesop's_fables\": 'a collection of fables believed to have been written by the Greek storyteller Aesop', \"Pilgrim's_Progress\": 'an allegory written by John Bunyan in 1678', 'myth': 'a traditional story accepted as history; serves to explain the world view of a people', 'Gotterdammerung': 'myth about the ultimate destruction of the gods in a battle with evil', 'parable': '(New Testament) any of the stories told by Jesus to convey his religious message; \"the parable of the prodigal son\"', 'storyline': 'the plot of a book or play or film', 'climax': 'the most severe stage of a disease', 'anticlimax': 'a disappointing decline after a previous rise; \"the anticlimax of a brilliant career\"', 'tearjerker': 'an excessively sentimental narrative', 'interior_monologue': \"a literary genre that presents a fictional character's sequence of thoughts in the form of a monologue\", 'explication_de_texte': 'a method of literary criticism that analyzes details of a text in order to reveal its structure and meaning', 'textual_criticism': 'comparison of a particular text with related materials in order to establish authenticity', 'new_criticism': 'literary criticism based on close analysis of the text', 'higher_criticism': 'the scientific study of biblical writings to determine their origin and meaning', 'lower_criticism': 'the study of existing manuscripts of the Scriptures in order to determine the original text', 'Masorah': 'a vast body of textual criticism of the Hebrew Scriptures including notes on features of writing and on the occurrence of certain words and on variant sources and instructions for pronunciation and other comments that were written between AD 600 and 900 by Jewish scribes in the margins or at the end of texts', 'prose': 'matter of fact, commonplace, or dull expression', 'prose_poem': 'prose that resembles poetry', 'polyphonic_prose': 'a rhythmical prose employing the poetic devices of alliteration and assonance', 'hagiology': 'literature narrating the lives (and legends) of the saints', 'pastoral': 'a letter from a pastor to the congregation', 'poem': 'a composition written in metrical feet forming rhythmical lines', 'abecedarius': 'a poem having lines beginning with letters of the alphabet in regular order', 'Alcaic': 'verse in the meter used in Greek and Latin poetry consisting of strophes of 4 tetrametric lines; reputedly invented by Alcaeus', 'ballad': 'a narrative song with a recurrent refrain', 'ballade': 'a poem consisting of 3 stanzas and an envoy', 'blank_verse': 'unrhymed verse (usually in iambic pentameter)', 'clerihew': 'a witty satiric verse containing two rhymed couplets and mentioning a famous person; \"`The president is George W. Bush, Who is happy to sit on his tush, While sending his armies to fight, For anything he thinks is right\\' is a clerihew\"', 'couplet': 'a stanza consisting of two successive lines of verse; usually rhymed', 'dithyramb': 'a wildly enthusiastic speech or piece of writing', 'doggerel': 'a comic verse of irregular measure; \"he had heard some silly doggerel that kept running through his mind\"', 'eclogue': 'a short poem descriptive of rural or pastoral life', 'elegy': 'a mournful poem; a lament for the dead', 'epic_poem': \"a long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds\", 'Aeneid': 'an epic in Latin by Virgil; tells the adventures of Aeneas after the Trojan War; provides an illustrious historical background for the Roman Empire', 'Divine_Comedy': 'a narrative epic poem written by Dante', 'free_verse': 'unrhymed verse without a consistent metrical pattern', 'haiku': 'an epigrammatic Japanese verse form of three short lines', 'limerick': 'a humorous verse form of 5 anapestic lines with a rhyme scheme aabba', 'lyric': 'the text of a popular song or musical-comedy number; \"his compositions always started with the lyrics\"; \"he wrote both words and music\"; \"the song uses colloquial language\"', 'rondeau': 'a French verse form of 10 or 13 lines running on two rhymes; the opening phrase is repeated as the refrain of the second and third stanzas', 'rondelet': 'a shorter form of rondeau', 'sonnet': 'a verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhyme scheme', 'terza_rima': 'a verse form with a rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc, etc.', 'verse': 'a line of metrical text', 'Iliad': 'a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the siege of Troy', 'Odyssey': 'a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy', 'Nibelungenlied': 'an epic poem written in Middle High German and based on the legends of Siegfried and Teutonic kings', 'chanson_de_geste': 'Old French epic poems', 'rhapsody': 'an epic poem adapted for recitation', 'Petrarchan_sonnet': 'a sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd', 'octave': 'a feast day and the seven days following it', 'sestet': 'a rhythmic group of six lines of verse', 'Shakespearean_sonnet': 'a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg', 'Spenserian_sonnet': 'a sonnet consisting of three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab bcbd cdcd ee', 'epos': 'a body of poetry that conveys the traditions of a society by treating some epic theme', 'ode': 'a lyric poem with complex stanza forms', 'epithalamium': 'an ode honoring a bride and bridegroom', 'Horatian_ode': 'an ode with several stanzas', 'Pindaric_ode': 'an ode form used by Pindar; has triple groups of triple units', 'choral_ode': 'ode sung by the chorus in classical Greek drama', 'canto': 'the highest part (usually the melody) in a piece of choral music', 'envoy': 'a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador', 'quatrain': 'a stanza of four lines', 'elegiac_stanza': 'a quatrain in iambic pentameter with abab rhyme scheme', 'iambic': 'a verse line consisting of iambs', 'Adonic': 'a verse line with a dactyl followed by a spondee or trochee; supposedly used in laments by Adonis', 'versicle': 'a short verse said or sung by a priest or minister in public worship and followed by a response from the congregation', 'sursum_corda': \"(Roman Catholic Church) a Latin versicle meaning `lift up your hearts'\", 'closed_couplet': 'a rhymed couplet that forms a complete syntactic unit', 'heroic_couplet': 'a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter and written in an elevated style', 'heroic_stanza': 'a quatrain consisting of two heroic couplets written in an elevated style; the rhyme scheme is abab', 'heroic_verse': 'a verse form suited to the treatment of heroic or elevated themes; dactylic hexameter or iambic pentameter', 'mock-heroic': 'a satirical imitation of heroic verse', 'Spenserian_stanza': 'a stanza with eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding Alexandrine with the rhyme pattern abab bcbc c; \"the Spenserian stanza was introduced by Edmund Spenser in The Faerie Queene\"', 'strophe': 'one section of a lyric poem or choral ode in classical Greek drama', 'antistrophe': 'the section of a choral ode answering a previous strophe in classical Greek drama; the second of two metrically corresponding sections in a poem', 'potboiler': 'a literary composition of poor quality that was written quickly to make money (to boil the pot)', 'tushery': 'writing of poor quality; characterized by affected choice of archaic words', 'dictation': 'speech intended for reproduction in writing', 'cookie': 'the cook on a ranch or at a camp', 'session_cookie': 'a cookie that is stored temporarily and is destroyed when you close the link', 'precision_cookie': 'a cookie that is saved permanently on your hard drive', 'text': 'a passage from the Bible that is used as the subject of a sermon; \"the preacher chose a text from Psalms to introduce his sermon\"', 'machine-displayable_text': 'electronic text that is stored and used in the form of a digital image', 'machine-readable_text': 'electronic text that is stored as strings of characters and that can be displayed in a variety of formats', 'typescript': 'typewritten matter especially a typewritten copy of a manuscript', 'erasure': 'a correction made by erasing; \"there were many erasures in the typescript\"', 'word_order': 'the order of words in a text', 'core_dump': '(computer science) dump of the contents of the chief registers in the CPU; usually used for debugging', 'fair_copy': 'a clean copy of a corrected draft', 'front_matter': 'written matter preceding the main text of a book', 'back_matter': 'written matter following the main text of a book', 'electronic_text': 'text that is in a form that computer can store or display on a computer screen', 'soft_copy': '(computer science) matter that is in a form that a computer can store or display it on a computer screen; \"he sent them soft copy of the report\"', 'hard_copy': '(computer science) matter that is held in a computer and is typed or printed on paper; \"he ran off a hard copy of the report\"', 'installment': 'a payment of part of a debt; usually paid at regular intervals', 'fascicle': 'an installment of a printed work', 'above': 'an earlier section of a written text; \"for instructions refer to the above\"', 'sports_section': 'the section of a newspaper that reports on sports', 'arbitration_clause': 'a clause in a contract providing for arbitration of disputes arising under the contract', 'deductible': '(taxes) an amount that can be deducted (especially for the purposes of calculating income tax)', 'double_indemnity': 'a clause in an insurance policy that provides for double the face value of the policy in the case of accidental death', 'escalator_clause': 'a clause in a contract that provides for an increase or a decrease in wages or prices or benefits etc. depending on certain conditions (as a change in the cost of living index)', 'reserve_clause': 'a clause that used to be part of the contract with a professional athlete extending the contract for a year beyond its expiration; \"the reserve clause was used to bind players to a particular ball club\"', 'rider': 'a traveler who actively rides a vehicle (as a bicycle or motorcycle)', 'chapter': 'any distinct period in history or in a person\\'s life; \"the industrial revolution opened a new chapter in British history\"; \"the divorce was an ugly chapter in their relationship\"', 'episode': 'a happening that is distinctive in a series of related events', 'exordium': '(rhetoric) the introductory section of an oration or discourse', 'narration': 'the act of giving an account describing incidents or a course of events; \"his narration was hesitant\"', 'salutation': 'word of greeting used to begin a letter', 'foreword': 'a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book', 'preamble': 'a preliminary introduction to a statute or constitution (usually explaining its purpose)', 'prolegomenon': 'a preliminary discussion inserted at the beginning of a book or treatise', 'epilogue': 'a short speech (often in verse) addressed directly to the audience by an actor at the end of a play', 'peroration': 'a flowery and highly rhetorical oration', 'sequel': 'something that follows something else', 'addendum': 'textual matter that is added onto a publication; usually at the end', 'paragraph': 'one of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas; the beginning is usually marked by a new indented line', 'excerpt': 'a passage selected from a larger work; \"he presented excerpts from William James\\' philosophical writings\"', 'chrestomathy': 'a selection of passages from different authors that is compiled as an aid in learning a language', 'locus_classicus': 'an authoritative and often-quoted passage', 'purple_passage': 'a passage full of ornate and flowery language', 'transition': 'a change from one place or state or subject or stage to another', 'flashback': 'an unexpected but vivid recurrence of a past experience (especially a recurrence of the effects of an hallucinogenic drug taken much earlier)', 'flash-forward': 'a transition (in literary or theatrical works or films) to a later event or scene that interrupts the normal chronological development of the story', 'web_log': 'a shared on-line journal where people can post diary entries about their personal experiences and hobbies; \"postings on a blog are usually in chronological order\"', 'typing': 'writing done with a typewriter', 'double-spacing': 'typing that leaves alternate lines blank', 'single-spacing': 'typing that does not leave lines blank', 'triple-spacing': 'typing that leaves two lines blank between lines of typing', 'touch_typing': 'typewriting in which the fingers are trained to hit particular keys; typist can read and type at the same time', 'skywriting': 'writing formed in the sky by smoke released from an airplane', 'calligraphy': 'beautiful handwriting', 'chicken_scratch': 'cramped or illegible handwriting', 'squiggle': 'a short twisting line', 'allograph': \"a variant form of a grapheme, as `m' or `M' or a handwritten version of that grapheme\", 'autograph': \"something written by one's own hand\", 'countersignature': 'a second confirming signature endorsing a document already signed', 'blank_endorsement': 'an endorsement on commercial paper naming no payee and so payable to the bearer', 'sign_manual': 'the signature of a sovereign on an official document', 'Rosetta_Stone': 'a part of an inscribed granite stela that was originally about six feet tall and was set up in 196 BC; the inscriptions in hieroglyphics and Demotic and Greek gave the first clues to the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphics', 'epigraph': 'a quotation at the beginning of some piece of writing', 'epitaph': 'a summary statement of commemoration for a dead person', 'festschrift': 'a collection of writings published in honor of a scholar', 'manuscript': 'handwritten book or document', 'codex': 'an official list of chemicals or medicines etc.', 'palimpsest': 'a manuscript (usually written on papyrus or parchment) on which more than one text has been written with the earlier writing incompletely erased and still visible', 'scroll': 'a document that can be rolled up (as for storage)', 'Dead_Sea_scrolls': '(Old Testament) a collection of written scrolls (containing nearly all of the Old Testament) found in a cave near the Dead Sea in the late 1940s; \"the Dead Sea Scrolls provide information about Judaism and the Bible around the time of Jesus\"', 'Megillah': '(Judaism) the scroll of parchment that contains the biblical story of Esther; traditionally read in synagogues to celebrate Purim', 'Torah': 'the whole body of the Jewish sacred writings and tradition including the oral tradition', 'treatise': 'a formal exposition', 'dissertation': 'a treatise advancing a new point of view resulting from research; usually a requirement for an advanced academic degree', 'monograph': 'a detailed and documented treatise on a particular subject', 'term_paper': \"a composition intended to indicate a student's progress during a school term\", 'disquisition': 'an elaborate analytical or explanatory essay or discussion', 'memoir': \"an account of the author's personal experiences\", 'thanatopsis': 'an essay expressing a view on the subject of death', 'book_review': 'a critical review of a book (usually a recently published book)', 'curiosa': 'books on strange or unusual subjects (especially erotica)', 'formulary': '(pharmacology) a book containing a compilation of pharmaceutical products with their formulas and methods of preparation; \"postexposure prophylaxis is an integral part of the pharmacopeia in preventing severe disease after acute infections\"', 'last_word': 'the final statement in a verbal argument; \"she always gets the last word\"', 'trade_book': 'a book intended for general readership', 'best_seller': 'a book that has had a large and rapid sale', 'bestiary': 'a medieval book (usually illustrated) with allegorical and amusing descriptions of real and fabled animals', 'catechism': 'a series of question put to an individual (such as a political candidate) to elicit their views', 'cookbook': 'a book of recipes and cooking directions', 'instruction_book': 'a book of directions for using or operating some piece of equipment', 'pop-up_book': 'a book (usually for children) that contains one or more pages such that a three-dimensional structure rises up when a page is opened', 'storybook': 'a book containing a collection of stories (usually for children)', 'tome': 'a (usually) large and scholarly book', 'booklet': 'a small book usually having a paper cover', 'blue_book': 'a report published by the British government; bound in blue', 'ticket_book': 'a book of tickets that can be torn out and used', 'textbook': 'a book prepared for use in schools or colleges; \"his economics textbook is in its tenth edition\"; \"the professor wrote the text that he assigned students to buy\"', 'crammer': 'a student who crams', 'primer': 'an introductory textbook', 'reader': 'a person who can read; a literate person', 'McGuffey_Eclectic_Readers': 'readers that combined lessons in reading with moralistic messages', 'speller': 'someone who spells words', 'commonplace_book': 'a notebook in which you enter memorabilia', 'jotter': 'a small notebook for rough notes', 'workbook': \"a student's book or booklet containing problems with spaces for solving them\", 'copybook': 'a book containing models of good penmanship; used in teaching penmanship', 'appointment_book': 'a book containing a calendar and space to keep a record of appointments', 'catalog': 'a complete list of things; usually arranged systematically; \"it does not pretend to be a catalog of his achievements\"', 'phrase_book': 'a book containing common expressions in a foreign language along with their translations', 'prayer_book': 'a book containing prayers', 'breviary': '(Roman Catholic Church) a book of prayers to be recited daily certain priests and members of religious orders', 'missal': '(Roman Catholic Church) a book containing all the prayers and responses needed to celebrate Mass throughout the year', 'Psalter': 'a collection of Psalms for liturgical use', 'reference_book': 'a book to which you can refer for authoritative facts; \"he contributed articles to the basic reference work on that topic\"', 'review_copy': 'a copy of a newly published book that is sent for review to a writer or periodical', 'songbook': 'a book containing a collection of songs', 'hymnal': 'a songbook containing a collection of hymns', 'prayer_wheel': 'a cylinder with prayers written on it; each revolution counts as uttering the prayers; used especially by Buddhists in Tibet', 'source_book': 'a collection of historically important documents published together as a book', 'wordbook': 'a reference book containing words (usually with their meanings)', 'dictionary': 'a reference book containing an alphabetical list of words with information about them', 'bilingual_dictionary': 'a dictionary giving equivalent words in two languages', 'desk_dictionary': 'an abridged dictionary of a size convenient to hold in the hand', 'etymological_dictionary': 'a dictionary giving the historical origins of each word', 'gazetteer': 'a journalist who writes for a gazette', \"learner's_dictionary\": 'a dictionary specially written for those learning a foreign language', 'pocket_dictionary': 'a dictionary that is small enough to carry in your pocket', 'spell-checker': 'an electronic dictionary in a word processor that can be used to catch misspelled words', 'unabridged_dictionary': 'a dictionary that has not been shortened by the omitting terms or definitions; a comprehensive dictionary', 'Oxford_English_Dictionary': 'an unabridged dictionary constructed on historical principles', 'onomasticon': 'a list of proper nouns naming persons or places', 'glossary': 'an alphabetical list of technical terms in some specialized field of knowledge; usually published as an appendix to a text on that field', 'thesaurus': 'a book containing a classified list of synonyms', 'word_finder': 'a thesaurus organized to help you find the word you want but cannot think of', 'handbook': 'a concise reference book providing specific information about a subject or location', 'hornbook': 'a primer that provides instruction in the rudiments or basic skills of a branch of knowledge', 'manual': 'a small handbook', 'consuetudinary': 'a manual describing the customs of a particular group (especially the ceremonial practices of a monastic order)', 'grimoire': 'a manual of black magic (for invoking spirits and demons)', 'instruction_manual': 'a manual usually accompanying a technical device and explaining how to install or operate it', 'reference_manual': 'a manual containing information organized in a summary manner', 'sex_manual': \"a manual containing instruction in sexual techniques; intended to enhance the reader's sexual life\", 'bible': 'a book regarded as authoritative in its field', 'guidebook': 'something that offers basic information or instruction', 'field_guide': 'a guidebook describing natural objects of some type that might be encountered in the field; \"a field guide to mushrooms\"', 'roadbook': 'a guidebook describing the roads of a country; contains maps and (sometimes) a gazetteer', 'baedeker': 'any of a series of travel guidebooks published by the German firm founded by Karl Baedeker', 'travel_guidebook': 'a guidebook for travelers', 'reckoner': 'a handbook of tables used to facilitate computation', 'directory': '(computer science) a listing of the files stored in memory (usually on a hard disk)', 'phonebook': 'a directory containing an alphabetical list of telephone subscribers and their telephone numbers', 'ballistic_identification': 'identification of the gun that fired a bullet from an analysis of the unique marks that every gun makes on the bullet it fires and on the shell ejected from it', 'biometric_identification': 'the automatic identification of living individuals by using their physiological and behavioral characteristics; \"negative identification can only be accomplished through biometric identification\"; \"if a pin or password is lost or forgotten it can be changed and reissued but a biometric identification cannot\"', 'business_card': \"a card on which are printed the person's name and business affiliation\", 'bank_identification_number': 'an identification number consisting of a two-part code assigned to banks and savings associations; the first part shows the location and the second identifies the bank itself', 'license_number': 'the number on the license plate that identifies the car that bears it', 'Social_Security_number': \"the number of a particular individual's Social Security account\", 'phone_number': 'the number is used in calling a particular telephone; \"he has an unlisted number\"', 'almanac': 'an annual publication including weather forecasts and other miscellaneous information arranged according to the calendar of a given year', 'annual': '(botany) a plant that completes its entire life cycle within the space of a year', 'ephemeris': 'an annual publication containing astronomical tables that give the positions of the celestial bodies throughout the year; \"today computers calculate the ephemerides\"', 'dialect_atlas': 'an atlas showing the distribution of distinctive linguistic features', 'encyclopedia': 'a reference work (often in several volumes) containing articles on various topics (often arranged in alphabetical order) dealing with the entire range of human knowledge or with some particular specialty', 'book_of_knowledge': 'an elementary encyclopedia dealing with general knowledge', 'editing': 'putting something (as a literary work or a legislative bill) into acceptable form', 'copy_editing': 'putting something into a form suitable for a printer', 'rewriting': 'editing that involves writing something again', 'rewording': 'changing a particular word or phrase', 'paraphrase': 'rewording for the purpose of clarification', 'sacred_text': 'writing that is venerated for the worship of a deity', 'scripture': 'any writing that is regarded as sacred by a religious group', 'canon': 'a priest who is a member of a cathedral chapter', 'Adi_Granth': 'the principal sacred text of Sikhism contains hymns and poetry as well as the teachings of the first five gurus', 'Avesta': 'a collection of Zoroastrian texts gathered during the 4th or 6th centuries', 'Bhagavad-Gita': \"(Hinduism) the sacred `song of God' composed about 200 BC and incorporated into the Mahabharata (a Sanskrit epic); contains a discussion between Krishna and the Indian hero Arjuna on human nature and the purpose of life\", 'Mahabharata': '(Hinduism) a sacred epic Sanskrit poem of India dealing in many episodes with the struggle between two rival families', 'Bible': 'the sacred writings of the Christian religions; \"he went to carry the Word to the heathen\"', 'Genesis': \"the first book of the Old Testament: tells of Creation; Adam and Eve; the Fall of Man; Cain and Abel; Noah and the flood; God's covenant with Abraham; Abraham and Isaac; Jacob and Esau; Joseph and his brothers\", 'Exodus': 'the second book of the Old Testament: tells of the departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt led by Moses; God gave them the Ten Commandments and the rest of Mosaic law on Mount Sinai during the Exodus', 'Leviticus': 'the third book of the Old Testament; contains Levitical law and ritual precedents', 'Numbers': 'the fourth book of the Old Testament; contains a record of the number of Israelites who followed Moses out of Egypt', 'Deuteronomy': 'the fifth book of the Old Testament; contains a second statement of Mosaic law', 'mezuzah': 'religious texts from Deuteronomy inscribed on parchment and rolled up in a case that is attached to the doorframe of many Jewish households in accordance with Jewish law', 'Joshua': \"(Old Testament) Moses' successor who led the Israelites into the Promised Land; best remembered for his destruction of Jericho\", 'Judges': 'a book of the Old Testament that tells the history of Israel under the leaders known as judges', 'Ruth': 'United States professional baseball player famous for hitting home runs (1895-1948)', 'I_Samuel': 'the first of two books in the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David', 'II_Samuel': 'the second of two books of the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David', 'I_Kings': 'the first of two Old Testament books telling the histories of the kings of Judah and Israel', 'II_Kings': 'the second of two Old Testament books telling the histories of the kings of Judah and Israel', 'Paralipomenon': '(Old Testament) an obsolete name for the Old Testament books of I Chronicles and II Chronicles which were regarded as supplementary to Kings', 'I_Chronicles': 'the first of two Old Testament books telling the history of Judah and Israel until the return from the Babylonian Captivity in 536 BC', 'II_Chronicles': 'the second of two Old Testament books telling the history of Judah and Israel until the return from the Babylonian Captivity in 536 BC', 'Ezra': 'a Jewish priest and scribe sent by the Persian king to restore Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem', 'Nehemiah': 'an Old Testament book telling how a Jewish official at the court of Artaxerxes I in 444 BC became a leader in rebuilding Jerusalem after the Babylonian Captivity', 'Esther': '(Old Testament) a beautiful Jewess chosen by the king of Persia to be his queen; she stopped a plot to massacre all the Jews in Persia (an event celebrated by Jews as the feast of Purim)', 'Job': 'a Jewish hero in the Old Testament who maintained his faith in God in spite of afflictions that tested him', 'Psalms': 'an Old Testament book consisting of a collection of 150 Psalms', 'Proverbs': 'an Old Testament book consisting of proverbs from various Israeli sages (including Solomon)', 'Ecclesiastes': 'an Old Testament book consisting of reflections on the vanity of human life; is traditionally attributed to Solomon but probably was written about 250 BC', 'Song_of_Songs': 'an Old Testament book consisting of a collection of love poems traditionally attributed to Solomon but actually written much later', 'Isaiah': '(Old Testament) the first of the major Hebrew prophets (8th century BC)', 'Jeremiah': '(Old Testament) an Israelite prophet who is remembered for his angry lamentations (jeremiads) about the wickedness of his people (circa 626-587 BC)', 'Lamentations': 'an Old Testament book lamenting the desolation of Judah after the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BC; traditionally attributed to the prophet Jeremiah', 'Ezekiel': 'a Hebrew prophet of the 6th century BC who was exiled to Babylon in 587 BC', 'Daniel': '(Old Testament) a youth who was taken into the court of Nebuchadnezzar and given divine protection when thrown into a den of lions (6th century BC)', 'Hosea': 'a minor Hebrew prophet (8th century BC)', 'Joel': 'a Hebrew minor prophet', 'Amos': 'a Hebrew shepherd and minor prophet', 'Obadiah': 'a Hebrew minor prophet', 'Jonah': '(Old Testament) Jonah did not wish to become a prophet so God caused a great storm to throw him overboard from a ship; he was saved by being swallowed by a whale that vomited him out onto dry land', 'Micah': 'a minor Hebrew prophet (8th century BC)', 'Nahum': 'a Hebrew minor prophet of the 7th century BC', 'Habakkuk': 'a Hebrew minor prophet', 'Zephaniah': 'a Hebrew minor prophet of the late 7th century BC', 'Haggai': 'a Hebrew minor prophet', 'Zechariah': 'a Hebrew minor prophet of the late 6th century BC', 'Malachi': 'a Hebrew minor prophet of the 5th century BC', 'Matthew': '(New Testament) disciple of Jesus; traditionally considered to be the author of the first Gospel', 'Mark': 'Apostle and companion of Saint Peter; assumed to be the author of the second Gospel', 'Luke': '(New Testament) the Apostle closely associated with St. Paul and traditionally assumed to be the author of the third Gospel', 'John': 'youngest son of Henry II; King of England from 1199 to 1216; succeeded to the throne on the death of his brother Richard I; lost his French possessions; in 1215 John was compelled by the barons to sign the Magna Carta (1167-1216)', 'Acts_of_the_Apostles': \"a New Testament book describing the development of the early church from Christ's Ascension to Paul's sojourn at Rome\", 'Epistle': 'a book of the New Testament written in the form of a letter from an Apostle', 'Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Romans': 'a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58', 'First_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Corinthians': 'a New Testament book containing the first epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Corinth', 'Second_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Corinthians': 'a New Testament book containing the second epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Corinth', 'Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Galatians': 'a New Testament book containing the epistle from Saint Paul to the Galatians', 'Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Ephesians': 'a New Testament book containing the epistle from Saint Paul to the Ephesians which explains the divine plan for the world and the consummation of this in Christ', 'Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Philippians': 'a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Philippi in Macedonia', 'Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Colossians': 'a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to the Colossians in ancient Phrygia', 'First_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Thessalonians': \"a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's first epistle to the Thessalonians\", 'Second_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Thessalonians': \"a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's second epistle to the Thessalonians\", 'First_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_Timothy': \"a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's first epistle to Timothy; contains advice on pastoral matters\", 'Second_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_Timothy': \"a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's second epistle to Timothy; contains advice on pastoral matters\", 'Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_Titus': \"a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's epistle to Titus; contains advice on pastoral matters\", 'Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_Philemon': 'a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to Philemon asking Philemon to forgive the slave for escaping', 'Epistle_to_the_Hebrews': 'a New Testament book traditionally included among the epistle of Saint Paul but now generally considered not to have been written by him', 'Epistle_of_James': 'a New Testament book attributed to Saint James the Apostle', 'First_Epistle_of_Peter': 'the first New Testament book traditionally attributed to Saint Peter the Apostle', 'Second_Epistle_of_Peter': 'the second New Testament book traditionally attributed to Saint Peter the Apostle', 'First_Epistle_of_John': 'the first New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle', 'Second_Epistel_of_John': 'the second New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle', 'Third_Epistel_of_John': 'the third New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle', 'Epistle_of_Jude': 'a New Testament book attributed to Saint Jude', 'Revelation': 'the last book of the New Testament; contains visionary descriptions of heaven and of conflicts between good and evil and of the end of the world; attributed to Saint John the Apostle', 'family_Bible': 'a large Bible with pages to record marriages and births', 'Septuagint': 'the oldest Greek version of the Old Testament; said to have been translated from the Hebrew by Jewish scholars at the request of Ptolemy II', 'Vulgate': 'the Latin edition of the Bible translated from Hebrew and Greek mainly by St. Jerome at the end of the 4th century; as revised in 1592 it was adopted as the official text for the Roman Catholic Church', 'Douay_Bible': 'an English translation of the Vulgate by Roman Catholic scholars', 'Authorized_Version': 'an English translation of the Bible published in 1611', 'Revised_Version': 'a British revision of the Authorized Version', 'New_English_Bible': 'a modern English version of the Bible and Apocrypha', 'American_Standard_Version': 'a revised version of the King James Version', 'Revised_Standard_Version': 'a revision of the American Standard Version', 'Old_Testament': 'the collection of books comprising the sacred scripture of the Hebrews and recording their history as the chosen people; the first half of the Christian Bible', 'Tanakh': 'the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings', 'Prophets': 'the second of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures', 'Haftorah': 'a short selection from the Prophets read on every Sabbath in a Jewish synagogue following a reading from the Torah', 'Hagiographa': 'the third of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures', 'Testament': 'either of the two main parts of the Christian Bible', 'New_Testament': \"the collection of books of the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, the Pauline and other epistles, and Revelation; composed soon after Christ's death; the second half of the Christian Bible\", 'Gospel': \"the four books in the New Testament (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings\", 'Synoptic_Gospels': \"the first three Gospels which describe events in Christ's life from a similar point of view\", 'Word_of_God': 'a manifestation of the mind and will of God', 'Book_of_Mormon': 'a sacred text revealed to Joseph Smith in 1830 by an ancient prophet Mormon; supposedly a record of ancient peoples of America translated by Joseph Smith', 'Agnus_Dei': 'figure of a lamb; emblematic of Christ', 'Angelus': 'a prayer said 3 times a day by Roman Catholics in memory of the Annunciation', 'Ave_Maria': 'a salutation to the Virgin Mary now used in prayers to her', 'Canticle_of_Simeon': 'the prayer of Simeon (Luke 2:29-32)', 'Evening_Prayer': '(Anglican Church) a daily evening service with prayers prescribed in the Book of Common Prayer', 'Kol_Nidre': 'the opening prayer on the eve of Yom Kippur', 'service_book': 'a book setting forth the forms of church service', 'Book_of_Common_Prayer': 'the Anglican service book of the Church of England; has had several revisions since the Reformation and is widely admired for the dignity and beauty of its language', 'Litany': 'a prayer consisting of a series of invocations by the priest with responses from the congregation', \"Lord's_Prayer\": 'the prayer that Christ gave his disciples in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 6:9-13)', 'Paternoster': \"(Roman Catholic Church) the Lord's Prayer in Latin; translates as `our father'\", 'Apocrypha': '14 books of the Old Testament included in the Vulgate (except for II Esdras) but omitted in Jewish and Protestant versions of the Bible; eastern Christian churches (except the Coptic Church) accept all these books as canonical; the Russian Orthodox Church accepts these texts as divinely inspired but does not grant them the same status', 'Additions_to_Esther': 'an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Esther', 'Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Children': 'an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Daniel', 'Susanna': 'an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Daniel', 'Bel_and_the_Dragon': 'an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Daniel', 'Baruch': 'economic advisor to United States Presidents (1870-1965)', 'Letter_of_Jeremiah': 'an Apocryphal book consisting of a letter ascribed to Jeremiah to the Jews in exile in Babylon warning them against idolatry', 'Tobit': 'an Apocryphal book that was a popular novel for several centuries', 'Judith': 'Jewish heroine in one of the books of the Apocrypha; she saved her people by decapitating the Assyrian general Holofernes', 'I_Esdra': 'an Apocryphal book consisting of a compilation from I Chronicles and II Chronicles and Ezra and Nehemiah', 'II_Esdras': 'an Apocryphal book of angelic revelations', 'Ben_Sira': 'an Apocryphal book mainly of maxims (resembling Proverbs in that respect)', 'Wisdom_of_Solomon': 'an Apocryphal book consisting mainly of a meditation on wisdom; although ascribed to Solomon it was probably written in the first century BC', 'I_Maccabees': 'an Apocryphal book describing the life of Judas Maccabaeus', 'II_Maccabees': 'an Apocryphal book describing the life of Judas Maccabaeus', 'sapiential_book': 'any of the biblical books (Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus) that are considered to contain wisdom', 'Pseudepigrapha': '52 texts written between 200 BC and AD 200 but ascribed to various prophets and kings in the Hebrew scriptures; many are apocalyptic in nature', 'Koran': 'the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina', 'sura': 'one of the sections (or chapters) in the Koran; \"the Quran is divided in 114 suras\"', 'Fatiha': 'the first or opening sura of the Quran which is the central prayer of Islam and is used on all special occasions as well as during the five daily prayers', 'Talmudic_literature': '(Judaism) ancient rabbinical writings', 'Talmud': 'the collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law and tradition (the Mishna and the Gemara) that constitute the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism', 'Gemara': 'the second part of the Talmud consisting primarily of commentary on the Mishna', 'Mishna': 'the first part of the Talmud; a collection of early oral interpretations of the scriptures that was compiled about AD 200', 'Haggadah': 'Talmudic literature that does not deal with law but is still part of Jewish tradition', 'Halakah': 'Talmudic literature that deals with law and with the interpretation of the laws on the Hebrew Scriptures', 'Sanskrit_literature': 'Hindu literature written in Sanskrit', 'Hastinapura': 'one of two classical Hindu epics; a great collection of poetry worked into and around a central heroic narrative (eight times as large as the Iliad and Odyssey combined)', 'Purana': 'a body of 18 works written between the first and 11th centuries and incorporating legends and speculative histories of the universe and myths and customary observances', 'Ramayana': \"one of two classical Hindu epics telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne\", 'tantra': 'any of a fairly recent class of Hindu or Buddhist religious literature concerned with ritual acts of body and speech and mind', 'Vedic_literature': \"(from the Sanskrit word for `knowledge') any of the most ancient sacred writings of Hinduism written in early Sanskrit; traditionally believed to comprise the Samhitas, the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas, and the Upanishads\", 'Samhita': 'one of four collections of sacred texts', 'Rig-Veda': 'a Veda consisting of a collection of Hindu poems dating from before 2000 BC', 'Sama-Veda': 'a collection of mantras and tunes for use with the Rig-Veda', 'Atharva-Veda': 'a collection of mantras and formulas', 'Yajur-Veda': 'a collection of sacrificial formulas and prayers', 'Brahmana': 'prose works attached to the Samhitas instructing the bahmins to perform the very elaborate sacrificial rituals', 'Aranyaka': 'a treatise resembling a Brahmana but to be read or expounded by anchorites in the quiet of the forest', 'Vedanga': 'Vedic texts from the fifth and fourth centuries BC dealing with phonetics and ritual injunctions and linguistics and grammar and etymology and lexicography and prosody and astronomy and astrology', 'Ayurveda': '(Sanskrit) an ancient medical treatise summarizing the Hindu art of healing and prolonging life; sometimes regarded as a 5th Veda', 'Upanishad': 'a later sacred text of Hinduism of a mystical nature dealing with metaphysical questions; \"the Vedanta philosophy developed from the pantheistic views of the Upanishads\"', 'mantra': 'a commonly repeated word or phrase; \"she repeated `So pleased with how its going\\' at intervals like a mantra\"', 'psalm': 'any sacred song used to praise the deity', 'Psalm': 'one of the 150 lyrical poems and prayers that comprise the Book of Psalms in the Old Testament; said to have been written by David', 'summary': 'a brief statement that presents the main points in a concise form; \"he gave a summary of the conclusions\"', 'summarization': 'the act of preparing a summary (or an instance thereof); stating briefly and succinctly', 'compendium': 'a concise but comprehensive summary of a larger work', 'conspectus': 'an overall summary', 'curriculum_vitae': 'a summary of your academic and work history', 'line_score': 'a summary of the scoring in a game (usually in tabular form)', 'brief': \"a document stating the facts and points of law of a client's case\", 'apercu': 'a short synopsis', 'epitome': 'a brief abstract (as of an article or book)', 'overview': 'a general summary of a subject; \"the treasurer gave a brief overview of the financial consequences\"', 'articles_of_incorporation': 'a legal document that creates a corporation; it is filed with a state by the founders of a corporation and is governed by the laws of the state', 'ballot': 'a document listing the alternatives that is used in voting', 'brevet': 'a document entitling a commissioned officer to hold a higher rank temporarily (but without higher pay)', 'certificate': 'a document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts', 'charter': 'a contract to hire or lease transportation', 'commercial_document': 'a document of or relating to commerce', 'Augsburg_Confession': 'the document drawn up in 1555 to defend the catholicity of Lutheran doctrine and to justify innovations in Lutheran practice; is still in effect today', 'copula': \"an equating verb (such as `be' or `become') that links the subject with the complement of a sentence\", 'frequentative': 'a verb form that serves to express frequent repetition of an action', 'copyright': 'a document granting exclusive right to publish and sell literary or musical or artistic work', 'application_form': 'a form to use when making an application', 'claim_form': 'a form to use when filing a claim', 'order_form': 'a form to use when placing an order', 'questionnaire': 'a form containing a set of questions; submitted to people to gain statistical information', 'personality_inventory': 'a questionnaire that is supposed to yield a description of a person\\'s personality traits; \"a personality inventory is a direct test of personality, as contrasted with a projective test\"', 'self-report_personality_inventory': 'a personality inventory in which a person is asked which of a list of traits and characteristics describe her or him or to indicate which behaviors and hypothetical choices he or she would make', 'California_Personality_Inventory': 'a self-report personality inventory originally derived from the MMPI; consists of several hundred yes-no questions and yields scores on a number of scales including dominance and self acceptance and self control and socialization and achievement etc.', 'Eysenck_Personality_Inventory': \"a self-report personality inventory based on Hans Eysenck's factor analysis of personality which assumes three basic factors (the two most important being extraversion to introversion and neuroticism)\", 'Minnesota_Multiphasic_Personality_Inventory': 'a self-report personality inventory consisting of 550 items that describe feelings or actions which the person is asked to agree with or disagree with; many scales estimating traits and qualities of personality have been developed using MMPI items', 'Sixteen_Personality_Factor_Questionnaire': 'a self-report personality inventory developed by Raymond B. Cattell to measure the 16 personality dimensions that emerged from his factor analysis of a wide range of traits', 'requisition': 'the act of requiring; an authoritative request or demand, especially by a military or public authority that takes something over (usually temporarily) for military or public use', 'tax_form': 'a form to use when paying your taxes', 'telegraph_form': 'a form to use when sending a telegram', 'absentee_ballot': '(election) a ballot that is cast while absent (usually mailed in prior to election day)', 'certificate_of_incorporation': 'state approval of the articles of incorporation of a corporation', 'bank_charter': 'a charter authorizing the operation of a bank', 'Magna_Carta': 'the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215', 'royal_charter': 'a charter granted by the sovereign (especially in Great Britain)', 'donor_card': 'a card that you carry on your person and that authorizes the use of your organs for transplantation after your death', 'keycard': 'a plastic card that has a magnetically coded strip that is scanned in order to operate a mechanism', 'membership_card': 'a card certifying membership in an organization', 'union_card': 'a card certifying membership in a labor union', 'library_card': \"a card certifying the bearer's right to use the library\", 'ration_card': \"a card certifying the bearer's right to purchase rationed goods\", 'birth_certificate': \"a copy of the official document giving details of a person's birth\", 'diploma': 'a document certifying the successful completion of a course of study', 'Higher_National_Diploma': 'a diploma given for vocational training that prepares the student for a career in a particular area; good students may progress to a course leading to a degree', 'bill_of_health': \"a certificate saying that a departing ship's company is healthy (to be presented at the next port of arrival)\", 'teaching_certificate': 'a certificate saying that the holder is qualified to teach in the public schools', 'legal_document': '(law) a document that states some contractual relationship or grants some right', 'derivative_instrument': 'a financial instrument whose value is based on another security', 'futures_contract': 'an agreement to buy or sell a specific amount of a commodity or financial instrument at a particular price on a stipulated future date; the contract can be sold before the settlement date', 'stock-index_futures': 'a futures contract based on a stock index; a bet on the future price of the indexed group of stocks', 'negotiable_instrument': 'an unconditional order or promise to pay an amount of money', 'list': 'a database containing an ordered array of items (names or topics)', 'agenda_item': 'one of the items to be considered', 'incidental': 'an item that is incidental', 'inventory_item': 'an item listed in an inventory', 'line_item': 'an item in an appropriation bill; \"Some governors can veto line items in their state budgets\"', 'news_item': 'an item in a newspaper', 'postposition': '(linguistics) the placing of one linguistic element after another (as placing a modifier after the word that it modifies in a sentence or placing an affix after the base to which it is attached)', 'topicalization': '(linguistics) emphasis placed on the topic or focus of a sentence by preposing it to the beginning of the sentence; placing the topic at the beginning of the sentence is typical for English; \"`Those girls, they giggle when they see me\\' and `Cigarettes, you couldn\\'t pay me to smoke them\\' are examples of topicalization\"', 'factoid': 'something resembling a fact; unverified (often invented) information that is given credibility because it appeared in print', 'papyrus': 'paper made from the papyrus plant by cutting it in strips and pressing it flat; used by ancient Egyptians and Greeks and Romans', 'A-list': 'a list of names of specially favored people; \"the boss gave me his A-list of people we should try to recruit\"', 'docket': \"(law) the calendar of a court; the list of cases to be tried or a summary of the court's activities\", 'order_of_the_day': 'the order of business for an assembly on a given day', 'order_paper': 'a printed copy of the order of the day', 'network_programming': 'the schedule of programs to be broadcast on a network', 'batting_order': '(baseball) a list of batters in the order in which they will bat; \"the managers presented their cards to the umpire at home plate\"', 'cleanup': '(baseball) the fourth position in the batting order (usually filled by the best batter on the team)', 'bibliography': 'a list of writings with time and place of publication (such as the writings of a single author or the works referred to in preparing a document etc.)', 'bill_of_entry': 'a list of goods received at a customhouse for export or import', 'bill_of_goods': 'communication (written or spoken) that persuades someone to accept something untrue or undesirable; \"they tried to sell me a bill of goods about a secondhand car\"', 'blacklist': 'a list of people who are out of favor', 'calendar': 'a system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year', 'calorie_chart': 'a list of foods and information about their caloric content', 'discography': 'a descriptive catalog of musical recordings', 'library_catalog': 'an enumeration of all the resources of a library', 'card_catalog': 'a library catalog in which each publication is described on a separate file card', 'parts_catalog': 'a list advertising parts for machinery along with prices', 'seed_catalog': 'a list advertising seeds and their prices', 'character_set': 'an ordered list of characters that are used together in writing or printing', 'checklist': 'a list of items (names or tasks etc.) to be checked or consulted', 'class_list': 'a list issued by examiners that categorizes students according to the class of honours they achieved in their degree examinations', 'clericalism': 'a policy of supporting the influence and power of the clergy in secular or political matters', 'contents': 'a list of divisions (chapters or articles) and the pages on which they start', 'corrigenda': 'a list of printing errors in a book along with their corrections', 'credits': 'a list of acknowledgements of those who contributed to the creation of a film (usually run at the end of the film)', 'criminal_record': 'a list of crimes for which an accused person has been previously convicted; \"he ruled that the criminal record of the defendant could not be disclosed to the court\"; \"the prostitute had a record a mile long\"', 'distribution_list': 'list of names to whom a communication should be sent', 'subdirectory': '(computer science) a directory that is listed in another directory', 'enumeration': 'a numbered list', 'FAQ': 'a list of questions that are frequently asked (about a given topic) along with their answers', 'free_list': 'a list of commodities that are not subject to tariffs', 'grocery_list': 'a list of heterogenous items that someone wants; \"the union came to the table with a whole grocery list of demands\"', 'hit_list': 'a list of victims to be eliminated (as by murder)', 'hit_parade': 'a collection of the best or most popular people or items of a given kind', 'concordance': 'an index of all main words in a book along with their immediate contexts', 'parts_inventory': 'an inventory of replacement parts', 'mailing_list': 'a list of names and addresses to which advertising material is mailed', 'drop-down_menu': 'a menu of options that appears below the item when the computer user clicks on it', 'hierarchical_menu': 'a secondary menu that appears while you are holding the cursor over an item on the primary menu', 'necrology': 'a list of people who died recently', 'playlist': 'a list of musical selections for performance or for broadcast by radio', 'posting': '(bookkeeping) a listing on the company\\'s records; \"the posting was made in the cash account\"', 'price_list': 'a listing of prices for different goods or services', 'push-down_list': 'a list in which the next item to be removed is the item most recently stored (LIFO)', 'death-roll': 'a list of persons killed in a war or other disaster', 'schedule': 'an ordered list of times at which things are planned to occur', 'shopping_list': 'a list of items to be purchased', 'short_list': 'a list of applicants winnowed from a longer list who have been deemed suitable and from which the successful person will be chosen', 'sick_list': 'a list of those who are ill (e.g. on a warship or in a regiment etc)', 'wish_list': 'a list of events that you wish would occur', 'timetable': 'a schedule listing events and the times at which they will take place', 'muster_roll': \"a list of names of officers and men in a military unit or ship's company\", 'church_roll': 'a list of the members of church', 'rota': 'a roster of names showing the order in which people should perform certain duties', 'waiting_list': 'a roster of those waiting to obtain something', 'a_la_carte': 'a menu having individual dishes listed with separate prices', 'prix_fixe': 'a menu listing fixed meals at fixed prices', \"table_d'hote\": 'a menu offering a complete meal with limited choices at a fixed price', 'alphabet': 'a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language', 'Roman_alphabet': 'the alphabet evolved by the ancient Romans which serves for writing most of the languages of western Europe', 'Hebrew_alphabet': 'a Semitic alphabet used since the 5th century BC for writing the Hebrew language (and later for writing Yiddish and Ladino)', 'Greek_alphabet': 'the alphabet used by ancient Greeks', 'Cyrillic_alphabet': 'an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages (Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Ukrainian, and some other Slavic languages)', 'Arabic_alphabet': 'the alphabet of 28 characters derived from Aramaic and used for writing Arabic languages (and borrowed for writing Urdu)', 'alphanumerics': 'a character set that includes letters and digits and punctuation', 'phonetic_alphabet': 'an alphabet of characters intended to represent specific sounds of speech', 'manual_alphabet': 'an alphabet used by the deaf; letters are represented by finger positions', 'passport': 'a document issued by a country to a citizen allowing that person to travel abroad and re-enter the home country', 'patent': 'an official document granting a right or privilege', 'plank': 'an endorsed policy in the platform of a political party', \"ship's_papers\": 'official papers which a ship is legally required to have; related to ownership, cargo, etc.', 'manifest': 'a customs document listing the contents put on a ship or plane', 'push-down_queue': 'a queue in which the last item to go in is the first item to come out (LIFO)', 'cadaster': 'a public register showing the details of ownership and value of land; made for the purpose of taxation', 'written_record': 'a written document preserving knowledge of facts or events', 'blotter': 'the daily written record of events (as arrests) in a police station', 'casebook': 'a book in which detailed written records of a case are kept and which are a source of information for subsequent work', 'Domesday_Book': 'record of a British census and land survey in 1085-1086 ordered by William the Conqueror', 'dossier': \"a collection of papers containing detailed information about a particular person or subject (usually a person's record)\", 'entry': 'a written record of a commercial transaction', 'logbook': 'a book in which the log is written', 'bell_book': 'a logbook in which all orders concerning the main engines of a ship are recorded', 'paper_trail': 'the written evidence of someone\\'s activities; \"this paper trail consisted mainly of electronically stored information\"', 'timeline': 'a sequence of related events arranged in chronological order and displayed along a line (usually drawn left to right or top to bottom)', 'time_sheet': 'a record of the hours worked by employees', 'nolle_prosequi': 'an entry in the court record to the effect that the plaintiff or prosecutor will not proceed', 'notebook_entry': 'an entry in a notebook', 'transcript': 'something that has been transcribed; a written record (usually typewritten) of dictated or recorded speech; \"he read a transcript of the interrogation\"; \"you can obtain a transcript of this radio program by sending a self-addressed envelope to the station\"', 'memorabilia': 'a record of things worth remembering', 'jotting': 'a brief (and hurriedly handwritten) note', 'marginalia': 'notes written in the margin', 'scholium': 'a marginal note written by a scholiast (a commentator on ancient or classical literature)', 'memo': 'a written proposal or reminder', 'minute': 'a unit of time equal to 60 seconds or 1/60th of an hour; \"he ran a 4 minute mile\"', 'aide-memoire': 'a memorandum summarizing the items of an agreement (used especially in diplomatic communications)', 'check_register': 'a register of checks issued (usually in numeric order)', 'studbook': 'official record of the pedigree of purebred animals especially horses', 'rent-roll': 'a register of rents; includes the names of tenants and the amount of rent they pay', 'won-lost_record': '(sports) a record of win versus losses', 'stub': 'a short piece remaining on a trunk or stem where a branch is lost', 'minutes': 'a written account of what transpired at a meeting', 'minute_book': 'a book in which minutes have been written', 'Congressional_Record': 'a published written account of the speeches and debates and votes of the United States Congress', 'Hansard': 'the official published verbatim report of the proceedings of a parliamentary body; originally of the British Parliament; \"the Canadian Hansard is published in both English and French\"', 'Combined_DNA_Index_System': 'the DNA file maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation', 'computer_file': '(computer science) a file maintained in computer-readable form', 'backup_file': '(computer science) a computer file dedicated to storing and updating computer backups', 'binary_file': '(computer science) a computer file containing machine-readable information that must be read by an application; characters use all 8 bits of each byte', 'master_file': '(computer science) a computer file that is used as the authority in a given job and that is relatively permanent', 'disk_file': '(computer science) a computer file stored on a magnetic disk and identified by a unique label', 'transaction_file': '(computer science) a computer file containing relatively transient data about a particular data processing task', 'input_file': '(computer science) a computer file that contains data that serve as input to a device or program', 'output_file': '(computer science) a computer file that contains data that are the output of a device or program', 'read-only_file': '(computer science) a file that you can read but cannot change', 'text_file': '(computer science) a computer file that contains text (and possibly formatting instructions) using seven-bit ASCII characters', 'ASCII_text_file': 'a text file that contains only ASCII characters without special formatting', 'mug_file': 'a file of mug shots (pictures of criminals that are kept on file by the police)', 'resignation': 'acceptance of despair', 'abdication': 'a formal resignation and renunciation of powers', 'Declaration_of_Independence': 'the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the Colonies from Great Britain', 'joint_resolution': \"a resolution passed by both houses of Congress which becomes legally binding when signed by the Chief Executive (or passed over the Chief Executive's veto)\", 'job_application': 'an application for a job', 'credit_application': 'an application for a line of credit', 'loan_application': 'an application to borrow money', 'mortgage_application': 'an application for a mortgage loan', 'patent_application': 'an application for sole rights to an invention', 'request': 'the verbal act of requesting', 'whip-round': '(British) solicitation of money usually for a benevolent purpose', 'folk_etymology': 'a popular but erroneous etymology', 'case_history': 'detailed record of the background of a person or group under study or treatment', 'family_history': \"part of a patient's medical history in which questions are asked in an attempt to find out whether the patient has hereditary tendencies toward particular diseases\", 'medical_history': 'the case history of a medical patient as recalled by the patient', 'historical_document': 'writing having historical value (as opposed to fiction or myth etc.)', 'annals': 'reports of the work of a society or learned body etc', 'biography': \"an account of the series of events making up a person's life\", 'autobiography': 'a biography of yourself', 'hagiography': 'a biography that idealizes or idolizes the person (especially a person who is a saint)', 'profile': 'an outline of something (especially a human face as seen from one side)', 'statement': '(music) the presentation of a musical theme; \"the initial statement of the sonata\"', 'bank_statement': 'a periodic statement prepared by a bank for each client; \"I wish my bank statement arrived earlier in the month\"', 'electric_bill': 'a bill for money owed for electricity used', 'hotel_bill': 'statement of charges for staying in a hotel', 'medical_bill': 'statement of charges for medical services', 'phone_bill': 'statement of charges for telephone service', 'reckoning': 'a bill for an amount due', 'tax_bill': 'money owed for taxes', 'book_token': 'a gift voucher that can be exchanged for books costing up to an amount given on the voucher', 'meal_ticket': 'a source of income or livelihood', 'twofer': 'an offer of two for the price of one', 'commutation_ticket': 'a ticket good for several trips or to attend a season of entertainments; sold at a reduced rate', 'plane_ticket': 'a ticket good for a trip on an airplane', 'railroad_ticket': 'a ticket good for a ride on a railroad train', 'theater_ticket': 'a ticket good for admission to a theater', 'bus_ticket': 'a ticket good for a ride on a bus', 'round-trip_ticket': 'a ticket to a place and back (usually over the same route)', 'day_return': 'a return ticket (at reduced fare) for traveling both ways in the same day', 'receipt': 'an acknowledgment (usually tangible) that payment has been made', 'rain_check': 'a promise that an unaccepted offer will be renewed in the future', 'bill_of_lading': 'a receipt given by the carrier to the shipper acknowledging receipt of the goods being shipped and specifying the terms of delivery', 'adhesion_contract': 'a contract that heavily restricts one party while leaving the other free (as some standard form printed contracts); implies inequality in bargaining power', 'aleatory_contract': 'a contract whose performance by one party depends on the occurrence of an uncertain contingent event (but if it is contingent on the outcome of a wager it is not enforceable)', 'bilateral_contract': 'a contract involving mutual promises (each party is both promisor and promisee)', 'conditional_contract': 'a contract whose performance depends on a fact or event that affects legal relations', 'cost-plus_contract': 'a contract in which the contractor is paid his total cost plus a stated percentage of profit', 'gambling_contract': 'a contract whose performance by one party is contingent on the outcome of a bet; unenforceable by statute in most jurisdictions', 'lease': 'the period of time during which a contract conveying property to a person is in effect', 'marriage_contract': 'a prenuptial agreement or contract', 'output_contract': 'a contract in which you promise to deliver your entire output to the other party who promises to accept it', 'purchase_contract': 'a contract stating the terms of a purchase', 'quasi_contract': 'a contract created by law for reasons of justice without any expression of assent', 'requirements_contract': 'a contract in which you agree to purchase all your requirements of a particular sort from one party', 'sealed_instrument': 'a contract that is signed and has the (wax) seal of the signer attached', 'service_contract': 'a contract for maintenance services', 'severable_contract': 'a contract which, in the event of a breach by one of the parties, can be considered as several independent agreements expressed in a single instrument', 'subcontract': 'a contract assigning to another party some obligations of a prior contract', 'fair-trade_agreement': 'an agreement (illegal in the United States) between the manufacturer of a trademarked item of merchandise and its retail distributors to sell the item at a price at or above the price set by the manufacturer', 'conspiracy_of_silence': 'a conspiracy not to talk about some situation or event; \"there was a conspiracy of silence about police brutality\"', 'covenant': 'a signed written agreement between two or more parties (nations) to perform some action', 'unilateral_contract': 'a one-sided agreement whereby you promise to do (or refrain from doing) something in return for a performance (not a promise)', 'debenture': 'a certificate or voucher acknowledging a debt', 'floater': 'a debt instrument with a variable interest rate tied to some other interest rate (e.g. the rate paid by T-bills)', 'partnership': 'a cooperative relationship between people or groups who agree to share responsibility for achieving some specific goal; \"effective language learning is a partnership between school, teacher and student\"; \"the action teams worked in partnership with the government\"', 'articles_of_agreement': 'a contract between crew and captain of a ship', 'concession': 'a point conceded or yielded; \"they won all the concessions they asked for\"', 'labor_contract': 'contract between labor and management governing wages and benefits and working conditions', 'yellow-dog_contract': 'a labor contract (now illegal) whereby the employee agrees not to join a trade union', 'employment_contract': 'contract between employer and employee', 'distribution_agreement': 'a contract governing the marketing of an item of merchandise', 'licensing_agreement': 'contract giving someone the legal right to use a patent or trademark', 'merger_agreement': 'contract governing the merger of two or more companies', 'conditional_sale': 'a security interest taken by the seller in return for credit', 'sale_in_gross': 'a sale of a tract of land as a whole without a warranty as to the acreage', \"sheriff's_sale\": \"a sale of property by the sheriff under authority of a court's writ of execution in order satisfy an unpaid obligation\", 'credit_order': 'an order that is received without payment; requires billing at a later date', 'open_account': 'an unpaid credit order', 'indent': 'an order for goods to be exported or imported', 'market_order': 'an order to a broker to sell or buy stocks or commodities at the prevailing market price', 'production_order': 'an order that initiates the manufacturing process', 'reorder': 'a repeated order for the same merchandise; \"he\\'s the one who sends out all the new orders and reorders\"', 'stop_order': 'an order to a broker to sell (buy) when the price of a security falls (rises) to a designated level', 'stop_payment': \"a depositor's order to a bank to refuse payment on a check\", 'mail_order': 'a purchase negotiated by mail', 'power_of_attorney': \"a legal instrument authorizing someone to act as the grantor's agent\", 'stock_power': 'a power of attorney document to transfer ownership of a registered security from the owner to another party', 'proxy': 'a person authorized to act for another', 'stock_symbol': 'the letters used to identify listed companies on the securities exchanges where they are traded', 'letters_of_administration': 'legal document naming someone to administer an estate when no executor has been named', 'letters_testamentary': 'a legal document from a probate court or court officer informing you of your appointment as executor of a will and empowering you to discharge those responsibilities', 'working_papers': 'records kept of activities involved in carrying out a project; \"the auditor was required to produce his working papers\"', 'nullity': 'something that is null (especially an enactment that has no legal validity)', 'anti-drug_law': 'a law forbidding the sale or use of narcotic drugs', 'anti-racketeering_law': 'law intended to eradicate organized crime by establishing strong sanctions and forfeiture provisions', 'antitrust_legislation': 'law intended to promote free competition in the market place by outlawing monopolies', 'statute_of_limitations': 'a statute prescribing the time period during which legal action can be taken', 'fundamental_law': 'law determining the fundamental political principles of a government', 'Articles_of_Confederation': 'a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states; it provided a legal symbol of their union by giving the central government no coercive power over the states or their citizens', 'United_States_Constitution': 'the constitution written at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 and subsequently ratified by the original thirteen states', 'public_law': 'a law affecting the public at large', 'Roman_law': 'the legal code of ancient Rome; codified under Justinian; the basis for many modern systems of civil law', 'Salic_law': 'the code of laws of the Salian Franks and other German tribes', 'case_law': '(civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions', 'enabling_legislation': 'legislation that gives appropriate officials the authority to implement or enforce the law', 'occupational_safety_and_health_act': 'a law passed by the United States Congress that created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to prevent employees from being injured or contracting diseases in the course of their employment', 'advice_and_consent': \"a legal expression in the United States Constitution that allows the Senate to constrain the President's powers of appointment and treaty-making\", 'statute_book': 'a record of the whole body of legislation in a given jurisdiction', 'appropriation_bill': 'a legislative act proposing to authorize the expenditure of public funds for a specified purpose', 'bill_of_attainder': 'a legislative act finding a person guilty of treason or felony without a trial; \"bills of attainder are prohibited by the Constitution of the United States\"', 'bottle_bill': 'a statute that would require merchants to reclaim used bottles', 'farm_bill': 'a statute that would regulate farm production and prices', 'trade_bill': 'a statute that would regulate foreign trade', 'bylaw': 'a rule adopted by an organization in order to regulate its own affairs and the behavior of its members', 'blue_law': 'a statute regulating work on Sundays', 'blue_sky_law': 'a state law regulating the sale of securities in an attempt to control the sale of securities in fraudulent enterprises', 'gag_law': 'any law that limits freedom of the press', 'game_law': 'a regulation intended to manage or preserve game animals', 'homestead_law': 'a law conferring privileges on owners of homesteads', 'poor_law': 'a law providing support for the poor', 'Riot_Act': 'a former English law requiring mobs to disperse after a magistrate reads the law to them', 'riot_act': 'a vigorous reprimand; \"I read him the riot act\"', 'criminal_law': 'the body of law dealing with crimes and their punishment', 'court_order': 'a writ issued by a court of law requiring a person to do something or to refrain from doing something', 'decree': 'a legally binding command or decision entered on the court record (as if issued by a court or judge); \"a friend in New Mexico said that the order caused no trouble out there\"', 'consent_decree': 'an agreement between two parties that is sanctioned by the court; for example, a company might agree to stop certain questionable practices without admitting guilt', 'curfew': 'the time that the curfew signal is sounded', 'decree_nisi': 'a decree issued on a first petition for divorce; becomes absolute at some later date', 'imperial_decree': 'a decree issued by a sovereign ruler', 'ukase': 'an edict of the Russian tsar', 'pragmatic_sanction': 'an imperial decree that becomes part of the fundamental law of the land', 'programma': 'an edict that has been publicly posted', 'stay_of_execution': 'an order whereby a judgment is precluded from being executed for a specific period of time', 'banning-order': 'an order that bans something', 'injunction': 'a formal command or admonition', 'mandatory_injunction': 'injunction requiring the performance of some specific act', 'permanent_injunction': 'injunction issued on completion of a trial', 'temporary_injunction': 'injunction issued during a trial to maintain the status quo or preserve the subject matter of the litigation until the trial is over', 'amicus_curiae_brief': 'a brief presented by someone interested in influencing the outcome of a lawsuit but who is not a party to it', 'codicil': 'a supplement to a will; a testamentary instrument intended to alter an already executed will', 'living_will': 'a document written by someone still legally capable requesting that he should be allowed to die if subsequently severely disabled or suffering terminal illness; \"after he discovered he had AIDS he drew up a living will\"', 'deed': 'a legal document signed and sealed and delivered to effect a transfer of property and to show the legal right to possess it; \"he signed the deed\"; \"he kept the title to his car in the glove compartment\"', 'bill_of_sale': 'a deed transferring personal property', 'deed_poll': 'a deed made and executed by only one party', 'enfeoffment': 'under the feudal system, the deed by which a person was given land in exchange for a pledge of service', 'mortgage_deed': 'deed embodying a mortgage', 'title_deed': \"a legal document proving a person's right to property\", 'trust_deed': 'a written instrument legally conveying property to a trustee often used to secure an obligation such as a mortgage or promissory note', 'muniments': 'deeds and other documentary evidence of title to land', 'warrant': 'a type of security issued by a corporation (usually together with a bond or preferred stock) that gives the holder the right to purchase a certain amount of common stock at a stated price; \"as a sweetener they offered warrants along with the fixed-income securities\"', 'search_warrant': 'a warrant authorizing law enforcement officials to search for objects or people involved in the commission of a crime and to produce them in court; the warrant describes the locations where the officials may search', 'bench_warrant': 'a warrant authorizing law enforcement officials to apprehend an offender and bring that person to court', 'death_warrant': 'a warrant to execute the death sentence', 'tax_return': 'document giving the tax collector information about the taxpayer\\'s tax liability; \"his gross income was enough that he had to file a tax return\"', 'amended_return': 'a tax return that corrects the information in an earlier return', 'declaration_of_estimated_tax': 'return required of a taxpayer whose tax withheld from income does not meet the tax liability for the year', 'false_return': 'an incorrect income tax return', 'information_return': 'a return that provides information to the tax collector but does not compute the tax liability', 'joint_return': 'a return filed by a husband and wife', 'building_permit': 'a document authorizing the holder to construct a building of a particular kind on a particular lot', \"driver's_license\": 'a license authorizing the bearer to drive a motor vehicle', 'fishing_license': 'a license authorizing the bearer to fish during a specified period of time', 'hunting_license': 'a license authorizing the bearer to kill a certain type of animal during a specified period of time', \"learner's_permit\": 'a document authorizing the bearer to learn to drive an automobile', 'letter_of_marque': 'a license to a private citizen to seize property of another nation', 'liquor_license': 'a license authorizing the holder to sell alcoholic beverages', 'on-license': 'a license to sell liquor for consumption on the premises', 'marriage_license': 'a license authorizing two people to marry', 'occupation_license': 'a license to pursue a particular occupation', 'concurring_opinion': \"an opinion that agrees with the court's disposition of the case but is written to express a particular judge's reasoning\", 'dissenting_opinion': \"an opinion that disagrees with the court's disposition of the case\", 'majority_opinion': \"the opinion joined by a majority of the court (generally known simply as `the opinion')\", 'pardon': 'a warrant granting release from punishment for an offense', 'acquittance': 'a legal document evidencing the discharge of a debt or obligation', 'writ': '(law) a legal document issued by a court or judicial officer', 'assize': 'the regulation of weights and measures of articles offered for sale', 'certiorari': 'a common law writ issued by a superior court to one of inferior jurisdiction demanding the record of a particular case', 'venire_facias': 'a judicial writ ordering a sheriff to summon people for jury duty', 'mandamus': \"an extraordinary writ commanding an official to perform a ministerial act that the law recognizes as an absolute duty and not a matter for the official's discretion; used only when all other judicial remedies fail\", 'fieri_facias': 'a writ ordering a levy on the belongings of a debtor to satisfy the debt', 'scire_facias': 'a judicial writ based on some record and requiring the party against whom it is brought to show cause why the record should not be enforced or annulled', 'writ_of_detinue': 'a writ ordering the release of goods that have been unlawfully detained', 'writ_of_election': 'a writ ordering the holding of an election', 'writ_of_error': 'a judicial writ from an appellate court ordering the court of record to produce the records of trial', 'writ_of_prohibition': 'a judicial writ from a higher court ordering a lower court not to exercise jurisdiction in a particular case', 'writ_of_right': 'a writ ordering that land be restored to its rightful owner', 'summons': 'an order to appear in person at a given place and time', 'subpoena': 'a writ issued by court authority to compel the attendance of a witness at a judicial proceeding; disobedience may be punishable as a contempt of court', 'subpoena_duces_tecum': \"a writ issued by a court at the request of one of the parties to a suit; it requires a witness to bring to court or to a deposition any relevant documents under the witness's control\", 'gag_order': 'a court order restricting information or comment by the participants involved in a lawsuit; \"imposing a gag order on members of the press violates the First Amendment\"', 'garnishment': \"a court order to an employer to withhold all or part of an employee's wages and to send the money to the court or to the person who won a lawsuit against the employee\", 'interdict': 'an ecclesiastical censure by the Roman Catholic Church withdrawing certain sacraments and Christian burial from a person or all persons in a particular district', 'citation': '(law) the act of citing (as of spoken words or written passages or legal precedents etc.)', 'monition': 'a summons issued after the filing of a libel or claim directing all parties concerned to show cause why the judgment asked for should not be granted', 'speeding_ticket': 'a ticket issued for driving above the speed limit', 'parking_ticket': 'a ticket issued for parking in a restricted place', 'bill_of_Particulars': 'the particular events to be dealt with in a criminal trial; advises the defendant and the court of the facts the defendant will be required to meet', 'pleading': '(law) a statement in legal and logical form stating something on behalf of a party to a legal proceeding', 'affirmative_pleading': 'any defensive pleading that affirms facts rather than merely denying the facts alleged by the plaintiff', 'alternative_pleading': 'a pleading that alleges facts so separate that it is difficult to determine which facts the person intends to rely on', 'evasive_answer': '(law) an answer by a defendant that fails to admit or deny the allegations set forth in the complaint', 'nolo_contendere': \"(law) an answer of `no contest' by a defendant who does not admit guilt but that subjects him to conviction\", 'counterplea': \"a plaintiff's reply to a defendant's plea\", 'dilatory_plea': \"a plea that delays the action without settling the cause of action; it can challenge the jurisdiction or claim disability of the defendant etc. (such defenses are usually raised in the defendant's answer)\", 'insanity_plea': '(criminal law) a plea in which the defendant claims innocence due to mental incompetence at the time', 'complaint': '(formerly) a loud cry (or repeated cries) of pain or rage or sorrow', 'libel': 'a false and malicious publication printed for the purpose of defaming a living person', 'defective_pleading': 'any pleading that fails to conform in form or substance to minimum standards of accuracy or sufficiency', 'demurrer': \"(law) any pleading that attacks the legal sufficiency of the opponent's pleadings\", 'rebutter': 'a debater who refutes or disproves by offering contrary evidence or argument', 'rejoinder': 'a quick reply to a question or remark (especially a witty or critical one); \"it brought a sharp rejoinder from the teacher\"', 'special_pleading': 'an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence', 'surrebutter': \"(law) a pleading by the plaintiff in reply to the defendant's rebutter\", 'surrejoinder': \"(law) a pleading by the plaintiff in reply to the defendant's rejoinder\", 'plea_bargain': '(criminal law) a negotiation in which the defendant agrees to enter a plea of guilty to a lesser charge and the prosecutor agrees to drop a more serious charge; \"his admission was part of a plea bargain with the prosecutor\"; \"plea bargaining helps to stop the courts becoming congested\"', 'legislative_act': 'an act passed by a legislative body', 'fair-trade_act': 'formerly a state law that protected manufacturers from price-cutting by allowing them to set minimum retail prices for their merchandise; eliminated by the United States Congress in 1975', 'Stamp_Act': 'an act passed by the British Parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American Colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents; opposition by the Colonies resulted in the repeal of the act in 1766', 'enabling_act': 'a provision in a law that confers on appropriate officials the power to implement or enforce the law', 'Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act': 'an act passed by Congress in 1978 to establish procedures for requesting judicial authorization for foreign intelligence surveillance and to create the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court; intended to increase United States counterintelligence; separate from ordinary law enforcement surveillance', 'ordinance': 'a statute enacted by a city government', 'special_act': 'a legislative act that applies only to a particular person or particular district', 'software': '(computer science) written programs or procedures or rules and associated documentation pertaining to the operation of a computer system and that are stored in read/write memory; \"the market for software is expected to expand\"', 'alpha_software': 'a first release of a software product that is usually tested only by the developers', 'authoring_language': 'software that can be used to develop interactive computer programs without the technically demanding task of computer programming', 'beta_software': 'software that has not yet been released but has received an alpha test and still has more bugs than a regular release; \"beta software is usually available only to particular users who will test it\"', 'compatible_software': 'application software programs that share common conventions so they can be utilized together', 'computer-aided_design': 'software used in art and architecture and engineering and manufacturing to assist in precision drawing', 'freeware': 'software that is provided without charge', 'groupware': 'software that can be used by a group of people who are working on the same information but may be distributed in space', 'operating_system': '(computer science) software that controls the execution of computer programs and may provide various services', 'DOS': 'an operating system that is on a disk', 'MS-DOS': 'an operating system developed by Bill Gates for personal computers', 'UNIX': 'trademark for a powerful operating system', 'Linux': 'an open-source version of the UNIX operating system', 'anti-virus_program': 'a computer program that checks a computer for viruses and prevents their spread', 'active_application': 'an application that is currently running and in the foreground', 'applet': \"a Java application; an application program that uses the client's web browser to provide a user interface\", 'binary': 'a pre-compiled, pre-linked program that is ready to run under a given operating system; a binary for one operating system will not run on a different operating system; \"the same source code can be compiled to produce different binaries for different operating systems\"', 'browser': 'a viewer who looks around casually without seeking anything in particular', 'Internet_Explorer': 'a commercial browser', 'Konqueror': 'a freeware browser for Linux', 'Mosaic': 'a freeware browser', 'Netscape': 'a commercial browser', 'Opera': 'a commercial browser', 'natural_language_processor': 'an application program that deals with natural language text', 'disambiguator': '(computer science) a natural language processing application that tries to determine the intended meaning of a word or phrase by examining the linguistic context in which it is used', 'word_processor': 'an application that provides the user with tools needed to write and edit and format text and to send it to a printer', 'malevolent_program': 'a computer program designed to have undesirable or harmful effects', 'assembler': 'a program to convert assembly language into machine language', 'checking_program': 'a program that examines other computer programs for syntax errors', 'compiler': 'a person who compiles information (as for reference purposes)', 'C_compiler': 'a compiler for programs written in C', 'Fortran_compiler': 'a compiler for programs written in FORTRAN', 'LISP_compiler': 'a compiler for programs written in LISP', 'Pascal_compiler': 'a compiler for programs written in Pascal', 'debugger': 'a program that helps in locating and correcting programming errors', 'diagnostic_program': 'a program that recognizes and explains faults in the equipment or mistakes in a computer program', 'editor_program': '(computer science) a program designed to perform such editorial functions as rearrangement or modification or deletion of data', 'input_program': 'a utility program that organizes the input to a computer', 'command_line_interface': 'a user interface in which you type commands instead of choosing them from a menu or selecting an icon', 'graphical_user_interface': 'a user interface based on graphics (icons and pictures and menus) instead of text; uses a mouse as well as a keyboard as an input device', 'interpreter': 'someone who uses art to represent something; \"his paintings reveal a sensitive interpreter of nature\"; \"she was famous as an interpreter of Shakespearean roles\"', 'job_control': 'a program that is called to prepare each job to be run', 'library_program': 'a program in a program library', 'linkage_editor': 'an editor program that creates one module from several by resolving cross-references among the modules', 'monitor_program': 'a program that observes and regulates and controls or verifies the operations of a data-processing system', 'text_editor': '(computer science) an application that can be used to create and view and edit text files', 'object_program': 'a fully compiled or assembled program ready to be loaded into the computer', 'source_program': 'a program written in a language from which statements are translated into machine language', 'output_program': 'a utility program that organizes the output of a computer', 'parser': 'a computer program that divides code up into functional components; \"compilers must parse source code in order to translate it into object code\"', 'tagger': 'someone who assigns labels to the grammatical constituents of textual matter', 'sense_tagger': 'a tagging program whose labels indicate the meanings of words or expressions', 'part-of-speech_tagger': \"a tagging program whose labels indicate a word's part of speech\", 'relocatable_program': 'a program that can be located in different parts of memory at different times', 'reusable_program': 'a program that can be loaded once and executed repeatedly', 'Web_Map_Service': 'a computer program that produces maps of spatially referenced data dynamically from geographic information', 'MapQuest': 'a free, widely-used Web Map Server', 'search_engine': 'a computer program that retrieves documents or files or data from a database or from a computer network (especially from the internet)', 'Google': \"a widely used search engine that uses text-matching techniques to find web pages that are important and relevant to a user's search\", 'Yahoo': 'one of a race of brutes resembling men but subject to the Houyhnhnms in a novel by Jonathan Swift', 'Ask_Jeeves': 'a widely used search engine accepting plain English questions or phrases or terms', 'self-adapting_program': 'a program that can change its performance in response to its environment', 'snapshot_program': 'a trace program that produces output for selected conditions', 'spreadsheet': 'a screen-oriented interactive program enabling a user to lay out financial data on the screen', 'sort_program': 'a utility program that sorts data items', 'stored_program': 'a program that is stored in the memory of the computer that executes it', 'supervisory_program': 'a program that controls the execution of other programs', 'syntax_checker': 'a program to check natural language syntax', 'system_program': 'a program (as an operating system or compiler or utility program) that controls some aspect of the operation of a computer', 'trace_program': 'a utility program that exhibits the sequence and results of executing the instructions in another program', 'text-matching': 'a computer program that looks for text that matches a given text; \"Google uses text-matching to find web pages containing a particular text\"', 'translator': 'a person who translates written messages from one language to another', 'utility_program': '(computer science) a program designed for general support of the processes of a computer; \"a computer system provides utility programs to perform the tasks needed by most users\"', 'Windows': '(trademark) an operating system with a graphical user interface', 'decision_table': 'a table of all contingencies and the actions to be taken for each', 'flow_chart': 'a diagram of the sequence of operations in a computer program or an accounting system', 'logic_diagram': 'a graphical representation of a program using formal logic', 'function_call': 'a call that passes control to a subroutine; after the subroutine is executed control returns to the next instruction in main program', 'cataloged_procedure': 'a set of control statements that have been placed in a library and can be retrieved by name', 'contingency_procedure': 'an alternative to the normal procedure; triggered if an unusual but anticipated situation arises', 'dump_routine': 'a routine that writes from an internal store to some external medium', 'input_routine': 'a routine that writes from an external source to an internal store', 'library_routine': 'a debugged routine that is maintained in a program library', 'output_routine': 'a routine that controls an output device', 'random_number_generator': 'a routine designed to yield a random number', 'recursive_routine': 'a routine that can call itself', 'reusable_routine': 'a routine that can be loaded once and executed repeatedly', 'supervisory_routine': 'a routine that coordinates the operation of subroutines', 'tracing_routine': 'a routine that provides a chronological record of the execution of a computer program', 'utility_routine': 'a routine that can be used as needed', 'instruction': '(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program', 'logic_bomb': 'a set of instructions inserted into a program that are designed to execute (or `explode\\') if a particular condition is satisfied; when exploded it may delete or corrupt data, or print a spurious message, or have other harmful effects; \"a disgruntled employee planted a logic bomb\"', 'trojan': 'a program that appears desirable but actually contains something harmful; \"the contents of a trojan can be a virus or a worm\"; \"when he downloaded the free game it turned out to be a trojan horse\"', 'command_line': 'commands that a user types in order to run an application', 'hyperlink': 'a link from a hypertext file to another location or file; typically activated by clicking on a highlighted word or icon at a particular location on the screen', 'macro': 'a single computer instruction that results in a series of instructions in machine language', 'system_error': 'an instruction that is either not recognized by an operating system or is in violation of the procedural rules', 'system_call': 'an instruction that interrupts the program being executed and passes control to the supervisor', 'shareware': 'software that is available free of charge; may be distributed for evaluation with a fee requested for additional features or a manual etc.', 'shrink-wrapped_software': 'software on CD-ROMs that are boxed and shrink-wrapped and sold in stores (implying a widely supported standard platform)', 'spyware': \"computer software that obtains information from a user's computer without the user's knowledge or consent\", 'supervisory_software': \"specialized programs that reside permanently in the computer's main memory and control the processing of user's programs\", 'software_documentation': 'program listings or technical manuals describing the operation and use of programs', 'electronic_database': '(computer science) a database that can be accessed by computers', 'database_management_system': 'a software system that facilitates the creation and maintenance and use of an electronic database', 'relational_database_management_system': 'a database management system designed to manage a relational database', 'object-oriented_database_management_system': 'a database management system designed to manage an object-oriented database', 'hypertext_system': \"a database management system that allows strings of text (`objects') to be processed as a complex network of nodes that are linked together in an arbitrary way\", 'read': 'something that is read; \"the article was a very good read\"', 'edition': 'all of the identical copies of something offered to the public at the same time; \"the first edition appeared in 1920\"; \"it was too late for the morning edition\"; \"they issued a limited edition of Bach recordings\"', 'limited_edition': 'an edition that is restricted to a specific number of copies', 'variorum': 'an edition containing various versions of a text or notes by various scholars or editors', 'galley_proof': 'a proof taken before the type is broken up to print pages', 'foundry_proof': 'a proof taken from a form before duplicate plates are made', 'mackle': 'a printed impression that is blurred or doubled', 'anthology': 'a collection of selected literary passages', 'concept_album': 'an album whose recordings are unified by some theme (instrumental or lyrical or narrative or compositional)', 'rock_opera': 'albums of rock music that aspired to the status of art; first appeared in the 1960s', 'tribute_album': \"concept album compiling a performer's work or work supporting some worthy cause\", 'florilegium': 'an anthology of short literary pieces and poems and ballads etc.', 'omnibus': 'an anthology of articles on a related subject or an anthology of the works of a single author', 'archives': 'collection of records especially about an institution', 'periodical': 'a publication that appears at fixed intervals', 'digest': 'a periodical that summarizes the news', 'pictorial': 'a periodical (magazine or newspaper) containing many pictures', 'semiweekly': 'a periodical that is published twice each week (or 104 issues per year)', 'weekly': 'a periodical that is published every week (or 52 issues per year)', 'semimonthly': 'a periodical that is published twice each month (or 24 issues per year)', 'monthly': 'a periodical that is published every month (or 12 issues per year)', 'quarterly': 'a periodical that is published every quarter (or four issues per year)', 'bimonthly': 'a periodical that is published twice a month or every two months (either 24 or 6 issues per year)', 'biweekly': 'a periodical that is published twice a week or every two weeks (either 104 or 26 issues per year)', 'house_organ': 'a periodical published by a business firm for its employees and customers', 'tip_sheet': 'a publication containing the latest information or tips or predictions for a particular business or stock market information or horse racing results, etc.', 'dope_sheet': 'a racing publication giving information on horses and the outcomes of horse races', 'colour_supplement': '(British) a magazine that is printed in color and circulated with a newspaper (especially on weekends)', 'comic_book': 'a magazine devoted to comic strips', 'news_magazine': 'a magazine devoted to reports of current events; usually published weekly', 'trade_magazine': 'a magazine published for and read by members of a particular trade group', 'literary_review': 'a review devoted to literary criticism', 'bumf': 'reading materials (documents, written information) that you must read and deal with but that you think are extremely boring', 'perusal': 'reading carefully with intent to remember', 'skim': 'a thin layer covering the surface of a liquid; \"there was a thin skim of oil on the water\"', 'latent_content': '(psychoanalysis) hidden meaning of a fantasy or dream', 'bone_of_contention': 'the subject of a dispute; \"the real bone of contention, as you know, is money\"', 'didacticism': 'communication that is suitable for or intended to be instructive; \"the didacticism expected in books for the young\"; \"the didacticism of the 19th century gave birth to many great museums\"', 'declarative_sentence': 'a sentence (in the indicative mood) that makes a declaration', 'run-on_sentence': 'an ungrammatical sentence in which two or more independent clauses are conjoined without a conjunction', 'topic_sentence': 'a sentence that states the topic of its paragraph', 'lexical_meaning': 'the meaning of a content word that depends on the nonlinguistic concepts it is used to express', 'grammatical_meaning': 'the meaning of a word that depends on its role in a sentence; varies with inflectional form', 'symbolization': 'the use of symbols to convey meaning', 'word_meaning': 'the accepted meaning of a word', 'intension': 'what you must know in order to determine the reference of an expression', 'referent': 'something referred to; the object of a reference', 'relatum': 'a term in a proposition that is related to the referent of the proposition', 'antecedent': 'anything that precedes something similar in time; \"phrenology was an antecedent of modern neuroscience\"', 'denotatum': 'an actual object referred to by a linguistic expression', 'designatum': 'something (whether existing or not) that is referred to by a linguistic expression', 'alpha_and_omega': \"the first and last; signifies God's eternity\", 'amphibology': \"an ambiguous grammatical construction; e.g., `they are flying planes' can mean either that someone is flying planes or that something is flying planes\", 'parisology': 'the use of ambiguous words', 'euphemism': 'an inoffensive or indirect expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive or too harsh', 'dysphemism': 'an offensive or disparaging expression that is substituted for an inoffensive one; \"his favorite dysphemism was to ask for axle grease when he wanted butter\"', 'shucks': 'an expression of disappointment or irritation', 'double_entendre': 'an ambiguity with one interpretation that is indelicate', 'intent': 'the intended meaning of a communication', 'moral': 'the significance of a story or event; \"the moral of the story is to love thy neighbor\"', 'nuance': 'a subtle difference in meaning or opinion or attitude; \"without understanding the finer nuances you can\\'t enjoy the humor\"; \"don\\'t argue about shades of meaning\"', 'bottom_line': 'the last line in an audit; the line that shows profit or loss', 'crux': 'the most important point', 'rallying_point': 'a point or principle on which scattered or opposing groups can come together', 'talking_point': 'an especially persuasive point helping to support an argument or discussion', 'nonsense': 'a message that seems to convey no meaning', 'amphigory': 'nonsensical writing (usually verse)', 'balderdash': 'trivial nonsense', 'buzzword': 'stock phrases that have become nonsense through endless repetition', 'fa_la': 'meaningless syllables in the refrain of a partsong', 'gibberish': 'unintelligible talking', 'incoherence': 'lack of cohesion or clarity or organization', 'word_salad': 'jumble of incoherent speech as sometimes heard in schizophrenia', 'jabberwocky': 'nonsensical language (according to Lewis Carroll)', 'mummery': 'meaningless ceremonies and flattery', 'palaver': 'loud and confused and empty talk; \"mere rhetoric\"', 'shmegegge': '(Yiddish) baloney; hot air; nonsense', 'abracadabra': 'gibberish and nonsense', 'babble': 'gibberish resembling the sounds of a baby', 'blather': 'foolish gibberish', 'humbug': 'communication (written or spoken) intended to deceive', 'double_talk': 'deliberately unintelligible gibberish', 'jabber': 'rapid and indistinct speech', 'baloney': 'pretentious or silly talk or writing', 'bullshit': 'obscene words for unacceptable behavior; \"I put up with a lot of bullshit from that jerk\"; \"what he said was mostly bull\"', 'chickenshit': 'a false statement that is considered to indicate timidity or fear', 'folderol': 'nonsensical talk or writing', 'pap': 'worthless or oversimplified ideas', 'drivel': 'a worthless message', 'mumbo_jumbo': 'language or ritual causing, or intending to cause, confusion', 'analects': 'a collection of excerpts from a literary work', 'clipping': 'an excerpt cut from a newspaper or magazine; \"he searched through piles of letters and clippings\"', 'misquotation': 'an incorrect quotation', 'movie': 'a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement; \"they went to a movie every Saturday night\"; \"the film was shot on location\"', 'telefilm': 'a movie that is made to be shown on television', 'outtake': 'a scene that is filmed but is not used in the final editing of the film', 'final_cut': 'the final edited version of a movie as approved by the director and producer', 'travelogue': 'a film or illustrated lecture on traveling', 'home_movie': 'a film made at home by an amateur photographer', 'counterattraction': 'a rival attraction', 'collage_film': 'a movie that juxtaposes different kinds of footage', 'coming_attraction': 'a movie that is advertised to draw customers', 'Western': 'a film about life in the western United States during the period of exploration and development', \"shoot-'em-up\": 'a movie featuring shooting and violence', 'short_subject': 'a brief film; often shown prior to showing the feature', 'cartoon': 'a humorous or satirical drawing published in a newspaper or magazine', 'newsreel': 'a short film and commentary about current events', 'documentary': 'a film or TV program presenting the facts about a person or event', 'cinema_verite': 'a movie that shows ordinary people in actual activities without being controlled by a director', 'film_noir': 'a movie that is marked by a mood of pessimism, fatalism, menace, and cynical characters; \"film noir was applied by French critics to describe American thriller or detective films in the 1940s\"', 'skin_flick': 'a pornographic movie', 'peepshow': 'an exhibition of pictures or objects viewed through a small hole or magnifying glass', 'rough_cut': 'the first print of a movie after preliminary editing', 'silent_movie': 'a movie without a soundtrack', 'slow_motion': 'a movie that apparently takes place at a slower than normal speed; achieved by taking the film at a faster rate', 'dissolve': '(film) a gradual transition from one scene to the next; the next scene is gradually superimposed as the former scene fades out', 'jump_cut': 'an immediate transition from one scene to another', 'spaghetti_Western': 'a low-budget Western movie produced by a European (especially an Italian) film company', 'talking_picture': 'a movie with synchronized speech and singing', 'rebroadcast': 'a broadcast that repeated at a later time', 'news_program': 'a program devoted to current events, often using interviews and commentary; \"we watch the 7 o\\'clock news every night\"', 'rerun': 'a program that is broadcast again; \"she likes to watch `I love Lucy\\' reruns\"', 'talk_show': 'a program during which well-known people discuss a topic or answer questions telephoned in by the audience; \"in England they call a talk show a chat show\"', 'phone-in': 'a program in which the audience participates by telephone', 'television_program': 'a program broadcast by television', 'colorcast': 'a television program that is broadcast in color', 'pilot_program': 'a program exemplifying a contemplated series; intended to attract sponsors', 'game_show': 'a television or radio program in which contestants compete for awards', 'quiz_program': 'a game show in which contestants answer questions', 'film_clip': 'a strip of motion picture film used in a telecast', 'serial': 'a serialized set of programs; \"a comedy series\"; \"the Masterworks concert series\"', 'cliffhanger': 'a contest whose outcome is uncertain up to the very end', 'sustaining_program': 'a program without a commercial sponsor', 'soap_opera': 'a serialized program usually dealing with sentimentalized family matters that is broadcast on radio or television (frequently sponsored by a company advertising soap products)', 'tetralogy': 'a series of four related works (plays or operas or novels)', 'radio_broadcast': 'a broadcast via radio', 'simulcast': 'a broadcast that is carried simultaneously by radio and television (or by FM and AM radio)', 'telecast': 'a television broadcast', 'telegram': 'a message transmitted by telegraph', 'night_letter': 'a cheaper form of telegram sent for delivery the next day', 'air_mail': 'mail that is sent by air transport', 'surface_mail': 'mail that is sent by land or sea', 'registered_mail': 'mail that is registered by the post office when sent in order to assure safe delivery', 'special_delivery': 'mail that is delivered by a special carrier (for an additional charge)', 'correspondence': 'communication by the exchange of letters', 'Kamasutra': '(Hinduism) an ancient Sanskrit text giving rules for sensuous and sensual pleasure and love and marriage in accordance with Hindu law', 'sutra': 'a rule or aphorism in Sanskrit literature or a group of aphoristic doctrinal summaries prepared for memorization', 'letter': 'owner who lets another person use something (housing usually) for hire', 'business_letter': 'a letter dealing with business', 'covering_letter': 'a letter sent along with other documents to provide additional information', 'crank_letter': 'a hostile (usually anonymous) letter', 'encyclical': 'a letter from the pope sent to all Roman Catholic bishops throughout the world', 'fan_letter': 'a letter that is a piece of fan mail', 'personal_letter': 'a letter dealing with personal affairs', 'form_letter': 'a letter that is printed in multiple copies and mailed to a list of recipients', 'open_letter': 'a letter of protest; addressed to one person but intended for the general public', 'chain_letter': 'a letter that is sent successively to several people', 'round_robin': 'a tournament in which every contestant plays every other contestant', 'airmail_letter': 'a letter sent by air mail', 'epistle': 'a specially long, formal letter', 'excuse': 'a defense of some offensive behavior or some failure to keep a promise etc.; \"he kept finding excuses to stay\"; \"every day he had a new alibi for not getting a job\"; \"his transparent self-justification was unacceptable\"', 'love_letter': 'a personal letter to a loved one expressing affection', 'dead_letter': 'the state of something that has outlived its relevance', 'letter_of_intent': 'any letter expressing an intention to take (or forgo) some action', 'birthday_card': 'a card expressing a birthday greeting', 'get-well_card': 'a card expressing get-well wishes', 'greeting_card': 'a card sent to express personal greetings', 'Christmas_card': 'a card expressing a Christmas greeting', 'Easter_card': 'a card expressing an Easter greeting', 'Valentine': \"a card sent or given (as to a sweetheart) on Saint Valentine's Day\", 'postcard': 'a card for sending messages by post without an envelope', 'lettercard': 'a postcard that folds so the message is inside', 'picture_postcard': 'a postcard with a picture on one side', 'sympathy_card': 'a card expressing sympathy', 'Mass_card': '(Roman Catholic Church) a card sent to a bereaved family that says the sender has arranged for a Mass to be said in memory of the deceased', 'spiritual_bouquet': '(Roman Catholic Church) a card indicating that the sender will perform certain devotional acts on behalf of another', 'acknowledgment': 'a statement acknowledging something or someone; \"she must have seen him but she gave no sign of acknowledgment\"; \"the preface contained an acknowledgment of those who had helped her\"', 'adieu': 'a farewell remark; \"they said their good-byes\"', 'bon_voyage': 'an organized expression of goodwill at the start of a trip or new venture', 'greeting': '(usually plural) an acknowledgment or expression of good will (especially on meeting)', 'well-wishing': 'an expression of good will from one person to another; \"much hand-shaking and well-wishing\"', 'regard': 'a feeling of friendship and esteem; \"she mistook his manly regard for love\"; \"he inspires respect\"', 'hail': 'precipitation of ice pellets when there are strong rising air currents', 'pax': '(Roman Catholic Church) a greeting signifying Christian love for those assisting at the Eucharist', 'welcome': 'the state of being welcome; \"don\\'t outstay your welcome\"', 'cordial_reception': 'kindness in welcoming guests or strangers', 'inhospitality': 'unkind and inconsiderate welcome; \"he was taken aback by such inhospitality\"', 'glad_hand': 'a warm welcome; may be insincere', 'aloha': 'an acknowledgment that can be used to say hello or goodbye (aloha is Hawaiian and ciao is Italian)', 'handshake': \"grasping and shaking a person's hand (as to acknowledge an introduction or to agree on a contract)\", 'salute': 'an act of honor or courteous recognition; \"a musical salute to the composer on his birthday\"', 'hello': 'an expression of greeting; \"every morning they exchanged polite hellos\"', 'good_morning': 'a conventional expression of greeting or farewell', 'good_afternoon': 'a conventional expression of greeting or farewell', 'good_night': 'a conventional expression of farewell', 'mea_culpa': 'an acknowledgment of your error or guilt', 'condolence': 'an expression of sympathy with another\\'s grief; \"they sent their condolences\"', 'congratulation': '(usually plural) an expression of pleasure at the success or good fortune of another; \"I sent them my sincere congratulations on their marriage\"', 'refusal': 'the act of refusing', 'declination': '(astronomy) the angular distance of a celestial body north or to the south of the celestial equator; expressed in degrees; used with right ascension to specify positions on the celestial sphere', 'misinformation': 'information that is incorrect', 'blowback': 'the backward escape of gases and unburned gunpowder after a gun is fired', 'disinformation': 'misinformation that is deliberately disseminated in order to influence or confuse rivals (foreign enemies or business competitors etc.)', 'rehash': 'old material that is slightly reworked and used again; \"merely a dull rehash of his first novel\"', 'details': 'true confidential information; \"after the trial he gave us the real details\"', 'dope': 'slang terms for inside information; \"is that the straight dope?\"', 'high-level_formatting': '(computer science) the format for the root directory and the file allocation tables and other basic configurations', 'low-level_formatting': '(computer science) the format of sectors on the surface of a hard disk drive so that the operating system can access them and setting a starting position', 'gen': 'informal term for information; \"give me the gen on your new line of computers\"', 'database': 'an organized body of related information', 'relational_database': 'a database in which relations between information items are explicitly specified as accessible attributes; \"in a relational database the data are organized as a number of differently sized tables\"', 'Medical_Literature_Analysis_and_Retrieval_System': 'relational database of the United States National Library of Medicine for the storage and retrieval of bibliographical information concerning the biomedical literature', 'object-oriented_database': 'a database in which the operations carried out on information items (data objects) are considered part of their definition', 'subdata_base': 'a subset of data in a database that are used in a specific application', 'lexical_database': 'a database of information about words', 'machine_readable_dictionary': 'a machine-readable version of a standard dictionary; organized alphabetically', 'WordNet': 'a machine-readable lexical database organized by meanings; developed at Princeton University', 'wordnet': 'any of the machine-readable lexical databases modeled after the Princeton WordNet', 'basics': 'a statement of fundamental facts or principles', 'body_mass_index': \"a measure of someone's weight in relation to height; to calculate one's BMI, multiply one's weight in pounds and divide that by the square of one's height in inches; overweight is a BMI greater than 25; obese is a BMI greater than 30\", 'business_index': 'a statistical compilation that provides a context for economic or financial conditions; \"this business index is computed relative to the base year of 2005\"', 'Dow_Jones': 'an indicator of stock market prices; based on the share values of 30 blue-chip stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange; \"the Dow Jones Industrial Average is the most widely cited indicator of how the stock market is doing\"', \"Standard_and_Poor's\": 'a broadly based stock market index', 'leading_indicator': 'one of 11 indicators for different sections of the economy; used by the Department of Commerce to predict economic trends in the near future', 'price_index': 'an index that traces the relative changes in the price of an individual good (or a market basket of goods) over time', 'retail_price_index': 'an index of changes in retail prices', 'producer_price_index': 'an index of changes in wholesale prices', 'consumer_price_index': 'an index of the cost of all goods and services to a typical consumer', 'short_account': 'a brokerage account of someone who sells short (sells securities he does not own)', 'stock_index': 'index based on a statistical compilation of the share prices of a number of representative stocks', 'news': 'information reported in a newspaper or news magazine; \"the news of my death was greatly exaggerated\"', 'nuts_and_bolts': 'detailed practical information about how something works or how something can be accomplished', 'military_intelligence': 'an agency of the armed forces that obtains and analyzes and uses information of strategic or tactical military value', 'good_word': 'good news', 'latest': 'the most recent news or development; \"have you heard the latest?\"', 'update': 'news that updates your information', 'clue': 'evidence that helps to solve a problem', 'DNA_fingerprint': \"biometric identification obtained by examining a person's unique sequence of DNA base pairs; often used for evidence in criminal law cases\", 'fingerprint': 'a generic term for any identifying characteristic; \"that tax bill had the senator\\'s fingerprints all over it\"', 'finger_scan': \"biometric identification by automatically scanning a person's fingerprints electronically\", 'thumbprint': 'fingerprint made by the thumb (especially by the pad of the thumb)', 'footprint_evidence': 'evidence in the form of footprints; \"there was footprint evidence that he had been at the scene of the crime\"', 'iris_scanning': 'biometric identification by scanning the iris of the eye; \"the structure of the iris is very distinctive\"', 'signature_recognition': \"biometric identification by automatically scanning a person's signature and matching it electronically against a library of known signatures\", 'retinal_scanning': 'biometric identification by scanning the retina of the eye; \"identification by retinal scanning is complicated by eye movements\"', 'voiceprint': 'biometric identification by electronically recording and graphically representing a person\\'s voice; \"voiceprints are uniquely characteristic of individual speakers\"', 'sign': '(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease; \"there were no signs of asphyxiation\"', 'mathematical_proof': 'proof of a mathematical theorem', 'logical_proof': 'proof of a logical theorem', 'testimony': 'a solemn statement made under oath', 'good_authority': 'testimony by someone who should know; \"I have it on good authority\"', 'counterargument': 'an argument offered in opposition to another argument', 'pro': 'an argument in favor of a proposal', 'con': 'an argument opposed to a proposal', 'adducing': 'citing as evidence or proof', 'attestation': 'the action of bearing witness', 'reinforcement': 'information that makes more forcible or convincing; \"his gestures provided eloquent reinforcement for his complaints\"', 'career_counseling': 'counseling on career opportunities', 'genetic_counseling': 'guidance for prospective parents on the likelihood of genetic disorders in their future children', 'marriage_counseling': 'counseling on marital problems and disagreements', 'tip': 'the extreme end of something; especially something pointed', 'insider_information': 'important information about the plans or condition of a corporation that has not been released to the public; use for personal profit is illegal', 'interpellation': '(parliament) a parliamentary procedure of demanding that a government official explain some act or policy', 'rule_of_evidence': '(law) a rule of law whereby any alleged matter of fact that is submitted for investigation at a judicial trial is established or disproved', 'best_evidence_rule': 'a rule of evidence requiring that to prove the content of a writing or recording or photograph the original is required', 'estoppel': 'a rule of evidence whereby a person is barred from denying the truth of a fact that has already been settled', 'exclusionary_rule': 'a rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct', 'fruit_of_the_poisonous_tree': 'a rule that once primary evidence is determined to have been illegally obtained any secondary evidence following from it may also not be used', 'hearsay_rule': 'a rule that declares not admissible as evidence any statement other than that by a witness', 'parol_evidence_rule': 'a rule that oral evidence cannot be used to contradict the terms of a written contract', 'res_ipsa_loquitur': 'a rule of evidence whereby the negligence of an alleged wrongdoer can be inferred from the fact that the accident happened', 'standing_order': 'a rule of order permanently in force', 'Miranda_rule': 'the rule that police (when interrogating you after an arrest) are obliged to warn you that anything you say may be used as evidence and to read you your constitutional rights (the right to a lawyer and the right to remain silent until advised by a lawyer)', 'higher_law': 'a principle that takes precedent over the laws of society', 'moral_principle': 'the principle that conduct should be moral', 'golden_rule': 'any important rule; \"the golden rule of teaching is to be clear\"', 'GIGO': '(computer science) a rule stating that the quality of the output is a function of the quality of the input; put garbage in and you get garbage out', 'categorical_imperative': 'the moral principle that behavior should be determined by duty', 'hypothetical_imperative': 'a principle stating the action required to attain a desired goal', 'economic_policy': 'a government policy for maintaining economic growth and tax revenues', 'fiscal_policy': 'a government policy for dealing with the budget (especially with taxation and borrowing)', 'New_Deal': \"the historic period (1933-1940) in the United States during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented\", 'price_control': 'restriction on maximum prices that is established and maintained by the government (as during periods of war or inflation)', 'glass_ceiling': 'a ceiling based on attitudinal or organizational bias in the work force that prevents minorities and women from advancing to leadership positions', 'price_floor': 'floor below which prices are not allowed to fall; \"the government used price supports to maintain the price floor\"', 'wage_floor': 'floor below which wages are not allowed to fall', 'perestroika': 'an economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union; intended to increase automation and labor efficiency but it led eventually to the end of central planning in the Russian economy', 'protectionism': 'the policy of imposing duties or quotas on imports in order to protect home industries from overseas competition', 'social_policy': 'a policy of for dealing with social issues', 'apartheid': 'a social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against people who are not Whites; the former official policy in South Africa', 'glasnost': 'a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems', 'social_action': 'a social policy of reform (especially socioeconomic reform)', 'affirmative_action': 'a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities; \"affirmative action has been extremely controversial and was challenged in 1978 in the Bakke decision\"', 'fence_mending': 'social action to improve poor relations (especially in politics); \"they moved forward from a period of fence mending to substantive changes in the country\"', 'trade_barrier': 'any regulation or policy that restricts international trade', 'quota': 'a prescribed number; \"all the salesmen met their quota for the month\"', 'embargo': 'a government order imposing a trade barrier', 'foreign_policy': 'a policy governing international relations', 'brinkmanship': 'the policy of pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of disaster (to the limits of safety)', 'nonintervention': \"a foreign policy of staying out of other countries' disputes\", 'nonaggression': 'a policy of not initiating hostilities; \"they signed a nonaggression pact\"', 'manifest_destiny': 'a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God)', 'isolationism': 'a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations', 'Monroe_Doctrine': 'an American foreign policy opposing interference in the western hemisphere from outside powers', 'Truman_doctrine': \"President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology\", 'neutralism': 'a policy of neutrality or nonalignment in international affairs', 'trade_policy': \"a government's policy controlling foreign trade\", 'open-door_policy': 'the policy of granting equal trade opportunities to all countries', 'zero-tolerance_policy': 'any policy that allows no exception; \"a zero-tolerance policy toward pedophile priests\"', 'Zionism': 'a movement of world Jewry that arose late in the 19th century with the aim of creating a Jewish state in Palestine', 'caveat_emptor': 'a commercial principle that without a warranty the buyer takes upon himself the risk of quality', 'age_limit': 'regulation establishing the maximum age for doing something or holding some position', 'speed_limit': 'regulation establishing the top speed permitted on a given road', 'etiquette': 'rules governing socially acceptable behavior', 'file_transfer_protocol': 'protocol that allows users to copy files between their local system and any system they can reach on the network', 'anonymous_ftp': \"a common way to make software available; users are allowed to log in as `guest' without a password and copy whatever has been made available\", 'hypertext_transfer_protocol': 'a protocol (utilizing TCP) to transfer hypertext requests and information between servers and browsers', 'musical_instrument_digital_interface': 'a standard protocol for communication between electronic musical instruments and computers', 'transmission_control_protocol': 'a protocol developed for the internet to get data from one network device to another; \"TCP uses a retransmission strategy to insure that data will not be lost in transmission\"', 'transmission_control_protocol/internet_protocol': 'a set of protocols (including TCP) developed for the internet in the 1970s to get data from one network device to another', 'closure_by_compartment': 'closure imposed on the debate of specific sections of a bill', 'point_of_order': 'a question as to whether the current proceedings are allowed by parliamentary procedure', 'Bushido': 'traditional code of the Japanese samurai which stressed courage and loyalty and self-discipline and simple living', 'legal_code': 'a code of laws adopted by a state or nation; \"a code of laws\"', 'penal_code': 'the legal code governing crimes and their punishment', 'United_States_Code': 'a consolidation and codification by subject matter of the general and permanent laws of the United States; is prepared and published by a unit of the United States House of Representatives', 'building_code': 'set of standards established and enforced by local government for the structural safety of buildings', 'dress_code': 'a set of rules specifying the correct manner of dress while on the premises of the institution (or specifying what manner of dress is prohibited)', 'fire_code': 'set of standards established and enforced by government for fire prevention and safety in case of fire as in fire escapes etc', 'omerta': 'a code of silence practiced by the Mafia; a refusal to give evidence to the police about criminal activities', 'sanitary_code': 'set of standards established and enforced by government for health requirements as in plumbing etc', 'Highway_Code': 'the code of rules governing the use of public roads', 'double_standard': 'an ethical or moral code that applies more strictly to one group than to another', 'double_standard_of_sexual_behavior': 'a code that permits greater sexual freedom for men than for women (associated with the subordination of women)', 'linear_equation': 'a polynomial equation of the first degree', 'quadratic_equation': 'an equation in which the highest power of an unknown quantity is a square', 'biquadratic_equation': 'an equation of the fourth degree', 'differential_equation': 'an equation containing differentials of a function', \"Maxwell's_equations\": 'four differential equations that summarize classical properties of electromagnetic fields', 'partial_differential_equation': 'a differential equation involving a functions of more than one variable', 'Schrodinger_equation': 'the fundamental equation of wave mechanics', 'simultaneous_equations': 'a set of equations in two or more variables for which there are values that can satisfy all the equations simultaneously', 'wave_equation': 'a differential equation that describes the passage of harmonic waves through a medium', 'advice': 'a proposal for an appropriate course of action', 'indication': 'the act of indicating or pointing out by name', 'admonition': 'a firm rebuke', 'secret': 'something that should remain hidden from others (especially information that is not to be passed on); \"the combination to the safe was a secret\"; \"he tried to keep his drinking a secret\"', 'confidence': 'a state of confident hopefulness that events will be favorable; \"public confidence in the economy\"', 'esoterica': 'secrets known only to an initiated minority', 'cabala': 'an esoteric or occult matter resembling the Kabbalah that is traditionally secret', 'open_secret': 'something that is supposed to be secret but is generally known; \"their love affair was an open secret\"', 'password': 'a secret word or phrase known only to a restricted group; \"he forgot the password\"', 'trade_secret': 'a secret (method or device or formula) that gives a manufacturer an advantage over the competition', 'propaganda': 'information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause', 'agitprop': 'political propaganda (especially communist propaganda) communicated via art and literature and cinema', 'course_catalog': 'a catalog listing the courses offered by a college or university', 'specification': 'naming explicitly', 'source_materials': 'publications from which information is obtained', 'voucher': 'someone who vouches for another or for the correctness of a statement', 'course_of_study': 'an integrated course of academic studies; \"he was admitted to a new program at the university\"', 'crash_course': 'a rapid and intense course of training or research (usually undertaken in an emergency); \"he took a crash course in Italian on his way to Italy\"; \"his first job was a crash course in survival and in learning how to get along with people\"; \"a crash programme is needed to create new jobs\"', 'reading_program': 'a program designed to teach literacy skills', 'degree_program': 'a course of study leading to an academic degree', 'small_print': 'material printed in small type; \"he needed his glasses in order to read the fine print\"', 'relief_printing': 'printing from a plate with raised characters', 'intaglio_printing': 'a printing process that uses an etched or engraved plate; the plate is smeared with ink and wiped clean, then the ink left in the recesses makes the print', 'process_printing': 'a method of printing colored reproductions from halftone plates', 'planographic_printing': 'the process of printing from a surface on which the printing areas are not raised but are ink-receptive (as opposed to ink repellent)', 'collotype': 'a photomechanical printing process that uses a glass plate with a gelatin surface that carries the image to be reproduced; can be used with one or more colors', 'photolithography': 'a planographic printing process using plates made from a photographic image', 'chromolithography': 'single- or multi-color lithography', 'photo-offset_printing': 'a method of offset printing using photomechanical plates', 'offset': 'a plate makes an inked impression on a rubber-blanketed cylinder, which in turn transfers it to the paper', 'offset_lithography': 'offset printing by lithography', 'letterset_printing': 'image is transferred from a relief type plate to a roller', 'carbon_process': 'a process of printing on paper coated with bichromated gelatin containing pigment', 'business_news': 'news about businesses and investments', 'report': 'a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing); \"they heard a violent report followed by silence\"', 'newsletter': 'report or open letter giving informal or confidential news of interest to a special group', 'market_letter': 'a newsletter written by an analyst of the stock market and sold to subscribers', 'bulletin': 'a brief report (especially an official statement issued for immediate publication or broadcast)', 'news_bulletin': 'a short news announcement concerning some on-going news story', 'information_bulletin': 'a bulletin containing the latest information', 'urban_legend': 'a story that appears mysteriously and spreads spontaneously in various forms and is usually false; contains elements of humor or horror and is popularly believed to be true', 'exclusive': 'a news report that is reported first by one news organization; \"he got a scoop on the bribery of city officials\"', 'newscast': 'a broadcast of news or commentary on the news', 'radio_news': 'a radio broadcast of news', 'sportscast': 'a broadcast of sports news or commentary', 'television_news': 'a television broadcast of news', 'hard_news': 'news that deals with serious topics or events', 'soft_news': 'news that does not deal with serious topics or events', 'stop_press': 'late news that is inserted into the newspaper at the last minute', 'oath': 'a solemn promise, usually invoking a divine witness, regarding your future acts or behavior; \"they took an oath of allegiance\"', 'guarantee': 'a collateral agreement to answer for the debt of another in case that person defaults', 'stock_warrant': 'a written certificate that gives the holder the right to purchase shares of a stock for a specified price within a specified period of time', 'full_faith_and_credit': 'a guarantee to pay interest and principal on debt; usually issued by the United States Treasury', 'approval': 'acceptance as satisfactory; \"he bought it on approval\"', 'approbation': 'official approval', 'O.K.': 'an endorsement; \"they gave us the O.K. to go ahead\"', 'visa': 'an endorsement made in a passport that allows the bearer to enter the country issuing it', 'ovation': 'enthusiastic recognition (especially one accompanied by loud applause)', 'connivance': 'agreement on a secret plot', 'permission': 'approval to do something; \"he asked permission to leave\"', 'all_clear': 'a signal (usually a siren) that danger is over', 'consent': 'permission to do something; \"he indicated his consent\"', 'green_light': 'a signal to proceed', 'leave': 'the period of time during which you are absent from work or duty; \"a ten day\\'s leave to visit his mother\"', 'boarding_card': 'a pass that allows you to board a ship or plane', 'hall_pass': 'written permission from a teacher for a student to be out the classroom and in the halls of the school', 'ticket-of-leave': 'a permit formerly given to convicts allowing them to leave prison under specific restrictions', 'safe-conduct': 'a document or escort providing safe passage through a region especially in time of war', 'encouragement': 'the feeling of being encouraged', 'acclaim': 'enthusiastic approval; \"the book met with modest acclaim\"; \"he acknowledged the plaudits of the crowd\"; \"they gave him more eclat than he really deserved\"', 'applause': 'a demonstration of approval by clapping the hands together', 'handclap': 'a clap of the hands to indicate approval', 'cheer': 'a cry or shout of approval', 'banzai': 'a Japanese cheer of enthusiasm or triumph', 'bravo': 'a cry of approval as from an audience at the end of great performance', 'hurrah': 'a victory cheer; \"let\\'s give the team a big hurrah\"', 'salvo': 'an outburst resembling the discharge of firearms or the release of bombs', 'praise': 'offering words of homage as an act of worship; \"they sang a hymn of praise to God\"', 'hallelujah': 'a shout or song of praise to God', 'rave': 'a dance party that lasts all night and electronically synthesized music is played; \"raves are very popular in Berlin\"', 'encomium': 'a formal expression of praise', 'eulogy': 'a formal expression of praise for someone who has died recently', 'compliment': 'a remark (or act) expressing praise and admiration', 'trade-last': 'a compliment that I heard about you that I offer to trade for a compliment you have heard about me', 'flattery': 'excessive or insincere praise', 'adulation': 'servile flattery; exaggerated and hypocritical praise', 'blarney': 'flattery designed to gain favor', 'puffery': 'a flattering commendation (especially when used for promotional purposes)', 'academic_degree': 'an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study; \"he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude\"', 'associate_degree': 'a degree granted by a two-year college on successful completion of the undergraduates course of studies', 'Associate_in_Arts': 'an associate degree in arts', 'Associate_in_Applied_Science': 'an associate degree in applied science', 'Associate_in_Nursing': 'an associate degree in nursing', \"bachelor's_degree\": 'an academic degree conferred on someone who has successfully completed undergraduate studies', 'Bachelor_of_Arts': \"a bachelor's degree in arts and sciences\", 'Bachelor_of_Arts_in_Library_Science': \"a bachelor's degree in library science\", 'Bachelor_of_Arts_in_Nursing': \"a bachelor's degree in nursing\", 'Bachelor_of_Divinity': \"a bachelor's degree in religion\", 'Bachelor_of_Literature': \"a bachelor's degree in literature\", 'Bachelor_of_Medicine': \"(a British degree) a bachelor's degree in medicine\", 'Bachelor_of_Music': \"a bachelor's degree in music\", 'Bachelor_of_Naval_Science': \"a bachelor's degree in naval science\", 'Bachelor_of_Science': \"a bachelor's degree in science\", 'Bachelor_of_Science_in_Architecture': \"a bachelor's degree in architecture\", 'Bachelor_of_Science_in_Engineering': \"a bachelor's degree in engineering\", 'Bachelor_of_Theology': \"a bachelor's degree in theology\", 'honours': 'a university degree with honors', 'first': 'the first or highest in an ordering or series; \"He wanted to be the first\"', 'double_first': 'a first-class honours degree in two subjects', \"master's_degree\": \"an academic degree higher than a bachelor's degree but lower than a doctor's degree\", 'Master_of_Architecture': 'a degree granted for the successful completion of advanced study of architecture', 'Master_of_Arts': \"a master's degree in arts and sciences\", 'Master_of_Arts_in_Library_Science': \"a master's degree in library science\", 'Master_of_Arts_in_Teaching': \"a master's degree in teaching\", 'Master_in_Business': \"a master's degree in business\", 'Master_of_Divinity': \"a master's degree in religion\", 'Master_of_Education': \"a master's degree in education\", 'Master_of_Fine_Arts': \"a master's degree in fine arts\", 'Master_of_Literature': \"a master's degree in literature\", 'Master_of_Library_Science': \"a master's degree in library science\", 'Master_in_Public_Affairs': \"a master's degree in questions of public concern\", 'Master_of_Science': \"a master's degree in science\", 'Master_of_Science_in_Engineering': \"a master's degree in engineering\", 'Master_of_Theology': \"a master's degree in theology\", \"doctor's_degree\": 'one of the highest earned academic degrees conferred by a university', 'Doctor_of_Dental_Medicine': \"a doctor's degree in dental medicine\", 'Doctor_of_Dental_Surgery': \"a doctor's degree in dental surgery\", 'Doctor_of_Divinity': \"a doctor's degree in religion\", 'Doctor_of_Education': \"a doctor's degree in education\", 'Doctor_of_Medicine': \"a doctor's degree in medicine\", 'Doctor_of_Music': \"a doctor's degree in music\", 'Doctor_of_Musical_Arts': \"a doctor's degree in musical arts\", 'Doctor_of_Optometry': \"a doctor's degree in optometry\", 'Doctor_of_Osteopathy': \"doctor's degree in osteopathy\", 'Doctor_of_Arts': 'an honorary arts degree', 'Doctor_of_Philosophy': 'a doctorate awarded for original contributions to knowledge', 'Ph.D.': 'a doctorate usually based on at least 3 years graduate study and a dissertation; the highest degree awarded graduate study', 'DPhil': 'a British doctorate', 'Doctor_of_Public_Health': \"a doctor's degree in preventive medicine\", 'Doctor_of_Theology': \"a doctor's degree in theology\", 'Doctor_of_Sacred_Theology': 'a doctor\\'s degree in theology; \"STD is from the Latin Sanctae Theologiae Doctor\"', 'law_degree': 'degree conferred on someone who successfully completes law school', 'Bachelor_of_Laws': 'a three-year law degree', 'Master_of_Laws': 'an advanced law degree', 'honorary_degree': 'a degree conferred to honor the recipient', 'Doctor_of_Fine_Arts': 'an honorary degree in fine arts', 'Doctor_of_Humane_Letters': 'an honorary degree in letters', 'Doctor_of_Humanities': 'an honorary degree in the humanities', 'Doctor_of_Laws': 'an honorary law degree', 'Doctor_of_Science': 'an honorary degree in science', 'mention': 'a remark that calls attention to something or someone; \"she made frequent mention of her promotion\"; \"there was no mention of it\"; \"the speaker made several references to his wife\"', 'Medal_of_Honor': \"the highest U.S. military decoration awarded for bravery and valor in action `above and beyond the call of duty'\", 'Distinguished_Service_Medal': 'a United States military decoration for meritorious service in wartime duty of great responsibility', 'Distinguished_Service_Cross': 'a United States Army decoration for extraordinary heroism against an armed enemy', 'Navy_Cross': 'a United States Navy decoration for extraordinary heroism against an armed enemy', 'Distinguished_Flying_Cross': 'a United States Air Force decoration for heroism while participating in an aerial flight', 'Air_Medal': 'a United States Air Force decoration for meritorious achievement while participating in an aerial flight', 'Silver_Star_Medal': 'a United States military decoration for gallantry in action', 'Bronze_Star_Medal': 'a United States military decoration awarded for meritorious service (except in aerial flight)', 'Order_of_the_Purple_Heart': 'a United States military decoration awarded to any member of the armed forces who is wounded in action', 'Oak_Leaf_Cluster': 'a United States military decoration consisting of bronze or silver oak leaves and acorns awarded to anyone who has won a given medal before', 'Victoria_Cross': 'a British military decoration for gallantry', 'Distinguished_Conduct_Medal': 'a British military decoration for distinguished conduct in the field', 'Distinguished_Service_Order': 'a British military decoration for special service in action', 'Croix_de_Guerre': 'a French military decoration for gallantry', 'Medaille_Militaire': 'a French military decoration', 'disapprobation': 'an expression of strong disapproval; pronouncing as wrong or morally culpable; \"his uncompromising condemnation of racism\"', 'censure': 'harsh criticism or disapproval', 'demonization': 'to represent as diabolically evil; \"the demonization of our enemies\"', 'brickbat': 'a fragment of brick used as a weapon', 'faultfinding': 'persistent petty and unjustified criticism', 'thrust': 'verbal criticism; \"he enlivened his editorials with barbed thrusts at politicians\"', 'counterblast': 'a vigorous and unrestrained response; \"her tirade provoked a counterblast from her husband\"', 'rebuke': 'an act or expression of criticism and censure; \"he had to take the rebuke with a smile on his face\"', 'sermon': 'an address of a religious nature (usually delivered during a church service)', 'static': 'a crackling or hissing noise caused by electrical interference', 'stricture': 'severe criticism', 'chiding': 'rebuking a person harshly', 'what_for': 'a strong reprimand', 'berating': 'a severe rebuke; \"he deserved the berating that the coach gave him\"', 'reproach': 'disgrace or shame; \"he brought reproach upon his family\"', 'self-reproach': 'the act of blaming yourself', 'blame': 'a reproach for some lapse or misdeed; \"he took the blame for it\"; \"it was a bum rap\"', 'curtain_lecture': 'a private lecture to a husband by his wife', 'respects': '(often used with `pay\\') a formal expression of esteem; \"he paid his respects to the mayor\"', 'ad-lib': 'remark made spontaneously without prior preparation; \"his ad-libs got him in trouble with the politicians\"', 'abuse': 'a rude expression intended to offend or hurt; \"when a student made a stupid mistake he spared them no abuse\"; \"they yelled insults at the visiting team\"', 'ridicule': 'language or behavior intended to mock or humiliate', 'fleer': 'contempt expressed by mockery in looks or words', 'jeer': 'showing your contempt by derision', 'sneer': 'a contemptuous or scornful remark', 'put-down': 'a crushing remark', 'cold_water': 'disparagement of a plan or hope or expectation; \"she poured cold water on the whole idea of going to Africa\"', 'denigration': 'a belittling comment', 'ethnic_slur': \"a slur on someone's race or language\", 'sour_grapes': 'disparagement of something that is unattainable', 'defamation': \"a false accusation of an offense or a malicious misrepresentation of someone's words or actions\", 'character_assassination': \"an attack intended to ruin someone's reputation\", 'mud': 'water soaked soil; soft wet earth', 'slander': 'words falsely spoken that damage the reputation of another', 'name_calling': 'verbal abuse; a crude substitute for argument; \"sticks and stones may break my bones but names can never hurt me\"', 'smear_word': 'an epithet that can be used to smear someone\\'s reputation; \"he used the smear word `communist\\' for everyone who disagreed with him\"', 'low_blow': 'unscrupulous abuse', 'scurrility': 'foul-mouthed or obscene abuse', 'vituperation': 'abusive or venomous language used to express blame or censure or bitter deep-seated ill will', 'impudence': 'an impudent statement', 'sass': 'an impudent or insolent rejoinder; \"don\\'t give me any of your sass\"', 'antinomy': 'a contradiction between two statements that seem equally reasonable', 'paradox': '(logic) a statement that contradicts itself; \"`I always lie\\' is a paradox because if it is true it must be false\"', 'job_description': 'description of the responsibilities associated with a given job', 'network_architecture': 'specification of design principles (including data formats and procedures) for creating a network configuration of data processors', 'declaration': 'a statement of taxable goods or of dutiable properties', 'announcement': 'a public statement containing information about an event that has happened or is going to happen; \"the announcement appeared in the local newspaper\"; \"the promulgation was written in English\"', 'edict': 'a formal or authoritative proclamation', 'promulgation': 'the official announcement of a new law or ordinance whereby the law or ordinance is put into effect', 'manifesto': 'a public declaration of intentions (as issued by a political party or government)', 'Communist_Manifesto': 'a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views', 'pronouncement': 'an authoritative declaration', 'Bill_of_Rights': 'a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution)', 'First_Amendment': 'an amendment to the Constitution of the United States guaranteeing the right of free expression; includes freedom of assembly and freedom of the press and freedom of religion and freedom of speech', 'Fifth_Amendment': \"an amendment to the Constitution of the United States that imposes restrictions on the government's prosecution of persons accused of crimes; mandates due process of law and prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy; requires just compensation if private property is taken for public use\", 'Fourteenth_Amendment': 'an amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1868; extends the guarantees of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as to the federal government', 'Eighteenth_Amendment': 'an amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1920; prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages; repealed in 1932', 'Nineteenth_Amendment': 'an amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1920; guarantees that no state can deny the right to vote on the basis of sex', 'assertion': 'a declaration that is made emphatically (as if no supporting evidence were necessary)', 'cause_of_action': 'a claim sufficient to demand judicial attention; the facts that give rise to right of action', 'dibs': 'a claim of rights; \"I have dibs on that last slice of pizza\"', 'accusation': 'a formal charge of wrongdoing brought against a person; the act of imputing blame or guilt', 'allegation': '(law) a formal accusation against somebody (often in a court of law); \"an allegation of malpractice\"', 'contention': 'a point asserted as part of an argument', 'ipse_dixit': 'an unsupported dogmatic assertion', 'formula': 'a liquid food for infants', 'mathematical_statement': 'a statement of a mathematical relation', 'avowal': 'a statement asserting the existence or the truth of something', 'reassertion': 'renewed affirmation', 'protestation': 'a strong declaration of protest', 'postulation': '(logic) a declaration of something self-evident; something that can be assumed as the basis for argument', 'threat': 'a warning that something unpleasant is imminent; \"they were under threat of arrest\"', 'commination': \"prayers proclaiming God's anger against sinners; read in the Church of England on Ash Wednesday\", 'menace': 'something that is a source of danger; \"earthquakes are a constant threat in Japan\"', 'exhibit': 'an object or statement produced before a court of law and referred to while giving evidence', 'witness': '(law) a person who testifies under oath in a court of law', 'corpus_delicti': 'the body of evidence that constitute the offence; the objective proof that a crime has been committed (sometimes mistakenly thought to refer to the body of a homicide victim)', 'direct_evidence': 'evidence (usually the testimony of a witness) directly related to the fact in dispute', 'circumstantial_evidence': 'evidence providing only a basis for inference about the fact in dispute', 'corroborating_evidence': 'additional evidence or evidence of different kind that supports a proof already offered in a proceeding', 'hearsay_evidence': 'evidence based on what someone has told the witness and not of direct knowledge', \"state's_evidence\": 'evidence for the prosecution in criminal proceedings', 'affidavit': 'written declaration made under oath; a written statement sworn to be true before someone legally authorized to administer an oath', 'verification': '(law) an affidavit attached to a statement confirming the truth of that statement', 'subornation': 'underhandedly or improperly inducing someone to do something improper or unlawful', 'takeout': 'prepared food that is intended to be eaten off of the premises; \"in England they call takeout food `takeaway\\'\"', 'overbid': 'a bid that is higher than preceding bids', 'preemptive_bid': 'a high bid that is intended to prevent the opposing players from bidding', 'explicandum': '(logic) a statement of something (a fact or thing or expression) to be explained', 'explanans': '(logic) statements that explain the explicandum; the explanatory premises', 'value_statement': 'a statement of the desirability of something', 'cause': 'events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something; \"they are trying to determine the cause of the crash\"', 'alibi': '(law) a defense by an accused person purporting to show that he or she could not have committed the crime in question', 'exposition': 'a systematic interpretation or explanation (usually written) of a specific topic', 'construal': 'an interpretation of the meaning of something; the act of construing', 'philosophizing': 'the exposition (often superficially) of a particular philosophy', 'moralizing': 'indulgence in moral pronouncements; the exposition (often superficially) of a particular moral code; \"his constant moralizing drove me mad\"', 'preachification': 'moralization delivered tediously in a preachy manner', 'explication': 'the act of making clear or removing obscurity from the meaning of a word or symbol or expression etc.', 'denouement': 'the outcome of a complex sequence of events', 'gloss': 'an explanation or definition of an obscure word in a text', 'deriving': '(historical linguistics) an explanation of the historical origins of a word or phrase', 'contextual_definition': 'a definition in which the term is used by embedding it in a larger expression containing its explanation; \"a contextual definition of `legal duty\\' might be `X has a legal duty to do Y means that X is required to do Y by a contract relationship that would be upheld in a court of law\\'\"', 'dictionary_definition': 'a definition that reports the standard uses of a word or phrase or symbol', 'explicit_definition': 'a definition that gives an exact equivalent of the term defined', 'ostensive_definition': 'a definition that points out or exhibits instances of the term defined', 'recursive_definition': '(mathematics) a definition of a function from which values of the function can be calculated in a finite number of steps', 'redefinition': 'the act of giving a new definition; \"words like `conservative\\' require periodic redefinition\"; \"she provided a redefinition of his duties\"', 'stipulative_definition': 'a definition that is stipulated by someone and that is not a standard usage', 'rescript': 'a reply by a Pope to an inquiry concerning a point of law or morality', 'feedback': 'the process in which part of the output of a system is returned to its input in order to regulate its further output', 'advisory': 'an announcement that usually advises or warns the public of some threat; \"a frost advisory\"', 'Annunciation': 'a festival commemorating the announcement of the Incarnation by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary; a quarter day in England, Wales, and Ireland', 'banns': 'a public announcement of a proposed marriage', 'caveat': '(law) a formal notice filed with a court or officer to suspend a proceeding until filer is given a hearing; \"a caveat filed against the probate of a will\"', 'obituary': \"a notice of someone's death; usually includes a short biography\", 'Parallel_Lives': 'a collection of biographies of famous pairs of Greeks and Romans written by Plutarch; used by Shakespeare in writing some of his plays', 'playbill': 'a theatrical program; \"he couldn\\'t find her name on the playbill\"', 'racecard': 'a program for a race meeting; lists the races and the names of the horses', 'extropy': 'the prediction that human intelligence and technology will enable life to expand in an orderly way throughout the entire universe', 'fortunetelling': \"the practice of predicting people's futures (usually for payment)\", 'financial_forecast': 'a forecast of the expected financial position and the results of operations and cash flows based on expected conditions', 'weather_forecast': 'a forecast of the weather', 'negation': 'a negative statement; a statement that is a refusal or denial of some other statement', 'converse': 'a proposition obtained by conversion', 'categorem': 'a categorematic expression; a term capable of standing alone as the subject or predicate of a logical proposition; \"names are called categorems\"', 'syncategorem': 'a syncategorematic expression; a word that cannot be used alone as a term in a logical proposition; \"logical quantifiers, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions are called syncategoremes\"', 'postulate': '(logic) a proposition that is accepted as true in order to provide a basis for logical reasoning', 'axiom': '(logic) a proposition that is not susceptible of proof or disproof; its truth is assumed to be self-evident', 'premise': 'a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn; \"on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer that he will not to play\"', 'major_premise': 'the premise of a syllogism that contains the major term (which is the predicate of the conclusion)', 'minor_premise': 'the premise of a syllogism that contains the minor term (which is the subject of the conclusion)', 'major_term': 'the term in a syllogism that is the predicate of the conclusion', 'minor_term': 'the term in a syllogism that is the subject of the conclusion', 'middle_term': 'the term in a syllogism that is common to both premises and excluded from the conclusion', 'specious_argument': 'an argument that appears good at first view but is really fallacious', 'vicious_circle': 'one trouble leads to another that aggravates the first', 'thesis': 'an unproved statement put forward as a premise in an argument', 'boundary_condition': '(mathematics) a condition specified for the solution to a set of differential equations', 'scenario': 'a setting for a work of art or literature; \"the scenario is France during the Reign of Terror\"', 'falsehood': 'a false statement', 'lie': 'position or manner in which something is situated', 'fib': 'a trivial lie; \"he told a fib about eating his spinach\"; \"how can I stop my child from telling stories?\"', 'fairytale': 'a story about fairies; told to amuse children', 'whopper': 'a gross untruth; a blatant lie', 'white_lie': 'an unimportant lie (especially one told to be tactful or polite)', 'canard': 'a deliberately misleading fabrication', 'misrepresentation': 'a misleading falsehood', 'half-truth': 'a partially true statement intended to deceive or mislead', 'understatement': 'a statement that is restrained in ironic contrast to what might have been said', 'snow_job': 'a long and elaborate misrepresentation', 'pretext': 'something serving to conceal plans; a fictitious reason that is concocted in order to conceal the real reason', 'putoff': 'a pretext for delay or inaction', 'crocodile_tears': 'a hypocritical display of sorrow; false or insincere weeping; \"the secretaries wept crocodile tears over the manager\\'s dilemma\"; \"politicians shed crocodile tears over the plight of the unemployed\"', 'subterfuge': 'something intended to misrepresent the true nature of an activity; \"he wasn\\'t sick--it was just a subterfuge\"; \"the holding company was just a blind\"', 'circumlocution': 'a style that involves indirect ways of expressing things', 'doublespeak': 'any language that pretends to communicate but actually does not', 'quibble': 'an evasion of the point of an argument by raising irrelevant distinctions or objections', 'fine_print': 'the part of a contract that contains reservations and qualifications that are often printed in small type; \"don\\'t sign a contract without reading the fine print\"', 'weasel_word': 'an equivocal qualification; a word used to avoid making an outright assertion', 'cautious_statement': 'a statement made with careful qualifications', 'comment': 'a written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or other textual material; \"he wrote an extended comment on the proposal\"', 'Midrash': '(Judaism) an ancient commentary on part of the Hebrew scriptures that is based on Jewish methods of interpretation and attached to the biblical text', 'footnote': 'a printed note placed below the text on a printed page', 'nota_bene': 'a Latin phrase (or its abbreviation) used to indicate that special attention should be paid to something; \"the margins of his book were generously supplied with pencilled NBs\"', 'postscript': 'a note appended to a letter after the signature', 'photo_credit': 'a note acknowledging the source of a published photograph', 'cross-reference': 'a reference at one place in a work to information at another place in the same work', 'fatwah': '(Islam) a legal opinion or ruling issued by an Islamic scholar; \"bin Laden issued three fatwahs calling upon Muslims to take up arms against the United States\"', 'obiter_dictum': 'an incidental remark', 'allusion': 'passing reference or indirect mention', 'name-dropping': 'the practice of casually mentioning important people in order to impress your listener; \"the hard thing about name-dropping is to avoid being too obvious about it\"', \"Parkinson's_law\": \"C. Northcote Parkinson's cynical observation that work will expand so as to fill the time available for its completion\", 'wisecrack': 'witty remark', 'conversation_stopper': 'a remark to which there is no polite conversational reply', 'rhetorical_question': 'a statement that is formulated as a question but that is not supposed to be answered; \"he liked to make his points with rhetorical questions\"', 'misstatement': 'a statement that contains a mistake', 'restatement': 'a revised statement', 'demythologization': 'the restatement of a message (as a religious one) in rational terms', 'mythologization': 'the restatement of a message as a myth', 'corrigendum': \"a printer's error; to be corrected\", 'misprint': 'a mistake in printed matter resulting from mechanical failures of some kind', 'malapropism': 'the unintentional misuse of a word by confusion with one that sounds similar', 'slip_of_the_tongue': 'an accidental and usually trivial mistake in speaking', 'spoonerism': 'transposition of initial consonants in a pair of words', 'bargain': 'an advantageous purchase; \"she got a bargain at the auction\"; \"the stock was a real buy at that price\"', 'working_agreement': 'an informal agreement to work together', \"gentlemen's_agreement\": 'a personal agreement based on honor and not legally binding', 'written_agreement': 'a legal document summarizing the agreement between parties', 'entente': 'an informal alliance between countries', 'oral_contract': 'an agreement that is not in writing and is not signed by the parties but is a real existing contract that lacks only the formal requirement of a memorandum to render it enforceable in litigation', 'indenture': 'formal agreement between the issuer of bonds and the bondholders as to terms of the debt', 'obligation': 'the state of being obligated to do or pay something; \"he is under an obligation to finish the job\"', 'debt': 'the state of owing something (especially money); \"he is badly in debt\"', 'treaty': 'a written agreement between two states or sovereigns', 'alliance': 'the state of being allied or confederated', 'commercial_treaty': 'a treaty governing commerce between two or more nations', 'peace': 'the general security of public places; \"he was arrested for disturbing the peace\"', 'Peace_of_Westphalia': \"the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648\", 'Chemical_Weapons_Convention': 'a global treaty banning the production or acquisition or stockpiling or transfer or use of chemical weapons', 'Geneva_Convention': 'an agreement first drawn up in Geneva in 1864 and later revised concerning the treatment of captured and wounded military personnel and civilians in wartime', 'Lateran_Treaty': 'the agreement signed in the Lateran Palace in 1929 by Italy and the Holy See which recognized the Vatican City as a sovereign and independent papal state', 'North_Atlantic_Treaty': 'the treaty signed in 1949 by 12 countries that established NATO', 'SALT_I': 'the first treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks', 'SALT_II': 'the second treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks', 'Treaty_of_Versailles': 'the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans', 'treacle': 'a pale cane syrup', 'wit': 'a message whose ingenuity or verbal skill or incongruity has the power to evoke laughter', \"jeu_d'esprit\": 'a witty comment or writing', 'bon_mot': 'a clever remark', \"esprit_de_l'escalier\": 'a witty remark that occurs to you too late', 'sarcasm': 'witty language used to convey insults or scorn; \"he used sarcasm to upset his opponent\"; \"irony is wasted on the stupid\"; \"Satire is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybody\\'s face but their own\"--Jonathan Swift', 'repartee': 'adroitness and cleverness in reply', 'banter': 'light teasing repartee', 'badinage': 'frivolous banter', 'persiflage': 'light teasing', 'punch_line': 'the point of a joke or humorous story', 'belly_laugh': 'a joke that seems extremely funny', 'dirty_joke': 'an indelicate joke', 'ethnic_joke': 'a joke at the expense of some ethnic group', 'funny_story': 'an account of an amusing incident (usually with a punch line); \"she told a funny story\"; \"she made a funny\"', 'in-joke': 'a joke that is appreciated only by members of some particular group of people', 'one-liner': 'a one-line joke', 'shaggy_dog_story': 'a long rambling joke whose humor derives from its pointlessness', 'sick_joke': 'a joke in bad taste', 'sight_gag': 'a joke whose effect is achieved by visual means rather than by speech (as in a movie)', 'caricature': 'a representation of a person that is exaggerated for comic effect', 'jocosity': 'fun characterized by humor', 'waggery': 'waggish behavior', 'pun': 'a humorous play on words; \"I do it for the pun of it\"; \"his constant punning irritated her\"', 'ribaldry': 'ribald humor', 'adverse_opinion': 'an opinion concerning financial statements (usually based on an audit by a CPA) that the statements as a whole do not present results fairly or are not in conformity with the generally accepted accounting practices of the United States', 'question': 'a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply; \"he asked a direct question\"; \"he had trouble phrasing his interrogations\"', 'problem': 'a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved; \"she and her husband are having problems\"; \"it is always a job to contact him\"; \"urban problems such as traffic congestion and smog\"', 'question_of_fact': 'a disputed factual contention that is generally left for a jury to decide', 'question_of_law': 'a disputed legal contention that is generally left for a judge to decide', 'homework_problem': 'a problem that students are assigned to do outside of class', 'poser': 'a particularly difficult or baffling question or problem', 'crossword_puzzle': 'a puzzle in which words corresponding to numbered clues are to be found and written in to squares in the puzzle', 'koan': 'a paradoxical anecdote or a riddle that has no solution; used in Zen Buddhism to show the inadequacy of logical reasoning', 'sudoku': 'a number puzzle in which the numbers 1 through 9 must be placed into a grid of cells so that each row or column contains only one of each number', 'word_square': 'a puzzle where you fill a square grid with words reading the same down as across', 'pons_asinorum': 'a problem that severely tests the ability of an inexperienced person', 'rebus': 'a puzzle where you decode a message consisting of pictures representing syllables and words', 'misdirection': 'an incorrect charge to a jury given by a judge', 'return_address': 'the address of the sender of a letter or parcel indicating where it should be returned if it cannot be delivered', 'markup': 'the amount added to the cost to determine the asking price', 'markup_language': 'a set of symbols and rules for their use when doing a markup of a document', 'standard_generalized_markup_language': '(computer science) a standardized language for the descriptive markup of documents; a set of rules for using whatever markup vocabulary is adopted', 'hypertext_markup_language': 'a set of tags and rules (conforming to SGML) for using them in developing hypertext documents', 'recipe': 'directions for making something', 'stage_direction': 'an instruction written as part of the script of a play', 'religious_doctrine': 'the written body of teachings of a religious group that are generally accepted by that group', 'ahimsa': 'a Buddhist and Hindu and especially Jainist doctrine holding that all forms of life are sacred and urging the avoidance of violence', 'ecumenism': 'a movement promoting union between religions (especially between Christian churches)', 'Immaculate_Conception': 'Roman Catholic holy day first celebrated in 1854', 'Incarnation': '(Christianity) the Christian doctrine of the union of God and man in the person of Jesus Christ', 'Nicene_Creed': '(Christianity) a formal creed summarizing Christian beliefs; first adopted in 325 and later expanded', 'real_presence': '(Christianity) the Christian doctrine that the body of Christ is actually present in the Eucharist', 'signal': 'an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes', 'starting_signal': 'a signal to begin (as in a race); \"the starting signal was a green light\"; \"the runners awaited the start\"', 'storm_signal': 'a signal announcing the approach of a storm (particularly a storm of marked violence)', 'storm_cone': 'a canvas cone hoisted to warn of high winds', 'radio_beam': 'a signal transmitted along a narrow path; guides airplane pilots in darkness or bad weather', 'tickler': 'a file of memoranda or notices that remind of things to be done', 'ticktack': 'system of signalling by hand signs used by bookmakers at racetracks', 'time_signal': 'a signal (especially electronic or by radio) indicating the precisely correct time', 'poster': 'a sign posted in a public place as an advertisement; \"a poster advertised the coming attractions\"', 'show_bill': 'a poster advertising a show or play', 'flash_card': 'a card with words or numbers or pictures that is flashed to a class by the teacher', 'street_sign': 'a sign visible from the street', 'signpost': 'a post bearing a sign that gives directions or shows the way', 'fingerpost': 'a guidepost resembling a hand with a pointing index finger', 'dog-ear': 'a corner of a page turned down to mark your place', 'bar_sinister': 'a mark of bastardy; lines from top right to bottom left', 'earmark': 'identification mark on the ear of a domestic animal', 'cloven_hoof': 'the mark of Satan', 'postage': 'the charge for mailing something', 'trading_stamp': 'a token resembling a stamp given by a retailer to a buyer; the token is redeemable for articles on a special list', 'animal_communication': 'communication between animals (of the same species)', 'bell-like_call': 'a birdcall that resembles the tone of a bell', 'two-note_call': 'a birdcall having two notes; \"the two-note call of the cuckoo\"', 'contraindication': '(medicine) a reason that makes it inadvisable to prescribe a particular drug or employ a particular procedure or treatment', 'symptom': '(medicine) any sensation or change in bodily function that is experienced by a patient and is associated with a particular disease', 'signalization': 'a conspicuous indication', 'pointing_out': 'indication by demonstration', 'manifestation': 'a clear appearance; \"a manifestation of great emotion\"', 'mintmark': 'a mark on a coin that identifies the mint where it was produced', 'downstroke': 'a stroke normally made in a downward direction', 'upstroke': 'a stroke normally made in an upward direction', 'flick': 'a light sharp contact (usually with something flexible); \"he gave it a flick with his finger\"; \"he felt the flick of a whip\"', 'hoofprint': 'a visible impression on a surface made by the hoof of an animal', 'dotted_line': 'a line made up of dots or dashes; often used to indicate where you are supposed to sign a contract; \"just sign on the dotted line\"', 'ascender': 'someone who ascends', 'bar_line': 'a vertical line before the accented beat marking the boundary between musical bars', 'descender': 'someone who descends', 'spectrum_line': 'an isolated component of a spectrum formed by radiation at a uniform frequency', 'trend_line': 'a line on a graph indicating a statistical trend', 'underscore': 'a line drawn underneath (especially under written matter)', 'isometric_line': 'a line connecting isometric points', 'thalweg': 'the middle of the chief navigable channel of a waterway that forms the boundary line between states', 'guideline': 'a light line that is used in lettering to help align the letters', 'hair_stroke': 'a very fine line in writing or printing', 'harbinger': 'something that precedes and indicates the approach of something or someone', 'hint': 'an indirect suggestion; \"not a breath of scandal ever touched her\"', 'air_alert': 'the time period during which military and civilian agencies are prepared for an enemy air attack', 'distress_signal': 'an internationally recognized signal sent out by a ship or plane indicating that help is needed', 'SOS': 'an internationally recognized distress signal in radio code', 'Mayday': \"an internationally recognized distress signal via radiotelephone (from the French m'aider)\", 'bugle_call': 'a signal broadcast by the sound of a bugle', 'taps': '(military) signal to turn the lights out', 'tattle': 'disclosing information or giving evidence about another', 'telegraphic_signal': 'a signal transmitted by telegraphy', 'dot': 'the shorter of the two telegraphic signals used in Morse code', 'high_sign': 'a silent signal of warning or recognition; \"she started to speak but he gave her the high sign\"', 'numeral': 'a symbol used to represent a number; \"he learned to write the numerals before he went to school\"', 'Arabic_numeral': 'one of the symbols 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0', 'Roman_numeral': 'a symbol in the old Roman notation; I,V,X,L,C,D,M represent 1,5,10,50,100,500,1000 respectively in Arabic notation', 'crossbones': 'two crossed bones (or a representation of two crossed bones) used as a symbol danger or death', 'horn_of_plenty': \"a goat's horn filled with grain and flowers and fruit symbolizing prosperity\", \"death's_head\": 'a human skull (or a representation of a human skull) used as a symbol of death', 'lingam': 'the Hindu phallic symbol of Siva', 'mathematical_notation': 'a notation used by mathematicians', 'numeration_system': 'any notation for the representation of numbers', 'positional_notation': 'a numeration system in which a real number is represented by an ordered set of characters where the value of a character depends on its position', 'binary_notation': 'any notation that uses 2 characters (usually 0 and 1)', 'binary_numeration_system': 'a positional system of numeration that uses binary digits and a radix of two', 'octal_numeration_system': 'a positional system of numeration that uses octal digits and a radix of eight', 'decimal_notation': 'any notation that uses 10 different characters (usually the digits 0 to 9)', 'octal_notation': 'any mathematical notation that uses 8 different characters (usually the digits 0 to 7)', 'decimal_numeration_system': 'a positional system of numeration that uses decimal digits and a base of ten', 'duodecimal_notation': 'any notation that uses 12 different characters', 'duodecimal_number_system': 'a positional system of numeration that uses duodecimal digits and a radix of twelve', 'hexadecimal_notation': 'any notation that uses 16 different characters', 'hexadecimal_number_system': 'a positional system of numeration that uses hexadecimal digits and a radix of sixteen', 'equal_sign': 'a sign indicating that the quantities on either side are equal', 'plus_sign': 'a sign indicating the operation of addition', 'minus_sign': 'a sign indicating the operation of subtraction', 'radical_sign': 'a sign indicating the extraction of a root', 'decimal_point': 'the dot at the left of a decimal fraction', 'exponent': 'someone who expounds and interprets or explains', 'logarithm': 'the exponent required to produce a given number', 'antilogarithm': 'the number of which a given number is the logarithm', 'common_logarithm': 'a logarithm to the base 10', 'natural_logarithm': 'a logarithm to the base e', 'mantissa': 'the positive fractional part of the representation of a logarithm; in the expression log 643 = 2.808 the mantissa is .808', 'fixed-point_notation': 'a radix numeration system in which the location of the decimal point is fixed by convention', 'floating-point_notation': 'a radix numeration system in which the location of the decimal point is indicated by an exponent of the radix; in the floating-point representation system, 0.0012 is represented as 0.12-2 where -2 is the exponent', 'infix_notation': 'a notation for forming mathematical expressions using parentheses and governed by rules of operator precedence; operators are dispersed among the operands', 'parenthesis-free_notation': 'a notation for forming mathematical expressions that does not use parentheses to delimit components', 'prefix_notation': 'a parenthesis-free notation for forming mathematical expressions in which each operator precedes its operands', 'postfix_notation': 'a parenthesis-free notation for forming mathematical expressions in which each operator follows its operands', 'musical_notation': '(music) notation used by musicians', 'lead_sheet': 'a sheet containing the words and melody for a song (and some indication of harmony) written in simple form', 'obbligato': 'a persistent but subordinate motif', 'sheet_music': 'a musical composition in printed or written form; \"she turned the pages of the music as he played\"', 'tablature': 'a musical notation indicating the fingering to be used', 'choreography': 'the representation of dancing by symbols as music is represented by notes', 'Labanotation': \"a system of notation for dance movements that uses symbols to represent points on a dancer's body and the direction of the dancer's movement and the tempo and the dynamics\", 'chemical_notation': 'a notation used by chemists to express technical facts in chemistry', 'molecular_formula': 'a chemical formula based on analysis and molecular weight', 'structural_formula': 'an expanded molecular formula showing the arrangement of atoms within the molecule', 'empirical_formula': 'a chemical formula showing the ratio of elements in a compound rather than the total number of atoms', 'written_symbol': 'a written or printed symbol', 'call_mark': 'a mark consisting of characters written on a book; used to indicate shelf location', 'caret': 'a mark used by an author or editor to indicate where something is to be inserted into a text', 'check_mark': 'a mark indicating that something has been noted or completed etc.; \"as he called the role he put a check mark by each student\\'s name\"', 'check_character': 'a character that is added to the end of a block of transmitted data and used to check the accuracy of the transmission', 'superscript': 'a character or symbol set or printed or written above and immediately to one side of another character', 'subscript': 'a character or symbol set or printed or written beneath or slightly below and to the side of another character', 'ASCII_character': 'any member of the standard code for representing characters by binary numbers', 'control_character': 'ASCII characters to indicate carriage return or tab or backspace; typed by depressing a key and the control key at the same time', 'backspace_character': 'a control character that indicates moving a space to the left', 'diacritical_mark': 'a mark added to a letter to indicate a special pronunciation', 'ditto_mark': 'a mark used to indicate the word above it should be repeated', 'dollar_mark': 'a mark ($) written before a number to indicate that it stands for the number of dollars', 'dollar': 'the basic monetary unit in many countries; equal to 100 cents', 'phonogram': 'any written symbol standing for a sound or syllable or morpheme or word', 'accent': 'distinctive manner of oral expression; \"he couldn\\'t suppress his contemptuous accent\"; \"she had a very clear speech pattern\"', 'stress_mark': 'a mark indicating the stress on a syllable', 'acute_accent': \"a mark (') placed above a vowel to indicate pronunciation\", 'grave_accent': 'a mark (`) placed above a vowel to indicate pronunciation', 'breve': 'a diacritical mark (U-shaped) placed over a vowel to indicate a short sound', 'cedilla': 'a diacritical mark (,) placed below the letter c to indicate that it is pronounced as an s', 'circumflex': 'a diacritical mark (^) placed above a vowel in some languages to indicate a special phonetic quality', 'hacek': 'a diacritical mark (an inverted circumflex) placed above certain letters (such as the letter c) to indicate pronunciation', 'macron': 'a diacritical mark (-) placed above a vowel to indicate a long sound', 'tilde': 'a diacritical mark (~) placed over the letter n in Spanish to indicate a palatal nasal sound or over a vowel in Portuguese to indicate nasalization', 'umlaut': 'a diacritical mark (two dots) placed over a vowel in German to indicate a change in sound', 'monogram': 'a graphic symbol consisting of 2 or more letters combined (usually your initials); printed on stationery or embroidered on clothing', 'small_letter': \"the characters that were once kept in bottom half of a compositor's type case\", 'small_capital': 'a character having the form of an upper-case letter but the same height as lower-case letters', 'type_family': 'a complete set of type suitable for printing text', 'font': 'a specific size and style of type within a type family', 'unicameral_script': 'a script with a single case', 'bicameral_script': 'a script having two distinct cases', 'typewriter_font': 'a typeface is which each character is given the same width (as by a typewriter)', 'proportional_font': 'any font whose different characters have different widths', 'font_cartridge': 'any font that is contained in a cartridge that can be plugged into a computer printer', 'modern': 'a contemporary person', 'old_style': 'a typeface (based on an 18th century design) distinguished by irregularity and slanted ascender serifs and little contrast between light and heavy strokes', 'boldface': 'a typeface with thick heavy lines', 'roman': 'a typeface used in ancient Roman inscriptions', 'screen_font': 'the font that is displayed on a computer screen; \"when the screen font resembles a printed font a document may look approximately the same on the screen as it will when printed\"', 'sans_serif': 'a typeface in which characters have no serifs', 'serif': 'a short line at the end of the main strokes of a character', 'percent_sign': \"a sign (`%') used to indicate that the number preceding it should be understood as a proportion multiplied by 100\", 'asterisk': 'a star-shaped character * used in printing', 'double_dagger': 'a character used in printing to indicate a cross reference or footnote', 'digraph': \"two successive letters (especially two letters used to represent a single sound: `sh' in `shoe')\", 'initial': 'the first letter of a word (especially a person\\'s name); \"he refused to put the initials FRS after his name\"', 'C': 'a general-purpose programing language closely associated with the UNIX operating system', 'D': 'the 4th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'E': 'the 5th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'F': 'the 6th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'G': 'the 7th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'H': 'the 8th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'I': 'the 9th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'J': 'the 10th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'L': 'the 12th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'M': 'the 13th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'N': 'the 14th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'P': 'the 16th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'Q': 'the 17th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'R': 'the 18th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'S': 'the 19th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'T': 'the 20th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'U': 'the 21st letter of the Roman alphabet', 'V': 'the 22nd letter of the Roman alphabet', 'W': 'the 23rd letter of the Roman alphabet', 'X': 'the 24th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'Y': 'the 25th letter of the Roman alphabet', 'Z': 'the 26th letter of the Roman alphabet; \"the British call Z zed and the Scots call it ezed but Americans call it zee\"; \"he doesn\\'t know A from izzard\"', 'alpha': 'the beginning of a series or sequence; \"the Alpha and Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end\"--Revelations', 'beta': 'the 2nd letter of the Greek alphabet', 'gamma': 'a unit of magnetic field strength equal to one-hundred-thousandth of an oersted', 'delta': 'an object shaped like an equilateral triangle', 'epsilon': 'the 5th letter of the Greek alphabet', 'zeta': 'the 6th letter of the Greek alphabet', 'eta': 'the 7th letter of the Greek alphabet', 'theta': 'the 8th letter of the Greek alphabet', 'iota': 'the 9th letter of the Greek alphabet', 'kappa': 'the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet', 'mu': 'the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet', 'nu': 'the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet', 'xi': 'the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet', 'omicron': 'the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet', 'pi': 'the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle; approximately equal to 3.14159265358979323846...', 'rho': 'the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet', 'sigma': 'the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet', 'tau': 'the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet', 'upsilon': 'the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet', 'phi': 'the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet', 'chi': 'the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet', 'psi': 'the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet', 'omega': 'the ending of a series or sequence; \"the Alpha and the Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end\"--Revelation', 'aleph': 'the 1st letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'beth': 'the 2nd letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'gimel': 'the 3rd letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'daleth': 'the 4th letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'he': 'the 5th letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'waw': 'the 6th letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'zayin': 'the 7th letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'heth': 'the 8th letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'teth': 'the 9th letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'yodh': 'the 10th letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'kaph': 'the 11th letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'lamedh': 'the 12th letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'mem': 'the 13th letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'nun': 'a woman religious', 'samekh': 'the 15th letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'ayin': 'the 16th letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'pe': 'the 17th letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'sadhe': 'the 18th letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'qoph': 'the 19th letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'resh': 'the 20th letter of the Hebrew alphabet', 'polyphone': 'a letter that has two or more pronunciations; \"`c\\' is a polyphone because it is pronounced like `k\\' in `car\\' but like `s\\' in `cell\\'\"', 'block_letter': 'a plain hand-drawn letter', 'scarlet_letter': 'the letter A in red; Puritans required adulterers to wear it', 'phonetic_symbol': 'a written character used in phonetic transcription of represent a particular speech sound', 'mathematical_symbol': 'a character that is used to indicates a mathematical relation or operation', 'rune': 'any character from an ancient Germanic alphabet used in Scandinavia from the 3rd century to the Middle Ages; \"each rune had its own magical significance\"', 'thorn': 'a Germanic character of runic origin', 'pictograph': 'a graphic character used in picture writing', 'ideogram': 'a graphic character that indicates the meaning of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it; \"Chinese characters are ideograms\"', 'logogram': 'a single written symbol that represents an entire word or phrase without indicating its pronunciation; \"7 is a logogram that is pronounced `seven\\' in English and `nanatsu\\' in Japanese\"', 'radical': '(mathematics) a quantity expressed as the root of another quantity', 'ampersand': 'a punctuation mark (&) used to represent conjunction (and)', 'apostrophe': 'address to an absent or imaginary person', 'exclamation_mark': 'a punctuation mark (!) used after an exclamation', 'hyphen': 'a punctuation mark (-) used between parts of a compound word or between the syllables of a word when the word is divided at the end of a line of text', 'parenthesis': 'either of two punctuation marks (or) used to enclose textual material', 'period': 'the interval taken to complete one cycle of a regularly repeating phenomenon', 'suspension_point': '(usually plural) one of a series of points indicating that something has been omitted or that the sentence is incomplete', 'question_mark': 'a punctuation mark (?) placed at the end of a sentence to indicate a question', 'quotation_mark': 'a punctuation mark used to attribute the enclosed text to someone else', 'single_quote': 'a single quotation mark', 'double_quotes': 'a pair of quotation marks', 'scare_quote': 'the use of quotation marks to indicate that it is not the authors preferred terminology', 'semicolon': \"a punctuation mark (`;') used to connect independent clauses; indicates a closer relation than does a period\", 'solidus': 'a punctuation mark (/) used to separate related items of information', 'swung_dash': 'a punctuation mark used in text to indicate the omission of a word', 'company_name': 'the name by which a corporation is identified', 'domain_name': 'strings of letters and numbers (separated by periods) that are used to name organizations and computers and addresses on the internet; \"domain names are organized hierarchically with the more generic parts to the right\"', 'trade_name': 'a name given to a product or service', 'label': 'a radioactive isotope that is used in a compound in order to trace the mechanism of a chemical reaction', 'trademark': 'a formally registered symbol identifying the manufacturer or distributor of a product', 'revenue_stamp': 'a small piece of adhesive paper that is put on an object to show that a government tax has been paid', 'phylactery': '(Judaism) either of two small leather cases containing texts from the Hebrew Scriptures (known collectively as tefillin); traditionally worn (on the forehead and the left arm) by Jewish men during morning prayer', 'white_feather': 'a symbol of cowardice', 'flourish': 'an ornamental embellishment in writing', 'glissando': 'a rapid series of ascending or descending notes on the musical scale', 'roulade': 'a dish consisting of a slice of meat that is rolled around a filling and cooked', 'supertonic': '(music) the second note of a diatonic scale', 'mediant': '(music) the third note of a diatonic scale; midway between the tonic and the dominant', 'subdominant': '(music) the fourth note of the diatonic scale', 'dominant': '(music) the fifth note of the diatonic scale', 'submediant': '(music) the sixth note of a major or minor scale (or the third below the tonic)', 'subtonic': '(music) the seventh note of the diatonic scale', 'pedal_point': 'a sustained bass note', 'semitone': 'the musical interval between adjacent keys on a keyboard instrument', 'quarter_tone': 'half of a semitone', 'third': 'following the second position in an ordering or series; \"a distant third\"; \"he answered the first question willingly, the second reluctantly, and the third with resentment\"', 'fourth': 'following the third position; number four in a countable series', 'fifth': 'position five in a countable series of things; \"he was fifth out of several hundred runners\"', 'sixth': 'position six in a countable series of things', 'seventh': 'position seven in a countable series of things', 'trill': 'the articulation of a consonant (especially the consonant `r\\') with a rapid flutter of the tongue against the palate or uvula; \"he pronounced his R\\'s with a distinct trill\"', 'diatonic_scale': 'a scale with eight notes in an octave; all but two are separated by whole tones', 'ecclesiastical_mode': 'any of a system of modes used in Gregorian chants up until 1600; derived historically from the Greek mode', 'Greek_mode': 'any of the descending diatonic scales in the music of classical Greece', 'major_scale': 'a diatonic scale with notes separated by whole tones except for the 3rd and 4th and 7th and 8th', 'minor_scale': 'a diatonic scale with notes separated by whole tones except for the 2nd and 3rd and 5th and 6th', 'chromatic_scale': 'a 12-note scale including all the semitones of the octave', 'gapped_scale': 'a musical scale with fewer than seven notes', 'pentatonic_scale': 'a gapped scale with five notes; usually the fourth and seventh notes of the diatonic scale are omitted', 'staff_line': 'any of the 5 horizontal marks comprising a staff', 'ledger_line': 'a short line; a notation for extending the range above or below the staff', 'clef': 'a musical notation written on a staff indicating the pitch of the notes following it', 'treble_clef': 'a clef that puts the G above middle C on the second line of a staff', 'bass_clef': 'a clef that puts the F below middle C on the fourth line of a staff', 'alto_clef': 'a clef that puts middle C on the third line of a staff', 'C_clef': 'a movable clef that puts middle C on one of the lines of a staff', 'soprano_clef': 'a clef that puts middle C on the bottom line of the staff', 'tenor_clef': 'a clef that puts middle C on the fourth line of the staff; used for writing music for bassoons or cellos or tenor horns', 'key_signature': 'the sharps or flats that follow the clef and indicate the key', 'atonality': 'the absence of a key; alternative to the diatonic system', 'major_key': 'a key whose harmony is based on the major scale', 'minor_key': 'a key based on the minor scale', 'tonic_key': 'the basic key in which a piece of music is written', 'time_signature': 'a musical notation indicating the number of beats to a measure and kind of note that takes a beat', 'double_bar': 'notation marking the end of principal parts of a musical composition; two adjacent bar lines', 'alla_breve': 'a musical time signature indicating two or four half notes to a measure', 'slur': '(music) a curved line spanning notes that are to be played legato', 'C_major': '(music) the major scale having no sharps or flats', 'double_sharp': 'a musical notation of two sharps in front of a note indicating that it is to be raised by two semitones', 'double_flat': 'a musical notation of two flats in front of a note indicating that it is to be lowered by two semitones', 'accidental': 'a musical notation that makes a note sharp or flat or natural although that is not part of the key signature', 'tonic_solfa': 'a system of solmization using the solfa syllables: do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti', 'solfa_syllable': 'one of the names for notes of a musical scale in solmization', 'do': 'the syllable naming the first (tonic) note of any major scale in solmization', 're': 'the syllable naming the second (supertonic) note of any major scale in solmization', 'mi': 'the syllable naming the third (mediant) note of any major scale in solmization', 'fa': 'the syllable naming the fourth (subdominant) note of the diatonic scale in solmization', 'sol': 'a colloid that has a continuous liquid phase in which a solid is suspended in a liquid', 'la': 'the syllable naming the sixth (submediant) note of a major or minor scale in solmization', 'ti': 'shrub with terminal tufts of elongated leaves used locally for thatching and clothing; thick sweet roots are used as food; tropical southeastern Asia, Australia and Hawaii', 'segno': '(music) a notation written at the beginning or end of a passage that is to be repeated', 'sforzando': 'an accented chord', 'arpeggio': 'a chord whose notes are played in rapid succession rather than simultaneously', 'middle_C': 'the note designated by the first ledger line below the treble staff; 261.63 hertz', 'chord': 'a straight line connecting two points on a curve', 'common_chord': 'a three-note major or minor chord; a note and its third and fifth tones', 'seventh_chord': 'a triad with a seventh added', 'passing_note': 'a nonharmonic note inserted for transition between harmonic notes', 'whole_note': 'a musical note having the longest time value (equal to four beats in common time)', 'whole_rest': 'a musical rest equal in duration to four beats in common time', 'half_note': 'a musical note having the time value of half a whole note', 'half_rest': 'a musical rest having the time value of half a whole rest or equal in duration to two beats in common time', 'quarter_note': 'a musical note having the time value of a quarter of a whole note', 'quarter_rest': 'a musical rest having one-fourth the time value of a whole rest', 'eighth_note': 'a musical note having the time value of an eighth of a whole note', 'sixteenth_note': 'a musical note having the time value of a sixteenth of a whole note', 'thirty-second_note': 'a musical note having the time value of a thirty-second of a whole note', 'sixty-fourth_note': 'a musical note having the time value of a sixty-fourth of a whole note', 'grace_note': 'an embellishing note usually written in smaller size', 'singing_voice': 'the musical quality of the voice while singing', 'basso_profundo': 'a very deep bass voice', 'countertenor': 'a male singer with a voice above that of a tenor', 'contralto': 'a woman singer having a contralto voice', 'mezzo-soprano': 'a soprano with a voice between soprano and contralto', 'visual_communication': 'communication that relies on vision', 'visual_signal': 'a signal that involves visual communication', 'watch_fire': 'a fire lighted at night as a signal', 'traffic_light': 'a visual signal to control the flow of traffic at intersections', 'red_light': 'a cautionary sign of danger', 'idiot_light': 'a colored warning light on an instrument panel (as for low oil pressure)', 'yellow_light': 'the signal to proceed with caution', 'code_flag': 'one of an international code of flag signals used between ships', 'blue_peter': 'a blue flag with a white square in the center indicates that the vessel is ready to sail', 'sign_language': 'language expressed by visible hand gestures', 'finger_spelling': 'an alphabet of manual signs', 'ASL': 'the sign language used in the United States', 'gesticulation': 'a deliberate and vigorous gesture or motion', 'body_language': 'communication via the movements or attitudes of the body', 'beck': 'a beckoning gesture', 'facial_expression': 'a gesture executed with the facial muscles', 'rictus': 'a gaping grimace', 'grimace': 'a contorted facial expression; \"she made a grimace at the prospect\"', 'pout': 'a disdainful grimace', 'frown': 'a facial expression of dislike or displeasure', 'simper': 'a silly self-conscious smile', 'smile': 'a facial expression characterized by turning up the corners of the mouth; usually shows pleasure or amusement', 'laugh': 'the sound of laughing', 'smirk': 'a smile expressing smugness or scorn instead of pleasure', 'snarl': 'a vicious angry growl', 'straight_face': 'a serious facial expression giving no evidence of interest or amusement', 'wink': 'closing one eye quickly as a signal', 'big_stick': 'a display of force or power; \"speak softly but carry a big stick\"', 'gaudery': 'cheap or pretentious or vain display', 'exemplification': 'showing by example', 'cupid': 'a symbol for love in the form of a cherubic naked boy with wings and a bow and arrow', 'donkey': 'the symbol of the Democratic Party; introduced in cartoons by Thomas Nast in 1874', 'fasces': \"bundle of rods containing an axe with the blade protruding; in ancient Rome it was a symbol of a magistrate's power; in modern Italy it is a symbol of fascism\", 'national_flag': 'an emblem flown as a symbol of nationality', 'hammer_and_sickle': 'the emblem on the flag of the Soviet Union', 'Star_of_David': 'a six-pointed star formed from two equilateral triangles; an emblem symbolizing Judaism', 'merit_badge': 'a badge award to Boy Scouts in recognition of special projects', 'insignia': 'a badge worn to show official position', 'maple-leaf': 'the emblem of Canada', 'medallion': 'any of various large ancient Greek coins', 'swastika': 'the official emblem of the Nazi Party and the Third Reich; a cross with the arms bent at right angles in a clockwise direction', 'Crown': 'the Crown (or the reigning monarch) as the symbol of the power and authority of a monarchy; \"the colonies revolted against the Crown\"', 'British_Crown': 'the symbol of the power of the British monarchy; \"members of the British Commonwealth owe allegiance to the British Crown\"', 'caduceus': 'an insignia used by the medical profession; modeled after the staff of Hermes', 'insignia_of_rank': 'an insignia worn on a military uniform', 'shoulder_flash': 'something worn on the shoulder of a military uniform as an emblem of a division etc.', 'service_stripe': 'an insignia worn to indicate years of service', 'positive_identification': 'evidence proving that you are who you say you are; evidence establishing that you are among the group of people already known to the system; recognition by the system leads to acceptance; \"a system for positive identification can prevent the use of a single identity by several people\"', 'negative_identification': 'evidence proving that you are not who you say you are not; evidence establishing that you are not among a group of people already known to the system; recognition by the system leads to rejection; \"a system for negative identification can prevent the use of multiple identities by a single person\"', 'facial_profiling': 'identification of criminals and terrorist by means of videotapes of their faces; \"facial profiling is a new form of airport security\"', 'linguistic_profiling': \"using speech characteristics or dialect to identify a speaker's race or religion or social class\", 'profiling': \"recording a person's behavior and analyzing psychological characteristics in order to predict or assess their ability in a certain sphere or to identify a particular group of people\", 'green_card': 'a card that identifies the bearer as an alien with permanent resident status in the United States; \"he was surprised to discover that green cards are no longer green\"', 'ID': 'a card or badge used to identify the bearer; \"you had to show your ID in order to get in\"', 'personal_identification_number': 'a number you choose and use to gain access to various accounts', 'acting_out': 'a (usually irritating) impulsive and uncontrollable outburst by a problem child or a neurotic adult', 'preview': 'an advertisement consisting of short scenes from a motion picture that will appear in the near future', 'sneak_preview': 'a preview to test audience reactions', 'bravado': 'a swaggering show of courage', 'ritz': 'ostentatious display of elegance; \"they put on the ritz\"', 'splurge': 'an ostentatious display (of effort or extravagance etc.)', 'pedantry': 'an ostentatious and inappropriate display of learning', 'paraph': 'a flourish added after or under your signature (originally to protect against forgery)', 'flaunt': 'the act of displaying something ostentatiously; \"his behavior was an outrageous flaunt\"', 'unveiling': 'putting on display for the first time; \"he attended the unveiling of the statue\"', 'benefit_concert': 'a concert given for the benefit of some charitable cause', 'concert': 'a performance of music by players or singers not involving theatrical staging', 'rock_concert': 'a performance of rock music', 'pianism': 'performance by or technique of a pianist; \"a program of pianism\"', 'play_reading': 'performance of a play by a group of readers', 'premiere': 'the first public performance of a play or movie', 'recital': 'a detailed statement giving facts and figures; \"his wife gave a recital of his infidelities\"', 'song_and_dance': 'theatrical performance combining singing and dancing', 'theatrical_performance': 'a performance of a play', 'matinee': 'a theatrical performance held during the daytime (especially in the afternoon)', 'spectacular': 'a lavishly produced performance; \"they put on a Christmas spectacular\"', 'world_premiere': '(music) the first public performance (as of a dramatic or musical work) anywhere in the world', 'artificial_language': 'a language that is deliberately created for a specific purpose', 'Antido': 'an artificial language related to Ido', 'Arulo': 'an artificial language intended for international use as an auxiliary language', 'Basic_English': 'a simplified form of English proposed for use as an auxiliary language for international communication; devised by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards', 'Blaia_Zimondal': 'an artificial language', 'Esperantido': 'an artificial language based on Esperanto and Ido', 'Esperanto': 'an artificial language based as far as possible on words common to all the European languages', 'Europan': 'an artificial language proposed as an auxiliary European language', 'Idiom_Neutral': 'an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on Volapuk but with a vocabulary selected on the basis of the maximum internationality of the roots', 'Interlingua': 'an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on words common to English and the Romance languages', 'Ido': 'an artificial language that is a revision and simplification of Esperanto', 'Latinesce': 'an artificial language based on Latin', 'Latino': 'an artificial language based on words common to the Romance languages', 'Latino_sine_flexione': 'Latino without inflectional morphology', 'Lingualumina': 'an artificial language', 'Lingvo_Kosmopolita': 'an artificial language', 'Monario': 'an artificial language', 'Nov-Esperanto': 'an artificial language based on Esperanto', 'Novial': 'an artificial language', 'Nov-Latin': 'an artificial language based on Latin', 'Occidental': 'a native inhabitant of the Occident', 'Optez': 'an artificial language', 'Pasigraphy': 'an artificial international language using characters (as mathematical symbols) instead of words to express ideas', 'Ro': 'an artificial language for international use that rejects all existing words and is based instead on an abstract analysis of ideas', 'Romanal': 'an artificial language', 'Solresol': 'an artificial language', 'Volapuk': 'one of the first artificial language constructed for use as an auxiliary international language; based largely on English but with some German and French and Latin roots', 'programming_language': '(computer science) a language designed for programming computers', 'algebraic_language': 'an algorithmic language having statements that resemble algebraic expressions', 'algorithmic_language': 'an artificial language designed to express algorithms', 'application-oriented_language': 'a language whose statements resemble terminology of the user', 'assembly_language': 'a low-level programing language; close approximation to machine language', 'command_language': 'a source language consisting of procedural operators that invoke functions to be executed', 'computer_language': 'a programming language designed for use on a specific class of computers', 'high-level_language': 'a problem-oriented language requiring little knowledge of the computer on which it will be run', 'job-control_language': 'a problem-oriented language used to describe job requirements to an operating system', 'metalanguage': 'a language that can be used to describe languages', 'multidimensional_language': 'a programming language whose expressions are assembled in more than one dimension', 'object-oriented_programming_language': '(computer science) a programming language that enables the programmer to associate a set of procedures with each type of data structure; \"C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is an extension of C\"', 'Java': \"an island in Indonesia to the south of Borneo; one of the world's most densely populated regions\", 'one-dimensional_language': 'a programming language whose expressions are represented by strings of characters', 'stratified_language': 'a language that cannot be used as its own metalanguage', 'syntax_language': 'a language used to describe the syntax of another language', 'unstratified_language': 'a programming language that (like natural language) can be used as its own metalanguage', 'ALGOL': '(from a combination of ALGOrithmic and Language); a programming language used to express computer programs as algorithms', 'LISP': 'a flexible procedure-oriented programing language that manipulates symbols in the form of lists', 'LISP_program': 'a program written in LISP', 'Prolog': 'a computer language designed in Europe to support natural language processing', 'FORTRAN': 'a high-level programing language for mathematical and scientific purposes; stands for formula translation', 'FORTRAN_program': 'a program written in FORTRAN', 'COBOL': 'common business-oriented language', 'C_program': 'a program written in C', 'BASIC': \"a popular programming language that is relatively easy to learn; an acronym for beginner's all-purpose symbolic instruction code; no longer in general use\", 'Pascal': 'French mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist; invented an adding machine; contributed (with Fermat) to the theory of probability (1623-1662)', 'native_language': 'the language that a person has spoken from earliest childhood', 'indigenous_language': 'a language that originated in a specified place and was not brought to that place from elsewhere', 'substrate': 'the substance that is acted upon by an enzyme or ferment', 'superstrate': 'any stratum or layer superimposed on another', 'natural_language': 'a human written or spoken language used by a community; opposed to e.g. a computer language', 'mother_tongue': \"one's native language; the language learned by children and passed from one generation to the next\", 'tone_language': 'a language in which different tones distinguish different meanings', 'contour_language': 'a tone language that uses pitch changes', 'register_language': 'a tone language that uses different voice registers', 'creole': 'a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages', 'Haitian_Creole': 'a creole language spoken by most Haitians; based on French and various African languages', 'pidgin': 'an artificial language used for trade between speakers of different languages', 'Chinook_Jargon': 'a pidgin incorporating Chinook and French and English words; formerly used as a lingua franca in northwestern North America', 'Sango': 'a trade language widely used in Chad', 'lingua_franca': 'a common language used by speakers of different languages; \"Koine is a dialect of ancient Greek that was the lingua franca of the empire of Alexander the Great and was widely spoken throughout the eastern Mediterranean area in Roman times\"', 'Amerind': 'any of the languages spoken by Amerindians', 'Algonquian': 'a member of any of the North American Indian groups speaking an Algonquian language and originally living in the subarctic regions of eastern Canada; many Algonquian tribes migrated south into the woodlands from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic coast', 'Atakapa': 'a member of an Indian people formerly living along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas', 'Athapaskan': 'a member of any of the North American Indian groups speaking an Athapaskan language and living in the subarctic regions of western Canada and central Alaska', 'Abnaki': 'a member of the Algonquian people of Maine and southern Quebec', 'Algonkian': 'a member of a North American Indian people in the Ottawa river valley of Ontario and Quebec', 'Arapaho': 'a member of a tribe of Plains Indians formerly inhabiting eastern Colorado and Wyoming (now living in Oklahoma and Wyoming)', 'Biloxi': 'a member of the Siouan people of southeastern Mississippi', 'Blackfoot': 'a member of a warlike group of Algonquians living in the northwestern plains', 'Catawba': 'a member of the Siouan people formerly living in the Carolinas', 'Cheyenne': 'a member of a North American Indian people living on the western plains (now living in Oklahoma and Montana)', 'Chiwere': 'the Siouan language spoken by the Iowa and Oto and Missouri', 'Iowa': 'a member of the Siouan people formerly living in Iowa and Minnesota and Missouri', 'Missouri': 'a member of the Siouan people formerly inhabiting the valley of the Missouri river in Missouri', 'Oto': 'a member of the Siouan people inhabiting the valleys of the Platte and Missouri rivers in Nebraska', 'Cree': 'a member of an Algonquian people living in central Canada', 'Crow': 'a member of the Siouan people formerly living in eastern Montana', 'Dakota': 'a member of the Siouan people of the northern Mississippi valley; commonly called the Sioux', 'Delaware': 'a member of an Algonquian people formerly living in New Jersey and New York and parts of Delaware and Pennsylvania', 'Dhegiha': 'any member of a Siouan people speaking one of the Dhegiha languages', 'Fox': 'English statesman who supported American independence and the French Revolution (1749-1806)', 'Hidatsa': 'a member of the Sioux people formerly inhabiting an area along the Missouri river in western North Dakota', 'Hunkpapa': 'a member of the Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux and who formerly lived in the western Dakotas; they were prominent in resisting the white encroachment into the northern Great Plains', 'Illinois': 'a member of the Algonquian people formerly of Illinois and regions to the west', 'Haida': 'a member of a seafaring group of North American Indians who lived on the Pacific coast of British Columbia and southwestern Alaska', 'Kansa': 'a member of the Siouan people of the Kansas river valley in Kansas', 'Kickapoo': 'a member of the Algonquian people formerly inhabiting southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois', 'Malecite': 'a member of the Algonquian people of northeastern Maine and New Brunswick', 'Massachuset': 'a member of the Algonquian people who formerly lived around Massachusetts Bay', 'Menomini': 'a member of the federally recognized tribe of Algonquian people living on a reservation in central Wisconsin', 'Micmac': 'a member of the Algonquian people inhabiting the Maritime Provinces of Canada', 'Mohican': 'a member of the Algonquian people formerly living in the Hudson valley and eastward to the Housatonic', 'Nanticoke': 'a member of the Algonquian people formerly of Maryland and eastern Delaware', 'Ofo': 'a member of the Siouan people living in the Yazoo river valley in Mississippi', 'Oglala': 'a member of the Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux and who formerly inhabited the Black Hills of western South Dakota', 'Ojibwa': 'a member of an Algonquian people who lived west of Lake Superior', 'Osage': 'a member of the Siouan people formerly living in Missouri in the valleys of the Missouri and Osage rivers; oil was found on Osage lands early in the 20th century', 'Pamlico': 'a member of the Algonquian people formerly of the Pamlico river valley in North Carolina', 'Ponca': 'a member of the Siouan people of the Missouri river valley in northeastern Nebraska', 'Potawatomi': 'a member of the Algonquian people originally of Michigan and Wisconsin', 'Powhatan': 'Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia; father of Pocahontas (1550?-1618)', 'Quapaw': 'a member of the Siouan people of the Arkansas river valley in Arkansas', 'Shawnee': 'a member of the Algonquian people formerly living along the Tennessee river', 'Alabama': 'a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in what is now the state of Alabama; \"the Alabamas were members of the Creek Confederacy\"', 'Chickasaw': 'a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in northern Mississippi', 'Choctaw': 'a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in Alabama', 'Hitchiti': 'a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in Georgia; a member of the Creek Confederacy', 'Koasati': 'a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in northern Alabama; a member of the Creek Confederacy', 'Muskogee': 'a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in Georgia and eastern Alabama and constituting the core of the Creek Confederacy', 'Santee': 'a member of the eastern branch of the Sioux', 'Seminole': 'a member of the Muskhogean people who moved into Florida in the 18th century', 'Tlingit': 'a member of a seafaring group of North American Indians living in southern Alaska', 'Tutelo': 'a member of the Siouan people of Virginia and North Carolina', 'Winnebago': 'a member of the Siouan-speaking people formerly living in eastern Wisconsin south of Green Bay; ally of the Menomini and enemy of the Fox and Sauk people', 'Muskhogean': 'a member of any of the peoples formerly living in southeastern United States and speaking Muskhogean languages', 'Na-Dene': 'a family of North American Indian languages', 'Mosan': 'a family of Amerindian languages spoken in Washington and British Columbia', 'Chemakuan': 'a group of Mosan languages spoken in Washington', 'Chemakum': 'a Chemakuan language spoken by the Chemakum', 'Salish': 'a member of a group of North American Indians speaking a Salishan language and living on the northwest coast of North America', 'Skagit': 'a member of the Salish people in northwestern Washington', 'Wakashan': 'a member of one of the peoples in British Columbia and Washington who speak the Wakashan language', 'Kwakiutl': 'a member of the Wakashan people living around Queen Charlotte Sound and on northern Vancouver Island', 'Nootka': 'a member of the Wakashan people living on Vancouver Island and in the Cape Flattery region of northwestern Washington', 'Shoshone': 'a member of the North American Indian people (related to the Aztecs) of the southwestern United States', 'Comanche': 'a member of the Shoshonean people who formerly lived between Wyoming and the Mexican border but are now chiefly in Oklahoma', 'Hopi': 'a member of the Shoshonean people of northeastern Arizona', 'Paiute': 'a member of either of two Shoshonean peoples (northern Paiute and southern Paiute) related to the Aztecs and living in the southwestern United States', 'Ute': 'a member of the Shoshonean people of Utah and Colorado and New Mexico', 'Shoshonean': 'a subfamily of Uto-Aztecan languages spoken mainly in the southwestern United States', 'Caddo': 'a group of Plains Indians formerly living in what is now North and South Dakota and Nebraska and Kansas and Arkansas and Louisiana and Oklahoma and Texas', 'Arikara': 'a member of the Caddo people who formerly lived in the Dakotas west of the Missouri river', 'Pawnee': 'a member of the Pawnee nation formerly living in Nebraska and Kansas but now largely in Oklahoma', 'Wichita': 'a member of the Caddo people formerly living between Kansas and central Texas', 'Cherokee': 'a member of an Iroquoian people formerly living in the Appalachian Mountains but now chiefly in Oklahoma', 'Cayuga': 'a member of an Iroquoian people formerly living around Cayuga Lake in New York State', 'Mohawk': 'a member of the Iroquoian people formerly living along the Mohawk River in New York State', 'Seneca': 'Roman statesman and philosopher who was an advisor to Nero; his nine extant tragedies are modeled on Greek tragedies (circa 4 BC - 65 AD)', 'Oneida': 'a member of the Iroquoian people formerly living east of Lake Ontario', 'Onondaga': 'a member of the Iroquoian people formerly living between Lake Champlain and the Saint Lawrence River', 'Tuscarora': 'a member of an Iroquois people who formerly lived in North Carolina and then moved to New York State and joined the Iroquois', 'Iroquoian': 'a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Iroquois', 'Quechua': 'a member of a South American Indian people in Peru who were formerly the ruling class of the Inca empire', 'Guarani': 'a member of the South American people living in Paraguay and Bolivia', 'Maraco': 'a member of the South American people living in Argentina and Bolivia and Paraguay', 'Tupi': 'a member of the South American Indian people living in Brazil and Paraguay', 'Tupi-Guarani': 'a family of South American Indian languages', 'Arawak': 'a member of a widespread group of Amerindians living in northeastern South America', 'Carib': 'a member of an American Indian peoples of northeastern South America and the Lesser Antilles', 'Eskimo-Aleut': 'the family of languages that includes Eskimo and Aleut', 'Eskimo': \"a member of a people inhabiting the Arctic (northern Canada or Greenland or Alaska or eastern Siberia); the Algonquians called them Eskimo (`eaters of raw flesh') but they call themselves the Inuit (`the people')\", 'Aleut': 'a member of the people inhabiting the Aleutian Islands and southwestern Alaska', 'Uto-Aztecan': 'a family of American Indian languages', 'Pima': 'a member of the North American Indian people living in southern Arizona and northern Mexico', 'Aztecan': 'the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Aztec', 'Nahuatl': 'a member of any of various Indian peoples of central Mexico', 'Cahita': 'a member of the Taracahitian people of central Mexico', 'Tatahumara': 'the Uto-Aztecan language of the Tatahumara', 'Zapotec': 'a member of a large tribe of Mesoamericans living in southern Mexico whose civilization flourished around 300 to 900', 'Maya': 'a family of American Indian languages spoken by Maya', 'Apache': 'any member of Athapaskan tribes that migrated to the southwestern desert (from Arizona to Texas and south into Mexico); fought a losing battle from 1861 to 1886 with the United States and were resettled in Oklahoma', 'Chiricahua_Apache': 'an Apache language', 'San_Carlos_Apache': 'an Apache language', 'Navaho': 'a member of an Athapaskan people that migrated to Arizona and New Mexico and Utah', 'Hupa': 'a member of the Athapaskan people of the Trinity River valley in California', 'Mattole': 'a member of the Athapaskan people living in northwestern California', 'Chipewyan': 'a member of the Athapaskan people living in western Canada between Great Slave Lake and Hudson Bay', 'Siouan': 'a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Sioux', 'Tanoan': 'a family of North American Indian language spoken in southwestern United States', 'Kiowa': 'a member of a Tanoan people living in the southwestern United States', 'Hokan': 'a member of a North American Indian people speaking one of the Hokan languages', 'Chimariko': 'a member of an extinct North American Indian people formerly living in California', 'Esselen': 'a member of a North American Indian people living on the California coast near Monterey', 'Kulanapan': 'a group of languages of the Hokan family', 'Pomo': 'a member of an Indian people of northern California living along the Russian River valley and adjacent Pacific coast', 'Quoratean': 'a group of languages of the Hokan family', 'Karok': 'a member of a North American Indian people of the Klamath river valley in northern California', 'Shastan': 'a group of languages of the Hokan family in California', 'Achomawi': 'a member of the Achomawi community of northeastern California', 'Atsugewi': 'a member of a North American Indian people of northern California', 'Shasta': 'a member of the Indian people of northern California and southern Oregon', 'Yuman': 'a group of language of the Hokan family in Arizona and California and Mexico', \"Akwa'ala\": \"a member of the Akwa'ala community in Baja California\", 'Cochimi': 'a member of a North American Indian people living in central Baja California', 'Cocopa': 'a member of a North American Indian people living around the mouth of the Colorado River', 'Diegueno': 'a member of a North American Indian people of southern California', 'Havasupai': 'a member of a North American Indian people of Cataract Canyon in Arizona', 'Kamia': 'a member of a North American Indian people of southeastern California and northwestern Mexico', 'Kiliwa': 'a member of a North American Indian people living in northern Baja California', 'Maricopa': 'a member of a North American Indian people of the Gila river valley in Arizona', 'Mohave': 'a member of the North American Indian people formerly living in the Colorado river valley in Arizona and Nevada and California', 'Walapai': 'a member of a North American people formerly living in the Colorado river valley in Arizona', 'Yavapai': 'a member of a North American Indian people of central Arizona', 'Yuma': 'a member of the North American Indian people of Arizona and adjacent Mexico and California', 'Yanan': 'a language group of the Hokan family', 'Yahi': 'a member of an extinct North American Indian people who lived in northern California', 'Yana': 'a member of an extinct North American Indian people who lived in northern California', 'Penutian': 'a member of a North American Indian people speaking one of the Penutian languages', 'Copehan': 'a group of Penutian languages spoken to the west of the Sacramento river', 'Patwin': 'a member of the North American Indian people living in the Sacramento valley in California', 'Wintun': 'a member of a North American Indian people living in the Sacramento valley in California', 'Costanoan': 'a member of a North American Indian people living in coastal California between Monterey and San Francisco Bay', 'Mariposan': 'a Penutian language spoken by the Yokuts in the San Joaquin Valley', 'Moquelumnan': 'a Penutian language spoken by the Miwok', 'Pujunan': 'a Penutian language spoken by the Maidu', 'Chinookan': 'a Penutian language spoken by the Chinook', 'Kalapooian': 'a Penutian language spoken by the Kalapuya', 'Kusan': 'a member of the North American Indian people of Oregon', 'Shahaptian': 'a member of a North American Indian people who lived in Oregon along the Columbia river and its tributaries in Washington and northern Idaho', 'Nez_Perce': 'a member of a tribe of the Shahaptian people living on the pacific coast', 'Takilman': 'a Penutian language spoken by the Takelma', 'Tsimshian': 'a member of a Penutian people who lived on rivers and a sound in British Columbia', 'Kekchi': 'a member of a Mayan people of north central Guatemala', 'Mam': 'a member of a Mayan people of southwestern Guatemala', 'Yucatec': 'a member of the Mayan people of the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico', 'Quiche': 'a member of the Mayan people of south central Guatemala', 'Cakchiquel': 'a member of the Mayan people living in south central Guatemala', 'Altaic': 'any member of the peoples speaking a language in the Altaic language group', 'Turki': 'any member of the peoples speaking a Turkic language', 'Turkish': 'a Turkic language spoken by the Turks', 'Turkmen': 'the Turkic language spoken by the Turkoman', 'Azerbaijani': 'a native or inhabitant of Azerbaijan', 'Kazak': 'a Muslim who is a member of a Turkic people of western Asia (especially in Kazakstan)', 'Tatar': 'a member of the Mongolian people of central Asia who invaded Russia in the 13th century', 'Uzbek': 'a member of a Turkic people of Uzbekistan and neighboring areas', 'Yakut': 'a member of a Turkic people of northeastern Siberia (mainly in the Lena river basin)', 'Kirghiz': 'a member of a people of Turkic speech and Mongolian race inhabiting vast regions of central Siberia', 'Karakalpak': 'a member of a Turkic people living near Lake Aral in central Asia', 'Chuvash': 'a member of a people of Turkic speech living in the Volga region in eastern Russia', 'Chagatai': 'a Turkic literary language of medieval central Asia (named for one of the sons of Genghis Khan)', 'Chukchi': 'a member of an indigenous people living on the Chukchi Peninsula', 'Tungusic': 'any member of a people speaking a language in the Tungusic family', 'Tungus': 'a member of the Tungus speaking people of Mongolian race who are a nomadic people widely spread over eastern Siberia; related to the Manchu', 'Manchu': 'a member of the Manchu speaking people of Mongolian race of Manchuria; related to the Tungus; conquered China in the 17th century', 'Mongolian': 'a family of Altaic language spoken in Mongolia', 'Khalkha': 'the Mongol people living in the central and eastern parts of Outer Mongolia', 'Korean': 'a native or inhabitant of Korea who speaks the Korean language', 'Japanese': 'a native or inhabitant of Japan', 'Ryukyuan': 'a member of the Japanese people living on the Ryukyu Islands southwest of Japan', 'Sinitic': 'a group of Sino-Tibetan languages', 'Chinese': 'a native or inhabitant of Communist China or of Nationalist China', 'Mandarin': 'the dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of China', 'Wu': 'a dialect of Chinese spoken in the Yangtze delta', 'Yue': 'the dialect of Chinese spoken in Canton and neighboring provinces and in Hong Kong and elsewhere outside China', 'Min': 'an Egyptian god of procreation', 'Hakka': 'a member of a people of southeastern China (especially Hong Kong, Canton, and Taiwan) who migrated from the north in the 12th century', 'Sino-Tibetan': 'the family of tonal languages spoken in eastern Asia', 'Tibeto-Burman': 'a branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages spoken from Tibet to the Malay Peninsula', 'Qiang': 'the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Sichuan', 'Bai': 'the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Dali region of Yunnan', 'Himalayish': 'the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Tibet and Nepal and Bhutan and Sikkim', 'Kamarupan': 'the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northeastern India and adjacent regions of western Burma', 'Karen': 'the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Thailand and Burmese borderlands', 'Lolo-Burmese': 'the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northern Burma and Yunnan', 'Burmese': 'a native or inhabitant of Myanmar', 'Loloish': 'languages spoken by hill tribes in northern Burma and neighboring areas', 'Lisu': 'a Loloish language', 'Hani': 'a Loloish language', 'Lahu': 'a Loloish language', 'Lolo': 'a Loloish language', 'Kachin': 'Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in northernmost Burma and adjacent China and India', 'Jinghpo': 'a Kachinic language', 'Kuki': 'Kamarupan languages spoken in western Burma and Bangladesh and easternmost India', 'Naga': 'Kamarupan languages spoken in northeastern India and western Burma', 'Mikir-Meithei': 'Kamarupan languages spoken in the states of Manipur and Assam in northeastern India', 'Bodo-Garo': 'Kamarupan languages spoken in the state of Assam in northeastern India', 'Miri': 'little known Kamarupan languages', 'Tibetan': 'a native or inhabitant of Tibet', 'Newari': 'Himalayish language spoken in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal', 'Kadai': 'a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in southeastern Asia', 'Kam-Sui': 'a group of Kadai languages', 'Tai': 'the most widespread and best known of the Kadai family of languages', 'White_Tai': 'a branch of the Tai languages', 'Red_Tai': 'a branch of the Tai languages', 'Tai_Dam': 'a branch of the Tai languages', 'Tai_Nuea': 'a branch of the Tai languages', 'Tai_Long': 'a branch of the Tai languages', 'Tai_Lue': 'a branch of the Tai languages', 'Tai_Yuan': 'a branch of the Tai languages', 'Khuen': 'a branch of the Tai languages', 'Lao': 'a member of a Buddhist people inhabiting the area of the Mekong River in Laos and Thailand and speaking the Lao language; related to the Thais', 'Khamti': 'a branch of the Tai languages', 'Southern_Tai': 'a branch of the Tai languages', 'Tay': 'a branch of the Tai languages', 'Nung': 'a branch of the Tai languages', 'Tho': 'a branch of the Tai languages', 'Thai': 'a native or inhabitant of Thailand', 'Bouyei': 'a branch of the Tai languages', 'Zhuang': 'a branch of the Tai languages', 'Yay': 'a branch of the Tai languages', 'Saek': 'a branch of the Tai languages', 'Austro-Asiatic': 'a family of languages spoken in southern and southeastern Asia', 'Munda': 'a family of languages spoken by people scattered throughout central India', 'Mon-Khmer': 'a branch of the Austro-Asiatic languages', 'Hmong': 'a people living traditionally in mountain villages in southern China and adjacent areas of Vietnam and Laos and Thailand; many have emigrated to the United States', 'Vietnamese': 'a native or inhabitant of Vietnam', 'Khmer': 'a native or inhabitant of Cambodia', 'Mon': 'a member of a Buddhist people living in Myanmar and adjacent parts of Thailand', 'Austronesian': 'a native or inhabitant of Austronesia', 'Malayo-Polynesian': 'the branch of the Austronesian languages spoken from Madagascar to the central Pacific', 'Oceanic': 'an eastern subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages', 'Tongan': 'a Polynesian native or inhabitant of Tonga', 'Tahitian': 'a native or inhabitant of Tahiti', 'Maori': 'an ethnic minority of Polynesian and Melanesian descent who speak Maori and live in New Zealand', 'Hawaiian': 'a native or resident of Hawaii', 'Fijian': 'a native or inhabitant of Fiji', 'Western_Malayo-Polynesian': 'a western subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages', 'Malay': 'a member of a people inhabiting the northern Malay Peninsula and Malaysia and parts of the western Malay Archipelago', 'Malaysian': 'a native or inhabitant of Malaysia', 'Indonesian': 'a native or inhabitant of Indonesia', 'Javanese': 'a native or inhabitant of Java', 'Sundanese': 'the Indonesian language spoken in the Lesser Sunda Islands', 'Balinese': 'the Indonesian language of the people of Bali', 'Philippine': 'official language of the Philippines; based on Tagalog; draws its lexicon from other Philippine languages', 'Tagalog': 'a member of a people native to the Philippines chiefly inhabiting central Luzon around and including Manila', 'Cebuan': 'inhabitant of the island of Cebu; a member of the Visayan people of the Philippines', 'Australian': 'a native or inhabitant of Australia', 'Dyirbal': 'a language of Australian aborigines', 'Walbiri': 'a language of Australian aborigines', 'Formosan': 'the Austronesian languages spoken on Formosa', 'Tayalic': 'a language spoken by a Malaysian people on Formosa', 'Tsouic': 'a Formosan language', 'Paiwanic': 'a Formosan language', 'Papuan': 'a native or inhabitant of Papua New Guinea or New Guinea', 'Khoisan': 'a family of languages spoken in southern Africa', 'Khoikhoin': 'any of the Khoisan languages spoken by the pastoral people of Namibia and South Africa', 'Indo-European': 'the family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia', 'Proto-Indo_European': 'a prehistoric unrecorded language that was the ancestor of all Indo-European languages', 'Albanian': 'a native or inhabitant of Albania', 'Gheg': 'the dialect of Albanian spoken in northern Albania and Yugoslavia', 'Tosk': 'the dialect of Albanian spoken in southern Albania and in areas of Greece and Italy', 'Illyrian': 'a minor and almost extinct branch of the Indo-European languages; spoken along the Dalmatian coast', 'Thraco-Phrygian': 'an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family thought by some to be related to Armenian', 'Thracian': 'an inhabitant of ancient Thrace', 'Phrygian': 'a native or inhabitant of Phrygia', 'Balto-Slavic': 'a family of Indo-European languages including the Slavic and Baltic languages', 'Slavic': 'a branch of the Indo-European family of languages', 'Old_Church_Slavonic': 'the Slavic language into which the Bible was translated in the 9th century', 'Russian': 'a native or inhabitant of Russia', 'Belarusian': 'the Slavic language spoken in Belarus', 'Ukrainian': 'the Slavic language spoken in the Ukraine', 'Polish': 'the Slavic language of Poland', 'Slovak': 'a native or inhabitant of Slovakia', 'Czech': 'a native of inhabitant of the Czech Republic', 'Slovene': 'a native of Slovenia', 'Serbo-Croat': 'the Slavic language of the Serbs and Croats; the Serbian dialect is usually written in the Cyrillic alphabet and the Croatian dialect is usually written in the Roman alphabet', 'Sorbian': 'a speaker of Sorbian', 'Macedonian': 'a native or inhabitant of Macedon', 'Bulgarian': 'a native or inhabitant of Bulgaria', 'Baltic': 'a sea in northern Europe; stronghold of the Russian navy', 'Old_Prussian': 'a dead language of the (non-German) Prussians (extinct after 1700); thought to belong to the Baltic branch of Indo-European', 'Lithuanian': 'a native or inhabitant of Lithuania', 'Latvian': 'a native or inhabitant of Latvia', 'Germanic': 'a branch of the Indo-European family of languages; members that are spoken currently fall into two major groups: Scandinavian and West Germanic', 'West_Germanic': 'a branch of the Germanic languages', 'American_English': 'the English language as used in the United States', 'African_American_Vernacular_English': 'a nonstandard form of American English characteristically spoken by African Americans in the United States', 'cockney': 'the nonstandard dialect of natives of the east end of London', 'geordie': 'the nonstandard dialect of natives of Newcastle-upon-Tyne', \"King's_English\": 'English as spoken by educated persons in southern England', 'Received_Pronunciation': \"the approved pronunciation of British English; originally based on the King's English as spoken at public schools and at Oxford and Cambridge Universities (and widely accepted elsewhere in Britain); until recently it was the pronunciation of English used in British broadcasting\", 'Middle_English': 'English from about 1100 to 1450', 'East_Midland': 'the dialect of Middle English that replaced West Saxon as the literary language and which developed into Modern English', 'West_Midland': 'a dialect of Middle English', 'Northern': 'a dialect of Middle English that developed into Scottish Lallans', 'Kentish': 'one of the major dialects of Old English', 'Southwestern': 'a dialect of Middle English', 'Modern_English': 'English since about 1450', 'Old_English': 'English prior to about 1100', 'West_Saxon': 'an inhabitant of Wessex', 'Anglian': 'one of the major dialects of Old English', 'Oxford_English': 'the dialect of English spoken at Oxford University and regarded by many as affected and pretentious', 'Scottish': 'the dialect of English used in Scotland', 'Lallans': 'a dialect of English spoken in the Lowlands of Scotland', 'German': 'a person of German nationality', 'Old_High_German': 'High German prior to 1200', 'Middle_High_German': 'High German from 1100 to 1500', 'Yiddish': 'a dialect of High German including some Hebrew and other words; spoken in Europe as a vernacular by many Jews; written in the Hebrew script', 'Pennsylvania_Dutch': 'a dialect of High German spoken in parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland', 'Low_German': 'a German dialect spoken in northern Germany', 'Old_Saxon': 'Low German prior to 1200', 'Middle_Low_German': 'Low German from 1100 to 1500', 'Dutch': 'the people of the Netherlands; \"the Dutch are famous for their tulips\"', 'Flemish': 'an ethnic group speaking Flemish and living in northern and western Belgium', 'Afrikaans': 'an official language of the Republic of South Africa; closely related to Dutch and Flemish', 'Proto-Norse': 'the Germanic language of Scandinavia up until about 700', 'Old_Norse': 'the extinct Germanic language of medieval Scandinavia and Iceland from about to 700 to 1350', 'Old_Icelandic': 'the extinct dialect of Old Norse that was spoken in Iceland up until about 1600', 'Edda': 'either of two distinct works in Old Icelandic dating from the late 13th century and consisting of 34 mythological and heroic ballads composed between 800 and 1200; the primary source for Scandinavian mythology', 'Scandinavian': 'an inhabitant of Scandinavia', 'Danish': 'a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark', 'Icelandic': 'a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland', 'Norwegian': 'a native or inhabitant of Norway', 'Bokmal': 'book language; one of two official languages of Norway; closely related to Danish', 'Riksmal': 'in 1929 this dialect of Norwegian was officially renamed Bokmal', 'Nynorsk': 'one of two official languages of Norway; based on rural dialects', 'Swedish': 'a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Sweden and one of two official languages of Finland', 'Faroese': 'a Scandinavian language (closely related to Icelandic) that is spoken on the Faroe Islands', 'Frisian': 'a native or inhabitant of Friesland or Frisia', 'Old_Frisian': 'the Frisian language until the 16th century; the Germanic language of ancient Frisia', 'East_Germanic': 'an extinct branch of the Germanic languages', 'Ural-Altaic': 'a (postulated) group of languages including many of the indigenous languages of Russia (but not Russian)', 'Uralic': 'a family of Ural-Altaic languages', 'Finno-Ugric': 'a family of Uralic languages indigenous to Scandinavia and Hungary and Russia and western Siberia (prior to the Slavic expansion into those regions)', 'Fennic': 'one of two branches of the Finno-Ugric languages; a family of languages including Finnish and Estonian (but not Hungarian)', 'Udmurt': 'a member of the Finno-Ugric-speaking people living in eastern European Russia', 'Permic': 'a group of Finnic languages spoken in the northwest Urals', 'Komi': 'a member of a Finnish people living in the northwestern Urals in Russia', 'Volgaic': 'a group of Finnic languages spoken around the Volga river', 'Cheremis': 'a member of a rural Finnish people living in eastern Russia', 'Mordva': 'a member of the agricultural people living in the central Volga provinces of European Russia', 'Baltic-Finnic': 'a group of Finnic languages including Finnish and Estonian', 'Livonian': 'a member of the Livonian-speaking people of Latvia', 'Estonian': 'the official language of Estonia; belongs to the Baltic-Finnic family of languages', 'Karelian': 'a member of the Finnish people living in Karelia in northwestern European Russia', 'Ludian': 'a Baltic-Finnic language', 'Finnish': 'the official language of Finland; belongs to the Baltic Finnic family of languages', 'Veps': 'a member of a Finnish people of Russia', 'Ingrian': 'a member of western Finnish people formerly living in the Baltic province where Saint Petersburg was built', 'Ugric': 'one of the two branches of the Finno-Ugric family of languages; spoken in Hungary and northwestern Siberia', 'Hungarian': 'a native or inhabitant of Hungary', 'Khanty': 'a Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Ostyak', 'Mansi': 'the Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Vogul', 'Lappic': 'any of the languages spoken by the Lapps and generally assumed to be Uralic languages', 'Lapp': 'a member of an indigenous nomadic people living in northern Scandinavia and herding reindeer', 'Samoyedic': 'the Uralic languages spoken by the Samoyed in northwestern Siberia', 'Nenets': 'a Uralic language spoken by a Samoyed of northern Siberia', 'Enets': 'the Uralic language spoken by the Yeniseian', 'Nganasan': 'a member of the Samoyedic people living on the Taimyr Peninsula in Siberia', 'Selkup': 'one of the people of mixed Ostyak and Samoyed origin in Siberia', 'Celtic': 'a branch of the Indo-European languages that (judging from inscriptions and place names) was spread widely over Europe in the pre-Christian era', 'Gaelic': 'any of several related languages of the Celts in Ireland and Scotland', 'Irish': 'people of Ireland or of Irish extraction', 'Old_Irish': 'Irish Gaelic up to about 1100', 'Middle_Irish': 'Irish Gaelic from 1100 to 1500', 'Scottish_Gaelic': 'the Gaelic of Scotland', 'Brythonic': 'a southern group of Celtic languages', 'Breton': 'a native or inhabitant of Brittany (especially one who speaks the Breton language)', 'Italic': 'a branch of the Indo-European languages of which Latin is the chief representative', 'Osco-Umbrian': 'a group of dead languages of ancient Italy; they were displace by Latin', 'Umbrian': 'an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy', 'Oscan': 'an Oscan-speaking member of an ancient people of Campania', 'Sabellian': 'an extinct Osco-Umbrian language of ancient Italy that survives only in a few inscriptions', 'Latin': 'an inhabitant of ancient Latium', 'Old_Latin': 'the oldest recorded Latin (dating back at early as the 6th century B.C.)', 'classical_Latin': 'the language of educated people in ancient Rome; \"Latin is a language as dead as dead can be. It killed the ancient Romans--and now it\\'s killing me\"', 'Low_Latin': 'any dialect of Latin other than the classical', 'Vulgar_Latin': 'nonclassical Latin dialects spoken in the Roman Empire; source of Romance languages', 'Late_Latin': 'the form of Latin written between the 3rd and 8th centuries', 'Medieval_Latin': 'Latin used for liturgical purposes during the Middle Ages', 'Neo-Latin': 'Latin since the Renaissance; used for scientific nomenclature', 'Romance': 'the group of languages derived from Latin', 'Italian': 'a native or inhabitant of Italy', 'Old_Italian': 'the Italian language up to the middle of the 16th century', 'Sardinian': 'a native or inhabitant of Sardinia', 'Tuscan': 'a resident of Tuscany', 'French': 'United States sculptor who created the seated marble figure of Abraham Lincoln in the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. (1850-1931)', \"Langue_d'oil\": 'medieval provincial dialects of French spoken in central and northern France', \"Langue_d'oc\": 'medieval provincial dialects of French formerly spoken in the south of France', 'Old_French': 'the earliest form of the French language; 9th to 15th century', 'Norman-French': 'the medieval Norman dialect of Old French', 'Anglo-French': 'the French (Norman) language used in medieval England', 'Canadian_French': 'the French language as spoken in Quebec, Canada', 'Walloon': 'a member of the French-speaking people living in Belgium', 'Provencal': \"the medieval dialects of Langue d'oc (southern France)\", 'Portuguese': 'a native or inhabitant of Portugal', 'Galician': 'a language spoken in Galicia in northwestern Spain; it is between Portuguese and Spanish but closer to Portuguese; sometimes considered a Portuguese or Spanish dialect', 'Basque': 'a member of a people of unknown origin living in the western Pyrenees in France and Spain', 'Spanish': 'the people of Spain', 'Castilian': 'the Spanish language as spoken in Castile', 'Judeo-Spanish': 'the Spanish dialect spoken by Sephardic Jews but written in the Hebrew script', 'Mexican_Spanish': 'the dialect of Spanish spoken in Mexico', 'Catalan': 'a native or inhabitant of Catalonia', 'Rhaeto-Romance': 'Romance dialects spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland and northern Italy and the Tyrol', 'Friulian': 'a Rhaeto-Romance dialect spoken in northeastern Italy', 'Ladin': 'a Rhaeto-Romance dialect of Romansh spoken in southeastern Switzerland', 'Romansh': 'the Rhaeto-Romance language spoken in southeastern Switzerland; it is an official language of Switzerland', 'Romanian': 'a native or inhabitant of Romania', 'Elamitic': 'an extinct ancient language of unknown affinities; spoken by the Elamites', 'Kassite': 'a member of an ancient people who ruled Babylonia between 1600 and 1200 BC', 'Tocharian': 'a branch of the Indo-European language family that originated in central Asia during the first millennium A.D.', 'Turfan': 'a dialect of Tocharian', 'Kuchean': 'a dialect of Tocharian', 'Sanskrit': '(Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism); an official language of India although it is now used only for religious purposes', 'Sindhi': 'a native or inhabitant of Sind', 'Romany': 'the Indic language of the Gypsies', 'Urdu': 'the official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to Hindi; widely used in India (mostly by Moslems); written in Arabic script', 'Hindi': 'the most widely spoken of modern Indic vernaculars; spoken mostly in the north of India; along with English it is the official language of India; usually written in Devanagari script', 'Hindustani': 'a form of Hindi spoken around Delhi', 'Bihari': 'the Indic language spoken in Bihar (and by some people in Pakistan and Bangladesh)', 'Magadhan': 'a subfamily of Indic languages', 'Assamese': 'native or inhabitant of the state of Assam in northeastern India', 'Bengali': '(Hinduism) a member of a people living in Bangladesh and West Bengal (mainly Hindus)', 'Oriya': 'a member of a people in India living in Orissa and neighboring areas', 'Marathi': 'an Indic language; the state language of Maharashtra in west central India; written in the Devanagari script', 'Gujarati': 'a member of the people of Gujarat', 'Punjabi': 'a member of the majority people of Punjab in northwestern India', 'Sinhalese': 'a native or inhabitant of Sri Lanka', 'Indo-Iranian': 'the branch of the Indo-European family of languages including the Indic and Iranian language groups', 'Indic': 'a branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages', 'Dard': 'any of a group of Indic languages spoken in Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan', 'Shina': 'a Dardic language spoken in northern Kashmir', 'Khowar': 'a Dardic language spoken in northwestern Pakistan', 'Kafiri': 'a Dardic language spoken by the Kafir in northeastern Afghanistan', 'Kashmiri': 'a member of the people of Kashmir', 'Nepali': 'the official state language of Nepal', 'Prakrit': 'any of the modern Indic languages', 'Pali': 'an ancient Prakrit language (derived from Sanskrit) that is the scriptural and liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism', 'Iranian': 'the modern Persian language spoken in Iran', 'Gathic': 'an ancient Iranian language', 'Persian': 'the language of Persia (Iran) in any of its ancient forms', 'Dari': 'an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan', 'Tajiki': 'the Iranian language of the Tajik that is closely related to Farsi; spoken in Iran and Tajikistan', 'Kurdish': 'an Iranian language spoken in Turkey and Iran and Iraq and Syria and Russia', 'Balochi': 'an Iranian language spoken in Pakistan and Iran and Afghanistan and Russia and the Persian gulf', 'Parthian': 'a native or inhabitant of Parthia', 'Pashto': 'an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan; the official language of Afghanistan', 'Ossete': 'a northeastern Iranian language spoken in Russia', 'Scythian': 'a member of the ancient nomadic people inhabiting Scythia', 'Anatolian': 'an extinct branch of the Indo-European family of languages known from inscriptions and important in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo European', 'Hittite': 'a member of an ancient people who inhabited Anatolia and northern Syria about 2000 to 1200 BC', 'Lycian': 'an Anatolian language', 'Luwian': 'an Anatolian language', 'Lydian': 'an Anatolian language', 'Palaic': 'an Anatolian language', 'Greek': 'a native or inhabitant of Greece', 'Modern_Greek': 'the Greek language as spoken and written today', 'Romaic': 'the modern Greek vernacular', 'Katharevusa': 'literary style of Modern Greek containing features borrowed from Koine', 'Late_Greek': 'the Greek language in the 3rd to 8th centuries', 'Medieval_Greek': 'the Greek language from about 600 to 1200 AD', 'Koine': 'a Greek dialect that flourished under the Roman Empire', 'Ancient_Greek': 'the Greek language prior to the Roman Empire', 'Attic': 'the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken and written in Attica and Athens and Ionia', 'Aeolic': 'the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Thessaly and Boeotia and Aeolis', 'Arcadic': 'the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken by Arcadians', 'Doric': 'the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Doris', 'Caucasian': 'a number of languages spoken in the Caucasus that are unrelated to languages spoken elsewhere', 'Chechen': 'a native or inhabitant of Chechnya', 'Circassian': 'a member of the Sunni Muslim people living in northwestern Caucasia', 'Abkhazian': 'a Circassian language spoken by the Abkhaz', 'Georgian': 'a native or resident of the American state of Georgia', 'Ubykh': 'an extinct Caucasian language spoken exclusively in Turkey', 'Dravidian': 'a member of one of the aboriginal races of India (pushed south by Caucasians and now mixed with them)', 'South_Dravidian': 'a Dravidian language spoken primarily in southern India', 'Irula': 'a Dravidian language closely related to Tamil that is spoken in a hilly section of southwestern India', 'Kota': 'a member of the Dravidian people living in the Nilgiri Hills in southern India', 'Toda': 'a member of a pastoral people living in the Nilgiri Hills of southern India', 'Badaga': 'a member of an agricultural people of southern India', 'Kannada': 'a Dravidian language spoken in southern India', 'Tulu': 'a member of a Dravidian people living on the southwestern coast of India', 'Malayalam': 'a Dravidian language (closely related to Tamil) that is spoken in southwestern India', 'Tamil': 'a member of the mixed Dravidian and Caucasian people of southern India and Sri Lanka', 'South-Central_Dravidian': 'a Dravidian language spoken primarily in south central India', 'Telugu': 'a member of the people in southeastern India (Andhra Pradesh) who speak the Telugu language', 'Savara': 'a member of the Dravidian people living in southern India', 'Gondi': 'a Dravidian language spoken by the Gond in south central India', 'Pengo': 'a Dravidian language spoken in south central India', 'Manda': 'a Dravidian language spoken in south central India', 'Kui': 'a member of the Dravidian people living in southeastern India', 'Kuvi': 'a Dravidian language spoken in southeast India', 'Central_Dravidian': 'a Dravidian language spoken primarily in central India', 'Kolami': 'the Dravidian language spoken by the Kolam in central India', 'Naiki': 'a Dravidian language spoken in south central India', 'Parji': 'a Dravidian language spoken in south central India', 'Ollari': 'a Dravidian language spoken in south central India', 'Gadaba': 'a member of an agricultural people in southeastern India', 'North_Dravidian': 'a Dravidian language spoken primarily in eastern India', 'Kurux': 'a Dravidian language spoken in eastern India', 'Malto': 'a member of the Dravidian people living in northern Bengal in eastern India', 'Brahui': 'a member of a Dravidian people living in Pakistan', 'Hausa': 'a member of a Negroid people living chiefly in northern Nigeria', 'Bole': 'a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa', 'Angas': 'a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa', 'Ron': 'a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria', 'Bade': 'a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria', 'Warji': 'a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria', 'Zaar': 'a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria', 'West_Chadic': 'a group of Chadic languages spoken in northern Nigeria; Hausa in the most important member', 'Tera': 'a three-tone Chadic language', 'Bura': 'a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad', 'Higi': 'a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad', 'Mandara': 'a Chadic language spoken in the Mandara mountains in Cameroon; has only two vowels', 'Matakam': 'a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad', 'Sukur': 'a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad', 'Daba': 'a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad', 'Bata': 'a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad', 'Kotoko': 'a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad', 'Musgu': 'a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad', 'Gidar': 'a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad', 'Biu-Mandara': 'a group of Chadic languages spoken in the border area between Cameroon and Nigeria south of Lake Chad', 'Somrai': 'a Chadic language spoken in Chad', 'Nancere': 'a Chadic language spoken in Chad', 'Kera': 'a Chadic language spoken in Chad', 'Dangla': 'a Chadic language spoken in Chad; uses seven vowels plus differences in vowel length', 'Mokulu': 'a Chadic language spoken in Chad', 'Sokoro': 'a Chadic language spoken in Chad', 'East_Chadic': 'a group of Chadic languages spoken in Chad', 'Masa': 'an independent group of closely related Chadic languages spoken in the area between the Biu-Mandara and East Chadic languages', 'Chad': 'a landlocked desert republic in north-central Africa; was under French control until 1960', 'Afroasiatic': 'a large family of related languages spoken both in Asia and Africa', 'Semitic': 'a major branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family', 'Hebrew': 'the ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel', 'Modern_Hebrew': 'Hebrew used in Israel today; revived from ancient Hebrew', 'Akkadian': 'an ancient branch of the Semitic languages', 'Assyrian_Akkadian': 'an extinct language of the Assyrians in ancient Mesopotamia', 'Amharic': 'the dominant and official language of Ethiopia; a Semitic language much influenced by the Cushitic language with which Amhara have been in close contact', 'Arabic': 'the Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects', 'Biblical_Aramaic': 'the form of Aramaic that was spoken in Palestine in the time of the New Testament', 'Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic': 'the language of modern Iraq', 'Mandaean': 'a member of a small Gnostic sect that originated in Jordan and survives in Iraq and who believes that John the Baptist was the Messiah', 'Canaanitic': 'a group of Semitic languages', 'Canaanite': 'a member of an ancient Semitic people who occupied Canaan before it was conquered by the Israelites', 'Phoenician': 'a member of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the first millennium B.C.', 'Punic': 'the Phoenician dialect of ancient Carthage', 'Ugaritic': 'an extinct Semitic language of northern Syria', 'Hamitic': 'a group of languages in northern Africa related to Semitic', 'Egyptian': 'a native or inhabitant of Egypt', 'Demotic': 'a simplified cursive form of the ancient hieratic script; \"Demotic script was eventually replaced by Greek\"', 'Coptic': 'the liturgical language of the Coptic Church used in Egypt and Ethiopia; written in the Greek alphabet', 'Berber': 'a member of an indigenous people of northern Africa', 'Tuareg': 'a member of a nomadic Berber people of the Sahara', 'Cushitic': 'a group of languages spoken in Ethiopia and Somalia and northwestern Kenya and adjacent regions', 'Somali': 'the Cushitic language spoken by the Somali', 'Omotic': 'a group of related languages spoken in a valley of southern Ethiopia; closely related to Cushitic languages', 'Niger-Kordofanian': 'the family of languages that includes most of the languages spoken in Africa south of the Sahara; the majority of them are tonal languages but there are important exceptions (e.g., Swahili or Fula)', 'Kordofanian': 'a group of languages spoken in the relatively small Kordofan area of the south Sudan', 'Niger-Congo': 'a family of African language spoken in west Africa', 'Bantu': 'a member of any of a large number of linguistically related peoples of Central and South Africa', 'Chichewa': 'the Bantu language of the Chewa of east central Africa', 'ChiMwini': 'a Bantu language spoken in southern Somalia', 'Chishona': 'a Bantu language that is one of the two major languages of Zimbabwe', 'Fang': 'a Bantu language spoken in Cameroon', 'Gikuyu': 'a Bantu language spoken in western Kenya', 'Giriama': 'a Bantu language spoken in the coastal regions of eastern Kenya', 'Herero': 'a member of a pastoral Bantu people living in Namibia, Botswana, and Angola', 'Kamba': 'a Bantu language spoken by the Kamba in Kenya', 'Kichaga': 'a Bantu language spoken by the Chaga in northern Tanzania', 'Kinyarwanda': 'a Bantu language', 'Kiswahili': 'a Bantu language', 'Kongo': 'the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo living in the tropical forests of Zaire and Congo and Angola', 'Luba': 'a member of a Bantu people in southeastern Congo', 'LuGanda': 'the Bantu language of the Buganda people; spoken in Uganda', 'Luyia': 'a Bantu language', 'Mashi': 'a Bantu language', 'Mwera': 'a Bantu language spoken in southern coastal Tanzania', 'Nguni': 'a group of southern Bantu languages', 'Ndebele': 'a Bantu language sometimes considered a dialect of Zulu', 'Swazi': 'a member of a southeast African people living in Swaziland and adjacent areas', 'Xhosa': 'a member of the Negroid people of southern South Africa', 'Zulu': 'a member of the tall Negroid people of eastern South Africa; some live in KwaZulu-Natal under the traditional clan system but many now work in the cities', 'Nyamwezi': 'a Bantu language spoken in central Tanzania', 'Pokomo': 'a Bantu language spoken in the Kenyan coastal areas of East Africa', 'Shona': 'a member of a Bantu tribe living in present-day Zimbabwe', 'Sotho': 'a member of the Bantu people who inhabit Botswana, Lesotho, and northern South Africa and who speak the Sotho languages', 'Umbundu': 'a Bantu language spoken in Angola', 'Sesotho': 'the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Basotho; an official language of Lesotho', 'Tswana': 'a member of a Bantu people living chiefly in Botswana and western South Africa', 'Swahili': 'the most widely spoken Bantu languages; the official language of Kenya and Tanzania and widely used as a lingua franca in east and central Africa', 'Tonga': 'a monarchy on a Polynesian archipelago in the South Pacific; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1970', 'Gur': 'a group of Niger-Congo languages spoken primarily in southeastern Mali and northern Ghana', 'West_African': 'a group of languages spoken in the extreme western part of West Africa', 'Fula': 'a family of languages of the Fulani of West Africa and used as a lingua franca in the sub-Saharan regions from Senegal to Chad; the best known of the West African languages', 'Serer': 'a West African language closely related to Fula; spoken primarily in Senegal and Gambia', 'Wolof': 'the West African language of the Wolof in Senegal; related to Fula', 'Mande': 'a group of African languages in the Niger-Congo group spoken from Senegal east as far as the Ivory Coast', 'Kwa': 'a group of African language in the Niger-Congo group spoken from the Ivory Coast east to Nigeria', 'Yoruba': 'a member of a West African people living chiefly in southwestern Nigeria', 'Akan': 'a Kwa language spoken in Ghana and the Ivory Coast', 'Ewe': 'a member of a people living in southern Benin and Togo and southeastern Ghana', 'Nilo-Saharan': 'a family of East African languages spoken by Nilotic peoples from the Sahara south to Kenya and Tanzania', 'Chari-Nile': 'a group of Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of the Sudan and Zaire and Uganda and Tanzania', 'Nilotic': 'a group of languages of East Africa belonging to the Chari-Nile group', 'Dinka': 'a Nilotic language', 'Luo': 'a Nilotic language', 'Masai': 'a Nilotic language', 'Saharan': 'a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of Chad', 'Songhai': 'a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Songhai in Mali and Niger', 'artwork': 'photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication; \"the publisher was responsible for all the artwork in the book\"', 'graphic_design': 'visual communication by a skillful combination of text and pictures in advertisements, magazines, books, etc.', 'graph': 'a visual representation of the relations between certain quantities plotted with reference to a set of axes', 'frequency-response_curve': '(electronics) a graph of frequency response with signal amplitude or gain plotted against frequency', 'characteristic_curve': '(electronics) graph showing how a particular characteristic of a device varies with other parameters', 'organization_chart': 'a chart showing the lines of responsibility between departments of a large organization', 'color_chart': 'a chart displaying colors', 'color_circle': 'a chart in which complementary colors (or their names) are arranged on opposite sides of a circle', 'bar_chart': 'a chart with bars whose lengths are proportional to quantities', 'histogram': 'a bar chart representing a frequency distribution; heights of the bars represent observed frequencies', 'eye_chart': 'a chart that is read from a fixed distance; used as a test of vision', 'flip_chart': 'a chart with several sheets hinged at the top; sheets can be flipped over to present information sequentially', 'pie_chart': 'a circular chart divided into triangular areas proportional to the percentages of the whole', 'star_chart': 'a chart showing the relative positions of the stars in a particular part of the sky', 'population_profile': 'a chart showing the number of people as a function of their ages', 'comic_strip': 'a sequence of drawings telling a story in a newspaper or comic book', 'ballistocardiogram': 'a graphical recording made by a ballistocardiograph', 'echoencephalogram': 'a graphical image of the brain produced by an echoencephalograph', 'echocardiogram': 'a graphical image of the heart produced by an echocardiograph', 'electrocardiogram': 'a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph', 'electroencephalogram': 'a graphical record of electrical activity of the brain; produced by an electroencephalograph', 'electromyogram': 'a graphical record of electric currents associated with muscle contractions', 'electroretinogram': 'a graphical recording of the electrical activity of the retina that results when light is flashed into the eye', 'Laffer_curve': 'a graph purporting to show the relation between tax rates and government income; income increases as tax rates increase up to an optimum beyond which income declines', 'learning_curve': 'a graph showing the rate of learning (especially a graph showing the amount recalled as a function of the number of attempts to recall)', 'myogram': 'a graphical recording of muscle activity', 'radiation_pattern': 'graphical representation (in polar or Cartesian coordinates) of the spatial distribution of radiation from an antenna as a function of angle', 'major_lobe': 'the maximum lobe in the radiation pattern which is intended to be along the forward axis and which gives the effect of a beam', 'tachogram': 'a graphical record of speed and distance produced by a tachograph', 'thermogram': 'a graphical record produced by a thermograph', 'dramaturgy': 'the art of writing and producing plays', 'theatrical_production': 'the production of a drama on the stage', 'coup_de_theatre': 'a dramatic surprise', 'summer_stock': 'theatrical productions performed by a stock company during the summer', 'dramatic_composition': 'a play for performance on the stage or television or in a movie etc.', 'afterpiece': 'a brief dramatic piece (usually comic) presented after a play', 'fragment': 'a piece broken off or cut off of something else; \"a fragment of rock\"', 'Grand_Guignol': 'a play of a macabre or horrific nature', 'hiatus': 'a missing piece (as a gap in a manuscript)', 'theater_of_the_absurd': 'plays stressing the irrational or illogical aspects of life, usually to show that modern life is pointless; \"Samuel Beckett and Eugene Ionesco have written plays for the theater of the absurd\"', 'prologue': 'an introduction to a play', 'playlet': 'a short play', 'promptbook': 'the copy of the playscript used by the prompter', 'duologue': 'a part of the script in which the speaking roles are limited to two actors', \"actor's_line\": 'words making up the dialogue of a play; \"the actor forgot his speech\"', 'aside': 'a line spoken by an actor to the audience but not intended for others on the stage', 'monologue': 'a long utterance by one person (especially one that prevents others from participating in the conversation)', 'soliloquy': 'speech you make to yourself', 'throwaway': 'words spoken in a casual way with conscious under-emphasis', 'libretto': 'the words of an opera or musical play', 'screenplay': 'a script for a film including dialogue and descriptions of characters and sets', 'shooting_script': 'the final detailed script for making a movie or TV program', 'spiel': 'plausible glib talk (especially useful to a salesperson)', 'string_of_words': 'a linear sequence of words as spoken or written', 'substring': 'a string that is part of a longer string', 'lipogram': 'a text that excludes a particular letter or particular letters of the alphabet', 'cry': 'the characteristic utterance of an animal; \"animal cries filled the night\"', 'collocation': 'a grouping of words in a sentence', 'high-five': \"a gesture of greeting or elation; one person's upraised palm slaps the upraised palm of another person\", 'closet_drama': 'drama more suitable for reading that for performing', 'comedy': 'light and humorous drama with a happy ending', 'black_comedy': 'comedy that uses black humor', \"commedia_dell'arte\": 'Italian comedy of the 16th to 18th centuries improvised from standardized situations and stock characters', 'dark_comedy': 'a comedy characterized by grim or satiric humor; a comedy having gloomy or disturbing elements', 'farce': 'a comedy characterized by broad satire and improbable situations', 'high_comedy': 'a sophisticated comedy; often satirizing genteel society', 'low_comedy': 'a comedy characterized by slapstick and burlesque', 'melodrama': 'an extravagant comedy in which action is more salient than characterization', 'seriocomedy': 'a comedy with serious elements or overtones', 'tragedy': 'drama in which the protagonist is overcome by some superior force or circumstance; excites terror or pity', 'tragicomedy': 'a dramatic composition involving elements of both tragedy and comedy usually with the tragic predominating', 'situation_comedy': 'a humorous drama based on situations that might arise in day-to-day life', 'special': 'a dish or meal given prominence in e.g. a restaurant', 'burlesque': 'a theatrical entertainment of broad and earthy humor; consists of comic skits and short turns (and sometimes striptease)', 'exode': 'a farcical afterpiece in the ancient Roman theater', 'miracle_play': 'a medieval play representing episodes from the life of a saint or martyr', 'morality_play': 'an allegorical play popular in the 15th and 16th centuries; characters personified virtues and vices', 'mystery_play': 'a medieval play representing episodes from the life of Christ', 'Passion_play': 'a play representing the Passion of Christ', 'satyr_play': 'an ancient Greek burlesque with a chorus of satyrs', 'musical': 'a play or film whose action and dialogue is interspersed with singing and dancing', 'galanty_show': 'a drama executed by throwing shadows on a wall', 'puppet_show': 'a show in which the actors are puppets', 'minstrel_show': 'a troupe of performers in blackface typically giving a comic program of negro songs and jokes', 'revue': 'a variety show with topical sketches and songs and dancing and comedians', 'follies': 'a revue with elaborate costuming', 'Ziegfeld_Follies': 'a series of extravagant revues produced by Flo Ziegfeld', 'variety_show': 'a show consisting of a series of short unrelated performances', 'vaudeville': 'a variety show with songs and comic acts etc.', 'dance': 'a party of people assembled for dancing', 'pizzicato': 'a note or passage that is played pizzicato', 'monophony': 'music consisting of a single vocal part (usually with accompaniment)', 'polyphony': 'music arranged in parts for several voices or instruments', 'polytonality': 'music that uses two or more different keys at the same time', 'popularism': 'music adapted to the understanding and taste of the majority', 'counterpoint': 'a musical form involving the simultaneous sound of two or more melodies', 'black_music': 'music created by African-American musicians; early forms were songs that had a melodic line and a strong rhythmic beat with repeated choruses', 'classical_music': 'traditional genre of music conforming to an established form and appealing to critical interest and developed musical taste', 'chamber_music': 'serious music performed by a small group of musicians', 'comic_opera': 'opera with a happy ending and in which some of the text is spoken', 'grand_opera': 'opera in which all the text is sung', 'musical_drama': 'opera in which the musical and dramatic elements are equally important; the music is appropriate to the action', 'operetta': 'a short amusing opera', 'reharmonization': 'a piece of music whose original harmony has been revised', 'four-part_harmony': 'harmony in which each chord has four notes that create four melodic lines', 'leitmotiv': \"a melodic phrase that accompanies the reappearance of a person or situation (as in Wagner's operas)\", 'theme_song': 'a melody that recurs and comes to represent a musical play or movie', 'diminution': 'the statement of a theme in notes of lesser duration (usually half the length of the original)', 'part_music': 'vocal music for several voices in independent parts (usually performed without accompaniment)', 'homophony': 'the same pronunciation for words of different origins', 'primo': 'the principal part of a duet (especially a piano duet)', 'secondo': 'the second or lower part of a duet (especially a piano duet)', 'voice_part': 'a part written for a singer', 'accompaniment': 'an event or situation that happens at the same time as or in connection with another', 'descant': 'a decorative musical accompaniment (often improvised) added above a basic melody', 'ground_bass': 'a short melody in the bass that is constantly repeated', 'figured_bass': 'a bass part written out in full and accompanied by numbers to indicate the chords to be played', 'crossover': 'the appropriation of a new style (especially in popular music) by combining elements of different genres in order to appeal to a wider audience; \"a jazz-classical crossover album\"', 'religious_music': 'genre of music composed for performance as part of religious ceremonies', 'antiphon': 'a verse or song to be chanted or sung in response', 'gradual': '(Roman Catholic Church) an antiphon (usually from the Book of Psalms) immediately after the epistle at Mass', 'Shema': 'a liturgical prayer (considered to be the essence of Jewish religion) that is recited at least twice daily by adult Jewish males to declare their faith; \"as soon as Leonard learned to talk he was taught to recite the first words of the Shema, the creed of Judaism which originated on Sinai with Moses and is recited daily\"', 'processional': 'religious music used in a procession', 'antiphonary': 'bound collection of antiphons', 'chant': 'a repetitive song in which as many syllables as necessary are assigned to a single tone', 'Hallel': '(Judaism) a chant of praise (Psalms 113 through 118) used at Passover and Shabuoth and Sukkoth and Hanukkah and Rosh Hodesh', 'Hare_Krishna': 'worshipper of Krishna and member of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness', 'plainsong': 'a liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic Church', 'cantus_firmus': 'a melody used as the basis for a polyphonic composition', 'religious_song': 'religious music for singing', 'spiritual': 'a kind of religious song originated by Blacks in the southern United States', 'hymn': 'a song of praise (to God or to a saint or to a nation)', 'doxology': 'a hymn or verse in Christian liturgy glorifying God', 'chorale': 'a stately Protestant (especially Lutheran) hymn tune', 'canticle': 'a hymn derived from the Bible', 'Dies_Irae': \"the first words of a medieval Latin hymn describing the Last Judgment (literally `day of wrath')\", 'hymeneal': 'a wedding hymn', 'Internationale': 'a revolutionary socialist anthem', 'paean': '(ancient Greece) a hymn of praise (especially one sung in ancient Greece to invoke or thank a deity)', 'Magnificat': \"(Luke) the canticle of the Virgin Mary (from Luke 1:46 beginning `Magnificat anima mea Dominum')\", 'recessional': 'a hymn that is sung at the end of a service as the clergy and choir withdraw', 'Te_Deum': 'an ancient liturgical hymn', 'musical_composition': 'a musical work that has been created; \"the composition is written in four movements\"', 'musical_arrangement': 'a piece of music that has been adapted for performance by a particular set of voices or instruments', 'intermezzo': 'a short movement coming between the major sections of a symphony', 'allegro': 'a brisk and lively tempo', 'allegretto': 'a quicker tempo than andante but not as fast as allegro', 'andante': 'a moderately slow tempo (a walking pace)', 'introit': 'a composition of vocal music that is appropriate for opening church services', 'prelude': 'music that precedes a fugue or introduces an act in an opera', 'chorale_prelude': 'a composition for organ using a chorale as a basis for variations', 'overture': 'a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others; \"she rejected his advances\"', 'voluntary': 'composition (often improvised) for a solo instrument (especially solo organ) and not a regular part of a religious service or musical performance', 'postlude': 'a voluntary played at the end of a religious service', 'duet': 'two performers or singers who perform together', 'trio': 'three performers or singers who perform together', 'quartet': 'four performers or singers who perform together', 'quintet': 'five performers or singers who perform together', 'sextet': 'six performers or singers who perform together', 'septet': 'seven performers or singers who perform together', 'octet': 'eight performers or singers who perform together', 'cantata': 'a musical composition for voices and orchestra based on a religious text', 'Messiah': 'Jesus Christ; considered by Christians to be the promised deliverer', 'divertimento': 'a musical composition in several movements; has no fixed form', 'keen': 'a funeral lament sung with loud wailing', 'enigma_canon': 'a canon in which the entrances of successive parts were indicated by cryptic symbols and devices (popular in the 15th and 16th centuries)', 'concerto': 'a composition for orchestra and a soloist', 'concerto_grosso': 'a baroque composition for orchestra and a group of solo instruments', 'etude': 'a short composition for a solo instrument; intended as an exercise or to demonstrate technical virtuosity', 'fugue': 'dissociative disorder in which a person forgets who they are and leaves home to creates a new life; during the fugue there is no memory of the former life; after recovering there is no memory for events during the dissociative state', 'pastorale': 'a musical composition that evokes rural life', 'rondo': 'a musical form that is often the last movement of a sonata', 'sonata': 'a musical composition of 3 or 4 movements of contrasting forms', 'piano_sonata': 'a sonata for piano', 'toccata': 'a baroque musical composition (usually for a keyboard instrument) with full chords and rapid elaborate runs in a rhythmically free style', 'fantasia': 'a musical composition of a free form usually incorporating several familiar themes', 'sonatina': 'a short and simple sonata', 'symphony': 'a long and complex sonata for symphony orchestra', 'intro': 'a brief introductory passage to a piece of popular music', 'ostinato': 'a musical phrase repeated over and over during a composition', 'riff': 'a jazz ostinato; usually provides a background for a solo improvisation', 'plagal_cadence': 'a cadence (frequently ending church music) in which the chord of the subdominant precedes the chord of the tonic', 'cadenza': 'a brilliant solo passage occurring near the end of a piece of music', 'largo': '(music) a composition or passage that is to be performed in a slow and dignified manner', 'larghetto': '(music) a composition or passage played in a slow tempo slightly faster than largo but slower than adagio', 'scherzo': 'a fast movement (usually in triple time)', 'partita': 'one of the variations contained in a partita', 'symphonic_poem': 'an orchestral composition based on literature or folk tales', 'medley': 'a musical composition consisting of a series of songs or other musical pieces from various sources', 'nocturne': 'a pensive lyrical piece of music (especially for the piano)', 'antiphony': 'alternate (responsive) singing by a choir in two parts', 'anthem': 'a song of devotion or loyalty (as to a nation or school)', 'national_anthem': 'a song formally adopted as the anthem for a nation', 'Marseillaise': 'the French national anthem', 'The_Star-Spangled_Banner': 'a poem written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812 was set to music and adopted by Congress in 1931 as the national anthem of the United States', 'aria': 'an elaborate song for solo voice', 'arietta': 'a short aria', 'barcarole': 'a boating song sung by Venetian gondoliers', 'chantey': 'a rhythmical work song originally sung by sailors', 'refrain': 'the part of a song where a soloist is joined by a group of singers', 'tra-la': 'a set of nonsensical syllables used while humming a refrain', 'ditty': 'a short simple song (or the words of a poem intended to be sung)', 'dirge': 'a song or hymn of mourning composed or performed as a memorial to a dead person', 'drinking_song': 'a song celebrating the joys of drinking; sung at drinking parties', 'folk_song': 'a song that is traditionally sung by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture', 'blues': 'a state of depression; \"he had a bad case of the blues\"', 'fado': 'a sad Portuguese folksong', 'blue_note': 'a flattened third or seventh', 'lied': 'a German art song of the 19th century for voice and piano', 'love_song': 'a song about love or expressing love for another person', 'stanza': 'a fixed number of lines of verse forming a unit of a poem', 'love_lyric': 'the lyric of a love song', 'oldie': 'a song that was formerly popular', 'partsong': 'a song with two or more voice parts', 'madrigal': 'an unaccompanied partsong for 2 or 3 voices; follows a strict poetic form', 'prothalamion': 'a song in celebration of a marriage', 'roundelay': 'a song in which a line or phrase is repeated as the refrain', 'scolion': 'a song (sometimes improvised) sung by guests at a banquet', 'serenade': 'a song characteristically played outside the house of a woman', 'torch_song': 'a popular song concerned with disappointment in love', 'work_song': 'a usually rhythmical song to accompany repetitious work', 'shivaree': 'a noisy mock serenade (made by banging pans and kettles) to a newly married couple', 'dance_music': 'a genre of popular music composed for ballroom dancing', 'serialism': '20th century music that uses a definite order of notes as a thematic basis for a musical composition', 'syncopation': 'a musical rhythm accenting a normally weak beat', 'twelve-tone_music': 'a type of serial music introduced by Arnold Schoenberg; uses a tone row formed by the twelve semitones of the chromatic scale (and inverted or backward versions of the row)', 'techno': 'a style of fast heavy electronic dance music usually without vocals', 'marching_music': 'genre of music written for marching; \"Sousa wrote the best marches\"', 'military_march': 'brisk marching music suitable for troops marching in a military parade', 'pibroch': 'martial music with variations; to be played by bagpipes', 'processional_march': 'a march to be played for processions', 'funeral_march': 'a slow march to be played for funeral processions', 'wedding_march': 'a march to be played for a wedding procession', 'popular_music': 'any genre of music having wide appeal (but usually only for a short time)', 'pop_music': \"music of general appeal to teenagers; a bland watered-down version of rock'n'roll with more rhythm and harmony and an emphasis on romantic love\", 'folk_music': 'the traditional and typically anonymous music that is an expression of the life of people in a community', 'country_music': 'a simple style of folk music heard mostly in the southern United States; usually played on stringed instruments', 'ragtime': 'music with a syncopated melody (usually for the piano)', 'jazz': 'a genre of popular music that originated in New Orleans around 1900 and developed through increasingly complex styles', 'kwela': 'a kind of danceable music popular among black South Africans; includes a whistle among its instruments', 'doo-wop': 'a genre (usually a cappella) of Black vocal-harmony music of the 1950s that evolved in New York City from gospel singing; characterized by close four-part harmonies; the name derived from some of the nonsense syllables sung by the backup', 'bluegrass': 'any of various grasses of the genus Poa', 'hillbilly_music': 'country music originating in mountainous regions of southern United States', 'square-dance_music': 'music performed for square dancing', 'zydeco': 'music of southern Louisiana that combines French dance melodies with Caribbean music and blues', 'bop': 'an early form of modern jazz (originating around 1940)', 'boogie': 'an instrumental version of the blues (especially for piano)', 'cool_jazz': 'jazz that is restrained and fluid and marked by intricate harmonic structures often lagging slightly behind the beat', 'funk': 'a state of nervous depression; \"he was in a funk\"', 'hot_jazz': 'jazz that is emotionally charged and intense and marked by strong rhythms and improvisation', 'modern_jazz': 'any of various styles of jazz that appeared after 1940', 'rap': 'a gentle blow', 'rhythm_and_blues': \"a combination of blues and jazz that was developed in the United States by Black musicians; an important precursor of rock 'n' roll\", 'rockabilly': 'a fusion of black music and country music that was popular in the 1950s; sometimes described as blues with a country beat', \"rock_'n'_roll\": 'a genre of popular music originating in the 1950s; a blend of black rhythm-and-blues with white country-and-western; \"rock is a generic term for the range of styles that evolved out of rock\\'n\\'roll.\"', 'heavy_metal': 'a metal of relatively high density (specific gravity greater than about 5) or of high relative atomic weight (especially one that is poisonous like mercury or lead)', 'progressive_rock': 'a style of rock music that emerged in the 1970s; associated with attempts to combine rock with jazz and other forms; intended for listening and not dancing', 'psychedelic_rock': 'a musical style that emerged in the 1960s; rock music inspired by or related to drug-induced experience', 'punk_rock': 'rock music with deliberately offensive lyrics expressing anger and social alienation; in part a reaction against progressive rock', 'trad': 'traditional jazz as revived in the 1950s', 'reggae': 'popular music originating in the West Indies; repetitive bass riffs and regular chords played on the off beat by a guitar', 'skiffle': 'a style of popular music in the 1950s; based on American folk music and played on guitars and improvised percussion instruments', 'expressive_style': 'a way of expressing something (in language or art or music etc.) that is characteristic of a particular person or group of people or period; \"all the reporters were expected to adopt the style of the newspaper\"', 'bathos': 'triteness or triviality of style', 'black_humor': 'the juxtaposition of morbid and farcical elements (in writing or drama) to give a disturbing effect', 'Gongorism': 'an affected elegance of style that was introduced into Spanish literature by the poet Gongora', 'doctorspeak': 'medical jargon', 'ecobabble': 'using the technical language of ecology to make the user seem ecologically aware', 'eloquence': 'powerful and effective language; \"his eloquence attracted a large congregation\"; \"fluency in spoken and written English is essential\"; \"his oily smoothness concealed his guilt from the police\"', 'Eurobabble': 'the jargon of European community documents and regulations', 'formulation': 'a substance prepared according to a formula; \"the physician prescribed a commercial preparation of the medicine\"', 'gobbledygook': 'incomprehensible or pompous jargon of specialists', 'grandiosity': 'high-flown style; excessive use of verbal ornamentation; \"the grandiosity of his prose\"; \"an excessive ornateness of language\"', 'headlinese': 'using the abbreviated style of headline writers', 'honorific': 'an expression of respect; \"the Japanese use many honorifics\"', 'jargon': 'specialized technical terminology characteristic of a particular subject', 'journalese': 'the style in which newspapers are written', 'legalese': 'a style that uses the abstruse technical vocabulary of the law', 'manner_of_speaking': 'your characteristic style or manner of expressing yourself orally; \"his manner of speaking was quite abrupt\"; \"her speech was barren of southernisms\"; \"I detected a slight accent in his speech\"', 'music_genre': 'an expressive style of music', 'officialese': 'the style of writing characteristic of some government officials: formal and obscure', 'psychobabble': 'using language loaded with psychological terminology', 'self-expression': \"the expression of one's individuality (usually through creative activities)\", 'archaism': 'the use of an archaic expression', 'colloquialism': 'a colloquial expression; characteristic of spoken or written communication that seeks to imitate informal speech', 'mot_juste': 'the appropriate word or expression', 'verbalization': 'the words that are spoken in the activity of verbalization', 'parlance': 'a manner of speaking that is natural to native speakers of a language', 'Gallicism': 'a word or phrase borrowed from French', 'wording': 'the manner in which something is expressed in words; \"use concise military verbiage\"- G.S.Patton', 'paralanguage': 'the use of manner of speaking to communicate particular meanings', 'sharp_tongue': 'a bitter or critical manner of speaking', 'shibboleth': 'a manner of speaking that is distinctive of a particular group of people', 'elocution': 'an expert manner of speaking involving control of voice and gesture', 'intonation_pattern': 'intonations characteristic of questions and requests and statements', 'monotone': 'a single tone repeated with different words or different rhythms (especially in rendering liturgical texts)', 'singsong': 'a regular and monotonous rising and falling intonation', 'caesura': 'a pause or interruption (as in a conversation); \"after an ominous caesura the preacher continued\"', 'enjambment': 'the continuation of a syntactic unit from one line of verse into the next line without a pause', 'stress': 'special emphasis attached to something; \"the stress was more on accuracy than on speed\"', 'accentuation': 'the use or application of an accent; the relative prominence of syllables in a phrase or utterance', 'tonic_accent': 'emphasis that results from pitch rather than loudness', 'word_stress': 'the distribution of stresses within a polysyllabic word', 'sentence_stress': 'the distribution of stresses within a sentence', 'backbeat': 'a loud steady beat', 'downbeat': \"the first beat of a musical measure (as the conductor's arm moves downward)\", 'upbeat': 'an unaccented beat (especially the last beat of a measure)', 'recitative': 'a vocal passage of narrative text that a singer delivers with natural rhythms of speech', 'arioso': '(music) a short recitative that is melodic but is not an aria', 'bombast': 'pompous or pretentious talk or writing', 'sesquipedality': 'using long words', 'sensationalism': 'subject matter that is calculated to excite and please vulgar tastes', 'technobabble': 'technical jargon from computing and other high-tech subjects', 'terseness': 'a neatly short and concise expressive style', 'turn_of_phrase': 'a distinctive spoken or written expression; \"John\\'s succinct turn of phrase persuaded her that it would not be a good idea\"', 'conciseness': 'terseness and economy in writing and speaking achieved by expressing a great deal in just a few words', 'laconism': 'terseness of expression', 'verboseness': 'an expressive style that uses excessive or empty words', 'verbiage': 'overabundance of words', 'prolixity': 'boring verbosity', 'turgidity': 'pompously embellished language', 'repetitiveness': 'verboseness resulting from excessive repetitions', 'pleonasm': 'using more words than necessary; \"a tiny little child\"', 'tautology': '(logic) a statement that is necessarily true; \"the statement `he is brave or he is not brave\\' is a tautology\"', 'apocope': 'abbreviation of a word by omitting the final sound or sounds; \"the British get `pud\\' from `pudding\\' by apocope\"', 'acronym': 'a word formed from the initial letters of the several words in the name', 'writing_style': 'a style of expressing yourself in writing', 'poetry': 'any communication resembling poetry in beauty or the evocation of feeling', 'heroic_poetry': 'poetry celebrating the deeds of some hero', 'versification': 'a metrical adaptation of something (e.g., of a prose text)', 'poetic_rhythm': '(prosody) a system of versification', 'catalexis': 'the absence of a syllable in the last foot of a line or verse', 'scansion': 'analysis of verse into metrical patterns', 'sprung_rhythm': 'a poetic rhythm that imitates the rhythm of speech', 'common_measure': 'the usual (iambic) meter of a ballad', 'metrical_foot': '(prosody) a group of 2 or 3 syllables forming the basic unit of poetic rhythm', 'dactyl': 'a metrical unit with stressed-unstressed-unstressed syllables', 'iamb': 'a metrical unit with unstressed-stressed syllables', 'anapest': 'a metrical unit with unstressed-unstressed-stressed syllables', 'amphibrach': \"a metrical unit with unstressed-stressed-unstressed syllables (e.g., `remember')\", 'trochee': 'a metrical unit with stressed-unstressed syllables', 'spondee': 'a metrical unit with stressed-stressed syllables', 'tetrameter': 'a verse line having four metrical feet', 'pentameter': 'a verse line having five metrical feet', 'hexameter': 'a verse line having six metrical feet', 'octameter': 'a verse line having eight metrical feet', 'octosyllable': 'a verse line having eight syllables or a poem of octosyllabic lines', 'decasyllable': 'a verse line having ten syllables', 'rhyme': 'correspondence in the sounds of two or more lines (especially final sounds)', 'internal_rhyme': 'a rhyme between words in the same line', 'alliteration': 'use of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse; \"around the rock the ragged rascal ran\"', 'assonance': 'the repetition of similar vowels in the stressed syllables of successive words', 'double_rhyme': 'a two-syllable rhyme; \"`ended\\' and `blended\\' form a double rhyme\"', 'rhyme_royal': 'a stanza form having seven lines of iambic pentameter; introduced by Chaucer', 'ottava_rima': 'a stanza of eight lines of heroic verse with the rhyme scheme abababcc', 'eye_rhyme': \"an imperfect rhyme (e.g., `love' and `move')\", 'rhetorical_device': 'a use of language that creates a literary effect (but often without regard for literal significance)', 'anacoluthia': 'an abrupt change within a sentence from one syntactic structure to another', 'asyndeton': 'the omission of conjunctions where they would normally be used', 'anadiplosis': 'repetition of the final words of a sentence or line at the beginning of the next', 'epanalepsis': 'repetition after intervening words', 'epanodos': 'recapitulation of the main ideas of a speech (especially in reverse order)', 'epiphora': 'repetition of the ends of two or more successive sentences, verses, etc.', 'gemination': 'the doubling of a word or phrase (as for rhetorical effect)', 'ploce': '(rhetoric) repetition to gain special emphasis or extend meaning', 'polyptoton': 'repetition of a word in a different case or inflection in the same sentence; \"My own heart\\'s heart\"', 'epanaphora': 'repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses', 'anaphora': 'using a pronoun or similar word instead of repeating a word used earlier', 'symploce': 'repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning and another at the end of successive clauses, i.e., simultaneous use of anaphora and epistrophe', 'anastrophe': 'the reversal of the normal order of words', 'antiphrasis': 'the use of a word in a sense opposite to its normal sense (especially in irony)', 'antithesis': 'exact opposite; \"his theory is the antithesis of mine\"', 'antinomasia': 'substitution of a title for a name', 'apophasis': 'mentioning something by saying it will not be mentioned', 'aposiopesis': 'breaking off in the middle of a sentence (as by writers of realistic conversations)', 'catachresis': \"strained or paradoxical use of words either in error (as `blatant' to mean `flagrant') or deliberately (as in a mixed metaphor: `blind mouths')\", 'chiasmus': 'inversion in the second of two parallel phrases', 'dramatic_irony': '(theater) irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play', 'ecphonesis': 'an exclamatory rhetorical device; \"O tempore! O mores\"', 'emphasis': 'special importance or significance; \"the red light gave the central figure increased emphasis\"; \"the room was decorated in shades of grey with distinctive red accents\"', 'enallage': \"a substitution of part of speech or gender or number or tense etc. (e.g., editorial `we' for `I')\", 'epanorthosis': 'immediate rephrasing for intensification or justification; \"Seems, madam! Nay, it is\"', 'epiplexis': 'a rhetorical device in which the speaker reproaches the audience in order to incite or convince them', 'hendiadys': 'use of two conjoined nouns instead of a noun and modifier', 'hypallage': \"reversal of the syntactic relation of two words (as in `her beauty's face')\", 'hyperbaton': \"reversal of normal word order (as in `cheese I love')\", 'hypozeugma': 'use of a series of subjects with a single predicate', 'hypozeuxis': \"use of a series of parallel clauses (as in `I came, I saw, I conquered')\", 'litotes': 'understatement for rhetorical effect (especially when expressing an affirmative by negating its contrary); \"saying `I was not a little upset\\' when you mean `I was very upset\\' is an example of litotes\"', 'onomatopoeia': 'using words that imitate the sound they denote', 'paralepsis': 'suggesting by deliberately concise treatment that much of significance is omitted', 'paregmenon': \"juxtaposing words having a common derivation (as in `sense and sensibility')\", 'polysyndeton': \"using several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted (as in `he ran and jumped and laughed for joy')\", 'prolepsis': 'anticipating and answering objections in advance', 'wellerism': 'a comparison comprising a well-known quotation followed by a facetious sequel', 'trope': 'language used in a figurative or nonliteral sense', 'hyperbole': 'extravagant exaggeration', 'kenning': 'conventional metaphoric name for something, used especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry', 'metaphor': 'a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity', 'dead_metaphor': \"a metaphor that has occurred so often that it has become a new meaning of the expression (e.g., `he is a snake' may once have been a metaphor but after years of use it has died and become a new sense of the word `snake')\", 'mixed_metaphor': 'a combination of two or more metaphors that together produce a ridiculous effect', 'synesthetic_metaphor': 'a metaphor that exploits a similarity between experiences in different sense modalities', 'metonymy': \"substituting the name of an attribute or feature for the name of the thing itself (as in `they counted heads')\", 'metalepsis': 'substituting metonymy of one figurative sense for another', 'oxymoron': \"conjoining contradictory terms (as in `deafening silence')\", 'simile': \"a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with `like' or `as')\", 'synecdoche': 'substituting a more inclusive term for a less inclusive one or vice versa', 'syllepsis': 'use of a word to govern two or more words though agreeing in number or case etc. with only one', 'zeugma': 'use of a word to govern two or more words though appropriate to only one; \"`Mr. Pickwick took his hat and his leave\\' is an example of zeugma\"', 'auditory_communication': 'communication that relies on hearing', 'speech': 'something spoken; \"he could hear them uttering merry speeches\"', 'utterance': 'the use of uttered sounds for auditory communication', 'phone': '(phonetics) an individual sound unit of speech without concern as to whether or not it is a phoneme of some language', 'morphophoneme': '(linguistics) the phonemes (or strings of phonemes) that constitute the various allomorphs of a morpheme', 'phoneme': '(linguistics) one of a small set of speech sounds that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language', 'allophone': '(linguistics) any of various acoustically different forms of the same phoneme', 'ablaut': 'a vowel whose quality or length is changed to indicate linguistic distinctions (such as sing sang sung song)', 'diphthong': 'a vowel sound that starts near the articulatory position for one vowel and moves toward the position for another', 'vowel': 'a letter of the alphabet standing for a spoken vowel', 'accentual_system': 'the system of accentuation used in a particular language', 'consonant_system': 'the system of consonants used in a particular language', 'morphophonemic_system': 'the morphophonemics of a particular language', 'phonemic_system': 'the system of phonemes recognized in a language', 'phonological_system': 'the system of phones used in a particular language', 'syllabicity': 'the pattern of syllable formation in a particular language', 'tense_system': 'a system of tenses used in a particular language', 'tone_system': 'the system of tones used in a particular language or dialect of a tone language', 'vowel_system': 'the system of vowels used in a particular language', 'schwa': 'a neutral middle vowel; occurs in unstressed syllables', 'murmur_vowel': 'a schwa that is incidental to the pronunciation of a consonant', 'stem_vowel': 'a vowel that ends a stem and precedes an inflection', 'semivowel': 'a vowellike sound that serves as a consonant', 'palatal': \"a semivowel produced with the tongue near the palate (like the initial sound in the English word `yeast')\", 'vowel_point': 'a mark placed below or near a consonant (as in Hebrew or Arabic) to indicate the spoken vowel', 'consonant': 'a letter of the alphabet standing for a spoken consonant', 'alveolar_consonant': 'a consonant articulated with the tip of the tongue near the gum ridge', 'obstruent': 'a consonant that is produced with a partial or complete blockage of the airflow from the lungs through the nose or mouth', 'stop_consonant': 'a consonant produced by stopping the flow of air at some point and suddenly releasing it; \"his stop consonants are too aspirated\"', 'implosion': 'a sudden inward collapse; \"the implosion of a light bulb\"', 'plosion': 'the terminal forced release of pressure built up during the occlusive phase of a stop consonant', 'affrication': 'the conversion of a simple stop consonant into an affricate', 'aspirate': 'a consonant pronounced with aspiration', 'labial_consonant': 'a consonant whose articulation involves movement of the lips', 'labiodental_consonant': 'a consonant whose articulation involves the lips and teeth', 'bilabial': 'a consonant that is articulated using both lips; /p/ or /b/ or /w/', 'labial_stop': 'a stop consonant that is produced with the lips', 'glottal_stop': 'a stop consonant articulated by releasing pressure at the glottis; as in the sudden onset of a vowel', 'epenthesis': 'the insertion of a vowel or consonant into a word to make its pronunciation easier; \"the insertion of a vowel in the plural of the word `bush\\' is epenthesis\"', 'nasalization': 'the act of nasalizing; the utterance of sounds modulated by the nasal resonators', 'suction_stop': 'a stop consonant made by the suction of air into the mouth (as in Bantu)', 'continuant_consonant': 'consonant articulated by constricting (but not closing) the vocal tract', 'fricative_consonant': 'a continuant consonant produced by breath moving against a narrowing of the vocal tract', 'sibilant': 'a consonant characterized by a hissing sound (like s or sh)', 'affricate': \"a composite speech sound consisting of a stop and a fricative articulated at the same point (as `ch' in `chair' and `j' in `joy')\", 'nasal_consonant': 'a consonant produced through the nose with the mouth closed', 'orinasal_phone': 'a speech sound produced with both the oral and nasal passages open (as French nasal vowels)', 'lingual': 'a consonant that is produced with the tongue and other speech organs', 'liquid': 'a substance that is liquid at room temperature and pressure', 'geminate': 'a doubled or long consonant; \"the `n\\' in `thinness\\' is a geminate\"', 'surd': 'a consonant produced without sound from the vocal cords', 'velar': 'a consonant produced with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate', 'guttural': 'a consonant articulated in the back of the mouth or throat', 'sonant': 'a speech sound accompanied by sound from the vocal cords', 'bellow': 'a very loud utterance (like the sound of an animal); \"his bellow filled the hallway\"', 'blue_murder': 'an extravagantly loud outcry; \"she screamed blue murder\"', 'catcall': 'a cry expressing disapproval', 'clamor': 'loud and persistent outcry from many people; \"he ignored the clamor of the crowd\"', 'halloo': 'a shout to attract attention; \"he gave a great halloo but no one heard him\"', 'hoot': 'a loud raucous cry (as of an owl)', 'hosanna': 'a cry of praise or adoration (to God)', 'scream': 'sharp piercing cry; \"her screaming attracted the neighbors\"', 'whoop': 'a loud hooting cry of exultation or excitement', 'war_cry': 'a slogan used to rally support for a cause; \"a cry to arms\"; \"our watchword will be `democracy\\'\"', 'yelling': 'uttering a loud inarticulate cry as of pain or excitement', 'yodel': 'a songlike cry in which the voice fluctuates rapidly between the normal voice and falsetto', 'boo': 'a cry or noise made to express displeasure or contempt', 'blasphemy': 'blasphemous language (expressing disrespect for God or for something sacred)', 'bawdry': 'lewd or obscene talk or writing; \"it was smoking-room bawdry\"; \"they published a collection of Elizabethan bawdy\"', 'curse': 'a severe affliction', 'croak': 'a harsh hoarse utterance (as of a frog)', 'exclamation': 'a loud complaint or protest or reproach', 'devil': 'an evil supernatural being', 'ejaculation': 'the discharge of semen in males', 'expostulation': 'the act of expressing earnest opposition or protest', 'expletive': 'a word or phrase conveying no independent meaning but added to fill out a sentence or metrical line', 'groan': 'an utterance expressing pain or disapproval', 'howl': 'the long plaintive cry of a hound or a wolf', 'mumble': 'a soft indistinct utterance', 'cachinnation': 'loud convulsive laughter', 'cackle': 'the sound made by a hen after laying an egg', 'chortle': 'a soft partly suppressed laugh', 'giggle': 'a foolish or nervous laugh', 'guffaw': 'a burst of deep loud hearty laughter', 'hee-haw': 'a loud laugh that sounds like a horse neighing', 'snicker': 'a disrespectful laugh', 'titter': 'a nervous restrained laugh', 'paging': 'calling out the name of a person (especially by a loudspeaker system); \"the public address system in the hospital was used for paging\"', 'profanity': 'vulgar or irreverent speech or action', 'pronunciation': 'the manner in which someone utters a word; \"they are always correcting my pronunciation\"', 'sibilation': 'pronunciation with a sibilant (hissing or whistling) sound', 'exultation': 'a feeling of extreme joy', 'sigh': 'a sound like a person sighing; \"she heard the sigh of the wind in the trees\"', 'speaking': 'the utterance of intelligible speech', 'sputter': 'an utterance (of words) with spitting sounds (as in rage)', 'whisper': 'speaking softly without vibration of the vocal cords', 'stage_whisper': 'a loud whisper that can be overheard; on the stage it is heard by the audience but it supposed to be inaudible to the rest of the cast', 'mispronunciation': 'incorrect pronunciation', 'homograph': 'two words are homographs if they are spelled the same way but differ in meaning (e.g. fair)', 'homophone': 'two words are homophones if they are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning or spelling or both (e.g. bare and bear)', 'drawl': 'a slow speech pattern with prolonged vowels', 'enunciation': 'the articulation of speech regarded from the point of view of its intelligibility to the audience', 'syncope': \"(phonology) the loss of sounds from within a word (as in `fo'c'sle' for `forecastle')\", 'sandhi': 'the articulatory process whereby the pronunciation of a word or morpheme changes when it is followed immediately by another (especially in fluent speech)', 'tongue_twister': 'an expression that is difficult to articulate clearly; \"`rubber baby buggy bumper\\' is a tongue twister\"', 'conversation': 'the use of speech for informal exchange of views or ideas or information etc.', 'phatic_speech': 'conversational speech used to communicate sociability more than information', 'intercourse': 'communication between individuals', 'communion': '(Christianity) a group of Christians with a common religious faith who practice the same rites', 'chat': 'an informal conversation', 'chitchat': 'light informal conversation for social occasions', 'gossiping': 'a conversation that spreads personal information about other people', 'scandalmongering': 'spreading malicious gossip', 'cant': 'insincere talk about religion or morals', 'heart-to-heart': 'an intimate talk in private; \"he took me aside for a little heart-to-heart\"', 'shmooze': '(Yiddish) a warm heart-to-heart talk', 'shop_talk': 'talk about your business that only others in the same business can understand', 'prate': 'idle or foolish and irrelevant talk', 'nothings': 'inconsequential conversation; \"they traded a few nothings as they parted\"', 'sweet_nothings': 'inconsequential expressions of affection; \"he whispered sweet nothings into her ear\"', 'colloquy': 'a conversation especially a formal one', 'discussion': 'an exchange of views on some topic; \"we had a good discussion\"; \"we had a word or two about it\"', 'indirect_discourse': 'a report of a discourse in which deictic terms are modified appropriately (e.g., \"he said `I am a fool\\' would be modified to `he said he is a fool\\'\")', 'direct_discourse': 'a report of the exact words used in a discourse (e.g., \"he said `I am a fool\\'\")', 'expatiation': 'a discussion (spoken or written) that enlarges on a topic or theme at length or in detail', 'exhortation': 'the act of exhorting; an earnest attempt at persuasion', 'logomachy': 'argument about words or the meaning of words', 'parley': 'a negotiation between enemies', 'rap_session': 'conversation in a situation where feelings can be expressed and criticized or supported', 'second-hand_speech': 'overheard conversation (especially overheard cellphone conversation)', 'table_talk': 'conversation during a meal', 'telephone_conversation': 'a conversation over the telephone', 'tete-a-tete': 'a private conversation between two people', 'pillow_talk': 'intimate conversation between lovers (typically occurring in bed)', 'conference': 'a prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information or discussion (especially one with a formal agenda)', 'bull_session': 'an informal discussion (usually among men)', 'consultation': 'a conference (usually with someone important); \"he had a consultation with the judge\"; \"he requested an audience with the king\"', 'panel_discussion': 'discussion of a subject of public interest by a group of persons forming a panel usually before an audience', 'postmortem': 'discussion of an event after it has occurred', 'public_discussion': 'free and open discussion of (or debate on) some question of public interest; \"such a proposal deserves thorough public discussion\"', 'huddle': 'a disorganized and densely packed crowd; \"a huddle of frightened women\"', 'backgrounder': 'a press conference or interview in which a government official explains to reporters the background of an action or policy; \"the secretary gave us a backgrounder on public health issues\"', 'press_conference': 'a conference at which press and tv reporters ask questions of a politician or other celebrity', 'pretrial': '(law) a conference held before the trial begins to bring the parties together to outline discovery proceedings and to define the issues to be tried; more useful in civil than in criminal cases', 'round_table': 'a meeting of peers for discussion and exchange of views; \"a roundtable on the future of computing\"', 'teach-in': 'an extended session (as on a college campus) for lectures and discussion on an important and usually controversial issue', 'teleconference': 'a conference of people who are in different locations that is made possible by the use of such telecommunications equipment as closed-circuit television', 'reading_clinic': 'a clinic for people with reading disabilities', 'basketball_clinic': 'a meeting at which basketball players receive special evaluation and instruction', 'baseball_clinic': 'a meeting at which baseball players receive special evaluation and instruction; \"a summer baseball clinic for promising young players\"', 'hockey_clinic': 'a meeting at which hockey players receive special evaluation and instruction', 'executive_session': 'a session (usually of a legislative body) that is closed to the public', 'confirmation_hearing': 'a hearing held by the US Senate to gather information on whether to approve or reject candidates for high federal office who are nominated by the president', 'special_session': 'a session that is held in addition to the regular sessions', 'tutorial': 'a session of intensive tuition given by a tutor to an individual or to a small number of students', 'diplomacy': 'negotiation between nations', 'dollar_diplomacy': 'diplomacy influenced by economic considerations', 'power_politics': 'diplomacy in which the nations threaten to use force in order to obtain their objectives', 'shuttle_diplomacy': 'international negotiations conducted by a mediator who frequently flies back and forth between the negotiating parties; \"Kissinger\\'s shuttle diplomacy in the Middle East\"', 'Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks': \"negotiations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics opened in 1969 in Helsinki designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons\", 'bargaining': 'the negotiation of the terms of a transaction or agreement', 'collective_bargaining': 'negotiation between an employer and trade union', 'haggle': 'an instance of intense argument (as in bargaining)', 'horse_trading': 'negotiation accompanied by mutual concessions and shrewd bargaining', 'conciliation': 'the state of manifesting goodwill and cooperation after being reconciled; \"there was a brief period of conciliation but the fighting soon resumed\"', 'saying': 'a word or phrase that particular people use in particular situations; \"pardon the expression\"', 'anatomical_reference': 'an expression that relates to anatomy', 'sound_bite': 'a very short speech; usually on radio or television', 'motto': 'a favorite saying of a sect or political group', 'catchphrase': 'a phrase that has become a catchword', 'maxim': 'a saying that is widely accepted on its own merits', 'aphorism': 'a short pithy instructive saying', 'gnome': 'a legendary creature resembling a tiny old man; lives in the depths of the earth and guards buried treasure', \"Murphy's_Law\": 'humorous axiom stating that anything that can go wrong will go wrong', 'epigram': 'a witty saying', 'proverb': 'a condensed but memorable saying embodying some important fact of experience that is taken as true by many people', 'platitude': 'a trite or obvious remark', 'truism': 'an obvious truth', 'idiom': 'an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up', 'ruralism': 'a rural idiom or expression', 'agrapha': 'sayings of Jesus not recorded in the canonical Gospels', 'sumpsimus': 'a correct expression that takes the place of a popular but incorrect expression; \"he preferred his erroneous but pleasing mumpsimus to the correct sumpsimus\"', 'non-standard_speech': 'speech that differs from the usual accepted, easily recognizable speech of native adult members of a speech community', 'baby_talk': \"an adult's imitation of the speech of a young child\", 'dialect': 'the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people; \"the immigrants spoke an odd dialect of English\"; \"he has a strong German accent\"; \"it has been said that a language is a dialect with an army and navy\"', 'eye_dialect': 'the use of misspellings to identify a colloquial or uneducated speaker', 'patois': 'a regional dialect of a language (especially French); usually considered substandard', 'localism': 'a phrase or pronunciation that is peculiar to a particular locality', 'idiolect': 'the language or speech of one individual at a particular period in life', 'telegraphese': 'language characterized by terseness and ellipsis as in telegrams', 'vernacular': 'the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language)', 'slang': 'informal language consisting of words and expressions that are not considered appropriate for formal occasions; often vituperative or vulgar; \"their speech was full of slang expressions\"', 'rhyming_slang': 'slang that replaces words with rhyming words or expressions and then typically omits the rhyming component; \"Cockney rhyming slang\"', 'spell': 'a verbal formula believed to have magical force; \"he whispered a spell as he moved his hands\"; \"inscribed around its base is a charm in Balinese\"', 'incantation': 'a ritual recitation of words or sounds believed to have a magical effect', 'hex': 'an evil spell; \"a witch put a curse on his whole family\"; \"he put the whammy on me\"', 'speech_act': 'the use of language to perform some act', 'proposal': 'something proposed (such as a plan or assumption)', 'contract_offer': 'offer by an employer to contract to pay an employee at a given rate', 'marriage_proposal': 'an offer of marriage', 'counterproposal': 'a proposal offered as an alternative to an earlier proposal', 're-introduction': 'a proposal of something previously rejected; \"they avoided a re-introduction of the old terminology\"', 'first_reading': 'the first presentation of a bill in a legislature', 'second_reading': \"the second presentation of a bill in a legislature; to approve its general principles (Britain) or to discuss a committee's report and take a vote (US)\", 'previous_question': 'a motion calling for an immediate vote on the main question under discussion by a deliberative assembly', 'offer': 'the verbal act of offering; \"a generous offer of assistance\"', 'counteroffer': 'an offer made by someone who has rejected a prior offer', 'buyout_bid': \"a bid to buy all of a person's holdings\", 'prospectus': 'a formal written offer to sell securities (filed with the SEC) that sets forth a plan for a (proposed) business enterprise; \"a prospectus should contain the facts that an investor needs to make an informed decision\"', 'preliminary_prospectus': 'a first draft of a prospectus; must be clearly marked to indicate that parts may be changed in the final prospectus; \"because some portions of the cover page are printed in red ink a preliminary prospectus is sometimes called a red herring\"', 'tender_offer': 'an offer to buy shares in a corporation (usually above the market price) for cash or securities or both', 'rights_offering': 'an offering of common stock to existing shareholders who hold subscription rights or pre-emptive rights that entitle them to buy newly issued shares at a discount from the price at which they will be offered to the public later; \"the investment banker who handles a rights offering usually agrees to buy any shares not bought by shareholders\"', 'peace_offering': 'something offered to an adversary in the hope of obtaining peace', 'countermand': 'a contrary command cancelling or reversing a previous command', 'marching_orders': 'an order from a superior officer for troops to depart', 'call_up': 'an order to report for military duty', 'commandment': 'something that is commanded', 'Decalogue': 'the biblical commandments of Moses', 'directive': 'a pronouncement encouraging or banning some activity; \"the boss loves to send us directives\"', 'Presidential_Directive': 'a directive issued by the President of the United States; usually addressed to all heads of departments and agencies', 'behest': 'an authoritative command or request', 'clarification': 'an interpretation that removes obstacles to understanding; \"the professor\\'s clarification helped her to understand the textbook\"', 'disambiguation': 'clarification that follows from the removal of ambiguity', 'lexical_disambiguation': 'disambiguation of the sense of a polysemantic word', 'eisegesis': 'personal interpretation of a text (especially of the Bible) using your own ideas', 'exegesis': 'an explanation or critical interpretation (especially of the Bible)', 'ijtihad': 'the endeavor of a Moslem scholar to derive a rule of divine law from the Koran and Hadith without relying on the views of other scholars; by the end of the 10th century theologians decided that debate on such matters would be closed and Muslim theology and law were frozen; \"some reform-minded Islamic scholars believe that reopening ijtihad is a prerequisite for the survival of Islam\"', 'literal_interpretation': 'an interpretation based on the exact wording', 'misinterpretation': 'putting the wrong interpretation on; \"his misinterpretation of the question caused his error\"; \"there was no mistaking her meaning\"', 'imbroglio': 'an intricate and confusing interpersonal or political situation', 'misconstrual': 'a kind of misinterpretation resulting from putting a wrong construction on words or actions (often deliberately)', 'misreading': 'misinterpretation caused by inaccurate reading', 'assent': 'agreement with a statement or proposal to do something; \"he gave his assent eagerly\"; \"a murmur of acquiescence from the assembly\"', 'informed_consent': 'consent by a patient to undergo a medical or surgical treatment or to participate in an experiment after the patient understands the risks involved', 'bye': 'you advance to the next round in a tournament without playing an opponent; \"he had a bye in the first round\"', 'cahoot': 'collusion; \"in cahoots with\"', 'out-of-court_settlement': 'resolution of a dispute prior to the rendering of a final decision by the trial court', 'property_settlement': '(matrimonial law) the division of property owned or acquired by marriage partners during their marriage', 'accord_and_satisfaction': 'the settlement of a debt by paying less than the amount demanded in exchange for extinguishing the debt', 'severance_agreement': 'an agreement on the terms on which an employee will leave', 'golden_handshake': 'a lucrative severance agreement offered to an employee (usually as an incentive to retire)', 'suicide_pact': 'an agreement by two or more people to commit suicide together at a given place and time; \"the two lovers killed themselves in a suicide pact\"', 'modus_vivendi': 'a temporary accommodation of a disagreement between parties pending a permanent settlement', 'Missouri_Compromise': 'an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories', 'ratification': 'making something valid by formally ratifying or confirming it; \"the ratification of the treaty\"; \"confirmation of the appointment\"', 'second': \"1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites\", 'disagreement': \"a conflict of people's opinions or actions or characters\", 'dissidence': 'disagreement; especially disagreement with the government', 'dissent': '(law) the difference of one judge\\'s opinion from that of the majority; \"he expressed his dissent in a contrary opinion\"', 'straw_man': 'a weak or sham argument set up to be easily refuted', 'argy-bargy': 'a verbal dispute; a wrangling argument', 'firestorm': 'a storm in which violent winds are drawn into the column of hot air rising over a severely bombed area', 'sparring': 'an argument in which the participants are trying to gain some advantage', 'collision': '(physics) a brief event in which two or more bodies come together; \"the collision of the particles resulted in an exchange of energy and a change of direction\"', 'controversy': 'a contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreement; \"they were involved in a violent argument\"', 'polemic': 'a controversy (especially over a belief or dogma)', 'generation_gap': 'a difference between the views of young people and their parents', 'batrachomyomachia': 'a silly altercation', 'bicker': 'a quarrel about petty points', 'bust-up': 'a serious quarrel (especially one that ends a friendship)', 'notification': 'a request for payment; \"the notification stated the grace period and the penalties for defaulting\"', 'bidding': 'a request to be present; \"they came at his bidding\"', 'invite': 'a colloquial expression for invitation; \"he didn\\'t get no invite to the party\"', 'entreaty': 'earnest or urgent request; \"an entreaty to stop the fighting\"; \"an appeal for help\"; \"an appeal to the public to keep calm\"', 'adjuration': 'a solemn and earnest appeal to someone to do something', 'demagoguery': 'impassioned appeals to the prejudices and emotions of the populace', 'flag_waving': 'an appeal intended to arouse patriotic emotions', 'supplication': 'a humble request for help from someone in authority', 'beggary': 'the state of being a beggar or mendicant; \"they were reduced to mendicancy\"', 'importunity': 'insistent solicitation and entreaty; \"his importunity left me no alternative but to agree\"', 'courtship': 'a man\\'s courting of a woman; seeking the affections of a woman (usually with the hope of marriage); \"its was a brief and intense courtship\"', 'benediction': 'a ceremonial prayer invoking divine protection', 'benison': 'a spoken blessing', 'collect': 'a short prayer generally preceding the lesson in the Church of Rome or the Church of England', 'intercession': 'a prayer to God on behalf of another person', 'rogation': 'a solemn supplication ceremony prescribed by the church', 'requiescat': 'a prayer for the repose of the soul of a dead person', 'challenge': 'a demanding or stimulating situation; \"they reacted irrationally to the challenge of Russian power\"', 'ultimatum': 'a final peremptory demand', 'purism': 'scrupulous or exaggerated insistence on purity or correctness (especially in language); \"linguistic purisms\"', 'margin_call': 'a demand by a broker that a customer deposit enough to bring his margin up to the minimum requirement', 'wage_claim': 'the wage demanded from management for workers by their union representatives', 'trick_or_treat': 'a request by children on Halloween; they pass from door to door asking for goodies and threatening to play tricks on those who refuse', 'questioning': 'a request for information', 'interrogation': 'a transmission that will trigger an answering transmission from a transponder', 'inquisition': 'a severe interrogation (often violating the rights or privacy of individuals)', 'third_degree': 'interrogation often accompanied by torture to extort information or a confession', 'cross-examination': '(law) close questioning of a hostile witness in a court of law to discredit or throw a new light on the testimony already provided in direct examination', 'direct_examination': '(law) the initial questioning of a witness by the party that called the witness', 'redirect_examination': '(law) questioning of a witness by the party that called the witness after that witness has been subject to cross-examination', 'cross-question': 'a question asked in cross-examination', 'leading_question': 'a question phrased in such a way as to suggest the desired answer; a lawyer may ask leading questions on cross-examination', 'yes-no_question': 'a question that can be answered by yes or no', 'interview': 'the questioning of a person (or a conversation in which information is elicited); often conducted by journalists; \"my interviews with teenagers revealed a weakening of religious bonds\"', 'job_interview': 'an interview to determine whether an applicant is suitable for a position of employment', 'telephone_interview': 'an interview conducted over the telephone', 'bar_examination': 'an examination conducted at regular intervals to determine whether a candidate is qualified to practice law in a given jurisdiction; \"applicants may qualify to take the New York bar examination by graduating from an approved law school\"; \"he passed the bar exam on his third try\"', 'comprehensive_examination': 'an intensive examination testing a student\\'s proficiency in some special field of knowledge; \"she took her comps in English literature\"', 'entrance_examination': \"examination to determine a candidate's preparation for a course of studies\", 'final_examination': 'an examination administered at the end of an academic term', 'litmus_test': 'a test that relies on a single indicator; \"her litmus test for good breeding is whether you split infinitives\"', 'midterm_examination': 'an examination administered in the middle of an academic term', 'pop_quiz': 'a quiz given without prior warning', 'oral': 'an examination conducted by spoken communication', 'preliminary_examination': 'an examination taken by graduate students to determine their fitness to continue', 'quiz': 'an examination consisting of a few short questions', 'tripos': 'final honors degree examinations at Cambridge University', 'reply': 'the speech act of continuing a conversational exchange; \"he growled his reply\"', 'Urim_and_Thummim': \"lots thrown to determine God's answers to yes-no questions\", 'refutation': 'the speech act of answering an attack on your assertions; \"his refutation of the charges was short and persuasive\"; \"in defense he said the other man started it\"', 'rebuttal': 'the speech act of refuting by offering a contrary contention or argument', 'characterization': 'the act of describing distinctive characteristics or essential features; \"the media\\'s characterization of Al Gore as a nerd\"', 'word_picture': 'a graphic or vivid verbal description; \"too often the narrative was interrupted by long word pictures\"; \"the author gives a depressing picture of life in Poland\"; \"the pamphlet contained brief characterizations of famous Vermonters\"', 'epithet': 'descriptive word or phrase', 'particularization': 'an individualized description of a particular instance', 'say-so': \"one chap's arbitrary assertion\", 'affirmative': 'a reply of affirmation; \"he answered in the affirmative\"', 'yes': 'an affirmative; \"I was hoping for a yes\"', 'yea': 'an affirmative; \"The yeas have it\"', 'denial': '(psychiatry) a defense mechanism that denies painful thoughts', 'naysaying': 'the act of saying no to a request', 'no': 'a negative; \"his no was loud and clear\"', 'nay': 'a negative; \"the nays have it\"', 'double_negative': 'an affirmative constructed from two negatives; \"A not unwelcome outcome\"', 'disavowal': 'denial of any connection with or knowledge of', 'contradiction': 'opposition between two conflicting forces or ideas', 'self-contradiction': 'contradicting yourself', 'disclaimer': \"(law) a voluntary repudiation of a person's legal claim to something\", 'disownment': \"refusal to acknowledge as one's own\", 'short_shrift': 'a brief and unsympathetic rejection; \"they made short shrift of my request\"', 'demur': \"(law) a formal objection to an opponent's pleadings\", 'gripe': 'informal terms for objecting; \"I have a gripe about the service here\"', 'grievance': 'an allegation that something imposes an illegal obligation or denies some legal right or causes injustice', 'growling': 'a gruff or angry utterance (suggestive of the growling of an animal)', 'grumble': 'a complaint uttered in a low and indistinct tone', 'jeremiad': 'a long and mournful complaint; \"a jeremiad against any form of government\"', 'kvetch': '(Yiddish) a constant complainer', 'pet_peeve': 'an opportunity for complaint that is seldom missed; \"grammatical mistakes are his pet peeve\"', 'whimper': 'a complaint uttered in a plaintive whining way', 'lament': 'a cry of sorrow and grief; \"their pitiful laments could be heard throughout the ward\"', 'informing': 'to furnish incriminating evidence to an officer of the law (usually in return for favors)', 'telling': 'informing by words', 'warning': 'a message informing of danger; \"a warning that still more bombs could explode\"', 'disclosure': 'the speech act of making something evident', 'histrionics': 'a deliberate display of emotion for effect', 'sackcloth_and_ashes': 'a display of extreme remorse or repentance or grief', 'divulgence': 'the act of disclosing something that was secret or private', 'giveaway': 'a gift of public land or resources for the private gain of a limited group', 'leak': 'soft watery rot in fruits and vegetables caused by fungi', 'expose': 'the exposure of an impostor or a fraud; \"he published an expose of the graft and corruption in city government\"', 'muckraking': 'the exposure of scandal (especially about public figures)', 'self-accusation': 'an admission that you have failed to do or be something you know you should do or be', 'sop': 'piece of solid food for dipping in a liquid', 'wage_concession': 'an agreement to raise wages', 'debut': 'the presentation of a debutante in society', 'reintroduction': 'an act of renewed introduction', 'briefing': 'detailed instructions, as for a military operation', 'megillah': '(Yiddish) a long boring tediously detailed account; \"he insisted on giving us the whole megillah\"', 'skinny': 'confidential information about a topic or person; \"he wanted the inside skinny on the new partner\"', 'white_book': 'a government report; bound in white', 'green_paper': 'a preliminary report of government proposals that is published in order to stimulate discussion', 'progress_report': 'a report of work accomplished during a specified time period', 'position_paper': 'a report that explains or justifies or recommends some particular policy', 'medical_report': 'a report of the results of a medical examination of a patient', 'report_card': 'a written evaluation of a student\\'s scholarship and deportment; \"his father signed his report card\"', 'debriefing': 'report of a mission or task', 'anecdote': 'short account of an incident (especially a biographical one)', 'narrative': 'a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program; \"his narrative was interesting\"; \"Disney\\'s stories entertain adults as well as children\"', 'Canterbury_Tales': 'an uncompleted series of tales written after 1387 by Geoffrey Chaucer', 'tall_tale': 'an improbable (unusual or incredible or fanciful) story', 'folktale': 'a tale circulated by word of mouth among the common folk', \"Arabian_Nights'_Entertainment\": 'a collection of folktales in Arabic dating from the 10th century', 'sob_story': 'a sentimental story (or drama) of personal distress; designed to arouse sympathy', 'nursery_rhyme': 'a tale in rhymed verse for children', 'earful': 'an outpouring of gossip', 'gossip': 'a person given to gossiping and divulging personal information about others', 'rumor': 'gossip (usually a mixture of truth and untruth) passed around by word of mouth', 'grapevine': 'gossip spread by spoken communication; \"the news of their affair was spread by word of mouth\"', 'scandal': 'a disgraceful event', 'alarmism': 'needless warnings', 'alert': 'condition of heightened watchfulness or preparation for action; \"bombers were put on alert during the crisis\"', 'Emergency_Alert_System': 'a federal warning system that is activated by FEMA; enables the President to take over the United States airwaves to warn the whole country of major catastrophic events', 'false_alarm': 'a warning that is given about something that fails to occur', 'forewarning': 'an early warning about a future event', 'heads-up': 'a warning message; \"he sent a heads-up to the District Attorney\"', 'strategic_warning': '(military) a warning prior to the start of a threatening act', 'tactical_warning': '(military) a warning after the initiation of a hostile act', 'warning_of_attack': 'a warning to national policy makers that an enemy intends to launch an attack in the near future', 'warning_of_war': 'a warning to national policy makers that an enemy intends war or is preparing for war and is on a course that increases the risk of war', 'bayat': 'an oath of allegiance to an emir', 'Hippocratic_oath': 'an oath taken by physicians to observe medical ethics deriving from Hippocrates', 'clean_bill_of_health': 'an assurance that someone is healthy or something is in good condition; \"the doctor gave him a clean bill of health\"', 'plight': 'a solemn pledge of fidelity', 'pinning': 'a mutual promise of a couple not to date anyone else; on college campuses it was once signaled by the giving of a fraternity pin', 'ringing': 'the giving of a ring as a token of engagement', 'vow': 'a solemn pledge (to oneself or to another or to a deity) to do something or to behave in a certain manner; \"they took vows of poverty\"', 'thank_you': 'a conversational expression of gratitude', 'boast': 'speaking of yourself in superlatives', 'brag': 'an instance of boastful talk; \"his brag is worse than his fight\"; \"whenever he won we were exposed to his gasconade\"', 'braggadocio': 'vain and empty boasting', 'vaunt': 'extravagant self-praise', 'naming': 'the verbal act of naming; \"the part he failed was the naming of state capitals\"', 'acrophony': 'naming a letter of the alphabet by using a word whose initial sound is the sound represented by that letter', 'numeration': 'naming numbers', 'dare': 'a challenge to do something dangerous or foolhardy; \"he could never refuse a dare\"', 'call-out': 'a challenge to a fight or duel', 'calling_into_question': 'a challenge to defend what someone has said', 'demand_for_identification': 'as by a sentry', 'elucidation': 'an act of explaining that serves to clear up and cast light on', 'denunciation': 'a public act of denouncing', 'excoriation': 'severe censure', 'tirade': 'a speech of violent denunciation', 'damnation': 'the state of being condemned to eternal punishment in Hell', 'anathema': 'a detested person; \"he is an anathema to me\"', 'imprecation': 'a slanderous accusation', 'recrimination': 'mutual accusations', 'recitation': 'written matter that is recited from memory', 'indictment': 'an accusation of wrongdoing; \"the book is an indictment of modern philosophy\"', 'murder_charge': 'an indictment charging someone with murder', 'true_bill': 'an indictment endorsed by a grand jury', 'impeachment': 'a formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office', 'arraignment': 'a legal document calling someone to court to answer an indictment', 'blame_game': 'accusations exchanged among people who refuse to accept sole responsibility for some undesirable event', 'plaint': '(United Kingdom) a written statement of the grounds of complaint made to court of law asking for the grievance to be redressed', 'finger-pointing': 'the imputation of blame; \"they want all the finger-pointing about intelligence failures to stop\"', 'incrimination': 'an accusation that you are responsible for some lapse or misdeed; \"his incrimination was based on my testimony\"; \"the police laid the blame on the driver\"', 'implication': \"a logical relation between propositions p and q of the form `if p then q'; if p is true then q cannot be false\", 'unspoken_accusation': 'an accusation that is understood without needing to be spoken', 'insinuation': 'an indirect (and usually malicious) implication', 'self-incrimination': 'an accusation that incriminates yourself', 'allocution': '(rhetoric) a formal or authoritative address that advises or exhorts', 'colloquium': 'an academic meeting or seminar usually led by a different lecturer and on a different topic at each meeting', 'Gettysburg_Address': 'a three-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg (November 19, 1863)', 'impromptu': 'a short musical passage that seems to have been made spontaneously without advance preparation', 'inaugural_address': 'an address delivered at an inaugural ceremony (especially by a United States president)', 'keynote_speech': 'a speech setting forth the keynote', 'litany': 'any long and tedious address or recital; \"the patient recited a litany of complaints\"; \"a litany of failures\"', 'nominating_speech': 'an address (usually at a political convention) proposing the name of a candidate to run for election; \"the nomination was brief and to the point\"', 'oratory': 'addressing an audience formally (usually a long and rhetorical address and often pompous); \"he loved the sound of his own oratory\"', 'oration': 'an instance of oratory; \"he delivered an oration on the decline of family values\"', 'public_speaking': 'delivering an address to a public audience; \"people came to see the candidates and hear the speechmaking\"', 'debate': 'the formal presentation of a stated proposition and the opposition to it (usually followed by a vote)', 'declamation': 'recitation of a speech from memory with studied gestures and intonation as an exercise in elocution or rhetoric', 'epideictic_oratory': 'a type of oratory used to eulogize or condemn a person or group of people; \"Pericles\\' funeral oration for Athenians killed in the Peloponnesian War is a famous example of epideictic oratory\"', 'harangue': 'a loud bombastic declamation expressed with strong emotion', 'raving': 'declaiming wildly; \"the raving of maniacs\"', 'stump_speech': 'political oratory', 'salutatory_address': 'an opening or welcoming statement (especially one delivered at graduation exercises)', 'baccalaureate': 'a farewell sermon to a graduating class at their commencement ceremonies', 'kerygma': 'preaching the gospel of Christ in the manner of the early church', 'Sermon_on_the_Mount': 'the first major discourse delivered by Jesus (Matthew 5-7 and Luke 6:20-49)', 'evangelism': 'zealous preaching and advocacy of the gospel', 'televangelism': 'evangelism at a distance by the use of television', 'homily': 'a sermon on a moral or religious topic', 'persuasion': 'the act of persuading (or attempting to persuade); communication intended to induce belief or action', 'arm-twisting': 'persuasion by the use of direct personal pressure; \"some gentle arm-twisting produced the desired result\"; \"no amount of arm-twisting will get me to agree\"', 'dissuasion': 'a communication that dissuades you', 'electioneering': 'persuasion of voters in a political campaign', 'pep_talk': 'a speech of exhortation attempting to instill enthusiasm and determination in a team or staff', 'sloganeering': 'persuasion by means of empty slogans', 'shocker': 'a shockingly bad person', 'public_relations': 'a promotion intended to create goodwill for a person or institution', 'book_jacket': 'a paper jacket for a book; a jacket on which promotional information is usually printed', 'ballyhoo': 'blatant or sensational promotion', 'sales_talk': 'promotion by means of an argument and demonstration', 'ad': 'a public promotion of some product or service', 'advertorial': 'an advertisement that is written and presented in the style of an editorial or journalistic report', 'newspaper_ad': 'a printed advertisement that is published in a newspaper', 'classified_ad': 'a short ad in a newspaper or magazine (usually in small print) and appearing along with other ads of the same type', 'sales_promotion': 'promotion that supplements or coordinates advertising', 'want_ad': 'a newspaper advertisement stating what is wanted', 'commercial': 'a commercially sponsored ad on radio or television', 'infomercial': 'a television commercial presented in the form of a short documentary', 'circular': 'an advertisement (usually printed on a page or in a leaflet) intended for wide distribution; \"he mailed the circular to all subscribers\"', 'stuffer': 'an advertising circular that is enclosed with other material and (usually) sent by mail', 'top_billing': \"the advertisement of a star's name at the top of a theatrical poster\", 'white_pages': 'a telephone directory or section of a directory (usually printed on white paper) where the names of people are listed alphabetically along with their telephone numbers', 'yellow_pages': 'a telephone directory or section of a directory (usually printed on yellow paper) where business products and services are listed alphabetically by field along with classified advertising', 'abetment': 'the verbal act of urging on', 'cheering': 'encouragement in the form of cheers from spectators; \"it\\'s all over but the shouting\"', 'fostering': 'encouragement; aiding the development of something', 'goad': 'a verbalization that encourages you to attempt something; \"the ceaseless prodding got on his nerves\"', 'provocation': 'needed encouragement; \"the result was a provocation of vigorous investigation\"', 'subornation_of_perjury': '(law) inducing someone to make a false oath as part of a judicial proceeding; \"to prove subordination of perjury you must prove the perjury and also prove that the perjured statement was procured by the accused suborner who knew that it would be false\"', 'vote_of_confidence': 'an expression of approval and encouragement; \"they gave the chairman a vote of confidence\"', 'disheartenment': 'a communication that leaves you disheartened or daunted', 'determent': 'a communication that makes you afraid to try something', 'giving_up': 'a verbal act of admitting defeat', 'interdiction': 'authoritative prohibition', 'ban': '100 bani equal 1 leu in Moldova', 'test_ban': 'a ban on the testing of nuclear weapons that is mutually agreed to by countries that possess nuclear weapons', 'psychic_communication': 'communication by paranormal means', 'telepathy': 'apparent communication from one mind to another without using sensory perceptions', 'telegnosis': 'apparent knowledge of distant events without using sensory perceptions', 'psychic_phenomena': 'phenomena that appear to contradict physical laws and suggest the possibility of causation by mental processes', 'clairvoyance': 'apparent power to perceive things that are not present to the senses', 'precognition': 'knowledge of an event before it occurs', 'telekinesis': 'the power to move something by thinking about it without the application of physical force', 'table_rapping': 'alleged form of communication with spirits of the dead', 'table_tipping': 'manipulation of a table during a seance; attributed to spirits', 'windsock': 'a truncated cloth cone mounted on a mast; used (e.g., at airports) to show the direction of the wind', 'starting_post': 'a post marking the starting point of a race (especially a horse race)', 'winning_post': 'the post at the end of a racecourse', 'reference_point': 'an indicator that orients you generally; \"it is used as a reference for comparing the heating and the electrical energy involved\"', 'benchmark': 'a standard by which something can be measured or judged; \"his painting sets the benchmark of quality\"', 'merestone': 'an old term for a landmark that consisted of a pile of stones surmounted by an upright slab', \"lubber's_line\": \"a fixed line on a ship's compass indicating its heading\", 'grammatical_rule': 'a linguistic rule for the syntax of grammatical utterances', 'morphological_rule': 'a linguistic rule for the formation of words', 'earned_run_average': \"(baseball) a measure of a pitcher's effectiveness; calculated as the average number of earned runs allowed by the pitcher for every nine innings pitched\", 'grade_point_average': \"a measure of a student's academic achievement at a college or university; calculated by dividing the total number of grade points received by the total number attempted\", 'procrustean_standard': 'a standard that is enforced uniformly without regard to individuality', 'clout': 'a target used in archery', 'white_line': 'a white stripe in the middle of a road to mark traffic lanes', 'electronic_signal': 'a signal generated by electronic means', 'blip': 'a sudden minor shock or meaningless interruption; \"the market had one bad blip today\"; \"you can\\'t react to the day-to-day blips\"; \"renewed jitters in the wake of a blip in retail sales\"', 'radar_echo': 'an electronic signal that has been reflected back to the radar antenna; contains information about the location and distance of the reflecting object', 'clutter': 'a confused multitude of things', 'radar_beacon': 'a device that, on receiving radar signals, transmits coded signals in response to help navigators determine their position', 'star_shell': 'an artillery shell containing an illuminant', 'Bengal_light': 'a steady bright blue light; formerly used as a signal but now a firework', 'Very_light': 'a colored flare fired from a Very pistol', 'signal_fire': 'a fire set as a signal', 'input_signal': 'signal going into an electronic system', 'output_signal': 'signal that comes out of an electronic system', 'printout': 'the output of a computer in printed form', 'stoplight': 'a red light on the rear of a motor vehicle that signals when the brakes are applied to slow or stop', 'buoy': 'bright-colored; a float attached by rope to the seabed to mark channels in a harbor or underwater hazards', 'acoustic_buoy': 'a buoy that can be heard (at night)', 'bell_buoy': 'a buoy with a bell on it', 'whistle_buoy': 'a buoy that makes a whistling noise', 'conical_buoy': 'a buoy resembling a cone', 'spar_buoy': 'a buoy resembling a vertical log', \"barber's_pole\": 'striped pole outside a barbershop', 'crosier': 'a staff surmounted by a crook or cross carried by bishops as a symbol of pastoral office', 'mace': 'spice made from the dried fleshy covering of the nutmeg seed', 'scepter': 'the imperial authority symbolized by a scepter', 'bauble': 'a mock scepter carried by a court jester', 'tipstaff': 'staff with a metal tip carried as a sign of office by e.g. a bailiff or constable', 'black_belt': 'a person who attained the rank of expert in the martial arts (judo or karate)', 'blue_ribbon': 'an honor or award gained for excellence', 'Emmy': 'an annual award by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for outstanding achievements in television', 'Nobel_prize': 'an annual award for outstanding contributions to chemistry or physics or physiology and medicine or literature or economics or peace', 'Academy_Award': 'an annual award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for achievements in motion picture production and performance', 'Prix_de_Rome': 'an annual prize awarded by the French government in a competition of painters and artists and sculptors and musicians and architects; the winner in each category receives support for a period of study in Rome', 'Prix_Goncourt': 'an award given annually for contributions to French literature', 'identifier': 'a symbol that establishes the identity of the one bearing it', 'postmark': 'a cancellation mark stamped on mail by postal officials; indicates the post office and date of mailing', 'watermark': 'a distinguishing mark impressed on paper during manufacture; visible when paper is held up to the light', 'milestone': 'a significant event in your life (or in a project)', 'placeholder': 'a symbol in a logical or mathematical expression that can be replaced by the name of any member of specified set', 'unknown': 'an unknown and unexplored region; \"they came like angels out the unknown\"', 'logo': 'a company emblem or device', 'bookplate': 'a label identifying the owner of a book in which it is pasted', 'gummed_label': 'an adhesive label', 'dog_tag': 'military identification tag worn on a chain around the neck', 'name_tag': 'a tag showing the name of the person who wears it', 'price_tag': 'a tag showing the price of the article it is attached to', 'title_bar': '(computer science) a horizontal label at the top of a window, bearing the name of the currently active document', 'shrug': 'a gesture involving the shoulders', 'V_sign': 'a sign (for victory); making a V with the index and middle fingers', 'sign_of_the_cross': 'a gesture with the right hand moving to form a cross; used by Catholics as a profession of faith', 'curtsy': 'bending the knees; a gesture of respect made by women', 'genuflection': 'the act of bending the knees in worship or reverence', 'kowtow': 'a former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission', 'scrape': 'a harsh noise made by scraping; \"the scrape of violin bows distracted her\"', 'salaam': 'a deep bow; a Muslim form of salutation', 'ground_rule': '(baseball) a special rule (as in baseball) dealing with situations that arise due to the nature of the playing grounds', 'system_command': \"a computer user's instruction (not part of a program) that calls for action by the computer's executive program\", 'walking_papers': '(informal) a notice of dismissal or discharge', 'wanted_notice': 'a public announcement by a law enforcement agency that they desire to question or arrest some person', 'International_Wanted_Notice': 'an Interpol notice describing a wanted person and asking that he or she be arrested with a view to extradition; a wanted notice that is issued by Interpol at the request of an Interpol member country and distributed to all member countries; \"an Interpol Red Notice is the closest instrument to an international arrest warrant in use today\"', 'Bach': 'German baroque organist and contrapuntist; composed mostly keyboard music; one of the greatest creators of western music (1685-1750)', 'Beethoven': 'German composer of instrumental music (especially symphonic and chamber music); continued to compose after he lost his hearing (1770-1827)', 'Brahms': 'German composer who developed the romantic style of both lyrical and classical music (1833-1897)', 'Chopin': 'United States writer who described Creole life in Louisiana (1851-1904)', 'Gilbert_and_Sullivan': 'the music of Gilbert and Sullivan; \"he could sing all of Gilbert and Sullivan\"', 'Handel': 'a prolific British baroque composer (born in Germany) remembered best for his oratorio Messiah (1685-1759)', 'Haydn': 'prolific Austrian composer who influenced the classical form of the symphony (1732-1809)', 'Mozart': 'prolific Austrian composer and child prodigy; master of the classical style in all its forms of his time (1756-1791)', 'Stravinsky': 'composer who was born in Russia but lived in the United States after 1939 (1882-1971)', 'Wagner': 'Austrian architect and pioneer of modern architecture (1841-1918)', 'language_system': 'a system of linguistic units or elements used in a particular language', 'short_order': 'an order for food that can be prepared quickly', 'uplink': 'a transmission from Earth to a spacecraft or the path of such a transmission', 'capriccio': \"an instrumental composition that doesn't adhere to rules for any specific musical form and is played with improvisation\", 'motet': 'an unaccompanied choral composition with sacred lyrics; intended to be sung as part of a church service; originated in the 13th century', 'program_music': 'musical compositions intended to evoke images or remind the listener of events', 'incidental_music': 'music composed to accompany the action of a drama or to fill intervals between scenes', 'slanguage': 'language characterized by excessive use of slang or cant', \"Ta'ziyeh\": '(Islam) a form of Iranian musical pageant that is the theatrical expression of religious passion; based on the Battle of Kerbala and performed annually (in Farsi)', 'sprechgesang': 'a style of dramatic vocalization between singing and speaking', 'voice_over': 'the voice on an unseen commentator in a film of television program', 'yearbook': 'a book published annually by the graduating class of a high school or college usually containing photographs of faculty and graduating students', 'zinger': 'a striking or amusing or caustic remark; \"he always greeted me with a new zinger\"; \"she tried to think of some killer of an argument, a real zinger that would disarm all opposition\"', 'Das_Kapital': 'a book written by Karl Marx (1867) describing his economic theories', 'Erewhon': 'a satirical novel written by Samuel Butler (1872) describing a fictitious land', 'might-have-been': 'an event that could have occurred but never did', 'nonevent': 'an anticipated event that turns out to be far less significant than was expected', 'happening': 'an event that happens', 'associate': 'a person with subordinate membership in a society, institution, or commercial enterprise; \"associates in the law firm bill at a lower rate than do partners\"', 'avalanche': 'a slide of large masses of snow and ice and mud down a mountain', 'appalling': 'an experience that appalls; \"is it better to view the appalling or merely hear of it?\"', 'augury': 'an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come; \"he hoped it was an augury\"; \"it was a sign from God\"', 'war_cloud': 'an ominous sign that war threatens', 'omen': 'a sign of something about to happen; \"he looked for an omen before going into battle\"', 'auspice': 'a favorable omen', 'foreboding': 'a feeling of evil to come; \"a steadily escalating sense of foreboding\"; \"the lawyer had a presentiment that the judge would dismiss the case\"', 'good_time': 'a highly pleasurable or exciting experience; \"we had a good time at the party\"; \"celebrating after the game was a blast\"', 'near-death_experience': 'the experience of being close to death but surviving', 'out-of-body_experience': 'the dissociative experience of observing yourself from an external perspective as though your mind or soul had left and was observing your body', 'social_event': 'an event characteristic of persons forming groups', 'miracle': 'any amazing or wonderful occurrence', 'treat': 'an occurrence that causes special pleasure or delight', 'wonder': 'the feeling aroused by something strange and surprising', 'feast': 'something experienced with great delight; \"a feast for the eyes\"', 'night_terror': 'an emotional episode (usually in young children) in which the person awakens in terror with feelings of anxiety and fear but is unable to remember any incident that might have provoked those feelings', 'eventuality': 'a possible event or occurrence or result', 'casus_belli': 'an event used to justify starting a war', 'endgame': 'the final stages of an extended process of negotiation; \"the diplomatic endgame\"', 'result': 'something that results; \"he listened for the results on the radio\"', 'fair_deal': 'fair treatment', 'raw_deal': 'unfair treatment', 'split_decision': 'a boxing decision in which the judges are not unanimous', 'deserts': 'an outcome (good or bad) that is well deserved', 'fruit': 'the ripened reproductive body of a seed plant', 'sequella': 'a secondary consequence', 'poetic_justice': 'an outcome in which virtue triumphs over vice (often ironically)', 'offspring': 'the immediate descendants of a person; \"she was the mother of many offspring\"; \"he died without issue\"', 'wages': 'a recompense for worthy acts or retribution for wrongdoing; \"the wages of sin is death\"; \"virtue is its own reward\"', 'foregone_conclusion': 'an inevitable ending', 'one-off': 'a happening that occurs only once and is not repeated', 'periodic_event': 'an event that recurs at intervals', 'mutation': '(genetics) any event that changes genetic structure; any alteration in the inherited nucleic acid sequence of the genotype of an organism', 'sublimation': '(chemistry) a change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid', 'eye_opener': 'an alcoholic drink intended to wake one up early in the morning', 'peripeteia': 'a sudden and unexpected change of fortune or reverse of circumstances (especially in a literary work); \"a peripeteia swiftly turns a routine sequence of events into a story worth telling\"', 'stunner': 'an unexpected and amazing event; \"the stunner was what happened on Saturday\"', 'hardware_error': 'error resulting from a malfunction of some physical component of the computer', 'disk_error': 'error resulting from malfunction of a magnetic disk', 'software_error': 'error resulting from bad code in some program involved in producing the erroneous result', 'semantic_error': 'an error in logic or arithmetic that must be detected at run time', 'syntax_error': 'an error of language resulting from code that does not conform to the syntax of the programming language; \"syntax errors can be recognized at compilation time\"; \"a common syntax error is to omit a parenthesis\"', 'algorithm_error': 'error resulting from the choice of the wrong algorithm or method for achieving the intended result', 'accident': 'an unfortunate mishap; especially one causing damage or injury', 'near_miss': 'an accidental collision that is narrowly avoided', 'prang': 'a crash involving a car or plane', 'derailment': 'an accident in which a train runs off its track', 'ground_loop': 'a sharp uncontrollable turn made by an airplane while moving along the ground', 'bonfire': 'a large outdoor fire that is lighted as a signal or in celebration', 'brush_fire': 'an uncontrolled fire that consumes brush and shrubs and bushes', 'campfire': 'a small outdoor fire for warmth or cooking (as at a camp)', 'conflagration': 'a very intense and uncontrolled fire', 'forest_fire': 'an uncontrolled fire in a wooded area', 'grassfire': 'an uncontrolled fire in a grassy area', 'smoulder': 'a fire that burns with thick smoke but no flame; \"the smoulder suddenly became a blaze\"', 'crown_fire': 'a forest fire that advances with great speed jumping from crown to crown ahead of the ground fire', 'ground_fire': 'a forest fire that burns the humus; may not appear on the surface', 'surface_fire': 'a forest fire that burns only the surface litter and undergrowth', 'wildfire': 'a raging and rapidly spreading conflagration', 'misfortune': 'an unfortunate state resulting from unfavorable outcomes', 'pity': 'an unfortunate development; \"it\\'s a pity he couldn\\'t do it\"', 'affliction': 'a state of great suffering and distress due to adversity', 'convulsion': 'violent uncontrollable contractions of muscles', 'embarrassment': 'the state of being embarrassed (usually by some financial inadequacy); \"he is currently suffering financial embarrassments\"', 'disembarrassment': 'something that extricates you from embarrassment', 'calvary': 'any experience that causes intense suffering', 'onslaught': 'a sudden and severe onset of trouble', 'Teapot_Dome': 'a government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921; became symbolic of the scandals of the Harding administration', 'Watergate': 'a political scandal involving abuse of power and bribery and obstruction of justice; led to the resignation of Richard Nixon in 1974', 'idyll': 'an episode of such pastoral or romantic charm as to qualify as the subject of a poetic idyll', 'incident': 'a public disturbance; \"the police investigated an incident at the bus station\"', 'cause_celebre': 'an incident that attracts great public attention', 'electrical_discharge': 'a discharge of electricity', 'nerve_impulse': 'the electrical discharge that travels along a nerve fiber; \"they demonstrated the transmission of impulses from the cortex to the hypothalamus\"', 'action_potential': 'the local voltage change across the cell wall as a nerve impulse is transmitted', 'crustal_movement': \"movement resulting from or causing deformation of the earth's crust\", 'change_of_location': 'a movement through space that changes the location of something', 'fender-bender': 'a collision between motor vehicles that produces minor damage', 'ascension': '(astronomy) the rising of a star above the horizon', 'Ascension': '(Christianity) celebration of the Ascension of Christ into heaven; observed on the 40th day after Easter', 'Resurrection': '(New Testament) the rising of Christ on the third day after the Crucifixion', 'hap': 'an accidental happening; \"he recorded all the little haps and mishaps of his life\"', 'mishap': 'an instance of misfortune', 'calamity': 'an event resulting in great loss and misfortune; \"the whole city was affected by the irremediable calamity\"; \"the earthquake was a disaster\"', 'act_of_God': 'a natural and unavoidable catastrophe that interrupts the expected course of events; \"he discovered that his house was not insured against acts of God\"', 'apocalypse': 'a cosmic cataclysm in which God destroys the ruling powers of evil', 'famine': 'a severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death', 'the_Irish_Famine': 'a famine in Ireland resulting from a potato blight; between 1846 and 1851 a million people starved to death and 1.6 million emigrated (most to America)', 'kiss_of_death': 'something that is ruinous; \"if this were known it would be the kiss of death for my political career\"', 'meltdown': 'severe overheating of the core of a nuclear reactor resulting in the core melting and radiation escaping', 'pileup': 'multiple collisions of vehicles', 'smash': 'a serious collision (especially of motor vehicles)', 'downfall': 'failure that results in a loss of position or reputation', 'flame-out': 'the failure of a jet engine caused by an interruption of the fuel supply or by faulty combustion', 'malfunction': 'a failure to function normally', 'blowout': 'a sudden malfunction of a part or apparatus; \"the right front tire had a blowout\"; \"as a result of the blowout we lost all the lights\"', 'barnburner': 'someone who burns down a barn', 'Godspeed': 'a successful journey; \"they wished him Godspeed\"', 'miscarriage': 'failure of a plan', 'miss': 'a failure to hit (or meet or find etc)', 'eruption': 'symptom consisting of a breaking out and becoming visible', 'birth': 'the time when something begins (especially life); \"they divorced after the birth of the child\"; \"his election signaled the birth of a new age\"', 'live_birth': 'the birth of a living fetus (regardless of the length of gestation)', 'blessed_event': 'the live birth of a child', 'posthumous_birth': 'birth of a child after the father has died', 'transmigration': 'the passing of a soul into another body after death', 'cycle_of_rebirth': '(Hinduism) repeated rebirth in new forms', 'moksa': '(Hinduism) release from the cycle of rebirth', 'ingress': '(astronomy) the disappearance of a celestial body prior to an eclipse', 'Second_Coming': '(Christian theology) the reappearance of Jesus as judge for the Last Judgment', 'materialization': 'the process of coming into being; becoming reality; \"the materialization of her dream\"', 'epiphany': 'a divine manifestation', 'theophany': 'a visible (but not necessarily material) manifestation of a deity to a human person', 'germination': 'the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow', 'genesis': 'a coming into being', 'crime_wave': 'a sudden rise in the crime rate', 'adrenarche': 'the increase in activity of the adrenal glands just before puberty', 'menarche': 'the first occurrence of menstruation in a woman', 'thelarche': 'the start of breast development in a woman at the beginning of puberty', 'onset': 'the beginning or early stages; \"the onset of pneumonia\"', 'dawn': 'an opening time period; \"it was the dawn of the Roman Empire\"', 'flying_start': 'a racing start in which the contestants are already in full motion when they pass the starting line', 'preliminary': 'a minor match preceding the main event', 'emanation': 'something that is emitted or radiated (as a gas or an odor or a light, etc.)', 'unknown_quantity': 'a factor in a given situation whose bearing and importance is not apparent; \"I don\\'t know what the new man will do; he\\'s still an unknown quantity\"', 'producer': 'someone who finds financing for and supervises the making and presentation of a show (play or film or program or similar work)', 'racing_start': 'the start of a race', 'destiny': 'the ultimate agency regarded as predetermining the course of events (often personified as a woman); \"we are helpless in the face of destiny\"', 'inevitable': 'an unavoidable event; \"don\\'t argue with the inevitable\"', 'karma': \"(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation\", 'kismet': '(Islam) the will of Allah', 'eradication': 'the complete destruction of every trace of something', 'debilitation': 'serious weakening and loss of energy', 'diffusion': '(physics) the process in which there is movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration', 'Diaspora': 'the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel; from the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in 587-86 BC when they were exiled to Babylonia up to the present time', 'dissipation': 'breaking up and scattering by dispersion; \"the dissipation of the mist\"', 'Crucifixion': 'the death of Jesus by crucifixion', 'martyrdom': \"death that is imposed because of the person's adherence of a religious faith or cause\", 'megadeath': 'the death of a million people; \"they calibrate the effects of atom bombs in megadeaths\"', 'wrongful_death': \"a death that results from a wrongful act or from negligence; a death that can serve as the basis for a civil action for damages on behalf of the dead person's family or heirs\", 'doom': 'an unpleasant or disastrous destiny; \"everyone was aware of the approaching doom but was helpless to avoid it\"; \"that\\'s unfortunate but it isn\\'t the end of the world\"', 'ravage': '(usually plural) a destructive action; \"the ravages of time\"; \"the depredations of age and disease\"', 'devastation': 'the state of being decayed or destroyed', 'evanescence': 'the event of fading and gradually vanishing from sight; \"the evanescence of the morning mist\"', 'adversity': 'a state of misfortune or affliction; \"debt-ridden farmers struggling with adversity\"; \"a life of hardship\"', 'hardship': 'something that causes or entails suffering; \"I cannot think it a hardship that more indulgence is allowed to men than to women\"- James Boswell; \"the many hardships of frontier life\"', 'vagary': 'an unexpected and inexplicable change in something (in a situation or a person\\'s behavior, etc.); \"the vagaries of the weather\"; \"his wealth fluctuates with the vagaries of the stock market\"; \"he has dealt with human vagaries for many years\"', 'allomerism': '(chemistry) variability in chemical composition without variation in crystalline form', 'impact': 'a forceful consequence; a strong effect; \"the book had an important impact on my thinking\"; \"the book packs a wallop\"', 'slam': 'winning all or all but one of the tricks in bridge', 'jolt': 'a sudden jarring impact; \"the door closed with a jolt\"; \"all the jars and jolts were smoothed out by the shock absorbers\"', 'battle_damage': 'loss of military equipment in battle', 'operational_damage': 'loss of military equipment in field operations', 'casualty': 'someone injured or killed or captured or missing in a military engagement', 'blighty_wound': 'a wound that would cause an English soldier to be sent home from service abroad', 'flesh_wound': 'a wound that does not damage important internal organs or shatter any bones', 'personnel_casualty': 'military personnel lost by death or capture', 'cycle': 'an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs; \"the never-ending cycle of the seasons\"', 'cardiac_cycle': 'the complete cycle of events in the heart from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next; an electrical impulse conducted through the heart muscle that constricts the atria which is followed by constriction of the ventricles; \"the cardiac cycle can be shown on an electrocardiogram\"', 'Carnot_cycle': 'a cycle (of expansion and compression) of an idealized reversible heat engine that does work without loss of heat', 'repeat': 'an event that repeats; \"the events today were a repeat of yesterday\\'s\"', 'merry-go-round': 'a never-ending cycle of activities and events (especially when they seem to have little purpose); \"if we lose the election the whole legislative merry-go-round will have to start over\"', 'samsara': '(Hinduism and Buddhism) the endless cycle of birth and suffering and death and rebirth', 'recurrence': 'happening again (especially at regular intervals); \"the return of spring\"', 'atavism': 'a reappearance of an earlier characteristic', 'sunrise': 'atmospheric phenomena accompanying the daily appearance of the sun', 'sunset': 'the time in the evening at which the sun begins to fall below the horizon', 'ground_swell': 'an obvious change of public opinion or political sentiment that occurs without leadership or overt expression; \"there was a ground swell of antiwar sentiment\"', 'surf': 'waves breaking on the shore', 'swash': 'the movement or sound of water; \"the swash of waves on the beach\"', 'ripple': '(electronics) an oscillation of small amplitude imposed on top of a steady value', 'gravity_wave': '(physics) a wave that is hypothesized to propagate gravity and to travel at the speed of light', 'sine_wave': 'a wave whose waveform resembles a sine curve', 'oscillation': 'the process of oscillating between states', 'jitter': 'small rapid variations in a waveform resulting from fluctuations in the voltage supply or mechanical vibrations or other sources', 'seiche': 'a wave on the surface of a lake or landlocked bay; caused by atmospheric or seismic disturbances', 'soliton': '(physics) a quantum of energy or quasiparticle that can be propagated as a traveling wave in nonlinear systems and is neither preceded nor followed by another such disturbance; does not obey the superposition principle and does not dissipate; \"soliton waves can travel long distances with little loss of energy or structure\"', 'standing_wave': 'a wave (as a sound wave in a chamber or an electromagnetic wave in a transmission line) in which the ratio of its instantaneous amplitude at one point to that at any other point does not vary with time', 'traveling_wave': 'a wave in which the medium moves in the direction of propagation of the wave', 'sound_wave': '(acoustics) a wave that transmits sound', 'air_wave': 'a sound wave that is transmitted via air', 'transient': 'one who stays for only a short time; \"transient laborers\"', 'wave_form': 'the shape of a wave illustrated graphically by plotting the values of the period quantity against time', 'shock_wave': 'a region of high pressure travelling through a gas at a high velocity; \"the explosion created a shock wave\"', 'sonic_boom': 'an explosive sound caused by the shock wave of an airplane traveling faster than the speed of sound; \"a sonic boom follows an aircraft as a wake follows a ship\"', 'billow': 'a large sea wave', 'tidal_wave': 'an overwhelming manifestation of some emotion or phenomenon; \"a tidal wave of nausea\"; \"the flood of letters hit him with the force of a tidal wave\"; \"a tidal wave of crime\"', 'tsunami': 'a cataclysm resulting from a destructive sea wave caused by an earthquake or volcanic eruption; \"a colossal tsunami destroyed the Minoan civilization in minutes\"', 'periodic_motion': 'motion that recurs over and over and the period of time required for each recurrence remains the same', 'harmonic_motion': 'a periodic motion in which the displacement is either symmetrical about a point or is the sum of such motions', 'recoil': 'the backward jerk of a gun when it is fired', 'seek': 'the movement of a read/write head to a specific data track on a disk', 'instroke': 'the stroke of an engine piston moving away from the crankshaft', 'outstroke': 'the stroke of an engine piston moving toward the crankshaft', 'undulation': 'wavelike motion; a gentle rising and falling in the manner of waves', 'whitecap': 'a wave that is blown by the wind so its crest is broken and appears white', 'capsizing': '(nautical) the event of a boat accidentally turning over in the water', 'dead_heat': 'a tie in a race', 'stalemate': \"drawing position in chess: any of a player's possible moves would place his king in check\", 'photo_finish': 'in general, any very close finish; in particular, a finish of a race in which the contestants are so close together that the winner must be determined from a photograph taken at the instant of finishing', 'second-place_finish': 'a finish in second place (as in a race)', 'third-place_finish': 'a finish in third place (as in a race)', 'win': 'a victory (as in a race or other competition); \"he was happy to get the win\"', 'first-place_finish': 'a finish in first place (as in a race)', 'Christianization': 'conversion to Christianity', 'sinking': 'a feeling caused by uneasiness or apprehension; \"with a sinking heart\"; \"a sinking feeling in the pit of my stomach\"', 'breath_of_fresh_air': 'a welcome relief; \"the new management was like a breath of fresh air\"', 'Assumption': \"celebration in the Roman Catholic Church of the Virgin Mary's being taken up into heaven when her earthly life ended; corresponds to the Dormition in the Eastern Orthodox Church\", 'deformation': 'alteration in the shape or dimensions of an object as a result of the application of stress to it', 'Transfiguration': '(Christianity) a church festival held in commemoration of the Transfiguration of Jesus', 'quantum_leap': 'a sudden large increase or advance; \"this may not insure success but it will represent a quantum leap from last summer\"', 'quantum_jump': '(physics) an abrupt transition of an electron or atom or molecule from one quantum state to another with the emission or absorption of a quantum', 'population_shift': 'a change in the relative numbers of the different groups of individuals making up a population', 'pyrolysis': 'transformation of a substance produced by the action of heat', 'sea_change': 'a profound transformation', 'tin_pest': 'the transformation of ordinary white tin into powdery grey tin at very cold temperatures', 'collapse': 'an abrupt failure of function or complete physical exhaustion; \"the commander\\'s prostration demoralized his men\"', 'cave_in': 'the sudden collapse of something into a hollow beneath it', 'fatal_accident': 'an accident that causes someone to die', 'collateral_damage': '(euphemism) inadvertent casualties and destruction inflicted on civilians in the course of military operations', 'cessation': 'a stopping; \"a cessation of the thunder\"', 'settling': 'a gradual sinking to a lower level', 'free_fall': 'the ideal falling motion of something subject only to a gravitational field', 'lightening': 'descent of the uterus into the pelvic cavity that occurs late in pregnancy; the fetus is said to have dropped', 'submergence': 'sinking until covered completely with water', 'foundering': '(of a ship) sinking', 'wobble': 'an unsteady rocking motion', 'debacle': 'flooding caused by a tumultuous breakup of ice in a river during the spring or summer', 'gravitational_collapse': 'the implosion of a star resulting from its own gravity; the result is a smaller and denser celestial object', 'driftage': 'the deviation (by a vessel or aircraft) from its intended course due to drifting', 'inflection': 'a change in the form of a word (usually by adding a suffix) to indicate a change in its grammatical function', 'malformation': 'something abnormal or anomalous', 'monstrosity': 'something hideous or frightful; \"they regarded the atom bomb as a monstrosity\"', 'interruption': 'some abrupt occurrence that interrupts an ongoing activity; \"the telephone is an annoying interruption\"; \"there was a break in the action when a player was hurt\"', 'defervescence': 'abatement of a fever as indicated by a reduction in body temperature', 'eclipse': 'one celestial body obscures another', 'solar_eclipse': 'the moon interrupts light from the sun', 'lunar_eclipse': 'the earth interrupts light shining on the moon', 'annular_eclipse': 'only a thin outer disk of the sun can be seen', 'total_eclipse': 'an eclipse as seen from a place where the eclipsed body is completely obscured', 'partial_eclipse': 'an eclipse in which the eclipsed body is only partially obscured', 'liftoff': 'the initial ascent of a rocket from its launching pad', 'fuss': 'an angry disturbance; \"he didn\\'t want to make a fuss\"; \"they had labor trouble\"; \"a spot of bother\"', 'headway': 'forward movement; \"the ship made little headway against the gale\"', 'amphimixis': 'union of sperm and egg in sexual reproduction', 'combining': 'an occurrence that results in things being united', 'recombination': '(physics) a combining of charges or transfer of electrons in a gas that results in the neutralization of ions; important for ions arising from the passage of high-energy particles', 'conglomeration': 'a rounded spherical form', 'rapid_climb': 'a rapid rise', 'upheaval': '(geology) a rise of land to a higher elevation (as in the process of mountain building)', 'uplifting': 'the rise of something; \"the uplifting of the clouds revealed the blue of a summer sky\"', 'baa': 'the cry made by sheep', 'bong': 'a dull resonant sound as of a bell', 'banging': 'a continuing very loud noise', 'beep': 'a short high tone produced as a signal or warning', 'blare': 'a loud harsh or strident noise', 'bleat': 'the sound of sheep or goats (or any sound resembling this)', 'bray': 'the cry of an ass', 'bow-wow': 'the bark of a dog', 'caterwaul': 'the yowling sound made by a cat in heat', 'caw': 'the sound made by corvine birds', 'chatter': 'the rapid series of noises made by the parts of a machine', 'cheep': 'the short weak cry of a young bird', 'chink': '(ethnic slur) offensive term for a person of Chinese descent', 'chirp': 'a sharp sound made by small birds or insects', 'chirrup': 'a series of chirps', 'chorus': 'a body of dancers or singers who perform together', 'chug': 'the dull explosive noise made by an engine', 'clack': 'a sharp abrupt noise as if two objects hit together; may be repeated', 'clang': 'a loud resonant repeating noise; \"he could hear the clang of distant bells\"', 'clatter': 'a rattling noise (often produced by rapid movement); \"the shutters clattered against the house\"; \"the clatter of iron wheels on cobblestones\"', 'click-clack': 'a succession of clicks', 'clickety-clack': 'a fast and rhythmic click-clack; \"the clickety-clack of the typewriters\"', 'clip-clop': \"the sound of a horse's hoofs hitting on a hard surface\", 'cluck': 'the sound made by a hen (as in calling her chicks)', 'cock-a-doodle-doo': 'an imitation of the crow of a cock', 'coo': 'the sound made by a pigeon', 'creak': 'a squeaking sound; \"the creak of the floorboards gave him away\"', 'crepitation_rale': 'the crackling sound heard on auscultation when patients with respiratory diseases inhale; associated with tuberculosis and pneumonia and congestive heart failure', 'crunch': 'a critical situation that arises because of a shortage (as a shortage of time or money or resources); \"an end-of-the year crunch\"; \"a financial crunch\"', 'decrepitation': 'the crackling or breaking up of certain crystals when they are heated', 'ding': 'a ringing sound', 'ding-dong': 'the noise made by a bell', 'footfall': 'the sound of a step of someone walking; \"he heard footsteps on the porch\"', 'gargle': 'a medicated solution used for gargling and rinsing the mouth', 'gobble': 'the characteristic sound made by a turkey cock', 'grinding': 'the wearing down of rock particles by friction due to water or wind or ice', 'growl': 'the sound of growling (as made by animals)', 'gurgle': 'the bubbling sound of water flowing from a bottle with a narrow neck', 'hiss': 'a fricative sound (especially as an expression of disapproval); \"the performers could not be heard over the hissing of the audience\"', 'honk': 'the cry of a goose (or any sound resembling this)', 'hubbub': 'loud confused noise from many sources', 'hum': 'a humming noise; \"the hum of distant traffic\"', 'jingle': 'a metallic sound; \"the jingle of coins\"; \"the jangle of spurs\"', 'knell': 'the sound of a bell rung slowly to announce a death or a funeral or the end of something', 'meow': 'the sound made by a cat (or any sound resembling this)', 'moo': 'the sound made by a cow or bull', 'mutter': 'a low continuous indistinct sound; often accompanied by movement of the lips without the production of articulate speech', 'neigh': 'the characteristic sounds made by a horse', 'pant': 'the noise made by a short puff of steam (as from an engine)', 'paradiddle': 'the sound of a drum (especially a snare drum) beaten rapidly and continuously', 'pat': 'the sound made by a gentle blow', 'patter': 'a quick succession of light rapid sounds; \"the patter of mice\"; \"the patter of tiny feet\"', 'peal': 'a deep prolonged sound (as of thunder or large bells)', 'ping': 'a sharp high-pitched resonant sound (as of a sonar echo or a bullet striking metal)', 'pitter-patter': 'a series of rapid tapping sounds; \"she missed the pitter-patter of little feet around the house\"', 'plonk': 'a cheap wine of inferior quality', 'plop': 'the noise of a rounded object dropping into a liquid without a splash', 'plump': 'the sound of a sudden heavy fall', 'pop': 'a sweet drink containing carbonated water and flavoring; \"in New England they call sodas tonics\"', 'purr': 'a low vibrating sound typical of a contented cat', 'quack': 'an untrained person who pretends to be a physician and who dispenses medical advice', 'quaver': 'a tremulous sound', 'rat-a-tat-tat': 'a series of short sharp taps (as made by strokes on a drum or knocks on a door)', 'rhonchus': 'a sound like whistling or snoring that is heard with a stethoscope during expiration as air passes through obstructed channels', 'roar': 'the sound made by a lion', 'rub-a-dub': 'the sound made by beating a drum', 'rustle': 'a light noise, like the noise of silk clothing or leaves blowing in the wind', 'screech': 'a high-pitched noise resembling a human cry; \"he ducked at the screechings of shells\"; \"he heard the scream of the brakes\"', 'scrunch': 'a crunching noise', 'shrilling': 'a continuing shrill noise; \"the clash of swords and the shrilling of trumpets\"--P. J. Searles', 'sizzle': 'a sizzling noise', 'skirl': 'the sound of (the chanter of) a bagpipe', 'squawk': 'the noise of squawking; \"she awoke to the squawk of chickens\"; \"the squawk of car horns\"', 'squeak': 'a short high-pitched noise; \"the squeak of shoes on powdery snow\"', 'squeal': 'a high-pitched howl', 'squish': 'the noise of soft mud being walked on', 'stridulation': 'a shrill grating or chirping noise made by some insects by rubbing body parts together', 'strum': 'sound of strumming; \"the strum of a guitar\"', 'susurration': 'the indistinct sound of people whispering; \"a soft susurrus of conversation\"', 'swish': 'a brushing or rustling sound', 'swoosh': 'the noise produced by the sudden rush of a fluid (a gas or liquid)', 'tapping': 'the sound of light blow or knock; \"he heard the tapping of the man\\'s cane\"', 'throbbing': 'a sound with a strong rhythmic beat; \"the throbbing of the engines\"', 'thrum': 'a thrumming sound; \"he could hear the thrum of a banjo\"', 'thunder': 'a booming or crashing noise caused by air expanding along the path of a bolt of lightning', 'thunderclap': 'a single sharp crash of thunder', 'thunk': 'a dull hollow sound; \"the basketball made a thunk as it hit the rim\"', 'ticktock': 'steady recurrent ticking sound as made by a clock', 'ting': 'a light clear metallic sound as of a small bell', 'toot': 'a blast of a horn', 'tootle': 'the sound of casual playing on a musical instrument; \"he enjoyed hearing the tootles of their horns as the musicians warmed up\"', 'tramp': 'a disreputable vagrant; \"a homeless tramp\"; \"he tried to help the really down-and-out bums\"', 'trample': 'the sound of heavy treading or stomping; \"he heard the trample of many feet\"', 'tweet': 'a weak chirping sound as of a small bird', 'vibrato': '(music) a pulsating effect in an instrumental or vocal tone produced by slight and rapid variations in pitch', 'tremolo': '(music) a tremulous effect produced by rapid repetition of a single tone or rapid alternation of two tones', 'vroom': 'the roaring sound made by a motor that is running at high speed', 'water_hammer': 'the banging sound of steam in pipes', 'whack': 'the sound made by a sharp swift blow', 'whir': 'sound of something in rapid motion; \"whir of a bird\\'s wings\"; \"the whir of the propellers\"', 'whiz': 'a buzzing or hissing sound as of something traveling rapidly through the air; \"he heard the whiz of bullets near his head\"', 'yip': 'a sharp high-pitched cry (especially by a dog)', 'zing': 'a brief high-pitched buzzing or humming sound; \"the zing of the passing bullet\"', 'news_event': 'a newsworthy event', 'pulse': \"the rate at which the heart beats; usually measured to obtain a quick evaluation of a person's health\", 'diastole': 'the widening of the chambers of the heart between two contractions when the chambers fill with blood', 'systole': 'the contraction of the chambers of the heart (especially the ventricles) to drive blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery', 'extrasystole': 'a premature systole resulting in a momentary cardiac arrhythmia', 'throb': 'a deep pulsating type of pain', 'high_tide': 'the tide when the water is highest', 'ebb': 'a gradual decline (in size or strength or power or number)', 'low_tide': 'the lowest (farthest) ebb of the tide', 'ebbtide': 'the tide while water is flowing out', 'tide': 'there are usually two high and two low tides each day', 'direct_tide': 'the occurrence of high tide on one side of the earth coinciding with high tide on the opposite side', 'flood_tide': 'the occurrence of incoming water (between a low tide and the following high tide); \"a tide in the affairs of men which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune\" -Shakespeare', 'neap_tide': 'a less than average tide occurring at the first and third quarters of the moon', 'springtide': 'a swelling rush of anything; \"he rose on the springtide of prosperity\"', 'leeward_tide': 'a tide that runs in the same direction as the wind is blowing; \"a leeward tide is dangerous for small boats\"', 'slack_water': 'the occurrence of relatively still water at the turn of the (low) tide', 'tidal_bore': 'a high wave (often dangerous) caused by tidal flow (as by colliding tidal currents or in a narrow estuary)', 'tidal_flow': 'the water current caused by the tides', 'undertow': 'an inclination contrary to the strongest or prevailing feeling; \"his account had a poignant undertow of regret\"', 'riptide': 'a strong surface current flowing outwards from a shore', 'rip': 'an opening made forcibly as by pulling apart; \"there was a rip in his pants\"; \"she had snags in her stockings\"', 'undertide': 'a current below the surface of a fluid', 'lahar': 'an avalanche of volcanic water and mud down the slopes of a volcano', 'landslide': 'an overwhelming electoral victory; \"Roosevelt defeated Hoover in a landslide\"', 'mudslide': 'a landslide of mud', 'Plinian_eruption': 'a volcanic eruption in which a stream of gas and ash is violently ejected to a height of several miles', 'rockslide': 'a landslide of rocks', 'backflow': 'a flow that returns toward its source', 'airflow': 'the flow of air; \"she adjusted the fan so that the airflow was directed right at her\"', 'current': 'a flow of electricity through a conductor; \"the current was measured in amperes\"', 'freshet': 'the occurrence of a water flow resulting from sudden rain or melting snow', 'overflow': 'the occurrence of surplus liquid (as water) exceeding the limit or capacity', 'dripping': 'a liquid (as water) that flows in drops (as from the eaves of house)', 'torrent': 'a violently fast stream of water (or other liquid); \"the houses were swept away in the torrent\"', 'airburst': 'an explosion in the atmosphere', 'bomb_blast': 'the explosion of a bomb', 'nuclear_explosion': 'the explosion of an atomic bomb', 'backblast': 'backfire from a recoilless weapon', 'big_bang': '(cosmology) the cosmic explosion that is hypothesized to have marked the origin of the universe', 'fragmentation': 'the disintegration of social norms governing behavior and thought and social relationships', 'ricochet': 'a glancing rebound', 'concussion': 'injury to the brain caused by a blow; usually resulting in loss of consciousness', 'pounding': 'repeated heavy blows', 'sideswipe': 'a glancing blow from or on the side of something (especially motor vehicles)', 'slap': 'a blow from a flat object (as an open hand)', 'simple_harmonic_motion': 'periodic motion in which the restoring force is proportional to the displacement', 'yaw': 'an erratic deflection from an intended course', 'twinkle': 'a rapid change in brightness; a brief spark or flash', 'shimmer': 'a weak and tremulous light; \"the shimmer of colors on iridescent feathers\"; \"the play of light on the water\"', 'heat_flash': 'a flash of intense heat (as released by an atomic explosion)', 'lightning': 'abrupt electric discharge from cloud to cloud or from cloud to earth accompanied by the emission of light', 'heat_lightning': 'bright flashes of light near the horizon without thunder (especially on hot evenings); usually attributed to distant lightning that is reflected by clouds', 'sheet_lighting': 'lightning that appears as a broad sheet; due to reflections of more distant lightning and to diffusion by the clouds', 'runup': 'a substantial increase over a relatively short period of time; \"a runup in interest rates\"; \"market runups are followed by corrections\"', 'inferior_conjunction': '(astronomy) the alignment of the Earth and a planet on the same side of the sun', 'superior_conjunction': '(astronomy) the alignment of the Earth and a planet on the opposite side of the sun', 'glycogenesis': 'the formation in animals of glycogen from glucose', 'isomerization': 'the conversion of a compound into an isomer of itself', 'juncture': 'a crisis situation or point in time when a critical decision must be made; \"at that juncture he had no idea what to do\"; \"he must be made to realize that the company stands at a critical point\"', 'conjuncture': 'a critical combination of events or circumstances', 'emergency': 'a state in which martial law applies; \"the governor declared a state of emergency\"', 'crisis': 'an unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty; \"they went bankrupt during the economic crisis\"', 'Fall_of_Man': '(Judeo-Christian mythology) when Adam and Eve ate of the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil in the Garden of Eden, God punished them by driving them out of the Garden of Eden and into the world where they would be subject to sickness and pain and eventual death', 'road_to_Damascus': \"a sudden turning point in a person's life (similar to the sudden conversion of the Apostle Paul on the road from Jerusalem to Damascus of arrest Christians)\", 'reality_check': 'an occasion on which one is reminded of the nature of things in the real world; \"this program is intended as a reality check for CEOs\"; \"after all those elaborate productions, I felt in need of a reality check\"', 'compaction': 'an increase in the density of something', 'rarefaction': 'a decrease in the density of something; \"a sound wave causes periodic rarefactions in its medium\"', 'detriment': 'a damage or loss', 'expense': 'money spent to perform work and usually reimbursed by an employer; \"he kept a careful record of his expenses at the meeting\"', 'pulsation': 'a periodically recurring phenomenon that alternately increases and decreases some quantity', 'brake_failure': 'brakes fail to stop a vehicle', 'engine_failure': 'engine does not run', 'misfire': 'an explosion that fails to occur', 'outage': 'the amount of something (as whiskey or oil) lost in storage or transportation', 'power_outage': 'equipment failure resulting when the supply of power fails; \"the ice storm caused a power outage\"', 'dwindling': 'a becoming gradually less; \"there is no greater sadness that the dwindling away of a family\"', 'waning': 'a gradual decrease in magnitude or extent; \"the waning of his enthusiasm was obvious\"; \"the waxing and waning of the moon\"', 'fading_away': 'gradually diminishing in brightness or loudness or strength', 'Cultural_Revolution': 'a radical reform in China initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 and carried out largely by the Red Guard; intended to eliminate counterrevolutionary elements in the government it resulted in purges of the intellectuals and socioeconomic chaos', 'green_revolution': 'the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity', 'sex_change': \"a change in a person's physical sexual characteristics (as by surgery and hormone treatments)\", 'mutagenesis': 'an event capable of causing a mutation', 'insertional_mutagenesis': '(genetics) a mutation caused by the insertion of exogenous DNA into a genome', 'point_mutation': '(genetics) a mutation due to an intramolecular reorganization of a gene', 'saltation': '(geology) the leaping movement of sand or soil particles as they are transported in a fluid medium over an uneven surface', 'degeneration': 'the process of declining from a higher to a lower level of effective power or vitality or essential quality', 'atrophy': 'a decrease in size of an organ caused by disease or disuse', 'abiotrophy': 'a loss of vitality and a degeneration of cells and tissues not due to any apparent injury', 'cataplasia': '(biology) degenerative reversion of cells or tissue to a less differentiated or more primitive form', 'magnetic_storm': \"a sudden disturbance of the earth's magnetic field; caused by emission of particles from the sun\", 'earthquake': 'a disturbance that is extremely disruptive; \"selling the company caused an earthquake among the employees\"', 'aftershock': 'a tremor (or one of a series of tremors) occurring after the main shock of an earthquake', 'foreshock': 'a tremor preceding an earthquake', 'seaquake': 'an earthquake at the sea bed', 'background_noise': 'extraneous noise contaminating sound measurements that cannot be separated from the desired signal', 'surface_noise': 'noise produced by the friction of the stylus of a record player moving over the rotating record', 'background_radiation': 'radiation coming from sources other than those being observed', 'crosstalk': 'the presence of an unwanted signal via an accidental coupling', 'fadeout': 'a gradual temporary loss of a transmitted signal due to electrical disturbances', 'white_noise': 'a noise produced by a stimulus containing all of the audible frequencies of vibration; \"white noise is a good masking agent\"', 'radio_noise': 'static at radio wavelengths', 'seepage': 'the process of seeping', 'exudation': 'the process of exuding; the slow escape of liquids from blood vessels through pores or breaks in the cell membranes', 'intravenous_drip': 'slow continuous drip introducing solutions intravenously (a drop at a time)', 'eddy': 'a miniature whirlpool or whirlwind resulting when the current of a fluid doubles back on itself', 'whirlpool': 'a powerful circular current of water (usually the result of conflicting tides)', 'Charybdis': '(Greek mythology) a ship-devouring whirlpool lying on the other side of a narrow strait from Scylla', 'dismemberment': 'the removal of limbs; being cut to pieces', 'mutilation': 'an injury that causes disfigurement or that deprives you of a limb or other important body part', 'plunge': 'a steep and rapid fall', 'fertilization': 'creation by the physical union of male and female gametes; of sperm and ova in an animal or pollen and ovule in a plant', 'top_dressing': 'a layer of fertilizer or manure not plowed in', 'dissilience': 'the emergence of seeds as seed pods burst open when they are ripe', 'outbreak': 'a sudden violent spontaneous occurrence (usually of some undesirable condition); \"the outbreak of hostilities\"', 'epidemic': 'a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease; many people are infected at the same time', 'pandemic': 'an epidemic that is geographically widespread; occurring throughout a region or even throughout the world', 'recrudescence': 'a return of something after a period of abatement; \"a recrudescence of racism\"; \"a recrudescence of the symptoms\"', 'volcanic_eruption': 'the sudden occurrence of a violent discharge of steam and volcanic material', 'pollination': 'transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a plant', 'allogamy': 'cross-fertilization in plants', 'self-fertilization': 'fertilization by the union of male and female gametes from the same individual', 'superfecundation': 'fertilization of two or more ova released during the same menstrual cycle by sperm from separate acts of coitus (especially by different males)', 'superfetation': 'fertilization of a second ovum after a pregnancy has begun; results in two fetuses of different ages in the uterus at the same time; \"superfetation is normal in some animal species\"', 'autogamy': 'self-fertilization in plants', 'self-pollination': 'fertilization by transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower', 'cleistogamy': 'the production of small nonopening self-pollinating flowers', 'flush': 'a poker hand with all 5 cards in the same suit', 'adaptive_radiation': 'the development of many different forms from an originally homogeneous group of organisms as they fill different ecological niches', 'debris_surge': 'the sudden spread of dust and debris from a collapsing building; \"the destruction of the building produced an enormous debris surge\"', 'onrush': 'a forceful forward rush or flow; \"from the bow she stared at the mesmerising onrush of the sea where it split and foamed\"; \"the explosion interrupted the wild onrush of her thoughts\"', 'dextrorotation': 'rotation to the right', 'levorotation': 'rotation to the left', 'axial_rotation': 'rotary motion of an object around its own axis; \"wheels in axial rotation\"', 'orbital_rotation': 'motion of an object in an orbit around a fixed point; \"satellites in orbital rotation\"', 'whirl': 'the shape of something rotating rapidly', 'backspin': 'spin (usually of a moving ball) that retards or reverses the forward motion', 'topspin': 'forward spin (usually of a moving ball) that is imparted by an upward stroke', 'wallow': 'a puddle where animals go to wallow', 'thaw': 'the process whereby heat changes something from a solid to a liquid; \"the power failure caused a refrigerator melt that was a disaster\"; \"the thawing of a frozen turkey takes several hours\"', 'business_cycle': 'recurring fluctuations in economic activity consisting of recession and recovery and growth and decline', 'daily_variation': 'fluctuations that occur between one day and the next', 'diurnal_variation': 'fluctuations that occur during each day', 'luxation': 'displacement or misalignment of a joint or organ', 'subluxation': 'partial displacement of a joint or organ', 'spritz': 'a quick squirt of some liquid (usually carbonated water)', 'angelus_bell': 'the sound of a bell rung in Roman Catholic churches to announce the time when the Angelus should be recited', 'volution': 'a rolling or revolving motion', 'affair': 'a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship', 'party': 'a person involved in legal proceedings; \"the party of the first part\"', 'bash': 'an uproarious party', 'birthday_party': \"a party held on the anniversary of someone's birth\", 'bunfight': '(Briticism) a grand formal party on an important occasion', 'ceilidh': 'an informal social gathering at which there is Scottish or Irish folk music and singing and folk dancing and story telling', 'cocktail_party': 'an afternoon party at which cocktails are served', 'masked_ball': 'a ball at which guests wear costumes and masks', 'barn_dance': 'a dance party featuring country dancing', 'fete': 'an elaborate party (often outdoors)', 'luau': 'an elaborate Hawaiian feast or party (especially one accompanied by traditional foods and entertainment)', 'house_party': 'a party lasting over one or more nights at a large house', 'jolly': 'a happy party', 'tea_party': 'a party at which tea is served', 'whist_drive': 'a progressive whist party', 'funeral': 'a ceremony at which a dead person is buried or cremated; \"hundreds of people attended his funeral\"', 'burial': 'the ritual placing of a corpse in a grave', 'sky_burial': 'a traditional Tibetan funeral ritual in which the corpse is exposed to the open air to be eaten by sacred vultures', 'wedding': 'a party of people at a wedding', 'rededication': 'a new dedication; \"the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem\"', 'commemoration': 'a ceremony to honor the memory of someone or something', 'coronation': 'the ceremony of installing a new monarch', 'bar_mitzvah': '(Judaism) an initiation ceremony marking the 13th birthday of a Jewish boy and signifying the beginning of religious responsibility; \"a bar mitzvah is an important social event\"', 'bat_mitzvah': '(Judaism) an initiation ceremony marking the 12th birthday of a Jewish girl and signifying the beginning of religious responsibility', 'fire_walking': 'the ceremony of walking barefoot over hot stones or a bed of embers', 'commencement': 'an academic exercise in which diplomas are conferred', 'Maundy': 'a public ceremony on Maundy Thursday when the monarch distributes Maundy money', 'potlatch': 'a ceremonial feast held by some Indians of the northwestern coast of North America (as in celebrating a marriage or a new accession) in which the host gives gifts to tribesmen and others to display his superior wealth (sometimes, formerly, to his own impoverishment)', 'fundraiser': 'someone who solicits financial contributions', 'photo_opportunity': 'an occasion that lends itself to (or is deliberately arranged for) taking photographs that provide favorable publicity for those who are photographed', 'sleepover': 'an occasion of spending a night away from home or having a guest spend the night in your home (especially as a party for children)', 'athletic_contest': 'a contest between athletes', 'bout': 'a period of illness; \"a bout of fever\"; \"a bout of depression\"', 'decathlon': 'an athletic contest consisting of ten different events', 'Olympic_Games': 'the modern revival of the ancient games held once every 4 years in a selected country', 'Special_Olympics': 'an athletic contest modeled after the Olympic Games but intended for mentally or physically handicapped persons', 'Winter_Olympic_Games': 'an Olympics for winter sports', 'pentathlon': 'an athletic contest consisting of five different events', 'championship': 'the status of being a champion; \"he held the title for two years\"', 'race': 'people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock; \"some biologists doubt that there are important genetic differences between races of human beings\"', 'automobile_race': 'a race between (usually high-performance) automobiles', 'Grand_Prix': 'one of several international races', 'bicycle_race': 'a race between people riding bicycles', 'Tour_de_France': 'a French bicycle race for professional cyclists that lasts three weeks and covers about 3,000 miles', 'boat_race': 'a race between people rowing or driving boats', 'chariot_race': 'a race between ancient chariots', 'dog_racing': 'a race between dogs; usually an occasion for betting on the outcome', 'sailing-race': 'a race between crews of people in yachts', 'footrace': 'a race run on foot; \"she broke the record for the half-mile run\"', 'funrun': 'a footrace run for fun (often including runners who are sponsored for a charity)', 'freestyle': 'a race (as in swimming) in which each contestant has a free choice of the style to use', 'cross_country': 'a long race run over open country', 'Iditarod': 'an important dogsled race run annually on the Iditarod Trail', 'three-day_event': 'an equestrian competition; the first day is dressage; the second is cross-country jumping; the third is stadium jumping', 'horse_race': 'a contest of speed between horses; usually held for the purpose of betting', 'claiming_race': 'a horse race in which each owner declares before the race at what price his horse will be offered for sale after the race', 'selling_race': 'a horse race in which the winning horse must be put up for auction', 'harness_race': 'a horse race between people riding in sulkies behind horses that are trotting or pacing', 'Kentucky_Derby': 'an annual race for three-year-old horses; held at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky', 'Preakness': 'an annual race for three-year-old horses; held at Pimlico in Baltimore, Maryland', 'Belmont_Stakes': 'an annual race for three-year-old horses; held on Long Island at Elmont, New York', 'stake_race': 'a horse race in which part of the prize is put up by the owners of the horses in the race', 'steeplechase': 'a footrace of usually 3000 meters over a closed track with hurdles and a water jump', 'Grand_National': 'an annual steeplechase run in Liverpool, England', 'obstacle_race': 'a race in which competitors must negotiate obstacles', 'thoroughbred_race': 'a race between thoroughbred horses', 'potato_race': 'a novelty race in which competitors move potatoes from one place to another one at a time', 'sack_race': 'a novelty race in which competitors jump ahead with their feet confined in a sack', 'scratch_race': 'a race in which all contestants start from scratch (on equal terms)', 'ski_race': 'a race between people wearing skis', 'downhill': 'the downward slope of a hill', 'slalom': 'a downhill race over a winding course defined by upright poles', 'repechage': 'a race (especially in rowing) in which runners-up in the eliminating heats compete for a place in the final race', 'torch_race': '(ancient Greece) in which a torch is passed from one runner to the next', 'World_Cup': 'a soccer tournament held every four years between national soccer teams to determine a world champion', 'tournament': 'a series of jousts between knights contesting for a prize', 'elimination_tournament': 'a tournament in which losers are eliminated in successive rounds', 'playoff': 'any final competition to determine a championship', 'home_stand': \"a series of successive games played at a team's home field or court\", 'World_Series': 'series that constitutes the playoff for the baseball championship; \"we watched the World Series on TV\"', 'boxing_match': 'a match between boxers; usually held in a boxing ring', 'chess_match': 'a match between chess players', 'cockfight': 'a match in a cockpit between two fighting cocks heeled with metal gaffs', 'cricket_match': 'a match between two cricket teams', 'diving': 'an athletic competition that involves diving into water', 'field_event': 'a competition that takes place on a field rather than on a running track', 'final': 'the final match between the winners of all previous matches in an elimination tournament', 'cup_final': 'the final match of any cup competition (such as the annual final of the English soccer competition at Wembley)', 'quarterfinal': 'one of the four competitions in an elimination tournament whose winners go on to play in the semifinals', 'semifinal': 'one of the two competitions in the next to the last round of an elimination tournament', 'meet': 'a meeting at which a number of athletic contests are held', 'gymkhana': 'a meet at which riders and horses display a range of skills and aptitudes', 'race_meeting': 'a regular occasion on which a number of horse races are held on the same track; \"the Epsom race meeting was an important social event\"', 'regatta': 'a meeting for boat races', 'swimming_meet': 'a swimming competition between two or more teams', 'track_meet': 'a track and field competition between two or more teams', 'track_event': 'a footrace performed on a track (indoor or outdoor)', 'hurdles': 'a footrace in which contestants must negotiate a series of hurdles', 'mile': 'a large distance; \"he missed by a mile\"', 'long_jump': 'a competition that involves jumping as far as possible from a running start', 'pole_vault': 'a competition that involves jumping over a high crossbar with the aid of a long pole', 'shot_put': 'an athletic competition in which a heavy metal ball is hurled as far as possible', 'hammer_throw': 'an athletic competition in which a heavy metal ball that is attached to a flexible wire is hurled as far as possible', 'swimming_event': 'an athletic competition that involves swimming', 'tennis_match': 'a match between tennis players', 'test_match': 'an international championship match', 'wrestling_match': 'a match between wrestlers', 'takedown': '(amateur wrestling) being brought to the mat from a standing position; \"a takedown counts two points\"', 'sparring_match': 'a practice or exhibition boxing match', 'prizefight': 'a boxing match between professional boxers for a cash prize', 'triple_jump': 'an athletic contest in which a competitor must perform successively a hop and a step and a jump in continuous movement', 'joust': 'a combat between two mounted knights tilting against each other with blunted lances', 'arms_race': 'a competition between nations to have the most powerful armaments', 'political_campaign': 'a race between candidates for elective office; \"I managed his campaign for governor\"; \"he is raising money for a Senate run\"', \"governor's_race\": 'a race for election to the governorship', 'senate_campaign': 'a race for election to the senate', 'victory': 'a successful ending of a struggle or contest; \"a narrow victory\"; \"the general always gets credit for his army\\'s victory\"; \"clinched a victory\"; \"convincing victory\"; \"the agreement was a triumph for common sense\"', 'independence': 'freedom from control or influence of another or others', 'last_laugh': 'ultimate success achieved after a near failure (inspired by the saying `he laughs best who laughs last\\'); \"we had the last laugh after the votes were counted\"', 'Pyrrhic_victory': 'a victory that is won by incurring terrible losses', 'grand_slam': 'winning all of the tricks in a hand of bridge', 'little_slam': 'winning all but one of the tricks in a hand of bridge', 'runaway': 'an easy victory', 'service_break': \"a tennis game won on the opponent's service\", 'defeat': 'an unsuccessful ending to a struggle or contest; \"it was a narrow defeat\"; \"the army\\'s only defeat\"; \"they suffered a convincing licking\"', 'whammy': 'a serious or devastating setback', 'heartbreaker': 'a charming person who is irresponsible in emotional relationships', 'rout': 'an overwhelming defeat', 'shutout': 'a defeat in a game where one side fails to score', 'thrashing': 'a sound defeat', 'waterloo': 'a final crushing defeat; \"he met his waterloo\"', 'spelling_bee': 'a contest in which you are eliminated if you fail to spell a word correctly', 'loss_of_consciousness': 'the occurrence of a loss of the ability to perceive and respond', 'faint': 'a spontaneous loss of consciousness caused by insufficient blood to the brain', 'Fall': 'the lapse of mankind into sinfulness because of the sin of Adam and Eve; \"women have been blamed ever since the Fall\"', 'head_crash': '(computer science) a crash of a read/write head in a hard disk drive (usually caused by contact of the head with the surface of the magnetic disk)', 'supervention': 'a following on in addition', 'zap': 'a sudden event that imparts energy or excitement, usually with a dramatic impact; \"they gave it another zap of radiation\"', 'affect': 'the conscious subjective aspect of feeling or emotion', 'emotion': 'any strong feeling', 'glow': 'a steady even light without flames', 'passion': 'a feeling of strong sexual desire', 'ardor': 'a feeling of strong eagerness (usually in favor of a person or cause); \"they were imbued with a revolutionary ardor\"; \"he felt a kind of religious zeal\"', 'storminess': 'the state of being stormy; \"he dreaded the storminess of the North Atlantic in winter\"', 'zeal': 'excessive fervor to do something or accomplish some end; \"he had an absolute zeal for litigation\"', 'sentiment': 'tender, romantic, or nostalgic feeling or emotion', 'sentimentality': 'extravagant or affected feeling or emotion', 'razbliuto': 'the sentimental feeling you have about someone you once loved but no longer do', 'Oedipus_complex': 'a complex of males; desire to possess the mother sexually and to exclude the father; said to be a source of personality disorders if unresolved', 'Electra_complex': 'a complex of females; sexual attraction to the father', 'inferiority_complex': 'a sense of personal inferiority arising from conflict between the desire to be noticed and the fear of being humiliated', 'ambivalence': 'mixed feelings or emotions', 'emotionlessness': 'apathy demonstrated by an absence of emotional reactions', 'American_Dream': 'the widespread aspiration of Americans to live better than their parents did', 'bloodlust': 'a desire for bloodshed', 'craving': 'an intense desire for some particular thing', 'appetite': 'a feeling of craving something; \"an appetite for life\"; \"the object of life is to satisfy as many appetencies as possible\"- Granville Hicks', 'sweet_tooth': 'a strong appetite for sweet food', 'longing': 'prolonged unfulfilled desire or need', 'hankering': 'a yearning for something or to do something', 'pining': 'a feeling of deep longing', 'wishfulness': 'an unrealistic yearning', 'wistfulness': 'a sadly pensive longing', 'nostalgia': 'longing for something past', 'lovesickness': 'a pining for a loved one', 'homesickness': 'a longing to return home', 'sexual_desire': 'a desire for sexual intimacy', 'aphrodisia': 'a desire for heterosexual intimacy', 'anaphrodisia': 'decline or absence of sexual desire', 'sensuality': 'desire for sensual pleasures', 'amorousness': 'a feeling of love or fondness', 'libido': '(psychoanalysis) a Freudian term for sexual urge or desire', 'lecherousness': 'a strong sexual desire', 'nymphomania': 'abnormally intense sexual desire in women', 'satyriasis': 'abnormally intense sexual desire in men', 'the_hots': 'intense sexual desire', 'prurience': 'feeling morbid sexual desire or a propensity to lewdness', 'urge': 'an instinctive motive; \"profound religious impulses\"', 'caprice': 'a sudden desire; \"he bought it on an impulse\"', 'delight': 'a feeling of extreme pleasure or satisfaction; \"his delight to see her was obvious to all\"', 'entrancement': 'a feeling of delight at being filled with wonder and enchantment', 'amusement': 'a feeling of delight at being entertained', 'Schadenfreude': \"delight in another person's misfortune\", 'joie_de_vivre': 'a keen enjoyment of living', 'gusto': 'vigorous and enthusiastic enjoyment', 'afterglow': 'a glow sometimes seen in the sky after sunset', 'cold_comfort': 'very limited consolation or empathy; \"he told me that time heals all wounds but that was cold comfort to me\"', 'silver_lining': 'a consoling aspect of a difficult situation; \"every cloud has a silver lining\"; \"look on the bright side of it\"', 'sexual_pleasure': 'pleasure derived from sexual activities', 'algolagnia': 'sexual pleasure derived from inflicting or experiencing pain', 'sadism': 'sexual pleasure obtained by inflicting harm (physical or psychological) on others', 'sadomasochism': 'sadism and masochism combined in one person', 'masochism': 'sexual pleasure obtained from receiving punishment (physical or psychological)', 'pang': 'a mental pain or distress; \"a pang of conscience\"', 'guilt_pang': 'pangs of feeling guilty', 'mental_anguish': 'sustained dull painful emotion', 'suffering': 'misery resulting from affliction', 'agony': 'a state of acute pain', 'throes': 'violent pangs of suffering; \"death throes\"', 'discomfort': 'the state of being tense and feeling pain', 'chafing': 'soreness or irritation of the skin caused by friction', 'intertrigo': 'chafing between two skin surfaces that are in contact (as in the armpit or under the breasts or between the thighs)', 'anguish': 'extreme distress of body or mind', 'self-torture': 'self-imposed distress', 'tsoris': '(Yiddish) trouble and suffering', 'liking': 'a feeling of pleasure and enjoyment; \"I\\'ve always had a liking for reading\"; \"she developed a liking for gin\"', 'fondness': 'a predisposition to like something; \"he had a fondness for whiskey\"', 'captivation': 'a feeling of great liking for something wonderful and unusual', 'acquired_taste': 'a preference that is only acquired after considerable experience; \"martinis are an acquired taste\"', 'mysophilia': 'abnormal attraction to filth', 'good_will': '(accounting) an intangible asset valued according to the advantage or reputation a business has acquired (over and above its tangible assets)', 'brotherhood': 'the kinship relation between a male offspring and the siblings', 'Anglophilia': 'admiration for Britain and British customs', 'hero_worship': 'admiration for great men (or their memory)', 'philhellenism': 'admiration for Greece and the Greeks and Greek customs', 'philogyny': 'admiration for women', 'dislike': 'a feeling of aversion or antipathy; \"my dislike of him was instinctive\"', 'disinclination': 'that toward which you are inclined to feel dislike; \"his disinclination for modesty is well known\"', 'Anglophobia': 'dislike (or fear) of Britain and British customs', 'disgust': 'strong feelings of dislike', 'abhorrence': 'hate coupled with disgust', 'creepy-crawlies': 'feelings of dislike and anxiety; \"the cave gave me the creepy-crawlies\"', 'scunner': 'a strong dislike; \"they took a scunner against the United States\"', 'repugnance': 'intense aversion', 'nausea': 'the state that precedes vomiting', 'technophobia': 'dislike for new technology', 'gratitude': 'a feeling of thankfulness and appreciation; \"he was overwhelmed with gratitude for their help\"', 'gratefulness': 'warm friendly feelings of gratitude', 'ingratitude': 'a lack of gratitude', 'solicitude': 'a feeling of excessive concern', 'softheartedness': 'a feeling of concern for the welfare of someone (especially someone defenseless)', 'unconcern': 'a feeling of lack of concern', 'indifference': 'unbiased impartial unconcern', 'heartlessness': 'an absence of concern for the welfare of others', 'shame': 'a state of dishonor; \"one mistake brought shame to all his family\"; \"suffered the ignominy of being sent to prison\"', 'self-disgust': 'shame resulting from strong dislike of yourself or your actions', 'shamefacedness': 'feeling embarrassed about yourself', 'chagrin': 'strong feelings of embarrassment', 'abashment': 'feeling embarrassed due to modesty', 'discomfiture': 'anxious embarrassment', 'self-esteem': 'a feeling of pride in yourself', 'amour_propre': 'feelings of excessive pride', 'self-depreciation': 'a feeling of being of little worth', 'astonishment': 'the feeling that accompanies something extremely surprising; \"he looked at me in astonishment\"', 'awe': 'an overwhelming feeling of wonder or admiration; \"he stared over the edge with a feeling of awe\"', 'fever': 'a rise in the temperature of the body; frequently a symptom of infection', 'buck_fever': 'nervous excitement of an inexperienced hunter', 'gold_fever': 'greed and the contagious excitement of a gold rush', 'gaiety': 'a gay feeling', 'gravity': '(physics) the force of attraction between all masses in the universe; especially the attraction of the earth\\'s mass for bodies near its surface; \"the more remote the body the less the gravity\"; \"the gravitation between two bodies is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them\"; \"gravitation cannot be held responsible for people falling in love\"--Albert Einstein', 'earnestness': 'an earnest and sincere feeling', 'oversensitiveness': 'sensitivity leading to easy irritation or upset', 'feelings': 'emotional or moral sensitivity (especially in relation to personal principles or dignity); \"the remark hurt his feelings\"', 'sensuousness': 'a sensuous feeling', 'unrest': 'a feeling of restless agitation', 'fidget': 'a feeling of agitation expressed in continual motion; \"he\\'s got the fidgets\"; \"waiting gave him a feeling of restlessness\"', 'stewing': 'an extreme state of worry and agitation; \"his stewing over the fight kept him awake most of the night\"', 'stir': 'a prominent or sensational but short-lived news event; \"he made a great splash and then disappeared\"', 'tumult': 'a state of commotion and noise and confusion', 'electricity': 'energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor; \"they built a car that runs on electricity\"', 'calmness': 'an absence of strong winds or rain', 'placidity': 'a feeling of calmness; a quiet and undisturbed feeling', 'tranquillity': 'an untroubled state; free from disturbances', 'anger': 'the state of being angry', 'dudgeon': \"a feeling of intense indignation (now used only in the phrase `in high dudgeon')\", 'fury': 'a feeling of intense anger; \"hell hath no fury like a woman scorned\"; \"his face turned red with rage\"', 'lividity': 'a state of fury so great the face becomes discolored', 'infuriation': 'a feeling of intense anger', 'umbrage': 'a feeling of anger caused by being offended; \"he took offence at my question\"', 'indignation': 'a feeling of righteous anger', 'huffiness': 'a passing state of anger and resentment', 'dander': 'small scales from animal skins or hair or bird feathers that can cause allergic reactions in some people', 'bad_temper': 'a persisting angry mood', 'fear': 'a feeling of profound respect for someone or something; \"the fear of God\"; \"the Chinese reverence for the dead\"; \"the French treat food with gentle reverence\"; \"his respect for the law bordered on veneration\"', 'creeps': 'a disease of cattle and sheep attributed to a dietary deficiency; characterized by anemia and softening of the bones and a slow stiff gait', 'frisson': 'an almost pleasurable sensation of fright; \"a frisson of surprise shot through him\"', 'hysteria': 'neurotic disorder characterized by violent emotional outbreaks and disturbances of sensory and motor functions', 'panic': 'sudden mass fear and anxiety over anticipated events; \"panic in the stock market\"; \"a war scare\"; \"a bomb scare led them to evacuate the building\"', 'swivet': 'a panic or extreme discomposure; \"it threw her into a swivet\"', 'scare': 'a sudden attack of fear', 'stage_fright': 'fear that affects a person about to face an audience', 'trepidation': 'a feeling of alarm or dread', 'presage': 'a foreboding about what is about to happen', 'cold_feet': 'timidity that prevents the continuation of a course of action; \"I was going to tell him but I got cold feet\"', 'shyness': 'a feeling of fear of embarrassment', 'diffidence': 'lack of self-confidence', 'hesitance': 'a feeling of diffidence and indecision about doing something', 'unassertiveness': 'diffidence about self promotion', 'intimidation': \"the feeling of discouragement in the face of someone's superior fame or wealth or status etc.\", 'anxiety': '(psychiatry) a relatively permanent state of worry and nervousness occurring in a variety of mental disorders, usually accompanied by compulsive behavior or attacks of panic', 'worry': 'a strong feeling of anxiety; \"his worry over the prospect of being fired\"; \"it is not work but worry that kills\"; \"he wanted to die and end his troubles\"', 'anxiousness': 'a feeling of mild anxiety about possible developments', 'insecurity': 'the state of being subject to danger or injury', 'edginess': 'feelings of anxiety that make you tense and irritable', 'willies': 'feelings of uneasiness; \"that guy gave me the willies\"', 'jitteriness': 'the anxious feeling you have when you have the jitters', 'angst': 'an acute but unspecific feeling of anxiety; usually reserved for philosophical anxiety about the world or about personal freedom', 'happiness': 'state of well-being characterized by emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy', 'bonheur': '(French) happiness and good humor', 'gladness': 'experiencing joy and pleasure', 'elation': 'an exhilarating psychological state of pride and optimism; an absence of depression', 'triumph': 'the exultation of victory', 'exhilaration': 'the feeling of lively and cheerful joy; \"he could hardly conceal his excitement when she agreed\"', 'intoxication': 'excitement and elation beyond the bounds of sobriety; \"the intoxication of wealth and power\"', 'euphoria': 'a feeling of great (usually exaggerated) elation', 'hilarity': 'great merriment', 'rejoicing': 'a feeling of great happiness', 'jocundity': 'a feeling facetious merriment', 'belonging': 'happiness felt in a secure relationship; \"with his classmates he felt a sense of belonging\"', 'comfortableness': 'a feeling of being at ease in a relationship', 'togetherness': 'affectionate closeness; \"togetherness is the new wonder ingredient in marriage\"', 'contentment': \"happiness with one's situation in life\", 'complacency': 'the feeling you have when you are satisfied with yourself; \"his complacency was absolutely disgusting\"', 'smugness': 'an excessive feeling of self-satisfaction', 'gloat': 'malicious satisfaction', 'sadness': 'the state of being sad; \"she tired of his perpetual sadness\"', 'dolefulness': 'sadness caused by grief or affliction', 'melancholy': 'a constitutional tendency to be gloomy and depressed', 'gloom': 'an atmosphere of depression and melancholy; \"gloom pervaded the office\"', 'heavyheartedness': 'a feeling of dispirited melancholy', 'world-weariness': 'sadness on thinking about the evils of the world', 'woe': 'intense mournfulness', 'misery': 'a state of ill-being due to affliction or misfortune; \"the misery and wretchedness of those slums is intolerable\"', 'forlornness': 'sadness resulting from being forsaken or abandoned', 'weepiness': 'sadness expressed by weeping', 'sorrow': 'sadness associated with some wrong done or some disappointment; \"he drank to drown his sorrows\"; \"he wrote a note expressing his regret\"; \"to his rue, the error cost him the game\"', 'broken_heart': 'devastating sorrow and despair; \"he is recovering from a broken heart\"; \"a broken heart languishes here\"', 'mournfulness': 'a state of gloomy sorrow', 'plaintiveness': 'expressing sorrowfulness', 'dolor': '(poetry) painful grief', 'compunction': 'a feeling of deep regret (usually for some misdeed)', 'guilt': 'the state of having committed an offense', 'survivor_guilt': 'a deep feeling of guilt often experienced by those who have survived some catastrophe that took the lives of many others; derives in part from a feeling that they did not do enough to save the others who perished and in part from feelings of being unworthy relative to those who died; \"survivor guilt was first noted in those who survived the Holocaust\"', 'repentance': 'remorse for your past conduct', 'cheerlessness': 'a feeling of dreary or pessimistic sadness', 'joylessness': 'a feeling of dismal cheerlessness', 'downheartedness': 'a feeling of low spirits; \"he felt responsible for her lowness of spirits\"', 'self-pity': 'a feeling of sorrow (often self-indulgent) over your own sufferings', 'despondency': 'feeling downcast and disheartened and hopeless', 'discontentment': 'a longing for something better than the present situation', 'disgruntlement': 'a feeling of sulky discontent', 'dysphoria': 'abnormal depression and discontent', 'dissatisfaction': 'the feeling of being displeased and discontent; \"he was never slow to express his dissatisfaction with the service he received\"', 'boredom': 'the feeling of being bored by something tedious', 'blahs': 'a general feeling of boredom and dissatisfaction', 'fatigue': 'used of materials (especially metals) in a weakened state caused by long stress; \"metal fatigue\"', 'displeasure': 'the feeling of being displeased or annoyed or dissatisfied with someone or something', 'hopefulness': 'full of hope', 'sanguinity': 'feeling sanguine; optimistically cheerful and confident', 'despair': 'a state in which all hope is lost or absent; \"in the depths of despair\"; \"they were rescued from despair at the last minute\"; \"courage born of desperation\"', 'hopelessness': 'the despair you feel when you have abandoned hope of comfort or success', 'defeatism': 'acceptance of the inevitability of defeat', 'cynicism': 'a cynical feeling of distrust', 'filial_love': 'the love of a child for a parent', 'puppy_love': 'temporary love of an adolescent', 'affection': 'a positive feeling of liking; \"he had trouble expressing the affection he felt\"; \"the child won everyone\\'s heart\"; \"the warmness of his welcome made us feel right at home\"', 'soft_spot': 'a sentimental affection; \"she had a soft spot for her youngest son\"', 'heartstrings': 'your deepest feelings of love and compassion; \"many adoption cases tug at the heartstrings\"', 'lovingness': 'a loving feeling', 'warmheartedness': 'a warmhearted feeling', 'hate': 'the emotion of intense dislike; a feeling of dislike so strong that it demands action', 'misogamy': 'hatred of marriage', 'misogyny': 'hatred of women', 'misology': 'hatred of reasoning', 'misoneism': 'hatred of change or innovation', 'misocainea': 'hatred of new ideas', 'misopedia': 'hatred of children', 'despisal': 'a feeling of scornful hatred', 'animosity': 'a feeling of ill will arousing active hostility', 'class_feeling': 'feelings of envy and resentment of one social or economic class for toward another', 'belligerence': 'hostile or warlike attitude or nature', 'resentment': 'a feeling of deep and bitter anger and ill-will', 'heartburning': 'intense resentment; \"his promotion caused much heartburning among his rivals\"', 'grudge': 'a resentment strong enough to justify retaliation; \"holding a grudge\"; \"settling a score\"', 'covetousness': 'an envious eagerness to possess something', 'penis_envy': \"(psychoanalysis) a female's presumed envy of the male's penis; said to explain femininity\", 'malice': 'feeling a need to see others suffer', 'vindictiveness': 'a malevolent desire for revenge', 'peeve': 'an annoyed or irritated mood', 'sulk': 'a mood or display of sullen aloofness or withdrawal; \"stayed home in a sulk\"', 'good_humor': 'a cheerful and agreeable mood', 'jollity': 'feeling jolly and jovial and full of good humor', 'ill_humor': 'an angry and disagreeable mood', 'moroseness': 'a gloomy ill-tempered feeling', 'irascibility': 'a feeling of resentful anger', 'irritability': 'an irritable petulant feeling', 'testiness': 'feeling easily irritated', 'kindheartedness': 'sympathy arising from a kind heart', 'commiseration': 'a feeling of sympathy and sorrow for the misfortunes of others; \"the blind are too often objects of pity\"', 'empathy': \"understanding and entering into another's feelings\", 'eagerness': 'a positive feeling of wanting to push ahead with something', 'technophilia': 'enthusiasm for new technology', 'comfort_food': 'food that is simply prepared and gives a sense of wellbeing; typically food with a high sugar or carbohydrate content that is associated with childhood or with home cooking', 'comestible': 'any substance that can be used as food', 'dainty': 'something considered choice to eat', 'fast_food': 'inexpensive food (hamburgers or chicken or milkshakes) prepared and served quickly', 'finger_food': 'food to be eaten with the fingers', 'ingesta': 'solid and liquid nourishment taken into the body through the mouth', 'kosher': 'food that fulfills the requirements of Jewish dietary law', 'fare': 'the sum charged for riding in a public conveyance', 'dietary': 'a regulated daily food allowance', 'allergy_diet': 'a diet designed to avoid the foods that you are allergic to', 'balanced_diet': 'a diet that contains adequate amounts of all the necessary nutrients required for healthy growth and activity', 'bland_diet': 'a diet of foods that are not irritating; \"he ate a bland diet because of his colitis\"', 'clear_liquid_diet': 'a diet of fluids with minimal residues (fat-free broth or strained fruit juices or gelatin); cannot be used for more than one day postoperative', 'diabetic_diet': 'a diet designed to help control the symptoms of diabetes', 'dietary_supplement': 'something added to complete a diet or to make up for a dietary deficiency', 'carbohydrate_loading': 'a diet of foods high in starch that increases carbohydrate reserves in muscles; \"carbo loading is used by endurance athletes just before competing\"', 'fad_diet': 'a reducing diet that enjoys temporary popularity', 'gluten-free_diet': 'diet prescribed to treat celiac disease; eliminates such foods as wheat and rye and oats and beans and cabbage and turnips and cucumbers that are rich in gluten', 'high-protein_diet': 'a diet high in plant and animal proteins; used to treat malnutrition or to increase muscle mass', 'high-vitamin_diet': 'a diet designed to patients with vitamin deficiencies', 'leftovers': 'food remaining from a previous meal; \"he had leftovers for dinner last night\"', 'light_diet': 'diet prescribed for bedridden or convalescent people; does not include fried or highly seasoned foods', 'liquid_diet': 'a diet of foods that can be served in liquid or strained form (plus custards or puddings); prescribed after certain kinds of surgery', 'low-calorie_diet': 'a diet that is low on calories', 'low-fat_diet': 'a diet containing limited amounts of fat and stressing foods high in carbohydrates; used in treatment of some gallbladder conditions', 'low-sodium_diet': 'a diet that limits the intake of salt (sodium chloride); often used in treating hypertension or edema or certain other disorders', 'macrobiotic_diet': 'a diet consisting chiefly of beans and whole grains', 'reducing_diet': 'a diet designed to help you lose weight (especially fat)', 'soft_diet': 'a diet that does not require chewing; advised for those with intestinal disorders', 'vegetarianism': 'a diet excluding all meat and fish', 'training_table': 'planned meals for athletes in training (usually served in a mess hall)', 'ration': 'a fixed portion that is allotted (especially in times of scarcity)', 'field_ration': 'rations issued for United States troops in the field', 'K_ration': 'a small package of emergency rations; issued to United States troops in World War II', 'C-ration': 'a canned field ration issued by the United States Army', 'foodstuff': 'a substance that can be used or prepared for use as food', 'starches': 'foodstuff rich in natural starch (especially potatoes, rice, bread)', 'breadstuff': 'flour or meal or grain used in baking bread', 'tomato_concentrate': 'a concentrated form of tomatoes', 'meal': 'any of the occasions for eating food that occur by custom or habit at more or less fixed times', 'cornmeal': 'coarsely ground corn', 'farina': 'fine meal made from cereal grain especially wheat; often used as a cooked cereal or in puddings', 'matzo_meal': 'meal made from ground matzos', 'oatmeal': 'porridge made of rolled oats', 'pea_flour': 'meal made from dried peas', 'pinole': 'meal made of finely ground corn mixed with sugar and spices', 'roughage': 'coarse, indigestible plant food low in nutrients; its bulk stimulates intestinal peristalsis', 'bran': 'broken husks of the seeds of cereal grains that are separated from the flour by sifting', 'flour': 'fine powdery foodstuff obtained by grinding and sifting the meal of a cereal grain', 'plain_flour': 'flour that does not contain a raising agent', 'wheat_flour': 'flour prepared from wheat', 'whole_wheat_flour': \"flour made by grinding the entire wheat berry including the bran; (`whole meal flour' is British usage)\", 'soybean_meal': 'meal made from soybeans', 'semolina': 'milled product of durum wheat (or other hard wheat) used in pasta', 'blood_meal': 'the dried and powdered blood of animals', 'gluten': 'a protein substance that remains when starch is removed from cereal grains; gives cohesiveness to dough', 'corn_gluten': 'gluten prepared from corn', 'corn_gluten_feed': 'a feed consisting primarily of corn gluten', 'wheat_gluten': 'gluten prepared from wheat', 'nutriment': 'a source of materials to nourish the body', 'cuisine': 'the practice or manner of preparing food or the food so prepared', 'dim_sum': 'traditional Chinese cuisine; a variety of foods (including several kinds of steamed or fried dumplings) are served successively in small portions', 'haute_cuisine': '(French) an elaborate and skillful manner of preparing food', 'nouvelle_cuisine': 'a school of French cooking that uses light sauces and tries to bring out the natural flavors of foods instead of making heavy use of butter and cream', 'rechauffe': 'warmed leftovers', 'commissariat': 'a stock or supply of foods', 'food_cache': 'food in a secure or hidden storage place', 'larder': 'a supply of food especially for a household', 'fresh_food': 'food that is not preserved by canning or dehydration or freezing or smoking', 'frozen_food': 'food preserved by freezing', 'canned_food': 'food preserved by canning', 'canned_meat': 'meat preserved in a can or tin', 'Fanny_Adams': 'nautical term for tinned meat', 'Spam': 'a canned meat made largely from pork', 'dehydrated_food': 'food preserved by dehydration', 'square_meal': 'a substantial and nourishing meal; \"he seldom got three square meals a day\"', 'potluck': 'whatever happens to be available especially when offered to an unexpected guest or when brought by guests and shared by all; \"having arrived unannounced we had to take potluck\"; \"a potluck supper\"', 'refection': 'a light meal or repast', 'breakfast': 'the first meal of the day (usually in the morning)', 'continental_breakfast': 'a breakfast that usually includes a roll and coffee or tea', 'brunch': 'combination breakfast and lunch; usually served in late morning', 'lunch': 'a midday meal', 'business_lunch': 'lunch (usually at a restaurant) where business is discussed and the cost is charged as a business expense', 'high_tea': 'substantial early evening meal including tea', 'tea': 'a tropical evergreen shrub or small tree extensively cultivated in e.g. China and Japan and India; source of tea leaves; \"tea has fragrant white flowers\"', 'dinner': 'a party of people assembled to have dinner together; \"guests should never be late to a dinner party\"', 'supper': 'a social gathering where a light evening meal is served; \"her suppers often included celebrities\"', 'TV_dinner': 'a meal that is prepared in advance and frozen; can be heated and served', 'picnic': 'any informal meal eaten outside or on an excursion', 'cookout': 'an informal meal cooked and eaten outdoors', 'clambake': 'a cookout at the seashore where clams and fish and other foods are cooked--usually on heated stones covered with seaweed', 'fish_fry': 'a cookout where fried fish is the main course', 'wiener_roast': 'a cookout where roasted frankfurters are the main course', 'nosh': '(Yiddish) a snack or light meal', 'nosh-up': 'a large satisfying meal', \"ploughman's_lunch\": 'a meal consisting of a sandwich of bread and cheese and a salad', 'coffee_break': 'a snack taken during a break in the work day; \"a ten-minute coffee break\"; \"the British have tea breaks\"', 'banquet': 'a ceremonial dinner party for many people', 'helping': 'an individual quantity of food or drink taken as part of a meal; \"the helpings were all small\"; \"his portion was larger than hers\"; \"there\\'s enough for two servings each\"', 'morsel': 'a small quantity of anything; \"a morsel of paper was all he needed\"', 'piece_de_resistance': 'the most important dish of a meal', 'adobo': 'a dish of marinated vegetables and meat or fish; served with rice', 'side_dish': 'a dish that is served with, but is subordinate to, a main course', 'chicken_casserole': 'chicken cooked and served in a casserole', 'chicken_cacciatore': 'chicken casserole prepared with tomatoes and mushrooms and herbs in the Italian style', 'roast': 'a piece of meat roasted or for roasting and of a size for slicing into more than one portion', 'confit': 'a piece of meat (especially a duck) cooked slowly in its own fat', 'antipasto': 'a course of appetizers in an Italian meal', 'appetizer': 'food or drink to stimulate the appetite (usually served before a meal or as the first course)', 'canape': 'an appetizer consisting usually of a thin slice of bread or toast spread with caviar or cheese or other savory food', 'cocktail': 'a short mixed drink', 'fruit_cocktail': 'a mixture of sliced or diced fruits', 'crab_cocktail': 'a cocktail of cold cooked crabmeat and a sauce', 'shrimp_cocktail': 'a cocktail of cold cooked shrimp and a sauce', \"hors_d'oeuvre\": 'a dish served as an appetizer before the main meal', 'bean_dip': 'a dip made of cooked beans', 'cheese_dip': 'a dip made of cheeses', 'clam_dip': 'a dip made of clams and soft cream cheese', 'guacamole': 'a dip made of mashed avocado mixed with chopped onions and other seasonings', 'soup': 'any composition having a consistency suggestive of soup', 'soup_du_jour': 'the soup that a restaurant is featuring on a given day', 'alphabet_soup': 'a confusing assortment; \"Roosevelt created an alphabet soup of federal agencies\"', 'consomme': 'clear soup usually of beef or veal or chicken', 'madrilene': 'a tomato-flavored consomme; often served chilled', 'bisque': 'a thick cream soup made from shellfish', 'borsch': 'a Russian or Polish soup usually containing beet juice as a foundation', 'broth': 'liquid in which meat and vegetables are simmered; used as a basis for e.g. soups or sauces; \"she made gravy with a base of beef stock\"', 'liquor': 'a liquid substance that is a solution (or emulsion or suspension) used or obtained in an industrial process; \"waste liquors\"', 'barley_water': 'used to feed infants', 'bouillon': 'a clear seasoned broth', 'beef_broth': 'a stock made with beef', 'chicken_broth': 'a stock made with chicken', 'stock_cube': 'a cube of dehydrated stock', 'chicken_soup': 'soup made from chicken broth', 'cock-a-leekie': 'soup made from chicken boiled with leeks', 'gazpacho': 'a soup made with chopped tomatoes and onions and cucumbers and peppers and herbs; served cold', 'gumbo': 'any of various fine-grained silty soils that become waxy and very sticky mud when saturated with water', 'julienne': 'a vegetable cut into thin strips (usually used as a garnish)', 'mock_turtle_soup': \"soup made from a calf's head or other meat in imitation of green turtle soup\", 'mulligatawny': 'a soup of eastern India that is flavored with curry; prepared with a meat or chicken base', 'oxtail_soup': 'a soup made from the skinned tail of an ox', 'pea_soup': 'a heavy thick yellow fog', 'pepper_pot': 'a soup made with vegetables and tripe and seasoned with peppercorns; often contains dumplings', 'petite_marmite': 'soup made with a variety of vegetables', 'potage': 'thick (often creamy) soup', 'pottage': 'a stew of vegetables and (sometimes) meat', 'turtle_soup': 'soup usually made of the flesh of green turtles', 'eggdrop_soup': 'made by stirring beaten eggs into a simmering broth', 'chowder': 'a thick soup or stew made with milk and bacon and onions and potatoes', 'corn_chowder': 'chowder containing corn', 'clam_chowder': 'chowder containing clams', 'Manhattan_clam_chowder': 'a chowder made with clams and tomatoes and other vegetables and seasonings', 'New_England_clam_chowder': 'a thick chowder made with clams and potatoes and onions and salt pork and milk', 'fish_chowder': 'chowder containing fish', 'won_ton': 'a Chinese dumpling filled with spiced minced pork; usually served in soup', 'split-pea_soup': 'made of stock and split peas with onions carrots and celery', 'green_pea_soup': 'made of fresh green peas and stock with shredded lettuce onion and celery', 'lentil_soup': 'made of stock and lentils with onions carrots and celery', 'Scotch_broth': 'a thick soup made from beef or mutton with vegetables and pearl barley', 'vichyssoise': 'a creamy potato soup flavored with leeks and onions; usually served cold', 'stew': 'food prepared by stewing especially meat or fish with vegetables', 'bigos': 'a Polish stew of cabbage and meat', 'Brunswick_stew': 'spicy southern specialty: chicken (or small game) with corn and tomatoes and lima beans and okra and onions and potatoes', 'burgoo': 'a gathering at which burgoo stew is served', 'olla_podrida': 'Spanish version of burgoo', 'mulligan_stew': 'Irish version of burgoo', 'purloo': 'thick stew made of rice and chicken and small game; southern U.S.', 'goulash': 'a rich meat stew highly seasoned with paprika', 'hotchpotch': 'a stew (or thick soup) made with meat and vegetables', 'hot_pot': 'a stew of meat and potatoes cooked in a tightly covered pot', 'beef_goulash': 'meat is browned before stewing', 'pork-and-veal_goulash': 'made with sauerkraut and caraway seeds and served with sour cream', 'porkholt': 'made of lamb or pork', 'Irish_stew': 'meat (especially mutton) stewed with potatoes and onions', 'oyster_stew': 'oysters in cream', 'lobster_stew': 'diced lobster meat in milk or cream', 'lobscouse': 'a stew of meat and vegetables and hardtack that is eaten by sailors', 'fish_stew': 'a stew made with fish', 'bouillabaisse': 'highly seasoned Mediterranean soup or stew made of several kinds of fish and shellfish with tomatoes and onions or leeks and seasoned with saffron and garlic and herbs', 'matelote': 'highly seasoned soup or stew made of freshwater fishes (eel, carp, perch) with wine and stock', 'paella': 'saffron-flavored dish made of rice with shellfish and chicken', 'fricassee': 'pieces of chicken or other meat stewed in gravy with e.g. carrots and onions and served with noodles or dumplings', 'chicken_stew': 'a stew made with chicken', 'turkey_stew': 'a stew made with turkey', 'beef_stew': 'a stew made with beef', 'stew_meat': 'tough meat that needs stewing to be edible', 'ragout': 'well-seasoned stew of meat and vegetables', 'ratatouille': 'a vegetable stew; usually made with tomatoes, eggplant, zucchini, peppers, onion, and seasonings', 'salmi': 'ragout of game in a rich sauce', 'pot-au-feu': 'traditional French stew of vegetables and beef', 'slumgullion': 'a thin stew of meat and vegetables', 'smorgasbord': 'an assortment of foods starting with herring or smoked eel or salmon etc with bread and butter; then cheeses and eggs and pickled vegetables and aspics; finally hot foods; served as a buffet meal', 'viand': 'a choice or delicious dish', 'convenience_food': 'any packaged dish or food that can be prepared quickly and easily as by thawing or heating', 'ready-mix': 'a commercial preparation containing most of the ingredients for a dish', 'brownie_mix': 'a commercial mix for making brownies', 'cake_mix': 'a commercial mix for making a cake', 'lemonade_mix': 'a commercial mix for making lemonade', 'self-rising_flour': 'a commercially prepared mixture of flour and salt and a leavening agent', 'choice_morsel': 'a small tasty bit of food', 'savory': 'any of several aromatic herbs or subshrubs of the genus Satureja having spikes of flowers attractive to bees', \"calf's-foot_jelly\": \"a savory jelly made with gelatin obtained by boiling calves' feet\", 'caramel': 'firm chewy candy made from caramelized sugar and butter and milk', 'lump_sugar': 'refined sugar molded into rectangular shapes convenient as single servings', 'sugarloaf': 'a large conical loaf of concentrated refined sugar', 'cane_sugar': 'sucrose obtained from sugar cane', 'castor_sugar': 'very finely granulated sugar that was formerly sprinkled from a castor', 'powdered_sugar': 'sugar granulated into a fine powder', 'granulated_sugar': 'sugar in the form of small grains', 'icing_sugar': 'finely powdered sugar used to make icing', 'beet_sugar': 'sugar made from sugar beets', 'corn_sugar': 'dextrose made by hydrolysis of cornstarch', 'brown_sugar': 'unrefined or only partly refined sugar', 'demerara': 'a light brown raw cane sugar from Guyana', 'confiture': 'preserved or candied fruit', 'sweetmeat': 'a sweetened delicacy (as a preserve or pastry)', 'candy': 'a rich sweet made of flavored sugar and often combined with fruit or nuts', 'candy_bar': 'a candy shaped as a bar', 'carob': 'long pod containing small beans and sweetish edible pulp; used as animal feed and source of a chocolate substitute', 'carob_bar': 'a bar of candy made with carob powder', 'hardbake': 'a British sweet made with molasses and butter and almonds', 'hard_candy': 'candy that is brittle; \"you can break a tooth on that hard candy\"', 'barley-sugar': 'a brittle transparent candy made by melting and cooling cane sugar', 'brandyball': 'a British candy flavored with brandy', 'lemon_drop': 'a hard candy with lemon flavor and a yellow color and (usually) the shape of a lemon', 'sourball': 'round piece of tart hard candy', 'patty': 'small flat mass of chopped food', 'peppermint_patty': 'a patty flavored with peppermint', 'bonbon': 'a candy that usually has a center of fondant or fruit or nuts coated in chocolate', 'brittle': 'caramelized sugar cooled in thin sheets', 'peanut_brittle': 'brittle containing peanuts', 'chewing_gum': 'a preparation (usually made of sweetened chicle) for chewing', 'gum_ball': 'a ball of chewing gum with a coating of colored sugar', 'bubble_gum': 'a kind of chewing gum that can be blown into bubbles', 'butterscotch': 'a hard brittle candy made with butter and brown sugar', 'candied_fruit': 'fruit cooked in sugar syrup and encrusted with a sugar crystals', 'candied_apple': 'an apple that is covered with a candy-like substance (usually caramelized sugar)', 'crystallized_ginger': 'strips of gingerroot cooked in sugar syrup and coated with sugar', 'grapefruit_peel': 'strips of grapefruit peel cooked in sugar syrup and coated with sugar', 'lemon_peel': 'the rind of a lemon', 'orange_peel': 'the rind of an orange', 'candied_citrus_peel': 'strips of citrus peel cooked in a sugar syrup', 'candy_cane': 'a hard candy in the shape of a rod (usually with stripes)', 'candy_corn': 'a small yellow and white candy shaped to resemble a kernel of corn', 'bitter_chocolate': 'pure unsweetened chocolate used in baking and icings and sauces and candy', 'chocolate_candy': 'candy made with chocolate', 'chocolate_liquor': 'the liquid or paste that is produced when cocoa beans are roasted and ground; the basis of all chocolate', 'cocoa_butter': 'a yellow-white fat from cocoa beans', 'cocoa_powder': 'the powdery remains of chocolate liquor after cocoa butter is removed; used in baking and in low fat and low calorie recipes and as a flavoring for ice cream', 'choc': 'colloquial British abbreviation; \"a box of chocs\"', 'chocolate_bar': 'a bar of chocolate candy', 'Hershey_bar': 'a bar of milk chocolate made by the Hershey company', 'bittersweet_chocolate': 'chocolate liquor with cocoa butter and small amounts of sugar and vanilla; lecithin is usually added', 'couverture': 'chocolate that contains at least 32 percent cocoa butter', 'Dutch-processed_cocoa': 'cocoa powder treated with a mild alkalizing agent (such as baking soda)', 'jimmies': 'bits of sweet chocolate used as a topping on e.g. ice cream', 'milk_chocolate': 'chocolate made from chocolate liquor with sugar and cocoa butter and powdered milk solids and vanilla and (usually) lecithin; the most common form of chocolate for eating; used in chocolate candy and baking and coatings', 'white_chocolate': 'a blend of cocoa butter and milk solids and sugar and vanilla; used in candy bars and baking and coatings; not technically chocolate because it contains no chocolate liquor', 'nonpareil': 'colored beads of sugar used as a topping on e.g. candies and cookies', 'comfit': 'candy containing a fruit or nut', 'cotton_candy': 'a candy made by spinning sugar that has been boiled to a high temperature', 'fondant': 'candy made of a thick creamy sugar paste', 'fudge': 'soft creamy candy', 'chocolate_fudge': 'fudge made with chocolate or cocoa', 'penuche': 'fudge made with brown sugar and butter and milk and nuts', 'gumdrop': 'a jellied candy coated with sugar crystals', 'jujube': 'spiny tree having dark red edible fruits', 'honey_crisp': 'a crisp candy made with honey', 'horehound': 'any of various aromatic herbs of the genus Marrubium', 'peppermint': 'herb with downy leaves and small purple or white flowers that yields a pungent oil used as a flavoring', 'jelly_bean': 'sugar-glazed jellied candy', 'molasses_kiss': 'a candy kiss that resembles toffee', 'meringue_kiss': 'a kiss made of sugar and egg white and baked slowly', 'chocolate_kiss': 'a kiss that consists of a conical bite-sized piece of chocolate', 'Scotch_kiss': 'butterscotch candy kiss', 'licorice': 'deep-rooted coarse-textured plant native to the Mediterranean region having blue flowers and pinnately compound leaves; widely cultivated in Europe for its long thick sweet roots', 'Life_Saver': 'a candy shaped like a small lifesaver', 'lollipop': 'hard candy on a stick', 'lozenge': 'a small aromatic or medicated candy', 'cachou': 'a scented lozenge used to sweeten the breath (e.g. to conceal the odor of tobacco)', 'cough_drop': 'a medicated lozenge used to soothe the throat', 'marshmallow': 'spongy confection made of gelatin and sugar and corn syrup and dusted with powdered sugar', 'marzipan': 'almond paste and egg whites', 'nougat': 'nuts or fruit pieces in a sugar paste', 'nougat_bar': 'a bar of nougat candy often dipped in chocolate', 'nut_bar': 'paste of nuts and sugar on a pastry base cut into bars', 'peanut_bar': 'bar of peanuts in taffy', 'popcorn_ball': 'popcorn combined with a thick sugar or molasses or caramel syrup and formed into balls', 'praline': 'cookie-sized candy made of brown sugar and butter and pecans', 'rock_candy': 'hard bright-colored stick candy (typically flavored with peppermint)', 'sugar_candy': 'made by boiling pure sugar until it hardens', 'sugarplum': 'any of various small sugary candies', 'taffy': 'chewy candy of sugar or syrup boiled until thick and pulled until glossy', 'molasses_taffy': 'taffy made of molasses', 'truffle': 'any of various highly prized edible subterranean fungi of the genus Tuber; grow naturally in southwestern Europe', 'Turkish_Delight': 'a jellied candy typically flavored with rose water', 'dessert': 'a dish served as the last course of a meal', 'ambrosia': 'fruit dessert made of oranges and bananas with shredded coconut', 'baked_Alaska': 'cake covered with ice cream and meringue browned quickly in an oven', 'blancmange': 'sweet almond-flavored milk pudding thickened with gelatin or cornstarch; usually molded', 'charlotte': 'a mold lined with cake or crumbs and filled with fruit or whipped cream or custard', 'compote': 'dessert of stewed or baked fruit', 'dumpling': 'small balls or strips of boiled or steamed dough', 'flan': 'open pastry filled with fruit or custard', 'frozen_dessert': 'any of various desserts prepared by freezing', 'pavlova': 'a dessert consisting of a meringue base or cup filled with fruit and whipped cream', 'peach_melba': 'ice cream and peaches with a liqueur', 'prune_whip': 'dessert made of prune puree and whipped cream', 'pudding': 'any of various soft thick unsweetened baked dishes; \"corn pudding\"', 'syllabub': 'spiced hot milk with rum or wine', 'tiramisu': 'an Italian dessert consisting of layers of sponge cake soaked with coffee and brandy or liqueur layered with mascarpone cheese and topped with grated chocolate', 'trifle': 'a cold pudding made of layers of sponge cake spread with fruit or jelly; may be decorated with nuts, cream, or chocolate', 'tipsy_cake': 'a trifle soaked in wine and decorated with almonds and candied fruit', 'jello': 'fruit-flavored dessert (trade mark Jell-O) made from a commercially prepared gelatin powder', 'charlotte_russe': 'lady fingers enclosing Bavarian cream', 'apple_dumpling': 'apples wrapped in pastry and baked', 'ice': 'water frozen in the solid state; \"Americans like ice in their drinks\"', 'water_ice': 'an ice containing no milk but having a mushy consistency; usually made from fruit juice', 'ice_cream': 'frozen dessert containing cream and sugar and flavoring', 'ice-cream_cone': 'ice cream in a crisp conical wafer', 'chocolate_ice_cream': 'ice cream flavored with chocolate', 'choc-ice': 'colloquial British abbreviation for chocolate ice cream', 'Neapolitan_ice_cream': 'a block of ice cream with 3 or 4 layers of different colors and flavors', 'peach_ice_cream': 'ice cream flavored with fresh peaches', 'sherbert': 'a frozen dessert made primarily of fruit juice and sugar, but also containing milk or egg-white or gelatin', 'strawberry_ice_cream': 'ice cream flavored with fresh strawberries', 'tutti-frutti': 'ice cream containing chopped candied fruits', 'vanilla_ice_cream': 'ice cream flavored with vanilla extract', 'ice_lolly': 'ice cream or water ice on a small wooden stick; \"in England a popsicle is called an ice lolly\"', 'ice_milk': 'similar to ice cream but made of milk', 'frozen_yogurt': 'a soft frozen dessert of sweetened flavored yogurt', 'parfait': 'layers of ice cream and syrup and whipped cream', 'ice-cream_sundae': 'ice cream served with a topping', 'banana_split': 'a banana split lengthwise and topped with scoops of ice cream and sauces and nuts and whipped cream', 'frozen_pudding': 'a chilled dessert consisting of a mixture of custard and nuts and (sometimes) liquor', 'frozen_custard': 'dessert resembling ice cream but with a boiled custard base', 'flummery': 'a bland custard or pudding especially of oatmeal', 'fish_mousse': 'mousse made with fish', 'chicken_mousse': 'mousse made with chicken', 'chocolate_mousse': 'dessert mousse made with chocolate', 'plum_pudding': 'a rich steamed or boiled pudding that resembles cake', 'carrot_pudding': 'pudding made with grated carrots', 'corn_pudding': 'pudding made of corn and cream and egg', 'steamed_pudding': 'a pudding cooked by steaming', 'duff': 'a stiff flour pudding steamed or boiled usually and containing e.g. currants and raisins and citron', 'vanilla_pudding': 'sweet vanilla flavored custard-like pudding usually thickened with flour rather than eggs', 'chocolate_pudding': 'sweet chocolate flavored custard-like pudding usually thickened with flour rather than eggs', 'brown_Betty': 'baked pudding of apples and breadcrumbs', 'Nesselrode': 'a rich frozen pudding made of chopped chestnuts and maraschino cherries and candied fruits and liqueur or rum', 'pease_pudding': 'a pudding made with strained split peas mixed with egg', 'custard': 'sweetened mixture of milk and eggs baked or boiled or frozen', 'creme_caramel': 'baked custard topped with caramel', 'creme_anglais': 'custard sauce flavored with vanilla or a liqueur', 'creme_brulee': 'custard sprinkled with sugar and broiled', 'fruit_custard': 'a custard containing fruit', 'quiche': 'a tart filled with rich unsweetened custard; often contains other ingredients (as cheese or ham or seafood or vegetables)', 'quiche_Lorraine': 'quiche made with cheese and bacon', 'tapioca': 'granular preparation of cassava starch used to thicken especially puddings', 'tapioca_pudding': 'sweet pudding thickened with tapioca', 'roly-poly': 'pudding made of suet pastry spread with jam or fruit and rolled up and baked or steamed', 'suet_pudding': 'a sweet or savory pudding made with suet and steamed or boiled', 'spotted_dick': 'a suet pudding containing currants', 'Bavarian_cream': 'a rich custard set with gelatin', 'maraschino': 'distilled from fermented juice of bitter wild marasca cherries', 'frosting': 'a flavored sugar topping used to coat and decorate cakes', 'meringue': 'sweet topping especially for pies made of beaten egg whites and sugar', 'whipped_cream': 'cream that has been beaten until light and fluffy', 'zabaglione': 'light foamy custard-like dessert served hot or chilled', 'topping': 'a flavorful addition on top of a dish', 'streusel': 'pastry with a topping of streusel', 'baked_goods': 'foods (like breads and cakes and pastries) that are cooked in an oven', 'crumb': 'a very small quantity of something; \"he gave only a crumb of information about his plans\"; \"there were few crumbs of comfort in the report\"', 'breadcrumb': 'crumb of bread; used especially for coating or thickening', 'cracker_crumbs': 'crumbs of crackers used especially for coating or thickening', 'pastry': 'a dough of flour and water and shortening', 'pie_crust': 'pastry used to hold pie fillings', 'dowdy': 'deep-dish apple dessert covered with a rich crust', 'frangipane': 'pastry with a creamy almond-flavored filling', 'tart': 'a small open pie with a fruit filling', 'apple_tart': 'a small open pie filled with sliced apples and sugar', 'lobster_tart': 'a pastry shell filled with cooked lobster', 'tartlet': 'a small tart usually used as a canape', 'turnover': 'a dish made by folding a piece of pastry over a filling', 'apple_turnover': 'turnover with an apple filling', 'knish': '(Yiddish) a baked or fried turnover filled with potato or meat or cheese; often eaten as a snack', 'pirogi': 'small fruit or meat turnover baked or fried', 'samosa': 'small turnover of Indian origin filled with vegetables or meat and fried and served hot', 'timbale': 'individual serving of minced e.g. meat or fish in a rich creamy sauce baked in a small pastry mold or timbale shell', 'pie': 'dish baked in pastry-lined pan often with a pastry top', 'deep-dish_pie': 'a pie made of fruit with rich biscuit dough usually only on top of the fruit', 'shoofly_pie': 'open pie filled with a mixture of sweet crumbs and molasses', 'mince_pie': 'pie containing mincemeat', 'apple_pie': 'pie (with a top crust) containing sliced apples and sugar', 'lemon_meringue_pie': 'pie containing lemon custard and topped with meringue', 'blueberry_pie': 'pie containing blueberries and sugar', 'rhubarb_pie': 'pie containing diced rhubarb and much sugar', 'pecan_pie': 'pie made of pecans and sugar and corn syrup and butter and eggs', 'pumpkin_pie': 'pie made of mashed pumpkin and milk and eggs and sugar', 'squash_pie': 'similar to pumpkin pie but made with winter squash instead of pumpkin', 'French_pastry': 'sweet filled pastry made of especially puff paste', 'napoleon': 'a rectangular piece of pastry with thin flaky layers and filled with custard cream', 'patty_shell': 'shell of puff paste', 'sausage_roll': 'sausage meat rolled and baked in pastry', 'toad-in-the-hole': 'sausage baked in batter', 'vol-au-vent': 'puff paste shell filled with a savory meat mixture usually with a sauce', 'strudel': 'thin sheet of filled dough rolled and baked', 'baklava': 'rich Middle Eastern cake made of thin layers of flaky pastry filled with nuts and honey', 'puff_paste': 'dough used for very light flaky rich pastries', 'phyllo': 'tissue thin sheets of pastry used especially in Greek dishes', 'puff_batter': 'batter for making light hollow cases to hold various fillings', 'profiterole': 'a small hollow pastry that is typically filled with cream and covered with chocolate', 'cream_puff': 'puff filled with cream or custard', 'eclair': 'oblong cream puff', 'chocolate_eclair': 'eclair topped with chocolate', 'applesauce_cake': 'moist spicy cake containing applesauce', 'baba': 'a small cake leavened with yeast', 'baba_au_rhum': 'a baba soaked in rum', 'birthday_cake': 'decorated cake served at a birthday party', 'chiffon_cake': 'very light cake', 'chocolate_cake': 'cake containing chocolate', 'coconut_cake': 'cake containing shredded coconut in batter and frosting', 'coffeecake': 'a cake or sweet bread usually served with coffee', 'babka': 'a coffee cake flavored with orange rind and raisins and almonds', 'crumb_cake': 'cake or coffeecake topped with a mixture of sugar and butter and flour', 'crumpet': 'a thick soft cake with a porous texture; cooked on a griddle', 'cupcake': 'small cake baked in a muffin tin', \"devil's_food\": 'very dark chocolate cake', 'Eccles_cake': 'a flat round cake of sweetened pastry filled with dried fruit', 'fruitcake': 'a rich cake containing dried fruit and nuts and citrus peel and so on', 'Christmas_cake': 'a rich fruitcake (usually covered with icing and marzipan) and eaten at Christmas', 'simnel': 'a crisp bread of fine white flour', 'gateau': 'any of various rich and elaborate cakes', 'ice-cream_cake': 'ice cream molded to look like a cake', 'sponge_cake': 'a light porous cake made with eggs and flour and sugar without shortening', 'angel_cake': 'a light sponge cake made without egg yolks', 'jellyroll': 'thin sheet of sponge cake spread with jelly and then rolled up to make a cylindrical cake', 'Madeira_cake': 'a rich sponge cake with close texture; intended to be eaten with a glass of Madeira wine', 'Twinkie': 'a small sponge cake with a synthetic cream filling', 'wedding_cake': 'a rich cake with two or more tiers and covered with frosting and decorations; served at a wedding reception', 'white_cake': 'cake made without egg yolks', 'spice_cake': 'cake flavored with spices', 'gingerbread': 'cake flavored with ginger', 'pound_cake': 'rich loaf cake made of a pound each of butter and sugar and flour', 'layer_cake': 'cake having layers held together by a sweet filling and usually covered with frosting', 'torte': 'rich cake usually covered with cream and fruit or nuts; originated in Austria', 'petit_four': 'small (individual) frosted and ornamented cake', 'prune_cake': 'moist cake containing prunes that have been made into a puree', 'jumble': 'small flat ring-shaped cake or cookie', 'savarin': 'a sponge cake baked in a ring mold', 'Boston_cream_pie': 'layer cake filled with custard', 'upside-down_cake': 'batter baked atop a layer of sweetened fruit then turned upside down so fruit is on top', 'honey_cake': 'a spicy cake partially sweetened with honey', 'marble_cake': 'made of light and dark batter very lightly blended', 'genoise': 'rich and delicate Italian sponge cake', 'seedcake': 'a sweet cake flavored with sesame or caraway seeds and lemon', 'teacake': 'flat semisweet cookie or biscuit usually served with tea', 'Sally_Lunn': 'a flat round slightly sweet teacake usually served hot', 'dog_biscuit': 'a hard biscuit for dogs', 'butter_cookie': 'cookie containing much butter', 'spice_cookie': 'cookie flavored with spices', 'shortbread': 'very rich thick butter cookie', 'almond_cookie': 'very rich cookie containing ground almonds; usually crescent-shaped', 'brownie': 'square or bar of very rich chocolate cake usually with nuts', 'gingersnap': 'a crisp round cookie flavored with ginger', 'macaroon': 'chewy cookie usually containing almond paste', 'ratafia': 'sweet liqueur made from wine and brandy flavored with plum or peach or apricot kernels and bitter almonds', 'coconut_macaroon': 'macaroon containing coconut', 'ladyfinger': 'small finger-shaped sponge cake', 'anise_cookie': 'cookie made without butter and flavored with anise seed', 'molasses_cookie': 'very spicy cookies sweetened partially with molasses', 'oreo': 'chocolate cookie with white cream filling', 'raisin-nut_cookie': 'cookie filled with a paste of raisins and nuts', 'refrigerator_cookie': 'dough formed into a roll and chilled in the refrigerator then sliced and baked', 'raisin_cookie': 'cookie containing raisins', 'fruit_bar': 'cookies containing chopped fruits either mixed in the dough or spread between layers of dough then baked and cut in bars', 'apricot_bar': 'fruit bar containing apricot jam', 'date_bar': 'fruit bar containing chopped dates', 'sugar_cookie': 'cookies sprinkled with granulated sugar', 'oatmeal_cookie': 'cookies containing rolled oats', 'chocolate_chip_cookie': 'cookies containing chocolate chips', 'fortune_cookie': 'thin folded wafer containing a maxim on a slip of paper', 'gingerbread_man': 'gingerbread cut in the shape of a person', 'friedcake': 'small cake in the form of a ring or twist or ball or strip fried in deep fat', 'doughboy': 'an American infantryman in World War I', 'doughnut': 'a small ring-shaped friedcake', 'raised_doughnut': 'a doughnut made light with yeast rather than baking powder', 'Berlin_doughnut': 'a raised doughnut filled with jelly or jam', 'fastnacht': 'doughnut traditionally eaten on Shrove Tuesday', 'cruller': 'small friedcake formed into twisted strips and fried; richer than doughnuts', 'French_fritter': \"a deep-fried, yeast-raised doughnut dusted with confectioners' sugar\", 'fritter': 'small quantity of fried batter containing fruit or meat or vegetables', 'apple_fritter': 'fritter containing sliced apple', 'corn_fritter': 'fritter containing corn or corn kernels', 'pancake': 'a flat cake of thin batter fried on both sides on a griddle', 'yeast_cake': 'small cake of compressed moist yeast', 'buckwheat_cake': 'a pancake made with buckwheat flour', 'buttermilk_pancake': 'a pancake made with buttermilk', 'blini': 'Russian pancake of buckwheat flour and yeast; usually served with caviar and sour cream', 'blintz': '(Judaism) thin pancake folded around a filling and fried or baked', 'crape': 'small very thin pancake', 'crepe_Suzette': 'crepes flamed in a sweet orange-and-lemon flavored liqueur sauce', 'pfannkuchen': \"puffy mildly sweet lemon-flavored egg mixture sprinkled with confectioners' sugar and served with jam or a wine or fruit sauce\", 'potato_pancake': 'made of grated potato and egg with a little flour', 'waffle': 'pancake batter baked in a waffle iron', 'Belgian_waffle': 'thick sweet waffle often eaten with ice cream or fruit sauce', 'fish_cake': 'a fried ball or patty of flaked fish and mashed potatoes', 'rock_cake': 'a small cake with a hard surface said to resemble a rock', 'Victoria_sandwich': 'a cake consisting of two layers of sponge cake with a jelly filling in between', 'fish_stick': 'a long fillet of fish breaded and fried', 'conserve': 'fruit preserved by cooking with sugar', 'apple_butter': 'thick dark spicy puree of apples', 'chowchow': 'chopped pickles in mustard sauce', 'jam': 'preserve of crushed fruit', 'lemon_curd': 'a conserve with a thick consistency; made with lemons and butter and eggs and sugar', 'strawberry_jam': 'made with strawberries', 'jelly': 'any substance having the consistency of jelly or gelatin', 'apple_jelly': 'jelly made from apple juice', 'crabapple_jelly': 'a tart apple jelly made from crab apples', 'grape_jelly': 'jelly made from grape juice', 'marmalade': 'a preserve made of the pulp and rind of citrus fruits', 'orange_marmalade': 'marmalade made from oranges', 'gelatin_dessert': 'jellied dessert made with gelatin and fruit juice or water', 'poultry': 'flesh of chickens or turkeys or ducks or geese raised for food', 'fryer': 'flesh of a medium-sized young chicken suitable for frying', 'Oven_Stuffer': 'a brand name for a roasting chicken', 'spatchcock': 'flesh of a chicken (or game bird) split down the back and grilled (usually immediately after being killed)', 'Rock_Cornish_hen': 'flesh of a small fowl bred for roasting', 'wildfowl': 'flesh of any of a number of wild game birds suitable for food', 'turkey_leg': 'the lower joint of the leg of a turkey', 'chicken_leg': 'the lower joint of the leg of a chicken', 'second_joint': 'the upper joint of the leg of a fowl', 'turkey_wing': 'the wing of a turkey', 'chicken_wing': 'the wing of a chicken', 'buffalo_wing': 'crisp spicy chicken wings', 'barbecued_wing': 'chicken wings cooked in barbecue sauce', 'giblet': 'edible viscera of a fowl', \"parson's_nose\": 'the tail of a dressed fowl', 'loaf': 'a quantity of food (other than bread) formed in a particular shape; \"meat loaf\"; \"sugar loaf\"; \"a loaf of cheese\"', 'meat': 'the flesh of animals (including fishes and birds and snails) used as food', 'dark_meat': 'the flesh of the legs of fowl used as food', 'mince': 'food chopped into small bits; \"a mince of mushrooms\"', 'puree': 'food prepared by cooking and straining or processed in a blender', 'raw_meat': 'uncooked meat', 'gobbet': 'a lump or chunk of raw meat', 'red_meat': 'meat that is dark in color before cooking (as beef, venison, lamb, mutton)', 'variety_meat': 'edible viscera of a butchered animal', 'offal': 'viscera and trimmings of a butchered animal often considered inedible by humans', \"calves'_liver\": 'liver of a calf used as meat', 'chicken_liver': 'liver of a chicken used as meat', 'goose_liver': 'liver of a goose used as meat', 'sweetbread': 'edible glands of an animal', \"calf's_brain\": 'the brain of a calf eaten as meat', 'stomach_sweetbread': 'edible pancreas of an animal', 'neck_sweetbread': 'edible thymus gland of an animal', 'beef_tongue': 'the tongue of a cow eaten as meat', \"calf's_tongue\": 'the tongue of a calf eaten as meat', 'venison': 'meat from a deer used as food', 'biryani': 'an Indian dish made with highly seasoned rice and meat or fish or vegetables', 'cold_cuts': 'sliced assorted cold meats', 'cutlet': 'thin slice of meat (especially veal) usually fried or broiled', 'escalope_de_veau_Orloff': 'lightly sauteed veal cutlets spread with a Soubise sauce and liver paste then sprinkled with grated Parmesan and baked briefly', 'saute': 'a dish of sauteed food', 'side_of_beef': 'dressed half of a beef carcass', 'forequarter': 'the front half of a side of meat', 'hindquarter': 'the back half of a side of meat', 'cut_of_beef': 'cut of meat from beef cattle', 'chuck_short_ribs': 'between the chuck and the brisket', 'entrecote': 'cut of meat taken from between the ribs', 'sparerib': 'a cut of pork ribs with much of the meat trimmed off', 'foreshank': 'a cut of meat from the upper part of a front leg', 'hindshank': 'a cut of meat from the upper part of a rear leg', 'brisket': 'a cut of meat from the breast or lower chest especially of beef', 'steak': 'a slice of meat cut from the fleshy part of an animal or large fish', 'fish_steak': 'cross-section slice of a large fish', 'beefsteak': 'a beef steak usually cooked by broiling', 'flank_steak': 'a cut of beef from the flank of the animal', 'minute_steak': 'a thin steak that can be cooked quickly', 'beef_loin': 'cut of meat from a loin of beef', 'sirloin': 'the portion of the loin (especially of beef) just in front of the rump', 'wedge_bone': 'part of the sirloin nearest the rump', 'flat_bone': 'part of the sirloin next to the wedge bone', 'pin_bone': 'part of the sirloin between the flat bone and the porterhouse', 'sirloin_tip': 'a cut of beef from the upper end of the sirloin', 'sirloin_steak': 'a cut of beef from the sirloin', 'tenderloin': 'the tender meat of the loin muscle on each side of the vertebral column', 'beef_tenderloin': 'beef loin muscle', 'pork_tenderloin': 'pork loin muscle', 'Chateaubriand': 'French statesman and writer; considered a precursor of the romantic movement in France (1768-1848)', 'Delmonico_steak': 'small steak from the front of the short loin of beef', 'tournedos': 'thick steak cut from the beef tenderloin', 'filet_mignon': 'small steak cut from the thick end of a beef tenderloin', 'porterhouse': 'large steak from the thick end of the short loin containing a T-shaped bone and large piece of tenderloin', 'T-bone_steak': 'small steak from the thin end of the short loin containing a T-shaped bone and small piece of tenderloin', 'blade_roast': 'a roast cut from the blade', 'beef_neck': 'a cut of beef from the neck of the animal', 'pot_roast': 'cut of beef suitable for simmering in liquid in a closed pot', 'short_ribs': 'cut of beef containing rib ends near the sternum', 'rib_roast': 'a cut of meat (beef or venison) including more than one rib and the meat located along the outside of the ribs', 'round_steak': 'a lean cut of beef from between the rump and the shank', 'top_round': 'roast cut from the round; usually suitable for roasting', 'bottom_round': 'cut from the round; suitable for pot roast', 'rump_steak': 'a steak cut from the rump', 'strip_steak': 'steak from upper part of the short loin', 'rump': 'fleshy hindquarters; behind the loin and above the round', 'rump_roast': 'a cut of beef or veal from the fleshy hindquarters of the animal', 'aitchbone': 'a cut of beef including the H-shaped rump bone', 'tripe': 'lining of the stomach of a ruminant (especially a bovine) used as food', 'honeycomb_tripe': 'lining of the reticulum (or second stomach) of a ruminant used as food', 'buffalo': 'meat from an American bison', 'beef_roast': 'cut of beef suitable for roasting', 'ground_beef': 'beef that has been ground', 'chopped_steak': 'a patty of ground cooked beef', 'bully_beef': 'beef cured or pickled in brine', 'pastrami': 'highly seasoned cut of smoked beef', 'carbonado': 'an inferior dark diamond used in industry for drilling and polishing', 'halal': '(Islam) meat from animals that have been slaughtered in the prescribed way according to the shariah', 'jerky': 'meat (especially beef) cut in strips and dried in the sun', 'beef_jerky': 'strips of dried beef', 'biltong': 'meat that is salted and cut into strips and dried in the sun', 'pemmican': 'lean dried meat pounded fine and mixed with melted fat; used especially by North American Indians', 'veal': 'meat from a calf', 'veal_parmesan': 'sauteed veal cutlet in a breadcrumb-and-cheese coating served with tomato sauce', 'cut_of_veal': 'cut of meat from a calf', 'scrag': 'lean end of the neck', 'veal_roast': 'cut of veal suitable for roasting', 'breast_of_veal': 'usually stuffed and roasted', 'fricandeau': 'larded veal braised and glazed in its own juices', 'veal_cordon_bleu': 'thin slices of veal stuffed with cheese and ham and then sauteed', \"calves'_feet\": 'feet of calves used as food; usually jellied', 'horsemeat': 'the flesh of horses as food', 'mouton': 'meat from a mature domestic sheep', 'mutton_chop': 'chop cut from a mature sheep', 'cut_of_mutton': 'cut of meat from a mature sheep', 'cut_of_lamb': 'cut of meat from a lamb', 'breast_of_lamb': 'a cut of lamb including the breastbone and attached muscles dressed as meat', 'saddle_of_lamb': 'backbone and both loins of a lamb', 'loin_of_lamb': 'meat from a loin of lamb', 'lamb_chop': 'chop cut from a lamb', 'lamb_roast': 'a cut of lamb suitable for roasting', 'rack_of_lamb': 'a roast of the rib section of lamb', 'ham_hock': 'a small cut of meat from the leg just above the foot', 'leg_of_lamb': 'lamb leg suitable for roasting', 'pork': 'meat from a domestic hog or pig', 'cut_of_pork': 'cut of meat from a hog or pig', 'cochon_de_lait': 'whole young pig suitable for roasting', 'flitch': 'fish steak usually cut from a halibut', 'gammon': 'hind portion of a side of bacon', 'pork_loin': 'meat from a loin of pork', 'side_of_pork': 'dressed half of a hog carcass', 'pork_belly': 'side of fresh pork', 'pork_roast': 'cut of pork suitable for roasting', 'ham': 'a licensed amateur radio operator', 'Virginia_ham': 'a lean hickory-smoked ham; has dark red meat', 'picnic_ham': 'shoulder of a hog usually smoked', 'porkchop': 'chop cut from a hog', 'prosciutto': 'Italian salt-cured ham usually sliced paper thin', 'bacon': 'back and sides of a hog salted and dried or smoked; usually sliced thin and fried', 'bacon_strip': 'a slice of bacon', 'rind': 'the natural outer covering of food (usually removed before eating)', 'bacon_rind': 'the rind of bacon', 'Canadian_bacon': 'from a boned strip of cured loin', 'salt_pork': 'fat from the back and sides and belly of a hog carcass cured with salt', 'fatback': 'salt pork from the back of a hog carcass', 'sowbelly': 'salt pork from the belly of a hog carcass', 'spareribs': 'cut of pork from the rib section with most of the meat trimmed off', \"pigs'_feet\": 'feet or knuckles of hogs used as food; pickled or stewed or jellied', 'chitterlings': 'small intestines of hogs prepared as food', 'cracklings': 'the crisp residue left after lard has been rendered', 'haslet': 'heart and liver and other edible viscera especially of hogs; usually chopped and formed into a loaf and braised', 'edible_fat': 'oily or greasy matter making up the bulk of fatty tissue in animals and in seeds and other plant tissue', 'lard': 'soft white semisolid fat obtained by rendering the fatty tissue of the hog', 'marbling': 'the intermixture of fat and lean in a cut of meat', 'suet': 'hard fat around the kidneys and loins in beef and sheep', 'margarine': 'a spread made chiefly from vegetable oils and used as a substitute for butter', 'cooking_oil': 'any of numerous vegetable oils used in cooking', 'drippings': 'fat that exudes from meat and drips off while it is being roasted or fried', 'vegetable_oil': 'any of a group of liquid edible fats that are obtained from plants', 'sweet_oil': 'mild vegetable oil when used as food; especially olive or edible rape oil', 'canola_oil': 'vegetable oil made from rapeseed; it is high in monounsaturated fatty acids', 'coconut_oil': 'oil from coconuts', 'corn_oil': 'oil from the germs of corn grains', 'cottonseed_oil': 'edible oil pressed from cottonseeds', 'olive_oil': 'oil from olives', 'palm_oil': 'oil from nuts of oil palms especially the African oil palm', 'peanut_oil': 'an oil from peanuts; used in cooking and making soap', 'salad_oil': 'any of several edible vegetable oils that can be used in salad dressings', 'safflower_oil': 'oil from safflower seeds used as food as well as in medicines and paints', 'sesame_oil': 'oil obtained from sesame seeds', 'soybean_oil': 'oil from soya beans', 'sunflower_oil': 'oil from sunflower seeds', 'walnut_oil': 'oil from walnuts', 'sausage': 'highly seasoned minced meat stuffed in casings', 'sausage_meat': 'any meat that is minced and spiced and cooked as patties or used to fill sausages', 'blood_sausage': \"a black sausage containing pig's blood and other ingredients\", 'bologna': 'large smooth-textured smoked sausage of beef and veal and pork', 'chipolata': 'a small thin sausage', 'chorizo': 'a spicy Spanish pork sausage', 'frank': 'a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll', 'Vienna_sausage': 'short slender frankfurter usually with ends cut off', 'polony': 'another name for Bologna sausage', 'headcheese': 'sausage or jellied loaf made of chopped parts of the head meat and sometimes feet and tongue of a calf or pig', 'knackwurst': 'short thick highly seasoned sausage', 'liver_pudding': 'sausage containing ground liver', 'pepperoni': 'a pork and beef sausage (or a thin slice of this sausage)', 'pork_sausage': 'sausage containing pork', 'salami': 'highly seasoned fatty sausage of pork and beef usually dried', 'banger': '(British informal) pork sausage', 'bratwurst': 'a small pork sausage', 'linguica': 'a highly seasoned Portuguese pork sausage flavored with garlic and onions', 'saveloy': 'a ready-cooked and highly seasoned pork sausage', 'souse': 'pork trimmings chopped and pickled and jelled', 'lunch_meat': 'any of various sausages or molded loaf meats sliced and served cold', 'mincemeat': 'spiced mixture of chopped raisins and apples and other ingredients with or without meat', 'turkey_stuffing': 'stuffing for turkey', 'oyster_stuffing': 'stuffing made with oysters', 'forcemeat': 'mixture of ground raw chicken and mushrooms with pistachios and truffles and onions and parsley and lots of butter and bound with eggs', 'bread': 'food made from dough of flour or meal and usually raised with yeast or baking powder and then baked', 'anadama_bread': 'a yeast-raised bread made of white flour and cornmeal and molasses', 'bap': 'a small loaf or roll of soft bread', 'barmbrack': 'a rich currant cake or bun', 'breadstick': 'a crisp stick-shaped roll; often served with soup', 'grissino': 'a long slender crusty breadstick', 'brown_bread': 'dark steamed bread made of cornmeal wheat and flour with molasses and soda and milk or water', 'bun': 'small rounded bread either plain or sweet', 'tea_bread': 'sweetened buns to be eaten with tea', 'caraway_seed_bread': 'bread containing caraway seeds', 'challah': '(Judaism) a loaf of white bread containing eggs and leavened with yeast; often formed into braided loaves and glazed with eggs before baking', 'cinnamon_bread': 'bread flavored with cinnamon often containing raisins', 'cracked-wheat_bread': 'bread made with cracked wheat that has been ground fine', 'crouton': 'a small piece of toasted or fried bread; served in soup or salads', 'dark_bread': 'bread made with whole wheat flour', 'English_muffin': 'round, raised muffin cooked on a griddle; usually split and toasted before being eaten', 'flatbread': 'any of various breads made from usually unleavened dough', 'garlic_bread': 'French or Italian bread sliced and spread with garlic butter then crisped in the oven', 'gluten_bread': 'bread made with gluten flour', 'graham_bread': 'bread made of graham (whole wheat) flour', 'Host': 'a technical name for the bread used in the service of Mass or Holy Communion', 'flatbrod': 'the thin wafer-like bread of Scandinavia', 'bannock': 'a flat bread made of oat or barley flour; common in New England and Scotland', 'chapatti': 'flat pancake-like bread cooked on a griddle', 'pita': 'usually small round bread that can open into a pocket for filling', 'loaf_of_bread': 'a shaped mass of baked bread that is usually sliced before eating', 'French_loaf': 'a loaf of French bread', 'matzo': 'brittle flat bread eaten at Passover', 'nan': 'your grandmother', 'onion_bread': 'bread containing finely minced onions', 'raisin_bread': 'bread containing raisins', 'quick_bread': 'breads made with a leavening agent that permits immediate baking', 'banana_bread': 'moist bread containing banana pulp', 'date_bread': 'bread containing chopped dates', 'date-nut_bread': 'bread containing chopped dates and nuts', 'nut_bread': 'bread containing chopped nuts', 'oatcake': 'thin flat unleavened cake of baked oatmeal', 'Irish_soda_bread': 'round loaf made with soda and buttermilk; often containing caraway seeds and raisins', 'skillet_bread': 'usually cooked in a skillet over an open fire: especially cornbread with ham bits and sometimes Irish soda bread', 'rye_bread': 'any of various breads made entirely or partly with rye flour', 'black_bread': 'bread made of coarse rye flour', 'Jewish_rye_bread': '(Judaism) bread made with rye flour; usually contains caraway seeds', 'limpa': 'a rye bread made with molasses or brown sugar', 'Swedish_rye_bread': 'a moist aromatic yeast-raised bread made with rye flour and molasses and orange rind', 'salt-rising_bread': 'white wheat bread raised by a salt-tolerant bacterium in a mixture of salt and either cornmeal or potato pulp', 'sour_bread': 'made with a starter of a small amount of dough in which fermentation is active', 'toast': 'a celebrity who receives much acclaim and attention; \"he was the toast of the town\"', 'wafer': 'a small adhesive disk of paste; used to seal letters', 'white_bread': 'bread made with finely ground and usually bleached wheat flour', 'baguet': 'narrow French stick loaf', 'French_bread': 'a crusty sourdough bread often baked in long slender tapered loaves or baguettes', 'Italian_bread': 'unsweetened yeast-raised bread made without shortening and baked in long thick loaves with tapered ends', 'cornbread': 'bread made primarily of cornmeal', 'corn_cake': 'baked in a pan or on a griddle (southern and midland)', 'skillet_corn_bread': 'cornbread usually containing ham or bacon bits and cooked in a skillet', 'ashcake': 'corn bread wrapped in cabbage leaves and baked in hot ashes (southern)', 'hoecake': 'thin usually unleavened johnnycake made of cornmeal; originally baked on the blade of a hoe over an open fire (southern)', 'cornpone': 'cornbread often made without milk or eggs and baked or fried (southern)', 'corn_dab': 'small oval cake of corn bread baked or fried (chiefly southern)', 'hush_puppy': 'deep-fried cornbread ball (southern)', 'johnnycake': 'cornbread usually cooked pancake-style on a griddle (chiefly New England)', 'Shawnee_cake': 'form of johnnycake', 'spoon_bread': 'soft bread made of cornmeal and sometimes rice or hominy; must be served with a spoon (chiefly southern)', 'cinnamon_toast': 'buttered toast with sugar and cinnamon (and nutmeg and grated lemon peel)', 'orange_toast': 'buttered toast with sugar and grated orange rind and a little orange juice', 'Melba_toast': 'very thin crisp brown toast', 'zwieback': 'slice of sweet raised bread baked again until it is brown and hard and crisp', 'frankfurter_bun': 'a long bun shaped to hold a frankfurter', 'hamburger_bun': 'a round bun shaped to hold a hamburger patty', 'muffin': 'a sweet quick bread baked in a cup-shaped pan', 'bran_muffin': 'muffin containing bran', 'corn_muffin': 'cornbread muffin', 'Yorkshire_pudding': 'light puffy bread made of a puff batter and traditionally baked in the pan with roast beef', 'popover': 'light hollow muffin made of a puff batter (individual Yorkshire pudding) baked in a deep muffin cup', 'scone': 'small biscuit (rich with cream and eggs) cut into diamonds or sticks and baked in an oven or (especially originally) on a griddle', 'drop_scone': 'a scone made by dropping a spoonful of batter on a griddle', 'cross_bun': 'moderately sweet raised roll containing spices and raisins and citron and decorated with a cross-shaped sugar glaze', 'coffee_ring': 'ring-shaped coffeecake with fruits or nuts and often iced', 'brioche': 'a light roll rich with eggs and butter and somewhat sweet', 'crescent_roll': 'very rich flaky crescent-shaped roll', 'hard_roll': 'yeast-raised roll with a hard crust', 'soft_roll': 'yeast-raised roll with a soft crust', 'kaiser_roll': 'rounded raised poppy-seed roll made of a square piece of dough by folding the corners in to the center', 'Parker_House_roll': 'yeast-raised dinner roll made by folding a disk of dough before baking', 'clover-leaf_roll': 'yeast-raised dinner roll made by baking three small balls of dough in each cup of a muffin pan', 'onion_roll': 'yeast-raised roll flavored with onion', 'bialy': 'flat crusty-bottomed onion roll', 'sweet_roll': 'any of numerous yeast-raised sweet rolls with our without raisins or nuts or spices or a glaze', 'cinnamon_roll': 'rolled dough spread with cinnamon and sugar (and raisins) then sliced before baking', 'honey_bun': 'rolled dough spread with sugar and nuts then sliced and baked in muffin tins with honey or sugar and butter in the bottom', 'pinwheel_roll': 'pinwheel-shaped rolls spread with cinnamon and sugar and filled with e.g. jam before baking', 'danish': 'light sweet yeast-raised roll usually filled with fruits or cheese', 'bagel': '(Yiddish) glazed yeast-raised doughnut-shaped roll with hard crust', 'onion_bagel': 'bagel flavored with onion', 'biscuit': 'small round bread leavened with baking-powder or soda', 'rolled_biscuit': 'biscuit made from dough rolled and cut', 'drop_biscuit': 'biscuit made from dough with enough milk that it can be dropped from a spoon', 'baking-powder_biscuit': 'leavened with baking powder', 'buttermilk_biscuit': 'very tender biscuit partially leavened with buttermilk and soda', 'shortcake': 'very short biscuit dough baked as individual biscuits or a round loaf; served with sweetened fruit and usually whipped cream', 'hardtack': 'a mountain mahogany', 'brandysnap': 'a gingersnap flavored with brandy', 'saltine': 'a cracker sprinkled with salt before baking', 'soda_cracker': 'unsweetened cracker leavened slightly with soda and cream of tartar', 'oyster_cracker': 'a small dry usually round cracker', 'water_biscuit': 'a thin flour-and-water biscuit usually made without shortening; often served with cheese', 'graham_cracker': 'semisweet whole-wheat cracker', 'pretzel': 'glazed and salted cracker typically in the shape of a loose knot', 'soft_pretzel': 'a pretzel made of soft bread', 'sandwich': 'two (or more) slices of bread with a filling between them', 'sandwich_plate': 'a serving consisting of a sandwich or sandwiches with garnishes', 'butty': 'a sandwich; \"a bacon butty\"', 'ham_sandwich': 'a sandwich made with a filling of sliced ham', 'chicken_sandwich': 'a sandwich made with a filling of sliced chicken', 'club_sandwich': 'made with three slices of usually toasted bread', 'open-face_sandwich': 'sandwich without a covering slice of bread', 'hamburger': 'a sandwich consisting of a fried cake of minced beef served on a bun, often with other ingredients', 'cheeseburger': 'a hamburger with melted cheese on it', 'tunaburger': 'a sandwich that resembles a hamburger but made with tuna instead of beef', 'hotdog': 'someone who performs dangerous stunts to attract attention to himself', 'Sloppy_Joe': 'ground beef (not a patty) cooked in a spicy sauce and served on a bun', 'gyro': 'a Greek sandwich: sliced roast lamb with onion and tomato stuffed into pita bread', 'bacon-lettuce-tomato_sandwich': 'sandwich filled with slices of bacon and tomato with lettuce', 'Reuben': '(Old Testment) a son of Jacob and forefather of one of the tribes of Israel', 'western': 'a sandwich made from a western omelet', 'pasta': 'a dish that contains pasta as its main ingredient', 'farfalle': 'pasta shaped with scalloped edges and pinched in the middle, suggestive of a bow tie', 'noodle': 'a ribbonlike strip of pasta', 'orzo': 'pasta shaped like pearls of barley; frequently prepared with lamb in Greek cuisine', 'egg_noodle': 'narrow strip of pasta dough made with eggs', 'spaghetti': 'spaghetti served with a tomato sauce', 'spaghettini': 'thin spaghetti', 'tortellini': 'small ring-shaped stuffed pasta', 'ziti': 'medium-sized tubular pasta in short pieces', 'rigatoni': 'tubular pasta in short ribbed pieces', 'fedelline': 'extremely fine pasta thinner than vermicelli', 'linguine': 'pasta in long slender flat strips', 'fettuccine': 'pasta in flat strips wider than linguine', 'fettuccine_Alfredo': 'fettuccine in cream sauce with cheese', 'vermicelli': 'pasta in strings thinner than spaghetti', 'macaroni': 'a British dandy in the 18th century who affected Continental mannerisms; \"Yankee Doodle stuck a feather in his cap and called it macaroni\"', 'lasagna': 'baked dish of layers of lasagna pasta with sauce and cheese and meat or vegetables', 'penne': 'pasta in short tubes with diagonally cut ends', 'ravioli': 'small circular or square cases of dough with savory fillings', 'tagliatelle': 'pasta cut in narrow ribbons', 'manicotti': 'large pasta tubes stuffed with chopped meat or mild cheese and baked in tomato sauce', 'couscous': 'a spicy dish that originated in northern Africa; consists of pasta steamed with a meat and vegetable stew', 'gnocchi': '(Italian) a small dumpling made of potato or flour or semolina that is boiled or baked and is usually served with a sauce or with grated cheese', 'matzo_ball': 'a Jewish dumpling made of matzo meal; usually served in soup', 'health_food': 'any natural or prepared food popularly believed to promote good health', 'junk_food': 'food that tastes good but is high in calories having little nutritional value', 'breakfast_food': 'any food (especially cereal) usually served for breakfast', 'cereal': 'grass whose starchy grains are used as food: wheat; rice; rye; oats; maize; buckwheat; millet', 'muesli': 'mixture of untoasted dry cereals and fruits', 'Pablum': 'a soft form of cereal for infants', 'hot_cereal': 'a cereal that is served hot', 'atole': 'eaten as mush or as a thin gruel', 'hasty_pudding': 'sweetened porridge made of tapioca or flour or oatmeal cooked quickly in milk or water', 'polenta': 'a thick mush made of cornmeal boiled in stock or water', 'gruel': 'a thin porridge (usually oatmeal or cornmeal)', 'congee': 'a Chinese rice gruel eaten for breakfast', 'skilly': 'a thin porridge or soup (usually oatmeal and water flavored with meat)', 'grits': 'coarsely ground hulled corn boiled as a breakfast dish in the southern United States', 'kasha': 'boiled or baked buckwheat', 'frumenty': 'sweet spiced porridge made from hulled wheat', 'cold_cereal': 'a cereal that is not heated before serving', 'granola': 'cereal made of especially rolled oats with dried fruits and nuts and honey or brown sugar', 'granola_bar': 'cookie bar made of granola', 'raisin_bran': 'bran flakes with raisins', 'corn_flake': 'crisp flake made from corn', 'bran_flake': 'wheat flake including the bran', 'wheatflake': 'crisp flake made from wheat', 'puffed_rice': 'puffy rice kernels', 'puffed_wheat': 'puffy wheat berries', 'produce': 'fresh fruits and vegetable grown for the market', 'edible_fruit': 'edible reproductive body of a seed plant especially one having sweet flesh', 'vegetable': 'any of various herbaceous plants cultivated for an edible part such as the fruit or the root of the beet or the leaf of spinach or the seeds of bean plants or the flower buds of broccoli or cauliflower', 'eater': 'someone who consumes food for nourishment', 'raw_vegetable': 'an uncooked vegetable', 'crudites': 'raw vegetables cut into bite-sized strips and served with a dip', 'celery_stick': 'celery stalks cut into small sticks', 'legume': 'the fruit or seed of any of various bean or pea plants consisting of a case that splits along both sides when ripe and having the seeds attach to one side of the case', 'potherb': 'any of various herbaceous plants whose leaves or stems or flowers are cooked and used for food or seasoning', 'greens': 'any of various leafy plants or their leaves and stems eaten as vegetables', 'chop-suey_greens': 'grown for its succulent edible leaves used in Asian cooking', 'bean_curd': 'cheeselike food made of curdled soybean milk', 'solanaceous_vegetable': 'any of several fruits of plants of the family Solanaceae; especially of the genera Solanum, Capsicum, and Lycopersicon', 'root_vegetable': 'any of various fleshy edible underground roots or tubers', 'potato': 'annual native to South America having underground stolons bearing edible starchy tubers; widely cultivated as a garden vegetable; vines are poisonous', 'baked_potato': 'potato that has been cooked by baking it in an oven', 'french_fries': 'strips of potato fried in deep fat', 'home_fries': 'sliced pieces of potato fried in a pan until brown and crisp', 'jacket_potato': 'a baked potato served with the jacket on', 'mashed_potato': 'potato that has been peeled and boiled and then mashed', 'potato_skin': 'crisp fried potato peeling', 'Uruguay_potato': 'South American potato vine', 'yam': 'edible tuber of any of several yams', 'sweet_potato': 'pantropical vine widely cultivated in several varieties for its large sweet tuberous root with orange flesh', 'snack_food': 'food for light meals or for eating between meals', 'corn_chip': 'thin piece of cornmeal dough fried', 'tortilla_chip': 'a small piece of tortilla', 'nacho': 'a tortilla chip topped with cheese and chili-pepper and broiled', 'eggplant': 'hairy upright herb native to southeastern Asia but widely cultivated for its large glossy edible fruit commonly used as a vegetable', 'pieplant': 'long pinkish sour leafstalks usually eaten cooked and sweetened', 'cruciferous_vegetable': 'a vegetable of the mustard family: especially mustard greens; various cabbages; broccoli; cauliflower; brussels sprouts', 'mustard': 'any of several cruciferous plants of the genus Brassica', 'cabbage': 'any of various cultivars of the genus Brassica oleracea grown for their edible leaves or flowers', 'kale': 'a hardy cabbage with coarse curly leaves that do not form a head', 'collards': 'kale that has smooth leaves', 'Chinese_cabbage': 'plant with an elongated head of broad stalked leaves resembling celery; used as a vegetable in east Asia', 'bok_choy': 'Asiatic plant grown for its cluster of edible white stalks with dark green leaves', 'head_cabbage': 'any of various cultivated cabbage plants having a short thick stalk and large compact head of edible usually green leaves', 'red_cabbage': 'cabbage plant with a compact head of reddish purple leaves', 'savoy_cabbage': 'cabbage plant with a compact head of crinkled leaves', 'broccoli': 'plant with dense clusters of tight green flower buds', 'cauliflower': 'a plant having a large edible head of crowded white flower buds', 'brussels_sprouts': 'the small edible cabbage-like buds growing along a stalk of the brussels sprout plant', 'broccoli_rabe': 'slightly bitter dark green leaves and clustered flower buds', 'summer_squash': 'any of various usually bushy plants producing fruit that is eaten while immature and before the rind or seeds harden', 'yellow_squash': 'any of various squash plants grown for their yellow fruits with somewhat elongated necks', 'crookneck': 'yellow squash with a thin curved neck and somewhat warty skin', 'zucchini': 'marrow squash plant whose fruit are eaten when small', 'cocozelle': 'squash plant having dark green fruit with skin mottled with light green or yellow', 'pattypan_squash': 'round greenish-white squash having one face flattened with a scalloped edge', 'spaghetti_squash': 'squash plant bearing oval fruit with smooth yellowish skin and tender stranded flesh resembling spaghetti', 'winter_squash': 'any of various plants of the species Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita moschata producing squashes that have hard rinds and mature in the fall', 'acorn_squash': 'squash plant bearing small acorn-shaped fruits having yellow flesh and dark green or yellow rind with longitudinal ridges', 'butternut_squash': 'plant bearing buff-colored squash having somewhat bottle-shaped fruit with fine-textured edible flesh and a smooth thin rind', 'hubbard_squash': 'any of several winter squash plants producing large greyish-green football-shaped fruit with a rough warty rind', 'turban_squash': 'squash plants bearing hard-shelled fruit shaped somewhat like a turban with a rounded central portion protruding from the end opposite the stem', 'buttercup_squash': 'plant bearing somewhat drum-shaped fruit having dark green rind with greyish markings', 'cushaw': 'plant bearing squash having globose to ovoid fruit with variously striped grey and green and white warty rinds', 'winter_crookneck_squash': 'a squash with a hard rind and an elongated curved neck', 'cucumber': 'a melon vine of the genus Cucumis; cultivated from earliest times for its cylindrical green fruit', 'gherkin': 'any of various small cucumbers pickled whole', 'artichoke': 'Mediterranean thistlelike plant widely cultivated for its large edible flower head', 'artichoke_heart': 'the tender fleshy center of the immature artichoke flower', 'Jerusalem_artichoke': 'edible tuber of the Jerusalem artichoke', 'asparagus': 'plant whose succulent young shoots are cooked and eaten as a vegetable', 'bamboo_shoot': 'edible young shoots of bamboo', 'sprout': 'any new growth of a plant such as a new branch or a bud', 'bean_sprout': 'any of various sprouted beans: especially mung beans or lentils or edible soybeans', 'alfalfa_sprout': 'sprouted alfalfa seeds', 'beet': 'biennial Eurasian plant usually having a swollen edible root; widely cultivated as a food crop', 'beet_green': 'young leaves of the beetroot', 'sugar_beet': 'form of the common beet having a sweet white root from which sugar is obtained', 'mangel-wurzel': 'beet with a large yellowish root; grown chiefly as cattle feed', 'chard': 'beet lacking swollen root; grown as a vegetable for its edible leaves and stalks', 'pepper': 'climber having dark red berries (peppercorns) when fully ripe; southern India and Sri Lanka; naturalized in northern Burma and Assam', 'sweet_pepper': 'plant bearing large mild thick-walled usually bell-shaped fruits; the principal salad peppers', 'bell_pepper': 'large bell-shaped sweet pepper in green or red or yellow or orange or black varieties', 'green_pepper': 'a sweet pepper that becomes red when ripe', 'globe_pepper': 'round sweet pepper', 'pimento': 'fully ripened sweet red pepper; usually cooked', 'hot_pepper': 'any of various pungent capsicum fruits', 'chili': 'ground beef and chili peppers or chili powder often with tomatoes and kidney beans', 'jalapeno': 'hot green or red pepper of southwestern United States and Mexico', 'chipotle': 'a ripe jalapeno that has been dried for use in cooking', 'cayenne': 'plant bearing very hot and finely tapering long peppers; usually red', 'tabasco': 'very hot red peppers; usually long and thin; some very small', 'onion': 'the bulb of an onion plant', 'Bermuda_onion': 'mild flat onion grown in warm areas', 'green_onion': 'a young onion before the bulb has enlarged; eaten in salads', 'Vidalia_onion': 'sweet-flavored onion grown in Georgia', 'Spanish_onion': 'large mild and succulent onion; often eaten raw', 'purple_onion': 'flat mild onion having purplish tunics; used as garnish on hamburgers and salads', 'leek': 'plant having a large slender white bulb and flat overlapping dark green leaves; used in cooking; believed derived from the wild Allium ampeloprasum', 'shallot': 'aggregate bulb of the multiplier onion', 'salad_green': 'greens suitable for eating uncooked as in salads', 'lettuce': 'any of various plants of the genus Lactuca', 'butterhead_lettuce': 'lettuce with relatively soft leaves in a loose head; easily broken or bruised', 'buttercrunch': 'lettuce with delicate and relatively crunchy leaves', 'Bibb_lettuce': 'lettuce with relatively crisp leaves', 'Boston_lettuce': 'lettuce with relatively soft leaves', 'crisphead_lettuce': 'lettuce with crisp tightly packed light-green leaves in a firm head; \"iceberg is still the most popular lettuce\"', 'cos': 'lettuce with long dark-green leaves in a loosely packed elongated head', 'leaf_lettuce': 'distinguished by leaves having curled or incised leaves forming a loose rosette that does not develop into a compact head', 'celtuce': 'lettuce valued especially for its edible stems', 'bean': 'any of various seeds or fruits that are beans or resemble beans', 'goa_bean': 'Old World tropical bean', 'lentil': 'the fruit or seed of a lentil plant', 'pea': 'the fruit or seed of a pea plant', 'green_pea': 'fresh pea', 'marrowfat_pea': 'a variety of large pea that is commonly processed and sold in cans', 'snow_pea': 'variety of pea plant producing peas having thin flat edible pods', 'sugar_snap_pea': 'variety of pea plant producing peas having crisp rounded edible pods', 'split-pea': 'dried hulled pea; used in soup', 'chickpea': 'the seed of the chickpea plant', 'cajan_pea': 'small highly nutritious seed of the tropical pigeon-pea plant', 'field_pea': 'seed of the field pea plant', 'mushy_peas': 'marrowfat peas that have been soaked overnight and then boiled; served with fish and chips', 'black-eyed_pea': 'eaten fresh as shell beans or dried', 'common_bean': 'the common annual twining or bushy bean plant grown for its edible seeds or pods', 'kidney_bean': 'the common bean plant grown for the beans rather than the pods (especially a variety with large red kidney-shaped beans)', 'navy_bean': 'white-seeded bean; usually dried', 'pinto_bean': 'mottled or spotted bean of southwestern United States; usually dried', 'frijole': 'Mexican bean; usually dried', 'black_bean': 'black-seeded bean of South America; usually dried', 'fresh_bean': 'beans eaten before they are ripe as opposed to dried', 'green_bean': 'a common bean plant cultivated for its slender green edible pods', 'snap_bean': 'tender green beans without strings that easily snap into sections', 'string_bean': 'green beans with strings that must be removed', 'Kentucky_wonder': 'flat-podded green bean', 'scarlet_runner': 'tropical American bean with red flowers and mottled black beans similar to Phaseolus vulgaris but perennial; a preferred food bean in Great Britain', 'haricot_vert': 'very small and slender green bean', 'wax_bean': 'a common bean plant grown for its edible golden pod', 'shell_bean': 'a bean plant grown primarily for its edible seed rather than its pod', 'lima_bean': 'bush or tall-growing bean plant having large flat edible seeds', 'Fordhooks': 'relatively large lima beans', 'sieva_bean': 'bush bean plant cultivated especially in southern United States having small flat edible seeds', 'fava_bean': 'shell beans cooked as lima beans', 'soy': 'a source of oil; used for forage and soil improvement and as food', 'green_soybean': 'seeds shelled and cooked as lima beans', 'field_soybean': 'seeds used as livestock feed', 'cardoon': 'southern European plant having spiny leaves and purple flowers cultivated for its edible leafstalks and roots', 'carrot_stick': 'a stick of carrot eaten raw', 'celery': 'widely cultivated herb with aromatic leaf stalks that are eaten raw or cooked', 'pascal_celery': 'any of several types of commercially grown celery having green stalks', 'celeriac': 'grown for its thickened edible aromatic root', 'chicory': 'the dried root of the chicory plant: used as a coffee substitute', 'radicchio': 'prized variety of chicory having globose heads of red leaves', 'coffee_substitute': 'a drink resembling coffee that is sometimes substituted for it', 'Postum': 'trade mark for a coffee substitute invented by C. W. Post and made with chicory and roasted grains', 'chicory_escarole': 'variety of endive having leaves with irregular frilled edges', 'Belgian_endive': 'young broad-leaved endive plant deprived of light to form a narrow whitish head', 'sweet_corn': 'a corn plant developed in order to have young ears that are sweet and suitable for eating', 'hominy': 'hulled corn with the bran and germ removed', 'lye_hominy': 'hominy prepared by bleaching in lye', 'pearl_hominy': 'hominy prepared by milling to pellets of medium size', 'popcorn': 'corn having small ears and kernels that burst when exposed to dry heat', 'cress': 'any of various plants of the family Cruciferae with edible leaves that have a pungent taste', 'watercress': 'any of several water-loving cresses', 'garden_cress': 'cress cultivated for salads and garnishes', 'winter_cress': 'any plant of the genus Barbarea: yellow-flowered Eurasian cresses; widely cultivated for winter salad', 'dandelion_green': 'the foliage of the dandelion plant', 'kohlrabi': 'plant cultivated for its enlarged fleshy turnip-shaped edible stem', \"lamb's-quarter\": 'leaves collected from the wild', 'wild_spinach': 'leafy greens collected from the wild and used as a substitute for spinach', 'tomato': 'native to South America; widely cultivated in many varieties', 'beefsteak_tomato': 'any of several large tomatoes with thick flesh', 'cherry_tomato': 'plant bearing small red to yellow fruit', 'plum_tomato': 'an Italian variety of cherry tomato that is shaped like a plum', 'tomatillo': 'Mexican annual naturalized in eastern North America having yellow to purple edible fruit resembling small tomatoes', 'mushroom': 'common name for an edible agaric (contrasting with the inedible toadstool)', 'stuffed_mushroom': 'mushrooms stuffed with any of numerous mixtures of e.g. meats or nuts or seafood or spinach', 'salsify': 'edible root of the salsify plant', 'oyster_plant': 'long white salsify', 'scorzonera': 'long black salsify', 'parsnip': 'the whitish root of cultivated parsnip', 'pumpkin': 'a coarse vine widely cultivated for its large pulpy round orange fruit with firm orange skin and numerous seeds; subspecies of Cucurbita pepo include the summer squashes and a few autumn squashes', 'radish': 'radish of Japan with a long hard durable root eaten raw or cooked', 'turnip': 'widely cultivated plant having a large fleshy edible white or yellow root', 'white_turnip': 'white root of a turnip plant', 'rutabaga': 'a cruciferous plant with a thick bulbous edible yellow root', 'turnip_greens': 'tender leaves of young white turnips', 'French_sorrel': 'low perennial with small silvery-green ovate to hastate leaves', 'spinach': 'southwestern Asian plant widely cultivated for its succulent edible dark green leaves', 'taro': 'edible starchy tuberous root of taro plants', 'edible_nut': 'a hard-shelled seed consisting of an edible kernel or meat enclosed in a woody or leathery shell', 'bunya_bunya': 'Australian conifer bearing two-inch seeds tasting like roasted chestnuts; among the aborigines the tree is hereditary property protected by law', 'peanut': 'underground pod of the peanut vine', 'water_chestnut': 'a plant of the genus Trapa bearing spiny four-pronged edible nutlike fruits', 'freestone': 'fruit (especially peach) whose flesh does not adhere to the pit', 'cling': 'fruit (especially peach) whose flesh adheres strongly to the pit', 'peel': 'the rind of a fruit or vegetable', 'banana_peel': 'the skin of a banana (especially when it is stripped off and discarded); \"he slipped on a banana skin and almost fell\"', 'windfall': 'fruit that has fallen from the tree', 'apple': 'native Eurasian tree widely cultivated in many varieties for its firm rounded edible fruits', 'crab_apple': 'any of numerous varieties of crab apples cultivated for their small acidic (usually bright red) fruit used for preserves or as ornamentals for their blossoms', 'eating_apple': 'an apple used primarily for eating raw without cooking', 'Baldwin': 'United States author who was an outspoken critic of racism (1924-1987)', 'Cortland': 'large apple with a red skin', \"Cox's_Orange_Pippin\": 'a yellow Pippin with distinctive flavor', 'Delicious': 'variety of sweet eating apples', 'Golden_Delicious': 'a sweet eating apple with yellow skin', 'Red_Delicious': 'a sweet eating apple with bright red skin; most widely grown apple worldwide', 'Empire': 'an eating apple that somewhat resembles a McIntosh; used as both an eating and a cooking apple', \"Grimes'_golden\": 'yellow apple that ripens in late autumn; eaten raw', 'Jonathan': 'red late-ripening apple; primarily eaten raw', 'McIntosh': 'early-ripening apple popular in the northeastern United States; primarily eaten raw but suitable for applesauce', 'Macoun': 'similar to McIntosh; juicy and late-ripening', 'Northern_Spy': 'large late-ripening apple with skin striped with yellow and red', 'Pearmain': 'any of several varieties of apples with red skins', 'Pippin': 'any of numerous superior eating apples with yellow or greenish yellow skin flushed with red', 'Prima': 'used primarily as eating apples', 'Stayman': 'apple grown chiefly in the Shenandoah Valley', 'Winesap': 'crisp apple with dark red skin', 'Stayman_Winesap': 'crisp tart apple; good for eating raw and suitable for cooking', 'cooking_apple': 'an apple used primarily in cooking for pies and applesauce etc', \"Bramley's_Seedling\": 'very large cooking apple', 'Granny_Smith': 'apple with a green skin and hard tart flesh', \"Lane's_Prince_Albert\": 'apple used primarily in cooking', 'Newtown_Wonder': 'apple used primarily in cooking', 'Rome_Beauty': 'large red apple used primarily for baking', 'berry': 'a small fruit having any of various structures, e.g., simple (grape or blueberry) or aggregate (blackberry or raspberry)', 'bilberry': 'erect European blueberry having solitary flowers and blue-black berries', 'huckleberry': 'any of various dark-fruited as distinguished from blue-fruited blueberries', 'blueberry': 'any of numerous shrubs of the genus Vaccinium bearing blueberries', 'wintergreen': 'any of several evergreen perennials of the genus Pyrola', 'cranberry': 'any of numerous shrubs of genus Vaccinium bearing cranberries', 'lingonberry': 'tart red berries similar to American cranberries but smaller', 'currant': 'any of various deciduous shrubs of the genus Ribes bearing currants', 'gooseberry': 'spiny Eurasian shrub having greenish purple-tinged flowers and ovoid yellow-green or red-purple berries', 'black_currant': 'widely cultivated current bearing edible black aromatic berries', 'red_currant': 'cultivated European current bearing small edible red berries', 'blackberry': 'bramble with sweet edible black or dark purple berries that usually do not separate from the receptacle', 'boysenberry': 'cultivated hybrid bramble of California having large dark wine-red fruit with a flavor resembling raspberries', 'dewberry': 'any of several trailing blackberry brambles especially of North America', 'loganberry': 'red-fruited bramble native from Oregon to Baja California', 'raspberry': 'woody brambles bearing usually red but sometimes black or yellow fruits that separate from the receptacle when ripe and are rounder and smaller than blackberries', 'saskatoon': 'edible purple or red berries', 'lanseh': 'East Indian tart yellow berrylike fruit', 'sugarberry': 'deciduous shade tree with small black berries; southern United States; yields soft yellowish wood', 'persimmon': 'any of several tropical trees of the genus Diospyros', 'acerola': 'acid red or yellow cherry-like fruit of a tropical American shrub very rich in vitamin C', 'carambola': 'East Indian tree bearing deeply ridged yellow-brown fruit', 'ceriman': 'tropical American vine having roots that hang like cords and cylindrical fruit with a pineapple and banana flavor', 'carissa_plum': 'edible scarlet plumlike fruit of a South African plant', 'citrus': 'any of numerous tropical usually thorny evergreen trees of the genus Citrus having leathery evergreen leaves and widely cultivated for their juicy edible fruits having leathery aromatic rinds', 'temple_orange': 'large citrus tree having large sweet deep orange fruit that is easily peeled; widely cultivated in Florida', 'mandarin': 'shrub or small tree having flattened globose fruit with very sweet aromatic pulp and thin yellow-orange to flame-orange rind that is loose and easily removed; native to southeastern Asia', 'clementine': 'a variety of mandarin orange that is grown around the Mediterranean and in South Africa', 'satsuma': 'a variety of mandarin orange', 'tangelo': 'hybrid between grapefruit and mandarin orange; cultivated especially in Florida', 'bitter_orange': 'highly acidic orange used especially in marmalade', 'sweet_orange': 'probably native to southern China; widely cultivated as source of table and juice oranges', 'Jaffa_orange': 'sweet almost seedless orange of Israel', 'navel_orange': 'seedless orange enclosing a small secondary fruit at the apex', 'Valencia_orange': 'variety of sweet orange cultivated extensively in Florida and California', 'kumquat': 'any of several trees or shrubs of the genus Fortunella bearing small orange-colored edible fruits with thick sweet-flavored skin and sour pulp', 'lime': 'any of various related trees bearing limes', 'key_lime': 'small yellow-green limes of southern Florida', 'grapefruit': 'citrus tree bearing large round edible fruit having a thick yellow rind and juicy somewhat acid pulp', 'pomelo': 'southeastern Asian tree producing large fruits resembling grapefruits', 'citrange': 'more aromatic and acidic than oranges', 'citron': 'thorny evergreen small tree or shrub of India widely cultivated for its large lemonlike fruits that have thick warty rind', 'almond': 'small bushy deciduous tree native to Asia and North Africa having pretty pink blossoms and highly prized edible nuts enclosed in a hard green hull; cultivated in southern Australia and California', 'Jordan_almond': 'an almond covered with a sugar coating that is hard and flavored and colored', 'apricot': 'Asian tree having clusters of usually white blossoms and edible fruit resembling the peach', 'peach': 'cultivated in temperate regions', 'nectarine': 'variety or mutation of the peach bearing fruit with smooth skin and (usually) yellow flesh', 'pitahaya': 'highly colored edible fruit of pitahaya cactus having bright red juice; often as large as a peach', 'damson': 'dark purple plum of the damson tree', 'greengage': 'sweet green or greenish-yellow variety of plum', 'beach_plum': 'seacoast shrub of northeastern North America having showy white blossoms and edible purple fruit', 'sloe': 'small sour dark purple fruit of especially the Allegheny plum bush', 'Victoria_plum': 'a large red plum served as dessert', 'dried_fruit': 'fruit preserved by drying', 'dried_apricot': 'apricots preserved by drying', 'prune': 'dried plum', 'raisin': 'dried grape', 'seedless_raisin': 'dried seedless grape', 'seeded_raisin': 'seeded grape that has been dried', 'fig': 'Mediterranean tree widely cultivated for its edible fruit', 'pineapple': 'a tropical American plant bearing a large fleshy edible fruit with a terminal tuft of stiff leaves; widely cultivated in the tropics', 'anchovy_pear': 'West Indian tree bearing edible fruit resembling mango', 'banana': 'any of several tropical and subtropical treelike herbs of the genus Musa having a terminal crown of large entire leaves and usually bearing hanging clusters of elongated fruits', 'passion_fruit': 'egg-shaped tropical fruit of certain passionflower vines; used for sherbets and confectionery and drinks', 'granadilla': 'tropical American passionflower yielding the large granadilla fruit', 'sweet_calabash': 'West Indian passionflower with edible apple-sized fruit', 'bell_apple': 'the edible yellow fruit of the Jamaica honeysuckle', 'breadfruit': 'native to Pacific islands and having edible fruit with a texture like bread', 'jackfruit': 'East Indian tree cultivated for its immense edible fruit and seeds', 'cacao_bean': 'seed of the cacao tree; ground roasted beans are source of chocolate', 'cocoa': 'a beverage made from cocoa powder and milk and sugar; usually drunk hot', 'canistel': 'tropical tree of Florida and West Indies yielding edible fruit', 'melon': 'any of various fruit of cucurbitaceous vines including: muskmelons; watermelons; cantaloupes; cucumbers', 'melon_ball': 'a bite of melon cut as a sphere', 'muskmelon': 'the fruit of a muskmelon vine; any of several sweet melons related to cucumbers', 'cantaloup': 'the fruit of a cantaloup vine; small to medium-sized melon with yellowish flesh', 'winter_melon': 'any of a variety of muskmelon vines having fruit with a smooth white rind and white or greenish flesh that does not have a musky smell', 'honeydew': 'the fruit of a variety of winter melon vine; a large smooth greenish-white melon with pale green flesh', 'Persian_melon': 'the fruit of a variety of winter melon vine; a large green melon with orange flesh', 'net_melon': 'a muskmelon vine with fruit that has a thin reticulated rind and sweet green flesh', 'casaba': 'melon having yellowish rind and whitish flesh', 'watermelon': 'an African melon', 'cherry': 'wood of any of various cherry trees especially the black cherry', 'sweet_cherry': 'large Eurasian tree producing small dark bitter fruit in the wild but edible sweet fruit under cultivation', 'bing_cherry': 'dark red or blackish sweet cherry', 'heart_cherry': 'any of several cultivated sweet cherries having sweet juicy heart-shaped fruits', 'blackheart': 'any of various diseases in which the central tissues blacken', 'capulin': 'Mexican black cherry tree having edible fruit', 'sour_cherry': 'rather small Eurasian tree producing red to black acid edible fruit', 'amarelle': 'any of several cultivated sour cherry trees bearing pale red fruit with colorless juice', 'morello': 'any of several cultivated sour cherry trees bearing fruit with dark skin and juice', 'cocoa_plum': 'plum-shaped whitish to almost black fruit used for preserves; tropical American', 'grape': 'any of numerous woody vines of genus Vitis bearing clusters of edible berries', 'fox_grape': 'native grape of northeastern United States; origin of many cultivated varieties e.g. Concord grapes', 'Concord_grape': 'slipskin grape; a purple table grape of the northeastern United States', 'muscadine': 'native grape of southeastern United States; origin of many cultivated varieties', 'scuppernong': 'amber-green muscadine grape of southeastern United States', 'slipskin_grape': 'a grape whose skin slips readily from the pulp', 'vinifera_grape': 'grape from a cultivated variety of the common grape vine of Europe', 'muscat': 'any of several cultivated grapevines that produce sweet white grapes', 'ribier': 'dark reddish-purple table grape of California', 'sultana': 'pale yellow seedless grape used for raisins and wine', 'Tokay': 'Hungarian wine made from Tokay grapes', 'flame_tokay': 'purplish-red table grape', 'Thompson_Seedless': 'seedless green table grape of California', 'custard_apple': 'any of several tropical American trees bearing fruit with soft edible pulp', 'cherimoya': 'small tropical American tree bearing round or oblong fruit', 'soursop': 'small tropical American tree bearing large succulent slightly acid fruit', \"bullock's_heart\": 'small tropical American tree bearing a bristly heart-shaped acid tropical fruit', 'sweetsop': 'tropical American tree bearing sweet pulpy fruit with thick scaly rind and shiny black seeds', 'ilama': 'tropical American tree grown in southern United States having a whitish pink-tinged fruit', 'pond_apple': 'small evergreen tree of tropical America with edible fruit; used chiefly as grafting stock', 'papaw': 'fruit with yellow flesh; related to custard apples', 'papaya': 'tropical American shrub or small tree having huge deeply palmately cleft leaves and large oblong yellow fruit', 'kai_apple': 'South African fruit smelling and tasting like apricots; used for pickles and preserves', 'ketembilla': 'a small shrubby spiny tree cultivated for its maroon-purple fruit with sweet purple pulp tasting like gooseberries; Sri Lanka and India', 'ackee': 'red pear-shaped tropical fruit with poisonous seeds; flesh is poisonous when unripe or overripe', 'durian': 'tree of southeastern Asia having edible oval fruit with a hard spiny rind', 'feijoa': 'South American shrub having edible greenish plumlike fruit', 'genip': 'round one-inch Caribbean fruit with green leathery skin and sweet juicy translucent pulp; eaten like grapes', 'genipap': 'a succulent orange-sized tropical fruit with a thick rind', 'loquat': 'evergreen tree of warm regions having fuzzy yellow olive-sized fruit with a large free stone; native to China and Japan', 'mangosteen': 'East Indian tree with thick leathery leaves and edible fruit', 'mango': 'large evergreen tropical tree cultivated for its large oval fruit', 'sapodilla': 'large tropical American evergreen yielding chicle gum and edible fruit; sometimes placed in genus Achras', 'sapote': 'brown oval fruit flesh makes excellent sherbet', 'tamarind': 'long-lived tropical evergreen tree with a spreading crown and feathery evergreen foliage and fragrant flowers yielding hard yellowish wood and long pods with edible chocolate-colored acidic pulp', 'avocado': 'tropical American tree bearing large pulpy green fruits', 'date': 'a particular but unspecified point in time; \"they hoped to get together at an early date\"', 'elderberry': 'berrylike fruit of an elder used for e.g. wines and jellies', 'guava': 'small tropical shrubby tree bearing small yellowish fruit', 'mombin': 'common tropical American shrub or small tree with purplish fruit', 'hog_plum': 'tropical American tree having edible yellow fruit', 'jaboticaba': 'small evergreen tropical tree native to Brazil and West Indies but introduced into southern United States; grown in Brazil for its edible tough-skinned purple grapelike fruit that grows all along the branches', 'litchi': 'Chinese tree cultivated especially in Philippines and India for its edible fruit; sometimes placed in genus Nephelium', 'longanberry': 'Asian fruit similar to litchi', 'mamey': 'globular or ovoid tropical fruit with thick russet leathery rind and juicy yellow or reddish flesh', 'marang': 'Philippine tree similar to the breadfruit tree bearing edible fruit', 'medlar': 'small deciduous Eurasian tree cultivated for its fruit that resemble crab apples', 'mulberry': 'any of several trees of the genus Morus having edible fruit that resembles the blackberry', 'black_olive': 'olives picked ripe and cured in brine then dried or pickled or preserved canned or in oil', 'green_olive': 'olives picked green and pickled in brine; infrequently stuffed with e.g. pimento', 'pear': 'Old World tree having sweet gritty-textured juicy fruit; widely cultivated in many varieties', 'bosc': 'greenish-yellow pear', 'anjou': 'a pear with firm flesh and a green skin', 'bartlett': 'juicy yellow pear', 'seckel': 'small yellowish- to reddish-brown pear', 'plantain': 'any of numerous plants of the genus Plantago; mostly small roadside or dooryard weeds with elliptic leaves and small spikes of very small flowers; seeds of some used medicinally', 'plumcot': 'hybrid produced by crossing Prunus domestica and Prunus armeniaca', 'pomegranate': 'shrub or small tree native to southwestern Asia having large red many-seeded fruit', 'prickly_pear': 'cacti having spiny flat joints and oval fruit that is edible in some species; often used as food for stock', 'garambulla': 'arborescent cactus of western Mexico bearing a small oblong edible berrylike fruit', 'Barbados_gooseberry': 'West Indian woody climber with spiny stems and numerous fragrant white flowers in panicles followed by small yellow to orange fruits', 'quandong': 'Australian tree with edible flesh and edible nutlike seed', 'quandong_nut': 'edible nutlike seed of the quandong fruit', 'quince': 'small Asian tree with pinkish flowers and pear-shaped fruit; widely cultivated', 'rambutan': 'Malayan tree bearing spiny red fruit', 'pulasan': 'East Indian fruit tree bearing fruit similar to but sweeter than that of the rambutan', 'rose_apple': 'tropical tree of the East Indies cultivated for its edible fruit', 'sorb': 'acid gritty-textured fruit', 'sour_gourd': 'African gourd-like fruit with edible pulp', 'edible_seed': 'many are used as seasoning', 'pumpkin_seed': 'the edible seed of a pumpkin', 'betel_nut': 'seed of betel palm; chewed with leaves of the betel pepper and lime as a digestive stimulant and narcotic in southeastern Asia', 'beechnut': 'small sweet triangular nut of any of various beech trees', 'walnut': 'hard dark-brown wood of any of various walnut trees; used especially for furniture and paneling', 'black_walnut': 'North American walnut tree with hard dark wood and edible nut', 'English_walnut': 'Eurasian walnut valued for its large edible nut and its hard richly figured wood; widely cultivated', 'brazil_nut': 'tall South American tree bearing brazil nuts', 'butternut': 'North American walnut tree having light-brown wood and edible nuts; source of a light-brown dye', 'souari_nut': 'a large nutlike seed of a South American tree', 'cashew': 'tropical American evergreen tree bearing kidney-shaped nuts that are edible only when roasted', 'chincapin': 'small nut of either of two small chestnut trees of the southern United States; resembles a hazelnut', 'water_chinquapin': 'water lily of eastern North America having pale yellow blossoms and edible globular nutlike seeds', 'hazelnut': 'any of several shrubs or small trees of the genus Corylus bearing edible nuts enclosed in a leafy husk', 'coconut': 'tall palm tree bearing coconuts as fruits; widely planted throughout the tropics', 'coconut_milk': 'white liquid obtained from compressing fresh coconut meat', 'copra': 'the dried meat of the coconut from which oil is extracted', 'dika_nut': 'edible oil-rich seed of wild mango', 'dika_bread': 'somewhat astringent paste prepared by grinding and heating seeds of the African wild mango; a staple food of some African peoples', 'groundnut': 'a North American vine with fragrant blossoms and edible tubers; important food crop of Native Americans', 'grugru_nut': 'nut of Brazilian or West Indian palms', 'hickory_nut': 'small hard-shelled nut of North American hickory trees especially the shagbark hickories', 'cola_extract': 'a flavoring extracted from the kola nut', 'macadamia_nut': 'small Australian tree with racemes of pink flowers; widely cultivated (especially in Hawaii) for its sweet edible nuts', 'pecan': 'wood of a pecan tree', 'pine_nut': 'edible seed of any of several nut pines especially some pinons of southwestern North America', 'pistachio': 'small tree of southern Europe and Asia Minor bearing small hard-shelled nuts', 'sunflower_seed': 'edible seed of sunflowers; used as food and poultry feed and as a source of oil', 'saltwater_fish': 'flesh of fish from the sea used as food', 'freshwater_fish': 'flesh of fish from fresh water used as food', 'seafood': 'edible fish (broadly including freshwater fish) or shellfish or roe etc', 'bream': 'flesh of various freshwater fishes of North America or of Europe', 'largemouth_bass': 'flesh of largemouth bass', 'smallmouth_bass': 'flesh of smallmouth bass', 'buffalofish': 'large carp-like North American fish', 'monkfish': 'flesh of a large-headed anglerfish of the Atlantic waters of North America', 'blowfish': 'delicacy that is highly dangerous because of a potent nerve poison in ovaries and liver', 'fugu': 'a blowfish highly prized as a delicacy in Japan but highly dangerous because the skin and organs are poisonous', 'escargot': 'edible terrestrial snail usually served in the shell with a sauce of melted butter and garlic', 'panfish': 'any of numerous small food fishes; especially those caught with hook and line and not available on the market', 'stockfish': 'fish cured by being split and air-dried without salt', 'shellfish': 'meat of edible aquatic invertebrate with a shell (especially a mollusk or crustacean)', 'anchovy_paste': 'paste made primarily of anchovies; used in sauces and spreads', 'smoked_eel': 'eel cured by smoking', 'kipper': 'salted and smoked herring', 'bloater': 'large fatty herring lightly salted and briefly smoked', 'pickled_herring': 'herring preserved in a pickling liquid (usually brine or vinegar)', 'rollmops': 'a pickled herring filet that has been rolled or wrapped around a pickle', 'huitre': 'edible body of any of numerous oysters', 'oysters_Rockefeller': 'oysters spread with butter and spinach and seasonings and baked on the half shell', 'quahaug': 'Atlantic coast round clams with hard shells; large clams usually used for chowders or other clam dishes', 'crab_legs': 'legs of especially Alaska king crabs', 'Japanese_crab': 'crabmeat usually canned; from Japan', 'Alaska_king_crab': 'meat of large cold-water crab; mainly leg meat', 'schrod': 'flesh of young Atlantic cod weighing up to 2 pounds; also young haddock and pollock; often broiled', 'finnan_haddie': 'haddock usually baked but sometimes broiled with lots of butter', 'salt_cod': 'codfish preserved in salt; must be desalted and flaked by soaking in water and pounding; used in e.g. codfish cakes', 'grey_sole': 'greyish-white flesh of a flatfish', 'Norwegian_lobster': 'caught in European waters; slenderer than American lobster', 'lobster_tail': 'lobster tail meat; usually from spiny rock lobsters', 'tomalley': 'edible greenish substance in boiled lobster', 'river_prawn': 'large Australian prawn', 'lake_herring': 'cold-water fish caught in Lake Superior and northward', 'rock_salmon': 'any of several coarse fishes (such as dogfish or wolffish) when used as food', 'red_salmon': 'fatty red flesh of salmon of Pacific coast and rivers', 'chinook_salmon': 'pink or white flesh of large Pacific salmon', 'silver_salmon': 'fatty pinkish flesh of small salmon caught in the Pacific and Great Lakes', 'smoked_salmon': 'salmon cured by smoking', 'lox': 'brine-cured salmon that is lightly smoked', 'Scandinavian_lox': 'salt-cured Scandinavian salmon', 'Nova_Scotia_lox': 'brine-cured salmon that is less salty than most; sometimes sugar is also used in the curing', 'kippered_salmon': 'salted and smoked salmon', 'American_smelt': 'common smelt of eastern North America and Alaska', 'European_smelt': 'common smelt of Europe', 'sprat': 'small fatty European fish; usually smoked or canned like sardines', 'caviar': \"salted roe of sturgeon or other large fish; usually served as an hors d'oeuvre\", 'beluga_caviar': 'roe of beluga sturgeon usually from Russia; highly valued', 'shad_roe': 'roe of shad; may be parboiled or baked or sauteed gently', 'smoked_mackerel': 'mackerel cured by smoking', 'feed': 'food for domestic livestock', 'cattle_cake': 'a concentrated feed for cattle; processed in the form of blocks or cakes', 'creep_feed': 'feed given to young animals isolated in a creep', 'fodder': 'coarse food (especially for livestock) composed of entire plants or the leaves and stalks of a cereal crop', 'feed_grain': 'grain grown for cattle feed', 'eatage': 'bulky food like grass or hay for browsing or grazing horses or cattle', 'silage': 'fodder harvested while green and kept succulent by partial fermentation as in a silo', 'oil_cake': 'mass of e.g. linseed or cottonseed or soybean from which the oil has been pressed; used as food for livestock', 'oil_meal': 'ground oil cake', 'alfalfa': 'important European leguminous forage plant with trifoliate leaves and blue-violet flowers grown widely as a pasture and hay crop', 'broad_bean': 'seed of the broad-bean plant', 'hay': 'grass mowed and cured for use as fodder', 'timothy': 'grass with long cylindrical spikes grown in northern United States and Europe for hay', 'stover': 'the dried stalks and leaves of a field crop (especially corn) used as animal fodder after the grain has been harvested', 'grist': 'grain intended to be or that has been ground', 'groats': 'the hulled and crushed grain of various cereals', 'millet': 'any of various small-grained annual cereal and forage grasses of the genera Panicum, Echinochloa, Setaria, Sorghum, and Eleusine', 'barley': 'cultivated since prehistoric times; grown for forage and grain', 'pearl_barley': 'barley ground into small round pellets', 'buckwheat': 'a member of the genus Fagopyrum; annual Asian plant with clusters of small pinkish white flowers and small edible triangular seeds which are used whole or ground into flour', 'bulgur': 'parched crushed wheat', 'wheat': 'annual or biennial grass having erect flower spikes and light brown grains', 'cracked_wheat': 'grains of wheat that have been crushed into small pieces', 'stodge': 'heavy and filling (and usually starchy) food', 'wheat_germ': 'embryo of the wheat kernel; removed before milling and eaten as a source of vitamins', 'oat': \"annual grass of Europe and North Africa; grains used as food and fodder (referred to primarily in the plural: `oats')\", 'rice': 'annual or perennial rhizomatous marsh grasses; seed used for food; straw used for paper', 'brown_rice': 'unpolished rice retaining the yellowish-brown outer layer', 'white_rice': 'having husk or outer brown layers removed', 'wild_rice': 'perennial aquatic grass of North America bearing grain used for food', 'paddy': 'an irrigated or flooded field where rice is grown', 'slop': 'deep soft mud in water or slush; \"they waded through the slop\"', 'mash': 'a mixture of mashed malt grains and hot water; used in brewing', 'chicken_feed': 'dry mash for poultry', 'cud': 'food of a ruminant regurgitated to be chewed again', 'bird_feed': 'food given to birds; usually mixed seeds', 'petfood': 'food prepared for animal pets', 'dog_food': 'food prepared for dogs', 'cat_food': 'food prepared for cats', 'canary_seed': 'a mixture of seeds used to feed caged birds', 'salad': 'food mixtures either arranged on a plate or tossed and served with a moist dressing; usually consisting of or including greens', 'tossed_salad': 'salad tossed with a dressing', 'green_salad': 'tossed salad composed primarily of salad greens', 'Caesar_salad': 'typically having fried croutons and dressing made with a raw egg', 'salmagundi': 'cooked meats and eggs and vegetables usually arranged in rows around the plate and dressed with a salad dressing', 'salad_nicoise': 'typically containing tomatoes and anchovies and garnished with black olives and capers', 'combination_salad': 'containing meat or chicken or cheese in addition to greens and vegetables', \"chef's_salad\": \"the combination salad prepared as a particular chef's specialty\", 'potato_salad': 'any of various salads having chopped potatoes as the base', 'pasta_salad': 'a salad having any of various pastas as the base', 'macaroni_salad': 'having macaroni as the base', 'fruit_salad': 'salad composed of fruits', 'Waldorf_salad': 'typically made of apples and celery with nuts or raisins and dressed with mayonnaise', 'crab_Louis': 'lettuce and crabmeat dressed with sauce Louis', 'herring_salad': 'based on pickled herring', 'tuna_fish_salad': 'salad composed primarily of chopped canned tuna fish', 'chicken_salad': 'salad composed primarily of chopped chicken meat', 'coleslaw': 'basically shredded cabbage', 'aspic': 'savory jelly based on fish or meat stock used as a mold for meats or vegetables', 'molded_salad': 'salad of meats or vegetables in gelatin', 'tabbouleh': 'a finely chopped salad with tomatoes and parsley and mint and scallions and bulgur wheat', 'flavorer': 'something added to food primarily for the savor it imparts', 'bouillon_cube': 'a cube of evaporated seasoned meat extract', 'beef_tea': 'an extract of beef (given to people who are ill)', 'lemon_zest': 'tiny bits of lemon peel', 'orange_zest': 'tiny bits of orange peel', 'condiment': 'a preparation (a sauce or relish or spice) to enhance flavor or enjoyment; \"mustard and ketchup are condiments\"', 'herb': 'a plant lacking a permanent woody stem; many are flowering garden plants or potherbs; some having medicinal properties; some are pests', 'fines_herbes': 'a mixture of finely chopped fresh herbs; \"an omelet flavored with fines herbes\"', 'spice': 'aromatic substances of vegetable origin used as a preservative', 'peppermint_oil': 'oil from the peppermint plant used as flavoring', 'spearmint_oil': 'an aromatic oil obtained from the spearmint plant', 'lemon_oil': 'fragrant yellow oil obtained from the lemon peel', 'wintergreen_oil': 'oil or flavoring obtained from the creeping wintergreen or teaberry plant', 'celery_salt': 'ground celery seed and salt', 'garlic_salt': 'ground dried garlic and salt', 'onion_salt': 'ground dried onion and salt', 'seasoned_salt': 'combination of salt and vegetable extracts and spices and monosodium glutamate', 'sour_salt': 'crystals of citric acid used as seasoning', 'five_spice_powder': 'Chinese seasoning made by grinding star anise and fennel and pepper and cloves and cinnamon', 'allspice': 'aromatic West Indian tree that produces allspice berries', 'cinnamon': 'aromatic bark used as a spice', 'stick_cinnamon': 'dried rolled strips of cinnamon bark', 'clove': 'aromatic flower bud of a clove tree; yields a spice', 'cumin': 'dwarf Mediterranean annual long cultivated for its aromatic seeds', 'fennel': 'any of several aromatic herbs having edible seeds and leaves and stems', 'ginger': 'perennial plants having thick branching aromatic rhizomes and leafy reedlike stems', 'nutmeg': 'East Indian tree widely cultivated in the tropics for its aromatic seed; source of two spices: nutmeg and mace', 'black_pepper': 'pepper that is ground from whole peppercorns with husks on', 'white_pepper': 'pepper ground from husked peppercorns', 'sassafras': 'yellowwood tree with brittle wood and aromatic leaves and bark; source of sassafras oil; widely distributed in eastern North America', 'basil': 'any of several Old World tropical aromatic annual or perennial herbs of the genus Ocimum', 'bay_leaf': 'dried leaf of the bay laurel', 'borage': 'hairy blue-flowered European annual herb long used in herbal medicine and eaten raw as salad greens or cooked like spinach', 'hyssop': 'a European mint with aromatic and pungent leaves used in perfumery and as a seasoning in cookery; often cultivated as a remedy for bruises; yields hyssop oil', 'caraway': 'a Eurasian plant with small white flowers yielding caraway seed', 'chervil': 'aromatic annual Old World herb cultivated for its finely divided and often curly leaves for use especially in soups and salads', 'chives': 'perennial having hollow cylindrical leaves used for seasoning', 'comfrey': 'perennial herbs of Europe and Iran; make rapidly growing groundcover for shaded areas', 'coriander': 'Old World herb with aromatic leaves and seed resembling parsley', 'costmary': 'tansy-scented Eurasian perennial herb with buttonlike yellow flowers; used as potherb or salad green and sometimes for potpourri or tea or flavoring; sometimes placed in genus Chrysanthemum', 'fennel_seed': 'aromatic anis-scented seeds', 'fenugreek': 'annual herb or southern Europe and eastern Asia having off-white flowers and aromatic seeds used medicinally and in curry', 'garlic': 'bulbous herb of southern Europe widely naturalized; bulb breaks up into separate strong-flavored cloves', 'garlic_chive': 'a plant of eastern Asia; larger than Allium schoenoprasum', 'lemon_balm': 'bushy perennial Old World mint having small white or yellowish flowers and fragrant lemon-flavored leaves; a garden escapee in northern Europe and North America', 'lovage': 'herb native to southern Europe; cultivated for its edible stalks and foliage and seeds', 'marjoram': 'pungent leaves used as seasoning with meats and fowl and in stews and soups and omelets', 'mustard_seed': 'black or white seeds ground to make mustard pastes or powders', 'Chinese_mustard': 'very hot prepared mustard', 'nasturtium': 'any tropical American plant of the genus Tropaeolum having pungent juice and long-spurred yellow to red flowers', 'parsley': 'annual or perennial herb with aromatic leaves', 'salad_burnet': 'European garden herb with purple-tinged flowers and leaves that are sometimes used for salads', 'rosemary': 'widely cultivated for its fragrant grey-green leaves used in cooking and in perfumery', 'sage': 'any of various plants of the genus Salvia; a cosmopolitan herb', 'clary_sage': 'stout Mediterranean sage with white or pink or violet flowers; yields oil used as a flavoring and in perfumery', 'summer_savory': 'erect annual herb with oval leaves and pink flowers; used to flavor e.g. meats or soups or salads; southeastern Europe and naturalized elsewhere', 'winter_savory': 'erect perennial subshrub having pink or white flowers and leathery leaves with a flavor of thyme; southern Europe', 'sweet_woodruff': 'Old World fragrant stoloniferous perennial having small white flowers and narrow leaves used as flavoring and in sachets; widely cultivated as a ground cover; in some classifications placed in genus Asperula', 'sweet_cicely': 'European herb with soft ferny leaves and white flowers', 'tarragon': 'aromatic perennial of southeastern Russia', 'thyme': 'any of various mints of the genus Thymus', 'turmeric': 'widely cultivated tropical plant of India having yellow flowers and a large aromatic deep yellow rhizome; source of a condiment and a yellow dye', 'catsup': 'thick spicy sauce made from tomatoes', 'cardamom': 'rhizomatous herb of India having aromatic seeds used as seasoning', 'chili_powder': 'powder made of ground chili peppers mixed with e.g. cumin and garlic and oregano', 'chili_sauce': 'tomatoes and onions and peppers (sweet or hot) simmered with vinegar and sugar and various seasonings', 'chili_vinegar': 'fiery vinegar flavored with chili peppers', 'chutney': 'a spicy condiment made of chopped fruits or vegetables cooked in vinegar and sugar with ginger and spices', 'steak_sauce': 'pungent bottled sauce for steak', 'taco_sauce': 'spicy tomato-based sauce for tacos', 'salsa': 'spicy sauce of tomatoes and onions and chili peppers to accompany Mexican foods', 'mint_sauce': 'sweetened diluted vinegar with chopped mint leaves', 'cranberry_sauce': 'sauce made of cranberries and sugar', 'curry_powder': 'pungent blend of cumin and ground coriander seed and turmeric and other spices', 'curry': '(East Indian cookery) a pungent dish of vegetables or meats flavored with curry powder and usually eaten with rice', 'lamb_curry': 'curry made with lamb', 'duck_sauce': 'a thick sweet and pungent Chinese condiment', 'horseradish': 'the root of the horseradish plant; it is grated or ground and used for seasoning', 'marinade': 'mixtures of vinegar or wine and oil with various spices and seasonings; used for soaking foods before cooking', 'paprika': 'a mild powdered seasoning made from dried pimientos', 'Spanish_paprika': 'a mild seasoning made from a variety of pimiento grown in Spain', 'pickle': 'vegetables (especially cucumbers) preserved in brine or vinegar', 'dill_pickle': 'pickle preserved in brine or vinegar flavored with dill seed', 'bread_and_butter_pickle': 'thinly sliced sweet pickles', 'pickle_relish': 'relish of chopped (usually sweet) pickles', 'piccalilli': 'relish of chopped pickled cucumbers and green peppers and onion', 'sweet_pickle': 'pickle cured in brine and preserved in sugar and vinegar', 'applesauce': 'puree of stewed apples usually sweetened and spiced', 'soy_sauce': 'thin sauce made of fermented soy beans', 'Tabasco': 'a Mexican state on the Gulf of Campeche', 'tomato_paste': 'thick concentrated tomato puree', 'angelica': 'any of various tall and stout herbs of the genus Angelica having pinnately compound leaves and small white or greenish flowers in compound umbels', 'almond_extract': 'flavoring made from almonds macerated in alcohol', 'anise': 'native to Egypt but cultivated widely for its aromatic seeds and the oil from them used medicinally and as a flavoring in cookery', 'Chinese_anise': 'anise-scented star-shaped fruit or seed used in Asian cooking and medicine', 'juniper_berries': 'berrylike cone of a common juniper; used in making gin', 'saffron': 'Old World crocus having purple or white flowers with aromatic pungent orange stigmas used in flavoring food', 'sesame_seed': 'small oval seeds of the sesame plant', 'caraway_seed': 'aromatic seeds of the caraway plant; used widely as seasoning', 'poppy_seed': 'small grey seed of a poppy flower; used whole or ground in baked items', 'dill': 'aromatic Old World herb having aromatic threadlike foliage and seeds used as seasoning', 'dill_seed': 'seed of the dill plant used as seasoning', 'celery_seed': 'seed of the celery plant used as seasoning', 'lemon_extract': 'a flavoring made from (or imitating) lemons', 'monosodium_glutamate': 'white crystalline compound used as a food additive to enhance flavor; often used in Chinese cooking; \"food manufacturers sometimes list MSG simply as `artificial flavors\\' in ingredient lists\"', 'vanilla_bean': 'long bean-like fruit; seeds are used as flavoring', 'vinegar': 'dilute acetic acid', 'cider_vinegar': 'vinegar made from cider', 'wine_vinegar': 'vinegar made from wine', 'sauce': 'flavorful relish or dressing or topping served as an accompaniment to food', 'anchovy_sauce': 'made of white sauce and mashed anchovies', 'hot_sauce': 'a pungent peppery sauce', 'hard_sauce': 'butter and sugar creamed together with brandy or other flavoring and served with rich puddings', 'horseradish_sauce': 'creamy white sauce with horseradish and mustard', 'bolognese_pasta_sauce': 'sauce for pasta; contains mushrooms and ham and chopped vegetables and beef and tomato paste', 'carbonara': 'sauce for pasta; contains eggs and bacon or ham and grated cheese', 'tomato_sauce': 'sauce made with a puree of tomatoes (or strained tomatoes) with savory vegetables and other seasonings; can be used on pasta', 'tartare_sauce': 'mayonnaise with chopped pickles and sometimes capers and shallots and parsley and hard-cooked egg; sauce for seafood especially fried fish', 'wine_sauce': 'white or veloute sauce with wine and stock variously seasoned with onions and herbs; for fish or meat', 'marchand_de_vin': 'brown sauce with mushrooms and red wine or Madeira', 'bread_sauce': 'creamy white sauce made with bread instead of flour and seasoned with cloves and onion', 'plum_sauce': 'for Chinese dishes: plum preserves and chutney', 'peach_sauce': 'for Chinese dishes: peach preserves and chutney', 'apricot_sauce': 'for Chinese dishes: apricot preserves and chutney', 'pesto': 'a sauce typically served with pasta; contains crushed basil leaves and garlic and pine nuts and Parmesan cheese in olive oil', 'ravigote': 'veloute sauce seasoned with chopped chervil, chives, tarragon, shallots and capers', 'remoulade_sauce': 'a mayonnaise sauce flavored with herbs and mustard and capers; served with e.g. salad and cold meat', 'sauce_Louis': 'mayonnaise and heavy cream combined with chopped green pepper and green onion seasoned with chili sauce and Worcestershire sauce and lemon juice', 'bleu_cheese_dressing': 'creamy dressing containing crumbled blue cheese', 'blue_cheese_dressing': 'vinaigrette containing crumbled Roquefort or blue cheese', 'French_dressing': 'oil and vinegar with mustard and garlic', 'Lorenzo_dressing': 'vinaigrette with chili sauce and chopped watercress', 'anchovy_dressing': 'vinaigrette and mashed anchovies', 'Italian_dressing': 'a vinaigrette with garlic and herbs: oregano and basil and dill', 'half-and-half_dressing': 'half mayonnaise and half vinaigrette seasoned with minced garlic and mashed anchovies and grated Parmesan cheese; especially good for combination salads', 'mayonnaise': 'egg yolks and oil and vinegar', 'green_mayonnaise': 'mayonnaise with tarragon or dill and chopped watercress and spinach or cucumber', 'aioli': 'garlic mayonnaise', 'Russian_dressing': 'mayonnaise with horseradish grated onion and chili sauce or catsup; sometimes with caviar added', 'salad_cream': 'a creamy salad dressing resembling mayonnaise', 'Thousand_Island_dressing': 'mayonnaise with chili sauce or catsup and minced olives and peppers and hard-cooked egg', 'barbecue_sauce': 'spicy sweet and sour sauce usually based on catsup or chili sauce', 'hollandaise': 'eggs and butter with lemon juice', 'bearnaise': 'a sauce like hollandaise but made with white wine and tarragon and shallots instead of lemon juice', 'Bercy': 'butter creamed with white wine and shallots and parsley', 'bordelaise': 'brown sauce with beef marrow and red wine', 'bourguignon': 'reduced red wine with onions and parsley and thyme and butter', 'brown_sauce': 'bouillon or beef stock thickened with butter and flour roux and variously seasoned with herbs or Worcestershire etc.', 'Espagnole': 'brown sauce with tomatoes and a caramelized mixture of minced carrots and onions and celery seasoned with Madeira', 'Chinese_brown_sauce': 'a sauce based on soy sauce', 'blanc': 'a white sauce of fat, broth, and vegetables (used especially with braised meat)', 'cheese_sauce': 'white sauce with grated cheese', 'chocolate_sauce': 'sauce made with unsweetened chocolate or cocoa and sugar and water', 'hot-fudge_sauce': 'thick chocolate sauce served hot', 'cocktail_sauce': 'usually catsup with horseradish and lemon juice', 'Colbert': 'butter creamed with parsley and tarragon and beef extract', 'white_sauce': 'milk thickened with a butter and flour roux', 'cream_sauce': 'white sauce made with cream', 'Mornay_sauce': 'onion-flavored creamy cheese sauce with egg yolk and grated cheese', 'demiglace': 'sauce Espagnole with extra beef stock simmered down and seasoned with dry wine or sherry', 'gravy': 'a sauce made by adding stock, flour, or other ingredients to the juice and fat that drips from cooking meats', 'spaghetti_sauce': 'any of numerous sauces for spaghetti or other kinds of pasta', 'marinara': 'sauce for pasta; contains tomatoes and garlic and herbs', \"hunter's_sauce\": 'brown sauce and tomato puree with onions and mushrooms and dry white wine', 'mushroom_sauce': 'brown sauce and sauteed mushrooms', 'mustard_sauce': 'sauce of prepared mustard thinned with vinegar and vegetable oil with sugar and seasonings', 'Nantua': 'white sauce with whipping cream and shrimp butter', 'Hungarian_sauce': 'veloute sauce with sauteed chopped onion and paprika and cream', 'pepper_sauce': 'for venison: brown sauce with sauteed vegetables and trimmings and marinade and plenty of pepper', 'roux': 'a mixture of fat and flour heated and used as a basis for sauces', 'Smitane': 'veloute or brown sauce with sauteed chopped onion and dry white wine and sour cream', 'Soubise': 'veloute sauce with sauteed chopped onions and whipping cream', 'Lyonnaise_sauce': 'brown sauce with sauteed chopped onions and parsley and dry white wine or vinegar', 'veloute': 'white sauce made with stock instead of milk', 'allemande': 'egg-thickened veloute', 'caper_sauce': 'allemande sauce with capers', 'poulette': 'allemande sauce with chopped parsley', 'curry_sauce': 'allemande sauce with curry powder and coconut milk instead of stock', 'Worcester_sauce': 'a savory sauce of vinegar and soy sauce and spices', 'egg_white': 'the white part of an egg; the nutritive and protective gelatinous substance surrounding the yolk consisting mainly of albumin dissolved in water; \"she separated the whites from the yolks of several eggs\"', 'egg_yolk': 'the yellow spherical part of an egg that is surrounded by the albumen', 'boiled_egg': 'egg cooked briefly in the shell in gently boiling water', 'hard-boiled_egg': 'an egg boiled gently until both the white and the yolk solidify', 'Easter_egg': 'an egg-shaped candy used to celebrate Easter', 'chocolate_egg': 'egg-shaped chocolate candy', 'candy_egg': 'egg-shaped candy', 'poached_egg': 'egg cooked in gently boiling water', 'scrambled_eggs': 'eggs beaten and cooked to a soft firm consistency while stirring', 'deviled_egg': 'halved hard-cooked egg with the yolk mashed with mayonnaise and seasonings and returned to the white', 'shirred_egg': 'egg cooked individually in cream or butter in a small ramekin', 'omelet': 'beaten eggs or an egg mixture cooked until just set; may be folded around e.g. ham or cheese or jelly', 'firm_omelet': 'eggs beaten with milk or cream and cooked until set', 'French_omelet': 'omelet cooked quickly and slid onto a plate', 'fluffy_omelet': 'souffle-like omelet made by beating and adding the whites separately', 'western_omelet': 'a firm omelet that has diced ham and peppers and onions', 'souffle': 'light fluffy dish of egg yolks and stiffly beaten egg whites mixed with e.g. cheese or fish or fruit', 'fried_egg': 'eggs cooked by sauteing in oil or butter; sometimes turned and cooked on both sides', 'dairy_product': 'milk and butter and cheese', 'sour_milk': 'milk that has turned sour', 'soya_milk': 'a milk substitute containing soybean flour and water; used in some infant formulas and in making tofu', 'pasteurized_milk': 'milk that has been exposed briefly to high temperatures to destroy microorganisms and prevent fermentation', \"cows'_milk\": 'milk obtained from dairy cows', \"yak's_milk\": 'the milk of a yak', \"goats'_milk\": 'the milk of a goat', 'acidophilus_milk': 'milk fermented by bacteria; used to treat gastrointestinal disorders', 'raw_milk': 'unpasteurized milk', 'scalded_milk': 'milk heated almost to boiling', 'homogenized_milk': 'milk with the fat particles broken up and dispersed uniformly so the cream will not rise', 'certified_milk': 'milk from dairies regulated by an authorized medical milk commission', 'powdered_milk': 'dehydrated milk', 'nonfat_dry_milk': 'dehydrated skimmed milk', 'evaporated_milk': 'milk concentrated by evaporation', 'condensed_milk': 'sweetened evaporated milk', 'skim_milk': 'milk from which the cream has been skimmed', 'semi-skimmed_milk': 'milk from which some of the cream has been removed', 'whole_milk': 'milk from which no constituent (such as fat) has been removed', 'low-fat_milk': 'milk from which some of the cream has been removed', 'buttermilk': 'residue from making butter from sour raw milk; or pasteurized milk curdled by adding a culture', 'clotted_cream': 'thick cream made from scalded milk', 'double_creme': 'cream with a fat content of 48% or more', 'half-and-half': 'half milk and half light cream; contains 10% to 18% butterfat', 'heavy_cream': 'contains more than 36% butterfat', 'light_cream': 'cream that has at least 18% butterfat; \"in England they call light cream `single cream\\'\"', 'sour_cream': 'artificially soured light cream', 'whipping_cream': 'cream that has enough butterfat (30% to 36%) to be whipped', 'butter': 'a fighter who strikes the opponent with his head', 'clarified_butter': 'butter made clear by heating and removing the sediment of milk solids', 'ghee': 'clarified butter used in Indian cookery', 'brown_butter': 'clarified butter browned slowly and seasoned with vinegar or lemon juice and capers', 'Meuniere_butter': 'clarified butter browned slowly and seasoned with lemon juice and parsley', 'yogurt': 'a custard-like food made from curdled milk', 'blueberry_yogurt': 'yogurt with sweetened blueberries or blueberry jam', 'raita': 'an Indian side dish of yogurt and chopped cucumbers and spices', 'whey': 'the serum or watery part of milk that is separated from the curd in making cheese', 'curd': 'a coagulated liquid resembling milk curd; \"bean curd\"; \"lemon curd\"', 'clabber': 'raw milk that has soured and thickened', 'cheese': 'a solid food prepared from the pressed curd of milk', 'cheese_rind': 'the rind of a cheese', 'paring': 'a thin fragment or slice (especially of wood) that has been shaved from something', 'cream_cheese': 'soft unripened cheese made of sweet milk and cream', 'double_cream': 'fresh soft French cheese containing at least 60% fat', 'mascarpone': 'soft mild Italian cream cheese', 'triple_cream': 'fresh soft French cheese containing at least 72% fat', 'cottage_cheese': 'mild white cheese made from curds of soured skim milk', 'process_cheese': 'made by blending several lots of cheese', 'bleu': 'cheese containing a blue mold', 'Stilton': 'English blue cheese', 'Roquefort': 'French blue cheese', 'gorgonzola': 'Italian blue cheese', 'Danish_blue': 'blue cheese of Denmark', 'Bavarian_blue': 'blue cheese of Bavaria', 'Brie': 'soft creamy white cheese; milder than Camembert', 'brick_cheese': 'semisoft sweet American cheese from whole milk in a brick form', 'Camembert': 'rich soft creamy French cheese', 'cheddar': 'hard smooth-textured cheese; originally made in Cheddar in southwestern England', 'rat_cheese': 'informal names for American cheddar', 'Cheshire_cheese': 'a mild yellow English cheese with a crumbly texture', 'double_Gloucester': 'a smooth firm mild orange-red cheese', 'Edam': 'mild yellow Dutch cheese made in balls encased in a red covering', 'goat_cheese': \"made from goats' milk\", 'Gouda': 'mild cream-colored Dutch cheese shaped in balls', 'grated_cheese': 'hard or semihard cheese grated', 'hand_cheese': 'any cheese originally molded by hand', 'Liederkranz': 'a soft cheese with a strong odor and flavor', 'Limburger': 'a soft white cheese with a very strong pungent odor and flavor', 'mozzarella': 'mild white Italian cheese', 'Muenster': 'semisoft pale-yellow cheese', 'Parmesan': 'hard dry sharp-flavored Italian cheese; often grated', 'quark_cheese': 'fresh unripened cheese of a smooth texture made from pasteurized milk, a starter, and rennet', 'ricotta': 'soft Italian cheese like cottage cheese', 'string_cheese': 'cheese formed in long strings twisted together', 'Swiss_cheese': 'hard pale yellow cheese with many holes from Switzerland', 'Emmenthal': 'Swiss cheese with large holes', 'Gruyere': 'Swiss cheese with small holes', 'sapsago': 'a hard green Swiss cheese made with skim-milk curd and flavored with clover', 'Velveeta': 'trademark: soft processed American cheese', 'nut_butter': 'ground nuts blended with a little butter', 'peanut_butter': 'a spread made from ground peanuts', 'marshmallow_fluff': 'a very sweet white spread resembling marshmallow candy', 'onion_butter': 'butter blended with minced onion', 'pimento_butter': 'butter blended with mashed pimento', 'shrimp_butter': 'butter blended with chopped shrimp or seasoned with essence from shrimp shells', 'lobster_butter': 'butter blended with chopped lobster or seasoned with essence from lobster shells', 'yak_butter': \"butter made from yaks' milk\", 'cheese_spread': 'spread made of cheese mixed with butter or cream or cream cheese and seasonings', 'anchovy_butter': 'butter blended with mashed anchovies', 'fishpaste': 'a paste of fish or shellfish', 'garlic_butter': 'butter seasoned with mashed garlic', 'miso': 'a thick paste made from fermented soybeans and barley or rice malt; used in Japanese cooking to make soups or sauces', 'wasabi': 'a Japanese plant of the family Cruciferae with a thick green root', 'snail_butter': 'for preparing snails: butter seasoned with shallots and garlic and parsley', 'hummus': 'a thick spread made from mashed chickpeas, tahini, lemon juice and garlic; used especially as a dip for pita; originated in the Middle East', 'duck_pate': 'a pate made from duck liver', 'foie_gras': 'a pate made from goose liver (marinated in Cognac) and truffles', 'tapenade': 'a spread consisting of capers and black olives and anchovies made into a puree with olive oil', 'tahini': 'a thick Middle Eastern paste made from ground sesame seeds', 'aspartame': 'an artificial sweetener made from aspartic acid; used as a calorie-free sweetener', 'honey': 'a sweet yellow liquid produced by bees', 'saccharin': 'a crystalline substance 500 times sweeter than sugar; used as a calorie-free sweetener', 'sugar': 'a white crystalline carbohydrate used as a sweetener and preservative', 'syrup': 'a thick sweet sticky liquid', 'sugar_syrup': 'sugar and water and sometimes corn syrup boiled together; used as sweetening especially in drinks', 'molasses': 'thick dark syrup produced by boiling down juice from sugar cane; especially during sugar refining', 'sorghum': 'economically important Old World tropical cereal grass', 'grenadine': 'thin syrup made from pomegranate juice; used in mixed drinks', 'maple_syrup': 'made by concentrating sap from sugar maples', 'corn_syrup': 'syrup prepared from corn', 'miraculous_food': '(Old Testament) food that God gave the Israelites during the Exodus', 'batter': '(baseball) a ballplayer who is batting', 'dough': 'a flour mixture stiff enough to knead or roll', 'bread_dough': 'any of various doughs for bread', 'pancake_batter': 'batter for making pancakes', 'fritter_batter': 'batter for making fritters', 'coq_au_vin': 'chicken and onions and mushrooms braised in red wine and seasonings', 'chicken_provencale': 'chicken cooked in a sauce made with tomatoes, garlic, and olive oil', 'chicken_and_rice': 'rice and chicken cooked together with or without other ingredients and variously seasoned', 'moo_goo_gai_pan': 'a Cantonese dish of chicken and sauteed vegetables', 'arroz_con_pollo': 'rice and chicken cooked together Spanish style; highly seasoned especially with saffron', 'bacon_and_eggs': 'eggs (fried or scrambled) served with bacon', 'barbecued_spareribs': 'baked or roasted with a spicy sauce', 'beef_Bourguignonne': 'beef and mushrooms and onions stewed in red wine and seasonings', 'beef_Wellington': 'rare-roasted beef tenderloin coated with mushroom paste in puff pastry', 'bitok': 'a Russian dish made with patties of ground meat (mixed with onions and bread and milk) and served with a sauce of sour cream', 'boiled_dinner': 'corned beef simmered with onions and cabbage and usually other vegetables', 'Boston_baked_beans': 'dried navy beans baked slowly with molasses and salt pork', 'bubble_and_squeak': 'leftover cabbage fried with cooked potatoes and sometimes meat', 'cannelloni': 'tubular pasta filled with meat or cheese', 'carbonnade_flamande': 'beef stewed in beer seasoned with garlic and served with boiled potatoes', 'cheese_souffle': 'puffy dish of cheese and eggs (whites beaten separately) and white sauce', 'chicken_Marengo': 'braised chicken with onions and mushrooms in a wine and tomato sauce', 'chicken_cordon_bleu': 'thin slices of chicken stuffed with cheese and ham and then sauteed', 'Maryland_chicken': 'chicken fried than oven-baked and served with milk gravy', 'chicken_paprika': 'chicken simmered in broth with onions and paprika then mixed with sour cream', 'chicken_Tetrazzini': 'chicken prepared in a cream sauce with mushrooms and served over pasta; usually topped with cheese', 'Tetrazzini': 'a pasta dish with cream sauce and mushrooms', 'chicken_Kiev': 'pounded chicken cutlets rolled around butter (that has been seasoned with herbs) and then covered with crumbs and fried', 'chili_dog': 'a hotdog with chili con carne on it', 'chop_suey': 'meat or fish stir-fried with vegetables (e.g., celery, onions, peppers or bean sprouts) seasoned with ginger and garlic and soy sauce; served with rice; created in the United States and frequently served in Chinese restaurants there', 'chow_mein': 'chop suey served with fried noodles', 'codfish_ball': 'usually made of flaked salt cod and mashed potatoes', 'coquilles_Saint-Jacques': 'scallops in white wine sauce served in scallop shells', 'Cornish_pasty': 'meat pie with filling of meat and vegetables', 'croquette': 'minced cooked meats (or vegetables) in thick white sauce; breaded and deep-fried', 'cottage_pie': 'a dish of minced meat topped with mashed potatoes', 'rissole': 'minced cooked meat or fish coated in egg and breadcrumbs and fried in deep fat', 'dolmas': 'well-seasoned rice (with nuts or currants or minced lamb) simmered or braised in stock', 'egg_foo_yong': 'omelet containing onions and celery and chopped meat or fish', 'egg_roll': 'minced vegetables and meat wrapped in a pancake and fried', 'eggs_Benedict': 'toasted English muffin topped with ham and a poached egg (or an oyster) and hollandaise sauce', 'enchilada': 'tortilla with meat filling baked in tomato sauce seasoned with chili', 'falafel': 'small croquette of mashed chick peas or fava beans seasoned with sesame seeds', 'fish_and_chips': 'fried fish and french-fried potatoes', 'fondue': 'cubes of meat or seafood cooked in hot oil and then dipped in any of various sauces', 'cheese_fondue': 'fondue made of cheese melted in wine for dipping bread and sometimes fruits', 'chocolate_fondue': 'fondue made of chocolate melted with milk or cream for dipping fruits', 'beef_fondue': 'cubes of beef cooked in hot oil and then dipped in various tasty sauces', 'French_toast': 'bread slice dipped in egg and milk and fried; topped with sugar or fruit or syrup', 'fried_rice': 'boiled rice mixed with scallions and minced pork or shrimp and quickly scrambled with eggs', 'frittata': 'Italian omelet with diced vegetables and meats; cooked until bottom is set then inverted into another pan to cook the top', 'frog_legs': 'hind legs of frogs used as food; resemble chicken and cooked as chicken', 'galantine': 'boned poultry stuffed then cooked and covered with aspic; served cold', 'gefilte_fish': 'well-seasoned balls of ground fish and eggs and crushed crumbs simmered in fish stock', 'haggis': \"made of sheep's or calf's viscera minced with oatmeal and suet and onions and boiled in the animal's stomach\", 'ham_and_eggs': 'eggs (scrambled or fried) served with ham', 'hash': 'chopped meat mixed with potatoes and browned', 'corned_beef_hash': 'hash made with corned beef', 'jambalaya': 'spicy Creole dish of rice and ham, sausage, chicken, or shellfish with tomatoes, peppers, onions, and celery', 'kabob': 'cubes of meat marinated and cooked on a skewer usually with vegetables', 'kedgeree': 'a dish of rice and hard-boiled eggs and cooked flaked fish', 'souvlaki': 'made of lamb', 'seafood_Newburg': 'seafood in Newburg sauce served on toast or rice', 'lobster_Newburg': 'lobster in Newburg sauce served on buttered toast or rice', 'shrimp_Newburg': 'shrimp in Newburg sauce usually served in a rice ring', 'Newburg_sauce': 'lobster butter and cream and egg yolks seasoned with onions and sherry or Madeira', 'lobster_thermidor': 'diced lobster mixed with Mornay sauce placed back in the shell and sprinkled with grated cheese and browned', 'lutefisk': 'dried cod soaked in a lye solution before boiling to give it a gelatinous consistency', 'macaroni_and_cheese': 'macaroni prepared in a cheese sauce', 'macedoine': 'mixed diced fruits or vegetables; hot or cold', 'meatball': 'ground meat formed into a ball and fried or simmered in broth', 'porcupine_ball': 'meat patties rolled in rice and simmered in a tomato sauce', 'Swedish_meatball': 'meatballs simmered in stock', 'meat_loaf': 'a baked loaf of ground meat', 'meat_pie': 'pie made with meat or fowl enclosed in pastry or covered with pastry or biscuit dough', 'pork_pie': 'small pie filled with minced seasoned pork', 'tourtiere': 'a meat pie that is usually eaten at Christmas in Quebec', 'mostaccioli': 'pasta somewhat resembling little moustaches', 'moussaka': 'casserole of eggplant and ground lamb with onion and tomatoes bound with white sauce and beaten eggs', 'osso_buco': 'sliced veal knuckle or shin bone cooked with olive oil and wine and tomatoes and served with rice or vegetables', 'marrowbone': 'a bone containing edible marrow; used especially in flavoring soup', 'pheasant_under_glass': 'a dish of roast pheasant served in a manner characteristic of expensive restaurants', 'pigs_in_blankets': 'small frankfurters wrapped in biscuit dough and baked', 'pilaf': 'rice cooked in well-seasoned broth with onions or celery and usually poultry or game or shellfish and sometimes tomatoes', 'bulgur_pilaf': 'pilaf made with bulgur wheat instead of rice and usually without meat', 'pizza': 'Italian open pie made of thin bread dough spread with a spiced mixture of e.g. tomato sauce and cheese', 'sausage_pizza': 'tomato and cheese pizza with sausage', 'pepperoni_pizza': 'tomato and cheese pizza with pepperoni', 'cheese_pizza': 'pizza with lots of cheese', 'anchovy_pizza': 'tomato and cheese pizza with anchovies', 'Sicilian_pizza': 'pizza made with a thick crust', 'poi': 'Hawaiian dish of taro root pounded to a paste and often allowed to ferment', 'pork_and_beans': 'dried beans cooked with pork and tomato sauce', 'porridge': 'soft food made by boiling oatmeal or other meal or legumes in water or milk until thick', 'loblolly': 'thick gruel', 'potpie': 'deep-dish meat and vegetable pie or a meat stew with dumplings', 'rijsttaffel': 'dish originating in Indonesia; a wide variety of foods and sauces are served with rice', 'risotto': 'rice cooked with broth and sprinkled with grated cheese', 'fish_loaf': 'flaked fish baked in a loaf with bread crumbs and various seasonings', 'salmon_loaf': 'fish loaf made with flaked salmon', 'Salisbury_steak': 'ground beef patty usually with a sauce', 'sauerbraten': 'pot roast marinated several days in seasoned vinegar before cooking; usually served with potato dumplings', 'sauerkraut': 'shredded cabbage fermented in brine', 'scallopine': 'sauteed cutlets (usually veal or poultry) that have been pounded thin and coated with flour', 'veal_scallopini': 'thin sauteed cutlets of veal', 'scampi': 'large shrimp sauteed in oil or butter and garlic', 'Scotch_egg': 'hard-cooked egg encased in sausage meat then breaded and deep-fried', 'Scotch_woodcock': 'creamy scrambled eggs on toast spread with anchovy paste', 'scrapple': 'scraps of meat (usually pork) boiled with cornmeal and shaped into loaves for slicing and frying', \"shepherd's_pie\": 'pie of hash covered with mashed potatoes and browned in the oven', 'spaghetti_and_meatballs': 'spaghetti with meatballs in a tomato sauce', 'Spanish_rice': 'spicy rice with tomatoes and onions and green peppers', 'steak_and_kidney_pie': 'steak with sauteed kidneys and onions cooked in wine and stock then covered with pastry and baked', 'kidney_pie': 'like steak and kidney pie but without steak', 'steak_tartare': 'ground beef mixed with raw egg and e.g. onions and capers and anchovies; eaten raw', 'pepper_steak': 'strips of steak sauteed with green peppers and onions', 'steak_au_poivre': 'steak covered with crushed peppercorns pan-broiled and served with brandy-and-butter sauce', 'beef_Stroganoff': 'sauteed strips of beef and mushrooms in sour cream sauce served with noodles', 'stuffed_cabbage': 'parboiled head of cabbage scooped out and filled with a hash of chopped e.g. beef or ham and baked; served with tomato or cheese sauce', 'kishke': '(Judaism) roasted fowl intestines with a seasoned filling of matzo meal and suet', 'stuffed_peppers': 'parboiled green peppers stuffed usually with rice and meat and baked briefly', 'stuffed_tomato': 'tomato cases filled with various salad mixtures and served cold', 'succotash': 'fresh corn and lima beans with butter or cream', 'sukiyaki': 'thin beef strips (or chicken or pork) cooked briefly at the table with onions and greens and soy sauce', 'sashimi': 'very thinly sliced raw fish', 'sushi': 'rice (with raw fish) wrapped in seaweed', 'Swiss_steak': 'steak braised in tomato and onion mixture', 'tamale': 'corn and cornmeal dough stuffed with a meat mixture then wrapped in corn husks and steamed', 'tamale_pie': 'a meat mixture covered with cornbread topping that resembles a Mexican dish', 'tempura': 'vegetables and seafood dipped in batter and deep-fried', 'teriyaki': 'beef or chicken or seafood marinated in spicy soy sauce and grilled or broiled', 'terrine': 'a pate or fancy meatloaf baked in an earthenware casserole', 'Welsh_rarebit': 'cheese melted with ale or beer served over toast', 'schnitzel': 'deep-fried breaded veal cutlets', 'tortilla': 'thin unleavened pancake made from cornmeal or wheat flour', 'taco': 'a tortilla rolled cupped around a filling', 'chicken_taco': 'a taco with a chicken filling', 'burrito': 'a flour tortilla folded around a filling', 'beef_burrito': 'a burrito with a beef filling', 'quesadilla': 'a tortilla that is filled with cheese and heated', 'tostada': 'a flat tortilla with various fillings piled on it', 'bean_tostada': 'a flat tortilla topped with refried beans', 'refried_beans': 'dried beans cooked and mashed and then fried in lard with various seasonings', 'beverage': 'any liquid suitable for drinking; \"may I take your beverage order?\"', 'wish-wash': 'any thin watery drink', 'lekvar': 'a sweet filling made of prunes or apricots', 'potion': 'a medicinal or magical or poisonous beverage', 'elixir': 'a sweet flavored liquid (usually containing a small amount of alcohol) used in compounding medicines to be taken by mouth in order to mask an unpleasant taste', 'elixir_of_life': 'a hypothetical substance believed to maintain life indefinitely; once sought by alchemists', 'philter': 'a drink credited with magical power; can make the one who takes it love the one who gave it', 'chaser': 'a drink to follow immediately after another drink', 'quaff': 'a hearty draft', 'pledge': 'a deposit of personal property as security for a debt; \"his saxophone was in pledge\"', 'alcohol': 'any of a series of volatile hydroxyl compounds that are made from hydrocarbons by distillation', 'proof_spirit': 'a mixture containing half alcohol by volume at 60 degrees Fahrenheit', 'home_brew': 'an alcoholic beverage (especially beer) made at home', 'hooch': 'an illicitly distilled (and usually inferior) alcoholic liquor', 'kava': 'an alcoholic drink made from the aromatic roots of the kava shrub', 'aperitif': 'alcoholic beverage taken before a meal as an appetizer', 'brew': 'drink made by steeping and boiling and fermenting rather than distilling', 'beer': 'a general name for alcoholic beverages made by fermenting a cereal (or mixture of cereals) flavored with hops', 'draft_beer': 'beer drawn from a keg', 'suds': 'a dysphemism for beer (especially for lager that effervesces)', 'Munich_beer': 'a dark lager produced in Munich since the 10th century; has a distinctive taste of malt', 'bock': 'a very strong lager traditionally brewed in the fall and aged through the winter for consumption in the spring', 'lager': 'a general term for beer made with bottom fermenting yeast (usually by decoction mashing); originally it was brewed in March or April and matured until September', 'light_beer': 'lager with reduced alcohol content', 'Pilsner': 'a pale lager with strong flavor of hops; first brewed in the Bohemian town of Pilsen', 'shebeen': 'unlicensed drinking establishment', 'Weissbier': 'a general name for beers made from wheat by top fermentation; usually very pale and cloudy and effervescent', 'Weizenbier': 'a general name in southern Germany for wheat beers', 'Weizenbock': 'a German wheat beer of bock strength', 'malt': 'a lager of high alcohol content; by law it is considered too alcoholic to be sold as lager or beer', 'wort': \"usually used in combination: `liverwort'; `milkwort'; `whorlywort'\", 'ale': 'a general name for beer made with a top fermenting yeast; in some of the United States an ale is (by law) a brew of more than 4% alcohol by volume', 'Burton': 'English explorer who with John Speke was the first European to explore Lake Tanganyika (1821-1890)', 'pale_ale': 'an amber colored ale brewed with pale malts; similar to bitter but drier and lighter', 'porter': 'a person employed to carry luggage and supplies', 'Guinness': 'English stage and screen actor noted for versatility (1914-2000)', 'kvass': 'fermented beverage resembling beer but made from rye or barley', 'mead': 'made of fermented honey and water', 'metheglin': 'spiced or medicated mead', 'hydromel': 'honey diluted in water; becomes mead when fermented', 'oenomel': 'wine mixed with honey', 'near_beer': 'drink that resembles beer but with less than 1/2 percent alcohol', 'ginger_beer': 'carbonated slightly alcoholic drink flavored with fermented ginger', 'nipa': 'made from sap of the Australasian nipa palm', 'red_wine': 'wine having a red color derived from skins of dark-colored grapes', 'white_wine': 'pale yellowish wine made from white grapes or red grapes with skins removed before fermentation', 'blush_wine': 'pinkish table wine from red grapes whose skins were removed after fermentation began', 'altar_wine': 'used in a communion service', 'sparkling_wine': 'effervescent wine', 'champagne': 'a white sparkling wine either produced in Champagne or resembling that produced there', 'cold_duck': 'pink sparkling wine originally from Germany', 'Burgundy': 'red table wine from the Burgundy region of France (or any similar wine made elsewhere)', 'Beaujolais': 'dry fruity light red wine drunk within a few months after it is made; from the Beaujolais district in southeastern France', 'Medoc': 'red Bordeaux wine from the Medoc district of southwestern France', 'Canary_wine': 'a sweet white wine from the Canary Islands', 'Chablis': 'a town in north central France noted for white Burgundy wines', 'Montrachet': 'a white Burgundy wine', 'Chardonnay': 'white wine grape', 'Pinot_noir': 'red wine grape; grown especially in California for making wines resembling those from Burgundy, France', 'Pinot_blanc': 'white wine grape; grown especially in California for making wines resembling those from Chablis, France', 'Bordeaux': 'a port city in southwestern France; a major center of the wine trade', 'Chianti': 'dry red Italian table wine from the Chianti region of Tuscany', 'Cabernet': 'superior Bordeaux type of red wine', 'Merlot': 'black wine grape originally from the region of Bordeaux', 'Sauvignon_blanc': 'white wine grape grown in California', 'California_wine': 'any of various wines produced in California', 'Cotes_de_Provence': 'a wine from southeastern France on the Mediterranean coast', 'dessert_wine': 'still sweet wine often served with dessert or after a meal', 'Dubonnet': '(trademark) a sweet aromatic French wine (red or white) used chiefly as an aperitif', 'jug_wine': 'inexpensive wine sold in large bottles or jugs', 'macon': 'fine Burgundy wine usually white and dry', 'Moselle': 'German white wine from the Moselle valley or a similar wine made elsewhere', 'Muscadet': 'white grape grown especially in the valley the Loire in France', 'retsina': 'Greek wine flavored with resin', 'Rhine_wine': \"any of several white wines from the Rhine River valley in Germany (`hock' is British usage)\", 'Riesling': 'white grape grown in Europe and California', 'liebfraumilch': 'a sweetened Rhenish wine (especially one from Hesse in western Germany)', 'Rhone_wine': 'any of various wines from the Rhone River valley in France', 'Rioja': 'dry red table wine from the Rioja region of northern Spain', 'Saint_Emilion': 'full-bodied red wine from around the town of Saint Emilion in Bordeaux', 'Soave': 'dry white Italian wine from Verona', 'zinfandel': 'dry fruity red wine from California', 'Sauterne': 'semisweet golden-colored table or dessert wine from around Bordeaux in France; similar wine from California', 'straw_wine': 'sweet wine from grapes partially sun-dried on the vine or on straw mats', 'table_wine': 'wine containing not more than 14 percent alcohol usually served with a meal', 'vin_ordinaire': 'cheap French table wine of unspecified origin', 'vermouth': 'any of several white wines flavored with aromatic herbs; used as aperitifs or in mixed drinks', 'sweet_vermouth': 'sweet dark amber variety', 'dry_vermouth': 'dry pale amber variety', 'Chenin_blanc': 'white grape grown especially in California and the lower Loire valley of France', 'Verdicchio': 'a variety of white wine grape grown in Italy', 'Vouvray': 'a dry white French wine (either still or sparkling) made in the Loire valley', 'Yquem': 'a sweet white French wine', 'varietal': 'a wine made principally from one grape and carrying the name of that grape', 'fortified_wine': 'wine to which alcohol (usually grape brandy) has been added', 'Madeira': 'a Brazilian river; tributary of the Amazon River', 'malmsey': 'sweet Madeira wine', 'sherry': 'dry to sweet amber wine from the Jerez region of southern Spain or similar wines produced elsewhere; usually drunk as an aperitif', 'Manzanilla': 'very dry pale sherry from Spain', 'Amontillado': 'pale medium-dry sherry from Spain', 'Marsala': 'dark sweet or semisweet dessert wine from Sicily', 'neutral_spirits': 'nonflavored alcohol of 95 percent or 190 proof used for blending with straight whiskies and in making gin and liqueurs', 'aqua_vitae': 'strong distilled liquor or brandy', 'eau_de_vie': 'strong coarse brandy', 'moonshine': 'whiskey illegally distilled from a corn mash', 'bathtub_gin': 'homemade gin especially that made illegally', 'aquavit': 'Scandinavian liquor usually flavored with caraway seeds', 'arrack': 'any of various strong liquors distilled from the fermented sap of toddy palms or from fermented molasses', 'bitters': 'alcoholic liquor flavored with bitter herbs and roots', 'brandy': 'distilled from wine or fermented fruit juice', 'applejack': 'distilled from hard cider', 'Calvados': 'dry apple brandy made in Normandy', 'Armagnac': 'dry brandy distilled in the Armagnac district of France', 'Cognac': 'high quality grape brandy distilled in the Cognac district of France', 'grappa': 'Italian brandy made from residue of grapes after pressing', 'kirsch': 'from fermented juice of black morello cherries', 'marc': 'made from residue of grapes or apples after pressing', 'slivovitz': 'a colorless plum brandy popular in the Balkans', 'sloe_gin': 'gin flavored with sloes (fruit of the blackthorn)', 'geneva': 'gin made in the Netherlands', 'grog': 'rum cut with water', 'ouzo': 'a Greek liquor flavored with anise', 'rum': 'liquor distilled from fermented molasses', 'Jamaica_rum': 'heavy pungent rum from Jamaica', 'schnapps': 'any of various strong liquors especially a Dutch spirit distilled from potatoes', 'pulque': 'fermented Mexican drink from juice of various agave plants especially the maguey', 'mescal': 'a small spineless globe-shaped cactus; source of mescal buttons', 'tequila': 'Mexican liquor made from fermented juices of an agave plant', 'vodka': 'unaged colorless liquor originating in Russia', 'whiskey': 'a liquor made from fermented mash of grain', 'blended_whiskey': 'mixture of two or more whiskeys or of a whiskey and neutral spirits', 'bourbon': 'whiskey distilled from a mash of corn and malt and rye and aged in charred oak barrels', 'corn_whiskey': 'whiskey distilled from a mash of not less than 80 percent corn', 'firewater': 'any strong spirits (such as strong whisky or rum)', 'poteen': 'unlawfully distilled Irish whiskey', 'rye': 'the seed of the cereal grass', 'Scotch': 'whiskey distilled in Scotland; especially whiskey made from malted barley in a pot still', 'sour_mash': 'a mash with optimum acidity for yeast fermentation; a mixture of old and new mash; used in distilling some whiskeys', 'liqueur': 'strong highly flavored sweet liquor usually drunk after a meal', 'absinth': 'strong green liqueur flavored with wormwood and anise', 'amaretto': 'an Italian almond liqueur', 'anisette': 'liquorice-flavored usually colorless sweet liqueur made from aniseed', 'benedictine': 'a French liqueur originally made by Benedictine monks', 'Chartreuse': 'aromatic green or yellow liqueur flavored with orange peel and hyssop and peppermint oils; made at monastery near Grenoble, France', 'coffee_liqueur': 'coffee-flavored liqueur', 'creme_de_cacao': 'sweet liqueur flavored with vanilla and cacao beans', 'creme_de_menthe': 'sweet green or white mint-flavored liqueur', 'creme_de_fraise': 'strawberry-flavored liqueur', 'Drambuie': 'a sweet Scotch whisky liqueur', 'Galliano': 'golden Italian liqueur flavored with herbs', 'orange_liqueur': 'liqueur flavored with orange', 'curacao': 'flavored with sour orange peel', 'triple_sec': 'type of curacao having higher alcoholic content', 'Grand_Marnier': 'an orange-flavored French liqueur', 'kummel': 'liqueur flavored with caraway seed or cumin', 'pastis': 'similar to absinthe but containing no wormwood', 'Pernod': '(registered trademark) a liqueur flavored with anise', 'pousse-cafe': 'small drink served after dinner (especially several liqueurs poured carefully so as to remain in separate layers)', 'Kahlua': 'coffee-flavored liqueur made in Mexico', 'sambuca': 'an Italian liqueur made with elderberries and flavored with licorice', 'mixed_drink': 'made of two or more ingredients', 'Dom_Pedro': 'South African mixed drink made by mixing ice cream with whisky', 'highball': 'a mixed drink made of alcoholic liquor mixed with water or a carbonated beverage and served in a tall glass', 'hair_of_the_dog': 'an alcoholic drink supposed to cure a hangover', 'shandygaff': 'a drink made of beer and lemonade', 'stirrup_cup': 'a farewell drink (especially one offered to a horseman ready to depart); usually alcoholic', 'sundowner': 'a tramp who habitually arrives at sundown', 'Bloody_Mary': 'a cocktail made with vodka and spicy tomato juice', 'Virgin_Mary': 'a Bloody Mary made without alcohol', 'bullshot': 'a cocktail made with vodka and beef bouillon or consomme', 'cobbler': 'a person who makes or repairs shoes', 'collins': 'tall iced drink of liquor (usually gin) with fruit juice', 'refresher': 'a fee (in addition to that marked on the brief) paid to counsel in a case that lasts more than one day', 'smoothie': 'someone with an assured and ingratiating manner', 'daiquiri': 'a cocktail made with rum and lime or lemon juice', 'strawberry_daiquiri': 'daiquiri with crushed strawberries', 'NADA_daiquiri': 'a daiquiri made without alcohol', 'spritzer': 'a mixed drink made of wine mixed with a sparkling water', 'gimlet': 'a cocktail made of gin or vodka and lime juice', 'gin_and_tonic': 'gin and quinine water', 'Harvey_Wallbanger': 'a cocktail made of vodka or gin and orange juice and Galliano', 'julep': 'bourbon and sugar and mint over crushed ice', 'manhattan': 'a cocktail made with whiskey and sweet vermouth with a dash of bitters', 'Rob_Roy': 'a manhattan cocktail made with Scotch whiskey', 'margarita': 'a cocktail made of tequila and triple sec with lime and lemon juice', 'martini': 'a cocktail made of gin (or vodka) with dry vermouth', 'gin_and_it': 'a cocktail made of gin and sweet vermouth', 'vodka_martini': 'martini made with vodka rather than gin', 'old_fashioned': 'a cocktail made of whiskey and bitters and sugar with fruit slices', 'pink_lady': 'a cocktail made of gin and brandy with lemon juice and grenadine shaken with an egg white and ice', 'posset': 'sweet spiced hot milk curdled with ale or beer', 'sangaree': 'sweetened red wine and orange or lemon juice with soda water', 'Sazerac': 'a cocktail made with bourbon with bitters and Pernod and sugar served with lemon peel', 'Scotch_and_soda': 'a highball with Scotch malt whiskey and club soda', 'brandy_sling': 'a sling made with brandy', 'gin_sling': 'a sling made with gin', 'rum_sling': 'a sling made with rum', 'whiskey_sour': 'a sour made with whiskey', 'whiskey_neat': 'a drink consisting of whiskey without a mixer; \"he ordered a whiskey neat\"', 'whiskey_on_the_rocks': 'whiskey with ice', 'swizzle': 'any of various tall frothy mixed drinks made usually of rum and lime juice and sugar shaken with ice', 'hot_toddy': 'a mixed drink made of liquor and water with sugar and spices and served hot', 'Tom_and_Jerry': 'hot rum toddy with a beaten egg', 'zombie': 'several kinds of rum with fruit juice and usually apricot liqueur', 'fizz': 'an effervescent beverage (usually alcoholic)', 'Irish_coffee': 'sweetened coffee with Irish whiskey and whipped cream', 'cafe_au_lait': 'equal parts of coffee and hot milk', 'cafe_noir': 'small cup of strong black coffee without milk or cream', 'decaffeinated_coffee': 'coffee with the caffeine removed', 'drip_coffee': 'coffee made by passing boiling water through a perforated container packed with finely ground coffee', 'espresso': 'strong black coffee brewed by forcing hot water under pressure through finely ground coffee beans', 'caffe_latte': 'strong espresso coffee with a topping of frothed steamed milk', 'cappuccino': 'equal parts of espresso and hot milk topped with cinnamon and nutmeg and usually whipped cream', 'iced_coffee': 'a strong sweetened coffee served over ice with cream', 'instant_coffee': 'dehydrated coffee that can be made into a drink by adding hot water; \"the advantages of instant coffee are speed of preparation and long shelf life\"', 'cassareep': 'a flavoring made by boiling down the juice of the bitter cassava; used in West Indian cooking', 'Turkish_coffee': 'a drink made from pulverized coffee beans; usually sweetened', 'chocolate_milk': 'milk flavored with chocolate syrup', 'cider': 'a beverage made from juice pressed from apples', 'hard_cider': \"alcoholic drink from fermented cider; `cider' and `cyder' are European (especially British) usages for the fermented beverage\", 'scrumpy': 'strong cider (as made in western England)', 'sweet_cider': 'unfermented cider', 'mulled_cider': 'sweet cider heated with spices and citrus fruit', 'perry': 'a fermented and often effervescent beverage made from juice of pears; similar in taste to hard cider', 'pruno': 'a liquor concocted from a mixture of ingredients (such as prunes and raisins and milk and sugar) that can be fermented to produce alcohol; made by prison inmates', 'rotgut': 'any alcoholic beverage of inferior quality', 'criollo': 'a Spanish American of pure European stock (usually Spanish); \"Mexico is a country of mestizos, criollos, and indigenes\"', 'ice-cream_soda': 'a drink with ice cream floating in it', 'root_beer_float': 'an ice-cream soda made with ice cream floating in root beer', 'milkshake': 'frothy drink of milk and flavoring and sometimes fruit or ice cream', 'eggshake': 'a milkshake with egg in it', 'frappe': 'liqueur poured over shaved ice', 'fruit_juice': 'drink produced by squeezing or crushing fruit', 'nectar': 'a sweet liquid secretion that is attractive to pollinators', 'apple_juice': 'the juice of apples', 'cranberry_juice': 'the juice of cranberries (always diluted and sweetened)', 'grape_juice': 'the juice of grapes', 'must': 'a necessary or essential thing; \"seat belts are an absolute must\"', 'grapefruit_juice': 'the juice of grapefruits', 'orange_juice': 'bottled or freshly squeezed juice of oranges', 'frozen_orange_juice': 'orange juice that has been concentrated and frozen', 'pineapple_juice': 'the juice of pineapples (usually bottled or canned)', 'lemon_juice': 'usually freshly squeezed juice of lemons', 'lime_juice': 'usually freshly squeezed juice of limes', 'papaya_juice': 'juice from papayas', 'tomato_juice': 'the juice of tomatoes (usually bottled or canned)', 'carrot_juice': 'usually freshly squeezed juice of carrots', 'V-8_juice': 'brand name for canned mixed vegetable juices', 'koumiss': \"an alcoholic beverage made from fermented mare's milk; made originally by nomads of central Asia\", 'fruit_drink': 'a sweetened beverage of diluted fruit juice', 'lacing': 'a small amount of liquor added to a food or beverage', 'lemonade': 'sweetened beverage of diluted lemon juice', 'limeade': 'sweetened beverage of lime juice and water', 'orangeade': 'sweetened beverage of diluted orange juice', 'malted_milk': 'powder made of dried milk and malted cereals', 'malted': 'a milkshake made with malt powder', 'mate': 'one of a pair; \"he lost the mate to his shoe\"; \"one eye was blue but its fellow was brown\"', 'mulled_wine': 'wine heated with sugar and spices and often citrus fruit', 'negus': 'wine and hot water with sugar and lemon juice and nutmeg', 'soft_drink': 'nonalcoholic beverage (usually carbonated)', 'birch_beer': 'carbonated drink containing an extract from bark of birch trees', 'bitter_lemon': 'tart lemon-flavored carbonated drink', 'cola': \"carbonated drink flavored with extract from kola nuts (`dope' is a southernism in the United States)\", 'cream_soda': 'sweet carbonated drink flavored with vanilla', 'egg_cream': 'made of milk and flavored syrup with soda water', 'ginger_ale': 'ginger-flavored carbonated drink', 'orange_soda': 'orange-flavored carbonated drink', 'phosphate': 'a salt of phosphoric acid', 'Coca_Cola': 'Coca Cola is a trademarked cola', 'Pepsi': 'Pepsi Cola is a trademarked cola', 'root_beer': 'carbonated drink containing extracts of roots and herbs', 'sarsaparilla': 'any of various prickly climbing plants of the tropical American genus Smilax having aromatic roots and heart-shaped leaves', 'coffee_bean': 'a seed of the coffee tree; ground to make coffee', 'coffee': 'any of several small trees and shrubs native to the tropical Old World yielding coffee beans', 'cafe_royale': 'black coffee with Cognac and lemon peel and sugar', 'fruit_punch': 'a punch made of fruit juices mixed with water or soda water (with or without alcohol)', 'milk_punch': 'a punch made of spirits and milk and sugar and spices', 'mimosa': 'any of various tropical shrubs or trees of the genus Mimosa having usually yellow flowers and compound leaves', 'pina_colada': 'a mixed drink made of pineapple juice and coconut cream and rum', 'champagne_cup': 'a punch containing a sparkling wine', 'claret_cup': 'a punch made of claret and brandy with lemon juice and sugar and sometimes sherry or curacao and fresh fruit', 'wassail': 'a punch made of sweetened ale or wine heated with spices and roasted apples; especially at Christmas', \"planter's_punch\": 'a cocktail made of rum and lime or lemon juice with sugar and sometimes bitters', 'White_Russian': 'a cocktail made with vodka, coffee liqueur, and milk or cream', 'fish_house_punch': 'a punch made of rum and brandy and water or tea sweetened with sugar syrup', 'May_wine': 'a punch made of Moselle and sugar and sparkling water or champagne flavored with sweet woodruff', 'eggnog': 'a punch made of sweetened milk or cream mixed with eggs and usually alcoholic liquor', 'glogg': 'Scandinavian punch made of claret and aquavit with spices and raisins and orange peel and sugar', 'cassiri': 'a drink resembling beer; made from fermented cassava juice', 'spruce_beer': 'a brew made by fermenting molasses and other sugars with the sap of spruce trees (sometimes with malt)', 'rickey': 'a mixed drink made of sweetened lime juice and soda water usually with liquor', 'gin_rickey': 'a rickey made with gin', 'tea-like_drink': 'a beverage that resembles tea but is not made from tea leaves', 'cambric_tea': 'a beverage for children containing hot water and milk and sugar and a small amount of tea', 'cuppa': 'a cup of tea', 'herb_tea': 'tea-like drink made of leaves of various herbs', 'tisane': 'infusion of e.g. dried or fresh flowers or leaves', 'camomile_tea': 'tea-like drink made from camomile leaves and flowers', 'ice_tea': 'strong tea served over ice', 'sun_tea': 'tea made by exposing tea leaves steeped in water to the direct rays of the sun; usually served with ice', 'black_tea': 'fermented tea leaves', 'congou': 'black tea grown in China', 'Darjeeling': 'a fine variety of black tea grown in northern India', 'orange_pekoe': 'a superior grade of black tea; grown in India and Sri Lanka and Java', 'souchong': 'a fine quality of black tea native to China', 'green_tea': 'tea leaves that have been steamed and dried without fermenting', 'hyson': 'a Chinese green tea with twisted leaves', 'oolong': 'Chinese tea leaves that have been partially fermented before being dried', 'water': 'once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)', 'bottled_water': 'drinking water (often spring water) that is put into bottles and offered for sale', 'branch_water': 'pure natural water from a stream or brook; often distinguished from soda water', 'spring_water': 'water from a spring', 'sugar_water': 'water sweetened with sugar', 'tap_water': 'water directly from the spigot', 'drinking_water': 'water suitable for drinking', 'ice_water': 'water served ice-cold or with ice', 'soda_water': 'effervescent beverage artificially charged with carbon dioxide', 'mineral_water': 'water naturally or artificially impregnated with mineral salts or gasses; often effervescent; often used therapeutically', 'seltzer': 'naturally effervescent mineral water', 'Vichy_water': 'sparkling mineral water from springs at Vichy, France or water similar to it', 'brine': 'a strong solution of salt and water used for pickling', 'perishable': 'food that will decay rapidly if not refrigerated', 'rugulah': 'pastry made with a cream cheese dough and different fillings (as raisins and walnuts and cinnamon or chocolate and walnut and apricot preserves)', 'multivitamin': 'a pill or tablet containing several vitamins', 'vitamin_pill': 'a pill containing one or more vitamins; taken as a dietary supplement', 'soul_food': 'food traditionally eaten by African-Americans in the South', 'straggle': 'a wandering or disorderly grouping (of things or persons); \"a straggle of outbuildings\"; \"a straggle of followers\"', 'dichotomy': 'being twofold; a classification into two opposed parts or subclasses; \"the dichotomy between eastern and western culture\"', 'trichotomy': 'being threefold; a classification into three parts or subclasses', 'clone': 'a group of genetically identical cells or organisms derived from a single cell or individual by some kind of asexual reproduction', 'kingdom': 'a domain in which something is dominant; \"the untroubled kingdom of reason\"; \"a land of make-believe\"; \"the rise of the realm of cotton in the south\"', 'subkingdom': '(biology) a taxonomic group comprising a major division of a kingdom', 'mineral_kingdom': 'all inorganic objects; contrasts with animal and plant kingdoms', 'biological_group': 'a group of plants or animals', 'biotype': 'organisms sharing a specified genotype or the genotype (or peculiarities) so shared', 'community': 'agreement as to goals; \"the preachers and the bootleggers found they had a community of interests\"', 'biome': 'a major biotic community characterized by the dominant forms of plant life and the prevailing climate', 'people': 'members of a family line; \"his people have been farmers for generations\"; \"are your people still alive?\"', 'peoples': 'the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group; \"the indigenous peoples of Australia\"', 'age_group': 'a group of people having approximately the same age', 'ancients': 'people who lived in times long past (especially during the historical period before the fall of the Roman Empire in western Europe)', 'aged': 'people who are old collectively; \"special arrangements were available for the aged\"', 'baffled': 'people who are frustrated and perplexed; \"the children\\'s faces clearly expressed the frustration of the baffled\"', 'brave': 'a North American Indian warrior', 'timid': 'people who are fearful and cautious; \"whitewater rafting is not for the timid\"', 'business_people': 'people who transact business (especially business executives)', 'country_people': 'people living in the same country; compatriots', 'damned': 'people who are condemned to eternal punishment; \"he felt he had visited the realm of the damned\"', 'dead': 'a time when coldness (or some other quality associated with death) is intense; \"the dead of winter\"', 'living': 'people who are still living; \"save your pity for the living\"', 'deaf': 'people who have severe hearing impairments; \"many of the deaf use sign language\"', 'defeated': 'people who are defeated; \"the Romans had no pity for the defeated\"', 'disabled': 'people collectively who are crippled or otherwise physically handicapped; \"technology to help the elderly and the disabled\"', 'the_halt': '(archaic) lame persons collectively; \"the poor, and the maimed, and the halt, and the blind\"--Luke 14:21', 'doomed': 'people who are destined to die soon; \"the agony of the doomed was in his voice\"', 'enemy': 'an armed adversary (especially a member of an opposing military force); \"a soldier must be prepared to kill his enemies\"', 'episcopacy': 'the collective body of bishops', 'estivation': '(zoology) cessation or slowing of activity during the summer; especially slowing of metabolism in some animals during a hot or dry period', 'folk': 'people in general (often used in the plural); \"they\\'re just country folk\"; \"folks around here drink moonshine\"; \"the common people determine the group character and preserve its customs from one generation to the next\"', 'gentlefolk': 'people of good family and breeding and high social status', 'grass_roots': 'the essential foundation or source; \"the problem was attacked at the grass roots\"', 'free': 'people who are free; \"the home of the free and the brave\"', 'home_folk': 'folks from your own home town', 'homebound': 'people who are confined to their homes', 'homeless': 'someone unfortunate without housing; \"a homeless was found murdered in Central Park\"', 'initiate': 'someone who has been admitted to membership in a scholarly field', 'uninitiate': 'people who have not been introduced to the mysteries of some field or activity; \"it diverts the attention of the uninitiate\"', 'mentally_retarded': 'people collectively who are mentally retarded; \"he started a school for the retarded\"', 'network_army': 'a group of like-minded people united by the internet; a new kind of social or political of business group that may exert broad influence on a shared concern; \"a network army of software programmers contribute free software to those who want it\"', 'nationality': 'the status of belonging to a particular nation by birth or naturalization', 'peanut_gallery': '(figurative) people whose criticisms are regarded as irrelevant or insignificant (resembling uneducated people who throw peanuts on the stage to express displeasure with a performance); \"he ignored complaints from the peanut gallery\"', 'retreated': 'people who have retreated; \"he had only contempt for the retreated\"', 'sick': 'people who are sick; \"they devote their lives to caring for the sick\"', 'slain': 'people who have been slain (as in battle)', 'tradespeople': 'people engaged in trade', 'wounded': 'people who are wounded; \"they had to leave the wounded where they fell\"', 'social_group': 'people sharing some social relation', 'armamentarium': 'the collection of equipment and methods used in the practice of medicine', 'art_collection': 'a collection of art works', 'backlog': 'the large log at the back of a hearth fire', 'bunch': 'a grouping of a number of similar things; \"a bunch of trees\"; \"a cluster of admirers\"', 'coin_collection': 'a collection of coins', 'tenantry': 'tenants of an estate considered as a group', 'loan_collection': 'a number of pictures loaned by their owners for exhibition', 'findings': 'a collection of tools and other articles used by an artisan to make jewelry or clothing or shoes', 'flinders': 'bits and splinters and fragments; \"it would have shattered in flinders long before it did that damage\"', 'disk_pack': '(computer science) a portable pack of magnetic disks used in a disk storage device', 'pack_of_cards': 'a pack of 52 playing cards', 'long_suit': 'in a hand, the suit having the most cards', 'bridge_hand': 'the cards held in a game of bridge', 'strong_suit': 'a long suit including high cards', 'poker_hand': 'the 5 cards held in a game of poker', 'royal_flush': 'a poker hand with the ace, king, queen, jack, and 10 all in the same suit', 'straight_flush': 'a poker hand with consecutive cards in the same suit', 'full_house': 'a poker hand with 3 of a kind and a pair', 'straight': 'a poker hand with 5 consecutive cards (regardless of suit)', 'pair': 'a set of two similar things considered as a unit', 'herbarium': 'a collection of dried plants that are mounted and systematically classified for study', 'stamp_collection': 'a collection of stamps', 'statuary': 'statues collectively', 'Elgin_Marbles': 'a collection of classical Greek marble sculptures and fragments of architecture created by Phidias; chiefly from the Parthenon in Athens', 'electron_shell': 'a grouping of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom; \"the chemical properties of an atom are determined by the outermost electron shell\"', 'gimmickry': 'a collection of gimmicks', 'nuclear_club': 'the nations possessing nuclear weapons', 'swad': 'a bunch; \"a thick swad of plants\"', 'wisp': 'a small person; \"a mere wisp of a girl\"', 'gob': 'a lump of slimy stuff; \"a gob of phlegm\"', 'clew': 'a ball of yarn or cord or thread', 'compost_heap': 'a heap of manure and vegetation and other organic residues that are decaying to become compost', 'dunghill': 'a foul or degraded condition', 'logjam': 'any stoppage attributable to unusual activity; \"the legislation ran into a logjam\"', 'scrapheap': 'pile of discarded metal', 'slagheap': 'pile of waste matter from coal mining etc', 'stack': 'an orderly pile', 'haystack': 'a stack of hay', 'haycock': 'a small cone-shaped pile of hay that has been left in the field until it is dry enough to carry to the hayrick', 'pyre': 'wood heaped for burning a dead body as a funeral rite', 'woodpile': 'a pile or stack of wood to be used for fuel', 'amalgam': 'an alloy of mercury with another metal (usually silver) used by dentists to fill cavities in teeth; except for iron and platinum all metals dissolve in mercury and chemists refer to the resulting mercury mixtures as amalgams', 'color_scheme': 'a planned combination of colors; \"the color scheme for this room was determined by an interior decorator\"', 'combination_in_restraint_of_trade': '(law) any monopoly or contract or combination or conspiracy intended to restrain commerce (which are illegal according to antitrust laws of the United States)', 'public': 'a body of people sharing some common interest; \"the reading public\"', 'society': 'the fashionable elite', 'big_business': 'commercial enterprises organized and financed on a scale large enough to influence social and political policies; \"big business is growing so powerful it is difficult to regulate it effectively\"', 'ethnic_group': 'people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture', 'ethnic_minority': 'a group that has different national or cultural traditions from the majority of the population', 'master_race': 'a race that considers itself superior to all others and fitted to rule the others', 'special_interest': 'an individual or group who are concerned with some particular part of the economy and who try to influence legislators or bureaucrats to act in their favor', 'vested_interest': '(law) an interest in which there is a fixed right to present or future enjoyment and that can be conveyed to another', 'military-industrial_complex': 'a country\\'s military establishment and the industries that produce arms and other military equipment; \"we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex\"--Dwight David Eisenhower', 'kin': 'a person having kinship with another or others; \"he\\'s kin\"; \"he\\'s family\"', 'mishpocha': '(Yiddish) the entire family network of relatives by blood or marriage (and sometimes close friends); \"she invited the whole mishpocha\"', 'kith': 'your friends and acquaintances; \"all his kith and kin\"', 'family': 'an association of people who share common beliefs or activities; \"the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family\"; \"the church welcomed new members into its fellowship\"', 'folks': 'your parents; \"he wrote to his folks every day\"', 'homefolk': 'the people of your home locality (especially your own family); \"he wrote his homefolk every day\"', 'dynasty': 'a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family', 'feudalism': 'the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th century; vassals were protected by lords who they had to serve in war', 'patriarchy': 'a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line', 'matriarchy': 'a form of social organization in which a female is the family head and title is traced through the female line', 'broken_home': 'a family in which the parents have separated or divorced', 'nuclear_family': 'a family consisting of parents and their children and grandparents of a marital partner', 'extended_family': 'a family consisting of the nuclear family and their blood relatives', 'foster_family': 'the family of a fosterling', 'foster_home': 'a household in which an orphaned or delinquent child is placed (usually by a social-service agency)', 'age_class': 'people in the same age range', 'gathering': 'a group of persons together in one place', 'carload': 'a gathering of passengers sufficient to fill an automobile', 'contingent': 'a temporary military unit; \"the peacekeeping force includes one British contingent\"', 'love_feast': 'a social gathering intended to create goodwill among the participants', 'quilting_bee': 'a gathering to make quilts', 'Judaica': 'historical and literary materials relating to Judaism', 'kludge': 'a badly assembled collection of parts hastily assembled to serve some particular purpose (often used to refer to computing systems or software that has been badly put together)', 'bibliotheca': 'a collection of books', 'public_library': 'a nonprofit library maintained for public use', 'rental_collection': 'a collection of books that can be rented by readers in return for a small daily fee', 'classical_mythology': 'the system of mythology of the Greeks and Romans together; much of Roman mythology (especially the gods) was borrowed from the Greeks', 'Greek_mythology': 'the mythology of the ancient Greeks', 'Roman_mythology': 'the mythology of the ancient Romans', 'Norse_mythology': 'the mythology of Scandinavia (shared in part by Britain and Germany) until the establishment of Christianity', 'Nag_Hammadi': 'a town in Upper Egypt', 'team': 'a cooperative unit (especially in sports)', 'couple': 'a small indefinite number; \"he\\'s coming for a couple of days\"', 'trilogy': 'a set of three literary or dramatic works related in subject or theme', 'Trimurti': 'the triad of divinities of later Hinduism', 'triumvirate': 'a group of three men responsible for public administration or civil authority', 'quadrumvirate': 'a group of four men', 'Tweedledum_and_Tweedledee': 'any two people who are hard to tell apart', 'power_couple': 'a couple both of whom have high-powered careers or are politically influential', 'DINK': 'a couple who both have careers and no children (an acronym for dual income no kids)', 'Bronte_sisters': 'a 19th century family of three sisters who all wrote novels', 'Marx_Brothers': 'a family of United States comedians consisting of four brothers with an anarchic sense of humor', 'same-sex_marriage': 'two people of the same sex who live together as a family; \"the legal status of same-sex marriages has been hotly debated\"', 'mixed_marriage': 'marriage of two people from different races or different religions or different cultures; \"the families of both partners in a mixed marriage often disapprove\"', 'antibiosis': 'an association between organisms that is harmful to one of them or between organisms and a metabolic product of another', 'brood': 'the young of an animal cared for at one time', 'flock': 'a church congregation guided by a pastor', 'bevy': 'a large gathering of people of a particular type; \"he was surrounded by a bevy of beauties in bathing attire\"; \"a bevy of young beach boys swarmed around him\"', 'covert': 'a flock of coots', 'covey': 'a small collection of people', 'exaltation': 'the location of a planet in the zodiac at which it is believed to exert its maximum influence', 'gaggle': 'a flock of geese', 'clade': 'a group of biological taxa or species that share features inherited from a common ancestor', 'taxonomic_group': 'animal or plant group having natural relations', 'biota': 'all the plant and animal life of a particular region', 'fauna': 'all the animal life in a particular region or period; \"the fauna of China\"; \"the zoology of the Pliocene epoch\"', 'petting_zoo': 'a collection of docile animals for children to pet and feed', 'avifauna': 'the birds of a particular region or period', 'wildlife': 'all living things (except people) that are undomesticated; \"chemicals could kill all the wildlife\"', 'animal_group': 'a group of animals', 'herd': 'a group of wild mammals of one species that remain together: antelope or elephants or seals or whales or zebra', 'gam': 'a herd of whales', 'remuda': 'the herd of horses from which those to be used the next day are chosen', 'wolf_pack': 'a group of submarines operating together in attacking enemy convoys', 'clowder': 'a group of cats', 'caste': 'social status or position conferred by a system based on class; \"lose caste by doing work beneath one\\'s station\"', 'colony': 'a place where a group of people with the same interest or occupation are concentrated; \"a nudist colony\"; \"an artists\\' colony\"', 'swarm': 'a group of many things in the air or on the ground; \"a swarm of insects obscured the light\"; \"clouds of blossoms\"; \"it discharged a cloud of spores\"', 'infestation': 'the state of being invaded or overrun by parasites', 'warren': 'a series of connected underground tunnels occupied by rabbits', 'chess_set': 'checkerboard and a set of 32 pieces used to play chess', 'manicure_set': 'a set of implements used to manicure', 'Victoriana': 'collection of materials of or characteristic of the Victorian era', 'brass_family': '(music) the family of brass instruments', 'violin_family': '(music) the family of bowed stringed instruments', 'woodwind_family': '(music) the family of woodwind instruments', 'direct_sum': 'a union of two disjoint sets in which every element is the sum of an element from each of the disjoint sets', 'domain': 'territory over which rule or control is exercised; \"his domain extended into Europe\"; \"he made it the law of the land\"', 'universal_set': '(mathematics) the set that contains all the elements or objects involved in the problem under consideration; \"all other sets are subsets of the universal set\"', 'locus': 'the specific site of a particular gene on its chromosome', 'subset': 'a set whose members are members of another set; a set contained within another set', 'null_set': 'a set that is empty; a set with no members', 'Mandelbrot_set': 'a set of complex numbers that has a highly convoluted fractal boundary when plotted; the set of all points in the complex plane that are bounded under a certain mathematical iteration', 'mathematical_space': '(mathematics) any set of points that satisfy a set of postulates of some kind; \"assume that the topological space is finite dimensional\"', 'broadcasting_company': 'a company that manages tv or radio stations', 'bureau_de_change': '(French) an establishment where you can exchange foreign money', 'car_company': 'a company that makes and sells automobiles', 'dot-com': \"a company that operates its business primarily on the internet using a URL that ends in `.com'\", 'drug_company': 'a company that makes and sells pharmaceuticals', 'East_India_Company': 'an English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia; in the 18th century it assumed administrative control of Bengal and held it until the British army took over in 1858 after the Indian Mutiny', 'electronics_company': 'a company that makes and sells electronic instruments', 'film_company': 'a company that makes, advertises, and distributes movies', 'indie': 'a pop group not affiliated with a major record company', 'food_company': 'a company that processes and sells food', 'furniture_company': 'a company that sells furniture', 'mining_company': 'a company that owns and manages mines', 'shipping_company': 'a company that provides shipping services', 'steel_company': 'a company that makes and sells steel', 'subsidiary_company': 'a company that is completely controlled by another company', 'transportation_company': 'a company providing transportation', 'trucking_company': 'a company that ships goods or possessions by truck', 'subspace': 'a space that is contained within another space', 'null_space': 'a space that contains no points; and empty space', 'metric_space': 'a set of points such that for every pair of points there is a nonnegative real number called their distance that is symmetric and satisfies the triangle inequality', 'Euclidean_space': \"a space in which Euclid's axioms and definitions apply; a metric space that is linear and finite-dimensional\", 'Hilbert_space': 'a metric space that is linear and complete and (usually) infinite-dimensional', 'bit_field': 'a field containing only binary characters', 'scalar_field': 'a field of scalars', 'income_bracket': 'a category of taxpayers based on the amount of their income', 'price_bracket': 'a category of merchandise based on their price', 'declension': 'the inflection of nouns and pronouns and adjectives in Indo-European languages', 'conjugation': 'the inflection of verbs', 'denomination': 'a group of religious congregations having its own organization and a distinctive faith', 'histocompatibility_complex': 'a family of fifty or more genes on the sixth human chromosome that code for proteins on the surfaces of cells and that play a role in the immune response', 'job_lot': 'a miscellaneous collection of things sold together', 'bedroom_suite': 'a suite of furniture for the bedroom', 'diningroom_suite': 'a suite of furniture for the dining room', 'livingroom_suite': 'a suite of furniture for the living room', 'adhocracy': 'an organization with little or no structure; \"the choice between bureaucracy and adhocracy represents a common dilemma\"; \"the need for informational flexibility can lead to adhocracy\"', 'affiliate': 'a subordinate or subsidiary associate; a person who is affiliated with another or with an organization', 'bureaucracy': 'nonelective government officials', 'nongovernmental_organization': 'an organization that is not part of the local or state or federal government', 'Alcoholics_Anonymous': 'an international organization that provides a support group for persons trying to overcome alcoholism', 'Abu_Hafs_al-Masri_Brigades': 'a terrorist group that has worked with Al Qaeda; claimed responsibility for attacks in Iraq and Turkey', 'Abu_Sayyaf': 'a small gang of terrorist thugs claiming to seek a separate Islamic state for the Muslim minority in the Philippines; uses bombing and assassination and extortion and kidnapping; \"In 2001 Abu Sayyaf kidnapped twenty people and beheaded one of the American captives\"', 'Aksa_Martyrs_Brigades': 'a militant offshoot of al-Fatah that is the newest and strongest and best equipped faction active in the West Bank; responsible for many deadly attacks in Israel in 2002', 'Alex_Boncayao_Brigade': 'an urban hit squad and guerrilla group of the Communist Party in the Philippines; formed in the 1980s', 'al-Fatah': 'a Palestinian political and military organization founded by Yasser Arafat in 1958 to work toward the creation of a Palestinian state; during the 1960s and 1970s trained terrorist and insurgent groups; \"al-Fatah carried out numerous acts of international terrorism in western Europe and the Middle East in the 1970s\"', \"al-Gama'a_al-Islamiyya\": 'a terrorist organization of militant Islamists organized into tiny cells of extreme fundamentalists; emerged during the 1970s mainly in Egyptian jails; \"al-Gama\\'a al-Islamiyya uses force to push Egyptian society toward Islamic rule\"', 'al_Itihaad_al_Islamiya': 'a fundamentalist Islamic group in Somalia who initially did fundraising for al-Qaeda; responsible for ambushing United States Army Rangers and for terrorist bombings in Ethiopia; believed to have branches in several countries', 'al-Jihad': 'an Islamic extremist group active since the late 1970s; seeks to overthrow the Egyptian government and replace it with an Islamic state; works in small underground cells; \"the original Jihad was responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981\"', \"al-Ma'unah\": 'a radical insurgent Islamist group consisting of disaffected middle-class professionals in Malaysia who want to overthrow the government by violent means and set up an Islamic state', 'al-Muhajiroun': 'a hard-line extremist Islamic group in Great Britain who support bin Laden and other terrorist groups', 'Al_Nathir': 'a Palestinian terrorist organization formed in 2002 and linked to Fatah movement of Yasser Arafat', 'al-Qaeda': 'a terrorist network intensely opposed to the United States that dispenses money and logistical support and training to a wide variety of radical Islamic terrorist groups; has cells in more than 50 countries', 'al-Rashid_Trust': \"a terrorist group organized in 1996 after the Taliban took over Afghanistan and part of Osama bin Laden's international system; provides financial support for the Taliban and al-Qaeda and Jaish-i-Mohammed and assists Muslim militants around the world; established a network of madrasas and mosques in Afghanistan\", 'al_Sunna_Wal_Jamma': 'a resurgent Islamic fundamentalist organization based in Nigeria that is thought to be planning terrorist attacks', 'al-Tawhid': 'an Islamic terrorist cell that originated in Jordan but operates in Germany; goal is to attack Europe and Russia with chemical weapons', 'al-Ummah': 'a terrorist group formed in India in 1992; is believed to be responsible for bombings in southern India in 1998', 'Ansar_al_Islam': 'a radical Islamic group of terrorists in the Iraqi part of Kurdistan who oppose an independent secular nation as advocated by the United States; some members fought with the Taliban and al-Qaeda forces in Afghanistan; said to receive financial support from Saddam Hussein', 'Armata_Corsa': 'a terrorist organization founded in 1999 to oppose the link between nationalists and the Corsican mafia; \"the attacks of Armata Corsa are aimed at symbolic targets of colonialism in Corsica\"', 'Armed_Islamic_Group': 'a terrorist organization of Islamic extremists whose violent activities began in 1992; aims to overthrow the secular Algerian regime and replace it with an Islamic state; \"the GIA has embarked on a terrorist campaign of civilian massacres\"', 'Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia': 'a militant Marxist-Leninist terrorist organization formed in 1975 to force Turkey to acknowledge killing more than a million Armenians and forcibly removing them from border areas in 1915; wants Turkey to pay reparations and cede territory to Armenia; \"ASALA bombing at Orly Airport in Paris in 1983 killed 8 and wounded 55 people\"', 'Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda': 'a terrorist organization that seeks to overthrow the government dominated by Tutsi and to institute Hutu control again; \"in 1999 ALIR guerrillas kidnapped and killed eight foreign tourists\"', 'Asbat_al-Ansar': 'an extremist Palestinian Sunni group active in Lebanon in the early 1990s that advocates Salafism; responsible for murders and bombings; seeks to overthrow the Lebanese government and control Palestinian refugee camps; funded by al-Qaeda', 'Aum_Shinrikyo': 'a terrorist organization whose goal is to take over Japan and then the world; based on a religion founded in 1987 that combines elements of Buddhism with Christianity; \"in 1995 Aum members released deadly sarin gas on a Tokyo subway train\"', 'Baader_Meinhof_Gang': 'a radical left-wing revolutionary terrorist group active in Germany from 1968 until 1977', 'Basque_Homeland_and_Freedom': 'a terrorist organization organized in 1959 by student activists who were dissatisfied with the moderate nationalism of the traditional Basque party; want to create an independent homeland in Spain\\'s western Pyrenees; \"in 1968 ETA launched a campaign of political assassinations of government officials\"', 'Black_September_Movement': 'a former Palestinian terrorist organization (now merged with Fatah Revolutionary Council) that assassinated the Prime Minister of Jordan and during the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich killed 11 Israeli athletes', 'Chukaku-Ha': 'an ultra-leftist militant group founded in 1957 from the breakup of the Japanese Communist Party; includes a covert action wing; \"Chukaku-Ha attacks tend to cause property damage rather than casualties\"', 'Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army': 'a terrorist organization formed in Ireland in 1994 as a clandestine armed wing of Sinn Fein', 'Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine': 'a Marxist-Leninist group that believes Palestinian goals can only be achieved by revolutionary change; \"in 1974 the DFLP took over a schoolhouse and massacred Israeli schoolchildren\"', 'East_Turkistan_Islamic_Movement': 'a group of Uighur Muslims fighting Chinese control of Xinjiang; declared by China in 2001 to be terrorists although there is a long history of cycles of insurgency and repression', 'Fatah_Revolutionary_Council': 'a Palestinian international terrorist organization that split from the PLO in 1974; has conducted terrorist attacks in 20 countries; \"in the 1980s the Fatah-RC was considered the most dangerous and murderous Palestinian terror group\"', 'Fatah_Tanzim': \"a terrorist group organized by Yasser Arafat in 1995 as the armed wing of al-Fatah; serves a dual function of violent confrontation with Israel and serves as Arafat's unofficial militia to prevent rival Islamists from usurping leadership\", 'First_of_October_Antifascist_Resistance_Group': 'an armed wing of the (illegal) Communist Party of Spain; seeks to overthrow the Spanish government and replace it with a Marxist-Leninist regime; \"GRAPO is vehemently opposed to the United States\"', 'Force_17': \"formed in 1972 as a personal security force for Arafat and other PLO leaders; became one of PLO's elite units; has built an extensive infrastructure of terrorist cells and weapon depots in Europe while attacking Israeli targets\", 'Forces_of_Umar_Al-Mukhtar': 'a little known Palestinian group responsible for bombings and for killing Israelis; seeks to defeat Israel and liberate southern Lebanon, Palestine, and Golan Heights', 'Greenpeace': 'an international organization that works for environmental conservation and the preservation of endangered species', 'Hamas': 'a militant Islamic fundamentalist political movement that opposes peace with Israel and uses terrorism as a weapon; seeks to create an Islamic state in place of Israel; is opposed to the PLO and has become a leading perpetrator of terrorist activity in Israel; pioneered suicide bombing', 'Harkat-ul-Jihad-e-Islami': 'an extremist militant group in Pakistan occupied Kashmir that seeks an Islamic government and that has had close links and fought with the Taliban in Afghanistan', 'Harkat-ul-Mujahidin': \"an Islamic fundamentalist group in Pakistan that fought the Soviet Union in Afghanistan in the 1980s; now operates as a terrorist organization primarily in Kashmir and seeks Kashmir's accession by Pakistan\", 'Hizballah': 'a Shiite terrorist organization with strong ties to Iran; seeks to create an Iranian fundamentalist Islamic state in Lebanon; car bombs are the signature weapon', 'Hizb_ut-Tahrir': \"the most popular and feared Islamic extremist group in central Asia; advocates `pure' Islam and the creation of a worldwide Islamic state\", 'International_Islamic_Front_for_Jihad_against_Jews_and_Crusaders': 'a terrorist group organized by Osama bin Laden in 1998 that provided an umbrella organization for al-Qaeda and other militant groups in Egypt and Algeria and Pakistan and Bangladesh', 'Irish_National_Liberation_Army': 'a radical terrorist group dedicated to the removal of British forces from Northern Ireland and the unification of Ireland', 'Irish_Republican_Army': 'a militant organization of Irish nationalists who used terrorism and guerilla warfare in an effort to drive British forces from Northern Ireland and achieve a united independent Ireland', 'Islamic_Army_of_Aden': \"Yemen-based terrorist group that supports al-Qaeda's goals; seeks to overthrow the Yemeni government and eliminate United States interests; responsible for bombings and kidnappings and killing western tourists in Yemen\", 'Islamic_Great_Eastern_Raiders-Front': \"a Turkish terrorist organization that claimed responsibility for bombing a British consulate and bank in Istanbul; a violent opponent of Turkey's secular government and its ties to the European Union and NATO\", 'Islamic_Group_of_Uzbekistan': \"a terrorist group of Islamic militants formed in 1996; opposes Uzbekistan's secular regime and wants to establish an Islamic state in central Asia; is a conduit for drugs from Afghanistan to central Asian countries\", 'Jaish-i-Mohammed': 'a terrorist organization founded in 2000; a militant Islamic group active in Kashmir and closely aligned with al-Rashid Trust; seeks to secure release of imprisoned fellow militants by kidnappings', 'Jamaat_ul-Fuqra': 'an Islamic terrorist group organized in the 1980s; seeks to purify Islam through violence; the cells in North America and the Caribbean insulate themselves from Western culture and will even attack other Muslims who they regard as heretics', 'Japanese_Red_Army': 'a terrorist group organized in 1970 to overthrow the Japanese government and monarchy and to foment world revolution; is said to have close ties with Palestinian terrorists; \"in 1972 the Japanese Red Army was responsible for a massacre at an airport in Israel\"', 'Jayshullah': 'an indigenous Islamic terrorist group in Azerbaijan that attempted to bomb the United States embassy in 1999', 'Jemaah_Islamiyah': 'a clandestine group of southeast Asian terrorists organized in 1993 and trained by al-Qaeda; supports militant Muslims in Indonesia and the Philippines and has cells in Singapore and Malaysia and Indonesia', 'Jerusalem_Warriors': 'ethnic Turkish Sunni terrorists who are linked with the Turkish Hizballah; killed a United States Air Force sergeant in 1991', 'Jund-ul-Islam': 'an Islamic extremist group of Kurds who oppose secular control with bombings and assassinations; believed to have ties with al-Qaeda', 'Kahane_Chai': 'a terrorist organization founded for Jewish defense; fights antisemitism and hopes to restore the biblical state of Israel', 'Kaplan_Group': 'a Turkish terrorist group of fundamentalist Muslims with ties to al-Qaeda that operates in Germany; seeks the violent overthrow of the Turkish government and the establishment of an Islamic nation modeled on Iran', 'Khmer_Rouge': 'a communist organization formed in Cambodia in 1970; became a terrorist organization in 1975 when it captured Phnom Penh and created a government that killed an estimated three million people; was defeated by Vietnamese troops but remained active until 1999', 'Ku_Klux_Klan': 'a secret society of white Southerners in the United States; was formed in the 19th century to resist the emancipation of slaves; used terrorist tactics to suppress Black people', 'klavern': 'a local unit of the Ku Klux Klan', 'Kurdistan_Workers_Party': 'a Marxist-Leninist terrorist group of Kurds trying to establish an independent Kurdish state in eastern Turkey', 'Contras': 'a Nicaraguan counterrevolutionary guerrilla force from 1979 to 1990; it opposed a left-wing government, with support from the United States', 'Pesh_Merga': 'a Kurdish guerrilla force in Iraqi Kurdistan', 'Lashkar-e-Jhangvi': 'a Sunni Muslim extremist group in Pakistan that collaborates with al-Qaeda; the armed wing of Sipah-e-Sahaba', 'Lashkar-e-Omar': 'a terrorist organization formed in Pakistan in 2002 as a coalition of extremist Islamic militant groups including Lashkar-e-Taiba and Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Jaish-e-Muhammad and elements of al-Qaeda', 'Lashkar-e-Taiba': 'a brutal terrorist group active in Kashmir; fights against India with the goal of restoring Islamic rule of India; \"Lashkar-e-Toiba has committed mass murders of civilian Hindus\"', 'Laskar_Jihad': 'a paramilitary terrorist organization of militant Muslims in Indonesia; wages a jihad against Christians in Indonesia; subscribes to the Wahhabi creed of Islam', 'Lautaro_Youth_Movement': 'a violent terrorist group organized in the 1980s and advocating the overthrow of the Chilean military government; leaders are mainly criminals or impoverished youths', 'Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam': 'a terrorist organization in Sri Lanka that began in 1970 as a student protest over the limited university access for Tamil students; currently seeks to establish an independent Tamil state called Eelam; relies on guerilla strategy including terrorist tactics that target key government and military personnel; \"the Tamil Tigers perfected suicide bombing as a weapon of war\"', 'Libyan_Islamic_Fighting_Group': 'a Libyan terrorist group organized in 1995 and aligned with al-Qaeda; seeks to radicalize the Libyan government; attempted to assassinate Qaddafi', \"Lord's_Resistance_Army\": 'a quasi-religious rebel group in Uganda that terrorized and raped women and kidnapped children who were forced to serve in the army', 'Loyalist_Volunteer_Force': 'a terrorist group formed in 1996 in Northern Ireland; seeks to prevent the peace process; murders Catholics and any Protestant leaders who favor peace', 'Maktab_al-Khidmat': 'a terrorist organization founded by Osama bin Laden in the 1980s to provide money and recruit fighters around the world; enlisted and transported thousands of men to Afghanistan to fight the Russians; a split in the group led bin Laden and the extremist faction of MAK to form al-Qaeda', 'Manuel_Rodriquez_Patriotic_Front': 'a terrorist group formed in 1983 as the armed wing of the Chilean Communist Party', 'Moranzanist_Patriotic_Front': 'a terrorist group of radical leftists formed in the late 1980s; seeks to prevent the United States from intervening in Honduran economic and political affairs', 'Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front': 'a terrorist group in the southern Philippines formed in 1977 to establish an independent Islamic state for the Moros; have clashed with troops at United States bases', 'Mujahedeen_Kompak': 'a militant Islamic militia that was formed in 2005 by hardliners who split from Jemaah Islamiyah', 'Mujahidin-e_Khalq_Organization': \"a terrorist organization formed in the 1960s by children of Iranian merchants; sought to counter the Shah of Iran's pro-western policies of modernization and opposition to communism; following a philosophy that mixes Marxism and Islam it now attacks the Islamic fundamentalists who deposed the Shah\", 'National_Liberation_Army': 'a Marxist terrorist group formed in 1963 by Colombian intellectuals who were inspired by the Cuban Revolution; responsible for a campaign of mass kidnappings and resistance to the government\\'s efforts to stop the drug trade; \"ELN kidnappers target foreign employees of large corporations\"', 'National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica': 'a terrorist group formed in 1976 to work for Corsican independence; attacks on Corsica are aimed at sabotaging public infrastructure and symbols of colonialism', \"New_People's_Army\": 'a terrorist organization that is the militant wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines; a Maoist organization formed to overthrow the government; uses hit squads called Sparrow Units; opposes United States military presence in the Philippines', 'Orange_Order': 'a Protestant political organization in Northern Ireland', 'Orange_Group': 'a terrorist group of Protestants who oppose any political settlement with Irish nationalists; a paramilitary group that attacks Catholic interests in Northern Ireland', 'Palestine_Islamic_Jihad': 'a militant Palestinian terrorist group created in 1979 and committed to the creation of an Islamic state in Palestine and to the destruction of Israel; smaller and more exclusively militant that Hamas', 'Palestine_Liberation_Front': 'a terrorist group formed in 1977 as the result of a split with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine; became a satellite of al-Fatah; made terrorist attacks on Israel across the Lebanese border', 'Palestinian_Hizballah': 'a little known Palestinian group comprised of members of Hamas and Tanzim with suspected ties to the Lebanese Hizballah; responsible for suicide bombings in Israel', 'Pentagon_Gang': 'a Filipino terrorist group that broke away from the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in 2001 in order to continue terrorism and kidnapping and extortion', 'Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine': 'a terrorist group of limited popularity formed in 1967 after the Six-Day War; combined Marxist-Leninist ideology with Palestinian nationalism; used terrorism to gain attention for their cause; hoped to eliminate the state of Israel', 'Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine-General_Command': 'a Marxist-Leninist terrorist organization that conducted several attacks in western Europe', 'Popular_Struggle_Front': 'a terrorist group of radical Palestinians who split with al-Fatah in 1967 but now have close relations with al-Fatah; staged terrorist attacks against Israel across the Lebanese border', '15_May_Organization': 'a terrorist organization formed in 1979 by a faction of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine but disbanded in the 1980s when key members left to join a faction of al-Fatah', 'People_against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs': 'a terrorist organization in South Africa formed in 1996 to fight drug lords; evolved into a vigilante group with anti-western views closely allied with Qibla; is believed to have ties to Islamic extremists in the Middle East; is suspected of conducting bouts of urban terrorism', 'Puka_Inti': 'a small but violent terrorist organization formed in Ecuador in the early 1990s; responsible for bombing several government buildings', 'Qassam_Brigades': 'the military arm of Hamas responsible for suicide bombings and other attacks on Israel', 'Qibla': 'a small terrorist group of Muslims in South Africa formed in the 1980s; was inspired by Ayatollah Khomeini to create an Islamic state in South Africa', 'Real_IRA': 'a radical terrorist group that broke away in 1997 when the mainstream Provisional IRA proposed a cease-fire; has continued terrorist activities in opposition to any peace agreement', 'Red_Army_Faction': \"a Marxist and Maoist terrorist organization in Germany; a network of underground guerillas who committed acts of violence in the service of the class struggle; a successor to the Baader-Meinhof Gang; became one of Europe's most feared terrorist groups; disbanded in 1998\", 'Red_Brigades': 'a Marxist-Leninist terrorist organization that arose out of a student protest movement in the late 1960s; wants to separate Italy from NATO and advocates violence in the service of class warfare and revolution; mostly inactive since 1989', 'Red_Hand_Defenders': 'a paramilitary group of Protestants in Northern Ireland that tries to prevent any political settlement with the Irish Republic; attacks interests of Catholic civilians in Northern Ireland; responsible for arson and bombing and murder', 'Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia': 'a powerful and wealthy terrorist organization formed in 1957 as the guerilla arm of the Colombian communist party; opposed to the United States; has strong ties to drug dealers', 'Revolutionary_Organization_17_November': 'a Marxist-Leninist terrorist organization in Greece that is violently opposed to imperialism and capitalism and NATO and the United States; an active terrorist group during the 1980s', \"Revolutionary_People's_Liberation_Party\": 'an extreme Marxist terrorist organization in Turkey that is opposed to NATO and the United States; attacks Turkish security and military officials', \"Revolutionary_People's_Struggle\": 'an extreme leftist terrorist group formed in Greece in 1971 to oppose the military junta that ruled Greece from 1967 to 1974; a revolutionary group opposed to capitalism and imperialism and the United States', 'Revolutionary_Proletarian_Nucleus': \"a clandestine group of leftist extremists who oppose Italy's labor policies and foreign policy; responsible for bombing building in the historic center of Rome from 2000 to 2002\", 'Revolutionary_United_Front': 'a terrorist group formed in the 1980s in Sierra Leone; seeks to overthrow the government and gain control of the diamond producing regions; responsible for attacks on civilians and children, widespread torture and murder and using children to commit atrocities; sponsored by the president of Liberia', 'Salafist_Group': 'an Algerian extremist Islamic offshoot of the Armed Islamic Group; now the largest and most active armed terrorist group in Algeria that seeks to overthrow the government; a major source of support and recruitment for al-Qaeda operations in Europe and northern Africa', 'Shining_Path': 'a terrorist group formed in Peru in the late 1960s as a splinter group from the communist party of Peru; is among the most ruthless guerilla organizations in the world; seeks to destroy Peruvian institutions and replace them with a Maoist peasant regime; is involved in the cocaine trade; \"Shining Path has been responsible for 30,000 deaths\"', 'Sipah-e-Sahaba': 'a vicious sectarian organization in Pakistan that persecutes Shiite Muslims and collaborates with al-Qaeda to attack foreigners and to disrupt the government of Pakistan', 'Tareekh_e_Kasas': 'an organization of Muslims in India who killed Hindus in September 2002; believed to have ties with Muslim terrorists in Pakistan', 'Tupac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement': 'a Marxist-Leninist terrorist organization in Peru; was formed in 1983 to overthrow the Peruvian government and replace it with a Marxist regime; has connections with the ELN in Bolivia', 'Tupac_Katari_Guerrilla_Army': 'a terrorist group that is the remnants of the original Bolivian insurgents trained by Che Guevara; attacks small unprotected targets such as power pylons or oil pipelines or government buildings', 'Turkish_Hizballah': \"an ethnic Kurdish group of Sunni extremists formed in the late 1980s in southeastern Turkey; seeks to replace Turkey's secular regime with an Islamic state and strict shariah law; responsible for bombings and the torture and murder of Turkish and Kurdish journalists and businessmen; receives support from Iran\", 'Ulster_Defence_Association': 'the major Protestant paramilitary group in Northern Ireland; responsible for bombing the homes of Catholics and for criminal racketeering and selling drugs', 'United_Self-Defense_Force_of_Colombia': 'a terrorist organization in Colombia formed in 1997 as an umbrella for local and regional paramilitary groups; is financed by earnings from narcotics and serves to protect the economic interests of its members; \"the AUC conducted over 800 assassinations in one year\"', 'Markaz-ud-Dawa-wal-Irshad': 'a Sunni organization formed in 1989 and based in Pakistan; opposes missionary groups from the United States; has Lashkar-e-Tayyiba as its armed wing', 'Red_Cross': 'an international organization that cares for the sick or wounded or homeless in wartime', 'Salvation_Army': 'a charitable and religious organization to evangelize and to care for the poor and homeless', 'Tammany_Hall': \"a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York City (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism\", 'Umma_Tameer-e-Nau': 'a nongovernmental organization of Pakistani scientists that has been a supporter of terrorism; has provided information about chemical and biological and nuclear warfare to Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda and the Taliban', 'fiefdom': 'the domain controlled by a feudal lord', 'line_organization': \"the organizational structure of activities contributing directly to the organization's output\", 'National_Trust': 'an organization concerned to preserve historic monuments and buildings and places of historical interest or natural beauty; founded in 1895 and supported by endowment and private subscription', 'British_Commonwealth': 'an association of nations consisting of the United Kingdom and several former British colonies that are now sovereign states but still pay allegiance to the British Crown', 'quango': 'a quasi nongovernmental organization; an organization that is financed by the government yet acts independently of the government', 'authoritarian_state': 'a government that concentrates political power in an authority not responsible to the people', 'ancien_regime': 'a political and social system that no longer governs (especially the system that existed in France before the French Revolution)', \"Court_of_Saint_James's\": 'the British royal court', 'Porte': 'the Ottoman court in Constantinople', 'Downing_Street': 'a street of Westminster in London; \"the Prime Minister lives at No. 10 Downing Street\"', 'empire': 'the domain ruled by an emperor or empress; the region over which imperial dominion is exercised', 'federal_government': 'a government with strong central powers', 'government-in-exile': 'a temporary government moved to or formed in a foreign land by exiles who hope to rule when their country is liberated', 'local_government': 'the government of a local area', 'military_government': 'government by the military and an army', 'papacy': 'the government of the Roman Catholic Church', 'Soviets': 'the government of the Soviet Union; \"the Soviets said they wanted to increase trade with Europe\"', 'medical_institution': 'an institution created for the practice of medicine', 'extended_care_facility': 'a medical institution that provides prolonged care (as in cases of prolonged illness or rehabilitation from acute illness)', 'eye_clinic': \"a clinic where specialist care for a patient's eyes\", 'financial_institution': 'an institution (public or private) that collects funds (from the public or other institutions) and invests them in financial assets', 'issuer': 'an institution that issues something (securities or publications or currency etc.)', 'giro': 'a check given by the British government to someone who is unemployed; it can be cashed either at a bank or at the post office', 'clearing_house': 'a central collection place where banks exchange checks or drafts; participants maintain an account against which credits or debits are posted', 'lending_institution': 'a financial institution that makes loans', 'community_chest': 'a charity supported by individual subscriptions; defrays the demands on a community for social welfare', 'soup_kitchen': 'a place where food is dispensed to the needy', 'collective': 'members of a cooperative enterprise', 'collective_farm': 'a farm operated collectively', 'kibbutz': 'a collective farm or settlement owned by its members in modern Israel; children are reared collectively', 'kolkhoz': 'a collective farm owned by the communist state', 'agency': 'the state of being in action or exerting power; \"the agency of providence\"; \"she has free agency\"', 'brokerage': \"a stock broker's business; charges a fee to act as intermediary between buyer and seller\", 'company': 'the state of being with someone; \"he missed their company\"; \"he enjoyed the society of his friends\"', 'conglomerate': 'a group of diverse companies under common ownership and run as a single organization', 'large_cap': 'a corporation with a large capitalization; \"he works for a large cap\"', 'small_cap': 'a corporation with a small capitalization; \"this annual conference is a showcase for ambitious small caps\"', 'corporation': 'a business firm whose articles of incorporation have been approved in some state', 'firm': 'the members of a business organization that owns or operates one or more establishments; \"he worked for a brokerage house\"', 'manufacturer': 'someone who manufactures something', 'copartnership': 'a partnership in which employees get a share of the profits in addition to their wages', 'apparel_chain': 'a chain of clothing stores', 'discount_chain': 'a chain of discount stores', 'restaurant_chain': 'a chain of restaurants', 'direct_mailer': 'a distributor who uses direct mail to sell merchandise', 'retail_chain': 'a chain of retail stores', 'accounting_firm': 'a firm of accountants who provide accounting and auditing services for a fee', 'consulting_firm': 'a firm of experts providing professional advice to an organization for a fee', 'publisher': 'the proprietor of a newspaper', 'publishing_conglomerate': 'a conglomerate of publishing companies', 'dealer': 'a seller of illicit goods; \"a dealer in stolen goods\"', 'car_dealer': 'a firm that sells and buys cars', 'computer_dealer': 'a firm that sells and buys computers', 'jewelry_dealer': 'a firm that sells and buys jewelry', 'truck_dealer': 'a firm that sells and buys trucks', 'law_firm': 'a firm of lawyers', 'processor': 'someone who processes things (foods or photographs or applicants etc.)', 'armorer': 'a worker skilled in making armor or arms; \"a sword made by a famous English armorer\"', 'aluminum_business': 'manufacturers of aluminum considered as a group', 'apparel_industry': 'makers and sellers of fashionable clothing', 'banking_industry': 'banks collectively', 'bottler': 'a manufacturer that makes and bottles beverages', 'car_manufacturer': 'a business engaged in the manufacture of automobiles', 'computer_business': 'a business that manufactures and sells computers', 'automobile_industry': 'the manufacturers of automobiles considered collectively', 'chemical_industry': 'the manufacturers of chemicals considered collectively', 'coal_industry': 'the producers of coal considered collectively', 'computer_industry': 'the manufacturers of computers considered collectively', 'construction_industry': 'an industry that builds housing', 'electronics_industry': 'the manufacturers of electronic products considered collectively', 'entertainment_industry': 'those involved in providing entertainment: radio and television and films and theater', 'film_industry': 'the entertainment industries involved in producing and distributing movies', 'Bollywood': 'the film industry of India', 'filmdom': 'the personnel of the film industry; \"a star of stage and screen\"', 'Hollywood': 'a flashy vulgar tone or atmosphere believed to be characteristic of the American film industry; \"some people in publishing think of theirs as a glamorous medium so they copy the glitter of Hollywood\"', 'growth_industry': 'an industry that is growing rapidly', 'lighting_industry': 'an industry devoted to manufacturing and selling and installing lighting', 'munitions_industry': 'an industry that manufacturers weapons of war', 'oil_industry': 'an industry that produces and delivers oil and oil products', 'oil_company': 'a company that sells oil', 'packaging_company': 'a company that packages goods for sale or shipment or storage', 'pipeline_company': 'a company that operates oil pipelines for the oil industry', 'printing_concern': 'a company that does commercial printing', 'plastics_industry': 'an industry that manufactures plastic articles', 'commodity_brokerage': 'a brokerage firm dealing in commodities', 'marriage_brokerage': 'a business that arranges marriage contracts', 'insurance_company': 'a financial institution that sells insurance', 'pension_fund': \"a fund reserved to pay workers' pensions when they retire from service\", 'investment_company': 'a financial institution that sells shares to individuals and invests in securities issued by other companies', 'hedge_fund': 'a flexible investment company for a small number of large investors (usually the minimum investment is $1 million); can use high-risk techniques (not allowed for mutual funds) such as short-selling and heavy leveraging', 'mutual_fund': 'the pooled money that is invested in assets', 'index_fund': 'a mutual fund whose assets are stocks on a given list', 'closed-end_fund': 'a regulated investment company that issues a fixed number of shares which are listed on a stock market', 'face-amount_certificate_company': 'a regulated investment company that pays a stated amount to certificate holders on a stated maturity date', 'Real_Estate_Investment_Trust': 'an investment trust that owns and manages a pool of commercial properties and mortgages and other real estate assets; shares can be bought and sold in the stock market', 'unit_investment_trust': 'a regulated investment company consisting of professional managers who issue redeemable securities representing a portfolio of many different securities; \"you can invest in a unit investment trust for as little as $1000\"', 'bear_market': 'a market characterized by falling prices for securities', 'bull_market': 'a market characterized by rising prices for securities', 'the_City': 'used to allude to the securities industry of Great Britain', 'Wall_Street': 'a street in lower Manhattan where the New York Stock Exchange is located; symbol of American finance', 'money_market': 'a market for short-term debt instruments', 'service_industry': 'an industry that provides services rather than tangible objects', 'management_consulting': 'a service industry that provides advice to those in charge of running a business', 'shipbuilder': 'a person who builds ships as a business', 'shipbuilding_industry': 'an industry that builds ships', 'shoe_industry': 'an industry that manufactures and sells shoes', 'sign_industry': 'an industry that produces signs', 'signage': 'signs collectively (especially commercial signs or posters); \"there will be signage displayed at each post\"', 'steel_industry': 'the industry that makes steel and steel products', 'sunrise_industry': 'a new industry that is expanding rapidly (especially telecommunications or electronics)', 'tobacco_industry': 'an industry that manufactures and sells products containing tobacco', 'toy_industry': 'an industry that manufactures and sells toys for children', 'trucking_industry': 'an industry that provides transportation for commercial products', 'agriculture': 'the class of people engaged in growing food', 'sisterhood': 'the kinship relation between a female offspring and the siblings', 'corporate_investor': 'a company that invests in (acquires control of) other companies', 'target_company': 'a company that has been chosen as attractive for takeover by a potential acquirer', 'raider': 'a corporate investor who intends to take over a company by buying a controlling interest in its stock and installing new management', 'sleeping_beauty': 'a person who is sleeping soundly', 'underperformer': 'a business that is less successful than expected', 'white_knight': 'a company that is a friendly acquirer in a takeover', 'white_squire': 'a white knight that buys less than a majority interest', 'auction_house': 'a firm that conducts auctions', 'A-team': 'a group of elite soldiers or a leadership group of advisors or workers in an organization', 'administrative_unit': 'a unit with administrative responsibilities', 'coronary_care_unit': 'a hospital unit specially staffed and equipped to treat patients with serious cardiac problems', 'menage_a_trois': 'household for three; an arrangement where a married couple and a lover of one of them live together while sharing sexual relations', 'flying_squad': 'a mobile group of trained people (police or executives or officials) able to move quickly in the case of emergencies', 'major-league_team': 'a team that plays in a major league', 'minor-league_team': 'a team that plays in a minor league', 'farm_team': 'a minor-league team that is owned by a major-league team (especially in baseball)', 'baseball_team': 'a team that plays baseball', 'baseball_club': 'a team of professional baseball players who play and travel together; \"each club played six home games with teams in its own division\"', 'basketball_team': 'a team that plays basketball', 'football_team': 'a team that plays football', 'hockey_team': 'a team that plays ice hockey', 'junior_varsity': 'a college or university team that competes at a level below the varsity team', 'varsity': \"a British abbreviation of `university'; usually refers to Oxford University or Cambridge University\", 'second_string': 'a squad of players that are available either individually or as a team to relieve or replace the players who started the game', 'police_squad': 'a small squad of policemen trained to deal with a particular kind of crime', 'powerhouse': 'a highly energetic and indefatigable person', 'Christendom': 'the collective body of Christians throughout the world and history (found predominantly in Europe and the Americas and Australia); \"for a thousand years the Roman Catholic Church was the principal church of Christendom\"', 'Armenian_Church': 'an independent Christian church established in Armenia since 300; was influenced by both Roman and Byzantine traditions', 'Catholic_Church': 'any of several churches claiming to have maintained historical continuity with the original Christian Church', 'Roman_Catholic': 'a member of the Roman Catholic Church', 'Albigenses': 'a Christian religious sect in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries; believers in Albigensianism', 'Nestorian_Church': 'a Christian Church in the Middle East that followed Nestorianism; there is still a small Nestorian Church in Iraq', 'Rome': 'capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire', 'Curia': '(Roman Catholic Church) the central administration governing the Roman Catholic Church', 'Sacred_College': '(Roman Catholic Church) the body of cardinals who advise the Pope and elect new Popes', 'Old_Catholic_Church': 'Catholic churches that broke away from the Roman Catholic Church in the 18th century', 'Eastern_Church': 'the Catholic Church as it existed in the Byzantine Empire', 'Orthodox_Church': 'derived from the Byzantine Church and adhering to Byzantine rites', 'Greek_Orthodox_Church': 'state church of Greece; an autonomous part of the Eastern Orthodox Church', 'Russian_Orthodox_Church': 'an independent church with its own Patriarch; until 1917 it was the established church or Russia', 'Uniat_Church': 'any of several churches in eastern Europe or the Middle East that acknowledge papal authority but retain their own liturgy', 'Coptic_Church': 'the ancient Christian church of Egypt', 'Pentecostal_religion': 'any fundamentalist Protestant Church that uses revivalistic methods to achieve experiences comparable to the Pentecostal experiences of the first Christian disciples', 'Protestant_Church': 'the Protestant churches and denominations collectively', 'Christian_Church': 'a Protestant church that accepts the Bible as the only source of true Christian faith and practices baptism by immersion', 'Anglican_Church': 'the national church of England (and all other churches in other countries that share its beliefs); has its see in Canterbury and the sovereign as its temporal head', 'Episcopal_Church': 'an autonomous branch of the Anglican Communion in Scotland', 'Church_of_Ireland': 'autonomous branch of the Church of England in Ireland', 'High_Church': 'a group in the Anglican Church that emphasizes the Catholic tradition (especially in sacraments and rituals and obedience to church authority)', 'Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints': 'church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah', 'Baptist_Church': 'any of various evangelical Protestant churches that believe in the baptism of voluntary believers', 'Baptist_denomination': 'group of Baptist congregations', 'American_Baptist_Convention': 'an association of Northern Baptists', 'Southern_Baptist_Convention': 'an association of Southern Baptists', 'Arminian_Baptist': 'group of Baptist congregations believing the teachings of the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius (who opposed the doctrine of strict predestination of the Calvinists)', 'Calvinistic_Baptist': 'group of Baptist congregations believing the teachings of the French theologian John Calvin who believed in strict predetermination', 'Church_of_the_Brethren': 'a Baptist denomination founded in 1708 by Americans of German descent; opposed to military service and taking legal oaths; practiced trine immersion', 'Congregational_Church': 'a Protestant denomination holding that each individual congregation should be self-governing', 'Congregational_Christian_Church': 'merger of the Congregational Church and the Christian Church', 'Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church': 'a Protestant denomination of Calvinist faith', 'United_Church_of_Christ': 'merger of the Congregational Christian Church and the Evangelical and Reformed Church in 1957', \"Jehovah's_Witnesses\": 'Protestant denomination founded in the United States by Charles Taze Russell in 1884', 'Lutheran_Church': 'the Protestant denomination adhering to the views of Martin Luther', 'Presbyterian_Church': 'the Protestant denomination adhering to the views of John Calvin', 'Unitarian_Church': 'the Protestant denomination that rejects the doctrine of the Trinity', 'Arminian_Church': 'the Protestant denomination adhering to the views of Jacobus Arminius', 'Methodist_Church': 'a Protestant denomination founded on the principles of John Wesley and Charles Wesley', 'Methodist_denomination': 'group of Methodist congregations', 'Wesleyan_Methodist_Church': 'the original Methodist Church', 'Evangelical_United_Brethren_Church': 'a Methodist denomination', 'United_Methodist_Church': 'union of the Wesleyan Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church', 'Anabaptist_denomination': 'a Protestant sect denying infant baptism and baptising only believers', 'Mennonite_Church': 'formed from the Anabaptist movement in the 16th century; noted for its simplicity of life', 'Unification_Church': 'a Christian church (with some Buddhist elements) founded in 1954 by Sun Myung Moon and known for staging mass weddings and other communal activities', 'Abecedarian': 'a 16th century sect of Anabaptists centered in Germany who had an absolute disdain for human knowledge', 'Amish_sect': 'an orthodox Anabaptist sect separated from the Mennonites in late 17th century; settled chiefly in southeastern Pennsylvania', 'Sanhedrin': 'the supreme judicial and ecclesiastical council of ancient Jerusalem', 'Karaites': 'a Jewish sect that recognizes only the Hebrew Scriptures as the source of divinely inspired legislation and denies the authority of the postbiblical tradition of the Talmud; the sect arose in Iraq in the eighth century', 'Hasidim': 'a sect of Orthodox Jews that arose out of a pietistic movement originating in eastern Europe in the second half of the 18th century; a sect that follows the Mosaic law strictly', 'Islamism': 'a fundamentalist Islamic revivalist movement generally characterized by moral conservatism and the literal interpretation of the Koran and the attempt to implement Islamic values in all aspects of life', 'Shiah': 'one of the two main branches of orthodox Islam; mainly in Iran', 'Sunni': 'one of the two main branches of orthodox Islam', 'Haredi': 'any of several sects of Orthodox Judaism that reject modern secular culture and many of whom do not recognize the spiritual authority of the modern state of Israel', 'Tantrism': 'movement within Buddhism combining elements of Hinduism and paganism', 'Khalsa': 'the group of initiated Sikhs to which devout orthodox Sikhs are ritually admitted at puberty; founded by the tenth and last Guru in 1699', 'Scientology': \"a new religion founded by L. Ron Hubbard in 1955 and characterized by a belief in the power of a person's spirit to clear itself of past painful experiences through self-knowledge and spiritual fulfillment\", 'Kokka_Shinto': 'the branch of Shinto recognized as the official state religion of Japan', 'Shuha_Shinto': 'any branch of Shinto other than Kokka', 'established_church': 'the church that is recognized as the official church of a nation', 'vicariate': 'the religious institution under the authority of a vicar', 'bloodstock': 'thoroughbred horses (collectively)', 'lineage': 'the descendants of one individual; \"his entire lineage has been warriors\"', 'phylum': '(linguistics) a large group of languages that are historically related', 'subphylum': '(biology) a taxonomic group ranking between a phylum and a class', 'superphylum': '(biology) a taxonomic group ranking between a phylum and below a class or subclass', 'subclass': '(biology) a taxonomic category below a class and above an order', 'superclass': '(biology) a taxonomic class below a phylum and above a class', 'suborder': '(biology) taxonomic group that is a subdivision of an order', 'superorder': '(biology) a taxonomic group ranking above an order and below a class or subclass', 'superfamily': '(biology) a taxonomic group ranking below an order but above a family', 'form_family': '(biology) an artificial taxonomic category for organisms of which the true relationships are obscure', 'subfamily': '(biology) a taxonomic category below a family', 'tribe': 'a social division of (usually preliterate) people', 'subgenus': '(biology) taxonomic group between a genus and a species', 'type_genus': '(biology) genus from which the name of a family or subfamily is formed; it is not necessarily the most representative genus but often the largest or best known or earliest described', 'subspecies': '(biology) a taxonomic group that is a division of a species; usually arises as a consequence of geographical isolation within a species', 'endangered_species': 'a species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction', 'fish_species': 'a species of fish', 'type_species': '(biology) the species that best exemplifies the essential characteristics of the genus to which it belongs', 'civilization': 'the social process whereby societies achieve an advanced stage of development and organization', 'legal_profession': 'the body of individuals qualified to practice law in a particular jurisdiction; \"he was admitted to the bar in New Jersey\"', 'health_profession': 'the body of individuals whose work helps to maintain the health of their clients', 'medical_profession': 'the body of individuals who are qualified to practice medicine', 'businessmen': 'the body of individuals who manage businesses', 'community_of_scholars': 'the body of individuals holding advanced academic degrees', 'economics_profession': 'the body of professional economists', 'priesthood': 'the body of ordained religious practitioners', 'pastorate': 'pastors collectively', 'Foreign_Office': 'the government department in charge of foreign relations', 'Home_Office': 'the government department in charge of domestic affairs', 'French_Foreign_Office': 'the French department in charge of foreign affairs; referred to familiarly by its address in Paris', 'Free_French': 'a French movement during World War II that was organized in London by Charles de Gaulle to fight for the liberation of France from German control and for the restoration of the republic', 'academic_department': 'a division of a school that is responsible for a given subject', 'anthropology_department': 'the academic department responsible for teaching and research in anthropology', 'art_department': 'the academic department responsible for teaching art and art appreciation', 'biology_department': 'the academic department responsible for teaching and research in biology', 'chemistry_department': 'the academic department responsible for teaching and research in chemistry', 'department_of_computer_science': 'the academic department responsible for teaching and research in computer science', 'economics_department': 'the academic department responsible for teaching and research in economics', 'English_department': 'the academic department responsible for teaching English and American literature', 'history_department': 'the academic department responsible for teaching history', 'linguistics_department': 'the academic department responsible for teaching and research in linguistics', 'mathematics_department': 'the academic department responsible for teaching and research in mathematics', 'philosophy_department': 'the academic department responsible for teaching philosophy', 'physics_department': 'the academic department responsible for teaching and research in physics', 'music_department': 'the academic department responsible for teaching music and music appreciation', 'psychology_department': 'the academic department responsible for teaching and research in psychology', 'sociology_department': 'the academic department responsible for teaching and research in sociology', 'business_department': 'a division of a business firm', 'advertising_department': 'the division of a business that is responsible for advertising', 'editorial_department': 'the department of a publishing business that edits material for publication', 'city_desk': 'the editorial department of a newspaper that edits the local news', 'sports_desk': 'the editorial department of a newspaper that edits the sports news', 'parts_department': 'the division of a business (e.g. a service garage) that sells replacement parts', 'personnel_department': 'the department responsible for hiring and training and placing employees and for setting policies for personnel management', 'plant_department': 'the division of a business responsible for building and maintaining the physical plant', 'purchasing_department': 'the division of a business that is responsible for purchases', 'sales_department': 'the division of a business that is responsible for selling products or services', 'service_department': 'the division of a business that provides customer services', 'government_department': 'a department of government', 'payroll': 'the total amount of money paid in wages; \"the company had a large payroll\"', 'local_department': 'a permanent department created to perform the work of a local government', 'fire_department': 'the department of local government responsible for preventing and extinguishing fires', 'fire_brigade': 'a private or temporary organization of individuals equipped to fight fires', 'police_department': 'the department of local government concerned with enforcing the law and preventing crime', 'sanitation_department': 'the department of local government responsible for collecting and disposing of garbage', 'Special_Branch': 'a government police department dealing with political security', 'State_Department': 'a department of government in one of the 50 states', 'federal_department': 'a department of the federal government of the United States', 'Atomic_Energy_Commission': 'a former executive agency (from 1946 to 1974) that was responsible for research into atomic energy and its peacetime uses in the United States', 'Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission': 'an independent federal agency created in 1974 to license and regulate nuclear power plants', 'Environmental_Protection_Agency': 'an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment', 'executive_department': 'a federal department in the executive branch of the government of the United States', 'executive_agency': 'an agency of the executive branch of government', 'Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency': 'an independent agency of the United States government that provides a single point of accountability for all federal emergency preparedness and mitigation and response activities', 'Food_and_Drug_Administration': 'a federal agency in the Department of Health and Human Services established to regulate the release of new foods and health-related products', 'Council_of_Economic_Advisors': 'an executive agency responsible for providing economic advice to the President', 'Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention': 'a federal agency in the Department of Health and Human Services; located in Atlanta; investigates and diagnoses and tries to control or prevent diseases (especially new and unusual diseases)', 'Central_Intelligence_Agency': 'an independent agency of the United States government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence activities abroad in the national interest; headed by the Director of Central Intelligence under the supervision of the President and National Security Council', 'Counterterrorist_Center': 'an agency that helps the Director of Central Intelligence coordinate counterterrorist efforts in order to preempt and disrupt and defeat terrorist activities at the earliest possible stage', 'Nonproliferation_Center': 'an agency that serves as the focal point for all Intelligence Community activities related to nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their missile delivery systems', 'Interstate_Commerce_Commission': 'a former independent federal agency that supervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states; was terminated in 1995; \"the ICC was established in 1887 as the first federal agency\"', 'National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration': 'an independent agency of the United States government responsible for aviation and spaceflight', 'National_Archives_and_Records_Administration': 'the independent agency that oversees management of federal government records including presidential libraries and historic collections', 'National_Labor_Relations_Board': 'an independent agency of the United States government charged with mediating disputes between management and labor unions', 'National_Science_Foundation': 'an independent agency of the federal government responsible for the promotion of progress in science and engineering by supporting programs in research and education', 'Postal_Rate_Commission': 'an independent federal agency that recommends changes in postal rates', 'United_States_Postal_Service': 'an independent federal agency that provides mail processing and delivery service for individuals and businesses in the United States', 'United_States_Postal_Inspection_Service': 'the primary law enforcement arm of the United States Postal Service', 'National_Security_Council': 'a committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security; supervises the Central Intelligence Agency', 'Council_on_Environmental_Policy': 'the executive agency that advises the President on protecting the environment', 'Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff': 'the executive agency that advises the President on military questions; composed of the chiefs of the United States Army and the United States Navy and the United States Air Force and the commandant of the United States Marine Corps', 'Office_of_Management_and_Budget': 'the executive agency that advises the President on the federal budget', 'United_States_Trade_Representative': \"the executive agency that administers the President's policies on international trade\", 'Department_of_Agriculture': 'the federal department that administers programs that provide services to farmers (including research and soil conservation and efforts to stabilize the farming economy); created in 1862', 'Department_of_Commerce': 'the United States federal department that promotes and administers domestic and foreign trade (including management of the census and the patent office); created in 1913', 'Bureau_of_the_Census': 'the bureau of the Commerce Department responsible for taking the census; provides demographic information and analyses about the population of the United States', 'National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration': \"an agency in the Department of Commerce that maps the oceans and conserves their living resources; predicts changes to the earth's environment; provides weather reports and forecasts floods and hurricanes and other natural disasters related to weather\", 'National_Climatic_Data_Center': \"the part of NOAA that maintains the world's largest active archive of weather data\", 'National_Weather_Service': 'the federal agency in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that is responsible for weather forecast and preparation of weather maps', 'Technology_Administration': 'an agency in the Department of Commerce that works with United States industries to promote competitiveness and maximize the impact of technology on economic growth', 'National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology': 'an agency in the Technology Administration that makes measurements and sets standards as needed by industry or government programs', 'National_Technical_Information_Service': 'an agency in the Technology Administration that is a primary resource for government-funded scientific and technical and engineering and business related information', 'Department_of_Defense': 'the federal department responsible for safeguarding national security of the United States; created in 1947', 'Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency': 'the central research and development organization for the United States Department of Defense; responsible for developing new surveillance technologies since 9/11', 'Department_of_Defense_Laboratory_System': 'a defense laboratory that provides essential services in fundamental science for national security and environmental protection and provides technologies that contribute to industrial competitiveness', 'Department_of_Education': 'the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979', 'Department_of_Energy': 'the federal department responsible for maintaining a national energy policy of the United States; created in 1977', 'Department_of_Energy_Intelligence': \"an agency that collects political and economic and technical information about energy matters and makes the Department of Energy's technical and analytical expertise available to other members of the Intelligence Community\", 'Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services': 'the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with health and welfare; created in 1979', 'United_States_Public_Health_Service': 'an agency that serves as the office of Surgeon General; includes agencies whose mission is to improve the public health', 'National_Institutes_of_Health': 'an agency in the Department of Health and Human Services whose mission is to employ science in the pursuit of knowledge to improve human health; is the principal biomedical research agency of the federal government', 'Federal_Communications_Commission': 'an independent government agency that regulates interstate and international communications by radio and television and wire and cable and satellite', 'Social_Security_Administration': 'an independent government agency responsible for the Social Security system', 'Department_of_Homeland_Security': 'the federal department that administers all matters relating to homeland security', 'Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development': 'the United States federal department that administers federal programs dealing with better housing and urban renewal; created in 1965', 'Department_of_Justice': 'the United States federal department responsible for enforcing federal laws (including the enforcement of all civil rights legislation); created in 1870', 'Bureau_of_Justice_Assistance': 'the bureau in the Department of Justice that assists local criminal justice systems to reduce or prevent crime and violence and drug abuse', 'Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics': 'the agency in the Department of Justice that is the primary source of criminal justice statistics for federal and local policy makers', 'Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation': 'a federal law enforcement agency that is the principal investigative arm of the Department of Justice', 'Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service': 'an agency in the Department of Justice that enforces laws and regulations for the admission of foreign-born persons to the United States', 'United_States_Border_Patrol': 'the mobile law enforcement arm of the Immigration and Naturalization Service that detects and prevents illegal entry of aliens into the United States', 'Federal_Law_Enforcement_Training_Center': 'a center in the Department of that trains law enforcement professionals for more than seventy federal agencies', 'Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network': 'a law enforcement agency of the Treasury Department responsible for establishing and implementing policies to detect money laundering', 'Department_of_Labor': 'the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913', 'Department_of_State': 'the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies; \"the Department of State was created in 1789\"', 'Foggy_Bottom': 'United States Department of State, which is housed in a building in a low-lying area of Washington near the Potomac River', 'Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security': 'the bureau in the State Department that is responsible for the security of diplomats and embassies overseas', 'Foreign_Service': 'the part of the State Department that supplies diplomats for the United States embassies and consulates around the world', 'Bureau_of_Intelligence_and_Research': 'an agency that is the primary source in the State Department for interpretive analyses of global developments and focal point for policy issues and activities of the Intelligence Community', 'Department_of_the_Interior': 'the United States federal department charged with conservation and the development of natural resources; created in 1849', 'United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service': 'an agency in the Department of the Interior that conserves and protects fish and wildlife and their habitats; assesses the environmental impact of pesticides and nuclear power site and hydroelectric dams and thermal pollution', 'National_Park_Service': 'an agency of the Interior Department responsible for the national parks', 'Department_of_the_Treasury': 'the federal department that collects revenue and administers federal finances; the Treasury Department was created in 1789', 'Bureau_of_Alcohol_Tobacco_and_Firearms': 'the law enforcement and tax collection agency of the Treasury Department that enforces federal laws concerning alcohol and tobacco products and firearms and explosives and arson', 'Financial_Management_Service': \"the federal agency in the Treasury Department that manages the government's disbursement and collection systems and provides central accounting and financial reporting\", 'Office_of_Intelligence_Support': \"agency that oversees the intelligence relationships of the Treasury's offices and bureaus and provides a link between the Intelligence Community and officials responsible for international economic policy\", 'Criminal_Investigation_Command': \"the United States Army's principal law enforcement agency responsible for the conduct of criminal investigations for all levels of the Army anywhere in the world\", 'Drug_Enforcement_Administration': 'federal agency responsible for enforcing laws and regulations governing narcotics and controlled substances; goal is to immobilize drug trafficking organizations', 'Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons': 'the law enforcement agency of the Justice Department that operates a nationwide system of prisons and detention facilities to incarcerate inmates sentenced to imprisonment for federal crimes', 'Federal_Judiciary': 'the judiciary of the United States which is responsible for interpreting and enforcing federal laws', 'National_Institute_of_Justice': 'the law enforcement agency that is the research and development branch of the Department of Justice', 'United_States_Marshals_Service': \"the United States' oldest federal law enforcement agency is responsible today for protecting the Federal Judiciary and transporting federal prisoners and protecting federal witnesses and managing assets seized from criminals and generally ensuring the effective operation of the federal judicial system\", 'Comptroller_of_the_Currency': 'a United States federal official who regulates the national banks', 'Bureau_of_Customs': 'the agency of the Treasury Department that enforces import tariffs', 'Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing': 'the agency of the Treasury Department that produces currency', 'Internal_Revenue_Service': 'the bureau of the Treasury Department responsible for tax collections', 'Inland_Revenue': 'a board of the British government that administers and collects major direct taxes', 'Department_of_Transportation': 'the United States federal department that institutes and coordinates national transportation programs; created in 1966', 'Federal_Aviation_Agency': 'an agency in the Department of Transportation that is responsible for the safety of civilian aviation', 'Department_of_Veterans_Affairs': 'the United States federal department responsible for the interests of military veterans; created in 1989', 'Transportation_Security_Administration': 'an agency established in 2001 to safeguard United States transportation systems and insure safe air travel', 'Department_of_Commerce_and_Labor': 'a former executive department of the United States government; created in 1903 and split into two departments in 1913', 'Department_of_Health_Education_and_Welfare': 'a former executive department of the United States government; created in 1953 and divided in 1979', 'Navy_Department': 'a former executive department of the United States government; created in 1798 and combined with the War Department in 1947', 'War_Department': 'a former executive department of the United States government; created in 1789 and combined with the Navy Department in 1947', 'United_States_Post_Office': 'an independent agency of the federal government responsible for mail delivery (and sometimes telecommunications) between individuals and businesses in the United States', 'general_delivery': 'the part of a post office that handles mail for persons who call for it', 'generally_accepted_accounting_principles': 'a collection of rules and procedures and conventions that define accepted accounting practice; includes broad guidelines as well as detailed procedures', 'neonatal_intensive_care_unit': 'an intensive care unit designed with special equipment to care for premature or seriously ill newborn', 'intensive_care_unit': 'a hospital unit staffed and equipped to provide intensive care', 'Protestant_denomination': 'group of Protestant congregations', 'brethren': '(plural) the lay members of a male religious order', 'Augustinian_order': 'any of several monastic orders observing a rule derived from the writings of St. Augustine', 'Augustinian_Canons': 'an Augustinian monastic order', 'Augustinian_Hermits': 'a monastic order of friars established in 1256 by the Pope', 'Austin_Friars': 'an Augustinian monastic order', 'Benedictine_order': 'a Roman Catholic monastic order founded in the 6th century; noted for liturgical worship and for scholarly activities', 'Carmelite_order': 'a Roman Catholic mendicant order founded in the 12th century', 'Carthusian_order': 'an austere contemplative Roman Catholic order founded by St. Bruno in 1084', 'Dominican_order': 'a Roman Catholic order of mendicant preachers founded in the 13th century', 'Franciscan_order': 'a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Francis of Assisi in the 13th century', 'Society_of_Jesus': 'a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen; it is strongly committed to education and scholarship', 'sect': 'a subdivision of a larger religious group', 'Religious_Society_of_Friends': 'a Christian sect founded by George Fox about 1660; commonly called Quakers', 'Shakers': 'a celibate and communistic Christian sect in the United States', 'Assemblies_of_God': 'a charismatic Protestant denomination in the United States', 'Waldenses': 'a Christian sect of dissenters that originated in southern France in the late 12th century adopted Calvinist doctrines in the 16th century', 'Rastafarian': 'follower of Rastafarianism', 'clergy': 'in Christianity, clergymen collectively (as distinguished from the laity)', 'cardinalate': 'cardinals collectively', 'laity': 'in Christianity, members of a religious community that do not have the priestly responsibilities of ordained clergy', 'royalty': 'payment to the holder of a patent or copyright or resource for the right to use their property; \"he received royalties on his book\"', 'Ordnance_Survey': 'the official cartography agency of the British government', 'Bourbon': 'a reactionary politician in the United States (usually from the South)', 'Capetian_dynasty': 'a Frankish dynasty founded by Hugh Capet that ruled from 987 to 1328', 'Carolingian_dynasty': \"a Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne's father that ruled from 751 to 987\", 'Flavian_dynasty': 'a dynasty of Roman Emperors from 69 to 96 including Vespasian and his sons Titus and Domitian', 'Han': 'imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization', 'Hanover': 'the English royal house that reigned from 1714 to 1901 (from George I to Victoria)', 'Habsburg': 'a royal German family that provided rulers for several European states and wore the crown of the Holy Roman Empire from 1440 to 1806', 'Hohenzollern': 'a German noble family that ruled Brandenburg and Prussia', 'Lancaster': 'a city in northwestern England', 'Liao': 'the dynasty that ruled much of Manchuria and northeastern China from 947 to 1125', 'Merovingian': 'a member of the Merovingian dynasty', 'Ming': 'the imperial dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644', 'Ottoman': 'a Turk (especially a Turk who is a member of the tribe of Osman I)', 'Plantagenet': 'the family name of a line of English kings that reigned from 1154 to 1485', 'Ptolemy': 'Alexandrian astronomer (of the 2nd century) who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until the late Renaissance', 'Qin': 'the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall', 'Qing': 'the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries; during the Qing dynasty China was ruled by the Manchu', 'Romanov': 'a member of the imperial family that ruled Russia', 'Saxe-Coburg-Gotha': 'the name of the royal family that ruled Great Britain from 1901-1917; the name was changed to Windsor in 1917 in response to anti-German feelings in World War I', 'Seljuk': 'any one of the Turkish dynasties that ruled Asia Minor from the 11th to the 13th centuries; they successfully invaded Byzantium and defended the Holy Land against Crusaders', 'Shang': 'the imperial dynasty ruling China from about the 18th to the 12th centuries BC', 'Stuart': 'United States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington (1755-1828)', 'Sung': 'the imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279; noted for art and literature and philosophy', 'Tang': 'the imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907', 'Tudor': 'United States dancer and choreographer (born in England) (1909-1987)', 'Umayyad': 'the first dynasty of Arab caliphs whose capital was Damascus', 'Valois': 'French royal house from 1328 to 1589', 'Wei': 'any of several imperial dynasties of China ruling from 220 to 265 and from 386 to 556', 'Windsor': 'a city in southeastern Ontario on the Detroit River opposite Detroit', 'York': 'the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose', 'Yuan': 'the imperial dynasty of China from 1279 to 1368', 'citizenry': 'the body of citizens of a state or country; \"the Spanish people\"', 'Achaean': 'a member of one of four linguistic divisions of the prehistoric Greeks', 'Aeolian': 'a member of one of four linguistic divisions of the prehistoric Greeks', 'Dorian': 'a member of one of four linguistic divisions of the prehistoric Greeks', 'Ionian': 'a member of one of four linguistic divisions of the prehistoric Greeks', 'electorate': 'the body of enfranchised citizens; those qualified to vote', 'governed': 'the body of people who are citizens of a particular government; \"governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed\"--Declaration of Independence', 'senate': 'assembly possessing high legislative powers', 'United_States_Senate': 'the upper house of the United States Congress', 'Congress': 'the legislature of the United States government', 'United_States_House_of_Representatives': 'the lower legislative house of the United States Congress', 'Government_Accounting_Office': 'an independent nonpartisan federal agency that acts as the investigative arm of Congress making the executive branch accountable to Congress and the government accountable to citizens of the United States', 'House_of_Burgesses': 'the lower house of legislature in colonial Virginia', 'House_of_Commons': 'the lower house of the British parliament', 'House_of_Lords': 'the upper house of the British parliament', 'legislature': 'persons who make or amend or repeal laws', 'legislative_council': 'a unicameral legislature', 'Areopagus': 'a hill to the to the west of the Athenian acropolis where met the highest governmental council of ancient Athens and later a judicial court', 'States_General': 'assembly of the estates of an entire country especially the sovereign body of the Dutch republic from 16th to 18th centuries', 'Estates_General': 'assembly of the estates of all France; last meeting in 1789', 'top_brass': 'the most important persons in a governing body', 'executive': 'a person responsible for the administration of a business', 'Bush_administration': 'the executive under President George H. W. Bush', 'Clinton_administration': 'the executive under President Clinton', 'Reagan_administration': 'the executive under President Reagan', 'Carter_administration': 'the executive under President Carter', 'judiciary': 'the system of law courts that administer justice and constitute the judicial branch of government', 'nation': 'a federation of tribes (especially Native American tribes); \"the Shawnee nation\"', 'commonwealth_country': 'any of the countries in the British Commonwealth', 'developing_country': 'a country that is poor and whose citizens are mostly agricultural workers but that wants to become more advanced socially and economically', 'Dominion': 'one of the self-governing nations in the British Commonwealth', 'estate_of_the_realm': 'a major social class or order of persons regarded collectively as part of the body politic of the country (especially in the United Kingdom) and formerly possessing distinct political rights', 'first_estate': 'the clergy in France and the heads of the church in Britain', 'second_estate': 'the nobility in France and the peerage in Britain', 'third_estate': 'the common people', 'fourth_estate': 'the press, including journalists, newspaper writers, photographers', 'foreign_country': 'any state of which one is not a citizen; \"working in a foreign country takes a bit of getting used to\"', 'Free_World': 'anti-communist countries collectively', 'Third_World': 'underdeveloped and developing countries of Asia and Africa and Latin America collectively', 'Reich': 'Austrian born psychoanalyst who lived in the United States; advocated sexual freedom and believed that cosmic energy could be concentrated in a human being (1897-1957)', 'Holy_Roman_Empire': 'a political entity in Europe that began with the papal coronation of Otto I as the first emperor in 962 and lasted until 1806 when it was dissolved by Napoleon', 'Hohenzollern_empire': 'the Reich when Hohenzollern monarchs ruled Germany (from 1871 to 1919)', 'Weimar_Republic': 'the German republic founded at Weimar in 1919; \"The Weimar Republic was overthrown in 1933 and replaced by the Third Reich\"', 'Third_Reich': 'the Nazi dictatorship under Hitler (1933-1945)', 'rogue_state': 'a state that does not respect other states in its international actions', 'suzerain': 'a state exercising a degree of dominion over a dependent state especially in its foreign affairs', 'member': 'anything that belongs to a set or class; \"snakes are members of the class Reptilia\"; \"members of the opposite sex\"', 'allies': 'an alliance of nations joining together to fight a common enemy', 'bloc': 'a group of countries in special alliance', 'Allies': 'the alliance of nations that fought the Axis in World War II and which (with subsequent additions) signed the charter of the United Nations in 1945', 'Central_Powers': 'in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies', 'Axis': 'in World War II the alliance of Germany and Italy in 1936 which later included Japan and other nations; \"the Axis opposed the Allies in World War II\"', 'Arab_League': 'an international organization of independent Arab states formed in 1945 to promote cultural and economic and military and political and social cooperation', 'Europe': \"the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use `Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles\", 'Asia': \"the largest continent with 60% of the earth's population; it is joined to Europe on the west to form Eurasia; it is the site of some of the world's earliest civilizations\", 'North_America': 'a continent (the third largest) in the western hemisphere connected to South America by the Isthmus of Panama', 'Central_America': 'the isthmus joining North America and South America; extends from the southern border of Mexico to the northern border of Colombia', 'South_America': 'a continent in the western hemisphere connected to North America by the Isthmus of Panama', 'European_Union': 'an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members; \"he tried to take Britain into the Europen Union\"', 'Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe': 'the supreme headquarters that advises NATO on military matters and oversees all aspects of the Allied Command Europe', 'North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization': 'an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security', 'Allied_Command_Atlantic': 'a major strategic headquarters of NATO located in the United States; is under the authority of the North Atlantic Council', 'Supreme_Allied_Commander_Atlantic': 'commanding officer of ACLANT; a general of the United States Army nominated by the President of the United States and approved by the North Atlantic Council', 'Allied_Command_Europe': 'a major strategic headquarters of NATO; safeguards an area extending from Norway to Turkey', 'Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe': \"commanding officer of ACE; NATO's senior military commander in Europe\", 'Organization_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons': 'international organization for chemical disarmament; administers the Chemical Weapons Convention', 'Organization_of_American_States': 'an association including most countries in the western hemisphere; created in 1948 to promote military and economic and social and cultural cooperation', 'Pan_American_Union': 'the administrative agency of the Organization of American States', 'Organization_of_Petroleum-Exporting_Countries': 'an organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum', 'world_power': 'a state powerful enough to influence events throughout the world', 'hegemon': 'a leading or paramount power', 'church-state': 'a state ruled by religious authority', 'city_state': 'a state consisting of a sovereign city', 'welfare_state': 'a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.', 'puppet_government': 'a government that is appointed by and whose affairs are directed by an outside authority that may impose hardships on those governed', 'overpopulation': 'too much population', 'overspill': 'the relocation of people from overcrowded cities; they are accommodated in new houses or apartments in smaller towns', 'poor_people': 'people without possessions or wealth (considered as a group); \"the urban poor need assistance\"', 'rich_people': 'people who have possessions and wealth (considered as a group); \"only the very rich benefit from this legislation\"', 'populace': 'people in general considered as a whole; \"he is a hero in the eyes of the public\"', 'home_front': 'the civilian population (and their activities) of a country at war', 'multitude': 'a large gathering of people', 'admass': 'the segment of the public that is easily influenced by mass media (chiefly British)', 'labor_force': 'the source of trained people from which workers can be hired', 'lumpenproletariat': '(Marxism) the unorganized lower levels of the proletariat who are not interested in revolutionary advancement', 'organized_labor': 'employees who are represented by a labor union', 'Laurel_and_Hardy': 'United States slapstick comedy duo who made many films together', 'lower_class': 'the social class lowest in the social hierarchy', 'middle_class': 'the social class between the lower and upper classes', 'booboisie': 'class consisting of all those who are considered boobs', 'commonalty': 'a class composed of persons lacking clerical or noble rank', 'petit_bourgeois': 'a member of the lower middle class', 'peasantry': 'the class of peasants', 'crowd': 'an informal body of friends; \"he still hangs out with the same crowd\"', 'hive': 'a teeming multitude', 'horde': 'a nomadic community', 'ruck': 'a crowd especially of ordinary or undistinguished persons or things; \"his brilliance raised him above the ruck\"; \"the children resembled a fairy herd\"', 'army': 'a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state', 'traffic_jam': 'a number of vehicles blocking one another until they can scarcely move', 'gridlock': 'a traffic jam so bad that no movement is possible', 'Roman_Legion': 'a division of from 3000 to 6000 men (including cavalry) in the Roman army', 'Sabaoth': '(plural) hosts or armies; used in the book of Romans in the New Testament; \"Lord of Sabaoth\"', 'mob': 'a disorderly crowd of people', 'lynch_mob': 'a mob that kills a person for some presumed offense without legal authority', 'limited_company': 'a company that is organized to give its owners limited liability', 'holding_company': 'a company with controlling shares in other companies', 'bank_holding_company': 'a holding company owning or controlling one or more banks', 'multibank_holding_company': 'a bank holding company owning several banks', 'telephone_company': 'a public utility that provides telephone service', 'power_company': 'a public utility that provides electricity', 'water_company': 'a public utility that provides water', 'gas_company': 'a public utility that provides gas', 'bus_company': 'a public utility providing local transportation', 'livery_company': 'one of the chartered companies of London originating with the craft guilds', 'opera_company': 'a company that produces operas', 'theater_company': 'a company that produces plays', 'stock_company': 'a company whose capital is represented by stock', 'ballet_company': 'a company that produces ballets', 'husking_bee': 'a social gathering for the purpose of husking corn', 'corps_de_ballet': 'the chorus of a ballet company', 'task_force': 'a semipermanent unit created to carry out a continuing task', 'army_unit': 'a military unit that is part of an army', 'naval_unit': 'a military unit that is part of a navy', 'navy': 'an organization of military vessels belonging to a country and available for sea warfare', 'United_States_Navy': 'the navy of the United States of America; the agency that maintains and trains and equips combat-ready naval forces', 'coastguard': 'a military service responsible for the safety of maritime traffic in coastal waters', 'United_States_Coast_Guard': 'an agency of the Department of Transportation responsible for patrolling shores and facilitating nautical commerce', 'Marines': 'members of a body of troops trained to serve on land or at sea', 'United_States_Marine_Corps': 'an amphibious division of the United States Navy', 'Naval_Air_Warfare_Center_Weapons_Division': 'the principal agency of the United States Navy for research and development for air warfare and missile weapon systems', 'Naval_Special_Warfare': 'the agency that provides units to conduct unconventional and counter-guerilla warfare', 'Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center': 'the agency that provides scientific and engineering and technical support for all aspects of surface warfare', 'Naval_Underwater_Warfare_Center': 'the agency that provides scientific and engineering and technical support for submarine and undersea warfare systems', 'United_States_Naval_Academy': 'a school for training men and women to become officers in the United States Navy', 'Office_of_Naval_Intelligence': 'the military intelligence agency that provides for the intelligence and counterintelligence and investigative and security requirements of the United States Navy', 'Marine_Corps_Intelligence_Activity': 'an agency of the United States Marine Corps that provides responsive and broad intelligence support for the worldwide Marine Corps organization', 'Air_Corps': 'formerly the airborne division of the United States Army', 'United_States_Air_Force_Academy': 'a school for training men and women to become officers in the United States Air Force', 'Royal_Air_Force': 'the airforce of Great Britain', 'Luftwaffe': 'the German airforce', 'League_of_Nations': 'an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations; although suggested by Woodrow Wilson, the United States never joined and it remained powerless; it was dissolved in 1946 after the United Nations was formed', 'Peace_Corps': 'a civilian organization sponsored by the United States government; helps people in developing countries', 'air_unit': 'a military unit that is part of the airforce', 'air_force': \"the airborne branch of a country's armed forces\", 'United_States_Air_Force': 'the airforce of the United States of America; the agency that defends the United States through control and exploitation of air and space', 'Air_Combat_Command': 'a command that is the primary provider of air combat weapon systems to the United States Air Force; operates fighter, bomber, reconnaissance, battle-management, and rescue aircraft', 'Air_Force_Space_Command': 'a command of the United States Air Force that is responsible for defending the United States through its space and intercontinental ballistic missile operations', 'Air_National_Guard': 'a civilian reserve component of the United States Air Force that provides prompt mobilization during war and assistance during national emergencies', 'Air_Force_Intelligence_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance': 'an agency focused on ensuring that the United States military attains information superiority; operates worldwide ground sites and an array of airborne reconnaissance and surveillance platforms', 'guerrilla_force': 'an irregular armed force that fights by sabotage and harassment; often rural and organized in large groups', 'military_unit': 'a unit that is part of some military service; \"he sent Caesar a force of six thousand men\"', 'military': 'the military forces of a nation; \"their military is the largest in the region\"; \"the military machine is the same one we faced in 1991 but now it is weaker\"', 'military_reserve': 'armed forces that are not on active duty but can be called in an emergency', 'mujahidin': 'a military force of Muslim guerilla warriors engaged in a jihad; \"some call the mujahidin international warriors but others just call them terrorists\"', 'Mujahedeen_Khalq': 'Iranian guerillas based in Iraq', 'paramilitary': 'a group of civilians organized in a military fashion (especially to operate in place of or to assist regular army troops)', 'fedayeen': '(plural) Arab guerrillas who operate mainly against Israel', 'Fedayeen_Saddam': 'a feared paramilitary unit formed in 1995 by young soldiers to serve Saddam Hussein against domestic opponents', 'hit_squad': 'a team of assassins', 'death_squad': \"a clandestine military or paramilitary team who murder political dissidents or petty criminals (usually with the government's tacit approval)\", 'Sparrow_Unit': \"a hit squad of the New People's Army in the Philippines\", 'police': 'the force of policemen and officers; \"the law came looking for him\"', 'Europol': 'police organization for the European Union; aims to improve effectiveness and cooperation among European police forces', 'gendarmerie': 'French police force; a group of gendarmes or gendarmes collectively', \"Mutawa'een\": 'religious police in Saudi Arabia whose duty is to ensure strict adherence to established codes of conduct; offenders may be detained indefinitely; foreigners are not excluded', 'Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police': 'the federal police force of Canada', 'Scotland_Yard': 'the detective department of the metropolitan police force of London', 'security_force': 'a privately employed group hired to protect the security of a business or industry', 'vice_squad': 'a police group to enforce laws against gambling and prostitution', 'military_police': 'a military corps that enforces discipline and guards prisoners', 'shore_patrol': 'the military police of the navy', 'secret_police': 'a police force that operates in secrecy (usually against persons suspected of treason or sedition)', 'Gestapo': 'the secret state police in Nazi Germany; known for its terrorist methods', 'Schutzstaffel': 'special police force in Nazi Germany founded as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in 1925; the SS administered the concentration camps', 'SA': 'Nazi militia created by Hitler in 1921 that helped him to power but was eclipsed by the SS after 1943', 'work_force': 'the force of workers available', 'corps': 'a body of people associated together; \"diplomatic corps\"', \"Women's_Army_Corps\": 'an army corps that was organized in World War II but is no longer a separate branch of the United States Army', 'Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps': 'a training program to prepare college students to be commissioned officers', 'Special_Forces': 'a division of the United States Army that is specially trained for guerilla fighting', 'battle_group': 'an army unit usually consisting of five companies', 'regiment': 'army unit smaller than a division', 'brigade': 'army unit smaller than a division', 'battalion': 'a large indefinite number; \"a battalion of ants\"; \"a multitude of TV antennas\"; \"a plurality of religions\"', 'platoon': 'a group of persons who are engaged in a common activity; \"platoons of tourists poured out of the busses\"; \"the defensive platoon of the football team\"', 'bodyguard': 'someone who escorts and protects a prominent person', 'yeomanry': 'class of small freeholders who cultivated their own land', 'press_gang': 'a detachment empowered to force civilians to serve in the army or navy', 'provost_guard': 'a detachment under the command of a provost marshall', 'rearguard': 'a detachment assigned to protect the rear of a (retreating) military body', 'brass_section': 'the section of a band or orchestra that plays brass instruments', 'string_section': 'the section of an orchestra that plays stringed instruments', 'violin_section': 'the section of an orchestra that plays violins', 'percussion_section': 'the section of a band or orchestra that plays percussion instruments', 'trumpet_section': 'the section of a band or orchestra that plays trumpets or cornets', 'reed_section': 'the section of a band or orchestra that plays reed instruments', 'clarinet_section': 'the section of a band or orchestra that plays clarinets', 'squad': 'a smallest army unit', 'day_shift': 'the work shift during the day (as 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.)', 'evening_shift': 'the work shift during the evening (as 4 p.m. to midnight)', 'night_shift': 'the work shift during the night (as midnight to 8 a.m.)', \"ship's_company\": 'crew of a ship including the officers; the whole force or personnel of a ship', 'air_group': 'a unit of the United States Air Force larger than a squadron and smaller than a wing', 'squadron': 'a naval unit that is detached from the fleet for a particular task', 'escadrille': 'a small squadron', 'form_division': 'an artificial taxonomic category for organisms of which the true relationships are obscure', 'audience': 'the part of the general public interested in a source of information or entertainment; \"every artist needs an audience\"; \"the broadcast reached an audience of millions\"', 'readership': 'the audience reached by written communications (books or magazines or newspapers etc.)', 'viewing_audience': 'the audience reached by television', 'claque': 'a group of followers hired to applaud at a performance', 'following': 'a group of followers or enthusiasts', 'faithful': 'any loyal and steadfast following', 'fandom': 'the fans of a sport or famous person', 'parish': 'the local subdivision of a diocese committed to one pastor', 'Ummah': 'the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan; \"moderate Muslims urge the Ummah to reject the terrorism of radical Muslims\"', 'speech_community': 'people sharing a given language or dialect', 'neighborhood': 'an area within a city or town that has some distinctive features (especially one forming a community); \"an ethnic neighborhood\"', 'municipality': 'an urban district having corporate status and powers of self-government', 'municipal_government': 'the government of a municipality', 'commission_plan': 'a municipal government that combines legislative and executive authority in the members of a commission', 'state_government': 'the government of a state in the United States', 'totalitarian_state': 'a government that subordinates the individual to the state and strictly controls all aspects of life by coercive measures', 'city': 'an incorporated administrative district established by state charter; \"the city raised the tax rate\"', 'town': 'an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city; \"they drive through town on their way to work\"', 'village': 'a settlement smaller than a town', 'moshav': 'a cooperative Israeli village or settlement comprised of small farms', 'hamlet': 'a community of people smaller than a village', 'koinonia': 'Christian fellowship or communion with God or with fellow Christians; said in particular of the early Christian community', 'bookclub': 'a club that people join in order to buy selected books at reduced prices', 'American_Legion': 'the largest organization of United States war veterans', 'Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars': 'an organization of United States war veterans', 'chess_club': 'a club of people to play chess', 'country_club': 'a suburban club for recreation and socializing', 'fraternity': 'a social club for male undergraduates', 'glee_club': 'a club organized to sing together', 'investors_club': 'a club of small investors who buy and sell securities jointly', 'jockey_club': 'a club to promote and regulate horse racing', 'racket_club': 'club for players of racket sports', 'rowing_club': 'a club for rowers', 'slate_club': 'a group of people who save money in a common fund for a specific purpose (usually distributed at Christmas)', 'sorority': 'a social club for female undergraduates', 'tennis_club': 'a club of people to play tennis', 'turnverein': 'a club of tumblers or gymnasts', 'yacht_club': 'club that promotes and supports yachting and boating', 'yakuza': 'a Japanese gangster', 'league': 'an obsolete unit of distance of variable length (usually 3 miles)', 'major_league': 'the most important league in any sport (especially baseball)', 'minor_league': 'a league of teams that do not belong to a major league (especially baseball)', 'baseball_league': 'a league of baseball teams', 'little_league': 'a commercially sponsored baseball league for players between 8 and 12 years of age', 'little-league_team': 'a team that plays in a little league', 'basketball_league': 'a league of basketball teams', 'bowling_league': 'a league of bowling teams', 'football_league': 'a league of football teams', 'hockey_league': 'a league of hockey teams', 'Ivy_League': 'a league of universities and colleges in the northeastern United States that have a reputation for scholastic achievement and social prestige', 'industrial_union': 'a labor union that admits all workers in a given industry irrespective of their craft', 'Teamsters_Union': 'an industrial union of truck drivers and chauffeurs and warehouse workers', 'United_Mine_Workers_of_America': 'an industrial union of mine workers in North America', 'American_Federation_of_Labor': 'a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955', 'American_Federation_of_Labor_and_Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations': 'the largest federation of North American labor unions; formed in 1955', 'Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations': 'a federation of North American industrial unions that merged with the American Federation of Labor in 1955', 'craft_union': 'a labor union whose membership is restricted to workers in a particular craft', 'credit_union': 'a cooperative depository financial institution whose members can obtain loans from their combined savings', 'company_union': 'a union of workers for a single company; a union not affiliated with a larger union', 'open_shop': 'a company whose workers are hired without regard to their membership in a labor union', 'closed_shop': 'a company that hires only union members', 'union_shop': 'a company allowed to hire nonunion workers on the condition that they will join the union within a specified time', 'secret_society': 'a society that conceals its activities from nonmembers', 'Freemasonry': 'Freemasons collectively', 'Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh': \"an all-male organization begun in 1925 to foster nationalism in India's Hindus\", 'Lions_Club': 'club dedicated to promoting responsible citizenship and good government and community and national and international welfare', 'Rotary_Club': 'a group of businessmen in a town organized as a service club and to promote world peace', 'consortium': 'an association of companies for some definite purpose', 'drug_cartel': 'an illicit cartel formed to control the production and distribution of narcotic drugs; \"drug cartels sometimes finance terrorist organizations\"', 'Medellin_cartel': 'a drug cartel in Colombia; controlled the production of cocaine from the 1970s until 1993 when the leader was killed', 'Cali_cartel': 'a drug cartel that seized control of cocaine production in Colombia in 1993; adopted techniques used by terrorist organizations (small cells and sophisticated communications equipment and close ties with politicians etc.)', 'oil_cartel': 'a cartel of companies or nations formed to control the production and distribution of oil', 'constituency': 'the body of voters who elect a representative for their area', 'electoral_college': 'the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice president', 'graduating_class': 'the body of students who graduate together this year', 'master_class': 'a class (especially in music) given to talented students by an expert', 'senior_class': 'final grade or class in high school or college', 'junior_class': 'penultimate class in high school or college', 'sophomore_class': 'the second class in a four-year college or high school', 'freshman_class': 'the first class in college or high school', 'car_pool': 'a small group of car drivers who arrange to take turns driving while the others are passengers', 'clique': 'an exclusive circle of people with a common purpose', 'Bloomsbury_Group': 'an inner circle of writers and artists and philosophers who lived in or around Bloomsbury early in the 20th century and were noted for their unconventional lifestyles', 'bohemia': 'a group of artists and writers with real or pretended artistic or intellectual aspirations and usually an unconventional life style', 'kitchen_cabinet': 'an inner circle of unofficial advisors to the head of a government', 'cabal': 'a clique (often secret) that seeks power usually through intrigue', 'military_junta': 'a group of military officers who rule a country after seizing power', 'cadre': 'a nucleus of military personnel capable of expansion', 'professional_association': 'an association of practitioners of a given profession', 'chain_gang': 'a gang of convicts chained together', 'ground_crew': 'the crew of technicians and mechanics who service aircraft on the ground', 'road_gang': 'a gang of road workers', 'section_gang': 'a work crew assigned to a section of a railroad', 'stage_crew': 'crew of workers who move scenery or handle properties in a theatrical production', 'Fabian_Society': 'an association of British socialists who advocate gradual reforms within the law leading to democratic socialism', 'sleeper_nest': 'a nest of sleepers awaiting a prearranged signal; \"sleeper nests of Islamic terrorists were capable of launching major attacks in Europe\"', 'youth_gang': 'a gang whose members are teenagers', 'demimonde': 'a class of woman not considered respectable because of indiscreet or promiscuous behavior', 'underworld': 'the criminal class', 'organized_crime': 'underworld organizations', 'mafia': 'any tightly knit group of trusted associates', 'Mafia': 'a crime syndicate in the United States; organized in families; believed to have important relations to the Sicilian Mafia', 'Black_Hand': 'a secret terrorist society in the United States early in the 20th century', 'Camorra': 'a secret society in Naples notorious for violence and blackmail', 'syndicate': 'a news agency that sells features or articles or photographs etc. to newspapers for simultaneous publication', 'musical_organization': 'an organization of musicians who perform together', 'barbershop_quartet': 'an unaccompanied quartet of (usually male) voices singing sentimental songs in four-part harmony', 'string_quartet': 'an instrumental quartet with 2 violins and a viola and a cello', 'chamber_orchestra': 'small orchestra; usually plays classical music', 'gamelan': 'a traditional Indonesian ensemble typically including many tuned percussion instruments including bamboo xylophones and wooden or bronze chimes and gongs', 'string_orchestra': 'an orchestra playing only stringed instruments', 'symphony_orchestra': 'a large orchestra; can perform symphonies; \"we heard the Vienna symphony\"', 'marching_band': 'a band that marches (as in a parade) and plays music at the same time', 'brass_band': 'a group of musicians playing only brass and percussion instruments', 'concert_band': 'a group of musicians playing brass and woodwind and percussion instruments', 'jug_band': 'a musical group that uses jugs and washboards and kazoos and other improvised instruments', 'pop_group': 'a group that plays pop music', 'dance_band': 'a group of musicians playing popular music for dancing', 'big_band': 'a large dance or jazz band usually featuring improvised solos by lead musicians', 'jazz_band': 'a small band of jazz musicians', 'mariachi': 'a group of street musicians in Mexico', 'rock_group': \"a band of musicians who play rock'n'roll music\", 'skiffle_group': 'a band of musicians who play skiffle', 'steel_band': 'a band that plays instruments made from the heads of oil drums (Caribbean Islands)', 'Golden_Horde': 'a Mongolian army that swept over eastern Europe in the 13th century', 'cohort': 'a company of companions or supporters', 'Four_Hundred': 'the exclusive social set of a city', 'horsy_set': 'a set of people sharing a devotion to horses and horseback riding and horse racing', 'jet_set': 'a set of rich and fashionable people who travel widely for pleasure', 'faction': 'a dissenting clique', 'splinter_group': 'a faction or sect that has broken away from its parent organization', 'social_gathering': 'a gathering for the purpose of promoting fellowship', 'shindig': 'a large and noisy party of people', 'gaudy': '(Britain) a celebratory reunion feast or entertainment held a college', 'beanfeast': 'an annual dinner party given by an employer for the employees', 'at_home': 'a reception held in your own home', 'wedding_reception': 'a reception for wedding guests held after the wedding', 'open_house': 'an informal party of people with hospitality for all comers', 'housewarming': 'a party of people assembled to celebrate moving into a new home', 'soiree': 'a party of people assembled in the evening (usually at a private house)', 'musical_soiree': 'a soiree assembled for the purpose of listening to music', 'garden_party': 'a party of people assembled for social interaction out of doors', 'bachelor_party': 'stag party held for a bachelor (usually on the night before he is married)', 'stag_party': 'a party for men only (or one considered suitable for men only)', 'hen_party': 'a party for women only', 'slumber_party': 'an overnight party of girls who dress in nightclothes and pass the night talking', 'sociable': 'a party of people assembled to promote sociability and communal activity', 'American_Labor_Party': 'a former political party in the United States; formed in 1936 in New York when labor and liberals bolted the Democratic Party', 'American_Party': 'a former political party in the United States; active in the 1850s to keep power out of the hands of immigrants and Roman Catholics', 'Anti-Masonic_Party': 'a former political party in the United States; founded in 1825 in opposition to Freemasonry in public affairs', 'Black_Panthers': 'a militant Black political party founded in 1965 to end political dominance by Whites', 'Communist_Party': 'a political party that actively advocates a communist form of government; in Communist countries it is the sole political party of the state', 'Conservative_Party': 'a political party (especially in Great Britain or Australia) that believes in the importance of a capitalist economy with private ownership rather than state control', 'Constitutional_Union_Party': 'a former political party in the United States; formed in 1859 by former Whigs who hoped to preserve the Union', 'Democratic_Party': 'the older of two major political parties in the United States', 'Democratic-Republican_Party': 'a former major political party in the United States in the early 19th century; opposed the old Federalist party; favored a strict interpretation of the constitution in order to limit the powers of the federal government', 'Farmer-Labor_Party': 'a former minor political party in the United States in the early 20th century', 'Federalist_Party': 'a major political party in the United States in the early 19th century; founded by Alexander Hamilton; favored a strong centralized government', 'Free_Soil_Party': 'a former political party in the United States; formed in 1848 to oppose the extension of slavery into the territories; merged with the Liberty Party in 1848', 'Gironde': 'the French moderate political party that was in power (1791-1793) during the French Revolution', 'Green_Party': 'an environmentalist political party', 'Greenback_Party': 'a former political party in the United States; organized in 1874; opposed any reduction in the amount of paper money in circulation', 'Kuomintang': 'the political party founded in 1911 by Sun Yat-sen; it governed China under Chiang Kai-shek from 1928 until 1949 when the Communists took power and subsequently was the official ruling party of Taiwan', 'labor_party': 'a left-of-center political party formed to represent the interest of ordinary working people', 'Australian_Labor_Party': 'the oldest political party in Australia, founded in 1891; the party is moderately liberal', 'British_Labour_Party': \"a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries\", 'Liberal_Democrat_Party': 'a political party in Great Britain; formerly the Liberal Party; advocates reforms and improvement of the conditions of working people', 'Liberal_Party': 'a political party in Australia, Canada, and other nations, and formerly in Great Britain', 'Liberty_Party': 'a former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848', 'Militant_Tendency': 'a Trotskyist political organization in Great Britain set up in 1964 inside the Labour Party', \"National_Socialist_German_Workers'_Party\": 'the political party founded in Germany in 1919 and brought to power by Hitler in 1933', \"People's_Party\": 'a former political party in the United States; formed in 1891 to advocate currency expansion and state control of railroads', 'Progressive_Party': 'a former political party in the United States; founded by Theodore Roosevelt during the presidential campaign of 1912; its emblem was a picture of a bull moose', 'Prohibition_Party': 'a political party in the United States; formed in 1869 to oppose the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages', 'Republican_Party': 'the younger of two major political parties in the United States; GOP is an acronym for grand old party', 'Social_Democratic_Party': 'a political party in Germany and Britain (and elsewhere) founded in late 19th century; originally Marxist; now advocates the gradual transformation of capitalism into democratic socialism', 'Socialist_Labor_Party': 'a political party in the United States; formed in 1874 to advocate the peaceful introduction of socialism', 'Socialist_Party': 'a political party in the United States formed in 1900 to advocate socialism', \"States'_Rights_Democratic_Party\": 'a former political party in the United States; formed in 1948 by Democrats from southern states in order to oppose to the candidacy of Harry S Truman', 'war_party': 'a band of warriors who raid or fight an enemy (used especially of Native Americans)', 'Whig_Party': 'a former political party in the United States; formed in 1834 in opposition to the Democratic Party; advocated a loose interpretation of the Constitution and high protective tariffs', 'third_party': 'someone other than the principals who are involved in a transaction', 'fatigue_party': 'a group of soldiers on fatigue duty', 'landing_party': \"a part of a ship's company organized for special duties ashore\", 'party_to_the_action': 'a party of people taking a role in legal proceedings', 'rescue_party': 'a party of rescuers', 'search_party': 'a party of people to search for someone', 'stretcher_party': 'a party of people with stretchers to carry an injured person', 'professional_organization': 'an organization of and for professional people', 'actuarial_table': 'a table of statistical data', 'mortality_table': 'an actuarial table indicating life expectancy and probability of death as a function or age and sex and occupation etc', 'perpetual_calendar': 'a chart or mechanical device that indicates the days of the week corresponding to any given date over a long period of years', 'file_allocation_table': 'the part of a floppy disk or hard disk where information is stored about the location of each piece of information on the disk (and about the location of unusable areas of the disk)', 'periodic_table': '(chemistry) a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements according to atomic number as based on the periodic law', 'dot_matrix': 'a rectangular matrix of dots from which written characters can be formed', 'square_matrix': 'a matrix with the same number of rows and columns', 'diagonal': '(geometry) a straight line connecting any two vertices of a polygon that are not adjacent', 'main_diagonal': 'the diagonal of a square matrix running from the upper left entry to the lower right entry', 'secondary_diagonal': 'the diagonal of a square matrix running from the lower left entry to the upper right entry', 'diagonal_matrix': 'a square matrix with all elements not on the main diagonal equal to zero', 'scalar_matrix': 'a diagonal matrix in which all of the diagonal elements are equal', 'identity_matrix': 'a scalar matrix in which all of the diagonal elements are unity', 'Latin_square': 'a square matrix of n rows and columns; cells contain n different symbols so arranged that no symbol occurs more than once in any row or column', 'magic_square': 'a square matrix of n rows and columns; the first n^2 integers are arranged in the cells of the matrix in such a way that the sum of any row or column or diagonal is the same', 'nonsingular_matrix': 'a square matrix whose determinant is not zero', 'real_matrix': 'a matrix whose elements are all real numbers', 'singular_matrix': 'a square matrix whose determinant is zero', 'transpose': 'a matrix formed by interchanging the rows and columns of a given matrix', 'Oort_cloud': \"(astronomy) a hypothetical huge collection of comets orbiting the sun far beyond the orbit of Pluto; perturbations (as by other stars) can upset a comet's orbit and may send it tumbling toward the sun\", 'galaxy': '(astronomy) a collection of star systems; any of the billions of systems each having many stars and nebulae and dust; \"`extragalactic nebula\\' is a former name for `galaxy\\'\"', 'spiral_galaxy': 'a galaxy having a spiral structure; arms containing younger stars spiral out from old stars at the center', 'Andromeda_galaxy': 'a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Andromeda that is visible to the naked eye', 'legion': 'association of ex-servicemen; \"the American Legion\"', 'foreign_legion': 'a military unit composed of foreign volunteers who serve the state', 'French_Foreign_Legion': 'a former foreign legion in the French army that was used for military duties outside of France', 'threescore': 'a set with 3 times 20 members', 'synset': 'a set of one or more synonyms', 'crew': 'the team of men manning a racing shell', 'aircrew': 'the crew of an aircraft', 'bomber_crew': 'the crew of a bomber', 'merchant_marine': 'the crew of a merchant vessel', 'shock_troops': 'soldiers who are specially trained and armed to lead an assault', 'SWAT_team': 'a squad of policemen who have been trained to deal with violent and dangerous situations', 'troop': 'a unit of Girl or Boy Scouts', 'academia': 'the academic world', 'Grub_Street': 'the world of literary hacks', 'Ashcan_School': 'a group of United States painters founded in 1907 and noted for their realistic depictions of sordid aspects of city life', 'deconstructivism': 'a school of architecture based on the philosophical theory of deconstruction', 'historical_school': 'a school of 19th century German economists and legal philosophers who tried to explain modern economic systems in evolutionary or historical terms', 'educational_institution': 'an institution dedicated to education', 'preschool': 'an educational institution for children too young for elementary school', 'junior_school': 'British school for children aged 7-11', 'infant_school': 'British school for children aged 5-7', 'yeshiva': 'an academy for the advanced study of Jewish texts (primarily the Talmud)', 'correspondence_school': 'a school that teaches nonresident students by mail', 'dancing_school': 'a school in which students learn to dance', 'direct-grant_school': 'formerly a school that charged tuition fees and also received government grants in return for admitting certain non-paying students who were nominated by the local authorities', 'driving_school': 'a school where people are taught to drive automobiles', 'police_academy': 'an academy for training police officers', 'military_academy': 'an academy for training military officers', 'naval_academy': 'an academy for training naval officers', 'air_force_academy': 'an academy for training air force officers', \"Plato's_Academy\": 'a school established by Plato in ancient Athens; \"Plato\\'s Academy continued for several hundred years after Plato died\"', 'Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences': 'an academy that gives annual awards for achievements in motion picture production and performance', 'Academy_of_Television_Arts_and_Sciences': 'an academy that gives annual awards for outstanding achievements in television', 'French_Academy': 'an honorary group of French writers and thinkers supported by the French government; \"the French Academy sets standards for the use of the French language\"', 'National_Academy_of_Sciences': 'an honorary American society of scientists created by President Lincoln during the American Civil War', 'Royal_Academy': 'an honorary academy in London (founded in 1768) intended to cultivate painting and sculpture and architecture in Britain', 'Royal_Society': 'an honorary English society (formalized in 1660 and given a royal charter by Charles II in 1662) through which the British government has supported science', 'business_college': 'a school for teaching the clerical aspects of business and commerce', 'business_school': 'a graduate school offering study leading to a degree of Master in Business Administration', 'dental_school': 'a graduate school offering study leading to degrees in dentistry', 'finishing_school': 'a private school for girls that emphasizes training in cultural and social activities', 'flying_school': 'a school for teaching students to fly airplanes', 'junior_college': 'a college that offers only the first two years terminating in an associate degree', 'community_college': 'a nonresidential junior college offering a curriculum fitted to the needs of the community', 'graduate_school': \"a school in a university offering study leading to degrees beyond the bachelor's degree\", 'language_school': 'a school for teaching foreign languages', 'law_school': 'a graduate school offering study leading to a law degree', 'madrasa': 'Muslim schools in Bangladesh and Pakistan; \"the Pakistan government decided to close down madrasas that provided military training for their students\"; \"many madrasas in Bangladesh are supported with money from Saudi Arabia\"', 'medical_school': 'a graduate school offering study leading to a medical degree', 'nursing_school': 'a school for training nurses', 'pesantran': 'a Muslim school in Indonesia operated by religious leaders; produces young militants skilled in jihad', 'religious_school': 'a school run by a religious body', 'church_school': 'a private religious school run by a church or parish', 'riding_school': 'a school where horsemanship is taught and practiced', 'secondary_school': 'a school for students intermediate between elementary school and college; usually grades 9 to 12', 'secretarial_school': 'a school where secretarial skills (typing and shorthand and filing etc) are taught', 'seminary': 'a theological school for training ministers or priests or rabbis', 'technical_school': 'a school teaching mechanical and industrial arts and the applied sciences', 'polytechnic_institute': 'a technical school offering instruction in many industrial arts and applied sciences', 'trade_school': 'a secondary school teaching the skilled trades', 'trainband': 'a company of militia in England or America from the 16th century to the 18th century', 'training_college': 'a school providing training for a special field or profession', 'training_school': 'a school providing practical vocational and technical training', 'multiversity': 'a university system having several separate campuses and colleges and research centers', 'Open_University': 'a British university that is open to people without formal academic qualifications and where teaching is by correspondence or broadcasting or summer school', 'veterinary_school': 'a school teaching veterinary medicine', 'open_society': 'a society that allows its members considerable freedom (as in a democracy); \"America\\'s open society has made it an easy target for terrorists\"', 'tribal_society': 'a society with the social organization of a tribe', 'hunting_and_gathering_tribe': 'group that supports itself by hunting and fishing and by gathering wild fruits and vegetables; usually nomadic', 'subculture': 'a social group within a national culture that has distinctive patterns of behavior and beliefs', 'suburbia': 'suburbanites considered as a cultural class or subculture', 'youth_culture': 'young adults (a generational unit) considered as a cultural class or subculture', 'hip-hop': 'an urban youth culture associated with rap music and the fashions of African-American residents of the inner city', 'youth_subculture': 'a minority youth culture whose distinctiveness depended largely on the social class and ethnic background of its members; often characterized by its adoption of a particular music genre', 'flower_people': 'a youth subculture (mostly from the middle class) originating in San Francisco in the 1960s; advocated universal love and peace and communes and long hair and soft drugs; favored acid rock and progressive rock music', 'Aegean_civilization': 'the prehistoric civilization on the islands in the Aegean sea and the surrounding countries; \"by 800 BC the entire Aegean had adopted this style of pottery\"', 'Helladic_civilization': 'the bronze-age culture of mainland Greece that flourished 2500-1100 BC', 'Indus_civilization': 'the bronze-age culture of the Indus valley that flourished from about 2600-1750 BC', 'Minoan_civilization': 'the bronze-age culture of Crete that flourished 3000-1100 BC', 'Cycladic_civilization': 'the Bronze Age civilization on the Cyclades islands in the southern Aegean Sea that flourished 3000-1100 BC', 'Mycenaean_civilization': 'the late bronze-age culture of Mycenae that flourished 1400-1100 BC', 'Paleo-American_culture': 'the prehistoric culture of the earliest human inhabitants of North America and South America', 'Clovis_culture': 'the Paleo-American culture of Central America and North America; distinguished chiefly by sharp fluted projectile points made of obsidian or chalcedony', 'Folsom_culture': 'the Paleo-American culture of Central America and North America; distinguished chiefly by a thin finely made flint projectile point having the shape of a leaf', 'Western_culture': 'the modern culture of western Europe and North America; \"when Ghandi was asked what he thought of Western civilization he said he thought it would be a good idea\"', 'psychedelia': 'the subculture of users of psychedelic drugs', 'Rastafari': '(Jamaica) a Black youth subculture and religious movement that arose in the ghettos of Kingston, Jamaica, in the 1950s; males grow hair in long dreadlocks and wear woolen caps; use marijuana and listen to reggae music', 'fleet': 'group of aircraft operating together under the same ownership', 'armada': 'a large fleet', 'Spanish_Armada': 'the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588', 'battle_fleet': 'a fleet of warships prepared for battle', 'motor_pool': 'a fleet of military vehicles controlled by a single agency and available for use as needed', 'nonalignment': 'people (or countries) who are not aligned with other people (or countries) in a pact or treaty', 'popular_front': 'a leftist coalition organized against a common opponent', 'world_organization': 'an international alliance involving many different countries', 'Commonwealth_of_Independent_States': 'an alliance made up of states that had been Soviet Socialist Republics in the Soviet Union prior to its dissolution in Dec 1991', 'United_Nations': 'an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security', 'deliberative_assembly': 'an assembly of people for the purpose of unhurried consideration and discussion', 'General_Assembly': 'the supreme deliberative assembly of the United Nations', 'United_Nations_Secretariat': 'the administrative arm of the United Nations', 'Security_Council': 'a permanent council of the United Nations; responsible for preserving world peace', 'Trusteeship_Council': 'a permanent council of the United Nations that commissions a country (or countries) to undertake the administration of a territory', 'Economic_and_Social_Council': 'a permanent council of the United Nations; responsible for economic and social conditions', 'Economic_and_Social_Council_commission': 'a commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations', 'Commission_on_Human_Rights': 'the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with human rights', 'Commission_on_Narcotic_Drugs': 'the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with drug traffic', 'Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women': 'the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with the status of women in different societies', 'Economic_Commission_for_Africa': 'the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development of African nations', 'Economic_Commission_for_Asia_and_the_Far_East': 'the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development of countries in Asia and the Far East', 'Economic_Commission_for_Europe': 'the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development in Europe', 'Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America': 'the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development in Latin America', 'Population_Commission': 'the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with population control', 'Social_Development_Commission': 'the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with social development', 'Statistical_Commission': 'the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with statistical data from member nations', 'International_Court_of_Justice': 'a court established to settle disputes between members of the United Nations', 'United_Nations_agency': 'an agency of the United Nations', \"United_Nations_Children's_Fund\": 'an agency of the United Nations responsible for programs to aid education and the health of children and mothers in developing countries', 'Food_and_Agriculture_Organization': 'the United Nations agency concerned with the international organization of food and agriculture', 'General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade': 'a United Nations agency created by a multinational treaty to promote trade by the reduction of tariffs and import quotas', 'International_Atomic_Energy_Agency': 'the United Nations agency concerned with atomic energy', 'International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development': 'a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments', 'International_Civil_Aviation_Organization': 'the United Nations agency concerned with civil aviation', 'International_Development_Association': 'an agency of the United Nations affiliated with the World Bank', 'International_Finance_Corporation': 'a United Nations agency that invests directly in companies and guarantees loans to private investors; affiliated with the World Bank', 'International_Labor_Organization': 'the United Nations agency concerned with the interests of labor', 'International_Maritime_Organization': 'the United Nations agency concerned with international maritime activities', 'International_Monetary_Fund': 'a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies', 'United_Nations_Educational_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization': 'an agency of the United Nations that promotes education and communication and the arts', 'United_Nations_Office_for_Drug_Control_and_Crime_Prevention': 'an agency of the United Nations that promotes drug control and crime prevention', 'United_Nations_Crime_Prevention_and_Criminal_Justice': 'the United Nations office responsible for crime prevention and criminal justice and law reform', 'World_Health_Organization': 'a United Nations agency to coordinate international health activities and to help governments improve health services', 'World_Meteorological_Organization': 'the United Nations agency concerned with the international collection of meteorological data', 'sterling_area': 'the group of countries whose currencies are tied to the British pound sterling', 'Creek_Confederacy': 'a North American Indian confederacy organized by the Muskogee that dominated the southeastern part of the United States before being removed to Oklahoma', 'Hanseatic_League': 'a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas; formed in 1241 and most influential in the 14th century when it included over 100 towns and functioned as an independent political power; the last official assembly was held in 1669', 'enosis': 'the union of Greece and Cyprus (which is the goal of a group of Greek Cypriots)', 'Iroquois_League': 'a league of Iroquois tribes including originally the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (the Five Nations); after 1722 they were joined by the Tuscarora (the Six Nations)', 'customs_union': 'an association of nations to promote free trade within the union and set common tariffs for nations that are not members', 'Benelux': 'a customs union comprising Belgium and Netherlands and Luxembourg', 'ally': 'an associate who provides cooperation or assistance; \"he\\'s a good ally in fight\"', 'jati': '(Hinduism) a Hindu caste or distinctive social group of which there are thousands throughout India; a special characteristic is often the exclusive occupation of its male members (such as barber or potter)', 'varna': '(Hinduism) the name for the original social division of Vedic people into four groups (which are subdivided into thousands of jatis)', 'brahman': 'a member of a social and cultural elite (especially a descendant of an old New England family); \"a Boston brahman\"', 'rajanya': 'the second highest of the four varnas: the noble or warrior category', 'vaisya': 'the third of the four varnas: the commoners or yeoman farmers or mercantile and professional category', 'sudra': 'the lowest of the four varnas: the servants and workers of low status', 'board_meeting': 'a meeting for administrative purposes', 'camp_meeting': 'religious (usually evangelistic) meeting held in a large tent or outdoors and lasting several days', 'caucus': 'a closed political meeting', 'conclave': 'a confidential or secret meeting', 'congress': 'a national legislative assembly', 'Congress_of_Racial_Equality': 'an organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality', 'Constitutional_Convention': 'the convention of United States statesmen who drafted the United States Constitution in 1787', 'council': '(Christianity) an assembly of theologians and bishops and other representatives of different churches or dioceses that is convened to regulate matters of discipline or doctrine', 'encounter_group': 'a meeting of people to develop mutual understanding by freely expressing emotions', 'psychotherapy_group': 'a meeting of people for psychotherapeutic purposes', 'stockholders_meeting': 'a meeting at which the management reports to the stockholders of a company', 'North_Atlantic_Council': 'a council consisting of permanent representatives of all the member countries of NATO; has political authority and powers of decision', 'city_council': 'a municipal body that can pass ordinances and appropriate funds etc.', 'executive_council': 'a council that shares the supreme executive power', 'panchayat': 'a village council in India or southern Pakistan', 'privy_council': 'an advisory council to a ruler (especially to the British Crown)', 'works_council': '(chiefly Brit) a council representing employer and employees of a plant or business to discuss working conditions etc; also: a committee representing the workers elected to negotiate with management about grievances and wages etc', 'town_meeting': 'a meeting of the inhabitants of a town', 'summit': 'a meeting of heads of governments', 'ecumenical_council': '(early Christian church) one of seven gatherings of bishops from around the known world under the presidency of the Pope to regulate matters of faith and morals and discipline; \"the first seven councils through 787 are considered to be ecumenical councils by both the Roman Catholic church and the Eastern Orthodox church but the next fourteen councils are considered ecumenical only by the Roman Catholic church\"', 'Nicaea': 'an ancient city in Bithynia; founded in the 4th century BC and flourished under the Romans; the Nicene Creed was adopted there in 325', 'Constantinople': 'the council in 869 that condemned Photius who had become the patriarch of Constantinople without approval from the Vatican, thereby precipitating the schism between the eastern and western churches', 'Ephesus': 'an ancient Greek city on the western shore of Asia Minor in what is now Turkey; site of the Temple of Artemis; was a major trading center and played an important role in early Christianity', 'Chalcedon': 'a former town on the Bosporus (now part of Istanbul); site of the Council of Chalcedon', 'Lateran_Council': 'any of five general councils of the Western Catholic Church that were held in the Lateran Palace', 'First_Lateran_Council': \"the first council of the Western Church held in the Lateran Palace in 1123; focused on church discipline and made plans to recover the Holy Lands from the Muslim `infidels'\", 'Second_Lateran_Council': 'the second council of the Western Church in 1139 which put an end to the dogmatic errors of Arnold of Brescia', 'Third_Lateran_Council': 'the Lateran Council in 1179 that condemned the heresies of the Albigenses and the Waldenses', 'Fourth_Lateran_Council': 'the Lateran Council in 1215 was the most important council of the Middle Ages; issued a creed against Albigensianism, published reformatory decrees, promulgated the doctrine of transubstantiation, and clarified church doctrine on the Trinity and Incarnation', 'Lyons': 'the council in 1274 that effected a temporary reunion of the Greek Orthodox with the Roman Catholic Church', 'Vienne': 'a town in south central France where is 1311-1313 the Roman Catholic Church held one of its councils', 'Constance': 'a lake in southeastern Germany on the northern side of the Swiss Alps; forms part of the Rhine River', 'Council_of_Basel-Ferrara-Florence': 'the council in 1431-1439 that concentrated on the elimination of heresies and on reforms within the Roman Catholic Church', 'Fifth_Lateran_Council': 'the council in 1512-1517 that published disciplinary decrees and planned (but did not carry out) a crusade against Turkey', 'Council_of_Trent': 'a council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 to examine and condemn the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers; redefined the Roman Catholic doctrine and abolished various ecclesiastical abuses and strengthened the papacy', 'Vatican_Council': 'each of two councils of the Roman Catholic Church', 'First_Vatican_Council': 'the Vatican Council in 1869-1870 that proclaimed the infallibility of the pope when speaking ex cathedra', 'Second_Vatican_Council': 'the Vatican Council in 1962-1965 that abandoned the universal Latin liturgy and acknowledged ecumenism and made other reforms', 'Continental_Congress': 'the legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution; they issued the Declaration of Independence and framed Articles of Confederation', 'chamber_of_commerce': 'an association of businessmen to protect and promote business interests', 'parliament': 'a legislative assembly in certain countries', 'British_Parliament': 'the British legislative body', 'Dail_Eireann': 'the lower house of the parliament of the Irish Republic', 'Knesset': 'the Israeli unicameral parliament', 'Oireachtas': 'the parliament of the Irish Republic', 'Seanad_Eireann': 'the upper house of the parliament of the Irish Republic', 'Duma': 'a legislative body in the ruling assembly of Russia and of some other republics in the former USSR', 'soviet': 'an elected governmental council in a communist country (especially one that is a member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)', 'Palestine_Liberation_Organization': \"a political movement uniting Palestinian Arabs in an effort to create an independent state of Palestine; when formed in 1964 it was a terrorist organization dominated by Yasser Arafat's al-Fatah; in 1968 Arafat became chairman; received recognition by the United Nations and by Arab states in 1974 as a government in exile; has played a largely political role since the creation of the Palestine National Authority\", 'Palestine_National_Authority': 'combines the Gaza Strip and the West Bank under a political unit with limited autonomy and a police force; created in 1993 by an agreement between Israel and the PLO', 'Sinn_Fein': 'an Irish republican political movement founded in 1905 to promote independence from England and unification of Ireland; became the political branch of the Irish Republican Army', 'Red_Guard': 'a radical political movement by Chinese youths who espoused Maoist principles', 'syndicalism': 'a radical political movement that advocates bringing industry and government under the control of labor unions', 'indaba': 'a council at which indigenous peoples of southern Africa meet to discuss some important question', 'Jirga': 'a Pashto term for a decision making assembly of male elders; \"most criminal cases are handled by a tribal Jirga rather than by laws or police\"', 'Loya_Jirga': 'a grand council or grand assembly used to resolve political conflicts or other national problems; \"he convened a Loya Jirga that persuaded tribal leaders to acquiesce\"', 'powwow': 'a council of or with Native Americans', 'synod': 'a council convened to discuss ecclesiastical business', 'world_council': 'a council with representatives from different nations', 'blue_ribbon_commission': 'an independent and exclusive commission of nonpartisan statesmen and experts formed to investigate some important governmental issue', 'appeal_board': 'a board of officials that are not judicial but are appointed to hear appeals', 'board_of_selectmen': 'a board of officials elected to administer the public business of a New England town', 'board_of_regents': 'a committee of university officers who have general supervision over the welfare and conduct of students', 'board_of_trustees': 'a governing board elected or appointed to direct the policies of an educational institution', 'Federal_Reserve_Board': 'the seven-member board governing the Federal Reserve System', 'governing_board': 'a board that manages the affairs of an institution', 'secretariat': 'an administrative unit responsible for maintaining records and other secretarial duties; especially for international organizations', 'committee': 'a self-constituted organization to promote something', 'election_commission': 'a commission delegated to supervise an election', 'fairness_commission': 'a commission delegated to ensure opportunities for the expression of opposing views', 'planning_commission': 'a commission delegated to propose plans for future activities and developments', 'select_committee': 'a parliamentary committee appointed for some special purpose', 'subcommittee': 'a subset of committee members organized for a specific purpose', 'vigilance_committee': 'a volunteer committee to maintain order where an efficient legal system does not exist', 'welcoming_committee': 'a committee to welcome new residents to a community', 'standing_committee': 'a permanent committee', 'Ways_and_Means_Committee': 'a permanent committee of the United States House of Representatives that makes recommendations to the US House on all bills that would raise revenue', 'steering_committee': 'a committee to arrange the order of business for some larger (legislative) body', 'ethics_committee': 'a committee appointed to consider ethical issues', 'finance_committee': 'a committee appointed to consider financial issues', 'politburo': 'the chief executive and political committee of the Communist Party', 'political_action_committee': 'committee formed by a special-interest group to raise money for their favorite political candidates', 'presidium': 'a permanent executive committee in socialist countries that has all the powers of some larger legislative body and that acts for it when it is not in session', 'symposium': 'a meeting or conference for the public discussion of some topic especially one in which the participants form an audience and make presentations', 'Potsdam_Conference': 'a conference held in Potsdam in the summer of 1945 where Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill drew up plans for the administration of Germany and Poland after World War II ended', 'Yalta_Conference': 'a conference held in Yalta in February 1945 where Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill planned the final stages of World War II and agreed to the territorial division of Europe', 'research_colloquium': 'a colloquium at which the results of (scientific) research are reported', 'Bench': 'the magistrate or judge or judges sitting in court in judicial capacity to compose the court collectively', 'border_patrol': 'a group of officers who patrol the borders of a country', 'harbor_patrol': 'patrol of officers who police a harbor area', 'appellate_court': 'a court whose jurisdiction is to review decisions of lower courts or agencies', 'circuit_court_of_appeals': \"one of the twelve federal United States courts of appeals that cover a group of states known as a `circuit'\", 'assizes': 'the county courts of England (replaced in 1971 by Crown courts)', 'consistory': 'a church tribunal or governing body', 'criminal_court': 'a court having jurisdiction over criminal cases', 'drumhead_court-martial': 'a military court convened to hear urgent charges of offenses committed in action', 'special_court-martial': 'a court-martial to try soldiers for offenses less serious that than those committed in action; consists of at least three officers', 'divorce_court': 'a court having jurisdiction over the termination of marriage contracts', 'family_court': 'a court in some states in the United States that has jurisdiction over family disputes (especially those involving children)', 'federal_court': 'a court establish by the authority of a federal government', 'Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court': 'a secret federal court created in 1978 by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act; responsible for authorizing wiretaps and other forms of electronic surveillance and for authorizing searches of suspected spies and terrorists by the Department of Justice or United States intelligence agencies', 'inferior_court': 'any court whose decisions can be appealed to a higher court', 'Inquisition': 'a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy', 'Spanish_Inquisition': 'an inquisition initiated in 1478 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain (especially from the 15th to the 17th centuries); \"the Spanish Inquisition was administered by both civil and church authorities which gave it ultimate power\"; \"Torquemada was the inquisitor general for the Spanish Inquisition\"', 'Roman_Inquisition': 'an inquisition set up in Italy in 1542 to curb the number of Protestants; \"it was the Roman Inquisition that put Galileo on trial\"', 'juvenile_court': 'a court having jurisdiction over dependent and delinquent children', 'kangaroo_court': 'an irregular unauthorized court', 'military_court': 'a judicial court of commissioned officers for the discipline and punishment of military personnel', 'moot_court': 'a mock court where law students argue hypothetical cases', 'night_court': 'a criminal court (in large cities) that sits at night', 'Old_Bailey': 'the central criminal court in London', 'provost_court': 'a military court for trying people charged with minor offenses in an occupied area', 'police_court': 'a court that has power to prosecute for minor offenses and to bind over for trial in a superior court anyone accused of serious offenses', 'probate_court': 'a court having jurisdiction over the probate of wills and the administration of estates', 'quarter_sessions': 'a local court with criminal jurisdiction and sometimes administrative functions', 'Rota': '(Roman Catholic Church) the supreme ecclesiastical tribunal for cases appealed to the Holy See from diocesan courts', 'Star_Chamber': 'a former English court that became notorious for its arbitrary methods and severe punishments', 'superior_court': 'any court that has jurisdiction above an inferior court', 'Supreme_Court': 'the highest federal court in the United States; has final appellate jurisdiction and has jurisdiction over all other courts in the nation', 'supreme_court': 'the highest court in most states of the United States', 'traffic_court': 'a court that has power to prosecute for traffic offenses', 'trial_court': 'the first court before which the facts of a case are decided', 'repertoire': 'a collection of works (plays, songs, operas, ballets) that an artist or company can perform and do perform for short intervals on a regular schedule', 'independent_agency': 'an agency of the United States government that is created by an act of Congress and is independent of the executive departments', 'United_States_intelligence_agency': 'an intelligence service in the United States', 'Intelligence_Community': 'a group of government agencies and organizations that carry out intelligence activities for the United States government; headed by the Director of Central Intelligence', 'Advanced_Research_and_Development_Activity': 'an agency of the Intelligence Community that conducts advanced research and development related to information technology', 'Defense_Intelligence_Agency': 'an intelligence agency of the United States in the Department of Defense; is responsible for providing intelligence in support of military planning and operations and weapons acquisition', 'Defense_Logistics_Agency': 'a logistics combat support agency in the Department of Defense; provides worldwide support for military missions', 'Defense_Reutilization_and_Marketing_Service': 'the organization in the Defense Logistics Agency that inventories and evaluates and sells reusable United States government surplus', 'Defense_Technical_Information_Center': 'the agency in the Department of Defense that provides scientific and technical information to federal agencies and their contractors', 'international_intelligence_agency': 'an intelligence agency outside the United States', 'Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service': \"Canada's main foreign intelligence agency that gathers and analyzes information to provide security intelligence for the Canadian government\", 'Central_Intelligence_Machinery': \"the United Kingdom's central unit for the tasking and coordination and funding of intelligence and security agencies\", 'Communications_Security_Establishment': 'Canadian agency that gathers communications intelligence and assist law enforcement and security agencies', 'Criminal_Intelligence_Services_of_Canada': 'an agency of the Canadian government that unifies the intelligence units of Canadian law enforcement agencies', 'Department_of_Justice_Canada': 'an agency of the Canadian government that provides litigation and legal advice and opinions to the government', 'Directorate_for_Inter-Services_Intelligence': 'the Pakistan intelligence agency; a powerful and almost autonomous political and military force; has procured nuclear technology and delivery capabilities; has had strong ties with the Taliban and other militant Islamic groups', 'Foreign_Intelligence_Service': \"Russia's intelligence service responsible for foreign operations, intelligence-gathering and analysis, and the exchange of intelligence information; collaborates with other countries to oppose proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, terrorism and organized crime\", 'International_Relations_and_Security_Network': \"Switzerland's information network for security and defense studies and for peace and conflict research and for international relations\", 'international_law_enforcement_agency': 'an international administrative unit responsible for law enforcement', 'Interpol': 'an international intelligence agency permitting collaboration among intelligence agencies around the world', 'Iraqi_Intelligence_Service': 'the most notorious and possibly the most important arm of Iraq\\'s security system; \"the Iraqi Mukhabarat has been involved in numerous terrorist activities\"', 'Republican_Guard': \"formerly Iraq's elite military unit whose primary role was to protect the government in Baghdad\", 'Haganah': 'the clandestine military wing of the Jewish leadership during the British rule over the mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948; became the basis for the Israeli defense force', 'Israeli_Defense_Force': 'the ground and air and naval forces of Israel', 'Sayeret_Matkal': \"Israel's elite secret commando unit responsible for counterterrorist and top secret intelligence gathering and hostage rescue missions\", 'Special_Air_Service': 'a specialist regiment of the British army that is trained in commando techniques of warfare and used in clandestine operations (especially against terrorist groups)', \"A'man\": 'the Israeli military intelligence which produces comprehensive national intelligence briefings for the prime minister and the cabinet', 'Mossad': 'the Israeli foreign intelligence agency; \"the primary focus of the Mossad is on Arab nations\"', 'Secret_Intelligence_Service': 'the government agency in the United Kingdom that is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence overseas', 'Security_Intelligence_Review_Committee': 'an agency of the Canadian government that oversees the activities of the Criminal Intelligence Services of Canada and has the power to intrude on the privacy of suspected terrorists or spies', 'Security_Service': 'the government agency in the United Kingdom that is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence on British territory', 'Shin_Bet': 'the Israeli domestic counterintelligence and internal security agency; \"the Shin Bet also handles overall security for Israel\\'s national airline\"', 'National_Reconnaissance_Office': 'an intelligence agency in the United States Department of Defense that designs and builds and operates space reconnaissance systems to detect trouble spots worldwide and to monitor arms control agreements and environmental issues and to help plan military operations', 'National_Security_Agency': 'the United States cryptologic organization that coordinates and directs highly specialized activities to protect United States information systems and to produce foreign intelligence information', 'United_States_Secret_Service': 'the United States intelligence agency that protects current and former presidents and vice presidents and their immediate families and protects distinguished foreign visitors; detects and apprehends counterfeiters; suppresses forgery of government securities and documents', 'law_enforcement_agency': 'an agency responsible for insuring obedience to the laws', 'Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration': 'a government agency in the Department of Labor to maintain a safe and healthy work environment', 'Patent_and_Trademark_Office_Database': 'the government bureau in the Department of Commerce that keeps a record of patents and trademarks and grants new ones', 'central_bank': 'a government monetary authority that issues currency and regulates the supply of credit and holds the reserves of other banks and sells new issues of securities for the government', 'European_Central_Bank': 'the central bank of those members of the European Union who share a common currency; \"The European Central Bank is Europe\\'s equivalent of the Federal Reserve\"', 'Federal_Reserve_System': 'the central bank of the United States; incorporates 12 Federal Reserve branch banks and all national banks and state-chartered commercial banks and some trust companies; \"the Fed seeks to control the United States economy by raising and lowering short-term interest rates and the money supply\"', 'Federal_Reserve_Bank': 'one of 12 regional banks that monitor and act as depositories for banks in their region', 'Federal_Trade_Commission': 'an independent agency of the United States federal government that maintains fair and free competition; enforces federal antitrust laws; educates the public about identity theft', 'Office_of_Inspector_General': 'the investigative arm of the Federal Trade Commission', 'General_Services_Administration': 'a central management agency that sets Federal policy for Federal procurement and real property management and information resources management', 'Federal_Protective_Service': 'an agency in the General Services Administration that is a security organization to provide a safe environment where Federal agencies can conduct their business', 'Bank_of_England': 'the central bank of England and Wales', 'Bundesbank': 'the central bank of Germany', 'Bank_of_Japan': 'the central bank of Japan', 'research_staff': 'a group of associated research workers in a university or library or laboratory', 'sales_staff': 'those in a business who are responsible for sales', 'security_staff': 'those in an organization responsible for preventing spying or theft', 'service_staff': 'those in a business responsible for maintaining the physical plant', 'Small_Business_Administration': 'an independent agency of the United States government that protects the interests of small businesses and ensures that they receive a fair share of government contracts', 'redevelopment_authority': 'a public administrative unit given responsibility for the renovation of blighted urban areas', 'regulatory_agency': 'a governmental agency that regulates businesses in the public interest', 'Selective_Service': 'an independent federal agency that administers compulsory military service', 'weather_bureau': 'an administrative unit responsible for gathering and interpreting meteorological data for weather study and forecasts', 'advertising_agency': 'an agency that designs advertisement to call public attention to its clients', 'credit_bureau': 'a private firm that maintains consumer credit data files and provides credit information to authorized users for a fee', 'detective_agency': 'an agency that makes inquiries for its clients', 'employment_agency': 'an agency that finds people to fill particular jobs or finds jobs for unemployed people', 'placement_office': 'an office that finds suitable employment for applicants', 'hiring_hall': 'a union-operated placement office where jobs are allotted to applicants according to seniority or rotation', 'mercantile_agency': 'an organization that provides businesses with credit ratings of other firms; \"Dun & Bradstreet is the largest mercantile agency in the United States\"', 'news_agency': 'an agency to collects news reports for newspapers and distributes it electronically', 'service_agency': 'a business that makes its facilities available to others for a fee; achieves economy of scale', 'travel_agency': 'an agency that arranges personal travel', 'United_States_government': 'the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States', 'executive_branch': 'the branch of the United States government that is responsible for carrying out the laws', 'legislative_branch': 'the branch of the United States government that has the power of legislating', 'United_States_Government_Printing_Office': 'an agency of the legislative branch that provides printing and binding services for Congress and the departments and establishments of the federal government', 'judicial_branch': 'the branch of the United States government responsible for the administration of justice', 'Capital': 'the federal government of the United States', 'civil_service': 'government workers; usually hired on the basis of competitive examinations', 'Whitehall': 'a wide street in London stretching from Trafalgar Square to the Houses of Parliament; site of many government offices', 'county_council': 'the elected governing body of a county', 'diplomatic_service': 'the body of diplomatic personnel', 'government_officials': 'people elected or appointed to administer a government', 'quorum': 'a gathering of the minimal number of members of an organization to conduct business', 'minyan': 'the quorum required by Jewish law to be present for public worship (at least ten males over thirteen years of age)', 'pep_rally': 'a rally (especially of students) before a game', 'sleeper_cell': 'a cell of sleepers; \"an al-Qaeda sleeper cell may have used Arizona as its base\"', 'terrorist_cell': 'a cell of terrorists (usually 3 to 5 members); \"to insure operational security the members of adjacent terrorist cells usually don\\'t know each other or the identity of their leadership\"', 'operational_cell': 'a terrorist cell that performs clandestine activities', 'intelligence_cell': 'a terrorist cell whose members are trained to perform reconnaissance and surveillance', 'auxiliary_cell': 'a terrorist cell responsible for logistics; usually large and less compartmentalized than other terrorist cells', 'fifth_column': 'a subversive group that supports the enemy and engages in espionage or sabotage; an enemy in your midst', 'political_unit': 'a unit with political responsibilities', 'amphictyony': 'an association of neighboring states or tribes in ancient Greece; established originally to defend a common religious center', 'lunatic_fringe': 'a political unit with extreme and fanatical views', 'revolutionary_group': 'a political unit organized to promote revolution', 'underground': 'a secret group organized to overthrow a government or occupation force', 'Maquis': 'a guerrilla fighter in the French underground in World War II', 'diarchy': 'a form of government having two joint rulers', 'gerontocracy': 'a political system governed by old men', 'gynecocracy': 'a political system governed by a woman', 'hegemony': 'the dominance or leadership of one social group or nation over others; \"the hegemony of a single member state is not incompatible with a genuine confederation\"; \"to say they have priority is not to say they have complete hegemony\"; \"the consolidation of the United States\\' hegemony over a new international economic system\"', 'mobocracy': 'a political system in which a mob is the source of control; government by the masses', 'oligarchy': 'a political system governed by a few people; \"one of his cardinal convictions was that Britain was not run as a democracy but as an oligarchy\"; \"the big cities were notoriously in the hands of the oligarchy of local businessmen\"', 'plutocracy': 'a political system governed by the wealthy people', 'republic': 'a form of government whose head of state is not a monarch; \"the head of state in a republic is usually a president\"', 'technocracy': 'a form of government in which scientists and technical experts are in control; \"technocracy was described as that society in which those who govern justify themselves by appeal to technical experts who justify themselves by appeal to scientific forms of knowledge\"', 'hierocracy': 'a ruling body composed of clergy', 'parliamentary_democracy': 'a democracy having a parliament', 'monarchy': 'an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority', 'parliamentary_monarchy': 'a monarchy having a parliament', 'capitalism': 'an economic system based on private ownership of capital', 'venture_capitalism': 'capitalism that invests in innovative enterprises (especially high technology) where the potential profits are large', 'black_economy': 'a hidden sector of the economy where private cash transactions go unreported; \"no one knows how large the black economy really is\"', 'industrialism': 'an economic system built on large industries rather than on agriculture or craftsmanship', 'market_economy': 'an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices', 'mixed_economy': 'an economic system that combines private and state enterprises', 'non-market_economy': 'an economy that is not a market economy', 'state_capitalism': 'an economic system that is primarily capitalistic but there is some degree of government ownership of the means of production', 'state_socialism': 'an economic system in which the government owns most means of production but some degree of private capitalism is allowed', 'International': 'any of several international socialist organizations', 'Nazism': 'a form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism and obedience to a strong leader', 'Falange': 'the Spanish Nazi party under Franco', 'managed_economy': 'a non-market economy in which government intervention is important in allocating goods and resources and determining prices', 'mercantilism': \"an economic system (Europe in 18th century) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests\", 'communist_economy': 'the managed economy of a communist state', 'political_system': 'the members of a social organization who are in power', 'Bolshevism': 'Soviet communism', 'revisionism': 'any dangerous departure from the teachings of Marx', 'ecosystem': 'a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment', 'posterity': 'all future generations', 'descendants': 'all of the offspring of a given progenitor; \"we must secure the benefits of freedom for ourselves and our posterity\"', 'coevals': 'all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age', 'beat_generation': 'a United States youth subculture of the 1950s; rejected possessions or regular work or traditional dress; for communal living and psychedelic drugs and anarchism; favored modern forms of jazz (e.g., bebop)', 'Beatles': 'a rock group from Liverpool who between 1962 and 1970 produced a variety of hit songs and albums (most of them written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon)', 'teddy_boys': \"a British youth subculture that first appeared in the 1950s; mainly from unskilled backgrounds, they adopted a pseudo-Edwardian dress code and rock'n'roll music; proletarian and xenophobic, they were involved in race riots in the United Kingdom\", 'punks': 'a youth subculture closely associated with punk rock music in the late 1970s; in part a reaction to the hippy subculture; dress was optional but intended to shock (plastic garbage bags or old school uniforms) and hair was dyed in bright colors (in Mohican haircuts or sometimes spiked in bright plumes)', 'rockers': \"originally a British youth subculture that evolved out of the teddy boys in the 1960s; wore black leather jackets and jeans and boots; had greased hair and rode motorcycles and listened to rock'n'roll; were largely unskilled manual laborers\", 'skinheads': 'a youth subculture that appeared first in England in the late 1960s as a working-class reaction to the hippies; hair was cropped close to the scalp; wore work-shirts and short jeans (supported by suspenders) and heavy red boots; involved in attacks against Asians and football hooliganism', 'mods': 'a youth subculture that began in London in the early 1960s; a working-class movement with highly stylized dress and short hair; listened to rhythm and blues music and travelled on motor scooters', 'baby_boom': 'the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II', 'generation_X': 'the generation following the baby boom (especially Americans and Canadians born in the 1960s and 1970s)', 'peer_group': 'contemporaries of the same status', 'moiety': 'one of two (approximately) equal parts', 'Tribes_of_Israel': 'twelve kin groups of ancient Israel each traditionally descended from one of the twelve sons of Jacob', 'Lost_Tribes': 'the ten Tribes of Israel that were deported into captivity in Assyria around 720 BC (leaving only the tribes of Judah and Benjamin)', 'vernation': '(botany) the arrangement of young leaves in a leaf bud before it opens', 'Fibonacci_sequence': 'a sequence of numbers in which each number equals the sum of the two preceding numbers', 'phyle': 'a tribe of ancient Athenians', 'frontier_settlement': 'a settlement on the frontier of civilization', 'Plantation': 'a newly established colony (especially in the colonization of North America); \"the practice of sending convicted criminals to serve on the Plantations was common in the 17th century\"', 'proprietary_colony': 'a colony given to a proprietor to govern (in 17th century)', 'commonwealth': 'the official name of some states in the United States (Massachusetts and Pennsylvania and Virginia and Kentucky) and associated territories (Puerto Rico)', 'commune': 'the smallest administrative district of several European countries', 'lobby': 'the people who support some common cause or business or principle or sectional interest', 'National_Rifle_Association': 'a powerful lobby that advocates the right to own and bear arms and rejects any gun regulation by the government', 'hierarchy': 'a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system; \"put honesty first in her hierarchy of values\"', 'catena': 'a chain of connected ideas or passages or objects so arranged that each member is closely related to the preceding and following members (especially a series of patristic comments elucidating Christian dogma)', 'electromotive_series': 'a serial arrangement of metallic elements or ions according to their electrode potentials determined under specified conditions; the order shows the tendency of one metal to reduce the ions of any other metal below it in the series', 'celestial_hierarchy': 'the collective body of angels', 'data_hierarchy': 'an arrangement of data consisting of sets and subsets such that every subset of a set is of lower rank than the set', 'class_structure': 'the organization of classes within a society', 'caste_system': 'a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity', 'social_organization': 'the people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships; \"the social organization of England and America is very different\"; \"sociologists have studied the changing structure of the family\"', 'racial_segregation': 'segregation by race', 'petty_apartheid': 'racial segregation enforced primarily in public transportation and hotels and restaurants and other public places', 'de_facto_segregation': 'segregation (especially in schools) that happens in fact although not required by law', 'de_jure_segregation': 'segregation that is imposed by law', 'ulema': \"the body of Mullahs (Muslim scholars trained in Islam and Islamic law) who are the interpreters of Islam's sciences and doctrines and laws and the chief guarantors of continuity in the spiritual and intellectual history of the Islamic community\", 'white_separatism': 'a social system in which white people live separately from members of other races', 'directorate': 'a group of persons chosen to govern the affairs of a corporation or other large institution', 'staggered_board_of_directors': 'a board of directors a portion of whose members are elected each year instead of all members being elected annually', 'advisory_board': 'a board appointed to advise the chief administrator', 'British_Cabinet': 'the senior ministers of the British government', 'shadow_cabinet': 'a group of senior members of the political party that is out of power; these members would probably assume corresponding positions as ministers in the British Cabinet if their party was elected', 'United_States_Cabinet': 'a board to advise the President; members are the secretaries of executive departments; the United States constitution does not provide for the cabinet', 'draft_board': 'a board to select personnel for involuntary military service', 'Kashag': 'the advisory board of the Tibetan government-in-exile', 'joint-stock_company': 'a company (usually unincorporated) which has the capital of its members pooled in a common fund; transferable shares represent ownership interest; shareholders are legally liable for all debts of the company', 'closed_corporation': 'a corporation owned by a few people; shares have no public market', 'family_business': 'a corporation that is entirely owned by the members of a single family', 'closely_held_corporation': 'stock is publicly traded but most is held by a few shareholders who have no plans to sell', 'shell_corporation': 'a company that is incorporated but has no assets or operations', 'Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation': 'a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions', 'Federal_Home_Loan_Mortgage_Corporation': 'a corporation authorized by Congress to provide a secondary market for residential mortgages', 'Federal_National_Mortgage_Association': 'a federally chartered corporation that purchases mortgages', 'blind_date': 'a participant in a blind date (someone you meet for the first time when you have a date with them)', 'double_date': 'a date in which two couples participate', 'tryst': 'a date; usually with a member of the opposite sex', 'luncheon_meeting': 'a meeting for lunch; usually to conduct business while eating', 'power_breakfast': 'a meeting of influential people to conduct business while eating breakfast', 'argosy': 'one or more large merchant ships', 'upper_class': 'the class occupying the highest position in the social hierarchy', 'elite': 'a group or class of persons enjoying superior intellectual or social or economic status', 'chosen': 'one who is the object of choice; who is given preference; \"she was Mama\\'s chosen\"', 'gentry': 'the most powerful members of a society', 'intelligentsia': 'an educated and intellectual elite', 'culturati': 'people interested in culture and cultural activities', 'literati': 'the literary intelligentsia', 'landed_gentry': 'the gentry who own land (considered as a class)', 'ruling_class': 'the class of people exerting power or authority', 'few': 'a small elite group; \"it was designed for the discriminating few\"', 'noblesse': 'members of the nobility (especially of the French nobility)', 'peerage': 'the peers of a kingdom considered as a group', 'knighthood': 'aristocrats holding the rank of knight', 'samurai': 'a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy', 'ninja': 'a member of the ninja who were trained in martial arts and hired for espionage or sabotage or assassinations; a person skilled in ninjutsu', 'cavalry': 'troops trained to fight on horseback; \"500 horse led the attack\"', 'horse_cavalry': 'an army unit mounted on horseback', 'mechanized_cavalry': 'an armored unit of a modern army equipped with motor vehicles', 'infantry': 'an army unit consisting of soldiers who fight on foot; \"there came ten thousand horsemen and as many fully-armed foot\"', 'paratroops': 'infantry trained and equipped to parachute', 'militia': 'the entire body of physically fit civilians eligible by law for military service; \"their troops were untrained militia\"; \"Congress shall have power to provide for calling forth the militia\"--United States Constitution', 'home_guard': 'a volunteer unit formed to defend the homeland while the regular army is fighting elsewhere', 'territorial': 'nonprofessional soldier member of a territorial military unit', 'National_Guard': 'United States military reserves recruited by the states and equipped by the federal government; subject to call by either', 'National_Guard_Bureau': 'the agency that administers the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard; provides liaison between the Army and the Air Force and various National Guard units', 'Territorial_Army': 'British unit of nonprofessional soldiers organized for the defense of Great Britain', 'terrorist_organization': 'a political movement that uses terror as a weapon to achieve its goals', 'standing_army': 'a permanent army of paid soldiers', 'Union_Army': 'the northern army during the American Civil War', 'Confederate_Army': 'the southern army during the American Civil War', 'Continental_Army': 'the American army during the American Revolution', 'United_States_Army': 'the army of the United States of America; the agency that organizes and trains soldiers for land warfare', 'United_States_Army_Rangers': 'a specially trained elite unit of the United States Army', 'United_States_Military_Academy': 'a school for training men and women to become officers in the United States Army', 'Army_Intelligence': 'an agency of the United States Army responsible for providing timely and relevant and accurate and synchronized intelligence to tactical and operational and strategic level commanders', 'Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Organization': 'an agency in the Department of Defense that is responsible for making ballistic missile defense a reality', 'Defense_Information_Systems_Agency': 'a combat support agency in the Department of Defense responsible for developing and operating and supporting information systems to serve the needs of the President and the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff', 'National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency': 'a combat support agency that provides geographic intelligence in support of national security', 'Casualty_Care_Research_Center': 'an agency in the Department of Defense that is a national center for research on all aspects of injury control and casualty care', 'Army_National_Guard': 'a civilian reserve component of the United States Army comprised of guardsmen who serve during overseas peacekeeping missions and during local emergencies', 'military_personnel': 'soldiers collectively', 'friendly': 'troops belonging to or allied with your own military forces; \"friendlies came to their rescue\"', 'hostile': 'troops belonging to the enemy\\'s military forces; \"the platoon ran into a pack of hostiles\"', 'rank_and_file': 'people who constitute the main body of any group', 'coven': 'an assembly of witches; usually 13 witches', 'sabbat': 'a midnight meeting of witches to practice witchcraft and sorcery; in the Middle Ages it was supposed to be a demonic orgy', 'assortment': 'a collection containing a variety of sorts of things; \"a great assortment of cars was on display\"; \"he had a variety of disorders\"; \"a veritable smorgasbord of religions\"', \"witches'_brew\": 'a fearsome mixture; \"a witches\\' brew of gangsters and terrorists\"; \"mixing dope and alcohol creates a witches\\' brew\"', 'selection': 'an assortment of things from which a choice can be made; \"the store carried a large selection of shoes\"', 'odds_and_ends': 'a motley assortment of things', 'batch': '(often followed by `of\\') a large number or amount or extent; \"a batch of letters\"; \"a deal of trouble\"; \"a lot of money\"; \"he made a mint on the stock market\"; \"see the rest of the winners in our huge passel of photos\"; \"it must have cost plenty\"; \"a slew of journalists\"; \"a wad of money\"', 'schmeer': '(Yiddish) a batch of things that go together; \"he bought the whole schmeer\"', 'membership': 'the state of being a member', 'branch': 'a part of a forked or branching shape; \"he broke off one of the branches\"', 'clientele': 'customers collectively; \"they have an upper class clientele\"', 'rabble': 'disparaging terms for the common people', 'smart_money': 'money bet or invested by experienced gamblers or investors (especially if they have inside information)', 'trash': 'worthless people', 'alma_mater': 'your alma mater is a school you graduated from', 'deputation': 'a group of representatives or delegates', 'diplomatic_mission': 'a mission serving diplomatic ends', 'High_Commission': 'an embassy of one British Commonwealth country to another', 'press_corps': 'a group of journalists representing different publications who all cover the same topics; \"the White House press corps\"', 'occupational_group': 'a body of people doing the same kind of work', 'opposition': 'the relation between opposed entities', 'Iraqi_National_Congress': \"a heterogeneous collection of groups united in their opposition to Saddam Hussein's government of Iraq; formed in 1992 it is comprised of Sunni and Shiite Arabs and Kurds who hope to build a new government\", 'Opposition': 'the major political party opposed to the party in office and prepared to replace it if elected; \"Her Majesty\\'s loyal opposition\"', 'commando': 'a member of a military unit trained as shock troops for hit-and-run raids', 'general_staff': 'military officers assigned to assist a senior officer in planning military policy', 'headquarters_staff': 'military staff stationed at headquarters', 'high_command': 'the highest leaders in an organization (e.g. the commander-in-chief and senior officers of the military)', 'posse': 'a temporary police force', 'Mogul_empire': 'an empire established by the Mogul conquerors of India that reigned from 1526 to 1857', 'Second_Empire': 'the imperial government of Napoleon III in France from 1852-1870', \"rogue's_gallery\": 'a collection of pictures of criminals', 'galere': 'a coterie of undesirable people', 'hard_core': 'the most dedicated and intensely loyal nucleus of a group or movement', 'philanthropic_foundation': 'a foundation that provides funds for science or art or education or religion or relief from disease etc.', 'private_foundation': 'a charity that does not receive a major part of its support from the public', 'public_charity': 'a charity that is deemed to receive the major part of its support from the public (rather than from a small group of individuals)', 'institute': 'an association organized to promote art or science or education', 'art_exhibition': 'an exhibition of art objects (paintings or statues)', 'retrospective': \"an exhibition of a representative selection of an artist's life work\", 'fair': 'gathering of producers to promote business; \"world fair\"; \"trade fair\"; \"book fair\"', 'working_group': 'a group of people working together temporarily until some goal is achieved; \"the working group was supposed to report back in two weeks\"', 'Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition': 'an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States; led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark; traveled from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River from 1803 to 1806', 'senior_high_school': 'a public secondary school usually including grades 9 through 12; \"he goes to the neighborhood highschool\"', 'junior_high_school': 'a secondary school usually including 7th and 8th grades', 'preparatory_school': 'a private secondary school', 'choir_school': 'a school that is part of a cathedral or monastery where boys with singing ability can receive a general education', 'public_school': 'private independent secondary school in Great Britain supported by endowment and tuition', 'charter_school': 'an experimental public school for kindergarten through grade 12; created and organized by teachers and parents and community leaders; operates independently of other schools', 'Eton_College': 'a public school for boys founded in 1440; located in Berkshire', 'Winchester_College': 'the oldest English public school; located in Winchester', 'private_school': 'a school established and controlled privately and supported by endowment and tuition', 'Catholic_school': 'a parochial school maintained by the Catholic Church', 'dance_school': 'a school where students are taught to dance', 'boarding_school': 'a private school where students are lodged and fed as well as taught', 'night_school': 'a school that holds classes in the evenings for students who cannot attend during the day', 'kindergarten': 'a preschool for children age 4 to 6 to prepare them for primary school', 'nursery_school': 'a small preschool for small children', 'playschool': 'a small informal nursery group meeting for half-day sessions', 'Sunday_school': 'school meeting on Sundays for religious instruction', 'normal_school': 'a two-year school for training elementary teachers', 'grade_school': 'a school for young children; usually the first 6 or 8 grades', 'grammar_school': 'a secondary school emphasizing Latin and Greek in preparation for college', 'secondary_modern_school': 'a former British secondary school emphasizing practical rather than academic education', 'comprehensive_school': 'a large British or Canadian secondary school for children of all abilities', 'school_board': 'a board in charge of local public schools', 'zoning_board': 'a board of officials who divide an area into zones that are subject to different restrictions', 'zoning_commission': 'a commission delegated to supervise the zoning of areas for residential or commercial use', 'inspectorate': 'a body of inspectors', 'jury': 'a committee appointed to judge a competition', 'grand_jury': 'a jury to inquire into accusations of crime and to evaluate the grounds for indictments', 'hung_jury': 'a jury that is unable to agree on a verdict (the result is a mistrial)', 'petit_jury': 'a jury of 12 to determine the facts and decide the issue in civil or criminal proceedings', 'special_jury': 'a jury whose members are selected for special knowledge for a case involving complicated issues', 'firing_line': 'the line from which soldiers deliver fire', 'immigrant_class': 'recent immigrants who are lumped together as a class by their low socioeconomic status in spite of different cultural backgrounds', 'religious_right': 'United States political faction that advocates social and political conservativism, school prayer, and federal aid for religious groups and schools', 'hard_right': 'the extreme right wing', 'old_guard': 'a faction that is unwilling to accept new ideas', 'pro-choice_faction': 'those who argue that the decision to have an induced abortion should be made by the mother', 'pro-life_faction': 'those who argue that induced abortion is killing and should be prohibited', 'old_school': 'a class of people favoring traditional ideas', 'seance': 'a meeting of spiritualists; \"the seance was held in the medium\\'s parlor\"', 'aggregate': 'material such as sand or gravel used with cement and water to make concrete, mortar, or plaster', 'agent_bank': 'a bank that acts as an agent for a foreign bank', 'commercial_bank': 'a financial institution that accepts demand deposits and makes loans and provides other services for the public', 'national_bank': 'a commercial bank chartered by the federal government', 'state_bank': 'a bank chartered by a state rather than by the federal government', 'lead_bank': 'a bank named by a lending syndicate of several banks to protect their interests', 'member_bank': 'a bank that is a member of the Federal Reserve System', 'merchant_bank': 'a credit card processing bank; merchants receive credit for credit card receipts less a processing fee', 'acquirer': 'a person who acquires something (usually permanently)', 'transfer_agent': 'an agency (usually a bank) that is appointed by a corporation to keep records of its stock and bond owners and to resolve problems about certificates', 'nondepository_financial_institution': 'a financial institution that funds their investment activities from the sale of securities or insurance', 'depository_financial_institution': 'a financial institution that accepts deposits and channels the money into lending activities; \"he cashed a check at the bank\"; \"that bank holds the mortgage on my home\"', 'finance_company': 'a financial institution (often affiliated with a holding company or manufacturer) that makes loans to individuals or businesses', 'consumer_finance_company': 'a finance company that makes loans to people who have trouble getting a bank loan', 'industrial_bank': 'a finance company that makes small loans to industrial workers', 'captive_finance_company': \"a finance company owned by a manufacturer to finance dealers' inventories or to make loans to consumers buying the company's products\", 'sales_finance_company': 'a finance company that buys (at a discount) the installment sales contracts of retail merchants', 'commercial_finance_company': 'a finance company that makes loans to manufacturers and wholesalers', 'Farm_Credit_System': 'a cooperative nationwide system of banks and associations providing credit to farmers and related businesses; originally capitalized by the federal government but now owned by its members and borrowers', 'hawala': 'an underground banking system based on trust whereby money can be made available internationally without actually moving it or leaving a record of the transaction; \"terrorists make extensive use of hawala\"', 'thrift_institution': 'a depository financial institution intended to encourage personal savings and home buying', 'savings_and_loan': 'a thrift institution that is required by law to make a certain percentage of its loans as home mortgages', 'building_society': 'British equivalent of United States savings and loan association', 'Home_Loan_Bank': 'one of 11 regional banks that monitor and make short-term credit advances to thrift institutions in their region', 'Federal_Home_Loan_Bank_System': 'the central credit system for thrift institutions', 'Federal_Housing_Administration': 'the federal agency in the Department of Housing and Urban Development that insures residential mortgages', 'child_welfare_agency': 'an administrative unit responsible for social work concerned with the welfare and vocational training of children', 'Securities_and_Exchange_Commission': 'an independent federal agency that oversees the exchange of securities to protect investors', 'trust_company': 'an organization (usually with a commercial bank) that is engaged as a trustee or fiduciary or agent in handling trust funds or estates of custodial arrangements or stock transfers or related services', 'mutual_savings_bank': 'a state-chartered savings bank owned by its depositors and managed by a board of trustees', 'federal_savings_bank': 'a federally chartered savings bank', 'firing_squad': 'a squad formed to fire volleys at a military funeral or to carry out a military execution', 'air_traffic': 'traffic created by the movement of aircraft', 'commuter_traffic': 'traffic created by people going to or returning from work', 'pedestrian_traffic': 'people coming and going on foot', 'vehicular_traffic': 'the aggregation of vehicles coming and going in a particular locality', 'automobile_traffic': 'cars coming and going', 'bicycle_traffic': 'bicycles coming and going', 'bus_traffic': 'buses coming and going', 'truck_traffic': 'trucks coming and going', 'military_formation': 'a formation of troops', 'open_order': 'a military formation leaving enough space between ranks to allow an inspecting officer to pass', 'close_order': 'a military formation for drill or marching', 'extended_order': 'a military formation for skirmishing; as widely separated as the tactical situation permits', 'sick_call': 'the daily military formation at which individuals report to the medical officer as sick', 'caravan': 'a procession (of wagons or mules or camels) traveling together in single file; \"we were part of a caravan of almost a thousand camels\"; \"they joined the wagon train for safety\"', 'cavalcade': 'a procession of people traveling on horseback', 'hunger_march': 'a march of protest or demonstration by the unemployed', 'motorcade': 'a procession of people traveling in motor cars', 'callithump': 'a noisy boisterous parade', 'cortege': 'a funeral procession', 'Praetorian_Guard': 'a member of the Praetorian Guard', 'backfield': 'the offensive football players who line up behind the linemen', 'secondary': 'the defensive football players who line up behind the linemen', 'linemen': 'the football players who line up on the line of scrimmage', 'line_of_march': 'the route along which a column advances', 'line_of_succession': 'the order in which individuals are expected to succeed one another in some official position', 'lineup': 'a line of persons arranged by police for inspection or identification', 'picket_line': 'a line of people acting as pickets', 'terrace': 'a level shelf of land interrupting a declivity (with steep slopes above and below)', 'rank': 'relative status; \"his salary was determined by his rank and seniority\"', 'conga_line': 'a line of people in single file performing the conga dance', 'trap_line': 'a line or series of traps', 'breadline': 'a queue of people waiting for free food', 'checkout_line': 'a queue of people waiting to pay for purchases', 'chow_line': 'a queue of people waiting for food to be served (especially at a military camp)', 'reception_line': 'a line of people (hosts and guests of honor) who welcome the guests at a reception party', 'ticket_line': 'a queue of people waiting to buy tickets', 'unemployment_line': 'a queue of people waiting for employment', 'dragnet': 'a system of coordinated measures for apprehending (criminals or other individuals); \"caught in the police dragnet\"', 'espionage_network': 'a network of spies', 'old_boy_network': 'an exclusive informal network linking members of a social class or profession or organization in order to provide connections and information and favors (especially in business or politics); \"professional women have developed an old boy network of their own\"', 'support_system': 'a network of facilities and people who interact and remain in informal communication for mutual assistance; a network that enables you to live in a certain style', 'nonlinear_system': 'a system whose performance cannot be described by equations of the first degree', 'subsystem': 'a system that is part of some larger system', 'shebang': \"an entire system; used in the phrase `the whole shebang'\", 'canebrake': 'a dense growth of cane (especially giant cane)', 'spinney': 'a copse that shelters game', 'growth': '(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)', 'forest': 'land that is covered with trees and shrubs', 'bosk': 'a small wooded area', 'jungle': 'a location marked by an intense competition and struggle for survival', 'rain_forest': 'a forest with heavy annual rainfall', 'temperate_rain_forest': 'a rain forest in a temperate area', 'tropical_rain_forest': 'a rain forest in a tropical area', 'underbrush': 'the brush (small trees and bushes and ferns etc.) growing beneath taller trees in a wood or forest', 'shrubbery': 'an area where a number of shrubs are planted', 'line_personnel': 'personnel having direct job performance responsibilities', 'management_personnel': 'personnel having overall planning and direction responsibilities', 'dictatorship': 'a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)', 'police_state': 'a country that maintains repressive control over the people by means of police (especially secret police)', 'administrative_law': 'the body of rules and regulations and orders and decisions created by administrative agencies of government', 'canon_law': 'the body of codified laws governing the affairs of a Christian church', 'civil_law': 'the body of laws established by a state or nation for its own regulation', 'common_law': 'a system of jurisprudence based on judicial precedents rather than statutory laws; \"common law originated in the unwritten laws of England and was later applied in the United States\"', 'international_law': 'the body of laws governing relations between nations', 'maritime_law': 'the branch of international law that deals with territorial and international waters or with shipping or with ocean fishery etc.', 'law_of_the_land': 'a phrase used in the Magna Carta to refer to the then established law of the kingdom (as distinct from Roman or civil law); today it refers to fundamental principles of justice commensurate with due process; \"the United States Constitution declares itself to be `the supreme law of the land\\'\"', 'martial_law': 'the body of law imposed by the military over civilian affairs (usually in time of war or civil crisis); overrides civil law', 'mercantile_law': 'the body of rules applied to commercial transactions; derived from the practices of traders rather than from jurisprudence', 'military_law': 'the body of laws and rules of conduct administered by military courts for the discipline, trial, and punishment of military personnel', 'Mosaic_law': 'the laws (beginning with the Ten Commandments) that God gave to the Israelites through Moses; it includes many rules of religious observance given in the first five books of the Old Testament (in Judaism these books are called the Torah)', 'shariah': 'the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed; \"sharia is only applicable to Muslims\"; \"under Islamic law there is no separation of church and state\"', 'hudud': 'Islamic laws stating the limits ordained by Allah and including the deterrent punishments for serious crimes', 'statutory_law': 'the body of laws created by legislative statutes', 'securities_law': 'the body of laws governing the issuance and selling of securities', 'tax_law': 'the body of laws governing taxation', 'ordering': 'logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements; \"we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation\"', 'genetic_code': 'the ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries the genetic information in living cells', 'genome': 'the ordering of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism; the full DNA sequence of an organism; \"the human genome contains approximately three billion chemical base pairs\"', 'triplet_code': 'the normal version of the genetic code in which a sequence of three nucleotides codes for the synthesis of a specific amino acid', 'nexus': 'a connected series or group', 'progression': 'a series with a definite pattern of advance', 'rash': 'any red eruption of the skin', 'cascade': 'a small waterfall or series of small waterfalls', 'losing_streak': 'a streak of losses', 'winning_streak': 'a streak of wins', 'arithmetic_progression': '(mathematics) a progression in which a constant is added to each term in order to obtain the next term; \"1-4-7-10-13- is the start of an arithmetic progression\"', 'geometric_progression': '(mathematics) a progression in which each term is multiplied by a constant in order to obtain the next term; \"1-4-16-64-256- is the start of a geometric progression\"', 'harmonic_progression': '(mathematics) a progression of terms whose reciprocals form an arithmetic progression', 'stream': 'something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously; \"a stream of people emptied from the terminal\"; \"the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors\"', 'wave_train': 'a succession of waves spaced at regular intervals', 'panoply': 'a complete and impressive array', 'stockpile': 'a storage pile accumulated for future use', 'data': 'a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn; \"statistical data\"', 'accounting_data': 'all the data (ledgers and journals and spreadsheets) that support a financial statement; can be hard copy or machine readable', 'metadata': 'data about data; \"a library catalog is metadata because it describes publications\"', 'raw_data': 'unanalyzed data; data not yet subjected to analysis', 'ana': 'a collection of anecdotes about a person or place', 'fan_mail': 'mail sent to public figures from their admirers; \"he hired someone to answer his fan mail\"', 'hate_mail': \"mail that expresses the writer's dislike or hatred (usually in offensive language)\", 'treasure': 'accumulated wealth in the form of money or jewels etc.; \"the pirates hid their treasure on a small island in the West Indies\"', 'treasure_trove': 'treasure of unknown ownership found hidden (usually in the earth)', 'trinketry': 'trinkets and other ornaments of dress collectively', 'troponymy': 'the semantic relation of being a manner of does something', 'deco': 'a style of design that was popular in the 1920s and 1930s; marked by stylized forms and geometric designs adapted to mass production', 'art_nouveau': 'a French school of art and architecture popular in the 1890s; characterized by stylized natural forms and sinuous outlines of such objects as leaves and vines and flowers', 'avant-garde': 'any creative group active in the innovation and application of new concepts and techniques in a given field (especially in the arts)', 'constructivism': 'an abstractionist artistic movement in Russia after World War I; industrial materials were used to construct nonrepresentational objects', 'suprematism': 'a geometric abstractionist movement originated by Kazimir Malevich in Russia that influenced constructivism', 'cubism': 'an artistic movement in France beginning in 1907 that featured surfaces of geometrical planes', 'dada': 'a nihilistic art movement (especially in painting) that flourished in Europe early in the 20th century; based on irrationality and negation of the accepted laws of beauty', 'artistic_movement': 'a group of artists who agree on general principles', 'expressionism': \"an art movement early in the 20th century; the artist's subjective expression of inner experiences was emphasized; an inner feeling was expressed through a distorted rendition of reality\", 'neoexpressionism': 'an art movement based on expressionism; developed in 1980s in Europe and United States; crudely drawn garish paintings', 'supra_expressionism': 'a movement that tried to go beyond expressionism', 'fauvism': 'an art movement launched in 1905 whose work was characterized by bright and nonnatural colors and simple forms; influenced the expressionists', 'Hudson_River_school': 'the first coherent school of American art; active from 1825 to 1870; painted wilderness landscapes of the Hudson River valley and surrounding New England', 'imagism': 'a movement by American and English poets early in the 20th century in reaction to Victorian sentimentality; used common speech in free verse with clear concrete imagery', 'lake_poets': 'English poets at the beginning of the 19th century who lived in the Lake District and were inspired by it', 'luminism': 'an artistic movement in the United States that was derived from the Hudson River school; active from 1850 to 1870; painted realistic landscapes in a style that pictured atmospheric light and the use of aerial perspective', 'minimalism': 'an art movement in sculpture and painting that began in the 1950s and emphasized extreme simplification of form and color', 'needy': 'needy people collectively; \"they try to help the needy\"', 'neoromanticism': 'an art movement based on a revival of Romanticism in art and literature', 'New_Wave': 'an art movement in French cinema in the 1960s', 'surrealism': 'a 20th century movement of artists and writers (developing out of dadaism) who used fantastic images and incongruous juxtapositions in order to represent unconscious thoughts and dreams', 'Boy_Scouts': 'an international (but decentralized) movement started in 1908 in England with the goal of teaching good citizenship to boys', 'Boy_Scouts_of_America': 'a corporation that operates through a national council that charters local councils all over the United States; the purpose is character building and citizenship training', 'Girl_Scouts': 'an organization of young women and girls founded in 1912 for character development and citizenship training', 'Civil_Rights_movement': 'movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens', 'common_front': 'a movement in which several individuals or groups with different interests join together; \"the unions presented a common front at the bargaining table\"', 'cultural_movement': 'a group of people working together to advance certain cultural goals', 'falun_gong': 'a spiritual movement that began in China in the latter half of the 20th century and is based on Buddhist and Taoist teachings and practices', 'political_movement': 'a group of people working together to achieve a political goal', 'Enlightenment': 'a movement in Europe from about 1650 until 1800 that advocated the use of reason and individualism instead of tradition and established doctrine; \"the Enlightenment brought about many humanitarian reforms\"', 'labor_movement': 'an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement', 'Industrial_Workers_of_the_World': 'a former international labor union and radical labor movement in the United States; founded in Chicago in 1905 and dedicated to the overthrow of capitalism; its membership declined after World War I', 'unionism': 'the system or principles and theory of labor unions', 'reform_movement': 'a movement intended to bring about social and humanitarian reforms', 'religious_movement': 'a movement intended to bring about religious reforms', 'Akhbari': 'a religious movement by Arab Shiite Muslims in 17th century Iraq that is opposed to the Usuli; \"Akhbari Shiism has never promoted political control\"', 'Usuli': 'a religious movement by Persian Shiite Muslims in 17th century Iran that is opposed to the Akhbari; \"Usuli Shiism produced the politically active caste of priests that is a distinctive feature of Iranian Shiism\"', 'Counter_Reformation': 'the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected); many leaders were Jesuits', 'ecumenical_movement': 'a movement aimed to promote understanding and cooperation among Christian churches; aimed ultimately at universal Christian unity', 'Gallicanism': 'a religious movement originating among the French Roman Catholic clergy that favored the restriction of papal control and the achievement by each nation of individual administrative autonomy of the church', 'Lubavitch': 'a town in Belarus that was the center of the Chabad movement for a brief period during the 19th century', 'Oxford_movement': '19th-century movement in the Church of England opposing liberal tendencies', 'Pietism': '17th and 18th-century German movement in the Lutheran Church stressing personal piety and devotion', 'Reformation': 'a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches', 'Taliban': 'a fundamentalist Islamic militia; in 1995 the Taliban militia took over Afghanistan and in 1996 took Kabul and set up an Islamic government; \"the Taliban enforced a strict Muslim code of behavior\"', 'Northern_Alliance': 'a multiethnic alliance in Afghanistan who practice a moderate form of Islam and are united in their opposition to the Taliban', 'Nation_of_Islam': 'a group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans', 'analytical_cubism': 'the early phase of cubism', 'synthetic_cubism': 'the late phase of cubism', 'unconfessed': 'people who have not confessed; \"the unconfessed cannot be forgiven\"', 'unemployed_people': 'people who are involuntarily out of work (considered as a group); \"the long-term unemployed need assistance\"', 'womankind': 'women as distinguished from men', 'hobo_camp': 'a place where hoboes camp', 'record_company': 'a company that makes and sells musical recordings', 'mover': 'workman employed by a moving company; \"the movers were very careful with the grand piano\"', 'think_tank': 'a company that does research for hire and issues reports on the implications', 'Jewry': 'Jews collectively', 'Zhou': 'the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism', 'muster': 'a gathering of military personnel for duty; \"he was thrown in the brig for missing muster\"', 'rap_group': 'a gathering of people holding a rap session', 'rave-up': 'a raucous gathering', 'World_Council_of_Churches': 'an ecumenical organization of Protestant and eastern churches; intended to promote unity and cooperation in religious and secular matters', 'typing_pool': 'a group of typists who can work for different persons', 'shipper': 'someone who ships goods', 'local_authority': 'an administrative unit of local government', 'smithereens': 'a collection of small fragments considered as a whole; \"Berlin was bombed to smithereens\"; \"his hopes were dashed to smithereens\"; \"I wanted to smash him to smithereens\"; \"the toilet bowl ws blown to smithereens\"', 'chosen_people': 'any people believing themselves to be chosen by God', 'Azeri': 'an ethnic group living in Azerbaijan', 'Berbers': 'an ethnic minority descended from Berbers and Arabs and living in northern Africa', 'Dagestani': 'an ethnic minority living on the Caspian Sea in southwestern Russia and Azerbaijan', 'Hebrews': \"the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob); the nation whom God chose to receive his revelation and with whom God chose to make a covenant (Exodus 19)\", 'Mayas': 'an ethnic minority speaking Mayan languages and living in Yucatan and adjacent areas', 'Mbundu': 'an ethnic group speaking Umbundu and living in western Angola', 'Pathan': 'a member of the mountain people living in the eastern regions of Afghanistan; \"Pathans are the predominant ethnic group in Afghanistan\"', 'Tajik': 'a native or inhabitant of Tajikistan and neighboring areas of Uzbekistan and Afghanistan and China', 'Walloons': 'an ethnic group speaking a dialect of French and living in southern and eastern Belgium and neighboring parts of France', 'Ferdinand_and_Isabella': 'joint monarchs of Spain; Ferdinand V and Isabella I', 'Medici': 'aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century', 'Committee_for_State_Security': 'formerly the predominant security police organization of Soviet Russia', 'Federal_Security_Bureau': 'the internal counterintelligence agency of the Russian Federation and successor to the Soviet KGB; formerly led by Vladimir Putin', 'Russian_agency': 'an administrative agency of the Russian government', 'William_and_Mary': 'joint monarchs of England; William III and Mary II', 'wine_tasting': 'a gathering of people to taste and compare different wines', 'Wise_Men': '(New Testament) the sages who visited Jesus and Mary and Joseph shortly after Jesus was born; the Gospel According to Matthew says they were guided by a star and brought gifts of gold and frankincense and myrrh; because there were three gifts it is usually assumed that there were three of them', 'World_Trade_Organization': 'an international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade', 'Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Retired_Persons': 'an association of people to promote the welfare of senior citizens', 'National_Association_of_Realtors': 'a United States association of real estate agents which follows a strict code of ethics', 'Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations': 'an association of nations dedicated to economic and political cooperation in southeastern Asia and who joined with the United States to fight against global terrorism', 'Abkhaz': 'a member of the Circassian people who live to the east of the Black Sea', 'Inca': 'a ruler of the Incas (or a member of his family)', 'here': 'the present location; this place; \"where do we go from here?\"', 'there': 'a location other than here; that place; \"you can take it from there\"', 'somewhere': 'an indefinite or unknown location; \"they moved to somewhere in Spain\"', 'bilocation': 'the ability (said of certain Roman Catholic saints) to exist simultaneously in two locations', 'aclinic_line': 'an imaginary line paralleling the equator where a magnetic needle has no dip', 'agonic_line': \"an imaginary line connecting points on the Earth's surface where the magnetic declination is zero\", 'isogonic_line': \"an imaginary line connecting points on the Earth's surface where the magnetic declination is the same\", 'mailing_address': 'the address where a person or organization can be communicated with', 'box_number': 'a mailing address to which answers to a newspaper ad can be sent', 'post-office_box_number': 'the number of a letter box at the post office where mail is collected', 'street_address': 'the address where a person or organization can be found', 'administrative_district': 'a district defined for administrative purposes', 'aerie': 'the lofty nest of a bird of prey (such as a hawk or eagle)', 'air_lane': 'a designated route followed by airplanes in flying from one airport to another', 'traffic_pattern': 'the path that is prescribed for an airplane that is preparing to land at an airport; \"the traffic patterns around O\\'Hare are very crowded\"; \"they stayed in the pattern until the fog lifted\"', 'Andalusia': 'a region in southern Spain on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean; formerly a center of Moorish civilization', 'Appalachia': 'an impoverished coal mining area in the Appalachian Mountains (from Pennsylvania to North Carolina)', 'flight_path': 'the path of a rocket or projectile or aircraft through the air', 'approach_path': 'the final path followed by an aircraft as it is landing', 'ambiance': 'the atmosphere of an environment', 'amusement_park': 'a commercially operated park with stalls and shows for amusement', 'Antarctic': 'the region around the south pole: Antarctica and surrounding waters', 'Antarctic_Circle': 'a line of latitude north of the south pole', 'Adelie_Land': 'a costal region of Antarctica to the south of Australia; noted for its large colonies of penguins', 'apex': 'the point on the celestial sphere toward which the sun and solar system appear to be moving relative to the fixed stars', 'antapex': 'the point opposite in direction from the solar apex; the point the solar system is moving away from', 'apogee': 'a final climactic stage; \"their achievements stand as a culmination of centuries of development\"', 'apoapsis': '(astronomy) the point in an orbit farthest from the body being orbited', 'aphelion': 'apoapsis in solar orbit; the point in the orbit of a planet or comet that is at the greatest distance from the sun', 'apojove': 'apoapsis in orbit around Jupiter', 'aposelene': 'apoapsis in orbit around the moon', 'Arctic': 'the regions to the north of the Arctic Circle centered on the North Pole', 'polar_circle': 'a line of latitude at the north or south poles', 'Arctic_Circle': 'a line of latitude near but to the south of the north pole; it marks the northernmost point at which the sun is visible on the northern winter solstice and the southernmost point at which the midnight sun can be seen on the northern summer solstice', 'high_country': 'an area lying above the piedmont but below the timberline', 'ascending_node': 'the point at which an orbit crosses the ecliptic plane going north', 'antinode': '(physics) the point of maximum displacement in a periodic system', 'asteroid_belt': 'the region of interplanetary space between Mars and Jupiter where most asteroids are found', 'atmosphere': 'a particular environment or surrounding influence; \"there was an atmosphere of excitement\"', 'bed_ground': 'an area on which a drove of cattle or sheep can sleep for a night', 'biosphere': 'the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist', 'back_of_beyond': 'a very remote and inaccessible place; \"you\\'d have to go to the back of beyond to find one of those\"', 'Crown_Colony': 'a British colony controlled by the British Crown, represented by a governor', 'outer_space': 'any location outside the Earth\\'s atmosphere; \"the astronauts walked in outer space without a tether\"; \"the first major milestone in space exploration was in 1957, when the USSR\\'s Sputnik 1 orbited the Earth\"', 'interplanetary_space': 'the part of outer space within the solar system', 'interstellar_space': 'the space between stars', 'heliopause': \"the boundary marking the edge of the sun's influence; the boundary (roughly 100 AU from the sun) between the interplanetary medium and the interstellar medium; where the solar wind from the sun and the radiation from other stars meet\", 'heliosphere': 'the region inside the heliopause containing the sun and solar system', 'holding_pattern': 'a state of inaction with no progress and no change; \"you should go into a holding pattern until he gets over his disappointment\"', 'intergalactic_space': 'the space between galaxies; \"the Milky Way travels through intergalactic space\"', 'deep_space': 'any region in space outside the solar system', 'aerospace': 'the atmosphere and outer space considered as a whole', 'airspace': 'the space in the atmosphere immediately above the earth', 'backwater': 'a body of water that was created by a flood or tide or by being held or forced back by a dam; \"the bayous and backwaters are breeding grounds for mosquitos\"', 'backwoods': 'a remote and undeveloped area', 'Bad_Lands': 'an eroded and barren region in southwestern South Dakota and northwestern Nebraska', 'banana_republic': 'a small country (especially in Central America) that is politically unstable and whose economy is dominated by foreign companies and depends on one export (such as bananas)', 'Barbary': 'a region of northern Africa on the Mediterranean coast between Egypt and Gibraltar; was used as a base for pirates from the 16th to 19th centuries', 'Barbary_Coast': 'a part of a city that is notorious for gambling dens and brothels and saloons and riotous night life (especially the waterfront of San Francisco after the gold rush of 1849); \"we\\'ll tolerate no Barbary Coast in this city!\"', 'Bithynia': 'an ancient country in northwestern Asia Minor in what is now Turkey; was absorbed into the Roman Empire by the end of the 1st century BC', 'Nubia': 'an ancient region of northeastern Africa (southern Egypt and northern Sudan) on the Nile; much of Nubia is now under Lake Nasser', 'barren': 'an uninhabited wilderness that is worthless for cultivation; \"the barrens of central Africa\"; \"the trackless wastes of the desert\"', 'heath': 'a low evergreen shrub of the family Ericaceae; has small bell-shaped pink or purple flowers', 'bush': 'a large wilderness area', 'outback': 'the bush country of the interior of Australia', 'Never-Never': 'the remote outback of Australia; unpopulated desert country', 'desert': 'arid land with little or no vegetation', 'semidesert': 'a region much like a desert but usually located between a desert and the surrounding regions', 'oasis': 'a fertile tract in a desert (where the water table approaches the surface)', 'battlefield': 'a region where a battle is being (or has been) fought; \"they made a tour of Civil War battlefields\"', 'Camlan': '(Arthurian legend) the battlefield where King Arthur was mortally wounded', 'minefield': 'a region in which explosives mines have been placed', 'fountainhead': 'the source of water from which a stream arises; \"they tracked him back toward the head of the stream\"', 'headwater': 'the source of a river; \"the headwaters of the Nile\"', 'jumping-off_place': 'a place from which an enterprise or expedition is launched; \"one day when I was at a suitable jumping-off place I decided to see if I could find him\"; \"my point of departure was San Francisco\"', 'concrete_jungle': 'an area in a city with large modern buildings that is perceived as dangerous and unpleasant', 'Bible_Belt': 'southern and midwestern United States where Protestant fundamentalism is dominant', 'fatherland': 'the country where you were born', 'birthplace': 'where something originated or was nurtured in its early existence; \"the birthplace of civilization\"', 'beam-ends': '(nautical) at the ends of the transverse deck beams of a vessel; \"on her beam-ends\" means heeled over on the side so that the deck is almost vertical', 'rock_bottom': 'the absolute bottom', 'boundary': 'a line determining the limits of an area', 'boundary_line': 'a line that indicates a boundary', 'borderland': 'district consisting of the area on either side of a border or boundary of a country or an area; \"the Welsh marches between England and Wales\"', 'narco-state': 'an area that has been taken over and is controlled and corrupted by drug cartels and where law enforcement is effectively nonexistent; \"this Mexican town has become a narco-state that ships 100 pounds of cocaine to the United States every day\"', 'nerve_center': 'a center that provides information and control; \"the nerve center of the diamond industry is in Amsterdam\"', 'fence_line': 'a boundary line created by a fence', 'Green_Line': 'the border marking the boundaries of the land that Israel won in its 1948 war of independence', 'Line_of_Control': 'a 450-mile line that is supposed to indicate the boundary between the part of Kashmir controlled by India and the part controlled by Pakistan', 'property_line': 'the boundary line between two pieces of property', 'state_line': 'the boundary between two states', 'Mason-Dixon_line': 'the boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania; symbolic dividing line between North and South before the American Civil War', 'district_line': 'the boundary between two districts', 'county_line': 'the boundary between two counties', 'city_line': 'the boundary of a city', 'balkline': 'line across a billiard table behind which the cue balls are placed at the start of a game', 'bomb_site': 'an area in a town that has been devastated by bombs; \"they opened a parking lot on the bomb site\"', 'bowels': 'the center of the Earth', 'bowling_green': 'a field of closely mowed turf for playing bowls', 'breeding_ground': 'a place where animals breed', 'bridgehead': 'an area in hostile territory that has been captured and is held awaiting further troops and supplies; \"an attempt to secure a bridgehead behind enemy lines\"; \"the only foothold left for British troops in Europe was Gibraltar\"', 'brink': 'a region marking a boundary', 'broadcast_area': 'the area over which a radio or tv transmission can be received', 'buffer_state': 'a small neutral state between two rival powers', 'bus_route': 'the route regularly followed by a passenger bus', 'bus_stop': 'a place on a bus route where buses stop to discharge and take on passengers', 'checkpoint': 'a place (as at a frontier) where travellers are stopped for inspection and clearance', 'cabstand': 'a place where taxis park while awaiting customers; \"in England the place where taxis wait to be hired is called a `taxi rank\\'\"', 'campsite': 'a site where people on holiday can pitch a tent', 'campus': 'a field on which the buildings of a university are situated', 'river_basin': 'the entire geographical area drained by a river and its tributaries; an area characterized by all runoff being conveyed to the same outlet; \"flood control in the Missouri basin\"', 'detention_basin': 'a storage site (such as a small reservoir) that delays the flow of water downstream', 'retention_basin': 'a storage site similar to a detention basin but the water in storage is permanently obstructed from flowing downstream', 'Caucasia': 'a large region between the Black and Caspian seas that contains the Caucasus Mountains; oil is its major resource', 'Transcaucasia': 'a geographical region to the south of the Caucasus Mountains and to the north of Turkey that comprises Georgia and Armenia and Azerbaijan', 'celestial_equator': 'the great circle on the celestial sphere midway between the celestial poles', 'celestial_point': 'a point in the heavens (on the celestial sphere)', 'equinoctial_point': '(astronomy) either of the two celestial points at which the celestial equator intersects the ecliptic', 'vernal_equinox': 'March 21', 'autumnal_equinox': 'September 22', 'celestial_sphere': 'the apparent surface of the imaginary sphere on which celestial bodies appear to be projected', 'cemetery': 'a tract of land used for burials', 'center_of_buoyancy': '(physics) the center of mass of the immersed part of ship or other floating object', 'center_of_gravity': 'the point within something at which gravity can be considered to act; in uniform gravity it is equal to the center of mass', 'center_of_flotation': 'the center of gravity of a floating object', 'center_of_mass': 'point representing the mean position of the matter in a body', 'barycenter': '(astronomy) the common center of mass around which two or more bodies revolve', 'centroid': 'the center of mass of an object of uniform density', 'trichion': 'point where the hairline meets the midpoint of the forehead', 'center_stage': 'a position of prominence or importance', 'city_center': 'the central part of a city', 'storm_center': 'a center of trouble or disturbance', 'megalopolis': 'a very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns)', 'city_district': 'a district of a town or city', 'precinct': 'a district of a city or town marked out for administrative purposes', 'police_precinct': 'a precinct in which law enforcement is the responsibility of particular police force', 'voting_precinct': 'one of several districts into which a city or town is divided for voting; each contains one polling place', 'polling_place': 'a place where voters go to cast their votes in an election', 'business_district': 'the central area or commercial center of a town or city; \"the heart of Birmingham\\'s downtown\"', 'outskirts': 'outlying areas (as of a city or town); \"they lived on the outskirts of Houston\"; \"they mingled in the outskirts of the crowd\"', 'environs': 'an outer adjacent area of any place', 'Tin_Pan_Alley': 'a city district (originally in New York) where composers and publishers of popular music do business', 'conurbation': 'an aggregation or continuous network of urban communities', 'subtopia': 'monotonous urban sprawl of standardized buildings', 'borough': 'one of the administrative divisions of a large city', 'burgh': 'a borough in Scotland', 'pocket_borough': 'a sparsely populated borough in which all or most of the land is owned by a single family', 'rotten_borough': 'an English parliamentary constituency with few electors', 'canton': 'a small administrative division of a country', 'city_limit': 'the limits of the area occupied by a city or town', 'Coats_Land': 'a region of western Antarctica along the southeastern shore of the Weddell Sea', 'climatic_zone': 'any of the geographical zones loosely divided according to prevailing climate and latitude', 'commons': 'a pasture subject to common use', 'congressional_district': 'a territorial division of a state; entitled to elect one member to the United States House of Representatives', 'financial_center': 'the part of a city where financial institutions are centered', 'civic_center': 'the center of a city', 'inner_city': 'the older and more populated and (usually) poorer central section of a city', 'chokepoint': 'a point of congestion or blockage; \"the bridge is always a chokepoint at rush hour\"', 'Corn_Belt': 'the midwestern states where corn is grown; Iowa and Illinois are excellent for raising corn and corn-fed livestock', 'corncob': 'the hard cylindrical core that bears the kernels of an ear of corn', 'cornfield': 'a field planted with corn', 'country': 'an area outside of cities and towns; \"his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country\"', 'county': '(United States) the largest administrative district within a state; \"the county plans to build a new road\"', 'county_palatine': 'the territory of a count palatine', 'county_seat': 'the town or city that is the seat of government for a county', 'county_town': 'the town or city that is the seat of government for a shire', 'cow_pasture': 'a pasture for cows', 'timber_line': 'line marking the upper limit of tree growth in mountains or northern latitudes', 'snow_line': 'the line on a mountain above which there is perpetual snow and ice', 'culmination': \"(astronomy) a heavenly body's highest celestial point above an observer's horizon\", 'soil_profile': 'a vertical section of soil from the ground surface to the parent rock', 'descending_node': 'the point at which an orbit crosses the ecliptic plane going south', 'ghetto': 'any segregated mode of living or working that results from bias or stereotyping; \"the relative security of the gay ghetto\"; \"no escape from the ghetto of the typing pool\"', 'housing_development': 'a residential area of similar dwellings built by property developers and usually under a single management; \"they live in the new housing development\"', 'housing_estate': 'a residential area where the houses were all planned and built at the same time', 'housing_project': 'a housing development that is publicly funded and administered for low-income families', 'abbacy': 'the jurisdiction or office of an abbot', 'archbishopric': 'the territorial jurisdiction of an archbishop', 'archdeaconry': 'the territorial jurisdiction of an archdeacon', 'bailiwick': 'the area over which a bailiff has jurisdiction', 'archdiocese': 'the diocese of an archbishop', 'diocese': 'the territorial jurisdiction of a bishop', 'disaster_area': 'a region whose population is affected by a general disaster', 'eparchy': 'a province in ancient Greece', 'theater_of_war': 'the entire land, sea, and air area that may become or is directly involved in war operations', 'zone_of_interior': 'the part of the theater of war not included in the theater of operations', 'district': 'a region marked off for administrative or other purposes', 'enclave': 'an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it', 'federal_district': 'a district set apart as the seat of government of a federation', 'palatinate': 'a territory under the jurisdiction of a count palatine', 'residential_district': 'a district where people live; occupied primarily by private residences', 'planned_community': 'a residential district that is planned for a certain class of residents', 'retirement_community': 'a planned community for residents who have retired from an active working life', 'uptown': 'a residential part of town away from the central commercial district', 'red-light_district': 'a district with many brothels', 'suburb': 'a residential district located on the outskirts of a city', 'exurbia': 'a residential area outside of a city and beyond suburbia', 'bedroom_community': 'a community where many commuters live', 'faubourg': 'a New Orleans district lying outside the original city limits; used in combination with the names of various quarters of the city; \"in Faubourg Sainte-Marie\"', 'stockbroker_belt': 'a wealthy residential suburb', 'tenement_district': 'a residential district occupied primarily with tenement houses', 'crawlspace': 'low space beneath a floor of a building; gives workers access to wiring or plumbing', 'disk_space': '(computer science) the space available on a magnetic disk', 'disk_overhead': '(computer science) the disk space required for information that is not data but is used for location and timing', 'swap_space': 'the disk space that is set aside for virtual memory', 'archduchy': 'the domain controlled by an archduke or archduchess', 'barony': 'the estate of a baron', 'duchy': 'the domain controlled by a duke or duchess', 'earldom': 'the dignity or rank or position of an earl or countess', 'grand_duchy': 'the domain controlled by a grand duke or grand duchess', 'viscounty': 'the domain controlled by a viscount or viscountess', 'Camelot': \"(Arthurian legend) the capital of King Arthur's kingdom; according to the legend, truth and goodness and beauty reigned there\", 'principality': 'territory ruled by a prince', 'Kingdom_of_God': 'the spiritual domain over which God is sovereign', 'sheikdom': 'the domain ruled by a sheik', 'suzerainty': 'the position or authority of a suzerain; \"under the suzerainty of...\"', 'domicile': '(law) the residence where you have your permanent home or principal establishment and to where, whenever you are absent, you intend to return; every person is compelled to have one and only one domicile at a time; \"what\\'s his legal residence?\"', 'home_away_from_home': 'a place where you are just as comfortable and content as if you were home', 'business_address': 'the address at which a business is located', 'dude_ranch': 'a holiday resort offering ranch activities (riding and camping)', 'honeymoon_resort': 'a resort that caters to newlyweds; \"Niagra Falls is a well-known honeymoon resort\"', 'eitchen_midden': '(archeology) a mound of domestic refuse containing shells and animal bones marking the site of a prehistoric settlement', 'earshot': 'the range within which a voice can be heard; \"the children were told to stay within earshot\"', 'north': 'the direction corresponding to the northward cardinal compass point', 'northeast': 'the direction corresponding to the northeastward compass point', 'east': 'the direction corresponding to the eastward cardinal compass point', 'southeast': 'the direction corresponding to the southeastward compass point', 'south': 'the direction corresponding to the southward cardinal compass point', 'southwest': 'the direction corresponding to the southwestward compass point', 'west': 'the direction corresponding to the westward cardinal compass point', 'northwest': 'the direction corresponding to the northwestward compass point', 'Earth': 'the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on; \"the Earth moves around the sun\"; \"he sailed around the world\"', 'eastern_hemisphere': 'the hemisphere that includes Eurasia and Africa and Australia', 'Old_World': 'the regions of the world that were known to Europeans before the discovery of the Americas', 'East': 'the region of the United States lying to the north of the Ohio River and to the east of the Mississippi River', 'Far_East': 'a popular expression for the countries of eastern Asia (usually including China and Mongolia and Taiwan and Japan and Korea and Indochina and eastern Siberia)', 'northland': 'any region lying in or toward the north', 'southland': 'any region lying in or toward the south', 'Southeast': 'the southeastern region of the United States', 'Southwest': 'the southwestern region of the United States generally including New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Nevada, California, and sometimes Utah and Colorado', 'Northeast': 'the northeastern region of the United States', 'Northwest': 'the northwestern region of the United States', 'Midwest': 'the north central region of the United States (sometimes called the heartland or the breadbasket of America)', 'Pacific_Northwest': 'a region of the northwestern United States usually including Washington and Oregon and sometimes southwestern British Columbia', 'Rustbelt': 'urban areas in New England and Midwest characterized by concentrations of declining industries (steel or textiles)', 'ecliptic': 'the great circle representing the apparent annual path of the sun; the plane of the Earth\\'s orbit around the sun; makes an angle of about 23 degrees with the equator; \"all of the planets rotate the sun in approximately the same ecliptic\"', 'end_point': 'a place where something ends or is complete', 'Enderby_Land': 'a region of Antarctica between Queen Maud Land and Wilkes Land; claimed by Australia', 'environment': 'the totality of surrounding conditions; \"he longed for the comfortable environment of his living room\"', 'Finger_Lakes': 'a geographical area in central New York State that is named for a series of narrow glacial lakes that lie parallel in a north-south direction', 'setting': 'the state of the environment in which a situation exists; \"you can\\'t do that in a university setting\"', 'element': 'one of four substances thought in ancient and medieval cosmology to constitute the physical universe; \"the alchemists believed that there were four elements\"', 'equator': 'a circle dividing a sphere or other surface into two usually equal and symmetrical parts', 'extreme_point': 'the point located farthest from the middle of something', 'fairway': 'the usual course taken by vessels through a harbor or coastal waters', 'farmland': 'a rural area where farming is practiced', 'fault_line': \"(geology) line determined by the intersection of a geological fault and the earth's surface\", 'field_of_fire': 'the area that a weapon or group of weapons can cover effectively with gun fire from a given position', 'grounds': 'dregs consisting of solid particles (especially of coffee) that form a residue; \"it is a Middle Eastern custom to read your future in your coffee grounds\"', 'hayfield': 'a field where grass or alfalfa are grown to be made into hay', 'playing_field': 'the circumstances under which competition occurs; \"the government\\'s objective is to insure a genuinely level playing field for American industry and commerce in Europe\"', 'medical_center': 'the part of a city where medical facilities are centered', 'midfield': '(sports) the middle part of a playing field (as in football or lacrosse)', 'finishing_line': 'a line indicating the location of the finish of a race', 'firebreak': 'a narrow field that has been cleared to check the spread of a prairie fire or forest fire', 'flea_market': 'an open-air street market for inexpensive or secondhand articles', 'flies': '(theater) the space over the stage (out of view of the audience) used to store scenery (drop curtains)', 'forefront': 'the part in the front or nearest the viewer; \"he was in the forefront\"; \"he was at the head of the column\"', 'foul_line': 'a line from which basketball players take penalty shots', 'baseline': 'an imaginary line or standard by which things are measured or compared; \"the established a baseline for the budget\"', 'Frigid_Zone': \"the part of the Earth's surface forming a cap over a pole; characterized by frigid climate\", 'battlefront': 'the line along which opposing armies face each other', 'garbage_heap': 'an accumulation of refuse and discarded matter', 'toxic_waste_dump': 'a location where toxic wastes can be or have been disposed of (often illegally)', 'gathering_place': 'a favorite haunt where people gather', 'geographical_area': 'a demarcated area of the Earth', 'epicenter': \"the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake\", 'dust_bowl': 'a region subject to dust storms; especially the central region of United States subject to dust storms in the 1930s', 'biogeographical_region': 'an area of the Earth determined by distribution of flora and fauna', 'geographic_point': 'a point on the surface of the Earth', 'goal_line': 'a line marking each end of the playing field or pitch; where the goals stand', 'goldfield': 'a district where gold is mined', 'grainfield': 'a field where grain is grown', 'great_circle': 'a circular line on the surface of a sphere formed by intersecting it with a plane passing through the center', 'greenbelt': 'a belt of parks or rural land surrounding a town or city', 'ground_zero': 'the target of a projectile (as a bomb or missile)', 'habitat': 'the type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs; \"a marine habitat\"; \"he felt safe on his home grounds\"', 'habitation': 'the native habitat or home of an animal or plant', 'half-mast': 'a position some distance below the top of a mast to which a flag is lowered in mourning or to signal distress', 'Harley_Street': 'a street in central London where the consulting rooms of many physicians and surgeons are located', 'hatchery': 'a place where eggs are hatched under artificial conditions (especially fish eggs); \"the park authorities operated a trout hatchery\"', 'haunt': 'a frequently visited place', 'heartland': 'the central region of a country or continent; especially a region that is important to a country or to a culture', 'hunting_ground': 'a place where opportunities abound', 'D-layer': 'the lowest region of the ionosphere (35 to 50 miles up) that reflects low-frequency radio waves', 'Appleton_layer': 'the highest region of the ionosphere (from 90 to 600 miles up) which contains the highest concentration of free electrons and is most useful for long-range radio transmission', 'Heaviside_layer': 'a region of the ionosphere (from 50 to 90 miles up) that reflects radio waves of medium length', 'hemline': 'the line formed by the lower edge of a skirt or coat', 'heronry': 'a breeding ground for herons; a heron rookery', 'hipline': 'the line formed by measuring the hip at its greatest part', 'dead_drop': 'a drop used for the clandestine exchange of intelligence information; \"a dead drop avoids the need for an intelligence officer and a spy to be present at the same time\"', 'hideout': 'a hiding place; usually a remote place used by outlaws', 'lurking_place': 'a place suitable for lurking', 'hiding_place': 'a place suitable for hiding something (such as yourself)', 'hilltop': 'the peak of a hill; \"the sun set behind the brow of distant hills\"', 'hole-in-the-wall': 'a small unpretentious out-of-the-way place; \"his office was a hole-in-the-wall\"', 'holy_place': 'a sacred place of pilgrimage', 'point_source': 'a concentrated source (especially of radiation or pollution) that is spatially constricted', 'trail_head': 'the beginning of a trail', 'home_range': 'the area in which an animal normally ranges', 'horse_latitude': 'either of two belts or regions near 30 degrees north or 30 degrees south; characterized by calms and light-baffling winds', 'hour_angle': '(astronomy) the angular distance of a celestial point measured westward along the celestial equator from the zenith crossing; the right ascension for an observer at a particular location and time of day', 'hour_circle': 'a great circle on the celestial sphere that passes through both celestial poles', 'see': \"the seat within a bishop's diocese where his cathedral is located\", 'junkyard': 'a field where junk is collected and stored for resale', 'justiciary': 'the jurisdiction of a justiciar', 'Indian_reservation': 'a reservation set aside for the use of Indians', 'preserve': 'a domain that seems to be specially reserved for someone; \"medicine is no longer a male preserve\"', 'shooting_preserve': 'a preserve on which hunting is permitted during certain months of the year', 'school_district': 'a district whose public schools are administered together', 'industrial_park': 'a tract of land at a distance from city center that is designed for a cluster of businesses and factories', 'inside': 'the region that is inside of something', 'midland': 'the interior part of a country', 'midst': 'the location of something surrounded by other things; \"in the midst of the crowd\"', 'penetralia': 'the innermost parts', 'ionosphere': \"the outer region of the Earth's atmosphere; contains a high concentration of free electrons\", 'irredenta': 'a region that is related ethnically or historically to one country but is controlled politically by another', 'isobar': '(meteorology)an isogram connecting points having equal barometric pressure at a given time', 'isochrone': 'an isogram connecting points at which something occurs or arrives at the same time', 'isoclinic_line': 'an isogram connecting points of equal magnetic inclination', 'isogram': 'a line drawn on a map connecting points having the same numerical value of some variable', 'isohel': 'an isogram connecting points receiving equal amounts of sunshine', 'isotherm': '(meteorology) an isogram connecting points having the same temperature at a given time', 'jurisdiction': 'in law; the territory within which power can be exercised', 'turf': 'surface layer of ground containing a mat of grass and grass roots', 'lair': 'the habitation of wild animals', 'launching_site': 'a place for launching pads', 'lawn': 'a field of cultivated and mowed grass', 'lee': 'the side of something that is sheltered from the wind', 'upper_limit': 'the limit on the upper (or northernmost) side of something', 'lower_limit': 'the limit on the lower (or southernmost) side of something', 'flight_line': 'place where airplanes are parked and the maintenance hangars (but not the runways or taxiways)', 'line_of_battle': 'a line formed by troops or ships prepared to deliver or receive an attack', 'salient': '(military) the part of the line of battle that projects closest to the enemy', 'battle_line': 'the line along which warring troops meet', 'line_of_flight': 'the path along which a freely moving object travels through the air', 'line_of_sight': 'an imaginary straight line along which an observer looks', 'lunar_latitude': 'an imaginary line around the moon parallel to its equator', 'littoral': 'the region of the shore of a lake or sea or ocean', 'loading_zone': 'a stop where carriers can be loaded and unloaded', 'load_line': 'waterlines to show the level the water should reach when the ship is properly loaded', 'Lombard_Street': 'a street in central London containing many of the major London banks', 'longitude': 'the angular distance between a point on any meridian and the prime meridian at Greenwich', 'Trafalgar_Square': 'a square in central London where there is a memorial to Admiral Nelson', 'Maghreb': 'the region of northwest Africa comprising the Atlas Mountains and the coastlands of Morocco and Algeria and Tunisia', 'magnetic_pole': \"either of two points where the lines of force of the Earth's magnetic field are vertical\", 'market_cross': 'a cross-shaped monument set up in the marketplace of a town where public business is often conducted', 'maximum': 'the largest possible quantity', 'grassland': 'land where grass or grasslike vegetation grows and is the dominant form of plant life', 'mecca': 'a place that attracts many visitors; \"New York is a mecca for young artists\"', 'melting_pot': 'an environment in which many ideas and races are socially assimilated', 'meridian': 'an imaginary great circle on the surface of the earth passing through the north and south poles at right angles to the equator; \"all points on the same meridian have the same longitude\"', \"observer's_meridian\": \"a meridian that passes through the observer's zenith\", 'prime_meridian': 'meridian at zero degree longitude from which east and west are reckoned (usually the Greenwich longitude in England)', 'Greenwich_Meridian': \"the meridian passing through Greenwich; was internationally adopted as the earth's zero of longitude in 1884\", 'magnetic_meridian': 'an imaginary line passing through both magnetic poles of the Earth', 'meteorological_observation_post': 'one of a network of observation posts where meteorological data is recorded', 'midair': 'some point in the air; above ground level; \"the planes collided in midair\"', 'minimum': 'the smallest possible quantity', 'monument': 'an important site that is marked and preserved as public property', 'mud_flat': 'a tract of low muddy land near an estuary; covered at high tide and exposed at low tide', 'nadir': 'an extreme state of adversity; the lowest point of anything', 'national_park': 'a tract of land declared by the national government to be public property', 'Acadia_National_Park': 'a national park in Maine showing marine erosion and glaciation; includes seashore and also the highest point on the Atlantic coast', 'Arches_National_Park': 'a national park in Utah including mountains and the Colorado River gorge and huge rock formations caused by erosion', 'Badlands_National_Park': 'a national park in South Dakota having multicolored peaks and spires resulting from erosion; fossil sites', 'Big_Bend': 'a triangular area in southwestern Texas on the Mexican border; formed by a bend in the Rio Grande', 'Big_Bend_National_Park': 'a large national park in Texas featuring mountains and desert and canyons and wildlife', 'Biscayne_National_Park': 'a national park in Florida having underwater coral reefs and marine life', 'Bryce_Canyon_National_Park': 'a national park in Utah having multicolored rock erosions', 'Canyonlands_National_Park': 'a national park in Utah having rock formations and ancient cliff dwellings; canyons of the Green River and the Colorado River', 'Capitol_Reef_National_Park': 'a national park in Utah having colorful rock formations and desert plants and wildlife', 'Carlsbad_Caverns_National_Park': \"a national park in New Mexico featuring what is probably the world's largest cavern with spectacular underground formations\", 'Channel_Islands_National_Park': 'a national park in California featuring sea birds and marine life', 'Crater_Lake_National_Park': 'a national park in Oregon having the deepest lake in the United States in the crater of an extinct volcano', 'Denali_National_Park': 'a large national park in Alaska having peaks of the Alaska Range (including Mount McKinley) and the huge Denali fault', 'Everglades_National_Park': 'a national park in Florida containing an immense subtropical wilderness with mangrove swamps and rare birds and wild animals', 'Gates_of_the_Arctic_National_Park': 'a large national park in Alaska featuring the Great Mendenhall Glacier', 'Grand_Canyon_National_Park': 'a national park in Arizona including the mile deep canyon of the Colorado River which shows geologic features and fossil plants and animals', 'Grand_Teton_National_Park': 'a national park in Wyoming featuring mountains', 'Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park': 'a national park in Tennessee and North Carolina that includes the highest mountain in the eastern United States', 'Guadalupe_Mountains_National_Park': 'a national park in Texas that has the highest point in Texas; includes desert wilderness and the ancient Apache hunting grounds', 'Haleakala_National_Park': 'a national park in Hawaii including a dormant volcano', 'Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park': 'a national park in Hawaii featuring active volcanoes', 'Hot_Springs_National_Park': 'a national park in Arkansas featuring ancient hot springs; bathing is said to have therapeutic effects', 'Isle_Royal_National_Park': 'a national park on an island in Michigan; includes prehistoric iron mines', 'Katmai_National_Park': 'a national park in Alaska featuring mountains', 'Kenai_Fjords_National_Park': 'a national park in Alaska having mountains and whale watching and ancient Indian copper mines', 'Kings_Canyon_National_Park': 'a national park in California that has giant sequoia trees and alpine lakes and glaciers', 'Kobuk_Valley_National_Park': 'a national park in Alaska having mountains and forests and tundra and sand dunes and archeological sites', 'Lake_Clark_National_Park': 'a national park in Alaska having Eskimo and Athapaskan archeological sites', 'Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park': 'a national park in California having mountains and volcanic lakes and hot springs', 'Mammoth_Cave_National_Park': 'a national park in Kentucky having a large cavern and an underground river', 'Mesa_Verde_National_Park': 'a national park in Colorado containing prehistoric cliff dwellings; semiarid landscape', 'Mount_Ranier_National_Park': 'a national park in Washington having mountain terrain featuring glaciers and alpine lakes and streams and swamps', 'North_Cascades_National_Park': 'a national park in Washington that is an alpine wilderness area featuring gold rush and logging campsites', 'Olympic_National_Park': 'a national park in Washington having rain forests of giant evergreens', 'Petrified_Forest_National_Park': \"a national park in Arizona having the world's largest collection of petrified coniferous trees\", 'Platt_National_Park': 'a national park in Oklahoma having mineral springs', 'Redwood_National_Park': 'a national park in California featuring a redwood forest and Pacific Ocean coastline', 'Rocky_Mountain_National_Park': 'a national park in Colorado having mountains and lakes and streams and forests', 'Sequoia_National_Park': 'a national park in California that includes Mount Whitney', 'Shenandoah_National_Park': 'a national park in Virginia for the Blue Ridge Mountains', 'Theodore_Roosevelt_Memorial_National_Park': \"a national park in North Dakota that includes the site of former President Theodore Roosevelt's ranch\", 'Virgin_Islands_National_Park': 'a national park in the Virgin Islands having tropical plants and animals; sandy beaches and coral reefs', 'Voyageurs_National_Park': 'a national park in Minnesota having ancient rock outcroppings and evergreen forests', 'Wind_Cave_National_Park': 'a national park in South Dakota featuring bison herds and limestone caverns', 'windward': 'the direction from which the wind is coming', 'Wrangell-St._Elias_National_Park': 'the largest national park of the United States; located in Alaska', 'Yellowstone_National_Park': 'the first national park in the United States; located in the border area between Wyoming and Montana and Idaho; spectacular wilderness; famous for Old Faithful geyser and for buffalo and bears', 'Yosemite_National_Park': 'a national park in California famous for its waterfalls and rock formations', 'Zion_National_Park': 'a national park in Utah having huge canyons and gorges carved by mountain rivers', 'nesting_place': 'a place suitable for nesting', 'no-go_area': 'an area that is dangerous or impossible to enter or to which entry is forbidden', \"no_man's_land\": 'land that is unowned and uninhabited (and usually undesirable)', 'nombril': 'the center point on a shield', 'no-parking_zone': 'a space where automobiles are not allowed to park', 'north_celestial_pole': 'the celestial pole above the northern hemisphere; near Polaris', 'northern_hemisphere': 'the hemisphere that is to the north of the equator', 'North_Pole': \"the northernmost point of the Earth's axis\", 'old_country': 'the country of origin of an immigrant', 'orbit': 'the path of an electron around the nucleus of an atom', 'geosynchronous_orbit': 'a circular orbit around the Earth having a period of 24 hours', 'geostationary_orbit': 'a geosynchronous orbit that is fixed with respect to a position on the Earth', 'coastline': 'the outline of a coast', 'outside': 'the region that is outside of something', 'outdoors': 'where the air is unconfined; \"he wanted to get outdoors a little\"; \"the concert was held in the open air\"; \"camping in the open\"', 'outstation': 'a station in a remote or sparsely populated location', 'overlook': 'a high place affording a good view', 'parade_ground': 'an area for holding parades', 'fairground': 'an open area for holding fairs or exhibitions or circuses', 'midway': 'the place at a fair or carnival where sideshows and similar amusements are located', 'parking_lot': 'a lot where cars are parked', 'parking_space': 'a space where an automobile can be parked', 'parts': 'the local environment; \"he hasn\\'t been seen around these parts in years\"', 'pasture': 'a field covered with grass or herbage and suitable for grazing by livestock', 'beeline': 'the most direct route; \"he made a beeline for the bathroom\"', 'crosscut': 'a diagonal path', 'supply_line': 'a route over which supplies can be delivered', 'line_of_fire': 'the path of a missile discharged from a firearm', 'migration_route': 'the geographic route along which birds customarily migrate', 'patriarchate': 'the jurisdiction of a patriarch', 'peak': 'the top or extreme point of something (usually a mountain or hill); \"the view from the peak was magnificent\"; \"they clambered to the tip of Monadnock\"; \"the region is a few molecules wide at the summit\"', 'periapsis': '(astronomy) the point in an orbit closest to the body being orbited', 'perigee': 'periapsis in Earth orbit; the point in its orbit where a satellite is nearest to the Earth', 'perihelion': 'periapsis in solar orbit; the point in the orbit of a planet or comet where it is nearest to the sun', 'perijove': 'periapsis in orbit around Jupiter', 'periselene': 'periapsis in orbit around the moon', 'pesthole': 'a breeding ground for epidemic disease', 'picnic_area': 'a tract of land set aside for picnicking', 'prairie': 'a treeless grassy plain', 'public_square': 'an open area at the meeting of two or more streets', 'toll_plaza': 'an area where tollbooths are located', 'pole_position': 'the most favorable position at the start of a race', 'polls': 'the place where people vote', 'pride_of_place': 'the first or highest or most important or most ostentatious place', 'military_position': 'a point occupied by troops for tactical reasons', 'anomaly': 'deviation from the normal or common order or form or rule', 'site': 'the piece of land on which something is located (or is to be located); \"a good site for the school\"', 'active_site': 'the part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs', 'close_quarters': 'a situation of being uncomfortably close to someone or something', 'locus_of_infection': 'the specific site in the body where an infection originates', 'restriction_site': 'the specific sites at which a restriction enzyme will cleave DNA', 'stage_right': \"the part of the stage on the actor's right as the actor faces the audience\", 'stage_left': \"the part of the stage on the actor's left as the actor faces the audience\", 'new_town': 'a planned urban community created in a rural or undeveloped area and designed to be self-sufficient with its own housing and education and commerce and recreation', \"potter's_field\": 'a cemetery for unknown or indigent people', 'premises': 'land and the buildings on it; \"bread is baked on the premises\"; \"the were evicted from the premises\"', 'protectorate': 'a state or territory partly controlled by (but not a possession of) a stronger state but autonomous in internal affairs; protectorates are established by treaty', 'kasbah': 'an older or native quarter of many cities in northern Africa; the quarter in which the citadel is located', 'medina': 'the ancient quarter of many cities in northern Africa', 'Queen_Maud_Land': 'a region of Antarctica between Enderby Land and the Weddell Sea; claimed by Norway', 'rain_shadow': 'an area that has little precipitation because some barrier causes the winds to lose their moisture before reaching it', 'rearward': 'direction toward the rear; \"his outfit marched to the rearward of the tank divisions\"', 'red_line': 'a line that is colored red and that bisects an ice hockey rink', 'antipodes': 'any two places or regions on diametrically opposite sides of the Earth; \"the North Pole and the South Pole are antipodes\"', 'staging_area': 'an area where troops and equipment in transit are assembled before a military operation', 'rhumb_line': 'a line on a sphere that cuts all meridians at the same angle; the path taken by a ship or plane that maintains a constant compass direction', 'right_ascension': '(astronomy) the equatorial coordinate specifying the angle, measured eastward along the celestial equator, from the vernal equinox to the intersection of the hour circle that passes through an object in the sky; usually expressed in hours and minutes and seconds; used with declination to specify positions on the celestial sphere; \"one hour of right ascension equals fifteen degrees\"', 'waterfront': 'the area of a city (such as a harbor or dockyard) alongside a body of water', 'seafront': 'the waterfront of a seaside town', 'entrepot': 'a port where merchandise can be imported and then exported without paying import duties; \"Bahrain has been an entrepot of trade between Arabia and India since the second millennium BC\"', 'free_port': 'an area adjoining a port where goods that are intended for reshipment can be received and stored without payment of duties', 'home_port': 'the port from which a ship originates of where it is registered', 'outport': 'a subsidiary port built in deeper water than the original port (but usually farther from the center of trade)', 'port_of_entry': 'a port in the United States where customs officials are stationed to oversee the entry and exit of people and merchandise', 'seaport': 'a sheltered port where ships can take on or discharge cargo', 'coaling_station': 'a seaport where ships can take on supplies of coal', 'port_of_call': 'any port where a ship stops except its home port', 'treaty_port': 'a port in China or Korea or Japan that once was open to foreign trade on the basis of a trading treaty', 'roads': 'a partly sheltered anchorage', 'dockyard': 'an establishment on the waterfront where vessels are built or fitted out or repaired', 'resort': 'a hotel located in a resort area', 'resort_area': 'an area where many people go for recreation', 'rough': 'the part of a golf course bordering the fairway where the grass is not cut short', 'vicinity': 'a surrounding or nearby region; \"the plane crashed in the vicinity of Asheville\"; \"it is a rugged locality\"; \"he always blames someone else in the immediate neighborhood\"; \"I will drop in on you the next time I am in this neck of the woods\"', 'gold_coast': 'a rich neighborhood noted for expensive homes and luxurious living; usually along a coastal area; \"Chicago\\'s gold coast is along Lake Michigan\"', \"'hood\": '(slang) a neighborhood', 'ashram': 'a place of religious retreat modeled after the Indian ashram', 'Camp_David': 'a retreat to the northwest of Washington that is used by the president of the United States', 'nook': 'a sheltered and secluded place', 'pleasance': 'a pleasant and secluded part of a garden; usually attached to a mansion', 'harborage': '(nautical) a place of refuge (as for a ship)', 'danger': 'a cause of pain or injury or loss; \"he feared the dangers of traveling by air\"', 'danger_line': 'a line beyond which it is dangerous to go', 'rookery': 'a breeding ground for gregarious birds (such as rooks)', 'countryside': 'rural regions', 'scrubland': 'an uncultivated region covered with scrub vegetation', 'weald': 'an area of open or forested country', 'wold': 'a tract of open rolling country (especially upland)', 'safari_park': 'an area of parkland where wild animals are kept and can be viewed by visitors driving through', 'sanctum': 'a place of inviolable privacy; \"he withdrew to his sanctum sanctorum, where the children could never go\"', 'sandlot': 'a vacant lot used by city boys to play games', 'savanna': 'a flat grassland in tropical or subtropical regions', 'field_of_honor': 'the scene of a duel', 'schoolyard': 'the yard associated with a school', 'churchyard': 'the yard associated with a church', 'scour': 'a place that is scoured (especially by running water)', 'service_area': 'place on a highway providing garage services and eating and toilet facilities', 'showplace': 'a place that is frequently exhibited and visited for its historical interest or natural beauty', 'bedside': 'space by the side of a bed (especially the bed of a sick or dying person); \"the doctor stood at her bedside\"', 'blind_side': 'the side on which your vision is limited or obstructed', 'dockside': 'the region adjacent to a boat dock', 'east_side': 'the side that is on the east', 'north_side': 'the side that is on the north', 'shipside': 'the part of a wharf that is next to a ship', 'south_side': 'the side that is on the south', 'west_side': 'the side that is on the west', 'scrimmage_line': 'line parallel to the goal lines where football linesmen line up at the start of each play in American football; \"the runner was tackled at the line of scrimmage\"', 'service_line': 'the back line bounding each end of a tennis or handball court; when serving the server must not step over this line', 'skyline': 'the outline of objects seen against the sky', 'slum': 'a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions', 'shantytown': 'a city district inhabited by people living in huts and shanties', 'skid_row': 'a city district frequented by vagrants and alcoholics and addicts', 'ski_resort': 'a resort with lodging and facilities for skiing', 'solitude': 'a state of social isolation', 'southern_hemisphere': 'the hemisphere to the south of the equator', 'South_Pole': \"the southernmost point of the Earth's axis\", 'south_celestial_pole': 'the celestial pole above the southern hemisphere', 'touchline': 'either of the sidelines in soccer or rugby', 'yard_line': 'in football; line parallel to the goal lines indicating position on the field', 'American_state': 'one of the 50 states of the United States', 'Stonehenge': 'an ancient megalithic monument in southern England; probably used for ritual purposes', 'stopover': 'a stopping place on a journey; \"there is a stopover to change planes in Chicago\"', 'stratum': 'one of several parallel layers of material arranged one on top of another (such as a layer of tissue or cells in an organism or a layer of sedimentary rock)', 'Strand': 'a street in west central London famous for its theaters and hotels', 'soil_horizon': 'a layer in a soil profile', 'A-horizon': 'the top layer of a soil profile; usually contains humus', 'B-horizon': 'immediately below the A-horizon; contains deposits of organic matter leached from surface soils', 'C-horizon': 'beneath the B-horizon and above the bedrock; consisting of weathered rock', 'geological_horizon': 'a layer of rock with a particular composition (especially of fossils); for dating the stratum', 'coal_seam': 'a seam of coal', 'coalface': 'the part of a coal seam that is being cut', 'coalfield': 'a region where there is coal underground', 'gasfield': 'a region where there is natural gas underground', 'oilfield': 'a region rich in petroleum deposits (especially one with producing oil wells)', 'tank_farm': 'an area used exclusively for storing petroleum in large tanks', 'tax_haven': 'a country or independent region where taxes are low', 'toxic_site': 'a site where toxic wastes have been dumped and the Environmental Protection Agency has designated them to be cleaned up', 'orphan_site': 'a toxic waste area where the polluter could not be identified or the polluter refused to take action or pay for the cleanup', 'Temperate_Zone': \"the part of the Earth's surface between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer or between the Antarctic Circle and the Tropic of Capricorn; characterized by temperate climate\", 'North_Temperate_Zone': 'Temperate Zone between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer', 'South_Temperate_Zone': 'Temperate Zone between the Antarctic Circle and the Tropic of Capricorn', 'terreplein': 'level space where heavy guns can be mounted behind the parapet at the top of a rampart', 'testing_ground': 'a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation; \"the new nation is a testing ground for socioeconomic theories\"; \"Pakistan is a laboratory for studying the use of American troops to combat terrorism\"', 'theme_park': 'an amusement park that is organized around some theme (as the world of tomorrow)', 'three-mile_limit': \"the limit of a nation's territorial waters\", 'desktop': 'the top of a desk', 'rooftop': 'the top of a (usually flat) roof', 'tiptop': 'the extreme top or summit', 'topographic_point': 'a point located with respect to surface features of some region; \"this is a nice place for a picnic\"; \"a bright spot on a planet\"', 'Torrid_Zone': \"the part of the Earth's surface between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn; characterized by a hot climate\", 'burg': 'colloquial American term for a town; \"I\\'ve lived in this burg all my life\"', 'boom_town': 'a town enjoying sudden prosperity', 'cow_town': 'a small town in a cattle-raising area of western North America', 'ghost_town': 'a deserted settlement (especially in western United States)', 'hometown': 'the town (or city) where you grew up or where you have your principal residence; \"he never went back to his hometown again\"', 'Main_Street': 'any small town (or the people who inhabit it); generally used to represent parochialism and materialism (after a novel by Sinclair Lewis); \"Main Street will never vote for a liberal politician\"', 'market_town': 'a (usually small) town where a public market is held at stated times', 'township': 'an administrative division of a county; \"the town is responsible for snow removal\"', 'kampong': 'a native village in Malaysia', 'pueblo': 'a communal village built by Indians in the southwestern United States', 'subtropics': 'regions adjacent to the tropics', 'mine_field': 'a tract of land containing explosive mines', 'terrain': 'a piece of ground having specific characteristics or military potential; \"they decided to attack across the rocky terrain\"', 'lot': 'a parcel of land having fixed boundaries; \"he bought a lot on the lake\"', 'tropic': 'either of two parallels of latitude about 23.5 degrees to the north and south of the equator representing the points farthest north and south at which the sun can shine directly overhead and constituting the boundaries of the Torrid Zone or tropics', 'Tropic_of_Cancer': 'a line of latitude about 23 degrees to the north of the equator', 'Tropic_of_Capricorn': 'a line of latitude about 23 degrees to the south of the equator', 'trust_territory': 'a dependent country; administered by another country under the supervision of the United Nations', 'urban_area': 'a geographical area constituting a city or town', 'barrio': 'a Spanish-speaking quarter in a town or city (especially in the United States)', 'used-car_lot': 'a parking lot where a dealer in used-cars displays cars for sale', 'vacant_lot': 'a lot on which there are no permanent buildings', 'Van_Allen_belt': \"a belt of charged particles (resulting from cosmic rays) above the Earth trapped by the Earth's magnetic field\", 'vantage': 'place or situation affording some advantage (especially a comprehensive view or commanding perspective)', 'vantage_point': 'a place from which something can be viewed; \"from that vantage point he could survey the whole valley\"', 'veld': 'elevated open grassland in southern Africa', 'venue': 'the scene of any event or action (especially the place of a meeting)', 'vertical_circle': 'a great circle on the celestial sphere passing through the zenith and perpendicular to the horizon', 'viceroyalty': 'a district or province governed by a viceroy', 'Victoria_Land': 'a mountainous area of Antarctica bounded by the Ross Sea and Wilkes Land', 'village_green': 'a village park consisting of a plot of grassy land', 'watering_place': 'a health resort near a spring or at the seaside', 'waterline': 'a line corresponding to the surface of the water when the vessel is afloat on an even keel; often painted on the hull of a ship', 'water_line': 'a line marking the level reached by a body of water', 'high-water_mark': 'a line marking the highest level reached', 'low-water_mark': 'a line marking the lowest level reached', 'watershed': 'a ridge of land that separates two adjacent river systems', 'continental_divide': 'the watershed of a continent (especially the watershed of North America formed by a series of mountain ridges extending from Alaska to Mexico)', 'Great_Divide': 'that part of the continental divide formed by the Rocky Mountains in the United States', 'trade_route': 'a route followed by traders (usually in caravans)', 'Silk_Road': 'an ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean (4,000 miles); followed by Marco Polo in the 13th century to reach Cathay', 'Northwest_Passage': 'a water route between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean along the northern coast of North America; Europeans since the 16th century had searched for a short route to the Far East before it was successfully traversed by Roald Amundsen (1903-1906)', 'east-west_direction': 'in a direction parallel with lines of latitude', 'north-south_direction': 'in a direction parallel with lines of longitude', 'qibla': 'the direction of the Kaaba toward which Muslims turn for their daily prayers', 'wave_front': 'all the points just reached by a wave as it propagates', 'Wilkes_Land': 'a coastal region of Antarctica on the Indian Ocean to the south of Australia; most of the territory is claimed by Australia', 'western_hemisphere': 'the hemisphere that includes North America and South America', 'West': 'British writer (born in Ireland) (1892-1983)', 'Wild_West': 'the western United States during its frontier period', 'wheatfield': 'a field planted with wheat', 'whereabouts': 'the general location where something is; \"I questioned him about his whereabouts on the night of the crime\"', \"winner's_circle\": 'a small area at a racecourse where awards are given to the owners of winning horses', 'workspace': 'space allocated for your work (as in an office)', 'tiltyard': '(formerly) an enclosed field for tilting contests', 'zenith': 'the point above the observer that is directly opposite the nadir on the imaginary sphere against which celestial bodies appear to be projected', 'sign_of_the_zodiac': '(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided', 'Aries': '(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Aries', 'Taurus': '(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Taurus', 'Gemini': '(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Gemini', 'Leo': '(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Leo', 'Virgo': '(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Virgo', 'Libra': '(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Libra', 'Scorpio': '(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Scorpio', 'Capricorn': '(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Capricorn', 'Aquarius': '(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Aquarius', 'buffer_zone': 'a neutral zone between two rival powers that is created in order to diminish the danger of conflict', 'combat_zone': 'a city district known for its vice and high crime rate', 'war_zone': 'a combat zone where military operations are coordinated (especially a designated area in international waters where the rights of neutrals are not respected by nations at war)', 'airhead': 'a flighty scatterbrained simpleton; \"she\\'s a total airhead\"; \"every airhead on a big salary rushed out to buy one\"', 'danger_zone': 'a dangerous area', 'demilitarized_zone': 'a zone from which military forces or operations or installations are prohibited; \"tensions exist on both sides of the demilitarized zone separating North Korea and South Korea\"', 'drop_zone': 'an agreed area where military supplies are dropped to ground troops', 'kill_zone': 'an area where a battle has occurred with many fatalities', 'killing_field': '(usually plural) an area where many people have died (usually by massacre or genocide during war or violent civil disturbance)', 'enterprise_zone': 'a city district where development receives special tax advantages', 'outskirt': 'a part of the city far removed from the center; \"they built a factory on the outskirts of the city\"', 'strike_zone': \"(baseball) the area over home plate between a batter's knees and shoulders through which a pitch must pass in order to be called a strike\", 'tidal_zone': 'an area subject to tidal action', 'time_zone': 'any of the 24 regions of the globe (loosely divided by longitude) throughout which the same standard time is used', 'transit_zone': 'a six million square mile area that includes the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico and the eastern Pacific Ocean; includes the principal routes used by drug smugglers', 'national_capital': 'the capital city of a nation', 'provincial_capital': 'the capital city of a province', 'state_capital': 'the capital city of a political subdivision of a country', 'Continent': 'the European mainland; \"Englishmen like to visit the Continent but they wouldn\\'t like to live there\"', 'European_country': 'any one of the countries occupying the European continent', 'Scandinavian_country': 'any one of the countries occupying Scandinavia', 'Balkans': 'the major mountain range of Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula', 'Balkan_country': 'any one of the countries on the Balkan Peninsula', 'African_country': 'any one of the countries occupying the African continent', 'East_Africa': 'a geographical area in eastern Africa', 'Namibia': 'a republic in southwestern Africa on the south Atlantic coast (formerly called South West Africa); achieved independence from South Africa in 1990; the greater part of Namibia forms part of the high Namibian plateau of South Africa', 'Windhoek': 'capital of Namibia in the center of the country', 'Asian_country': 'any one of the nations occupying the Asian continent', 'Cappadocia': 'an ancient country is eastern Asia Minor', 'Galatia': 'an ancient country in central Asia Minor', 'Phrygia': 'an ancient country in western and central Asia Minor', 'Colossae': 'an ancient city in south western Phrygia in Asia Minor; site of an early Christian Church', 'Pontus': '(Greek mythology) ancient personification of the sea; father of Nereus', 'Asia_Minor': 'a peninsula in southwestern Asia that forms the Asian part of Turkey', 'South_American_country': 'any one of the countries occupying the South American continent', 'North_American_country': 'any country on the North American continent', 'Central_American_country': 'any one of the countries occupying Central America; these countries (except for Belize and Costa Rica) are characterized by low per capita income and unstable governments', 'Afghanistan': 'a mountainous landlocked country in central Asia; bordered by Iran to the west and Russia to the north and Pakistan to the east and south; \"Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan in 1979\"', 'Herat': 'a city in northwestern Afghanistan on the site of several ancient cities', 'Jalalabad': 'a town in eastern Afghanistan (east of Kabul)', 'Kabul': 'the capital and largest city of Afghanistan; located in eastern Afghanistan', 'Kandahar': 'a city in southern Afghanistan; an important trading center', 'Mazar-i-Sharif': 'a city in northern Afghanistan', 'Illyria': 'an uncertain region on the east shore of the Adriatic where an ancient Indo-European people once lived', 'Albania': 'a republic in southeastern Europe on the Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula', 'Tirana': 'the capital and largest city of Albania in the center of the country', 'Durres': 'port city in western Albania on the Adriatic', 'Algeria': 'a republic in northwestern Africa on the Mediterranean Sea with a population that is predominantly Sunni Muslim; colonized by France in the 19th century but gained autonomy in the early 1960s', 'Algiers': 'an ancient port on the Mediterranean; the capital and largest city of Algeria', 'Annaba': 'a port city of northeastern Algeria near the Tunisian border', 'Batna': 'a town in north central Algeria', 'Blida': 'a city in northern Algeria at the foot of the Atlas Mountains to the southwest of Algiers', 'Oran': \"a port city in northwestern Algeria and the country's 2nd largest city\", 'Constantine': 'Emperor of Rome who stopped the persecution of Christians and in 324 made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire; in 330 he moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (280-337)', 'Djanet': 'a desert town in southeastern Algeria', 'Hippo': 'an ancient Numidian town in northwestern Africa adjoining present-day Annaba in northeastern Algeria', 'Reggane': 'a town in central Algeria', 'Timgad': 'an ancient town founded by the Romans; noted for extensive and well-preserved ruins', 'Timimoun': 'a town in central Algeria in the Atlas Mountains', 'Numidia': 'an ancient kingdom (later a Roman province) in North Africa in an area corresponding roughly to present-day Algeria', 'Angola': 'a republic in southwestern Africa on the Atlantic Ocean; achieved independence from Portugal in 1975 and was the scene of civil war until 1990', 'Luanda': 'port city on Atlantic coast; the capital and largest city of Angola', 'Huambo': 'a city in the mountains in western Angola', 'Lobito': 'a seaport on the Atlantic coast of Angola', 'Aran_Islands': 'three small islands belonging to Ireland at the entrance to Galway Bay', 'Caribbean': 'an arm of the Atlantic Ocean between North and South America; the origin of the Gulf stream', 'Cayman_Islands': 'a British colony in the Caribbean to the northwest of Jamaica; an international banking center', 'George_Town': 'the capital of the Cayman Islands', 'Antigua_and_Barbuda': 'a country in the northern Leeward Islands', 'Antigua': 'the largest of the islands comprising Antigua and Barbuda', 'Barbuda': 'an island in Antigua and Barbuda', 'Redonda': 'an island in Antigua and Barbuda', \"St._John's\": 'the capital and largest city of Antigua and Barbuda; located on the island of Antigua', 'Bengal': 'a region whose eastern part is now Bangladesh and whose western part is included in India', 'Bermuda': 'a group of islands in the Atlantic off the Carolina coast; British colony; a popular resort', 'Hamilton': 'Irish mathematician (1806-1865)', 'Bermuda_Triangle': 'an area in the western Atlantic Ocean where many ships and planes are supposed to have been mysteriously lost', 'Bouvet_Island': 'an island belonging to Norway in the South Atlantic near the Antarctic Circle', 'Montserrat': 'a volcanic island in the Caribbean; in the West Indies', 'Patagonia': 'region in southern South America between the Andes and the South Atlantic', 'Triple_Frontier': 'the border area where Argentina and Brazil and Paraguay meet; an active South American center for contraband and drug trafficking and money laundering; a suspected locale for Islamic extremist groups', 'Bahia_Blanca': 'a port city in eastern Argentina to the southwest of Buenos Aires on an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean', 'Buenos_Aires': \"capital and largest city of Argentina; located in eastern Argentina near Uruguay; Argentina's chief port and industrial and cultural center\", 'Cordoba': 'Spanish explorer who discovered Yucatan (1475-1526)', 'Moron': 'a city in Argentina, to the west of Buenos Aires', 'Rosario': 'a port city on the Parana River in eastern central Argentina', 'Vicente_Lopez': 'an industrial suburb of Buenos Aires', 'pampas': 'the vast grassy plains of northern Argentina', 'Balkan_Peninsula': 'a large peninsula in southeastern Europe containing the Balkan Mountain Range', 'Bulgaria': 'a republic in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe', 'Sofia': 'capital and largest city of Bulgaria located in western Bulgaria', 'Dobrich': 'a city in northeastern Bulgaria (north of Varna) that is the commercial center of an agricultural region', 'Plovdiv': 'an ancient city in southern Bulgaria; commercial center of an agricultural region', 'Varna': 'a port city in northeastern Bulgaria on the Black Sea', 'Southeast_Asia': 'a geographical division of Asia that includes Indochina plus Indonesia and the Philippines and Singapore', 'Myanmar': 'a mountainous republic in southeastern Asia on the Bay of Bengal; \"much opium is grown in Myanmar\"', 'Yangon': 'the capital and largest city of Myanmar; located in the south near the Irrawaddy river delta', 'Mandalay': 'a city in central Myanmar to the north of Rangoon', 'Moulmein': 'a port city of southern Myanmar on the Gulf of Martaban', 'Burundi': 'a landlocked republic in east central Africa on the northeastern shore of Lake Tanganyika', 'Bujumbura': 'the capital and largest city of Burundi; \"Usumbura was renamed Bujumbura when Burundi became independent in 1962\"', 'Cambodia': 'a nation in southeastern Asia; was part of Indochina under French rule until 1946', 'Phnom_Penh': 'the capital and largest city of Kampuchea', 'Cameroon': 'an inactive volcano in western Cameroon; highest peak on the West African coast', 'Yaounde': 'the capital of Cameroon', 'Douala': 'the largest city of Cameroon', 'Cape_Verde_Islands': 'a group of islands in the Atlantic off of the coast of Senegal', 'Cape_Verde': 'an island country in the Atlantic off the coast of Senegal', 'Praia': 'the capital of Cape Verde on Sao Tiago Island', 'Sao_Tiago_Island': 'largest of the Cape Verde Islands in the Atlantic Ocean', 'Falkland_Islands': 'a group of over 100 islands in the southern Atlantic off the coast of Argentina; a British Crown Colony', 'Central_African_Republic': 'a landlocked country in central Africa; formerly under French control; became independent in 1960', 'Bangui': 'the capital and largest city of the Central African Republic', 'Ceylon': 'an island in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of India', 'Sri_Lanka': 'a republic on the island of Ceylon; became independent of the United Kingdom in 1948', 'Colombo': 'the capital and largest city of Sri Lanka; has one of the largest harbors in the world; is located on the western coast of the island of Ceylon', 'Kandy': 'a city of central Sri Lanka that was the last capital of the ancient kings of Ceylon; a resort and religious center', 'Eelam': 'the independent state that the Tamil Tigers have fought for', \"N'Djamena\": 'the capital and largest city of Chad; located in the southwestern on the Shari river', 'Chile': 'a republic in southern South America on the western slopes of the Andes on the south Pacific coast', 'Antofagasta': 'a port city on the Pacific in northern Chile', 'Chiloe': 'the largest Chilean island and the only one to be settled; located off south-central Chile', 'Concepcion': 'an industrial city in Chile to the south of Santiago', 'Gran_Santiago': 'the capital and largest city of Chile; located in central Chile; one of the largest cities in South America', 'Punta_Arenas': 'a city in southern Chile on the Strait of Magellan; the southernmost city in the world', 'Temuco': 'a city in central Chile to the south of Concepcion', 'Valparaiso': 'the chief port and second largest city of Chile; located on a wide harbor in central Chile', 'Vina_del_Mar': 'a resort city on the Pacific in central Chile', 'Tierra_del_Fuego': 'an archipelago off southern South America; separated from the continent by the Strait of Magellan; islands are administered by Chile and by Argentina', 'Cape_Horn': 'a rocky headland belonging to Chile at the southernmost tip of South America (south of Tierra del Fuego)', 'Manchuria': 'a region in northeastern China', 'China': 'a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world', 'Turkistan': 'a historical region of central Asia that was a center for trade between the East and the West', 'Beijing': \"capital of the People's Republic of China in the Hebei province in northeastern China; 2nd largest Chinese city\", 'Forbidden_City': 'a walled section of Beijing that encloses the palace that was formerly the residence of the emperor of China', 'Chongqing': 'a city in south-central China on the Chang Jiang; a commercial center for western China', 'Guangdong': 'a province in southern China', 'Guangzhou': 'a city on the Zhu Jiang delta in southern China; the capital of Guangdong province and a major deep-water port', 'Gansu': 'a province in north-central China; formerly part of the Silk Road to Turkistan and India and Persia', 'Hebei': 'a populous province in northeastern China', 'Hunan': 'a province in southeastern central China between the Nan Ling mountains and the Chang Jiang; noted for its timber and valuable mineral resources', 'Szechwan': 'a populous province of south central China', 'Yunnan': 'a province of southern China', 'Lanzhou': 'the capital city of the Chinese province of Gansu on the Yellow River', 'Luda': 'an industrial conurbation in northeastern China on the southern end of the Liaodong Peninsula; it now includes the cities of Dalian and Lushun', 'Dalian': 'a port and shipbuilding center in northeastern China on the Liaodong Peninsula; now a part of Luda', 'Luoyang': 'a city in east central China; the capital of ancient China during several dynasties', 'Lushun': 'a major port city in northeastern China on the Liaodong Peninsula; now a part of Luda', 'Hangzhou': 'a city of eastern China on Hangzhou Bay; regarded by Marco Polo as the finest city in the world', 'Nanchang': 'a walled city in southeastern China on the Gan Jiang', 'Nanning': 'an industrial city in southern China', 'Nanjing': 'a city in eastern China on the Yangtze River; a former capital of China; the scene of a Japanese massacre in the 1930s', 'Shanghai': 'the largest city of China; located in the east on the Pacific; one of the largest ports in the world', 'Shenyang': 'a city in northeastern China', 'Taiyuan': 'an ancient city in northeastern China noted for coal mining and steel production', 'Tangshan': 'an industrial city of northeastern China in Hebei province', 'Tianjin': 'a major industrial center in northeastern China on the Grand Canal near the Yellow Sea; 3rd largest city in China', 'Grand_Canal': 'the major waterway in Venice, Italy', 'Wuhan': 'a city of central China on the Chang Jiang; the commercial and industrial center of central China', 'Xian': 'a city of central China; capital of ancient Chinese empire 221-206 BC', 'Xinjiang': \"an autonomous province in far northwestern China on the border with Mongolia and Kazakhstan; the largest province in the People's Republic of China and the homeland of the Uighur people\", 'Inner_Mongolia': 'an autonomous region of northeastern China that was annexed by the Manchu rulers in 1635 and became an integral part of China in 1911', 'Hohhot': 'a northern industrial city of China to the northwest of Beijing', 'Taiwan': 'a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong', 'Taipei': 'the capital of Nationalist China; located in northern Taiwan', 'Taichung': 'a city in Taiwan', 'Hong_Kong': \"formerly a Crown Colony on the coast of southern China in Guangdong province; leased by China to Britain in 1842 and returned in 1997; one of the world's leading commercial centers\", 'Macao': 'a former Portuguese province on the south coast of China and two islands in the South China Sea; reverted to China in 1999', 'Indochina': 'a peninsula of southeastern Asia that includes Myanmar and Cambodia and Laos and Malaysia and Thailand and Vietnam', 'French_Indochina': 'the French colonies of the territory now occupied by Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam', 'Colombia': 'a republic in northwestern South America with a coastline on the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea; achieved independence from Spain in 1821 under the leadership of Simon Bolivar; Spanish is the official language', 'Barranquilla': 'a port city of northern Colombia near the Caribbean on the Magdalena River', 'Bogota': 'capital and largest city of Colombia; located in central Colombia on a high fertile plain', 'Cali': 'city in southwestern Colombia in a rich agricultural area', 'Medellin': 'city in western Colombia; important coffee center', 'Cartagena': 'a port in southeastern Spain on the Mediterranean', 'Soledad': 'a city in northern Colombia; a suburb of Barranquilla', 'Comoro_Islands': 'three main islands and numerous islets in the Indian Ocean between Mozambique and Madagascar', 'Comoros': 'a country on the Comoro Islands', 'Congo': \"a major African river (one of the world's longest); flows through Congo into the South Atlantic\", 'Brazzaville': 'the capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo', 'Goma': 'a city in eastern Congo at the northern end of Lake Kivu near the border with Rwanda', 'Kananga': 'a city in southwestern Congo; former name (until 1966) was Luluabourg', 'Kinshasa': 'the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the Congo river opposite Brazzaville', 'Lubumbashi': 'a city in southeastern Congo near the border with Zambia; a copper mining center; former name (until 1966) was Elisabethville', 'Mesoamerica': 'Mexico and Central America', 'Costa_Rica': 'a republic in Central America; one of the most politically stable countries in Latin America', 'San_Jose': 'a city in western California located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay to the south of San Francisco; a center for computer and electronics industries', 'Ivory_Coast': 'a republic in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; one of the most prosperous and politically stable countries in Africa', 'Abidjan': 'city recognized by the United States as the capital of the Ivory Coast; largest city of the Ivory Coast', 'Yamoussukro': 'capital of the Ivory Coast', 'Guatemala': 'a republic in Central America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821; noted for low per capita income and illiteracy; politically unstable', 'Guatemala_City': 'the capital and largest city of Guatemala', 'Belize': 'a country on the northeastern coast of Central America on the Caribbean; formerly under British control', 'Honduras': 'a republic in Central America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821; an early center of Mayan culture', 'Tegucigalpa': 'the capital and largest city of Honduras', 'San_Pedro_Sula': 'industrial city in northwestern Honduras', 'El_Salvador': 'a republic on the Pacific coast of Central America', 'San_Salvador': 'the capital and largest city of El Salvador; has suffered from recurrent earthquakes', 'Santa_Ana': 'a strong hot dry wind that blows in winter from the deserts of southern California toward the Pacific Coast', 'Nicaragua': 'a republic in Central America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821', 'Managua': 'the capital and largest city of Nicaragua', 'Panama': 'a republic on the Isthmus of Panama; achieved independence from Colombia in 1903', 'Panama_City': 'a resort and fishing town on the Gulf of Mexico in northwest Florida', 'Colon': 'a port city at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal', 'Panama_Canal_Zone': 'a zone consisting of a strip of land across the Isthmus of Panama that contains the Panama Canal', 'Yucatan': 'a state of Mexico on the northern part of the Yucatan Peninsula', 'Merida': 'the capital of the Mexican state of Yucatan', 'Campeche': 'a Mexican city on the Bay of Campeche', 'Cancun': 'a popular island resort off the northeastern tip of the Yucatan peninsula', 'Mexico': 'a republic in southern North America; became independent from Spain in 1810', 'Acapulco': 'a port and fashionable resort city on the Pacific coast of southern Mexico; known for beaches and water sports (including cliff diving)', 'Ciudad_Juarez': 'a city in northern Mexico on the Rio Grande opposite El Paso', 'Ciudad_Victoria': 'a city in east central Mexico', 'Coahuila': 'a state in northern Mexico; mostly high plateau', 'Culiacan': 'a city in northwestern Mexico', 'Durango': 'a city in north central Mexico; mining center', 'Guadalajara': 'a city in southwestern Mexico; a popular health resort and site of architecture from the Spanish colonial era', 'Hermosillo': 'a city in northwestern Mexico near the Gulf of California', 'Leon': 'a historical area and former kingdom in northwestern Spain', 'Matamoros': 'a city in northeastern Mexico opposite Brownsville near the mouth of the Rio Grande', 'Mazatlan': 'a port city in western Mexico on the Pacific Ocean; tourist center', 'Mexicali': 'a city in northwestern Mexico near the California border', 'Mexico_City': \"the capital and largest city of Mexico is a political and cultural and commercial and industrial center; one of the world's largest cities\", 'Monterrey': 'an industrial city in northeastern Mexico', 'Nogales': 'a town in Arizona on the Mexican border opposite Nogales, Mexico', 'Oaxaca': 'a city of southeastern Mexico', 'Orizaba': 'a city of east central Mexico (west of Veracruz); a popular resort', 'Puebla': 'a city in south central Mexico (southeast of Mexico City) on the edge of central Mexican plateau', 'Quintana_Roo': 'a Mexican state on the eastern side of the Yucatan Peninsula', 'San_Luis_Potosi': 'a city in central Mexico', 'Santa_Maria_del_Tule': 'a town in southeastern Mexico near Oaxaca; site of Ahuehuete, a giant Montezuma cypress', 'Tepic': 'a city in west central Mexico', 'Tampico': 'a port city in eastern Mexico', 'Torreon': 'a city in northern Mexico to the west of Monterrey', 'Tijuana': 'a Mexican city just to the south of San Diego on the Lower California peninsula; popular among American tourists for racetracks and bullfights', 'Tuxtla_Gutierrez': 'a city in southeastern Mexico', 'Veracruz': 'a major Mexican port on the Gulf of Mexico in the state of Veracruz', 'Villahermosa': 'a city in southeastern Mexico; the capital of the state of Tabasco', 'Guadalupe_Island': 'a Mexican island in the Pacific to the west of Baja California', 'Caribbean_Island': 'an island in the Caribbean Sea', 'West_Indies': 'the string of islands between North America and South America; a popular resort area', 'British_West_Indies': 'the islands in the West Indies that were formerly under British control, including the Bahamas, Saint Lucia, Antigua, Grenada, Jamaica, Barbados, and Trinidad', 'Antilles': 'a group of islands in the West Indies', 'French_West_Indies': 'the islands in the Lesser Antilles that are administered by France', 'Greater_Antilles': 'a group of islands in the western West Indies', 'Lesser_Antilles': 'a group of islands in the southeastern West Indies', 'Netherlands_Antilles': 'a group of islands in the Lesser Antilles just to the north of Venezuela that are administered by The Netherlands', 'Aruba': 'a popular island resort in the Netherlands Antilles', 'Bonaire': 'a popular island resort in the Netherlands Antilles', 'Curacao': 'a popular island resort in the Netherlands Antilles', 'Saba': 'a island in the Netherlands Antilles that is the top of an extinct volcano', 'Saint_Eustatius': 'an island in the Netherlands Antilles', 'Leeward_Islands': 'a group of islands in the eastern West Indies', 'Saint_Martin': 'an island in the western Leeward Islands; administered jointly by France and the Netherlands', 'Windward_Islands': 'a group of islands in the southeastern West Indies; the southern part of the Lesser Antilles', 'Cuba': 'a communist state in the Caribbean on the island of Cuba', 'Havana': 'the capital and largest city of Cuba; located in western Cuba; one of the oldest cities in the Americas', 'Santiago_de_Cuba': 'a port city in southeastern Cuba; industrial center', 'Guantanamo': 'a city in southeastern Cuba; site of a United States naval base', 'Guadeloupe': 'an island territory of France located in the eastern West Indies; tourism is the major industry', 'Hispaniola': 'an island in the West Indies', 'Haiti': 'a republic in the West Indies on the western part of the island of Hispaniola; achieved independence from France in 1804; the poorest and most illiterate nation in the western hemisphere', 'Port-au-Prince': 'the capital and largest city of Haiti', 'Dominican_Republic': 'a republic in the West Indies; located on the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola', 'Santo_Domingo': 'the capital and largest city of the Dominican Republic; \"Santo Domingo is the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the Americas with the oldest cathedral and the oldest hospital and the oldest monastery in the Western Hemisphere\"', 'Santiago_de_los_Caballeros': 'city in the northern Dominican Republic', 'Puerto_Rico': 'a self-governing commonwealth associated with the United States occupying the island of Puerto Rico', 'San_Juan': 'the capital and largest city of Puerto Rico', 'Culebra': 'a small island off the coast of Puerto Rico with miles of beautiful beaches', 'Vieques': 'a small island off the coast of Puerto Rico used for target practice by the United States Navy', 'Jamaica': 'a country on the island of Jamaica; became independent of England in 1962; much poverty; the major industry is tourism', 'Kingston': 'a town on the Hudson River in New York', 'Montego_Bay': 'port and resort city in northwestern Jamaica', 'Virgin_Islands': 'a group of islands in northeastern West Indies (east of Puerto Rico) discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1493; owned by United States and Britain', 'British_Virgin_Islands': 'more than 40 northeastern Virgin Islands (15 inhabited); a dependent territory of the United Kingdom', 'United_States_Virgin_Islands': 'more than 130 southeastern Virgin Islands; a dependent territory of the United States', 'Barbados': 'a parliamentary democracy on the island of Barbados; former British colony; a popular resort area', 'Bridgetown': 'capital of Barbados; a port city on the southwestern coast of Barbados', 'Trinidad': 'an island in West Indies just off the northeastern coast of Venezuela', 'Tobago': 'island in West Indies', 'Trinidad_and_Tobago': 'an island republic in the West Indies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1962', 'Port_of_Spain': 'the capital and largest city of Trinidad and Tobago on the west coast of the island of Trinidad', 'Cyprus': 'a country on the island of Cyprus; 80% of the people are of Greek origin and 20% or Turkish origin', 'Nicosia': 'the capital and largest city of Cyprus', 'Czech_Republic': 'a landlocked republic in central Europe; separated from Slovakia in 1993', 'Czechoslovakia': 'a former republic in central Europe; divided into Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993', 'Pilsen': 'a town in Czech Republic where Pilsner beer originated', 'Prague': 'the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic in the western part of the country; a cultural and commercial center since the 14th century', 'Brno': 'an industrial city in Moravia in Czech Republic to the southeast of Prague', 'Ostrava': 'an industrial city in northwestern Czech Republic in the Moravian lowlands; located in the coal mining area of Silesia', 'Moravia': 'a region in the central and eastern part of the Czech Republic; it lies to the east of Bohemia and to the west of the Carpathians', 'Bohemia': 'a historical area and former kingdom in the Czech Republic', 'Slovakia': 'a landlocked republic in central Europe; separated from the Czech Republic in 1993', 'Bratislava': 'capital and largest city of Slovakia', 'Benin': 'a country on western coast of Africa; formerly under French control', 'Porto_Novo': 'the capital of Benin in southwestern part of country on a coastal lagoon', 'Cotonou': 'chief port of Benin on the Bight of Benin', 'Togo': 'a republic on the western coast of Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; formerly under French control', 'Lome': 'capital and largest city of Togo; located in the south on the Gulf of Guinea', 'northern_Europe': 'the northernmost countries of Europe', 'Scandinavia': 'the peninsula in northern Europe occupied by Norway and Sweden', 'Denmark': 'a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe; consists of the mainland of Jutland and many islands between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea', 'Zealand': 'the largest island of Denmark and the site of Copenhagen', 'Copenhagen': 'the capital and largest city of Denmark; located on the island of Zealand; \"Copenhagen is sometimes called the Paris of the North\"', 'Arhus': 'port city of Denmark in eastern Jutland', 'Aalborg': 'a city and port in northern Jutland', 'Viborg': 'a town of Denmark in north central Jutland', 'Djibouti': 'port city on the Gulf of Aden; the capital and largest city of Djibouti', 'Dominica': 'a country on the island of Dominica', 'Roseau': 'the capital and largest city of Dominica', 'Equatorial_Guinea': 'a country of west central Africa (including islands in the Gulf of Guinea); became independent from Spain in 1968', 'Malabo': 'the capital and largest city of Equatorial Guinea on the island of Bioko in the Gulf of Guinea', 'Bioko': 'an island in the Gulf of Guinea that is part of Equatorial Guinea', 'Norway': 'a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula; achieved independence from Sweden in 1905', 'Svalbard': 'a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean', 'Spitsbergen': 'islands in the Svalbard archipelago to the east of northern Greenland; belonging to Norway', 'Lofoten': 'a string of islands off the northwestern coast of Norway in the Norwegian Sea', 'Oslo': \"the capital and largest city of Norway; the country's main port; located at the head of a fjord on Norway's southern coast\", 'Bergen': 'a port city in southwestern Norway', 'Stavanger': 'a port city in southwestern Norway; center for shipbuilding industry', 'Trondheim': 'a port in central Norway on Trondheim Fjord', 'Lindesnes': 'a cape at the southern tip of Norway', 'Sweden': 'a Scandinavian kingdom in the eastern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula', 'Stockholm': 'the capital and largest city of Sweden; located in southern Sweden on the Baltic; \"the Nobel Prize is awarded in Stockholm\"', 'Malmo': 'a port in southern Sweden', 'Lund': 'a city in southern Sweden', 'Goteborg': 'a port in southwestern Sweden; second largest city in Sweden', 'Uppsala': 'a city in east central Sweden to the northwest of Stockholm', 'Germany': 'a republic in central Europe; split into East Germany and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990', 'East_Germany': 'a republic in north central Europe on the Baltic; established by the Soviet Union in 1954; reunified with West Germany in 1990', 'West_Germany': 'a republic in north central Europe on the North Sea; established in 1949 from the zones of Germany occupied by the British and French and Americans after the German defeat; reunified with East Germany in 1990', 'Saxony': 'an area in Germany around the upper Elbe river; the original home of the Saxons', 'Lower_Saxony': 'a state in northwestern Germany', 'Aachen': \"a city in western Germany near the Dutch and Belgian borders; formerly it was Charlemagne's northern capital\", 'Berlin': 'United States songwriter (born in Russia) who wrote more than 1500 songs and several musical comedies (1888-1989)', 'West_Berlin': 'the part of Berlin under United States and British and French control until 1989', 'Bremen': 'a city of northwestern Germany linked by the Weser River to the port of Bremerhaven and the North Sea; in the Middle Ages it was a leading member of the Hanseatic League', 'Bremerhaven': 'a port city in northwestern Germany at the mouth of the Weser River on the North Sea; has a deep natural harbor and is an important shipping center', 'Chemnitz': 'a city in east central Germany; formerly called Karl-Marx-Stadt until 1990; noted for textile manufacturing', 'Dortmund': 'an industrial city in northwestern Germany; flourished from the 13th to 17th century as a member of the Hanseatic League', 'Dresden': 'a city in southeastern Germany on the Elbe River; it was almost totally destroyed by British air raids in 1945', 'Leipzig': 'a city in southeastern Germany famous for fairs; formerly a music and publishing center', 'Solingen': 'a city in west central Germany noted for cutlery', 'Weimar': 'a German city near Leipzig; scene of the adoption in 1919 of the constitution of the Weimar Republic that lasted until 1933', 'Bavaria': 'a state in southern Germany famous for its beer; site of an automobile factory', 'Hameln': 'a town in northern Germany (near Hanover) that is famous as the setting for the legend of the Pied Piper', 'Bonn': 'a city in western Germany on the Rhine River; was the capital of West Germany between 1949 and 1989', 'Cologne': 'a commercial center and river port in western Germany on the Rhine River; flourished during the 15th century as a member of the Hanseatic League', 'Braunschweig': 'a city in central Germany', 'Dusseldorf': 'an industrial city in western Germany on the Rhine', 'Essen': 'a city in western Germany; industrial center of the Ruhr', 'Frankfurt_on_the_Main': 'a German city; an industrial and commercial and financial center', 'Halle': 'a city in the Saxony region of Germany on the Saale River; a member of the Hanseatic League during the 13th and 14th centuries', 'Hamburg': 'a port city in northern Germany on the Elbe River that was founded by Charlemagne in the 9th century and is today the largest port in Germany; in 1241 it formed an alliance with Lubeck that became the basis for the Hanseatic League', 'Hannover': 'a port city in northwestern Germany; formerly a member of the Hanseatic League', 'Lubeck': 'a city in northwestern Germany and an important Baltic port; a leading member of the Hanseatic League', 'Mannheim': 'a city in southwestern Germany at the confluence of the Rhine and Neckar rivers', 'Munich': 'the capital and largest city of Bavaria in southwestern Germany', 'Nuremberg': 'a city in southeastern Germany; site of Allied trials of Nazi war criminals (1945-46)', 'Potsdam': 'a city in northeastern Germany; site of the Potsdam Conference in the summer of 1945', 'Rostock': 'a city in northeastern Germany near the Baltic sea; an important member of the Hanseatic League in the 14th century', 'Stuttgart': 'a city in southwestern Germany famous for innovative architecture', 'Wiesbaden': 'a city in western Germany; a spa since Roman times', 'Wurzburg': 'a city of south central Germany', 'Rhineland': 'a picturesque region of Germany around the Rhine river', 'Palatinate': 'a territory in southwestern Germany formerly ruled by the counts palatine', 'Brandenburg': 'the territory of an Elector (of the Holy Roman Empire) that expanded to become the kingdom of Prussia in 1701', 'Prussia': 'a former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland; \"in the 19th century Prussia led the economic and political unification of the German states\"', 'Ruhr': 'a tributary of the Rhine', 'Thuringia': 'a historical region of southern Germany', 'East_Timor': 'a former Portuguese colony that was annexed by Indonesia in 1976; voted for independence from Indonesia in 1999 and in May 2002 became an independent nation', 'Ecuador': 'a republic in northwestern South America; became independent from Spain in 1822; the landscape is dominated by the Andes', 'Guayaquil': 'the largest city of Ecuador', 'Quito': 'the capital of Ecuador', 'Galapagos_Islands': 'a group of islands in the Pacific off South America; owned by Ecuador; known for unusual animal life', 'Eritrea': 'an African country to the north of Ethiopia on the Red Sea; achieved independence from Ethiopia in 1993', 'Asmara': 'the capital of Eritrea', 'Massawa': 'a port town in Eritrea on an inlet of the Red Sea', 'Ethiopia': 'Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; formerly called Abyssinia', 'Addis_Ababa': \"the capital of Ethiopia and the country's largest city; located in central Ethiopia\", 'Fiji_Islands': 'a group of more than 800 islands (100 inhabited) in the southwestern Pacific; larger islands (Viti Levu and Vanua Levu) are of volcanic origin surrounded by coral reefs; smaller islands are coral', 'Viti_Levu': 'a volcanic island in the Fijis', 'Vanua_Levu': 'a volcanic island in the Fijis', 'Fiji': 'an independent state within the British Commonwealth located on the Fiji Islands', 'Suva': 'the capital and largest city of Fiji (on Viti Levu island)', 'Finland': 'republic in northern Europe; achieved independence from Russia in 1917', 'Karelia': 'a region in Finland and Russia between the Gulf of Finland and the White Sea', 'Helsinki': 'the capital and largest city of Finland; located in southern Finland; a major port and commercial and cultural center', 'Espoo': 'a city in southern Finland', 'Tampere': 'an industrial city in south central Finland', 'Aland_islands': 'an archipelago of some 6,000 islands in the Gulf of Bothnia under Finnish control', 'Mariehamn': 'a town that is the chief port of the Aland islands', 'Greece': 'ancient Greece; a country of city-states (especially Athens and Sparta) that reached its peak in the fifth century BCE', 'Achaea': 'a region of ancient Greece on the north coast of the Peloponnese', 'Aegean_island': 'an island in the Aegean Sea', 'Chios': 'an island in the Aegean Sea off the west coast of Turkey; belongs to Greece', 'Cyclades': 'a group of over 200 islands in the southern Aegean', 'Dodecanese': 'a group of islands in the southeast Aegean Sea', 'Doris': '(Greek mythology) wife of Nereus and mother of the Nereids', 'Lesbos': 'an island of eastern Greece in the eastern Aegean Sea; in antiquity it was famous for lyric poetry', 'Rhodes': 'British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa; made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe; he endowed annual fellowships for British Commonwealth and United States students to study at Oxford University (1853-1902)', 'Aeolis': 'an ancient coastal region of northwestern Asia Minor (including Lesbos) where the Aeolians founded several cities around 1100 BC', 'Crete': 'the largest Greek island in the Mediterranean; site of the Minoan civilization that reached its peak in 1600 BC', 'Knossos': 'an ancient town on Crete where Bronze Age culture flourished from about 2000 BC to 1400 BC', 'Ithaca': 'a college town in central New York on Lake Cayuga', 'Egadi_Islands': 'a group of islands off the west coast of Sicily in the Mediterranean', 'Athos': 'an autonomous area in northeastern Greece that is the site of several Greek Orthodox monasteries founded in the tenth century', 'Athens': 'a town in southeast Ohio', 'Dipylon_gate': 'a gateway to the west of ancient Athens near which a distinctive style of pottery has been found', 'Attica': 'the territory of Athens in ancient Greece where the Ionic dialect was spoken', 'Corinth': 'the modern Greek port near the site of the ancient city that was second only to Athens', 'Argos': 'an ancient city in southeastern Greece; dominated the Peloponnese in the 7th century BC', 'Delphi': 'an ancient Greek city on the slopes of Mount Parnassus; site of the oracle of Delphi', 'Mycenae': 'an ancient city is southern Greece; center of the Mycenaean civilization during the late Bronze Age', 'Sparta': 'an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess; the dominant city of the Peloponnesus prior to the 4th century BC', 'Epirus': 'an ancient area on the Ionian Sea that flourished as a kingdom in the 3rd century BC; located in northwestern Greece and southern Albania', 'Laconia': 'an ancient region of southern Greece in the southeastern Peloponnesus; dominated by Sparta', 'Lycia': 'an ancient region on the coast of southwest Asia Minor', 'Lydia': 'an ancient region on the coast of western Asia Minor; a powerful kingdom until conquered by the Persians in 546 BC', 'Nemea': 'a valley in southeastern Greece where the Nemean Games were held', 'Patras': 'a port city in western Greece in the northwestern Peloponnese on an inlet of the Ionian Sea; was a major trade center from the 5th century BC to the 3rd century BC; commercial importance revived during the Middle Ages', 'Troy': 'an ancient city in Asia Minor that was the site of the Trojan War', 'Thebes': 'an ancient Egyptian city on the Nile River that flourished from the 22nd century BC to the 18th century BC; today the archeological remains include many splendid temples and tombs', 'Boeotia': 'a district of ancient Greece to the northwest of Athens', 'Thessaloniki': 'a port city in northeastern Greece on an inlet of the Aegean Sea; second largest city of Greece', 'Stagira': 'an ancient town of Greece where Aristotle was born', 'Thessalia': 'a fertile plain on the Aegean Sea in east central Greece; Thessaly was a former region of ancient Greece', 'Arcadia': 'a department of Greece in the central Peloponnese', 'Peloponnese': 'the southern peninsula of Greece; dominated by Sparta until the 4th century BC', 'Lemnos': 'a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea; famous for a reddish-brown clay that has medicinal properties', 'Olympia': 'capital of the state of Washington; located in western Washington on Puget Sound', 'Middle_East': 'the area around the eastern Mediterranean; from Turkey to northern Africa and eastward to Iran; the site of such ancient civilizations as Phoenicia and Babylon and Egypt and the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity and Islam; had continuous economic and political turmoil in the 20th century; \"the Middle East is the cradle of Western civilization\"', 'Mashriq': 'Arabic name for the Middle East', 'Fertile_Crescent': 'a geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates', 'Israel': 'Jewish republic in southwestern Asia at eastern end of Mediterranean; formerly part of Palestine', 'Acre': 'a territory of western Brazil bordering on Bolivia and Peru', 'West_Bank': 'an area between Israel and Jordan on the west bank of the Jordan river; populated largely by Palestinians', 'Nablus': 'an ancient city in the West Bank to the north of Jerusalem; the home of Jacob in biblical times', 'Galilee': \"an area of northern Israel; formerly the northern part of Palestine and the ancient kingdom of Israel; the scene of Jesus's ministry\", 'Nazareth': 'a historic town in northern Israel that is mentioned in the Gospels as the home of Joseph and Mary', 'Gaza_Strip': 'a coastal region at the southeastern corner of the Mediterranean bordering Israel and Egypt; \"he is a Palestinian from Gaza\"', 'Golan_Heights': 'a fortified hilly area between southern Lebanon and southern Syria; \"artillery on the Golan Heights can dominate a large area of Israel\"', 'Jerusalem': 'capital and largest city of the modern state of Israel (although its status as capital is disputed); it was captured from Jordan in 1967 in the Six Day War; a holy city for Jews and Christians and Muslims; was the capital of an ancient kingdom', 'Bethlehem': 'a town in eastern Pennsylvania on the Lehigh River to the northwest of Philadelphia; an important center for steel production', 'Caesarea': 'an ancient seaport in northwestern Israel; an important Roman city in ancient Palestine', 'Sodom': '(Old Testament) an ancient city near the Dead Sea that (along with Gomorrah) was destroyed by God for the wickedness of its inhabitants', 'sodom': 'any location known for vice and corruption', 'Gomorrah': '(Old Testament) an ancient city near the Dead Sea that (along with Sodom) was destroyed by God for the vice and depravity of its inhabitants', 'Calvary': 'a hill near Jerusalem where Jesus was crucified', 'Zion': 'originally a stronghold captured by David (the 2nd king of the Israelites); above it was built a temple and later the name extended to the whole hill; finally it became a synonym for the city of Jerusalem; \"the inhabitants of Jerusalem are personified as `the daughter of Zion\\'\"', 'Cotswolds': 'a range of low hills in southwestern England', 'Cheviots': 'a range of hills on the border between England and Scotland', 'Pennines': 'a system of hills in Britain that extend from the Scottish border in the north to the Trent River in the south; forms the watershed for English rivers', 'Seven_Hills_of_Rome': 'the hills on which the ancient city of Rome was built', 'Palatine': 'the most important of the Seven Hills of Rome; supposedly the location of the first settlement and the site of many imperial palaces', 'Wailing_Wall': 'a wall in Jerusalem; sacred to Jews as a place of prayer and lamentation; its stones are believed to have formed part of the Temple of Solomon', 'Tel_Aviv': 'the largest city and financial center of Israel; located in western Israel on the Mediterranean', 'Hefa': 'a major port in northwestern Israel', 'Jaffa': 'a port in western Israel on the Mediterranean; incorporated into Tel Aviv in 1950', 'Palestine': 'a former British mandate on the east coast of the Mediterranean; divided between Jordan and Israel in 1948', 'Judah': '(Old Testament) the fourth son of Jacob who was forebear of one of the tribes of Israel; one of his descendants was to be the Messiah', 'Judea': 'the southern part of ancient Palestine succeeding the kingdom of Judah; a Roman province at the time of Christ', 'Samaria': 'an ancient city in central Palestine founded in the 9th century BC as the capital of the northern Hebrew kingdom of Israel; the site is in present-day northwestern Jordan', 'Philistia': 'an ancient region on the coast of southwestern Palestine that was strategically located on a trade route between Syria and Egypt; important in biblical times', 'Roman_Republic': 'the ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC; was governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar', 'Roman_Empire': 'an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the eastern or Byzantine Empire; at its peak lands in Europe and Africa and Asia were ruled by ancient Rome', 'Byzantine_Empire': 'a continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395', 'Western_Roman_Empire': 'the western part after the Roman Empire was divided in 395; it lasted only until 476', 'Byzantium': 'an ancient city on the Bosporus founded by the Greeks; site of modern Istanbul; in 330 Constantine I rebuilt the city and called it Constantinople and made it his capital', 'Italian_Peninsula': 'a boot-shaped peninsula in southern Europe extending into the Mediterranean Sea', 'Ticino': 'an Italian-speaking region of southern Switzerland', 'Italy': 'a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD', 'Italian_region': 'Italy is divided into 20 regions for administrative purposes', 'Pompeii': 'ancient city to the southeast of Naples that was buried by a volcanic eruption from Vesuvius', 'Herculaneum': 'ancient city; now destroyed', 'Abruzzi': 'a mountainous region of central Italy on the Adriatic', 'Basilicata': \"a region of southern Italy (forming the instep of the Italian `boot')\", 'Bolzano': 'an Italian city in Trentino-Alto Adige near the Austrian border; noted as a resort and for its Alpine scenery', 'Brescia': 'an ancient Italian city in central Lombardy', 'Calabria': \"a region of southern Italy (forming the toe of the Italian `boot')\", 'Campania': 'a region of southwestern Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea including the islands of Capri and Ischia', 'Ferrara': 'a city in northern Italy; \"in the 13th century Ferrara was a center of Renaissance learning and the arts\"', 'Naples': 'a port and tourist center in southwestern Italy; capital of the Campania region', 'Messina': 'a port city in northeastern Sicily on the Strait of Messina', 'Capri': 'an island (part of Campania) in the Bay of Naples in southern Italy; a tourist attraction noted for beautiful scenery', 'Ischia': 'a volcanic island (part of Campania) in the Tyrrhenian Sea at the north end of the Bay of Naples', 'Emilia-Romagna': 'a region of north central Italy on the Adriatic', 'Bologna': 'the capital of Emilia-Romagna; located in northern Italy to the east of the Apennines', 'Friuli-Venezia_Giulia': 'a region in northeastern Italy', 'Latium': 'an ancient region of west central Italy (southeast of Rome) on the Tyrrhenian Sea', 'Lateran': 'the site in Rome containing the church of Rome and the Lateran Palace', 'Anzio': 'a town of central Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea; the Allies established a beachhead at Anzio in World War II', 'Brindisi': 'a port city in southeastern Apulia in Italy; a center for the Crusades in the Middle Ages', 'Tivoli': 'a town twenty miles to the east of Rome (Tibur is the ancient name); a summer resort during the Roman empire; noted for its waterfalls', 'Liguria': 'region of northwestern Italy on the Ligurian Sea', 'Genoa': 'a seaport in northwestern Italy; provincial capital of Liguria', 'Lombardy': 'a region of north central Italy bordering Switzerland', 'Cremona': 'a city in Lombardy on the Po River; noted for the manufacture of fine violins from the 16th to the 18th centuries', 'La_Spezia': 'a port city in Liguria on an arm of the Ligurian Sea; a major seaport and year-round resort', 'Milan': 'the capital of Lombardy in northern Italy; has been an international center of trade and industry since the Middle Ages', 'Marche': 'a region in central Italy', 'Molise': 'a region of south central Italy', 'Papal_States': 'the temporal dominions belonging to the pope (especially in central Italy)', 'Piedmont': 'the plateau between the coastal plain and the Appalachian Mountains: parts of Virginia and North and South Carolina and Georgia and Alabama', 'Pisa': 'a city in Tuscany; site of the famous Leaning Tower', 'Turin': 'capital city of the Piemonte region of northwestern Italy', 'Puglia': 'a region in southeastern Italy on the Adriatic', 'Bari': 'capital city of the Apulia region on the Adriatic coast', 'Sardinia': 'the Italian region on the island of Sardinia; the kingdom of Sardinia was the nucleus for uniting Italy during the 19th century', 'Sicily': 'the Italian region on the island of Sicily', 'Palermo': 'the capital of Sicily; located in northwestern Sicily; an important port for 3000 years', 'Cape_Passero': 'a cape that forms the southeastern corner of the island of Sicily', 'Agrigento': 'a town in Italy in southwestern Sicily near the coast; the site of six Greek temples', 'Tuscany': 'a region in central Italy', 'Firenze': 'a city in central Italy on the Arno; provincial capital of Tuscany; center of the Italian Renaissance from 14th to 16th centuries', 'Trentino-Alto_Adige': 'a region of northeastern Italy bordering Austria', 'Trento': 'a city in northern Italy (northwest of Venice) on the River Adige; the site of the Council of Trent', 'Umbria': 'a mountainous region in central Italy', \"Valle_D'Aosta\": 'a region in northwestern Italy', 'Veneto': 'a region of northeastern Italy on the Adriatic', 'Padua': 'a city in Veneto', 'Venice': \"the provincial capital of Veneto; built on 118 islands within a lagoon in the Gulf of Venice; has canals instead of streets; one of Italy's major ports and a famous tourist attraction\", 'Verona': 'a city in Veneto on the River Adige', 'Etruria': 'an ancient country in central Italy; assimilated by the Romans by about 200 BC', 'Romania': 'a republic in southeastern Europe with a short coastline on the Black Sea', 'Brasov': 'a city in central Romania in the foothills of the Transylvanian Alps', 'Bucharest': 'national capital and largest city of Romania in southeastern Romania', 'Constantina': 'a Romanian resort city on the Black Sea', 'Transylvania': 'a historical plateau region in northwestern Romania that is separated from the rest of the country by the Transylvanian Alps; originally part of Hungary; incorporated into Romania at the end of World War I', 'Rwanda': 'a landlocked republic in central Africa; formerly a German colony', 'Kigali': 'the national capital and largest city of Rwanda; located in central Rwanda', 'Yugoslavia': 'a former country of southeastern Europe bordering the Adriatic Sea; formed in 1918 and named Yugoslavia in 1929; controlled by Marshal Tito as a communist state until his death in 1980; \"Tito\\'s Yugoslavia included Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, and Montenegro\"', 'Croatia': 'a republic in the western Balkans in south-central Europe in the eastern Adriatic coastal area; formerly part of the Habsburg monarchy and Yugoslavia; became independent in 1991', 'Serbia_and_Montenegro': 'a mountainous republic in southeastern Europe bordering on the Adriatic Sea; formed from two of the six republics that made up Yugoslavia until 1992; Serbia and Montenegro were known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until 2003 when they adopted the name of the Union of Serbia and Montenegro', 'Kosovo': 'a Serbian province in southern Serbia and Montenegro populated predominantly by Albanians', 'Serbia': 'a historical region in central and northern Yugoslavia; Serbs settled the region in the 6th and 7th centuries', 'Montenegro': 'a former country bordering on the Adriatic Sea; now part of the Union of Serbia and Montenegro', 'Belgrade': 'capital and largest city of Serbia and Montenegro; situated on the Danube', 'Bosnia_and_Herzegovina': 'a mountainous republic of south-central Europe; formerly part of the Ottoman Empire and then a part of Yugoslavia; voted for independence in 1992 but the mostly Serbian army of Yugoslavia refused to accept the vote and began ethnic cleansing in order to rid Bosnia of its Croats and Muslims', 'Bosnia': 'the northern part of Bosnia-Herzegovina', 'Sarajevo': 'capital and largest city of Bosnia; scene of the assassination of Francis Ferdinand in 1914 which precipitated World War I', 'Slovenia': 'a mountainous republic in central Europe; formerly part of the Habsburg monarchy and Yugoslavia; achieved independence in 1991', 'Ljubljana': 'the capital of Slovenia', 'Dubrovnik': 'a port city in southwestern Croatia on the Adriatic; a popular tourist center', 'Split': 'an old Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea', 'Zagreb': 'the capital of Croatia', 'Dalmatia': 'a historical region of Croatia on the Adriatic Sea; mountainous with many islands', 'Greenland': 'the largest island in the world; lies between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean; a self-governing province of Denmark', 'Baffin_Island': 'the 5th largest island and the largest island of Arctic Canada; lies between Greenland and Hudson Bay', 'Labrador': 'the mainland part of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in the eastern part of the large Labrador-Ungava Peninsula in northeastern Canada', 'Canada': 'a nation in northern North America; the French were the first Europeans to settle in mainland Canada; \"the border between the United States and Canada is the longest unguarded border in the world\"', 'Acadia': 'the French-speaking part of the Canadian Maritime Provinces', 'Laurentian_Plateau': 'a large plateau that occupies more than 40% of the land area of Canada; it extends from the Great Lakes northward to the Arctic Ocean', 'Maritime_Provinces': 'the collective name for the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island', 'Canadian_province': 'Canada is divided into 12 provinces for administrative purposes', 'Alberta': 'one of the three prairie provinces in western Canada; rich in oil and natural gas and minerals', 'Banff': 'a popular vacation spot in the Canadian Rockies', 'Calgary': 'the largest city in southern Alberta; an oil and gas center and a technology center for Alberta and most of western Canada', 'Edmonton': 'the capital of the province of Alberta', 'British_Columbia': 'a province in western Canada', 'Nanaimo': 'a town in southwestern British Columbia on Vancouver Island to the west of Vancouver', 'Victoria': 'queen of Great Britain and Ireland and empress of India from 1837 to 1901; the last Hanoverian ruler of England (1819-1901)', 'Vancouver': 'English navigator remembered for his exploration of the Pacific coast of North America (1757-1798)', 'Vancouver_Island': 'an island off southwestern Canada (off the southwestern coast of British Columbia); the largest island off the west coast of North America', 'Manitoba': 'one of the three prairie provinces in central Canada', 'Winnipeg': 'a lake in southern Canada in Manitoba', 'Churchill': 'English general considered one of the greatest generals in history (1650-1722)', 'New_Brunswick': 'a university town in central New Jersey', 'Fredericton': 'the provincial capital of New Brunswick', 'Saint_John': 'a river that rises in Maine and flows northeastward through New Brunswick to empty into the Bay of Fundy', 'Newfoundland_and_Labrador': \"a Canadian province on the island of Newfoundland and on the mainland along the coast of the Labrador Sea; became Canada's 10th province in 1949\", \"Saint_John's\": 'a port and provincial capital of Newfoundland', 'Northwest_Territories': 'a large territory in northwestern Canada; part is now Nunavut', 'Nunavut': 'an Arctic territory in northern Canada created in 1999 and governed solely by the Inuit; includes the eastern part of what was the Northwest Territories and most of the islands of the Arctic Archipelago; \"Nunavut is the homeland of the Inuit people\"', 'Arctic_Archipelago': 'all the islands that lie to the north of mainland Canada and the Arctic Circle', 'Yellowknife': 'a town in the Northwest Territories in northern Canada on the Great Slave Lake', 'Nova_Scotia': 'a peninsula in eastern Canada between the Bay of Fundy and the Saint Lawrence River', 'Cape_Breton_Island': 'an island that forms the northeastern part of Nova Scotia', 'Halifax': 'provincial capital and largest city of Nova Scotia', 'Ontario': 'a prosperous and industrialized province in central Canada', 'Ottawa': 'a member of the Algonquian people of southern Ontario', 'Sault_Sainte_Marie': 'a town of southern Ontario opposite northern Michigan', 'Sudbury': 'a city in south central Canada in Ontario; a major nickel mining center', 'Thunder_Bay': 'a port city in Ontario on Lake Superior', 'Toronto': 'the provincial capital and largest city in Ontario (and the largest city in Canada)', 'Prince_Edward_Island': 'an island in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence; the smallest province of Canada', 'Charlottetown': 'the provincial capital and largest city of Prince Edward Island', 'Quebec': 'the French-speaking capital of the province of Quebec; situated on the Saint Lawrence River', 'Montreal': 'a city in southern Quebec province on the Saint Lawrence River; the largest city in Quebec and 2nd largest in Canada; the 2nd largest French-speaking city in the world', 'Saskatchewan': 'one of the three prairie provinces in west central Canada; \"vast fields of wheat grow on Saskatchewan\\'s prairies\"', 'Regina': 'the provincial capital of Saskatchewan', 'Saskatoon': 'a city in central Saskatchewan; the largest city in the province', 'Dawson': 'a town in northwestern Canada in the Yukon on the Yukon River; a boom town around 1900 when gold was discovered in the Klondike', 'Yukon': 'a North American river that flows westward from the Yukon Territory through central Alaska to the Bering Sea', 'Klondike': 'a region in northwestern Canada where gold was discovered in 1896 but exhausted by 1910', 'Whitehorse': 'the provincial capital of the Yukon Territory', 'Australia': 'the smallest continent; between the South Pacific and the Indian Ocean', 'Canberra': 'the capital of Australia; located in southeastern Australia', 'Australian_state': 'one of the several states constituting Australia', 'Queensland': 'a state in northeastern Australia', 'Brisbane': 'capital and largest city of Queensland state; located in the southeastern corner of Queensland on the Pacific; settled by British as a penal colony; 3rd largest city in Australia', 'New_South_Wales': 'an Australian state in southeastern Australia', 'Sydney': \"the largest Australian city located in southeastern Australia on the Tasman Sea; state capital of New South Wales; Australia's chief port\", 'Wagga_Wagga': 'a town on the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales; agricultural trading center', 'Melbourne': 'a resort town in east central Florida', 'Tasmania': 'an Australian state on the island of Tasmania', 'Hobart': 'a port and state capital of Tasmania', 'South_Australia': 'a state in south central Australia', 'Adelaide': 'the state capital of South Australia', 'Western_Australia': 'a state containing the western third of Australia', 'Perth': 'the state capital of Western Australia', 'Northern_Territory': 'a territory in north central Australia', 'Darwin': 'English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)', 'Norfolk_Island': 'an island territory of Australia in the Pacific Ocean off the eastern coast of Australia; formerly a British penal colony', 'Nullarbor_Plain': 'a vast arid plain of southern Australia stretching inland from the Great Australian Bight; has sparse vegetation and no surface water and is almost uninhabited; the site of a major rocket research center', 'Aleutian_Islands': 'an archipelago in the North Pacific extending southwest from Alaska', 'Oceania': 'a large group of islands in the south Pacific including Melanesia and Micronesia and Polynesia (and sometimes Australasia and the Malay Archipelago)', 'Australasia': 'Australia, New Zealand, and neighboring islands in the South Pacific', 'Austronesia': 'islands of central and South Pacific (Indonesia and Melanesia and Micronesia and Polynesia)', 'Melanesia': 'the islands in the southwestern part of Oceania', 'Micronesia': 'a country scattered over Micronesia with a constitutional government in free association with the United States; achieved independence in 1986', 'Kolonia': 'capital of Micronesia', 'Mariana_Islands': 'a chain of coral and volcanic islands in Micronesia (including Guam and the Northern Marianas) halfway between New Guinea and Japan; discovered by Magellan in 1521', 'Northern_Marianas': 'a self-governing territory comprising all of the Mariana Islands except Guam', 'Guam': 'the largest and southernmost island in the Marianas which is administered as a territory of the United States; it was ceded by Spain to the United States in 1898', 'Wake_Island': 'an island in the western Pacific between Guam and Hawaii', 'Caroline_Islands': 'a long archipelago of more than 500 islands in Micronesia to the east of the Philippines', 'Marshall_Islands': 'a republic (under United States protection) on the Marshall Islands', 'Bikini': 'an atoll in the Marshall Islands; formerly used by the United States as a site for testing nuclear weapons', 'Gilbert_Islands': 'a group of islands in Micronesia to the southwest of Hawaii; formerly part of the British colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands until it became part of the Republic of Kiribati in 1979', 'Tuvalu': 'a small island republic on the Tuvalu islands; formerly part of the British colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands until it withdrew in 1975 and became independent of the United Kingdom in 1978', 'Funafuti': 'capital of Tuvalu', 'Kiribati': 'an island republic in the west central Pacific just to the south of the equator', 'Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands': 'a former British possession in Micronesia', 'Nauru': 'an island republic on Nauru Island; phosphate exports support the economy', 'Polynesia': 'the islands in the eastern part of Oceania', 'Malay_Archipelago': 'a group of islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans between Asia and Australia', 'Sunda_Islands': 'a chain of islands in the western Malay Archipelago', 'Greater_Sunda_Islands': 'a chain of islands including Borneo and Celebes and Java and Sumatra', 'Lesser_Sunda_Islands': 'a chain of islands forming a province of Indonesia to the east of Java; includes Bali and Timor', 'Bismarck_Archipelago': 'a group of islands in the southwestern Pacific to the northeast of New Guinea; part of Papua New Guinea', 'Admiralty_Islands': 'a group of islands in the Bismarck Archipelago', 'Borneo': '3rd largest island in the world; in the western Pacific to the north of Java; largely covered by dense jungle and rain forest; part of the Malay Archipelago', 'Bougainville': 'French explorer who circumnavigated the globe accompanied by scientists (1729-1811)', 'New_Britain': 'the largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago; part of Papua New Guinea', 'New_Caledonia': 'an island to the to the east of Australia and to the north of New Zealand', 'New_Guinea': 'a Pacific island to the north of Australia; the 2nd largest island in the world; the western part is governed by Indonesia and the eastern part is Papua New Guinea', 'Papua_New_Guinea': 'a parliamentary democracy on the eastern half of the island of New Guinea; in 1975 it became an independent state within the Commonwealth of Nations', 'Papua': 'the southeastern part of Papua New Guinea', 'Port_Moresby': 'the administrative capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea', 'New_Ireland': 'an island in the Bismarck Archipelago; part of Papua New Guinea', 'Austria-Hungary': 'a geographical area in central and eastern Europe; broken into separate countries at the end of World War I', 'Austria': 'a mountainous republic in central Europe; under the Habsburgs (1278-1918) Austria maintained control of the Holy Roman Empire and was a leader in European politics until the 19th century', 'Tyrol': 'a picturesque mountainous province of western Austria and northern Italy', 'Vienna': 'the capital and largest city of Austria; located on the Danube in northeastern Austria; was the home of Beethoven and Brahms and Haydn and Mozart and Schubert and Strauss', 'Graz': 'an industrial city is southeastern Austria', 'Linz': 'city in northern Austria on the Danube; noted as a cultural center', 'Salzburg': 'city in western Austria; a music center and birthplace of Mozart', 'Innsbruck': 'city in southwestern Austria; known as a summer and winter resort', 'Bahamas': 'island country in the Atlantic to the east of Florida and Cuba; a popular winter resort', 'Nassau': 'the capital of the Bahamas', 'Arabian_Peninsula': 'a peninsula between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf; strategically important for its oil resources', 'Bahrain': 'an island in the Persian Gulf', 'Manama': 'the capital of Bahrain; located at the northern end of Bahrain Island', 'Bangladesh': 'a Muslim republic in southern Asia bordered by India to the north and west and east and the Bay of Bengal to the south; formerly part of India and then part of Pakistan; it achieved independence in 1971', 'Dhaka': 'the capital and largest city of Bangladesh', 'Chittagong': 'a port city and industrial center in southeastern Bangladesh on the Bay of Bengal', 'Flanders': 'a medieval country in northern Europe that included regions now parts of northern France and Belgium and southwestern Netherlands', 'Belgium': 'a monarchy in northwestern Europe; headquarters for the European Union and for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization', 'Bruxelles': 'the capital and largest city of Belgium; seat of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization', 'Aalst': 'a town in central Belgium', 'Antwerpen': 'a busy port and financial center in northern Belgium on the Scheldt river; it has long been a center for the diamond industry and the first stock exchange was opened there in 1460', 'Bruges': 'a city in northwestern Belgium that is connected by canal to the North Sea; in the 13th century it was a leading member of the Hanseatic League; the old city (known as the City of Bridges) is a popular tourist attraction', 'Charleroi': 'city in southwestern Belgium; center of an industrial region', 'Gent': 'port city in northwestern Belgium and industrial center; famous for cloth industry', 'Liege': 'city in eastern Belgium; largest French-speaking city in Belgium', 'Namur': 'a city in south central Belgium situated on a promontory between the Meuse River and the Sambre River; the site of intense fighting in World War I and World War II', 'Bhutan': 'a landlocked principality in the Himalayas to the northeast of India', 'Botswana': 'a landlocked republic in south-central Africa that became independent from British control in the 1960s', 'Gaborone': 'capital and largest city of Botswana in the extreme southeast', 'Bolivia': 'a landlocked republic in central South America; Simon Bolivar founded Bolivia in 1825 after winning independence from Spain', 'La_Paz': \"capital city in western Bolivia and the administrative seat of Bolivia's government; largest city in Bolivia\", 'Santa_Cruz': 'a town in western California on Monterey Bay; a tourist center', 'Sucre': 'the judicial capital and seat of the judiciary in Bolivia', 'Brazil': \"the largest Latin American country and the largest Portuguese speaking country in the world; located in the central and northeastern part of South America; world's leading coffee exporter\", 'Belem': 'port city in northern Brazil in the Amazon delta; main port and commercial center for the Amazon River basin', 'Belo_Horizonte': \"city in southeastern Brazil to the north of Rio de Janeiro; the first of Brazil's planned communities\", 'Brasilia': 'the capital of Brazil; a city built on the central plateau and inaugurated in 1960', 'Curitiba': 'a city in southeastern Brazil', 'Joao_Pessoa': 'a city in northeastern Brazil near the Atlantic Ocean to the north of Recife', 'Governador_Valadares': 'a city in eastern Brazil to the northeast of Belo Horizonte', 'Limeira': 'a city of southeastern Brazil (northwest of Sao Paulo)', 'Natal': 'a region of eastern South Africa on the Indian Ocean; \"Natal was renamed KwaZulu-Natal in 1994\"', 'Osasco': 'a city in southeastern Brazil; suburb of Sao Paulo', 'Rio_de_Janeiro': 'the former capital and 2nd largest city of Brazil; chief Brazilian port; famous as a tourist attraction', 'Recife': 'a port city of northeastern Brazil on the Atlantic', 'Santos': 'a port city in southwestern Brazil on an offshore island near Sao Paulo', 'Sao_Bernardo_do_Campo': 'a city in southeastern Brazil; an industrial suburb of Sao Paulo', 'Sao_Goncalo': 'an industrial city in southeastern Brazil across the bay from Rio de Janeiro', 'Sao_Joao_de_Meriti': 'a city in southeastern Brazil that is a residential suburb of Rio de Janeiro', 'Sao_Jose_dos_Campos': 'a city in southeastern Brazil to the northeast of Sao Paulo', 'Sao_Louis': 'a city on an offshore island in northeast Brazil', 'Sao_Paulo': 'an ultramodern city in southeastern Brazil; the largest city in South America', 'British_Empire': 'a former empire consisting of Great Britain and all the territories under its control; reached its greatest extent at the end of World War I; it included the British Isles, British West Indies, Canada, British Guiana; British West Africa, British East Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand; \"the sun never sets on the British Empire\"', 'British_Isles': 'Great Britain and Ireland and adjacent islands in the north Atlantic', 'British_East_Africa': 'the former British territories of eastern Africa, including Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, and Zanzibar', 'British_West_Africa': 'the former British territories of western Africa, including Nigeria, Cameroon, Gambia, Togo, Sierra Leone, and the Gold Coast', 'Great_Britain': 'an island comprising England and Scotland and Wales', 'Ireland': 'a republic consisting of 26 of 32 counties comprising the island of Ireland; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1921', 'Erin': 'an early name of Ireland that is now used in poetry', 'United_Kingdom': \"a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; `Great Britain' is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom\", 'England': 'a division of the United Kingdom', 'Albion': 'archaic name for England or Great Britain; used poetically', 'Anglia': 'the Latin name for England', 'Blighty': 'a slang term for Great Britain used by British troops serving abroad', 'Lake_District': \"a popular tourist area in northwestern England including England's largest lake and highest mountain\", 'London': 'United States writer of novels based on experiences in the Klondike gold rush (1876-1916)', 'City_of_London': 'the part of London situated within the ancient boundaries; the commercial and financial center of London', 'Home_Counties': 'the English counties surrounding London into which Greater London has expanded', 'Greenwich': 'a borough of Greater London on the Thames; zero degrees of longitude runs through Greenwich; time is measured relative to Greenwich Mean Time', 'Bloomsbury': 'a city district of central London laid out in garden squares', 'Soho': 'a city district of central London now noted for restaurants and nightclubs', 'Wembley': 'a southeastern part of Greater London that is the site of the English national soccer stadium', 'West_End': 'the part of west central London containing the main entertainment and shopping areas', 'Westminster': 'a borough of Greater London on the Thames; contains Buckingham Palace and the Houses of Parliament and Westminster Abbey', 'Buckingham_Palace': 'the London residence of the British sovereign', 'Pall_Mall': 'a fashionable street in London noted for its many private clubs', 'Houses_of_Parliament': 'the building in which the House of Commons and the House of Lords meet', 'Westminster_Abbey': 'a famous Gothic church of St. Peter in Westminster, London on the site of a former Benedictine monastery; \"Westminster Abbey is the scene of the coronations of almost all English monarchs\"; \"Distinguished English subjects are buried in Westminster Abbey\"', 'Wimbledon': 'a suburb of London and the headquarters of the club where annual international tennis championships are played on grass courts', 'Manchester': 'largest city in New Hampshire; located in southeastern New Hampshire on the Merrimack river', 'Hull': \"United States naval officer who commanded the `Constitution' during the War of 1812 and won a series of brilliant victories against the British (1773-1843)\", 'Liverpool': \"a large city in northwestern England; its port is the country's major outlet for industrial exports\", 'Birmingham': 'the largest city in Alabama; located in northeastern Alabama', 'Oxford': 'a university town in northern Mississippi; home of William Faulkner', 'Cambridge': 'a city in Massachusetts just to the north of Boston; site of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'Bath': 'a town in southwestern England on the River Avon; famous for its hot springs and Roman remains', 'Blackpool': 'a resort town in Lancashire in northwestern England on the Irish Sea; famous for its tower', 'Brighton': 'a city in East Sussex in southern England that is a popular resort; site of the University of Sussex', 'Bristol': 'an industrial city and port in southwestern England near the mouth of the River Avon', 'Cheddar': 'a village in southwestern England where cheddar cheese was first made', 'Leeds': 'a city on the River Aire in West Yorkshire in northern England; a center of the clothing industry', 'Leicester': 'an industrial city in Leicestershire in central England; built on the site of a Roman settlement', 'Newcastle': \"a port city in northeastern England on the River Tyne; a center for coal exports (giving rise to the expression `carry coals to Newcastle' meaning to do something unnecessary)\", 'Portsmouth': 'a port city in southeastern Virginia on the Elizabeth River opposite Norfolk; naval base; shipyards', 'Coventry': 'an industrial city in central England; devastated by air raids during World War II; remembered as the home of Lady Godiva in the 11th century', 'Gloucester': 'a town in northeastern Massachusetts on Cape Ann to the northeast of Boston; the harbor has been a fishing center for centuries', 'Reading': 'a city on the River Thames in Berkshire in southern England', 'Sheffield': 'a steel manufacturing city in northern England famous for its cutlery industry', 'Stratford-on-Avon': 'a town in central England on the River Avon; birthplace (and burial place) of William Shakespeare', 'Sunderland': 'a port and industrial city in northeastern England', 'Worcester': 'United States lexicographer who was accused of plagiarism by Noah Webster (1784-1865)', 'Avon': 'a river in southwestern England rising in Gloucestershire and flowing through Bristol to empty into the estuary of the Severn', 'Berkshire': 'a county in southern England', 'Cornwall': 'a hilly county in southwestern England', 'Cumbria': 'a former Celtic kingdom in northwestern England; the name continued to be used for the hilly northwestern region of England including the Lake District and the northern Pennines', 'Essex': 'a county in southeastern England on the North Sea and the Thames estuary', 'Gloucestershire': 'a county in southwestern England in the lower Severn valley', 'New_Forest': 'an area of woods and heathland in southern Hampshire that was set aside by William I as Crown property in 1079; originally a royal hunting ground but now administered as parkland; noted for its ponies', 'Hertfordshire': 'a county in southern England', 'Kent': 'United States painter noted for his woodcuts (1882-1971)', 'Somerset': 'a county in southwestern England on the Bristol Channel', 'East_Sussex': 'a county in southern England on the English Channel', 'West_Sussex': 'a county in southern England on the English Channel', 'Canterbury': 'a town in Kent in southeastern England; site of the cathedral where Thomas a Becket was martyred in 1170; seat of the archbishop and primate of the Anglican Church', 'Leicestershire': 'a largely agricultural county in central England', 'Lincolnshire': 'an agricultural county of eastern England on the North Sea', 'Northumberland': \"the northernmost county of England; has many Roman remains (including Hadrian's Wall)\", 'East_Anglia': 'a region of eastern England that was formerly a kingdom', 'Lancashire': 'a historical area of northwestern England on the Irish Sea; noted for textiles', 'Surrey': 'a county in southeastern England on the Thames', 'Yorkshire': 'a former large county in northern England; in 1974 it was divided into three smaller counties', 'North_Yorkshire': 'a county in northern England', 'West_Yorkshire': 'a metropolitan county in northern England', 'South_Yorkshire': 'a metropolitan county in northern England', 'Northamptonshire': 'a county is central England', 'Northampton': 'the principal city of Northamptonshire', 'Northumbria': 'an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in northern England until 876', 'West_Country': 'the southwestern part of England (including Cornwall and Devon and Somerset)', 'Sussex': 'a county in southern England on the English Channel; formerly an Anglo-Saxon kingdom that was captured by Wessex in the 9th century', 'Wessex': 'a Saxon kingdom in southwestern England that became the most powerful English kingdom by the 10th century', \"Hadrian's_Wall\": 'an ancient Roman wall built by Hadrian in the 2nd century; marked the northern boundary of the Roman Empire in Britain', 'Channel_Island': 'any of a group of British islands in the English Channel off the northern coast of France', 'Scilly_Islands': 'an archipelago of small islands off the southwestern coast of England near the entrance to the English Channel; formerly a haven for smugglers and pirates', 'Man': 'one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea', 'Northern_Ireland': 'a division of the United Kingdom located on the northern part of the island of Ireland', 'Ulster': \"a historic division of Ireland located in the northeastern part of the island; six of Ulster's nine counties are in Northern Ireland\", 'Bangor': 'a town in east central Maine on the Penobscot River', 'Belfast': 'capital and largest city of Northern Ireland; the center of Protestantism in Northern Ireland', 'Dublin': 'capital and largest city and major port of the Irish Republic', 'Cork': 'a port city in southern Ireland', 'Galway': 'a port city in western Ireland on Galway Bay', 'Limerick': 'port city in southwestern Ireland', 'Tara': 'a village in eastern Ireland (northwest of Dublin); seat of Irish kings until 6th century', 'Waterford': 'a port city in southern Ireland; famous for glass industry', 'Scotland': 'one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; located on the northern part of the island of Great Britain; famous for bagpipes and plaids and kilts', 'Caledonia': 'the geographical area (in Roman times) to the north of the Antonine Wall; now a poetic name for Scotland', 'Highlands': 'a mountainous region of northern Scotland famous for its rugged beauty; known for the style of dress (the kilt and tartan) and the clan system (now in disuse)', 'Lowlands': 'the southern part of Scotland that is not mountainous', 'Aberdeen': 'a town in western Washington', 'Ayr': 'a port in southwestern Scotland', 'Balmoral_Castle': 'a castle in northeastern Scotland that is a private residence of the British sovereign', 'Edinburgh': 'the capital of Scotland; located in the Lothian Region on the south side of the Firth of Forth', 'Lothian_Region': 'a district in southeast central Scotland (south side of the Firth of Forth) and the location of Edinburgh', 'Glasgow': 'largest city in Scotland; a port on the Clyde in west central Scotland; one of the great shipbuilding centers of the world', 'Hebrides': 'a group of more than 500 islands off the western coast of Scotland', 'Inner_Hebrides': 'islands between the Outer Hebrides and the western coast of Scotland', 'Isle_of_Skye': 'an island of northwestern Scotland noted for its rugged mountain scenery', 'Islay': 'an island of western Scotland at the southern end of the Inner Hebrides', 'Mull': 'an island in western Scotland in the Inner Hebrides', 'Staffa': \"an island in western Scotland in the Inner Hebrides to the west of Mull; site of Fingal's Cave\", 'Outer_Hebrides': 'a 130-mile long archipelago to the northwest of Scotland', 'Wales': 'one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; during Roman times the region was known as Cambria', 'Aberdare': 'a mining town in southern Wales', 'Cardiff': 'the capital and largest city of Wales', 'Newport': 'a resort city in southeastern Rhode Island; known for the summer homes of millionaires; important yachting center', 'Sealyham': 'a village in southwestern Wales where the Sealyham terrier was first bred', 'Swansea': 'a port city in southern Wales on an inlet of the Bristol Channel', 'Anglesey': 'an island to the northwest of Wales', 'Brunei': 'a sultanate in northwestern Borneo; became independent of Great Britain in 1984', 'sultanate': 'country or territory ruled by a sultan', 'Burkina_Faso': 'a desperately poor landlocked country in western Africa; was formerly Upper Volta under French rule but gained independence in 1960', 'Sinai': 'a mountain peak in the southern Sinai Peninsula (7,500 feet high); it is believed to be the peak on which Moses received the Ten Commandments', 'Egyptian_Empire': 'an ancient empire to the west of Israel; centered on the Nile River and ruled by a Pharaoh; figured in many events described in the Old Testament', 'Egypt': 'a republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971; site of an ancient civilization that flourished from 2600 to 30 BC', 'Lower_Egypt': 'one of the two main administrative districts of Egypt; consists of the Nile delta', 'Upper_Egypt': 'one of the two main administrative districts of Egypt; extends south from Cairo to Sudan', 'Alexandria': 'a town in Louisiana on the Red River', 'Aswan': 'an ancient city on the Nile in Egypt; two dams across the Nile have been built nearby', 'Cairo': 'a town at the southern tip of Illinois at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers', 'Giza': 'an ancient Egyptian city on the west bank of the Nile opposite Cairo; site of three Great Pyramids and the Sphinx', 'Memphis': 'largest city of Tennessee; located in southwestern Tennessee on bluffs overlooking the Mississippi River', 'Luxor': 'a city in central Egypt on the east bank of the Nile that is a center for visitors to the ruins of and around Thebes', 'Saqqara': 'a town in northern Egypt; site of the oldest Egyptian pyramids', 'Suez': 'a city in northeastern Egypt at the head of the Gulf of Suez and at the southern end of the Suez Canal', 'Suez_Canal': 'a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea', 'India': 'a republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947', 'Assam': 'state in northeastern India', 'Karnataka': 'state in southern India; formerly Mysore', 'Manipur': 'state in northeastern India', 'Hindustan': 'northern region of India where Hinduism predominates', 'Sikkim': 'a geographical area and former kingdom in northeastern India in the Himalaya Mountains between Nepal and Bhutan', 'Kanara': 'a historical region of southwestern India on the west coast', 'Punjab': 'a historical region on northwestern India and northern Pakistan', 'New_Delhi': 'the capital of India is a division of the old city of Delhi', 'Delhi': 'a city in north central India', 'Bangalore': 'an industrial city in south central India (west of Chennai)', 'Jabalpur': 'an industrial city of central India to the southeast of Delhi', 'Kolkata': 'the largest city in India and one of the largest cities in the world; located in eastern India; suffers from poverty and overcrowding', 'Mumbai': \"a city in western India just off the coast of the Arabian Sea; India's 2nd largest city (after Calcutta); has the only natural deep-water harbor in western India\", 'Agra': 'a city in northern India; former capital of the Mogul empire; site of the Taj Mahal', 'Hyderabad': 'a city in southern Pakistan on the Indus River', 'Chennai': 'a city in Tamil Nadu on the Bay of Bengal; formerly Madras', 'Mysore': 'a city in southern India to the southwest of Bangalore', 'Salem': 'capital of the state of Oregon in the northwestern part of the state on the Willamette River', 'Andhra_Pradesh': 'a state of southeastern India on the Bay of Bengal', 'Bihar': 'a state of northeastern India', 'Goa': 'a state of southwestern India; a former Portuguese colony', 'Gujarat': 'a region of western India to the north of Bombay (bordering the Arabian Sea) where Gujarati is spoken', 'Tamil_Nadu': 'a state in southeastern India on the Bay of Bengal (south of Andhra Pradesh); formerly Madras', 'Uttar_Pradesh': 'a state in northern India', 'Maharashtra': 'a historical area in west-central India', 'Orissa': 'state in eastern India on the Bay of Bengal', 'Nilgiri_Hills': 'hills in southern India', 'West_Bengal': 'a state in eastern India', 'Nepal': 'a small landlocked Asian country high in the Himalayas between India and China', 'Kathmandu': 'the capital and largest city of Nepal', 'Tibet': 'an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China; located in the Himalayas', 'Indonesia': 'a republic in southeastern Asia on an archipelago including more than 13,000 islands; achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1945; the principal oil producer in the Far East and Pacific regions', 'Bali': 'an island in Indonesia to the east of Java; striking volcanic scenery; culture is known for elaborate dances and rituals and for handicrafts', 'Timor': 'an island in Indonesia in the Malay Archipelago; the largest and most eastern of the Lesser Sunda Islands', 'Sumatra': 'a mountainous island in western Indonesia', 'Celebes': 'a mountainous island in eastern Indonesia', 'Moluccas': 'a group of island in eastern Indonesia between Celebes and New Guinea; settled by the Portuguese but taken by the Dutch who made them the center for a spice monopoly, at which time they were known as Spice Islands', 'Indonesian_Borneo': 'the part of Indonesia on the southern side of the island of Borneo', 'Jakarta': 'capital and largest city of Indonesia; located on the island of Java; founded by the Dutch in 17th century', 'Bandung': 'a city in Indonesia; located on western Java (southeast of Jakarta); a resort known for its climate', 'Medan': 'a city in Indonesia; located in northeastern Sumatra', 'Semarang': 'a port city is southern Indonesia; located in northern Java', 'Gulf_States': 'a region of the United States comprising states bordering the Gulf of Mexico; Alabama and Florida and Louisiana and Mississippi and Texas', 'Iran': 'a theocratic Islamic republic in the Middle East in western Asia; Iran was the core of the ancient empire that was known as Persia until 1935; rich in oil', 'Teheran': 'the capital and largest city of Iran; located in northern Iran', 'Abadan': 'a port city in southwestern Iran', 'Bam': 'an ancient city in southeastern Iran; destroyed by an earthquake in 2003', 'Mashhad': 'the holy city of Shiite Muslims; located in northeastern Iran', 'Isfahan': 'city in central Iran; former capital of Persia', 'Rasht': 'city in northwestern Iran near the Caspian Sea', 'Shiraz': 'a city in central southwestern Iran; ruins of ancient Persepolis are nearby', 'Tabriz': 'an ancient city in northwestern Iran; known for hot springs', 'Urmia': 'a city on the western side of Lake Urmia in northwestern Iran', 'Qum': 'a city in northwestern Iran; a place of pilgrimage for Shiite Muslims', 'Persia': 'an empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC', 'Persepolis': 'an ancient city that was the capital of the ancient Persian Empire; now in ruins', 'Elam': 'an ancient country in southwestern Asia to the east of the Tigris River (in what is modern Iran); was known for its warlike people', 'Iraq': 'a republic in the Middle East in western Asia; the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia was in the area now known as Iraq', 'Baghdad': 'capital and largest city of Iraq; located on the Tigris River; \"Baghdad is one of the great cities of the Muslim world\"', 'Basra': 'the second largest city in Iraq; an oil port in southern Iraq', 'Kerbala': \"a city of central Iraq to the south of Baghdad; a holy city for Shiite Muslims because it is the site of the tomb of Mohammed's grandson who was killed there in 680\", 'Kirkuk': 'a city in northeastern Iraq; the center of a rich oilfield with pipelines to the Mediterranean', 'Mosul': 'a city in northern Iraq on the Tigris across from the ruins of Nineveh', 'Levant': 'a heavy morocco often used in bookbinding', 'Macedon': 'the ancient kingdom of Philip II and Alexander the Great in the southeastern Balkans that is now divided among modern Macedonia and Greece and Bulgaria', 'Thrace': 'an ancient country and wine producing region in the east of the Balkan Peninsula to the north of the Aegean Sea; colonized by ancient Greeks; later a Roman province; now divided between Bulgaria and Greece and Turkey', 'Edirne': 'a city in northwestern Turkey; a Thracian town that was rebuilt and renamed by the Roman Emperor Hadrian', 'Mesopotamia': 'the land between the Tigris and Euphrates; site of several ancient civilizations; part of what is now known as Iraq', 'Babylon': 'the chief city of ancient Mesopotamia and capital of the ancient kingdom of Babylonia', 'Babylonia': 'an ancient kingdom in southern Mesopotamia; Babylonia conquered Israel in the 6th century BC and exiled the Jews to Babylon (where Daniel became a counselor to the king)', 'Chaldea': 'an ancient region of Mesopotamia lying between the Euphrates delta and the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Desert; settled in 1000 BC and destroyed by the Persians in 539 BC; reached the height of its power under Nebuchadnezzar II', 'Sumer': 'an area in the southern region of Babylonia in present-day Iraq; site of the Sumerian civilization of city-states that flowered during the third millennium BC', 'Ur': 'an ancient city of Sumer located on a former channel of the Euphrates River', 'Assyria': 'an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia which is in present-day Iraq', 'Assur': 'an ancient Assyrian city on the Tigris and traditional capital of Assyria; just to the south of the modern city of Mosul in Iraq', 'Nineveh': 'an ancient Assyrian city on the Tigris across from the modern city of Mosul in the northern part of what is now known as Iraq', 'Phoenicia': 'an ancient maritime country (a collection of city states) at eastern end of the Mediterranean', 'Carthage': 'an ancient city state on the north African coast near modern Tunis; founded by Phoenicians; destroyed and rebuilt by Romans; razed by Arabs in 697', 'Utica': 'a city in central New York', 'Japan': 'a constitutional monarchy occupying the Japanese Archipelago; a world leader in electronics and automobile manufacture and ship building', 'Hokkaido': 'the second largest of the four main islands of Japan; to the north of Honshu', 'Honshu': 'the central and largest of the four main islands of Japan; between the Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean; regarded as the Japanese mainland', 'Kyushu': 'the southernmost of the four main islands of Japan; contains coal fields', 'Shikoku': 'the smallest of the four main islands of Japan; to the south of Honshu and to the east of Kyushu; separated from Honshu by the Inland Sea; forested and mountainous', 'Asahikawa': 'a city on western Hokkaido that is the center of a fertile agricultural area', 'Tokyo': 'the capital and largest city of Japan; the economic and cultural center of Japan', 'Nagano': 'a city in central Honshu to the northwest of Tokyo; site of a Buddhist shrine', 'Nagoya': 'an industrial city in southern Honshu', 'Omiya': 'a city of east central Honshu; a suburb of Tokyo', 'Osaka': 'port city on southern Honshu on Osaka Bay; a commercial and industrial center of Japan', 'Yokohama': 'port city on southeastern Honshu in central Japan', 'Naha_City': 'the chief city in the Ryukyu Islands', 'Ryukyu_Islands': 'a chain of 55 islands in the western Pacific to the to the southwest of Japan (returned by United States to Japan in 1972)', 'Kobe': 'a port city in Japan on Osaka Bay in southern Honshu; was damaged by an earthquake in 1995', 'Kyoto': 'a city in central Japan on southern Honshu; a famous cultural center that was once the capital of Japan', 'Hiroshima': 'a port city on the southwestern coast of Honshu in Japan; on August 6, 1945 Hiroshima was almost completely destroyed by the first atomic bomb dropped on a populated area', 'Sapporo': 'a commercial city in northern Japan on western Hokkaido', 'Kitakyushu': 'a Japanese city on northern Kyushu', 'Fukuoka': 'a city in southern Japan on Kyushu', 'Nagasaki': 'a city in southern Japan on Kyushu; a leading port and shipbuilding center; on August 9, 1945 Nagasaki became the second populated area to receive an atomic bomb', 'Toyohashi': 'a Japanese city in southern Honshu on the Pacific shore', 'Toyonaki': 'a Japanese city in southern Honshu; main residential suburb of Osaka', 'Toyota': 'an industrial city of Japan in southern Honshu', 'Asama': 'a volcano in central Honshu near Nagano; one of the largest volcanoes in Japan (8,340 feet)', 'Volcano_Islands': 'a group of Japanese Islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean to the north of the Marianas', 'Iwo_Jima': 'the largest of the Volcano Islands of Japan', 'Jordan': 'a river in Palestine that empties into the Dead Sea; John the Baptist baptized Jesus in the Jordan', 'Amman': 'the capital and largest city of Jordan', 'Al_Aqabah': \"Jordan's port; located in southwestern Jordan on the Gulf of Aqaba\", 'Jericho': 'a village in Palestine near the north end of the Dead Sea; in the Old Testament it was the first place taken by the Israelites under Joshua as they entered the Promised Land', 'Az_Zarqa': 'city in northwestern Jordan', 'Kenya': 'a republic in eastern Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1963; major archeological discoveries have been made in the Great Rift Valley in Kenya', 'Nairobi': 'the capital and largest city of Kenya; a center for tourist safaris', 'Kisumu': 'a port city in western Kenya on the northeastern shore of Lake Victoria; fishing and trading center', 'Mombasa': 'a port city in southern Kenya on a coral island in a bay of the Indian Ocean', 'Nakuru': 'a city in western Kenya; commercial center of an agricultural region', 'Kuwait': 'a seaport on the Persian Gulf and capital of Kuwait', 'Gaul': 'a Celt of ancient Gaul', 'France': 'French writer of sophisticated novels and short stories (1844-1924)', 'Paris': 'sometimes placed in subfamily Trilliaceae', 'Left_Bank': 'the region of Paris on the southern bank of the Seine; a center of artistic and student life', 'Montmartre': 'the highest point in Paris; famous for its associations with many artists', 'Clichy': 'a northwestern suburb of Paris; the residence of the Merovingian royalty in the 7th century', 'Orly': 'a southeastern suburb of Paris; site of an international airport serving Paris', \"Quai_d'Orsay\": 'the street in Paris along the south bank of the Seine known for its governmental ministries', 'Right_Bank': 'the region of Paris on the north bank of the Seine', 'Ile-St-Louis': 'island in Paris on the Seine', 'Champs_Elysees': 'a major avenue in Paris famous for elegant shops and cafes', 'Avignon': 'a town in southeastern France on the Rhone River; the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1378 and the residence of antipopes during the Great Schism', 'Brest': 'a port city in northwestern France (in Brittany); the chief naval station of France', 'Calais': 'a town in northern France on the Strait of Dover that serves as a ferry port to England; in 1347 it was captured by the English king Edward III after a long siege and remained in English hands until it was recaptured by the French king Henry II in 1558', 'Cannes': 'a port and resort city on the French Riviera; site of an annual film festival', 'Chartres': 'a town in northern France that is noted for its Gothic Cathedral', 'Cherbourg': 'a port town in northwestern France on the English Channel; site of a naval base', 'Dijon': 'an industrial city in eastern France to the north of Lyons', 'Grenoble': 'a city in southeastern France on the Isere River', 'Le_Havre': 'a port city in northern France on the English Channel at the mouth of the Seine', 'Lille': 'an industrial city in northern France near the Belgian border; was the medieval capital of Flanders', 'Lyon': 'a city in east-central France on the Rhone River; a principal producer of silk and rayon', 'Marseille': 'a port city in southeastern France on the Mediterranean', 'Nancy': 'a city in northeastern France in Lorraine', 'Nantes': 'a port city in western France on the Loire estuary', 'Nice': 'a city in southeastern France on the Mediterranean; the leading resort on the French Riviera', 'Rheims': 'a city in northeastern France to the east of Paris; scene of the coronation of most French kings; site of the unconditional German surrender in 1945 at the end of World War II', 'Strasbourg': 'city on the Rhine in eastern France near the German border; an inland port', 'Toulon': 'a port city and naval base in southeastern France on the Mediterranean coast', 'Toulouse': 'a city on the Garonne River in southern France to the southeast of Bordeaux; a cultural center of medieval Europe', 'Tours': 'an industrial city in western France on the Loire River', 'Vichy': 'a town in central France (south of Paris) noted for hot mineral springs; was capital of the unoccupied part of France during World War II', 'Riviera': 'a coastal area between La Spezia in Italy and Cannes in France; \"the Riviera contains some of Europe\\'s most popular resorts\"', 'French_Riviera': 'the French part of the Riviera', 'French_region': 'a geographical subdivision of France', 'Alsace': 'a region of northeastern France famous for its wines', 'Anjou': 'a former province of western France in the Loire valley', 'Aquitaine': 'a region of southwestern France between Bordeaux and the Pyrenees', 'Artois': 'a former province of northern France near the English Channel (between Picardy and Flanders)', 'Auvergne': 'a region in central France', 'Basse-Normandie': 'a division of Normandy', 'Bourgogne': 'a former province of eastern France that is famous for its wines', 'Bretagne': 'a former province of northwestern France on a peninsula between the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay', 'Centre': 'a low-lying region in central France', 'Champagne': 'a region of northeastern France', 'Ardennes': 'a wooded plateau in the Champagne-Ardenne region of France; the site of intense fighting in World War I and World War II', 'Corse': 'an island in the Mediterranean; with adjacent islets it constitutes a region of France', 'Franche-Comte': 'a former province of eastern France', 'Gascogne': 'a region of southwestern France', 'Haute-Normandie': 'a division of Normandy', 'Ile-de-France': 'a region of north central France including Paris and the area around it', 'Languedoc-Roussillon': 'a region in south central France; named after the medieval dialect of French that was spoken there', 'Limousin': 'a region of central France to the west of the Auvergne mountains', 'Lorraine': 'an eastern French region rich in iron-ore deposits', 'Martinique': 'an island in the eastern Caribbean in the Windward Islands; administered as an overseas region of France', 'Mayenne': 'a department of northwestern France in the Pays de la Loire region', 'Midi': 'the southern part of France', 'Midi-Pyrenees': 'a region in southwestern France', 'Nord-Pas-de-Calais': 'a region in northeastern France', 'Pays_de_la_Loire': 'an agricultural region of western France on the Bay of Biscay', 'Picardie': 'a region of northern France on the English Channel', 'Poitou-Charentes': 'a low-lying region of west central France on the Bay of Biscay', 'Rhone-Alpes': 'a mountainous region of eastern France drained by the Rhone and Saone and Isere rivers', 'Normandie': 'a former province of northwestern France on the English channel; divided into Haute-Normandie and Basse-Normandie', 'Orleanais': 'a former province of north central France; centered around Orleans', 'Provence': \"a former province of southeastern France; now administered with Cote d'Azur\", 'Lyonnais': 'a former province of east central France; now administered by Rhone-Alpes', 'Savoy': 'a geographical region of historical importance; a former duchy in what is now southwestern France, western Switzerland, and northwestern Italy', 'Gabon': 'a republic on the west coast of Africa', 'Libreville': 'the capital of Gabon', 'Gambia': 'a narrow republic surrounded by Senegal in West Africa', 'Banjul': 'a port city and capital of Gambia', 'Ghana': 'a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; \"Ghana was colonized as the Gold Coast by the British\"', 'Accra': 'the capital and largest city of Ghana with a deep-water port', 'Kumasi': 'a city in southern Ghana', 'Tamale': 'a city in northern Ghana', 'Grenada': 'an island state in the West Indies in the southeastern Caribbean Sea; an independent state within the British Commonwealth', \"St._George's\": 'the capital and largest city of Grenada', 'Guinea': 'a republic in western Africa on the Atlantic; formerly a French colony; achieved independence from France in 1958', 'Conakry': 'a port and the capital of Guinea', 'Guinea-Bissau': 'a republic on the northwestern coast of Africa; recognized as independent by Portugal in 1974', 'Bissau': 'the capital of Guinea-Bissau', 'Guiana': 'a geographical region of northeastern South America including Guyana and Surinam', 'Guyana': 'a republic in northeastern South America; formerly part of the British Empire, but it achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1966', 'Georgetown': 'a section of northwestern Washington, D.C.', 'Demerara': 'a river in northern Guyana that flows northward into the Atlantic', 'Netherlands': 'a constitutional monarchy in western Europe on the North Sea; half the country lies below sea level', 'Amsterdam': 'an industrial center and the nominal capital of the Netherlands; center of the diamond-cutting industry; seat of an important stock exchange; known for its canals and art museum', 'Apeldoorn': 'a city of east central Netherlands; a popular tourist center and site of the summer residence of the Dutch royal family', 'Arnhem': 'a city in the central Netherlands on the lower Rhine River; site of a battle in 1944 during World War II', 'The_Hague': 'the site of the royal residence and the de facto capital in the western part of the Netherlands; seat of the International Court of Justice', 'Eindhoven': 'city in southeastern Netherlands noted for electrical industry', 'Nijmegen': 'an industrial city in the eastern Netherlands', 'Rotterdam': 'the 2nd largest city in the Netherlands; located in the western Netherlands near the North Sea', 'Leiden': 'a city in the western Netherlands; residence of the Pilgrim Fathers for 11 years before they sailed for America in 1620', 'Utrecht': 'a city in the central Netherlands', 'Friesland': 'the western part of the ancient region of Frisia in northern Europe on the North Sea between the Scheldt river and the Weser river; part of this region is now a province in the Netherlands', 'Frisia': 'an ancient region of northwestern Europe including the Frisian Islands', 'Frisian_Islands': 'a chain of islands in the North Sea off the coast of northwestern Europe extending from the IJsselmeer to Jutland', 'Hungary': 'a republic in central Europe', 'Budapest': 'capital and largest city of Hungary; located on the Danube River in north-central Hungary', 'Faroe_Islands': 'a self-governing colony that is a possession of Denmark in the Faroe Islands', 'Thorshavn': 'the administrative center of the Faroe Islands', 'Iceland': 'an island republic on the island of Iceland; became independent of Denmark in 1944', 'Reykjavik': 'the capital and chief port of Iceland on the southwestern coast of Iceland; buildings are heated by natural hot water', 'Orkney_Islands': 'an archipelago of about 70 islands in the North Atlantic and North Sea off the northeastern coast of Scotland', 'Shetland': 'an archipelago of about 100 islands in the North Atlantic off the north coast of Scotland', 'Thule': 'a town in northwestern Greenland; during World War II a United States naval base was built there', 'Korea': 'an Asian peninsula (off Manchuria) separating the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan; the Korean name is Dae-Han-Min-Gook or Han-Gook', 'Chosen': 'the name for Korea as a Japanese province (1910-1945)', 'North_Korea': 'a communist country in the northern half of the Korean Peninsula; established in 1948', 'Pyongyang': 'capital of North Korea and an industrial center; \"Pyongyang is Korea\\'s oldest city but little of its history has been preserved\"', 'South_Korea': 'a republic in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula; established in 1948', 'Seoul': 'the capital of South Korea and the largest city of Asia; located in northwestern South Korea', 'Kwangju': 'city in southwestern South Korea; an important military base during the Korean War', 'Taegu': 'a city in southeastern South Korea', 'Pusan': 'a city in southeastern South Korea on the Korean Strait; the chief port and second largest city', 'Laos': 'a mountainous landlocked communist state in southeastern Asia; achieved independence from France in 1949', 'Vientiane': 'the capital and largest city of Laos', 'Lappland': 'a region in northmost Europe inhabited by Lapps', 'Lebanon': 'an Asian republic at east end of Mediterranean', 'Bayrut': 'capital and largest city of Lebanon; located in western Lebanon on the Mediterranean', 'Tarabulus': 'a port city and commercial center in northwestern Lebanon on the Mediterranean Sea', 'Sayda': 'the main city of ancient Phoenicia', 'Sur': 'a port in southern Lebanon on the Mediterranean Sea; formerly a major Phoenician seaport famous for silks', 'Byblos': 'an ancient Mediterranean seaport that was a thriving city state in Phoenicia during the second millennium BC; was the chief port for the export of papyrus; located in Lebanon to the north of Beirut; now partially excavated', 'Lesotho': 'a landlocked constitutional monarchy in southern Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1966', 'Maseru': 'the capital of Lesotho; located in northwestern Lesotho', 'Liberia': 'a republic in West Africa; established in 1822 by Americans as a way to free negro slaves', 'Monrovia': 'the capital and chief port and largest city of Liberia', 'Libya': 'a military dictatorship in northern Africa on the Mediterranean; consists almost entirely of desert; a major exporter of petroleum', 'Tripoli': 'the capital and chief port and largest city of Libya; in northwestern Libya on the Mediterranean Sea; founded by the Phoenicians in the 7th century BC', 'Benghazi': 'port in northern Libya on the Gulf of Sidra; formerly a joint capital of Libya with Tripoli', 'Liechtenstein': 'a small landlocked principality (constitutional monarchy) in central Europe located in the Alps between Austria and Switzerland', 'Vaduz': 'the capital and largest city of Liechtenstein', 'Luxembourg': 'a grand duchy (a constitutional monarchy) landlocked in northwestern Europe between France and Belgium and Germany; an international financial center', 'Luxembourg-Ville': 'the capital and largest city of Luxembourg', 'Macedonia': 'landlocked republic on the Balkan Peninsula; achieved independence from Yugoslavia in 1991', 'Skopje': 'capital of modern Macedonia', 'Madagascar': 'a republic on the island of Madagascar; achieved independence from France in 1960', 'Antananarivo': 'the capital and largest city of Madagascar', 'Malawi': 'a landlocked republic in southern central Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1964', 'Blantyre': 'city in southern Malawi; largest city and commercial center of Malawi', 'Lilongwe': 'the capital of Malawi; located in south central Malawi', 'Zomba': 'a city in southern Malawi; was the capital until 1971', 'Malaysia': 'a constitutional monarchy in southeastern Asia on Borneo and the Malay Peninsula; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957', 'Kuala_Lumpur': 'the largest city and former capital of Malaysia until 2005', 'Putrajaya': \"Malaysia's sparkling new capital\", 'East_Malaysia': 'the part of Malaysia that is on the island of Borneo', 'Sabah': 'a region of Malaysia in northeastern Borneo', 'Sarawak': 'a region of Malaysia on northwestern Borneo', 'West_Malaysia': 'the region of Malaysia on the Malay Peninsula', 'Malay_Peninsula': 'a peninsula in southeastern Asia occupied by parts of Malaysia and Thailand and Myanmar', 'Maldives': 'a republic on the Maldive Islands; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1965', 'Male': 'the capital of Maldives in the center of the islands', 'Mali': 'a landlocked republic in northwestern Africa; achieved independence from France in 1960; Mali was a center of West African civilization for more than 4,000 years', 'Bamako': 'the capital of Mali; located in the south on the Niger', 'Timbuktu': 'a city in central Mali near the Niger river; formerly famous for its gold trade', 'Malta': 'a republic on the island of Malta in the Mediterranean; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1964', 'Valletta': 'the capital of Malta; located on the northeastern coast of the island', 'Mauritania': 'a country in northwestern Africa with a provisional military government; achieved independence from France in 1960; largely western Sahara Desert', 'Nouakchott': 'capital of Mauritania; located in western Mauritania near the Atlantic coast', 'Mauritius': 'a parliamentary state on the island of Mauritius', 'Port_Louis': 'capital and chief port of Mauritius; located on the northwestern coast of the island', 'Monaco': 'a constitutional monarchy in a tiny enclave on the French Riviera', 'Monaco-Ville': 'the capital of Monaco', 'Monte_Carlo': 'a town and popular resort in the principality of Monaco; famous for its gambling casino', 'Tartary': 'the vast geographical region of Europe and Asia that was controlled by the Mongols in the 13th and 14th centuries; \"under Genghis Khan Tartary extended as far east as the Pacific Ocean\"', 'Mongolia': 'a landlocked socialist republic in central Asia', 'Ulan_Bator': 'the capital and largest city of Mongolia', 'Morocco': 'a kingdom (constitutional monarchy) in northwestern Africa with a largely Muslim population; achieved independence from France in 1956', 'Casablanca': 'a port on the Atlantic and the largest city of Morocco', 'El_Aaium': 'a town in Morocco near the Atlantic coast', 'Fez': 'a city in north central Morocco; religious center', 'Marrakesh': 'a city in western Morocco; tourist center', 'Oujda': 'a city in northeastern Morocco near the Algerian border', 'Rabat': 'the capital of Morocco; located in the northwestern on the Atlantic coast', 'Tangier': 'a city of northern Morocco at the west end of the Strait of Gibraltar; \"the first tangerines were shipped from Tangier to Europe in 1841\"', 'Western_Sahara': 'an area in northwestern Africa with rich phosphate deposits; under Moroccan control since 1992', 'Mozambique': 'a republic on the southeastern coast of Africa on the Mozambique Channel; became independent from Portugal in 1975', 'Beira': 'a port city in eastern Mozambique on the Mozambique Channel', 'Maputo': 'the capital and largest city of Mozambique', 'New_Zealand': 'an independent country within the British Commonwealth; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1907; known for sheep and spectacular scenery', 'North_Island': 'the smaller but more populous of two main islands of New Zealand; separated from South Island by Cook Strait', 'South_Island': 'the larger but less populous of two main islands of New Zealand; separated from North Island by Cook Strait', 'Auckland': 'the largest city and principal port of New Zealand', 'Christchurch': 'industrial city at the center of a rich agricultural region', 'Wellington': 'British general and statesman; he defeated Napoleon at Waterloo; subsequently served as Prime Minister (1769-1852)', 'Niger': 'an African river; flows into the South Atlantic', 'Niamey': 'the capital and largest city of Niger', 'Nigeria': 'a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; gained independence from Britain in 1960; most populous African country', 'Abuja': 'capital of Nigeria in the center of the country', 'Ibadan': 'a large Yoruba city in southwestern Nigeria; site of a university', 'Katsina': 'a city in northern Nigeria; a major center of the Hausa people', 'Lagos': 'chief port and economic center of Nigeria; located in southwestern Nigeria on the Gulf of Guinea; former capital of Nigeria', 'Maiduguri': 'a city in northeastern Nigeria; an agricultural trading center', 'Zaria': 'a city in north central Nigeria; agricultural trading center', 'Oman': 'a strategically located monarchy on the southern and eastern coasts of the Arabian Peninsula; the economy is dominated by oil', 'Muscat': 'a port on the Gulf of Oman and capital of the sultanate of Oman', 'Kashmir': 'an area in southwestern Asia whose sovereignty is disputed between Pakistan and India', 'Pakistan': 'a Muslim republic that occupies the heartland of ancient south Asian civilization in the Indus River valley; formerly part of India; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947', 'Faisalabad': 'city in northeast Pakistan', 'Islamabad': 'the capital of Pakistan in the north on a plateau; the site was chosen in 1959', 'Karachi': 'the largest city in Pakistan; located in southeastern Pakistan; an industrial center and seaport on the Arabian Sea; former capital of Pakistan', 'Lahore': 'city in northeast Pakistan', 'Peshawar': 'city in northern Pakistan at the eastern end of the Khyber Pass', 'Rawalpindi': 'an ancient city in northeastern Pakistan; served as capital of Pakistan while Islamabad was being built', 'Sind': 'a region of southeastern Pakistan', 'Palau': 'a republic in the western central Pacific Ocean in association with the United States', 'Paraguay': 'a landlocked republic in south central South America; achieved independence from Spain in 1811', 'Asuncion': 'the capital and chief port of Paraguay', 'Parthia': 'an ancient kingdom in Asia to the southeast of the Caspian Sea; it dominated southwestern Asia from about 250 BC to AD 226', 'Peru': 'a republic in western South America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821; was the heart of the Inca empire from the 12th to 16th centuries', 'Arequipa': 'a city in southern Peru founded in 1540 on the site of an ancient Inca city', 'Cuzco': 'a town in the Andes in southern Peru; formerly the capital of the Inca empire', 'Lima': 'capital and largest city and economic center of Peru; located in western Peru; was capital of the Spanish empire in the New World until the 19th century', 'Machu_Picchu': 'Inca fortress city in the Andes in Peru discovered in 1911; it may have been built in the 15th century', 'Philippines': 'a republic on the Philippine Islands; achieved independence from the United States in 1946', 'Cebu': 'an important seaport on the island of Cebu in the Philippines', 'Luzon': 'the main island of the Philippines', 'Mindanao': 'the second largest island of the Philippines at the southern end of the archipelago; mountainous and volcanic', 'Mindoro': 'a mountainous island in the central Philippines', 'Manila': 'the capital and largest city of the Philippines; located on southern Luzon', 'Caloocan': 'a suburb of Manila in southwestern Luzon', 'Quezon_City': 'city on Luzon adjoining Manila', 'Pinatubo': 'a volcano on Luzon to the northwest of Manila; erupted in 1991 after 600 years of dormancy', 'Visayan_Islands': 'group of islands in the central Philippines', 'Poland': 'a republic in central Europe; the invasion of Poland by Germany in 1939 started World War II', 'Warszawa': 'the capital and largest city of Poland; located in central Poland', 'Bydgoszcz': 'an industrial city and river port in northern Poland', 'Cracow': 'an industrial city in southern Poland on the Vistula', 'Czestochowa': 'a city of southern Poland whose church contains the statue of the black Madonna which attracts many pilgrims', 'Gdansk': 'a port city of northern Poland near the mouth of the Vistula River on a gulf of the Baltic Sea; a member of the Hanseatic League in the 14th century', 'Katowice': 'an industrial city of southern Poland', 'Lodz': 'a large city of central Poland', 'Lublin': 'an industrial city of eastern Poland', 'Wroclaw': 'a city in southwestern Poland on the Oder', 'Zabrze': 'an industrial city in southern Poland', 'Iberian_Peninsula': 'a peninsula in southwestern Europe', 'Portugal': 'a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; Portuguese explorers and colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries created a vast overseas empire (including Brazil)', 'Azores': 'islands in the Atlantic Ocean belonging to Portugal; \"the Azores are strategically located on transatlantic air and shipping routes\"', 'Madeira_Islands': 'a group of volcanic islands in the Atlantic Ocean to the west of Morocco; the group forms an autonomous region of Portugal', 'Braga': 'an ancient city in northern Portugal', 'Lisbon': 'capital and largest city and economic and cultural center of Portugal; a major port in western Portugal on Tagus River where it broadens and empties into the Atlantic', 'Porto': 'port city in northwest Portugal; noted for port wine', 'Setubal': 'a port city on the Atlantic coast of Portugal to the southeast of Lisbon', 'Qatar': 'an Arab country on the peninsula of Qatar; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1971; the economy is dominated by oil', 'Doha': 'the capital and chief port of Qatar', 'Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis': 'a country on several of the Leeward Islands; located to the east southeast of Puerto Rico; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1983', 'Saint_Christopher': 'the largest of the islands comprising Saint Christopher-Nevis', 'Basseterre': 'the capital of Saint Kitts and Nevis on the island of Saint Christopher', 'Nevis': 'one of the islands of Saint Christopher-Nevis', 'Sombrero': 'one of the islands of Saint Christopher-Nevis', 'Saint_Lucia': 'a country on the island of Saint Lucia; gained independence from Great Britain in 1979', 'Castries': 'a port on the island of Saint Lucia; capital and largest city of Saint Lucia', 'Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines': 'an island country in the central Windward Islands; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1979', 'Saint_Vincent': 'an island in the center of the Windward Islands; the largest of the islands comprising Saint Vincent and the Grenadines', 'Kingstown': 'the capital of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; on Saint Vincent', 'French_Polynesia': 'a French overseas possession in the South Pacific', 'Tahiti': 'an island in the south Pacific; the most important island in French Polynesia; made famous by Robert Louis Stevenson and Paul Gauguin', 'Papeete': 'the capital of French Polynesia on the northwestern coast of Tahiti', 'Society_Islands': 'an island group of French Polynesia in the South Pacific to the east of Samoa', 'Tuamotu_Archipelago': 'a group of about 80 coral islands in French Polynesia', 'Tubuai_Islands': 'a chain of small islands in French Polynesia', 'Gambier_Islands': 'a group of islands in the south central Pacific; part of French Polynesia', 'Marquesas_Islands': 'a group of volcanic islands in the south central Pacific; part of French Polynesia', 'Samoa': 'a constitutional monarchy on the western part of the islands of Samoa in the South Pacific', 'Apia': 'the capital of Western Samoa', 'American_Samoa': 'a United States territory on the eastern part of the island of Samoa', 'Pago_Pago': 'a port in American Samoa', 'San_Marino': 'the capital and only city of San Marino', 'Sao_Tome_and_Principe': 'island nation in the South Atlantic off the west coast of Africa; achieved independence from Portugal in 1975; has enormous offshore oil reserves', 'Sao_Tome': 'capital of Sao Tome and Principe', 'Principe': 'an island in the Gulf of Guinea that is part of Sao Tome and Principe', 'Saudi_Arabia': 'an absolute monarchy occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula in southwest Asia; vast oil reserves dominate the economy', 'Riyadh': 'joint capital (with Mecca) of Saudi Arabia located in the central oasis; largest city in Saudi Arabia', 'Mecca': 'joint capital (with Riyadh) of Saudi Arabia; located in western Saudi Arabia; as the birthplace of Muhammad it is the holiest city of Islam', 'Medina': 'a city in western Saudi Arabia; site of the tomb of Muhammad; the second most holy city of Islam', 'Dhahran': 'an oil town in eastern Saudi Arabia on an inlet from the Persian Gulf; in June 1996 terrorists bombed an apartment complex in Dhahran killing 19 United States soldiers and wounding more than 300 people', 'Jeddah': 'port city in western Saudi Arabia on the Red Sea; near Mecca', 'Tabuk': 'a city in northwestern Saudi Arabia', 'Taif': 'a city in western Saudi Arabia to the east of Mecca', 'Nejd': 'a central plateau region of the Arabian Peninsula; formerly an independent sultanate until 1932 when it united with Hejaz to form the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia', 'Hejaz': 'a coastal region of the western Arabian Peninsula bordering on the Red Sea; includes both Mecca and Medina; formerly an independent kingdom until it united with Nejd to form the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia', 'Senegal': 'a republic in northwestern Africa on the coast of the Atlantic; formerly a French colony but achieved independence in 1960', 'Dakar': 'the capital and chief port and largest city of Senegal', 'Seychelles': 'a republic on the Seychelles islands; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1976', 'Sierra_Leone': 'a republic in West Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1961', 'Freetown': 'port city and the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone', 'Singapore': \"the capital of Singapore; one of the world's biggest ports\", 'Solomons': 'the northernmost islands are part of Papua New Guinea; the remainder form an independent state within the British Commonwealth', 'Solomon_Islands': 'the southern Solomon Islands that since 1978 form an independent state in the British Commonwealth', 'Honiara': 'national capital of Solomon Islands', 'Somalia': 'a republic in extreme eastern Africa on the Somali peninsula; subject to tribal warfare', 'Mogadishu': 'the capital and largest city of Somalia; a port on the Indian Ocean', 'Hargeisa': 'a city in northwestern Somalia', 'Somali_peninsula': 'a peninsula of northeastern Africa (the easternmost part of Africa) comprising Somalia and Djibouti and Eritrea and parts of Ethiopia', 'South_Africa': 'a republic at the southernmost part of Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1910; first European settlers were Dutch (known as Boers)', 'Pretoria': 'city in the Transvaal; the seat of the executive branch of the government of South Africa', 'Cape_Town': 'port city in southwestern South Africa; the seat of the legislative branch of the government of South Africa', 'Johannesburg': 'city in the northeastern part of South Africa near Pretoria; commercial center for diamond and gold industries', 'Kimberley': 'city in central South Africa; center for diamond mining and diamond marketing', 'Durban': 'a port city in eastern South Africa on the Indian Ocean; resort and industrial center', 'Free_State': 'a province in central South Africa that was colonized by the Boers; named Free State in 1997', 'Transvaal': 'a province of northeastern South Africa originally inhabited by Africans who spoke Bantu; colonized by the Boers', 'Cape_Province': 'a former province of southern South Africa that was settled by the Dutch in 1652 and ceded to Great Britain in 1814; in 1994 it was split into three new provinces of South Africa', 'Witwatersrand': 'a rocky region in the southern Transvaal in northeastern South Africa; contains rich gold deposits and coal and manganese', 'Cape_of_Good_Hope': 'a point of land in southwestern South Africa (south of Cape Town)', 'Bloemfontein': 'the seat of the supreme court', 'Soweto': 'a large collection of African townships to the southwest of Johannesburg in South Africa; inhabited solely by Black Africans', 'Rus': 'the medieval Russian state established by Scandinavian traders in the 9th century; the capital was first in Novgorod and then in Kiev', 'Russia': 'a federation in northeastern Europe and northern Asia; formerly Soviet Russia; since 1991 an independent state', 'Soviet_Union': 'a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia and others); officially dissolved 31 December 1991', 'Muscovy': 'a Russian principality in the 13th to 16th centuries; Moscow was the capital', 'Moscow': 'a city of central European Russia; formerly capital of both the Soviet Union and Soviet Russia; since 1991 the capital of the Russian Federation', 'Astrakhan': 'a city in southwestern Russia on the delta of the Volga River', 'Cherepovets': 'a city of east central Russia to the north of Moscow', 'Chechnya': 'an autonomous republic in southwestern Russia in the northern Caucasus Mountains bordering on Georgia; declared independence from the USSR in 1991 but Russian troops invaded and continue to prosecute a relentless military campaign in the largely Muslim republic', 'Grozny': 'the capital of Chechnya in southwestern Russia; center of extensive oil fields', 'Kaluga': 'a city of central Russia to the south of Moscow', 'Khabarovsk': 'a city on the Amur River on the border of China and the capital of Khabarovsk', 'Kursk': 'a city of southwestern Russia', 'Siberia': 'a vast Asian region of Russia; famous for long cold winters', 'Soviet_Socialist_Republic': 'one of the states that formerly made up the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922-1991)', 'European_Russia': 'the part of Russia that is part of Europe', 'Asian_Russia': 'the Russia that is part of Asia', 'Soviet_Russia': 'formerly the largest Soviet Socialist Republic in the USSR occupying eastern Europe and northern Asia', 'Nizhnyi_Novgorod': 'an industrial city in the European part of Russia; birthplace of Maksim Gorky', 'Kazan': 'United States stage and screen director (born in Turkey) and believer in method acting (1909-2003)', 'St._Petersburg': 'a city in western Florida on Tampa Bay; a popular winter resort', 'Murmansk': 'a port city in northwestern Russia on the Kola Peninsula; the largest city to the north of the Arctic Circle; an important supply line to Russia in World War I and World War II', 'Nalchik': 'a city in southwestern Russia in a valley of the Caucasus Mountains; an industrial center and health resort', 'Novgorod': \"a city in northwestern Russia on the Volkhov River; Russia's oldest city and an important trading center in the Middle Ages\", 'Perm': 'a city in the European part of Russia', 'Rostov': 'a seaport on the Don River near the Sea of Azov in the European part of Russia', 'Saratov': 'an industrial city in the European part of Russia', 'Smolensk': 'a city in western Russia on the Dnieper River; scene of severe fighting in World War II', 'Ufa': 'a city in the European part of Russia', 'Volgograd': 'a city in the European part of Russia on the Volga; site of German defeat in World War II in the winter of 1942-43', 'Novosibirsk': 'a city in the Asian part of Russia on the Ob river; largest city in Siberia', 'Chelyabinsk': 'a city in the Asian part of Russia', 'Omsk': 'a city in the Asian part of Russia', 'Vladivostok': 'a seaport in the Asian part of Russia', 'Novaya_Zemlya': 'two islands in the Arctic Ocean belonging to Russia; site of a test center for nuclear warheads', 'Kola_Peninsula': 'a peninsula in northwestern Russia projecting eastward between the Barents Sea and the White Sea', 'Belarus': 'a landlocked republic in eastern Europe; formerly a European soviet', 'Minsk': 'the capital of Belarus and of the Commonwealth of Independent States', 'Homyel': 'industrial city of Belarus to the southeast of Minsk', 'Pinsk': 'a city of southwestern Belarus', 'Baltic_State': 'European countries bordering the Baltic Sea', 'Estonia': 'a republic in northeastern Europe on the Baltic Sea', 'Tallinn': 'a port city on the Gulf of Finland that is the capital and largest city of Estonia', 'Tartu': 'a city of southeastern Estonia that was a member of the Hanseatic League', 'Livonia': 'a region on the Baltic that is divided between northern Estonia and southern Latvia', 'Latvia': 'a republic in northeastern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea', 'Riga': 'a port city on the Gulf of Riga that is the capital and largest city of Latvia; formerly a member of the Hanseatic League', 'Liepaja': 'a city of southwestern Latvia on the Baltic Sea', 'Daugavpils': 'a city of southeastern Latvia', 'Lithuania': 'a republic in northeastern Europe on the Baltic Sea', 'Klaipeda': 'a city in western Lithuania on the Baltic Sea; formerly an important trading town of the Hanseatic League', 'Vilnius': 'the capital and largest city of Lithuania; located in southeastern Lithuania', 'Kaunas': 'a city in central Lithuania', 'Moldova': 'a landlocked republic in eastern Europe; formerly a European soviet but achieved independence in 1991', 'Kishinev': 'the capital of Moldova', 'Ukraine': 'a republic in southeastern Europe; formerly a European soviet; the center of the original Russian state which came into existence in the ninth century', 'Crimea': 'a Ukrainian peninsula between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov', 'Colchis': '(Greek mythology) a region on the Black Sea to the south of the Caucasus that was the site of an ancient country where (according to Greek mythology) Jason sought the Golden Fleece', 'Kyyiv': 'capital and largest city of the Ukraine; a major manufacturing and transportation center', 'Donetsk': 'an industrial city in the Donets Basin', 'Donets_Basin': 'an industrial region in the Ukraine', 'Chernobyl': 'a city in north central Ukraine; site of a major disaster at a nuclear power plant (26 April 1986)', 'Dneprodzerzhinsk': 'port city and industrial center in east central Ukraine on the Dnieper River', 'Dnipropetrovsk': 'city in east central Ukraine on the Dnieper River; center of metallurgical industry', 'Kharkov': 'a city in northeastern Ukraine; former capital of the Ukraine', 'Odessa': 'a city in western Texas', 'Sebastopol': 'a city in southern Ukraine on the Black Sea', 'Yalta': 'a resort city in Crimea in the southern Ukraine on the Black Sea; site of the Allied conference between Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill in February 1945', 'Armenia': \"a landlocked republic in southwestern Asia; formerly an Asian soviet; modern Armenia is but a fragment of ancient Armenia which was one of the world's oldest civilizations; throughout 2500 years the Armenian people have been invaded and oppressed by their neighbors\", 'Yerevan': 'capital of Armenia', 'Azerbaijan': 'a landlocked republic in southwestern Asia; formerly an Asian soviet', 'Baku': 'a port city on the Caspian Sea that is the capital of Azerbaijan and an important center for oil production', 'Iberia': 'an ancient geographical region to the south of the Caucasus Mountains that corresponded approximately to the present-day Georgia', 'Georgia': 'one of the British colonies that formed the United States', 'Tbilisi': 'the capital and largest city of Georgia on the Kura river', 'Adzhar': 'an autonomous province of Georgia on the Black Sea', 'Kazakhstan': 'a landlocked republic to the south of Russia and to the northeast of the Caspian Sea; the original Turkic-speaking inhabitants were overrun by Mongols in the 13th century; an Asian soviet from 1936 to 1991', 'Astana': 'remote city of Kazakhstan that (ostensibly for security reasons) was made the capital in 1998', 'Almaty': 'the largest city in Kazakhstan and the capital until 1998', 'Kyrgyzstan': 'a landlocked republic in west central Asia bordering on northwestern China; formerly an Asian soviet but became independent in 1991', 'Bishkek': 'the capital of Kyrgyzstan (known as Frunze 1926-1991)', 'Tajikistan': 'a landlocked mountainous republic in southeast central Asia to the north of Afghanistan; formerly an Asian soviet', 'Dushanbe': 'the capital of Tajikistan; formerly Stalinabad 1926-1991', 'Turkmenistan': 'a republic in Asia to the east of the Caspian Sea and to the south of Kazakhstan and to the north of Iran; an Asian soviet from 1925 to 1991', 'Ashkhabad': 'the capital and largest city of Turkmenistan', 'Kamchatka_Peninsula': 'a peninsula in eastern Siberia; between Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk', 'Taimyr_Peninsula': 'a peninsula in northern Siberia', 'Uzbekistan': 'a landlocked republic in west central Asia; formerly an Asian soviet', 'Tashkent': 'the capital of Uzbekistan', 'Samarkand': \"city in southern Uzbekistan; Tamerlane's opulent capital in the 14th century\", 'Latin_America': 'the parts of North America and South America to the south of the United States where Romance languages are spoken', 'Andorra': 'a small republic in the eastern Pyrenees between Spain and France', 'Spain': 'a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power', 'Madrid': 'the capital and largest city situated centrally in Spain; home of an outstanding art museum', 'Balearic_Islands': 'an archipelago in the western Mediterranean off the eastern coast of Spain', 'Majorca': 'the largest of the Balearic Islands', 'Canary_Islands': 'a group of mountainous islands in the Atlantic off the northwest coast of Africa forming Spanish provinces', 'Barcelona': 'a city in northeastern Spain on the Mediterranean; 2nd largest Spanish city and the largest port and commercial center; has been a center for radical political beliefs', 'Cadiz': 'an ancient port city in southwestern Spain', 'Granada': 'a city in southeastern Spain that was the capital of the Moorish kingdom until it was captured by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492; site of the Alhambra (a palace and fortress built by Moors in the Middle Ages) which is now a major tourist attraction', 'Jerez': 'a city in southwestern Spain that is famous for making sherry', 'Logrono': 'a city in northern Spain on the Ebro River', 'Malaga': 'a port city and resort in Andalusia in southern Spain on the Mediterranean', 'Oviedo': 'a city in northwestern Spain near the Cantabrian Mountains', 'San_Sebastian': 'a city in northern Spain on the Bay of Biscay near the French border; a fashionable seaside resort', 'Sevilla': 'a city in southwestern Spain; a major port and cultural center; the capital of bullfighting in Spain', 'Toledo': 'an industrial city in northwestern Ohio on Lake Erie', 'Aragon': 'French writer who generalized surrealism to literature (1897-1982)', 'Zaragoza': 'an ancient city on the Ebro River in northeastern Spain; formerly the capital of Aragon', 'Castile': 'a region of central Spain; a former kingdom that comprised most of modern Spain and united with Aragon to form Spain in 1479', 'Catalonia': 'a region of northeastern Spain', 'Galicia': 'a region (and former kingdom) in northwestern Spain on the Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay', 'Valencia': 'an industrial city in northern Venezuela', 'Tenerife': 'a Spanish island in the Atlantic off the northwestern coast of Africa; the largest of the Canary Islands', 'Gibraltar': 'location of a colony of the United Kingdom on a limestone promontory at the southern tip of Spain; strategically important because it can control the entrance of ships into the Mediterranean; one of the Pillars of Hercules', 'Sudan': 'a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; achieved independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956', 'Darfur': 'an impoverished region of western Sudan; \"Darfur was a semi-independent sultanate until 1917 and is ethnically distinct from central Sudan\"', 'Kordofan': 'a mountainous province of central Sudan', 'Khartoum': 'the capital of Sudan located at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile', 'Nyala': 'city in Sudan', 'Port_Sudan': 'port city in Sudan on the Red Sea', 'Suriname': 'a republic in northeastern South America on the Atlantic; achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1975', 'Paramaribo': 'the capital and largest city and major port of Surinam', 'Swaziland': 'a landlocked monarchy in southeastern Africa; member of the commonwealth that achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1968', 'Mbabane': 'capital of Swaziland; located in northwestern Swaziland', 'Switzerland': 'a landlocked federal republic in central Europe', 'Swiss_canton': 'one of the cantons of Switzerland', 'Bern': 'the capital of Switzerland; located in western Switzerland', 'Basel': 'a city in northwestern Switzerland', 'Geneva': 'a city in southwestern Switzerland at the western end of Lake Geneva; it is the headquarters of various international organizations', 'Interlaken': 'a popular resort town in the Alps in west central Switzerland', 'Lausanne': 'a city in western Switzerland; cultural and commercial center', 'Zurich': 'the largest city in Switzerland; located in the northern part of the country; \"Zurich is the center of the German-speaking part of Switzerland\"', 'Syria': \"an Asian republic in the Middle East at the east end of the Mediterranean; site of some of the world's most ancient centers of civilization\", 'Aram': 'the biblical name for ancient Syria', 'Dimash': \"an ancient city (widely regarded as the world's oldest) and present capital and largest city of Syria; according to the New Testament, the Apostle Paul (then known as Saul) underwent a dramatic conversion on the road to Damascus\", 'Halab': 'a city in northwestern Syria', 'Al_Ladhiqiyah': 'a seaport on the western coast of Syria', 'Tanzania': 'a republic in eastern Africa', 'Dar_es_Salaam': 'the capital and largest port city of Tanzania on the Indian Ocean', 'Dodoma': 'a city in the center of Tanzania that has been designated as the future capital', 'Tanganyika': 'a former state in East Africa; united with Zanzibar in 1964 to form Tanzania', 'Zanzibar': 'an island in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa; part of the United Republic of Tanzania', 'Mbeya': 'a city in southwestern Tanzania', 'Mwanza': 'a city in northern Tanzania on Lake Victoria', 'Tabora': 'a city in western Tanzania', 'Tanga': 'a port city in northeastern Tanzania on the Indian Ocean', 'Serengeti': 'a vast plain in Tanzania to the west of the Great Rift Valley known for its wildlife', 'Serengeti_National_Park': 'a national park in Tanzania created in 1951 to protect the wildlife', 'Thailand': 'a country of southeastern Asia that extends southward along the Isthmus of Kra to the Malay Peninsula; \"Thailand is the official name of the former Siam\"', 'Bangkok': 'the capital and largest city and chief port of Thailand; a leading city in southeastern Asia; noted for Buddhist architecture', 'Tunisia': 'a republic in northwestern Africa on the Mediterranean coast; achieved independence from France in 1956; \"southern Tunisia is mostly desert\"', 'Tunis': 'the capital and principal port of Tunisia', 'Ariana': 'city in Tunisia', 'Ehadhamen': 'city in Tunisia', 'Gafsa': 'a city in west central Tunisia', 'Sfax': 'the second largest city in Tunisia; located in eastern Tunisia near a phosphate region', 'Sousse': 'a port city in eastern Tunisia on the Mediterranean', 'Ottoman_Empire': 'a Turkish sultanate of southwestern Asia and northeastern Africa and southeastern Europe; created by the Ottoman Turks in the 13th century and lasted until the end of World War I; although initially small it expanded until it superseded the Byzantine Empire', 'Iraqi_Kurdistan': 'the part of Kurdistan that is in northwestern Iraq', 'Turkey': 'a Eurasian republic in Asia Minor and the Balkans; on the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, the Young Turks, led by Kemal Ataturk, established a republic in 1923', 'Abydos': 'an ancient Greek colony on the Asiatic side of the Dardanelles; scene of the legend of Hero and Leander', 'Adana': 'a city in southern Turkey on the Seyhan River', 'Ankara': 'the capital of Turkey; located in west-central Turkey; it was formerly known as Angora and is the home of Angora goats', 'Antalya': 'a port city in southwestern Turkey on the Gulf of Antalya', 'Antioch': 'a town in southern Turkey; ancient commercial center and capital of Syria; an early center of Christianity', 'Halicarnassus': 'an ancient Greek city on the southwestern coast of Asia Minor in what is now Turkey; site of the mausoleum at Halicarnassus', 'Istanbul': 'the largest city and former capital of Turkey; rebuilt on the site of ancient Byzantium by Constantine I in the fourth century; renamed Constantinople by Constantine who made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire; now the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church', 'Bursa': 'a city in northwestern Turkey', 'Izmir': 'a port city in western Turkey', 'Pergamum': 'an ancient Greek city located in the western part of what is now modern Turkey; the technique of preparing sheepskins as parchment was developed here', 'Sardis': 'an ancient Greek city located in the western part of what is now modern Turkey; as the capital of Lydia it was the cultural center of Asia Minor; destroyed by Tamerlane in 1402', 'Ionia': 'region of western Asia Minor colonized by ancient Greeks', 'Uganda': 'a landlocked republic in eastern Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1962', 'Buganda': 'a state of Uganda and site of a former Bantu kingdom', 'Entebbe': 'a town in southern Uganda on Lake Victoria; site of an international airport (where in 1976 Israeli commandos rescued hostages held aboard a plane by Palestinian hijackers)', 'Jinja': 'a city in Uganda on the north shore of Lake Victoria', 'Kampala': 'the capital and largest city of Uganda on the north shore of Lake Victoria', 'Gulu': 'a city in northern Uganda', 'United_Arab_Emirates': 'a federation of seven Arab emirates on the eastern Arabian peninsula; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1971; rich in oil reserves', 'Abu_Dhabi': 'a sheikhdom of eastern Arabia and capital of the United Arab Emirates', 'Dubai': 'port city in the United Arab Emirates on the Persian Gulf', 'United_States': 'North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776', 'East_Coast': 'the eastern seaboard of the United States (especially the strip between Boston and Washington D.C.)', 'West_Coast': 'the western seaboard of the United States from Washington to southern California', 'Colony': 'one of the 13 British colonies that formed the original states of the United States', 'New_England': 'a region of northeastern United States comprising Maine and New Hampshire and Vermont and Massachusetts and Rhode Island and Connecticut', 'Mid-Atlantic_states': 'a region of the eastern United States comprising New York and New Jersey and Pennsylvania and Delaware and Maryland', 'slave_state': 'any of the southern states in which slavery was legal prior to the American Civil War', 'free_state': 'any state prohibiting slavery prior to the American Civil War', 'Confederacy': 'the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861', 'South': 'the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line', 'Deep_South': 'the southeastern region of the United States: South Carolina and Georgia and Alabama and Mississippi and Louisiana; prior to the American Civil War all these states produced cotton and permitted slavery', 'Old_South': 'the South of the United States before the American Civil War', 'Sunbelt': 'states in the south and southwest that have a warm climate and tend to be politically conservative', 'Tidewater': 'the coastal plain of the South: eastern parts of Virginia and North Carolina and South Carolina and Georgia', 'Union': 'the United States (especially the northern states during the American Civil War); \"he has visited every state in the Union\"; \"Lee hoped to detach Maryland from the Union\"; \"the North\\'s superior resources turned the scale\"', 'North': 'British statesman under George III whose policies led to rebellion in the American colonies (1732-1792)', 'Carolina': 'the area of the states of North Carolina and South Carolina', 'Montgomery': 'Canadian novelist (1874-1942)', 'Decatur': 'United States naval officer remembered for his heroic deeds (1779-1820)', 'Gadsden': 'an industrial town in north central Alabama', 'Huntsville': 'a city in northern Alabama; center for space research', 'Mobile': 'a river in southwestern Alabama; flows into Mobile Bay', 'Selma': 'a town in central Alabama on the Alabama river; in 1965 it was the center of a drive to register Black voters', 'Tuscaloosa': 'a university town in west central Alabama', 'Tuskegee': 'a town in eastern Alabama', 'Alaska': 'a state in northwestern North America; the 49th state admitted to the union; \"Alaska is the largest state in the United States\"', 'Juneau': 'the state capital of Alaska', 'Anchorage': 'a city in south central Alaska; \"Anchorage is the largest city in Alaska\"', 'Nome': 'a town in western Alaska on the southern coast of the Seward Peninsula; an important center of an Alaskan gold rush at the beginning of the 20th century', 'Sitka': 'a town in southeastern Alaska that was the capital of Russian America and served as the capital of Alaska from 1867 until 1906', 'Skagway': 'a town in southeastern Alaska at the northern end of the Inside Passage; a gateway to the Klondike during the Alaskan gold rush', 'Valdez': \"a port on Alaska's southern coast from which oil is shipped to markets around the world\", 'Seward_Peninsula': 'a peninsula in western Alaska that projects westward into the Bering Sea just below the Arctic Circle', 'Alexander_Archipelago': 'a group of islands off southeastern Alaska', 'Admiralty_Island': 'an Alaskan island in the Alexander Archipelago near Juneau', 'Flagstaff': 'a town in north central Arizona; site of an important observatory', 'Mesa': 'a city in Arizona just to the east of Phoenix; originally a suburb of Phoenix', 'Phoenix': 'a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Tucana and Sculptor', 'Prescott': 'a town in central Arizona', 'Sun_City': 'a residential suburb of Phoenix', 'Tucson': 'a city in southeastern Arizona ringed by mountain ranges; long known as a winter and health resort but the population shift from industrial states to the Sunbelt resulted in rapid growth late in the 20th century', 'Arkansas': 'a river that rises in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and flows southeast through Kansas and Oklahoma and through Arkansas to become a tributary of the Mississippi River', 'Fayetteville': 'a town in central West Virginia on the New River', 'Fort_Smith': 'a town in western Arkansas on the Arkansas River at the Oklahoma border', 'Hot_Springs': 'a town in west central Arkansas; a health resort noted for thermal springs', 'Jonesboro': 'a town in northeast Arkansas', 'Little_Rock': 'the state capital and largest city of Arkansas in the central part of Arkansas on the Arkansas River', 'Pine_Bluff': 'a town in southeast central Arkansas on the Arkansas River', 'Texarkana': 'a town in northeast Texas adjacent to Texarkana, Arkansas', 'California': 'a state in the western United States on the Pacific; the 3rd largest state; known for earthquakes', 'Anaheim': 'a city in southern California (southeast of Los Angeles); site of Disneyland', 'Disneyland': 'an amusement park in Anaheim created in 1955 by Walt Disney', 'Bakersfield': 'a city in south central California at the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley', 'Barstow': 'a town in southeastern California', 'Berkeley': 'Irish philosopher and Anglican bishop who opposed the materialism of Thomas Hobbes (1685-1753)', 'Beverly_Hills': 'a city in southwestern California surrounded by Los Angeles; home of many Hollywood actors', 'Chula_Vista': 'an industrial city in southern California (south of San Diego) near the Mexican border', 'Eureka': 'a town in northwest California on an arm of the Pacific Ocean', 'Fresno': 'a city in south central California in the San Joaquin Valley; center of an important agricultural area and gateway to the Sierra Nevada Mountains', 'Long_Beach': 'a city in southern California located on 8.5 miles of Pacific beachfront; was a resort until oil was discovered in 1921', 'Los_Angeles': 'a city in southern California; motion picture capital of the world; most populous city of California and second largest in the United States', 'Monterey': 'a town in western California to the south of San Francisco on a peninsula at the southern end of Monterey Bay', 'Oakland': 'a city in western California on San Francisco Bay opposite San Francisco; primarily and industrial urban center', 'Palo_Alto': 'a university town in California', 'Pasadena': 'a city in southwestern California to the east of Los Angeles', 'Redding': 'a town in north central California on the Sacramento River', 'Riverside': 'a city in southern California', 'Sacramento': 'a city in north central California 75 miles to the northeast of San Francisco on the Sacramento River; capital of California', 'San_Bernardino': 'a city in southern California to the east of Los Angeles', 'San_Diego': 'a picturesque city of southern California on San Diego Bay near the Mexican border; site of an important naval base', 'San_Francisco': \"a port in western California near the Golden Gate that is one of the major industrial and transportation centers; it has one of the world's finest harbors; site of the Golden Gate Bridge\", 'Nob_Hill': 'a fashionable neighborhood in San Francisco', 'San_Mateo': 'a town in California to the south of San Francisco', 'San_Pablo': 'a town in western California to the north of Oakland on an arm of San Francisco Bay', 'Santa_Barbara': 'a town in southwestern California on the Pacific Ocean', 'Santa_Clara': 'a city of west central California; residential area with light industry', 'Santa_Catalina': 'an island resort in the Pacific off the southwestern coast of California', 'Colorado': 'a river in Texas; flows southeast into the Gulf of Mexico', 'Boulder': 'a town in north central Colorado; Rocky Mountains resort center and university town', 'Colorado_Springs': 'a city in east central Colorado on the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains; popular tourist center and site of the United States Air Force Academy', 'Denver': 'the state capital and largest city of Colorado; located in central Colorado on the South Platte river', 'Pueblo': \"a member of any of about two dozen Native American peoples called `Pueblos' by the Spanish because they live in pueblos (villages built of adobe and rock)\", 'Connecticut': 'a river in the northeastern United States; flows south from northern New Hampshire along the border between New Hampshire and Vermont and through Massachusetts and Connecticut where it empties into Long Island Sound', 'Bridgeport': 'a port in southwestern Connecticut on Long Island Sound', 'Farmington': 'a town in northwestern New Mexico', 'Hartford': 'the state capital of Connecticut; located in central Connecticut on the Connecticut river; a center of the insurance business', 'New_Haven': 'a city in southwestern Connecticut; site of Yale University', 'New_London': 'a town in southeastern Connecticut near Long Island Sound; an important whaling center in the 19th century', 'Waterbury': 'a city in west central Connecticut', 'Dover': 'the capital of the state of Delaware', 'Wilmington': 'a town in southeastern North Carolina on the Cape Fear River', 'District_of_Columbia': 'the district occupied entirely by the city of Washington; chosen by George Washington as the site of the capital of the United States and created out of land ceded by Maryland and Virginia', 'Washington': 'United States educator who was born a slave but became educated and founded a college at Tuskegee in Alabama (1856-1915)', 'Potomac': 'a river in the east central United States; rises in West Virginia in the Appalachian Mountains and flows eastward, forming the boundary between Maryland and Virginia, to the Chesapeake Bay', 'Capitol_Hill': 'a hill in Washington, D.C., where the Capitol Building sits and Congress meets; \"they are debating the budget today on Capitol Hill\"', 'Florida': 'a state in southeastern United States between the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War', 'Daytona_Beach': 'a resort town in northeast Florida on the Atlantic coast; hard white beaches have been used for automobile speed trials', 'Fort_Lauderdale': 'a city in southeast Florida on the Atlantic coast to the north of Miami; a favorite place for college students to go on their spring vacations', 'Fort_Myers': 'a town in southwest Florida', 'Gainesville': 'a university town in north central Florida', 'Jacksonville': \"Florida's largest city; a port and important commercial center in northeastern Florida\", 'Key_West': 'a town on the westernmost of the Florida keys in the Gulf of Mexico', 'Miami': 'a member of the extinct Algonquian people formerly living in northern Indiana and southern Michigan', 'Miami_Beach': 'a city in southeastern Florida on an island between Biscayne Bay and the Atlantic Ocean; known for fashionable resort hotels', 'Orlando': 'a city in central Florida; site of Walt Disney World', 'Palm_Beach': 'a resort town in southeast Florida on an island on the Atlantic coast', 'Pensacola': 'a town in extreme northwest Florida', 'Sarasota': 'a town in west central Florida on the Gulf of Mexico', 'St._Augustine': 'a resort city in northeastern Florida; the oldest city in the United States', 'Tallahassee': 'capital of the state of Florida; located in northern Florida', 'Tampa': 'a resort city in western Florida; located on Tampa Bay on the Gulf of Mexico', 'West_Palm_Beach': 'a town in southeast Florida on the mainland opposite Palm Beach; founded as a commercial center for Palm Beach', 'Walt_Disney_World': 'a large amusement park established in 1971 to the southwest of Orlando', 'Albany': 'state capital of New York; located in eastern New York State on the west bank of the Hudson river', 'Augusta': 'the capital of the state of Maine', 'Brunswick': 'a university town in southwestern Maine', 'Columbus': 'Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)', 'Macon': 'a city in central Georgia to the southeast of Atlanta', 'Savannah': 'a river in South Carolina that flows southeast to the Atlantic', 'Valdosta': 'a town in southern Georgia near the Florida border', 'Vidalia': 'a town in central Georgia; the origin of Vidalia onions', 'Hawaii': 'the largest and southernmost of the Hawaii islands; has several volcanic peaks', 'Hilo': 'a town in Hawaii on the island of Hawaii', 'Honolulu': 'the capital and largest city of Hawaii; located on a large bay on the island of Oahu', 'Waikiki': 'a well-known beach and resort area on Oahu Island to the southeast of Honolulu', 'Hawaiian_Islands': 'a group of volcanic and coral islands in the central Pacific', 'Kahoolawe': 'an island of south-central Hawaii', 'Kauai': 'an island of Hawaii to the northwest of Oahu', 'Lanai': 'an island of central Hawaii; a pineapple-growing area', 'Maui': 'the second largest of the Hawaiian Islands', 'Molokai': 'an island of central Hawaii (between Maui and Oahu)', 'Nihau': 'the most northwestern Hawaiian island (beyond Kauai)', 'Oahu': 'an island of central Hawaii (between Molokai and Kauai); the chief island of the state', 'Pearl_Harbor': 'a harbor on Oahu to the west of Honolulu; location of a United States naval base that was attacked by the Japanese on 7 Dec 1941', 'Midway_Islands': 'an atoll in the Hawaiian Islands some 1300 miles to the northwest of Honolulu; site of an important United States naval base', 'Idaho': 'a state in the Rocky Mountains', 'Boise': 'the capital and largest city of Idaho', \"Coeur_d'Alene\": \"a member of an Amerindian people living in northern Idaho around Coeur d'Alene Lake\", 'Idaho_Falls': 'a town in southeastern Idaho on the Snake River', 'Lewiston': 'a town in southwestern Maine to the north of Portland', 'Nampa': 'a town in southwestern Idaho', 'Pocatello': 'a university town in southeastern Idaho', 'Sun_Valley': 'a winter sports resort in south central Idaho', 'Twin_Falls': 'a town on the Snake River in south central Idaho near the Twin Falls', 'Carbondale': 'a town in southern Illinois', 'Champaign': 'a university town in east central Illinois adjoining Urbana', 'Chicago': 'largest city in Illinois; a bustling Great Lakes port that extends 26 miles along the southwestern shoreline of Lake Michigan', 'East_Saint_Louis': 'a town in southwest Illinois on the Mississippi across from Saint Louis', 'Moline': 'a town in northwest Illinois on the Mississippi River', 'Peoria': 'a city in central Illinois on the Illinois River', 'Rockford': 'a city in northern Illinois', 'Rock_Island': 'a town in northwest Illinois on the Mississippi River; site of a Union prison during the American Civil War', 'Springfield': 'a city of southwestern Missouri', 'Urbana': 'a university town in east central Illinois adjoining Champaign', 'Indiana': 'United States pop artist (born 1928)', 'Bloomington': 'a university town in south central Indiana', 'Evansville': 'a city in southwestern Indiana on the Ohio River', 'Fort_Wayne': 'a city in northeastern Indiana', 'Gary': 'a city in northwest Indiana on Lake Michigan; steel production', 'Indianapolis': \"the capital and largest city of Indiana; a major commercial center in the country's heartland; site of an annual 500-mile automobile race\", 'Lafayette': 'French soldier who served under George Washington in the American Revolution (1757-1834)', 'Muncie': 'a town in east central Indiana', 'South_Bend': 'a city in northern Indiana', 'Council_Bluffs': 'a town in southwest Iowa on the Missouri River across from Omaha', 'Davenport': 'a city in eastern Iowa on the Mississippi River across from Moline and Rock Island', 'Cedar_Rapids': 'a city in eastern Iowa', 'Clinton': 'wife of President Clinton and later a woman member of the United States Senate (1947-)', 'Des_Moines': 'the capital and largest city in Iowa', 'Dubuque': 'a town in eastern Iowa on the Mississippi River', 'Mason_City': 'a town in north central Iowa', 'Ottumwa': 'a town in southeast Iowa', 'Sioux_City': 'a city in northeastern Iowa where the Big Sioux River joins the Missouri', 'Kansas': 'a river in northeastern Kansas; flows eastward to become a tributary of the Missouri River', 'Dodge_City': 'a town of southwestern Kansas on the Arkansas River; formerly a rowdy cow town', 'Abilene': 'a city in central Texas', 'Hays': 'United States lawyer and politician who formulated a production code that prescribed the moral content of United States films from 1930 to 1966 (1879-1954)', 'Kansas_City': 'a city in western Missouri situated at the confluence of the Kansas River and the Missouri River; adjacent to Kansas City, Kansas', 'Lawrence': \"Roman martyr; supposedly Lawrence was ordered by the police to give up the church's treasure and when he responded by presenting the poor people of Rome he was roasted to death on a gridiron (died in 258)\", 'Salina': 'a town in central Kansas', 'Topeka': 'the capital of the state of Kansas; located in eastern Kansas on the Kansas river', 'Kentucky': 'a state in east central United States; a border state during the American Civil War; famous for breeding race horses', 'Bowling_Green': 'a town in southern Kentucky', 'Frankfort': 'the capital of Kentucky; located in northern Kentucky', 'Louisville': 'the largest city in Kentucky; located in north central Kentucky on the Ohio river; site of the Kentucky Derby', 'Owensboro': 'a town in northwestern Kentucky on the Ohio River; a tobacco market', 'Paducah': 'a town in western Kentucky on the Ohio River', 'Bluegrass': 'an area in central Kentucky noted for it bluegrass and thoroughbred horses', 'Louisiana_Purchase': 'territory in the western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million; extends from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada', 'Louisiana': 'a state in southern United States on the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War', 'Baton_Rouge': 'capital of Louisiana', 'Monroe': 'United States film actress noted for sex appeal (1926-1962)', 'Morgan_City': 'a town in southeast Louisiana to the south of Baton Rouge', 'New_Orleans': 'a port and largest city in Louisiana; located in southeastern Louisiana near the mouth of the Mississippi river; a major center for offshore drilling for oil in the Gulf of Mexico; jazz originated here among black musicians in the late 19th century; Mardi Gras is celebrated here each year', 'Shreveport': 'a city in northwest Louisiana on the Red River near the Texas border', 'Maine': 'a state in New England', 'Orono': 'a university town in east central Maine on the Penobscot River to the north of Bangor', 'Portland': 'freshwater port and largest city in Oregon; located in northwestern Oregon on the Willamette River which divides the city into east and west sections; renowned for its beautiful natural setting among the mountains', 'Maryland': 'one of the British colonies that formed the United States', 'Annapolis': 'state capital of Maryland; site of the United States Naval Academy', 'Baltimore': 'the largest city in Maryland; a major seaport and industrial center', 'Fort_Meade': 'a United States Army base in Maryland; headquarters of the National Security Agency', 'Frederick': 'a town in northern Maryland to the west of Baltimore', 'Hagerstown': 'a town in northern Maryland', 'Massachusetts': 'one of the British colonies that formed the United States', 'Boston': 'state capital and largest city of Massachusetts; a major center for banking and financial services', 'Boston_Harbor': 'the seaport at Boston', 'Beacon_Hill': 'a fashionable section of Boston; site of the Massachusetts capital building', \"Breed's_Hill\": 'a hill in Charlestown that was the site of the battle of Bunker Hill in 1775', 'Charlestown': 'a former town and present-day neighborhood of Boston; settled in 1629', 'Concord': 'capital of the state of New Hampshire; located in south central New Hampshire on the Merrimack river', 'Medford': 'a town in southwestern Oregon; a summer resort', 'Pittsfield': 'a town in western Massachusetts', 'Cape_Ann': 'a Massachusetts peninsula to the north of Boston extending into the Atlantic Ocean', 'Cape_Cod': 'a Massachusetts peninsula to the south of Boston extending into the Atlantic; a popular resort area', 'Cape_Cod_Canal': 'a canal connecting Cape Cod Bay with Buzzards Bay', \"Martha's_Vineyard\": 'an island summer resort off of Cape Cod', 'Nantucket': 'an island resort off Cape Cod; formerly a center of the whaling industry', 'Plymouth': 'a town in Massachusetts founded by Pilgrims in 1620', 'Plymouth_Colony': 'colony formed by the Pilgrims when they arrived at Plymouth Rock in 1620; it was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691', 'Williamstown': 'a town in northwestern Massachusetts', 'Alpena': 'a town in northern Michigan on an arm of Lake Huron', 'Ann_Arbor': 'a city in southern Michigan near Detroit; site of the University of Michigan', 'Detroit': 'the largest city in Michigan and a major Great Lakes port; center of the United States automobile industry; located in southeastern Michigan on the Detroit river across from Windsor', 'Flint': 'a river in western Georgia that flows generally south to join the Chattahoochee River at the Florida border where they form the Apalachicola River', 'Grand_Rapids': 'a city in west central Michigan; noted for manufacturing furniture', 'Houghton': 'United States publisher who founded a printing shop that became an important book publisher (1823-1895)', 'Jackson': 'English film actress who later became a member of British Parliament (born in 1936)', 'Kalamazoo': 'a town in southwest Michigan', 'Lansing': 'capital of the state of Michigan; located in southern Michigan on the Grand River', 'Marquette': 'French missionary who accompanied Louis Joliet in exploring the upper Mississippi River valley (1637-1675)', 'Saginaw': 'a town in east central Michigan on an arm of Lake Huron', 'Traverse_City': 'a town in northern Michigan on an arm of Lake Michigan', 'Minnesota': 'a midwestern state', 'Bemidji': 'a town in northern Minnesota', 'Duluth': 'a city in northeast Minnesota on Lake Superior', 'Hibbing': 'a town in northeastern Minnesota in the Mesabi Range', 'Mankato': 'a town in southern Minnesota', 'Minneapolis': 'largest city in Minnesota; located in southeastern Minnesota on the Mississippi river; noted for flour mills; one of the Twin Cities', 'Rochester': 'a city in western New York; a center of the photographic equipment industry', 'Saint_Cloud': 'a town in central Minnesota on the Mississippi River; granite quarries', 'Saint_Paul': 'capital of the state of Minnesota; located in southeastern Minnesota on the Mississippi river adjacent to Minneapolis; one of the Twin Cities', 'Twin_Cities': 'nickname for Saint Paul and Minneapolis', 'Virginia': 'one of the British colonies that formed the United States', 'Mississippi': 'a major North American river and the chief river of the United States; rises in northern Minnesota and flows southward into the Gulf of Mexico', 'Greenville': 'a town in northwest South Carolina in the Piedmont', 'Hattiesburg': 'a town in southeast Mississippi', 'Meridian': 'a town in eastern Mississippi', 'Natchez': 'a town in southwest Mississippi on the Mississippi River', 'Tupelo': 'a town in northeast Mississippi', 'Cape_Girardeau': 'a town in southeast Missouri', 'Columbia': 'a North American river; rises in southwestern Canada and flows southward across Washington to form the border between Washington and Oregon before emptying into the Pacific; known for its salmon runs in the spring', 'Hannibal': 'general who commanded the Carthaginian army in the second Punic War; crossed the Alps and defeated the Romans but was recalled to defend Carthage and was defeated (247-182 BC)', 'Independence': 'a city in western Missouri; the beginning of the Santa Fe Trail', 'Jefferson_City': 'capital of the state of Missouri; located in central Missouri on the Missouri river', 'Poplar_Bluff': 'a town in southeast Missouri', 'Saint_Joseph': 'a Christian holy day', 'Saint_Louis': 'the largest city in Missouri; a busy river port on the Mississippi River near its confluence with the Missouri River; was an important staging area for wagon trains westward in the 19th century', 'Sedalia': 'a town in east central Missouri', 'Montana': 'a state in northwestern United States on the Canadian border', 'Bozeman': 'a town in southwestern Montana; gateway to Yellowstone National Park', 'Billings': 'the largest city in Montana; located in southern Montana on the Yellowstone river', 'Butte': 'a town in southwestern Montana; center for mining copper', 'Great_Falls': 'a town in central Montana on the Missouri river; a center of extensive hydroelectric power', 'Helena': 'capital of the state of Montana; located in western Montana', 'Missoula': 'a university town in western Montana', 'Nebraska': 'a midwestern state on the Great Plains', 'Grand_Island': 'a town in south central Nebraska', 'North_Platte': 'a river that rises in northern Colorado and flows northward into Wyoming and then eastward and southeastward through Nebraska where it joins the South Platte to form the Platte River', 'Nevada': 'a state in the southwestern United States', 'Carson_City': 'capital of the state of Nevada; located in western Nevada', 'Las_Vegas': 'largest city in Nevada; located in southeastern Nevada; originally settled by Mormons but is now famous for entertainment and gambling and general excess', 'Reno': 'a city in western Nevada at the foot of the Sierra Nevada Mountains; known for gambling casinos and easy divorce and remarriage', 'New_Hampshire': 'one of the British colonies that formed the United States', 'New_Jersey': 'one of the British colonies that formed the United States', 'Atlantic_City': 'a city on the Atlantic shore in southeastern New Jersey; a resort and gambling center', 'Trenton': 'capital of the state of New Jersey; located in western New Jersey on the Delaware river', 'Bayonne': 'a city in northeastern New Jersey', 'Camden': 'a city in southwestern New Jersey on the Delaware River near Philadelphia', 'Jersey_City': 'a city in northeastern New Jersey (opposite Manhattan)', 'Morristown': 'a town in northern New Jersey where the Continental Army spent two winters', 'Newark': 'the largest city in New Jersey; located in northeastern New Jersey', 'Paterson': 'American Revolutionary leader (born in Ireland) who was a member of the Constitutional Convention (1745-1806)', 'Princeton': 'a university town in central New Jersey', 'Cape_May': 'a cape of southeast New Jersey extending into the Atlantic Ocean', 'Liberty_Island': 'an island in New York Bay to the southwest of Manhattan where the Statue of Liberty stands; \"Congress officially changed the name from Bedloe\\'s Island to Liberty Island in 1956\"', 'New_Mexico': 'a state in southwestern United States on the Mexican border', 'Albuquerque': 'the largest city in New Mexico; located in central New Mexico on the Rio Grande river', 'Carlsbad': 'a town in southeastern New Mexico on the Pecos River near the Mexican border; potash deposits', 'Gallup': 'a town in northwestern New Mexico near the Arizona border', 'Las_Cruces': 'a town in southern New Mexico on the Rio Grande', 'Los_Alamos': 'a town in north central New Mexico; in 1942 it was chosen as a nuclear research site where the first atomic bombs were produced', 'Roswell': 'a town in southeast New Mexico', 'Santa_Fe': 'capital of the state of New Mexico; located in north central New Mexico', 'Silver_City': 'a town in southwestern New Mexico', 'Taos': 'a member of the Pueblo people living in northern New Mexico', 'Manhattan_Island': 'an island at the north end of New York Bay where the borough of Manhattan is located', 'New_Amsterdam': 'a settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island; annexed by the English in 1664 and renamed New York', 'New_Netherland': 'a Dutch colony in North America along the Hudson and lower Delaware rivers although the colony centered in New Amsterdam; annexed by the English in 1664', 'New_York': 'the largest city in New York State and in the United States; located in southeastern New York at the mouth of the Hudson river; a major financial and cultural center', 'Buffalo': 'a city on Lake Erie in western New York (near Niagara Falls)', 'Cooperstown': 'a small town in east central New York; site of the National Baseball Hall of Fame', 'Erie_Canal': 'an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo; built in the 19th century; now part of the New York State Barge Canal', 'New_York_State_Barge_Canal': 'a system of canals crossing New York State and connecting the Great Lakes with the Hudson River and Lake Champlain', 'Bronx': 'a borough of New York City', 'Brooklyn': 'a borough of New York City', 'Coney_Island': 'a section of Brooklyn on the Atlantic; known as an amusement center', 'Ellis_Island': 'an island in New York Bay that was formerly the principal immigration station for the United States; \"some twelve millions immigrants passed through Ellis Island\"', 'Manhattan': 'one of the five boroughs of New York City', 'Fifth_Avenue': 'an avenue in Manhattan that separates the east side of Manhattan from the west side', 'Seventh_Avenue': 'an avenue in Manhattan that runs north and south', 'Central_Park': 'a large park in Manhattan', 'Harlem': 'a district of Manhattan; now largely a Black ghetto', \"Hell's_Kitchen\": 'a district in Manhattan formerly noted for its slums and vice', 'SoHo': \"a district in southwestern Manhattan noted for its shops and restaurants and galleries and artist's lofts\", 'Bowery': 'a street in Manhattan noted for cheap hotels frequented by homeless derelicts', 'Broadway': 'a street in Manhattan that passes through Times Square; famous for its theaters', 'Park_Avenue': 'a fashionable residential street in New York City', 'off-Broadway': 'low-budget theaters located outside the Broadway area in Manhattan', 'Times_Square': \"the area of Manhattan around the intersection of Broadway and Seventh Avenue; heart of the New York theater district; site of annual celebration of New Year's\", 'Greenwich_Village': \"a mainly residential district of Manhattan; `the Village' became a home for many writers and artists in the 20th century\", 'Queens': 'a borough of New York City', 'Staten_Island': 'a borough of New York City', 'East_River': 'a tidal strait separating Manhattan and the Bronx from Queens and Brooklyn', 'Harlem_River': 'a channel separating Manhattan from the Bronx', 'Verrazano_Narrows': 'a narrow channel of water separating Staten Island and Brooklyn', 'West_Point': 'United States Army installation on the west bank of Hudson river to the north of New York City; site of United States Military Academy', 'Long_Island': 'an island in southeastern New York; Brooklyn and Queens are on its western end', 'Elmont': 'a town on Long Island in New York; site of Belmont Park', 'Kennedy': '35th President of the United States; established the Peace Corps; assassinated in Dallas (1917-1963)', 'Binghamton': 'a city in south central New York near the border with Pennsylvania', 'Newburgh': \"a town on the Hudson River in New York; in 1782 and 1783 it was George Washington's headquarters\", 'Niagara_Falls': 'a city in western New York State at the falls of the Niagara river; tourist attraction and honeymoon resort', 'Schenectady': 'a city of eastern New York on the Mohawk river; it prospered after the opening of the Erie Canal', 'Saratoga_Springs': 'a town in eastern New York State famed for its spa and its horse racing', 'Watertown': 'a town in southeastern Wisconsin', 'borscht_circuit': '(informal) a resort area in the Catskill Mountains of New York that was patronized primarily by Jewish guests; \"many comedians learned their trade playing the borscht circuit\"', 'North_Carolina': 'one of the British colonies that formed the United States', 'Cape_Fear': 'a cape in southeastern North Carolina extending into the Atlantic Ocean', 'Cape_Flattery': 'a cape of northwestern Washington', 'Cape_Froward': 'a cape on the Strait of Magellan in southern Chile; the most southern point on the mainland of South America', 'Cape_Hatteras': 'a promontory on Hatteras Island off the Atlantic coast of North Carolina; \"frequent storms drive ships to their destruction on Cape Hatteras\"', 'Hatteras_Island': 'a barrier island running parallel to the North Carolina shore', 'Raleigh': 'English courtier (a favorite of Elizabeth I) who tried to colonize Virginia; introduced potatoes and tobacco to England (1552-1618)', 'Asheville': 'a town in western North Carolina in the Blue Ridge Mountains to the west of Charlotte', 'Chapel_Hill': 'a town in central North Carolina; site of the University of North Carolina', 'Charlotte': 'the largest city in North Carolina; located in south central North Carolina', 'Goldsboro': 'a town that is a major tobacco center in eastern North Carolina', 'Greensboro': 'a city of north central North Carolina', 'Winston-Salem': 'a city of north central North Carolina', 'North_Dakota': 'a state of north central United States bordering on Canada', 'Bismarck': 'German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898)', 'Fargo': 'largest city in North Dakota; located in eastern North Dakota on the Red river', 'Ohio': 'a river that is formed in western Pennsylvania and flows westward to become a tributary of the Mississippi River', 'Akron': 'a city in northeastern Ohio; the heart of the United States rubber industry', 'Cleveland': '22nd and 24th President of the United States (1837-1908)', 'Cincinnati': 'a city in southern Ohio on the Ohio river', 'Dayton': 'a city in southwest Ohio; manufacturing center', 'Mansfield': 'New Zealand writer of short stories (1888-1923)', 'Youngstown': 'a city in northeast Ohio', 'Oklahoma': 'a state in south central United States', 'Bartlesville': 'a town in northeastern Oklahoma', 'Enid': 'a town in north central Oklahoma', 'Lawton': 'a town in southwest Oklahoma', 'McAlester': 'a town in southeastern Oklahoma', 'Oklahoma_City': 'capital and largest city of Oklahoma; the economy is based on oil and livestock', 'Tulsa': 'a major city of northeastern Oklahoma on the Arkansas river; once known as the oil capital of the world and still heavily involved in the oil and gas industries', 'Oregon': 'a state in northwestern United States on the Pacific', 'Bend': 'a town in central Oregon at the eastern foot of the Cascade Range', 'Eugene': 'Austrian general in the service of the Holy Roman Empire during the War of the Spanish Succession (1663-1736)', 'Klamath_Falls': 'a town in southern Oregon near the California border', 'Pennsylvania': 'one of the British colonies that formed the United States', 'Allentown': 'a city in eastern Pennsylvania; an industrial and commercial center', 'Altoona': 'a town in central Pennsylvania', 'Erie': 'a member of an Iroquoian people formerly living on the south shore of Lake Erie in northern Ohio and northwest Pennsylvania and western New York', 'Harrisburg': 'capital of Pennsylvania; located in southern part of state', 'Hershey': 'United States confectioner and philanthropist who created the model industrial town of Hershey, Pennsylvania; founded an industrial school for orphan boys (1857-1945)', 'Chester': 'a city of southeastern Pennsylvania on the Delaware river (an industrial suburb of Philadelphia)', 'Philadelphia': 'the largest city in Pennsylvania; located in the southeastern part of the state on the Delaware river; site of Independence Hall where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were signed; site of the University of Pennsylvania', 'Pittsburgh': 'a city in southwestern Pennsylvania where the confluence of the Allegheny River and Monongahela River forms the Ohio River; long an important urban industrial area; site of Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh', 'Scranton': 'an industrial city of northeastern Pennsylvania', 'Rhode_Island': 'one of the British colonies that formed the United States', 'Providence': 'the capital and largest city of Rhode Island; located in northeastern Rhode Island on Narragansett Bay; site of Brown University', 'South_Carolina': 'one of the British colonies that formed the United States', 'Florence': 'a town in northeast South Carolina; transportation center', 'South_Dakota': 'a state in north central United States', 'Pierre': 'capital of the state of South Dakota; located in central South Dakota on the Missouri river', 'Rapid_City': 'a town in southwestern South Dakota in the eastern part of the Black Hills', 'Sioux_Falls': 'largest city in South Dakota; located in southeastern South Dakota', 'Black_Hills': 'mountains in southwestern South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming; sacred to the Sioux (whites settling in the Black Hills led to the Battle of Little Bighorn); site of Mount Rushmore', 'Tennessee': 'a river formed by the confluence of two other rivers near Knoxville; it follows a U-shaped course to become a tributary of the Ohio River in western Kentucky', 'Johnson_City': 'a town in northeastern Tennessee', 'Knoxville': 'a city in eastern Tennessee on the Tennessee River', 'Nashville': 'capital of the state of Tennessee; located in the north central part of the state on the Cumberland River; known for country music', 'Texas': 'the second largest state; located in southwestern United States on the Gulf of Mexico', 'Amarillo': 'a city in the northern panhandle of Texas', 'Arlington': 'a city in northern Texas between Dallas and Fort Worth', 'Austin': 'state capital of Texas on the Colorado River; site of the University of Texas', 'Beaumont': 'United States surgeon remembered for his studies of digestion (1785-1853)', 'Brownsville': 'a city in southern Texas on the Rio Grande near its mouth into the Gulf of Mexico; has a channel that accommodates oceangoing ships', 'Bryan': 'United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)', 'Corpus_Christi': 'Thursday after Trinity Sunday; first celebrated in 1246', 'Dallas': 'a large commercial and industrial city in northeastern Texas located in the heart of the northern Texas oil fields', 'Del_Rio': 'a town in southwest Texas on the Rio Grande to the west of San Antonio', 'El_Paso': 'a city in western Texas on the Mexican border; located on the northern bank of the Rio Grande across from the Mexican city of Juarez', 'Fort_Worth': 'a city in northeastern Texas (just to the west of Dallas); a major industrial center', 'Galveston': 'a town in southeast Texas on Galveston Island', 'Galveston_Island': 'an island at the entrance of Galveston Bay', 'Garland': 'United States singer and film actress (1922-1969)', 'Houston': 'United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)', 'Laredo': 'a city in southern Texas on the Rio Grande', 'Lubbock': 'a city in northwest Texas to the south of Amarillo', 'Lufkin': 'a town in eastern Texas', 'McAllen': 'a town in southern Texas on the Rio Grande', 'Midland': 'a town in west central Texas', 'Plano': 'a city in northeastern Texas (suburb of Dallas)', 'San_Angelo': 'a town in west central Texas; formerly a notorious frontier town', 'San_Antonio': 'a city of south central Texas; site of the Alamo; site of several military bases and a popular haven for vacationers', 'Sherman': 'United States general who was commander of all Union troops in the West; he captured Atlanta and led a destructive march to the sea that cut the Confederacy in two (1820-1891)', 'Tyler': 'elected vice president and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died (1790-1862)', 'Waco': 'a city in east central Texas', 'Wichita_Falls': 'a city in north central Texas near the Oklahoma border', 'Utah': 'a state in the western United States; settled in 1847 by Mormons led by Brigham Young', 'Ogden': 'English psychologist who collaborated with I. A. Richards in designing Basic English (1889-1957)', 'Provo': 'a city in north central Utah settled by Mormons', 'Salt_Lake_City': 'the capital and largest city of Utah; located near the Great Salt Lake in north central Utah; world capital of the Mormon Church', 'Vermont': 'a state in New England', 'Montpelier': 'capital of the state of Vermont; located in north central Vermont', 'Bennington': 'a town in southwestern Vermont', 'Brattleboro': 'a town in southeastern Vermont on the Connecticut River', 'Burlington': 'the largest city in Vermont; located in northwestern Vermont on Lake Champlain; site of the University of Vermont', 'Rutland': 'a town in central Vermont', 'Richmond': 'capital of the state of Virginia located in the east central part of the state; was capital of the Confederacy during the American Civil War', 'Blacksburg': 'a university town in southwestern Virginia (west of Roanoke) in the Allegheny Mountains', 'Jamestown': 'a former village on the James River in Virginia to the north of Norfolk; site of the first permanent English settlement in America in 1607', 'Newport_News': 'a port city in southeastern Virginia at the mouth of the James River off Hampton Roads; large shipyards', 'Norfolk': 'port city located in southeastern Virginia on the Elizabeth River at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay; headquarters of the Atlantic fleet of the United States Navy', 'Lynchburg': 'a city in central Virginia', 'Roanoke': 'a city in southwestern Virginia', 'Virginia_Beach': 'the largest city in Virginia; long overshadowed by Norfolk but growing rapidly since 1970; with 28 miles of public beaches tourism is a major factor in the economy; site of three United States Navy bases', 'Mount_Vernon': 'the former residence of George Washington in northeastern Virginia overlooking the Potomac river', 'Bellingham': 'a town in northwestern Washington on a bay near the Canadian border', 'Kennewick': 'a town in southern Washington on the Columbia River', 'Seattle': 'a major port of entry and the largest city in Washington; located in west central Washington on the protected waters of Puget Sound with the snow-capped peaks of the Cascade Range and Mount Ranier visible to the south and east; an aerospace and computer center; site of the University of Washington', 'Spokane': 'a city in eastern Washington near the Idaho border', 'Tacoma': 'a city in west central Washington on an arm of Puget Sound to the south of Seattle', 'Walla_Walla': 'a town in southeastern Washington near the Oregon border', 'Yakima': 'a town in south central Washington', 'West_Virginia': 'a state in east central United States', 'Beckley': 'a city in southern West Virginia', 'Clarksburg': 'a city in northern West Virginia', 'Huntington': \"United States physician who first described Huntington's chorea\", 'Harpers_Ferry': 'a small town in northeastern West Virginia that was the site of a raid in 1859 by the abolitionist John Brown and his followers who captured an arsenal that was located there', 'Morgantown': 'a city in northern West Virginia on the Monongahela river near the Pennsylvania border; site of the University of West Virginia', 'Parkersburg': 'a city in northwestern West Virginia on the Ohio river', 'Wheeling': 'a city in the northern panhandle of West Virginia on the Ohio river', 'Wisconsin': 'a tributary of the Mississippi River in Wisconsin', 'Appleton': 'English physicist remembered for his studies of the ionosphere (1892-1966)', 'Eau_Claire': 'a town in west central Wisconsin', 'Green_Bay': 'a city of eastern Wisconsin on an arm of Lake Michigan', 'La_Crosse': 'a town in western Wisconsin on the Mississippi River', 'Madison': '4th President of the United States; member of the Continental Congress and rapporteur at the Constitutional Convention in 1776; helped frame the Bill of Rights (1751-1836)', 'Milwaukee': 'largest city of Wisconsin; located in southeastern Wisconsin on the western shore of Lake Michigan; a flourishing agricultural center known for its breweries', 'Racine': 'French advocate of Jansenism; tragedian who based his works on Greek and Roman themes (1639-1699)', 'Superior': 'a town in northwest Wisconsin on Lake Superior across from Duluth', 'Wausau': 'a town in north central Wisconsin', 'Wyoming': 'a state in the western United States; mountainous in the west and north with the Great Plains in the east', 'Casper': 'a city of east central Wyoming on the North Platte river', 'Lander': 'a town in central Wyoming', 'Laramie': 'a university town in southeast Wyoming', 'Rock_Springs': 'a town of southwest Wyoming near the Utah border', 'Uruguay': 'a South American republic on the southeast coast of South America; achieved independence from Brazil in 1825', 'Montevideo': 'the capital and largest city of Uruguay; a cosmopolitan city and one of the busiest ports in South America', 'Vanuatu': 'a volcanic island republic in Melanesia; independent since 1980', 'Port_Vila': 'capital of Vanuatu', 'Holy_See': 'the smallest sovereign state in the world; the see of the Pope (as the Bishop of Rome); home of the Pope and the central administration of the Roman Catholic Church; achieved independence from Italy in 1929', 'Vatican_City': 'the capital of the State of the Vatican City', 'Guiana_Highlands': 'a mountainous tableland in northern South America; extends from Venezuela into Guyana and northern Brazil', 'Venezuela': 'a republic in northern South America on the Caribbean; achieved independence from Spain in 1811; rich in oil', 'Caracas': 'the capital and largest city of Venezuela', 'Ciudad_Bolivar': 'a port in eastern Venezuela on the Orinoco river', 'Cumana': 'a port city in northeastern Venezuela on the Caribbean Sea; founded in 1523, it is the oldest European settlement in South America', 'Maracaibo': 'a port city in northwestern Venezuela; a major oil center', 'Maracay': 'a city in north central Venezuela; cattle center', 'Vietnam': 'a communist state in Indochina on the South China Sea; achieved independence from France in 1945', 'North_Vietnam': 'a former country in southeastern Asia that existed from 1954 (after the defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu) until 1975 when South Vietnam collapsed at the end of the Vietnam War', 'South_Vietnam': 'a former country in southeastern Asia that existed from 1954 (after the defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu) until 1975 when it was defeated and annexed by North Vietnam', 'Hanoi': 'the capital city of Vietnam; located in North Vietnam', 'Ho_Chi_Minh_City': 'a city in South Vietnam; formerly (as Saigon) it was the capital of French Indochina', 'Haiphong': 'a port city in northern Vietnam; industrial center', 'Yemen': 'a republic on the southwestern shores of the Arabian Peninsula on the Indian Ocean; formed in 1990', 'Aden': 'an important port of Yemen; located on the Gulf of Aden; its strategic location has made it a major trading center of southern Arabia since ancient times', 'Hodeida': 'an important port in Yemen on the Red Sea', 'Mukalla': 'a port in southern Yemen on the Gulf of Aden to the east of Aden', 'Sana': 'the capital and largest city of Yemen; on the central plateau', 'Zambia': 'a republic in central Africa; formerly controlled by Great Britain and called Northern Rhodesia until it gained independence within the commonwealth in 1964', 'Lusaka': 'the capital and largest city of Zambia', 'Low_Countries': 'the lowland region of western Europe on the North Sea: Belgium and Luxembourg and the Netherlands', 'Lusitania': 'ancient region and Roman province on the Iberian Peninsula; corresponds roughly to modern Portugal and parts of Spain', 'Silesia': 'a region of central Europe rich in deposits of coal and iron ore; annexed by Prussia in 1742 but now largely in Poland', 'Big_Sur': 'a picturesque coastal region of California to the south of San Francisco', 'Silicon_Valley': 'a region in California to the south of San Francisco that is noted for its concentration of high-technology industries', 'Zimbabwe': 'a landlocked republic in south central Africa formerly called Rhodesia; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1980', 'Harare': 'the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe', 'Bulawayo': 'industrial city in southwestern Zimbabwe', 'Arabian_Desert': 'a desert in Egypt between the Nile River and the Red Sea', 'Atacama_Desert': 'a desert in northern Chile rich in nitrate and copper deposits', 'Australian_Desert': 'general name given to all desert areas in Australia', 'Black_Rock_Desert': 'a desert in northwestern Nevada', 'Chihuahuan_Desert': 'a desert in western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico', 'Colorado_Desert': 'an arid region of southeastern California', 'Dasht-e-Kavir': 'a salt desert in north central Iran', 'Dasht-e-Lut': 'a desert in eastern Iran', 'Death_Valley': 'a desert area that is part of the Mojave Desert in eastern California and southwestern Nevada; contains the lowest point in North America', 'Gibson_Desert': 'a desert area in western Australia', 'Gila_Desert': 'a desert area in southern Arizona', 'Gobi': 'a desert in central China', 'Great_Sandy_Desert': 'a desert region in northwestern Australia to the north of the Gibson Desert', 'Great_Victoria_Desert': 'a desert region in south central Australia to the north of the Nullarbor Plain', 'Kalahari': 'a desert in southwestern Africa - largely Botswana', 'Kara_Kum': 'a desert in Turkmenistan to the south of the Aral Sea', 'Kyzyl_Kum': 'a desert in Uzbekistan to the southeast of the Aral Sea', 'Libyan_Desert': 'the northeastern part of the Sahara Desert in Libya and Egypt and Sudan', 'Mojave': 'a desert area in southern California and western Arizona', 'Namib_Desert': 'a desert in Namibia extending along the coast between the high plateau and the Atlantic Ocean', 'Nefud': 'a desert in northern Saudi Arabia that is noted for its red sand and violent winds', 'Negev': 'a desert in southern Israel', 'Nubian_Desert': 'an arid sandstone plateau in northeastern Sudan between the Nile and the Red Sea', 'Painted_Desert': 'a desert on a high plateau in northeastern Arizona', 'Patagonian_Desert': 'a semiarid region in southern South America', 'Rub_al-Khali': 'a desert in southern Saudi Arabia', 'Sahara': \"the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa\", 'Sub-Saharan_Africa': 'the region of Africa to the south of the Sahara Desert', 'Simpson_Desert': 'a desert region of central Australia', 'Sonoran_Desert': 'a desert in southwestern Arizona', 'Syrian_Desert': 'a desert of northern Arabia occupying western Iraq, southern Syria, eastern Jordan, and northern Saudi Arabia', 'Taklimakan_Desert': 'a desert in western China', 'Thar_Desert': 'a desert to the east of the Indus River in northwestern India and southeastern Pakistan', 'Citlaltepetl': 'an extinct volcano in southern Mexico between Mexico City and Veracruz; the highest peak in Mexico (18,695 feet)', 'Colima': 'an active volcano in southwestern Mexico', 'Cotacachi': 'an Andean volcano in northern Ecuador; last erupted in 1955', 'Cotopaxi': \"the world's largest active volcano; located in the Andes in north central Ecuador\", 'Demavend': 'an active volcano in northern Iran', 'El_Misti': \"the world's 2nd largest active volcano; located in the Andes in southern Peru\", 'Etna': 'an inactive volcano in Sicily; last erupted in 1961; the highest volcano in Europe (10,500 feet)', 'Fuego': 'a volcano in south central Guatemala', 'Fuji': 'an extinct volcano in south central Honshu that is the highest peak in Japan; last erupted in 1707; famous for its symmetrical snow-capped peak; a sacred mountain and site for pilgrimages', 'Galeras': 'an active volcano in southeastern Colombia in the Andes', 'Guallatiri': \"the world's highest volcano; in the Andes in northern Chile; last erupted in 1959\", 'Huainaputina': 'an inactive volcano in the Andes in southern Peru; last erupted in 1783', 'Klyuchevskaya': 'an inactive volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula; last erupted in 1946', 'Krakatau': 'a small volcanic island in Indonesia between Java and Sumatra; its violent eruption in 1883 was the greatest in recorded history', 'New_Siberian_Islands': 'a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean to the north of Siberia and to the east of the Laptev Sea', 'Lascar': 'a volcano in the Andes in Chile', 'Mauna_Kea': 'an active volcano on north central Hawaii Island; highest peak in the Hawaiian Islands', 'Mauna_Loa': 'an active volcano on south central Hawaii Island', 'Nyamuragira': 'an active volcano in eastern Congo', 'Nyiragongo': 'an active volcano in eastern Congo', 'Purace': 'an inactive volcano in the Andes in southern Colombia; last erupted in 1950', 'Sangay': 'an inactive volcano in the Andes in central Ecuador; last erupted in 1946', 'Tupungatito': 'an inactive volcano in central Chile; last erupted in 1959', 'Mount_Saint_Helens': 'an active volcano in the Cascade Range in southwestern Washington; erupted violently in 1980 after 123 years of inactivity', 'Scythia': 'an ancient area of Eurasia extending from the Black Sea to the Aral Sea that was populated by Scythians from the eighth to the fourth century BC', 'Vesuvius': 'a volcano in southwestern Italy on the Mediterranean coast; a Plinian eruption in 79 AD buried Pompeii and killed Pliny the Elder; last erupted in 1944', 'North_Africa': 'an area of northern Africa between the Sahara and the Mediterranean Sea', 'West_Africa': 'an area of western Africa between the Sahara Desert and the Gulf of Guinea', 'Dar_al-Islam': 'areas where Muslims are in the majority', 'Dar_al-harb': 'areas where Muslims are in the minority and are persecuted', 'rational_motive': 'a motive that can be defended by reasoning or logical argument', 'occasion': 'the time of a particular event; \"on the occasion of his 60th birthday\"', 'why': \"the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase `the whys and wherefores'\", 'incentive': 'a positive motivational influence', 'moral_force': 'an efficient incentive; \"they hoped it would act as a spiritual dynamic on all churches\"', 'disincentive': 'a negative motivational influence', 'irrational_motive': 'a motivation that is inconsistent with reason or logic', 'abience': '(psychology) an urge to withdraw or avoid a situation or an object', 'adience': '(psychology) an urge to accept or approach a situation or an object', 'death_instinct': '(psychoanalysis) an unconscious urge to die', 'irrational_impulse': 'a strong spontaneous and irrational motivation; \"his first impulse was to denounce them\"; \"the urge to find out got him into trouble\"', 'mania': 'a mood disorder; an affective disorder in which the victim tends to respond excessively and sometimes violently', 'agromania': 'an intense desire to be alone or out in the open', 'dipsomania': 'an intense persistent desire to drink alcoholic beverages to excess', 'egomania': 'an intense and irresistible love for yourself and concern for your own needs', 'kleptomania': 'an irresistible impulse to steal in the absence of any economic motive', 'logorrhea': 'pathologically excessive (and often incoherent) talking', 'monomania': 'a mania restricted to one thing or idea', 'necrophilia': 'an irresistible sexual attraction to dead bodies', 'phaneromania': 'an irresistible desire to pick at superficial body parts (as in obsessive nail-biting)', 'pyromania': 'an uncontrollable desire to set fire to things', 'trichotillomania': 'an irresistible urge to pull out your own hair', 'wanderlust': 'very strong or irresistible impulse to travel', 'onomatomania': 'obsession with a particular word which the person uses repeatedly or which intrudes into consciousness', 'ethical_motive': 'motivation based on ideas of right and wrong', 'wee_small_voice': 'an inner voice that judges your behavior', 'sense_of_shame': 'a motivating awareness of ethical responsibility', 'Inner_Light': 'a divine presence believed by Quakers to enlighten and guide the soul', 'psychic_energy': 'an actuating force or factor', 'incitement': 'something that incites or provokes; a means of arousing or stirring to action', 'libidinal_energy': '(psychoanalysis) psychic energy produced by the libido', 'cathexis': '(psychoanalysis) the libidinal energy invested in some idea or person or object; \"Freud thought of cathexis as a psychic analog of an electrical charge\"', 'acathexis': '(psychoanalysis) a lack of cathexis; a condition in which significant objects or memories arouse no emotion in an individual', 'Aare': 'a river in north central Switzerland that runs northeast into the Rhine', 'Abukir': 'a bay on the Mediterranean Sea in northern Egypt', 'abyss': 'a bottomless gulf or pit; any unfathomable (or apparently unfathomable) cavity or chasm or void extending below (often used figuratively)', 'abyssal_zone': 'the deep sea (2000 meters or more) where there is no light', 'Acheron': '(Greek mythology) a river in Hades across which the souls of the dead were carried by Charon', 'achondrite': 'a stony meteor lacking chondrules', 'acicula': 'a needlelike part or structure of a plant or animal or crystal; as a spine or bristle or crystal', 'Aconcagua': 'the highest mountain in the western hemisphere; located in the Andes in western Argentina (22,834 feet high)', 'Adams': 'American Revolutionary leader and patriot; an organizer of the Boston Tea Party and signer of the Declaration of Independence (1722-1803)', \"Adam's_Peak\": 'a mountain peak in south central Sri Lanka (7,360 feet high)', 'Adige': 'a river in northern Italy that flows southeast into the Adriatic Sea; \"Verona is on the Adige\"', 'Adirondacks': 'a mountain range in northeastern New York State; a popular resort area', 'Admiralty_Range': 'mountains in Antarctica to the north of Victoria Land', 'Adriatic': 'an arm of the Mediterranean between Slovenia and Croatia and Montenegro and Albania on the east and Italy on the west', 'Aegean': 'an arm of the Mediterranean between Greece and Turkey; a main trade route for the ancient civilizations of Crete and Greece and Rome and Persia', 'aerolite': 'a stony meteorite consisting of silicate minerals', 'Africa': 'the second largest continent; located to the south of Europe and bordered to the west by the South Atlantic and to the east by the Indian Ocean', 'agent': 'a substance that exerts some force or effect', 'airborne_transmission': 'a transmission mechanism in the which the infectious agent is spread as an aerosol and usually enters a person through the respiratory tract', 'air_bubble': 'a bubble of air', 'Aire': 'a river in northern England that flows southeast through West Yorkshire', 'Alaska_Peninsula': 'a peninsula of southwestern Alaska (a continuation of the Aleutian Islands)', 'Alaska_Range': 'a mountain range in south central Alaska; contains Mount McKinley', 'Aldebaran': 'the brightest star in Taurus', 'Algol': 'the second brightest star in Perseus; the first known eclipsing binary', 'Alleghenies': 'the western part of the Appalachian Mountains; extending from northern Pennsylvania to southwestern Virginia', 'Allegheny': 'a river that rises in Pennsylvania and flows north into New York and then back south through Pennsylvania again to join the Monongahela River at Pittsburgh which is the beginning of the Ohio River', 'alluvial_sediment': 'clay or silt or gravel carried by rushing streams and deposited where the stream slows down', 'alluvial_flat': 'a flat resulting from repeated deposits of alluvial material by running water', 'alp': 'any high mountain', 'Alpha_Centauri': 'brightest star in Centaurus; second nearest star to the sun', 'Alpha_Crucis': 'the brightest star in the Southern Cross', 'alpha_particle': 'a positively charged particle that is the nucleus of the helium atom; emitted from natural or radioactive isotopes', 'Alpine_glacier': 'a glacier that moves down from a high valley', 'Alps': 'a large mountain system in south-central Europe; scenic beauty and winter sports make them a popular tourist attraction', 'Altai_Mountains': 'a mountain range in central Asia that extends a thousand miles from Kazakhstan eastward into western Mongolia and northern China', 'Altair': 'double star 15.7 light years from Earth; the brightest star in the Aquila constellation', 'altocumulus': 'a cumulus cloud at an intermediate altitude of 2 or 3 miles', 'altostratus': 'a stratus cloud at an intermediate altitude of 2 or 3 miles', 'Amazon': '(Greek mythology) one of a nation of women warriors of Scythia (who burned off the right breast in order to use a bow and arrow more effectively)', 'America': 'North America and South America and Central America', 'American_Falls': 'a part of Niagara Falls in western New York (north of Buffalo)', 'ammonite': 'one of the coiled chambered fossil shells of extinct mollusks', 'Amur': 'an Asian river between China and Russia; flows into the Sea of Okhotsk', 'Ancohuma': 'a mountain peak in the Andes in Bolivia (20,960 feet high)', 'Andaman_Sea': 'part of the Bay of Bengal to the west of the Malay Peninsula', 'Andes': 'a mountain range in South America running 5000 miles along the Pacific coast', 'Andromeda': '(Greek mythology) an Ethiopian princess and daughter of Cassiopeia; she was fastened to a rock and exposed to a sea monster that was sent by Poseidon, but she was rescued by Perseus and became his wife', 'Angara': 'a river in southeastern Siberia that flows northwest from Lake Baikal to become a tributary of the Yenisei River', 'Angel': 'the highest waterfall; has more than one leap; flow varies seasonally', 'anion': 'a negatively charged ion', 'Annapurna': 'a mountain in the Himalayas in Nepal (26,500 feet high)', 'Antarctica': 'an extremely cold continent at the south pole almost entirely below the Antarctic Circle; covered by an ice cap up to 13,000 feet deep; \"Antarctica is twice the size of Australia\"', 'Antarctic_Ocean': 'the southern waters surrounding Antarctica', 'Antarctic_Peninsula': 'a large peninsula of Antarctica that extends some 1200 miles north toward South America; separates the Weddell Sea from the South Pacific', 'Antares': 'the brightest star in Scorpius', 'anthill': 'a mound of earth made by ants as they dig their nest', 'antibaryon': 'the antiparticle of a baryon; a hadron with a baryon number of -1', 'antilepton': 'the antiparticle of a lepton', 'antimeson': 'the antiparticle of a meson', 'antimuon': 'the antiparticle of a muon; decays to positron and neutrino and antineutrino', 'antineutrino': 'the antiparticle of a neutrino', 'antineutron': 'the antiparticle of a neutron', 'antiparticle': 'a particle that has the same mass as another particle but has opposite values for its other properties; interaction of a particle and its antiparticle results in annihilation and the production of radiant energy', 'antiproton': 'an unstable negatively charged proton; the antiparticle of a proton', 'antiquark': 'the antiparticle of a quark', 'antitauon': 'an antilepton of very great mass', 'Antlia': 'a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Hydra and Vela', 'Apalachicola': 'a river in northwestern Florida formed by the confluence of the Chattahoochee River and the Flint River at the Florida border', 'Apennines': 'a mountain range extending the length of the Italian peninsula', 'Apollo_asteroid': \"an asteroid whose orbit crosses the Earth's orbit\", 'Appalachians': 'a mountain range in the eastern United States extending from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico; a historic barrier to early westward expansion of the United States', 'aquifer': 'underground bed or layer yielding ground water for wells and springs etc', 'Arabian_Sea': 'a northwestern arm of the Indian Ocean between India and Arabia', 'Arafura_Sea': 'a part of the western Pacific Ocean to the north of Australia and to the south of New Guinea and the eastern islands of Indonesia', 'Araguaia': 'a river in central Brazil that flows generally northward (with many falls) to join the Tocantins River', 'Ararat': \"the mountain peak that Noah's ark landed on as the waters of the great flood receded\", 'Aras': 'a river that rises in northeastern Turkey (near the source of the Euphrates) and flows generally eastward through Armenia to the Caspian Sea; ancient name was Araxes', 'Arauca': 'a river that rises in northern Colombia and flows generally eastward to the Orinoco in central Venezuela', 'archeological_remains': 'a relic that has been excavated from the soil', 'archipelago': 'a group of many islands in a large body of water', 'Arctic_Ocean': 'ice covered waters surrounding the North Pole; mostly covered with solid ice or with ice floes and icebergs', 'Arcturus': 'the 4th brightest star and the brightest star in the constellation Bootes; 36 light-years from Earth', 'arete': 'a sharp narrow ridge found in rugged mountains', 'Argo': 'formerly a large constellation in the southern hemisphere between Canis Major and the Southern Cross; now divided into Carina and Pyxis and Puppis and Vela', 'Argun': 'a river in eastern Asia that arises in China and flows northeast along the border between China and Russia to become a tributary of the Amur River', 'Aristarchus': 'an ancient Greek grammarian remembered for his commentary on the Iliad and Odyssey (circa 217-145 BC)', 'Arno': 'a river in central Italy rising in the Apennines and flowing through Florence and Pisa to the Ligurian Sea', 'arroyo': 'a stream or brook', 'ascent': 'an upward slope or grade (as in a road); \"the car couldn\\'t make it up the rise\"', 'asterism': '(mineralogy) a star-shaped figure with six rays that is seen in some crystal structures under reflected or transmitted light', 'asteroid': 'any of numerous small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal that move around the sun (mainly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter)', 'asthenosphere': 'the lower layer of the crust', 'Atacama_Trench': 'a depression in the floor of the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Chile', 'Atlantic': 'the 2nd largest ocean; separates North and South America on the west from Europe and Africa on the east', 'Atlantic_Coast': 'a coast of the Atlantic Ocean', 'Atlas_Mountains': 'a mountain range in northern Africa between the Mediterranean and the Sahara Desert; extends from southwestern Morocco to northern Tunisia', 'atoll': 'an island consisting of a circular coral reef surrounding a lagoon', 'Auriga': 'a conspicuous constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Great Bear and Orion at edge of Milky Way', 'Australian_Alps': 'a range of mountains in Australia that forms the southern end of the Great Dividing Range', 'badlands': 'deeply eroded barren land', 'Baffin_Bay': 'a body of water between Greenland and northeastern Canada; connected with the Arctic Ocean to the north and with the Atlantic Ocean (via the Labrador Sea) to the south; icebound in winter', 'Balaton': 'a large shallow lake in western Hungary', 'barbecue_pit': 'a pit where wood or charcoal is burned to make a bed of hot coals suitable for barbecuing meat', 'Barents_Sea': 'the part of the Arctic Ocean to the north of Norway and Russia', 'barrier_island': 'a long narrow sandy island (wider than a reef) running parallel to the shore', 'barrier_reef': 'a long coral reef near and parallel to the shore', 'baryon': 'any of the elementary particles having a mass equal to or greater than that of a proton and that participate in strong interactions; a hadron with a baryon number of +1', 'Bay_of_Bengal': 'an arm of the Indian Ocean to the east of India', 'Bay_of_Biscay': 'an arm of the Atlantic Ocean in western Europe; bordered by the west coast of France and the north coast of Spain', 'Bay_of_Fundy': 'a bay of the North Atlantic between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; noted for rapid tides as great as 70 feet', 'Bay_of_Naples': 'an arm of the Tyrrhenian Sea at Naples', 'bayou': 'a swampy arm or slow-moving outlet of a lake (term used mainly in Mississippi and Louisiana)', 'beach': 'an area of sand sloping down to the water of a sea or lake', 'beachfront': 'a strip of land running along a beach', 'Beaufort_Sea': 'part of the Arctic Ocean to the northeast of Alaska', 'bedrock': 'solid unweathered rock lying beneath surface deposits of soil', 'belay': \"something to which a mountain climber's rope can be secured\", 'ben': 'a mountain or tall hill; \"they were climbing the ben\"', 'Bering_Sea': 'part of the North Pacific between Alaska and Siberia; connected to the Arctic Ocean by the Bering Strait', 'Bering_Strait': 'a strait connecting the Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean', 'Berkshires': 'a low mountain range in western Massachusetts; a resort area', 'berm': 'a narrow ledge or shelf typically at the top or bottom of a slope', 'Beta_Centauri': 'the second brightest star in Centaurus', 'Beta_Crucis': 'the second brightest star in the Southern Cross', 'beta_particle': 'a high-speed electron or positron emitted in the decay of a radioactive isotope', 'Betelgeuse': 'the second brightest star in Orion', 'Big_Dipper': 'a group of seven bright stars in the constellation Ursa Major', 'Bighorn': 'a river that flows from central Wyoming to the Yellowstone River in southern Montana', 'Bight_of_Benin': 'a broad indentation of the Gulf of Guinea in western Africa', 'Big_Sioux_River': 'a river that rises in northeastern South Dakota and flows southward to join the Missouri River at Sioux City, Iowa', 'billabong': 'a stagnant pool of water in the bed of a stream that flows intermittently', 'binary_star': 'a system of two stars that revolve around each other under their mutual gravitation', 'biological_agent': 'any bacterium or virus or toxin that could be used in biological warfare', \"bird's_nest\": 'nest where birds lay their eggs and hatch their young', 'Biscayne_Bay': 'a narrow bay formed by an inlet from the Atlantic Ocean in southeastern Florida', 'black_body': 'a hypothetical object capable of absorbing all the electromagnetic radiation falling on it; \"a black body maintained at a constant temperature is a full radiator at that temperature because the radiation reaching and leaving it must be in equilibrium\"', 'Black_Forest': 'a hilly forest region in southwestern Germany', 'black_hole': 'a region of space resulting from the collapse of a star; extremely high gravitational field', 'Black_Sea': 'a sea between Europe and Asia; a popular resort area of eastern Europeans', 'bladder_stone': 'a calculus formed in the bladder', 'blood-brain_barrier': 'a mechanism that creates a barrier between brain tissues and circulating blood; serves to protect the central nervous system; \"the brain was protected from the large molecules of the virus by the blood-brain barrier\"', 'Blue_Nile': 'a headstream of the Nile; joins the White Nile at Khartoum to form the Nile', 'Blue_Ridge_Mountains': 'a range of the Appalachians extending from southern Pennsylvania to northern Georgia', 'blue_sky': 'the sky as viewed during daylight; \"he shot an arrow into the blue\"', 'b-meson': 'exceedingly short-lived meson', 'body_of_water': 'the part of the earth\\'s surface covered with water (such as a river or lake or ocean); \"they invaded our territorial waters\"; \"they were sitting by the water\\'s edge\"', 'bog': 'wet spongy ground of decomposing vegetation; has poorer drainage than a swamp; soil is unfit for cultivation but can be cut and dried and used for fuel', 'Bo_Hai': 'an inlet of the Yellow Sea, on the coast of Eastern China', 'bolt-hole': 'a hole through which an animal may bolt when pursued into its burrow or den', 'bonanza': 'an especially rich vein of precious ore', 'Bonete': 'a mountain in the Andes in Argentina (22,546 feet high)', 'Bootes': 'a constellation in the northern hemisphere near Ursa Major', 'borrow_pit': 'a pit created to provide earth that can be used as fill at another site', 'boson': 'any particle that obeys Bose-Einstein statistics but not the Pauli exclusion principle; all nuclei with an even mass number are bosons', 'Bosporus': 'a strait connecting the Mediterranean and the Black Sea; separates the European and Asian parts of Turkey; an important shipping route', 'bottomland': 'low-lying alluvial land near a river', 'bottom_quark': 'a quark with a charge of -1/3 and a mass about 10,000 times that of an electron', 'Bougainville_Trench': 'a depression in the floor of the Pacific Ocean between New Guinea and the Solomon Islands', 'boulder': 'a large smooth mass of rock detached from its place of origin', 'brae': 'a slope or hillside', 'Brahmaputra': 'an Asian river; flows into the Bay of Bengal', 'branched_chain': 'an open chain of atoms with one or more side chains attached to it', 'Brazos': 'a river that rises in Mexico and flows across Texas into the Gulf of Mexico', 'Brenner_Pass': 'an Alpine mountain pass connecting Innsbruck in Austria with Bolzano in Italy that has long been a route for trade and for invasions', 'Bristol_Channel': 'an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean between southern Wales and southwestern England', 'brook': 'a natural stream of water smaller than a river (and often a tributary of a river); \"the creek dried up every summer\"', 'brooklet': 'a small brook', 'bullet_hole': 'a hole made by a bullet passing through it', 'burrow': 'a hole made by an animal, usually for shelter', 'butte': 'a hill that rises abruptly from the surrounding region; has a flat top and sloping sides', 'Buzzards_Bay': 'an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean in southeastern Massachusetts', 'Cachi': 'a mountain in the Andes in Argentina (22,047 feet high)', 'Caelum': 'a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Columba and Eridanus', 'caldera': 'a large crater caused by the violent explosion of a volcano that collapses into a depression', 'Callisto': \"the second largest of Jupiter's satellites\", 'Caloosahatchee': 'a river in southern Florida that flows westerly to the Gulf of Mexico; forms the western end of the Cross-Florida Waterway', 'Cam': 'a river in east central England that flows past Cambridge to join the Ouse River', 'Cambrian_Mountains': 'a rugged plateau that runs north to south through central Wales', 'Canadian': 'a native or inhabitant of Canada', 'Canadian_Falls': 'a part of Niagara Falls in Ontario', 'Canandaigua_Lake': 'a glacial lake in central New York; one of the Finger Lakes', 'Canis_Major': 'a constellation to the southeast of Orion; contains Sirius', 'Canis_Minor': 'a constellation to the east of Orion; contains Procyon', 'Canopus': 'supergiant star 650 light years from Earth; second brightest star in the sky', 'Cantabrian_Mountains': 'a range of mountains in northern Spain along the coast of the Bay of Biscay', 'canyon': 'a ravine formed by a river in an area with little rainfall', 'canyonside': 'the steeply sloping side of a canyon', 'Cape_Canaveral': 'a sandy promontory (formerly Cape Kennedy) extending into the Atlantic Ocean from a barrier island off the eastern coast of Florida; the site of a NASA center for spaceflight', 'Cape_Cod_Bay': 'the southern part of Massachusetts Bay', 'Cape_Fear_River': 'a river in North Carolina that flows southeast to the Atlantic Ocean at Cape Fear', 'Capella': 'the brightest star in Auriga', 'Cape_Sable': 'a cape at the southwest tip of Florida; the southernmost part of the United States mainland', 'Cape_Trafalgar': 'a small cape in southwestern Spain; \"Nelson defeated the French and Spanish fleets off Cape Trafalgar in 1805\"', 'Cape_York': 'the northern tip of Cape York Peninsula at the Torres Strait; the northernmost point of the Australian mainland', 'Cape_York_Peninsula': 'a peninsula in Queensland in northeastern Australia between the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Coral Sea', 'Capricornus': 'a faint zodiacal constellation in the southern hemisphere; between Sagittarius and Aquarius', 'Carina': 'a keel-shaped constellation in the southern hemisphere; contains the start Canopus', 'Carlsbad_Caverns': 'a group of caverns in southeastern New Mexico noted for their stalactites and stalagmites', 'Carpathians': 'a mountain range in central Europe that extends from Slovakia and southern Poland southeastward through western Ukraine to northeastern Romania; a popular resort area', 'carpet': 'a natural object that resembles or suggests a carpet; \"a carpet of flowers\"; \"the larvae of some moths spin a web that resembles a carpet\"', 'Cascades': 'a mountain range in the northwestern United States extending through Washington and Oregon and northern California; a part of the Coast Range', 'Caspian': 'a large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River; the largest inland body of water in the world', 'Cassiopeia': '(Greek mythology) the wife of Cepheus and mother of Andromeda', 'cataract': 'an eye disease that involves the clouding or opacification of the natural lens of the eye', 'Cataract_Canyon': 'a tributary of the Grand Canyon', 'cation': 'a positively charged ion', 'Catskills': 'a range of the Appalachians to the west of the Hudson in southeastern New York; includes many popular resort areas', 'Caucasus': 'the mountain range in Caucasia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea that forms part of the traditional border between Europe and Asia', 'cave': 'a geological formation consisting of an underground enclosure with access from the surface of the ground or from the sea', 'cavern': 'any large dark enclosed space; \"his eyes were dark caverns\"', 'Cayuga_Lake': 'a glacial lake in central New York; the longest of the Finger Lakes', 'celestial_body': 'natural objects visible in the sky', 'Centaurus': 'a conspicuous constellation in the southern hemisphere near the Southern Cross', 'Cepheus': '(Greek mythology) king of Ethiopia and husband of Cassiopeia', 'Ceres': '(Roman mythology) goddess of agriculture; counterpart of Greek Demeter', 'Cetus': 'a large constellation on the equator near Pisces and Aquarius', 'Chamaeleon': 'a faint constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near Apus and Mensa', 'Changtzu': 'a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (24,780 feet high)', 'Chao_Phraya': 'a river in Thailand formed by the confluence of the Nan and Ping Rivers; flows southward past Bangkok and empties into the Gulf of Thailand', 'Charles': 'King of France from 1560 to 1574 whose reign was dominated by his mother Catherine de Medicis (1550-1574)', 'charm_quark': 'a quark with an electric charge of +2/3 and a mass 2900 times that of an electron and a charm of +1', 'chasm': \"a deep opening in the earth's surface\", 'Chattahoochee': 'a river rising in northern Georgia and flowing southwest and south to join the Flint River at the Florida border where they form the Apalachicola River', 'Baikal': 'the largest freshwater lake in Asia or Europe and the deepest lake in the world', 'Lake_Chelan': 'a narrow very deep lake in central Washington in the Cascade Range', \"Coeur_d'Alene_Lake\": 'a lake in northern Idaho', 'Lake_Tahoe': 'a lake on the border between Nevada and California to the west of Carson City; a popular resort area', 'Chesapeake_Bay': 'a large inlet of the North Atlantic between Virginia and Maryland; fed by Susquehanna River', 'Chimborazo': 'a mountain peak in the Andes in Ecuador (20,560 feet high)', 'Chiron': '(Greek mythology) the learned centaur who tutored Achilles, Asclepius, Hercules, Jason, and other heroes', 'chondrite': 'a rock of meteoric origin containing chondrules', 'chondrule': 'small granule (of e.g. chrysolite) found in some meteoric rocks', 'chromosphere': \"a gaseous layer of the sun's atmosphere (extending from the photosphere to the corona) that is visible during a total eclipse of the sun\", 'Chukchi_Peninsula': 'peninsula of northeastern Siberia across the Bering Strait from northwestern Alaska', 'Chukchi_Sea': 'part of the Arctic Ocean just to the north of the Bering Strait', 'Cimarron': 'a river that rises in northeastern New Mexico and flows eastward into Oklahoma where it becomes a tributary of the Arkansas River', 'cinder': 'a fragment of incombustible matter left after a wood or coal or charcoal fire', 'Circinus': 'a small faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Musca and Triangulum Australe', 'cirque': 'a steep-walled semicircular basin in a mountain; may contain a lake', 'cirrocumulus': 'a cloud at a high altitude consisting of a series of regularly arranged small clouds resembling ripples', 'cirrostratus': 'a thin uniform layer of hazy cloud at high altitude', 'clast': '(geology) a constituent fragment of a clastic rock', 'clastic_rock': '(geology) a rock composed of broken pieces of older rocks', 'cliff': 'a steep high face of rock; \"he stood on a high cliff overlooking the town\"; \"a steep drop\"', 'Clinch_River': 'a river that rises in southwestern Virginia and flows generally southwestward across eastern Tennessee to the Tennessee River', 'closed_chain': '(chemistry) a chain of atoms in a molecule that forms a closed loop', 'closed_universe': '(cosmology) a universe that is spatially closed and in which there is sufficient matter to halt the expansion that began with the big bang; the visible matter is only 10 percent of the matter required for closure but there may be large amounts of dark matter', 'cloud': 'a cause of worry or gloom or trouble; \"the only cloud on the horizon was the possibility of dissent by the French\"', 'cloud_bank': 'a layer of clouds seen from a distance', 'Clyde': 'a river in western Scotland that flows from the southern uplands into the Firth of Clyde; navigable by oceangoing vessels as far as Glasgow', 'coastal_plain': 'a plain adjacent to a coast', 'coastland': 'land in a coastal area', 'Coast_Range': 'a string of mountain ranges along the Pacific coast of North America from southeastern Alaska to Lower California', 'Cocytus': '(Greek mythology) a river in Hades that was said to be a tributary of the Acheron', 'coffee_grounds': 'the dregs remaining after brewing coffee', 'col': 'a pass between mountain peaks', 'Colorado_Plateau': 'a large plateau to the south and west of the Rocky Mountains; abuts mountains on the north and east and ends in an escarpment overlooking lowlands to the south and west; the Grand Canyon is carved out of the southwestern corner', 'Coma_Berenices': 'a constellation in the northern hemisphere between Ursa Major and Bootes; contains a cluster of some 10,000 galaxies', 'comet': '(astronomy) a relatively small extraterrestrial body consisting of a frozen mass that travels around the sun in a highly elliptical orbit', 'commemorative': 'an object (such as a coin or postage stamp) made to mark an event or honor a person', 'Communism_Peak': 'the highest mountain peak in the Pamir Mountains; near the Chinese border in northeastern Tajikistan (24,590 feet high)', 'constellation': 'a configuration of stars as seen from the earth', 'continent': 'one of the large landmasses of the earth; \"there are seven continents\"; \"pioneers had to cross the continent on foot\"', 'continental_glacier': 'a glacier that spreads out from a central mass of ice', 'continental_shelf': 'the relatively shallow (up to 200 meters) seabed surrounding a continent', 'continental_slope': 'the steep descent of the seabed from the continental shelf to the abyssal zone', 'contrail': 'an artificial cloud created by an aircraft; caused either by condensation due to the reduction in air pressure above the wing surface or by water vapor in the engine exhaust', 'Cook_Strait': 'a narrow strait separating the North Island and South Island in New Zealand', 'Coosa': 'river that rises in northwestern Georgia and flows southwest through eastern Alabama to join the Tallapoosa River near Montgomery and form the Alabama River', 'Copernicus': 'Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)', 'coprolite': 'fossil excrement; petrified dung', 'coprolith': 'a hard mass of fecal matter', 'coral_reef': 'a reef consisting of coral consolidated into limestone', 'Corona_Borealis': 'a small constellation in the northern hemisphere between Bootes and Hercules', 'Coropuna': 'a mountain peak in the Andes in Peru (21,083 feet high)', 'cove': 'small or narrow cave in the side of a cliff or mountain', 'Crab_Nebula': 'a remnant of a supernova detected first in 1054 AD', 'crag': 'a steep rugged rock or cliff', 'cranny': 'a small opening or crevice (especially in a rock face or wall)', 'crater': 'a bowl-shaped depression formed by the impact of a meteorite or bomb', 'Crater': 'a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Hydra and Corvus', 'craton': 'the part of a continent that is stable and forms the central mass of the continent; typically Precambrian', 'crevasse': 'a deep fissure', 'Cross-Florida_Waterway': 'a waterway used by small boats to travel between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico through Lake Okeechobee and the Caloosahatchee_Canal and the Caloosahatchee River', 'crystallite': 'any of numerous minute rudimentary crystalline bodies of unknown composition found in glassy igneous rock', 'cultivated_land': 'arable land that is worked by plowing and sowing and raising crops', 'Cumberland': 'English general; son of George II; fought unsuccessfully in the battle of Fontenoy (1721-1765)', 'Cumberland_Gap': 'a pass through the Cumberland Mountains between Virginia and Kentucky that early settlers used in order to move west', 'Cumberland_Mountains': 'the southwestern part of the Appalachians', 'cumulonimbus': 'a dark cloud of great vertical extent charged with electricity; associated with thunderstorms', 'cumulus': 'a globular cloud', 'Cuquenan': 'a famous waterfall in Venezuela', 'dale': 'an open river valley (in a hilly area)', 'dandruff': 'a condition in which white scales of dead skin are shed by the scalp', 'Danube': 'the 2nd longest European river (after the Volga); flows from southwestern Germany to the Black Sea; \"Vienna, Budapest, and Belgrade are on the banks of the Danube\"', 'Darling': 'an Australian river; tributary of the Murray River', 'Dead_Sea': 'a saltwater lake on the border between Israel and Jordan; its surface in 1292 feet below sea level', 'deep': 'the central and most intense or profound part; \"in the deep of night\"; \"in the deep of winter\"', 'defile': 'a narrow pass (especially one between mountains)', 'Deimos': 'the outer of two small satellites of Mars', 'Delaware_Bay': 'an inlet of the North Atlantic; fed by the Delaware River', 'dell': 'a small wooded hollow', 'delta_ray': 'an electron ejected from matter by ionizing radiation', 'Denali_Fault': 'a major open geological fault in Alaska', 'Deneb': 'the brightest star in Cygnus', 'Denebola': 'a star in Leo approximately 43 light years from Earth', 'desideratum': 'something desired as a necessity; \"the desiderata for a vacation are time and money\"', 'Detroit_River': 'a short river flowing from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie along the border between the United States and Canada; one the busiest inland waterways in the world', 'deuteron': 'the nucleus of deuterium; consists of one proton and one neutron; used as a bombarding particle in accelerators', 'Dhaulagiri': 'a mountain in the Himalayas in Nepal (26,820 feet high)', 'diapir': 'a domed rock formation where a core of rock has moved upward and pierced through the more brittle overlying strata', 'diffuse_nebula': 'a cluster of stars within an intricate cloud of gas and dust', 'dipole_molecule': 'a molecule that is a permanent dipole', 'direct_transmission': 'a transmission mechanism in which the infectious agent is transferred directly into the body via touching or biting or kissing or sexual intercourse or by droplets entering the eye or nose or mouth', 'distributary': 'a branch of a river that flows away from the main stream and does not rejoin it', 'divot': '(golf) the cavity left when a piece of turf is cut from the ground by the club head in making a stroke; \"it was a good drive but the ball ended up in a divot\"', 'Dnieper': 'a river that rises in Russia near Smolensk and flowing south through Belarus and Ukraine to empty into the Black Sea', 'dog_shit': 'fecal droppings from a dog', 'Dolomite_Alps': 'an eastern range of the Alps in northeastern Italy famous for their dolomitic limestone', 'Donner_Pass': 'a mountain pass in northeastern California near Lake Tahoe; site where in 1844 some members of an emigrant party survived by eating those who had died', 'Dorado': 'a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Reticulum and Pictor; contains most of the Large Magellanic Cloud', 'down_quark': 'a stable quark with an electric charge of -1/3 and a mass 607 times that of an electron', 'dregs': 'sediment that has settled at the bottom of a liquid', 'drey': 'the nest of a squirrel', 'drift_ice': 'masses of ice floating in the open sea', 'drumlin': 'a mound of glacial drift', 'dune': 'a ridge of sand created by the wind; found in deserts or near lakes and oceans', 'East_China_Sea': 'part of the Pacific Ocean near eastern Asia', 'Ebro': 'a river in northeastern Spain; flows into the Mediterranean', 'Elbe': 'a river in central Europe that arises in northwestern Czechoslovakia and flows northward through Germany to empty into the North Sea', 'electric_dipole': 'a dipole with equal and opposite electric charges', 'electron': 'an elementary particle with negative charge', 'elementary_particle': '(physics) a particle that is less complex than an atom; regarded as constituents of all matter', 'eliminator': 'an agent that eliminates something', 'Elizabeth_River': 'a short river in southeastern Virginia flowing between Norfolk and Portsmouth into Hampton Roads', 'El_Libertador': 'a mountain in the Andes in Argentina (22,047 feet high)', 'El_Muerto': 'a mountain peak in the Andes on the border between Argentina and Chile (21,457 feet high)', 'ember': 'a hot fragment of wood or coal that is left from a fire and is glowing or smoldering', 'English_Channel': 'an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that forms a channel between France and Britain', 'enterolith': 'a calculus occurring in the intestines', 'Epsilon_Aurigae': 'the largest known star', 'Eridanus': 'a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Fornax and Cetus', 'esker': '(geology) a long winding ridge of post glacial gravel and other sediment; deposited by meltwater from glaciers or ice sheets', 'estuary': 'the wide part of a river where it nears the sea; fresh and salt water mix', 'Euphrates': 'a river in southwestern Asia; flows into the Persian Gulf; was important in the development of several great civilizations in ancient Mesopotamia', 'Eurasia': 'the land mass formed by the continents of Europe and Asia', 'Europa': \"the 4th largest of Jupiter's satellites; covered with a smooth shell of frozen water\", 'evening_star': 'a planet (usually Venus) seen at sunset in the western sky', 'Everest': 'a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal; the highest mountain peak in the world (29,028 feet high)', 'Everglades': 'a large subtropical swamp in southern Florida that is noted for its wildlife', 'exosphere': 'the outermost atmospheric layer', 'expanse': 'a wide and open space or area as of surface or land or sky', 'extraterrestrial_object': \"a natural object existing outside the earth and outside the earth's atmosphere\", 'Eyre': 'a shallow salt lake in south central Australia about 35 feet below sea level; the largest lake in the country and the lowest point on the continent', 'Eyre_Peninsula': 'a peninsula of southern Australia', 'fallow': 'cultivated land that is not seeded for one or more growing seasons', 'fatigue_crack': 'a crack in metal resulting from metal fatigue', 'fermion': 'any particle that obeys Fermi-Dirac statistics and is subject to the Pauli exclusion principle', \"Fingal's_Cave\": 'a large cave with basaltic pillars on Staffa island in Scotland', 'fireball': 'a ball of fire (such as the sun or a ball-shaped discharge of lightning)', 'fire_pit': 'a pit whose floor is incandescent lava; \"the fire pit of the crater\"', 'firestone': 'a piece of flint that is struck to light a fire', 'firth': 'a long narrow estuary (especially in Scotland)', 'Firth_of_Clyde': 'a firth on the southwestern coast of Scotland emptying into the North Channel', 'Firth_of_Forth': 'a large firth on the east coast of Scotland and the estuary of the Forth River; location of Edinburgh', 'fishpond': 'a freshwater pond with fish', 'fixed_star': 'any star in the Ptolemaic theory of planetary motion', 'fjord': 'a long narrow inlet of the sea between steep cliffs; common in Norway', 'flare_star': 'a red dwarf star in which luminosity can change several magnitudes in a few minutes', 'floodplain': 'a low plain adjacent to a river that is formed chiefly of river sediment and is subject to flooding', 'flowage': 'gradual internal motion or deformation of a solid body (as by heat); \"rock fracture and rock flowage are different types of geological deformation\"', 'foam': 'a lightweight material in cellular form; made by introducing gas bubbles during manufacture', 'folium': 'a thin layer or stratum of (especially metamorphic) rock', 'fomite': 'any inanimate object (as a towel or money or clothing or dishes or books or toys etc.) that can transmit infectious agents from one person to another', 'foothill': 'a relatively low hill on the lower slope of a mountain', 'footwall': 'the lower wall of an inclined fault', 'foreland': 'land forming the forward margin of something', 'foreshore': 'the part of the seashore between the highwater mark and the low-water mark', 'Fornax': 'a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Cetus and Phoenix', 'Forth': 'a river in southern Scotland that flows eastward to the Firth of Forth', 'fossil': 'the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil', 'Fountain_of_Youth': 'a fountain described in folk tales as able to make people young again; \"Ponce de Leon discovered Florida while searching for the Fountain of Youth\"', 'Fox_River': 'a river in Wisconsin that flows into Lake Michigan', 'free_electron': 'electron that is not attached to an atom or ion or molecule but is free to move under the influence of an electric field', 'Galan': 'a mountain peak in the Andes in Argentina (21,654 feet high)', 'Galilean_satellite': 'one of the four satellites of Jupiter that were discovered by Galileo', 'gallstone': 'a calculus formed in the gall bladder or its ducts', 'Galveston_Bay': 'an arm of the Gulf of Mexico in Texas to the south of Houston', 'Galway_Bay': 'a bay of the North Atlantic on the west coast of Ireland', 'Ganges': 'an Asian river; rises in the Himalayas and flows east into the Bay of Bengal; a sacred river of the Hindus', 'Gan_Jiang': 'a river in southeastern China that flows generally north into the Chang Jiang to the north of Nanchang', 'Ganymede': '(Greek mythology) a Trojan boy who was so beautiful that Zeus carried him away to serve as cupbearer to the gods', 'Garonne': 'a river that rises in the Pyrenees and flows northwest to the Bay of Biscay', 'Gasherbrum': 'a mountain in northern Kashmir (26,470 feet high)', 'gauge_boson': 'a particle that mediates the interaction of two elementary particles', 'geode': '(mineralogy) a hollow rock or nodule with the cavity usually lined with crystals', 'geological_formation': '(geology) the geological features of the earth', 'geyser': 'a spring that discharges hot water and steam', 'giant_star': 'a very bright star of large diameter and low density (relative to the Sun)', 'Gila': 'a river that rises in western New Mexico and flows westward through southern Arizona to become a tributary of the Colorado River', 'glacial_boulder': 'a boulder that has been carried by a glacier to a place far distant from its place of origin', 'glacier': 'a slowly moving mass of ice', 'glen': 'a narrow secluded valley (in the mountains)', 'globule': 'a small globe or ball', 'gluon': 'a gauge boson that mediates strong interaction among quarks', 'Golden_Gate': 'a strait in western California that connects the San Francisco Bay with the Pacific Ocean; discovered in 1579 by Sir Francis Drake', 'Gondwanaland': 'a hypothetical continent that (according to plate tectonic theory) broke up later into India and Australia and Africa and South America and Antarctica', 'gopher_hole': 'a hole in the ground made by gophers', 'gorge': 'a deep ravine (usually with a river running through it)', 'Gosainthan': 'a mountain in the Himalayas in Tibet (26,290 feet high)', 'Grand_Canyon': 'the enormous gorge of the Colorado River in northern Arizona', 'Grand_River': 'a river in southern Michigan that flows northwest to empty into Lake Michigan', 'Grand_Teton': 'a mountain peak in northwestern Wyoming; the highest peak in the Teton Range (13,766 feet high)', 'granule': 'a tiny grain', 'graviton': 'a gauge boson that mediates the (extremely weak) gravitational interactions between particles', 'Great_Attractor': 'a massive grouping of galaxies in the direction of Centaurus and Hydra whose gravitational attraction is believed to cause deviations in the paths of other galaxies', 'Great_Australian_Bight': 'a wide bay of the Indian Ocean in southern Australia; notorious for storms', 'Great_Bear': 'a constellation outside the zodiac that rotates around the North Star', 'Great_Barrier_Reef': 'the largest coral reef in the world; in the Coral Sea off the northeastern coast of Australia', 'Great_Dividing_Range': 'a mountain range running along the eastern coast of Australia', 'Great_Lakes': 'a group of five large, interconnected lakes in central North America', 'Great_Plains': 'a vast prairie region extending from Alberta and Saskatchewan and Manitoba in Canada south through the west central United States into Texas; formerly inhabited by Native Americans', 'Great_Rift_Valley': '( geology) a depression in southwestern Asia and eastern Africa; extends from the valley of the Jordan River to Mozambique; marked by geological faults', 'Great_Salt_Lake': 'a shallow body of salt water in northwestern Utah', 'Great_Slave_Lake': 'a lake in the Northwest Territories in northwestern Canada; drained by the Mackenzie River', 'Great_Smoky_Mountains': 'part of the Appalachians between North Carolina and Tennessee', 'Green': 'United States labor leader who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1924 to 1952 and who led the struggle with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (1873-1952)', 'Greenland_Sea': 'part of the Arctic Ocean to the north of Iceland', 'Green_Mountains': 'a range of the Appalachian Mountains that extends from south to north through Vermont', 'greenwood': 'woodlands in full leaf; \"the greenwood was Robin Hood\\'s home\"', 'grotto': 'a small cave (usually with attractive features)', 'growler': 'a speaker whose voice sounds like a growl', 'Guadalupe_Mountains': 'a mountain range in southern New Mexico and western Texas; the southern extension of the Sacramento Mountains', 'Guantanamo_Bay': 'an inlet of the Caribbean Sea; a United States naval station was established on the bay in 1903', 'gulch': 'a narrow gorge with a stream running through it', 'Gulf_Coast': 'a seashore of the Gulf of Mexico', 'Gulf_of_Aden': 'arm of the Indian Ocean at the entrance to the Red Sea', 'Gulf_of_Alaska': 'a gulf of the Pacific Ocean between the Alaska Peninsula and the Alexander Archipelago', 'Gulf_of_Antalya': 'a gulf of the Mediterranean Sea in southwestern Turkey', 'Gulf_of_Aqaba': 'a northeastern arm of the Red Sea; between the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt) and Saudi Arabia', 'Gulf_of_Bothnia': 'a northern arm of the Baltic Sea; between Sweden and Finland', 'Gulf_of_California': 'a gulf to the west of the mainland of Mexico', 'Gulf_of_Campeche': 'a part of the Gulf of Mexico to the west of Yucatan', 'Gulf_of_Carpentaria': 'a wide shallow inlet of the Arafura Sea in northern Australia', 'Gulf_of_Corinth': 'inlet of the Ionian Sea between central Greece and the Peloponnesus', 'Gulf_of_Finland': 'an eastern arm of the Baltic Sea; between Finland and Estonia', 'Gulf_of_Guinea': 'a gulf off the southwest coast of Africa', 'Gulf_of_Martaban': 'an arm of the Andaman Sea off southern Myanmar', 'Gulf_of_Mexico': 'an arm of the Atlantic to the south of the United States and to the east of Mexico', 'Gulf_of_Ob': 'an inlet of the Kara Sea in western Siberia', 'Gulf_of_Oman': 'an arm of the Arabian Sea connecting it with the Persian Gulf', 'Gulf_of_Riga': 'an inlet of the Baltic Sea between Latvia and Estonia', 'Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence': 'an arm of the northwest Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern coast of Canada', 'Gulf_of_Sidra': 'wide inlet of the Mediterranean Sea on the north coast of Libya', 'Gulf_of_Suez': 'a northwestern arm of the Red Sea linked to the Mediterranean by the Suez Canal', 'Gulf_of_Tehuantepec': 'an arm of the Pacific in southern Mexico', 'Gulf_of_Thailand': 'an arm of the South China Sea between Indochina and the Malay Peninsula', 'Gulf_of_Venice': 'an arm of the Adriatic Sea', 'gully': 'deep ditch cut by running water (especially after a prolonged downpour)', 'gut': 'a narrow channel or strait', 'guyot': 'a seamount of volcanic origin (especially in the Pacific Ocean)', 'hadron': 'any elementary particle that interacts strongly with other particles', 'hairball': 'a compact mass of hair that forms in the alimentary canal (especially in the stomach of animals as a result of licking fur)', 'Handies_Peak': 'a mountain peak in the San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado (14,048 feet high)', 'hanging_wall': 'the upper wall of an inclined fault', 'Hangzhou_Bay': 'a bay formed by an inlet of the East China Sea', 'headstream': 'a stream that forms the source of a river', 'Hercules': '(classical mythology) a hero noted for his strength; performed 12 immense labors to gain immortality', 'heterocyclic_ring': 'a ring of atoms of more than one kind; especially a ring of carbon atoms containing at least one atom that is not carbon', 'highland': 'elevated (e.g., mountainous) land', 'high_sea': 'the open seas of the world outside the territorial waters of any nation', 'hill': 'a local and well-defined elevation of the land; \"they loved to roam the hills of West Virginia\"', 'hillside': 'the side or slope of a hill', 'Himalayas': \"a mountain range extending 1500 miles on the border between India and Tibet; this range contains the world's highest mountain\", 'Hindu_Kush': 'a mountain range extending to the west of the Himalayas', 'hogback': 'a narrow ridge of hills', 'hollow': 'a cavity or space in something; \"hunger had caused the hollows in their cheeks\"', 'holystone': 'a soft sandstone used for scrubbing the decks of a ship', 'Hook_of_Holland': 'a cape on the southwestern coast of the Netherlands near Rotterdam', 'horsepond': 'a pond for watering horses', 'horst': \"a ridge of the earth's crust that has been forced upward between two faults and so is higher than the surrounding land\", 'hot_spring': 'a natural spring of water at a temperature of 70 F or above', 'Housatonic': 'a river that rises in western Massachusetts and flows south through Connecticut to empty into Long Island Sound', 'Huang_He': 'a major river of Asia in northern China; flows generally eastward into the Yellow Sea; carries large quantities of yellow silt to its delta', 'Huascaran': 'a mountain in the Andes in Peru (22,205 feet high)', 'Hubbard': 'a United States writer of science fiction and founder of Scientology (1911-1986)', 'Hudson': 'English naturalist (born in Argentina) (1841-1922)', 'Hudson_Bay': 'an inland sea in northern Canada', 'Humber': 'an estuary in central northeastern England formed by the Ouse River and the Trent River', 'hunk': 'a well-built sexually attractive man', 'Hydra': '(Greek mythology) monster with nine heads; when struck off each head was replaced by two new ones; \"Hydra was slain by Hercules\"', 'hydrogen_ion': 'a positively charged atom of hydrogen; that is to say, a normal hydrogen atomic nucleus', 'hydrosphere': \"the watery layer of the earth's surface; includes water vapor\", 'Hydrus': 'a constellation in the southern hemisphere near the south celestial pole', 'hyperon': 'any baryon that is not a nucleon; unstable particle with mass greater than a neutron', 'iceberg': 'a large mass of ice floating at sea; usually broken off of a polar glacier', 'icecap': 'a mass of ice and snow that permanently covers a large area of land (e.g., the polar regions or a mountain peak)', 'icefall': 'a steep part of a glacier resembling a frozen waterfall', 'ice_field': 'a large flat mass of ice (larger than an ice floe) floating at sea', 'ice_floe': 'a flat mass of ice (smaller than an ice field) floating at sea', 'ice_mass': 'a large mass of ice', 'Iguazu': 'a large waterfall on the border between Argentina and Brazil', 'IJssel': 'a river in the central Netherlands flowing north to the IJsselmeer', 'IJsselmeer': 'a shallow lake in northwestern Netherlands created in 1932 by building a dam across the entrance to the Zuider Zee', 'Illampu': 'a mountain peak in the Andes in Bolivia (20,870 feet high)', 'Illimani': 'a mountain peak in the Andes in Bolivia (21,201 feet high)', 'Illinois_River': 'a river in Illinois that flows southwest to the Mississippi River', 'impairer': 'an agent that impairs; \"crops can be great impairers of the soil\"', 'inclined_fault': 'a geological fault in which one side is above the other', 'inclusion_body': 'any small intracellular body found within another (characteristic of certain diseases); \"an inclusion in the cytoplasm of the cell\"', 'index_fossil': 'a fossil known to have lived in a particular geologic age that can be used to date the rock layer in which it is found', 'Indian_Ocean': 'the 3rd largest ocean; bounded by Africa on the west, Asia on the north, Australia on the east and merging with the Antarctic Ocean to the south', 'Indigirka': 'a river in far eastern Siberia that flows generally northward to the Arctic Ocean', 'indirect_transmission': 'a transmission mechanism in which the infectious agent is transferred to the person by a fomite of vector', 'indumentum': 'a covering of fine hairs (or sometimes scales) as on a leaf or insect', 'Indus': 'a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Telescopium and Tucana', 'inessential': 'anything that is not essential; \"they discarded all their inessentials\"', 'infectious_agent': 'an agent capable of producing infection', 'inferior_planet': \"any of the planets whose orbit lies inside the earth's orbit\", 'ingrowth': 'something that grows inward', 'Inland_Passage': 'a naturally protected waterway from Seattle to Skagway in southeastern Alaska', 'Inland_Sea': 'an arm of the Pacific Ocean in southern Japan; surrounded by the islands of Honshu and Shikoku and Kyushu and linked to the Sea of Japan by a narrow channel; the chief port is Hiroshima', 'inlet': 'an arm off of a larger body of water (often between rocky headlands)', 'intermediate_vector_boson': 'a gauge boson that mediates weak interactions between particles', 'interplanetary_dust': 'microscopic particles in the interplanetary medium', 'interplanetary_gas': 'a rarefied flow of gas and charged particles (plasma) that stream from the sun and form the solar wind', 'interplanetary_medium': 'interplanetary space including forms of energy and gas and dust', 'interstellar_medium': 'interstellar space including streams of protons moving from the stars', 'Io': '(Greek mythology) a maiden seduced by Zeus; when Hera was about to discover them together Zeus turned her into a white heifer', 'ion': 'a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative); an atom or molecule or group that has lost or gained one or more electrons', 'Ionian_Sea': 'an arm of the Mediterranean Sea between western Greece and southern Italy', 'Irish_Sea': 'an arm of the North Atlantic between Great Britain and Ireland', 'iron_filing': 'a fragment of iron rubbed off by the use of a file', 'Irrawaddy': 'the main river of Myanmar rising in the north and flowing south through the length of Burma to empty into the Andaman Sea', 'Irtish': 'an Asian river that rises in the Altai Mountains in northern China and flows generally northwest to become a tributary of the Ob River', 'Isere': 'a river in southeastern France; a tributary of the Rhone', 'isle': 'a small island', 'Isthmus_of_Corinth': 'a narrow isthmus between the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf; a canal crosses the isthmus so that navigation is possible between the gulfs', 'Isthmus_of_Kra': 'a narrow isthmus linking the Malay Peninsula to the Asian mainland', 'Isthmus_of_Panama': 'the isthmus that connects Central America and South America; was formerly called the Isthmus of Darien; \"Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Darien\"', 'Isthmus_of_Suez': 'the isthmus in northeastern Egypt that connects Africa and Asia', 'Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec': 'the narrowest part of southern Mexico is an isthmus between the Bay of Campeche on the north coast and the Gulf of Tehuantepec on the south coast', 'James': 'a Stuart king of Scotland who married a daughter of Henry VII; when England and France went to war in 1513 he invaded England and died in defeat at Flodden (1473-1513)', 'James_Bay': 'the southern extension of Hudson Bay in Canada between western Quebec and northeastern Ontario', 'Japan_Trench': 'a depression in the floor of the Pacific Ocean to the northeast of Japan that reaches depths of 30,000 feet', 'Jebel_Musa': 'a promontory in northern Morocco opposite the Rock of Gibraltar; one of the Pillars of Hercules', 'Jovian_planet': 'any of the four outermost planets in the solar system; much larger than Earth and gaseous in nature (like Jupiter)', 'J_particle': 'a neutral meson with a large mass', 'Jupiter': '(Roman mythology) supreme god of Romans; counterpart of Greek Zeus', 'K2': 'a mountain peak in the Karakoram Range in northern Kashmir; the 2nd highest peak in the world (28,250 feet high)', 'Kamet': 'a mountain in the Himalayas in northern India (25,450 feet high)', 'Kanawha': 'a tributary of the Ohio River in West Virginia', 'Kanchenjunga': 'a mountain the Himalayas on the border between Nepal and Tibet (28,208 feet high)', 'kaon': 'an unstable meson produced as the result of a high-energy particle collision', 'Karakoram': 'a mountain range in northern Kashmir; an extension of the Hindu Kush; contains the 2nd highest peak', 'Kara_Sea': 'part of the Arctic Ocean to the north of Siberia and to the east of the Barents Sea; icebound most of the year', 'Karelian_Isthmus': 'the isthmus between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga that connects Finland and Russia', 'Kasai': 'a river of southwestern Africa that rises in central Angola and flows east and then north (forming part of the border between Angola and Congo) and continuing northwest through Congo to empty into the Congo River on the border between Congo and Republic of the Congo', 'Kattegatt': 'a strait of the North Sea between Jutland and Sweden; connects with the North Sea through the Skagerrak', 'kettle_hole': '(geology) a hollow (typically filled by a lake) that results from the melting of a mass of ice trapped in glacial deposits', 'Keuka_Lake': 'a glacial lake in central New York; one of the Finger Lakes', 'Khyber_Pass': 'a mountain pass of great strategic and commercial value in the Hindu Kush on the border between northern Pakistan and western Afghanistan; a route by which invaders entered India', 'kidney_stone': 'a calculus formed in the kidney', 'Kilimanjaro': 'the highest peak in Africa; located in northeastern Tanzania; 19,340 feet high', 'Kissimmee': 'a river of central Florida that flows southward to Lake Okeechobee', 'Kivu': 'a lake in the mountains of central Africa between Congo and Rwanda', 'Klamath': 'a river flowing southwest from Oregon through northern California to the Pacific Ocean', 'knoll': 'a small natural hill', 'Kodiak': 'an island off southern Alaska in the Gulf of Alaska; site of the first European settlement in the area which was founded by the Russians in 1784', 'kopje': 'a small hill rising up from the African veld', 'Korea_Bay': 'an inlet of the Yellow Sea between the Liaodong Peninsula in China and western Korea', 'Korean_Strait': 'a strait between Korea and Japan; connects the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan', 'Kuiper_belt': 'a disk-shaped region of minor planets outside the orbit of Neptune', 'Kuiper_belt_object': 'any of many minor planets in the Kuiper belt outside the orbit of Neptune at the edge of the solar system', 'Kunlun': 'a mountain range in western China that extends eastward from the Indian border for 1000 miles', 'Kura': 'a river in western Asia; rises in northeast Turkey and flows to the Caspian Sea', 'Labrador-Ungava_Peninsula': 'a peninsular region of eastern Canada between Hudson Bay and the Labrador Sea; contains most of Quebec and the mainland part of Newfoundland and Labrador', 'Labrador_Sea': 'an arm of the northern Atlantic between Labrador and southern Greenland', 'lagoon': 'a body of water cut off from a larger body by a reef of sand or coral', 'lake': 'a purplish red pigment prepared from lac or cochineal', 'Lake_Albert': 'a shallow lake on the border between Uganda and Congo in the Great Rift Valley', 'Lake_Aral': 'a lake to the east of the Caspian Sea lying between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan', 'lake_bed': 'the bottom of a lake', 'Lake_Chad': 'a lake in north central Africa; fed by the Shari river', 'Lake_Champlain': 'a lake in northeastern New York, northwestern Vermont and southern Quebec; site of many battles in the French and Indian War and in the American Revolution and in the War of 1812', 'Lake_Edward': 'a lake in the Great Rift Valley between Congo and Uganda', 'Lake_Erie': 'the 4th largest of the Great Lakes; it is linked to the Hudson River by the New York State Barge Canal', 'lakefront': 'land bordering a lake', 'Lake_Geneva': 'a lake between southwestern Switzerland and France that is crossed from east to west by the Rhone', 'Lake_Huron': 'the 2nd largest of the Great Lakes', 'Lake_Ilmen': 'a lake in northwestern Russia; drains through the Volkhov River into Lake Ladoga', 'Lake_Ladoga': 'a lake in northwestern Russia to the north of St. Petersburg; the largest lake in Europe; drains through the Neva River into the Gulf of Finland', 'Lake_Michigan': 'the 3rd largest of the Great Lakes; the largest freshwater lake entirely within the United States borders', 'Lake_Nasser': 'lake in Egypt formed by dams built on the Nile River at Aswan', 'Lake_Nyasa': 'a long lake in southeastern Africa between Tanzania, Mozambique, and Malawi', 'Lake_Onega': 'lake in northwestern Russia near the border with Finland; second largest lake in Europe', 'Lake_Ontario': 'the smallest of the Great Lakes', 'lakeside': 'the shore of a lake', 'Lake_St._Clair': 'a lake between Ontario and Michigan; connected with Lake Huron and Lake Erie', 'Lake_Superior': 'the largest freshwater lake in the world; the deepest of the Great Lakes', 'Lake_Tana': 'a lake in northern Ethiopia; the largest lake in Ethiopia and the source of the Blue Nile', 'Lake_Tanganyika': 'the longest lake in the world in central Africa between Tanzania and Congo in the Great Rift Valley', 'Lake_Urmia': 'a shallow saline lake in northwestern Iran between Tabriz and the western border of Turkey', 'Lake_Vanern': 'a lake in southwestern Sweden; the largest lake in Sweden', 'Lake_Victoria': 'the largest lake in Africa and the 2nd largest fresh water lake in the world; a headwaters reservoir for the Nile River', 'lambda_particle': 'an electrically neutral baryon with isotopic spin 1', 'land': 'the land on which real estate is located; \"he built the house on land leased from the city\"', 'landfill': 'a low area that has been filled in', 'landmass': 'a large continuous extent of land', 'Laptev_Sea': 'part of the Arctic Ocean to the north of Siberia (between the Taimyr Peninsula and the New Siberian Islands) that is icebound most of the year', 'Large_Magellanic_Cloud': 'the larger of the two Magellanic Clouds visible from the southern hemisphere', 'Lascaux': 'a cave in southwestern France that contains Paleolithic paintings', 'lather': 'a workman who puts up laths', 'Laudo': 'a mountain peak in the Andes in Argentina (20,997 feet high)', 'Laurasia': 'a hypothetical continent that (according to plate tectonic theory) broke up later into North America and Europe and Asia', 'ledge': 'a projecting ridge on a mountain or submerged under water', 'lees': 'the sediment from fermentation of an alcoholic beverage', 'Lehigh_River': 'a river in eastern Pennsylvania that flows southeast into the Delaware River', 'Lena': 'a Russian river in Siberia; flows northward into the Laptev Sea', 'lepton': '100 lepta equal 1 drachma in Greece', 'lethal_agent': 'an agent capable of causing death', 'Lethe': '(Greek mythology) a river in Hades; the souls of the dead had to drink from it, which made them forget all they had done and suffered when they were alive', 'Lhotse': 'a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (27,890 feet high)', 'Liaodong_Peninsula': 'a peninsula in northeastern China that extends into the Yellow Sea, between Bo Hai and Korea Bay', 'Ligurian_Sea': 'an arm of the Mediterranean between northwest Italy and Corsica', 'liman': 'a long narrow lagoon near the mouth of a river', 'Limpopo': 'an African river; flows into the Indian Ocean', 'liposomal_delivery_vector': 'a transducing vector that uses liposomes to carry the gene of interest', 'lithosphere': 'the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle', 'Little_Bear': 'a constellation outside the zodiac that rotates around the North Star', 'Little_Dipper': \"a cluster of seven stars in Ursa Minor; at the end of the dipper's handle is Polaris\", 'Little_Missouri': 'a river that rises in northeastern Wyoming and flows through Montana and South Dakota to join the Missouri River in North Dakota', 'Little_Sioux_River': 'a river that rises in southwestern Minnesota and flows southwestward to the Missouri River in western Iowa', 'Little_Wabash': 'a river in eastern Illinois that flows southeastward to the Wabash River', 'llano': 'an extensive grassy and nearly treeless plain (especially in Latin America)', 'Llano_Estacado': 'a large semiarid plateau forming the southern part of the Great Plains', 'Llullaillaco': 'a mountain in the Andes on the border between Argentina and Chile (22,057 feet high)', 'loch': 'a long narrow inlet of the sea in Scotland (especially when it is nearly landlocked)', 'Loch_Achray': 'a lake in central Scotland', 'Loch_Linnhe': 'an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean on the western coast of Scotland', 'Loch_Ness': 'a lake in the Scottish highlands; the largest body of fresh water in Great Britain', 'Logan': 'a mountain peak in the St. Elias Range in the southwestern Yukon Territory in Canada (19,850 feet high)', 'Loire': 'the longest French river; rises in the Massif Central and flows north and west to the Atlantic Ocean', 'Loire_Valley': 'the valley of the Loire River where many French wines originated', 'long_chain': '(chemistry) a relatively long chain of atoms in a molecule', 'Long_Island_Sound': 'a sound between Long Island and Connecticut', 'lough': 'a long narrow (nearly landlocked) cove in Ireland', 'Lower_California': 'a mountainous peninsula on northwest Mexico', 'lower_mantle': 'the deeper part of the mantle', 'Lower_Peninsula': 'the part of northern Michigan between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron', 'lowland': 'low level country', 'lunar_crater': \"a crater on the Earth's Moon\", 'Lupus': 'a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Centaurus', 'Lyra': 'a small constellation in the northern hemisphere near Cygnus and Draco; contains the star Vega', 'maar': 'a flat-bottomed volcanic crater that was formed by an explosion; often filled with water', 'Mackenzie': 'Canadian explorer (born in England) who explored the Mackenzie River and who was first to cross North America by land north of Mexico (1764-1820)', 'mackerel_sky': 'a sky filled with rows of cirrocumulus or small altocumulus clouds', 'Magdalena': 'a river that rises in the Andes mountains in southwestern Colombia and flows generally northward to empty into the Caribbean Sea at Barranquilla', 'Magellanic_Cloud': 'either of two small galaxies orbiting the Milky Way; visible near the south celestial pole', 'magnetic_dipole': 'a dipole with opposing magnetic poles', 'magnetic_monopole': 'a hypothetical particle with a single magnetic pole instead of the usual two', 'mainland': 'the main land mass of a country or continent; as distinguished from an island or peninsula', 'Makalu': 'a mountain in the Himalayas in Nepal (27,790 feet high)', 'mare_clausum': '(closed sea) a navigable body of water under the jurisdiction of a single nation', 'mare_liberum': '(free sea) a navigable body of water to which all nations have equal access', 'mare_nostrum': '(our sea) the Mediterranean to the ancient Romans', \"mare's_tail\": 'a long narrow flowing cirrus cloud', 'Marmara': 'an inland sea in northwestern Turkey; linked to the Black Sea by the Bosporus and linked to the Aegean by the Dardanelles', 'Mars': '(Roman mythology) Roman god of war and agriculture; father of Romulus and Remus; counterpart of Greek Ares', 'marsh': 'low-lying wet land with grassy vegetation; usually is a transition zone between land and water; \"thousands of acres of marshland\"; \"the fens of eastern England\"', 'Massachusetts_Bay': 'an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean off of eastern Massachusetts extending from Cape Ann on the north to Cape Cod on the south', 'massif': \"a block of the earth's crust bounded by faults and shifted to form peaks of a mountain range\", 'Massif_Central': 'a mountainous plateau in southern France that covers almost one sixth of the country', 'matchwood': 'wood in small pieces or splinters; \"the vessel was beaten to matchwood on the rocks\"', 'Matterhorn': 'a mountain in the Alps on the border between Switzerland and Italy (14,780 feet high); noted for its distinctive shape', 'McKinley': '25th President of the United States; was assassinated by an anarchist (1843-1901)', 'meander': 'a bend or curve, as in a stream or river', 'Mediterranean': 'the largest inland sea; between Europe and Africa and Asia', 'Mekong': 'an Asian river; flows through a large delta in southern Vietnam into the South China Sea', 'Menai_Strait': 'a strait in northern Wales between Anglesey Island and the mainland', 'Mendenhall_Glacier': 'a glacier of the Piedmont type near Juneau in Alaska', 'Mensa': 'a faint constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere and containing part of the Large Magellanic Cloud', 'Mercedario': 'a mountain in the Andes in Argentina (22,210 feet high)', 'Mercury': '(Roman mythology) messenger of Jupiter and god of commerce; counterpart of Greek Hermes', 'mere': 'a small pond of standing water', 'Merrimack': 'a river that rises in south central New Hampshire and flows through Concord and Manchester into Massachusetts and empties into the Atlantic Ocean', 'mesa': 'flat tableland with steep edges; \"the tribe was relatively safe on the mesa but they had to descend into the valley for water\"', 'Mesabi_Range': 'a range of hills in northeastern Minnesota where rich iron ore deposits were discovered in 1887', 'meson': 'an elementary particle responsible for the forces in the atomic nucleus; a hadron with a baryon number of 0', 'mesosphere': 'the atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere', 'metal_filing': 'a fragment of metal rubbed off by the use of a file', 'meteorite': \"stony or metallic object that is the remains of a meteoroid that has reached the earth's surface\", 'meteoroid': \"(astronomy) any of the small solid extraterrestrial bodies that hits the earth's atmosphere\", 'meteor_swarm': 'a group of meteoroids with similar paths', 'micelle': 'an electrically charged particle built up from polymeric molecules or ions and occurring in certain colloidal electrolytic solutions like soaps and detergents', 'microfossil': 'a fossil that must be studied microscopically', 'micrometeorite': 'a meteorite or meteoroid so small that it drifts down to earth without becoming intensely heated in the atmosphere', 'Microscopium': 'a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Sagittarius and Capricornus', 'Mid-Atlantic_Ridge': 'a very long narrow elevation on the ocean floor that runs all the way from Iceland in the North Atlantic to Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic', 'midstream': 'the middle of a stream', 'mid-water': 'the water that is well below the surface but also well above the bottom; \"many marine fishes inhabit the mid-waters\"', 'Milk': 'a river that rises in the Rockies in northwestern Montana and flows eastward to become a tributary of the Missouri River', 'Milky_Way': 'the galaxy containing the solar system; consists of millions of stars that can be seen as a diffuse band of light stretching across the night sky', 'millpond': 'a pond formed by damming a stream to provide a head of water to turn a mill wheel', 'Minamata_Bay': 'a bay on the west coast of Kyushu; in the 1950s industrial wastes caused mercury poisoning among the Japanese people who ate fish from Minamata Bay', 'minor_planet': 'any of numerous small celestial bodies that move around the sun', 'mire': 'a difficulty or embarrassment that is hard to extricate yourself from; \"the country is still trying to climb out of the mire left by its previous president\"; \"caught in the mire of poverty\"', 'Mobile_Bay': 'a bay of the Gulf of Mexico; fed by the Mobile River', 'Mohawk_River': 'a river of central New York that flows southeastward to the Hudson River', 'Mohorovicic_discontinuity': 'the boundary between the Earth\\'s crust and the underlying mantle; \"the Mohorovicic discontinuity averages 5 miles down under oceans and 20 miles down under continents\"', 'molehill': 'a mound of earth made by moles while burrowing', 'monocline': 'a geological formation in which all strata are inclined in the same direction', 'Monongahela': 'a river that rises in northern West Virginia and flows north into Pennsylvania where it joins the Allegheny River at Pittsburgh to form the Ohio River', 'Mont_Blanc': 'the highest mountain peak in the Alps; on the border between France and Italy to the south of Geneva (15,781 feet high)', 'Monterey_Bay': 'an inlet of the Pacific Ocean in western California', 'moon': 'any object resembling a moon; \"he made a moon lamp that he used as a night light\"; \"the clock had a moon that showed various phases\"', 'Moon': 'United States religious leader (born in Korea) who founded the Unification Church in 1954; was found guilty of conspiracy to evade taxes (born in 1920)', 'moor': 'open land usually with peaty soil covered with heather and bracken and moss', 'moraine': 'accumulated earth and stones deposited by a glacier', 'Moray_Firth': 'an inlet of the North Sea on the northeast coast of Scotland', 'Moreau_River': 'a river that rises in western South Dakota and flows eastward to the Missouri River', 'Moreton_Bay': 'an arm of the Tasman Sea forming a bay to the east of Brisbane', 'morning_star': 'a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise in the eastern sky', 'mountain': 'a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill', 'mountain_peak': 'the summit of a mountain', 'mountainside': 'the side or slope of a mountain; \"conifer forests cover the eastern versant\"', 'Mount_Bartle_Frere': 'the highest mountain peak in Queensland, Australia', 'Mount_Carmel': 'a mountain range in northwestern Israel near the Mediterranean coast; \"according to the Old Testament, Elijah defeated the priests of Baal at Mount Carmel\"', 'Mount_Elbert': 'the highest peak in the Rocky Mountains in central Colorado (14,431 feet high)', 'mouse_nest': 'where mice bear and raise their young', 'Mozambique_Channel': 'an arm of the Indian Ocean between Madagascar and southeastern Africa', 'mud_puddle': 'a puddle of mud; \"the children loved a mud puddle\"', 'mull': 'a term used in Scottish names of promontories; \"the Mull of Kintyre\"', 'multiple_star': 'a system of three or more stars associated by gravity', 'muon': 'an elementary particle with a negative charge and a half-life of 2 microsecond; decays to electron and neutrino and antineutrino', 'Murray': 'British classical scholar (born in Australia) who advocated the League of Nations and the United Nations (1866-1957)', 'Murrumbidgee': 'a river of southeastern Australia; flows westward into the Murray River', 'mutagen': 'any agent (physical or environmental) that can induce a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation', 'Muztag': 'a highest mountain peak in the Kunlun Shan in China; near the Indian border (23,891 feet high)', 'Nacimiento': 'a mountain peak in the Andes in Argentina (21,302 feet high)', 'nacreous_cloud': 'a luminous iridescent cloud at a high altitude that may be seen when the sun is a few degrees below the horizon', 'Namoi': 'a river in southeastern Australia that flows generally northwest to join the Darling River', 'Nan': 'a river of western Thailand flowing southward to join the Ping River to form the Chao Phraya', 'Nanda_Devi': 'a mountain in the Himalayas in northern India (25,660 feet high)', 'Nanga_Parbat': 'a mountain in the Himalayas in Kashmir (26,660 feet high)', 'Nan_Ling': 'a mountain range in southeastern China running generally east to west', 'Nares_Deep': 'a depression in the floor of the Atlantic Ocean to the north of Haiti and Puerto Rico', 'Narragansett_Bay': 'a deep inlet of the Atlantic Ocean in Rhode Island', 'narrow': 'a narrow strait connecting two bodies of water', 'natural_depression': 'a sunken or depressed geological formation', 'natural_elevation': 'a raised or elevated geological formation', 'natural_order': 'the physical universe considered as an orderly system subject to natural (not human or supernatural) laws', 'nebule': 'a small cloud', 'necessity': 'the condition of being essential or indispensable', 'Neckar': 'a river in Germany; rises in the Black Forest and flows north into the Rhine', 'need': 'a condition requiring relief; \"she satisfied his need for affection\"; \"God has no need of men to accomplish His work\"; \"there is a demand for jobs\"', 'neighbor': 'a person who lives (or is located) near another', 'Neosho': 'a river that rises in eastern Kansas and flows eastward into Oklahoma to become a tributary of the Arkansas River', 'Neptune': '(Roman mythology) god of the sea; counterpart of Greek Poseidon', 'neritic_zone': 'the ocean waters from the low tide mark to a depth of about 100 fathoms', 'neutrino': 'an elementary particle with zero charge and zero mass', 'neutron': 'an elementary particle with 0 charge and mass about equal to a proton; enters into the structure of the atomic nucleus', 'neutron_star': 'a star that has collapsed under its own gravity; it is composed of neutrons', 'Neva': 'a river in northwestern Russia flowing generally west into the Gulf of Finland', 'neve': 'the upper part of a glacier (beyond the limit of perpetual snow) where the snow turns to ice', 'New_River': 'a river in the southeastern United States that flows northward from North Carolina to West Virginia where it empties into the Kanawha River', 'New_York_Bay': 'a bay of the North Atlantic; fed by the Hudson River', 'Niagara': 'waterfall in Canada is the Horseshoe Falls; in the United States it is the American Falls', 'nidus': 'a nest in which spiders or insects deposit their eggs', 'Nile': \"the world's longest river (4150 miles); flows northward through eastern Africa into the Mediterranean; the Nile River valley in Egypt was the site of the world's first great civilization\", 'nimbus': 'a dark grey cloud bearing rain', 'Niobrara': 'a tributary of the Missouri River', 'Norma': 'a small constellation in the southern hemisphere near Lupus and Ara in the Milky Way', 'normal_fault': 'an inclined fault in which the hanging wall appears to have slipped downward relative to the footwall', 'North_Atlantic': 'that part of the Atlantic Ocean to the north of the equator', 'North_Channel': 'a strait between Northern Ireland and Scotland that connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea', 'Northern_Cross': 'a cluster of 5 bright stars forming a cross in the constellation Cygnus', 'North_Pacific': 'that part of the Pacific Ocean to the north of the equator', 'North_Peak': '19,370 feet high', 'North_Sea': 'an arm of the North Atlantic between the British Isles and Scandinavia; oil was discovered under the North Sea in 1970', 'Norwegian_Sea': 'the part of the Atlantic that lies off the Norwegian coast to the north of the North Sea', 'nova': 'a star that ejects some of its material in the form of a cloud and become more luminous in the process', 'nub': 'a small lump or protuberance', 'nubbin': 'a small nub (especially an undeveloped fruit or ear of corn)', 'nucleon': 'a constituent (proton or neutron) of an atomic nucleus', 'nugget': 'a solid lump of a precious metal (especially gold) as found in the earth', 'nullah': 'a ravine or gully in southern Asia', 'Nuptse': 'a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (25,726 feet high)', 'Ob': 'a major river of western Siberia; flows generally northward and westward to the Gulf of Ob and the Kara Sea', 'obliterator': 'an eliminator that does away with all traces', 'ocean': 'anything apparently limitless in quantity or volume', 'ocean_floor': 'the bottom of a sea or ocean', 'oceanfront': 'land bordering an ocean', 'Octans': 'the constellation that includes the southern celestial pole', 'Oder': 'a European river; flows into the Baltic Sea', 'offing': 'the near or foreseeable future; \"there was a wedding in the offing\"', 'oil-water_interface': 'an interface forming the boundary between the non-miscible liquids oil and water', 'Ojos_del_Salado': 'a mountain in the Andes on the border between Argentina and Chile (22,572 feet high)', 'Okeechobee': 'a lake in southeast Florida to the north of the Everglades', 'Okefenokee_Swamp': 'a large swampy area of northeast Florida and southeast Georgia', 'Old_Faithful': 'a geyser in Yellowstone National Park that erupts for about 4 minutes about every 65 minutes', 'Olduvai_Gorge': 'a gorge in northeastern Tanzania where anthropologists have found some of the earliest human remains', 'Olympus': 'a mountain peak in northeast Greece near the Aegean coast; believed by ancient Greeks to be the dwelling place of the gods (9,570 feet high)', 'Omega_Centauri': 'a global cluster in the constellation Centaurus', 'open_chain': 'a chain of atoms in a molecule whose ends are not joined to form a ring', 'Ophiuchus': 'a large constellation in the equatorial region between Hercules and Scorpius', 'Orange': 'a river in South Africa that flows generally westward to the Atlantic Ocean', 'ore_bed': 'a stratum of ore', 'Orinoco': 'a South American river 1,500 miles long; flows into the South Atlantic', 'Orion': '(Greek mythology) a giant Boeotian hunter who pursued the Pleiades and was eventually slain by Artemis; was then placed in the sky as a constellation', 'Osaka_Bay': 'a bay of the western Pacific in southern Honshu', 'Outaouais': 'a river in southeastern Canada that flows along the boundary between Quebec and Ontario to the Saint Lawrence River near Montreal', 'Ouachita': 'a river that rises in western Arkansas and flows southeast into eastern Louisiana to become a tributary of the Red River', 'Ouse': 'a river in northeastern England that flows generally southeastward to join the Trent River and form the Humber', 'outcrop': 'the part of a rock formation that appears above the surface of the surrounding land', 'outer_planet': '(astronomy) a major planet whose orbit is outside the asteroid belt (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto)', 'outthrust': 'an outcropping of rock that extends outward', 'overburden': 'the surface soil that must be moved away to get at coal seams and mineral deposits', 'oxbow_lake': 'a crescent-shaped lake (often temporary) that is formed when a meander of a river is cut off from the main channel', 'Ozarks': 'an area of low mountains in northwestern Arkansas and southeastern Missouri and northeastern Oklahoma', 'ozone_hole': 'an area of the ozone layer (near the poles) that is seasonally depleted of ozone', 'ozone_layer': 'a layer in the stratosphere (at approximately 20 miles) that contains a concentration of ozone sufficient to block most ultraviolet radiation from the sun', 'Pacific': 'the largest ocean in the world', 'Pacific_Coast': 'a coast of the Pacific Ocean', 'pack_ice': 'a large expanse of floating ice', 'Pallas': 'a large asteroid; the second asteroid to be discovered', 'pallasite': 'a meteorite composed principally of olivine and metallic iron', 'Pamir_Mountains': 'a mountain range in central Asia that is centered in Tajikistan but extends into Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan and Pakistan and western China', 'Pangaea': '(plate tectonics) a hypothetical continent including all the landmass of the earth prior to the Triassic period when it split into Laurasia and Gondwanaland', 'Para': 'an estuary in northern Brazil into which the Tocantins River flows', 'Parana': 'a South American river; tributary of Rio de la Plata', 'Parnaiba': 'a river in northeastern Brazil that flows generally northward to the Atlantic Ocean', 'Parnassus': '(Greek mythology) a mountain in central Greece where (according to Greek mythology) the Muses lived; known as the mythological home of music and poetry; \"Liakoura is the modern name of Mount Parnassus\"', 'Paulo_Afonso': 'a major waterfall in northeastern Brazil', 'Pearl_River': 'a river in Mississippi that flows southward to the Gulf of Mexico', 'pebble': 'a small smooth rounded rock', 'Pecos': 'a tributary of the Rio Grande that flows southeastward from New Mexico through western Texas', 'Pee_Dee': 'a river that flows through central North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina to the Atlantic Ocean', 'Pegasus': '(Greek mythology) the immortal winged horse that sprang from the blood of the slain Medusa; was tamed by Bellerophon with the help of a bridle given him by Athena; as the flying horse of the Muses it is a symbol of highflying imagination', 'peneplain': 'a more or less level land surface representing an advanced stage of erosion undisturbed by crustal movements', 'peninsula': 'a large mass of land projecting into a body of water', 'Penobscot': 'a member of the Algonquian people belonging to the Abnaki confederacy and living in the Penobscot valley in northern Maine', 'Penobscot_Bay': 'an inlet of the Atlantic in eastern Maine', 'Perejil': 'a small uninhabited Mediterranean islet claimed by both Morocco and Spain', 'permafrost': 'ground that is permanently frozen', 'Perseus': '(Greek mythology) the son of Zeus who slew Medusa (with the help of Athena and Hermes) and rescued Andromeda from a sea monster', 'Persian_Gulf': 'a shallow arm of the Arabian Sea between Iran and the Arabian peninsula; the Persian Gulf oil fields are among the most productive in the world', 'petrifaction': 'the process of turning some plant material into stone by infiltration with water carrying mineral particles without changing the original shape', 'Phobos': 'the larger of the two satellites of Mars', 'photoelectron': 'an electron that is emitted from an atom or molecule by an incident photon', 'photon': 'a quantum of electromagnetic radiation; an elementary particle that is its own antiparticle', 'photosphere': 'the intensely luminous surface of a star (especially the sun)', 'Pictor': 'a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Dorado and Columba', 'piedmont': 'a gentle slope leading from the base of a mountain to a region of flat land', 'Piedmont_glacier': 'a type of glaciation characteristic of Alaska; large valley glaciers meet to form an almost stagnant sheet of ice', \"Pike's_Peak\": 'a mountain peak in the Rockies in central Colorado (14,109 feet high)', 'Pillars_of_Hercules': 'the two promontories at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar; according to legend they were formed by Hercules', 'pinetum': 'an area planted with pine trees or related conifers', 'Ping': 'a river in western Thailand; a major tributary of the Chao Phraya', 'pion': 'a meson involved in holding the nucleus together; produced as the result of high-energy particle collision', 'Pissis': 'a mountain in the Andes in Argentina (22,241 feet high)', 'placer': 'an alluvial deposit that contains particles of some valuable mineral', 'plage': 'the beach at a seaside resort', 'plain': 'extensive tract of level open land; \"they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain\"; \"he longed for the fields of his youth\"', 'planet': 'any celestial body (other than comets or satellites) that revolves around a star', 'planetary_nebula': 'a nebula that was once thought to be a star with its planets but is now thought to be a very hot star surrounded by an expanding envelope of ionized gases that emit a fluorescent glow because of intense radiation from the star', 'planetesimal': 'one of many small solid celestial bodies thought to have existed at an early stage in the development of the solar system', 'plasmid': 'a small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication', 'Platte': 'a river in Nebraska that flows eastward to become a tributary of the Missouri River', 'Pleiades': '(Greek mythology) 7 daughters of Atlas and half-sisters of the Hyades; placed among the stars to save them from the pursuit of Orion', 'Pluto': 'a cartoon character created by Walt Disney', 'Po': 'a European river; flows into the Adriatic Sea', 'Pobeda_Peak': 'a mountain peak in the Tien Shan mountains in northern India (24,406 feet high)', 'polar_glacier': 'a glacier near the Arctic or Antarctic poles', 'Polaris': 'the brightest star in Ursa Minor; at the end of the handle of the Little Dipper; the northern axis of the earth points toward it', 'polder': 'low-lying land that has been reclaimed and is protected by dikes (especially in the Netherlands)', 'Pollux': 'the brightest star in Gemini; close to Castor', 'polynya': 'a stretch of open water surrounded by ice (especially in Arctic seas)', 'pond': 'a small lake; \"the pond was too small for sailing\"', 'positron': 'an elementary particle with positive charge; interaction of a positron and an electron results in annihilation', 'pothole': 'a pit or hole produced by wear or weathering (especially in a road surface)', 'Poyang': 'a lake in central China that is connected to the Chang Jiang by a canal', 'precipice': 'a very steep cliff', 'prion': '(microbiology) an infectious protein particle similar to a virus but lacking nucleic acid; thought to be the agent responsible for scrapie and other degenerative diseases of the nervous system', 'virino': '(microbiology) a hypothetical infectious particle thought to be the cause of scrapie and other degenerative diseases of the central nervous system; consists of nucleic acid in a protective coat of host cell proteins', 'promontory': 'a natural elevation (especially a rocky one that juts out into the sea)', 'protein_molecule': 'any large molecule containing chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds', 'proton': 'a stable particle with positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electron', 'Proxima': 'the nearest star to the sun; distance: 4.3 light years', 'Prudhoe_Bay': 'a bay on the northern coast of Alaska where oil was discovered in 1968', 'ptyalith': 'calculus in a salivary gland', 'Puget_Sound': 'an inlet of the North Pacific in northwestern Washington State', 'pulsar': 'a degenerate neutron star; small and extremely dense; rotates very fast and emits regular pulses of polarized radiation', 'Puppis': 'a constellation in the southern hemisphere between Vela and Canis Major that shaped like the stern of a boat', 'Purus': 'a Brazilian river; tributary of the Amazon River', 'Pyrenees': 'a chain of mountains between France and Spain', 'Pyxis': 'a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Puppis and Antlia', 'Quaoar': 'a planetoid discovered in 2002', 'quark': '(physics) hypothetical truly fundamental particle in mesons and baryons; there are supposed to be six flavors of quarks (and their antiquarks), which come in pairs; each has an electric charge of +2/3 or -1/3; \"quarks have not been observed directly but theoretical predictions based on their existence have been confirmed experimentally\"', 'quasar': 'a starlike object that may send out radio waves and other forms of energy; many have large red shifts', 'Queen_Charlotte_Sound': 'an inlet of the Pacific Ocean off the coast of British Columbia', 'quickener': 'an agent that gives or restores life or vigor; \"the soul is the quickener of the body\"', 'quicksand': 'a treacherous situation that tends to entrap and destroy', 'rabbit_burrow': 'a hole in the ground as a nest made by wild rabbits', 'radio_source': 'an object that radiates radio waves', 'Rakaposhi': 'a mountain peak in the Karakoram Range in northern Kashmir (25,560 feet high)', 'rangeland': 'land suitable for grazing livestock', 'Ranier': 'a mountain peak in central Washington; highest peak in the Cascade Range; (14,410 feet high)', 'rapid': 'a part of a river where the current is very fast', 'Rappahannock': 'a river that flows across eastern Virginia into the Tidewater region', 'ravine': 'a deep narrow steep-sided valley (especially one formed by running water)', 'Red': 'a tributary of the Mississippi River that flows eastward from Texas along the southern boundary of Oklahoma and through Louisiana', 'red_dwarf': 'a small, old, relatively cool star; approximately 100 times the mass of Jupiter', 'red_giant': 'a large, old, luminous star; has a relatively low surface temperature and a diameter large relative to the sun', 'Red_Sea': 'a long arm of the Indian Ocean between northeast Africa and Arabia; linked to the Mediterranean at the north end by the Suez Canal', 'relaxer': 'any agent that produces relaxation; \"music is a good relaxer\"', 'relict': 'an organism or species surviving as a remnant of an otherwise extinct flora or fauna in an environment much changed from that in which it originated', 'remains': 'any object that is left unused or still extant; \"I threw out the remains of my dinner\"', 'repressor': 'an agent that represses', 'Republican': 'a member of the Republican Party', 'restriction_fragment': 'the fragment of DNA that is produced by cleaving DNA with a restriction enzyme', 'retardant': 'any agent that retards or delays or hinders; \"flame-retardant\"', 'Reticulum': 'a small constellation in the southern hemisphere near Dorado and Hydrus', 'Rhine': 'United States parapsychologist (1895-1980)', 'Rhodope_Mountains': 'a mountain range in the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe; extends along the border between Greece and Bulgaria', 'Rhone': 'a major French river; flows into the Mediterranean near Marseilles; \"the valley of the Rhone is famous for its vineyards\"', 'rift': 'a gap between cloud masses; \"the sun shone through a rift in the clouds\"', 'rift_valley': \"a valley with steep sides; formed by a rift in the earth's crust\", 'Rigel': 'the brightest star in Orion', 'rill': 'a small channel (as one formed by soil erosion)', 'Rio_de_la_Plata': 'an estuary between Argentina and Uruguay', 'Rio_Grande': 'a North American river; boundary between the United States and Mexico; flows into Gulf of Mexico', 'riparian_forest': 'woodlands along the banks of stream or river', 'ripple_mark': 'one of a series of small ridges produced in sand by water currents or by wind', 'river': 'a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek); \"the river was navigable for 50 miles\"', 'riverbank': 'the bank of a river', 'riverbed': 'a channel occupied (or formerly occupied) by a river', 'river_boulder': 'a boulder that has been carried by a river to a place remote from its place of origin', 'rivulet': 'a small stream', 'Rockies': 'the chief mountain range of western North America; extends from British Columbia to northern New Mexico; forms the continental divide', 'Ross_Sea': 'an arm of the southern Pacific Ocean in Antarctica', 'Rushmore': 'a mountain in the Black Hills of South Dakota; the likenesses of Washington and Jefferson and Lincoln and Roosevelt are carved on it', \"Russell's_body\": 'an inclusion body found in plasma cells in cases of cancer', 'Russian_River': 'a river in northern California', 'Saale': 'a river that rises in central Germany and flows north to join the Elbe River', 'Sabine': 'a member of an ancient Oscan-speaking people of the central Apennines north of Rome who were conquered and assimilated into the Roman state in 290 BC', 'Sacramento_Mountains': 'mountain range in New Mexico to the east of the Rio Grande', 'Sacramento_River': 'a river in northern California rising near Mount Shasta and flowing south to the San Francisco Bay', 'saddleback': 'a pass or ridge that slopes gently between two peaks (is shaped like a saddle)', 'Sagitta': 'a small constellation in the northern hemisphere between Cygnus and Aquila and crossed by the Milky Way', 'Saint_Francis': 'a tributary of the Mississippi River that rises in Missouri and flows southeastward through Arkansas', 'Saint_Johns': 'a river in northeastern Florida that flows northward to Jacksonville and then eastward to empty into the Atlantic Ocean', 'Saint_Lawrence': 'a North American river; flows into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the North Atlantic', 'Sajama': 'a mountain peak in the Andes in Bolivia (21,391 feet high)', 'Salmon': 'a tributary of the Snake River in Idaho', 'salt_flat': 'a flat expanse of salt left by the evaporation of a body of salt water', 'salt_lick': 'a salt deposit that animals regularly lick', 'salt_marsh': 'low-lying wet land that is frequently flooded with saltwater', 'Salton_Sea': 'a saltwater lake in southeastern California', 'saltpan': 'a shallow basin in a desert region; contains salt and gypsum that was deposited by an evaporated salt lake', 'Sambre': 'a river in western Europe that rises in northern France and flows generally east into Belgium where it joins the Meuse at Namur', 'San_Andreas_Fault': 'a major geological fault in California; runs from San Diego to San Francisco; the source of serious earthquakes', 'sandbank': 'a submerged bank of sand near a shore or in a river; can be exposed at low tide', 'sandbar': 'a bar of sand', 'San_Diego_Bay': 'a bay of the Pacific in southern California', 'sandpit': 'a large pit in sandy ground from which sand is dug', 'San_Fernando_Valley': 'a fertile valley in southern California to the north of Los Angeles; includes many residential communities', 'San_Francisco_Bay': 'a bay of the Pacific in western California', 'sanitary_landfill': 'a low area where waste is buried between layers of earth', 'San_Joaquin_River': 'a river in central California that rises in the Sierra Nevada and flows northwest to form a large delta with the Sacramento River', 'San_Joaquin_Valley': 'a vast valley in central California known for its rich farmland', 'San_Juan_Hill': 'a hill in eastern Cuba (near Santiago de Cuba) that was captured during the Spanish-American War; \"Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders became famous for their charge up San Juan Hill\"', 'San_Juan_Mountains': 'a mountain range in southwestern Colorado that is part of the Rocky Mountains', 'Sao_Francisco': 'a river in eastern Brazil flowing into the Atlantic Ocean', 'Saone': 'a river in eastern France; rises in Lorraine and flows south to become the chief tributary of the Rhone', 'Sargasso_Sea': 'a vast area of the North Atlantic from the West Indies to the Azores that is dense with gulfweed', 'Saronic_Gulf': 'a gulf of the Aegean on the southeastern coast of Greece', 'satisfier': 'any agent capable of producing satisfaction', 'Saturn': '(Roman mythology) god of agriculture and vegetation; counterpart of Greek Cronus; \"Saturday is Saturn\\'s Day\"', 'sawpit': 'a pit over which lumber is positioned to be sawed by two men with a long two-handed saw', 'Sayan_Mountains': 'a range of mountains in southern Siberia to the west of Lake Baikal; contain important mineral deposits', 'scablands': '(geology) flat elevated land with poor soil and little vegetation that is scarred by dry channels of glacial origin (especially in eastern Washington)', 'Scheldt': 'a river that rises in France and flows northeast across Belgium and empties into the North Sea', 'scintilla': 'a sparkling glittering particle', 'Scorpius': 'a large zodiacal constellation between Libra and Sagittarius', 'scraping': '(usually plural) a fragment scraped off of something and collected; \"they collected blood scrapings for analysis\"', 'Sculptor': 'a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Phoenix and Cetus', 'scurf': '(botany) a covering that resembles scales or bran that covers some plant parts', 'sea': 'turbulent water with swells of considerable size; \"heavy seas\"', 'seamount': 'an underwater mountain rising above the ocean floor', 'Sea_of_Azov': 'a bay of the Black Sea between Russia and the Ukraine', 'Sea_of_Japan': 'an arm of the Pacific between China and Japan', 'Sea_of_Okhotsk': 'an arm of the Pacific to the east of Asia', 'seashore': 'the shore of a sea or ocean', 'seaside': 'the shore of a sea or ocean regarded as a resort', 'sediment': 'matter that has been deposited by some natural process', 'Sedna': 'a planetoid of rock and ice about three-quarters the size of Pluto discovered in 2003; the most distant object known to orbit around the sun', 'segment': 'one of the parts into which something naturally divides; \"a segment of an orange\"', 'seif_dune': 'a long and tall sand dune with a sharp crest; common in the Sahara', 'Seine': 'a French river that flows through the heart of Paris and then northward into the English Channel', 'Selkirk_Mountains': 'a range of the Rocky Mountains in southeastern British Columbia', 'Seneca_Lake': 'a glacial lake in central New York; the largest of the Finger Lakes', 'Serpens': 'a constellation in the equatorial region of the northern hemisphere near Ophiuchus and Corona Borealis', 'Sete_Quedas': 'a great waterfall on the border between Brazil and Paraguay', 'seven_seas': 'an informal expression for all of the oceans of the world; \"the old salt had sailed the seven seas\"', 'Severn': 'a river in Ontario that flows northeast into Hudson Bay', 'Seyhan': 'a Turkish river flowing south southwest into the Mediterranean', 'Shari': 'an African river that flows northwest into Lake Chad', 'Shenandoah_River': 'a river of northern Virginia that empties into the Potomac at Harpers Ferry', 'shelf_ice': 'ice that is attached to land but projects out to sea', 'Shenandoah_Valley': 'a large valley between the Allegheny Mountains and the Blue Ridge Mountains in northern Virginia; site of numerous battles during the American Civil War', 'Sherwood_Forest': 'an ancient forest in central England; formerly a royal hunting ground; said to be the home of Robin Hood and his merry band', 'shoal': 'a sandbank in a stretch of water that is visible at low tide', 'shore_boulder': 'a boulder found on a shore remote from its place of origin', 'shoreline': 'a boundary line between land and water', 'shortener': 'any agent that shortens; \"alcohol is a great shortener of life\"', 'sialolith': 'a stone formed in the salivary gland', 'siderite': 'iron ore in the form of ferrous carbonate', 'Sierra_Madre_Occidental': 'a mountain range in northwestern Mexico that runs south from Arizona parallel to the Pacific coastline', 'Sierra_Madre_Oriental': 'a mountain range in northeastern Mexico the runs parallel to the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico', 'Sierra_Nevada': 'a mountain range in southern Spain along the Mediterranean coast to the east of Granada', 'silva': 'the forest trees growing in a country or region', 'sinkhole': 'a depression in the ground communicating with a subterranean passage (especially in limestone) and formed by solution or by collapse of a cavern roof', 'Sirius': 'the brightest star in the sky; in Canis Major', 'Skagens_Odde': 'a cape on the northernmost tip of Jutland between the Skagerrak and the Kattegatt', 'Skagerrak': 'a broad strait of the North Sea between Jutland and Norway', 'ski_slope': 'a snow-covered slope for skiing', 'sky': 'the atmosphere and outer space as viewed from the earth', 'slope': 'an elevated geological formation; \"he climbed the steep slope\"; \"the house was built on the side of a mountain\"', 'slough': 'a hollow filled with mud', 'Small_Magellanic_Cloud': 'the smaller of the two Magellanic Clouds visible from the southern hemisphere', 'Snake': 'a tributary of the Columbia River that rises in Wyoming and flows westward; discovered in 1805 by the Lewis and Clark Expedition', 'snowcap': 'a covering of snow (as on a mountain peak)', 'snowdrift': 'a mass of snow heaped up by the wind', 'snowfield': 'a permanent wide expanse of snow', 'soap_bubble': 'a bubble formed by a thin soap film', 'soapsuds': 'the froth produced by soaps or detergents', 'solar_system': 'the sun with the celestial bodies that revolve around it in its gravitational field', 'Solent': 'a strait of the English Channel between the coast of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight', 'Solway_Firth': 'a large firth on the west coast of Britain between England and Scotland', 'South_Atlantic': 'that part of the Atlantic Ocean to the south of the equator', 'South_China_Sea': 'a tropical arm of the Pacific Ocean near southeastern Asia subject to frequent typhoons', 'Southern_Cross': 'a small conspicuous constellation in the southern hemisphere in the Milky Way near Centaurus', 'South_Pacific': 'that part of the Pacific Ocean to the south of the equator', 'South_Platte': 'a tributary of the Platte River', 'South_Sea': 'any sea to the south of the equator (but especially the South Pacific)', 'South_Sea_Islands': 'any islands in the southern or southwestern of central parts of the Pacific Ocean', 'spall': 'a fragment broken off from the edge or face of stone or ore and having at least one thin edge; \"a truck bearing a mound of blue spalls\"', 'spark': 'a small but noticeable trace of some quality that might become stronger; \"a spark of interest\"; \"a spark of decency\"', 'Spica': 'the brightest star in Virgo', 'splinter': 'a small thin sharp bit or wood or glass or metal; \"he got a splinter in his finger\"; \"it broke into slivers\"', 'spoor': 'the trail left by a person or an animal; what the hunter follows in pursuing game; \"the hounds followed the fox\\'s spoor\"', 'spume': 'foam or froth on the sea', 'stalactite': 'a cylinder of calcium carbonate hanging from the roof of a limestone cave', 'stalagmite': 'a cylinder of calcium carbonate projecting upward from the floor of a limestone cave', 'star': 'a plane figure with 5 or more points; often used as an emblem', 'starlet': 'a young (film) actress who is publicized as a future star', 'steep': 'a steep place (as on a hill)', 'St._Elias_Range': 'a range of mountains between Alaska and the Yukon territory', 'steppe': 'extensive plain without trees (associated with eastern Russia and Siberia)', 'steps': 'the course along which a person has walked or is walking in; \"I followed in his steps\"; \"he retraced his steps\"; \"his steps turned toward home\"', 'Sterope': '(Greek mythology) one of the 7 Pleiades', 'storm_cloud': 'a heavy dark cloud presaging rain or a storm', 'straight_chain': 'an open chain of atoms with no side chains', 'strait': 'a narrow channel of the sea joining two larger bodies of water', 'Strait_of_Georgia': 'the strait separating Vancouver Island from the Canadian mainland', 'Strait_of_Gibraltar': 'the strait between Spain and Africa', 'Strait_of_Hormuz': 'a strategically important strait linking the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman', 'Strait_of_Magellan': 'the strait separating South America from Tierra del Fuego and other islands to the south of the continent; discovered by Ferdinand Magellan in 1520; an important route around South America before the Panama Canal was built', 'Strait_of_Messina': 'the strait separating Sicily from the tip of Italy', 'Strait_of_Dover': 'the strait between the English Channel and the North Sea; shortest distance between England and the European continent', 'strange_particle': 'an elementary particle with non-zero strangeness', 'strange_quark': 'a quark with an electric charge of -1/3 and a mass 988 times that of an electron and a strangeness of -1', 'stratosphere': 'the atmospheric layer between the troposphere and the mesosphere', 'stratus': 'a large dark low cloud', 'streambed': 'a channel occupied (or formerly occupied) by a stream', 'stressor': 'any agent that causes stress to an organism', 'strike-slip_fault': 'a geological fault in which one of the adjacent surfaces appears to have moved horizontally', 'Styx': '(Greek mythology) a river in Hades across which Charon carried dead souls', 'subcontinent': 'a large and distinctive landmass (as India or Greenland) that is a distinct part of some continent', 'sun': 'a person considered as a source of warmth or energy or glory etc', 'Sun_River': 'a river in western Montana that flows south and east to join the Missouri River', 'supergiant': 'an extremely bright star of very large diameter and low density', 'superior_planet': \"any of the planets whose orbit lies outside the earth's orbit\", 'supernatant': 'the clear liquid that lies above a sediment or precipitate', 'supernova': 'a star that explodes and becomes extremely luminous in the process', 'superstring': 'a hypothetical particle that is the elementary particle in a theory of space-time', 'Suriname_River': 'a river in Suriname that flows northward to the Atlantic', 'Susquehanna': 'a river in the northeastern United States that rises in New York and flows southward through Pennsylvania and Maryland into Chesapeake Bay', 'swale': 'a low area (especially a marshy area between ridges)', 'swamp': 'a situation fraught with difficulties and imponderables; \"he was trapped in a medical swamp\"', 'swath': 'the space created by the swing of a scythe or the cut of a mowing machine', 'swimming_hole': 'a small body of water (usually in a creek) that is deep enough to use for swimming', 'tableland': 'a relatively flat highland', 'Taconic_Mountains': 'a range of the Appalachian Mountains along the eastern border of New York with Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont', 'Tagus': 'a European river; flows into the North Atlantic', 'Takakkaw': 'a waterfall in southeastern British Columbia; the highest waterfall in Canada (1250 feet high)', 'Tallapoosa': 'river that rises in northwestern Georgia and flows southwest through central Alabama to join the Coosa River near Montgomery and form the Alabama River', 'talus': 'a sloping mass of loose rocks at the base of a cliff', 'Tampa_Bay': 'an arm of the Gulf of Mexico in west central Florida', 'tarn': 'a mountain lake (especially one formed by glaciers)', 'tar_pit': 'a natural accumulation of bitumens at the surface of the earth; often acts as a trap for animals whose bones are thus preserved', 'tartar': 'an incrustation that forms on the teeth and gums', 'Tasman_Sea': 'an arm of the southern Pacific Ocean between southeastern Australia and New Zealand', 'tauon': 'a lepton of very great mass', 'Telescopium': 'a small constellation in the southern hemisphere near Ara', 'teratogen': 'any agent that interferes with normal embryonic development: alcohol or thalidomide or X-rays or rubella are examples', 'terrestrial_planet': \"a planet having a compact rocky surface like the Earth's; the four innermost planets in the solar system\", 'territorial_waters': 'the waters surrounding a nation and its territories over which that nation exercises sovereign jurisdiction', 'Teton_Range': 'a mountain range in northwest Wyoming; contains the Grand Teton', 'Thames': 'the longest river in England; flows eastward through London to the North Sea', 'thermion': 'an electrically charged particle (electron or ion) emitted by a substance at a high temperature', 'thermosphere': 'the atmospheric layer between the mesosphere and the exosphere', 'thrust_fault': 'a geological fault in which the upper side appears to have been pushed upward by compression', 'thunderhead': 'a rounded projecting mass of a cumulus cloud with shining edges; often appears before a thunderstorm', 'Tiber': 'a river of central Italy; flows through Rome to the Tyrrhenian Sea', 'tidal_basin': 'a basin that is full of water at high tide', 'tidal_river': 'a stream in which the effects of the tide extend far upstream', 'tideland': 'land near the sea that is overflowed by the tide', 'tidewater': 'low-lying coastal land drained by tidal streams', 'tideway': 'a channel in which a tidal current runs', 'Tien_Shan': 'a major mountain range of central Asia; extends 1,500 miles', 'Tigris': 'an Asian river; a tributary of the Euphrates River', 'Timor_Sea': 'an arm of the eastern Indian Ocean between Timor and northern Australia', 'Tirich_Mir': 'a mountain in the Hindu Kush in Pakistan (25,230 feet high)', 'Titan': '(Greek mythology) any of the primordial giant gods who ruled the Earth until overthrown by Zeus; the Titans were offspring of Uranus (Heaven) and Gaea (Earth)', 'Tocantins': 'a river in eastern Brazil that flows generally north to the Para River', 'Tombigbee': 'a river that rises in northeastern Mississippi and flows southward through western Alabama to join the Alabama River and form the Mobile River', 'top_quark': 'a hypothetical quark with a charge of +2/3 and a mass more than 100,000 times that of an electron', 'tor': 'a prominent rock or pile of rocks on a hill', 'Torres_Strait': 'a strait between northeastern Australia and southern New Guinea that connects the Coral Sea with the Arafura Sea', 'transducing_vector': 'a vector for delivering genes into cells', 'transmission_mechanism': 'any mechanism whereby an infectious agent is spread from a reservoir to a human being', 'Transylvanian_Alps': 'a range of the southern Carpathian Mountains extending across central Romania', 'Trapezium': 'a multiple star in the constellation of Orion', 'tree_farm': 'a forest (or part of a forest) where trees are grown for commercial use', 'Trent': 'a river in central England that flows generally northeastward to join with the Ouse River and form the Humber', 'Triangulum': 'a small northern constellation near Perseus between Andromeda and Aries', 'Triangulum_Australe': 'a small bright constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near Circinus and Apus', 'Trinity_River': 'a river in eastern Texas that is formed near Dallas and flows generally southeastward to Galveston Bay', 'Triton': '(Greek mythology) a sea god; son of Poseidon', 'Trondheim_Fjord': 'a long narrow inlet of the Norwegian Sea', 'tropopause': 'the region of discontinuity between the troposphere and the stratosphere', 'troposphere': 'the lowest atmospheric layer; from 4 to 11 miles high (depending on latitude)', 'Tucana': 'a large faint constellation in the southern hemisphere containing most of the Small Magellanic Cloud', 'Tugela': 'a major waterfall in southern Africa; has more than one leap', 'tundra': 'a vast treeless plain in the Arctic regions where the subsoil is permanently frozen', 'Tunguska': 'a river in Siberia that flows northwest to become a tributary of the Yenisei River', 'Tupungato': 'a mountain in the Andes on the border between Argentina and Chile (22,310 feet high)', 'Twin': 'a waterfall in the Snake River in southern Idaho', 'twinkler': 'an object that emits or reflects light in an intermittent flickering manner', 'Tyrolean_Alps': 'a popular tourist area in the Tyrol', 'Tyne': 'a river in northern England that flows east to the North Sea', 'Tyrrhenian_Sea': 'an arm of the Mediterranean between Italy and the islands of Corsica and Sardinia and Sicily', 'Ulugh_Muztagh': 'a mountain in the Kunlun range in China (25,340 feet high)', 'Uncompahgre_Peak': 'the highest peak in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado (14,309 feet high)', 'unit_cell': 'the smallest group of atoms or molecules whose repetition at regular intervals in three dimensions produces the lattices of a crystal', 'United_States_waters': 'territorial waters included within a distance of 12 nautical miles of the coasts of the United States and its territories; \"ships operating in United States waters must adhere to United States laws and regulations\"', 'uphill': 'the upward slope of a hill', 'upper_mantle': 'the upper part of the mantle', 'Upper_Peninsula': 'the peninsula between Lake Superior and Lake Michigan that forms the northwestern part of Michigan', 'up_quark': 'a stable quark with an electric charge of +2/3 and a mass 607 times that of an electron', 'Urals': 'a mountain range in western Russia extending from the Arctic to the Caspian Sea; forms part of the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia', 'Uranus': 'a giant planet with a ring of ice particles; the 7th planet from the sun has a blue-green color and many satellites; \"Uranus was discovered by William Herschel in 1781\"', 'urolith': 'a urinary stone', 'Urubupunga': 'a waterfall in the Parana river in Brazil', 'Uruguay_River': 'a South American river that arises in southern Brazil and flows south to the Rio de la Plata; the northern section forms the boundary between Argentina and Brazil and the southern section forms the boundary between Argentina and Uruguay', 'vagabond': 'anything that resembles a vagabond in having no fixed place; \"pirate ships were vagabonds of the sea\"', 'valence_electron': 'an electron in the outer shell of an atom which can combine with other atoms to form molecules', 'valley': 'a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river', 'variable_star': 'a star that varies noticeably in brightness', 'vector-borne_transmission': 'indirect transmission of an infectious agent that occurs when a vector bites or touches a person', 'Vega': 'prolific Spanish playwright (1562-1635)', 'vehicle-borne_transmission': \"indirect transmission of an infectious agent that occurs when a vehicle (or fomite) touches a person's body or is ingested\", 'Vela': 'a constellation in the southern hemisphere between Carina and Pyxis; \"because of its configuration Vela is sometimes called `the Sails\\'\"', 'Vesta': '(Roman mythology) goddess of the hearth and its fire whose flame was tended by vestal virgins; counterpart of Greek Hestia', 'vesture': 'something that covers or cloaks like a garment; \"fields in a vesture of green\"', 'Vetluga': 'a river in central Russia; flows generally southward into the Volga', 'viral_delivery_vector': 'a transducing vector that uses a retrovirus', 'Vistula': 'a European river; flows into the Baltic Sea', 'Volans': 'a small constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near Dorado and Carina', 'volcanic_crater': 'a bowl-shaped geological formation at the top of a volcano', 'volcano': 'a mountain formed by volcanic material', 'Volga': 'a Russian river; the longest river in Europe; flows into the Caspian Sea', 'Volkhov': 'a river in northwestern Russia flowing generally north into Lake Ladoga', 'Volta': 'Italian physicist after whom the volt is named; studied electric currents and invented the voltaic pile (1745-1827)', 'Vulpecula': 'a constellation in the northern hemisphere near Cygnus and Sagitta', 'Wabash': 'a tributary of the Ohio River that rises in western Ohio and flows southwestward across Indiana', 'wadi': 'gully or streambed in northern Africa and the Middle East that remains dry except during rainy season', 'wall_rock': 'a rock immediately adjacent to a vein or fault', \"wasp's_nest\": 'habitation for wasps or hornets', 'waterfall': 'a steep descent of the water of a river', 'water_gap': 'a pass in a mountain ridge through which a stream flows', 'water_hole': 'a natural hole or hollow containing water', 'waterside': 'land bordering a body of water', 'water_table': 'underground surface below which the ground is wholly saturated with water; \"spring rains had raised the water table\"', 'waterway': 'a navigable body of water', 'weakener': 'that which weakens or causes a loss of strength; \"doubt is a great weakener of resolve\"', 'weakly_interacting_massive_particle': 'a hypothetical subatomic particle of large mass that interacts weakly with ordinary matter through gravitation; postulated as a constituent of the dark matter of the universe', 'Weddell_Sea': 'an arm of the south Atlantic in Antarctica to the east of the Antarctic Peninsula', 'Weisshorn': 'a mountain in the Alps in Switzerland (14,804 feet high)', 'Weser': 'a river in northwestern Germany that flows northward to the North Sea near Bremerhaven', 'wetland': 'a low area where the land is saturated with water', 'Wheeler_Peak': 'a mountain peak in northeastern New Mexico in the Rocky Mountains', 'whinstone': 'any of various hard colored rocks (especially rocks consisting of chert or basalt)', 'White': 'United States jurist appointed chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1910 by President Taft; noted for his work on antitrust legislation (1845-1921)', 'white_dwarf': 'a faint star of enormous density', 'White_Nile': 'a headstream of the Nile; joins the Blue Nile at Khartoum to form the Nile', 'White_Sea': 'a large inlet of the Barents Sea in the northwestern part of European Russia', 'white_water': 'frothy water as in rapids or waterfalls', 'Whitney': 'United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)', 'Wight': 'an isle and county of southern England in the English Channel', 'Wilderness': 'a wooded region in northeastern Virginia near Spotsylvania where bloody but inconclusive battles were fought in the American Civil War', 'Willamette': 'a river in western Oregon that flows north into the Columbia River near Portland', 'Wilson': 'author of the first novel by an African American that was published in the United States (1808-1870)', 'wind_gap': 'a pass in a mountain ridge with no stream flowing through it', 'Windward_Passage': 'a channel between eastern Cuba and western Haiti that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Caribbean Sea', 'wormcast': 'cylindrical mass of earth voided by a burrowing earthworm or lugworm', 'wormhole': 'hole made by a burrowing worm', 'xenolith': '(geology) a piece of rock of different origin from the igneous rock in which it is embedded', 'Yalu': 'river in eastern Asia; rises in North Korea and flows southwest to Korea Bay (forming part of the border between North Korea and China)', 'Chang_Jiang': 'the longest river of Asia; flows eastward from Tibet into the East China Sea near Shanghai', 'Yazoo': 'a river that rises in west central Mississippi and flows southwest to empty into the Mississippi River above Vicksburg', 'Yellow_Sea': 'part of the Pacific off the east coast of Asia', 'Yellowstone': 'a tributary of the Missouri River that flows through the Yellowstone National Park', 'Yenisei': 'a Russian river in Siberia; rises in mountains near the Mongolian border and flows generally northward into the Kara Sea', 'Yerupaja': 'a mountain peak in the Andes in Peru (21,709 feet high)', 'Yosemite': 'a series of waterfalls in Yosemite National Park in California; is reduced to a trickle for part of each year', 'Zambezi': 'an African river; flows into the Indian Ocean', 'Zhu_Jiang': 'a river in southeast China that flows into the South China Sea', 'Zuider_Zee': 'a former inlet of the North Sea in the northern coast of the Netherlands; sealed off from the sea in 1932 by a dam that created the IJsselmeer', 'imaginary_being': 'a creature of the imagination; a person that exists only in legends or myths or fiction', 'hypothetical_creature': 'a creature that has not been observed but is hypothesized to exist', 'extraterrestrial_being': 'a form of life assumed to exist outside the Earth or its atmosphere', 'mythical_being': 'an imaginary being of myth or fable', 'Augeas': '(Greek mythology) the mythical Greek king who for 30 years did not clean his stables which contained his vast herd of cattle', 'Alcyone': '(Greek mythology) a woman who was turned into a kingfisher', 'Arjuna': '(Hindu mythology) the warrior prince in the Bhagavad-Gita to whom Krishna explains the nature of being and of God and how humans can come to know God', 'legendary_creature': 'a monster that is unverifiable but popularly accepted as possibly factual', 'abominable_snowman': 'a large hairy humanoid creature said to live in the Himalayas', 'Bigfoot': 'large hairy humanoid creature said to live in wilderness areas of the United States and Canada', 'Demogorgon': '(Greek mythology) a mysterious and terrifying deity of the underworld', 'doppelganger': 'a ghostly double of a living person that haunts its living counterpart', 'Loch_Ness_monster': 'a large aquatic animal supposed to resemble a serpent or plesiosaur of Loch Ness in Scotland', 'sea_serpent': 'huge creature of the sea resembling a snake or dragon', 'bogeyman': 'an imaginary monster used to frighten children', 'Death': 'the personification of death; \"Death walked the streets of the plague-bound city\"', 'Gargantua': \"a voracious giant in Francois Rabelais' book of the same name\", 'Grim_Reaper': 'Death personified as an old man or a skeleton with a scythe', 'hobbit': 'an imaginary being similar to a person but smaller and with hairy feet; invented by J.R.R. Tolkien', \"Maxwell's_demon\": 'an imaginary creature that controls a small hole in a partition that divides a chamber filled with gas into two parts and allows fast molecules to move in one direction and slow molecules to move in the other direction through the hole; this would result in one part of the container becoming warmer and the other cooler, thus decreasing entropy and violating the second law of thermodynamics', 'mermaid': 'half woman and half fish; lives in the sea', 'merman': 'half man and half fish; lives in the sea', 'Martian': 'imaginary people who live on the planet Mars', 'Argus': '(Greek mythology) a giant with 100 eyes; was guardian of the heifer Io and was slain by Hermes', 'Cadmus': '(Greek mythology) the brother of Europa and traditional founder of Thebes in Boeotia', 'Calypso': '(Greek mythology) the sea nymph who detained Odysseus for seven years', 'sea_nymph': '(Greek mythology) a water nymph who was the daughter of Oceanus or Nereus', 'Cyclops': '(Greek mythology) one of a race of giants having a single eye in the middle of their forehead', 'giantess': 'a female giant', 'ogre': '(folklore) a giant who likes to eat human beings', 'ogress': '(folklore) a female ogre', 'Humpty_Dumpty': 'an egg-shaped character in a nursery rhyme who fell off a wall and could not be put back together again (late 17th century)', 'Jack_Frost': 'a personification of frost or winter weather', 'Mammon': '(New Testament) a personification of wealth and avarice as an evil spirit; \"ye cannot serve God and Mammon\"', 'Scylla': '(Greek mythology) a sea nymph transformed into a sea monster who lived on one side of a narrow strait; drowned and devoured sailors who tried to escape Charybdis (a whirlpool) on the other side of the strait', 'Stentor': 'the mythical Greek warrior with an unusually loud voice who died after losing a shouting contest with Hermes', 'mythical_monster': 'a monster renowned in folklore and myth', 'amphisbaena': '(classical mythology) a serpent with a head at each end of its body', 'centaur': '(classical mythology) a mythical being that is half man and half horse', 'Cerberus': '(Greek mythology) the three-headed dog guarding the entrance to Hades; son of Typhon', 'Charon': '(Greek mythology) the ferryman who brought the souls of the dead across the river Styx or the river Acheron to Hades', 'Chimera': \"(Greek mythology) fire-breathing female monster with a lion's head and a goat's body and a serpent's tail; daughter of Typhon\", 'Circe': '(Greek mythology) a sorceress who detained Odysseus on her island and turned his men into swine', 'cockatrice': \"monster hatched by a reptile from a cock's egg; able to kill with a glance\", 'Dardanus': '(Greek mythology) founder of Troy', 'Fafnir': '(Norse mythology) the Norse dragon that guarded a treasure and was slain by Sigurd', 'Geryon': '(Greek mythology) a mythical monster with three heads that was slain by Hercules', 'Gorgon': '(Greek mythology) any of three winged sister monsters and the mortal Medusa who had live snakes for hair; a glance at Medusa turned the beholder to stone', 'Grace': '(Greek mythology) one of three sisters who were the givers of beauty and charm; a favorite subject for sculptors', 'Aglaia': '(Greek mythology) one of the three Graces', 'Euphrosyne': '(Greek mythology) one of the three Graces', 'Thalia': '(Greek mythology) the Muse of comedy and pastoral poetry', 'gryphon': 'winged monster with the head of an eagle and the body of a lion', 'Harpy': '(Greek mythology) vicious winged monster; often depicted as a bird with the head of a woman', 'Hyperborean': '(Greek mythology) one of a people that the ancient Greeks believed lived in a warm and sunny land north of the source of the north wind', 'Hypnos': '(Greek mythology) the Greek god of sleep; the son of Nyx', 'leviathan': 'the largest or most massive thing of its kind; \"it was a leviathan among redwoods\"; \"they were assigned the leviathan of textbooks\"', 'Niobe': '(Greek mythology) the daughter of Tantalus whose boasting about her children provoked Apollo and Artemis to slay them all; Niobe was turned to stone while bewailing her loss', 'Medusa': '(Greek mythology) a woman transformed into a Gorgon by Athena; she was slain by Perseus', 'Stheno': '(Greek mythology) one of the three Gorgons', 'manticore': 'a mythical monster having the head of man (with horns) and the body of a lion and the tail of a scorpion', 'Midas': '(Greek legend) the greedy king of Phrygia who Dionysus gave the power to turn everything he touched into gold', 'Sisyphus': '(Greek legend) a king in ancient Greece who offended Zeus and whose punishment was to roll a huge boulder to the top of a steep hill; each time the boulder neared the top it rolled back down and Sisyphus was forced to start again', 'Minotaur': '(Greek mythology) a mythical monster with the head of a bull and the body of a man; slain by Theseus', 'Morpheus': 'the Roman god of sleep and dreams', 'Narcissus': '(Greek mythology) a beautiful young man who fell in love with his own reflection', 'Nemean_lion': '(Greek mythology) an enormous lion strangled by Hercules as the first of his 12 labors', 'Nibelung': '(German mythology) a companion or follower of Siegfried', 'Bellerophon': '(Greek mythology) a mythical hero of Corinth who performed miracles on the winged horse Pegasus (especially killing the monster Chimera)', 'Patroclus': '(Greek mythology) a friend of Achilles who was killed in the Trojan War; his death led Achilles to return to the fight after his quarrel with Agamemnon', 'phoenix': 'a large monocotyledonous genus of pinnate-leaved palms found in Asia and Africa', 'Python': '(Greek mythology) dragon killed by Apollo at Delphi', 'roc': 'mythical bird of prey having enormous size and strength', 'Sarpedon': '(Greek mythology) a son of Zeus who became king of Lycia; fought on behalf of the Trojans in the Trojan War and was killed by Patroclus', 'Siegfried': '(German mythology) mythical German warrior hero of the Nibelungenlied who takes possession of the accursed treasure of the Nibelungs by slaying the dragon that guards it and awakens Brynhild and is eventually killed; Sigurd is the Norse counterpart', 'Sigurd': '(Norse mythology) mythical Norse warrior hero who gains an accursed hoard of gold and was killed by Brynhild; Siegfried is the German counterpart', 'Sphinx': \"(Greek mythology) a riddling winged monster with a woman's head and breast on a lion's body; daughter of Typhon\", 'Typhoeus': '(Greek mythology) son of Gaea and Tartarus who created the whirlwinds; had a terrifying voice and 100 dragon heads that spurted fire', 'Typhon': '(Greek mythology) a monster with a hundred heads who breathed out flames; son of Typhoeus and father of Cerberus and the Chimera and the Sphinx', 'werewolf': 'a monster able to change appearance from human to wolf and back again', 'witch': 'a being (usually female) imagined to have special powers derived from the devil', 'wyvern': 'a fire-breathing dragon used in medieval heraldry; had the head of a dragon and the tail of a snake and a body with wings and two legs', 'supernatural': 'supernatural forces and events and beings collectively; \"She doesn\\'t believe in the supernatural\"', 'spiritual_being': 'an incorporeal being believed to have powers to affect the course of human events', 'first_cause': 'an agent that is the cause of all things but does not itself have a cause; \"God is the first cause\"', 'spiritual_leader': 'a leader in religious or sacred affairs', 'deity': 'any supernatural being worshipped as controlling some part of the world or some aspect of life or who is the personification of a force', 'daemon': 'a person who is part mortal and part god', 'Fury': '(classical mythology) the hideous snake-haired monsters (usually three in number) who pursued unpunished criminals', 'Alecto': 'one of the three Furies', 'Megaera': 'one of the three Furies', 'Tisiphone': 'one of the three Furies', 'sea_god': 'a deity that personifies the sea and is usually believed to live in or to control the sea', 'sun_god': 'a god that personifies the sun or is otherwise associated with the sun', 'Celtic_deity': 'a deity worshipped by the Celts', 'Amaethon': 'the farmer god; ancient god of agriculture', 'Ana': 'mother of the ancient Irish gods; sometimes identified with Danu', 'Angus_Og': 'Celtic god of love and beauty; patron deity of young men and women', 'Arawn': 'Celtic deity who was the lord of Annwfn (the other world or the land of fairies)', 'Arianrhod': 'Celtic goddess famous for her beauty; mother of Dylan', 'Boann': 'Celtic goddess; mother of Angus Og', 'Brigit': 'Celtic goddess of fire and fertility and agriculture and household arts and wisdom; later associated with Saint Bridget', 'Dagda': 'chief Celtic god of the Tuatha De Danann; father of Angus Og and Brigit', 'Danu': 'Celtic goddess who was the mother of the Tuatha De Danann; identified with the Welsh Don', 'Dylan': 'United States songwriter noted for his protest songs (born in 1941)', 'Epona': '(possibly Roman mythology) Celtic goddess of horses and mules and asses', 'Fomor': 'one of a group of Celtic sea demons sometimes associated with the hostile power of nature', 'Gwydion': 'Celtic sky god; a magician; giver of arts and civilization', 'Gwyn': 'Celtic underworld god', 'Lir': 'the sea personified; father of Manannan; corresponds to Welsh Llyr', 'Llew_Llaw_Gyffes': 'son of Gwydion and Arianrhod; supported by magic of Gwydion; cursed by Arianrhod', 'LLud': 'a Celtic warrior god', 'Llyr': 'Celtic deity who was the father of Manawydan; corresponds to Irish Lir', 'Lug': 'ancient Celtic god', 'Manannan': 'Celtic god of the sea; son of Ler', 'Manawydan': 'Celtic sea god; son of Llyr', 'Morrigan': 'Celtic war goddess', 'Tuatha_De_Danann': 'race of Celtic gods or demigods; ruled Ireland in the Golden Age', 'Egyptian_deity': 'a deity worshipped by the ancient Egyptians', 'Amen': 'a primeval Egyptian personification of air and breath; worshipped especially at Thebes', 'Amen-Ra': 'Egyptian sun god; supreme god of the universe in whom Amen and Ra were merged; principal deity during Theban supremacy', 'Anubis': 'Egyptian god of tombs and ruler of the underworld; usually depicted as a man with the head of a jackal', 'Aten': 'the sun (or solar disc) which was the deity of a monotheistic cult under the Pharaoh Akhenaten', 'Bast': 'cat- or lion-headed Egyptian goddess; represents life-giving power of the sun', 'Geb': 'Egyptian god of the earth; father of Osiris and Isis', 'Horus': 'Egyptian solar god with the head of a falcon; the son of Osiris and Isis', 'Isis': 'Egyptian goddess of fertility; daughter of Geb; sister and wife of Osiris', 'Khepera': 'Egyptian god of the morning sun; creator', 'Nephthys': 'Egyptian goddess associated with ritual of the dead; sister of Geb and Nut; wife of Set', 'Nut': 'Egyptian goddess of the sky', 'Osiris': 'Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead; husband and brother of Isis; father of Horus', 'Ptah': 'a major Egyptian god; shaper of the world; father of gods and men; worshipped especially at Memphis', 'Ra': 'ancient Egyptian sun god with the head of a hawk; a universal creator; he merged with the god Amen as Amen-Ra to become the king of the gods', 'Sekhet': 'a lion-headed Egyptian goddess; typifies life-destroying power of the sun', 'Set': 'evil Egyptian god with the head of a beast that has high square ears and a long snout; brother and murderer of Osiris', 'Thoth': 'Egyptian Moon deity with the head of an ibis; god of wisdom and learning and the arts; scribe of the gods', 'Semitic_deity': 'a deity worshipped by the ancient Semites', 'Adad': 'Babylonian god of storms and wind', 'Adapa': 'a Babylonian demigod or first man (sometimes identified with Adam)', 'Anshar': \"the Babylonian father of the gods; identified with Assyrian Ashur; in Sumerian the name signifies `the totality of the upper world'\", 'Antum': 'Babylonian consort of Anu', 'Anu': 'Babylonian god of the sky; one of the supreme triad including Bel and Ea', 'Anunnaki': 'any of a group of powerful Babylonian earth spirits or genii; servitors of the gods', 'Apsu': 'father of the gods and consort of Tiamat', 'Aruru': 'mother and earth goddess in Gilgamish epic; identified with Sumerian Ki and Ninkhursag', 'Ashur': 'chief god of the Assyrians; god of military prowess and empire; identified with Babylonian Anshar', 'Astarte': 'an ancient Phoenician goddess of love and fertility; the Phoenician counterpart to Ishtar', 'Ishtar': 'Babylonian and Assyrian goddess of love and fertility and war; counterpart to the Phoenician Astarte', 'Baal': 'any of numerous local fertility and nature deities worshipped by ancient Semitic peoples; the Hebrews considered Baal a false god', 'Bel': 'a logarithmic unit of sound intensity equal to 10 decibels', 'Dagon': 'god of agriculture and the earth; national god of Philistines', 'Dagan': 'god of agriculture and earth; counterpart of Phoenician Dagon', 'Damkina': '(Babylonian) earth goddess; consort of Ea and mother of Marduk', 'Dumuzi': 'Sumerian and Babylonian god of pastures and vegetation; consort of Inanna', 'Ea': 'the Babylonian god of wisdom; son of Apsu and father of Marduk; counterpart of the Sumerian Enki; as one of the supreme triad including Anu and Bel he was assigned control of the watery element', 'Enki': 'water god and god of wisdom; counterpart of the Akkadian Ea', 'Enlil': 'god of the air and king of the Sumerian gods', 'Ereshkigal': 'goddess of death and consort of Nergal', 'Girru': 'the Babylonian god of fire; often invoked in incantations against sorcery', 'Gula': 'the Babylonian goddess of healing and consort of Ninurta', 'Igigi': 'any of a group of heavenly spirits under the god Anu', 'Inanna': 'consort of Dumuzi (Tammuz)', 'Ki': 'goddess personifying earth; counterpart of Akkadian Aruru', 'Kishar': \"Babylonian consort of Anshar; in Sumerian the name signifies `the totality of the lower world'\", 'Lilith': 'in ancient Semitic folklore: a female demon who attacks children', 'Mama': 'a name under which Ninkhursag was worshipped', 'Marduk': 'the chief Babylonian god; his consort was Sarpanitu', 'Moloch': 'a tyrannical power to be propitiated by human subservience or sacrifice; \"the great Moloch of war\"; \"duty has become the Moloch of modern life\"- Norman Douglas', 'Nabu': 'Babylonian god of wisdom and agriculture and patron of scribes and schools', 'Nammu': 'goddess personifying the primeval sea; mother of the gods and of heaven and earth', 'Namtar': 'a demon personifying death; messenger of the underworld goddess Ereshkigal bringing death to mankind', 'Nanna': '(Norse mythology) wife of Balder', 'Nergal': '(Akkadian) god ruling with his consort Ereshkigal the world of the dead', 'Nina': 'the Babylonian goddess of the watery deep and daughter of Ea', 'Ningal': '(Akkadian) a goddess; wife of the Moon god Sin', 'Ningirsu': 'Babylonian god in older pantheon: god of war and agriculture', 'Ningishzida': 'an underworld Babylonian deity; patron of medicine', 'Ninkhursag': 'the great mother goddess; worshipped also as Aruru and Mama and Nintu', 'Nintu': 'a name under which Ninkhursag was worshipped', 'Ninurta': 'a solar deity; firstborn of Bel and consort was Gula; god of war and the chase and agriculture; sometimes identified with biblical Nimrod', 'Nusku': 'god of fire and light; corresponds to Babylonian Girru', 'Ramman': 'god of storms and wind; corresponds to Babylonian Adad', 'Sarpanitu': 'consort of Marduk', 'Shamash': 'the chief sun god; drives away winter and storms and brightens the earth with greenery; drives away evil and brings justice and compassion', 'Sin': '(Akkadian) god of the Moon; counterpart of Sumerian Nanna', 'Tashmit': 'consort of Nabu', 'Tiamat': '(Akkadian) mother of the gods and consort of Apsu', 'Utnapishtim': 'favorite of the gods and grandfather of Gilgamish; survived the great flood and became immortal', 'Utu': 'sun god; counterpart of Akkadian Shamash', 'Zu': 'evil storm god represented as a black bird', 'Enkidu': 'legendary friend of Gilgamish', 'Gilgamish': 'legendary Sumerian king and hero of Sumerian and Babylonian epics', 'Hindu_deity': 'a deity worshipped by the Hindus', 'Aditi': 'a Hindu goddess who releases from sin or disease; mother of the Adityas', 'Aditya': 'one of 7 to 12 sons of Aditi; Hindu gods of celestial light', 'Agni': '(Sanskrit) Hindu god of fire in ancient and traditional India; one of the three chief deities of the Vedas', 'Asura': 'earlier a god; later a demon; counterpart of Zoroastrian Ahura', 'Ahura': '(Zoroastrianism) title for benevolent deities', 'Asvins': \"(literally `possessing horses' in Sanskrit) in Hinduism the twin chariot warriors conveying Surya\", 'Bhaga': 'Hindu god of wealth and love', 'Brahma': 'the Creator; one of the three major deities in the later Hindu pantheon', 'Brihaspati': 'personification of the power of ritual devotion', 'Bhumi_Devi': 'Hindu earth goddess; one of the two wives of Vishnu', 'Devi': 'Hindu mother goddess; supreme power in the universe; wife or embodiment of the female energy of Siva having both beneficent and malevolent forms or aspects', 'Chandi': 'malevolent aspect of Devi; \"the fierce\"', 'Dharma': 'basic principles of the cosmos; also: an ancient sage in Hindu mythology worshipped as a god by some lower castes;', 'Durga': 'Hindu goddess of war; a malevolent aspect of Devi; \"the inaccessible Durga\"', 'Dyaus': 'Hindu god of the sky', 'Ganesh': 'Hindu god of wisdom or prophecy; the god who removes obstacles', 'Garuda': \"a supernatural eagle-like being that serves as Vishnu's mount\", 'Gauri': \"in Hinduism, goddess of purity and posterity and a benevolent aspect of Devi; the `brilliant'\", 'Hanuman': 'in Hinduism, the monkey god and helper of Rama; god of devotion and courage', 'Indra': 'chief Hindu god of the Rig-Veda; god of rain and thunder', 'Ka': 'unknown god; an epithet of Prajapati and Brahma', 'Kali': 'wife of Siva and malevolent form of Devi; \"the black\"', 'Kama': 'Hindu god of love and erotic desire; opposite of Mara', 'Mara': 'Hindu god of death; opposite of Kama', 'Kartikeya': 'Hindu god of bravery', 'Lakshmi': 'Hindu goddess of fortune and prosperity', 'Marut': 'any of a group of Hindu storm gods; offspring of Rudra', 'Mitra': 'Hindu god of friendship and alliances; usually invoked together with Varuna as a supporter of heaven and earth', 'Parjanya': 'Hindu god of rain; sometimes identified with Indra', 'Parvati': 'wife of Siva and a benevolent aspect of Devi: Hindu goddess of plenty', 'Prajapati': 'Hindu god personifying a creative force; equivalent to Brahma', 'Praxiteles': 'ancient Greek sculptor (circa 370-330 BC)', 'Pushan': 'celestial shepherd god; conductor of souls of the dead', 'Rahu': 'a Hindu demon who swallows the sun causing eclipses', 'Ribhus': 'one of three artisans of the Hindu gods', 'Rudra': 'father of the Hindu storm gods Marut; controller of nature; sometimes identified with Siva', 'Sarasvati': 'Hindu goddess of learning and the arts', 'Savitar': 'an important Hindu god; the sun in its life-giving aspect', 'Shakti': 'the female or generative principle; wife of Siva and a benevolent form of Devi', 'Siva': 'the destroyer; one of the three major divinities in the later Hindu pantheon', 'Bairava': 'epithet of Siva; \"the terrible Bairava\"', 'Skanda': 'Hindu god of war', 'Soma': 'personification of a sacred intoxicating drink used in Vedic ritual', 'Surya': 'an important god of later Hinduism; the sun god or the sun itself worshipped as the source of warmth and light', 'Ushas': 'Hindu goddess of dawn; daughter of the sky and sister of the night', 'Vajra': \"Indra's thunderbolt\", 'Varuna': 'in Vedism, god of the night sky who with his thousand eyes watches over human conduct and judges good and evil and punishes evildoers; often considered king of the Hindu gods and frequently paired with Mitra as an upholder of the world', 'Vayu': 'Hindu wind god', 'Vishnu': 'the sustainer; a Hindu divinity worshipped as the preserver of worlds', 'Yama': 'Hindu god of death and lord of the underworld', 'avatar': 'the manifestation of a Hindu deity (especially Vishnu) in human or superhuman or animal form; \"the Buddha is considered an avatar of the god Vishnu\"', 'Jagannath': 'an avatar of Vishnu', 'Kalki': 'the 10th and last incarnation of Vishnu', 'Krishna': '8th and most important avatar of Vishnu; incarnated as a handsome young man playing a flute', 'Rama': 'avatar of Vishnu whose name is synonymous with God; any of three incarnations: Ramachandra or Parashurama or Balarama; \"in Hindu folklore Rama is the epitome of chivalry and courage and obedience to sacred law\"', 'Ramachandra': 'a hero in Hindu mythology; an incarnation of Vishnu', 'Sita': 'wife of the Hindu god Rama; regarded as an ideal of womanhood', 'Balarama': 'elder brother of Krishna; an incarnation of Vishnu', 'Parashurama': 'an incarnation of Vishnu who rid the earth of Kshatriyas', 'Persian_deity': 'a deity worshiped by the ancient Persians', 'Mithras': 'ancient Persian god of light and truth; sun god', 'Ormazd': 'chief deity of Zoroastrianism; source of light and embodiment of good', 'Ahriman': 'the spirit of evil in Zoroastrianism; arch rival of Ormazd', 'Buddha': 'one who has achieved a state of perfect enlightenment', 'Bodhisattva': 'Buddhist worthy of nirvana who postpones it to help others', 'Maitreya': 'the Bodhisattva who is to appear as a Buddha 5000 years after the death of Gautama', 'Avalokitesvara': 'a male Bodhisattva; widely associated with various gods and people', 'Arhat': 'a Buddhist who has attained nirvana', 'Chinese_deity': 'a deity worshipped by the ancient Chinese', 'Chang_Kuo': 'one of the 8 immortals of Taoism', \"Wen_Ch'ang\": 'Chinese god of literature', 'Taoist_Trinity': 'the three pure ones; the three chief gods of Taoism', 'Tien-pao': 'a member of the Taoist Trinity', 'Ling-pao': 'a member of the Taoist Trinity', 'Shen-pao': 'a member of the Taoist Trinity; identified with Lao-tse', 'Chuang-tzu': '4th-century Chinese philosopher on whose teachings Lao-tse based Taoism', 'Kwan-yin': '(Buddhism) a female Bodhisattva; often called goddess of mercy and considered an aspect of the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara; identified with Japanese Kwannon', 'Japanese_deity': 'a deity worshipped by the Japanese', 'Amaterasu': 'central deity of Shinto; goddess personifying the sun and ancestress of the rulers of Japan', 'Hachiman': 'a Shinto god of war', 'Hotei': 'one of the 7 gods of happiness', 'Izanagi': 'the god who fathered the islands and gods of Japan with his sister Izanami', 'Izanami': 'sister and consort of Izanami; mother of the islands and gods of Japan', 'Kami': 'one the Shinto deities (including mythological beings, spirits of distinguished men, forces of nature)', 'Kwannon': 'Japanese counterpart of Chinese Kuan Yin', 'Ninigi': 'grandson of Amaterasu and first ruler of Japan', 'goddess': 'a female deity', 'earth-god': 'a god of fertility and vegetation', 'earth-goddess': 'a goddess of fertility and vegetation', 'earth_mother': 'the earth conceived of as the female principle of fertility', 'God': 'the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions', 'Godhead': 'terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God', 'eon': 'the longest division of geological time', 'Trinity': 'the union of the Father and Son and Holy Ghost in one Godhead', 'Father': \"`Father' is a term of address for priests in some churches (especially the Roman Catholic Church or the Orthodox Catholic Church); `Padre' is frequently used in the military\", 'Son': 'the divine word of God; the second person in the Trinity (incarnate in Jesus)', 'messiah': 'any expected deliverer', 'Holy_Ghost': 'the third person in the Trinity; Jesus promised the Apostles that he would send the Holy Spirit after his Crucifixion and Resurrection; it came on Pentecost', 'Yahweh': 'a name for the God of the Old Testament as transliterated from the Hebrew consonants YHVH', 'Allah': 'Muslim name for the one and only God', 'demiurge': 'a subordinate deity, in some philosophies the creator of the universe', 'faun': \"ancient Italian deity in human shape, with horns, pointed ears and a goat's tail; equivalent to Greek satyr\", 'angel': 'invests in a theatrical production', 'archangel': 'an angel ranked above the highest rank in the celestial hierarchy', 'Gabriel': '(Bible) the archangel who was the messenger of God', 'Michael': '(Old Testament) the guardian archangel of the Jews', 'Raphael': 'Italian painter whose many paintings exemplify the ideals of the High Renaissance (1483-1520)', 'cherub': 'a sweet innocent baby', 'seraph': 'an angel of the first order; usually portrayed as the winged head of a child', 'guardian_spirit': 'an angel believed to have special affection for a particular individual', 'genius_loci': 'the special atmosphere of a place', 'divine_messenger': 'a messenger from God; \"angel of death\"', 'fairy': 'a small being, human in form, playful and having magical powers', 'elf': '(folklore) fairies that are somewhat mischievous', 'fairy_godmother': 'a generous benefactor', 'undine': 'any of various female water spirits', 'leprechaun': 'a mischievous elf in Irish folklore', 'sandman': \"an elf in fairy stories who sprinkles sand in children's eyes to make them sleepy\", 'Morgan_le_Fay': '(Arthurian legend) a wicked enchantress who was the half sister and enemy of King Arthur', 'Puck': 'a mischievous sprite of English folklore', 'evil_spirit': 'a spirit tending to cause harm', 'bad_fairy': 'a fairy that tends to cause harm', 'bogey': '(golf) a score of one stroke over par on a hole', 'cacodemon': 'an evil spirit', 'eudemon': 'a benevolent spirit', 'incubus': 'someone who depresses or worries others', 'succubus': 'a female demon believed to have sexual intercourse with sleeping men', 'dybbuk': \"(Jewish folklore) a demon that enters the body of a living person and controls that body's behavior\", 'Satan': '(Judeo-Christian and Islamic religions) chief spirit of evil and adversary of God; tempter of mankind; master of Hell', 'ghoul': 'an evil spirit or ghost', 'goblin': '(folklore) a small grotesque supernatural creature that makes trouble for human beings', 'kelpy': '(Scottish folklore) water spirit in the form of a horse that likes to drown its riders', 'vampire': '(folklore) a corpse that rises at night to drink the blood of the living', 'banshee': '(Irish folklore) a female spirit who wails to warn of impending death', 'genie': '(Islam) an invisible spirit mentioned in the Koran and believed by Muslims to inhabit the earth and influence mankind by appearing in the form of humans or animals', 'shaitan': '(Islam) a rebellious jinni who leads men astray', 'eblis': '(Islam) the principal evil jinni in Islamic mythology', 'houri': '(Islam) one of the dark-eyed virgins of perfect beauty believed to live with the blessed in Paradise', 'familiar': 'a person attached to the household of a high official (as a pope or bishop) who renders service in return for support', 'trickster': 'a mischievous supernatural being found in the folklore of many primitive people; sometimes distinguished by prodigious biological drives and exaggerated bodily parts', 'poltergeist': 'a ghost that announces its presence with rapping and the creation of disorder', 'Oberson': '(Middle Ages) the king of the fairies and husband of Titania in medieval folklore', 'Titania': '(Middle Ages) the queen of the fairies in medieval folklore', 'tooth_fairy': \"a fairy that is said to leave money at night under a child's pillow to compensate for a baby tooth falling out\", 'water_sprite': 'a fairy that inhabits water', 'peri': 'a beautiful and graceful girl', 'Adonis': 'annual or perennial herbs', 'Greco-Roman_deity': 'a deity of classical mythology', 'satyr': 'man with strong sexual desires', 'Silenus': 'the chief satyr in the service of Bacchus; father of Dionysus; usually depicted as drunk and jolly and riding a donkey', 'silenus': 'any of the minor woodland deities who were companions of Dionysus (similar to the satyrs)', 'Echo': '(Greek mythology) a nymph who was spurned by Narcissus and pined away until only her voice remained', 'Hesperides': '(Greek mythology) group of 3 to 7 nymphs who guarded the golden apples that Gaea gave as a wedding gift to Hera', 'Hyades': '(Greek mythology) 7 daughters of Atlas and half-sisters of the Pleiades; they nurtured the infant Dionysus and Zeus placed them among the stars as a reward', 'Oread': '(Greek mythology) one of the mountain nymphs', 'water_nymph': 'a water lily having large leaves and showy fragrant flowers that float on the water; of temperate and tropical regions', 'Daphne': '(Greek mythology) a nymph who was transformed into a laurel tree to escape the amorous Apollo', 'naiad': 'submerged aquatic plant having narrow leaves and small flowers; of fresh or brackish water', 'Nereid': '(Greek mythology) any of the 50 sea nymphs who were daughters of the sea god Nereus', 'Thetis': '(Greek mythology) one of the 50 Nereids; mother of Achilles by Peleus', 'Oceanid': '(Greek mythology) sea nymph who was a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys', 'dryad': 'a deity or nymph of the woods', 'Salmacis': 'nymph who merged with Hermaphroditus to form one body', 'Greek_deity': 'a deity worshipped by the ancient Greeks', 'Roman_deity': 'a deity worshipped by the ancient Romans', 'Olympian': 'an athlete who participates in the Olympic games', 'Aeolus': 'god of the winds in ancient mythology', 'Aether': 'personification of the sky or upper air breathed by the Olympians; son of Erebus and night or of Chaos and darkness', 'Apollo': '(Greek mythology) Greek god of light; god of prophecy and poetry and music and healing; son of Zeus and Leto; twin brother of Artemis', 'Pythius': 'epithet for Apollo; from the dragon Python which he killed', 'Aphrodite': 'goddess of love and beauty and daughter of Zeus in ancient mythology; identified with Roman Venus', 'Hero': 'Greek mathematician and inventor who devised a way to determine the area of a triangle and who described various mechanical devices (first century)', 'Leander': '(Greek mythology) a youth beloved of Hero who drowned in a storm in the Hellespont on one of his nightly visits to see her', 'Pygmalion': '(Greek mythology) a king who created a statue of a woman and fell in love with it; Aphrodite brought the sculpture to life as Galatea', 'Galatea': \"(Greek mythology) a maiden who was first a sculpture created by Pygmalion and was brought to life by Aphrodite in answer to Pygmalion's prayers\", 'Ares': '(Greek mythology) Greek god of war; son of Zeus and Hera; identified with Roman Mars', 'Eris': '(Greek mythology) goddess of discord; sister of Ares', 'Thanatos': '(Greek mythology) the Greek personification of death; son of Nyx', 'Mors': '(Roman mythology) Roman god of death; counterpart of Thanatos', 'Nyx': '(Greek mythology) Greek goddess of the night; daughter of Chaos; counterpart of Roman Nox', 'Rhea_Silvia': '(Roman mythology) a vestal virgin who became the mother by Mars of the twins Romulus and Remus', 'Romulus': '(Roman mythology) founder of Rome; suckled with his twin brother Remus by a wolf after their parents (Mars and Rhea Silvia) abandoned them; Romulus killed Remus in an argument over the building of Rome', 'Remus': '(Roman mythology) the twin brother of Romulus', 'Artemis': '(Greek mythology) the virgin goddess of the hunt and the Moon; daughter of Leto and twin sister of Apollo; identified with Roman Diana', 'Boreas': '(Greek mythology) the god who personified the north wind; \"Boreas was pictured as bearded and powerful and winged and draped against the cold\"', 'Diana': 'English aristocrat who was the first wife of Prince Charles; her death in an automobile accident in Paris produced intense national mourning (1961-1997)', 'Ate': 'goddess of criminal rashness and its punishment', 'Athena': '(Greek mythology) goddess of wisdom and useful arts and prudent warfare; guardian of Athens; identified with Roman Minerva', 'Minerva': '(Roman mythology) goddess of wisdom; counterpart of Greek Athena', 'Chaos': '(Greek mythology) the most ancient of gods; the personification of the infinity of space preceding creation of the universe', 'Cronus': '(Greek mythology) the supreme god until Zeus dethroned him; son of Uranus and Gaea in ancient Greek mythology; identified with Roman Saturn', 'Dido': '(Roman mythology) a princess of Tyre who was the founder and queen of Carthage; Virgil tells of her suicide when she was abandoned by Aeneas', 'Demeter': '(Greek mythology) goddess of fertility and protector of marriage in ancient mythology; counterpart of Roman Ceres', 'Dionysus': '(Greek mythology) god of wine and fertility and drama; the Greek name of Bacchus', 'Aesculapius': 'son of Apollo; a hero and the Roman god of medicine and healing; his daughters were Hygeia and Panacea', 'Bacchus': '(classical mythology) god of wine; equivalent of Dionysus', 'Erebus': '(Greek mythology) Greek god of darkness who dwelt in the underworld; son of Chaos; brother of Nox; father of Aether and Day', 'Nox': 'Roman goddess of night; daughter of Erebus; counterpart of Greek Nyx', 'Eros': '(Greek mythology) god of love; son of Aphrodite; identified with Roman Cupid', 'Cupid': '(Roman mythology) god of love; counterpart of Greek Eros', 'Daedalus': '(Greek mythology) an Athenian inventor who built the labyrinth of Minos; to escape the labyrinth he fashioned wings for himself and his son Icarus', 'Damon_and_Pythias': '(Greek mythology) according to a Greek legend: when Pythias was sentenced to be executed Damon took his place to allow Pythias to get his affairs in order; when Pythias returned in time to save Damon the king was so impressed that he let them both live', 'Gaea': '(Greek mythology) goddess of the earth and mother of Cronus and the Titans in ancient mythology', 'Hebe': '(Greek mythology) the goddess of youth and spring; wife of Hercules; daughter of Zeus and Hera; cupbearer to the Olympian gods', 'Helios': '(Greek mythology) ancient god of the sun; drove his chariot across the sky each day; identified with Roman Sol', 'Icarus': '(Greek mythology) son of Daedalus; while escaping from Crete with his father (using the wings Daedalus had made) he flew too close to the sun and the wax melted and he fell into the Aegean and drowned', 'Sol': '(Roman mythology) ancient Roman god; personification of the sun; counterpart of Greek Helios', 'Hecate': '(Greek mythology) Greek goddess of fertility who later became associated with Persephone as goddess of the underworld and protector of witches', 'Hephaestus': '(Greek mythology) the lame god of fire and metalworking in ancient mythology; identified with Roman Vulcan', 'Vulcan': '(Roman mythology) god of fire and metal working; counterpart of Greek Hephaestus', 'Hermes': '(Greek mythology) messenger and herald of the gods; god of commerce and cunning and invention and theft; identified with Roman Mercury', 'Hermaphroditus': '(Greek mythology) son of Hermes and Aphrodite who merged with the nymph Salmacis to form one body', 'Hygeia': '(Greek mythology) the goddess of health; daughter of Aesculapius and sister of Panacea', 'Panacea': '(Greek mythology) the goddess of healing; daughter of Aesculapius and sister of Hygeia', 'Hera': 'queen of the Olympian gods in ancient Greek mythology; sister and wife of Zeus remembered for her jealously of the many mortal women Zeus fell in love with; identified with Roman Juno', 'Janus': '(Roman mythology) the Roman god of doorways and passages; is depicted with two faces on opposite sides of his head', 'Juno': '(Roman mythology) queen of the Olympian gods who protected marriage; wife and sister of Jupiter; counterpart of Greek Hera', 'Hestia': '(Greek mythology) the goddess of the hearth and its fire in ancient mythology; identified with Roman Vesta', 'Hymen': '(Greek mythology) the god of marriage', 'Hyperion': '(Greek mythology) a Titan who was the son of Gaea and Uranus and the father of Helios and Selene and Eos in ancient mythology', 'Minos': 'son of Zeus and Europa; king of ancient Crete; ordered Daedalus to build the labyrinth; after death Minos became a judge in the underworld', 'Ariadne': \"beautiful daughter of Minos and Pasiphae; she fell in love with Theseus and gave him the thread with which he found his way out of the Minotaur's labyrinth\", 'Moirai': 'any of the three Greek goddesses of fate or destiny; identified with the Roman Parcae and similar to the Norse Norns', 'Parcae': 'any of the three Roman goddesses of fate or destiny; identified with the Greek Moirai and similar to the Norse Norns', 'Clotho': 'the Greek goddess of fate who spins the thread of life', 'Lachesis': 'the Greek goddess of fate who determines the length of the thread of life', 'Atropos': 'the Greek goddess of fate who cuts the thread of life', 'Momus': 'god of blame and mockery', 'Muse': 'in ancient Greek mythology any of 9 daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne; protector of an art or science', 'Calliope': '(Greek mythology) the Muse of epic poetry', 'Clio': '(Greek mythology) the Muse of history', 'Erato': '(Greek mythology) the Muse of lyric and love poetry', 'Euterpe': 'a monocotyledonous genus of graceful palm trees in tropical America', 'Melpomene': '(Greek mythology) the Muse of tragedy', 'Polyhymnia': '(Greek mythology) the Muse of singing and mime and sacred dance', 'Terpsichore': '(Greek mythology) the Muse of the dance and of choral song', 'Urania': '(Greek mythology) the Muse of astronomy', 'Nemesis': '(Greek mythology) the goddess of divine retribution and vengeance', 'Nereus': '(Greek mythology) a sea god son of Pontus and Gaea; lived in the depths of the sea with his wife Doris and their daughters the Nereids', 'Nike': '(Greek mythology) winged goddess of victory; identified with Roman Victoria', 'Ouranos': '(Greek mythology) god of the heavens; son and husband of Gaea and father of the Titans in ancient mythology', 'Faunus': '(Roman mythology) ancient rural deity; later considered a counterpart of Greek Pan', 'Pasiphae': '(Greek mythology) daughter of Helios and mother of Ariadne', 'Poseidon': '(Greek mythology) the god of the sea and earthquakes in ancient mythology; brother of Zeus and Hades and Hera; identified with Roman Neptune', 'Persephone': '(Greek mythology) daughter of Zeus and Demeter; made queen of the underworld by Pluto in ancient mythology; identified with Roman Proserpina', 'Procrustes': '(Greek mythology) a mythical giant who was a thief and murderer; he would capture people and tie them to an iron bed, stretching them or hacking off their legs to make them fit; was killed by Theseus', 'Proserpina': 'goddess of the underworld; counterpart of Greek Persephone', 'Dis': 'god of the underworld; counterpart of Greek Pluto', 'Pythia': '(Greek mythology) the priestess of Apollo at Delphi who transmitted the oracles', 'Priapus': '(classical mythology) god of male procreative power and guardian of gardens and vineyards', 'Rhadamanthus': '(Greek mythology) a judge of the dead in the underworld', 'Luna': '(Roman mythology) the goddess of the Moon; counterpart of Greek Selene', 'Eos': '(Greek mythology) the winged goddess of the dawn in ancient mythology; daughter of Hyperion; identified with Roman Aurora', 'Eurydice': '(Greek mythology) the wife of Orpheus', 'Orpheus': '(Greek mythology) a great musician; when his wife Eurydice died he went to Hades to get her back but failed', 'Aurora': '(Roman mythology) goddess of the dawn; counterpart of Greek Eos', 'Tellus': '(Roman mythology) goddess of the earth; protector of marriage and fertility; identified with Greek Gaea', 'Titaness': '(Greek mythology) any of the primordial giant goddesses who were offspring of Uranus (heaven) and Gaea (earth) in ancient mythology', 'Tyche': '(Greek mythology) the goddess of fortune; identified with Roman Fortuna', 'Fortuna': '(Roman mythology) the goddess of fortune and good luck; counterpart of Greek Tyche', 'Zephyr': '(Greek mythology) the Greek god of the west wind', 'Jupiter_Fulgur': 'an epithet for Jupiter', 'Jupiter_Tonans': 'an epithet for Jupiter', 'Jupiter_Pluvius': 'an epithet for Jupiter', 'Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus': 'an epithet for Jupiter', 'Jupiter_Fidius': 'an epithet for Jupiter', 'Oceanus': '(Greek mythology) god of the stream that flowed around the earth in ancient mythology', 'Cocus': '(Greek mythology) one of the Titans', 'Crius': '(Greek mythology) one of the Titans', 'Iapetus': '(Greek mythology) the Titan who was father of Atlas and Epimetheus and Prometheus in ancient mythology', 'vestal_virgin': '(Roman mythology) one of the virgin priestesses consecrated to the Roman goddess Vesta and to maintaining the sacred fire in her temple', 'Atlas': '(Greek mythology) a Titan who was forced by Zeus to bear the sky on his shoulders', 'Epimetheus': \"(Greek mythology) brother of Prometheus; despite Prometheus's warning against gifts from Zeus he accepted Pandora as his wife\", 'Prometheus': '(Greek mythology) the Titan who stole fire from Olympus and gave it to mankind; Zeus punished him by chaining him to a rock where an eagle gnawed at his liver until Hercules rescued him', 'Thea': '(Greek mythology) the Titaness who was mother of Helios and Selene and Eos in ancient mythology', 'Rhea': 'fertility goddess in ancient Greek mythology; wife of Cronus and mother of Zeus; identified with Roman Ops and Cybele of ancient Asia Minor', 'Ops': '(Roman mythology) goddess of abundance and fertility; wife of Saturn; counterpart of Greek Rhea and Cybele of ancient Asia Minor', 'Sylvanus': '(Roman mythology) god of woods and fields and flocks; Pan is the Greek counterpart', 'Agdistis': 'Asiatic epithet for Rhea or Cybele', 'Themis': '(Greek mythology) the Titaness who was goddess of justice in ancient mythology', 'Mnemosyne': '(Greek mythology) the Titaness who was goddess of memory; mother of the Muses', 'Phoebe': '(Greek mythology) a Titaness who became identified with Artemis as goddess of the Moon', 'Tethys': '(Greek mythology) a Titaness and sea goddess; wife of Oceanus', 'Psyche': '(Greek mythology) a beautiful princess loved by Cupid who visited her at night and told her she must not try to see him; became the personification of the soul', 'Leto': 'wife or mistress of Zeus and mother of Apollo and Artemis in ancient mythology; called Latona in Roman mythology', 'Pandora': '(Greek mythology) the first woman; created by Hephaestus on orders from Zeus who presented her to Epimetheus along with a box filled with evils', 'Norse_deity': 'a deity worshipped by the ancient Norsemen', 'Aesir': '(Norse mythology) the chief race of gods living at Asgard', 'Andvari': '(Norse mythology) a dwarf who possessed a treasure that was stolen by Loki', 'Vanir': '(Norse mythology) race of ancient gods sometimes in conflict with the Aesir', 'Balder': '(Norse mythology) god of light and peace and noted for his beauty and sweet nature; son of Odin and Frigg and husband of Nanna; killed by Hoth', 'Bragi': '(Norse mythology) god of poetry and music; son of Odin', 'Elli': '(Norse mythology) goddess of old age who defeated Thor in a wrestling match', 'Forseti': '(Norse mythology) god of justice; son of Balder and Nanna', 'Frey': \"(Norse mythology) god of earth's fertility and peace and prosperity; son of Njorth and brother of Freya; originally of the Vanir; later with the Aesir\", 'Freya': '(Norse mythology) goddess of love and fecundity; daughter of Njorth and sister of Frey', 'Frigg': '(Norse mythology) goddess of the heavens and married love; wife of Odin', 'Heimdall': '(Norse mythology) god of dawn and light; guardian of Asgard', 'Hel': '(Norse mythology) goddess of the dead and queen of the underworld', 'Hoenir': '(Norse mythology) one of the Aesir having a strong and beautiful body but a dull mind', 'Hoth': '(Norse mythology) a blind god; misled by Loki, he kills his brother Balder by throwing a shaft of mistletoe', 'Idun': '(Norse mythology) goddess of spring and wife of Bragi; guarded the apples that kept the gods eternally young', 'Jotun': '(Norse mythology) one of a race of giants often in conflict with the Aesir', 'Loki': '(Norse mythology) trickster; god of discord and mischief; contrived death of Balder and was overcome by Thor', 'Mimir': '(Norse mythology) giant who lives in the roots of Yggdrasil and guards the well of wisdom', 'Njord': '(Norse mythology) chief of the Vanir; god of the sea and winds and prosperity; father of Frey and Freya; sometimes subsumes Teutonic Nerthus', 'Norn': '(Norse mythology) any of the three goddesses of destiny; identified with Anglo-Saxon Wyrd; similar to Greek Moirae and Roman Parcae', 'Urd': 'goddess of fate: a giantess who personified the past', 'Verdandi': 'goddess of fate: an elf who personified the present', 'Skuld': 'goddess of fate: a dwarf who personified the future', 'Odin': '(Norse mythology) ruler of the Aesir; supreme god of war and poetry and knowledge and wisdom (for which he gave an eye) and husband of Frigg; identified with the Teutonic Wotan', 'Sif': '(Norse mythology) wife of Thor and guardian of the home', 'Sigyn': '(Norse mythology) wife of Loki; held a cup over him during his punishment to spare him the pain of drops of poison', 'Thor': '(Norse mythology) god of thunder and rain and farming; pictured as wielding a hammer emblematic of the thunderbolt; identified with Teutonic Donar', 'Tyr': '(Norse mythology) god of war and strife and son of Odin; identified with Anglo-Saxon Tiu', 'Ull': '(Norse mythology) one of the Aesir known for his beauty and skill with bow and skis; son of Sif and stepson of Thor', 'Vali': '(Norse mythology) one of the Aesir and avenger of Balder; son of Odin', 'Vitharr': '(Norse mythology) one of the Aesir; son of Odin; avenges his parent by slaying Fenrir at Ragnarok', 'Fenrir': '(Norse mythology) an enormous wolf that was fathered by Loki and that killed Odin', 'Volund': '(Norse mythology) a wonderful smith; identified with Anglo-Saxon Wayland and Teutonic Wieland', 'Yggdrasil': '(Norse mythology) a huge ash tree whose roots and branches hold the earth and Heaven and Hell together', 'Ymir': '(Norse mythology) the primeval giant slain by Odin and his brothers and from whose body they created the world: the sea from his blood; the earth from his flesh; the mountains from his bones; the sky from his skull', 'Wayland': '(European mythology) a supernatural smith and king of the elves; identified with Norse Volund', 'Teutonic_deity': '(German mythology) a deity worshipped by the ancient Teutons', 'Donar': 'the Teutonic god of thunder; counterpart of Norse Thor', 'Nerthus': 'the Teutonic goddess of fertility; later identified with Norse Njord', 'Wotan': 'supreme Teutonic god; counterpart of Norse Odin and Anglo-Saxon Woden', 'Anglo-Saxon_deity': '(Anglo-Saxon mythology) a deity worshipped by the Anglo-Saxons', 'Tiu': 'god of war and sky; counterpart of Norse Tyr', 'Woden': 'chief god; counterpart of Norse Odin and Teutonic Wotan', 'Wyrd': 'fate personified; any one of the three Weird Sisters', 'Eve': \"(Old Testament) Adam's wife in Judeo-Christian mythology: the first woman and mother of the human race; God created Eve from Adam's rib and placed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden\", 'Cain': '(Old Testament) Cain and Abel were the first children of Adam and Eve born after the Fall of Man; Cain killed Abel out of jealousy and was exiled by God', 'Abel': 'Norwegian mathematician (1802-1829)', 'Seth': '(Old Testament) third son of Adam and Eve; given by God in place of the murdered Abel', 'fictional_character': 'an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story); \"she is the main character in the novel\"', 'Ajax': 'a mythical Greek hero; a warrior who fought against Troy in the Iliad', 'Aladdin': 'in the Arabian Nights a boy who acquires a magic lamp from which he can summon a genie', 'Argonaut': '(Greek mythology) one of the heroes who sailed with Jason in search of the Golden Fleece', 'Babar': 'an imaginary elephant that appears in a series of French books for children', 'Beatrice': 'the woman who guided Dante through Paradise in the Divine Comedy', 'Beowulf': 'the legendary hero of an anonymous Old English epic poem composed in the early 8th century; he slays a monster and becomes king but dies fighting a dragon', 'Bluebeard': '(fairytale) a monstrous villain who marries seven women; he kills the first six for disobedience', 'Bond': 'United States civil rights leader who was elected to the legislature in Georgia but was barred from taking his seat because he opposed the Vietnam War (born 1940)', 'Brunhild': 'a Valkyrie or a queen in the Nibelungenlied who loved the hero Siegfried; when he deceived her she had him killed and then committed suicide', 'Valkyrie': '(Norse mythology) one of the maidens of Odin who chose heroes to be slain in battle and conducted them to Valhalla', 'Brer_Rabbit': 'the fictional character of a rabbit who appeared in tales supposedly told by Uncle Remus and first published in 1880', 'Bunyan': \"English preacher and author of an allegorical novel, Pilgrim's Progress (1628-1688)\", 'John_Henry': 'hero of American folk tales; portrayed as an enormously strong black man who worked on the railroads and died from exhaustion after winning a contest with a steam drill', 'Cheshire_cat': 'a fictional cat with a broad fixed smile on its face; created by Lewis Carroll', 'Chicken_Little': 'a fictional character who was hit on the head with an acorn and believed that the sky was falling', 'Cinderella': 'a woman whose merits were not been recognized but who then achieves sudden success and recognition', 'Colonel_Blimp': 'any elderly pompous reactionary ultranationalistic person (after the cartoon character created by Sir David Low)', 'Dracula': 'comprises tropical American species usually placed in genus Masdevallia: diminutive plants having bizarre and often sinister-looking flowers with pendulous scapes and motile lips', 'Jason': '(Greek mythology) the husband of Medea and leader of the Argonauts who sailed in quest of the Golden Fleece', 'Medea': '(Greek mythology) a princess of Colchis who aided Jason in taking the Golden Fleece from her father', 'Laertes': '(Greek mythology) the father of Odysseus', 'Odysseus': '(Greek mythology) a famous mythical Greek hero; his return to Ithaca after the siege of Troy was described in the Odyssey', 'Ulysses': '(Roman mythology) Roman spelling for Odysseus', 'Theseus': '(Greek mythology) a hero and king of Athens who was noted for his many great deeds: killed Procrustes and the Minotaur and defeated the Amazons and united Attica', 'Tantalus': '(Greek mythology) a wicked king and son of Zeus; condemned in Hades to stand in water that receded when he tried to drink and beneath fruit that receded when he reached for it', 'Phrygian_deity': 'deity of the ancient Phrygians of west central Asia Minor', 'Cybele': 'great nature goddess of ancient Phrygia in Asia Minor; counterpart of Greek Rhea and Roman Ops', 'Achilles': \"a mythical Greek hero of the Iliad; a foremost Greek warrior at the siege of Troy; when he was a baby his mother tried to make him immortal by bathing him in a magical river but the heel by which she held him remained vulnerable--his `Achilles' heel'\", 'Aeneas': 'a mythical Greek warrior who was a leader on the Trojan side of the Trojan War; hero of the Aeneid', 'Atreus': '(Greek mythology) the king of Mycenae and father of Agamemnon and of Menelaus', 'Agamemnon': '(Greek mythology) the king who lead the Greeks against Troy in the Trojan War', 'Menelaus': '(Greek mythology) the king of Sparta at the time of the Trojan War; brother of Agamemnon; husband of Helen', 'Iphigenia': '(Greek mythology) the daughter of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon; Agamemnon was obliged to offer her as a sacrifice to Artemis when the Greek fleet was becalmed on its way to Troy; Artemis rescued her and she later became a priestess', 'Clytemnestra': '(Greek mythology) wife of Agamemnon who had him murdered when he returned from the Trojan War', 'Aegisthus': \"(Greek mythology) the seducer of Clytemnestra and murderer of Agamemnon who usurped the throne of Mycenae until Agamemnon's son Orestes returned home and killed him\", 'Orestes': \"(Greek mythology) the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra; his sister Electra persuaded him to avenge Agamemnon's death by killing Clytemnestra and Aegisthus\", 'Cassandra': '(Greek mythology) a prophetess in Troy during the Trojan War whose predictions were true but were never believed', 'Antigone': '(Greek mythology) the daughter of King Oedipus who disobeyed her father and was condemned to death', 'Creon': '(Greek mythology) the brother of Jocasta and uncle of Antigone who became king of Thebes after the fall of Oedipus', 'Jocasta': '(Greek mythology) queen of Thebes who unknowingly married her own son Oedipus', 'Electra': \"(Greek mythology) the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra; persuaded her brother (Orestes) to avenge Agamemnon's death by helping her to kill Clytemnestra and her lover (Aegisthus)\", 'Laocoon': '(Greek mythology) the priest of Apollo who warned the Trojans to beware of Greeks bearing gifts when they wanted to accept the Trojan Horse; a god who favored the Greeks (Poseidon or Athena) sent snakes who coiled around Laocoon and his two twin sons killing them', 'Laius': '(Greek mythology) king of Thebes who was unwittingly killed by his son Oedipus', 'Myrmidon': '(Greek mythology) a member of the warriors who followed Achilles on the expedition against Troy', 'Oedipus': \"(Greek mythology) a tragic king of Thebes who unknowingly killed his father Laius and married his mother Jocasta; the subject of the drama `Oedipus Rex' by Sophocles\", 'Tiresias': '(Greek mythology) the blind prophet of Thebes who revealed to Oedipus that Oedipus had murdered his father and married his mother', 'Peleus': 'a king of the Myrmidons and father of Achilles', 'Don_Quixote': \"any impractical idealist (after Cervantes' hero)\", 'El_Cid': 'the hero of a Spanish epic poem from the 12th century', 'Fagin': 'a villainous Jew in a novel by Charles Dickens; \"Fagin was a fence who trained boys as pickpockets\"', 'Falstaff': \"a dissolute character in Shakespeare's plays\", 'Father_Brown': 'a Catholic priest who was the hero of detective stories by G. K. Chesterton', 'Faust': 'an alchemist of German legend who sold his soul to Mephistopheles in exchange for knowledge', 'Frankenstein': 'an agency that escapes control and destroys its creator', 'Goofy': 'a cartoon character created by Walt Disney', 'Gulliver': 'a fictional Englishman who travels to the imaginary land of Lilliput in a satirical novel by Jonathan Swift', 'Hamlet': \"the hero of William Shakespeare's tragedy who hoped to avenge the murder of his father\", 'Hector': '(Greek mythology) a mythical Trojan who was killed by Achilles during the Trojan War', 'Helen': '(Greek mythology) the beautiful daughter of Zeus and Leda who was abducted by Paris; the Greek army sailed to Troy to get her back which resulted in the Trojan War', 'Horatio_Hornblower': 'a fictional English admiral during the Napoleonic Wars in novels written by C. S. Forester', 'Iago': \"the villain in William Shakespeare's tragedy who tricked Othello into murdering his wife\", 'Inspector_Maigret': 'a fictional detective in novels by Georges Simenon', 'Kilroy': 'a nonexistent person popularized by American servicemen during World War II; \"Kilroy was here\"', 'Lear': 'British artist and writer of nonsense verse (1812-1888)', 'Leda': '(Greek mythology) a queen of Sparta who was raped by Zeus who had taken the form of a swan; Helen of Troy was conceived in the rape of Leda', 'Lilliputian': 'a 6-inch tall inhabitant of Lilliput in a novel by Jonathan Swift', 'Marlowe': 'English poet and playwright who introduced blank verse as a form of dramatic expression; was stabbed to death in a tavern brawl (1564-1593)', 'Mephistopheles': 'evil spirit to whom Faust sold his soul', 'Micawber': 'fictional character created by Charles Dickens; an eternal optimist', 'Mother_Goose': 'the imaginary author of a collection of nursery rhymes', 'Mr._Moto': 'Japanese sleuth created by John Marquand', 'Othello': \"the hero of William Shakespeare's tragedy who would not trust his wife\", 'Pangloss': 'an incurable optimist in a satire by Voltaire', 'Pantaloon': 'a buffoon in modern pantomimes; the butt of jokes', 'Perry_Mason': 'fictional detective in novels by Erle Stanley Gardner', 'Peter_Pan': \"a boyish or immature man; after the boy in Barrie's play who never grows up\", 'Pied_Piper': 'the title character in a German folk tale and in a poem by Robert Browning', 'Pierrot': 'a male character in French pantomime; usually dressed in white with a whitened face', 'Huckleberry_Finn': 'a mischievous boy in a novel by Mark Twain', 'Rip_van_Winkle': 'a person oblivious to social changes', 'Ruritanian': 'an imaginary inhabitant of Ruritania', 'Tarzan': '(sometimes used ironically) a man of great strength and agility (after the hero of a series of novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs)', 'Tom_Sawyer': 'the boy hero of a novel by Mark Twain', 'Uncle_Remus': 'the fictional storyteller of tales written in the Black Vernacular and set in the South; the tales were first collected and published in book form in 1880', 'Uncle_Tom': 'a servile black character in a novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe', 'Uncle_Sam': 'a personification of the United States government', 'Sherlock_Holmes': 'a fictitious detective in stories by A. Conan Doyle', 'Simon_Legree': 'the cruel slave dealer in an anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe', 'Sinbad_the_Sailor': 'in the Arabian Nights a hero who tells of the fantastic adventures he had in his voyages', 'Snoopy': 'a fictional beagle in a comic strip drawn by Charles Schulz', 'number_one': \"a reference to yourself or myself etc.; `take care of number one' means to put your own interests first\", 'adventurer': 'a person who enjoys taking risks', 'anomalist': 'someone who has a special interest in exceptional cases', 'Ananias': 'a habitual liar (after a New Testament character who was struck dead for lying)', 'apache': 'a Parisian gangster', 'applicant': 'a person who requests or seeks something such as assistance or employment or admission', 'appointee': 'an official who is appointed', 'argonaut': 'someone engaged in a dangerous but potentially rewarding adventure', 'Ashkenazi': 'a Jew of eastern European or German descent', 'attendant': 'someone who waits on or tends to or attends to the needs of another', 'auctioneer': 'an agent who conducts an auction', 'behaviorist': 'a psychologist who subscribes to behaviorism', 'benefactor': 'a person who helps people or institutions (especially with financial help)', 'benefactress': 'a woman benefactor', 'capitalist': 'a conservative advocate of capitalism', 'captor': 'a person who captures and holds people or animals', 'changer': 'a person who changes something; \"an inveterate changer of the menu\"', 'coadjutor': 'an assistant to a bishop', 'cofounder': 'one of a group of founders', 'color-blind_person': 'a person unable to distinguish differences in hue', 'commoner': 'a person who holds no title', 'communicator': 'a person who communicates with others', 'Conservative_Jew': 'Jew who keeps some requirements of Mosaic law but adapts others to suit modern circumstances', 'conservator': 'someone appointed by a court to assume responsibility for the interests of a minor or incompetent person', 'contestee': 'a winner (of a race or an election etc.) whose victory is contested', 'contester': 'someone who contests an outcome (of a race or an election etc.)', 'Contra': 'a member of the guerrilla force that opposed a left-wing government in Nicaragua', 'contrapuntist': 'a composer who specializes in counterpoint', 'contrarian': 'an investor who deliberately decides to go against the prevailing wisdom of other investors', 'consumer': 'a person who uses goods or services', 'contadino': 'an Italian farmer', 'contestant': 'a person who participates in competitions', 'coon': 'an eccentric or undignified rustic; \"I\\'ll be a gone coon when the battle starts\"', 'cosigner': 'a signer in addition to the principal signer (to verify the authenticity of the principal signature or to provide surety)', 'coward': 'a person who shows fear or timidity', 'creator': 'a person who grows or makes or invents things', 'defender': 'a fighter who holds out against attack', 'discussant': 'a participant in a formal discussion', 'disputant': 'a person who disputes; who is good at or enjoys controversy', 'engineer': 'the operator of a railway locomotive', 'enologist': 'a specialist in wine making', 'entertainer': 'a person who tries to please or amuse', 'eulogist': 'an orator who delivers eulogies or panegyrics', 'excavator': 'a workman who excavates for foundations of buildings or for quarrying', 'ex-gambler': 'a former gambler', 'ex-mayor': 'a former mayor', 'experimenter': 'a person who enjoys testing innovative ideas; \"she was an experimenter in new forms of poetry\"', 'expert': 'a person with special knowledge or ability who performs skillfully', 'ex-president': 'a former president', 'individualist': 'a person who pursues independent thought or action', 'inhabitant': 'a person who inhabits a particular place', 'innocent': 'a person who lacks knowledge of evil', 'intellectual': 'a person who uses the mind creatively', 'juvenile': 'a young person, not fully developed', 'lover': 'a significant other to whom you are not related by marriage', 'loved_one': 'a person who you love, usually a member of your family', 'leader': 'a person who rules or guides or inspires others', 'mediator': 'a negotiator who acts as a link between parties', 'mediatrix': 'a woman who is a mediator', 'money_handler': 'a person who receives or invests or pays out money', 'monochromat': 'a person who is completely color-blind', 'naprapath': 'a therapist who practices naprapathy', 'national': 'a person who owes allegiance to that nation; \"a monarch has a duty to his subjects\"', 'nativist': 'a philosopher who subscribes to nativism', 'nonreligious_person': 'a person who does not manifest devotion to a deity', 'nonworker': 'a person who does nothing', 'peer': 'a nobleman (duke or marquis or earl or viscount or baron) who is a member of the British peerage', 'perceiver': 'a person who becomes aware (of things or events) through the senses', 'percher': 'a person situated on a perch', 'precursor': 'a substance from which another substance is formed (especially by a metabolic reaction)', 'preteen': 'a preadolescent boy or girl (usually between 9 and 12 years of age); \"little league is intended for the preteens\"', 'prize_winner': 'the winner of a lottery', 'recipient': 'a person who receives something', 'religious_person': 'a person who manifests devotion to a deity', 'religionist': 'a person addicted to religion or a religious zealot', 'sensualist': 'a person who enjoys sensuality', 'ticket_agent': 'someone who sells tickets (e.g., theater seats or travel accommodations)', 'ticket_holder': 'holder of a ticket (for admission or for passage)', 'traveler': 'a person who changes location', 'unfortunate': 'a person who suffers misfortune', 'unwelcome_person': 'a person who for some reason is not wanted or welcome', 'unpleasant_person': 'a person who is not pleasant or agreeable', 'unskilled_person': 'a person who lacks technical training', 'wrongdoer': 'a person who transgresses moral or civil law', 'African': 'a native or inhabitant of Africa', 'Black_African': 'an African who is Black', 'Afrikaner': 'a white native of Cape Province who is a descendant of Dutch settlers and who speaks Afrikaans', 'Aryan': '(according to Nazi doctrine) a Caucasian person of Nordic descent (and not a Jew)', 'person_of_color': '(formal) any non-European non-white person', 'Black': 'British chemist who identified carbon dioxide and who formulated the concepts of specific heat and latent heat (1728-1799)', 'Negress': 'a Black woman or girl', 'Black_race': 'a dark-skinned race', 'African-American': 'an American whose ancestors were born in Africa', 'Black_man': 'a man who is Black', 'Black_woman': 'a woman who is Black', 'soul_brother': 'a fellow Black man', 'colored_person': 'a United States term for Blacks that is now considered offensive', 'darky': '(ethnic slur) offensive term for Black people', 'boy': 'a friendly informal reference to a grown man; \"he likes to play golf with the boys\"', 'nigger': '(ethnic slur) extremely offensive name for a Black person; \"only a Black can call another Black a nigga\"', 'Tom': '(ethnic slur) offensive and derogatory name for a Black man who is abjectly servile and deferential to Whites', 'mulatto': 'an offspring of a black and a white parent', 'quadroon': 'an offspring of a mulatto and a white parent; a person who is one-quarter black', 'octoroon': 'an offspring of a quadroon and a white parent; a person who is one-eighth black', 'White_race': 'a light-skinned race', 'paleface': '(slang) a derogatory term for a white person (supposedly used by North American Indians)', 'Semite': 'a member of a group of Semitic-speaking peoples of the Middle East and northern Africa', 'Chaldean': 'a wise man skilled in occult learning', 'Assyrian': 'an inhabitant of ancient Assyria', 'Elamite': 'a member of an ancient warlike people living in Elam east of Babylonia as early as 3000 BC', 'white_man': 'a man who is White', 'white_woman': 'a woman who is White', 'white_trash': '(slang) an offensive term for White people who are impoverished', 'whitey': '(slang) offensive names for a White man', 'WASP': 'a white person of Anglo-Saxon ancestry who belongs to a Protestant denomination', 'Asian': 'a native or inhabitant of Asia', 'Asian_American': 'an American who is of Asian descent', 'coolie': '(ethnic slur) an offensive name for an unskilled Asian laborer', 'Oriental': 'a member of an Oriental race; the term is regarded as offensive by Asians (especially by Asian Americans)', 'Yellow_race': 'an Asian race', 'yellow_man': 'offensive term for an Asian man', 'yellow_woman': 'offensive term for an Asian woman', 'gook': '(slang) a disparaging term for an Asian person (especially for North Vietnamese soldiers in the Vietnam War)', 'Evenki': 'a member of the people inhabiting an area of northern Mongolia and eastern Siberia', 'Mongol': 'a member of the nomadic peoples of Mongolia', 'Amerindian': 'any member of the peoples living in North or South America before the Europeans arrived', 'Indian': 'a native or inhabitant of India', 'Anasazi': 'a Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings', 'Indian_race': 'sometimes included in the Caucasian race; native to the subcontinent of India', 'Mayan': 'a member of an American Indian people of Yucatan and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy; \"Mayans had a system of writing and an accurate calendar\"', 'Aztec': 'a member of the Nahuatl people who established an empire in Mexico that was overthrown by Cortes in 1519', 'Olmec': 'a member of an early Mesoamerican civilization centered around Veracruz that flourished between 1300 and 400 BC', 'Toltec': 'a member of the Nahuatl speaking people of central and southern Mexico', 'Plains_Indian': 'a member of one of the tribes of American Indians who lived a nomadic life following the buffalo in the Great Plains of North America', 'Brule': 'a member of a group of Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux', 'Chimakum': 'a member of the Salishan people living in northwestern Washington', 'Chinook': 'a member of an important North American Indian people who controlled the mouth of the Columbia river; they were organized into settlements rather than tribes', 'Conoy': 'a member of an Algonquian people formerly living in Maryland between Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac river; allies of the Nanticoke people', 'Creek': 'any member of the Creek Confederacy (especially the Muskogee) formerly living in Georgia and Alabama but now chiefly in Oklahoma', 'Essene': 'a member of an ascetic Jewish sect around the time of Jesus', 'Eyeish': 'a member of the Caddo people of northeastern Texas', 'Halchidhoma': 'a member of a North American Indian people of the Colorado river valley near the mouth of the Gila river; allied to the Maricopa', 'Iroquois': 'any member of the warlike North American Indian peoples formerly living in New York State; the Iroquois League were allies of the British during the American Revolution', 'Kalapooia': 'a member of the North American Indian people of Oregon', 'Kichai': 'a member of a Caddo people formerly living in north central Texas', 'Maidu': 'a member of a North American Indian people living east of the Sacramento river in California', 'Miniconju': 'a member of a group of Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux', 'Miwok': 'a member of the North American Indian people living in the central Sierra Nevada in California', 'Passamaquody': 'a member of the Algonquian people related to the Malecite and living in northeastern Maine and New Brunswick', 'Redskin': '(slang) offensive term for Native Americans', 'Sauk': 'a member of the Algonquian people formerly living in Wisconsin in the Fox River valley and on the shores of Green Bay', 'Sihasapa': 'a member of a group of Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux', 'Sioux': 'a member of a group of North American Indian peoples who spoke a Siouan language and who ranged from Lake Michigan to the Rocky Mountains', 'Teton': 'a member of the large western branch of Sioux people which was made up of several groups that lived on the plains', 'Takelma': 'a member of a North American Indian people of southwestern Oregon', 'Taracahitian': 'a member of a group of peoples of Mexico', 'Tarahumara': 'a member of the Taracahitian people of north central Mexico', 'Two_Kettle': 'a member of the Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux', 'Wampanoag': 'a member of the Algonquian people of Rhode Island and Massachusetts who greeted the Pilgrims', 'Yokuts': 'a member of the North American Indian people of the San Joaquin Valley', 'Zuni': 'a member of the Pueblo people living in western New Mexico', 'Gond': 'a member of a formerly tribal people in south central India', 'Kanarese': 'a member of a Kannada-speaking group of people living chiefly in Kanara in southern India', 'Kolam': 'a member of a formerly tribal people now living in south central India', 'Maratha': 'a member of a people of India living in Maharashtra', 'Aborigine': 'a dark-skinned member of a race of people living in Australia when Europeans arrived', 'Slavic_people': 'a race of people speaking a Slavonic language', 'Slav': 'any member of the people of eastern Europe or Asian Russia who speak a Slavonic language', 'Acadian': 'an early French settler in the Maritimes', 'Cajun': \"a Louisianian descended from Acadian immigrants from Nova Scotia (`Cajun' comes from `Acadian')\", 'Anabaptist': 'adherent of Anabaptism', 'Mennonite': 'a member of an Anabaptist movement in Holland noted for its simplicity of life', 'Amish': 'an American follower of the Mennonite religion', 'Dunker': 'an adherent of Baptistic doctrines (who practice baptism by immersion)', 'Christian': 'a religious person who believes Jesus is the Christ and who is a member of a Christian denomination', 'Christian_Scientist': 'a member of the Protestant church founded in the United States by Mary Baker Eddy', 'Adventist': 'a member of Christian denomination that expects the imminent advent of Christ', 'gentile': \"a person who is not a member of one's own religion; used in this sense by Mormons and Hindus\", 'Protestant': 'an adherent of Protestantism', 'Friend': 'a member of the Religious Society of Friends founded by George Fox (the Friends have never called themselves Quakers)', 'Catholic': 'a member of a Catholic church', 'non-Catholic': 'a religious person who is not a Catholic', 'Anglican_Catholic': 'a member of the Anglican Church who emphasizes its Catholic character', 'Greek_Catholic': 'a member of the Greek Orthodox Church', 'papist': 'an offensive term for Roman Catholics; originally, a Roman Catholic who was a strong advocate of the papacy', 'Old_Catholic': 'a member of the church formed in the 19th century by German Catholics who refused to accept the infallibility of the Pope', 'Uniat': 'a member of the Uniat Church', 'Copt': 'an Egyptian descended from the ancient Egyptians', 'Jew': 'a person belonging to the worldwide group claiming descent from Jacob (or converted to it) and connected by cultural or religious ties', 'Jewess': 'a woman who is a Jew', 'kike': '(ethnic slur) offensive term for a Jew', 'Muslim': 'a believer in or follower of Islam', 'Islamist': 'a scholar who knowledgeable in Islamic studies', 'Almoravid': 'a member of a Muslim dynasty of Berber warriors that flourished from 1049 to 1145 and that established political dominance over northwestern Africa and Spain', 'Jihadist': 'a Muslim who is involved in a jihad', 'Shiite': 'a member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs', 'Sunnite': 'a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad', 'Buddhist': 'one who follows the teachings of Buddha', 'Zen_Buddhist': 'an adherent of the doctrines of Zen Buddhism', 'Mahayanist': 'an adherent of Mahayana Buddhism', 'Hinayanist': 'an adherent of Hinayana Buddhism', 'Lamaist': '(Buddhism) an adherent of Lamaism', 'Tantrist': 'an adherent of Tantrism', 'Hindu': 'a native or inhabitant of Hindustan or India', 'swami': 'a Hindu religious teacher; used as a title of respect', 'chela': 'a Hindu disciple of a swami', 'Jainist': 'a believer in Jainism', 'Shaktist': 'worshipper of Shakti', 'Shivaist': 'worshipper of Shiva', 'Vaishnava': 'worshipper of Vishnu', 'Shintoist': 'a believer in Shintoism', 'Mithraist': 'adherent of Mithraism', 'Zoroastrian': 'follower of Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism', 'Eurafrican': 'a person of mixed European and African descent', 'Eurasian': 'a person of mixed European and Asian descent', 'European': 'a native or inhabitant of Europe', 'sahib': 'formerly a term of respect for important white Europeans in colonial India; used after the name', 'memsahib': 'a woman sahib', 'Celt': 'a member of a European people who once occupied Britain and Spain and Gaul prior to Roman times', 'Gael': 'a Gaelic-speaking Celt in Ireland or Scotland or the Isle of Man', 'Briton': 'an inhabitant of southern Britain prior to the Anglo-Saxon invasions', 'Galatian': 'a native or inhabitant of Galatia in Asia Minor (especially a member of a people believed to have been Gauls who conquered Galatia in the 3rd century BC)', 'Frank': 'a member of the ancient Germanic peoples who spread from the Rhine into the Roman Empire in the 4th century', 'Salian_Frank': 'a member of the tribe of Franks who settled in the Netherlands in the 4th century AD', 'Teuton': 'someone (especially a German) who speaks a Germanic language', 'Afghan': 'a native or inhabitant of Afghanistan', 'Kafir': 'a member of the Kafir people in northeastern Afghanistan', 'Algerian': 'a native or inhabitant of Algeria', 'Andorran': 'a native or inhabitant of Andorra', 'Angolan': 'a native or inhabitant of Angola', 'Angolese': 'a member of the Bantu tribes resident in Angola', 'Anguillan': 'a native or inhabitant of the island of Anguilla in the West Indies', 'Antiguan': 'a native or inhabitant of Antigua', 'Argentinian': 'a native or inhabitant of Argentina', 'Austrian': 'a native or inhabitant of Austria', 'Bahamian': 'a native or inhabitant of the Bahamas', 'Bahraini': 'a native or inhabitant of Bahrain', 'Bangladeshi': 'a native or inhabitant of Bangladesh', 'Basotho': 'a member of a subgroup of people who inhabit Lesotho', 'Hutu': 'a member of a Bantu people living in Rwanda and Burundi', 'Tutsi': 'a member of a Bantu speaking people living in Rwanda and Burundi', 'Barbadian': 'a native or inhabitant of Barbados', 'Belgian': 'a native or inhabitant of Belgium', 'Beninese': 'a native or inhabitant of Benin', 'Bermudan': 'a native or inhabitant of Bermuda', 'Bhutanese': 'a native or inhabitant of Bhutan', 'Bolivian': 'a native or inhabitant of Bolivia', 'Bornean': 'a native or inhabitant of Borneo', 'Brazilian': 'a native or inhabitant of Brazil', 'Carioca': 'a native or inhabitant of Rio de Janeiro', 'Bruneian': 'a native or inhabitant of Brunei', 'Burundian': 'a native or inhabitant of Burundi', 'Byelorussian': 'a native or inhabitant of Byelorussia', 'Byzantine': 'a native or inhabitant of Byzantium or of the Byzantine Empire', 'Cambodian': 'a native or inhabitant of Cambodia', 'Cameroonian': 'a native or inhabitant of Cameroon', 'French_Canadian': 'a Canadian descended from early French settlers and whose native language is French', 'Canuck': 'informal term for Canadians in general and French Canadians in particular', 'Carthaginian': 'a native or inhabitant of ancient Carthage', 'Central_American': 'a native or inhabitant of Central America', 'Chadian': 'a native or inhabitant of Chad', 'Chewa': 'a member of the Bantu-speaking people of Malawi and eastern Zambia and northern Zimbabwe', 'Chilean': 'a native or inhabitant of Chile', 'Colombian': 'a native or inhabitant of Colombia', 'Congolese': 'a native or inhabitant of the Republic of the Congo', 'Costa_Rican': 'a native or inhabitant of Costa Rica', 'Cuban': 'a native or inhabitant of Cuba', 'Cypriot': 'a native or inhabitant of Cyprus', 'Czechoslovakian': 'a native or inhabitant of the former republic of Czechoslovakia', 'Dane': 'a native or inhabitant of Denmark', 'Zealander': 'a native or inhabitant of Zealand', 'Djiboutian': 'a native or inhabitant of Djibouti', 'East_Indian': 'a native or inhabitant of the East Indies', 'Ecuadorian': 'a native or inhabitant of Ecuador', 'Salvadoran': 'a native or inhabitant of El Salvador', 'Britisher': 'a native or inhabitant of Great Britain', 'English_person': 'a native or inhabitant of England', 'Englishman': 'a man who is a native or inhabitant of England', 'Englishwoman': 'a woman who is a native or inhabitant of England', 'Anglo-Saxon': 'a person of Anglo-Saxon (especially British) descent whose native tongue is English and whose culture is strongly influenced by English culture as in WASP for `White Anglo-Saxon Protestant\\'; \"in the ninth century the Vikings began raiding the Anglo-Saxons in Britain\"; \"his ancestors were not just British, they were Anglo-Saxons\"', 'Anglo-Indian': 'a person of English citizenship born or living in India', 'Angle': 'a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Saxons and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons', 'Saxon': 'a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest', 'Jute': 'a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Saxons to become Anglo-Saxons', 'Lombard': 'a member of a Germanic people who invaded northern Italy in the 6th century', 'limey': 'a man of English descent', 'pommy': 'a disparaging term for a British person', 'Cantabrigian': 'a resident of Cambridge', 'Cornishman': 'a man who is a native or inhabitant of Cornwall', 'Cornishwoman': 'a woman who is a native or resident of Cornwall', 'Lancastrian': 'a member (or supporter) of the house of Lancaster', 'Geordie': 'a native of Newcastle-upon-Tyne', 'Hanoverian': 'any of the British rulers who were members of the House of Hanover', 'Liverpudlian': 'a native or resident of Liverpool', 'Londoner': 'a native or resident of London', 'Cockney': 'a native of the east end of London', 'Mancunian': 'a native or resident of Manchester', 'Oxonian': 'a native or resident of Oxford', 'Ethiopian': 'a native or inhabitant of Ethiopia', 'Fulani': 'a member of a pastoral and nomadic people of western Africa; they are traditionally cattle herders of Muslim faith', 'Amhara': 'a member of the Semitic speaking people of northern Ethiopia', 'Eritrean': 'a native or inhabitant of Eritrea', 'Finn': 'a native or inhabitant of Finland', 'Fleming': 'British writer famous for writing spy novels about secret agent James Bond (1908-1964)', 'Ostyak': 'a member of the nomadic Ugrian people living in northwestern Siberia (east of the Urals)', 'Vogul': 'a member of a nomadic people of the northern Urals', 'Yeniseian': 'a member of one of the groups living in the Yenisei river valley in western Siberia', 'Frenchman': 'a person of French nationality', 'Parisian': 'a native or resident of Paris', 'Parisienne': 'a female native or resident of Paris', 'Savoyard': 'a person who performs in the operettas of Gilbert and Sullivan', 'Angevin': 'a resident of Anjou', 'Balkan': 'an inhabitant of the Balkan Peninsula', 'Castillian': 'a native or inhabitant of Castile', 'Creole': 'a person of European descent born in the West Indies or Latin America', 'Cretan': 'a native or inhabitant of Crete', 'Minoan': 'a Cretan who lived in the bronze-age culture of Crete about 3000-1100 BC', 'Gabonese': 'a native or inhabitant of Gabon', 'Athenian': 'a resident of Athens', 'Corinthian': 'a resident of Corinth', 'Laconian': 'a resident of Laconia', 'Lesbian': 'a resident of Lesbos', 'Spartan': 'a resident of Sparta', 'Arcadian': 'an inhabitant of Arcadia', 'Theban': 'an Egyptian inhabitant of ancient Thebes', 'Guatemalan': 'a native or inhabitant of Guatemala', 'Guyanese': 'a native or inhabitant of Guyana', 'Haitian': 'a native or inhabitant of Haiti', 'Honduran': 'a native or inhabitant of Honduras', 'Moro': 'a member of the predominantly Muslim people in the southern Philippines', 'Netherlander': 'a native or inhabitant of Holland', 'Norman': 'United States operatic soprano (born in 1945)', 'Palestinian': 'a descendant of the Arabs who inhabited Palestine', 'Icelander': 'a native or inhabitant of Iceland', 'Irani': 'a native or inhabitant of Iran; \"the majority of Irani are Persian Shiite Muslims\"', 'Iraqi': 'a native or inhabitant of Iraq; \"the majority of Iraqi are Arab Shiite Muslims although Sunni Muslims control the government\"', 'Irish_person': 'a native or inhabitant of Ireland', 'Irishman': 'a man who is a native or inhabitant of Ireland', 'Irishwoman': 'a woman who is a native or inhabitant of Ireland', 'Dubliner': 'a resident of Dublin', 'Paddy': '(ethnic slur) offensive term for a person of Irish descent', 'Israelite': 'a native or inhabitant of the ancient kingdom of Israel', 'Israeli': 'a native or inhabitant of Israel', 'sabra': 'a native-born Israeli', 'wop': '(ethnic slur) offensive term for a person of Italian descent', 'Etruscan': 'a native or inhabitant of ancient Etruria; the Etruscans influenced the Romans (who had suppressed them by about 200 BC)', 'Neopolitan': 'a resident of Naples', 'Roman': 'an inhabitant of the ancient Roman Empire', 'Venetian': 'a resident of Venice', 'Sicilian': 'a resident of Sicily', 'Samnite': 'an Oscan-speaking member of an ancient people of Campania who clashed repeatedly with the early Romans', 'Jamaican': 'a native or inhabitant of Jamaica', 'Jap': '(offensive slang) offensive term for a person of Japanese descent', 'Jordanian': 'a native or inhabitant of Jordan', 'North_Korean': 'a Korean from North Korea', 'South_Korean': 'a Korean from South Korea', 'Kenyan': 'a native or inhabitant of Kenya', 'Kurd': 'a member of a largely pastoral Islamic people who live in Kurdistan; the largest ethnic group without their own state', 'Kuwaiti': 'a native or inhabitant of Kuwait', 'Latin_American': 'a native of Latin America', 'spic': '(ethnic slur) offensive term for persons of Latin American descent', 'Lebanese': 'a native or inhabitant of Lebanon', 'Levantine': '(formerly) a native or inhabitant of the Levant', 'Liberian': 'a native or inhabitant of Liberia', 'Libyan': 'a native or inhabitant of Libya', 'Liechtensteiner': 'a native or inhabitant of Liechtenstein', 'Luxemburger': 'a native or inhabitant of Luxembourg', 'Madagascan': 'a native or inhabitant of Madagascar', 'Malawian': 'a native or inhabitant of Malawi', 'Sabahan': 'a Malaysian from Sabah', 'Maldivian': 'a native or inhabitant of Maldives', 'Malian': 'a native or inhabitant of Mali', 'Mauritanian': 'a native or inhabitant of Mauritania', 'Mauritian': 'a native or inhabitant of Mauritius', 'Mexican': 'a native or inhabitant of Mexico', 'Chicano': 'a person of Mexican descent', 'greaser': '(ethnic slur) offensive term for a person of Mexican descent', 'Mexican-American': 'a Mexican (or person of Mexican descent) living in the United States', 'Montserratian': 'a native or inhabitant of Montserrat', 'Moor': 'one of the Muslim people of north Africa; of mixed Arab and Berber descent; converted to Islam in the 8th century; conqueror of Spain in the 8th century', 'Moroccan': 'a native or inhabitant of Morocco', 'Mozambican': 'a native or inhabitant of Mozambique', 'Namibian': 'a native or inhabitant of Namibia', 'Nauruan': 'a native or inhabitant of Nauru', 'Nepalese': 'a native or inhabitant of Nepal', 'Gurkha': 'a member of the Nepalese force that has been part of the British army for 200 years; known for fierceness in combat', 'New_Zealander': 'a native or inhabitant of New Zealand', 'Nicaraguan': 'a native or inhabitant of Nicaragua', 'Nigerian': 'a native or inhabitant of Nigeria', 'Nigerien': 'a native or inhabitant of Niger', 'North_American': 'a native or inhabitant of North America', 'Nova_Scotian': 'a native or inhabitant of Nova Scotia', 'Omani': 'a native or inhabitant of Oman', 'Pakistani': 'a native or inhabitant of Pakistan', 'Panamanian': 'a native or inhabitant of Panama', 'Paraguayan': 'a native or inhabitant of Paraguay', 'Peruvian': 'a native or inhabitant of Peru', 'South_American_Indian': 'a member of a native Indian group in South America', 'Filipino': 'a native or inhabitant of the Philippines', 'Pole': 'a native or inhabitant of Poland', 'polack': 'a person of Polish descent', 'Polynesian': 'a native or inhabitant of Polynesia', 'Qatari': 'a native or inhabitant of Qatar', 'Great_Russian': 'a member of the chief stock of Russian people living in European Russia; used to distinguish ethnic Russians from other peoples incorporated into Russia', 'Muscovite': 'a resident of Moscow', 'Samoan': 'a native or inhabitant of the Samoan Islands', 'Saudi': 'a native or inhabitant of Saudi Arabia', 'Arab': 'a member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian peninsula and surrounding territories who speaks Arabic and who inhabits much of the Middle East and northern Africa', 'San_Marinese': 'a native or inhabitant of San Marino', 'Sarawakian': 'a native or inhabitant of Sarawak', 'Viking': 'any of the Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries', 'Scot': 'a native or inhabitant of Scotland', 'Scotswoman': 'a woman who is a Scot', 'Senegalese': 'a native or inhabitant of Senegal', 'Seychellois': 'a native or inhabitant of Seychelles', 'Siberian': 'a native or inhabitant of Siberia', 'Sierra_Leonean': 'a native or inhabitant of Sierra Leone', 'South_African': 'a native or inhabitant of South Africa', 'South_American': 'a native or inhabitant of South America', 'Spaniard': 'a native or inhabitant of Spain', 'Sudanese': 'a native or inhabitant of Sudan', 'Swede': 'a native or inhabitant of Sweden', 'British': 'the people of Great Britain', 'Sherpa': 'a member of the Himalayan people living in Nepal and Tibet who are famous for their skill as mountaineers', 'Swiss': 'the natives or inhabitants of Switzerland', 'Syrian': 'a native or inhabitant of Syria', 'Damascene': 'a native or inhabitant of Damascus', 'Taiwanese': 'a native or inhabitant of Taiwan', 'Tanzanian': 'a native or inhabitant of Tanzania', 'Togolese': 'a native or inhabitant of Togo', 'Tunisian': 'a native or inhabitant of Tunisia', 'Turk': 'a native or inhabitant of Turkey', 'Tyrolean': 'a native or inhabitant of the Tyrol', 'effendi': 'a former Turkish term of respect; especially for government officials', 'Kazakhstani': 'a native or inhabitant of Kazakhstan', 'Turkoman': 'a member of a Turkic people living in Turkmenistan and neighboring areas', 'Ugandan': 'a native or inhabitant of Uganda', 'Ukranian': 'a native or inhabitant of the Ukraine', 'Edo': 'a member of a west African people living in the tropical forest region of southern Nigeria', 'Igbo': 'a member of the largest ethnic group in southeastern Nigeria; \"most Igbo are farmers\"', 'American': 'a native or inhabitant of the United States', 'American_Revolutionary_leader': 'a nationalist leader in the American Revolution and in the creation of the United States', 'Anglo-American': 'an American who was born in Britain or one whose ancestors were British', 'Alabaman': 'a native or resident of Alabama', 'Alaskan': 'a native or resident of Alaska', 'Alaska_Native': 'a member or descendant of any of the aboriginal peoples of Alaska', 'Arizonan': 'a native or resident of Arizona', 'Arkansan': 'a native or resident of Arkansas', 'Bay_Stater': 'a native or resident of Massachusetts', 'Bostonian': 'a native or resident of Boston', 'Californian': 'a native or resident of California', 'Carolinian': 'a native or resident of the Carolinas', 'Coloradan': 'a native or resident of Colorado', 'Connecticuter': 'a native or resident of Connecticut', 'Delawarean': 'a native or resident of Delaware', 'Floridian': 'a native or resident of Florida', 'Franco-American': 'an American who was born in France or whose ancestors were French', 'German_American': 'an American who was born in Germany or whose ancestors were German', 'Native_Hawaiian': 'a member or descendant of the indigenous Polynesian people who lived in the Hawaiian Islands', 'Idahoan': 'a native or resident of Idaho', 'Illinoisan': 'a native or resident of Illinois', 'Indianan': 'a native or resident of Indiana', 'Iowan': 'a native or resident of Iowa', 'Kansan': 'a native or resident of Kansas', 'Kentuckian': 'a native or resident of Kentucky', 'Louisianan': 'a native or resident of Louisiana', 'Mainer': 'a native or resident of Maine', 'Marylander': 'a native or resident of Maryland', 'Michigander': 'a native or resident of Michigan', 'Minnesotan': 'a native or resident of Minnesota', 'Mississippian': 'from 345 million to 310 million years ago; increase of land areas; primitive ammonites; winged insects', 'Missourian': 'a native or resident of Missouri', 'Montanan': 'a native or resident of Montana', 'Nebraskan': 'a native or resident of Nebraska', 'Nevadan': 'a native or resident of Nevada', 'New_Hampshirite': 'a native or resident of New Hampshire', 'New_Jerseyan': 'a native of resident of New Jersey', 'New_Mexican': 'a native or resident of New Mexico', 'New_Yorker': 'a native or resident of New York (especially of New York City)', 'North_Carolinian': 'a native or resident of North Carolina', 'North_Dakotan': 'a native or resident of North Dakota', 'Ohioan': 'a native or resident of Ohio', 'Oklahoman': 'a native or resident of Oklahoma', 'Oregonian': 'a native or resident of Oregon', 'Pennsylvanian': 'from 310 million to 280 million years ago; warm climate; swampy land', 'Rhode_Islander': 'a native or resident of Rhode Island', 'South_Carolinian': 'a native or resident of South Carolina', 'South_Dakotan': 'a native or resident of South Dakota', 'Tennessean': 'a native or resident of Tennessee', 'Texan': 'a native or resident of Texas', 'Utahan': 'a native or resident of Utah', 'Vermonter': 'a native or resident of Vermont', 'Virginian': 'a native or resident of Virginia', 'Washingtonian': 'a native or resident of the city of Washington', 'West_Virginian': 'a native or resident of West Virginia', 'Wisconsinite': 'a native or resident of Wisconsin', 'Wyomingite': 'a native or resident of Wyoming', 'Puerto_Rican': 'a native or resident of Puerto Rico', 'Yankee': 'an American who lives in the North (especially during the American Civil War)', 'Uruguayan': 'a native or inhabitant of Uruguay', 'Venezuelan': 'a native or inhabitant of Venezuela', 'Welshman': 'a native or resident of Wales', 'Gambian': 'a native or inhabitant of Gambia', 'East_German': 'a native or inhabitant of the former republic of East Germany', 'Kraut': 'offensive term for a person of German descent', 'Berliner': 'an inhabitant of Berlin', 'West_Berliner': 'an inhabitant of West Berlin', 'Prussian': 'a German inhabitant of Prussia', 'Junker': 'member of the Prussian aristocracy noted especially for militarism', 'Ghanian': 'a native or inhabitant of Ghana', 'Gibraltarian': 'a native or inhabitant of Gibraltar', 'Glaswegian': 'an inhabitant of Glasgow', 'Grenadian': 'a native or inhabitant of Grenada', 'Guinean': 'a native or inhabitant of Guinea', 'Rwandan': 'a native or inhabitant of Rwanda', 'Singaporean': 'an inhabitant of Singapore', 'Slovenian': 'a native or inhabitant of Slovenia', 'Somalian': 'a member of a tall dark (mostly Muslim) people inhabiting Somalia', 'Sri_Lankan': 'a native or inhabitant of Sri Lanka', 'Sumatran': 'a native or inhabitant of Sumatra', 'Trojan': 'a native of ancient Troy', 'Yemeni': 'a native or inhabitant of Yemen', 'Yugoslav': 'a native or inhabitant of Yugoslavia', 'Serbian': 'a member of a Slavic people who settled in Serbia and neighboring areas in the 6th and 7th centuries', 'Croatian': 'a member of the Slavic people living in Croatia', 'Zairese': 'a native or inhabitant of Zaire', 'Zambian': 'a native or inhabitant of Zambia', 'Zimbabwean': 'a native or inhabitant of Zimbabwe', 'abandoned_person': 'someone for whom hope has been abandoned', 'abator': 'a person who abates a nuisance', 'abbe': 'a French abbot', 'abbess': 'the superior of a group of nuns', 'abbot': 'the superior of an abbey of monks', 'abjurer': 'a person who abjures', 'abnegator': 'one who gives up or relinquishes or renounces something', 'abominator': 'one who hates or loathes', 'abridger': 'one who shortens or abridges or condenses a written work', 'abstractor': 'one who makes abstracts or summarizes information', 'absconder': 'a fugitive who runs away and hides to avoid arrest or prosecution', 'absolutist': 'one who advocates absolutism', 'absolver': 'someone who grants absolution', 'abdicator': 'one who formally relinquishes an office or responsibility', 'abecedarian': 'a novice learning the rudiments of some subject', 'aberrant': 'one whose behavior departs substantially from the norm of a group', 'abettor': 'one who helps or encourages or incites another', 'abhorrer': 'a signer of a 1679 address to Charles II in which those who petitioned for the reconvening of parliament were condemned and abhorred', 'abiogenist': 'a believer in abiogenesis', 'able_seaman': 'a seaman in the merchant marine; trained in special skills', 'abolitionist': 'a reformer who favors abolishing slavery', 'autochthon': 'the earliest known inhabitants of a region', 'abortionist': 'a person (who should be a doctor) who terminates pregnancies', 'abrogator': 'an authority or official empowered to abolish or annul or repeal', 'abseiler': 'a person who descends down a nearly vertical face by using a doubled rope that is wrapped around the body and attached to some high point', 'absentee': 'one that is absent or not in residence', 'AWOL': 'one who is away or absent without leave', 'abstainer': 'someone who practices self denial as a spiritual discipline', 'abstractionist': 'a painter of abstract pictures', 'abuser': 'someone who abuses', 'abutter': 'the owner of contiguous property', 'academic_administrator': 'an administrator in a college or university', 'academician': 'someone elected to honorary membership in an academy', 'acceptor': '(chemistry) in the formation of a coordinate bond it is the compound to which electrons are donated', 'accessory_after_the_fact': 'a person who gives assistance or comfort to someone known to be a felon or known to be sought in connection with the commission of a felony', 'accessory_before_the_fact': 'a person who procures or advises or commands the commission of a felony but who is not present at its perpetration', 'accessory_during_the_fact': 'a person who witnesses a crime but does not try to prevent it', 'companion': 'a traveler who accompanies you', 'accommodation_endorser': 'a person who endorses a promissory note without compensation or benefit but simply as a favor to the borrower', 'accompanist': 'a person who provides musical accompaniment (usually on a piano)', 'accomplice': 'a person who joins with another in carrying out some plan (especially an unethical or illegal plan)', 'accordionist': 'a musician who plays the accordion', 'accountant': 'someone who maintains and audits business accounts', 'account_executive': \"someone in charge of a client's account for an advertising agency or brokerage or other service business\", 'accused': 'a defendant in a criminal proceeding', 'defendant': 'a person or institution against whom an action is brought in a court of law; the person being sued or accused', 'accuser': 'someone who imputes guilt or blame', 'achiever': 'a person with a record of successes; \"his son would never be the achiever that his father was\"; \"only winners need apply\"; \"if you want to be a success you have to dress like a success\"', 'acid_head': 'someone who takes LSD', 'acolyte': 'someone who assists a priest or minister in a liturgical service; a cleric ordained in the highest of the minor orders in the Roman Catholic Church but not in the Anglican Church or the Eastern Orthodox Churches', 'acoustician': 'a physicist who specializes in acoustics', 'acrobat': 'an athlete who performs acts requiring skill and agility and coordination', 'aerialist': 'an acrobat who performs in the air (as on a rope or trapeze)', 'action_officer': 'the case officer designated to perform an act during a clandestine operation (especially in a hostile area)', 'active': 'a person who is a participating member of an organization; \"the club issues a list of members, both the actives and the retirees\"', 'active_citizen': 'a citizen who takes an active role in the community (as in crime prevention and neighborhood watch)', 'actor': 'a person who acts and gets things done; \"he\\'s a principal actor in this affair\"; \"when you want something done get a doer\"; \"he\\'s a miracle worker\"', \"actor's_agent\": 'a business agent for an actor', 'actress': 'a female actor', 'addict': 'someone who is so ardently devoted to something that it resembles an addiction; \"a golf addict\"; \"a car nut\"; \"a bodybuilding freak\"; \"a news junkie\"', 'addressee': 'one to whom something is addressed', 'adducer': 'a discussant who offers an example or a reason or a proof', 'adjudicator': 'a person who studies and settles conflicts and disputes', 'adjuster': 'one who investigates insurance claims or claims for damages and recommends an effective settlement', 'adjutant': 'an officer who acts as military assistant to a more senior officer', 'adjutant_general': \"a general's adjutant; chief administrative officer\", 'administrator': 'someone who administers a business', 'admirer': 'a person who admires; someone who esteems or respects or approves', 'admonisher': 'someone who gives a warning so that a mistake can be avoided', 'adolescent': 'a juvenile between the onset of puberty and maturity', 'adoptee': 'someone (such as a child) who has been adopted', 'adoptive_parent': 'a person who adopts a child of other parents as his or her own child', 'adulterator': 'a changer who lessens the purity or effectiveness of a substance', 'adulterer': 'someone who commits adultery or fornication', 'adulteress': 'a woman adulterer', 'advancer': 'someone who advances', 'adventuress': 'a woman adventurer', 'adversary': 'someone who offers opposition', 'adverse_witness': 'a witness whose relationship to the opposing party is such that his or her testimony may be prejudiced against the opposing party; \"a hostile witness can be asked leading questions and cross-examined\"', 'advertiser': 'someone whose business is advertising', 'advisee': 'someone who receives advice', 'adviser': 'an expert who gives advice; \"an adviser helped students select their courses\"; \"the United States sent military advisors to Guatemala\"', 'advocate': 'a lawyer who pleads cases in court', 'aeronautical_engineer': 'an engineer concerned with the design and construction of aircraft', 'aerospace_engineer': 'an engineer of aircraft and space vehicles', 'aerophile': 'a lover of aviation', 'affiant': 'a person who makes an affidavit', 'affine': '(anthropology) kin by marriage', 'affluent': 'an affluent person; a person who is financially well off; \"the so-called emerging affluents\"', 'aficionado': 'a fan of bull fighting', 'buck_sergeant': 'a sergeant of the lowest rank in the military', 'business_agent': 'an agent who handles business affairs for another; especially one who deals with employers', 'literary_agent': 'an agent who represents an author in dealings with publishers', 'agent-in-place': 'an operative serving as a penetration into an intelligence target', 'agent_provocateur': 'a secret agent who incites suspected persons to commit illegal acts', 'aggravator': 'an unpleasant person who is annoying or exasperating', 'aggressor': 'a confident assertive person who acts as instigator', 'agitator': 'one who agitates; a political troublemaker', 'agnostic': 'someone who is doubtful or noncommittal about something', 'agony_aunt': 'a newspaper columnist who answers questions and offers advice on personal problems to people who write in', 'agricultural_laborer': 'a person who tills the soil for a living', 'agriculturist': 'someone concerned with the science or art or business of cultivating the soil', 'agronomist': 'an expert in soil management and field-crop production', 'aide': 'someone who acts as assistant', 'air_attache': 'a military attache who is a commissioned or warrant officer in an air force', 'aircraftsman': 'a noncommissioned officer in the British Royal Air Force', 'aircrewman': 'a member of an aircrew', 'air_force_officer': 'an officer in the airforce', 'air_marshal': 'a person trained by the government in hijacking and terrorist tactics who (for security reasons) is a passenger aboard an airline flight', 'air_traveler': 'someone who travels by airplane', 'alarmist': 'a person who alarms others needlessly', 'albino': 'a person with congenital albinism: white hair and milky skin; eyes are usually pink', 'alcalde': 'a mayor or chief magistrate of a Spanish town', 'alchemist': \"one who was versed in the practice of alchemy and who sought an elixir of life and a panacea and an alkahest and the philosopher's stone\", 'alcoholic': 'a person who drinks alcohol to excess habitually', 'alderman': 'a member of a municipal legislative body (as a city council); \"aldermen usually represent city wards\"', 'Alexandrian': 'a resident or native of Alexandria (especially Alexandria in Egypt)', 'alexic': 'a person with alexia', 'Ali_Baba': \"the fictional woodcutter who discovered that `open sesame' opened a cave in the Arabian Nights' Entertainment\", 'alien_absconder': 'a fugitive remaining in the United States after an immigration judge has ordered them deported; \"the government has categorized more than 320,000 foreigners as alien absconders\"', 'alienator': 'an unpleasant person who causes friendly people to become indifferent or unfriendly or hostile', 'alienee': 'someone to whom the title of property is transferred', 'alienist': 'a psychiatrist and specialist in the legal aspects of mental illness', 'alienor': 'someone from whom the title of property is transferred', 'aliterate': 'a person who can read but is disinclined to derive information from literary sources', 'algebraist': 'a mathematician whose specialty is algebra', 'allegorizer': 'someone who communicates in allegories', 'allergist': 'a physician skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies', 'alleviator': 'a therapist who makes suffering more endurable', 'alliterator': 'a speaker or writer who makes use of alliteration', 'allocator': 'a person with authority to allot or deal out or apportion', 'all-rounder': 'a versatile person who is expert at many things; \"she\\'s the best all-rounder they\\'ve seen in years\"', 'almoner': 'an official in a British hospital who looks after the social and material needs of the patients', 'alphabetizer': 'a literate person who can arrange items in alphabetical order', 'almsgiver': 'a person who gives alms', 'alpinist': 'a mountain climber who specializes in difficult climbs', 'Alsatian': 'a native or inhabitant of Alsace', 'altar_boy': 'a boy serving as an acolyte', 'alter_ego': 'a very close and trusted friend who seems almost a part of yourself', 'alto_saxophonist': 'a musician who plays the alto saxophone', 'alumnus': 'a person who has received a degree from a school (high school or college or university)', 'amateur': 'an athlete who does not play for pay', 'amalgamator': 'a businessman who arranges an amalgamation of two or more commercial companies', 'maenad': 'an unnaturally frenzied or distraught woman', 'ambassador': 'an informal representative; \"an ambassador of good will\"', 'ambassadress': 'a woman ambassador', 'ambulance_chaser': 'an unethical lawyer who incites accident victims to sue', 'ambusher': 'an attacker who waits in a concealed position to launch a surprise attack', 'amicus_curiae': 'an adviser to the court on some matter of law who is not a party to the case; usually someone who wants to influence the outcome of a lawsuit involving matters of wide public interest', 'amigo': 'a friend or comrade', 'amnesic': 'a person suffering from amnesia', 'amora': 'one of a group of rabbis (active AD 250-500) who discussed the Mishnaic law in the law schools of Palestine and Mesopotamia where they explained and applied earlier teachings and whose discussions are recorded in the Talmud; they emphasized the study of Torah and the importance of personal action and the fulfillment of the commandments', 'amoralist': 'someone who adheres to the doctrine that ordinary moral distinctions are invalid', 'amorist': 'one dedicated to love and lovemaking especially one who writes about love', 'amputator': 'a surgeon who removes part or all of a limb', 'amputee': 'someone who has had a limb removed by amputation', 'anagnost': 'a cleric in the minor orders of the Eastern Orthodox Church who reads the lessons aloud in the liturgy (analogous to the lector in the Roman Catholic Church)', 'analogist': 'someone who looks for analogies or who reasons by analogy', 'analphabet': 'an illiterate person who does not know the alphabet', 'analysand': 'a person undergoing psychoanalysis', 'analyst': 'an expert who studies financial data (on credit or securities or sales or financial patterns etc.) and recommends appropriate business actions', 'credit_analyst': 'an analyst who studies the financial statements and financial history of applicants for credit in order to evaluate their creditworthiness', 'financial_analyst': 'an analyst who studies the financial performance of corporations', 'industry_analyst': 'an analyst of conditions affecting a particular industry', 'oil-industry_analyst': 'an analyst of the oil industry', 'market_analyst': 'an analyst of conditions affecting a market (especially the stock market)', 'market_strategist': 'someone skilled in planning marketing campaigns', 'anarchist': 'an advocate of anarchism', 'anatomist': 'an expert in anatomy', 'ancestor': 'someone from whom you are descended (but usually more remote than a grandparent)', 'ancestress': 'a woman ancestor', 'ancient': 'a very old person', 'anecdotist': 'a person skilled in telling anecdotes', 'anesthesiologist': 'a specialist who administers an anesthetic to a patient before he is treated', 'angiologist': 'a physician who specializes in angiology', 'angler': 'a scheming person; someone who schemes to gain an advantage', 'anglophile': 'an admirer of England and things English', 'anglophobe': 'a person who hates England and everything English', 'animal_fancier': 'a person who breeds animals', 'animator': 'the technician who produces animated cartoons', 'animist': 'one who accepts the doctrine of animism', 'annalist': 'a historian who writes annals', 'annihilator': 'a total destroyer', 'annotator': 'a commentator who writes notes to a text', 'announcer': 'someone who proclaims a message publicly', 'annuitant': 'the recipient of an annuity', 'anointer': 'one who anoints as a religious ceremony', 'anorexic': 'a person suffering from anorexia nervosa', 'antediluvian': 'any of the early patriarchs who lived prior to the Noachian deluge', 'anthologist': 'an editor who makes selections for an anthology', 'anthropologist': 'a social scientist who specializes in anthropology', 'anti': 'a person who is opposed (to an action or policy or practice etc.); \"the antis smelled victory after a long battle\"', 'anti-American': 'a person who is opposed to the United States and its policies', 'anticipator': 'one who anticipates', 'antinomian': 'a follower of the doctrine of antinomianism', 'antipope': 'someone who is elected pope in opposition to another person who is held to be canonically elected; \"the antipopes resided in Avignon during the Great Schism\"', 'antiquary': 'an expert or collector of antiquities', 'anti-Semite': 'someone who hates and would persecute Jews', 'Anzac': 'a soldier in the Australian and New Zealand army corps during World War I', 'ape-man': 'a person assumed to have been raised by apes', 'aphakic': 'someone afflicted by aphakia; someone lacking the natural lenses of the eyes', 'aphasic': 'someone affected by aphasia or inability to use or understand language', 'aphorist': 'someone who formulates aphorisms or who repeats aphorisms', 'apologist': 'a person who argues to defend or justify some policy or institution; \"an apologist for capital punishment\"', 'Apostle': 'any important early teacher of Christianity or a Christian missionary to a people', 'apostle': 'an ardent early supporter of a cause or reform; \"an apostle of revolution\"', 'apostolic_delegate': '(Roman Catholic Church) a representative of the Holy See in a country that has no formal diplomatic relations with it', 'Appalachian': 'a native or inhabitant of Appalachia', 'apparatchik': 'a humorous but derogatory term for an official of a large organization (especially a political organization); \"Democratic apparatchiks\"', 'appeaser': 'someone who tries to bring peace by acceding to demands; \"An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile--hoping it will eat him last\"--Winston Churchill', 'appellant': 'the party who appeals a decision of a lower court', 'apple_polisher': 'someone who humbles himself as a sign of respect; who behaves as if he had no self-respect', 'apprehender': 'a person who seizes or arrests (especially a person who seizes or arrests in the name of justice)', 'aquanaut': 'a skilled worker who can live in underwater installations and participate in scientific research', 'aspirant': 'an ambitious and aspiring young person; \"a lofty aspirant\"; \"two executive hopefuls joined the firm\"; \"the audience was full of Madonna wannabes\"', 'apprentice': 'works for an expert to learn a trade', 'appraiser': 'one who determines authenticity (as of works of art) or who guarantees validity', 'appreciator': 'a person who is fully aware of something and understands it; \"he is not an appreciator of our dilemma\"', 'appropriator': 'someone who takes for his or her own use (especially without permission)', 'approver': 'an authority with power to approve', 'Arabist': 'a scholar who specializes in Arab languages and culture', 'Aramean': 'a member of one of a group of Semitic peoples inhabiting Aram and parts of Mesopotamia from the 11th to the 8th century BC', 'arbiter': 'someone with the power to settle matters at will; \"she was the final arbiter on all matters of fashion\"', 'arbitrageur': 'someone who engages in arbitrage (who purchases securities in one market for immediate resale in another in the hope of profiting from the price differential)', 'archaist': 'a person who archaizes', 'archdeacon': '(Anglican Church) an ecclesiastical dignitary usually ranking just below a bishop', 'archduchess': 'a wife or widow of an archduke or a princess of the former ruling house of Austria', 'archduke': 'a sovereign prince of the former ruling house of Austria', 'archeologist': 'an anthropologist who studies prehistoric people and their culture', 'archbishop': 'a bishop of highest rank', 'archer': 'a person who is expert in the use of a bow and arrow', 'architect': 'someone who creates plans to be used in making something (such as buildings)', 'archivist': 'a person in charge of collecting and cataloguing archives', 'archpriest': 'a senior clergyman and dignitary', 'Areopagite': 'a member of the council of the Areopagus', 'Argive': 'a native or inhabitant of the city of Argos', 'arianist': 'an adherent of Arianism (the belief that Jesus Christ was not truly God)', 'aristocrat': 'a member of the aristocracy', 'Aristotelian': 'a follower of Aristotle or an adherent of Aristotelianism', 'arithmetician': 'someone who specializes in arithmetic', 'armchair_liberal': 'a person of liberal ideals who takes no action to realize them', 'armiger': 'a squire carrying the armor of a knight', 'arms_manufacturer': 'someone who manufactures arms and munitions', 'army_attache': 'a military attache who is a commissioned or warrant officer in an army', 'army_brat': 'the child of a career officer of the United States Army', 'army_engineer': 'a member of the military who is trained in engineering and construction work', 'army_officer': 'an officer in the armed forces; \"he\\'s a retired army officer\"', 'arranger': 'a musician who adapts a composition for particular voices or instruments or for another style of performance', 'arrogator': 'a person who through conceit makes pretentious claims to rights or advantages that he or she is not entitled to or to qualities that he or she does not possess', 'arrowsmith': 'a maker of arrows', 'arsonist': 'a criminal who illegally sets fire to property', 'art_critic': 'a critic of paintings', 'art_dealer': 'a dealer in works of art requiring esthetic evaluation', 'art_director': 'the director in charge of the artistic features of a theatrical production (costumes and scenery and lighting)', 'art_editor': 'an editor who is responsible for illustrations and layouts in printed matter', 'art_historian': 'a historian of art', 'arthritic': 'a person afflicted with arthritis; \"the hands of an elderly arthritic\"', 'artilleryman': 'a serviceman in the artillery', 'illustrator': 'an artist who makes illustrations (for books or magazines or advertisements etc.)', 'artist': 'a person whose creative work shows sensitivity and imagination', 'artiste': 'a public performer (a dancer or singer)', \"artist's_model\": 'a person who poses for a painter or sculptor', 'art_student': 'someone studying to be an artist', 'art_teacher': 'someone who teaches art', 'assassin': 'a member of a secret order of Muslims (founded in the 12th century) who terrorized and killed Christian Crusaders', 'assayer': 'an analyst who assays (performs chemical tests on) metals', 'assemblyman': 'someone who is a member of a legislative assembly', 'assemblywoman': 'a woman assemblyman', 'assenter': 'a person who assents', 'asserter': 'someone who claims to speak the truth; \"a bold asserter\"; \"a declarer of his intentions\"; \"affirmers of traditional doctrine\"; \"an asseverator of strong convictions\"; \"an avower of his own great intelligence\"', 'assessee': 'a person (or property) that is assessed', 'asshole': 'insulting terms of address for people who are stupid or irritating or ridiculous', 'assignee': '(law) the party to whom something is assigned (e.g., someone to whom a right or property is legally transferred)', 'assignor': '(law) the party who makes an assignment', 'assistant': 'a person who contributes to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose; \"my invaluable assistant\"; \"they hired additional help to finish the work\"', 'assistant_professor': 'a teacher or lower rank than an associate professor', 'associate_professor': 'a teacher lower in rank than a full professor but higher than an assistant professor', 'asthmatic': 'a person suffering from asthma; \"she is a chronic asthmatic\"; \"the painful gasps of a dying asthmatic\"', 'astrogator': 'the navigator of a spacecraft', 'astrologer': 'someone who predicts the future by the positions of the planets and sun and Moon', 'astronaut': 'a person trained to travel in a spacecraft; \"the Russians called their astronauts cosmonauts\"', 'astronomer': 'a physicist who studies astronomy', 'astrophysicist': 'an astronomer who studies the physical properties of celestial bodies', 'cosmographer': 'a scientist knowledgeable about cosmography', 'cosmologist': 'an astronomer who studies the evolution and space-time relations of the universe', 'atavist': 'an organism that has the characteristics of a more primitive type of that organism', 'atheist': 'someone who denies the existence of god', 'athlete': 'a person trained to compete in sports', 'attache': 'a specialist assigned to the staff of a diplomatic mission', 'attacker': 'someone who attacks', 'attester': 'someone who affirms or vouches for the correctness or truth or genuineness of something', 'attorney_general': 'the chief law officer of a country or state', 'auditor': 'a student who attends a course but does not take it for credit', 'augur': '(ancient Rome) a religious official who interpreted omens to guide public policy', 'aunt': 'the sister of your father or mother; the wife of your uncle', 'au_pair': 'a young foreigner who lives with a family in return for doing light housework', 'au_pair_girl': 'a foreign girl serving as an au pair', 'auteur': 'a filmmaker who has a personal style and keeps creative control over his or her works', 'authoress': 'a woman author', 'authoritarian': 'a person who behaves in a tyrannical manner; \"my boss is a dictator who makes everyone work overtime\"', 'authority_figure': 'someone who is regarded as an authority by someone else', 'authorizer': 'an authority who authorizes (people or actions); \"the agents report back to their authorizers\"', 'autobiographer': 'someone who writes their own biography', 'autodidact': 'a person who has taught himself', 'automobile_mechanic': 'someone whose occupation is repairing and maintaining automobiles', 'automotive_engineer': 'an engineer concerned with the design and construction of automobiles', 'avenger': 'someone who takes vengeance', 'aviator': 'someone who operates an aircraft', 'aviatrix': 'a woman aviator', 'avower': 'someone who admits or acknowledges openly and boldly', 'ayah': '(in India) a native nursemaid who looks after children', 'ayatollah': 'a high-ranking Shiite religious leader who is regarded as an authority on religious law and its interpretation and who has political power as well', 'baas': \"South African term for `boss'\", 'babu': \"used as a Hindi courtesy title; equivalent to English `Mr'\", 'baby_boomer': 'a member of the baby boom generation in the 1950s; \"they expanded the schools for a generation of baby boomers\"', 'baby_buster': 'a person born in the generation following the baby boom when the birth rate fell dramatically', 'baby_doctor': 'a specialist in the care of babies', 'baby_farmer': 'someone who runs an establishment that houses and cares for babies for a fee', 'babyminder': \"a person who looks after babies (usually in the person's own home) while the babys' parents are working\", 'babysitter': 'a person engaged to care for children when the parents are not home', 'bacchant': 'a drunken reveller; a devotee of Bacchus', 'bacchante': '(classical mythology) a priestess or votary of Bacchus', 'bachelor': 'a man who has never been married', 'bachelor_girl': 'a young unmarried woman who lives alone', 'backbencher': 'a member of the House of Commons who is not a party leader', 'back_judge': 'a football official', 'backpacker': 'a hiker who wears a backpack', 'backroom_boy': 'an expert adviser involved in making important decisions but usually lacking official status', 'backseat_driver': 'a meddler who insists on giving unwanted advice', 'backslapper': 'someone who demonstrates enthusiastic or excessive cordiality', 'backstroker': 'someone who swims the backstroke', 'bacteriologist': 'a biologist who studies bacteria', 'bad_egg': '(old-fashioned slang) a bad person', 'bad_guy': 'any person who is not on your side', 'bad_person': 'a person who does harm to others', 'baggageman': 'an attendant who takes care of baggage', 'bag_lady': 'a homeless woman who carries all her possessions with her in shopping bags', 'bagman': 'a racketeer assigned to collect or distribute payoff money', 'Bahai': 'a teacher of or believer in Bahaism', 'bailee': 'the agent to whom property involved in a bailment is delivered', 'bailiff': 'an officer of the court who is employed to execute writs and processes and make arrests etc.', 'bailor': 'the person who delivers personal property (goods or money) in trust to the bailee in a bailment', 'bairn': 'a child: son or daughter', 'baker': 'someone who bakes commercially', 'balancer': 'an acrobat who balances himself in difficult positions', 'baldhead': 'a person whose head is bald', 'balker': 'a person who refuses to comply', 'ball_boy': 'a boy who retrieves balls for tennis players', 'ball_carrier': '(football) the player who is carrying (and trying to advance) the ball on an offensive play', 'ballerina': 'a female ballet dancer', 'ballet_dancer': 'a trained dancer who is a member of a ballet company', 'ballet_master': 'a man who directs and teaches and rehearses dancers for a ballet company', 'ballet_mistress': 'a woman who directs and teaches and rehearses dancers for a ballet company', 'balletomane': 'a ballet enthusiast', 'ball_hawk': 'a team athlete who is skilled at stealing or catching the ball', 'balloonist': 'someone who flies a balloon', 'ballplayer': 'an athlete who plays baseball', 'bulimic': 'a person suffering from bulimia', 'bullfighter': 'someone who fights bulls', 'banderillero': 'the bullfighter who implants decorated darts (banderillas) into the neck or shoulders of the bull during a bull fight', 'matador': 'the principal bullfighter who is appointed to make the final passes and kill the bull', 'novillero': 'a bullfighter who is required to fight bulls less than four years of age', 'picador': 'the horseman who pricks the bull with a lance early in the bullfight to goad the bull and to make it keep its head low', 'torero': 'a matador or one of the supporting team during a bull fight', 'bandit': 'an armed thief who is (usually) a member of a band', 'bandleader': 'the leader of a dance band', 'bandmaster': 'the conductor of a band', 'bandsman': 'a player in a band (especially a military band)', 'bank_commissioner': 'a commissioner appointed to supervise banks; a state superintendent of banks', 'banker': 'a financier who owns or is an executive in a bank', 'bank_examiner': 'an examiner appointed to audit the accounts of banks in a given jurisdiction', 'bank_guard': 'a security guard at a bank', 'bank_manager': 'manager of a branch office of a bank', 'bank_robber': 'a robber of banks', 'bankrupt': 'someone who has insufficient assets to cover their debts', 'bantamweight': 'weighs 115-126 pounds', 'Baptist': 'follower of Baptistic doctrines', 'barber': 'a hairdresser who cuts hair and shaves beards as a trade', 'bar_fly': 'a drinker who frequents bars', 'bargainer': 'negotiator of the terms of a transaction; \"he is a hard bargainer\"', 'bargain_hunter': 'a shopper who hunts for bargains', 'barker': 'someone who stands in front of a show (as at a carnival) and gives a loud colorful sales talk to potential customers', 'barmaid': 'a female bartender', 'barnstormer': 'an actor who travels around the country presenting plays', 'baron': 'a nobleman (in various countries) of varying rank', 'baronet': 'a member of the British order of honor; ranks below a baron but above a knight; \"since he was a baronet he had to be addressed as Sir Henry Jones, Bart.\"', 'barrator': 'someone guilty of barratry', 'barrister': 'a British or Canadian lawyer who speaks in the higher courts of law on behalf of either the defense or prosecution', 'bartender': 'an employee who mixes and serves alcoholic drinks at a bar', 'barterer': 'a trader who exchanges goods and not money', 'baseball_coach': 'a coach of baseball players', 'base_runner': 'a baseball player on the team at bat who is on base (or attempting to reach a base)', 'basileus': 'a ruler of the eastern Roman Empire', 'basketball_coach': 'a coach of basketball players', 'basketball_player': 'an athlete who plays basketball', 'basketweaver': 'someone skilled in weaving baskets', 'Basket_Maker': 'early Amerindians related to the Pueblo; known for skill in making baskets', 'bassist': 'a musician who play the bass viol', 'bassoonist': 'a musician who plays the bassoon', 'baroness': 'a noblewoman who holds the rank of baron or who is the wife or widow of a baron', 'bat_boy': '(baseball) a boy who takes care of bats and other baseball equipment', 'bather': 'a person who takes a bath', 'batman': 'an orderly assigned to serve a British military officer', 'baton_twirler': 'someone who twirls a baton', 'batting_coach': '(baseball) someone who teaches batters how to bat better', 'Bavarian': 'a native or an inhabitant of Bavaria', 'bawler': 'a loud weeper; \"their new baby is a real bawler\"', 'beachcomber': 'a vagrant living on a beach', 'beadle': 'a minor parish official who serves a ceremonial function', 'beadsman': 'a person who is paid to pray for the soul of another', 'bean_counter': 'an accountant or bureaucrat who is believed to place undue emphasis on the control of expenditures', 'beast': 'a cruelly rapacious person', 'beatnik': 'a member of the beat generation; a nonconformist in dress and behavior', 'beautician': 'someone who works in a beauty parlor', 'beauty_consultant': 'someone who gives you advice about your personal appearance', 'bedfellow': 'a temporary associate; \"politics makes strange bedfellows\"', 'Bedouin': 'a member of a nomadic tribe of Arabs', 'bedwetter': 'someone suffering from enuresis; someone who urinates while asleep in bed', 'beekeeper': 'a farmer who keeps bees for their honey', 'beer_drinker': 'someone whose favorite drink is beer or ale', 'beggar': 'a pauper who lives by begging', 'beggarman': 'a man who is a beggar', 'beggarwoman': 'a woman who is a beggar', 'begum': 'a Muslim woman of high rank in India or Pakistan', 'beldam': 'a woman of advanced age', 'bel_esprit': 'a witty or clever person with a fine mind', 'believer': 'a supporter who accepts something as true', 'theist': 'one who believes in the existence of a god or gods', 'Taoist': 'an adherent of any branch of Taoism', 'bellboy': 'someone employed as an errand boy and luggage carrier around hotels', 'bell_captain': 'the supervisor of bellboys in a hotel', 'belle': 'a young woman who is the most charming and beautiful of several rivals; \"she was the belle of the ball\"', 'bell_founder': 'a person who casts metal bells', 'belly_dancer': 'a woman who performs a solo belly dance', 'beloved': 'a beloved person; used as terms of endearment', 'belt_maker': 'a maker of belts', 'bench_warmer': '(sports) a substitute who seldom plays', 'benedick': 'a newly married man (especially one who has long been a bachelor)', 'beneficiary': 'the recipient of funds or other benefits', 'bereaved': 'a person who has suffered the death of someone they loved; \"the bereaved do not always need to be taken care of\"', 'berk': 'a stupid person who is easy to take advantage of', 'berserker': 'one of the ancient Norse warriors legendary for working themselves into a frenzy before a battle and fighting with reckless savagery and insane fury', 'besieger': 'an energetic petitioner', 'best_friend': 'the one friend who is closest to you', 'best_man': 'the principal groomsman at a wedding', 'betrothed': 'the person to whom you are engaged', 'bettor': 'someone who bets', 'taker': 'one who accepts an offer', 'bey': '(formerly) a title of respect for a man in Turkey or Egypt; \"he introduced me to Ahmet Bey\"', 'B-girl': 'a woman employed by a bar to act as a companion to men customers', 'bibliographer': 'someone trained in compiling bibliographies', 'bibliophile': 'someone who loves (and usually collects) books', 'bibliopole': 'a dealer in secondhand books (especially rare or curious books)', 'bibliotist': 'someone who engages in bibliotics', 'bidder': 'someone who makes a bid at cards', 'bigamist': 'someone who marries one person while already legally married to another', 'big_brother': 'an older brother', 'Big_Brother': 'an authoritarian leader and invader of privacy', 'bigot': 'a prejudiced person who is intolerant of any opinions differing from his own', 'big_shot': 'an important influential person; \"he thinks he\\'s a big shot\"; \"she\\'s a big deal in local politics\"; \"the Qaeda commander is a very big fish\"', 'big_sister': 'an older sister', 'bilingual': 'a person who speaks two languages fluently', 'billiard_player': 'someone who plays billiards', 'bill_poster': 'someone who pastes up bills or placards on walls or billboards', 'bimbo': 'a young woman indulged by rich and powerful older men', 'bimetallist': 'an advocate of bimetallism', 'biochemist': 'someone with special training in biochemistry', 'biographer': \"someone who writes an account of a person's life\", 'biologist': '(biology) a scientist who studies living organisms', 'biophysicist': 'a physicist who applies the methods of physics to biology', 'bird_fancier': 'a person with a strong interest in birds', 'bird_watcher': 'a person who identifies and studies birds in their natural habitats', 'birth-control_campaigner': 'a social reformer who advocates birth control and family planning', 'bisexual': 'a person who is sexually attracted to both sexes', 'biter': 'someone who bites', 'Black_and_Tan': 'an English recruit (who wore a uniform that was black and tan) serving in the Irish constabulary to suppress the Sinn Fein rebellion of 1919 to 1921', 'blackmailer': 'a criminal who extorts money from someone by threatening to expose embarrassing information about them', 'black_marketeer': 'someone who engages illegally in trade in scarce or controlled commodities', 'Black_Muslim': 'an activist member of a largely American group of Blacks called the Nation of Islam', 'Black_Panther': 'a member of the Black Panthers political party', 'Blackshirt': 'a member of the Italian fascist party before World War II', 'blacksmith': 'a smith who forges and shapes iron with a hammer and anvil', 'blasphemer': 'a person who speaks disrespectfully of sacred things', 'blaster': 'a workman employed to blast with explosives', 'bleacher': 'a worker who bleaches (cloth or flour etc.)', 'bleeding_heart': 'garden plant having deep-pink drooping heart-shaped flowers', 'blind_person': 'a person with a severe visual impairment', 'blogger': 'a person who keeps and updates a blog', 'blood_brother': 'a male sworn (usually by a ceremony involving the mingling of blood) to treat another as his brother', 'blood_donor': 'someone who gives blood to be used for transfusions', 'blubberer': 'someone who sniffles and weeps with loud sobs', 'bludgeoner': 'an assailant who uses a bludgeon', 'blue_baby': 'an infant born with a bluish color; usually has a defective heart', 'bluecoat': 'a person dressed all in blue (as a soldier or sailor)', 'bluejacket': 'a serviceman in the navy', 'bluestocking': 'a woman having literary or intellectual interests', 'bluffer': 'a person who tries to bluff other people', 'boatbuilder': 'a person who builds boats', 'boatman': 'someone who drives or rides in a boat', 'boatswain': 'a petty officer on a merchant ship who controls the work of other seamen', 'boarder': 'someone who forces their way aboard ship; \"stand by to repel boarders\"', 'bobby': 'an informal term for a British policeman', 'bobbysoxer': 'an adolescent girl wearing bobby socks (common in the 1940s)', 'bodybuilder': 'someone who does special exercises to develop a brawny musculature', 'body_servant': 'a valet or personal maid', 'boffin': '(British slang) a scientist or technician engaged in military research', 'bohemian': 'a nonconformist writer or artist who lives an unconventional life', 'Bohemian': 'a native or inhabitant of Bohemia in the Czech Republic', 'Bolshevik': 'a Russian member of the left-wing majority group that followed Lenin and eventually became the Russian communist party', 'bombardier': 'a noncommissioned officer in the British artillery', 'bondholder': 'a holder of bonds issued by a government or corporation', 'bondman': 'a male bound to serve without wages', 'bondwoman': 'a female bound to serve without wages', 'bondsman': 'someone who signs a bond as surety for someone else', 'bond_servant': 'someone bound to labor without wages', 'bonesetter': 'someone (not necessarily a licensed physician) who sets broken bones', 'book_agent': 'a book salesman', 'bookbinder': 'a worker whose trade is binding books', 'bookdealer': 'a dealer in books; a merchant who sells books', 'booker': 'someone who engages a person or company for performances', 'bookkeeper': 'someone who records the transactions of a business', 'bookmaker': 'a maker of books; someone who edits or publishes or binds books', 'bookseller': 'the proprietor of a bookstore', 'bookworm': 'someone who spends a great deal of time reading', 'bootblack': 'a person who polishes shoes and boots', 'bootlegger': 'someone who makes or sells illegal liquor', 'bootmaker': 'a maker of boots', 'borderer': 'an inhabitant of a border area (especially the border between Scotland and England)', 'border_patrolman': 'someone who patrols the borders of a country', 'borrower': 'someone who receives something on the promise to return it or its equivalent', 'born-again_Christian': 'a Christian who has experienced a dramatic conversion to faith in Jesus', 'boss': 'a person who exercises control and makes decisions; \"he is his own boss now\"', 'Boswell': 'Scottish author noted for his biography of Samuel Johnson (1740-1795)', 'botanist': 'a biologist specializing in the study of plants', 'bottom_dog': 'a person of low status', 'bottom_feeder': 'an opportunist who profits from the misfortunes of others', 'boulevardier': 'a visitor of a city boulevard (especially in Paris)', 'bouncer': 'a person whose duty is to throw troublemakers out of a bar or public meeting', 'bounder': 'someone who bounds or leaps (as in competition)', 'bounty_hunter': 'someone who pursues fugitives or criminals for whom a reward is offered', 'bourgeois': 'a member of the middle class', 'bowler': 'a cricketer who delivers the ball to the batsman in cricket', 'Boxer': 'a member of a nationalistic Chinese secret society that led an unsuccessful rebellion in 1900 against foreign interests in China', 'slugger': 'a boxer noted for an ability to deliver hard punches', 'boyfriend': 'a man who is the lover of a girl or young woman; \"if I\\'d known he was her boyfriend I wouldn\\'t have asked\"', 'ex-boyfriend': \"a man who is no longer a woman's boyfriend\", 'Boy_Scout': 'a boy who is a member of the Boy Scouts', 'boy_scout': 'a man who is considered naive', 'boy_wonder': 'an extremely talented young male person', 'bragger': 'a very boastful and talkative person', 'bracero': 'a Mexican laborer who worked in the United States on farms and railroads in order to ease labor shortages during World War II', 'brachycephalic': 'an adult with a short broad head', 'brainworker': 'someone whose profession involves using his head to solve problems', 'brakeman': \"a railroad employee responsible for a train's brakes\", 'brass_hat': 'a high-ranking military officer', 'brawler': 'a fighter (especially one who participates in brawls)', 'breadwinner': 'one whose earnings are the primary source of support for their dependents', 'breaker': 'a quarry worker who splits off blocks of stone', 'breaststroker': 'someone who swims the breaststroke', 'breeder': 'a person who breeds animals', 'brewer': 'someone who brews beer or ale from malt and hops and water', 'briber': 'someone who pays (or otherwise incites) you to commit a wrongful act', 'bricklayer': 'a craftsman skilled in building with bricks', 'bride': 'a woman participant in her own marriage ceremony', 'bridesmaid': 'an unmarried woman who attends the bride at a wedding', 'bridge_agent': 'an operative who acts as a courier or go-between from a case officer to a secret agent in a hostile area', 'bridge_partner': 'one of a pair of bridge players who are on the same side of the game', 'bridge_player': 'a card player in a game of bridge; \"we need a 4th hand for bridge\"', 'brigadier': 'a general officer ranking below a major general', 'broad': 'slang term for a woman; \"a broad is a woman who can throw a mean punch\"', 'broadcast_journalist': 'a journalist who broadcasts on radio or television', 'broker-dealer': 'a financial specialist who trades for his own account and so acts both as a broker and principal', 'broth_of_a_boy': 'an outstanding person; as if produced by boiling down a savory broth', 'brother': 'used as a term of address for those male persons engaged in the same movement; \"Greetings, comrade!\"', 'Brother': '(Roman Catholic Church) a title given to a monk and used as form of address; \"a Benedictine Brother\"', 'brother-in-law': 'a brother by marriage', 'Brownie': 'a junior Girl Scout', 'Brownshirt': 'a member of the Nazi SA which wore brown uniforms', 'Brummie': 'a native or resident of Birmingham, England', 'brunet': 'a person with dark (brown) hair', 'buddy': 'a close friend who accompanies his buddies in their activities', 'bugler': 'someone who plays a bugle', 'builder': 'a substance added to soaps or detergents to increase their cleansing action', 'bully': 'a hired thug', 'bullyboy': 'a swaggering tough; usually one acting as an agent of a political faction', 'bungler': 'someone who makes mistakes because of incompetence', 'bunkmate': 'someone who occupies the same sleeping quarters as yourself', 'bunter': 'a batter who bunts', 'bureaucrat': 'an official of a bureaucracy', 'burgess': 'a citizen of an English borough', 'burglar': 'a thief who enters a building with intent to steal', 'burgomaster': 'a mayor of a municipality in Germany or Holland or Flanders or Austria', 'burgrave': 'a nobleman ruling a German castle and surrounding grounds by hereditary right', 'bursar': 'the treasurer at a college or university', 'busboy': 'a restaurant attendant who sets tables and assists waiters and clears away dirty dishes', 'bushman': 'a dweller in the Australian bush country', 'Bushman': 'a member of the race of nomadic hunters and gatherers who live in southern Africa', 'bushwhacker': 'a Confederate guerrilla during the American Civil War', 'business_editor': 'the newspaper editor responsible for business news', 'businessman': 'a person engaged in commercial or industrial business (especially an owner or executive)', 'businesswoman': 'a female businessperson', 'businessperson': 'a capitalist who engages in industrial commercial enterprise', 'business_traveler': 'a traveler whose expenses are paid by the business he works for', 'busker': 'a person who entertains people for money in public places (as by singing or dancing), usually while asking for money', 'busman': 'someone who drives a bus', 'buster': 'a robust child', 'busybody': 'a person who meddles in the affairs of others', 'butch': '(slang) offensive term for a lesbian who is noticeably masculine', 'butcher': 'a retailer of meat', 'butler': 'a manservant (usually the head servant of a household) who has charge of wines and the table', 'butterfingers': 'someone who drops things (especially one who cannot catch a ball)', 'buttinsky': 'a meddler who tends to butt in', 'buyer': 'a person who buys', 'bystander': 'a nonparticipant spectator', 'Cabalist': 'a student of the Jewish Kabbalah', 'cabalist': 'a member of a cabal', 'cabin_boy': 'a young man acting as a servant on a ship', 'cabinetmaker': 'a woodworker who specializes in making furniture', 'cad': 'someone who is morally reprehensible; \"you dirty dog\"', 'caddie': 'an attendant who carries the golf clubs for a player', 'cadet': 'a military trainee (as at a military academy)', 'caffeine_addict': 'someone addicted to caffeine', 'Cairene': 'a native or inhabitant of Cairo', 'caitiff': 'a cowardly and despicable person', 'caliph': 'the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth; \"many radical Muslims believe a Khalifah will unite all Islamic lands and people and subjugate the rest of the world\"', 'caller': 'an investor who buys a call option', 'call_girl': 'a female prostitute who can be hired by telephone', 'calligrapher': 'someone skilled in penmanship', 'Calvinist': 'an adherent of the theological doctrines of John Calvin', 'cameraman': 'a photographer who operates a movie camera', 'campaigner': 'a politician who is running for public office', 'Campfire_Girl': 'a girl who is a member of Campfire Girls; for girls age 7-18', 'camp_follower': 'a prostitute who provides service to military personnel', 'campmate': 'someone who lives in the same camp you do', 'candidate': 'someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor etc.)', 'candlemaker': 'a person who makes or sells candles', 'candy_striper': 'a volunteer worker in a hospital', 'cannibal': 'a person who eats human flesh', 'cannon_fodder': 'soldiers who are regarded as expendable in the face of artillery fire', 'canoeist': 'someone paddling a canoe', 'canonist': 'a specialist in canon law', 'cantor': 'the official of a synagogue who conducts the liturgical part of the service and sings or chants the prayers intended to be performed as solos', 'canvasser': 'a person who takes or counts votes', 'Capetian': 'a member of the Capetian dynasty', 'capo': 'the head of a branch of an organized crime syndicate', 'captain': 'the leader of a group of people; \"a captain of industry\"', 'captive': 'a person held in the grip of a strong emotion or passion', 'carbineer': 'a soldier (historically a mounted soldier) who is armed with a carbine', 'cardholder': 'a person who holds a credit card or debit card', 'cardiologist': 'a specialist in cardiology; a specialist in the structure and function and disorders of the heart', 'card_player': 'someone who plays (or knows how to play) card games', 'cardsharp': 'a professional card player who makes a living by cheating at card games', 'career_girl': 'a woman who is a careerist', 'careerist': 'a professional who is intent on furthering his or her career by any possible means and often at the expense of their own integrity', 'career_man': 'a man who is a careerist', 'caregiver': 'a person who is responsible for attending to the needs of a child or dependent adult', 'caretaker': 'an official who performs the duties of an office temporarily; \"he acted as a caretaker until a new president could be elected\"', 'carhop': 'a waiter at a drive-in restaurant', 'caricaturist': 'someone who parodies in an exaggerated manner', 'carillonneur': 'a musician who plays a carillon', 'caroler': 'a singer of carols', 'Carolingian': 'a member of the Carolingian dynasty', 'carpenter': 'a woodworker who makes or repairs wooden objects', 'carper': 'someone who constantly criticizes in a petty way', 'carpetbagger': 'an outsider who seeks power or success presumptuously; \"after the Civil War the carpetbaggers from the north tried to take over the south\"', 'carpet_knight': 'a knight who spends his time in luxury and idleness (knighted on the carpet at court rather than on the field of battle)', 'carter': 'someone whose work is driving carts', 'Cartesian': 'a follower of Cartesian thought', 'Carthusian': 'a member of the Carthusian order', 'cartographer': 'a person who makes maps', 'cartoonist': 'a person who draws cartoons', 'cartwright': 'a workman who makes and repairs carts and wagons', 'Casanova': 'an Italian adventurer who wrote vivid accounts of his sexual encounters (1725-1798)', 'case_officer': 'an operative who also serves as an official staffer of an intelligence service', 'cashier': 'a person responsible for receiving payments for goods and services (as in a shop or restaurant)', 'castaway': 'a shipwrecked person', 'castrato': 'a male singer who was castrated before puberty and retains a soprano or alto voice', 'casuist': 'someone whose reasoning is subtle and often specious', 'cataleptic': 'a person suffering from catalepsy', 'cataloger': 'a librarian who classifies publication according to a categorial system', 'catalyst': '(chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected', 'catamite': 'a boy who submits to a sexual relationship with a man', 'catechist': 'one who instructs catechumens in preparation for baptism (especially one using a catechism)', 'catechumen': 'a new convert being taught the principles of Christianity by a catechist', 'caterer': 'someone who provides food and service (as for a party)', 'Catholicos': 'the ecclesiastical title of the leaders of the Nestorian and Armenian churches', 'cat_fancier': 'a person who breeds and cares for cats', 'cattleman': 'a man who raises (or tends) cattle', 'Cavalier': 'a royalist supporter of Charles I during the English Civil War', 'cavalier': 'a gallant or courtly gentleman', 'cavalryman': 'a soldier in a motorized army unit', 'caveman': 'someone who lives in a cave', 'celebrant': 'a person who is celebrating', 'celebrity': 'a widely known person; \"he was a baseball celebrity\"', 'celibate': 'an unmarried person who has taken a religious vow of chastity', 'cellist': 'someone who plays a violoncello', 'censor': 'someone who censures or condemns', 'census_taker': 'someone who collects census data by visiting individual homes', 'centenarian': 'someone who is at least 100 years old', 'centrist': 'a person who takes a position in the political center', 'centurion': '(ancient Rome) the leader of 100 soldiers', 'certified_public_accountant': 'an accountant who has passed certain examinations and met all other statutory and licensing requirements of a United States state to be certified by that state; \"in addition to accounting and auditing, CPAs also prepare tax returns for individuals and corporations\"', 'chain-smoker': 'a heavy smoker (usually of cigarettes) who lights one off of another', 'chairman_of_the_board': 'the chairman of the board of directors of a corporation', 'chamberlain': 'the treasurer of a municipal corporation', 'chambermaid': 'a maid who is employed to clean and care for bedrooms (now primarily in hotels)', 'champion': 'someone who has won first place in a competition', 'chancellor': 'the person who is head of state (in several countries)', 'Prime_Minister': 'the person who holds the position of head of the government in the United Kingdom', 'Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer': 'the British cabinet minister responsible for finance', 'chandler': 'a retail dealer in provisions and supplies', 'wax-chandler': 'one who deals in wax candles', 'changeling': 'a child secretly exchanged for another in infancy', 'chaperon': 'one who accompanies and supervises a young woman or gatherings of young people', 'chaplain': 'a clergyman ministering to some institution', 'chapman': 'archaic term for an itinerant peddler', 'prison_chaplain': 'a chaplain in a prison', 'chauffeur': 'a man paid to drive a privately owned car', 'chauffeuse': 'a woman chauffeur', 'character_actor': 'an actor who specializes in playing supporting roles', 'character_witness': 'a witness who testifies under oath as to the good reputation of another person in the community where that person lives', \"charge_d'affaires\": 'the official temporarily in charge of a diplomatic mission in the absence of the ambassador', 'charge_of_quarters': \"an enlisted man who handles his unit's administrative matters after hours\", 'charioteer': 'the driver of a chariot', 'charmer': 'a person who charms others (usually by personal attractiveness)', 'chartered_accountant': 'a British or Canadian accountant who is a member of a professional body that has a royal charter', 'charter_member': 'one of the original members when an organization was founded', 'chartist': 'a stock market analyst who tries to predict market trends from graphs of recent prices of securities', 'Chartist': 'a 19th century English reformer who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people', 'charwoman': 'a human female employed to do housework; \"the char will clean the carpet\"; \"I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write\"', 'chatterer': 'an obnoxious and foolish and loquacious talker', 'chauvinist': 'a person with a prejudiced belief in the superiority of his or her own kind', 'antifeminist': 'someone who does not believe in the social or economic or political equality of men and women', 'male_chauvinist': 'a man with a chauvinistic belief in the inferiority of women', 'cheapjack': 'a peddler of inferior goods', 'cheapskate': 'a miserly person', 'chebab': 'a Palestinian juvenile 10-15 years old who fights against the Israelis', 'check_girl': 'a female checker', 'cheerer': 'a spectator who shouts encouragement', 'cheerleader': 'an enthusiastic and vocal supporter; \"he has become a cheerleader for therapeutic cloning\"', 'cheesemonger': 'someone who sells cheese', 'chemist': 'a scientist who specializes in chemistry', 'Cheops': 'Egyptian Pharaoh of the 27th century BC who commissioned the Great Pyramid at Giza', 'chess_master': 'a chess player of great skill', 'chess_player': 'someone who plays the game of chess', 'chewer': 'someone who chews (especially someone who chews tobacco)', 'chichi': 'someone who dresses in a trendy fashionable way', 'Chief_Constable': 'the head of the police force in a county (or similar area)', 'chief_executive_officer': 'the corporate executive responsible for the operations of the firm; reports to a board of directors; may appoint other managers (including a president)', 'chief_financial_officer': 'the corporate executive having financial authority to make appropriations and authorize expenditures for a firm', 'chief_justice': 'the judge who presides over a supreme court', 'chief_of_staff': 'the senior officer of a service of the armed forces', 'chief_petty_officer': 'a person with the senior noncommissioned naval rank', 'Chief_Secretary': 'a member of the British Cabinet', 'child': 'a member of a clan or tribe; \"the children of Israel\"', 'child_prodigy': 'a prodigy whose talents are recognized at an early age; \"Mozart was a child prodigy\"', 'chimneysweeper': 'someone who cleans soot from chimneys', 'chiropractor': 'a therapist who practices chiropractic', 'chiropodist': 'a specialist in care for the feet', 'chit': 'a dismissive term for a girl who is immature or who lacks respect; \"she was incensed that this chit of a girl should dare to make a fool of her in front of the class\"; \"she\\'s a saucy chit\"', 'choirboy': 'a boy who sings in a choir', 'choirmaster': 'the musical director of a choir', 'choragus': '(ancient Greece) leader of a group or festival; leader of a chorus', 'choreographer': 'someone who creates new dances', 'chorister': 'a singer in a choir', 'chorus_girl': 'a woman who dances in a chorus line', 'chronicler': 'someone who writes chronicles', 'chump': 'a person who is gullible and easy to take advantage of', 'chutzpanik': '(Yiddish) a person characterized by chutzpa', 'Church_Father': '(Christianity) any of about 70 theologians in the period from the 2nd to the 7th century whose writing established and confirmed official church doctrine; in the Roman Catholic Church some were later declared saints and became Doctor of the Church; the best known Latin Church Fathers are Ambrose, Augustine, Gregory the Great, and Jerome; those who wrote in Greek include Athanasius, Basil, Gregory Nazianzen, and John Chrysostom', 'churchgoer': 'a religious person who goes to church regularly', 'churchwarden': 'an officer in the Episcopal church who helps a parish priest with secular matters', 'church_officer': 'a church official', 'cicerone': 'a guide who conducts and informs sightseers', 'cigarette_smoker': 'a smoker of cigarettes', 'cigar_smoker': 'a smoker of cigars', 'circus_acrobat': 'an acrobat who performs acrobatic feats in a circus', 'citizen': 'a native or naturalized member of a state or other political community', 'city_editor': 'the newspaper editor in charge of editing local news', 'city_father': 'an important municipal official', 'city_man': 'a financier who works in one of the banks in the City of London', 'city_slicker': 'a city dweller with sophisticated manners and clothing', 'civic_leader': 'a leader in municipal affairs', 'civil_engineer': 'an engineer trained to design and construct and maintain public works (roads or bridges or harbors etc.)', 'civilian': 'a nonmilitary citizen', 'civil_libertarian': 'a libertarian who is actively concerned with the protection of civil liberties', 'civil_rights_leader': 'a leader of the political movement dedicated to securing equal opportunity for members of minority groups', 'civil_servant': 'a public official who is a member of the civil service', 'claimant': 'someone who claims a benefit or right or title; \"claimants of unemployment compensation\"; \"he was a claimant to the throne\"', 'claim_jumper': 'one who illegally occupies property to which another has a legal claim', 'clairvoyant': 'someone who has the power of clairvoyance', 'clarinetist': 'a musician who plays the clarinet', 'classicist': 'a student of ancient Greek and Latin', 'claustrophobe': 'a person suffering from claustrophobia', 'cleaner': 'the operator of dry-cleaning establishment', 'clergyman': 'a member of the clergy and a spiritual leader of the Christian Church', 'cleric': 'a clergyman or other person in religious orders', 'clericalist': 'one who advocates clericalism', 'clerk': 'an employee who performs clerical work (e.g., keeps records or accounts)', 'clever_Dick': 'an intellectual who is ostentatiously and irritatingly knowledgeable', 'cliff_dweller': 'a member of the Anasazi people living in the southwestern United States who built rock or adobe dwellings on ledges in the sides of caves', 'climatologist': 'someone who is expert in climatology', 'climber': 'a vine or climbing plant that readily grows up a support or over other plants', 'clinician': 'a practitioner (of medicine or psychology) who does clinical work instead of laboratory experiments', 'clip_artist': 'a swindler who fleeces the victim', 'cloakmaker': 'someone whose occupation is making or repairing fur garments', 'clock_watcher': 'a worker preoccupied with the arrival of quitting time', 'clocksmith': 'someone whose occupation is making or repairing clocks and watches', 'closer': 'a person who closes something; \"whoever is the closer has to turn out the lights and lock up\"', 'closet_queen': 'a negative term for a homosexual man who chooses not to reveal his sexual orientation', 'clothier': \"a merchant who sells men's clothing\", 'clown': 'a rude or vulgar fool', 'clumsy_person': 'a person with poor motor coordination', 'line_coach': 'an assistant football coach in charge of the linemen', 'pitching_coach': 'an assistant baseball coach in charge of pitchers', 'coachbuilder': 'a craftsman who makes the bodies of motor vehicles', 'coachman': 'a man who drives a coach (or carriage)', 'coalman': 'someone who delivers coal', 'coal_miner': 'someone who works in a coal mine', 'coastguardsman': 'a member of a coastguard', 'coauthor': 'a writer who collaborates with others in writing something', 'cobber': 'Australian term for a pal', 'cocaine_addict': 'a person addicted to cocaine', 'cocksucker': 'a person who performs fellatio', 'codefendant': 'a defendant who has been joined together with one or more other defendants in a single action', 'codetalker': 'a secret agent who was one of the Navajos who devised and used a code based on their native language; the code was unbroken by the Japanese during World War II', 'codger': 'used affectionately to refer to an eccentric but amusing old man', 'co-beneficiary': 'one of two or more beneficiaries of the same benefit', 'co-discoverer': 'someone who is the first of two or more people to discover something', 'co-ed': 'a female student at a coeducational college or university', 'cognitive_neuroscientist': 'a cognitive scientist who studies the neurophysiological foundations of mental phenomena', 'cognitive_scientist': 'a scientist who studies cognitive processes', 'coiffeur': 'a man hairdresser', 'coiffeuse': 'a woman hairdresser', 'coiner': 'a maker of counterfeit coins', 'cold_fish': 'an aloof unemotional person', 'collaborator': 'someone who collaborates with an enemy occupying force', 'colleague': 'an associate that one works with', 'colleen': 'an Irish girl', 'college_student': 'a student enrolled in a college or university', 'collegian': 'a student (or former student) at a college or university', 'colonel': 'a commissioned military officer in the United States Army or Air Force or Marines who ranks above a lieutenant colonel and below a brigadier general', 'colonial': 'a resident of a colony', 'colonialist': 'a believer in colonialism', 'colonizer': 'someone who helps to found a colony', 'color_bearer': 'the soldier who carries the standard of the unit in military parades or in battle', 'color_guard': 'a ceremonial escort for the (regimental) colors', 'color_sergeant': 'a sergeant in a color guard who carries one of the colors', 'colorist': 'a painter able to achieve special effects with color', 'Colossian': 'a native or inhabitant of the city of Colossae in ancient Phrygia', 'colossus': 'a person of exceptional importance and reputation', 'columnist': 'a journalist who writes editorials', 'combatant': 'someone who fights (or is fighting)', 'combat_pilot': 'airplane pilot who fights in an action between two military forces', 'comedian': 'an actor in a comedy', 'comedienne': 'a female actor in a comedy', 'comer': 'someone with a promising future', 'comfort_woman': 'a woman forced into prostitution for Japanese servicemen during World War II; \"she wrote a book about her harsh experiences as a comfort woman\"', 'commander': 'a commissioned naval officer who ranks above a lieutenant commander and below a captain', 'commander_in_chief': 'the officer who holds the supreme command; \"in the U.S. the president is the commander in chief\"', 'commanding_officer': 'an officer in command of a military unit', 'commentator': 'a writer who reports and analyzes events of the day', 'commercial_artist': 'an illustrator who is supported by advertising', 'commissar': 'an official of the Communist Party who was assigned to teach party principles to a military unit', 'commissionaire': 'a uniformed doorman', 'commissioned_officer': 'a military officer holding a commission', 'commissioned_military_officer': 'a commissioned officer in the Army or Air Force or Marine Corps', 'commissioned_naval_officer': 'a commissioned officer in the navy', 'commissioner': 'a member of a commission', 'committee_member': 'a member of a committee', 'committeeman': 'a man who is a member of committee', 'committeewoman': 'a woman who is a member of a committee', 'couch_potato': 'an idler who spends much time on a couch (usually watching television)', 'councilman': 'a man who is a council member', 'council_member': 'a member of a council', 'councilwoman': 'a woman who is a council member', 'commodore': 'a commissioned naval officer who ranks above a captain and below a rear admiral; the lowest grade of admiral', 'communicant': 'a person entitled to receive Communion', 'communist': 'a socialist who advocates communism', 'Communist': 'a member of the communist party', 'company_man': 'an employee whose first loyalty is to the company rather than to fellow workers', 'company_operator': 'an operator who works for a company', 'comparative_anatomist': 'anatomist who compares the anatomy of different animals', 'compere': 'British term for someone who introduces television acts or cabarets etc', 'complexifier': 'someone makes things complex', 'composer': 'someone who composes music as a profession', 'compositor': 'one who sets written material into type', 'Comptroller_General': 'a United States federal official who supervises expenditures and settles claims against the government', 'compulsive': 'a person with a compulsive disposition; someone who feels compelled to do certain things', 'computational_linguist': 'someone trained in computer science and linguistics who uses computers for natural language processing', 'computer_expert': 'an authority on computers and computing', 'computer_scientist': 'a scientist who specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computers', 'computer_user': 'a person who uses computers for work or entertainment or communication or business', 'Comrade': 'a fellow member of the Communist Party', 'concert-goer': 'someone who attends concerts', 'concessionaire': 'someone who holds or operates a concession', 'conchologist': 'a collector and student of mollusc shells', 'concierge': 'a French caretaker of apartments or a hotel; lives on the premises and oversees people entering and leaving and handles mail and acts as janitor or porter', 'conciliator': 'someone who tries to bring peace', 'concubine': 'a woman who cohabits with an important man', 'conductress': 'a woman conductor', 'confectioner': 'someone who makes candies and other sweets', 'confederate': 'someone who assists in a plot', 'Confederate': 'a supporter of the Confederate States of America', 'Confederate_soldier': 'a soldier in the Army of the Confederacy during the American Civil War', 'conferee': 'a person on whom something is bestowed; \"six honorary were conferred; the conferees were...\"', 'conferrer': 'someone who converses or confers (as in a conference)', 'confessor': 'someone who confesses (discloses information damaging to themselves)', 'confidant': 'someone to whom private matters are confided', 'confidante': 'a female confidant', 'confidence_man': 'a swindler who exploits the confidence of his victim', 'swindler': 'a person who swindles you by means of deception or fraud', 'Confucian': 'a believer in the teachings of Confucius', 'congregant': 'a member of a congregation (especially that of a church or synagogue)', 'Congregationalist': 'a member of the Congregational Church', 'congressman': 'a member of the United States House of Representatives', 'connoisseur': 'an expert able to appreciate a field; especially in the fine arts', 'conqueror': 'someone who is victorious by force of arms', 'conquistador': 'an adventurer (especially one who led the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century)', 'conscientious_objector': 'one who refuses to serve in the armed forces on grounds of conscience', 'conservative': 'a person who is reluctant to accept changes and new ideas', 'Conservative': 'a member of a Conservative Party', 'conformist': 'someone who conforms to established standards of conduct (especially in religious matters)', 'nonconformist': 'someone who refuses to conform to established standards of conduct', 'Nonconformist': 'a Protestant in England who is not a member of the Church of England', 'Anglican': 'a Protestant who is a follower of Anglicanism', 'consignee': 'the person to whom merchandise is delivered over', 'consigner': 'the person who delivers over or commits merchandise', 'consort': 'the husband or wife of a reigning monarch', 'conspirator': 'a member of a conspiracy', 'constable': 'a police officer of the lowest rank', 'constitutionalist': 'an advocate of constitutional government', 'construction_worker': 'a worker skilled in building offices or dwellings etc.', 'constructivist': 'an artist of the school of constructivism', 'consul': 'a diplomat appointed by a government to protect its commercial interests and help its citizens in a foreign country', 'consumptive': 'a person with pulmonary tuberculosis', 'contemplative': 'a person devoted to the contemplative life', 'contemporary': 'a person of nearly the same age as another', 'contortionist': 'an acrobat able to twist into unusual positions', 'contractor': 'the bridge player in contract bridge who wins the bidding and can declare which suit is to be trumps', 'contributor': 'a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book', 'control_freak': 'someone with a compulsive desire to exert control over situations and people', 'convalescent': 'a person who is recovering from illness', 'convener': 'the member of a group whose duty it is to convene meetings', 'conventioneer': 'someone who attends a convention', 'conversationalist': 'someone skilled at conversation', 'Converso': '(medieval Spain and Portugal) a Jew or Moor who professed to convert to Christianity in order to avoid persecution or expulsion', 'convert': 'a person who has been converted to another religious or political belief', 'conveyancer': 'a lawyer who specializes in the business of conveying properties', 'conveyer': 'a person who conveys (carries or transmits); \"the conveyer of good tidings\"', 'convict': 'a person who has been convicted of a criminal offense', 'cook': 'someone who cooks food', 'chef': 'a professional cook', 'cooper': 'a craftsman who makes or repairs wooden barrels or tubs', 'coordinator': 'someone whose task is to see that work goes harmoniously', 'copartner': 'a joint partner (as in a business enterprise)', 'copilot': 'a relief pilot on an airplane', 'coppersmith': 'someone who makes articles from copper', 'copycat': 'someone who copies the words or behavior of another', 'copy_editor': 'an editor who prepares text for publication', 'copyist': 'someone employed to make written copies of documents and manuscripts', 'copywriter': 'a person employed to write advertising or publicity copy', 'coquette': 'a seductive woman who uses her sex appeal to exploit men', 'cordon_bleu': 'a chef famous for his great skill', 'coreligionist': 'someone having the same religion as another person', 'corespondent': 'the codefendant charged with adultery with the estranged spouse in a divorce proceeding', 'cornerback': 'a defensive football player stationed outside the linebackers', 'cornhusker': 'a worker who husks corn', 'coroner': 'a public official who investigates by inquest any death not due to natural causes', 'corporal': 'a noncommissioned officer in the Army or Air Force or Marines', 'corporate_executive': 'an executive in a business corporation', 'corporatist': 'a supporter of corporatism', 'correspondent': 'a journalist employed to provide news stories for newspapers or broadcast media', 'cosmetician': 'someone who sells or applies cosmetics', 'cosmetologist': 'an expert in the use of cosmetics', 'cosmetic_surgeon': 'a surgeon who beautifies the body (especially the face)', 'cosmopolitan': 'a sophisticated person who has travelled in many countries', 'Cossack': 'a member of a Slavic people living in southern European Russia and Ukraine and adjacent parts of Asia and noted for their horsemanship and military skill; they formed an elite cavalry corps in czarist Russia', 'cost_accountant': 'a specialist in the systematic recording and analysis of the costs incident to production', 'co-star': 'one of two actors who are given equal status as stars in a play or film', 'costermonger': 'a hawker of fruit and vegetables from a barrow', 'costumier': 'someone who designs or supplies costumes (as for a play or masquerade)', 'cotenant': 'one of two or more tenants holding title to the same property', 'cottager': 'someone who lives in a cottage', 'counselor': 'someone who has supervisory duties at a summer camp', 'count_palatine': 'a count who exercised royal authority in his own domain', 'counterdemonstrator': 'someone who demonstrates in opposition to another demonstration', 'counterperson': 'someone who attends a counter (as in a diner)', 'counterrevolutionist': 'a revolutionary whose aim is to reverse the changes introduced by an earlier revolution', 'counterterrorist': 'someone who attempts to prevent terrorism', 'counterspy': 'a spy who works against enemy espionage', 'countess': 'female equivalent of a count or earl', 'country_doctor': 'a doctor who practices in the country (rather than in a city) usually remote from a modern hospital; \"do country doctors still make house calls?\"', 'compatriot': 'a person from your own country', 'compromiser': 'a negotiator willing to compromise; \"Henry Clay was known as the Great Compromiser\"', 'countryman': 'a man who lives in the country and has country ways', 'countrywoman': 'a woman who lives in the country and has country ways', 'county_agent': 'an advisor employed by the government to assist people in rural areas with methods of farming and home economics', 'coureur_de_bois': 'a French Canadian trapper', 'courtier': 'an attendant at the court of a sovereign', 'cousin': 'the child of your aunt or uncle', 'couturier': 'someone who designs clothing', 'cover_girl': \"a very pretty girl who works as a photographer's model\", 'cowboy': 'a performer who gives exhibitions of riding and roping and bulldogging', 'vaquero': \"local names for a cowboy (`vaquero' is used especially in southwestern and central Texas and `buckaroo' is used especially in California)\", 'cowgirl': 'a woman cowboy', 'coxcomb': 'a conceited dandy who is overly impressed by his own accomplishments', 'coxswain': \"the helmsman of a ship's boat or a racing crew\", 'crack_addict': 'someone addicted to crack cocaine', 'crackpot': 'a whimsically eccentric person', 'craftsman': 'a professional whose work is consistently of high quality; \"as an actor he was a consummate craftsman\"', 'crapshooter': 'a gambler who plays the game of craps', 'crawler': 'a person who crawls or creeps along the ground', 'crazy': 'someone deranged and possibly dangerous', 'creature': 'a person who is controlled by others and is used to perform unpleasant or dishonest tasks for someone else', 'creditor': 'a person to whom money is owed by a debtor; someone to whom an obligation exists', 'crewman': 'a member of a flight crew', 'cricketer': 'an athlete who plays cricket', 'crier': 'a peddler who shouts to advertise the goods he sells', 'criminal': 'someone who has committed a crime or has been legally convicted of a crime', 'criminologist': 'a specialist in criminology', 'cripple': 'someone who is unable to walk normally because of an injury or disability to the legs or back', 'critic': 'a person who is professionally engaged in the analysis and interpretation of works of art', 'Croesus': 'last king of Lydia (died in 546 BC)', 'crofter': 'an owner or tenant of a small farm in Great Britain', 'crooner': 'a singer of popular ballads', 'crossbencher': 'a member of the House of Commons who does not vote regularly with either the government or the Opposition', 'cross-examiner': 'someone who questions a witness carefully (especially about testimony given earlier)', 'crossing_guard': 'someone who helps people (especially children) at a traffic crossing', 'crossover_voter': 'a voter who is registered as a member of one political party but who votes in the primary of another party', 'croupier': 'someone who collects and pays bets at a gaming table', 'crown_prince': 'a male heir apparent to a throne', 'crown_princess': 'the wife of a crown prince', 'Crusader': 'a warrior who engages in a holy war; \"the Crusaders tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims\"', 'cryptanalyst': 'decoder skilled in the analysis of codes and cryptograms', 'crystallographer': 'a specialist in crystallography', 'Cub_Scout': 'a junior Boy Scout', 'cubist': 'an artist who adheres to the principles of cubism', 'cuckold': 'a man whose wife committed adultery', 'cuirassier': 'a cavalryman equipped with a cuirass', 'cultist': 'a member of an unorthodox cult who generally lives outside of conventional society under the direction of a charismatic leader', 'cultural_attache': 'an attache who is a specialist in cultural matters', 'cupbearer': \"the attendant (usually an officer of a nobleman's household) whose duty is to fill and serve cups of wine\", 'curandera': 'a Mexican woman who practices healing techniques inherited from the Mayans', 'curandero': 'a Mexican man who practices healing techniques inherited from the Mayans', 'curate': 'a person authorized to conduct religious worship; \"clergymen are usually called ministers in Protestant churches\"', 'curator': 'the custodian of a collection (as a museum or library)', 'curmudgeon': 'a crusty irascible cantankerous old person full of stubborn ideas', 'currier': 'a craftsman who curries leather for use', 'custodian': 'one having charge of buildings or grounds or animals', 'customer': 'someone who pays for goods or services', 'customer_agent': 'a foreign purchaser who buys goods outright for resale', 'client': 'a person who seeks the advice of a lawyer', 'cutler': 'a dealer in cutlery', 'cutthroat': \"someone who murders by cutting the victim's throat\", 'cybernaut': 'a computer user who uses the internet; someone who explores cyberspace', 'cyborg': 'a human being whose body has been taken over in whole or in part by electromechanical devices; \"a cyborg is a cybernetic organism\"', 'cyclist': 'a person who rides a bicycle', 'cymbalist': 'a performer on the cymbals', 'cynic': 'someone who is critical of the motives of others', 'Cynic': 'a member of a group of ancient Greek philosophers who advocated the doctrine that virtue is the only good and that the essence of virtue is self-control', 'cytogeneticist': 'a geneticist who specializes in the cellular components associated with heredity', 'cytologist': 'a biologist who studies the structure and function of cells', 'czar': 'a male monarch or emperor (especially of Russia prior to 1917)', 'czarina': 'the wife or widow of a czar', 'dabbler': 'an amateur who engages in an activity without serious intentions and who pretends to have knowledge', 'dacoit': 'a member of an armed gang of robbers', 'dad': 'an informal term for a father; probably derived from baby talk', 'dairymaid': 'a woman who works in a dairy', 'dairyman': 'the owner or manager of a dairy', 'Dalai_Lama': 'chief lama and once ruler of Tibet', 'dalesman': 'a person who lives in the dales of northern England', 'dallier': 'someone who wastes time', 'Dalmatian': 'a native or inhabitant of Dalmatia', 'dame': 'a woman of refinement; \"a chauffeur opened the door of the limousine for the grand lady\"', 'damsel': 'a young unmarried woman', 'dancer': 'a person who participates in a social gathering arranged for dancing (as a ball)', 'clog_dancer': 'someone who does clog dancing', 'dancing-master': 'a professional teacher of dancing', 'dancing_partner': 'one of a pair of people who dance together', 'dandy': 'a man who is much concerned with his dress and appearance', 'danseur': 'a male ballet dancer who is the partner of a ballerina', 'daredevil': 'a reckless impetuous irresponsible person', 'darling': 'a special loved one', 'darner': 'a person who mends by darning', 'dart_player': 'someone who plays the game of darts', 'Darwinian': 'an advocate of Darwinism', 'dastard': 'a despicable coward', 'dauber': 'an unskilled painter', 'daughter': 'a female human offspring; \"her daughter cared for her in her old age\"', 'daughter-in-law': 'the wife of your son', 'dauphin': 'formerly, the eldest son of the King of France and direct heir to the throne', 'dawdler': 'someone who takes more time than necessary; someone who lags behind', 'day_boarder': 'a schoolchild at a boarding school who has meals at school but sleeps at home', 'dayboy': 'a day boarder who is a boy', 'daydreamer': 'someone who indulges in idle or absentminded daydreaming', 'lotus-eater': 'someone indifferent to the busy world; \"in the Odyssey Homer tells of lotus-eaters who live in dreamy indolence\"', 'daygirl': 'a day boarder who is a girl', 'day_laborer': 'a laborer who works by the day; for daily wages', 'deacon': 'a Protestant layman who assists the minister', 'deaconess': 'a woman deacon', 'dead_person': 'someone who is no longer alive; \"I wonder what the dead person would have done\"', 'decipherer': 'a reader capable of reading and interpreting illegible or obscure text', 'decoy': 'a beguiler who leads someone into danger (usually as part of a plot)', 'deer_hunter': 'hunter of deer', 'deipnosophist': 'someone skilled at informal chitchat', 'dropout': 'someone who withdraws from a social group or environment', 'deadbeat_dad': 'a father who willfully defaults on his obligation to provide financial support for his offspring', 'deaf_person': 'a person with a severe auditory impairment', 'dean': 'a man who is the senior member of a group; \"he is the dean of foreign correspondents\"', 'debaser': 'a person who lowers the quality or character or value (as by adding cheaper metal to coins)', 'debater': 'someone who engages in debate', 'debtor': 'a person who owes a creditor; someone who has the obligation of paying a debt', 'debutante': 'a young woman making her debut into society', 'decadent': 'a person who has fallen into a decadent state (morally or artistically)', 'deceiver': 'someone who leads you to believe something that is not true', 'deckhand': \"a member of a ship's crew who performs manual labor\", 'decorator': 'someone who decorates', 'deep-sea_diver': 'a diver in the deeper parts of the sea', 'defamer': 'one who attacks the reputation of another by slander or libel', 'defaulter': 'someone who fails to make a required appearance in court', 'defeatist': 'someone who is resigned to defeat without offering positive suggestions', 'defecator': 'a person who defecates', 'defense_attorney': 'the lawyer representing the defendant', 'defense_contractor': 'a contractor concerned with the development and manufacture of systems of defense', 'deist': 'a person who believes that God created the universe and then abandoned it', 'delayer': 'a person who delays; to put off until later or cause to be late', 'delegate': 'a person appointed or elected to represent others', 'delinquent': 'a young offender', 'deliverer': 'a person who gives up or transfers money or goods', 'deliveryman': 'someone employed to make deliveries', 'demagogue': 'a political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular passions and prejudices', 'demander': 'a person who makes demands', 'demigod': 'a person with great powers and abilities', 'demimondaine': 'a woman whose sexual promiscuity places her outside respectable society', 'democrat': 'an advocate of democratic principles', 'Democrat': 'a member of the Democratic Party', 'demographer': 'a scientist who studies the growth and density of populations and their vital statistics', 'demon': 'someone extremely diligent or skillful; \"he worked like a demon to finish the job on time\"; \"she\\'s a demon at math\"', 'demoniac': 'someone who acts as if possessed by a demon', 'demonstrator': \"a teacher or teacher's assistant who demonstrates the principles that are being taught\", 'denier': 'a unit of measurement for the fineness of silk or nylon or rayon; \"with an evening dress one wears 10 denier stockings\"', 'den_mother': 'someone who plays the role of a den mother; \"he serves as den mother to all the freshmen in this dormitory\"; \"she\\'s the den mother to new secretaries\"', 'dental_assistant': 'an assistant to a dentist', 'dental_hygienist': 'someone trained to provide preventive dental service (cleaning teeth or taking x-rays)', 'dental_technician': 'someone who makes dental appliances (bridges and dentures)', 'dental_surgeon': 'a dentist qualified to perform surgical procedures', 'dentist': 'a person qualified to practice dentistry', 'departer': 'someone who leaves', 'department_head': 'the head of a department', 'dependant': 'a person who relies on another person for support (especially financial support)', 'depositor': 'a person who has deposited money in a bank or similar institution', 'depressive': 'someone suffering psychological depression', 'deputy': 'a member of the lower chamber of a legislative assembly (such as in France)', 'derelict': 'a person without a home, job, or property', 'dermatologist': 'a doctor who specializes in the physiology and pathology of the skin', 'dervish': 'an ascetic Muslim monk; a member of an order noted for devotional exercises involving bodily movements', 'descendant': 'a person considered as descended from some ancestor or race', 'deserter': 'a disloyal person who betrays or deserts his cause or religion or political party or friend etc.', 'designated_driver': 'the member of a party who is designated to refrain from alcohol and so is sober when it is time to drive home', 'designated_hitter': 'a ballplayer who is designated to bat in place of the pitcher', 'designer': 'a person who devises plots or intrigues; \"he is believed to be the principal designer of the terrorist bombing attack\"', 'desk_clerk': 'a hotel receptionist', 'desk_officer': 'a military officer who is not assigned to active duty', 'desk_sergeant': 'the police sergeant on duty in a police station', 'desperado': 'a bold outlaw (especially on the American frontier)', 'desperate': 'a person who is frightened and in need of help; \"they prey on the hopes of the desperate\"', 'detainee': 'some held in custody', 'detective': 'an investigator engaged or employed in obtaining information not easily available to the public', 'detractor': 'one who disparages or belittles the worth of something', 'deus_ex_machina': 'any active agent who appears unexpectedly to solve an insoluble difficulty', 'deviationist': 'an ideological defector from the party line (especially from orthodox communism)', \"devil's_advocate\": 'someone who takes the worse side just for the sake of argument', 'devil_worshiper': 'someone who worships devils', 'devisee': 'someone to whom property (especially realty) is devised by will', 'devisor': 'someone who devises real property in a will', 'devourer': 'someone who eats greedily or voraciously', 'diabetic': 'someone who has diabetes', 'diagnostician': 'a doctor who specializes in medical diagnosis', 'dialectician': 'a logician skilled in dialectic', 'diarist': 'someone who keeps a diary or journal', 'dichromat': 'a person with any of the various forms of dichromacy', 'dick': 'someone who is a detective', 'dictator': 'a speaker who dictates to a secretary or a recording machine', 'dieter': 'a person who diets', 'dietician': 'a specialist in the study of nutrition', 'diemaker': 'someone who makes dies', 'differentiator': 'a person who (or that which) differentiates', 'digger': 'a laborer who digs', 'dimwit': 'a stupid incompetent person', 'dingbat': 'a silly empty-headed person; \"you would be a dingbat even to try it\"; \"yet here he was with an upper class dingbat who just happened to be married to his sister\"', 'dining-room_attendant': 'someone employed to provide service in a dining room', 'diocesan': 'a bishop having jurisdiction over a diocese', 'diplomat': 'a person who deals tactfully with others', 'diplomate': 'medical specialist whose competence has been certified by a diploma granted by an appropriate professional group', 'director': 'member of a board of directors', 'Director_of_Central_Intelligence': 'the head of the United States Intelligence Community and director of the Central Intelligence Agency', 'dirty_old_man': 'a middle-aged man with lecherous inclinations', 'disbeliever': 'someone who refuses to believe (as in a divinity)', 'disciple': 'someone who believes and helps to spread the doctrine of another', 'disentangler': 'a person who removes tangles; someone who takes something out of a tangled state', 'disk_jockey': 'a person who announces and plays popular recorded music', 'dispatcher': 'employee of a transportation company who controls the departures of vehicles according to weather conditions and in the interest of efficient service', 'dispatch_rider': 'a messenger who carries military dispatches (usually on a motorcycle)', 'displaced_person': 'a person forced to flee from home or country', 'dissenter': 'a person who dissents from some established policy', 'disturber': 'a troubler who interrupts or interferes with peace and quiet; someone who causes disorder and commotion', 'political_dissident': 'a dissenter from political orthodoxy', 'distiller': 'someone who distills alcoholic liquors', 'distortionist': 'a painter who introduces distortions', 'district_attorney': 'an official prosecutor for a judicial district', 'district_manager': 'a manager who supervises the sales activity for a district', 'ditch_digger': 'a laborer who digs ditches', 'diver': 'someone who works underwater', 'divergent_thinker': 'a thinker who moves away from the problem as stated and often has novel ideas and solutions', 'diviner': 'someone who claims to discover hidden knowledge with the aid of supernatural powers', 'divorcee': 'a divorced woman or a woman who is separated from her husband', 'ex-wife': 'a woman who was formerly a particular man\\'s wife; \"all his exes live in Texas\"', 'divorce_lawyer': 'a lawyer specializing in actions for divorce or annulment', 'docent': 'a teacher at some universities', 'Doctor_of_the_Church': '(Roman Catholic Church) a title conferred on 33 saints who distinguished themselves through the orthodoxy of their theological teaching; \"the Doctors of the Church greatly influenced Christian thought down to the late Middle Ages\"', 'dodderer': 'one who dodders from old age and weakness', 'dodger': 'a shifty deceptive person', 'dog_catcher': 'an employee of a municipal pound who is hired to round up stray dogs and cats', 'doge': 'formerly the chief magistrate in the republics of Venice and Genoa', 'dogfighter': 'a fighter pilot who engages in an aerial dogfights', 'dog_in_the_manger': 'someone who prevents you from enjoying something that they themselves have no need for', 'dogmatist': 'a stubborn person of arbitrary or arrogant opinions', 'dogsbody': 'a worker who has to do all the unpleasant or boring jobs that no one else wants to do', 'dolichocephalic': 'an adult with a long narrow head', 'domestic': 'a servant who is paid to perform menial tasks around the household', 'domestic_partner': 'a person (not necessarily a spouse) with whom you cohabit and share a long-term sexual relationship', 'domestic_prelate': '(Roman Catholic Church) a priest who is an honorary member of the papal household', 'dominatrix': 'a dominating woman (especially one who plays that role in a sadomasochistic sexual relationship)', 'Dominican': 'a Roman Catholic friar wearing the black mantle of the Dominican order', 'dominus': 'a clergyman; especially a settled minister or parson', 'don': 'the head of an organized crime family', 'Donatist': 'an adherent of Donatism', 'Don_Juan': 'a legendary Spanish nobleman and philanderer who became the hero of many poems and plays and operas', 'donna': 'an Italian woman of rank', 'donor': '(medicine) someone who gives blood or tissue or an organ to be used in another person (the host)', \"don't-know\": 'a person who responds `I don\\'t know\\' in a public opinion poll; \"70% in favor, 13% opposed and 17% don\\'t-knows\"', 'doorkeeper': 'the lowest of the minor Holy Orders in the unreformed Western Church but now suppressed by the Roman Catholic Church', 'dosser': 'someone who sleeps in any convenient place', 'dotard': 'an oldster in his dotage; someone whose age has impaired his intellect', 'double_agent': 'a spy who works for two mutually antagonistic countries', 'double-crosser': 'a person who says one thing and does another', 'double_dipper': 'someone who draws two incomes from the government (usually by combining a salary and a pension)', 'doubting_Thomas': 'someone who demands physical evidence in order to be convinced (especially when this demand is out of place)', 'dowager': 'a widow holding property received from her deceased husband', 'down-and-out': 'a person who is destitute; \"he tried to help the down-and-out\"', 'doyenne': 'a woman who is the senior member of a group', 'draft_dodger': 'someone who is drafted and illegally refuses to serve', 'draftee': 'someone who is drafted into military service', 'drafter': 'a writer of a draft', 'draftsman': 'a skilled worker who draws plans of buildings or machines', 'dragoman': 'an interpreter and guide in the Near East; in the Ottoman Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries a translator of European languages for the Turkish and Arab authorities and most dragomans were Greek (many reached high positions in the government)', 'dragoon': 'a member of a European military unit formerly composed of heavily armed cavalrymen', 'redcoat': 'British soldier; so-called because of his red coat (especially during the American Revolution)', 'drama_critic': 'a critic of theatrical performances', 'dramatist': 'someone who writes plays', 'draper': 'a dealer in fabrics and sewing materials (and sometimes in clothing and drygoods)', 'drawee': 'the person (or bank) who is expected to pay a check or draft when it is presented for payment', 'drawler': 'someone who speaks with a drawl', 'dreamer': 'someone who is dreaming', 'dressmaker': 'someone who makes or mends dresses', \"dressmaker's_model\": 'someone who models dresses', 'dribbler': 'a basketball player who is dribbling the ball to advance it', 'drill_master': 'a noncommissioned officer who instructs recruits in military marching and discipline', 'drinker': 'a person who drinks liquids', 'driveller': 'someone whose talk is trivial drivel', 'dropkicker': 'a football kicker who drops the ball and kicks it just as it reaches the ground', 'drudge': 'a laborer who is obliged to do menial work', 'drug_addict': 'a narcotics addict', 'drug_baron': 'a person who controls an organization dealing in illegal drugs', 'drug_user': 'a person who takes drugs', 'Druid': 'a pre-Christian priest among the Celts of ancient Gaul and Britain and Ireland', 'drum_major': 'the leader of a marching band or drum corps', 'drum_majorette': 'a female baton twirler who accompanies a marching band', 'drummer': 'someone who plays a drum', 'drunk': 'someone who is intoxicated', 'drunk-and-disorderly': 'someone arrested on the charge of being drunk and disorderly; \"they delivered the drunk-and-disorderlies to the county jail\"', 'drunkard': 'a chronic drinker', 'Druze': 'an adherent of an esoteric monotheistic religious sect living in the relative security of the mountains of Syria and Lebanon who believes that Al-hakim was an incarnation of God; \"a Druze is permitted to conform outwardly to the faith of the unbelievers among whom he lives\"', 'dry': 'a reformer who opposes the use of intoxicating beverages', 'dry_nurse': 'a nurse who cares for but does not suckle an infant', 'dualist': 'an adherent of dualism', 'duce': 'leader; \"Mussolini was called Il Duce\"', 'duchess': 'the wife of a duke or a woman holding ducal title in her own right', 'duck_hunter': 'hunter of ducks', 'duke': 'a nobleman (in various countries) of high rank', 'dueler': 'a person who fights duels', 'duenna': 'a woman chaperon', 'duffer': 'an incompetent or clumsy person; \"as a golfer he was only a duffer\"', 'dunce': \"a stupid person; these words are used to express a low opinion of someone's intelligence\", 'dunker': 'an eater who dips food into a liquid before eating it; \"he was a dunker--he couldn\\'t eat a doughnut without a cup of coffee to dunk it in\"', 'Dutch_uncle': 'a counselor who admonishes frankly and sternly', 'dyer': 'someone whose job is to dye cloth', 'dyslectic': 'a person who has dyslexia', 'dyspeptic': 'a person suffering from indigestion', 'dynamiter': 'a person who uses dynamite in a revolutionary cause', 'eager_beaver': 'an alert and energetic person', 'Eagle_Scout': 'a Boy Scout who has earned many merit badges', 'ear_doctor': 'a physician who specializes in the ear and its diseases', 'earl': 'a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount', 'Earl_Marshal': 'an officer of the English peerage who organizes royal processions and other ceremonies', 'early_bird': 'a person who arrives early before others do', 'earner': 'someone who earn wages in return for their labor', 'easterner': 'an inhabitant of an eastern area; especially of the U.S.', 'East-sider': 'a resident of the east side of Manhattan in New York City', 'eavesdropper': 'a secret listener to private conversations', 'eccentric': 'a person with an unusual or odd personality', 'eclectic': 'someone who selects according to the eclectic method', 'ecologist': 'a biologist who studies the relation between organisms and their environment', 'economic_libertarian': 'a libertarian who advocates maximizing individual rights and minimizing the role of the state', 'econometrician': 'an economist who uses statistical and mathematical methods', 'economist': 'an expert in the science of economics', 'economizer': 'a frugal person who limits spending and avoids waste', 'ectomorph': 'a person with a thin body', 'editor': 'a person responsible for the editorial aspects of publication; the person who determines the final content of a text (especially of a newspaper or magazine)', 'subeditor': 'an assistant editor', 'educationist': 'a specialist in the theory of education', 'educator': 'someone who educates young people', 'Edwardian': 'someone belonging to (or as if belonging to) the era of Edward VII', 'effecter': 'one who brings about a result or event; one who accomplishes a purpose', 'efficiency_expert': 'an expert in increasing the efficient use of machines and personnel', 'egalitarian': 'a person who believes in the equality of all people', 'egghead': 'an intellectual; a very studious and academic person; \"in spite of her love of reading she denied being an egghead\"', 'egocentric': 'a self-centered person with little regard for others', 'egomaniac': 'an abnormally egotistical person', 'egotist': 'a conceited and self-centered person', 'Egyptologist': 'an archeologist who specializes in Egyptology', 'ejaculator': 'a man who ejaculates semen', 'elder': 'any of numerous shrubs or small trees of temperate and subtropical northern hemisphere having white flowers and berrylike fruit', 'elder_statesman': 'any influential person whose advice is highly respected', 'eldest_hand': \"the card player on the dealer's left\", 'elected_official': 'official who won the office in a free election', 'electrical_engineer': 'a person trained in practical applications of the theory of electricity', 'electrician': 'a person who installs or repairs electrical or telephone lines', 'electrocutioner': 'an executioner who uses electricity to kill the condemned person', 'electrologist': 'someone skilled in the use of electricity to remove moles or warts or hair roots', 'electroplater': 'a plater who uses electrolysis', 'electrotherapist': 'someone who specializes in the treatment of disease by electricity', 'elegist': 'the author of a mournful poem lamenting the dead', 'elevator_girl': 'a girl employed to operate an elevator', 'elevator_man': 'a man employed to operate an elevator; \"in England they call an elevator man a liftman\"', 'elevator_operator': 'an operator of an elevator', 'elitist': 'someone who believes in rule by an elite group', 'Elizabethan': 'a person who lived during the reign of Elizabeth I; \"William Shakespeare was an Elizabethan\"', 'elocutionist': 'a public speaker trained in voice production and gesture and delivery', 'emancipator': 'someone who frees others from bondage; \"Lincoln is known as the Great Emancipator\"', 'embalmer': 'a mortician who treats corpses with preservatives', 'embezzler': 'someone who violates a trust by taking (money) for his own use', 'embroiderer': 'someone who ornaments with needlework', 'embroideress': 'a woman embroiderer', 'embryologist': 'a physician who specializes in embryology', 'emeritus': 'a professor or minister who is retired from assigned duties', 'emigrant': 'someone who leaves one country to settle in another', 'Emile': 'the boy whose upbringing was described by Jean-Jacques Rousseau', 'eminence_grise': '(French) a person who exercises power or influence in certain areas without holding an official position; \"the President\\'s wife is an eminence grise in matters of education\"', 'emir': 'an independent ruler or chieftain (especially in Africa or Arabia)', 'emissary': 'someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else', 'emotional_person': 'a person subject to strong states of emotion', 'empress': 'a woman emperor or the wife of an emperor', 'empiricist': 'a philosopher who subscribes to empiricism', 'employable': 'a person who is qualified and ready to work', 'employee': 'a worker who is hired to perform a job', 'employer': 'a person or firm that employs workers', 'employment_agent': 'someone who runs an employment agency', 'empty_nester': 'a parent whose children have grown up and left home', 'enchanter': 'a sorcerer or magician', 'conjurer': 'a witch doctor who practices conjury', 'enchantress': 'a woman who is considered to be dangerously seductive', 'encyclopedist': 'a person who compiles information for encyclopedias', 'endomorph': 'a heavy person with a soft and rounded body', 'end_man': 'a man at one end of line of performers in a minstrel show; carries on humorous dialogue with the interlocutor', 'endocrinologist': 'physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting the endocrine system', 'endodontist': 'a dentist specializing in diseases of the dental pulp and nerve', 'endorser': 'a person who transfers his ownership interest in something by signing a check or negotiable security', 'end_user': 'the ultimate user for which something is intended', 'enfant_terrible': 'a person whose unconventional behavior embarrasses others', 'English_teacher': 'someone who teaches English', 'engraver': 'a skilled worker who can inscribe designs or writing onto a surface by carving or etching', 'enjoyer': 'a person who delights in having or using or experiencing something', 'enlisted_man': 'a male enlisted person in the armed forces', 'enlisted_person': 'a serviceman who ranks below a commissioned officer', 'enlisted_woman': 'a female enlisted person in the armed forces', 'enophile': 'someone who appreciates wine', 'enrollee': 'a person who enrolls in (or is enrolled in) a class or course of study', 'ENT_man': 'a specialist in the disorders of the ear or nose or throat', 'enthusiast': 'an ardent and enthusiastic supporter of some person or activity', 'entomologist': 'a zoologist who studies insects', 'entrepreneur': 'someone who organizes a business venture and assumes the risk for it', 'environmentalist': 'someone who works to protect the environment from destruction or pollution', 'enzymologist': 'a person who is trained in or engaged in enzymology', 'eparch': 'a bishop or metropolitan in charge of an eparchy in the Eastern Church', 'Ephesian': 'a resident of the ancient Greek city of Ephesus', 'epicure': 'a person devoted to refined sensuous enjoyment (especially good food and drink)', 'epidemiologist': 'a medical scientist who studies the transmission and control of epidemic diseases', 'epigone': 'an inferior imitator of some distinguished writer or artist of musician', 'epileptic': 'a person who has epilepsy', 'Episcopalian': 'a member of the Episcopal church', 'epistemologist': 'a specialist in epistemology', 'equerry': 'an official charged with the care of the horses of princes or nobles', 'erotic': 'an erotic person', 'escalader': 'someone who gains access by the use of ladders', 'escapee': 'someone who escapes', 'escapist': 'a person who escapes into a world of fantasy', 'escapologist': 'an entertainer who is expert in the art of escaping', 'eschatologist': 'a theologian who specializes in eschatology', 'espionage_agent': 'someone employed to spy on another country or business competitor', 'Esquire': 'a title of respect for a member of the English gentry ranking just below a knight; placed after the name', 'esquire': '(Middle Ages) an attendant and shield bearer to a knight; a candidate for knighthood', 'essayist': 'a writer of literary works', 'esthete': 'one who professes great sensitivity to the beauty of art and nature', 'esthetician': 'a worker skilled in giving beauty treatments (manicures and facials etc.)', 'etcher': 'someone who etches', 'ethicist': 'a philosopher who specializes in ethics', 'ethnarch': 'the ruler of a province (as in the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire) or certain religious rulers with secular authority; \"the election of Makarios III to archbishop gave him the status of the ethnarch of Cyprus\"', 'ethnic': 'a person who is a member of an ethnic group', 'ethnographer': 'an anthropologist who does ethnography', 'ethnologist': 'an anthropologist who studies ethnology', 'ethologist': 'a zoologist who studies the behavior of animals in their natural habitats', 'etiologist': 'a specialist in the etiology of diseases', 'Etonian': 'a student enrolled in (or graduated from) Eton College', 'etymologist': 'a lexicographer who specializes in etymology', 'eunuch': 'a man who has been castrated and is incapable of reproduction; \"eunuchs guarded the harem\"', 'evacuee': 'a person who has been evacuated from a dangerous place', 'evaluator': 'an authority who is able to estimate worth or quality', 'evangelist': 'a preacher of the Christian gospel', 'Evangelist': '(when capitalized) any of the spiritual leaders who are assumed to be authors of the Gospels in the New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John', 'event_planner': 'someone who plans social events as a profession (usually for government or corporate officials)', 'everyman': 'the ordinary person', 'evolutionist': 'a person who believes in organic evolution', 'examiner': 'someone who administers a test to determine your qualifications', 'exarch': 'a bishop in one of several Eastern Orthodox Churches in North America', 'excogitator': 'a thinker who considers carefully and thoroughly', 'Excellency': 'a title used to address dignitaries (such as ambassadors or governors); usually preceded by `Your\\' or `His\\' or `Her\\'; \"Your Excellency\"', 'exchanger': 'one whose business is to exchange the money of one country for that of another country', 'executant': 'a performer (usually of musical works)', 'executioner': 'an official who inflicts capital punishment in pursuit of a warrant', 'executive_officer': 'the officer second in command', 'executive_secretary': 'a secretary having administrative duties and responsibilities', 'executive_vice_president': 'a vice president holding executive power', 'executor': 'a person appointed by a testator to carry out the terms of the will', 'executrix': 'a woman executor', 'exegete': 'a person skilled in exegesis (especially of religious texts)', 'exhibitor': 'someone who organizes an exhibit for others to see', 'exhibitionist': 'someone with a compulsive desire to expose the genitals', 'existentialist': 'a philosopher who emphasizes freedom of choice and personal responsibility but who regards human existence in a hostile universe as unexplainable', 'exodontist': 'a dentist specializing in the extraction of teeth', 'exorcist': 'one of the minor orders in the unreformed Western Church but now suppressed in the Roman Catholic Church', 'expert_witness': 'a witness who has knowledge not normally possessed by the average person concerning the topic that he is to testify about', 'exploiter': 'a person who uses something or someone selfishly or unethically', 'explorer': 'someone who travels into little known regions (especially for some scientific purpose)', 'exporter': 'a businessperson who transports goods abroad (for sale)', 'expositor': 'a person who explains', 'expressionist': 'an artist who is an adherent of expressionism', 'expurgator': 'a person who edits a text by removing obscene or offensive words or passages; \"Thomas Bowdler was a famous expurgator\"', 'ex-spouse': 'a person who was formerly a spouse', 'exterminator': 'someone who exterminates (especially someone whose occupation is the extermination of troublesome rodents and insects)', 'extern': 'a nonresident doctor or medical student; connected with a hospital but not living there', 'extremist': 'a person who holds extreme views', 'extrovert': '(psychology) a person concerned more with practical realities than with inner thoughts and feelings', 'eyeglass_wearer': 'a person who wears spectacles in order to see better', 'eyewitness': 'a spectator who can describe what happened', 'Fabian': 'a member of the Fabian Society in Britain', 'fabulist': 'a person who tells or invents fables', 'facilitator': 'someone who makes progress easier', 'factotum': 'a servant employed to do a variety of jobs', 'faddist': 'a person who subscribes to a variety of fads', 'fakir': 'a Muslim or Hindu mendicant monk who is regarded as a holy man', 'falangist': \"a Spanish member of General Franco's political party\", 'falconer': 'a person who breeds and trains hawks and who follows the sport of falconry', 'faller': 'a person who falls; \"one of them was safe but they were unable to save the faller\"; \"a faller among thieves\"', 'falsifier': 'someone who falsifies', 'family_doctor': 'a general practitioner who treats all the family members', 'family_man': 'a man whose family is of major importance in his life', 'famulus': 'a close attendant (as to a scholar)', 'fanatic': 'a person motivated by irrational enthusiasm (as for a cause); \"A fanatic is one who can\\'t change his mind and won\\'t change the subject\"--Winston Churchill', 'fancier': 'a person having a strong liking for something', 'fancy_man': \"a woman's lover\", 'fantasist': 'a creator of fantasies', 'fantast': 'someone who predicts the future', 'farm_boy': 'a boy who has grown up on a farm', 'farmer': 'a person who operates a farm', 'farmerette': 'a woman working on a farm', 'farm_girl': 'a girl who has grown up on a farm', 'farmhand': 'a hired hand on a farm', 'farrier': 'a person who shoes horses', 'Farsi': 'a person of Iranian descent; \"many Farsi emigrated to India near Bombay\"', 'fascist': 'an adherent of fascism or other right-wing authoritarian views', 'fascista': 'an Italian fascist under Mussolini', 'fashion_consultant': 'someone who advises you about fashionable clothing', 'fatalist': 'anyone who submits to the belief that they are powerless to change their destiny', 'fat_cat': 'a wealthy and privileged person', 'father': 'a person who holds an important or distinguished position in some organization; \"the tennis fathers ruled in her favor\"; \"the city fathers endorsed the proposal\"', 'father_figure': 'a man who takes over all the functions of the real father', 'father-figure': 'a man (often a powerful or influential man) who arouses emotions usually felt for your real father and with whom you identify psychologically', 'father-in-law': 'the father of your spouse', 'fatso': 'a rotund individual', 'Fauntleroy': 'an excessively polite and well-dressed boy', 'Fauve': 'a member of a group of French painters who followed fauvism', 'favorite_son': 'a United States politician favored mainly in his or her home state', 'featherweight': 'an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 126 pounds', 'federalist': 'an advocate of federalism', 'Federalist': 'a member of a former political party in the United States that favored a strong centralized federal government', 'fellah': 'an agricultural laborer in Arab countries', 'fellow': 'a member of a learned society; \"he was elected a fellow of the American Physiological Association\"', 'fellow_traveler': 'a communist sympathizer (but not a member of the Communist Party)', 'female_aristocrat': 'a woman who is an aristocrat', 'female_offspring': 'a child who is female', 'female_sibling': \"a person's sister\", 'female_child': 'a youthful female person; \"the baby was a girl\"; \"the girls were just learning to ride a tricycle\"', 'feminist': 'a supporter of feminism', 'fencer': 'someone skilled at fencing', 'fence-sitter': \"a person who won't take sides in a controversy\", 'ferryman': 'a man who operates a ferry', 'fetishist': 'one who engages in fetishism (especially of a sexual nature)', 'feudal_lord': 'a man of rank in the ancient regime', 'fiance': 'a man who is engaged to be married', 'fiancee': 'a woman who is engaged to be married', 'fiduciary': 'a person who holds assets in trust for a beneficiary; \"it is illegal for a fiduciary to misappropriate money for personal gain\"', 'fielder': 'a member of the baseball team that is in the field instead of at bat', 'field_judge': 'a football official', 'field_marshal': 'an officer holding the highest rank in the army', 'field-grade_officer': 'an officer holding the rank of major or lieutenant colonel or colonel', 'fifth_columnist': 'a member of a clandestine subversive organization who tries to help a potential invader', 'fighter_pilot': 'a military or naval pilot of fighter planes', 'file_clerk': 'a clerk who is employed to maintain the files of an organization', 'filer': 'a party who files a notice with a law court', 'film_director': 'the person who directs the making of a film', 'film_maker': 'a producer of motion pictures', 'film_star': 'a star who plays leading roles in the cinema', 'finagler': 'a deceiver who uses crafty misleading methods', 'finalist': 'a contestant who reaches the final stages of a competition', 'finance_minister': 'the minister responsible for state finances', 'financier': 'a person skilled in large scale financial transactions', 'fingerprint_expert': 'a specialist in identifying fingerprints', 'fink': 'someone acting as an informer or decoy for the police', 'fieldworker': 'a researcher who works in the field', 'fire_chief': 'the head of a fire department', 'fire-eater': 'a belligerent grouch', 'fire_marshall': 'an official who is responsible for the prevention and investigation of fires', 'fire_walker': 'someone who walks barefoot on burning coals', 'fire_warden': 'an official who is responsible for managing and protecting an area of forest', 'fire_watcher': '(during World War II in Britain) someone whose duty was to watch for fires caused by bombs dropped from the air', 'first_baseman': '(baseball) the person who plays first base', 'firstborn': 'the offspring who came first in the order of birth', 'first_lady': 'the leading woman in an art or profession', 'first_lieutenant': 'a commissioned officer in the Army or Air Force or Marines ranking above a 2nd lieutenant and below a captain', 'first_offender': 'someone convicted for the first time', 'first-nighter': 'someone habitually a spectator at the openings of theatrical productions', 'first-rater': 'one who is first-rate', 'first_sergeant': 'a sergeant in the Army above the rank of staff sergeant and below master sergeant', 'fisherman': 'someone whose occupation is catching fish', 'fishmonger': 'someone who sells fish', 'fitter': 'someone who fits a garment to a particular person', 'fixer': 'someone who intervenes with authorities for a person in trouble (usually using underhand or illegal methods for a fee)', 'flag_captain': 'the captain of a flagship', 'flagellant': 'a person who is whipped or whips himself for sexual gratification', 'flag_officer': 'a senior naval officer above the rank of captain', 'flak_catcher': 'a slick spokesperson who can turn any criticism to the advantage of their employer', 'flamen': 'a priest who served a particular deity in ancient Rome', 'flanker': 'a soldier who is a member of a detachment assigned to guard the flanks of a military formation', 'flanker_back': 'a back stationed wide of the scrimmage line; used as a pass receiver', 'flapper': 'a young woman in the 1920s who flaunted her unconventional conduct and dress', 'flash_in_the_pan': 'someone who enjoys transient success but then fails', 'flatmate': 'an associate who shares an apartment with you', 'flatterer': 'a person who uses flattery', 'fleet_admiral': 'an admiral of the highest rank', 'flibbertigibbet': 'a female fool', 'flier': 'someone who travels by air', 'flight_engineer': 'the flight crewman responsible for mechanical operation while in flight', 'flight_surgeon': 'a medical officer specializing in aviation medicine', 'flogger': 'a torturer who flogs or scourges (especially an official whose duty is to whip offenders)', 'floor_leader': \"the legislator who organizes his party's strategy\", 'floorwalker': 'an employee of a retail store who supervises sales personnel and helps with customer problems; \"a floorwalker is called a shopwalker in Britain\"', 'Florentine': 'a native or resident of Florence, Italy', 'flower_girl': 'a woman who sells flowers in the street', 'flunky': 'a person of unquestioning obedience', 'flutist': 'someone who plays the flute', 'fly-by-night': 'a debtor who flees to avoid paying', 'flyweight': 'weighs no more than 115 pounds', 'foe': 'a personal enemy; \"they had been political foes for years\"', 'folk_dancer': 'someone who does folk dances', 'folk_poet': 'a folk writer who composes in verse', 'folk_singer': 'a singer of folk songs', 'folk_writer': 'a writer of folktales', 'follower': 'someone who travels behind or pursues another', 'fondler': 'a molester who touches the intimate parts of the victim; \"the woman charged that her jailer was a fondler\"; \"not all fondlers are sexual perverts\"', 'food_faddist': 'a person who adheres briefly to different diets', 'food_manufacturer': 'a person who manufactures food products', 'fool': 'a person who lacks good judgment', 'football_coach': 'a coach of football players', 'football_hero': 'a football player who has achieved a reputation for success', 'football_official': 'an official who enforces the rules at a football game', 'football_player': 'an athlete who plays American football', 'footman': 'a man employed as a servant in a large establishment (as a palace) to run errands and do chores', 'footpad': 'a highwayman who robs on foot', 'forager': 'someone who hunts for food and provisions; \"in Japan a fungus forager can earn a good living\"', 'forebear': 'a person from whom you are descended', 'forecaster': 'someone who makes predictions of the future (usually on the basis of special knowledge)', 'forefather': 'person from an earlier time who contributed to the tradition shared by some group; \"our forefathers brought forth a great nation\"', 'foremother': 'a woman ancestor', 'foreign_agent': 'a spy for a foreign country', 'foreign_correspondent': 'a journalist who sends news reports and commentary from a foreign country for publication or broadcast', 'foreigner': 'someone who is excluded from or is not a member of a group', 'foreign_minister': 'a government minister for foreign relations', 'foreman': 'a man who is foreperson of a jury', 'foreperson': 'the presiding member of the jury and the one who speaks on their behalf', 'forester': 'someone trained in forestry', 'forewoman': 'a woman who is foreperson of a jury', 'forger': 'someone who operates a forge', 'fortune_hunter': 'a person who seeks wealth through marriage', 'fortuneteller': 'a person who foretells your personal future', 'forty-niner': 'a miner who took part in the California gold rush in 1849', 'foster-brother': 'your foster brother is a male who is not a son of your parents but who is raised by your parents', 'foster-child': 'a child who is raised by foster parents', 'foster-daughter': 'someone who is raised as a daughter although not related by birth', 'foster-father': 'a man who is a foster parent', 'foster-mother': \"a woman who is a foster parent and raises another's child\", 'foster-nurse': \"a nurse who raises another woman's child as her own\", 'foster-parent': \"a person who acts as parent and guardian for a child in place of the child's natural parents but without legally adopting the child\", 'foster-sister': 'your foster sister is a female who is not a daughter of your parents but who is raised by your parents', 'foster-son': 'someone who is raised as a son although not related by birth', 'founder': 'a worker who makes metal castings', 'Founding_Father': 'a member of the Constitutional Convention that drafted the United States Constitution in 1787', 'foundling': 'a child who has been abandoned and whose parents are unknown', 'foundress': 'a woman founder', 'four-minute_man': 'someone who has run the mile in less that 4 minutes', 'fowler': 'someone who hunts wild birds for food', 'fox_hunter': 'a mounted hunter who follows the hounds in pursuit of a fox', 'framer': 'someone who makes frames (as for pictures)', 'Francophile': 'an admirer of France and everything French', 'Francophobe': 'a person who hates France and everything French', 'franc-tireur': 'a sharpshooter (in the French army)', 'franklin': 'a landowner (14th and 15th centuries) who was free but not of noble birth', 'fraternal_twin': 'either of two twins who developed from two separate fertilized eggs', 'freak': 'a person or animal that is markedly unusual or deformed', 'free_agent': '(sports) a professional athlete who is free to sign a contract to play for any team', 'freedman': 'a person who has been freed from slavery', 'freedom_rider': 'one of an interracial group of civil rights activists who rode buses through parts of the South in order to protest racial segregation', 'freeholder': 'the owner of a freehold', 'freelancer': 'a writer or artist who sells services to different employers without a long-term contract with any of them', 'free-liver': 'someone who gratifies physical appetites (especially for food and drink) with more than the usual freedom', 'freeloader': 'someone who takes advantage of the generosity of others', 'freeman': 'a person who is not a serf or a slave', 'Freemason': 'a member of a widespread secret fraternal order pledged to mutual assistance and brotherly love', 'free_trader': 'an advocate of unrestricted international trade', 'freight_agent': 'an employee of a freight carrier who directs the receipt and delivery of goods', 'French_teacher': 'someone who teaches French', 'freshman': 'a first-year undergraduate', 'Freudian': 'a person who follows the basic theories or practices of Sigmund Freud', 'friar': 'a male member of a religious order that originally relied solely on alms', 'monk': 'a male religious living in a cloister and devoting himself to contemplation and prayer and work', 'Benedictine': 'a monk or nun belonging to the order founded by Saint Benedict', 'friend': 'a person you know well and regard with affection and trust; \"he was my best friend at the university\"', 'frontiersman': 'a man who lives on the frontier', 'frontierswoman': 'a woman who lives on the frontier', 'frontbencher': 'a member of the House of Commons who is a minister in the government or who holds an official position in an opposition party', 'front_man': 'a person used as a cover for some questionable activity', 'front-runner': 'a competitor thought likely to win', 'frotteur': 'someone who masturbates by rubbing against another person (as in a crowd)', 'fruiterer': 'a person who sells fruit', 'fruit_grower': 'someone who grows fruit commercially', 'frump': 'a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman; \"she got a reputation as a frump\"; \"she\\'s a real dog\"', 'fry_cook': 'a cook who specializes in fried foods', 'fucker': 'someone who engages in sexual intercourse', 'fuddy-duddy': 'a conservative who is old-fashioned or dull in attitude or appearance; \"you may accuse me of being and old fuddy-duddy trying to stop young people having fun\"', 'fugitive': 'someone who flees from an uncongenial situation; \"fugitives from the sweatshops\"', 'fugleman': 'a leader and organizer and spokesman (especially a political leader); \"a fugleman for the radical right\"', 'fuller': 'a workman who fulls (cleans and thickens) freshly woven cloth for a living', 'full_professor': 'a professor of the highest rank', 'funambulist': 'an acrobat who performs on a tightrope or slack rope', 'functional_illiterate': 'a person with some ability to read and write but not enough for daily practical needs', 'functionalist': 'an adherent of functionalism', 'fundamentalist': 'a supporter of fundamentalism', 'fusilier': '(formerly) a British infantryman armed with a light flintlock musket', 'futurist': 'a theologian who believes that the Scripture prophecies of the Apocalypse (the Book of Revelation) will be fulfilled in the future', 'gadabout': 'a restless seeker after amusement or social companionship', 'gadgeteer': 'a person who delights in designing or building or using gadgets', 'gaffer': 'an electrician responsible for lighting on a movie or tv set', 'gagman': 'a comedian who uses gags', 'gal': 'a unit of gravitational acceleration equal to one centimeter per second per second (named after Galileo)', 'Galilean': 'an inhabitant of Galilee (an epithet of Jesus Christ)', 'galley_slave': 'a slave condemned to row in a galley', 'gallows_bird': 'a person who deserves to be hanged', 'galoot': 'a disreputable or clumsy man', 'galvanizer': 'a skilled worker who coats iron or steel with zinc', 'gambist': 'a musician who performs upon the viola da gamba', 'gambler': 'someone who risks loss or injury in the hope of gain or excitement', 'gamekeeper': 'a person employed to take care of game and wildlife', 'games-master': 'the teacher in charge of games at a school', 'gamine': 'a homeless girl who roams the streets', 'gandy_dancer': 'a laborer in a railroad maintenance gang', 'ganger': 'the foreman of a work gang', 'gangsta': '(Black English) a member of a youth gang', 'gangster': 'a criminal who is a member of gang', 'garbage_man': 'someone employed to collect and dispose of refuse', 'gardener': 'someone employed to work in a garden', 'garmentmaker': 'a person who makes garments', 'garment_cutter': 'someone who cuts cloth etc. to measure in making garments', 'garnishee': 'a wage earner who is served with a garnishment', 'garroter': 'someone who kills by strangling', 'gasbag': 'a boring person who talks a great deal about uninteresting topics', 'gas_fitter': 'a workman who installs and repairs gas fixtures and appliances', 'gasman': 'someone employed by a gas company', 'gastroenterologist': 'a physician who specializes in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract', 'gatecrasher': 'someone who gets in (to a party) without an invitation or without paying', 'gatekeeper': 'someone who controls access to something; \"there are too many gatekeepers between the field officers and the chief\"', 'gatherer': 'a person who gathers; \"they were a society of hunters and gatherers\"', 'gaucho': 'a cowboy of the South American pampas', 'gawker': 'a spectator who stares stupidly without intelligent awareness', 'gay_man': 'a homosexual man', 'geisha': 'a Japanese woman trained to entertain men with conversation and singing and dancing', 'gem_cutter': 'one who cuts and shapes precious stones', 'gendarme': 'a French policeman', 'genealogist': 'an expert in genealogy', 'Genevan': 'a native or resident of Geneva', 'Genoese': 'a native or resident of Genoa', 'genre_painter': 'a painter of scenes from everyday life', 'geek': 'a carnival performer who does disgusting acts', 'geezer': 'a man who is (usually) old and/or eccentric', 'general_manager': 'the highest ranking manager', 'general_officer': 'officers in the Army or Air Force or Marines above the rank of colonel', 'general_practitioner': 'a physician who is not a specialist but treats all illnesses', 'geneticist': 'a biologist who specializes in genetics', 'genitor': 'a natural father or mother', 'progenitor': 'an ancestor in the direct line', 'gent': \"informal abbreviation of `gentleman'\", 'gentleman': 'a man of refinement', 'gentleman-at-arms': 'one of 40 gentlemen who attend the British sovereign on state occasions', 'geographer': 'an expert on geography', 'geologist': 'a specialist in geology', 'geomancer': 'one who practices geomancy', 'geometer': 'a mathematician specializing in geometry', 'geometry_teacher': 'someone who teaches geometry', 'Germanist': 'a specialist in the study of Germanic language or culture or literature', 'gerontologist': 'a specialist in gerontology', 'geophysicist': 'a geologist who uses physical principles to study the properties of the earth', 'ghostwriter': 'a writer who gives the credit of authorship to someone else', 'Gibson_girl': 'the idealized American girl of the 1890s as pictured by C. D. Gibson', 'gigolo': 'a man who has sex with and is supported by a woman', 'gilder': 'someone whose occupation is to apply an overlay of gold or gilt', 'gillie': 'a young male attendant on a Scottish Highlander chief', 'girl': 'a friendly informal reference to a grown woman; \"Mrs. Smith was just one of the girls\"', 'girl_Friday': 'a female assistant who has a range of duties', 'girlfriend': 'any female friend; \"Mary and her girlfriend organized the party\"', 'Girl_Scout': 'a girl who is a member of the Girl Scouts', 'girl_wonder': 'an extremely talented young female person', 'Girondist': 'a member of the moderate republican party that was in power during the French Revolution; the Girondists were overthrown by their more radical rivals the Jacobins', 'gitana': 'a Spanish female Gypsy', 'gitano': 'a Spanish male Gypsy', 'giver': 'someone who devotes himself completely; \"there are no greater givers than those who give themselves\"', 'gladiator': '(ancient Rome) a professional combatant or a captive who entertained the public by engaging in mortal combat', 'glassblower': 'someone skilled in blowing bottles from molten glass', 'glassmaker': 'someone who makes glass', 'gleaner': 'someone who picks up grain left in the field by the harvesters', 'globetrotter': 'someone who travels widely and often', 'glossarist': 'a scholiast who writes glosses or glossaries', 'Gnostic': 'an advocate of Gnosticism', 'god': 'a man of such superior qualities that he seems like a deity to other people; \"he was a god among men\"', 'gonif': '(Yiddish) a thief or dishonest person or scoundrel (often used as a general term of abuse)', 'government_agent': 'a representative or official of a government or administrative department of a government', 'G-man': 'a special law-enforcement agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation', 'goat_herder': 'a person who tends a flock of goats', 'gobbler': 'a hasty eater who swallows large mouthfuls', 'godchild': 'an infant who is sponsored by an adult (the godparent) at baptism', 'goddaughter': 'a female godchild', 'godfather': 'any man who serves as a sponsor for a child at baptism', 'godmother': 'any woman who serves as a sponsor for a child at baptism', 'godparent': 'a person who sponsors someone (the godchild) at baptism', 'godson': 'a male godchild', 'gofer': 'an employee whose duties include running errands', 'Gog_and_Magog': 'biblical names of the enemies of God\\'s people who wage war against God at the end of the world; \"in the Book of Ezekiel Gog is a ruler from the land of Magog but in the Book of Revelation Gog and Magog are nations under the rule of Satan\"', 'go-getter': 'someone whose career progresses rapidly', 'goldbeater': 'an artisan who beats gold into gold leaf', 'gold_digger': 'a woman who associates with or marries a rich man in order to get valuables from him through gifts or a divorce settlement', 'gold_miner': 'a miner who digs or pans for gold in a gold field', 'goldsmith': 'an artisan who makes jewelry and other objects out of gold', 'golem': '(Jewish folklore) an artificially created human being that is given life by supernatural means', 'golfer': 'someone who plays the game of golf', 'golf_pro': 'someone who earns a living by playing or teaching golf', 'golf_widow': 'a wife who is left alone much of the time because her husband is playing golf', 'goliard': 'a wandering scholar in medieval Europe; famed for intemperance and riotous behavior and the composition of satirical and ribald Latin songs', 'gondolier': 'a (Venetian) boatman who propels a gondola', 'goner': 'a person in desperate straits; someone doomed; \"I\\'m a goner if this plan doesn\\'t work\"; \"one mistake and you\\'re toast\"', 'Gongorist': 'a practitioner of the affected elegant style of the Spanish poet Gongora', 'good_egg': '(old-fashioned slang) a good person', 'good_guy': 'any person who is on your side', 'good_old_boy': 'a white male Southerner with an unpretentious convivial manner and conservative or intolerant attitudes and a strong sense of fellowship with and loyalty to other members of his peer group', 'good_person': 'a person who is good to other people', 'good_Samaritan': 'a person who voluntarily offers help or sympathy in times of trouble', 'goody-goody': 'a person who behaves extremely well in order to please a superior', 'gossip_columnist': 'a journalist who writes a column of gossip about celebrities', 'Goth': 'one of the Teutonic people who invaded the Roman Empire in the 3rd to 5th centuries', 'Gothic_romancer': 'a writer of Gothic romances', 'gouger': \"an attacker who gouges out the antagonist's eye\", 'governess': 'a woman entrusted with the care and supervision of a child (especially in a private home)', 'governor_general': 'a governor of high rank', 'grabber': 'an unpleasant person who grabs inconsiderately', 'grader': 'a judge who assigns grades to something', 'graduate_nurse': 'someone who has completed the course of study (including hospital practice) at a nurses training school', 'graduate_student': 'a student who continues studies after graduation', 'grain_merchant': 'a merchant who deals in food grains', 'grammarian': 'a linguist who specializes in the study of grammar and syntax', 'grandchild': 'a child of your son or daughter', 'granddaughter': 'a female grandchild', 'grand_dragon': 'a high ranking person in the Ku Klux Klan', 'grand_duchess': 'the wife of a grand duke or a woman holding that rank in her own right', 'grand_duke': 'a prince who rules a territory', 'grande_dame': 'a middle-aged or elderly woman who is stylish and highly respected', 'grandee': 'a nobleman of highest rank in Spain or Portugal', 'grandfather': 'the father of your father or mother', 'Grand_Inquisitor': 'director of the court of Inquisition (especially in Spain and Portugal)', 'grandma': 'the mother of your father or mother', 'grandmaster': 'a player of exceptional or world class skill in chess or bridge', 'grand_mufti': 'the chief mufti of a district', 'grandparent': 'a parent of your father or mother', 'grandson': 'a male grandchild', 'grandstander': 'someone who performs with an eye to the applause from spectators in the grandstand', 'granny': 'an old woman', 'grantee': 'a recipient of a grant', 'granter': 'a person who grants or gives something', 'grantor': 'a person who makes a grant in legal form; \"conveyed from grantor to grantee\"', 'graphic_designer': 'someone who specializes in graphic design', 'graphologist': 'a specialist in inferring character from handwriting', 'grass_widower': 'a man who is divorced from (or separated from) his wife', 'gravedigger': 'a person who earns a living by digging graves', 'graverobber': 'someone who steals valuables from graves or crypts', 'gravida': 'the number of the pregnancy that a woman is in; \"in her third pregnancy a woman is said to be gravida three\"', 'grazier': 'a rancher who grazes cattle or sheep for market', 'great': 'a person who has achieved distinction and honor in some field; \"he is one of the greats of American music\"', 'great-aunt': 'an aunt of your father or mother', 'great_grandchild': 'a child of your grandson or granddaughter', 'great_granddaughter': 'a daughter of your grandson or granddaughter', 'great_grandmother': 'a mother of your grandparent', 'great_grandfather': 'a father of your grandparent', 'great_grandparent': 'a parent of your grandparent', 'great_grandson': 'a son of your grandson or granddaughter', 'great-nephew': 'a son of your niece or nephew', 'great-niece': 'a daughter of your niece or nephew', 'great-uncle': 'an uncle of your father or mother', 'Grecian': 'a native or resident of Greece', 'Green_Beret': 'a soldier who is a member of the United States Army Special Forces', 'greengrocer': 'a grocer who sells fresh fruits and vegetables', 'greenskeeper': 'someone responsible for the maintenance of a golf course', 'greeter': 'a person who greets; \"the newcomers were met by smiling greeters\"', 'gringo': 'a Latin American (disparaging) term for foreigners (especially Americans and Englishmen)', 'grinner': 'a person who grins', 'griot': 'a storyteller in West Africa; perpetuates the oral traditions of a family or village', 'groaner': 'a person who groans', 'grocer': 'a retail merchant who sells foodstuffs (and some household supplies)', 'grocery_boy': 'a delivery boy for groceries', 'groom': 'a man participant in his own marriage ceremony', 'groomsman': 'a male attendant of the bridegroom at a wedding', 'grouch': 'a bad-tempered person', 'groundling': 'in Elizabethan theater: a playgoer in the cheap standing section', 'groundsman': 'someone who maintains the grounds (of an estate or park or athletic field)', 'group_captain': 'a commissioned officer (especially one in the Royal Air Force) equivalent in rank to a colonel in the army', 'groupie': 'an enthusiastic young fan (especially a young woman who follows rock groups around)', 'grunter': 'a person who grunts', 'guarantor': 'one who provides a warrant or guarantee to another', 'prison_guard': 'someone who guards prisoners', 'guardsman': \"a soldier who is a member of a unit called `the guard' or `guards'\", 'guerrilla': 'a member of an irregular armed force that fights a stronger force by sabotage and harassment', 'guesser': 'a person who guesses', 'guest': 'a customer of a hotel or restaurant etc.', 'guest_of_honor': 'the person in whose honor a gathering is held', 'guest_worker': 'a person with temporary permission to work in another country; \"a Moroccan guestworker in Canada was accused of aiding terrorists\"', 'guitarist': 'a musician who plays the guitar', 'gulper': 'a drinker who swallows large amounts greedily', 'gunman': 'a person who shoots a gun (as regards their ability)', 'gunnery_sergeant': 'a noncommissioned officer ranking above a staff sergeant in the marines', 'gunrunner': 'a smuggler of guns', 'gunsmith': 'someone who makes or repairs guns', 'guru': 'a recognized leader in some field or of some movement; \"a guru of genomics\"', 'Guru': 'each of the first ten leaders of the Sikh religion', 'guvnor': '(British slang) boss', 'guzzler': 'someone who drinks heavily (especially alcoholic beverages); \"he\\'s a beer guzzler every night\"', 'gymnast': 'an athlete who is skilled in gymnastics', 'gymnosophist': 'member of a Hindu sect practicing gymnosophy (especially nudism)', 'gym_rat': 'someone who spends all leisure time playing sports or working out in a gymnasium or health spa', 'gynecologist': 'a specialist in gynecology', 'Gypsy': 'a member of a people with dark skin and hair who speak Romany and who traditionally live by seasonal work and fortunetelling; they are believed to have originated in northern India but now are living on all continents (but mostly in Europe, North Africa, and North America)', 'hacker': 'a programmer who breaks into computer systems in order to steal or change or destroy information as a form of cyber-terrorism', 'hag': 'an ugly evil-looking old woman', 'haggler': 'an intense bargainer', 'hagiographer': 'the author of a worshipful or idealizing biography', 'hairdresser': 'someone who cuts or beautifies hair', 'hairsplitter': 'a disputant who makes unreasonably fine distinctions', 'hajji': 'a general term used by foreign soldiers to refer to the Iraqi people; \"to American soldiers, the hajji are the alien people from whom the enemy emerges\"', 'hakim': 'a Muslim ruler or governor or judge', 'halberdier': 'a guard who carries a halberd (as a symbol of his duty)', 'half_blood': 'one of siblings who have only one parent in common', 'half-caste': 'an offensive term for the offspring of parents of different races or cultures', 'half-breed': 'an offensive term for an offspring of parents of different races (especially of Caucasian and American Indian ancestry)', 'fathead': 'a man who is a stupid incompetent fool', 'Ham': '(Old Testament) son of Noah', 'Haman': '(Old Testament) the minister of the Persian emperor who hated the Jews and was hanged for plotting to massacre them', 'handler': 'an agent who handles something or someone; \"the senator\\'s campaign handlers\"', 'handicapped_person': 'a person who has some condition that markedly restricts their ability to function physically or mentally or socially', 'animal_trainer': 'one who trains or exhibits animals', 'handmaid': 'in a subordinate position; \"theology should be the handmaiden of ethics\"; \"the state cannot be a servant of the church\"', 'handyman': 'a man skilled in various odd jobs and other small tasks', 'hangman': 'an executioner who hangs the condemned person', 'haranguer': 'a public speaker who delivers a loud or forceful or angry speech', 'harasser': 'a persistent tormentor', 'hardliner': 'a conservative who is uncompromising', 'harlequin': \"a clown or buffoon (after the Harlequin character in the commedia dell'arte)\", 'harmonizer': 'a musician who sings or plays in harmony', 'harpist': 'someone who plays the harp', 'harpooner': 'someone who launches harpoons', 'harpsichordist': 'someone who plays the harpsichord', 'harridan': 'a scolding (even vicious) old woman', 'has-been': 'someone who is no longer popular', 'hash_head': 'a user of hashish', 'Hasid': 'a member of a Jewish sect that observes a form of strict Orthodox Judaism', 'hatchet_man': 'a professional killer', 'hatemonger': 'one who arouses hatred for others', 'hater': 'a person who hates', 'hatmaker': 'someone who makes and sells hats', 'hauler': 'a haulage contractor', 'headhunter': 'a recruiter of personnel (especially for corporations)', 'headliner': 'a performer who receives prominent billing', 'head_linesman': 'a football official in charge of recording yardage gained or lost', 'headman': 'the head of a tribe or clan', 'headmaster': 'presiding officer of a school', 'headmistress': 'a woman headmaster', 'head_nurse': 'the person in charge of nursing in a medical institution', 'head_of_household': 'the head of a household or family or tribe', 'head_of_state': 'the chief public representative of a country who may also be the head of government', 'headsman': 'an executioner who beheads the condemned person', 'health_professional': 'a person who helps in identifying or preventing or treating illness or disability', 'hearer': 'someone who listens attentively', 'audile': 'one whose mental imagery is auditory rather than visual or motor', 'motile': 'one whose prevailing mental imagery takes the form of inner feelings of action', 'hearing_examiner': 'an official appointed by a government agency to conduct an investigation or administrative hearing so that the agency can exercise its statutory powers', 'heartthrob': 'an object of infatuation', 'heathen': 'a person who does not acknowledge your god', 'paynim': 'a heathen; a person who is not a Christian (especially a Muslim)', 'heavy_hitter': 'an influential person who works hard to promote the causes they are interested in', 'heavyweight': 'an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 201 pounds', 'Hebraist': 'linguist specializing in the Hebrew language', 'heckler': 'someone who tries to embarrass you with gibes and questions and objections', 'hedger': 'a respondent who avoids giving a clear direct answer', 'hedonist': 'someone motivated by desires for sensual pleasures', 'Hegelian': 'a follower of the thought of Hegel', 'Heidelberg_man': 'a type of primitive man who lived in Europe', 'heir': 'a person who is entitled by law or by the terms of a will to inherit the estate of another', 'heir_apparent': 'an heir whose right to an inheritance cannot be defeated if that person outlives the ancestor', 'heir-at-law': 'the person legally entitled to inherit the property of someone who dies intestate', 'heiress': 'a female heir', 'heir_presumptive': 'a person who expects to inherit but whose right can be defeated by the birth of a nearer relative', 'hellion': 'a rowdy or mischievous person (usually a young man); \"he chased the young hellions out of his yard\"', 'hellhound': 'a very evil man', 'hell-kite': 'someone who is a very fierce fighter', 'helmsman': 'the person who steers a ship', 'hierarch': 'a person who holds a high position in a hierarchy', 'hired_help': 'employee hired for domestic or farm work (often used in the singular to refer to several employees collectively)', 'histologist': 'anatomist who specializes in the microscopic study of animal tissues', 'helpmate': 'a helpful partner', 'hematologist': 'a doctor who specializes in diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs', 'hemiplegic': 'a person who has hemiplegia (is paralyzed on one side of the body)', 'hemophiliac': 'someone who has hemophilia and is subject to uncontrollable bleeding', 'herald': '(formal) a person who announces important news; \"the chieftain had a herald who announced his arrival with a trumpet\"', 'herbalist': 'a therapist who heals by the use of herbs', 'herder': 'someone who drives a herd', 'heretic': 'a person who holds unorthodox opinions in any field (not merely religion)', 'hermaphrodite': 'one having both male and female sexual characteristics and organs; at birth an unambiguous assignment of male or female cannot be made', 'hermit': 'one who lives in solitude', 'herpetologist': 'a zoologist who studies reptiles and amphibians', 'protagonist': 'the principal character in a work of fiction', 'antihero': 'a protagonist who lacks the characteristics that would make him a hero (or her a heroine)', 'heroine': 'a woman possessing heroic qualities or a woman who has performed heroic deeds', 'heroin_addict': 'someone addicted to heroin', 'hero_worshiper': 'someone who worships heroes', 'heterosexual': 'a heterosexual person; someone having a sexual orientation to persons of the opposite sex', 'hewer': 'a person who hews', 'highbinder': 'a corrupt politician', 'highbrow': 'a person of intellectual or erudite tastes', 'high_commissioner': 'a senior diplomat from one country to another who is assigned ambassadorial rank', 'highflier': 'a person of great ability and ambition', 'Highlander': 'a soldier in a Scottish regiment from the Highlands', 'high-muck-a-muck': 'an arrogant or conceited person of importance', 'Highness': '(Your Highness or His Highness or Her Highness) title used to address a royal person', 'high_priest': 'a preeminent authority or major proponent of a movement or doctrine; \"he\\'s the high priest of contemporary jazz\"', 'high_roller': 'a gambler who wagers large sums', 'highjacker': 'someone who uses force to take over a vehicle (especially an airplane) in order to reach an alternative destination', 'highway_engineer': 'a civil engineer who specializes in the design and construction of roads and highways', 'hiker': 'a foot traveler; someone who goes on an extended walk (for pleasure)', 'hillbilly': 'a disparaging term for an unsophisticated person', 'hippie': 'someone who rejects the established culture; advocates extreme liberalism in politics and lifestyle', 'hired_hand': 'a hired laborer on a farm or ranch; \"the hired hand fixed the railing\"; \"a ranch hand\"', 'hireling': 'a person who works only for money', 'hisser': 'someone who communicates disapproval by hissing', 'historian': 'a person who is an authority on history and who studies it and writes about it', 'hitchhiker': 'a person who travels by getting free rides from passing vehicles', 'hitter': 'someone who hits; \"a hard hitter\"; \"a fine striker of the ball\"; \"blacksmiths are good hitters\"', 'hoarder': 'a person who accumulates things and hides them away for future use', 'hobbledehoy': 'an awkward bad-mannered adolescent boy', 'hobbler': 'someone who has a limp and walks with a hobbling gait', 'hobbyist': 'a person who pursues an activity in their spare time for pleasure', 'hockey_coach': 'a coach of hockey players', 'hockey_player': 'an athlete who plays hockey', 'hod_carrier': 'a laborer who carries supplies to masons or bricklayers', 'hoister': 'an operator of a hoist', 'holdover': 'an official who remains in office after his term', 'holdup_man': 'an armed thief', 'Holy_Roller': 'a member of a religion that expresses ecstatic fervor', 'Holy_Roman_Emperor': 'sovereign of the Holy Roman Empire', 'homeboy': 'a fellow male member of a youth gang', 'homebuilder': 'someone who builds houses as a business', 'home_buyer': 'someone buying a house', 'homegirl': 'a fellow female member of a youth gang', 'home_help': \"a person hired to help in another's home (especially one employed by a local authority to help the infirm with domestic work)\", 'homeopath': 'a practitioner of homeopathy', 'homeowner': 'someone who owns a home', 'Home_Secretary': 'the British cabinet minister who is head of the Home Office', 'homophobe': 'a person who hates or fears homosexual people', 'homosexual': 'someone who practices homosexuality; having a sexual attraction to persons of the same sex', 'homunculus': 'a tiny fully formed individual that (according to the discredited theory of preformation) is supposed to be present in the sperm cell', 'honest_woman': 'a wife who has married a man with whom she has been living for some time (especially if she is pregnant at the time); \"he made an honest woman of her\"', 'honoree': 'a recipient of honors in recognition of noteworthy accomplishments', 'honor_guard': 'an escort for a distinguished guest or for the casket at a military funeral', 'hoofer': 'a professional dancer', 'hooker': 'a golfer whose shots typically curve left (for right-handed golfers)', 'Hooray_Henry': 'a lively and ineffectual upper-class young man', 'hoper': 'a person who hopes; \"only an avid hoper could expect the team to win now\"', 'hornist': 'a musician who plays a horn (especially a French horn)', 'horse_doctor': 'a veterinarian who treats horses', 'horseman': 'a man skilled in equitation', 'horse_trader': 'a hard bargainer', 'horsewoman': 'a woman horseman', 'horse_wrangler': 'a cowboy who takes care of the saddle horses', 'horticulturist': 'an expert in the science of cultivating plants (fruit or flowers or vegetables or ornamental plants)', 'hosier': 'a tradesman who sells hosiery and (in England) knitwear', 'hospital_chaplain': 'a chaplain in a hospital', 'hosteller': 'a traveler who lodges in hostels; \"a youth hosteller\"', 'hostess': 'a woman host', 'hostage': 'a prisoner who is held by one party to insure that another party will meet specified terms', 'hotel_detective': 'a private detective employed by a hotel or retail store', 'hotelier': 'an owner or manager of hotels', 'hotspur': 'a rash or impetuous person', 'housebreaker': \"a burglar who unlawfully breaks into and enters another person's house\", 'housefather': 'a man in charge of children in an institution', 'house_guest': 'a guest entertained in your house', 'house_husband': 'a husband who keeps house while his wife earns the family income', 'housekeeper': 'a servant who is employed to perform domestic task in a household', 'housemaster': 'teacher in charge of a school boardinghouse', 'housemate': 'someone who resides in the same house with you', 'housemother': 'a woman employed as a chaperon in a residence for young people', 'house_painter': 'a painter of houses a similar buildings', 'house_physician': 'a physician (especially an intern) who lives in a hospital and cares for hospitalized patients under the supervision of the medical staff of the hospital; \"the resident was receiving special clinical training at the hospital\"', 'house_sitter': 'a custodian who lives in and cares for a house while the regular occupant is away (usually without an exchange of money)', 'housewife': 'a wife who manages a household while her husband earns the family income', 'housewrecker': 'a wrecker of houses; \"in England a housewrecker is called a housebreaker\"', 'housing_commissioner': 'a commissioner in charge of public housing', 'Houyhnhnm': 'one of a race of intelligent horses who ruled the Yahoos in a novel by Jonathan Swift', 'Huayna_Capac': 'the Incan ruler under whom the Incan empire reached its widest extent (died in 1525)', 'huckster': 'a person who writes radio or tv advertisements', 'huddler': 'a member of a huddle', 'hugger': 'a person who hugs', 'Huguenot': 'a French Calvinist of the 16th or 17th centuries', 'humanist': 'an advocate of the principles of humanism; someone concerned with the interests and welfare of humans', 'humanitarian': 'someone devoted to the promotion of human welfare and to social reforms', 'hummer': 'a singer who produces a tune without opening the lips or forming words', 'humorist': 'someone who acts speaks or writes in an amusing way', 'Hun': 'a member of a nomadic people who invaded Europe in the 4th century', 'hunger_marcher': 'an unemployed person who participates in a hunger march', 'hunted_person': 'a person who is hunted', 'hunter-gatherer': 'a member of a hunting and gathering society', 'hunting_guide': 'guide to people hunting in unfamiliar territory', 'huntress': 'a woman hunter', 'hurdler': 'an athlete who runs the hurdles', 'husband': \"a married man; a woman's partner in marriage\", 'ex-husband': \"a man who was formerly a certain woman's husband\", 'hussar': 'a member of a European light cavalry unit; renowned for elegant dress', 'Hussite': 'an adherent of the religious reforms of John Huss', 'hustler': 'a shrewd or unscrupulous person who knows how to circumvent difficulties', 'hydrologist': 'a geologist skilled in hydrology', 'hydromancer': 'one who practices hydromancy', 'hygienist': 'a medical specialist in hygiene', 'hyperope': 'a person with hyperopia; a farsighted person', 'hypertensive': 'a person who has abnormally high blood pressure', 'hypnotist': 'a person who induces hypnosis', 'hypochondriac': 'a patient with imaginary symptoms and ailments', 'hypocrite': 'a person who professes beliefs and opinions that he or she does not hold in order to conceal his or her real feelings or motives', 'hypotensive': 'a person who has abnormally low blood pressure', 'hysteric': 'a person suffering from hysteria', 'Iberian': 'a native or inhabitant of Iberia in the Caucasus', 'iceman': 'someone who cuts and delivers ice', 'ice-skater': 'someone who engages in ice skating', 'ichthyologist': 'a zoologist who studies fishes', 'iconoclast': 'a destroyer of images used in religious worship', 'idealist': 'someone guided more by ideals than by practical considerations', 'identical_twin': 'either of two twins developed from the same fertilized ovum (having the same genetic material)', 'ideologist': 'an advocate of some ideology', 'idiot': 'a person of subnormal intelligence', 'idiot_savant': 'person who is mentally retarded in general but who displays remarkable aptitude in some limited field (usually involving memory)', 'idler': 'person who does no work; \"a lazy bum\"', 'idolater': 'a person who worships idols', 'idolatress': 'a woman idolater', 'idolizer': 'a lover blind with admiration and devotion', 'ignoramus': 'an ignorant person', 'illiterate': 'a person unable to read', 'imam': '(Islam) the man who leads prayers in a mosque; for Shiites an imam is a recognized authority on Islamic theology and law and a spiritual guide', 'immigrant': 'a person who comes to a country where they were not born in order to settle there', 'immortal': 'a person (such as an author) of enduring fame; \"Shakespeare is one of the immortals\"', 'immune': 'a person who is immune to a particular infection', 'immunologist': 'a medical scientist who specializes in immunology', 'imp': 'one who is playfully mischievous', 'imperialist': 'a believer in imperialism', 'impersonator': 'someone who (fraudulently) assumes the appearance of another', 'important_person': 'a person whose actions and opinions strongly influence the course of events', 'importer': 'someone whose business involves importing goods from outside (especially from a foreign country)', 'imposter': 'a person who makes deceitful pretenses', 'impressionist': 'a painter who follows the theories of Impressionism', 'inamorata': 'a woman with whom you are in love or have an intimate relationship', 'inamorato': 'a man with whom you are in love or have an intimate relationship', 'incompetent': 'someone who is not competent to take effective action', 'incumbent': 'the official who holds an office', 'incurable': 'a person whose disease is incurable', 'index_case': 'the earliest documented case of a disease that is included in an epidemiological study', 'indexer': 'someone who provides an index', 'Indian_agent': 'a representative of the federal government to American Indian tribes (especially on Indian reservations)', 'Indian_chief': 'the leader of a group of Native Americans', 'Indian_giver': 'an offensive term for someone who asks you to return a present he has given you', 'individual': 'a single organism', 'inductee': 'a person inducted into an organization or social group; \"Ty Cobb and Babe Ruth were 1936 inductees in the National Baseball Hall of Fame\"', 'industrialist': 'someone who manages or has significant financial interest in an industrial enterprise', 'infantryman': 'fights on foot with small arms', 'inferior': 'one of lesser rank or station or quality', 'infernal': 'an inhabitant of Hell; \"his roar made the infernals quake\"', 'infielder': '(baseball) a person who plays a position in the infield', 'infiltrator': 'someone who takes up a position surreptitiously for the purpose of espionage', 'informant': 'a person who supplies information', 'informer': 'one who reveals confidential information in return for money', 'ingrate': 'a person who shows no gratitude', 'polymath': 'a person of great and varied learning', 'in-law': 'a relative by marriage', 'inmate': 'one of several resident of a dwelling (especially someone confined to a prison or hospital)', 'inoculator': 'a medical practitioner who inoculates people against diseases', 'inpatient': 'a patient who is residing in the hospital where he is being treated', 'inquirer': 'someone who asks a question', 'inquiry_agent': 'a private detective', 'inquisitor': 'a questioner who is excessively harsh', 'Inquisitor': 'an official of the ecclesiastical court of the Inquisition', 'insider': \"an officer of a corporation or others who have access to private information about the corporation's operations\", 'insomniac': 'someone who cannot sleep', 'inspector': 'a high ranking police officer', 'inspector_general': 'a military officer responsible for investigations', 'instigator': 'someone who deliberately foments trouble; \"she was the instigator of their quarrel\"', 'instructress': 'a woman instructor', 'insurance_broker': 'an agent who sells insurance', 'insured': 'a person whose interests are protected by an insurance policy; a person who contracts for an insurance policy that indemnifies him against loss of property or life or health etc.', 'insurgent': 'a person who takes part in an armed rebellion against the constituted authority (especially in the hope of improving conditions)', 'intelligence_analyst': 'a government analyst of information about an enemy or potential enemy', 'interior_designer': 'a person who specializes in designing architectural interiors and their furnishings', 'interlocutor': 'the performer in the middle of a minstrel line who engages the others in talk', 'intern': \"an advanced student or graduate in medicine gaining supervised practical experience (`houseman' is a British term)\", 'internal_auditor': 'an auditor who is an employee of the company whose records are audited and who provides information to the management and board of directors', 'International_Grandmaster': 'a chess player who has been awarded the highest title by an international chess organization', 'internationalist': 'an advocate of internationalism', 'internee': 'a person who is interned; \"the internees were enemy aliens and suspected terrorists\"', 'internist': 'a specialist in internal medicine', 'internuncio': '(Roman Catholic Church) a diplomatic representative of the Pope ranking below a nuncio', 'intervenor': '(law) a party who interposes in a pending proceeding', 'interviewee': 'a person who is interviewed', 'interviewer': 'a person who conducts an interview', 'introvert': '(psychology) a person who tends to shrink from social contacts and to become preoccupied with their own thoughts', 'intruder': 'someone who intrudes on the privacy or property of another without permission', 'invader': 'someone who enters by force in order to conquer', 'invalid': 'someone who is incapacitated by a chronic illness or injury', 'invalidator': 'an official who can invalidate or nullify; \"my bank check was voided and I wanted to know who the invalidator was\"', 'inventor': 'someone who is the first to think of or make something', 'investigator': 'someone who investigates', 'investment_adviser': 'someone who advises others how to invest their money', 'investment_banker': 'a banker who deals chiefly in underwriting new securities', 'investor': 'someone who commits capital in order to gain financial returns', 'invigilator': 'someone who watches examination candidates to prevent cheating', 'iron_man': 'a strong man of exceptional physical endurance', 'ironmonger': 'someone who sells hardware; \"in England they call a hardwareman an ironmonger\"', 'ironside': 'a man of great strength or bravery', 'ironworker': 'a person who makes articles of iron', 'irredentist': 'an advocate of irredentism', 'irreligionist': 'someone who is indifferent or hostile to religion', 'islander': 'an inhabitant of an island', 'Ismaili': 'an adherent of Ismailism; a member of the Ismaili branch of Shiism', 'isolationist': 'an advocate of isolationism in international affairs', 'itinerant': 'a laborer who moves from place to place as demanded by employment; \"itinerant traders\"', 'Ivy_Leaguer': 'a student or graduate at an Ivy League school', 'Jack_of_all_trades': 'a person able to do a variety of different jobs acceptably well', 'Jacksonian': 'a follower of Andrew Jackson or his ideas', 'Jacob': 'French biochemist who (with Jacques Monod) studied regulatory processes in cells (born in 1920)', 'Jacobean': 'any distinguished personage during the reign of James I', 'Jacobin': 'a member of the radical movement that instituted the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution', 'Jacobite': 'a supporter of James II after he was overthrown or a supporter of the Stuarts', 'jail_bird': 'a criminal who has been jailed repeatedly', 'Jane_Doe': 'an unknown or fictitious woman who is a party to legal proceedings', 'Janissary': 'a Turkish soldier', 'janissary': 'a loyal supporter; \"every politician has a following of janissaries\"', 'janitor': 'someone employed to clean and maintain a building', 'Jansenist': 'an advocate of Jansenism', 'Japheth': '(Old Testament) son of Noah', 'Jat': 'a member of an Indo-European people widely scattered throughout the northwest of the Indian subcontinent and consisting of Muslims and Hindus and Sikhs', 'jawan': '(India) a private soldier or male constable', 'jaywalker': 'a reckless pedestrian who crosses a street illegally', 'jazz_musician': 'a musician who plays or composes jazz music', 'Jeffersonian': 'a follower of Thomas Jefferson or his ideas and principles', 'Jekyll_and_Hyde': 'someone with two personalities - one good and one evil', 'jerry-builder': 'someone who builds cheap buildings out of poor materials on speculation for a quick profit', 'jester': 'a professional clown employed to entertain a king or nobleman in the Middle Ages', 'Jesuit': 'a member of the Jesuit order', 'jeweler': 'someone in the business of selling jewelry', 'jewelry_maker': 'someone who makes jewelry', 'jezebel': 'a shameless impudent scheming woman', 'jilt': 'a woman who jilts a lover', 'jobber': 'someone who buys large quantities of goods and resells to merchants rather than to the ultimate customers', 'job_candidate': 'an applicant who is being considered for a job', 'jobholder': 'an employee who holds a regular job', \"Job's_comforter\": 'someone whose comfort is actually discouraging', 'jockey': 'an operator of some vehicle or machine or apparatus; \"he\\'s a truck jockey\"; \"a computer jockey\"; \"a disc jockey\"', 'jogger': 'someone who runs a steady slow pace (usually for exercise)', 'John_Doe': 'a hypothetical average man', 'joiner': 'a person who likes to join groups', 'jonah': 'a person believed to bring bad luck to those around him', 'journalist': 'a writer for newspapers and magazines', 'Judas': '(New Testament) the Apostle who betrayed Jesus to his enemies for 30 pieces of silver', 'judge': 'a public official authorized to decide questions brought before a court of justice', 'judge_advocate': 'an officer assigned to the judge advocate general', 'judge_advocate_general': 'the senior legal advisor to a branch of the military', 'juggler': 'a performer who juggles objects and performs tricks of manual dexterity', 'juggernaut': 'a massive inexorable force that seems to crush everything in its way', 'Jungian': \"a follower or advocate of Carl Jung's theories\", 'junior': 'term of address for a disrespectful and annoying male; \"look here, junior, it\\'s none of your business\"', 'Junior': 'a son who has the same first name as his father', 'junior_featherweight': 'weighs no more than 122 pounds', 'junior_lightweight': 'weighs no more than 130 pounds', 'junior_middleweight': 'weighs no more than 154 pounds', 'junior_welterweight': 'weighs no more than 140 pounds', 'jurist': 'a legal scholar versed in civil law or the law of nations', 'juror': 'someone who serves (or waits to be called to serve) on a jury', 'justice_of_the_peace': 'a local magistrate with limited powers', 'justiciar': 'formerly a high judicial officer', 'kaffir': 'an offensive and insulting term for any Black African', 'Kalon_Tripa': 'the chairman of the Kashag and essentially head of the Tibetan government-in-exile', 'Kaiser': 'the title of the Holy Roman Emperors or the emperors of Austria or of Germany until 1918', 'keeper': 'someone in charge of other people; \"am I my brother\\'s keeper?\"', 'kerb_crawler': 'someone who drives slowly along the curb seeking sex from prostitutes or other women', 'keyboardist': 'a musician who plays a keyboard instrument', 'Keynesian': 'a follower of the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes', 'khan': 'a title given to rulers or other important people in Asian countries', 'Khedive': 'one of the Turkish viceroys who ruled Egypt between 1867 and 1914', 'kibbutznik': 'a member of a kibbutz', 'kibitzer': '(Yiddish) a meddler who offers unwanted advice to others', 'kicker': 'a player who kicks the football', 'kiddy': 'a young child', 'kidnapper': 'someone who unlawfully seizes and detains a victim (usually for ransom)', 'killer_bee': 'an investment banker who devises strategies to make a target company less attractive for takeover', 'kingmaker': 'an important person who can bring leaders to power through the exercise of political influence; \"the Earl of Warwick was the first kingmaker\"', 'King_of_England': 'the sovereign ruler of England', 'King_of_France': 'the sovereign ruler of France', 'King_of_the_Germans': 'the sovereign ruler of the Germans', 'kingpin': 'the most important person in a group or undertaking', \"King's_Counsel\": 'Counsel to the Crown when the British monarch is a king', 'Counsel_to_the_Crown': 'a barrister selected to serve as counsel to the British ruler', 'blood_relation': 'one related by blood or origin; especially on sharing an ancestor with another', 'enate': \"one related on the mother's side\", 'agnate': \"one related on the father's side\", 'kinsman': 'a male relative', 'kinswoman': 'a female relative', 'kisser': 'someone who kisses', 'kissing_cousin': 'a more or less distant relative; familiar enough to be greeted with a kiss', 'kitchen_help': 'help hired to work in the kitchen', 'kitchen_police': 'an enlisted person who is assigned to assist the cooks', 'Klansman': 'a member of the Ku Klux Klan', 'kleptomaniac': 'someone with an irrational urge to steal in the absence of an economic motive', 'klutz': '(Yiddish) a clumsy dolt', 'knacker': 'someone who buys old buildings or ships and breaks them up to recover the materials in them', 'knight_bachelor': 'a knight of the lowest order; could display only a pennon', 'knight_banneret': 'a knight honored for valor; entitled to display a square banner and to hold higher command', 'Knight_of_the_Round_Table': \"in the Arthurian legend, a knight of King Arthur's court\", 'knight-errant': 'a wandering knight travelling in search of adventure', 'Knight_Templar': 'a man who belongs to a Masonic order in the United States', 'knitter': 'someone who makes garments (or fabrics) by intertwining yarn or thread', 'knower': 'a person who knows or apprehends', 'know-it-all': 'someone who thinks he knows everything and refuses to accept advice or information from others', 'kolkhoznik': 'a member of a kolkhoz', 'kook': 'someone regarded as eccentric or crazy and standing out from a group', 'koto_player': 'a musician who plays the koto', 'Kshatriya': 'a member of the royal or warrior Hindu caste', 'labor_coach': 'an assistant (often the father of the soon-to-be-born child) who provides support for a woman in labor by encouraging her to use techniques learned in childbirth-preparation classes', 'laborer': 'someone who works with their hands; someone engaged in manual labor', 'labor_leader': 'a leader of a labor movement', 'Labourite': 'a member of the British Labour Party', 'lacer': 'a workman who laces shoes or footballs or books (during binding)', 'lackey': 'a male servant (especially a footman)', 'lacrosse_player': 'an athlete who plays lacrosse', 'Lady': 'a woman of the peerage in Britain', 'lady': 'a polite name for any woman; \"a nice lady at the library helped me\"', 'lady-in-waiting': 'a lady appointed to attend to a queen or princess', 'ladylove': \"a woman who is a man's sweetheart\", \"lady's_maid\": \"a maid who is a lady's personal attendant\", 'laird': 'a landowner', 'lama': 'a Tibetan or Mongolian priest of Lamaism', 'Lamarckian': 'a believer in Lamarckism', 'lame_duck': 'an elected official still in office but not slated to continue', 'laminator': 'a person who makes laminates (especially plastic laminates)', 'lamplighter': '(when gas was used for streetlights) a person who lights and extinguishes streetlights', 'lampoon_artist': 'a cartoonist who draws parodies or satirical renditions of cultural or social or political situations', 'lance_corporal': 'an enlisted man in the marine corps ranking above a private first class and below a corporal', 'lancer': '(formerly) a cavalryman armed with a lance', 'land_agent': 'a person who administers a landed estate', 'landgrave': 'a count who had jurisdiction over a large territory in medieval Germany', 'landlady': 'a landlord who is a woman', 'landlord': 'a landowner who leases to others', 'landlubber': 'a person who lives and works on land', 'landowner': 'a holder or proprietor of land', 'landscape_architect': 'someone who arranges features of the landscape or garden attractively', 'landscapist': 'someone who paints landscapes', 'langlaufer': 'a cross-country skier', 'languisher': 'a person who languishes', 'lapidary': 'an expert on precious stones and the art of cutting and engraving them', 'larcenist': 'a person who commits larceny', 'large_person': 'a person of greater than average size', 'lascar': 'an East Indian sailor', 'lasher': 'a driver who urges the animals on with lashes of a whip', 'lass': 'a girl or young woman who is unmarried', 'latchkey_child': 'a school-age child who is home without adult supervision for part of the day (especially after school until a parent returns home from work)', 'latecomer': 'someone who arrives late', 'Latinist': 'a specialist in the Latin language', 'latitudinarian': 'a person who is broad-minded and tolerant (especially in standards of religious belief and conduct)', \"Jehovah's_Witness\": 'believer in imminent approach of the millennium; practitioner of active evangelism', 'Latter-Day_Saint': 'a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints', 'laudator': 'someone who communicates high praise', 'laugher': 'a person who is laughing or who laughs easily', 'laureate': 'someone honored for great achievements; figuratively someone crowned with a laurel wreath', 'law_agent': 'a solicitor in Scotland', 'lawgiver': 'a maker of laws; someone who gives a code of laws', 'lawman': 'an officer of the law', 'law_student': 'a student in law school', 'lawyer': 'a professional person authorized to practice law; conducts lawsuits or gives legal advice', 'layman': 'someone who is not a clergyman or a professional person', 'lay_reader': 'a layman who is authorized by the bishop to read parts of the service in an Anglican or Episcopal church', 'lay_witness': 'any witness who does not testify as an expert witness', 'Lazarus': 'the person who Jesus raised from the dead after four days in the tomb; this miracle caused the enemies of Jesus to begin the plan to put him to death', 'lazybones': 'a lazy person', 'leading_lady': 'actress who plays the leading female role', 'leading_man': 'actor who plays the leading male role', 'leaker': 'a surreptitious informant; \"the president wanted to know who the leakers were\"', 'learner': 'someone (especially a child) who learns (as from a teacher) or takes up knowledge or beliefs', 'leaseholder': 'a tenant who holds a lease', 'lector': 'someone who reads the lessons in a church service; someone ordained in a minor order of the Roman Catholic Church', 'lecturer': 'someone who lectures professionally', 'left-handed_pitcher': 'a baseball pitcher who throws the ball with the left hand', 'left-hander': 'a person who uses the left hand with greater skill than the right; \"their pitcher was a southpaw\"', 'legal_representative': 'a personal representative with legal standing (as by power of attorney or the executor of a will)', 'legate': 'a member of a legation', 'legatee': 'someone to whom a legacy is bequeathed', 'legionnaire': 'a soldier who is a member of a legion (especially the French Foreign Legion)', 'Legionnaire': 'a member of the American Legion', 'legislator': 'someone who makes or enacts laws', 'lender': 'someone who lends money or gives credit in business matters', 'leper': 'a person afflicted with leprosy', 'lepidopterist': 'an entomologist who specializes in the collection and study of butterflies and moths', 'lesbian': 'a female homosexual', 'lessor': 'someone who grants a lease', 'letterer': 'a painter of letters', 'letterman': 'an athlete who has earned a letter in a school sport', 'leveler': 'a radical who advocates the abolition of social distinctions', 'Levite': 'a member of the Hebrew tribe of Levi (especially the branch that provided male assistants to the temple priests)', 'lexicographer': 'a compiler or writer of a dictionary; a student of the lexical component of language', 'liar': 'a person who has lied or who lies repeatedly', 'liberal': 'a person who favors an economic theory of laissez-faire and self-regulating markets', 'liberator': 'someone who releases people from captivity or bondage', 'libertarian': 'an advocate of libertarianism', 'libertine': 'a dissolute person; usually a man who is morally unrestrained', 'librarian': 'a professional person trained in library science and engaged in library services', 'librettist': 'author of words to be set to music in an opera or operetta', 'licensed_practical_nurse': 'a nurse who has enough training to be licensed by a state to provide routine care for the sick', 'licensee': 'someone to whom a license is granted', 'licenser': 'an official who can issue a license or give authoritative permission (especially one who licenses publications)', 'licentiate': 'holds a license (degree) from a (European) university', 'lie-abed': 'a person who stays in bed until a relatively late hour', 'lieder_singer': 'a singer of lieder', 'liege': 'a feudal lord entitled to allegiance and service', 'lieutenant': 'an officer holding a commissioned rank in the United States Navy or the United States Coast Guard; below lieutenant commander and above lieutenant junior grade', 'lieutenant_colonel': 'a commissioned officer in the United States Army or Air Force or Marines holding a rank above major and below colonel', 'lieutenant_commander': 'a commissioned officer in the Navy ranking above a lieutenant and below a commander', 'lieutenant_general': 'a general officer ranking above a major general and below a full general', 'lieutenant_governor': 'an elected official serving as deputy to the governor of a state of the United States', 'lieutenant_junior_grade': 'an officer holding a commissioned rank in the United States Navy or United States Coast Guard; below lieutenant and above ensign', 'lifeguard': 'an attendant employed at a beach or pool to protect swimmers from accidents', 'life_peer': 'a British peer whose title lapses at death', 'lifer': 'a prisoner serving a term of life imprisonment', 'life_tenant': 'a tenant whose legal right to retain possession of buildings or lands lasts as long as they (or some other person) live', 'lighterman': 'someone who operates a barge', 'light_flyweight': 'an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 106 pounds', 'light_heavyweight': 'an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 179 pounds', 'light_middleweight': 'an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 156 pounds', 'lighthouse_keeper': 'the keeper of a lighthouse', \"light-o'-love\": 'a woman inconstant in love', 'lightweight': 'an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 132 pounds', 'light_welterweight': 'an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 140 pounds', 'lilliputian': 'a very small person (resembling a Lilliputian)', 'limnologist': 'a specialist in the study of freshwater ponds and lakes', 'line_judge': 'football official who assists the referee by keeping track of the official time during the game', 'linendraper': 'a retail dealer in yard goods', 'line_officer': 'a commissioned officer with combat units (not a staff officer or a supply officer)', 'linesman': 'official (in tennis, soccer, football, etc.) who assists the referee in some way (especially by watching for out of bounds or offside)', 'line_worker': 'an employee who works on an assembly line', 'linguist': 'a specialist in linguistics', 'linkboy': '(formerly) an attendant hired to carry a torch for pedestrians in dark streets', 'lion-hunter': 'someone who tries to attract social lions as guests', 'lip_reader': \"someone who can understand spoken words by watching the movements of a speaker's lips\", 'liquidator': '(law) a person (usually appointed by a court of law) who liquidates assets or preserves them for the benefit of affected parties', 'lisper': 'a speaker who lisps', 'literary_critic': 'a critic of literature', 'literate': 'a person who can read and write', 'lithographer': 'a printmaker who uses lithography', 'lithomancer': 'one who practices lithomancy', 'litigant': '(law) a party to a lawsuit; someone involved in litigation; \"plaintiffs and defendants are both litigants\"', 'litterer': 'a person who litters public places with refuse', 'little_brother': 'a younger brother; \"my little brother just had his 50th birthday\"', 'Little_John': 'legendary follower of Robin Hood; noted for his size and strength', 'little_leaguer': 'a player between 8 and 12 years of age who is a member of a little-league team', 'Little_Red_Riding_Hood': 'a girl in a fairy tale who meets a wolf while going to visit her grandmother', 'little_sister': 'a younger sister', 'liturgist': 'an authority on liturgies', 'liveborn_infant': 'infant who shows signs of life after birth', 'liveryman': 'a worker in a livery stable', 'loader': 'an attendant who loads guns for someone shooting game', 'lobbyist': \"someone who is employed to persuade legislators to vote for legislation that favors the lobbyist's employer\", 'lobsterman': 'a person whose occupation is catching lobsters', 'locator': 'a person who fixes the boundaries of land claims', 'lockmaster': 'a worker in charge of a lock (on a canal)', 'locksmith': 'someone who makes or repairs locks', 'locum_tenens': 'someone (physician or clergyman) who substitutes temporarily for another member of the same profession', 'lodger': \"a tenant in someone's house\", 'logical_positivist': 'someone who maintains that any statement that cannot be verified empirically is meaningless', 'logician': 'a person skilled at symbolic logic', 'logomach': 'someone given to disputes over words', 'loiterer': 'someone who lingers aimlessly in or about a place', 'Lolita': 'a sexually precocious young girl', 'lollipop_lady': 'a woman hired to help children cross a road safely near a school', 'loner': 'a person who avoids the company or assistance of others', 'longbowman': 'a medieval English archer who used a longbow', 'longer': 'a person with a strong desire for something; \"a longer for money\"; \"a thirster after blood\"; \"a yearner for knowledge\"', 'loose_cannon': 'a person who is expected to perform a particular task but who is out of control and dangerous', 'Lord': 'a titled peer of the realm', 'Lord_Chancellor': 'the highest officer of the Crown who is head of the judiciary and who presides in the House of Lords', 'Lord_of_Misrule': 'a person appointed master of revels at a Christmas celebration', 'Lord_Privy_Seal': 'the senior cabinet minister in the British Cabinet who has no official duties', 'Lorelei': 'a Siren of German legend who lured boatmen in the Rhine to destruction', 'loser': 'a contestant who loses the contest', 'underboss': 'an assistant or second-in-command to a chief (especially in a crime syndicate)', 'underdog': 'one at a disadvantage and expected to lose', 'Lot': '(Old Testament) nephew of Abraham; God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah but chose to spare Lot and his family who were told to flee without looking back at the destruction', \"Lot's_wife\": \"(Old Testament) when God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah, Lot and his family were told to flee without looking back; Lot's wife was disobedient and was immediately changed into a pillar of salt\", 'Lothario': 'a successful womanizer; a man who behaves selfishly in his sexual relationships with women', 'loudmouth': 'a person who causes trouble by speaking indiscreetly', 'lounge_lizard': 'a man who idles about in the lounges of hotels and bars in search of women who would support him', 'lout': 'an awkward stupid person', 'lowerclassman': 'an undergraduate who is not yet a senior', 'low-birth-weight_baby': 'an infant born weighing less than 5.5 pounds (2500 grams) regardless of gestational age; \"a low-birth-weight infant is at risk for developing lack of oxygen during labor\"', 'Lowlander': 'a native of the Lowlands of Scotland', 'loyalist': 'a person who is loyal to their allegiance (especially in times of revolt)', 'Lubavitcher': 'a member of the Lubavitch movement; a follower of Chabad Hasidism', 'Luddite': 'any opponent of technological progress', 'luger': 'someone who races the luge', 'lumberman': 'a person who fells trees', 'luminary': 'a celebrity who is an inspiration to others; \"he was host to a large gathering of luminaries\"', 'lumper': 'a taxonomist who classifies organisms into large groups on the basis of major characteristics', 'lunatic': 'an insane person', 'bedlamite': 'an archaic term for a lunatic', 'pyromaniac': 'a person with a mania for setting things on fire', 'luncher': 'someone who is eating lunch', 'lunger': 'someone who moves forward suddenly (as in fencing)', 'lurker': 'someone waiting in concealment', 'luthier': 'a craftsman who makes stringed instruments (as lutes or guitars or violins)', 'lutist': 'a musician who plays the lute', 'Lutheran': 'follower of Lutheranism', 'lyricist': 'a person who writes the words for songs', 'ma': 'informal terms for a mother', 'macebearer': 'an official who carries a mace of office', 'Machiavellian': \"a follower of Machiavelli's principles\", 'machine_politician': 'a politician who belongs to a small clique that controls a political party for private rather than public ends', 'machinist': 'a craftsman skilled in operating machine tools', 'macho': 'a male exhibiting or characterized by machismo', 'Mackem': 'a native of Sunderland', 'macroeconomist': 'an economist who specializes in macroeconomics', 'macushla': '(an Irish term of address expressing affection) darling', 'madam': 'a woman who runs a house of prostitution', 'madame': 'title used for a married Frenchwoman', 'madrigalist': 'a singer of madrigals', 'madwoman': 'a woman lunatic', 'maestro': 'an artist of consummate skill; \"a master of the violin\"; \"one of the old masters\"', 'mafioso': 'a member of the Sicilian Mafia', 'magdalen': 'a reformed prostitute', 'magician': 'someone who performs magic tricks to amuse an audience', 'magistrate': 'a lay judge or civil authority who administers the law (especially one who conducts a court dealing with minor offenses)', 'magnifico': 'a person of distinguished rank or appearance', 'magus': 'a magician or sorcerer of ancient times', 'maharaja': 'a great raja; a Hindu prince or king in India ranking above a raja', 'maharani': 'a great rani; a princess in India or the wife of a maharaja', 'mahatma': '(Hinduism) term of respect for a brahmin sage', 'Mahdi': '(Islam) a messianic leader who (according to popular Muslim belief) will appear before the end of the world and restore justice and religion', 'Mahdist': 'an adherent of Mahdism', 'mahout': 'the driver and keeper of an elephant', 'maid': 'a female domestic', 'maiden_aunt': 'an unmarried aunt', 'mailman': 'a man who delivers the mail', 'major-domo': 'the chief steward or butler of a great household', 'major-general': 'a general officer ranking above a brigadier general and below a lieutenant general', 'majority_leader': 'leader of the majority party in a legislature', 'major_leaguer': 'a member of a major-league baseball team', 'maker': 'a person who makes things', 'malacologist': 'a zoologist specializing in the study of mollusks', 'malahini': 'a newcomer to Hawaii', 'malcontent': 'a person who is discontented or disgusted', 'male_aristocrat': 'a man who is an aristocrat', 'male_child': 'a youthful male person; \"the baby was a boy\"; \"she made the boy brush his teeth every night\"; \"most soldiers are only boys in uniform\"', 'transgressor': 'someone who transgresses; someone who violates a law or command; \"the way of transgressors is hard\"', 'male_offspring': 'a child who is male', 'male_sibling': 'a sibling who is male', 'malfeasant': 'one guilty of malfeasance', 'malik': 'the leader of a town or community in some parts of Asia Minor and the Indian subcontinent; \"maliks rule the hinterland of Afghanistan under the protection of warlords\"', 'malingerer': 'someone shirking their duty by feigning illness or incapacity', 'Malthusian': 'a believer in Malthusian theory', 'maltster': 'a maker of malt', 'mammalogist': 'one skilled in the study of mammals', 'mammy': 'an offensive term for a Black nursemaid in the southern U.S.', 'adonis': 'any handsome young man', 'management_consultant': 'adviser to business about efficient management practices', 'manageress': 'a woman manager', 'managing_editor': 'the editor in charge of all editorial activities of a newspaper or magazine', 'mandatary': 'the recipient of a mandate', 'mandator': 'an authority who issues a mandate', 'maneuverer': 'a person skilled in maneuvering', 'maniac': 'a person who has an obsession with or excessive enthusiasm for something', 'manic-depressive': 'a person afflicted with manic-depressive illness', 'Manichaean': 'an adherent of Manichaeism', 'manicurist': 'a beautician who cleans and trims and polishes the fingernails', 'manipulator': 'a person who handles things manually', 'man-at-arms': 'a heavily armed and mounted soldier in medieval times', 'manikin': 'a person who is very small but who is not otherwise deformed or abnormal', 'man_jack': 'a single individual; \"every man jack\"', 'man_of_action': 'someone inclined to act first and think later', 'man_of_letters': 'a man devoted to literary or scholarly activities', 'man_of_means': 'a man who is wealthy', 'manservant': 'a man servant', 'Maoist': 'an advocate of Maoism', 'map-reader': 'a person who can read maps; \"he is a good map-reader\"', 'marathoner': 'someone who participates in long-distance races (especially in marathons)', 'marauder': 'someone who attacks in search of booty', 'marcher': 'an inhabitant of a border district', 'marchioness': 'the wife or widow of a marquis', 'margrave': 'the military governor of a frontier province in medieval Germany', 'Marine': 'a member of the United States Marine Corps', 'marine': 'a soldier who serves both on shipboard and on land', 'marine_engineer': \"a naval officer responsible for the operation and maintenance of the ship's engines\", 'mariner': 'a man who serves as a sailor', 'marksman': 'someone skilled in shooting', 'marquess': 'a British peer ranking below a duke and above an earl', 'marquis': 'nobleman (in various countries) ranking above a count', 'Marrano': '(medieval Spain and Portugal) a disparaging term for a Jew who converted to Christianity in order to avoid persecution but continued to practice their religion secretly', 'married': 'a person who is married; \"we invited several young marrieds\"', 'marshal': '(in some countries) a military officer of highest rank', 'martinet': 'someone who demands exact conformity to rules and forms', 'martyr': 'one who voluntarily suffers death as the penalty for refusing to renounce their religion', 'Marxist': 'an advocate of Marxism', 'mascot': 'a person or animal that is adopted by a team or other group as a symbolic figure', 'masochist': 'someone who obtains pleasure from receiving punishment', 'mason': 'a craftsman who works with stone or brick', 'Masorete': 'a scholar who is expert on the Masorah (especially one of the Jewish scribes who contributed to the Masorah)', 'masquerader': 'a participant in a masquerade', 'massager': 'someone who rubs or kneads parts of the body to stimulate circulation and promote relaxation', 'masseur': 'a male massager', 'masseuse': 'a female massager', 'mass_murderer': 'a person who is responsible for the deaths of many victims in a single incident', 'master-at-arms': 'the senior petty officer; responsible for discipline aboard ship', 'master_of_ceremonies': 'a person who acts as host at formal occasions (makes an introductory speech and introduces other speakers)', 'master_sergeant': 'a senior noncommissioned officer in the Army or Marines', 'masturbator': 'a person who practices masturbation', 'matchmaker': 'someone who arranges (or tries to arrange) marriages for others', 'mater': 'an informal use of the Latin word for mother; sometimes used by British schoolboys or used facetiously', 'materialist': 'someone with great regard for material possessions', 'material_witness': 'a witness whose testimony is both relevant to the matter at issue and required in order to resolve the matter', 'mathematician': 'a person skilled in mathematics', 'math_teacher': 'someone who teaches mathematics', 'matriarch': 'a feisty older woman with a big bosom (as drawn in cartoons)', 'matriculate': 'someone who has been admitted to a college or university', 'matron': 'a wardress in a prison', 'matron_of_honor': 'a married woman serving as the attendant to the bride at a wedding', 'mauler': 'a fighter who batters the opponent; \"Jack Dempsey was called a mauler\"', 'mayor': 'the head of a city government', 'mayoress': 'the wife of a mayor', 'May_queen': 'the girl chosen queen of a May Day festival', 'meanie': 'a person of mean disposition', 'measurer': 'a person who makes measurements', 'meat_packer': 'a wholesaler in the meat-packing business', 'mechanical_engineer': 'a person trained to design and construct machines', 'mechanist': 'a philosopher who subscribes to the doctrine of mechanism', 'medalist': 'someone who has won a medal', 'meddler': 'an officious annoying person who interferes with others', 'media_consultant': 'someone who advises about the use of communication media', 'medical_assistant': 'a person trained to assist medical professionals', 'medical_officer': 'a medical practitioner in the armed forces', 'medical_practitioner': 'someone who practices medicine', 'medical_scientist': 'a scientist who studies disease processes', 'medical_student': 'a student in medical school', 'megalomaniac': 'a pathological egotist', 'melancholic': 'someone subject to melancholia', 'Melkite': 'an eastern Christian in Egypt or Syria who adheres to the Orthodox faith as defined by the council of Chalcedon in 451 and as accepted by the Byzantine emperor', 'melter': 'a worker who melts substances (metal or wax etc.)', 'nonmember': 'a person who is not a member', 'board_member': 'a member of a governing board', 'clansman': 'a member of a clan', 'club_member': 'someone who is a member of a club', 'memorizer': 'a person who learns by rote', 'Mendelian': 'a follower of Mendelism', 'mender': 'a skilled worker who mends or repairs things', 'menial': 'a domestic servant', 'mensch': 'a decent responsible person with admirable characteristics', 'Menshevik': 'a Russian member of the liberal minority group that advocated gradual reform and opposed the Bolsheviks before and during the Russian Revolution', 'mentioner': 'a speaker who refers to something briefly or incidentally', 'mentor': 'a wise and trusted guide and advisor', 'mercenary': 'a person hired to fight for another country than their own', 'mercer': 'a dealer in textiles (especially silks)', 'merchant': 'a businessperson engaged in retail trade', 'meshuggeneh': '(Yiddish) a crazy fool', 'mesne_lord': 'a feudal lord who was lord to his own tenants on land held from a superior lord', 'Mesoamerican': 'a member of one of the various peoples inhabiting Mesoamerica', 'mesomorph': 'a person with a well-developed muscular body', 'messenger': 'a person who carries a message', 'bearer': 'a messenger who bears or presents; \"a bearer of good tidings\"', 'messenger_boy': 'a boy who earns money by running errands', 'messmate': '(nautical) an associate with whom you share meals in the same mess (as on a ship)', 'mestiza': 'a woman of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry)', 'mestizo': 'a person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry)', 'metalhead': 'a fan of heavy metal music', 'metallurgist': 'an engineer trained in the extraction and refining and alloying and fabrication of metals', 'meteorologist': \"a specialist who studies processes in the earth's atmosphere that cause weather conditions\", 'meter_maid': 'policewoman who is assigned to write parking tickets', 'Methodist': 'a follower of Wesleyanism as practiced by the Methodist Church', 'Wesleyan': 'a follower of Wesleyanism', 'metic': 'an alien who paid a fee to reside in an ancient Greek city', 'Metis': 'a person in western Canada who is of Caucasian and American Indian ancestry', 'metropolitan': 'in the Eastern Orthodox Church this title is given to a position between bishop and patriarch; equivalent to archbishop in western Christianity', 'microbiologist': 'a specialist in microbiology', 'microeconomist': 'an economist who specializes in microeconomics', 'microscopist': 'a scientist who specializes in research with the use of microscopes', 'middle-aged_man': 'a man who is roughly between 45 and 65 years old', 'middlebrow': 'someone who is neither a highbrow nor a lowbrow', 'middleweight': 'an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 165 pounds', 'midinette': 'a Parisian salesgirl', 'midshipman': 'a temporary rank held by young naval officers in training', 'midwife': 'a woman skilled in aiding the delivery of babies', 'migrant': 'traveler who moves from one region or country to another', 'mikado': 'the emperor of Japan; when regarded as a religious leader the emperor is called tenno', 'Milady': 'an English noblewoman', 'Milanese': 'a native or inhabitant of Milan', 'miler': '(used only in combinations) the length of something in miles; \"the race was a 30-miler\"', 'miles_gloriosus': 'a braggart soldier (a stock figure in comedy)', 'militant': 'a militant reformer', 'militarist': 'a person who advocates war or warlike policies', 'military_adviser': 'a military officer who serves as an adviser to the troops of an allied nation', 'military_attache': 'an attache who is a specialist in military matters', 'military_chaplain': 'a chaplain in one of the military services', 'military_governor': 'the head of a government established by the military (as in a defeated country)', 'military_leader': 'a leader of military forces', 'military_officer': 'any person in the armed services who holds a position of authority or command; \"an officer is responsible for the lives of his men\"', 'military_policeman': 'a member of the military police who polices soldiers and guards prisoners', 'militiaman': 'a member of the militia; serves only during emergencies', 'milkman': 'someone who delivers milk', 'mill_agent': 'the responsible official at a mill that is under absentee ownership', 'mill-girl': 'a girl who works in a mill', 'mill-hand': 'a workman in a mill or factory', 'millenarian': 'a person who believes in the coming of the millennium (a time of great peace and prosperity)', 'millionairess': 'a woman millionaire', 'millwright': 'a workman who designs or erects mills and milling machinery', 'milord': 'a term of address for an English lord', 'mimic': 'someone who mimics (especially an actor or actress)', 'minder': 'someone (usually in totalitarian countries) who is assigned to watch over foreign visitors; \"I turned around and there, a few hundred feet away, was our government minder, Li Wong Su, huffing and puffing toward us\"', 'mind_reader': 'a magician who seems to discern the thoughts of another person (usually by clever signals from an accomplice)', 'miner': 'laborer who works in a mine', 'mineralogist': 'a scientist trained in mineralogy', 'miniaturist': 'someone who paints tiny pictures in great detail', 'minimalist': 'a conservative who advocates only minor reforms in government or politics', 'mining_engineer': 'an engineer concerned with the construction and operation of mines', 'minion': 'a servile or fawning dependant', 'ministrant': 'someone who serves as a minister', 'minority_leader': 'leader of the minority party in a legislature', 'minor_leaguer': 'a player on a minor-league baseball team', 'minstrel': 'a performer in a minstrel show', 'miracle_man': 'a person who claims or is alleged to perform miracles', 'misanthrope': 'someone who dislikes people in general', 'miser': 'a stingy hoarder of money and possessions (often living miserably)', 'misfit': 'someone unable to adapt to their circumstances', 'misleader': 'someone who leads astray (often deliberately)', 'misogamist': 'a person who hates marriage', 'misogynist': 'a misanthrope who dislikes women in particular', 'missing_link': 'hypothetical organism formerly thought to be intermediate between apes and human beings', 'missionary': 'someone sent on a mission--especially a religious or charitable mission to a foreign country', 'missus': \"informal term of address for someone's wife\", 'mistress': 'an adulterous woman; a woman who has an ongoing extramarital sexual relationship with a man', 'mixed-blood': 'a person whose ancestors belonged to two or more races', 'mnemonist': 'an expert in the use of mnemonics; someone able to perform unusual feats of memory', 'mod': 'a British teenager or young adult in the 1960s; noted for their clothes consciousness and opposition to the rockers', 'class_act': 'someone who shows impressive and stylish excellence', 'humdinger': 'someone of remarkable excellence; \"a humdinger of a secretary\"', 'modeler': 'a person who creates models', 'moderationist': 'a moderate drinker (as opposed to a total abstainer)', 'moderator': 'any substance used to slow down neutrons in nuclear reactors', 'modernist': 'an artist who makes a deliberate break with previous styles', 'Mogul': 'a member of the Muslim dynasty that ruled India until 1857', 'Mohammedan': 'a follower of Mohammed', 'molecular_biologist': 'a biologist who studies the structure and activity of macromolecules essential to life', 'molester': 'someone who subjects others to unwanted or improper sexual activities', 'moll': 'the girlfriend of a gangster', 'mollycoddle': 'a pampered darling; an effeminate man', 'monarchist': 'an advocate of the principles of monarchy', 'Monegasque': 'a native or inhabitant of Monaco', 'monetarist': 'an advocate of the theory that economic fluctuations are caused by increases or decreases in the supply of money', 'moneygrubber': 'someone whose main interest in life is moneymaking', 'mongoloid': 'a person suffering from Down syndrome (no longer used technically in this sense)', 'Mongoloid': 'a member of the Mongoloid race', 'monogamist': 'someone who practices monogamy (one spouse at a time)', 'monolingual': 'a person who knows only one language', 'monologist': 'an entertainer who performs alone', 'monomaniac': 'a person suffering from monomania', 'Monophysite': 'an adherent of Monophysitism', 'monopolist': 'someone who monopolizes the means of producing or selling something', 'monotheist': 'a believer in one god', 'Monsieur': \"used as a French courtesy title; equivalent to English `Mr'\", 'Monsignor': '(Roman Catholic Church) an ecclesiastical title of honor bestowed on some priests', 'moocher': 'someone who mooches or cadges (tries to get something free)', 'Moonie': 'an often derogatory term for a member of the Unification Church', 'moonlighter': 'a person who holds a second job (usually after hours)', 'mopper': 'a worker who uses a mop to clean a surface', 'moppet': 'a little girl (usually one you are fond of)', 'moralist': 'a philosopher who specializes in morals and moral problems', 'morosoph': 'a learned fool', 'morris_dancer': 'someone who does a morris dance', 'mortal_enemy': 'an enemy who wants to kill you', 'mortgagee': 'the person who accepts a mortgage; \"the bank became our mortgagee when it accepted our mortgage on our new home\"', 'mortgagor': 'the person who gives a mortgage in return for money to be repaid; \"we became mortgagors when the bank accepted our mortgage and loaned us the money to buy our new home\"', 'mortician': 'one whose business is the management of funerals', 'mossback': 'an extremely old-fashioned conservative', 'moss-trooper': 'a marauder and plunderer (originally operating in the bogs between England and Scotland)', 'most_valuable_player': 'the player judged to be the most important to the sport', 'mother_figure': 'a woman who evokes the feelings usually reserved for a mother', 'mother-in-law': 'the mother of your spouse', \"mother's_boy\": 'a boy excessively attached to his mother; lacking normal masculine interests', \"mother's_daughter\": 'a daughter who is favored by and similar to her mother', \"mother's_son\": 'a male person; \"every mother\\'s son who could walk was there\"', 'motorcycle_cop': 'a policeman who rides a motorcycle (and who checks the speeds of motorists)', 'motorcyclist': 'a traveler who rides a motorcycle', 'motorist': 'someone who drives (or travels in) an automobile', 'motorman': 'the operator of streetcar', 'motormouth': 'someone who talks incessantly; \"I wish that motormouth would shut up\"', 'Mound_Builder': 'prehistoric Amerindians who built altar mounds', 'mountaineer': 'someone who climbs mountains', 'mountebank': 'a flamboyant deceiver; one who attracts customers with tricks or jokes', 'mounter': 'a skilled worker who mounts pictures or jewels etc.', 'mourner': 'a person who is feeling grief (as grieving over someone who has died)', 'moviegoer': 'someone who goes to see movies', 'muckraker': 'one who spreads real or alleged scandal about another (usually for political advantage)', 'muezzin': 'the Muslim official of a mosque who summons the faithful to prayer from a minaret five times a day', 'muffin_man': 'formerly an itinerant peddler of muffins', 'muggee': 'a victim of a mugging; \"the law seems to give more protection to the mugger than to the muggee\"', 'mugger': 'a robber who takes property by threatening or performing violence on the person who is robbed (usually on the street)', 'mugwump': 'a neutral or uncommitted person (especially in politics)', 'Mugwump': 'someone who bolted from the Republican Party during the U.S. presidential election of 1884', 'mujahid': 'a Muslim engaged in what he considers to be a jihad', 'mujtihad': 'an Islamic scholar who engages in ijtihad, the effort to derive rules of divine law from Muslim sacred texts', 'muleteer': 'a worker who drives mules', 'Mullah': 'a Muslim trained in the doctrine and law of Islam; the head of a mosque', 'muncher': 'a chewer who makes a munching noise', 'muralist': 'a painter of murals', 'murderee': 'a victim who is murdered', 'murderer': 'a criminal who commits homicide (who performs the unlawful premeditated killing of another human being)', 'murderess': 'a woman murderer', 'murder_suspect': 'someone suspected of committing murder', 'muscleman': 'a bully employed as a thug or bodyguard; \"the drug lord had his muscleman to protect him\"', 'muser': 'a reflective thinker characterized by quiet contemplation', 'musher': 'a traveler who drives (or travels with) a dog team', 'music_critic': 'a critic of musical performances', 'musician': 'someone who plays a musical instrument (as a profession)', 'musicologist': 'a student of musicology', 'music_teacher': 'someone who teaches music', 'musketeer': 'a foot soldier armed with a musket', 'Muslimah': 'a Muslim woman', 'mutilator': 'a person who mutilates or destroys or disfigures or cripples', 'mutineer': 'someone who is openly rebellious and refuses to obey authorities (especially seamen or soldiers)', 'mutterer': 'a person who speaks softly and indistinctly', 'muzhik': 'a Russian peasant (especially prior to 1917)', 'muzzler': 'someone who muzzles animals', 'Mycenaen': 'a native or inhabitant of ancient Mycenae', 'mycologist': 'a botanist who specializes in the study of fungi', 'mycophagist': 'a person or animal who eats fungi (especially mushrooms)', 'myope': 'a person with myopia; a nearsighted person', 'myrmidon': 'a follower who carries out orders without question', 'mystic': 'someone who believes in the existence of realities beyond human comprehension', 'mythologist': 'an expert on mythology', 'nabob': 'a wealthy man (especially one who made his fortune in the Orient)', 'naif': 'a naive or inexperienced person', 'nailer': 'a worker who attaches something by nailing it', 'namby-pamby': 'an insipid weakling who is foolishly sentimental', 'name_dropper': 'someone who pretends that famous people are his/her friends', 'namer': 'a person who gives a name or names; \"the owner is usually the namer of a boat\"', 'namesake': 'a person with the same name as another', 'narc': 'a lawman concerned with narcotics violations', 'narcissist': 'someone in love with themselves', 'nark': 'an informer or spy working for the police', 'narrator': 'someone who tells a story', 'nationalist': 'an advocate of national independence of or a strong national government', 'nationalist_leader': 'the leader of a nationalist movement', 'naturalist': 'an advocate of the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms', 'naturopath': 'a therapist who practices naturopathy', 'nautch_girl': 'a professional dancing girl in India', 'naval_attache': 'a military attache who is a commissioned or warrant officer in a navy', 'naval_commander': 'naval officer in command of a fleet of warships', 'naval_officer': 'an officer in the navy', 'navigator': \"the member of an aircrew who is responsible for the aircraft's course\", 'Navy_SEAL': 'a member of a Naval Special Warfare unit who is trained for unconventional warfare; \"SEAL is an acronym for Sea Air and Land\"', 'nawab': 'a governor in India during the Mogul empire', 'oblate': 'a lay person dedicated to religious work or the religious life', 'obsessive': 'a person who has obsessions', 'obsessive-compulsive': 'a person with obsessive-compulsive characteristics', 'obstructionist': 'someone who systematically obstructs some action that others want to take', 'naysayer': 'someone with an aggressively negative attitude', 'Nazarene': 'a member of a group of Jews who (during the early history of the Christian Church) accepted Jesus as the Messiah; they accepted the Gospel According to Matthew but rejected the Epistles of St. Paul and continued to follow Jewish law and celebrate Jewish holidays; they were later declared heretic by the Church of Rome', 'Nazi': \"a German member of Adolf Hitler's political party\", 'nazi': 'derogatory term for a person who is fanatically dedicated to, or seeks to control, some activity, practice, etc.', 'Neapolitan': 'a native or inhabitant of Naples', 'nebbish': '(Yiddish) a timid unfortunate simpleton', 'necessitarian': 'someone who does not believe the doctrine of free will', 'necker': 'a lover who necks', 'necromancer': 'one who practices divination by conjuring up the dead', 'needleworker': 'someone who does work (as sewing or embroidery) with a needle', 'negativist': 'someone who refuses to do what is asked or does the opposite of what is asked', 'neglecter': 'a person who is neglectful and gives little attention or respect to people or responsibilities; \"he tried vainly to impress his neglecters\"', 'negotiator': 'someone who negotiates (confers with others in order to reach a settlement)', 'negotiatress': 'a woman negotiator', 'neoclassicist': 'an advocate of neoclassicism', 'neoconservative': 'a conservative who subscribes to neoconservatism', 'neoliberal': 'a liberal who subscribes to neoliberalism', 'neologist': 'a lexicographer of new words and expressions', 'neonate': 'a baby from birth to four weeks', 'Neoplatonist': 'an adherent of Neoplatonism', 'nephew': 'a son of your brother or sister', 'nepotist': 'a powerful person who shows favoritism to relatives or close friends', 'nerd': 'an intelligent but single-minded expert in a particular technical field or profession', 'Nestorian': 'a follower of Nestorius', 'neurasthenic': 'a person suffering a nervous breakdown', 'neurobiologist': 'a specialist in neurobiology', 'neurolinguist': 'someone trained in neuroscience and linguistics who studies brain processes during language production and reception', 'neurologist': 'a medical specialist in the nervous system and the disorders affecting it', 'neuroscientist': 'a neurobiologist who specializes in the study of the brain', 'neurosurgeon': 'someone who does surgery on the nervous system (especially the brain)', 'neurotic': 'a person suffering from neurosis', 'neutral': 'one who does not side with any party in a war or dispute', 'neutralist': 'an advocate of neutrality in international affairs', 'newcomer': 'a recent arrival; \"he\\'s a newcomer to Boston\"', 'New_Dealer': 'a supporter of the economic policies in the United States known as the New Deal', 'New_Englander': 'an American who lives in New England', 'newlywed': 'someone recently married', 'newsagent': 'someone who sells newspapers', 'newscaster': 'someone who broadcasts the news', 'newspaper_editor': 'the editor of a newspaper', 'newspaper_columnist': 'a columnist who writes for newspapers', 'newspaper_critic': 'a critic who writes a column for the newspapers', 'newsreader': 'someone who reads out broadcast news bulletin', 'Newtonian': 'a follower of Isaac Newton', 'New_Waver': 'a film maker who follows New Wave ideas', 'next_friend': '(law) a person who acts on behalf of an infant or disabled person', 'next_of_kin': 'the person who is (or persons who are) most closely related to a given person', 'nibbler': 'a biter who takes dainty repeated bites', 'niece': 'a daughter of your brother or sister', 'niggard': 'a selfish person who is unwilling to give or spend', 'night_owl': 'a person who likes to be active late at night', 'night_porter': 'a porter on duty during the night', 'night_rider': 'member of a secret mounted band in United States South after the American Civil War; committed acts of intimidation and revenge', 'night_watchman': 'a watchman who works during the night', 'nihilist': 'someone who rejects all theories of morality or religious belief', 'NIMBY': 'someone who objects to siting something in their own neighborhood but does not object to it being sited elsewhere; an acronym for not in my backyard', 'nincompoop': 'a stupid foolish person', 'niqaabi': 'an observant Muslim woman who covers her face and hands when in public or in the presence of any man outside her immediate family', 'Nisei': 'a person born in the United States of parents who emigrated from Japan', 'nitpicker': 'someone who makes small and unjustified criticisms', 'Nobelist': 'winner of a Nobel prize', 'NOC': 'an undercover agent who is given no official cover', 'nomad': 'a member of a people who have no permanent home but move about according to the seasons', 'nominalist': 'a philosopher who has adopted the doctrine of nominalism', 'nominator': 'someone who proposes a candidate for appointment or election', 'nonagenarian': 'someone whose age is in the nineties', 'noncandidate': 'someone who has announced they are not a candidate; especially a politician who has announced that he or she is not a candidate for some political office', 'noncombatant': 'a member of the armed forces who does not participate in combat (e.g. a chaplain or surgeon)', 'noncommissioned_officer': 'a military officer appointed from enlisted personnel', 'nondescript': 'a person is not easily classified and not very interesting', 'nondriver': 'a person who is not a driver', 'nonparticipant': 'a person who does not participate', 'nonpartisan': 'a person who is nonpartisan', 'nonperson': 'a person regarded as nonexistent and having no rights; a person whose existence is systematically ignored (especially for ideological or political reasons); \"the former senator is treated as a nonperson by this administration\"; \"George Orwell predicted that political dissidents would be treated as unpersons\"', 'nonreader': 'a student who is very slow in learning to read', 'nonresident': 'someone who does not live in a particular place; \"described by an admiring nonresident as a green and pleasant land\"', 'non-resistant': 'a reformer who believes in passive resistance', 'normalizer': 'a person who normalizes', 'Northern_Baptist': 'a member of the American Baptist Convention', 'Northerner': 'an inhabitant of the North', 'nosher': 'someone who eats lightly or eats snacks between meals', 'no-show': 'a guest who fails to notify a hotel or restaurant when canceling a reservation', 'notary': \"someone legally empowered to witness signatures and certify a document's validity and to take depositions\", 'noticer': 'someone who takes notice; \"a careful noticer of details\"', 'novelist': 'one who writes novels', 'novice': 'someone new to a field or activity', 'novitiate': 'the period during which you are a novice (especially in a religious order)', 'Nubian': 'a native or inhabitant of Nubia; \"Nubians now form an ethnic minority in Egypt\"', 'nuclear_chemist': 'a chemist who specializes in nuclear chemistry', 'nuclear_physicist': 'a physicist who specializes in nuclear physics', 'nudger': 'someone who nudges; someone who gives a gentle push; \"he needs a regular nudger to keep him awake\"', 'nudist': 'a person who practices nudity for reasons of health or religion', 'nudnik': '(Yiddish) someone who is a boring pest', 'nullifier': 'an advocate of nullification; someone who believes that a state can resist federal laws', 'nullipara': '(obstetrics) a woman who has never give birth to a child', 'number_theorist': 'a mathematician specializing in number theory', 'numerologist': 'a believer in numerology', 'numen': 'a spirit believed to inhabit an object or preside over a place (especially in ancient Roman religion)', 'Numidian': 'an inhabitant of ancient Numidia', 'numismatist': 'a collector and student of money (and coins in particular)', 'nurse': 'one skilled in caring for young children or the sick (usually under the supervision of a physician)', 'nurser': 'a person who treats something carefully; \"a great nurser of pennies\"', 'nursing_aide': 'someone who assists a nurse in tasks that require little formal training', 'nurse-midwife': 'a registered nurse who has received special training as a midwife', 'nurse_practitioner': 'a registered nurse who has received special training and can perform many of the duties of a physician', 'nuncio': '(Roman Catholic Church) a diplomatic representative of the Pope having ambassadorial status', 'nursling': 'an infant considered in relation to its nurse', 'nutter': 'a person who is regarded as eccentric or mad', 'nymphet': 'a sexually attractive young woman', 'nympholept': 'a person seized by nympholepsy', 'nymphomaniac': 'a woman with abnormal sexual desires', 'oarsman': 'someone who rows a boat', 'oarswoman': 'a woman oarsman', 'obliger': 'someone who performs a service or does a favor', 'oboist': 'a musician who plays the oboe', 'obscurantist': 'a person who is deliberately vague', 'observer': 'an expert who observes and comments on something', 'obstetrician': 'a physician specializing in obstetrics', 'occupier': 'a member of a military force who is residing in a conquered foreign country', 'oceanographer': 'a scientist who studies physical and biological aspects of the seas', 'octogenarian': 'someone whose age is in the eighties', 'occultist': 'a believer in occultism; someone versed in the occult arts', 'odalisque': 'a woman slave in a harem', 'odds-maker': 'someone who sets the betting odds based on calculations of the outcome of a contest (especially a horse race)', 'odist': 'a poet who writes odes', 'wine_lover': 'a connoisseur of fine wines; a grape nut', 'offerer': 'someone who presents something to another for acceptance or rejection', 'office-bearer': 'the person who holds an office', 'office_boy': 'a young man who is employed to do odd jobs in a business office', 'officeholder': 'someone who is appointed or elected to an office and who holds a position of trust; \"he is an officer of the court\"; \"the club elected its officers for the coming year\"', 'officer': 'a person authorized to serve in a position of authority on a vessel; \"he is the officer in charge of the ship\\'s engines\"', 'official': 'a worker who holds or is invested with an office', 'officiant': 'a clergyman who officiates at a religious ceremony or service', 'Federal': 'a member of the Union Army during the American Civil War', 'ogler': 'a viewer who gives a flirtatious or lewd look at another person', 'oiler': 'a worker who oils engines or machinery', 'oilman': 'a person who owns or operates oil wells', 'oil_painter': 'a painter who uses oil paints', 'oil_tycoon': 'a powerful person in the oil business', 'old-age_pensioner': 'an old person who receives an old-age pension', 'old_boy': 'a familiar term of address for a man', 'old_lady': 'your own wife; \"meet my old lady\"', 'old_man': '(slang) boss', 'old_master': 'a great European painter prior to 19th century', 'oldster': 'an elderly person', 'old-timer': 'an elderly man', 'old_woman': 'a woman who is old', 'oligarch': 'one of the rulers in an oligarchy', 'ombudsman': 'a government appointee who investigates complaints by private persons against the government', 'oncologist': 'a specialist in oncology', 'oneiromancer': 'someone who divines through the interpretation of dreams', 'one_of_the_boys': 'a man who has been socially accepted into a group of other men; \"he quickly became one of the boys\"', 'onlooker': 'someone who looks on', 'onomancer': 'one who practices onomancy', 'operagoer': 'a patron of the opera', 'opera_star': 'singer of lead role in an opera', 'operator': '(mathematics) a symbol or function representing a mathematical operation', 'ophthalmologist': 'a medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the eye', 'opium_addict': 'someone addicted to opium', 'opportunist': 'a person who places expediency above principle', 'oppressor': 'a person of authority who subjects others to undue pressures', 'optician': 'a worker who makes glasses for remedying defects of vision', 'optimist': 'a person disposed to take a favorable view of things', 'optometrist': 'a person skilled in testing for defects of vision in order to prescribe corrective glasses', 'Orangeman': 'a member of a society founded in Ireland in 1795 to uphold Protestantism and the British sovereign', 'orator': 'a person who delivers a speech or oration', 'orchestrator': 'an arranger who writes for orchestras', 'ordainer': 'a cleric who ordains; a cleric who admits someone to holy orders', 'orderer': 'someone who places an order to buy', 'orderly': 'a soldier who serves as an attendant to a superior officer; \"the orderly laid out the general\\'s uniform\"', 'orderly_sergeant': 'the first sergeant of a company; duties formerly included the conveyance of orders', 'ordinand': 'a person being ordained', 'organ_donor': 'someone from whom an organ is taken for transplantation', 'organ-grinder': 'a street musician who plays a hand organ or hurdy-gurdy', 'organist': 'a person who plays an organ', 'organization_man': 'an employee who sacrifices his own individuality for the good of an organization', 'organizer': 'someone who enlists workers to join a union', 'orientalist': 'a specialist in oriental subjects', 'originator': 'someone who creates new things', 'Orleanist': 'a supporter of the Orleans branch of the Bourbons that was descended from a younger brother of Louis XIV', 'ornithologist': 'a zoologist who studies birds', 'orthodontist': 'a dentist specializing in the prevention or correction of irregularities of the teeth', 'Orthodox_Jew': 'Jew who practices strict observance of Mosaic law', 'orthoepist': 'a practitioner of orthoepy (especially one of the 17th or 18th century scholars who proposed to reform English spelling so it would reflect pronunciation more closely)', 'orthopedist': 'a specialist in correcting deformities of the skeletal system (especially in children)', 'orthoptist': 'a specialist in orthoptics', 'osteologist': 'an anatomist who is skilled is osteology', 'osteopath': 'a therapist who manipulates the skeleton and muscles', 'Ostrogoth': 'a member of the eastern group of Goths who created a kingdom in northern Italy around 500 AD', 'out-and-outer': 'someone who is excellent at something', 'outcast': 'a person who is rejected (from society or home)', 'outcaste': 'a person belonging to no caste', 'outdoorsman': 'a person who spends time outdoors (e.g., hunting or fishing)', 'outdoorswoman': 'a woman who spends time outdoors (e.g., hunting and fishing)', 'outfielder': '(baseball) a person who plays in the outfield', 'right_fielder': 'the person who plays right field', 'right-handed_pitcher': '(baseball) a pitcher who throws with the right hand', 'center_fielder': 'the person who plays center field', 'left_fielder': 'the person who plays left field', 'outpatient': 'a patient who does not reside in the hospital where he is being treated', 'outrider': 'an escort who rides ahead (as a member of the vanguard)', 'outsider': 'a contestant (human or animal) not considered to have a good chance to win', 'overachiever': 'a student who attains higher standards than the IQ indicated', 'overlord': 'a person who has general authority over others', 'overseer': 'a person who directs and manages an organization', 'owner': 'a person who owns something; \"they are searching for the owner of the car\"; \"who is the owner of that friendly smile?\"', 'owner-driver': 'a motorist who owns the car that he/she drives', 'owner-occupier': 'an occupant who owns the home that he/she lives in', 'oyabun': 'a Japanese supervisor', 'pachuco': 'a Mexican-American teenager who belongs to a neighborhood gang and who dresses in showy clothes', 'pacifist': 'someone opposed to violence as a means of settling disputes', 'packer': 'a workman employed to pack things into containers', 'padrone': 'an owner or proprietor of an inn in Italy', 'pagan': 'a person who follows a polytheistic or pre-Christian religion (not a Christian or Muslim or Jew)', 'Paleo-American': 'a member of the Paleo-American peoples who were the earliest human inhabitants of North America and South America during the late Pleistocene epoch', 'paleographer': 'an archeologist skilled in paleography', 'paleontologist': 'a specialist in paleontology', 'pallbearer': 'one of the mourners carrying the coffin at a funeral', 'palmist': 'fortuneteller who predicts your future by the lines on your palms', 'pamperer': 'someone who pampers or spoils by excessive indulgence', 'pamphleteer': 'a writer of pamphlets (usually taking a partisan stand on public issues)', 'Panchen_Lama': 'the lama next in rank to the Dalai Lama', 'panderer': 'a person who serves or caters to the vulgar passions or plans of others (especially in order to make money)', 'panelist': 'a member of a panel', 'panhandler': 'a beggar who approaches strangers asking for money', 'pansexual': 'a person who participates in (or is open to) sexual activities of many kinds', 'pantheist': 'someone who believes that God and the universe are the same', 'paparazzo': 'a freelance photographer who pursues celebrities trying to take candid photographs of them to sell to newspapers or magazines', 'paperboy': 'a boy who sells or delivers newspapers', 'paperhanger': 'someone who passes bad checks or counterfeit paper money', 'paper-pusher': 'a clerk or bureaucrat who does paperwork', 'papoose': 'an American Indian infant', 'parachutist': 'a person who jumps from aircraft using a parachute', 'paragrapher': 'a writer of paragraphs (as for publication on the editorial page of a newspaper)', 'paralegal': 'a person with specialized training who assists lawyers', 'paralytic': 'a person suffering from paralysis', 'paramedic': 'a person trained to assist medical professionals and to give emergency medical treatment', 'paranoid': 'a person afflicted with paranoia', 'paraplegic': 'a person who has paraplegia (is paralyzed from the waist down)', 'paraprofessional': 'a trained worker who is not a member of a profession but who assists a professional', 'parapsychologist': 'someone who studies the evidence for such psychological phenomena as psychokinesis and telepathy and clairvoyance', 'paratrooper': 'a soldier in the paratroops', 'pardoner': 'a person who pardons or forgives or excuses a fault or offense', 'paretic': 'a person afflicted with paresis (partial paralysis)', 'parishioner': 'a member of a parish', 'park_commissioner': 'a commissioner in charge of public parks', 'parliamentarian': 'an expert in parliamentary rules and procedures', 'Parliamentarian': 'an elected member of the British Parliament: a member of the House of Commons', 'parliamentary_agent': 'a person who is employed to look after the affairs of businesses that are affected by legislation of the British Parliament', 'parlormaid': 'a maid in a private home whose duties are to care for the parlor and the table and to answer the door', 'parodist': 'mimics literary or musical style for comic effect', 'Parsee': 'a member of a monotheistic sect of Zoroastrian origin; descended from the Persians; now found in western India', 'partaker': 'someone who has or gives or receives a part or a share', 'participant': 'someone who takes part in an activity', 'partitionist': 'an advocate of partitioning a country', 'partner': 'a person who is a member of a partnership', 'part-owner': 'a person who owns something in common with others', 'part-timer': 'someone who works less than the customary or standard time', 'party_boss': 'a leader in a political party who controls votes and dictates appointments; \"party bosses have a reputation for corruption\"', 'party_girl': 'an attractive young woman hired to attend parties and entertain men', 'partygoer': 'someone who is attending a party; \"the hall was crowded with an overflow of partygoers\"', 'party_man': 'a member of a political party who follows strictly the party line', 'pasha': 'a civil or military authority in Turkey or Egypt', 'passenger': 'a traveler riding in a vehicle (a boat or bus or car or plane or train etc) who is not operating it', 'passer': 'a person who passes as a member of a different ethnic or racial group', 'passerby': 'a person who passes by casually or by chance', 'passive_source': 'an informant who is not assigned to obtain specific intelligence but who routinely passes on whatever information he or she has', 'paster': 'a workman who pastes', 'past_master': 'someone who was formerly a master', 'pastry_cook': 'a chef who specializes in pastry', 'patentee': 'the inventor to whom a patent is issued', 'pater': 'an informal use of the Latin word for father; sometimes used by British schoolboys or used facetiously', 'patient': 'a person who requires medical care; \"the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly\"', 'patrial': 'a person who has the right to be considered legally a British citizen (by virtue of the birth of a parent or grandparent)', 'patriarch': 'title for the heads of the Eastern Orthodox Churches (in Istanbul and Alexandria and Moscow and Jerusalem)', 'patrician': 'a person of refined upbringing and manners', 'patriot': 'one who loves and defends his or her country', 'patroller': 'someone on patrol duty; an individual or a member of a group that patrols an area', 'patron': 'the proprietor of an inn', 'patroness': 'a woman who is a patron or the wife of a patron', 'patron_saint': 'a saint who is considered to be a defender of some group or nation', 'patternmaker': 'someone who makes patterns (as for sewing or carpentry or metalworking)', 'patzer': 'a poor chess player', 'pauper': 'a person who is very poor', 'pavement_artist': 'someone who draws on the pavement with colored chalks (hoping that passers-by will give them money)', 'pawer': 'a person who handles or caresses in a clumsy or overfamiliar manner', 'pawnbroker': 'a person who lends money at interest in exchange for personal property that is deposited as security', 'payee': 'a person to whom money is paid', 'payer': 'a person who pays money for something', 'paymaster': 'a person in charge of paying wages', 'pearl_diver': 'a diver who searches for molluscs containing pearls', 'peasant': 'one of a (chiefly European) class of agricultural laborers', 'pedaler': 'a person who rides a pedal-driven vehicle (as a bicycle)', 'pedant': 'a person who pays more attention to formal rules and book learning than they merit', 'peddler': 'someone who travels about selling his wares (as on the streets or at carnivals)', 'pederast': 'a man who has sex (usually sodomy) with a boy as the passive partner', 'pedestrian': 'a person who travels by foot', 'pedodontist': \"a dentist who specializes in the care of children's teeth\", 'pedophile': 'an adult who is sexually attracted to children', 'peer_of_the_realm': 'a peer who is entitled to sit in the House of Lords', 'pelter': 'a thrower of missiles; \"the police were too busy to chase the pelters\"', 'pendragon': 'the supreme war chief of the ancient Britons', 'penetrator': 'an intruder who passes into or through (often by overcoming resistance)', 'penitent': '(Roman Catholic Church) a person who repents for wrongdoing (a Roman Catholic may be admitted to penance under the direction of a confessor)', 'penny_pincher': 'someone who is excessively careful with money (who pinches every penny before letting go of it)', 'penologist': 'a person who studies the theory and practice of prison management', 'pen_pal': 'a person you come to know by frequent friendly correspondence', 'penpusher': 'a clerk who does boring paperwork', 'pensioner': 'the beneficiary of a pension fund', 'pentathlete': 'an athlete who competes in a pentathlon', 'Pentecostal': 'any member of a Pentecostal religious body', 'percussionist': 'a musician who plays percussion instruments', 'perfectionist': 'a person who is displeased by anything that does not meet very high standards', 'perfecter': 'a skilled worker who perfects something; \"although not the inventor he must be recognized as the perfecter of this technique\"', 'performer': 'an entertainer who performs a dramatic or musical work for an audience', 'perfumer': 'a person who makes (and sells) perfumes', 'perinatologist': 'an obstetrician specializing in perinatology', 'periodontist': 'a dentist specializing in diseases of the gums and other structure surrounding the teeth', 'peripatetic': 'a person who walks from place to place', 'perisher': 'bounder', 'perjurer': 'a person who deliberately gives false testimony', 'peroxide_blond': 'a blond whose hair is bleached with peroxide', 'perpetrator': 'someone who perpetrates wrongdoing', 'peshmerga': 'a member of a Kurdish guerilla organization that fights for a free Kurdish state', 'personal_representative': 'a person who manages the affairs of another', 'personage': 'another word for person; a person not meriting identification; \"a strange personage appeared at the door\"', 'persona_grata': 'a diplomat who is acceptable to the government to which he is sent', 'persona_non_grata': 'a diplomat who is unacceptable to the government to which he is sent', 'perspirer': 'a person who perspires', 'persuader': 'someone who tries to persuade or induce or lead on', 'pervert': 'a person whose behavior deviates from what is acceptable especially in sexual behavior', 'pessimist': 'a person who expects the worst', 'petitioner': 'one praying humbly for something; \"a suppliant for her favors\"', 'petit_juror': 'a member of a petit jury', 'petroleum_geologist': 'a specialist in petroleum geology', 'pet_sitter': 'someone left in charge of pets while their owners are away from home', 'petter': 'a lover who gently fondles and caresses the loved one; \"they are heavy petters\"', 'petty_officer': 'a noncommissioned officer in the Navy or Coast Guard with a rank comparable to sergeant in the Army', 'Pharaoh': 'the title of the ancient Egyptian kings', 'Pharisee': 'a member of an ancient Jewish sect noted for strict obedience to Jewish traditions', 'pharisee': 'a self-righteous or sanctimonious person', 'pharmacist': 'a health professional trained in the art of preparing and dispensing drugs', 'pharmacologist': 'someone trained in the science of drugs (their composition and uses and effects)', 'philanthropist': 'someone who makes charitable donations intended to increase human well-being', 'philatelist': 'a collector and student of postage stamps', 'philhellene': 'an admirer of Greece and everything Greek', 'Philippian': 'a native or inhabitant of Philippi in ancient Macedonia', 'Philistine': 'a member of an Aegean people who settled ancient Philistia around the 12th century BC', 'philistine': 'a person who is uninterested in intellectual pursuits', 'philologist': 'a humanist specializing in classical scholarship', 'philomath': 'a lover of learning', 'philosopher': 'a wise person who is calm and rational; someone who lives a life of reason with equanimity', 'philosophizer': 'someone who considers situations from a philosophical point of view', 'phlebotomist': 'someone who practices phlebotomy', 'phonetician': 'a specialist in phonetics', 'phonologist': 'a specialist in phonology', 'photographer': 'someone who takes photographs professionally', \"photographer's_model\": 'a model who poses for photographers', 'photojournalist': 'a journalist who presents a story primarily through the use of photographs', 'photometrist': 'someone who practices photometry', 'phrenologist': 'someone who claims to be able to read your character from the shape of your skull', 'physical_therapist': 'therapist who treats injury or dysfunction with exercises and other physical treatments of the disorder', 'physicist': 'a scientist trained in physics', 'physiologist': 'a biologist specializing in physiology', 'phytochemist': 'a chemist who specializes in the chemistry of plants', 'pianist': 'a person who plays the piano', 'piano_maker': 'a person who makes pianos', 'piano_teacher': 'someone who teaches students to play the piano', 'pickaninny': '(ethnic slur) offensive term for a Black child', 'picker': 'a person who chooses or selects out', 'pickpocket': 'a thief who steals from the pockets or purses of others in public places', 'picnicker': 'a person who is picnicking', 'pied_piper': 'a leader who entices people to follow (especially to their doom)', 'pilgrim': 'someone who journeys to a sacred place as an act of religious devotion', 'Pilgrim': 'one of the colonists from England who sailed to America on the Mayflower and founded the colony of Plymouth in New England in 1620', 'pill_head': 'a consumer of amphetamine pills', 'pilot': 'a person qualified to guide ships through difficult waters going into or out of a harbor', 'Piltdown_man': 'a supposedly primitive man later proven to be a hoax', 'pimp': 'someone who procures customers for whores (in England they call a pimp a ponce)', 'pinchgut': 'a niggardly person who starves himself (and others)', 'pinch_hitter': '(baseball) a substitute for the regular batter', 'pinko': 'a person with mildly leftist political views', 'pioneer': 'someone who helps to open up a new line of research or technology or art', 'pipe_major': 'the chief piper in a band of bagpipes', 'piper': 'someone who plays the bagpipe', 'pipe_smoker': 'a smoker who uses a pipe', 'pip-squeak': 'someone who is small and insignificant', 'pistoleer': 'someone armed with a pistol (especially a soldier so armed)', 'pitchman': 'an aggressive salesman who uses a fast line of talk to sell something', 'pituitary_dwarf': 'a dwarf whose condition is caused by a deficiency of growth hormones, rather than by genetic factors (as in the case of the achondroplastic dwarf)', 'place-kicker': '(football) a kicker who makes a place kick for a goal', 'placeman': 'a disparaging term for an appointee', 'placer_miner': 'a miner who extracts minerals from a placer by washing or dredging', 'plagiarist': \"someone who uses another person's words or ideas as if they were his own\", 'plainclothesman': 'a detective who wears civilian clothes on duty', 'plainsman': 'an inhabitant of a plains region (especially the Great Plains of North America)', 'plaintiff': 'a person who brings an action in a court of law', 'plaiter': 'someone who plaits (hair or fabric etc.)', 'plasterer': 'a worker skilled in applying plaster', 'plaster_saint': 'a person (considered to be) without human failings; \"he\\'s no plaster saint\"', 'platelayer': 'a workman who lays and repairs railroad tracks', 'plater': 'a skilled worker who coats articles with a film of metal (usually silver or gold)', 'platinum_blond': 'a blond whose hair is a pale silvery (often artificially colored) blond', 'platitudinarian': 'a bore who makes excessive use of platitudes', 'Platonist': 'an advocate of Platonism', 'playboy': 'a man devoted to the pursuit of pleasure', 'player': 'a person who pursues a number of different social and sexual partners simultaneously', 'playgoer': 'someone who attends the theater', 'playmaker': 'a player in a team sport who leads attacks or maneuvers in such a way that a teammate can score', 'playmate': 'a companion at play', 'pleaser': 'a pleasing entertainer; \"he is quite the crowd pleaser\"', 'plebeian': 'one of the common people', 'pledgee': 'someone to whom a pledge is made or someone with whom something is deposited as a pledge', 'pledger': 'someone who makes or gives a pledge', 'pledge_taker': 'a volunteer who records (usually by telephone) contributions pledged in a fund drive', 'plenipotentiary': 'a diplomat who is fully authorized to represent his or her government', 'plier': 'someone who plies a trade', 'plodder': 'someone who works slowly and monotonously for long hours', 'plowboy': 'a boy who leads the animals that draw a plow', 'plowman': 'a man who plows', 'plowwright': 'a workman who makes and repairs plows', 'plumber': 'a craftsman who installs and repairs pipes and fixtures and appliances', 'plunderer': 'someone who takes spoils or plunder (as in war)', 'pluralist': 'a cleric who holds more than one benefice at a time', 'plutocrat': 'someone who exercises power by virtue of wealth', 'poet': 'a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry)', 'poetess': 'a woman poet', 'poet_laureate': 'a poet who is unofficially regarded as holding an honorary position in a particular group or region; \"she is the poet laureate of all lyricists\"; \"he is the poet laureate of Arkansas\"', 'poilu': 'a French soldier (especially in World War I)', 'pointillist': 'a painter who uses the technique of pointillism', 'point_man': 'someone who is the forefront of an important enterprise; \"he is the president\\'s point man on economic issues\"', 'pointsman': 'a policeman stationed at an intersection to direct traffic', 'point_woman': 'a woman who is the forefront of an important enterprise', 'poisoner': 'someone who kills with poison', 'polemicist': 'a writer who argues in opposition to others (especially in theology)', 'police_commissioner': 'a civil commissioner appointed to supervise the duties and discipline of the police', 'policeman': 'a member of a police force; \"it was an accident, officer\"', 'police_matron': 'a woman policeman', 'police_sergeant': 'a lawman with the rank of sergeant', 'policyholder': 'a person who holds an insurance policy; usually, the client in whose name an insurance policy is written', 'policy_maker': 'someone who sets the plan pursued by a government or business etc.; \"policy makers often make the right decision for the wrong reason\"', 'political_prisoner': 'someone who is imprisoned because of their political views', 'political_scientist': 'a social scientist specializing in the study of government', 'politician': 'a schemer who tries to gain advantage in an organization in sly or underhanded ways', 'pollster': 'someone who conducts surveys of public opinion; \"a pollster conducts public opinion polls\"; \"a headcounter counts heads\"', 'polluter': 'a person or organization that causes pollution of the environment', 'poltroon': 'an abject coward', 'polyandrist': 'a woman with two or more husbands', 'polygamist': 'someone who is married to two or more people at the same time', 'polygynist': 'a man with two or more wives', 'polytheist': 'one who believes in a plurality of gods', 'pomologist': 'someone versed in pomology or someone who cultivates fruit trees', 'ponce': 'a man who is effeminate in his manner and fussy in the way he dresses', 'pontifex': 'a member of the highest council of priests in ancient Rome', 'pooler': 'someone who shares in and contributes to a general fund for use by all', 'pool_player': 'someone who shoots pool', 'poor_devil': 'someone you feel sorry for', 'poor_person': 'a person with few or no possessions', 'pope': 'the head of the Roman Catholic Church', 'popularizer': 'someone who makes attractive to the general public', 'pork_butcher': 'a vendor of pork and products made from pork', 'pornographer': 'someone who presents shows or sells writing or pictures that are sexually explicit in violation of the community mores', 'portraitist': 'a painter or drawer of portraits', 'portwatcher': 'a watchman on a wharf', 'poseur': 'a person who habitually pretends to be something he is not', 'poseuse': 'a woman poseur', 'positivist': 'someone who emphasizes observable facts and excludes metaphysical speculation about origins or ultimate causes', 'posseman': 'an able-bodied man serving as a member of a posse', 'postdiluvian': \"anything living after Noah's flood\", 'postdoc': 'a scholar or researcher who is involved in academic study beyond the level of a doctoral degree', 'poster_boy': 'a male poster child', 'poster_child': 'a child afflicted by some disease or deformity whose picture is used on posters to raise money for charitable purposes; \"she was the poster child for muscular dystrophy\"', 'poster_girl': 'a female poster child', 'postmature_infant': 'infant born after 42 weeks of gestation; usually shows signs of placental insufficiency', 'postulator': '(Roman Catholic Church) someone who proposes or pleads for a candidate for beatification or canonization', 'posturer': 'someone who behaves in a manner calculated to impress or mislead others', 'private_citizen': 'a citizen who does not hold any official or public position', 'probable': 'an applicant likely to be chosen', 'problem_solver': 'a thinker who focuses on the problem as stated and tries to synthesize information and knowledge to achieve a solution', 'pro-lifer': 'an advocate of full legal protection for embryos and fetuses; someone opposed to legalized induced abortion', 'proprietress': 'a woman proprietor', 'prosthetist': 'an expert in prosthetics', 'prosthodontist': 'a dentist who is expert in prosthodontics', 'provincial': '(Roman Catholic Church) an official in charge of an ecclesiastical province acting under the superior general of a religious order; \"the general of the Jesuits receives monthly reports from the provincials\"', 'postal_clerk': 'a clerk in a post office', 'postilion': 'someone who rides the near horse of a pair in order to guide the horses pulling a carriage (especially a carriage without a coachman)', 'Postimpressionist': 'an artist of the Postimpressionist school who revolted against Impressionism', 'postmaster': 'the person in charge of a post office', 'postmistress': 'a woman postmaster', 'postmaster_general': 'the official in charge of the national postal service', 'postulant': 'one submitting a request or application especially one seeking admission into a religious order', 'potboy': 'a worker in an inn or public house who serves customers and does various chores', 'pothead': 'someone who smokes marijuana habitually', 'potholer': 'a person who explores caves', 'pothunter': 'a nonprofessional archeologist', 'potter': \"a craftsman who shapes pottery on a potter's wheel and bakes them it a kiln\", 'poultryman': 'a dealer in poultry and poultry products', 'powderer': 'someone who applies or scatters powder', 'powder_monkey': 'someone who carries explosives (as from the magazine to the guns on board a warship)', 'power_broker': 'a person who is important by virtue of the people or votes they control; \"a power broker who does you a favor will expect you to return it\"', 'power_user': '(computing) a computer user who needs the fastest and most powerful computers available', 'power_worker': 'a worker at a power station', 'practitioner': 'someone who practices a learned profession', 'praetor': 'an annually elected magistrate of the ancient Roman Republic', 'pragmatist': 'an adherent of philosophical pragmatism', 'prankster': 'someone who plays practical jokes on others', 'prattler': 'someone who speaks in a childish way', 'preacher': 'someone whose occupation is preaching the gospel', 'prebendary': 'a canon who receives a prebend for serving the church', 'preceptor': 'teacher at a university or college (especially at Cambridge or Oxford)', 'predecessor': 'one who precedes you in time (as in holding a position or office)', 'preemptor': 'someone who acquires land by preemption', 'prefect': 'a chief officer or chief magistrate; \"the prefect of Paris police\"', 'Pre-Raphaelite': 'a painter or writer dedicated to restoring early Renaissance ideals', 'premature_baby': 'an infant that is born prior to 37 weeks of gestation', 'presbyope': 'a person with presbyopia; someone who is farsighted resulting from the progressive loss with aging of the elasticity of the crystalline lens', 'presbyter': 'an elder in the Presbyterian Church', 'Presbyterian': 'a follower of Calvinism as taught in the Presbyterian Church', 'preschooler': 'a child who attends a preschool or kindergarten', 'presenter': 'someone who presents a message of some sort (as a petition or an address or a check or a memorial etc.)', 'presentist': 'a theologian who believes that the Scripture prophecies of the Apocalypse (the Book of Revelation) are being fulfilled at the present time', 'preservationist': 'someone who advocates the preservation of historical sites or endangered species or natural areas', 'preserver': 'a cook who preserves fruits or meat', 'president': 'the officer who presides at the meetings of an organization; \"address your remarks to the chairperson\"', 'presiding_officer': 'the leader of a group meeting', 'pre-Socratic': 'any philosopher who lived before Socrates', 'press_agent': 'someone employed to arrange publicity (for a firm or a public figure)', 'press_lord': 'a powerful newspaper proprietor', 'press_photographer': 'a photographer who works for a newspaper', 'Pretender': 'a claimant to the throne or to the office of ruler (usually without just title)', 'preterist': 'a theologian who believes that the Scripture prophecies of the Apocalypse (the Book of Revelation) have already been fulfilled', 'prevailing_party': 'the party in a lawsuit who obtains a judgment in their own favor', 'priest': 'a person who performs religious duties and ceremonies in a non-Christian religion', 'priestess': 'a woman priest', 'prima_ballerina': 'a leading female ballet dancer', 'prima_donna': 'a vain and temperamental person', 'primary_care_physician': 'the physician who provides primary care; \"the primary care physician acts as a gatekeeper to the medical system\"', 'primigravida': '(obstetrics) a woman who is pregnant for the first time', 'primipara': '(obstetrics) woman who has been delivered of a child for the first time', 'primordial_dwarf': 'an achondroplastic dwarf whose small size is the result of a genetic defect; body parts and mental and sexual development are normal', 'primus': 'the presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church of Scotland', 'prince': 'a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)', 'Elector': 'any of the German princes who were entitled to vote in the election of new emperor of the Holy Roman Empire', 'prince_charming': 'a suitor who fulfills the dreams of his beloved', 'prince_consort': 'a prince who is the husband of a reigning female sovereign', 'princeling': 'a petty or insignificant prince who rules some unimportant principality', 'Prince_of_Wales': 'the male heir apparent of the British sovereign', 'princess': 'a female member of a royal family other than the queen (especially the daughter of a sovereign)', 'princess_royal': 'the eldest daughter of a British sovereign', 'principal': 'the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated', 'principal_investigator': 'the scientist in charge of an experiment or research project', \"printer's_devil\": 'an apprentice in a printing establishment', 'printmaker': 'an artist who designs and makes prints', 'print_seller': 'someone who sells etchings and engravings etc.', 'prior': 'the head of a religious order; in an abbey the prior is next below the abbot', 'prisoner': 'a person who is confined; especially a prisoner of war', 'prisoner_of_war': 'a person who surrenders to (or is taken by) the enemy in time of war', 'private': 'an enlisted man of the lowest rank in the Army or Marines; \"our prisoner was just a private and knew nothing of value\"', 'private_detective': 'someone who can be employed as a detective to collect information', 'prizefighter': 'a professional boxer', 'probability_theorist': 'a mathematician who specializes in probability theory', 'probationer': 'a nurse in training who is undergoing a trial period', 'probation_officer': 'the officer of the court who supervises probationers', 'process-server': 'someone who personally delivers a process (a writ compelling attendance in court) or court papers to the defendant', 'procrastinator': 'someone who postpones work (especially out of laziness or habitual carelessness)', 'proctologist': 'a doctor specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus', 'proctor': 'someone who supervises (an examination)', 'procurator': '(ancient Rome) someone employed by the Roman Emperor to manage finance and taxes', 'procurer': 'someone who obtains or acquires; \"the procurer of opera tickets\"', 'procuress': 'a woman pimp', 'prodigal': 'a recklessly extravagant consumer', 'professional': 'an athlete who plays for pay', 'professor': 'someone who is a member of the faculty at a college or university', 'profiteer': 'someone who makes excessive profit (especially on goods in short supply)', 'profit_taker': 'someone who sells stock shares at a profit', 'programmer': 'a person who designs and writes and tests computer programs', 'projectionist': 'the person who operates the projector in a movie house', 'proletarian': 'a member of the working class (not necessarily employed); \"workers of the world--unite!\"', 'promisee': 'a person to whom a promise is made', 'promiser': 'a person who makes a promise', 'promoter': 'someone who is an active supporter and advocate', 'promulgator': '(law) one who promulgates laws (announces a law as a way of putting it into execution)', 'proofreader': 'someone who reads proof in order to find errors and mark corrections', 'propagandist': 'a person who disseminates messages calculated to assist some cause or some government', 'propagator': 'someone who propagates plants (as under glass)', 'property_man': 'member of the stage crew in charge of properties', 'prophet': 'someone who speaks by divine inspiration; someone who is an interpreter of the will of God', 'prophetess': 'a woman prophet', 'proposer': '(parliamentary procedure) someone who makes a formal motion', 'propositus': 'the person immediately affected by or concerned with an action', 'prosecutor': 'a government official who conducts criminal prosecutions on behalf of the state', 'proselyte': 'a new convert; especially a gentile converted to Judaism', 'prospector': 'someone who explores an area for mineral deposits', 'prostitute': 'a woman who engages in sexual intercourse for money', 'protectionist': 'an advocate of protectionism', 'protege': \"a person who receives support and protection from an influential patron who furthers the protege's career\", 'protegee': 'a woman protege', 'protozoologist': 'a zoologist who studies protozoans', 'provider': 'someone who provides the means for subsistence', 'provost': 'a high-ranking university administrator', 'provost_marshal': 'the supervisor of the military police', 'prowler': 'someone who prowls or sneaks about; usually with unlawful intentions', 'prude': 'a person excessively concerned about propriety and decorum', 'psalmist': 'a composer of sacred songs; \"David is called The Psalmist because he is believed to be the author of the Book of Psalms\"', 'psephologist': 'a sociologist who studies election trends', 'pseudohermaphrodite': 'someone having external genitalia of one sex and internal sex organs of the other sex; not a true hermaphrodite because there is no ambiguity in the sex of the external genitalia and hence no question about gender at birth', 'psychiatrist': 'a physician who specializes in psychiatry', 'psychic': 'a person apparently sensitive to things beyond the natural range of perception', 'spirit_rapper': 'someone who claims to receive messages from the dead in the form of raps on a table', 'psycholinguist': 'a person (usually a psychologist but sometimes a linguist) who studies the psychological basis of human language', 'psychologist': 'a scientist trained in psychology', 'psychophysicist': 'a psychologist trained in psychophysics', 'sociopath': \"someone with a sociopathic personality; a person with an antisocial personality disorder (`psychopath' was once widely used but has now been superseded by `sociopath')\", 'psychopomp': 'a conductor of souls to the afterworld; \"Hermes was their psychopomp\"', 'psychotherapist': 'a therapist who deals with mental and emotional disorders', 'psychotic': 'a person afflicted with psychosis', 'pteridologist': 'an expert in the study of ferns', 'publican': 'the keeper of a public house', 'public_defender': 'a lawyer who represents indigent defendants at public expense', 'publicist': 'someone who publicizes', 'public_relations_person': 'a person employed to establish and promote a favorable relationship with the public', 'public_servant': 'someone who holds a government position (either by election or appointment)', 'puddler': 'a worker who turns pig iron into wrought iron by puddling', 'pudge': 'a short fat person', 'puerpera': 'a woman in childbirth or shortly thereafter', 'puller': 'someone who applies force so as to cause motion toward herself or himself', 'puncher': 'someone who delivers punches', 'punk_rocker': 'a teenager or young adult who is a performer (or enthusiast) of punk rock and a member of the punk youth subculture', 'punster': 'someone overly fond of making puns', 'punter': 'someone who propels a boat with a pole', 'puppet_ruler': 'a leader or ruler who is chosen by a despot to head a government', 'puppeteer': 'one who operates puppets or marionettes', 'purchasing_agent': 'an agent who purchases goods or services for another', 'purist': 'someone who insists on great precision and correctness (especially in the use of words)', 'puritan': 'someone who adheres to strict religious principles; someone opposed to sensual pleasures', 'Puritan': 'a member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries thought that the Protestant Reformation under Elizabeth was incomplete and advocated the simplification and regulation of forms of worship', 'purser': \"an officer aboard a ship who keeps accounts and attends to the passengers' welfare\", 'pursued': 'a person who is being chased; \"the film jumped back and forth from the pursuer to the pursued\"', 'pursuer': 'a person who pursues some plan or goal; \"a pursuer of truth\"', 'purveyor': 'someone who supplies provisions (especially food)', 'pushover': 'someone who is easily taken advantage of', 'pussycat': 'a person who is regarded as easygoing and agreeable', 'putterer': 'a person who putters about', 'putz': '(Yiddish) a fool; an idiot', 'Pygmy': 'any member of various peoples having an average height of less than five feet', 'pygmy': 'an unusually small individual', 'pyrographer': 'an artist who practices pyrography', 'pyromancer': 'one who practices pyromancy', 'pythoness': 'a witch with powers of divination', 'qadi': 'an Islamic judge', 'quadripara': '(obstetrics) woman who has given birth to a viable infant in each of four pregnancies', 'quadriplegic': 'a person who is paralyzed in both arms and both legs', 'quadruplet': 'one of four children born at the same time from the same pregnancy', 'quaestor': 'any of several public officials of ancient Rome (usually in charge of finance and administration)', 'quaffer': 'a person who drinks heartily', 'quaker': 'one who quakes and trembles with (or as with) fear', 'qualifier': 'a contestant who meets certain requirements and so qualifies to take part in the next stage of competition; \"the tournament was won by a late qualifier\"', 'quarreler': 'a disputant who quarrels', 'quarryman': 'a man who works in a quarry', 'quartermaster': 'an army officer who provides clothing and subsistence for troops', 'quartermaster_general': 'a staff officer in charge of supplies for a whole army', 'Quebecois': 'a native or inhabitant of Quebec (especially one who speaks French)', 'Queen_of_England': 'the sovereign ruler of England', 'queen_consort': 'the wife of a reigning king', 'queen_dowager': 'the widow of a king', 'queen_mother': 'a queen dowager who is mother of the reigning sovereign', 'queen_regent': 'a queen who serves as ruler when the king cannot', \"Queen's_Counsel\": 'Counsel to the Crown when the British monarch is a queen', 'question_master': 'the host or chairman of a radio or tv quiz show or panel game', 'Quetzalcoatl': 'an Aztec deity represented as a plumed serpent', 'quibbler': 'a disputant who quibbles; someone who raises annoying petty objections', 'quick_study': 'someone able to acquire new knowledge and skills rapidly and easily; \"she soaks up foreign languages like a sponge\"', 'quietist': 'a religious mystic who follows quietism', 'quintipara': '(obstetrics) woman who has given birth to a viable infant in each of five pregnancies', 'quintuplet': 'one of five children born at the same time from the same pregnancy', 'quitter': 'a person who gives up too easily', 'quoter': 'a communicator (speaker or writer) who uses quotations', 'rabbi': 'spiritual leader of a Jewish congregation; qualified to expound and apply Jewish law', 'racetrack_tout': 'someone who offers advice about betting on horses (either to influence the odds or in the hope of sharing some of the winnings)', 'racist': 'a person with a prejudiced belief that one race is superior to others', 'racker': 'an attendant who puts pool or billiard balls into a rack', 'racketeer': 'someone who commits crimes for profit (especially one who obtains money by fraud or extortion)', 'radio_announcer': 'an announcer whose voice is broadcast on radio', 'radiobiologist': 'a biologist who studies the effects of radiation on living organisms', 'radiographer': 'a person who makes radiographs', 'radiologic_technologist': 'a scientist trained in radiological technology', 'radiologist': 'a medical specialist who uses radioactive substances and X-rays in the treatment of disease', 'radio_operator': 'someone who operates a radio transmitter', 'raftsman': 'someone who travels by raft', 'ragamuffin': 'a dirty shabbily clothed urchin', 'ragpicker': 'an unskilled person who picks up rags from trash cans and public dumps as a means of livelihood', 'ragsorter': 'a worker who sorts rags and old clothing for new uses (as in papermaking)', 'railbird': 'a fan of racing who watches races from the outer rail of the track', 'rail-splitter': 'a laborer who splits logs to build split-rail fences', 'rainmaker': 'executive who is very successful in bringing in business to his company or firm', 'raiser': \"a bridge partner who increases the partner's bid\", 'raja': 'a prince or king in India', 'Rajput': 'a member of the dominant Hindu military caste in northern India', 'rambler': 'a person who takes long walks in the country', 'rancher': 'a person who owns or operates a ranch', 'ranch_hand': 'a hired hand on a ranch', 'rani': '(the feminine of raja) a Hindu princess or the wife of a raja', 'ranker': 'a commissioned officer who has been promoted from enlisted status', 'ranter': 'someone who rants and raves; speaks in a violent or loud manner', 'raper': 'someone who forces another to have sexual intercourse', 'rape_suspect': 'someone who is suspected of committing rape', 'rapper': 'someone who performs rap music', 'rapporteur': 'a recorder appointed by a committee to prepare reports of the meetings', 'rare_bird': 'a rare or unique person', 'Raskolnikov': \"a fictional character in Dostoevsky's novel `Crime and Punishment'; he kills old women because he believes he is beyond the bounds of good or evil\", 'rat-catcher': 'a workman employed to destroy or drive away vermin', 'ratepayer': 'a person who pays local rates (especially a householder)', 'raver': 'a participant in a rave dancing party', 'raw_recruit': 'an inexperienced and untrained recruit', 'reactionary': 'an extreme conservative; an opponent of progress or liberalism', 'reading_teacher': 'someone who teaches students to read', 'realist': 'a person who accepts the world as it literally is and deals with it accordingly', 'real_estate_broker': 'a person who is authorized to act as an agent for the sale of land; \"in England they call a real estate agent a land agent\"', 'Realtor': 'a real estate agent who is a member of the National Association of Realtors', 'rear_admiral': 'an admiral junior to a vice admiral', 'reasoner': 'someone who reasons logically', 'receptionist': 'a secretary whose main duty is to answer the telephone and receive visitors', 'recidivist': 'someone who is repeatedly arrested for criminal behavior (especially for the same criminal behavior)', 'recitalist': 'a musician who gives recitals', 'reciter': 'someone who recites from memory', 'record-breaker': 'someone who breaks a record', 'recorder_player': 'someone who plays the recorder', 'recruit': 'a recently enlisted soldier', 'recruiter': 'someone who supplies members or employees', 'recruiting-sergeant': 'a sergeant deputized to enlist recruits', 'redact': 'someone who puts text into appropriate form for publication', 'redcap': 'a member of the military police in Britain', 'redeemer': 'someone who redeems or buys back (promissory notes or merchandise or commercial paper etc.)', 'redneck': 'a poor White person in the southern United States', 'reeler': 'a dancer of reels', 'reenactor': 'a person who enacts a role in an event that occurred earlier', 'referee': 'an attorney appointed by a court to investigate and report on a case', 'refiner': 'one whose work is to refine a specific thing; \"he was a sugar refiner\"', 'refinisher': 'a skilled worker who is employed to restore or refinish buildings or antique furniture', 'Reform_Jew': 'liberal Jew who tries to adapt all aspects of Judaism to modern circumstances', 'refugee': 'an exile who flees for safety', 'regent': 'members of a governing board', 'registered_nurse': 'a graduate nurse who has passed examinations for registration', 'registrant': 'a person who is formally entered (along with others) in a register (and who obtains certain rights thereby)', 'registrar': 'a person employed to keep a record of the owners of stocks and bonds issued by the company', 'Regius_professor': 'holder of a British professorship created by a royal patron', 'reliever': 'a person who reduces the intensity (e.g., of fears) and calms and pacifies; \"a reliever of anxiety\"; \"an allayer of fears\"', 'religious': 'a member of a religious order who is bound by vows of poverty and chastity and obedience', 'eremite': 'a Christian recluse', 'anchorite': 'one retired from society for religious reasons', 'cenobite': 'a member of a religious order living in common', 'religious_leader': 'leader of a religious order', 'remittance_man': 'an exile living on money sent from home', 'remover': 'a solvent that removes a substance (usually from a surface); \"paint remover\"; \"rust remover\"; \"hair remover\"', 'Renaissance_man': 'a modern scholar who is in a position to acquire more than superficial knowledge about many different interests; \"a statistician has to be something of a generalist\"', 'renegade': 'someone who rebels and becomes an outlaw', 'rent_collector': 'a person who goes from house to house collecting rents for the owner', 'renter': 'an owner of property who receives payment for its use by another person', 'rentier': 'someone whose income is from property rents or bond interest and other investments', 'repairman': 'a skilled worker whose job is to repair things', 'repatriate': 'a person who has returned to the country of origin or whose citizenship has been restored', 'reporter': 'a person who investigates and reports or edits news stories', 'newswoman': 'a female newsperson', 'representative': 'a person who represents others', 'reprobate': 'a person without moral scruples', 'republican': 'an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)', 'rescuer': 'someone who saves something from danger or violence', 'research_director': 'a supervisor in a research center', 'research_worker': 'a scientist who devotes himself to doing research', 'reservist': 'a member of a military reserve', 'resident': 'someone who lives at a particular place for a prolonged period or who was born there', 'resident_commissioner': 'the representative of Puerto Rico in the United States House of Representatives', 'respecter': 'a person who respects someone or something; usually used in the negative; \"X is no respecter of Y\"', 'respondent': 'the codefendant (especially in a divorce proceeding) who is accused of adultery with the corespondent', 'restaurateur': 'the proprietor of a restaurant', 'rester': 'a person who rests', 'restrainer': 'a chemical that is added to a photographic developer in order to retard development and reduce the amount of fog on a film', 'retailer': 'a merchant who sells goods at retail', 'retiree': 'someone who has retired from active working', 'retreatant': 'a participant in a religious retreat', 'returning_officer': 'the official in each electorate who holds the election and returns the results', 'reveler': 'a celebrant who shares in a noisy party; \"the clubs attract revelers as young as thirteen\"', 'drunken_reveler': 'someone who engages in drinking bouts', 'revenant': 'a person who returns after a lengthy absence', 'revenuer': 'a government agent responsible for collecting revenue (especially one responsible for stopping bootlegging)', 'reversioner': '(law) a party who is entitled to an estate in reversion', 'reviewer': 'someone who reads manuscripts and judges their suitability for publication', 'revisionist': 'a Communist who tries to rewrite Marxism to justify a retreat from the revolutionary position', 'revolutionist': 'a radical supporter of political or social revolution', 'rheumatic': 'a person suffering with rheumatism', 'rheumatologist': 'a physician specializing in rheumatic diseases', 'Rhodesian_man': 'a primitive hominid resembling Neanderthal man but living in Africa', 'Rhodes_scholar': 'a student who holds one of the scholarships endowed by the will of Cecil J. Rhodes that enables the student to study at Oxford University', 'rhymer': 'a writer who composes rhymes; a maker of poor verses (usually used as terms of contempt for minor or inferior poets)', 'rhythm_and_blues_musician': 'a performer (and sometimes composer) of rhythm and blues music', 'ribald': 'a ribald person; someone who uses vulgar and offensive language', 'Richard_Roe': 'an unknown or fictitious party to legal proceedings', 'rich_person': 'a person who possesses great material wealth', 'millionaire': 'a person whose material wealth is valued at more than a million dollars', 'billionaire': 'a very rich person whose material wealth is valued at more than a billion dollars', 'multi-billionaire': 'a very rich person whose material wealth is valued at many billions of dollars', 'disreputable_person': 'someone lacking public esteem', 'riding_master': 'someone who teaches horsemanship', 'Riff': 'a Berber living in northern Morocco', 'rifleman': 'someone skilled in the use of a rifle', 'right-hander': 'a person who uses the right hand more skillfully than the left', 'right-hand_man': 'the most helpful assistant', 'rightist': 'a member of a right wing political party', 'ring_girl': 'a young woman who holds up cards indicating the number of the next round at prize fights', 'ringleader': 'a person who leads (especially in illicit activities)', 'ringmaster': 'the person in charge of performances in a circus ring', 'rioter': 'troublemaker who participates in a violent disturbance of the peace; someone who rises up against the constituted authority', 'ripper': 'a murderer who slashes the victims with a knife; \"Jack the Ripper was probably a madman\"', 'ritualist': 'an advocate of strict observance of ritualistic forms', 'rival': 'the contestant you hope to defeat; \"he had respect for his rivals\"; \"he wanted to know what the competition was doing\"', 'riveter': 'a worker who inserts and hammers rivets', 'road_builder': 'someone whose business is to build roads', 'road_hog': 'a driver who obstructs others', 'roadman': 'a workman who is employed to repair roads', 'roarer': 'someone who communicates vocally in a very loud voice', 'robber': 'a thief who steals from someone by threatening violence', 'robbery_suspect': 'someone suspected of committing robbery', \"Robert's_Rules_of_Order\": 'a book of rules for presiding over a meeting; written by Henry M. Martin in 1876 and subsequently updated through many editions', 'Robin_Hood': 'legendary English outlaw of the 12th century; said to have robbed the rich to help the poor', 'Robinson_Crusoe': \"the hero of Daniel Defoe's novel about a shipwrecked English sailor who survives on a small tropical island\", 'rock_climber': 'a climber of vertical rock faces', 'rocket_engineer': 'an engineer who builds and tests rockets', 'rocket_scientist': 'a clever thinker; \"you do not have to be a rocket scientist to figure that out\"', 'rock_star': 'a famous singer of rock music', 'rogue': 'a deceitful and unreliable scoundrel', 'roisterer': 'an especially noisy and unrestrained merrymaker', 'rollerblader': 'a skater who uses Rollerblades', 'roller-skater': 'someone who engages in roller skating', 'Roman_Emperor': 'sovereign of the Roman Empire', 'romantic': 'a soulful or amorous idealist', 'romanticist': 'an artist of the Romantic Movement or someone influenced by Romanticism', 'Romeo': 'an ardent male lover', 'roofer': 'a craftsman who lays or repairs roofs', 'room_clerk': 'a hotel clerk who is responsible for room assignments to guests', 'roommate': 'an associate who shares a room with you', 'ropemaker': 'a craftsman who makes ropes', 'roper': 'a decoy who lures customers into a gambling establishment (especially one with a fixed game)', 'ropewalker': 'an acrobat who performs on a rope stretched at some height above the ground', 'rosebud': 'the bud of a rose', 'Rosicrucian': 'a member of any of various organizations that subsequently derived from the 17th-century society', 'Rotarian': 'a member of a Rotary Club', 'rotter': 'a person who is deemed to be despicable or contemptible; \"only a rotter would do that\"; \"kill the rat\"; \"throw the bum out\"; \"you cowardly little pukes!\"; \"the British call a contemptible person a `git\\'\"', 'Mountie': 'colloquial term for a member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police', 'Rough_Rider': 'a member of the volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt in the Spanish-American War (1898)', 'roughrider': 'a horseman skilled at breaking wild horses to the saddle', 'Roundhead': 'a supporter of parliament and Oliver Cromwell during the English Civil War', 'roundhead': 'a brachycephalic person', 'roundsman': 'a workman employed to make rounds (to deliver goods or make inspections or so on)', 'rover': 'an adult member of the Boy Scouts movement', 'rubberneck': 'a person who stares inquisitively', 'ruler': 'a person who rules or commands; \"swayer of the universe\"', 'civil_authority': 'a person who exercises authority over civilian affairs', 'dynast': 'a hereditary ruler', 'rug_merchant': 'a merchant who sells rugs', 'Rumpelstiltskin': 'a dwarf in one of the fairy stories of the brothers Grimm; tells a woman he will not hold her to a promise if she can guess his name and when she discovers it he is so furious that he destroys himself', 'Shylock': 'a merciless usurer in a play by Shakespeare', 'rumrunner': 'someone who illegally smuggles liquor across a border', 'runner-up': 'the competitor who finishes second', 'running_back': '(football) a back on the offensive team (a fullback or halfback) who tries to advance the ball by carrying it on plays from the line of scrimmage', 'running_mate': 'a nominee for the lesser of two closely related political offices', 'runt': 'disparaging terms for small people', 'ruralist': 'an advocate of rural living', 'rusher': '(football) a ball carrier who tries to gain ground by running with the ball', 'rustic': 'an unsophisticated country person', 'rustler': 'someone who steals livestock (especially cattle)', 'Sabbatarian': 'one who observes Saturday as the Sabbath (as in Judaism)', 'saboteur': 'someone who commits sabotage or deliberately causes wrecks', 'sachem': 'a political leader (especially of Tammany Hall)', 'sacred_cow': 'a person unreasonably held to be immune to criticism', 'sacrificer': 'a religious person who offers up a sacrifice', 'saddler': 'a maker and repairer and seller of equipment for horses', 'Sadducee': 'a member of an ancient Jewish sect around the time of Jesus; opposed to the Pharisees', 'sadhu': '(Hinduism) an ascetic holy man', 'sadist': 'someone who obtains pleasure from inflicting pain or others', 'sadomasochist': 'someone who enjoys both sadism and masochism', 'safebreaker': 'a thief who breaks open safes to steal valuable contents', 'sailing_master': \"the ship's officer in charge of navigation\", 'sailmaker': 'a maker of sails', 'sailor': \"any member of a ship's crew\", 'saint': 'a person who has died and has been declared a saint by canonization', 'salesclerk': 'a salesperson in a store', 'salesgirl': 'a woman salesperson', 'salesman': 'a man salesperson', 'salesperson': 'a person employed to represent a business and to sell its merchandise (as to customers in a store or to customers who are visited)', 'saloon_keeper': 'the proprietor of a saloon', 'salter': 'someone who uses salt to preserve meat or fish or other foods', 'salutatorian': 'a graduating student with the second highest academic rank; may deliver the opening address at graduation exercises', 'salvager': 'someone who salvages', 'Samaritan': 'a member of the people inhabiting Samaria in biblical times', 'sandbagger': 'someone who deceives you about his true nature or intent in order to take advantage of you', 'sandboy': \"a young peddler of sand; used now only to express great happiness in `happy as a sandboy'\", 'sandwichman': 'a person with advertising boards hanging from the shoulders', 'sangoma': 'a traditional Zulu healer and respected elder', 'sannup': 'a married male American Indian', 'sannyasi': 'a Hindu religious mendicant', 'Santa_Claus': 'the legendary patron saint of children; an imaginary being who is thought to bring presents to children at Christmas', 'Tristan': \"(Middle Ages) the nephew of the king of Cornwall who (according to legend) fell in love with his uncle's bride (Iseult) after they mistakenly drank a love potion that left them eternally in love with each other\", 'Iseult': \"(Middle Ages) the bride of the king of Cornwall who (according to legend) fell in love with the king's nephew (Tristan) after they mistakenly drank a love potion that left them eternally in love with each other\", 'sapper': 'a military engineer who lays or detects and disarms mines', 'Saracen': '(when used broadly) any Arab', 'Sassenach': \"the Scots' term for an English person\", 'Satanist': 'an adherent of Satan or Satanism', 'satirist': 'a humorist who uses ridicule and irony and sarcasm', 'satrap': 'a governor of a province in ancient Persia', 'saunterer': 'someone who walks at a leisurely pace', 'savage': 'a member of an uncivilized people', 'saver': 'someone who saves (especially money)', 'savior': 'a person who rescues you from harm or danger', 'saxophonist': 'a musician who plays the saxophone', 'scalawag': 'a white Southerner who supported Reconstruction policies after the American Civil War (usually for self-interest)', 'scalper': 'someone who buys something and resells it at a price far above the initial cost; \"he got theater tickets through a scalper\"', 'scandalmonger': 'a person who spreads malicious gossip', 'scapegoat': 'someone who is punished for the errors of others', 'scapegrace': 'a reckless and unprincipled reprobate', 'Scaramouch': \"a stock character in commedia dell'arte depicted as a boastful coward\", 'scaremonger': 'a person who spreads frightening rumors and stirs up trouble', 'scatterbrain': 'a flighty and disorganized person', 'scenarist': 'a writer of screenplays', 'scene_painter': 'a painter of theatrical scenery', 'sceneshifter': 'a stagehand responsible for moving scenery', 'scene-stealer': 'an actor who draws more attention than other actors in the same scene; \"babies are natural scene-stealers\"', 'scenic_artist': 'an artist specializing in scenic subjects', 'schemer': 'a planner who draws up a personal scheme of action', 'schizophrenic': 'someone who is afflicted with schizophrenia', 'schlemiel': '(Yiddish) a dolt who is a habitual bungler', 'schlepper': '(Yiddish) an awkward and stupid person', 'schlimazel': '(Yiddish) a very unlucky or inept person who fails at everything', 'schlockmeister': '(slang) a merchant who deals in shoddy or inferior merchandise', 'schmuck': '(Yiddish) a jerk', 'schnook': '(Yiddish) a gullible simpleton more to be pitied than despised; \"don\\'t be such an apologetic shnook\"', 'schnorrer': '(Yiddish) a scrounger who takes advantage of the generosity of others', 'scholar': 'a student who holds a scholarship', 'Scholastic': 'a Scholastic philosopher or theologian', 'scholiast': 'a scholar who writes explanatory notes on an author (especially an ancient commentator on a classical author)', 'schoolboy': 'a boy attending school', 'schoolchild': 'a young person attending school (up through senior high school)', 'schoolfriend': 'a friend who attends the same school', 'schoolgirl': 'a girl attending school', 'Schoolman': 'a scholar in one of the universities of the Middle Ages; versed in scholasticism', 'schoolmarm': 'a woman schoolteacher (especially one regarded as strict)', 'schoolmate': 'an acquaintance that you go to school with', 'school_superintendent': 'the superintendent of a school system', 'schoolteacher': 'a teacher in a school below the college level', 'science_teacher': 'someone who teaches science', 'scientist': 'a person with advanced knowledge of one or more sciences', 'scion': 'a descendent or heir; \"a scion of royal stock\"', 'scoffer': 'someone who eats food rapidly and greedily', 'scofflaw': 'one who habitually ignores the law and does not answer court summonses', 'scold': 'someone (especially a woman) who annoys people by constantly finding fault', 'scorekeeper': 'an official who records the score during the progress of a game', 'scorer': 'a player who makes a score in a game or contest', 'scourer': 'someone who cleanses by scouring', 'scout': 'someone employed to discover and recruit talented persons (especially in the worlds of entertainment or sports)', 'Scout': 'a Boy Scout or Girl Scout', 'scoutmaster': 'the leader of a troop of Scouts', 'scrawler': 'a writer whose handwriting is careless and hard to read', 'screen_actor': 'an actor who plays a role in a film', 'screener': 'a guard at an airport who checks passengers or their luggage at a security checkpoint', 'screenwriter': 'someone who writes screenplays', 'screwballer': '(baseball) a pitcher who throws screwballs', 'scribe': 'informal terms for journalists', 'scrimshanker': 'a shirker', 'scriptwriter': 'someone who writes scripts for plays or movies or broadcast dramas', 'scrub_nurse': 'a nurse who helps a surgeon prepare for surgery', 'scrutinizer': 'a careful examiner; someone who inspects with great care', 'scrutineer': 'someone who examines votes at an election', 'scuba_diver': 'an underwater diver who uses scuba gear', 'sculler': 'someone who sculls (moves a long oar pivoted on the back of the boat to propel the boat forward)', 'scullion': 'a kitchen servant employed to do menial tasks (especially washing)', 'sculptor': 'an artist who creates sculptures', 'sculptress': 'a woman sculptor', 'sea_king': 'a Viking pirate chief', 'sea_lawyer': 'an argumentative and contentious seaman', 'sealer': 'an official who affixes a seal to a document', 'Sea_Scout': 'a Boy Scout enrolled in programs for water activities', 'seasonal_worker': 'a worker who finds employment only in certain seasons', 'seasoner': 'a cook who uses seasonings; \"the cook is a light seasoner\"', 'secessionist': 'an advocate of secessionism', 'second_baseman': '(baseball) the person who plays second base', 'second_cousin': 'a child of a first cousin', 'seconder': 'someone who endorses a motion or petition as a necessary preliminary to a discussion or vote', 'second-in-command': 'someone who relieves a commander', 'second_lieutenant': 'a commissioned officer in the Army or Air Force or Marine Corps holding the lowest rank', 'second-rater': 'a person of second-rate ability or value; \"a team of aging second-raters\"; \"shone among the mediocrities who surrounded him\"', 'secret_agent': 'a person secretly employed in espionage for a government', 'Secretary_General': 'a person who is a chief administrator (as of the United Nations)', 'sectarian': 'a member of a sect; \"most sectarians are intolerant of the views of any other sect\"', 'section_hand': 'a laborer assigned to a section gang', 'section_man': 'someone who teaches a section of a large college course', 'secularist': 'an advocate of secularism; someone who believes that religion should be excluded from government and education', 'secundigravida': 'a woman who is pregnant for the second time', 'security_consultant': 'an adviser about alarm systems to prevent burglaries', 'security_director': 'head of a private security force working for a business or industry', 'seducer': 'a bad person who entices others into error or wrongdoing', 'seductress': 'a woman who seduces', 'seeded_player': 'one of the outstanding players in a tournament', 'seedsman': 'a dealer in seeds', 'seer': 'an observer who perceives visually; \"an incurable seer of movies\"', 'segregate': 'someone who is or has been segregated', 'segregator': 'someone who believes the races should be kept apart', 'seismologist': 'a geophysicist who studies earthquakes and the mechanical characteristics of the Earth', 'selectman': 'an elected member of a board of officials who run New England towns', 'selectwoman': 'an elected member of a board of officials who run New England towns', 'selfish_person': 'a person who is unusually selfish', 'seller': 'someone who promotes or exchanges goods or services for money', 'selling_agent': 'someone who sells goods (on commission) for others', 'semanticist': 'a specialist in the study of meaning', 'semifinalist': 'one of four competitors remaining in a tournament by elimination', 'seminarian': 'a student at a seminary (especially a Roman Catholic seminary)', 'semiprofessional': 'an athlete who plays for pay on a part-time basis', 'senator': 'a member of a senate', 'sendee': 'the intended recipient of a message', 'sender': 'someone who transmits a message; \"return to sender\"', 'Senhor': \"a Portuguese title of respect; equivalent to English `Mr'\", 'senior': 'an undergraduate student during the year preceding graduation', 'senior_chief_petty_officer': 'a senior noncommissioned officer in the Navy or Coast Guard with a rank comparable to master sergeant in the Army', 'senior_master_sergeant': 'a senior noncommissioned officer in the Air Force with a rank comparable to master sergeant in the Army', 'senior_vice_president': 'the ranking vice president in a firm that has more than one', 'sentimentalist': 'someone who indulges in excessive sentimentality', 'sensationalist': 'someone who uses exaggerated or lurid material in order to gain public attention', 'separatist': 'an advocate of secession or separation from a larger group (such as an established church or a national union)', 'Sephardi': 'a Jew who is of Spanish or Portuguese or North African descent', 'septuagenarian': 'someone whose age is in the seventies', 'serf': '(Middle Ages) a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord', 'sergeant': 'any of several noncommissioned officer ranks in the Army or Air Force or Marines ranking above a corporal', 'sergeant_at_arms': 'an officer (as of a legislature or court) who maintains order and executes commands', 'serial_killer': 'someone who murders more than three victims one at a time in a relatively short interval', 'spree_killer': 'a serial killer whose murders occur within a brief period of time', 'sericulturist': 'a producer of raw silk', 'serjeant-at-law': 'an English barrister of the highest rank', 'serologist': 'a medical scientist who specializes in serology', 'servant': 'a person working in the service of another (especially in the household)', 'servant_girl': 'a girl who is a servant', 'serviceman': 'someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force; \"two men stood sentry duty\"', 'servitor': 'someone who performs the duties of an attendant for someone else', 'settler': 'a negotiator who settles disputes', 'settlor': '(law) a person who creates a trust by giving real or personal property in trust to a trustee for the benefit of a beneficiary; a person who gives such property is said to settle it on the trustee', 'sewing-machine_operator': 'someone who sews by operating a sewing machine', 'sexagenarian': 'someone whose age is in the sixties', 'sex_kitten': 'a young woman who is thought to have sex appeal', 'sex_object': 'any person regarded simply as an object of sexual gratification', 'sex_offender': 'someone who has been convicted of a sex crime', 'sex_symbol': 'a person (especially a celebrity) who is well-known for their sexual attractiveness', 'sexton': 'an officer of the church who is in charge of sacred objects', 'Shah': 'title for the former hereditary monarch of Iran', 'shaheed': 'Arabic term for holy martyrs; applied by Palestinians to suicide bombers', 'Shaker': 'a member of Christian group practicing celibacy and communal living and common possession of property and separation from the world', 'Shakespearian': 'a Shakespearean scholar', 'shanghaier': 'a kidnapper who drugs men and takes them for compulsory service aboard a ship', 'sharecropper': 'small farmers and tenants', 'Shavian': 'an admirer of G. B. Shaw or his works', 'shearer': 'a workman who uses shears to cut leather or metal or textiles', 'shedder': 'an attacker who sheds or spills blood; \"a great hunter and spiller of blood\"', 'she-devil': 'a cruel woman', 'sheepherder': 'a herder of sheep (on an open range); someone who keeps the sheep together in a flock', 'sheepman': 'a man who raises (or tends) sheep', 'shegetz': 'an offensive term for non-Jewish young man; \"why does she like all those shkotzim?\"', 'sheik': 'the leader of an Arab village or family', 'sheika': 'the wife of a sheik', 'sheller': 'a worker who removes shells (as of peas or oysters)', 'shelver': 'a worker who puts things (as books) on shelves', 'Shem': '(Old Testament) eldest son of Noah', 'shepherd': 'a clergyman who watches over a group of people', 'shepherdess': 'a woman shepherd', 'sheriff': 'the principal law-enforcement officer in a county', 'shiksa': 'a derogatory term used by Jews to refer to non-Jewish women', 'shill': 'a decoy who acts as an enthusiastic customer in order to stimulate the participation of others', 'shingler': 'a worker who shingles roofs', 'ship-breaker': 'a contractor who buys old ships and breaks them up for scrap', 'ship_broker': 'an agent for the ship owner; obtains cargo and may arrange for its loading or discharge', 'ship_chandler': 'a dealer in equipment and supplies for ships', 'shipmate': 'an associate on the same ship with you', 'shipowner': 'someone who owns a ship or a share in a ship', 'shipping_agent': 'the agent of a shipowner', 'shipping_clerk': 'an employee who ships and receives goods', \"ship's_chandler\": 'a dealer in sails and ropes and other supplies for sailing ships', 'shipwright': 'a carpenter who helps build and launch wooden vessels', 'shirtmaker': 'a maker of shirts', 'shogun': 'a hereditary military dictator of Japan; the shoguns ruled Japan until the revolution of 1867-68', 'shooter': 'a gambler who throws dice in the game of craps', 'shopaholic': 'a compulsive shopper; \"shopaholics can never resist a bargain\"', 'shop_boy': 'a young male shop assistant', 'shop_girl': 'a young female shop assistant', 'shopkeeper': 'a merchant who owns or manages a shop', 'shopper': \"a commercial agent who shops at the competitor's store in order to compare their prices and merchandise with those of the store that employs her\", 'shop_steward': 'a union member who is elected to represent fellow workers in negotiating with management', 'shot_putter': 'an athlete who competes in the shot put', 'showman': 'a person skilled at making effective presentations', 'Shudra': 'a member of the lowest or worker Hindu caste', 'shuffler': 'the card player who shuffles the cards', 'shutterbug': 'a photography enthusiast', 'shy_person': 'someone who shrinks from familiarity with others', 'shyster': 'a person (especially a lawyer or politician) who uses unscrupulous or unethical methods', 'Siamese_twin': 'one of a pair of identical twins born with their bodies joined at some point', 'sibling': \"a person's brother or sister\", 'sibyl': 'a woman who tells fortunes', 'sick_person': 'a person suffering from an illness', 'side_judge': 'a football official', 'sidesman': '(Church of England) an assistant to the churchwarden; collects offerings of money in the church', 'sightreader': 'a performer who reads without preparation or prior acquaintance (as in music)', 'sightseer': 'a tourist who is visiting sights of interest', 'signaler': 'someone who communicates by signals', 'signalman': 'a railroad employee in charge of signals and point in a railroad yard', 'signer': 'someone who can use sign language to communicate', 'sign_painter': 'someone who paints signs and billboards etc.', 'signor': 'used as an Italian courtesy title; can be prefixed to the name or used separately', 'signora': 'an Italian title of address equivalent to Mrs. when used before a name', 'signore': \"an Italian title of respect for a man; equivalent to the English `sir'; used separately (not prefixed to his name)\", 'signorina': \"an Italian courtesy title for an unmarried woman; equivalent to `Miss', it is either used alone or before a name\", 'Sikh': 'an adherent of Sikhism', 'silent_partner': 'a partner (who usually provides capital) whose association with the enterprise is not public knowledge', 'silly': 'a word used for misbehaving children; \"don\\'t be a silly\"', 'silversmith': 'someone who makes or repairs articles of silver', 'addle-head': 'a person with confused ideas; incapable of serious thought', 'Simeon': '(Old Testament) the 2nd son of Jacob and one of the 12 patriarchs of Israel', 'simperer': 'a smiler whose smile is silly and self-conscious and sometimes coy', 'simpleton': 'a person lacking intelligence or common sense', 'singer': 'a person who sings', 'sinner': 'a person who sins (without repenting)', 'Sinologist': 'a student of Chinese history and language and culture', 'sipper': 'a drinker who sips', 'sir': 'term of address for a man', 'Sir': 'a title used before the name of knight or baronet', 'sirdar': 'an important person in India', 'Siren': 'a sea nymph (part woman and part bird) supposed to lure sailors to destruction on the rocks where the nymphs lived; \"Odysseus ordered his crew to plug their ears so they would not hear the Siren\\'s fatal song\"', 'sirrah': 'formerly a contemptuous term of address to an inferior man or boy; often used in anger', 'sister': 'a female person who has the same parents as another person; \"my sister married a musician\"', 'Sister': '(Roman Catholic Church) a title given to a nun (and used as a form of address); \"the Sisters taught her to love God\"', 'Beguine': '(Roman Catholic Church) a member of a lay sisterhood (one of several founded in the Netherlands in the 12th and 13th centuries); though not taking religious vows the sisters followed an austere life', 'half_sister': 'a sister who has only one parent in common with you', 'sissy': 'a timid man or boy considered childish or unassertive', 'waverer': 'one who hesitates (usually out of fear)', 'sister-in-law': 'the sister of your spouse', 'sitar_player': 'a musician who plays the sitar', 'sitter': 'an organism (person or animal) that sits', 'sitting_duck': 'a defenseless victim', 'six-footer': 'a person who is at least six feet tall', 'sixth-former': 'a student in the sixth form', 'skateboarder': 'someone who skates on a skateboard', 'skater': 'someone who skates', 'skeptic': 'someone who habitually doubts accepted beliefs', 'skier': 'someone who skis', 'ski_jumper': 'a skier who leaps through the air (especially on a ski jump)', 'Skinnerian': 'a follower of the theories or methods of B. F. Skinner', 'skinny-dipper': 'a naked swimmer', 'skirmisher': 'someone who skirmishes (e.g., as a member of a scouting party)', 'skilled_worker': 'a worker who has acquired special skills', 'skin-diver': 'an underwater swimmer equipped with a face mask and foot fins and either a snorkel or an air cylinder', 'skinhead': 'a young person who belongs to a British or American group that shave their heads and gather at rock concerts or engage in white supremacist demonstrations', 'skinner': 'a person who prepares or deals in animal skins', 'skipper': 'a student who fails to attend classes', 'skivvy': 'a female domestic servant who does all kinds of menial work', 'skycap': 'a porter who helps passengers with their baggage at an airport', 'skydiver': 'a person who jumps from a plane and performs various gymnastic maneuvers before pulling the parachute cord', 'slacker': 'a person who shirks his work or duty (especially one who tries to evade military service in wartime)', 'slammer': 'a person who closes things violently; \"she\\'s a dramatic slammer of doors\"', 'slapper': 'a hitter who slaps (usually another person) with an open hand; \"someone slapped me on the back and I turned to see who the slapper was\"; \"my father was the designated spanker in our family\"', 'slattern': 'a dirty untidy woman', 'slave': 'someone entirely dominated by some influence or person; \"a slave to fashion\"; \"a slave to cocaine\"; \"his mother was his abject slave\"', 'slave_driver': 'a cruel employer who demands excessive work from the employees', 'slaveholder': 'someone who holds slaves', 'slaver': 'a person engaged in slave trade', 'sledder': 'someone who rides a sled', 'Sleeping_Beauty': \"fairy story: princess under an evil spell who could be awakened only by a prince's kiss\", 'sleepwalker': 'someone who walks about in their sleep', 'sleepyhead': 'a sleepy person', 'sleuth': 'a detective who follows a trail', 'slicker': 'a person with good manners and stylish clothing', 'slinger': 'a person who uses a sling to throw something', 'slob': 'a coarse obnoxious person', 'sloganeer': 'someone who coins and uses slogans to promote a cause', 'slopseller': 'a dealer in cheap ready-made clothing', 'sloucher': 'a person who slouches; someone with a drooping carriage', 'sluggard': 'an idle slothful person', 'small_businessman': 'a businessman who runs a business employing less than 100 people', 'small-for-gestational-age_infant': 'an infant whose size and weight are considerably less than the average for babies of the same age', 'smallholder': 'a person owning or renting a smallholding', 'small_person': 'a person of below average size', 'small_farmer': 'a farmer on a small farm', 'smarta': 'one of a group of brahmans who uphold nonsectarian orthodoxy according to the Vedanta school of Hinduism', 'smasher': 'a person who smashes something', 'smiler': 'a person who smiles', 'smirker': 'a smiler whose smile is offensively self-satisfied', 'smith': 'someone who works at something specified', 'smuggler': 'someone who imports or exports without paying duties', 'snake_charmer': 'a performer who uses movements and music to control snakes', 'snarer': 'someone who sets snares for birds or small animals', 'snatcher': 'a thief who grabs and runs; \"a purse snatcher\"', 'sneak': 'a person who is regarded as underhanded and furtive and contemptible', 'sneak_thief': 'a thief who steals without using violence', 'sneerer': 'a person who expresses contempt by remarks or facial expression', 'sneezer': 'a person who sneezes', 'sniffer': 'a person who sniffs', 'sniffler': 'a person who breathes audibly through a congested nose', 'sniper': 'a marksman who shoots at people from a concealed place', 'snob': 'a person regarded as arrogant and annoying', 'snoop': 'a spy who makes uninvited inquiries into the private affairs of others', 'snorer': 'someone who snores while sleeping', 'snowboarder': 'someone who slides down snow-covered slopes while standing on a snowboard', 'snuffler': 'a person who breathes noisily (as through a nose blocked by mucus)', 'sobersides': 'a serious and sedate individual', 'sob_sister': 'a journalist who specializes in sentimental stories', 'soccer_player': 'an athlete who plays soccer', 'social_anthropologist': 'an anthropologist who studies such cultural phenomena as kinship systems', 'social_climber': 'someone seeking social prominence by obsequious behavior', 'socialist': 'a political advocate of socialism', 'collectivist': 'a person who belongs to the political left', 'socialite': 'a socially prominent person', 'socializer': 'a person who takes part in social activities', 'social_scientist': 'someone expert in the study of human society and its personal relationships', 'social_secretary': 'a personal secretary who handles your social correspondence and appointments', 'social_worker': 'someone employed to provide social services (especially to the disadvantaged)', 'Socinian': 'an adherent of the teachings of Socinus; a Christian who rejects the divinity of Christ and the Trinity and original sin; influenced the development of Unitarian theology', 'sociobiologist': 'a biologist who studies the biological determinants of social behavior', 'sociolinguist': 'a linguist who studies the social and cultural factors that influence linguistic communication', 'sociologist': 'a social scientist who studies the institutions and development of human society', 'sod': 'an informal British term for a youth or man; \"the poor sod couldn\\'t even buy a drink\"', 'soda_jerk': 'someone who works at a soda fountain', 'sodalist': 'a member of a sodality', 'sodomite': 'someone who engages in anal copulation (especially a male who engages in anal copulation with another male)', 'softy': 'a person who is weak and excessively sentimental', 'sojourner': 'a temporary resident', 'solderer': 'a worker who joins or mends with solder', 'solicitor': 'a petitioner who solicits contributions or trade or votes', 'solicitor_general': 'a law officer appointed to assist an attorney general', 'soloist': 'a musician who performs a solo', 'sommelier': 'a waiter who manages wine service in a hotel or restaurant', 'somniloquist': 'someone who talks while asleep', 'son': 'a male human offspring; \"their son became a famous judge\"; \"his boy is taller than he is\"', 'songster': 'a person who sings', 'songstress': 'a woman songster (especially of popular songs)', 'songwriter': 'a composer of words or music for popular songs', 'son-in-law': 'the husband of your daughter', 'sonneteer': 'a poet who writes sonnets', 'Sophist': 'any of a group of Greek philosophers and teachers in the 5th century BC who speculated on a wide range of subjects', 'sophisticate': 'a worldly-wise person', 'sophomore': 'a second-year undergraduate', 'sorcerer': 'one who practices magic or sorcery', 'shaman': 'in societies practicing shamanism: one acting as a medium between the visible and spirit worlds; practices sorcery for healing or divination', 'medicine_man': 'a Native American shaman', 'sorceress': 'a woman sorcerer', 'sorehead': 'someone who is peevish or disgruntled', 'soul_mate': 'someone for whom you have a deep affinity', 'soundman': 'a technician in charge of amplifying sound or producing sound effects (as for a TV or radio broadcast)', 'sourdough': 'a leaven of dough in which fermentation is active; used by pioneers for making bread', 'sourpuss': 'someone with a habitually sullen or gloomy expression', 'Southern_Baptist': 'a member of the Southern Baptist Convention', 'Southerner': 'an American who lives in the South', 'Rebel': \"`Johnny' was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey Confederate uniforms\", 'sovereign': \"a nation's ruler or head of state usually by hereditary right\", 'sower': 'someone who sows', 'space_cadet': 'someone who seems unable to respond appropriately to reality (as if under the influence of some narcotic drug)', 'spacewalker': 'an astronaut who is active outside a spacecraft in outer space', 'space_writer': 'a writer paid by the area of the copy', 'spammer': 'someone who sends unwanted email (often in bulk)', 'Spanish_American': 'an American whose first language is Spanish', 'sparer': 'someone who refrains from injuring or destroying', 'sparring_partner': 'a boxer who spars with another boxer who is training for an important fight', 'spastic': 'a person suffering from spastic paralysis', 'speaker': 'someone who expresses in language; someone who talks (especially someone who delivers a public speech or someone especially garrulous); \"the speaker at commencement\"; \"an utterer of useful maxims\"', 'native_speaker': 'a speaker of a particular language who has spoken that language since earliest childhood; \"native speakers of French\"', 'Speaker': 'the presiding officer of a deliberative assembly; \"the leader of the majority party is the Speaker of the House of Representatives\"', 'speechwriter': 'a writer who composes speeches for others to deliver', 'special_agent': 'someone whose authority is limited to the special undertaking they have been instructed to perform', 'specialist': 'practices one branch of medicine', 'specifier': 'someone who draws up specifications giving details (as for obtaining a patent)', 'spectator': 'a close observer; someone who looks at something (such as an exhibition of some kind); \"the spectators applauded the performance\"; \"television viewers\"; \"sky watchers discovered a new star\"', 'speculator': 'someone who makes conjectures without knowing the facts', 'speech_therapist': 'a therapist who treats speech defects and disorders', 'speeder': 'a driver who exceeds the safe speed limit', 'speed_freak': 'addict who habitually uses stimulant drugs (especially amphetamines)', 'speedskater': 'an ice-skater who races competitively; usually around an oval course', 'spellbinder': 'an orator who can hold his listeners spellbound', 'spender': 'someone who spends money to purchase goods or services', 'spendthrift': 'someone who spends money prodigally', 'big_spender': 'one who spends lavishly and ostentatiously on entertainment; \"the last of the big spenders\"', 'spin_doctor': 'a public relations person who tries to forestall negative publicity by publicizing a favorable interpretation of the words or actions of a company or political party or famous person; \"his title is Director of Communications but he is just a spin doctor\"', 'spinster': 'an elderly unmarried woman', 'spitfire': 'a highly emotional and quick-tempered person (especially a girl or woman)', 'spitter': 'a person who spits (ejects saliva or phlegm from the mouth)', 'spiv': 'a person without employment who makes money by various dubious schemes; goes about smartly dressed and having a good time', 'split_end': '(football) an offensive end who lines up at a distance from the other linemen', 'splitter': 'a worker who splits fish and removes the backbone', 'spoilsport': 'someone who spoils the pleasure of others', 'spokesman': 'a male spokesperson', 'spokesperson': 'an advocate who represents someone else\\'s policy or purpose; \"the meeting was attended by spokespersons for all the major organs of government\"', 'spokeswoman': 'a female spokesperson', 'sponger': 'a workman employed to collect sponges', 'sporting_man': 'someone who leads a merry existence; especially a gambler on the outcome of sporting events', 'sports_announcer': 'an announcer who reads sports news or describes sporting events', 'sports_editor': 'the newspaper editor responsible for sports news', 'sports_fan': 'an enthusiastic devotee of sports', 'sports_writer': 'a journalist who writes about sports', 'spotter': 'a worker employed at a dry-cleaning establishment to remove spots', 'spot-welder': 'a welder who does spot welding', 'spouse': \"a person's partner in marriage\", 'sprawler': 'a person who sprawls; \"he is such a sprawler he needs a bed to himself\"', 'sprayer': 'a worker who applies spray to a surface', 'sprog': 'a new military recruit', 'sprinter': 'someone who runs a short distance at top speed', 'spurner': 'a person who rejects (someone or something) with contempt; \"she was known as a spurner of all suitors\"; \"he was no spurner of rules\"', 'spy': 'a secret watcher; someone who secretly watches other people; \"my spies tell me that you had a good time last night\"', 'spymaster': 'someone who directs clandestine intelligence activities', 'squabbler': 'someone who quarrels about a small matter', 'square_dancer': 'someone who does square dancing', 'square_shooter': 'a frank and honest person', 'squatter': 'someone who settles lawfully on government land with the intent to acquire title to it', 'squaw': 'an American Indian woman', 'squaw_man': 'a white man married to a North American Indian woman', 'squinter': 'a person with strabismus', 'squire': 'a man who attends or escorts a woman', 'stabber': 'someone who stabs another person', 'stableman': 'someone employed in a stable to take care of the horses', 'stacker': 'a laborer who builds up a stack or pile', 'staff_member': 'an employee who is a member of a staff of workers (especially a member of the staff that works for the President of the United States)', 'staff_officer': \"a commissioned officer assigned to a military commander's staff\", 'staff_sergeant': 'a noncommissioned officer ranking above corporal and below sergeant first class in the Army or Marines or above airman 1st class in the Air Force', 'stage_director': 'someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a stage show', 'stagehand': 'an employee of a theater who performs work involved in putting on a theatrical production', 'stage_manager': 'someone who supervises the physical aspects in the production of a show and who is in charge of the stage when the show is being performed', 'staggerer': 'someone who walks unsteadily as if about to fall', 'stainer': 'a worker who stains (wood or fabric)', 'stakeholder': 'someone entrusted to hold the stakes for two or more persons betting against one another; must deliver the stakes to the winner', 'Stalinist': 'a follower of Stalin and Stalinism', 'stalker': 'someone who walks with long stiff strides', 'stammerer': 'someone who speaks with involuntary pauses and repetitions', 'stamper': 'a workman whose job is to form or cut out by applying a mold or die (either by hand or by operating a stamping machine)', 'stamp_dealer': 'a dealer in stamps (whose customers are stamp collectors)', 'standard-bearer': 'an outstanding leader of a political movement', 'standardizer': 'a person who sets a standard for things to conform to', 'stander': 'an organism (person or animal) that stands; \"a crowd of sitters and standers\"', 'stand-in': 'someone who takes the place of another (as when things get dangerous or difficult); \"the star had a stand-in for dangerous scenes\"; \"we need extra employees for summer fill-ins\"', 'starer': 'a viewer who gazes fixedly (often with hostility)', 'starets': 'a religious adviser (not necessarily a priest) in the Eastern Orthodox Church', 'starting_pitcher': '(baseball) a pitcher who starts in a baseball game', 'starveling': 'someone who is starving (or being starved)', 'stater': 'any of the various silver or gold coins of ancient Greece', \"state's_attorney\": 'a prosecuting attorney for a state', 'state_senator': 'a member of a state senate', 'statesman': 'a man who is a respected leader in national or international affairs', 'stateswoman': 'a woman statesman', 'state_treasurer': 'the treasurer for a state government', 'stationer': 'a merchant who sells writing materials and office supplies', 'stationmaster': 'the person in charge of a railway station', 'statistician': 'a mathematician who specializes in statistics', 'stay-at-home': 'a person who seldom goes anywhere; one not given to wandering or travel', 'steamfitter': 'a craftsman who installs and maintains equipment for ventilating or heating or refrigerating', 'steelmaker': 'a worker engaged in making steel', 'steeplejack': 'someone who builds or maintains very tall structures', 'stenographer': 'someone skilled in the transcription of speech (especially dictation)', 'stepbrother': 'a brother who has only one parent in common with you', 'stepchild': 'a child of your spouse by a former marriage', 'stepdaughter': 'a daughter of your spouse by a former marriage', 'stepfather': 'the husband of your mother by a subsequent marriage', 'stepmother': 'the wife of your father by a subsequent marriage', 'stepparent': 'the spouse of your parent by a subsequent marriage', 'stepson': 'the son your spouse by a former marriage', 'stevedore': 'a laborer who loads and unloads vessels in a port', 'steward': \"the ship's officer who is in charge of provisions and dining arrangements\", 'stewardess': 'a woman steward on an airplane', 'stickler': 'someone who insists on something; \"a stickler for promptness\"', 'stiff': 'an ordinary man; \"a lucky stiff\"; \"a working stiff\"', 'stifler': 'a person who stifles or smothers or suppresses; \"he is a real conversation stifler\"; \"I see from all the yawn smotherers that it is time to stop\"', 'stigmatic': 'a person whose body is marked by religious stigmata (such as marks resembling the wounds of the crucified Christ)', 'stillborn_infant': 'infant who shows no signs of life after birth', 'stinter': 'an economizer who stints someone with something', 'stipendiary': '(United Kingdom) a paid magistrate (appointed by the Home Secretary) dealing with police cases', 'stippler': 'a painter who stipples (creates a stippled effect)', 'stitcher': 'a garmentmaker who performs the finishing steps', 'stockbroker': 'an agent in the buying and selling of stocks and bonds', 'stockjobber': 'one who deals only with brokers or other jobbers', 'stocktaker': 'an employee whose job is to take inventory; \"an outside stocktaker had to be hired\"', 'stock_trader': 'someone who buys and sells stock shares', 'stockholder': 'someone who holds shares of stock in a corporation', 'stockholder_of_record': 'the stockholder whose name is registered on the books of the corporation as owning the shares at a particular time', 'stockist': 'one (as a retailer or distributor) that stocks goods', 'stockman': 'farmer who breed or raises livestock', 'Stoic': 'a member of the ancient Greek school of philosophy founded by Zeno; \"a Stoic achieves happiness by submission to destiny\"', 'stoic': 'someone who is seemingly indifferent to emotions', 'stone_breaker': 'someone who breaks up stone', 'stonecutter': 'someone who cuts or carves stone', 'stoner': 'an attacker who pelts the victim with stones (especially with intent to kill)', 'stonewaller': 'one who stonewalls or refuses to answer or cooperate; someone who delays by lengthy speeches etc.', 'stooper': 'a person at a racetrack who searches for winning parimutuel tickets that have been carelessly discarded by others', 'store_detective': 'a private detective employed by a merchant to stop pilferage', 'storm_trooper': 'a member of the Nazi SA', 'storyteller': 'someone who tells lies', 'stowaway': 'a person who hides aboard a ship or plane in the hope of getting free passage', 'strafer': 'a combat pilot who strafes the enemy', 'straggler': 'someone who strays or falls behind', 'straight_man': 'a performer who acts as stooge to a comedian', 'stranger': 'an individual that one is not acquainted with', 'straphanger': 'a commuter who uses public transportation', 'strategist': 'an expert in strategy (especially in warfare)', 'straw_boss': 'a member of a work gang who supervises the other workers', 'strider': 'a person who walks rapidly with long steps; \"he was such a strider that she couldn\\'t keep up without running\"', 'streaker': 'someone who takes off all their clothes and runs naked through a public place', 'street_cleaner': 'a worker employed to clean streets (especially one employed by a municipal sanitation department)', 'street_fighter': 'a contestant who is very aggressive and willing to use underhand methods', 'street_urchin': 'a child who spends most of his time in the streets especially in slum areas', 'street_arab': '(sometimes offensive) a homeless boy who has been abandoned and roams the streets', 'streetwalker': 'a prostitute who attracts customers by walking the streets', 'stretcher-bearer': 'one who helps carry a stretcher', 'strike_leader': 'someone who leads a strike', 'striper': 'a serviceman who wears stripes on the uniform to indicate rank or years of service; \"he\\'s a four-striper\"', 'strip_miner': 'a miner who does strip mining', 'stripper': 'a chemical compound used to remove paint or varnish', 'strongman': 'a man who performs feats of strength at a fair or circus', 'struggler': 'a person who struggles with difficulties or with great effort', 'student': 'a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution', 'student_teacher': 'a college student who is teaching under the supervision of a certified teacher in order to qualify for a degree in education', 'stuffed_shirt': 'a bore who is extremely formal, pompous, and old-fashioned', 'stumblebum': 'a second-rate prize fighter', 'stumbler': 'a walker or runner who trips and almost falls', 'stupid': 'a person who is not very bright; \"The economy, stupid!\"', 'stylist': 'an artist who is a master of a particular style', 'stylite': 'an early Christian ascetic who lived on top of high pillars', 'subaltern': 'a British commissioned army officer below the rank of captain', 'subcontractor': 'someone who enters into a subcontract with the primary contractor', 'subdeacon': 'a clergyman an order below deacon; one of the Holy Orders in the unreformed western Christian church and the eastern Catholic Churches but now suppressed in the Roman Catholic Church', 'subdivider': 'someone who divides parts into smaller parts (especially a divider of land into building sites)', 'subduer': 'someone who overcomes and establishes ascendancy and control by force or persuasion', 'subjectivist': 'a person who subscribes to subjectivism', 'subjugator': 'a conqueror who defeats and enslaves', 'sublieutenant': 'an officer ranking next below a lieutenant', 'submariner': 'a member of the crew of a submarine', 'submitter': 'someone who yields to the will of another person or force', 'subnormal': 'a person of less than normal intelligence', 'subordinate': 'an assistant subject to the authority or control of another', 'subscriber': 'someone who expresses strong approval', 'subsidizer': 'someone who assists or supports by giving a subsidy', 'suburbanite': 'a resident of a suburb', 'subvocalizer': 'someone who articulates speech without uttering sounds', 'succorer': 'someone who gives help in times of need or distress or difficulty', 'suer': 'someone who petitions a court for redress of a grievance or recovery of a right', 'Sufi': 'a Muslim who represents the mystical dimension of Islam; a Muslim who seeks direct experience of Allah; mainly in Iran', 'suffragan': 'an assistant or subordinate bishop of a diocese', 'suffragette': \"a woman advocate of women's right to vote (especially a militant advocate in the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 20th century)\", 'suffragist': 'an advocate of the extension of voting rights (especially to women)', 'sugar_daddy': 'a wealthy older man who gives a young person expensive gifts in return for friendship or intimacy', 'suggester': 'someone who advances a suggestion or proposal; \"the suggester of this absurd strategy was a fool\"', 'suicide_bomber': 'a terrorist who blows himself up in order to kill or injure other people', 'suitor': 'a man who courts a woman; \"a suer for the hand of the princess\"', 'sultan': 'the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire)', 'Sumerian': 'a member of a people who inhabited ancient Sumer', 'summercaters': '(Maine colloquial) temporary summer residents of coastal Maine', 'sumo_wrestler': 'a wrestler who participates in sumo (a Japanese form of wrestling); \"sumo wrestlers are large heavy men\"', 'sunbather': 'someone who basks in the sunshine in order to get a suntan', 'sun_worshiper': 'someone who worships the sun', 'supercargo': 'an officer on a merchant ship in charge of the cargo and its sale and purchase', 'supergrass': 'a police informer who implicates many people', 'super_heavyweight': 'an amateur boxer who weighs more than 201 pounds', 'superintendent': 'a caretaker for an apartment house; represents the owner as janitor and rent collector', 'superior': 'one of greater rank or station or quality', 'supermarketer': 'an operator of a supermarket', 'supermodel': 'a fashion model who has attained the status of a celebrity', 'supermom': 'an informal term for a mother who can combine childcare and full-time employment', 'supernumerary': 'a person serving no apparent function; \"reducing staff is difficult because our employees include no supernumeraries\"', 'supervisor': 'one who supervises or has charge and direction of', 'supplier': 'someone whose business is to supply a particular service or commodity', 'supply_officer': 'a commissioned officer responsible for logistics', 'supporter': 'a person who backs a politician or a team etc.; \"all their supporters came out for the game\"; \"they are friends of the library\"', 'supremacist': 'a person who advocates the supremacy of some particular group or race over all others', 'suprematist': 'an artist of the school of suprematism', 'supremo': 'the most important person in an organization', 'surfer': 'someone who engages in surfboarding', 'surgeon': 'a physician who specializes in surgery', 'Surgeon_General': 'the head of the United States Public Health Service', 'surpriser': 'a captor who uses surprise to capture the victim', 'surrealist': 'an artist who is a member of the movement called surrealism', 'surrenderer': 'a person who yields or surrenders', 'surrogate': 'someone who takes the place of another person', 'surrogate_mother': 'a woman who bears a child for a couple where the wife is unable to do so; \"a surrogate mother is artificially inseminated with the father\\'s semen and carries the fetus to term\"', 'surveyor': 'someone who conducts a statistical survey', 'survivalist': 'someone who tries to insure their personal survival or the survival of their group or nation', 'suspect': 'someone who is under suspicion', 'sutler': 'a supplier of victuals or supplies to an army', 'Svengali': 'someone (usually maleficent) who tries to persuade or force another person to do his bidding', 'swaggerer': 'someone who walks in an arrogant manner', 'swagman': 'an itinerant Australian laborer who carries his personal belongings in a bundle as he travels around in search of work', 'swearer': 'someone who uses profanity', 'sweater_girl': 'a girl with an attractive bust who wears tight sweaters', 'sweetheart': 'a person loved by another person', 'swimmer': 'a trained athlete who participates in swimming meets; \"he was an Olympic swimmer\"', 'swineherd': 'a herder or swine', 'swinger': 'someone who swings sports implements', 'swing_voter': 'a voter who has no allegiance to any political party and whose unpredictable decisions can swing the outcome of an election one way or the other', 'switcher': 'a person who administers punishment by wielding a switch or whip', 'switch-hitter': 'slang term for a bisexual person', 'switchman': 'a man who operates railroad switches', 'swot': 'an insignificant student who is ridiculed as being affected or boringly studious', 'sycophant': 'a person who tries to please someone in order to gain a personal advantage', 'syllogist': 'logician skilled in syllogistic reasoning', 'sylph': 'a slender graceful young woman', 'sylvan': 'a spirit that lives in or frequents the woods', 'symbolic_logician': 'a person skilled at symbolic logic', 'symbolist': 'someone skilled in the interpretation or representation of symbols', 'sympathizer': 'commiserates with someone who has had misfortune', 'symphonist': 'a composer of symphonies', 'symposiast': 'someone who participates in a symposium', 'syncopator': 'a musician who plays syncopated jazz music (usually in a dance band); \"they called themselves the Dixie Syncopators\"', 'syndic': 'one appointed to represent a city or university or corporation in business transactions', 'syndicator': 'a businessman who forms a syndicate', 'synonymist': 'a student of synonyms', 'synthesist': 'an intellectual who synthesizes or uses synthetic methods', 'syphilitic': 'a person suffering from syphilis', 'system_administrator': 'a person in charge of managing and maintaining a computer system of telecommunication system (as for a business or institution)', 'systems_analyst': 'a person skilled at systems analysis', 'tablemate': 'someone you dine with', 'tacker': 'a worker who fastens things by tacking them (as with tacks or by spotwelding)', 'tackler': 'a football player who tackles the ball carrier', 'tactician': 'a person who is skilled at planning tactics', 'tagalong': 'someone who persistently (and annoyingly) follows along', 'tailgater': 'a driver who follows too closely behind another motor vehicle', 'tailor': 'a person whose occupation is making and altering garments', 'talent': 'a person who possesses unusual innate ability in some field or activity', 'talent_agent': 'an agent who represents performers', 'talking_head': 'a talker on television who talks directly into the cameras and whose upper body is all that is shown on the screen', 'tallyman': 'one who sells goods on the installment plan', 'tamer': 'an animal trainer who tames wild animals', 'tanker': 'a soldier who drives a tank', 'tanner': 'a craftsman who tans skins and hides', 'tantalizer': 'someone who tantalizes; a tormentor who offers something desirable but keeps it just out of reach', 'taoiseach': 'the prime minister of the Irish Republic', 'tap_dancer': 'a dancer who sounds out rhythms by using metal taps on the toes and heels of the shoes', 'tapper': 'a person who strikes a surface lightly and usually repeatedly; \"finger tappers irritated her\"', 'tapster': 'a tavern keeper who taps kegs or casks', 'Tartuffe': 'a hypocrite who pretends to religious piety (after the protagonist in a play by Moliere)', 'taskmaster': 'someone who imposes hard or continuous work', 'taskmistress': 'a woman taskmaster', 'taster': 'someone who samples food or drink for its quality', 'tattletale': 'someone who gossips indiscreetly', 'tax_assessor': 'an official who evaluates property for the purpose of taxing it', 'tax_collector': 'someone who collects taxes for the government', 'taxer': 'a bureaucrat who levies taxes', 'taxi_dancer': 'a woman employed to dance with patrons who pay a fee for each dance', 'taxidermist': 'a craftsman who stuffs and mounts the skins of animals for display', 'taxidriver': 'someone who drives a taxi for a living', 'taxonomist': 'a biologist who specializes in the classification of organisms into groups on the basis of their structure and origin and behavior', 'taxpayer': 'someone who pays taxes', \"teacher's_pet\": \"the teacher's favorite student\", 'teaching_fellow': 'a graduate student with teaching responsibilities', 'teammate': 'a fellow member of a team; \"it was his first start against his former teammates\"', 'teamster': 'the driver of a team of horses doing hauling', 'tearaway': 'a reckless and impetuous person', 'techie': 'a technician who is highly proficient and enthusiastic about some technical field (especially computing)', 'technical_sergeant': 'a noncommissioned officer ranking below a master sergeant in the air force or marines', 'technician': 'someone known for high skill in some intellectual or artistic technique', 'technocrat': 'an expert who is a member of a highly skilled elite group', 'technophile': 'a person who is enthusiastic about new technology', 'technophobe': 'a person who dislikes or avoids new technology', 'Ted': \"a tough youth of 1950's and 1960's wearing Edwardian style clothes\", 'teetotaler': 'a total abstainer', 'telecaster': 'a television broadcaster', 'telegrapher': 'someone who transmits messages by telegraph', 'teleologist': 'advocate of teleology', 'telepathist': 'someone with the power of communicating thoughts directly', 'telephone_operator': 'someone who helps callers get the person they are calling', 'televangelist': 'an evangelist who conducts services on television', 'television_reporter': 'someone who reports news stories via television', 'television_star': 'a star in a television show', 'Tell': \"a Swiss patriot who lived in the early 14th century and who was renowned for his skill as an archer; according to legend an Austrian governor compelled him to shoot an apple from his son's head with his crossbow (which he did successfully without mishap)\", 'teller': 'an official appointed to count the votes (especially in legislative assembly)', 'tellurian': 'an inhabitant of the earth', 'temp': 'a worker (especially in an office) hired on a temporary basis', 'temporizer': 'someone who temporizes; someone who tries to gain time or who waits for a favorable time', 'tempter': 'a person who tempts others; \"Satan is the great tempter of mankind\"', 'term_infant': 'infant born at a gestational age between 37 and 42 completed weeks', 'toiler': 'one who works strenuously', 'tenant': 'a holder of buildings or lands by any kind of title (as ownership or lease)', 'tenant_farmer': 'a farmer who works land owned by someone else', 'tenderfoot': 'an inexperienced person (especially someone inexperienced in outdoor living)', 'tennis_coach': 'a coach of tennis players', 'tennis_player': 'an athlete who plays tennis', 'tennis_pro': 'someone who earns a living playing or teaching tennis', 'tenor_saxophonist': 'a musician who plays the tenor saxophone', 'tentmaker': 'someone who makes or repairs tents', 'termer': 'a person who serves a specified term; \"there are not many fourth termers in the Senate\"', 'terrorist': 'a radical who employs terror as a political weapon; usually organizes with other terrorists in small cells; often uses religion as a cover for terrorist activities', 'tertigravida': 'a woman who is pregnant for the third time', 'testator': 'a person who makes a will', 'testatrix': 'a female testator', 'test_driver': 'a driver who drives a motor vehicle to evaluate its performance', 'testee': 'someone who is tested (as by an intelligence test or an academic examination)', 'testifier': 'a person who testifies or gives a deposition', 'test_pilot': 'a pilot hired to fly experimental airplanes through maneuvers designed to test them', 'test-tube_baby': \"a baby conceived by fertilization that occurs outside the mother's body; the woman's ova are removed and mixed with sperm in a culture medium - if fertilization occurs the blastocyte is implanted in the woman's uterus\", 'Teutonist': 'a specialist in the history of the Teutonic people or language (especially with respect to the Teutonic influence on the history of England)', 'Texas_Ranger': 'a member of the Texas state highway patrol; formerly a mounted lawman who maintained order on the frontier', 'thane': 'a feudal lord or baron', 'thatcher': 'someone skilled in making a roof from plant stalks or foliage', 'Thatcherite': 'an advocate of Thatcherism', 'theatrical_producer': 'someone who produces theatrical performances', 'theologian': 'someone who is learned in theology or who speculates about theology', 'theorist': 'someone who theorizes (especially in science or art)', 'theosophist': 'a believer in theosophy', 'therapist': 'a person skilled in a particular type of therapy', 'Thessalian': 'a native or inhabitant of Thessaly', 'Thessalonian': 'a native or inhabitant of Thessalonica', 'thief': 'a criminal who takes property belonging to someone else with the intention of keeping it or selling it', 'thinker': 'someone who exercises the mind (usually in an effort to reach a decision)', 'thin_person': 'a person who is unusually thin and scrawny', 'third_baseman': '(baseball) the person who plays third base', 'third-rater': 'one who is third-rate or distinctly inferior', 'thrall': 'someone held in bondage', 'thrower': 'someone who projects something (especially by a rapid motion of the arm)', 'throwster': 'a person who twists silk or rayon filaments into a thread or yarn', 'thunderbird': '(mythology) the spirit of thunder and lightning believed by some Native Americans to take the shape of a great bird', 'thurifer': 'an acolyte who carries a thurible', 'ticket_collector': 'someone who is paid to admit only those who have purchased tickets', 'tight_end': '(football) an offensive end who lines up close to the tackle', 'tiler': 'a worker who lays tile', 'timberman': 'an owner or manager of a company that is engaged in lumbering', 'timekeeper': '(sports) an official who keeps track of the time elapsed', 'timeserver': 'one who conforms to current ways and opinions for personal advantage', 'Timorese': 'a native or inhabitant of Timor', 'tinker': 'a person who enjoys fixing and experimenting with machines and their parts', 'tinkerer': 'an unskilled person who tries to fix or mend', 'tinsmith': 'someone who makes or repairs tinware', 'tinter': 'a hairdresser who tints hair', 'tipper': 'a person who leaves a tip; \"a generous tipper\"', 'tippler': 'someone who drinks liquor repeatedly in small quantities', 'tipster': 'one who sells advice about gambling or speculation (especially at the racetrack)', 'tither': 'someone who pays tithes', 'titterer': 'a person who laughs nervously', 'T-man': 'a special law-enforcement agent of the United States Treasury', 'toastmaster': 'the person who proposes toasts and introduces speakers at a banquet', 'toast_mistress': 'a woman toastmaster', 'tobacconist': 'a retail dealer in tobacco and tobacco-related articles', 'Tobagonian': 'a native or inhabitant of the island of Tobago in the West Indies', 'tobogganist': 'someone who rides a toboggan', 'Todd': 'Scottish chemist noted for his research into the structure of nucleic acids (born in 1907)', 'toddler': 'a young child', 'toff': 'informal term for an upper-class or wealthy person', 'tollkeeper': 'someone employed to collect tolls', 'toller': 'a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)', 'tomboy': 'a girl who behaves in a boyish manner', 'Tom_Thumb': \"an imaginary hero of English folklore who was no taller than his father's thumb\", 'toolmaker': 'someone skilled in making or repairing tools', 'top_banana': 'the leading comedian in a burlesque show', 'torchbearer': 'a leader in a campaign or movement', 'torch_singer': 'a singer (usually a woman) who specializes in singing torch songs', 'tormentor': 'someone who torments', 'tort-feasor': 'a party who has committed a tort', 'torturer': 'someone who inflicts severe physical pain (usually for punishment or coercion)', 'Tory': 'a member of political party in Great Britain that has been known as the Conservative Party since 1832; was the opposition party to the Whigs', 'tosser': 'terms of abuse for a masturbator', 'totalitarian': 'an adherent of totalitarian principles or totalitarian government', 'totemist': 'a person who belongs to a clan or tribe having a totem', 'toucher': 'a person who causes or allows a part of the body to come in contact with someone or something', 'touch-typist': 'a skilled typist who can type a document without looking at the keyboard', 'tough_guy': 'someone who bullies weaker people', 'tour_guide': 'a guide who leads others on a tour', 'tourist': 'someone who travels for pleasure', 'tout': 'someone who buys tickets to an event in order to resell them at a profit', 'tovarich': 'a comrade (especially in Russian communism)', 'tower_of_strength': 'a person who can be relied on to give a great deal of support and comfort', 'towhead': 'a person with light blond hair', 'town_clerk': \"the official who keeps a town's records\", 'town_crier': '(formerly) an official who made public announcements', 'townsman': 'a person from the same town as yourself; \"a fellow townsman\"', 'townee': 'townsman unacquainted with country life especially a slick and flashy male city dweller', 'townie': 'resident of a college town not affiliated with the college', 'toxicologist': 'one who studies the nature and effects of poisons and their treatment', 'tracker': 'someone who tracks down game', 'track_star': 'a star runner', 'Tractarian': \"a follower of Tractarianism and supporter of the Oxford movement (which was expounded in pamphlets called `Tracts for the Times')\", 'trader': 'someone who purchases and maintains an inventory of goods to be sold', 'trade_unionist': 'a worker who belongs to a trade union', 'traditionalist': 'one who adheres to traditional views', 'traffic_cop': 'a policeman who controls the flow of automobile traffic', 'tragedian': 'a writer (especially a playwright) who writes tragedies', 'tragedienne': 'an actress who specializes in tragic roles', 'trailblazer': 'someone who marks a trail by leaving blazes on trees', 'trail_boss': 'the person responsible for driving a herd of cattle', 'trainbandsman': 'a member of a trainband', 'trainbearer': 'one who holds up the train of a gown or robe on a ceremonial occasion', 'trainee': 'someone who is being trained', 'trainer': 'one who trains other persons or animals', 'trainman': 'an employee of a railroad', 'traitor': 'someone who betrays his country by committing treason', 'traitress': 'female traitor', 'trampler': 'someone who injures by trampling', 'transactor': 'someone who conducts or carries on business or negotiations', 'transalpine': 'one living on or coming from the other side of the Alps from Italy', 'transcendentalist': 'advocate of transcendentalism', 'transcriber': 'someone who rewrites in a different script', 'transferee': '(law) someone to whom a title or property is conveyed', 'transferer': 'someone who transfers something', 'transferor': '(law) someone who conveys a title or property to another', 'transmigrante': 'a Latin American who buys used goods in the United States and takes them to Latin America to sell', 'transplanter': 'a gardener who moves plants to new locations', 'transsexual': 'a person who has undergone a sex change operation', 'transvestite': 'someone who adopts the dress or manner or sexual role of the opposite sex', 'trapper': 'someone who sets traps for animals (usually to obtain their furs)', 'Trappist': 'member of an order of monks noted for austerity and a vow of silence', 'trapshooter': 'a person who engages in shooting at clay pigeons that are hurled into the air by a trap', 'travel_agent': 'someone who sells or arranges trips or tours for customers', 'traveling_salesman': 'a salesman who travels to call on customers', 'traverser': 'someone who moves or passes across; \"the traversers slowly ascended the mountain\"', 'treasurer': 'an officer charged with receiving and disbursing funds', 'Treasury': 'negotiable debt obligations of the United States government which guarantees that interest and principal payments will be paid on time', 'tree_hugger': 'derogatory term for environmentalists who support restrictions on the logging industry and the preservation of forests', 'tree_surgeon': 'a specialist in treating damaged trees', 'trekker': 'a traveler who makes a long arduous journey (as hiking through mountainous country)', 'trend-setter': 'someone who popularizes a new fashion', 'trial_attorney': 'a lawyer who specializes in defending clients before a court of law', 'trial_judge': 'a judge in a trial court', 'tribesman': 'someone who lives in a tribe', 'tribologist': 'a specialist in tribology', 'trier': 'one (as a judge) who examines and settles a case', 'trifler': 'one who behaves lightly or not seriously', 'trigonometrician': 'a mathematician specializing in trigonometry', 'Trilby': 'singer in a novel by George du Maurier who was under the control of the hypnotist Svengali', 'Trinidadian': 'inhabitant or native of Trinidad', 'triplet': 'one of three offspring born at the same time from the same pregnancy', 'tritheist': 'someone (not an orthodox Christian) who believes that the Father and Son and Holy Ghost are three separate gods', 'triumvir': 'one of a group of three sharing public administration or civil authority especially in ancient Rome', 'trombonist': 'a musician who plays the trombone', 'trooper': 'a state police officer', 'trouper': 'a person who is reliable and uncomplaining and hard working', 'trophy_wife': 'a wife who is an attractive young woman; seldom the first wife of an affluent older man; \"his trophy wife was an asset to his business\"', 'Trotskyite': \"radicals who support Trotsky's theory that socialism must be established throughout the world by continuing revolution\", 'troublemaker': 'someone who deliberately stirs up trouble', 'troubleshooter': 'a worker whose job is to locate and fix sources of trouble (especially in mechanical devices)', 'truant': 'one who is absent from school without permission', 'trudger': 'someone who walks in a laborious heavy-footed manner', 'trustbuster': 'a federal agent who engages in trust busting', 'trustee': \"a person (or institution) to whom legal title to property is entrusted to use for another's benefit\", 'trusty': 'a convict who is considered trustworthy and granted special privileges', 'tub-thumper': 'a noisy and vigorous or ranting public speaker', 'tuner': 'someone who tunes pianos', 'turncock': 'one employed to control water supply by turning water mains on and off', 'turtler': 'someone whose occupation is hunting turtles', 'tutee': 'learns from a tutor', 'tv_announcer': 'an announcer on television', 'twaddler': 'someone who twaddles; someone who writes or talks twaddle', 'twerp': 'someone who is regarded as contemptible', 'twiddler': 'someone who manipulates in a nervous or unconscious manner', 'twin': 'either of two offspring born at the same time from the same pregnancy', 'twiner': 'someone who intertwines (e.g. threads) or forms something by twisting or interlacing', 'two-timer': 'someone who deceives a lover or spouse by carrying on a sexual relationship with somebody else', 'Tyke': 'a native of Yorkshire', 'tympanist': 'a person who plays the kettledrums', 'typist': 'someone paid to operate a typewriter', 'tyrant': 'in ancient Greece, a ruler who had seized power without legal right to it', 'ugly_duckling': 'an ugly or unpromising child who grows into a beautiful or worthy person', 'umpire': 'an official at a baseball game', 'uncle': 'a source of help and advice and encouragement; \"he played uncle to lonely students\"', 'underachiever': 'a student who does not perform as well as expected or as well as the IQ indicates', 'undergraduate': 'a university student who has not yet received a first degree', 'undersecretary': 'a secretary immediately subordinate to the head of a department of government', 'underseller': 'a seller that sells at a lower price than others do; \"he went all over town looking for undersellers\"', 'understudy': 'an actor able to replace a regular performer when required', 'undesirable': 'one whose presence is undesirable; \"rounding up vagrants and drunks and other undesirables\"', 'undoer': 'a seducer who ruins a woman; \"she awoke in the arms of her cruel undoer\"', 'unemployed_person': 'someone who is jobless', 'unicorn': 'an imaginary creature represented as a white horse with a long horn growing from its forehead', 'unicyclist': 'a person who rides a unicycle', 'unilateralist': 'an advocate of unilateralism', 'uniocular_dichromat': 'a person who has normal vision in one eye and dichromacy in the other; very rare but very useful for experiments on color vision', 'union_representative': 'a representative for a labor union', 'Unitarian': 'adherent of Unitarianism', 'Trinitarian': 'adherent of Trinitarianism', 'Arminian': 'adherent of Arminianism', 'universal_agent': 'someone authorized to transact every kind of business for the principal', 'universal_donor': 'a person whose type O Rh-negative blood may be safely transfused into persons with other blood types', 'UNIX_guru': 'an expert on the UNIX operating system', 'Unknown_Soldier': 'an unidentified soldier whose body is honored as a memorial', 'unmarried_woman': 'a woman who is not married', 'unpleasant_woman': 'a woman who is an unpleasant person', 'untouchable': 'belongs to lowest social and ritual class in India', 'upbraider': 'someone who finds fault or imputes blame', 'upholder': 'someone who upholds or maintains; \"firm upholders of tradition\"; \"they are sustainers of the idea of democracy\"', 'upholsterer': 'a craftsman who upholsters furniture', 'upsetter': 'an unexpected winner; someone who defeats the favorite competitor', 'upstager': 'a selfish actor who upstages the other actors', 'upstart': 'an arrogant or presumptuous person', 'urban_guerrilla': 'a guerrilla who fights only in cities and towns', 'urchin': 'poor and often mischievous city child', 'urologist': 'a specialist in urology', 'user': 'a person who makes use of a thing; someone who uses or employs something', 'usher': 'an official stationed at the entrance of a courtroom or legislative chamber', 'usherette': 'a female usher', 'usufructuary': 'someone who holds property by usufruct', 'usurer': 'someone who lends money at excessive rates of interest', 'usurper': 'one who wrongfully or illegally seizes and holds the place of another', 'utilitarian': 'someone who believes that the value of a thing depends on its utility', 'utility_man': 'a baseball player valued for the ability to play at several positions', 'utilizer': 'someone who puts to good use; \"not all organisms are utilizers of oxygen\"; \"the social agencies and their utilizers both objected to the budget cut\"', 'Utopian': 'an idealistic (but usually impractical) social reformer; \"a Utopian believes in the ultimate perfectibility of man\"', 'utterer': 'an organism that can utter vocal sounds; \"an utterer of foul oaths\"; \"is the giraffe a vocalizer?\"', 'uxor': '(legal terminology) the Latin word for wife', 'vacationer': 'someone on vacation; someone who is devoting time to pleasure or relaxation rather than to work', 'vaccinee': 'a patient who has been vaccinated', 'vagrant': 'a wanderer who has no established residence or visible means of support', 'Vaisya': 'a member of the mercantile and professional Hindu caste; the third of the four main castes', 'valedictorian': 'the student with the best grades who usually delivers the valedictory address at commencement', 'valentine': 'a sweetheart chosen to receive a greeting on Saint Valentine\\'s Day; \"will you be my valentine?\"', 'valet': 'a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer; \"Jeeves was Bertie Wooster\\'s man\"', 'valetudinarian': 'weak or sickly person especially one morbidly concerned with his or her health', 'valley_girl': 'a girl who grew up in the tract housing in the San Fernando Valley', 'valuer': 'someone who assesses the monetary worth of possessions', 'vandal': 'someone who willfully destroys or defaces property', 'Vandal': 'a member of the Germanic people who overran Gaul and Spain and North Africa and sacked Rome in 455', 'vanisher': 'a person who disappears', 'varnisher': 'someone who applies a finishing coat of varnish', 'vassal': 'a person holding a fief; a person who owes allegiance and service to a feudal lord', 'vaudevillian': 'a performer who works in vaudeville', 'vaulter': 'an athlete who jumps over a high crossbar with the aid of a long pole', 'vegetarian': 'eater of fruits and grains and nuts; someone who eats no meat or fish or (often) any animal products', 'Vedist': 'a scholar of or an authority on the Vedas', 'vegan': 'a strict vegetarian; someone who eats no animal or dairy products at all', 'venerator': 'someone who regards with deep respect or reverence', 'ventriloquist': 'a performer who projects the voice into a wooden dummy', 'venture_capitalist': 'a speculator who makes money available for innovative projects (especially in high technology)', 'venturer': 'a merchant who undertakes a trading venture (especially a venture that sends goods overseas)', 'verger': 'a church officer who takes care of the interior of the building and acts as an attendant (carries the verge) during ceremonies', 'very_important_person': 'an important or influential (and often overbearing) person', 'vestal': 'a chaste woman', 'vestryman': 'a man who is a member of a church vestry', 'vestrywoman': 'a woman who is a member of a church vestry', 'veteran': 'a serviceman who has seen considerable active service; \"the veterans laughed at the new recruits\"', 'veterinarian': 'a doctor who practices veterinary medicine', 'vibist': 'a musician who plays the vibraphone', 'vicar': '(Episcopal Church) a clergyman in charge of a chapel', 'vicar_apostolic': 'a titular Roman Catholic bishop in a non-Catholic area', 'vicar-general': '(Roman Catholic Church) an administrative deputy who assists a bishop', 'vice_admiral': 'an admiral ranking below a full admiral and above a rear admiral', 'vice_chairman': 'one ranking below or serving in the place of a chairman', 'vice_chancellor': 'a deputy or assistant to someone bearing the title of chancellor', 'vicegerent': 'someone appointed by a ruler as an administrative deputy', 'vice_president': \"an executive officer ranking immediately below a president; may serve in the president's place under certain circumstances\", 'Vice_President_of_the_United_States': 'the vice president of the United States who presides over the United States Senate', 'vice-regent': \"a regent's deputy\", 'vicereine': 'wife of a viceroy', 'victim': 'a person who is tricked or swindled', 'victimizer': 'a person who victimizes others; \"I thought we were partners, not victim and victimizer\"', 'victor': 'a combatant who is able to defeat rivals', 'Victorian': 'a person who lived during the reign of Victoria', 'victualer': 'an innkeeper (especially British)', 'vigilante': 'member of a vigilance committee', 'villager': 'one who has lived in a village most of their life', 'villain': 'the principal bad character in a film or work of fiction', 'villainess': 'a woman villain', 'vintager': 'a person who harvests grapes for making wine', 'vintner': 'someone who sells wine', 'violator': 'someone who violates the law', 'violinist': 'a musician who plays the violin', 'violin_maker': 'someone who makes violins', 'violist': 'a musician who plays the viola', 'virago': 'a noisy or scolding or domineering woman', 'virgin': 'a person who has never had sex', 'virologist': 'a specialist in virology', 'virtuoso': 'a musician who is a consummate master of technique and artistry', 'Visayan': 'a member of the most numerous indigenous people of the Philippines', 'viscount': '(in various countries) a son or younger brother or a count', 'viscountess': 'a wife or widow of a viscount', 'Visigoth': 'a member of the western group of Goths who sacked Rome and created a kingdom in present-day Spain and southern France', 'visionary': 'a person given to fanciful speculations and enthusiasms with little regard for what is actually possible', 'visiting_fireman': 'an important or distinguished visitor', 'visiting_nurse': 'a nurse who is paid to visit the sick in their homes', 'visiting_professor': 'a professor visiting another college or university to teach for a limited time', 'visitor': 'someone who visits', 'visualizer': 'one whose prevailing mental imagery is visual', 'visually_impaired_person': 'someone who has inferior vision', 'vitalist': 'one who believes in vitalism', 'vital_principle': 'a hypothetical force to which the functions and qualities peculiar to living things are sometimes ascribed', 'viticulturist': 'a cultivator of grape vine', 'vivisectionist': 'a biologist who cuts open live animals for research', 'vizier': 'a high official in a Muslim government (especially in the Ottoman Empire)', 'vociferator': 'a loud and vehement speaker (usually in protest)', 'voicer': 'someone who regulates the tone of organ pipes', 'volleyball_player': 'someone who plays the game of volleyball', 'volunteer': '(military) a person who freely enlists for service', 'voluptuary': 'a person addicted to luxury and pleasures of the senses', 'vomiter': 'a person who vomits', 'votary': 'one bound by vows to a religion or life of worship or service; \"monasteries of votaries\"', 'voter': 'a citizen who has a legal right to vote', 'vouchee': '(law) a person called into court to defend a title', 'vower': 'someone who makes a solemn promise to do something or behave in a certain way; \"young vowers of eternal love\"; \"there are many vowers of chastity but few who observe it\"', 'voyager': 'a traveler to a distant land (especially one who travels by sea)', 'voyeur': 'a viewer who enjoys seeing the sex acts or sex organs of others', 'vulcanizer': 'someone who vulcanizes rubber to improve its strength and resiliency', 'vulgarian': 'a vulgar person (especially someone who makes a vulgar display of wealth)', 'vulgarizer': 'someone who makes something vulgar', 'Wac': \"a member of the Women's Army Corps\", 'waddler': 'someone who walks with a waddling gait; \"fat waddlers who walk like pigeons\"', 'waffler': 'someone who speaks or writes in a vague and evasive manner', 'Wagnerian': 'a follower of the theories or an admirer of the music of Richard Wagner', 'wagoner': 'the driver of a wagon', 'wagonwright': 'a wagon maker', 'Wahhabi': 'a member of a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect from Saudi Arabia; strives to purify Islamic beliefs and rejects any innovation occurring after the 3rd century of Islam; \"Osama bin Laden is said to be a Wahhabi Muslim\"', 'waif': 'a homeless child especially one forsaken or orphaned; \"street children beg or steal in order to survive\"', 'wailer': 'a mourner who utters long loud high-pitched cries', 'waiter': 'a person who waits or awaits', 'waitress': 'a woman waiter', 'waker': 'someone who rouses others from sleep', 'walking_delegate': 'a union representative who visits workers at their jobs to see whether agreements are observed', 'walk-on': 'plays a small part in a dramatic production', 'wallah': 'usually in combination: person in charge of or employed at a particular thing; \"a kitchen wallah\"; \"the book wallah\"', 'wallflower': 'any of numerous plants of the genus Erysimum having fragrant yellow or orange or brownish flowers', 'walloper': 'a very hard hitter', 'wallpaperer': 'a worker who papers walls', 'wally': 'a silly and inept person; someone who is regarded as stupid', 'Walter_Mitty': 'fictional character created by James Thurber who daydreams about his adventures and triumphs', 'waltzer': 'a dancer who waltzes', 'wanderer': 'someone who leads a wandering unsettled life', 'Wandering_Jew': 'a legendary Jew condemned to roam the world for mocking Jesus at the Crucifixion', 'wanter': 'a person who wants or needs something; \"an owner of many things and needer of none\"', 'wanton': 'lewd or lascivious woman', 'war_baby': 'conceived or born during war', 'war_bride': 'bride of a serviceman during wartime', 'war_correspondent': 'a journalist who sends news reports and commentary from a combat zone or place of battle for publication or broadcast', 'war_criminal': 'an offender who violates international law during times of war', 'warden': 'the chief official in charge of a prison', 'warder': 'a person who works in a prison and is in charge of prisoners', 'wardress': 'a woman warder', 'warehouser': 'a workman who manages or works in a warehouse', 'war_god': 'a god worshipped as giving victory in war', 'warlock': 'a male witch or demon', 'warlord': 'supreme military leader exercising civil power in a region especially one accountable to nobody when the central government is weak', 'warner': 'someone who gives a warning to others', 'warrantee': 'a recipient of a warrant issued by a court in the United States', 'warrant_officer': 'holds rank by virtue of a warrant', 'warrener': 'maintains a rabbit warren', 'warrior': 'someone engaged in or experienced in warfare', 'war_widow': 'a woman whose husband has died in war', 'washerman': 'operates industrial washing machine', 'washwoman': 'a working woman who takes in washing', 'wassailer': 'someone who enjoys riotous drinking', 'wastrel': 'someone who dissipates resources self-indulgently', 'watcher': 'a person who keeps a devotional vigil by a sick bed or by a dead body', 'watchmaker': 'someone who makes or repairs watches', 'watchman': 'a guard who keeps watch', 'water_boy': 'an assistant who supplies drinking water', 'watercolorist': 'a painter who paints with watercolors', 'waterer': 'someone who waters plants or crops', 'water_witch': 'someone who uses a divining rod to find underground water', 'Wave': \"a member of the women's reserve of the United States Navy; originally organized during World War II but now no longer a separate branch\", 'wayfarer': 'a pedestrian who walks from place to place', 'weakling': 'a person who is physically weak and ineffectual', 'wearer': 'a person who wears or carries or displays something as a body covering or accessory; \"the wearer of the crown\"', 'weatherman': 'predicts the weather', 'webmaster': 'a technician who designs or maintains a website', 'wedding_guest': 'a guest at a wedding', 'weekend_warrior': 'a homeowner who acts as a contractor and tries to do major improvement projects on weekends (often without understanding the scope of the work to be done)', 'weeper': 'a person who weeps', 'weigher': 'an official who weighs and records the weight', 'weightlifter': 'an athlete who lifts barbells', 'welcher': 'someone who swindles you by not repaying a debt or wager', 'welder': 'joins pieces of metal by welding them together', 'welfare_case': 'a case for a welfare worker', 'welterweight': 'a weight of 28 pounds; sometimes imposed as a handicap in a horse race (such as a steeplechase)', 'wencher': 'someone who patronizes prostitutes', 'westerner': 'an inhabitant of a western area; especially of the U.S.', 'West_Indian': 'a native or inhabitant of the West Indies', 'West-sider': 'a resident of the west side of Manhattan in New York City', 'wet_nurse': 'a woman hired to suckle a child of someone else', 'wetter': 'a workman who wets the work in a manufacturing process', 'wheedler': 'someone who tries to persuade by blandishment and coaxing', 'wheeler': 'the man at the outermost end of the rank in wheeling', 'wheelwright': 'someone who makes and repairs wooden wheels', 'whiffer': 'a batter who strikes out by swinging at and missing the third strike', 'Whig': 'a member of the political party that urged social reform in 18th and 19th century England; was the opposition party to the Tories', 'whiner': 'a person given to excessive complaints and crying and whining', 'whipper-in': \"huntsman's assistant in managing the hounds\", 'whippersnapper': 'someone who is unimportant but cheeky and presumptuous', 'whirling_dervish': 'a dervish whose actions include ecstatic dancing and whirling', 'whisperer': 'one who speaks in a whisper', 'whistle_blower': 'an informant who exposes wrongdoing within an organization in the hope of stopping it; \"the law gives little protection to whistleblowers who feel the public has a right to know what is going on\"; \"the whistleblower was fired for exposing the conditions in mental hospitals\"', 'whistler': 'someone who makes a loud high sound', 'whited_sepulcher': 'a person who is inwardly evil but outwardly professes to be virtuous', 'whiteface': 'a clown whose face is covered with white make-up', 'Carmelite': 'a Roman Catholic friar wearing the white cloak of the Carmelite order; mendicant preachers', 'Franciscan': 'a Roman Catholic friar wearing the grey habit of the Franciscan order', 'Augustinian': 'a Roman Catholic friar or monk belonging to one of the Augustinian monastic orders', 'Austin_Friar': 'one of the Roman Catholic hermits of Saint Augustine', 'white_hope': 'someone (or something) expected to achieve great success in a given field; \"this company is the great white hope of the nuclear industry\\'s waste management policy\"', 'white_separatist': 'someone who advocates a society in which white people live separately from members of other races', 'white_slave': 'a woman sold into prostitution', 'white_slaver': 'a person who forces women to become prostitutes', 'white_supremacist': 'a person who believes that the white race is or should be supreme', 'whittler': 'someone who whittles (usually as an idle pastime)', 'whoremaster': \"a prostitute's customer\", 'Wiccan': 'a believer in Wicca', 'wicket-keeper': 'stands behind the wicket to catch balls', 'widow': 'a woman whose husband is dead especially one who has not remarried', 'widower': 'a man whose wife is dead especially one who has not remarried', 'wife': \"a married woman; a man's partner in marriage\", 'wigmaker': 'someone who makes and sells wigs', 'wildcatter': 'an oilman who drills exploratory wells in territory not known to be an oil field', 'wild_man': 'a person who is not socialized', 'wimp': 'a person who lacks confidence, is irresolute and wishy-washy', 'wing_commander': '(RAF rank) one who is next below a group captain', 'winger': '(sports) player in wing position', 'wingman': 'the pilot who positions his aircraft outside and behind (on the wing of) the leader of a flying formation', 'winner': 'the contestant who wins the contest', 'window_cleaner': 'someone who cleans windows for pay', 'window_dresser': 'someone who decorates shop windows', 'window_washer': 'someone who washes windows', 'wine_taster': 'a taster who evaluates the quality of wines', 'wireman': 'a worker who installs and repairs electric wiring', 'wire-puller': 'one who uses secret influence (i.e. pulls wires or strings) for his own ends', 'wirer': 'someone who sends a telegram', 'wise_guy': 'an upstart who makes conceited, sardonic, insolent comments', 'witch_doctor': 'someone who is believed to heal through magical powers', 'witch-hunter': 'someone who identifies and punishes people for their opinions', 'withdrawer': 'an authority who withdraws permission', 'withholder': 'a person who refrains from granting; \"a withholder of payments\"', 'withstander': 'an opponent who resists with force or resolution; \"obstinate withstanders of innovation\"', 'wittol': \"an archaic term for a cuckold who knows about his wife's infidelity but tolerates it\", 'Wobbly': 'a member of the Industrial Workers of the World', 'wog': '(offensive British slang) term used by the British to refer to people of color from Africa or Asia', 'wolf_boy': 'a male person assumed to have been raised by wolves', 'woman': 'a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man; \"he was faithful to his woman\"', 'womanizer': 'a man who likes many women and has short sexual relationships with them', 'wonder_boy': 'a man who is unusually successful at an early age', 'wonderer': 'someone who is curious about something', 'wonder_woman': 'a woman who can be a successful wife and have a professional career at the same time', 'woodcarver': 'makes decorative wooden panels', 'woodcutter': 'cuts down trees and chops wood as a job', 'woodworker': 'makes things out of wood', 'woodsman': 'someone who lives in the woods', 'wool_stapler': 'a dealer in wool', 'wordmonger': 'a writer who uses language carelessly or pretentiously with little regard for meaning', 'word-painter': 'a writer of vivid or graphic descriptive power', 'wordsmith': 'a fluent and prolific writer', 'workaholic': 'person with a compulsive need to work', 'working_girl': 'a young woman who is employed', 'workman': 'an employee who performs manual or industrial labor', 'workmate': 'a fellow worker', 'worldling': 'a person absorbed by the concerns and interests and pleasures of the present world', 'worrier': 'thinks about unfortunate things that might happen', 'worshiper': 'someone who admires too much to recognize faults', 'worthy': 'an important, honorable person (word is often used humorously); \"he told his story to some conservative worthies\"; \"local worthies rarely challenged the chief constable\"', 'wrangler': 'someone who argues noisily or angrily', 'wrecker': 'someone who demolishes or dismantles buildings as a job', 'wrester': 'someone who obtains something by pulling it violently with twisting movements', 'wrestler': 'combatant who tries to throw opponent to the ground', 'wretch': 'performs some wicked deed', 'wright': 'someone who makes or repairs something (usually used in combination)', 'write-in_candidate': 'a candidate for public office whose name does not appear on the ballot and so must be written on the ballot by the voters', 'writer': 'a person who is able to write and has written something', 'Wykehamist': 'a student enrolled in (or graduated from) Winchester College', 'xylophonist': 'someone who plays a xylophone', 'yachtsman': 'a person who owns or sails a yacht', 'yanker': 'someone who gives a strong sudden pull', 'yard_bird': 'a military recruit who is assigned menial tasks', 'yardie': 'member of an international gang of Jamaican criminals who sell drugs and violence; \"A much publicized raid on a yardie stronghold had first been simulated at Riot City\"', 'yardman': 'worker in a railway yard', 'yardmaster': 'a railroad employer who is in charge of a railway yard', 'yawner': 'a person who yawns', 'yenta': '(Yiddish) a vulgar shrew; a shallow coarse termagant', 'yeoman': 'officer in the (ceremonial) bodyguard of the British monarch', 'yodeller': 'a singer who changes register rapidly (popular is Swiss folk songs)', 'yogi': 'one who practices yoga and has achieved a high level of spiritual insight', 'yokel': 'a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture', 'young_buck': 'a teenager or a young adult male', 'young_person': 'a young person (especially a young man or boy)', 'young_Turk': 'a young radical who agitates for reform', 'Young_Turk': 'a member of one or more of the insurgent groups in Turkey in the late 19th century who rebelled against the absolutism of Ottoman rule', 'yuppie': 'a young upwardly mobile professional individual; a well-paid middle-class professional who works in a city and has a luxurious life style', 'zany': 'a buffoon in one of the old comedies; imitates others for ludicrous effect', 'Zealot': 'a member of an ancient Jewish sect in Judea in the first century who fought to the death against the Romans and who killed or persecuted Jews who collaborated with the Romans', 'Zionist': 'a Jewish supporter of Zionism', 'zombi': '(voodooism) a spirit or supernatural force that reanimates a dead body', 'zoo_keeper': 'the chief person responsible for a zoological garden', 'zoologist': 'a specialist in the branch of biology dealing with animals', 'Zurvan': 'the Zoroastrian god of time', 'Aalto': 'Finnish architect and designer of furniture (1898-1976)', 'Aaron': 'United States professional baseball player who hit more home runs than Babe Ruth (born in 1934)', 'Abelard': 'French philosopher and theologian; lover of Heloise (1079-1142)', 'Abraham': 'the first of the Old Testament patriarchs and the father of Isaac; according to Genesis, God promised to give Abraham\\'s family (the Hebrews) the land of Canaan (the Promised Land); God tested Abraham by asking him to sacrifice his son; \"Judaism, Christianity, and Islam each has a special claim on Abraham\"', 'Acheson': 'United States statesman who promoted the Marshall Plan and helped establish NATO (1893-1971)', 'Adenauer': 'German statesman; chancellor of West Germany (1876-1967)', 'Adrian': 'English physiologist who conducted research into the function of neurons; 1st baron of Cambridge (1889-1997)', 'Aeschylus': 'Greek tragedian; the father of Greek tragic drama (525-456 BC)', 'Aesop': 'Greek author of fables (circa 620-560 BC)', 'Agassiz': 'United States naturalist (born in Switzerland) who studied fossil fish; recognized geological evidence that ice ages had occurred in North America (1807-1873)', 'Agee': 'United States novelist (1909-1955)', 'Agricola': 'Roman general who was governor of Britain and extended Roman rule north to the Firth of Forth (37-93)', 'Agrippa': 'Roman general who commanded the fleet that defeated the forces of Antony and Cleopatra at Actium (63-12 BC)', 'Agrippina': 'wife who poisoned Claudius after her son Nero was declared heir and who was then put to death by Nero', 'Ahab': 'according to the Old Testament he was a pagan king of Israel and husband of Jezebel (9th century BC)', 'Aiken': 'United States writer (1889-1973)', 'Ailey': 'United States choreographer noted for his use of African elements (born in 1931)', 'a_Kempis': 'German ecclesiastic (1380-1471)', 'Akhenaton': 'early ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with sun worship (died in 1358 BC)', 'Alaric': 'king of the Visigoths who captured Rome in 410 (370-410)', 'Albee': 'United States dramatist (1928-)', 'Albers': 'United States painter born in Germany; works characterized by simple geometrical patterns in various colors (1888-1976)', 'Albert': 'prince consort of Queen Victoria of England (1819-1861)', 'Alberti': 'Italian architect and painter; pioneering theoretician of Renaissance architecture (1404-1472)', 'Alcaeus': 'Greek lyric poet of Lesbos; reputed inventor of Alcaic verse (611-580 BC)', 'Alcibiades': 'ancient Athenian statesman and general in the Peloponnesian War (circa 450-404 BC)', 'Alcott': \"United States novelist noted for children's books (1832-1888)\", 'Alexander': 'European herb somewhat resembling celery widely naturalized in Britain coastal regions and often cultivated as a potherb', 'Alexander_I': 'the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825)', 'Alexander_II': 'the son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs (1818-1881)', 'Alexander_III': 'son of Alexander II who was czar of Russia (1845-1894)', 'Alexander_VI': 'Pope and father of Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia (1431-1503)', 'Alfred': 'king of Wessex; defeated the Vikings and encouraged writing in English (849-899)', 'Alger': 'United States author of inspirational adventure stories for boys; virtue and hard work overcome poverty (1832-1899)', 'Algren': 'United States writer (1909-1981)', 'Al-hakim': 'an Ismaili caliph of Egypt who declared himself an incarnation of God and founded the Druze religious sect (985-1021)', 'Alhazen': 'an Egyptian polymath (born in Iraq) whose research in geometry and optics was influential into the 17th century; established experiments as the norm of proof in physics (died in 1040)', 'Ali': 'United States prizefighter who won the world heavyweight championship three times (born in 1942)', 'Allen': 'United States comedienne remembered as the confused but imperturbable partner of her husband, George Burns (1906-1964)', 'Alonso': 'Cuban dancer and choreographer (born in 1921)', 'Ambrose': '(Roman Catholic Church) Roman priest who became bishop of Milan; the first Church Father born and raised in the Christian faith; composer of hymns; imposed orthodoxy on the early Christian church and built up its secular power; a saint and Doctor of the Church (340?-397)', 'Amundsen': 'Norwegian explorer who was the first to traverse the Northwest Passage and in 1911 the first to reach the South Pole (1872-1928)', 'Anaxagoras': 'a presocratic Athenian philosopher who maintained that everything is composed of very small particles that were arranged by some eternal intelligence (500-428 BC)', 'Anaximander': 'a presocratic Greek philosopher and student of Thales who believed the universal substance to be infinity rather than something resembling ordinary objects (611-547 BC)', 'Anaximenes': 'a presocratic Greek philosopher and associate of Anaximander who believed that all things are made of air in different degrees of density (6th century BC)', 'Andersen': 'a Danish author remembered for his fairy stories (1805-1875)', 'Anderson': 'United States author whose works were frequently autobiographical (1876-1941)', 'Andrew': '(New Testament) disciple of Jesus; brother of Peter; patron saint of Scotland', 'Andrews': 'United States naturalist who contributed to paleontology and geology (1884-1960)', 'Anne': 'Queen of England and Scotland and Ireland; daughter if James II and the last of the Stuart monarchs; in 1707 she was the last English ruler to exercise the royal veto over parliament (1665-1714)', 'Anouilh': 'French dramatist noted for his reinterpretations of Greek myths (1910-1987)', 'Anselm': 'an Italian who was a Benedictine monk; was archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109; one of the founders of scholasticism; best known for his proof of the existence of God', 'Anthony': 'United States suffragist (1820-1906)', 'Antichrist': '(Christianity) the adversary of Christ (or Christianity) mentioned in the New Testament; the Antichrist will rule the world until overthrown by the Second Coming of Christ', 'Antigonus': 'a general of Alexander the Great and king of Macedonia; lost one eye; killed in a battle at Ipsus (382-301 BC)', 'Antoninus': 'Emperor of Rome; nephew and son-in-law and adoptive son of Antonius Pius; Stoic philosopher; the decline of the Roman Empire began under Marcus Aurelius (121-180)', 'Antonius_Pius': 'Emperor of Rome; adoptive son of Hadrian (86-161)', 'Antony': 'Roman general under Julius Caesar in the Gallic wars; repudiated his wife for the Egyptian queen Cleopatra; they were defeated by Octavian at Actium (83-30 BC)', 'Apollinaire': 'French poet; precursor of surrealism (1880-1918)', 'Aquinas': '(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology; presented philosophical proofs of the existence of God (1225-1274)', 'Arafat': 'Palestinian statesman who was chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (1929-2004)', 'Archimedes': 'Greek mathematician and physicist noted for his work in hydrostatics and mechanics and geometry (287-212 BC)', 'Arendt': 'United States historian and political philosopher (born in Germany) (1906-1975)', 'Aristarchus_of_Samos': 'an ancient Greek astronomer who was one of the first to propose a heliocentric theory of the universe (circa 270 BC)', 'Aristophanes': 'an ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies (448-380 BC)', 'Aristotle': 'one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; pupil of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great (384-322 BC)', 'Arminius': 'Dutch Protestant theologian who founded Arminianism which opposed the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin (1559-1609)', 'Armstrong': 'United States astronaut; the first man to set foot on the Moon (July 20, 1969) (1930-)', 'Arnold': 'English poet and literary critic (1822-1888)', 'Arnold_of_Brescia': 'Italian theologian who censured the worldly possessions of monks and the temporal power of bishops and was condemned for dogmatic errors by the Second Lateran Council (early 12th century)', 'Arp': 'Alsatian artist and poet who was cofounder of dadaism in Zurich; noted for abstract organic sculptures (1887-1966)', 'Arrhenius': 'Swedish chemist and physicist noted for his theory of chemical dissociation (1859-1927)', 'Artaxerxes_I': 'king of Persia who sanctioned the practice of Judaism in Jerusalem (?-424 BC)', 'Artaxerxes_II': 'king of Persia who subdued numerous revolutions and made peace with Sparta (?-359 BC)', 'Arthur': 'elected vice president and became 21st President of the United States when Garfield was assassinated (1830-1886)', 'Asanga': 'Indian religious leader and founder of the Yogacara school of Buddhism in India (4th century)', 'Asch': 'United States writer (born in Poland) who wrote in Yiddish (1880-1957)', 'Ashe': 'United States tennis player who was the first Black to win United States and English singles championships (1943-1993)', 'Ashton': 'British choreographer (1906-1988)', 'Ashurbanipal': 'king of Assyria who built a magnificent palace and library at Nineveh (668-627 BC)', 'Asimov': 'United States writer (born in Russia) noted for his science fiction (1920-1992)', 'Astaire': 'United States dancer and cinema actor noted for his original and graceful tap dancing (1899-1987)', 'Astor': 'British politician (born in the United States) who was the first woman to sit in the British House of Commons (1879-1964)', 'Ataturk': 'Turkish statesman who abolished the caliphate and founded Turkey as a modern secular state (1881-1938)', 'Athanasius': '(Roman Catholic Church) Greek patriarch of Alexandria who championed Christian orthodoxy against Arianism; a church father, saint, and Doctor of the Church (293-373)', 'Athelstan': 'the first Saxon ruler who extended his kingdom to include nearly all of England (895-939)', 'Attila': 'king of the Huns; the most successful barbarian invader of the Roman Empire (406-453)', 'Attlee': 'British statesman and leader of the Labour Party who instituted the welfare state in Britain (1883-1967)', 'Auchincloss': 'United States writer (born in 1917)', 'Auden': 'United States poet (born in England) (1907-1973)', 'Audubon': 'United States ornithologist and artist (born in Haiti) noted for his paintings of birds of America (1785-1851)', 'Augustine': \"(Roman Catholic Church) one of the great Fathers of the early Christian church; after a dramatic conversion to Christianity he became bishop of Hippo Regius in North Africa; St. Augustine emphasized man's need for grace (354-430)\", 'Augustus': 'Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC; defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BC at Actium (63 BC - AD 14)', 'Austen': 'English novelist noted for her insightful portrayals of middle-class families (1775-1817)', 'Averroes': 'Arabian philosopher born in Spain; wrote detailed commentaries on Aristotle that were admired by the Schoolmen (1126-1198)', 'Avicenna': 'Arabian physician and influential Islamic philosopher; his interpretation of Aristotle influenced St. Thomas Aquinas; writings on medicine were important for almost 500 years (980-1037)', 'Avogadro': \"Italian physicist noted for his work on gases; proposed what has come to be called Avogadro's law (1776-1856)\", 'Bacon': 'English scientist and Franciscan monk who stressed the importance of experimentation; first showed that air is required for combustion and first used lenses to correct vision (1220-1292)', 'Baedeker': 'German publisher of a series of travel guidebooks (1801-1859)', 'Bailey': 'United States singer (1918-1990)', 'Bakunin': 'Russian anarchist; ally and later opponent of Karl Marx (1814-1876)', 'Balanchine': 'United States dancer and choreographer (born in Russia) noted for his abstract and formal works (1904-1983)', 'Balboa': 'Spanish explorer who in 1513 crossed the Isthmus of Darien and became the first European to see the eastern shores of the Pacific Ocean (1475-1519)', 'Balenciaga': 'Spanish fashion designer known for his stark elegant designs (1895-1972)', 'Balfour': 'English statesman; member of the Conservative Party (1848-1930)', 'Ball': 'United States comedienne best known as the star of a popular television program (1911-1989)', 'Balthazar': '(New Testament) one of the three sages from the east who came bearing gifts for the infant Jesus', 'Balzac': 'French novelist; he portrays the complexity of 19th century French society (1799-1850)', 'Bankhead': 'uninhibited United States actress (1903-1968)', 'Banks': 'English botanist who accompanied Captain Cook on his first voyage to the Pacific Ocean (1743-1820)', 'Bannister': 'English runner who in 1954 became the first person to run a mile in less than four minutes (born in 1929)', 'Banting': 'Canadian physiologist who discovered insulin with C. H. Best and who used it to treat diabetes(1891-1941)', 'Baraka': 'United States writer of poems and plays about racial conflict (born in 1934)', 'Barany': 'Austrian physician who developed a rotational method for testing the middle ear (1876-1936)', 'Barbarossa': 'Barbary pirate (died in 1546)', 'Barber': 'United States composer (1910-1981)', 'Bardeen': 'United States physicist who won the Nobel prize for physics twice (1908-1991)', 'Barkley': 'United States politician and lawyer; vice president of the United States (1877-1956)', 'Barnum': 'United States showman who popularized the circus (1810-1891)', 'Barrie': 'Scottish dramatist and novelist; created Peter Pan (1860-1937)', 'Barrymore': 'United States actor; son of Maurice Barrymore and Georgiana Barrymore (1882-1942)', 'Barth': 'Swiss Protestant theologian (1886-1968)', 'Barthelme': 'United States author of sometimes surrealistic stories (1931-1989)', 'Bartholdi': 'French sculptor best known for creating the Statue of Liberty now in New York harbor', 'Bartholin': \"Danish physician who discovered Bartholin's gland (1585-1629)\", 'Bartlett': \"United States explorer who accompanied Peary's expedition to the North Pole and who led many other Arctic trips (1875-1946)\", 'Bartok': 'Hungarian composer and pianist who collected Hungarian folk music; in 1940 he moved to the United States (1881-1945)', 'Baryshnikov': 'Russian dancer and choreographer who migrated to the United States (born in 1948)', 'Basil': '(Roman Catholic Church) the bishop of Caesarea who defended the Roman Catholic Church against the heresies of the 4th century; a saint and Doctor of the Church (329-379)', 'Bathsheba': '(Old Testament) the wife of Uriah and later the wife of king David; Solomon was her son by David (circa 10th century BC)', 'Baudelaire': 'a French poet noted for macabre imagery and evocative language (1821-1867)', 'Baum': \"United States writer of children's books (1856-1919)\", 'Bayard': 'French soldier said to be fearless and chivalrous (1473-1524)', 'Bayes': \"English mathematician for whom Bayes' theorem is named (1702-1761)\", 'Beadle': 'United States biologist who discovered how hereditary characteristics are transmitted by genes (1903-1989)', 'Beauvoir': 'French feminist and existentialist and novelist (1908-1986)', 'Beaverbrook': 'British newspaper publisher and politician (born in Canada); confidant of Winston Churchill (1879-1964)', 'Becket': \"(Roman Catholic Church) archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to 1170; murdered following his opposition to Henry II's attempts to control the clergy (1118-1170)\", 'Beckett': 'a playwright and novelist (born in Ireland) who lived in France; wrote plays for the theater of the absurd (1906-1989)', 'Becquerel': 'French physicist who discovered that rays emitted by uranium salts affect photographic plates (1852-1908)', 'Bede': '(Roman Catholic Church) English monk and scholar (672-735)', 'Beecher': 'United States clergyman who was a leader for the abolition of slavery (1813-1887)', 'Beerbohm': 'English writer and caricaturist (1872-1956)', 'Begin': 'Israeli statesman (born in Russia) who (as prime minister of Israel) negotiated a peace treaty with Anwar Sadat (then the president of Egypt) (1913-1992)', 'Behrens': 'German architect known for his simple utilitarian factory buildings (1868-1940)', 'Belisarius': 'Byzantine general under Justinian I; he recovered former Roman territories in northern Africa and fought against the Persians', 'Bell': 'a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905)', 'Bellarmine': 'Italian cardinal and theologian (1542-1621)', 'Bellini': 'Italian composer of operas (1801-1835)', 'Belloc': 'English author (born in France) remembered especially for his verse for children (1870-1953)', 'Bellow': 'United States author (born in Canada) whose novels influenced American literature after World War II (1915-2005)', 'Belshazzar': '(Old Testament) Babylonian general and son of Nebuchadnezzar II; according to the Old Testament he was warned of his doom by divine handwriting on the wall that was interpreted by Daniel (6th century BC)', 'Benchley': 'United States humorist (1889-1945)', 'Benedict': 'United States anthropologist (1887-1948)', 'Benedict_XIV': 'pope who was a patron of the arts and who denounced the cruelty to the indigenous peoples of South America (1675-1758)', 'Benedict_XV': 'pope who founded the Vatican service for prisoners of war during World War I (1854-1922)', 'Benet': 'United States poet; brother of William Rose Benet (1898-1943)', 'Ben_Gurion': 'Israeli statesman (born in Poland) and active Zionist who organized resistance against the British after World War II; prime minister of Israel (1886-1973)', 'Benjamin': '(Old Testament) the youngest and best-loved son of Jacob and Rachel and one of the twelve forebears of the tribes of Israel', 'Bennett': 'United States aviator who (with Richard E. Byrd) piloted the first flight over the North Pole (1890-1928)', 'Benny': 'United States comedian known for his timeing and delivery and self-effacing humor (1894-1974)', 'Bentham': 'English philosopher and jurist; founder of utilitarianism (1748-1831)', 'Benton': 'United States artist whose paintings portrayed life in the Midwest and South (1889-1975)', 'Berg': \"Austrian composer in Schoenberg's twelve-tone music system (1885-1935)\", 'Bergman': 'Swedish film actress (1915-1982)', 'Bergson': 'French philosopher who proposed elan vital as the cause of evolution and development (1859-1941)', 'Beria': \"Soviet chief of secret police under Joseph Stalin; was executed by his associates in the power struggle following Stalin's death (1899-1953)\", 'Bering': 'Danish explorer who explored the northern Pacific Ocean for the Russians and discovered the Bering Strait (1681-1741)', 'Berlage': 'Dutch architect and town planner (1856-1934)', 'Berlioz': 'French composer of romantic works (1803-1869)', 'Bernard': 'French physiologist noted for research on secretions of the alimentary canal and the glycogenic function of the liver (1813-1878)', 'Bernhardt': 'French actress (1844-1923)', 'Bernini': 'Italian sculptor and architect of the baroque period in Italy; designed many churches and chapels and tombs and fountains (1598-1680)', 'Bernoulli': 'Swiss physicist who contributed to hydrodynamics and mathematical physics (1700-1782)', 'Bernstein': 'United States conductor and composer (1918-1990)', 'Berra': 'United States baseball player (born 1925)', 'Berry': 'United States rock singer (born in 1931)', 'Bertillon': 'French criminologist (1853-1914)', 'Bertolucci': 'Italian filmmaker (born in 1940)', 'Berzelius': 'Swedish chemist who discovered three new elements and determined the atomic weights of many others (1779-1848)', 'Bessel': 'German mathematician and astronomer who made accurate measurements of stellar distances and who predicted the existence on an 8th planet (1784-1846)', 'Bessemer': 'British inventor and metallurgist who developed the Bessemer process (1813-1898)', 'Best': 'Canadian physiologist (born in the United States) who assisted F. G. Banting in research leading to the discovery of insulin (1899-1978)', 'Bethe': 'United States physicist (born in Germany) noted for research in astrophysics and nuclear physics (1906-2005)', 'Bethune': 'United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955)', 'Beveridge': 'British economist (born in India) whose report on social insurance provided the basis for most of the social legislation on which the welfare state in the United Kingdom is based (1879-1963)', 'Bevin': 'British labor leader and statesman who played an important role in diplomacy after World War II (1884-1951)', 'Bierce': 'United States writer of caustic wit (1842-1914)', 'Binet': 'French psychologist remembered for his studies of the intellectual development of children (1857-1911)', 'bin_Laden': 'Arab terrorist who established al-Qaeda (born in 1957)', 'Bizet': 'French composer best known for his operas (1838-1875)', 'Black_Hawk': 'Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States (1767-1838)', 'Blair': 'British statesman who became prime minister in 1997 (born in 1953)', 'Blake': 'visionary British poet and painter (1757-1827)', 'Bleriot': 'French aviator who in 1909 made the first flight across the English Channel (1872-1936)', 'Bligh': 'British admiral; was captain of the H.M.S. Bounty in 1789 when part of the crew mutinied and set him afloat in an open boat; a few weeks later he arrived safely in Timor 4,000 miles away (1754-1817)', 'Blitzstein': 'United States pianist and composer of operas and musical plays (1905-1964)', 'Bloch': 'United States composer (born in Switzerland) who composed symphonies and chamber music and choral music and a piano sonata and an opera (1880-1959)', 'Blok': 'Russian poet (1880-1921)', 'Bloomfield': 'United States linguist who adopted a behavioristic approach to linguistics (1887-1949)', 'Blucher': 'Prussian general who is remembered for his leadership in the wars against Napoleon (1742-1819)', 'Boccaccio': 'Italian poet (born in France) (1313-1375)', 'Bodoni': 'Italian printer who designed the Bodoni font (1740-1813)', 'Boehme': 'German mystic and theosophist who founded modern theosophy; influenced George Fox (1575-1624)', 'Boell': 'German novelist and writer of short stories (1917-1985)', 'Boethius': 'a Roman who was an early Christian philosopher and statesman who was executed for treason; Boethius had a decisive influence on medieval logic (circa 480-524)', 'Bogart': 'United States film actor (1899-1957)', 'Bohr': 'Danish physicist who studied atomic structure and radiations; the Bohr theory of the atom accounted for the spectrum of hydrogen (1885-1962)', 'Boleyn': 'the second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I; was executed on a charge of adultery (1507-1536)', 'Bolivar': 'Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule; founded Bolivia in 1825 (1783-1830)', 'Boltzmann': 'Austrian physicist who contributed to the kinetic theory of gases (1844-1906)', 'Bonhoeffer': 'German Lutheran theologian and pastor whose works concern Christianity in the modern world; an active opponent of Nazism, he was arrested and sent to Buchenwald and later executed (1906-1945)', 'Boniface': '(Roman Catholic Church) Anglo-Saxon missionary who was sent to Frisia and Germany to spread the Christian faith; was martyred in Frisia (680-754)', 'Boniface_VIII': 'pope who declared that Catholic princes are subject to the pope in temporal as well as in theological matters (1235-1303)', 'Bonney': 'United States outlaw who was said to have killed 21 men (1859-1881)', 'Bontemps': 'United States writer (1902-1973)', 'Boole': 'English mathematician; creator of Boolean algebra (1815-1864)', 'Boone': 'an American pioneer and guide and explorer (1734-1820)', 'Booth': 'United States actor and assassin of President Lincoln (1838-1865)', 'Borges': 'Argentinian writer remembered for his short stories (1899-1986)', 'Borgia': 'Italian noblewoman and patron of the arts (1480-1519)', 'Born': 'British nuclear physicist (born in Germany) honored for his contributions to quantum mechanics (1882-1970)', 'Borodin': 'Russian composer (1833-1887)', 'Bosch': 'Dutch painter (1450-1516)', 'Bose': 'Indian physicist who with Albert Einstein proposed statistical laws based on the indistinguishability of particles; led to the description of fundamental particles that later came to be known as bosons', 'Botticelli': 'Italian painter of mythological and religious paintings (1444-1510)', 'Boulez': 'French composer of serial music (born in 1925)', 'Bowditch': 'United States mathematician and astronomer noted for his works on navigation (1773-1838)', 'Bowdler': 'English editor who in 1818 published an expurgated edition of the works of Shakespeare (1754-1825)', 'Bowie': 'United States pioneer and hero of the Texas revolt against Mexico; he shared command of the garrison that resisted the Mexican attack on the Alamo where he died (1796-1836)', 'Boyle': 'United States writer (1902-1992)', 'Bradbury': 'United States writer of science fiction (born 1920)', 'Bradford': \"United States printer (born in England) whose press produced the first American prayer book and the New York City's first newspaper (1663-1752)\", 'Bradley': 'United States politician who was elected the first black mayor of Los Angeles (1917-1998)', 'Bradstreet': 'poet in colonial America (born in England) (1612-1672)', 'Brady': 'United States pioneer photographer famous for his portraits; was the official Union photographer for the American Civil War (1823-1896)', 'Bragg': 'Confederate general during the American Civil War who was defeated by Grant in the battle of Chattanooga (1817-1876)', 'Brahe': \"Danish astronomer whose observations of the planets provided the basis for Kepler's laws of planetary motion (1546-1601)\", 'Braille': 'French educator who lost his sight at the age of three and who invented a system of writing and printing for sightless people (1809-1852)', 'Bramante': 'great Italian architect of the High Renaissance in Italy (1444-1514)', 'Brancusi': 'Romanian sculptor noted for abstractions of animal forms (1876-1957)', 'Brandt': 'German statesman who as chancellor of West Germany worked to reduce tensions with eastern Europe (1913-1992)', 'Braque': 'French painter who led the cubist movement (1882-1963)', 'Braun': 'the German mistress of Adolf Hitler (1910-1945)', 'Brecht': 'German dramatist and poet who developed a style of epic theater (1898-1956)', 'Breuer': \"United States architect (born in Hungary) who was associated with the Bauhaus in the 1920's (1902-1981)\", 'Brezhnev': 'Soviet statesman who became president of the Soviet Union (1906-1982)', 'Bridges': 'United States labor leader who organized the longshoremen (1901-1990)', 'Bridget': 'Irish abbess; a patron saint of Ireland (453-523)', 'Brinton': 'United States anthropologist who was the first to attempt a systematic classification of Native American languages (1837-1899)', 'Britten': 'major English composer of the 20th century; noted for his operas (1913-1976)', 'Broca': \"French anthropologist who studied the craniums and brains of different races of people; remembered for his discovery that articulate speech depends on an area of the brain now known as Broca's area (1824-1880)\", 'Brockhouse': 'Canadian physicist who bounced neutron beams off of atomic nuclei to study the structure of matter (1918-2003)', 'Broglie': 'French nuclear physicist who generalized the wave-particle duality by proposing that particles of matter exhibit wavelike properties (1892-1987)', 'Bronte': 'English novelist; youngest of three Bronte sisters (1820-1849)', 'Brooke': 'English lyric poet (1887-1915)', 'Brooks': 'United States literary critic and historian (1886-1963)', 'Brown': 'Scottish botanist who first observed the movement of small particles in fluids now known a Brownian motion (1773-1858)', 'Browne': \"English illustrator of several of Dickens' novels (1815-1882)\", 'Browning': 'United States inventor of firearms (especially automatic pistols and repeating rifles and a machine gun called the Peacemaker) (1855-1926)', 'Bruce': 'Australian physician and bacteriologist who described the bacterium that causes undulant fever or brucellosis (1855-1931)', 'Bruch': 'German composer (1838-1920)', 'Bruckner': 'Austrian organist and composer of romantic music (1824-1896)', 'Brueghel': 'Flemish painter of landscapes (1525-1569)', 'Brummell': 'English dandy who was a fashion leader during the Regency (1778-1840)', 'Brunelleschi': 'Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446)', 'Bruno': '(Roman Catholic Church) a French cleric (born in Germany) who founded the Carthusian order in 1084 (1032-1101)', 'Brutus': 'statesman of ancient Rome who (with Cassius) led a conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar (85-42 BC)', 'Buber': 'Israeli religious philosopher (born in Austria); as a Zionist he promoted understanding between Jews and Arabs; his writings affected Christian thinkers as well as Jews (1878-1965)', 'Buchanan': '15th President of the United States (1791-1868)', 'Buchner': 'German organic chemist who studied alcoholic fermentation and discovered zymase (1860-1917)', 'Buck': 'United States author whose novels drew on her experiences as a missionary in China (1892-1973)', 'Budge': 'United States tennis player who in 1938 was the first to win the Australian and French and English and United States singles championship in the same year (1915-2000)', 'Bukharin': 'Bolshevik leader in Russia who advocated gradual collectivism of the farms; was executed in a purge by Stalin (1888-1938)', 'Bullfinch': 'United States architect who designed the Capitol Building in Washington which served as a model for state capitols throughout the United States (1763-1844)', 'Bultmann': 'a Lutheran theologian in Germany (1884-1976)', 'Bunche': 'United States diplomat and United Nations official (1904-1971)', 'Bunsen': 'German chemist who with Kirchhoff pioneered spectrum analysis but is remembered mainly for his invention of the Bunsen burner (1811-1899)', 'Bunuel': 'Spanish film director (1900-1983)', 'Burbage': \"English actor who was the first to play the leading role in several of Shakespeare's tragedies (1567-1619)\", 'Burbank': 'United States horticulturist who developed many new varieties of fruits and vegetables and flowers (1849-1926)', 'Burger': 'United States jurist appointed chief justice of the United States Supreme Court by Richard Nixon (1907-1995)', 'Burgess': 'English writer of satirical novels (1917-1993)', 'Burgoyne': 'British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722-1792)', 'Burk': 'United States frontierswoman and legendary figure of the Wild West noted for her marksmanship (1852-1903)', 'Burke': 'British statesman famous for his oratory; pleaded the cause of the American colonists in British Parliament and defended the parliamentary system (1729-1797)', 'Burnett': 'United States writer (born in England) remembered for her novels for children (1849-1924)', 'Burnham': 'United States architect who designed the first important skyscraper with a skeleton (1846-1912)', 'Burns': 'United States comedian and film actor (1896-1996)', 'Burnside': 'United States general in the American Civil War who was defeated by Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Fredericksburg (1824-1881)', 'Burr': 'United States politician who served as vice president under Jefferson; he mortally wounded his political rival Alexander Hamilton in a duel and fled south (1756-1836)', 'Burroughs': 'United States writer noted for his works portraying the life of drug addicts (1914-1997)', 'Burt': 'English psychologist whose studies of twins were later said to have used fabricated data (1883-1971)', 'Bush': '43rd President of the United States; son of George Herbert Walker Bush (born in 1946)', 'Bushnell': 'American inventor who in 1775 designed a man-propelled submarine that was ineffectual but subsequently earned him recognition as a submarine pioneer (1742-1824)', 'Butler': 'English novelist who described a fictitious land he called Erewhon (1835-1902)', 'Butterfield': 'English architect who designed many churches (1814-1900)', 'Byrd': 'English organist and composer of church music; master of 16th century polyphony; was granted a monopoly in music printing with Thomas Tallis (1543-1623)', 'Byron': 'English romantic poet notorious for his rebellious and unconventional lifestyle (1788-1824)', 'Cabell': 'United States writer of satirical novels (1879-1958)', 'Cabot': 'son of John Cabot who was born in Italy and who led an English expedition in search of the Northwest Passage and a Spanish expedition that explored the La Plata region of Brazil; in 1544 he published a map of the world (1476-1557)', 'Caesar': 'United States comedian who pioneered comedy television shows (born 1922)', 'Cage': 'United States composer of avant-garde music (1912-1992)', 'Cagliostro': 'Italian who was famous as a magician and alchemist (1743-1795)', 'Cagney': 'United States film actor known for his portrayals of tough characters (1899-1986)', 'Calder': 'United States sculptor who first created mobiles and stabiles (1898-1976)', 'Calderon': 'Spanish poet and dramatist considered one of the great Spanish writers (1600-1681)', 'Caldwell': 'United States author remembered for novels about poverty and degeneration (1903-1987)', 'Caligula': 'Roman Emperor who succeeded Tiberius and whose uncontrolled passions resulted in manifest insanity; noted for his cruelty and tyranny; was assassinated (12-41)', 'Calixtus_II': 'pope who in 1122 forced the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V to sign a concordat that recognized the right of the church to choose its own leadership (died in 1124)', 'Calixtus_III': 'Italian pope whose nepotism put the Borgia family in power in Italy (1378-1458)', 'Callas': 'Greek coloratura soprano (born in the United States) known for her dramatic intensity in operatic roles (1923-1977)', 'Calvin': 'United States chemist noted for discovering the series of chemical reactions in photosynthesis (1911-)', 'Calvino': 'Italian writer of novels and short stories (born in Cuba) (1923-1987)', 'Campbell': 'United States mythologist (1904-1987)', 'Camus': 'French writer who portrayed the human condition as isolated in an absurd world (1913-1960)', 'Canetti': 'English writer born in Germany (1905-1994)', 'Canute': 'king of Denmark and Norway who forced Edmund II to divide England with him; on the death of Edmund II, Canute became king of all England (994-1035)', 'Capek': \"Czech writer who introduced the word `robot' into the English language (1890-1938)\", 'Capone': 'United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during prohibition until arrested for tax evasion (1899-1947)', 'Caravaggio': 'Italian painter noted for his realistic depiction of religious subjects and his novel use of light (1573-1610)', 'Carducci': 'Italian poet considered the national poet of modern Italy (1835-1907)', 'Carew': 'Englishman and Cavalier poet whose lyric poetry was favored by Charles I (1595-1639)', 'Carl_XVI_Gustav': 'king of Sweden since 1973 (born 1946)', 'Carlyle': 'Scottish historian who wrote about the French Revolution (1795-1881)', 'Carmichael': 'United States songwriter (1899-1981)', 'Carnegie': 'United States educator famous for writing a book about how to win friends and influence people (1888-1955)', 'Carnot': 'French physicist who founded thermodynamics (1796-1832)', 'Carothers': 'United States chemist who developed nylon (1896-1937)', 'Carrel': 'French surgeon and biologist who developed a way to suture and graft blood vessels (1873-1944)', 'Carrere': 'United States architect who with his partner Thomas Hastings designed many important public buildings (1858-1911)', 'Carroll': \"English author; Charles Dodgson was an Oxford don of mathematics who is remembered for the children's stories he wrote under the pen name Lewis Carroll (1832-1898)\", 'Carson': 'United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964)', 'Carter': 'Englishman and Egyptologist who in 1922 discovered and excavated the tomb of Tutankhamen (1873-1939)', 'Cartier': 'French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)', 'Cartwright': 'English clergyman who invented the power loom (1743-1823)', 'Caruso': 'outstanding Italian operatic tenor (1873-1921)', 'Carver': 'United States botanist and agricultural chemist who developed many uses for peanuts and soy beans and sweet potatoes (1864-1943)', 'Casals': \"an outstanding Spanish cellist noted for his interpretation of Bach's cello suites (1876-1973)\", 'Cash': 'United States country music singer and songwriter (1932-2003)', 'Caspar': '(New Testament) one of the three sages from the east who came bearing gifts for the infant Jesus', 'Cassirer': 'German philosopher concerned with concept formation in the human mind and with symbolic forms in human culture generally (1874-1945)', 'Cassius': 'prime mover in the conspiracy against Julius Caesar (died in 42 BC)', 'Castro': 'Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)', 'Cather': 'United States writer who wrote about frontier life (1873-1947)', 'Catherine_I': 'empress of Russia who succeeded her husband Peter the Great (1684-1727)', 'Catherine_II': 'empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)', 'Catherine_of_Aragon': \"first wife of Henry VIII; Henry VIII's divorce from her was the initial step of the Reformation in England (1485-1536)\", 'Catherine_de_Medicis': 'queen of France as the wife of Henry II and regent during the minority of her son Charles IX (1519-1589)', 'Catullus': 'Roman lyric poet remembered for his love poems to an aristocratic Roman woman (84-54 BC)', 'Cavell': 'English nurse who remained in Brussels after the German occupation in order to help Allied prisoners escape; was caught and executed by the Germans (1865-1915)', 'Cavendish': 'British chemist and physicist who established that water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen and who calculated the density of the earth (1731-1810)', 'Caxton': 'English printer who in 1474 printed the first book in English (1422-1491)', 'Cellini': 'Italian sculptor (1500-1571)', 'Celsius': 'Swedish astronomer who devised the centigrade thermometer (1701-1744)', 'Cervantes': \"Spanish writer best remembered for `Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)\", 'Cezanne': 'French Post-impressionist painter who influenced modern art (especially cubism) by stressing the structural components latent in nature (1839-1906)', 'Chagall': 'French painter (born in Russia) noted for his imagery and brilliant colors (1887-1985)', 'Chamberlain': 'British statesman who as Prime Minister pursued a policy of appeasement toward fascist Germany (1869-1940)', 'Chambers': 'English architect (1723-1796)', 'Champlain': 'French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)', 'Champollion': 'Frenchman and Egyptologist who studied the Rosetta Stone and in 1821 became the first person to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics (1790-1832)', 'Chandler': 'United States writer of detective thrillers featuring the character of Philip Marlowe (1888-1959)', 'Chaplin': 'English comedian and film maker; portrayed a downtrodden little man in baggy pants and bowler hat (1889-1977)', 'Chapman': 'United States pioneer who planted apple trees as he traveled (1774-1845)', 'Chain': 'British biochemist (born in Germany) who isolated and purified penicillin, which had been discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming (1906-1979)', 'Capet': 'King of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996)', 'Cattell': 'American psychologist (born in England) who developed a broad theory of human behavior based on multivariate research (1905-1998)', 'Charcot': 'French neurologist who tried to use hypnotism to cure hysteria (1825-1893)', 'Charlemagne': 'king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814)', 'Chase': 'United States politician and jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1808-1873)', 'Chaucer': 'English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)', 'Chavez': 'Mexican composer of nationalistic works using themes from Indian folk music (1899-1978)', 'Cheever': 'United States writer of novels and short stories (1912-1982)', 'Chekhov': 'Russian dramatist whose plays are concerned with the difficulty of communication between people (1860-1904)', 'Cherubini': 'Italian composer of church music and operas (1760-1842)', 'Chesterfield': 'suave and witty English statesman remembered mostly for letters to his son (1694-1773)', 'Chesterton': 'conservative English writer of the Roman Catholic persuasion; in addition to volumes of criticism and polemics he wrote detective novels featuring Father Brown (1874-1936)', 'Chevalier': 'French actor and cabaret singer (1888-1972)', 'Chiang_Kai-shek': 'Chinese military and political figure; in the Chinese civil war that followed World War II he was defeated by the Chinese communists and in 1949 was forced to withdraw to Taiwan where he served as president of Nationalist China until his death (1897-1975)', 'Chippendale': 'a British cabinetmaker remembered for his graceful designs (especially of chairs) which influenced his contemporaries (1718-1779)', 'Chirico': 'Italian painter (born in Greece) whose deep shadows and barren landscapes strongly influenced the surrealists (1888-1978)', 'Chomsky': 'United States linguist whose theory of generative grammar redefined the field of linguistics (born 1928)', 'Christie': 'prolific English writer of detective stories (1890-1976)', 'Christopher': 'Christian martyr and patron saint of travellers (3rd century)', 'Ciardi': 'United States poet and critic (1916-1986)', 'Cicero': 'a Roman statesman and orator remembered for his mastery of Latin prose (106-43 BC)', 'Cimabue': 'painter of the Florentine school; anticipated the move from Byzantine to naturalistic art (1240-1302)', 'Cincinnatus': 'Roman statesman regarded as a model of simple virtue; he twice was called to assume dictatorship of Rome and each time retired to his farm (519-438 BC)', 'Clark': 'United States explorer who (with Meriwether Lewis) led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River; Clark was responsible for making maps of the area (1770-1838)', 'Claudius': \"Roman Emperor after his nephew Caligula was murdered; consolidated the Roman Empire and conquered southern Britain; was poisoned by his fourth wife Agrippina after her son Nero was named as Claudius' heir (10 BC to AD 54)\", 'Clausewitz': 'Prussian general and military theorist who proposed a doctrine of total war and war as an extension of diplomacy (1780-1831)', 'Clay': 'United States general who commanded United States forces in Europe from 1945 to 1949 and who oversaw the Berlin airlift (1897-1978)', 'Cleanthes': 'ancient Greek philosopher who succeeded Zeno of Citium as the leader of the Stoic school (300-232 BC)', 'Clemenceau': 'French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1841-1929)', 'Clemens': 'United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)', 'Clement_III': 'Italian antipope from 1080 to 1100 who was installed as pope by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV who consistently opposed efforts at papal reform (died in 1100)', 'Clement_VII': 'Italian pope from 1523 to 1534 who broke with Henry VIII of England after Henry VIII divorced Catherine of Aragon and married Anne Boleyn (1478-1534)', 'Clement_XI': 'Italian pope from 1700 to 1721 who condemned Jansenist ideas on papal infallibility', 'Clement_XIV': 'Italian pope from 1769 to 1774 who lost whatever support remained of Catholic Europe, causing the church to fall into the hands of secular princes (1705-1774)', 'Cleopatra': 'beautiful and charismatic queen of Egypt; mistress of Julius Caesar and later of Mark Antony; killed herself to avoid capture by Octavian (69-30 BC)', 'Cline': 'American geneticist who succeeded in transferring a functioning gene from one mouse to another (born in 1934)', 'Clive': 'British general and statesman whose victory at Plassey in 1757 strengthened British control of India (1725-1774)', 'Clovis': \"king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy; his name was rendered as Gallic `Louis' (466-511)\", 'Coca': 'United States comedienne who starred in early television shows with Sid Caesar (1908-2001)', 'Cochise': 'Apache leader of the resistance to United States troops in Arizona (1812-1874)', 'Cochran': \"United States aviator who held several speed records and headed the women's Air Force pilots in World War II (1910-1980)\", 'Cockcroft': 'British physicist who (with Ernest Walton in 1931) first split an atom (1897-1967)', 'Cocteau': 'French writer and film maker who worked in many artistic media (1889-1963)', 'Cody': 'United States showman famous for his Wild West Show (1846-1917)', 'Cohan': 'United States songwriter and playwright famous for his patriotic songs (1878-1942)', 'Cohn': 'German botanist who is generally recognized as founding bacteriology when he recognized bacteria as plants', 'Coleridge': 'English romantic poet (1772-1834)', 'Colette': 'French writer of novels about women (1873-1954)', 'Collins': 'English writer noted for early detective novels (1824-1889)', 'Comenius': 'Czech educational reformer (1592-1670)', 'Compton': 'United States physicist noted for research on x-rays and gamma rays and nuclear energy; his observation that X-rays behave like miniature bowling balls in their interactions with electrons provided evidence for the quantal nature of light (1892-1962)', 'Comstock': 'United States reformer who led moral crusades against art and literature that he considered obscene (1844-1915)', 'Comte': 'French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism; he also established sociology as a systematic field of study', 'Conan_Doyle': 'British author who created Sherlock Holmes (1859-1930)', 'Condorcet': 'French mathematician and philosopher (1743-1794)', 'Confucius': 'Chinese philosopher whose ideas and sayings were collected after his death and became the basis of a philosophical doctrine known a Confucianism (circa 551-478 BC)', 'Congreve': 'English playwright remembered for his comedies (1670-1729)', 'Connolly': 'United States tennis player who was the first woman to win the United States, British, French, and Australian championships in the same year (1953) (1934-1969)', 'Connors': 'outstanding United States tennis player (born in 1952)', 'Conrad': 'English novelist (born in Poland) noted for sea stories and for his narrative technique (1857-1924)', 'Constable': 'English landscape painter (1776-1837)', 'Cook': 'English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779)', 'Cooke': 'United States journalist (born in England in 1908)', 'Coolidge': 'elected vice president and succeeded as 30th President of the United States when Harding died in 1923 (1872-1933)', 'Cooper': 'United States industrialist who built the first American locomotive; founded Cooper Union in New York City to offer free courses in the arts and sciences (1791-1883)', 'Copland': 'United States composer who developed a distinctly American music (1900-1990)', 'Copley': 'American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution (1738-1815)', 'Coppola': 'United States filmmaker (born in 1939)', 'Corbett': 'United States heavyweight boxing champion (1866-1933)', 'Corday': 'French revolutionary heroine (a Girondist) who assassinated Marat (1768-1793)', 'Corelli': 'Italian violinist and composer of violin concertos (1653-1713)', 'Corneille': 'French tragic dramatist whose plays treat grand moral themes in elegant verse (1606-1684)', 'Cornell': 'United States actress noted for her performances in Broadway plays (1893-1974)', 'Cornwallis': 'commander of the British forces in the American War of Independence; was defeated by American and French troops at Yorktown (1738-1805)', 'Corot': 'French painter of Italian landscapes (1796-1875)', 'Correggio': 'Italian painter noted for his use of chiaroscuro and perspective (1494-1534)', 'Cortes': 'Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)', 'Cosimo_de_Medici': 'Italian financier and statesman and friend of the papal court (1389-1464)', 'Coue': 'French psychotherapist who claimed that if one imagined one was getting better, one would get better (1857-1926)', 'Coulomb': \"French physicist famous for his discoveries in the field of electricity and magnetism; formulated Coulomb's Law (1736-1806)\", 'Couperin': 'French composer of music for organ and a member of a family of distinguished organists (1668-1733)', 'Courbet': 'French painter noted for his realistic depiction of everyday scenes (1819-1877)', 'Court': 'Australian woman tennis player who won many major championships (born in 1947)', 'Cousteau': 'French underwater explorer (born in 1910)', 'Coward': 'English dramatist and actor and composer noted for his witty and sophisticated comedies (1899-1973)', 'Cowper': \"English surgeon who discovered Cowper's gland (1666-1709)\", 'Craigie': 'English lexicographer who was a joint editor of the Oxford English Dictionary (1872-1966)', 'Crane': 'United States writer (1871-1900)', 'Crawford': 'United States neoclassical sculptor (1814-1857)', 'Crazy_Horse': 'a chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877)', 'Crichton': 'Scottish man of letters and adventurer (1560-1582)', 'Crick': 'English biochemist who (with Watson in 1953) helped discover the helical structure of DNA (1916-2004)', 'Crispin': 'patron saint of shoemakers; he and his brother were martyred for trying to spread Christianity (3rd century)', 'Crockett': 'United States frontiersman and Tennessee politician who died at the siege of the Alamo (1786-1836)', 'Crohn': \"United States physician who specialized in diseases of the intestines; he was the first to describe regional ileitis which is now known as Crohn's disease (1884-1983)\", 'Cromwell': 'English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)', 'Cronyn': 'Canadian actor who frequently played character parts with his wife Jessica Tandy (1911-2003)', 'Crookes': 'English chemist and physicist; discovered thallium; invented the radiometer and studied cathode rays (1832-1919)', 'Crosby': 'United States singer and film actor (1904-1977)', 'Crouse': 'United States playwright (1893-1966)', 'Culbertson': 'United States authority on contract bridge whose books helped to popularize the game (1891-1955)', 'cummings': 'United States writer noted for his typographically eccentric poetry (1894-1962)', 'Cunningham': 'United States dancer and choreographer (born in 1922)', 'Curie': 'French physicist; husband of Marie Curie (1859-1906)', 'Curl': 'American chemist who with Richard Smalley and Harold Kroto discovered fullerenes and opened a new branch of chemistry (born in 1933)', 'Currier': \"United States lithographer who (with his partner James Ives) produced thousands of prints signed `Currier & Ives' (1813-1888)\", 'Curtis': 'English botanical writer and publisher (1746-1799)', 'Curtiss': 'United States industrialist and aviation pioneer (1878-1930)', 'Cushing': \"United States neurologist noted for his study of the brain and pituitary gland and who identified Cushing's syndrome (1869-1939)\", 'Custer': 'United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)', 'Cuvier': 'French naturalist known as the father of comparative anatomy (1769-1832)', 'Cynewulf': 'Anglo-Saxon poet (circa 9th century)', 'Cyrano_de_Bergerac': 'a French soldier and dramatist remembered chiefly for fighting many duels (often over the size of his nose); was immortalized in 1897 in a play by Edmond Rostand (1619-1655)', 'Cyril': 'Greek missionary; the invention of the Cyrillic alphabet is attributed to him (826-869)', 'Cyrus': 'Persian prince who was defeated in battle by his brother Artaxerxes II (424-401 BC)', 'Cyrus_II': 'king of Persia and founder of the Persian Empire (circa 600-529 BC)', 'Czerny': 'Austrian virtuoso pianist and composer of many works for the piano; studied with Beethoven and was a teacher of Liszt (1791-1857)', 'da_Gamma': 'Portuguese navigator who led an expedition around the Cape of Good Hope in 1497; he sighted and named Natal on Christmas Day before crossing the Indian Ocean (1469-1524)', 'Daguerre': 'French inventor of the first practical photographic process, the daguerreotype (1789-1851)', 'Daimler': 'German engineer and automobile manufacturer who produced the first high-speed internal combustion engine (1834-1900)', 'Dali': 'surrealist Spanish painter (1904-1989)', 'Dalton': 'English chemist and physicist who formulated atomic theory and the law of partial pressures; gave the first description of red-green color blindness (1766-1844)', 'Damocles': 'the Greek courtier to Dionysius the Elder who (according to legend) was condemned to sit under a naked sword that was suspended by a hair in order to demonstrate to him that being a king was not the happy state Damocles had said it was (4th century BC)', 'Damon': 'the friend of Phintias who pledged his life that Phintias would return (4th century BC)', 'Dante': 'an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through Hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)', 'Danton': 'French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794)', 'Darius_I': 'king of Persia who expanded the Persian Empire and invaded Greece but was defeated at the battle of Marathon (550-486 BC)', 'Darius_III': 'king of Persia who was defeated by Alexander the Great; his murder effectively ended the Persian Empire (died in 330 BC)', 'Darrow': 'United States lawyer famous for his defense of lost causes (1857-1938)', 'Daumier': 'French painter best known for his satirical lithographs of bourgeois society (1808-1879)', 'David': 'patron saint of Wales (circa 520-600)', 'Davis': 'United States painter who developed an American version of cubism (1894-1964)', 'Davy': 'English chemist who was a pioneer in electrochemistry and who used it to isolate elements sodium and potassium and barium and boron and calcium and magnesium and chlorine (1778-1829)', 'Davys': 'English navigator who explored the Arctic while searching for the Northwest Passage (1550-1605)', 'Dawes': 'American patriot who rode with Paul Revere to warn that the British were advancing on Lexington and Concord (1745-1799)', 'Day': 'United States writer best known for his autobiographical works (1874-1935)', 'Dayan': 'Israeli general and statesman (1915-1981)', 'Dean': 'United States film actor whose moody rebellious roles made him a cult figure (1931-1955)', 'De_Bakey': 'United States heart surgeon who in 1966 implanted the first artificial heart in a human patient (born in 1908)', 'Debs': 'United States labor organizer who ran for President as a socialist (1855-1926)', 'Debussy': 'French composer who is said to have created Impressionism in music (1862-1918)', 'Decius': 'Emperor of Rome who was proclaimed emperor against his will; his reign was notable for his severe persecution of Christians (201-251)', 'Deere': 'United States industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil (1804-1886)', 'Defoe': 'English writer remembered particularly for his novel about Robinson Crusoe (1660-1731)', 'De_Forest': 'United States electrical engineer who in 1907 patented the first triode vacuum tube, which made it possible to detect and amplify radio waves (1873-1961)', 'Degas': 'French impressionist painter (1834-1917)', 'de_Gaulle': 'French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)', 'Dekker': 'English dramatist and pamphleteer (1572-1632)', 'de_Kooning': 'United States painter (born in the Netherlands) who was a leading American exponent of abstract expressionism (1904-1997)', 'Delacroix': 'French romantic painter (1798-1863)', 'de_la_Mare': 'English poet remembered for his verse for children (1873-1956)', 'Delbruck': 'United States biologist (born in Germany) who studied how viruses infect living cells (1906-1981)', 'Delibes': 'French composer of operas (1836-1891)', 'Delilah': '(Old Testament) the Philistine mistress of Samson who betrayed him by cutting off his hair and so deprived him of his strength', 'Delius': 'English composer of orchestral works (1862-1934)', 'Delorme': 'French royal architect who built the Tuileries Palace and Gardens in Paris for Catherine de Medicis (1515-1570)', 'Demetrius': 'son of Antigonus Cyclops and king of Macedonia; he and his father were defeated at the battle of Ipsus (337-283 BC)', 'de_Mille': 'United States dancer and choreographer who introduced formal dance to a wide audience (1905-1993)', 'DeMille': 'United States film maker remembered for his extravagant and spectacular epic productions (1881-1959)', 'Democritus': 'Greek philosopher who developed an atomistic theory of matter (460-370 BC)', 'Demosthenes': 'Athenian statesman and orator (circa 385-322 BC)', 'Dempsey': 'United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion (1895-1983)', 'Deng_Xiaoping': 'Chinese communist statesman (1904-1997)', 'De_Niro': 'United States film actor who frequently plays tough characters (born 1943)', 'Depardieu': 'French film actor (born in 1948)', 'De_Quincey': 'English writer who described the psychological effects of addiction to opium (1785-1859)', 'Derain': 'French painter and exponent of fauvism (1880-1954)', 'Derrida': 'French philosopher and critic (born in Algeria); exponent of deconstructionism (1930-2004)', 'de_Saussure': 'Swiss linguist and expert in historical linguistics whose lectures laid the foundations for synchronic linguistics (1857-1913)', 'Descartes': 'French philosopher and mathematician; developed dualistic theory of mind and matter; introduced the use of coordinates to locate a point in two or three dimensions (1596-1650)', 'De_Sica': 'Italian film maker (1901-1974)', 'de_Valera': 'Irish statesman (born in the United States); as president of the Irish Free State he was responsible for the new constitution of 1937 that created the state of Eire (1882-1975)', 'deVries': \"Dutch botanist who rediscovered Mendel's laws and developed the mutation theory of evolution (1848-1935)\", 'Dewar': 'Scottish chemist and physicist noted for his work in cryogenics and his invention of the Dewar flask (1842-1923)', 'Dewey': 'United States librarian who founded the decimal system of classification (1851-1931)', 'Diaghilev': 'Russian ballet impresario who founded the Russian ballet and later introduced it to the West (1872-1929)', 'Diane_de_Poitiers': 'French noblewoman who was the mistress of Henry II; she had more influence over him than did his wife Catherine de Medicis (1499-1566)', 'Dias': 'Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500)', 'Dickens': 'English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870)', 'Dickinson': 'United States poet noted for her mystical and unrhymed poems (1830-1886)', 'Diderot': 'French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France; principal editor of an encyclopedia that disseminated the scientific and philosophical knowledge of the time (1713-1784)', 'Didion': 'United States writer (born in 1934)', 'Diesel': 'German engineer (born in France) who invented the diesel engine (1858-1913)', 'Dietrich': 'United States film actress (born in Germany) who made many films with Josef von Sternberg and later was a successful cabaret star (1901-1992)', 'DiMaggio': 'United States professional baseball player noted for his batting ability (1914-1999)', 'Dinesen': 'Danish writer who lived in Kenya for 19 years and is remembered for her writings about Africa (1885-1962)', 'Diocletian': 'Roman Emperor who when faced with military problems decided in 286 to divide the Roman Empire between himself in the east and Maximian in the west; he initiated the last persecution of the Christians in 303 (245-313)', 'Diogenes': 'an ancient Greek philosopher and Cynic who rejected social conventions (circa 400-325 BC)', 'Dionysius': 'the tyrant of Syracuse who fought the Carthaginians (430-367 BC)', 'Diophantus': 'Greek mathematician who was the first to try to develop an algebraic notation (3rd century)', 'Dior': 'French couturier whose first collection in 1947 created a style that became known as the New Look (1905-1957)', 'Dirac': 'English theoretical physicist who applied relativity theory to quantum mechanics and predicted the existence of antimatter and the positron (1902-1984)', 'Disney': 'United States film maker who pioneered animated cartoons and created such characters as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck; founded Disneyland (1901-1966)', 'Disraeli': 'British statesman who as Prime Minister bought controlling interest in the Suez Canal and made Queen Victoria the empress of India (1804-1881)', 'Dix': 'United States social reformer who pioneered in the reform of prisons and in the treatment of the mentally ill; superintended women army nurses during the American Civil War (1802-1887)', 'Doctorow': 'United States novelist (born in 1931)', 'Dolby': 'United States electrical engineer who devised the Dolby system used to reduce background noise in tape recording', 'Domingo': 'Spanish operatic tenor noted for performances in operas by Verdi and Puccini (born in 1941)', 'Dominic': '(Roman Catholic Church) Spanish priest who founded an order whose members became known as Dominicans or Black Friars (circa 1170-1221)', 'Domino': 'United States rhythm and blues pianist and singer and composer (born in 1928)', 'Domitian': 'Emperor of Rome; son of Vespasian who succeeded his brother Titus; instigated a reign of terror and was assassinated as a tyrant (51-96)', 'Donatello': 'Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466)', 'Donatus': 'Roman grammarian whose textbook on Latin grammar was used throughout the Middle Ages (fourth century)', 'Donizetti': 'Italian composer of operas (1797-1848)', 'Donkin': 'English engineer who developed a method of preserving food by sterilizing it with heat and sealing it inside a steel container--the first tin can (1768-1855)', 'Donne': 'English clergyman and metaphysical poet celebrated as a preacher (1572-1631)', 'Doolittle': 'United States Air Force officer who electrified the world in 1942 by leading a squadron of 16 bombers on a daylight raid over Tokyo (1896-1993)', 'Doppler': 'Austrian physicist famous for his discovery of the Doppler effect (1803-1853)', 'Dos_Passos': 'United States novelist remembered for his portrayal of life in the United States (1896-1970)', 'Dostoyevsky': 'Russian novelist who wrote of human suffering with humor and psychological insight (1821-1881)', 'Douglas': 'United States politician who proposed that individual territories be allowed to decide whether they would have slavery; he engaged in a famous series of debates with Abraham Lincoln (1813-1861)', 'Douglass': 'United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)', 'Dowding': 'British marshal of the RAF who commanded the British air defense forces that defeated the Luftwaffe during the Battle of Britain (1882-1970)', 'Dowland': 'English lutenist and composer of songs for the lute (1563-1626)', 'Down': \"English physician who first described Down's syndrome (1828-1896)\", 'Downing': 'United States landscape architect who designed the grounds of the White House and the Capitol Building (1815-1852)', \"D'Oyly_Carte\": 'English impresario who brought Gilbert and Sullivan together and produced many of their operettas in London (1844-1901)', 'Drake': 'English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)', 'Dreiser': 'United States novelist (1871-1945)', 'Drew': 'United States actor (born in Ireland); father of Georgiana Emma Barrymore (1827-1862)', 'Dreyfus': 'French army officer of Jewish descent whose false imprisonment for treason in 1894 raised issues of anti-Semitism that dominated French politics until his release in 1906 (1859-1935)', 'Dryden': 'the outstanding poet and dramatist of the Restoration (1631-1700)', 'Du_Barry': 'courtier and influential mistress of Louis XV who was guillotined during the French Revolution (1743-1793)', 'Du_Bois': 'United States civil rights leader and political activist who campaigned for equality for Black Americans (1868-1963)', 'Duchamp': 'French artist who immigrated to the United States; a leader in the dada movement in New York City; was first to exhibit commonplace objects as art (1887-1968)', 'Dufy': 'French painter noted for brightly colored scenes (1877-1953)', 'Dukas': 'French composer (1865-1935)', 'Dulles': 'United States diplomat who (as Secretary of State) pursued a policy of opposition to the USSR by providing aid to American allies (1888-1959)', 'Dumas': 'French writer remembered for his swashbuckling historical tales (1802-1870)', 'du_Maurier': 'English writer of melodramatic novels (1907-1989)', 'Duncan': 'United States dancer and pioneer of modern dance (1878-1927)', 'Duns_Scotus': 'Scottish theologian who was very influential in the Middle Ages (1265-1308)', 'Durant': 'United States historian (1885-1981)', 'Durante': 'United States comedian remembered for his large nose and hoarse voice (1893-1980)', 'Durer': 'a leading German painter and engraver of the Renaissance (1471-1528)', 'Durkheim': 'French sociologist and first professor of sociology at the Sorbonne (1858-1917)', 'Durrell': 'English writer of Irish descent who spent much of his life in Mediterranean regions (1912-1990)', 'Duse': 'Italian actress best known for her performances in tragic roles (1858-1924)', 'Duvalier': 'son and successor of Francois Duvalier as president of Haiti; he was overthrown by a mass uprising in 1986 (born in 1951)', 'Dvorak': 'Czech composer who combined folk elements with traditional forms (1841-1904)', 'Eames': 'United States designer noted for an innovative series of chairs (1907-1978)', 'Earhart': 'first woman aviator to fly solo nonstop across the Atlantic (1928); while attempting to fly around the world she disappeared over the Pacific (1898-1937)', 'Eastman': 'United States inventor of a dry-plate process of developing photographic film and of flexible film (his firm introduced roll film) and of the box camera and of a process for color photography (1854-1932)', 'Eccles': 'Australian physiologist noted for his research on the conduction of impulses by nerve cells (1903-1997)', 'Eck': 'a German Roman Catholic theologian who was an indefatigable opponent of Martin Luther (1486-1543)', 'Eckhart': 'German Roman Catholic theologian and mystic (1260-1327)', 'Eddington': 'English astronomer remembered for his popular elucidation of relativity theory (1882-1944)', 'Eddy': 'founder of Christian Science in 1866 (1821-1910)', 'Ederle': 'United States swimmer who in 1926 became the first woman to swim the English Channel (1906-2003)', 'Edgar': \"the younger brother of Edwy who became king of Northumbria when it renounced Edwy; on Edwy's death he succeeded to the throne of England (944-975)\", 'Edison': 'United States inventor; inventions included the phonograph and incandescent electric light and the microphone and the Kinetoscope (1847-1931)', 'Edmund_I': 'king of the English who succeeded Athelstan; he drove out the Danes and made peace with Scotland (921-946)', 'Edmund_II': 'king of the English who led resistance to Canute but was defeated and forced to divide the kingdom with Canute (980-1016)', 'Edward': 'King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)', 'Edwards': 'American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)', 'Edward_the_Confessor': 'son of Ethelred the Unready; King of England from 1042 to 1066; he founded Westminster Abbey where he was eventually buried (1003-1066)', 'Edward_the_Elder': 'king of Wessex whose military success against the Danes made it possible for his son Athelstan to become the first king of all England (870-924)', 'Edward_the_Martyr': 'King of England who was a son of Edgar; he was challenged for the throne by supporters of his half-brother Ethelred II who eventually murdered him (963-978)', 'Edwin': 'king of Northumbria who was converted to Christianity (585-633)', 'Edwy': 'King of England who was renounced by Northumbria in favor of his brother Edgar (died in 959)', 'Egbert': 'king of Wessex whose military victories made Wessex the most powerful kingdom in England (died in 839)', 'Eglevsky': 'United States ballet dancer (born in Russia) (1917-1977)', 'Ehrenberg': 'Russian novelist (1891-1967)', 'Ehrlich': \"German bacteriologist who found a `magic bullet' to cure syphilis and was a pioneer in the study of immunology (1854-1915)\", 'Eichmann': 'Austrian who became the Nazi official who administered the concentration camps where millions of Jews were murdered during World War II (1906-1962)', 'Eiffel': 'French engineer who constructed the Eiffel Tower (1832-1923)', 'Eigen': 'German chemist who did research on high-speed chemical reactions (born in 1927)', 'Eijkman': 'Dutch physician who discovered that beriberi is caused by a nutritional deficiency (1858-1930)', 'Einstein': 'physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity; Einstein also proposed that light consists of discrete quantized bundles of energy (later called photons) (1879-1955)', 'Einthoven': 'Dutch physiologist who devised the first electrocardiograph (1860-1927)', 'Eisenhower': 'United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany; 34th President of the United States (1890-1961)', 'Eisenstaedt': 'United States photographer (born in Germany) whose unposed documentary photographs created photojournalism (born in 1898)', 'Eisenstein': 'Russian film maker who pioneered the use of montage and is considered among the most influential film makers in the history of motion pictures (1898-1948)', 'Ekman': 'Swedish oceanographer who recognized the role of the Coriolis effect on ocean currents (1874-1954)', 'Eleanor_of_Aquitaine': 'queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; that marriage was annulled in 1152 and she then married Henry II and became Queen of England (1122-1204)', 'Elgar': 'British composer of choral and orchestral works including two symphonies as well as songs and chamber music and music for brass band (1857-1934)', 'El_Greco': 'Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614)', 'Elijah': 'a Hebrew prophet in the Old Testament who opposed the worship of idols; he was persecuted for rebuking Ahab and Jezebel (king and queen of Israel); he was taken up to heaven in a chariot of fire (circa 9th century BC)', 'Eliot': 'British poet (born in the United States) who won the Nobel prize for literature; his plays are outstanding examples of modern verse drama (1888-1965)', 'Elizabeth': 'daughter of George VI who became the Queen of England and Northern Ireland in 1952 on the death of her father (1926-); \"Elizabeth II is the head of state in Great Britain\"', 'Ellington': 'United States jazz composer and piano player and bandleader (1899-1974)', 'Ellison': 'United States novelist who wrote about a young Black man and his struggles in American society (1914-1994)', 'Ellsworth': 'United States jurist and the third chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1807)', 'Emerson': 'United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882)', 'Empedocles': 'Greek philosopher who taught that all matter is composed of particles of fire and water and air and earth (fifth century BC)', 'Endecott': 'born in England; in 1629 he became the founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (1588-1665)', 'Enesco': 'Romanian violinist and composer (1881-1955)', 'Engels': 'socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx in 1848 (1820-1895)', 'Epictetus': 'Greek philosopher who was a Stoic (circa 50-130)', 'Epicurus': 'Greek philosopher who believed that the world is a random combination of atoms and that pleasure is the highest good (341-270 BC)', 'Epstein': 'British sculptor (born in the United States) noted for busts and large controversial works (1880-1959)', 'Erasmus': 'Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe; although his criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther (1466-1536)', 'Eratosthenes': 'Greek mathematician and astronomer who estimated the circumference of the earth and the distances to the Moon and sun (276-194 BC)', 'Erlenmeyer': 'German chemist (1825-1909)', 'Ernst': 'painter (born in Germany, resident of France and the United States) who was a cofounder of dadaism; developed the technique of collage (1891-1976)', 'Erving': 'United States basketball forward (born in 1950)', 'Esaki': 'physicist honored for advances in solid state electronics (born in Japan in 1925)', 'Esau': '(Old Testament) the eldest son of Isaac who would have inherited the covenant that God made with Abraham and that Abraham passed on to Isaac; he traded his birthright to his twin brother Jacob for a mess of pottage', 'Ethelbert': 'Anglo-Saxon king of Kent who was converted to Christianity by Saint Augustine; codified English law (552-616)', 'Ethelred': 'king of the English who succeeded to the throne after his half-brother Edward the Martyr was murdered; he struggled unsuccessfully against the invading Danes (969-1016)', 'Euclid': 'Greek geometer (3rd century BC)', 'Euler': 'Swiss mathematician (1707-1783)', 'Euripides': 'one of the greatest tragic dramatists of ancient Greece (480-406 BC)', 'Eusebius': 'Christian bishop of Caesarea in Palestine; a church historian and a leading early Christian exegete (circa 270-340)', 'Eustachio': 'Italian anatomist who was one of the fathers of modern anatomy; noted for descriptions of the ear and the heart (1520-1574)', 'Evans': 'United States anatomist who identified four pituitary hormones and discovered vitamin E (1882-1971)', 'Evers': 'United States civil rights worker in Mississippi; was killed by a sniper (1925-1963)', 'Evert': \"United States tennis player who won women's singles titles in the United States and at Wimbledon (born in 1954)\", 'Eyck': 'Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441)', 'Eysenck': 'a British psychologist (born in Germany) noted for his theories of intelligence and personality and for his strong criticism of Freudian psychoanalysis', 'Faberge': 'Russian goldsmith noted for creating a series of jeweled and enameled Easter eggs for European royalty (1846-1920)', 'Fahd': 'king of Saudi Arabia from 1982 to 2005 (1923-2005)', 'Fahrenheit': 'German physicist who invented the mercury thermometer and developed the scale of temperature that bears his name (1686-1736)', 'Fairbanks': 'United States film actor; son of Douglas Elton Fairbanks, (1909-2000)', 'Faisal': 'king of Saudi Arabia from 1964 to 1975 (1906-1975)', 'Falla': 'Spanish composer and pianist (1876-1946)', 'Fallopius': 'Italian anatomist who first described the Fallopian tubes (1523-1562)', 'Fallot': \"French physician who described cardiac anomalies including Fallot's tetralogy (1850-1911)\", 'Faraday': 'the English physicist and chemist who discovered electromagnetic induction (1791-1867)', 'Farmer': 'United States civil rights leader who in 1942 founded the Congress of Racial Equality (born in 1920)', 'Farouk_I': \"king of Egypt who in 1952 was ousted by a military coup d'etat (1920-1965)\", 'Farragut': 'United States admiral who commanded Union ships during the American Civil War (1801-1870)', 'Farrell': 'United States writer remembered for his novels (1904-1979)', 'Fatima': 'youngest daughter of the prophet Mohammed and wife of the fourth calif Ali; revered especially by Shiite Muslims (606-632)', 'Faulkner': 'United States novelist (originally Falkner) who wrote about people in the southern United States (1897-1962)', 'Fawkes': 'English conspirator who was executed for his role in a plot to blow up James I and the Houses of Parliament (1570-1606)', 'Fechner': \"German physicist who founded psychophysics; derived Fechner's law on the basis of early work by E. H. Weber (1801-1887)\", 'Feifer': 'United States cartoonist who created a sarcastic comic strip (born in 1929)', 'Fellini': 'Italian filmmaker (1920-1993)', 'Ferber': 'United States novelist; author of several popular novels (1887-1968)', 'Ferdinand_I': 'Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia (1503-1564)', 'Ferdinand_II': 'Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia and Hungary who waged war against Protestant forces (1578-1637)', 'Ferdinand_III': \"Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia who signed the Peace of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War (1608-1657)\", 'Ferdinand': 'the king of Castile and Aragon who ruled jointly with his wife Isabella; his marriage to Isabella I in 1469 marked the beginning of the modern state of Spain and their capture of Granada from the Moors in 1492 united Spain as one country; they instituted the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 and supported the expedition of Christopher Columbus in 1492 (1452-1516)', 'Fermat': 'French mathematician who founded number theory; contributed (with Pascal) to the theory of probability (1601-1665)', 'Fermi': 'Italian nuclear physicist (in the United States after 1939) who worked on artificial radioactivity caused by neutron bombardment and who headed the group that in 1942 produced the first controlled nuclear reaction (1901-1954)', 'Feynman': 'United States physicist who contributed to the theory of the interaction of photons and electrons (1918-1988)', 'Fiedler': 'popular United States conductor (1894-1979)', 'Fielding': 'English novelist and dramatist (1707-1754)', 'Fields': 'United States comedian and film actor (1880-1946)', 'Fillmore': 'elected vice president and became the 13th President of the United States when Zachary Taylor died in office (1800-1874)', 'Finnbogadottir': 'former president of Iceland; first woman to be democratically elected head of state (born in 1930)', 'Firth': 'English linguist who contributed to linguistic semantics and to prosodic phonology and who was noted for his insistence on studying both sound and meaning in context (1890-1960)', 'Fischer': 'German chemist noted for his synthesis of hemin (1881-1945)', 'Fitzgerald': 'English poet remembered primarily for his free translation of the poetry of Omar Khayyam (1809-1883)', 'Flaminius': 'Roman statesman and general who built the Flaminian Way; died when he was defeated by Hannibal (died 217 BC)', 'Flaubert': 'French writer of novels and short stories (1821-1880)', 'Fletcher': 'prolific English dramatist who collaborated with Francis Beaumont and many other dramatists (1579-1625)', 'Flinders': 'British explorer who mapped the Australian coast (1774-1814)', 'Florey': 'British pathologist who isolated and purified penicillin, which had been discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming (1898-1968)', 'Florio': 'English lexicographer remembered for his Italian and English dictionary (1553-1625)', 'Flory': 'United States chemist who developed methods for studying long-chain molecules (1910-1985)', 'Fonda': 'United States film actress and daughter of Henry Fonda (born in 1937)', 'Fontanne': 'United States actress (born in England) who married Alfred Lunt and performed with him in many plays (1887-1983)', 'Fonteyn': 'English dancer who danced with Rudolf Nureyev (born in 1919)', 'Ford': 'United States film maker (1896-1973)', 'Forester': 'English writer of adventure novels featuring Captain Horatio Hornblower (1899-1966)', 'Fosbury': 'United States athlete who revolutionized the high jump by introducing the Fosbury flop in the 1968 Olympics (born in 1947)', 'Foster': 'United States songwriter whose songs embody the sentiment of the South before the American Civil War (1826-1864)', 'Foucault': 'French physicist who determined the speed of light and showed that it travels slower in water than in air; invented the Foucault pendulum and the gyroscope (1819-1868)', 'Fourier': 'French mathematician who developed Fourier analysis and studied the conduction of heat (1768-1830)', 'Fowler': 'English lexicographer who wrote a well-known book on English usage (1858-1933)', 'Fragonard': 'French artist whose rococo paintings typified the frivolity of life in the royal court of France in the 18th century (1732-1806)', 'Francis_II': 'the last Holy Roman Emperor (1768-1835)', 'Francis_Ferdinand': 'archduke of Austria and heir apparent to Francis Joseph I; his assassination at Sarajevo triggered the outbreak of World War I (1863-1914)', 'Francis_Joseph': 'emperor of Austria and king of Hungary; was defeated by Napoleon III at the battle of Magenta (1830-1916)', 'Francis_of_Assisi': '(Roman Catholic Church) an Italian and the Roman Catholic monk who founded the Franciscan order of friars (1181-1226)', 'Franck': 'French composer and teacher who influenced a generation of composers (1822-1890)', 'Franco': 'Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975)', 'Franklin': 'United States historian noted for studies of Black American history (born in 1915)', 'Frazer': 'English social anthropologist noted for studies of primitive religion and magic (1854-1941)', 'Frederick_I': 'son of Frederick William who in 1701 became the first king of Prussia (1657-1713)', 'Frederick_II': \"king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786; brought Prussia military prestige by winning the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1712-1786)\", 'Frederick_William': \"the Elector of Brandenburg who rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688)\", 'Frederick_William_I': 'son of Frederick I who became king of Prussia in 1713; reformed and strengthened the Prussian army (1688-1740)', 'Frederick_William_II': 'king of Prussia who became involved in a costly war with France (1744-1797)', 'Frederick_William_III': 'king of Prussia who became involved in the Napoleonic Wars (1770-1840)', 'Frederick_William_IV': 'king of Prussia who violently suppressed democratic movements (1795-1865)', 'Fremont': 'United States explorer who mapped much of the American west and Northwest (1813-1890)', 'Fresnel': 'French physicist who invented polarized light and invented the Fresnel lens (1788-1827)', 'Freud': 'Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939)', 'Frick': 'United States industrialist who amassed a fortune in the steel industry (1849-1919)', 'Friedan': 'United States feminist who founded a national organization for women (born in 1921)', 'Friedman': 'United States economist noted as a proponent of monetarism and for his opposition to government intervention in the economy (born in 1912)', 'Frisch': 'British physicist (born in Austria) who with Lise Meitner recognized that Otto Hahn had produced a new kind of nuclear reaction which they named nuclear fission; Frisch described the explosive potential of a chain nuclear reaction (1904-1979)', 'Frobisher': 'English explorer who led an expedition in search of the Northwest Passage to the orient; served under Drake and helped defeat the Spanish Armada (1535-1594)', 'Froebel': 'German educator who founded the kindergarten system (1782-1852)', 'Frost': 'United States poet famous for his lyrical poems on country life in New England (1874-1963)', 'Fry': 'English painter and art critic (1866-1934)', 'Frye': 'Canadian literary critic interested in the use of myth and symbolism (1912-1991)', 'Fuchs': 'British physicist who was born in Germany and fled Nazi persecution; in the 1940s he passed secret information to the USSR about the development of the atom bomb in the United States (1911-1988)', 'Fuentes': 'Mexican novelist (born in 1928)', 'Fugard': 'South African playwright whose plays feature the racial tensions in South Africa during apartheid (born in 1932)', 'Fulbright': 'United States senator who is remembered for his creation of grants that fund exchange programs of teachers and students between the United States and other countries (1905-1995)', 'Fuller': 'United States jurist and chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1833-1910)', 'Fulton': 'American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)', 'Funk': \"United States biochemist (born in Poland) who showed that several diseases were caused by dietary deficiencies and who coined the term `vitamin' for the chemicals involved (1884-1967)\", 'Furnivall': 'English philologist who first proposed the Oxford English Dictionary (1825-1910)', 'Gable': 'United States film actor (1901-1960)', 'Gabor': 'British physicist (born in Hungary) noted for his work on holography (1900-1979)', 'Gaboriau': 'French writer considered by some to be a founder of the detective novel (1832-1873)', 'Gagarin': 'Soviet cosmonaut who in 1961 was the first person to travel in space (1934-1968)', 'Gainsborough': 'English portrait and landscape painter (1727-1788)', 'Galahad': '(Arthurian legend) the most virtuous knight of the Round Table; was able to see the Holy Grail', 'Galbraith': 'United States economist (born in Canada) who served as ambassador to India (born in 1908)', 'Galen': 'Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance (circa 130-200)', 'Galileo': 'Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)', 'Gallaudet': 'United States educator who established the first free school in the United States for the hearing impaired (1787-1851)', 'Galois': 'French mathematician who described the conditions for solving polynomial equations; was killed in a duel at the age of 21 (1811-1832)', 'Galsworthy': 'English novelist (1867-1933)', 'Galton': 'English scientist (cousin of Charles Darwin) who explored many fields including heredity, meteorology, statistics, psychology, and anthropology; founder of eugenics and first to use fingerprints for identification (1822-1911)', 'Galvani': \"Italian physiologist noted for his discovery that frogs' muscles contracted in an electric field (which led to the galvanic cell) (1737-1798)\", 'Gamow': 'United States physicist (born in Russia) who was a proponent of the big-bang theory and who did research in radioactivity and suggested the triplet code for DNA (1904-1968)', 'Gandhi': 'daughter of Nehru who served as prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 (1917-1984)', 'Garbo': 'United States film actress (born in Sweden) known for her reclusiveness (1905-1990)', 'Garcia_Lorca': \"Spanish poet and dramatist who was shot dead by Franco's soldiers soon after the start of the Spanish Civil War (1898-1936)\", 'Gardiner': 'British historian remembered for his ten-volume history of England (1829-1902)', 'Gardner': 'United States collector and patron of art who built a museum in Boston to house her collection and opened it to the public in 1903 (1840-1924)', 'Garfield': '20th President of the United States; assassinated by a frustrated office-seeker (1831-1881)', 'Garibaldi': 'Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882)', 'Garnier': 'French architect (1825-1898)', 'Garrick': 'English actor and theater manager who was the foremost Shakespearean actor of his day (1717-1779)', 'Garrison': 'United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879)', 'Gaskell': 'English writer who is remembered for her biography of Charlotte Bronte (1810-1865)', 'Gates': 'United States computer entrepreneur whose software company made him the youngest multi-billionaire in the history of the United States (born in 1955)', 'Gatling': 'United States inventor of the first rapid firing gun (1818-1903)', 'Gaudi': 'Spanish architect who was a leading exponent of art nouveau in Europe (1852-1926)', 'Gauguin': 'French Post-impressionist painter who worked in the South Pacific (1848-1903)', 'Gauss': 'German mathematician who developed the theory of numbers and who applied mathematics to electricity and magnetism and astronomy and geodesy (1777-1855)', 'Gawain': '(Arthurian legend) a nephew of Arthur and one of the knights of the Round Table', 'Gay-Lussac': 'French chemist and physicist who first isolated boron and who formulated the law describing the behavior of gases under constant pressure (1778-1850)', 'Gehrig': 'baseball player who died of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1903-1941)', 'Geiger': 'German physicist who developed the Geiger counter (1882-1945)', 'Geisel': \"United States writer of children's books (1904-1991)\", 'Gell-Mann': 'United States physicist noted for his studies of subatomic particles (born in 1929)', 'Genet': 'French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834)', 'Genghis_Khan': 'Mongolian emperor whose empire stretched from the Black Sea to the Pacific Ocean (1162-1227)', 'Genseric': 'king of the Vandals who seized Roman lands and invaded North Africa and sacked Rome (428-477)', 'Geoffrey_of_Monmouth': 'Welsh chronicler who wrote an account of the kings of Britain which is now believed to contain little historical fact but it is a source of the Arthurian legend (circa 1100-1154)', 'George': 'Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in which he slew a dragon and saved a princess (?-303)', 'Geraint': '(Arthurian legend) one of the knights of the Round Table', 'Geronimo': 'Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)', 'Gershwin': 'United States lyricist who frequently collaborated with his brother George Gershwin (1896-1983)', 'Gesell': 'United States psychologist noted for his work in child development (1880-1961)', 'Gesner': 'Swiss naturalist who was one of the founders of modern zoology (1516-1565)', 'Giacometti': 'Swiss sculptor and painter known for his bronze sculptures of elongated figures (1901-1966)', 'Gibbon': 'English historian best known for his history of the Roman Empire (1737-1794)', 'Gibbs': 'United States chemist (1839-1903)', 'Gibran': 'United States writer (born in Lebanon) (1883-1931)', 'Gibson': \"United States illustrator remembered for his creation of the `Gibson girl' (1867-1944)\", 'Gide': 'French author and dramatist who is regarded as the father of modern French literature (1869-1951)', 'Gielgud': 'English actor of Shakespearean roles who was also noted for appearances in films (1904-2000)', 'Gilbert': 'a librettist who was a collaborator with Sir Arthur Sullivan in a famous series of comic operettas (1836-1911)', 'Gilgamesh': 'a legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories', 'Gillespie': 'United States jazz trumpeter and exponent of bebop (1917-1993)', 'Gillette': 'United States inventor and manufacturer who developed the safety razor (1855-1932)', 'Gilman': 'United States feminist (1860-1935)', 'Gilmer': 'United States journalist who wrote a syndicated column of advice to the lovelorn (1870-1951)', 'Ginsberg': 'United States poet of the beat generation (1926-1997)', 'Giotto': 'Florentine painter who gave up the stiff Byzantine style and developed a more naturalistic style; considered the greatest Italian painter prior to the Renaissance (1267-1337)', 'Girard': 'United States financier (born in France) who helped finance the War of 1812 (1750-1831)', 'Giraudoux': 'French novelist and dramatist whose plays were reinterpretations of Greek myths (1882-1944)', 'Gish': 'United States film actress who appeared in films by D. W. Griffith (1896-1993)', 'Gjellerup': 'Danish novelist (1857-1919)', 'Gladstone': 'liberal British statesman who served as prime minister four times (1809-1898)', 'Glaser': 'United States physicist who invented the bubble chamber to study subatomic particles (born in 1926)', 'Glendower': \"Welsh chieftain who led a revolt against Henry IV's rule in Wales (1359-1416)\", 'Glenn': 'made the first orbital rocket-powered flight by a United States astronaut in 1962; later in United States Senate (1921-)', 'Glinka': 'Russian composer (1804-1857)', 'Gluck': 'German composer of more than 100 operas (1714-1787)', 'Godard': 'French film maker influenced by surrealism; early work explored the documentary use of film; noted for innovative techniques (born in 1930)', 'Goddard': 'United States physicist who developed the first successful liquid-fueled rocket (1882-1945)', 'Godel': 'United States mathematician (born in Austria) who is remembered principally for demonstrating the limitations of axiomatic systems (1906-1978)', 'Godiva': 'according to legend she rode naked through Coventry in order to persuade her husband not to tax the townspeople so heavily; the only person to look at her as she rode by was a man named Tom and Peeping Tom has become a synonym for voyeur (circa 1040-1080)', 'Godunov': 'czar of Russia (1551-1605)', 'Goebbels': 'German propaganda minister in Nazi Germany who persecuted the Jews (1897-1945)', 'Goethals': 'United States army officer and engineer who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal (1858-1928)', 'Goethe': 'German poet and novelist and dramatist who lived in Weimar (1749-1832)', 'Gogol': 'Russian writer who introduced realism to Russian literature (1809-1852)', 'Goldberg': 'United States cartoonist who drew intricate diagrams of very complicated and impractical contraptions that accomplished little or nothing (1883-1970)', 'Golding': 'English novelist (1911-1993)', 'Goldman': 'United States anarchist (born in Russia) who opposed conscription; was deported to the Soviet Union in 1919 (1869-1940)', 'Goldmark': 'United States inventor (born in Hungary) who made the first TV broadcast in 1940 and invented the long-playing record in 1948 and pioneered videocassette recording (1906-1977)', 'Goldoni': 'prolific Italian dramatist (1707-1793)', 'Goldsmith': 'Irish writer of novels and poetry and plays and essays (1728-1774)', 'Goldwyn': 'United States film maker (born in Poland) who founded his own film company and later merged with Louis B. Mayer (1882-1974)', 'Golgi': 'Italian histologist noted for work on the structure of the nervous system and for his discovery of Golgi bodies (1844-1926)', 'Goliath': '(Old Testament) a giant Philistine warrior who was slain by David with a slingshot', 'Gombrowicz': 'Polish author (1904-1969)', 'Gompers': 'United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)', 'Goncourt': 'French writer who collaborated with his brother Edmond de Goncourt on many books (1830-1870)', 'Gongora': 'a Spanish poet whose work was characterized by an affected elegance of style (1561-1627)', 'Gonne': 'Irish patriot and a founder of the Sinn Fein (1865-1953)', 'Goodall': 'English zoologist noted for her studies of chimpanzees in the wild (born in 1934)', 'Goodman': 'United States clarinetist who in 1934 formed a big band (including black as well as white musicians) and introduced a kind of jazz known as swing (1909-1986)', 'Goodyear': 'United States inventor of vulcanized rubber (1800-1860)', 'Gorbachev': 'Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)', 'Gordimer': 'South African novelist and short-story writer whose work describes the effects of apartheid (born in 1923)', 'Gordius': 'legendary king of ancient Phrygia who was said to be responsible for the Gordian knot', 'Gore': 'Vice President of the United States under Bill Clinton (born in 1948)', 'Gorgas': 'United States Army surgeon who suppressed yellow fever in Havana and in the Panama Canal Zone (1854-1920)', 'Goring': 'German politician in Nazi Germany who founded the Gestapo and mobilized Germany for war (1893-1946)', 'Gorky': 'Russian writer of plays and novels and short stories; noted for his depiction of social outcasts', 'Goudy': 'United States printer noted for designing typefaces (1865-1947)', 'Gould': 'United States paleontologist and popularizer of science (1941-2002)', 'Gounod': 'French composer best remembered for his operas (1818-1893)', 'Goya': 'Spanish painter well known for his portraits and for his satires (1746-1828)', 'Graf': \"German tennis player who won seven women's singles titles at Wimbledon (born in 1969)\", 'Graham': 'United States evangelical preacher famous as a mass evangelist (born in 1918)', 'Grahame': \"English writer (born in Scotland) of children's stories (1859-1932)\", 'Grainger': 'United States composer (born in Australia) who lived in London and collected English folk songs (1882-1961)', 'Gram': 'Danish physician and bacteriologist who developed a method of staining bacteria to distinguish among them (1853-1938)', 'Grant': 'Scottish painter; cousin of Lytton Strachey and member of the Bloomsbury Group (1885-1978)', 'Granville-Barker': 'English actor and dramatist and critic and director noted for his productions of Shakespearean plays (1877-1946)', 'Grappelli': 'French jazz violinist (1908-1997)', 'Grass': 'German writer of novels and poetry and plays (born 1927)', 'Graves': 'English writer known for his interest in mythology and in the classics (1895-1985)', 'Gray': 'English radiobiologist in whose honor the gray (the SI unit of energy for the absorbed dose of radiation) was named (1905-1965)', 'Greeley': 'United States journalist with political ambitions (1811-1872)', 'Greenberg': 'United States linguist who studied the historical relations among 5,000 languages (1916-2001)', 'Greene': 'English novelist and Catholic (1904-1991)', 'Gregory': '(Roman Catholic Church) a church father known for his constant fight against perceived heresies; a saint and Doctor of the Church (329-391)', 'Gresham': 'English financier (1519-1579)', 'Gretzky': 'high-scoring Canadian ice-hockey player (born in 1961)', 'Grey': 'United States writer of western adventure novels (1875-1939)', 'Grieg': 'Norwegian composer whose work was often inspired by Norwegian folk music (1843-1907)', 'Griffith': 'United States film maker who was the first to use flashbacks and fade-outs (1875-1948)', 'Grimm': 'the younger of the two Grimm brothers remembered best for their fairy stories (1786-1859)', 'Gris': 'Spanish cubist painter (1887-1927)', 'Gromyko': 'Soviet ambassador to the United States and to the United Nations (1909-1989)', 'Gropius': 'United States architect (born in Germany) and founder of the Bauhaus school (1883-1969)', 'Grotius': 'Dutch jurist and diplomat whose writings established the basis of modern international law (1583-1645)', 'Groves': 'United States general who served as military director of the atomic bomb project (1896-1970)', 'Guarneri': 'Italian violin maker and grandson of Andrea Guarneri (1687?-1745)', 'Guevara': \"an Argentine revolutionary leader who was Fidel Castro's chief lieutenant in the Cuban revolution; active in other Latin American countries; was captured and executed by the Bolivian army (1928-1967)\", 'Guinevere': \"(Arthurian legend) wife of King Arthur; in some versions of the legend she became Lancelot's lover and that led to the end of the Knights of the Round Table\", 'Guest': 'United States journalist (born in England) noted for his syndicated homey verse (1881-1959)', 'Guggenheim': 'United States philanthropist; son of Meyer Guggenheim who created several foundations to support the arts (1861-1949)', 'Gustavus': 'the last king of Sweden to have any real political power (1882-1973)', 'Gutenberg': 'German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)', 'Guthrie': 'United States folk singer and songwriter (1912-1967)', 'Gwynn': 'English comedienne and mistress of Charles II (1650-1687)', 'Haber': 'German chemist noted for the synthetic production of ammonia from the nitrogen in air (1868-1934)', 'Hadrian': \"Roman Emperor who was the adoptive son of Trajan; travelled throughout his empire to strengthen its frontiers and encourage learning and architecture; on a visit to Britain in 122 he ordered the construction of Hadrian's Wall (76-138)\", 'Haeckel': 'German biologist and philosopher; advocated Darwinism and formulated the theory of recapitulation; was an exponent of materialistic monism (1834-1919)', 'Haggard': 'British writer noted for romantic adventure novels (1856-1925)', 'Hahn': 'German chemist who was co-discoverer with Lise Meitner of nuclear fission (1879-1968)', 'Haile_Selassie': 'emperor of Ethiopia; worshipped by Rastafarians (1892-1975)', 'Haldane': 'Scottish geneticist (son of John Haldane) who contributed to the development of population genetics; a popularizer of science and a Marxist (1892-1964)', 'Hale': \"a soldier of the American Revolution who was hanged as a spy by the British; his last words were supposed to have been `I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country' (1755-1776)\", 'Halevy': 'French operatic composer (1799-1862)', 'Haley': \"United States rock singer who was one of the first to popularize rock'n'roll music (1925-1981)\", 'Hall': 'English writer whose novel about a lesbian relationship was banned in Britain for many years (1883-1943)', 'Halley': \"English astronomer who used Newton's laws of motion to predict the period of a comet (1656-1742)\", 'Hals': 'Dutch portrait and genre painter who endowed his portraits with vitality and humor (1580?-1666)', 'Hammarskjold': 'Swedish diplomat who greatly extended the influence of the United Nations in peacekeeping matters (1905-1961)', 'Hammerstein': 'United States lyricist who collaborated on many musical comedies (most successfully with Richard Rodgers) (1895-1960)', 'Hammett': 'United States writer of hard-boiled detective fiction (1894-1961)', 'Hammurabi': 'Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC)', 'Hampton': 'United States musician who was the first to use the vibraphone as a jazz instrument (1913-2002)', 'Hamsun': 'Norwegian writer of novels (1859-1952)', 'Hancock': 'American revolutionary patriot who was president of the Continental Congress; was the first signer of the Declaration of Independence (1737-1793)', 'Handy': 'United States blues musician who transcribed and published traditional blues music (1873-1958)', 'Hanks': 'United States film actor (born in 1956)', 'Harding': '29th President of the United States; two of his appointees were involved in the Teapot Dome scandal (1865-1823)', 'Hardy': 'United States slapstick comedian who played the pompous and overbearing member of the Laurel and Hardy duo who made many films (1892-1957)', 'Hargreaves': 'English inventor of the spinning jenny (1720-1778)', 'Harlow': 'United States film actress who made several films with Clark Gable (1911-1937)', 'Harmsworth': 'British newspaper publisher (1865-1922)', 'Harold_I': 'illegitimate son of Canute who seized the throne of England in 1037 (died in 1040)', 'Harold_II': 'King of England who succeeded Edward the Confessor in 1066 and was the last of the Anglo-Saxon monarchs; he was killed fighting the invasion by William the Conqueror (1045-1066)', 'Harriman': 'United States financier who negotiated a treaty with the Soviet Union banning tests of nuclear weapons (1891-1986)', 'Harris': 'United States author who wrote the stories about Uncle Remus (1848-1908)', 'Harrison': 'English actor on stage and in films (1908-1990)', 'Harrod': \"English merchant who expanded his father's shop in London into a prestigious department store (1841-1905)\", 'Hart': 'United States playwright who collaborated with George S. Kaufman (1904-1961)', 'Harte': 'United States writer noted for his stories about life during the California gold rush (1836-1902)', 'Hartley': 'English philosopher who introduced the theory of the association of ideas (1705-1757)', 'Harvard': 'American philanthropist who left his library and half his estate to the Massachusetts college that now bears his name (1607-1638)', 'Harvey': 'English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood; he later proposed that all animals originate from an ovum produced by the female of the species (1578-1657)', 'Hasdrubal': 'general who commanded a Carthaginian army in Spain; joined his brother Hannibal in Italy and was killed by the Romans at the battle of Metaurus River (died 207 BC)', 'Hasek': 'Czech author of novels and short stories (1883-1923)', 'Hassam': 'United States painter noted for brilliant colors and bold brushwork (1859-1935)', 'Hassel': 'Norwegian chemist noted for his research on organic molecules (1897-1981)', 'Hathaway': 'wife of William Shakespeare (1556-1623)', 'Havel': 'Czech dramatist and statesman whose plays opposed totalitarianism and who served as president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 to 1992 and president of the Czech Republic since 1993 (born in 1936)', 'Hawking': 'English theoretical physicist (born in 1942)', 'Hawkins': 'English privateer involved in the slave trade; later helped build the fleet that in 1588 defeated the Spanish Armada (1532-1595)', 'Haworth': 'English biochemist who was a pioneer in research on carbohydrates; when he synthesized vitamin C he became the first person to synthesize a vitamin artificially (1883-1950)', 'Hawthorne': 'United States writer of novels and short stories mostly on moral themes (1804-1864)', 'Hayek': 'English economist (born in Austria) noted for work on the optimum allocation of resources (1899-1992)', 'Hayes': 'acclaimed actress of stage and screen (1900-1993)', 'Haywood': 'United States labor leader and militant socialist who was one of the founders of the Industrial Workers of the World (1869-1928)', 'Hazlitt': 'English essayist and literary critic (1778-1830)', 'Hearst': 'United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (1863-1951)', 'Heaviside': 'English physicist and electrical engineer who helped develop telegraphic and telephonic communications; in 1902 (independent of A. E. Kennelly) he suggested the existence of an atmospheric layer that reflects radio waves back to earth (1850-1925)', 'Hebbel': 'German dramatist (1813-1863)', 'Hecht': 'United States writer of stories and plays (1894-1946)', 'Hegel': 'German philosopher whose three stage process of dialectical reasoning was adopted by Karl Marx (1770-1831)', 'Heidegger': 'German philosopher whose views on human existence in a world of objects and on Angst influenced the existential philosophers (1889-1976)', 'Heinlein': 'United States writer of science fiction (1907-1988)', 'Heinz': 'United States industrialist who manufactured and sold processed foods (1844-1919)', 'Heisenberg': 'German mathematical physicist noted for stating the uncertainty principle (1901-1976)', 'Heller': 'United States novelist whose best known work was a black comedy inspired by his experiences in the Air Force during World War II (1923-1999)', 'Hellman': 'United States playwright; her plays were often indictments of injustice (1905-1984)', 'Helmholtz': 'German physiologist and physicist (1821-1894)', 'Heloise': 'student and mistress and wife of Abelard (circa 1098-1164)', 'Heming': \"English actor who edited the first folio of Shakespeare's plays (1556-1630)\", 'Hemingway': 'an American writer of fiction who won the Nobel prize for literature in 1954 (1899-1961)', 'Hendrix': 'United States guitarist whose innovative style with electric guitars influenced the development of rock music (1942-1970)', 'Henry': 'English chemist who studied the quantities of gas absorbed by water at different temperatures and under different pressures (1775-1836)', 'Henry_I': 'King of England from 1100 to 1135; youngest son of William the Conqueror; conquered Normandy in 1106 (1068-1135)', 'Henry_II': 'king of France from 1547 to 1559; regained Calais from the English; husband of Catherine de Medicis and father of Charles IX (1519-1559)', 'Henry_III': 'son of Henry II of France and the last Valois to be king of France (1551-1589)', 'Henry_IV': 'king of France from 1589 to 1610; although he was leader of the Huguenot armies, when he succeeded the Catholic Henry III and founded the Bourbon dynasty in 1589 he established religious freedom in France;', 'Henry_V': \"son of Henry IV and King of England from 1413 to 1422; reopened the Hundred Years' War and defeated the French at Agincourt (1387-1422)\", 'Henry_VI': 'son of Henry V who as an infant succeeded his father and was King of England from 1422 to 1461; he was taken prisoner in 1460 and Edward IV was proclaimed king; he was rescued and regained the throne in 1470 but was recaptured and murdered in the Tower of London (1421-1471)', 'Henry_VII': 'King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor (1275-1313)', 'Henry_VIII': 'son of Henry VII and King of England from 1509 to 1547; his divorce from Catherine of Aragon resulted in his break with the Catholic Church in 1534 and his excommunication 1538, leading to the start of the Reformation in England (1491-1547)', 'Henson': 'United States puppeteer who created a troupe of puppet characters (1936-1990)', 'Hepburn': 'United States film actress who appeared in many films with Spencer Tracy (1907-2003)', 'Hepworth': 'British sculptor (1902-1975)', 'Heraclitus': 'a presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (circa 500 BC)', 'Herbart': 'German philosopher (1776-1841)', 'Herbert': 'United States musician and composer and conductor noted for his comic operas (1859-1924)', 'Herder': 'German philosopher who advocated intuition over reason (1744-1803)', 'Herman': 'United States jazz musician and bandleader (1913-1987)', 'Herod': 'king of Judea who (according to the New Testament) tried to kill Jesus by ordering the death of all children under age two in Bethlehem (73-4 BC)', 'Herodotus': 'the ancient Greek known as the father of history; his accounts of the wars between the Greeks and Persians are the first known examples of historical writing (485-425 BC)', 'Herrick': 'English lyric poet (1591-1674)', 'Herschel': 'English astronomer (son of William Herschel) who extended the catalogue of stars to the southern hemisphere and did pioneering work in photography (1792-1871)', 'Hertz': 'German physicist who was the first to produce electromagnetic waves artificially (1857-1894)', 'Herzberg': 'Canadian physicist (born in Germany) noted for contributions to understanding the structure of molecules (born in 1904)', 'Hesiod': 'Greek poet whose existing works describe rural life and the genealogies of the gods and the beginning of the world (eighth century BC)', 'Hess': 'English pianist (1890-1965)', 'Hesse': 'Swiss writer (born in Germany) whose novels and poems express his interests in eastern spiritual values (1877-1962)', 'Hevesy': 'Hungarian chemist who studied radioisotopes and was one of the discoverers of the element hafnium (1885-1966)', 'Heyerdahl': 'Norwegian anthropologist noted for his studies of cultural diffusion (1914-2002)', 'Heyrovsky': 'Czechoslovakian chemist who developed polarography (1890-1967)', 'Heyse': 'German writer (1830-1914)', 'Heyward': 'United States writer (1885-1940)', 'Hezekiah': '(Old Testament) king of Judah who abolished idolatry (715-687 BC)', 'Hiawatha': 'a Native American chieftain who argued for peace with the European settlers (16th century)', 'Hickock': 'frontier marshal whose adventures have become legendary (1837-1876)', 'Higginson': 'United States writer and soldier who led the first Black regiment in the Union Army (1823-1911)', 'Hilbert': 'German mathematician (1862-1943)', 'Hill': 'United States railroad tycoon (1838-1916)', 'Hillary': 'New Zealand mountaineer who in 1953 first attained the summit of Mount Everest with his Sherpa guide Tenzing Norgay (born in 1919)', 'Hillel': 'Palestinian rabbi and interpreter of Judaic law', 'Himmler': 'German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews (1900-1945)', 'Hinault': 'French racing cyclist who won the Tour de France five times (born in 1954)', 'Hindemith': 'German neoclassical composer and conductor who believed that music should have a social purpose (1895-1963)', 'Hindenburg': 'German field marshal and statesman; as president of the Weimar Republic he reluctantly appointed Hitler as chancellor in 1933 (1847-1934)', 'Hipparchus': 'Greek astronomer and mathematician who discovered the precession of the equinoxes and made the first known star chart and is said to have invented trigonometry (second century BC)', 'Hippocrates': 'medical practitioner who is regarded as the father of medicine; author of the Hippocratic oath (circa 460-377 BC)', 'Hirohito': 'emperor of Japan who renounced his divinity and became a constitutional monarch after Japan surrendered at the end of World War II (1901-1989)', 'Hirschfeld': 'United States artist noted for his line-drawn caricatures (1904-2003)', 'Hirschsprung': 'Danish pediatrician (1830-1916)', 'Hitchcock': 'English film director noted for his skill in creating suspense (1899-1980)', 'Hitchings': 'United States biochemist noted for developing drugs to treat leukemia and gout (1905-1998)', 'Hitler': 'German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)', 'Hoagland': 'United States physiologist (1899-1982)', 'Hobbes': 'English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)', 'Hobbs': 'notable English cricketer (1882-1963)', 'Ho_Chi_Minh': 'Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South Vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)', 'Hodgkin': \"English physician who first described Hodgkin's disease (1798-1866)\", 'Hoffa': 'United States labor leader who was president of the Teamsters Union; he was jailed for trying to bribe a judge and later disappeared and is assumed to have been murdered (1913-1975)', 'Hoffman': 'United States sculptor (1887-1966)', 'Hoffmann': 'Austrian architect known for his use of rectilinear units (1870-1956)', 'Hoffmannsthal': 'German poet who wrote libretti for operas by Richard Strauss (1874-1929)', 'Hogan': 'United States golfer who won many major golf tournaments (1912-1997)', 'Hogarth': 'English artist noted for a series of engravings that satirized the affectations of his time (1697-1764)', 'Hogg': 'Scottish writer of rustic verse (1770-1835)', 'Hokusai': 'Japanese painter whose work influenced the impressionists (1760-1849)', 'Holbein': \"German painter and engraver noted for his portraits; he was commissioned by Henry VIII to provide portraits of the English king's prospective brides (1497-1543)\", 'Hollerith': 'United States inventor who invented a system for recording alphanumeric information on punched cards (1860-1929)', 'Holly': 'United States rock star (1936-1959)', 'Holmes': 'United States jurist noted for his liberal opinions (1841-1935)', 'Holofernes': '(Apocrypha) the Assyrian general who was decapitated by the biblical heroine Judith', 'Homer': 'United States painter best known for his seascapes (1836-1910)', 'Honegger': 'Swiss composer (born in France) who was the founding member of a group in Paris that included Erik Satie and Darius Milhaud and Francis Poulenc and Jean Cocteau (1892-1955)', 'Hooke': \"English scientist who formulated the law of elasticity and proposed a wave theory of light and formulated a theory of planetary motion and proposed the inverse square law of gravitational attraction and discovered the cellular structure of cork and introduced the term `cell' into biology and invented a balance spring for watches (1635-1703)\", 'Hooker': 'United States general in the Union Army who was defeated at Chancellorsville by Robert E. Lee (1814-1879)', 'Hope': 'United States comedian (born in England) who appeared in films with Bing Crosby (1903-2003)', 'Hopkins': 'United States educator and theologian (1802-1887)', 'Hopkinson': 'American Revolutionary leader and patriot; a signer of the Declaration of Independence (1737-1791)', 'Horace': 'Roman lyric poet said to have influenced English poetry (65-8 BC)', 'Horne': 'United States operatic mezzo-soprano (born 1934)', 'Horney': 'United States psychiatrist (1885-1952)', 'Horowitz': 'Russian concert pianist who was a leading international virtuoso (1904-1989)', 'Horta': 'Belgian architect and leader in art nouveau architecture (1861-1947)', 'Houdini': 'United States magician (born in Hungary) famous for his ability to escape from chains or handcuffs or straitjackets or padlocked containers (1874-1926)', 'Housman': 'English poet (1859-1936)', 'Howard': 'English actor of stage and screen (1893-1943)', 'Howe': 'United States editor (1920-1993)', 'Howells': 'United States writer and editor (1837-1920)', 'Hoyle': 'an English astrophysicist and advocate of the steady state theory of cosmology; described processes of nucleosynthesis inside stars (1915-2001)', 'Hubble': 'United States astronomer who discovered that (as the universe expands) the speed with which nebulae recede increases with their distance from the observer (1889-1953)', 'Hubel': 'United States neuroscientist noted for his studies of the neural basis of vision (born in 1926)', 'Huggins': 'English astronomer who pioneered spectroscopic analysis in astronomy and who discovered the red shift (1824-1910)', 'Hughes': 'English poet (born in 1930)', 'Hugo': 'French poet and novelist and dramatist; leader of the romantic movement in France (1802-1885)', 'Humboldt': 'German philologist noted for his studies of the relation between language and culture (1767-1835)', 'Hume': 'Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776)', 'Humperdinck': 'German composer of six operas and other incidental music (1854-1921)', 'Hunt': 'Englishman and Pre-Raphaelite painter (1827-1910)', 'Hurok': 'United States impresario who was born in Russia (1888-1974)', 'Huss': 'Czechoslovakian religious reformer who anticipated the Reformation; he questioned the infallibility of the Catholic Church was excommunicated (1409) for attacking the corruption of the clergy; he was burned at the stake (1372-1415)', 'Hussein': 'Iraqi leader who waged war against Iran; his invasion of Kuwait led to the Gulf War (born in 1937)', 'Husserl': 'German philosopher who developed phenomenology (1859-1938)', 'Huston': 'United States film maker born in the United States but an Irish citizen after 1964 (1906-1987)', 'Hutchins': 'United States educator who was president of the University of Chicago (1899-1977)', 'Hutchinson': 'American colonist (born in England) who was banished from Boston for her religious views (1591-1643)', 'Hutton': 'English cricketer (1916-1990)', 'Huxley': 'English physiologist who, with Alan Hodgkin, discovered the role of potassium and sodium ions in the transmission of the nerve impulse (born in 1917)', 'Huygens': 'Dutch physicist who first formulated the wave theory of light (1629-1695)', 'Hypatia': 'Greek philosopher and astronomer; she invented the astrolabe (370-415)', 'Ibert': 'French composer (1890-1962)', 'Ibsen': 'realistic Norwegian author who wrote plays on social and political themes (1828-1906)', 'Iglesias': 'Spanish singer noted for his ballads and love songs (born in 1943)', 'Ignatius': 'bishop of Antioch who was martyred under the Roman Emperor Trajan (died 110)', 'Ignatius_of_Loyola': 'Spaniard and Roman Catholic theologian and founder of the Society of Jesus; a leading opponent of the Reformation (1491-1556)', 'Inge': 'English prelate noted for his pessimistic sermons and articles (1860-1954)', 'Ingres': 'French classical painter (1780-1867)', 'Innocent_III': 'Italian pope from 1198 to 1216 who instituted the Fourth Crusade and under whom papal intervention in European politics reached its height (1161-1216)', 'Innocent_VIII': 'Italian pope from 1484 to 1492 who was known as a nepotist and was attacked by Savonarola for his worldliness (1432-1492)', 'Innocent_XI': 'Italian pope from 1676 to 1689 whose papacy was marked by the struggle with Louis XIV of France over papal authority over French Catholics; known for saintliness and canonized in 1956 (1611-1689)', 'Innocent_XII': 'Italian pope from 1691 to 1700 who abolished nepotism within the church hierarchy and was universally loved for his charity and piety', 'Ionesco': 'French dramatist (born in Romania) who was a leading exponent of the theater of the absurd (1912-1994)', 'Irenaeus': 'Greek theologian who was bishop of Lyons and an antiheretical writer; a saint and Doctor of the Church (circa 130-200)', 'Irving': 'United States writer remembered for his stories (1783-1859)', 'Isaac': '(Old Testament) the second patriarch; son of Abraham and Sarah who was offered by Abraham as a sacrifice to God; father of Jacob and Esau', 'Isabella': 'the queen of Castile whose marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 marked the beginning of the modern state of Spain; they instituted the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 and sponsored the voyages of Christopher Columbus in 1492 (1451-1504)', 'Isherwood': \"United States writer (born in England) whose best known novels portray Berlin in the 1930's and who collaborated with W. H. Auden in writing plays in verse (1904-1986)\", 'Ishmael': '(Old Testament) the son of Abraham who was cast out after the birth of Isaac; considered the forebear of 12 Arabian tribes', 'Isocrates': 'Athenian rhetorician and orator (436-338 BC)', 'Issachar': '(Old Testament) a son of Jacob and a forebear of one of the tribes of Israel', 'Ivan_III': 'grand duke of Muscovy whose victories against the Tartars laid the basis for Russian unity (1440-1505)', 'Ivan_IV': 'the first czar of Russia (1530-1584)', 'Ivanov': 'Russian choreographer (1834-1905)', 'Ives': 'United States composer noted for his innovative use of polytonality (1874-1954)', 'Jack_the_Ripper': 'an unidentified English murderer in the 19th century', 'Jacobi': 'German mathematician (1804-1851)', 'Jacobs': 'English writer of macabre short stories (1863-1943)', 'Jacquard': 'French inventor of the Jacquard loom that could automatically weave complicated patterns (1752-1834)', 'Jaffar': 'Indonesian terrorist and Islamic militant who commands the Laskar Jihad; uses violence to achieve political ends (1965-2000)', 'Jagger': 'English rock star (born in 1943)', 'Jakobson': 'United States linguist (born in Russia) noted for his description of the universals of phonology (1896-1982)', 'Jamison': 'United States dancer and choreographer (born in 1944)', 'Jansen': 'a Dutch Roman Catholic theologian (1585-1638)', 'Jarrell': 'United States poet (1914-1965)', 'Jaspers': 'German psychiatrist (1883-1969)', 'Jay': 'United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)', \"Jeanne_d'Arc\": 'French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king; she was later tried for heresy and burned at the stake (1412-1431)', 'Jeffers': 'United States poet who wrote about California (1887-1962)', 'Jefferson': '3rd President of the United States; chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826)', 'Jenner': 'English physician who pioneered vaccination; Jenner inoculated people with small amounts of cowpox to prevent them from getting smallpox (1749-1823)', 'Jenny': 'United States architect who designed the first skyscraper in which a metal skeleton was used (1832-1907)', 'Jensen': 'modernistic Danish writer (1873-1950)', 'Jeroboam': '(Old Testament) first king of the northern kingdom of Israel who led Israel into sin (10th century BC)', 'Jerome': '(Roman Catholic Church) one of the great Fathers of the early Christian Church whose major work was his translation of the Scriptures from Hebrew and Greek into Latin (which became the Vulgate); a saint and Doctor of the Church (347-420)', 'Jespersen': 'Danish linguist (1860-1943)', 'Jesus': 'a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity (circa 4 BC - AD 29)', 'El_Nino': '(oceanography) a warm ocean current that flows along the equator from the date line and south off the coast of Ecuador at Christmas time', 'Jevons': 'English economist and logician who contributed to the development of the theory of marginal utility (1835-1882)', 'Jewison': 'Canadian filmmaker (born in 1926)', 'Jezebel': 'wife of Ahab who was king of Israel; according to the Old Testament she was a cruel immoral queen who fostered the worship of Baal and tried to kill Elijah and other prophets of Israel (9th century BC)', 'Jimenez': 'Spanish lyric poet (1881-1958)', 'Jimenez_de_Cisneros': 'prelate who was the confessor of Isabella I and who was later appointed Grand Inquisitor (1436-1517)', 'Jinnah': 'Indian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state (1876-1948)', 'Joachim': 'Hungarian violinist and composer (1831-1907)', 'Joffre': 'French field marshal who commanded the Allied armies in France during World War II (1852-1931)', 'Joffrey': 'United States choreographer (1930-1988)', 'John_XXIII': 'Italian pope from 1958 to 1963 who convoked the Second Vatican Council (1881-1963)', 'John_Chrysostom': '(Roman Catholic Church) a Church Father who was a great preacher and bishop of Constantinople; a saint and Doctor of the Church (347-407)', 'John_of_Gaunt': \"the fourth son of Edward III who was the effective ruler of England during the close of his father's reign and during the minority of Richard II; his son was Henry Bolingbroke (1340-1399)\", 'John_the_Baptist': '(New Testament) a preacher and hermit and forerunner of Jesus (whom he baptized); was beheaded by Herod at the request of Salome', 'John_Paul_I': 'the first Pope to assume a double name; he reigned for only 34 days (1912-1978)', 'John_Paul_II': 'the first Pope born in Poland; the first Pope not born in Italy in 450 years (1920-2005)', 'Johns': 'United States artist and proponent of pop art (born in 1930)', 'Johnson': 'English writer and lexicographer (1709-1784)', 'Johnston': 'Confederate general in the American Civil War; led the Confederate troops in the West (1807-1891)', 'Joliot': \"French nuclear physicist who was Marie Curie's assistant and who worked with Marie Curie's daughter who he married (taking the name Joliot-Curie); he and his wife discovered how to synthesize new radioactive elements (1900-1958)\", 'Joliot-Curie': 'French physicist who (with her husband) synthesized new chemical elements (1897-1956)', 'Jolliet': 'French explorer (with Jacques Marquette) of the upper Mississippi River valley (1645-1700)', 'Jolson': 'United States singer (born in Russia) who appeared in the first full-length talking film (1886-1950)', 'Jones': 'United States labor leader (born in Ireland) who helped to found the Industrial Workers of the World (1830-1930)', 'Jong': 'United States writer (born in 1942)', 'Jonson': 'English dramatist and poet who was the first real poet laureate of England (1572-1637)', 'Joplin': 'United States singer who died of a drug overdose at the height of her popularity (1943-1970)', 'Joseph': 'leader of the Nez Perce in their retreat from United States troops (1840-1904)', 'Josephus': 'Jewish general who led the revolt of the Jews against the Romans and then wrote a history of those events (37-100)', 'Joule': 'English physicist who established the mechanical theory of heat and discovered the first law of thermodynamics (1818-1889)', 'Jowett': 'English classical scholar noted for his translations of Plato and Aristotle (1817-1893)', 'Joyce': 'influential Irish writer noted for his many innovations (such as stream of consciousness writing) (1882-1941)', 'Juan_Carlos': 'king of Spain since 1975 (born in 1938)', 'Judas_Maccabaeus': 'Jewish leader of a revolt in Judea that recovered Jerusalem around 166 BC; hero of the Apocryphal books I Maccabees and II Maccabees (?-161 BC)', 'Jude': '(New Testament) supposed brother of St. James; one of the Apostles who is invoked in prayer when a situation seems hopeless', 'Julian': 'Roman Emperor and nephew of Constantine; he restored paganism as the official religion of the Roman Empire and destroyed Christian temples but his decision was reversed after his death (331?-363)', 'Jung': 'Swiss psychologist (1875-1961)', 'Junkers': 'German aircraft engineer who designed the first all-metal airplane (1859-1935)', 'Jussieu': 'French botanist who categorized plants into families and developed a system of plant classification (1748-1836)', 'Justinian': 'Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians; codified Roman law in 529; his general Belisarius regained North Africa and Spain (483-565)', 'Juvenal': 'Roman satirist who denounced the vice and folly of Roman society during the reign of the emperor Domitian (60-140)', 'Kachaturian': 'Armenian composer who incorporated oriental folk music (1903-1978)', 'Kafka': 'Czech novelist who wrote in German about a nightmarish world of isolated and troubled individuals (1883-1924)', 'Kahn': 'United States architect (born in Estonia) (1901-1974)', 'Kalinin': 'soviet statesman and head of state of the USSR (1875-1946)', 'Kamehameha_I': 'Hawaiian king who united the islands under his rule (1758-1819)', 'Kandinsky': 'Russian painter who was a pioneer of abstract art (1866-1944)', 'Kant': 'influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804)', 'Karlfeldt': 'Swedish poet whose works incorporate Swedish customs and folklore (1864-1931)', 'Karloff': 'United States film actor (born in England) noted for his performances in horror films (1887-1969)', 'Karpov': 'Russian chess master who was world champion from 1975 until 1985 when he was defeated by Gary Kasparov (born in 1951)', 'Karsavina': 'Russian dancer who danced with Nijinsky (1885-1978)', 'Kasparov': 'Azerbaijani chess master who became world champion in 1985 by defeating Anatoli Karpov (born in 1963)', 'Kastler': 'French physicist (1902-1984)', 'Kaufman': 'United States playwright who collaborated with many other writers including Moss Hart (1889-1961)', 'Kaunda': \"statesman who led Northern Rhodesia to full independence as Zambia in 1964 and served as Zambia's first president (1924-1999)\", 'Kean': \"English actor noted for his portrayals of Shakespeare's great tragic characters (1789-1833)\", 'Keaton': 'United States comedian and actor in silent films noted for his acrobatic skills and deadpan face (1895-1966)', 'Keats': 'Englishman and romantic poet (1795-1821)', 'Keble': 'English clergyman who (with John Henry Newman and Edward Pusey) founded the Oxford movement (1792-1866)', 'Kekule': 'German chemist remembered for his discovery of the ring structure of benzene (1829-1896)', 'Keller': 'United States lecturer and writer who was blind and deaf from the age of 19 months; Anne Sullivan taught her to read and write and speak; Helen Keller graduated from college and went on to champion the cause of blind and deaf people (1880-1968)', 'Kellogg': 'United States food manufacturer who (with his brother) developed a breakfast cereal of crisp flakes of rolled and toasted wheat and corn; he established a company to manufacture the cereal (1860-1951)', 'Kelly': 'United States circus clown (1898-1979)', 'Kelvin': 'British physicist who invented the Kelvin scale of temperature and pioneered undersea telegraphy (1824-1907)', 'Kendall': 'United States biochemist who discovered cortisone (1886-1972)', 'Kendrew': 'English biologist noted for studies of the molecular structure of blood components (born in 1917)', 'Kennan': 'United States diplomat who recommended a policy of containment in dealing with Soviet aggression (1904-2005)', 'Kennelly': 'United States electrical engineer noted for his work on the theory of alternating currents; independently of Oliver Heaviside he discovered the existence of an atmospheric layer that reflects radio waves back to earth (1861-1939)', 'Kenyata': 'Kenyan statesman and the first president of independent Kenya (1893-1978)', 'Keokuk': 'Sauk leader who aided the United States against Black Hawk (1790-1848)', 'Kepler': 'German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)', 'Kerensky': 'Russian revolutionary who was head of state after Nicholas II abdicated but was overthrown by the Bolsheviks (1881-1970)', 'Kern': 'United States composer of musical comedies (1885-1945)', 'Kerouac': 'United States writer who was a leading figure of the beat generation (1922-1969)', 'Kesey': 'United States writer whose best-known novel was based on his experiences as an attendant in a mental hospital (1935-2001)', 'Kettering': 'United States electrical engineer who made numerous automotive improvements (including the electric starter) (1876-1958)', 'Key': \"United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812; the poem was later set to music and entitled `The Star-Spangled Banner' (1779-1843)\", 'Keynes': 'English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)', 'Khachaturian': 'Russian composer (born in Armenia) whose works are romantic and reflect his interest in folk music (1903-1978)', 'Khama': 'Botswanan statesman who was the first president of Botswana (1921-1980)', 'Khomeini': \"Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers (1900-1989)\", 'Khrushchev': 'Soviet statesman and premier who denounced Stalin (1894-1971)', 'Kidd': 'Scottish sea captain who was hired to protect British shipping in the Indian Ocean and then was accused of piracy and hanged (1645-1701)', 'Kierkegaard': 'Danish philosopher who is generally considered. along with Nietzsche, to be a founder of existentialism (1813-1855)', 'Kieslowski': 'Polish filmmaker who made ten films based on the Ten Commandments (1941-1996)', 'King': 'United States woman tennis player (born in 1943)', 'Kinsey': 'United States zoologist best known for his interview studies of sexual behavior (1894-1956)', 'Kipling': 'English author of novels and poetry who was born in India (1865-1936)', 'Kirchhoff': 'German physicist who with Bunsen pioneered spectrum analysis and formulated two laws governing electric networks (1824-1887)', 'Kirchner': 'German expressionist painter (1880-1938)', 'Kissinger': 'United States diplomat who served under President Nixon and President Ford (born in 1923)', 'Kitchener': 'British field marshal (1850-1916)', 'Klaproth': 'German chemist who pioneered analytical chemistry and discovered three new elements (1743-1817)', 'Klee': 'Swiss painter influenced by Kandinsky (1879-1940)', 'Klein': 'German mathematician who created the Klein bottle (1849-1925)', 'Kleist': 'German dramatist whose works concern people torn between reason and emotion (1777-1811)', 'Klimt': 'Austrian painter influenced by art nouveau (1862-1918)', 'Kline': 'United States abstract expressionist painter (1910-1962)', 'Klinefelter': 'United States physician who first described the XXY-syndrome (born in 1912)', 'Klopstock': 'German poet (1724-1803)', 'Knox': 'Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572)', 'Koch': 'German bacteriologist who isolated the anthrax bacillus and the tubercle bacillus and the cholera bacillus (1843-1910)', 'Koestler': 'British writer (born in Hungary) who wrote a novel exposing the Stalinist purges during the 1930s (1905-1983)', 'Konoe': \"Japanese statesman who set Japan's expansionist policies and formed an alliance with Germany and Italy (1891-1945)\", 'Koopmans': 'United States economist (born in the Netherlands) (1910-1985)', 'Korbut': 'Soviet gymnast (born in 1955)', 'Korchnoi': 'Russian chess master (born in 1931)', 'Korda': 'British filmmaker (born in Hungary) (1893-1956)', 'Korzybski': 'United States semanticist (born in Poland) (1879-1950)', 'Kosciusko': 'Polish patriot and soldier who fought with Americans in the American Revolution (1746-1817)', 'Koussevitzky': 'United States conductor (born in Russia) who was noted for performing the works of contemporary composers (1874-1951)', 'Krafft-Ebing': 'German neurologist noted for his studies of sexual deviance (1840-1902)', 'Krasner': 'United States artist remembered for her spontaneous approach to painting; she was a founder of the New York school of abstract expressionism (1908-1984)', 'Krebs': 'English biochemist (born in Germany) who discovered the Krebs cycle (1900-1981)', 'Kreisler': 'United States violinist (born in Austria) (1875-1962)', 'Kroeber': 'United States anthropologist noted for his studies of culture (1876-1960)', 'Kronecker': 'German mathematician (1823-1891)', 'Kropotkin': 'Russian anarchist (1842-1921)', 'Kroto': 'British chemist who with Robert Curl and Richard Smalley discovered fullerenes and opened a new branch of chemistry (born in 1939)', 'Kruger': 'Boer statesman (1825-1904)', 'Krupp': 'German arms manufacturer and son of Friedrich Krupp; his firm provided ordnance for German armies from the 1840s through World War II (1812-1887)', 'Kublai_Khan': \"Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China; he establish the Yuan dynasty and built a great capital on the site of modern Beijing where he received Marco Polo (1216-1294)\", 'Kubrick': 'United States filmmaker (born in 1928)', 'Kuhn': 'Austrian chemist who did research on carotenoids and vitamins (1900-1967)', 'Kuiper': 'United States astronomer (born in the Netherlands) who studied the solar system and suggested in 1951 that there is a belt of comet-like debris at the edge of the solar system (1905-1973)', 'Kurosawa': 'Japanese filmmaker noted for blending Japanese folklore with western styles of acting (1910-1998)', 'Kutuzov': 'Russian field marshal who commanded the Russian opposition to Napoleon (1745-1813)', 'Kuznets': \"United States economist (born in Russia) who developed a method for using a country's gross national product to estimate its economic growth (1901-1985)\", 'Kyd': 'English dramatist (1558-1594)', 'Laban': 'Hungarian choreographer who developed Labanotation (1879-1958)', 'Labrouste': 'French architect who was among the first to use metal construction successfully (1801-1875)', 'Lachaise': 'United States sculptor (born in France) noted for his large nude figures (1882-1935)', 'Laffer': 'United States economist who proposed the Laffer curve (born in 1940)', 'Laffite': 'French pirate who aided the United States in the War of 1812 and received an official pardon for his crimes (1780-1826)', 'La_Fontaine': \"French writer who collected Aesop's fables and published them (1621-1695)\", 'Lamarck': 'French naturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics (1744-1829)', 'Lamb': 'English essayist (1775-1834)', 'Lambert': 'English composer and conductor (1905-1951)', 'Lancelot': \"(Arthurian legend) one of the knights of the Round Table; friend of King Arthur until (according to some versions of the legend) he became the lover of Arthur's wife Guinevere\", 'Land': 'United States inventor who incorporated Polaroid film into lenses and invented the one step photographic process (1909-1991)', 'Landau': 'Soviet physicist who worked on low temperature physics (1908-1968)', 'Landowska': 'United States harpsichordist (born in Poland) who helped to revive modern interest in the harpsichord (1879-1959)', 'Landsteiner': 'United States pathologist (born in Austria) who discovered human blood groups (1868-1943)', 'Laney': 'United States educator who founded the first private school for Black students in Augusta, Georgia (1854-1933)', 'Lange': 'United States photographer remembered for her portraits of rural workers during the Depression (1895-1965)', 'Langley': 'United States astronomer and aviation pioneer who invented the bolometer and contributed to the design of early aircraft (1834-1906)', 'Langmuir': 'United States chemist who studied surface chemistry and developed the gas-filled tungsten lamp and worked on high temperature electrical discharges (1881-1957)', 'Langtry': 'British actress and mistress of the prince who later became Edward VII (1853-1929)', 'Lao-tzu': 'Chinese philosopher regarded as the founder of Taoism (6th century BC)', 'Laplace': 'French mathematician and astronomer who formulated the nebular hypothesis concerning the origins of the solar system and who developed the theory of probability (1749-1827)', 'Lardner': 'United States humorist and writer of satirical short stories (1885-1933)', 'La_Rochefoucauld': 'French writer of moralistic maxims (1613-1680)', 'Larousse': 'French lexicographer (1817-1875)', 'LaSalle': 'French explorer who claimed Louisiana for France (1643-1687)', 'Lasso': 'Belgian composer (1532-1594)', 'La_Tour': 'French painter of religious works (1593-1652)', 'Latrobe': 'United States architect (born in England) whose works include the chambers of the United States Congress and the Supreme Court; considered the first professional architect in the United States (1764-1820)', 'Lauder': 'Scottish ballad singer and music hall comedian (1870-1950)', 'Laughton': 'United States film actor (born in England) (1899-1962)', 'Laurel': 'United States slapstick comedian (born in England) who played the scatterbrained and often tearful member of the Laurel and Hardy duo who made many films (1890-1965)', 'Laurens': 'leader of the American Revolution and president of the Continental Congress (1724-1792)', 'Laver': 'Australian tennis player who in 1962 was the second man to win the Australian and French and English and United States singles titles in the same year; in 1969 he repeated this feat (born in 1938)', 'Lavoisier': 'French chemist known as the father of modern chemistry; discovered oxygen and disproved the theory of phlogiston (1743-1794)', 'Leacock': 'Canadian economist best remembered for his humorous writings (1869-1944)', 'Leakey': 'English paleontologist (son of Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey) who continued the work of his parents; he was appointed director of a wildlife preserve in Kenya but resigned under political pressure (born in 1944)', 'Leary': 'United States psychologist who experimented with psychoactive drugs (including LSD) and became a well-known advocate of their use (1920-1996)', 'le_Carre': 'English writer of novels of espionage (born in 1931)', 'le_Chatelier': \"French chemist who formulated Le Chatelier's principle (1850-1936)\", 'Le_Corbusier': 'French architect (born in Switzerland) (1887-1965)', 'Ledbetter': 'United States folk singer and composer (1885-1949)', 'Le_Duc_Tho': 'Vietnamese diplomat who negotiated with Henry Kissinger to end the war in Vietnam (1911-1990)', 'Lee': 'United States filmmaker whose works explore the richness of black culture in America (born in 1957)', 'Le_Gallienne': 'United States actress (born in England) (1899-1991)', 'Leger': 'French painter who was an early cubist (1881-1955)', 'Lehar': 'Hungarian composer of light operas (1870-1948)', 'Leibniz': 'German philosopher and mathematician who thought of the universe as consisting of independent monads and who devised a system of the calculus independent of Newton (1646-1716)', 'Leigh': 'English film actress (1913-1967)', 'Lemaitre': 'Belgian cosmologist who proposed the big-bang theory of the origin of the universe (1894-1966)', 'Lemmon': 'United States film actor (1925-2001)', 'Lenard': 'German physicist who studied cathode rays (1862-1947)', 'Lendl': 'United States tennis player (born in Czechoslovakia) who won several singles championships; in 1992 he became a United States citizen (born in 1960)', \"L'Enfant\": 'United States architect (born in France) who laid out the city plan for Washington (1754-1825)', 'Lenin': 'Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924)', 'Lennon': 'English rock star and guitarist and songwriter who with Paul McCartney wrote most of the music for the Beatles (1940-1980)', 'Le_Notre': 'French landscape gardener who designed many formal gardens including the parks of Versailles (1613-1700)', 'Leo_I': 'Italian pope from 440 to 461 who extended the authority of the papacy to the west and persuaded Attila not to attack Rome (440-461)', 'Leo_III': 'Italian pope from 795 to 816 who in 800 crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans (750-816)', 'Leo_IX': 'German pope from 1049 to 1054 whose papacy was the beginning of papal reforms in the 11th century (1002-1054)', 'Leo_X': \"son of Lorenzo de'Medici and pope from 1513 to 1521 who excommunicated Martin Luther and who in 1521 bestowed on Henry VIII the title of Defender of the Faith (1475-1521)\", 'Leo_XIII': 'Italian pope from 1878 to 1903 who was interested in the advancement of learning and who opened the Vatican secret archives to all scholars', 'Leonard': 'United States writer of thrillers (born in 1925)', 'Leonardo': 'Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect; the most versatile genius of the Italian Renaissance (1452-1519)', 'Leonidas': 'king of Sparta and hero of the battle of Thermopylae where he was killed by the Persians (died in 480 BC)', 'Leontief': 'United States economist (born in Russia) who devised an input-output method of economic analysis (1906-1999)', 'Lermontov': 'Russian writer (1814-1841)', 'Lerner': 'United States lyricist who collaborated on musicals with Frederick Loewe (1918-1986)', 'Lesseps': 'French diplomat who supervised the construction of the Suez Canal (1805-1894)', 'Lessing': 'German playwright and leader of the Enlightenment (1729-1781)', 'Leuwenhoek': 'Dutch pioneer microscopist who was among the first to recognize cells in animals and who gave the first accurate descriptions of microbes and spermatozoa and blood corpuscles (1632-1723)', 'Levi-Strauss': 'French cultural anthropologist who promoted structural analysis of social systems (born in 1908)', 'Lewis': 'United States rock star singer and pianist (born in 1935)', 'Libby': 'United States chemist who developed a method of radiocarbon dating (1908-1980)', 'Lichtenstein': 'United States painter who was a leading exponent of pop art (1923-1997)', 'Lie': 'Norwegian diplomat who was the first Secretary General of the United Nations (1896-1968)', 'Liliuokalani': 'queen of the Hawaiian islands (1838-1917)', 'Lillie': 'British actress (born in Canada) (1898-1989)', 'Lin': 'United States sculptor and architect whose public works include the memorial to veterans of the Vietnam War in Washington (born in 1959)', 'Lind': 'Swedish soprano who toured the United States under the management of P. T. Barnum (1820-1887)', 'Lindbergh': 'United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)', 'Lindsay': 'United States playwright who collaborated with Russel Crouse on several musicals (1889-1931)', 'Linnaeus': 'Swedish botanist who proposed the modern system of biological nomenclature (1707-1778)', 'Lipchitz': 'United States sculptor (born in Lithuania) who pioneered cubist sculpture (1891-1973)', 'Lipmann': 'United States biochemist (born in Germany) noted for his studies of metabolic processes (1899-1986)', 'Li_Po': 'Chinese lyric poet (700-762)', 'Lippi': 'Italian painter and son of Fra Filippo Lippi (1457-1504)', 'Lippmann': 'United States journalist (1889-1974)', 'Lipscomb': 'United States chemist noted for his theories of molecular structure (born in 1919)', 'Lister': 'English surgeon who was the first to use antiseptics (1827-1912)', 'Liston': 'United States prizefighter who lost his world heavyweight championship to Cassius Clay in 1964 (1932-1970)', 'Liszt': 'Hungarian composer and piano virtuoso (1811-1886)', 'Littre': 'French lexicographer (1801-1881)', 'Livermore': 'United States suffragist (1820-1905)', 'Livingston': 'American Revolutionary leader who served in the Continental Congress and as minister to France (1746-1813)', 'Livingstone': 'Scottish missionary and explorer who discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (1813-1873)', 'Livy': 'Roman historian whose history of Rome filled 142 volumes (of which only 35 survive) including the earliest history of the war with Hannibal (59 BC to AD 17)', 'Lloyd': 'United States comic actor in silent films; he used physical danger as a source of comedy (1893-1971)', 'Lloyd_Webber': 'English composer of many successful musicals (some in collaboration with Sir Tim Rice) (born in 1948)', 'Lobachevsky': 'Russian mathematician who independently discovered non-Euclidean geometry (1792-1856)', 'Locke': 'English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)', 'Lodge': 'English physicist who studied electromagnetic radiation and was a pioneer of radiotelegraphy (1851-1940)', 'Loeb': 'United States physiologist (born in Germany) who did research on parthenogenesis (1859-1924)', 'Loewe': 'United States composer (born in Austria) who collaborated with Lerner on several musicals (1901-1987)', 'Loewi': 'United States pharmacologist (born in Germany) who was the first to show that acetylcholine is produced at the junction between a parasympathetic nerve and a muscle (1873-1961)', 'Longfellow': 'United States poet remembered for his long narrative poems (1807-1882)', 'Loos': 'Austrian architect (1870-1933)', 'Loren': 'Italian film actress (born in 1934)', 'Lorentz': 'Dutch physicist noted for work on electromagnetic theory (1853-1928)', 'Lorenz': 'Austrian zoologist who studied the behavior of birds and emphasized the importance of innate as opposed to learned behaviors (1903-1989)', \"Lorenzo_de'Medici\": 'Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492)', 'Lorre': 'United States actor (born in Hungary) noted for playing sinister roles (1904-1964)', 'Louis_I': 'third son of Charlemagne and king of France and Germany and Holy Roman Emperor (778-840)', 'Louis_II': 'king of France and Germany (846-879)', 'Louis_III': 'son of Louis II and king of the France and Germany (863-882)', 'Louis_IV': 'king of France (921-954)', 'Louis_V': 'the last Carolingian king of France (967-987)', 'Louis_VI': 'king of France whose military victories consolidated his reign (1081-1137)', 'Louis_VII': 'king of France who led the unsuccessful Second Crusade and fought frequent wars with Henry II of England (1120-1180)', 'Louis_VIII': 'king of France who increased the power of the Crown over the feudal lords (1187-1226)', 'Louis_IX': 'king of France and son of Louis VIII; he led two unsuccessful Crusades; considered an ideal medieval king (1214-1270)', 'Louis_X': 'king of France (1289-1316)', 'Louis_XI': 'king of France who put down an alliance of unruly nobles and unified France except for Brittany (1423-1483)', 'Louis_XII': 'king of France who was popular with his subjects (1462-1515)', 'Louis_XIII': 'king of France from 1610 to 1643 who relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu (1601-1643)', 'Louis_XIV': 'king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)', 'Louis_XV': \"grandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1710-1774)\", 'Louis_XVI': 'king of France from 1774 to 1792; his failure to grant reforms led to the French Revolution; he and his queen (Marie Antoinette) were guillotined (1754-1793)', 'Louis': 'United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion for 12 years (1914-1981)', 'Lovelace': 'English poet (1618-1857)', 'Lovell': 'English astronomer who pioneered radio astronomy (born in 1913)', 'Low': 'British political cartoonist (born in New Zealand) who created the character Colonel Blimp (1891-1963)', 'Lowell': 'United States poet (1917-1977)', 'Lowry': 'English painter (1887-1976)', 'Lozier': 'United States physician who in 1863 founded a medical school for women (1813-1888)', 'Lubitsch': 'German filmmaker of sophisticated comedies (1892-1947)', 'Lucas': 'United States screenwriter and filmmaker (born in 1944)', 'Lucullus': 'Roman general famous for self-indulgence and giving lavish banquets (circa 110-57 BC)', 'Luce': 'United States publisher of magazines (1898-1967)', 'Lucretius': 'Roman philosopher and poet; in a long didactic poem he tried to provide a scientific explanation of the universe (96-55 BC)', 'Luculus': 'Roman general famous for giving lavish banquets (110-57 BC)', 'Lugosi': 'United States film actor (born in Hungary) noted for portraying monsters (1884-1956)', 'Lully': 'Spanish philosopher (1235-1315)', 'Lunt': 'United States actor who performed with his wife Lynn Fontanne in many stage productions (1893-1977)', 'Luther': 'German theologian who led the Reformation; believed that salvation is granted on the basis of faith rather than deeds (1483-1546)', 'Lutyens': 'English architect who planned the city of New Delhi (1869-1944)', 'Lyly': 'English writer noted for his elaborate style (1554-1606)', 'Lysander': 'Spartan general who defeated the Athenians in the final battle of the Peloponnesian War (died in 395 BC)', 'Lysenko': \"Soviet geneticist whose adherence to Lamarck's theory of evolution was favored by Stalin (1898-1976)\", 'Lysimachus': 'Macedonian general under Alexander the Great; with Seleucus he defeated Antigonus and Demetrius at the battle of Ipsus (circa 355-281 BC)', 'Lysippus': 'Greek sculptor (4th century BC)', 'Lytton': 'English writer of historical romances (1803-1873)', 'MacArthur': 'United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II; he accepted the surrender of Japan (1880-1964)', 'Macaulay': 'English historian noted for his history of England (1800-1859)', 'Macbeth': 'king of Scotland (died in 1057)', 'MacDowell': 'United States composer best remembered as a composer of works for the piano (1860-1908)', 'MacGregor': 'Scottish clan leader and outlaw who was the subject of a 1817 novel by Sir Walter Scott (1671-1734)', 'Mach': 'Austrian physicist and philosopher who introduced the Mach number and who founded logical positivism (1838-1916)', 'Machiavelli': 'a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)', 'MacLeish': 'United States poet (1892-1982)', 'Macleod': 'Scottish physiologist who directed the research by F. G. Banting and C. H. Best that led to the discovery of insulin (1876-1935)', 'Madonna': 'United States pop singer and sex symbol during the 1980s (born in 1958)', 'Maeterlinck': 'Belgian playwright (1862-1949)', 'Magellan': 'Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain; he commanded an expedition that was the first to circumnavigate the world (1480-1521)', 'Maginot': 'French politician who proposed the Maginot Line (1877-1932)', 'Magritte': 'Belgian surrealist painter (1898-1967)', 'Mahan': 'United States naval officer and historian (1840-1914)', 'Mahler': 'Austrian composer and conductor (1860-1911)', 'Mailer': 'United States writer (born in 1923)', 'Maillol': 'French sculptor of monumental female nudes (1861-1944)', 'Maimonides': 'Spanish philosopher considered the greatest Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages who codified Jewish law in the Talmud (1135-1204)', 'Maintenon': 'French consort of Louis XIV who secretly married the king after the death of his first wife (1635-1719)', 'Maitland': 'English historian noted for his works on the history of English law (1850-1906)', 'Major': 'British statesman who was prime minister from 1990 until 1997 (born in 1943)', 'Makarios_III': 'Greek Orthodox bishop and archbishop of Cyprus and the first president of independent Cyprus (1913-1977)', 'Malamud': 'United States writer (1914-1986)', 'Malcolm_X': 'militant civil rights leader (1925-1965)', 'Malebranche': 'French philosopher (1638-1715)', 'Malevich': 'Russian abstract painter (1878-1935)', 'Malinowski': 'British anthropologist (born in Poland) who introduced the technique of the participant observer (1884-1942)', 'Mallarme': 'French symbolist poet noted for his free verse (1842-1898)', 'Mallon': 'United States cook who was an immune carrier of typhoid fever and who infected dozens of people (1870-1938)', 'Malone': \"English scholar remembered for his chronology of Shakespeare's plays and his editions of Shakespeare and Dryden (1741-1812)\", 'Malory': 'English writer who published a translation of romances about King Arthur taken from French and other sources (died in 1471)', 'Malpighi': 'Italian anatomist who was the first to use a microscope to study anatomy and was among the first to recognize cells in animals (1628-1694)', 'Malraux': 'French novelist (1901-1976)', 'Malthus': 'an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)', 'Mamet': 'United States playwright (born in 1947)', 'Mandela': \"South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918)\", 'Mandelbrot': 'French mathematician (born in Poland) noted for inventing fractals (born in 1924)', 'Mandelstam': 'Russian poet who died in a prison camp (1891-1938)', 'Manes': 'a Persian prophet who founded Manichaeism (216-276)', 'Manet': 'French painter whose work influenced the impressionists (1832-1883)', 'Mann': 'United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)', 'Mansart': 'French architect who introduced the mansard roof (1598-1666)', 'Manson': 'Scottish physician who discovered that elephantiasis is spread by mosquitos and suggested that mosquitos also spread malaria (1844-1922)', 'Mantegna': 'Italian painter and engraver noted for his frescoes (1431-1506)', 'Mantell': 'English geologist remembered as the first person to recognize that dinosaurs were reptiles (1790-1852)', 'Mantle': 'United States baseball player (1931-1997)', 'Manzoni': 'Italian novelist and poet (1785-1873)', 'Mao': 'Chinese communist leader (1893-1976)', 'Marat': 'French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793)', 'Marceau': 'French mime famous for his sad-faced clown (born in 1923)', 'Marciano': 'United States prizefighter who won the world heavyweight championship in 1952 (1924-1969)', 'Marconi': 'Italian electrical engineer who invented wireless telegraphy and in 1901 transmitted radio signals across the Atlantic Ocean (1874-1937)', 'Marcuse': 'United States political philosopher (born in Germany) concerned about the dehumanizing effects of capitalism and modern technology (1898-1979)', 'Marie_Antoinette': 'queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular; her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)', 'Marini': 'Italian poet (1569-1625)', 'Markova': 'English ballet dancer (born in 1910)', 'Markov': 'Russian mathematician (1856-1922)', 'Marks': 'English businessman who created a retail chain (1888-1964)', 'Marley': 'Jamaican singer who popularized reggae (1945-1981)', 'Marquand': 'United States writer who created the Japanese detective Mr. Moto and wrote other novels as well (1893-1960)', 'Marquis': 'humorist who wrote about the imaginary life of cockroaches (1878-1937)', 'Marsh': 'United States painter (1898-1954)', 'Marshall': 'United States actor (1914-1998)', 'Marstan': 'English playwright (1575-1634)', 'Marti': 'Cuban poet and revolutionary who fought for Cuban independence from Spain (1853-1895)', 'Martial': 'Roman poet noted for epigrams (first century BC)', 'Martin': 'French bishop who is a patron saint of France (died in 397)', 'Martin_V': 'Italian pope from 1417 to 1431 whose election as pope ended the Great Schism (1368-1431)', 'Marvell': 'English poet (1621-1678)', 'Marx': 'United States comedian; one of four brothers who made motion pictures together (1901-1979)', 'Mary': 'the mother of Jesus; Christians refer to her as the Virgin Mary; she is especially honored by Roman Catholics', 'Mary_I': 'daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558; she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics (1516-1558)', 'Mary_II': 'Queen of England and Scotland and Ireland; she was the eldest daughter of James II and ruled jointly with her husband William III (1662-1694)', 'Mary_Queen_of_Scots': 'queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567; as a Catholic she was forced to abdicate in favor of her son and fled to England where she was imprisoned by Elizabeth I; when Catholic supporters plotted to put her on the English throne she was tried and executed for sedition (1542-1587)', 'Mary_Magdalene': 'sinful woman Jesus healed of evil spirits; she became a follower of Jesus', 'Masefield': 'English poet (1878-1967)', 'Mason': 'American Revolutionary leader from Virginia whose objections led to the drafting of the Bill of Rights (1725-1792)', 'Masoud': 'Afghan leader of forces opposed to the Taliban; won fame by successfully resisting the Soviets in the 1980s; was assassinated by men posing as journalists (1953-2001)', 'Massasoit': 'Wampanoag leader who aided the Pilgrims (1580-1661)', 'Massenet': 'French composer best remembered for his pop operas (1842-1912)', 'Massine': 'French choreographer and ballet dancer (born in Russia) (1895-1979)', 'Masters': 'United States poet (1869-1950)', 'Mata_Hari': 'Dutch dancer who was executed by the French as a German spy in World War I (1876-1917)', 'Mathias': 'United States athlete who won Olympic gold medals in the decathlon (born in 1930)', 'Matisse': 'French painter and sculptor; leading figure of fauvism (1869-1954)', 'Maugham': 'English writer (born in France) of novels and short stories (1874-1965)', 'Mauldin': 'United States cartoonist noted for his drawings of soldiers in battle (1921-2003)', 'Maupassant': 'French writer noted especially for his short stories (1850-1893)', 'Mauriac': 'French novelist who wrote about the conflict between desire and religious belief (1885-1970)', 'Maurois': 'French writer best known for his biographies (1885-1967)', 'Maxim': 'English inventor (born in the United States) who invented the Maxim gun that was used in World War I (1840-1916)', 'Maximian': 'Roman Emperor from 286 until he abdicated in 305; when Diocletian divided the Roman Empire in 286 Maximian became emperor in the west (died in 311)', 'Maxwell': 'Scottish physicist whose equations unified electricity and magnetism and who recognized the electromagnetic nature of light (1831-1879)', 'Mayakovski': 'Soviet poet; leader of Russian futurism (1893-1930)', 'Mayer': 'United States physicist (born in Germany) noted for her research on the structure of the atom (1906-1972)', 'Mays': 'United States baseball player (born in 1931)', 'Mazzini': 'Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872)', 'McCarthy': 'United States satirical novelist and literary critic (1912-1989)', 'McCartney': 'English rock star and bass guitarist and songwriter who with John Lennon wrote most of the music for the Beatles (born in 1942)', 'McCauley': \"heroine of the American Revolution who carried water to soldiers during the Battle of Monmouth Court House and took over her husband's gun when he was overcome by heat (1754-1832)\", 'McCormick': 'United States inventor and manufacturer of a mechanical harvester (1809-1884)', 'McCullers': 'United States novelist (1917-1967)', 'McGraw': 'United States baseball player and manager (1873-1934)', 'McGuffey': 'United States educator who compiled the McGuffey Eclectic Readers (1800-1873)', 'McKim': 'United States neoclassical architect (1847-1909)', 'McLuhan': 'Canadian writer noted for his analyses of the mass media (1911-1980)', 'McMaster': 'United States historian who wrote a nine volume history of the people of the United States (1852-1932)', 'McPherson': 'United States evangelist (born in Canada) noted for her extravagant religious services (1890-1944)', 'Mead': 'United States anthropologist noted for her claims about adolescence and sexual behavior in Polynesian cultures (1901-1978)', 'Meade': 'English economist noted for his studies of international trade and finance (1907-1995)', 'Meany': 'United States labor leader who was the first president of the AFL-CIO (1894-1980)', 'Medawar': 'British immunologist (born in Brazil) who studied tissue transplants and discovered that the rejection of grafts was an immune response (1915-1987)', 'Meiji_Tenno': 'emperor of Japan who encouraged the modernization of Japan (1852-1912)', 'Meir': 'Israeli statesman (born in Russia) (1898-1978)', 'Meissner': 'German anatomist (1829-1905)', 'Meitner': 'Swedish physicist (born in Austria) who worked in the field of radiochemistry with Otto Hahn and formulated the concept of nuclear fission with Otto Frisch (1878-1968)', 'Melanchthon': \"German theologian and Luther's successor as leader of the Reformation in Germany (1497-1560)\", 'Melba': 'Australian operatic soprano (1861-1931)', 'Melchior': 'United States operatic tenor (born in Denmark) noted for his Wagnerian roles (1890-1973)', 'Mellon': 'United States financier and philanthropist (1855-1937)', 'Melville': 'United States writer of novels and short stories (1819-1891)', 'Menander': 'comic dramatist of ancient Greece (342-292 BC)', 'Mencken': 'United States journalist and literary critic (1880-1956)', 'Mendel': 'Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)', 'Mendeleyev': 'Russian chemist who developed a periodic table of the chemical elements and predicted the discovery of several new elements (1834-1907)', 'Mendelsohn': 'German architect who migrated to Palestine in 1937 (1887-1953)', 'Mendelssohn': 'German musician and romantic composer of orchestral and choral works (1809-1847)', 'Meniere': \"French otologist who first described a form of vertigo now known as Meniere's disease and identified the semicircular canals as the site of the lesion (1799-1862)\", 'Menninger': 'United States psychiatrist and son of Charles Menninger (1899-1966)', 'Menotti': 'United States composer (born in Italy) of operas (born in 1911)', 'Menuhin': 'British violinist (born in the United States) who began his career as a child prodigy in the 1920s (1916-1999)', 'Mercator': 'Flemish geographer who lived in Germany; he invented the Mercator projection of maps of the globe (1512-1594)', 'Mercer': 'British maker of printed calico cloth who invented mercerizing (1791-1866)', 'Merckx': 'Belgian racing cyclist who won the Tour de France five times (born in 1945)', 'Mercouri': 'Greek film actress (1925-1994)', 'Meredith': 'United States civil rights leader whose college registration caused riots in traditionally segregated Mississippi (born in 1933)', 'Mergenthaler': 'United States inventor (born in Germany) of the Linotype machine (1854-1899)', 'Merlin': \"(Arthurian legend) the magician who acted as King Arthur's advisor\", 'Merman': 'United States singer who appeared in several musical comedies (1909-1984)', 'Merton': 'United States religious and writer (1915-1968)', 'Mesmer': 'Austrian physician who tried to treat diseases with a form of hypnotism (1734-1815)', 'Metchnikoff': 'Russian bacteriologist in France who formulated the theory of phagocytosis (1845-1916)', 'Methuselah': '(Old Testament) a patriarch (grandfather of Noah) who is said to have lived 969 years', 'Metternich': 'Austrian statesman (1773-1859)', 'Meyerbeer': 'German composer of operas in a style that influenced Richard Wagner (1791-1864)', 'Meyerhof': 'United States biochemist (born in Germany) who studied the metabolism of muscles (1884-1951)', 'Michelangelo': 'Florentine sculptor and painter and architect; one of the outstanding figures of the Renaissance (1475-1564)', 'Michelson': 'United States physicist (born in Germany) who collaborated with Morley in the Michelson-Morley experiment (1852-1931)', 'Michener': 'United States writer of historical novels (1907-1997)', 'Middleton': 'English playwright and pamphleteer (1570-1627)', 'Mies_Van_Der_Rohe': 'United States architect (born in Germany) who built unornamented steel frame and glass skyscrapers (1886-1969)', 'Milhaud': 'French composer of works that combine jazz and polytonality and Brazilian music (1892-1974)', 'Mill': \"Scottish philosopher who expounded Bentham's utilitarianism; father of John Stuart Mill (1773-1836)\", 'Millais': 'Englishman and Pre-Raphaelite painter (1829-1896)', 'Millay': 'United States poet (1892-1950)', 'Miller': 'United States bandleader of a popular big band (1909-1944)', 'Millet': 'French painter of rural scenes (1814-1875)', 'Millikan': 'United States physicist who isolated the electron and measured its charge (1868-1953)', 'Mills': 'United States architect who was the presidentially appointed architect of Washington D.C. (1781-1855)', 'Milne': 'English writer of stories for children (1882-1956)', 'Miltiades': 'Athenian general who defeated the Persians at Marathon (540-489)', 'Milton': \"English poet; remembered primarily as the author of an epic poem describing humanity's fall from grace (1608-1674)\", 'Minkowski': 'German mathematician (born in Russia) who suggested the concept of four-dimensional space-time (1864-1909)', 'Minuit': 'Dutch colonist who bought Manhattan from the Native Americans for the equivalent of $24 (1580-1638)', 'Mirabeau': 'French revolutionary who was prominent in the early days of the French Revolution (1749-1791)', 'Miro': 'Spanish surrealist painter (1893-1983)', 'Mitchell': 'English aeronautical engineer (1895-1937)', 'Mitchum': 'United States film actor (1917-1997)', 'Mitford': 'United States writer (born in England) who wrote on American culture (1917-1996)', 'Mithridates': 'ancient king of Pontus who expanded his kingdom by defeating the Romans but was later driven out by Pompey (132-63 BC)', 'Mitterrand': 'French statesman and president of France from 1981 to 1985 (1916-1996)', 'Mobius': 'German mathematician responsible for the Mobius strip (1790-1868)', 'Modigliani': 'Italian painter and sculptor (1884-1920)', 'Mohammed': 'the Arab prophet who, according to Islam, was the last messenger of Allah (570-632)', 'Mohammed_Ali': 'Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849)', 'Mohorovicic': 'Yugoslav geophysicist for whom the Mohorovicic discontinuity was named (1857-1936)', 'Moliere': 'French author of sophisticated comedies (1622-1673)', 'Molnar': 'Hungarian playwright (1878-1952)', 'Molotov': 'Soviet statesman (1890-1986)', 'Mommsen': 'German historian noted for his history of Rome (1817-1903)', 'Mondrian': 'Dutch painter whose work (intersecting lines at right angles and planes in primary colors) influenced the development of abstract art (1872-1944)', 'Monet': 'French impressionist painter (1840-1926)', 'Monk': 'United States jazz pianist who was one of the founders of the bebop style (1917-1982)', 'Monnet': 'French economist who advocated a Common Market in Europe (1888-1979)', 'Monod': 'French biochemist who (with Francois Jacob) explained how genes are activated and suggested the existence of messenger RNA (1910-1976)', 'Montagu': 'United States anthropologist (born in England) who popularized anthropology (1905-)', 'Montaigne': 'French writer regarded as the originator of the modern essay (1533-1592)', 'Montespan': 'French noblewoman who was mistress to Louis XIV until he became attracted to Madame de Maintenon (1641-1707)', 'Montesquieu': 'French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)', 'Montessori': 'Italian educator who developed a method of teaching mentally handicapped children and advocated a child-centered approach (1870-1952)', 'Monteverdi': 'Italian composer (1567-1643)', 'Montez': 'Irish dancer (1818-1861)', 'Montezuma_II': 'the last Aztec emperor in Mexico who was overthrown and killed by Hernando Cortes (1466-1520)', 'Montfort': 'an English nobleman who led the baronial rebellion against Henry III (1208-1265)', 'Montgolfier': 'French inventor who (with his brother Josef Michel Montgolfier) pioneered hot-air ballooning (1745-1799)', 'Moody': \"United States tennis player who dominated women's tennis in the 1920s and 1930s (1905-1998)\", 'Moore': 'United States composer of works noted for their use of the American vernacular (1893-1969)', 'More': \"English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded; recalled for his concept of Utopia, the ideal state\", 'Morley': 'United States chemist and physicist who collaborated with Michelson in the Michelson-Morley experiment (1838-1923)', 'Mormon': 'the ancient prophet whose writings were revealed to Joseph Smith who founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints', 'Morris': 'United States suffragist in Wyoming (1814-1902)', 'Morrison': 'United States rock singer (1943-1971)', 'Mortimer': 'English nobleman who deposed Edward II and was executed by Edward III (1287-1330)', 'Morton': 'United States jazz musician who moved from ragtime to New Orleans jazz (1885-1941)', 'Mosander': 'Swedish chemist who discovered rare earth elements (1797-1858)', 'Moses': 'United States painter of colorful and primitive rural scenes (1860-1961)', 'Mossbauer': 'German physicist (born in 1929)', 'Motherwell': 'United States abstract expressionist painter (1915-1991)', 'Mott': 'United States feminist and suffragist (1793-1880)', 'Moynihan': 'United States politician and educator (1927-2003)', 'Mubarak': 'Egyptian statesman who became president in 1981 after Sadat was assassinated (born in 1929)', 'Muhammad': 'leader of Black Muslims who campaigned for independence for Black Americans (1897-1975)', 'Muir': 'United States naturalist (born in England) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914)', 'Mullah_Omar': 'reclusive Afghanistani politician and leader of the Taliban who imposed a strict interpretation of shariah law on Afghanistan (born in 1960)', 'Muller': 'Swiss chemist who synthesized DDT and discovered its use as an insecticide (1899-1965)', 'Munch': 'Norwegian painter (1863-1944)', 'Munchhausen': 'German raconteur who told preposterous stories about his adventures as a soldier and hunter; his name is now associated with any telling of exaggerated stories or winning lies (1720-1797)', 'Munro': 'British writer of short stories (1870-1916)', 'Murdoch': 'United States publisher (born in Australia in 1931)', 'Murillo': 'Spanish painter (1617-1682)', 'Murrow': 'United States broadcast journalist remembered for his reports from London during World War II (1908-1965)', 'Musial': 'United States baseball player (born in 1920)', 'Musset': 'French poet and writer (1810-1857)', 'Mussolini': 'Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945)', 'Mussorgsky': 'Russian composer of operas and orchestral works (1839-1881)', 'Muybridge': 'United States motion-picture pioneer remembered for his pictures of running horses taken with a series of still cameras (born in England) (1830-1904)', 'Myrdal': 'Swedish economist (1898-1987)', 'Nabokov': 'United States writer (born in Russia) (1899-1977)', 'Naismith': 'United States educator (born in Canada) who invented the game of basketball (1861-1939)', 'Nanak': 'Indian religious leader who founded Sikhism in dissent from the caste system of Hinduism; he taught that all men had a right to search for knowledge of God and that spiritual liberation could be attained by meditating on the name of God (1469-1538)', 'Nansen': 'Norwegian explorer of the Arctic and director of the League of Nations relief program for refugees of World War I (1861-1930)', 'Naomi': 'the mother-in-law of Ruth whose story is told in the Book of Ruth in the Old Testament', 'Napier': 'Scottish mathematician who invented logarithms; introduced the use of the decimal point in writing numbers (1550-1617)', 'Napoleon_III': 'nephew of Napoleon I and emperor of the French from 1852 to 1871 (1808-1873)', 'Nash': 'United States writer noted for his droll epigrams (1902-1971)', 'Nasser': 'Egyptian statesman who nationalized the Suez Canal (1918-1970)', 'Nast': 'United States political cartoonist (1840-1902)', 'Nation': 'United States prohibitionist who raided saloons and destroyed bottles of liquor with a hatchet (1846-1911)', 'Natta': 'Italian chemist noted for work on polymers (1903-1979)', 'Sanchez': 'Venezuelan master terrorist raised by a Marxist-Leninist father; trained and worked with many terrorist groups (born in 1949)', 'Navratilova': \"United States tennis player (born in Czechoslovakia) who won nine Wimbledon women's singles championships (born in 1956)\", 'Nazimova': 'United States actress (born in Russia) (1879-1945)', 'Nebuchadnezzar': '(Old Testament) king of Chaldea who captured and destroyed Jerusalem and exiled the Israelites to Babylonia (630?-562 BC)', 'Nicholas_V': 'Italian pope from 1447 to 1455 who founded the Vatican library (1397-1455)', 'Nimrod': '(Old Testament) a famous hunter', 'Neel': 'French physicist noted for research on magnetism (born in 1904)', 'Nefertiti': 'queen of Egypt and wife of Akhenaton (14th century BC)', 'Nehru': 'Indian statesman and leader with Gandhi in the struggle for home rule; was the first prime minister of the Republic of India from 1947 to 1964 (1889-1964)', 'Nelson': 'English admiral who defeated the French fleets of Napoleon but was mortally wounded at Trafalgar (1758-1805)', 'Nernst': 'German physicist and chemist who formulated the third law of thermodynamics (1864-1941)', 'Nero': 'Roman Emperor notorious for his monstrous vice and fantastic luxury (was said to have started a fire that destroyed much of Rome in 64) but the Roman Empire remained prosperous during his rule (37-68)', 'Neruda': 'Chilean poet (1904-1973)', 'Nervi': 'Italian architect who pioneered in the use of reinforced concrete (1891-1979)', 'Nerva': 'Emperor of Rome who introduced a degree of freedom after the repressive reign of Domitian; adopted Trajan as his successor (30-98)', 'Nestorius': 'Syrian who was a Christian bishop and Patriarch of Constantinople in the early fifth century; one of the major heresies concerning the doctrine of the hypostasis of Christ was named after him (died in 451)', 'Nevelson': 'United States sculptor (born in Russia) known for massive shapes of painted wood (1899-1988)', 'Newcomb': 'United States astronomer (1835-1909)', 'Newman': 'United States film actor (born in 1925)', 'Newton': 'English mathematician and physicist; remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion (1642-1727)', 'Ney': 'French marshal in the Napoleonic Wars (1769-1815)', 'Nicholas': 'a bishop in Asia Minor who is associated with Santa Claus (4th century)', 'Nicholas_I': 'czar of Russia from 1825 to 1855 who led Russia into the Crimean War (1796-1855)', 'Nicholas_II': 'the last czar of Russia who was forced to abdicate in 1917 by the Russian Revolution; he and his family were executed by the Bolsheviks (1868-1918)', 'Nicklaus': 'United States golfer considered by many to be the greatest golfer of all time (born in 1940)', 'Nicolson': 'English diplomat and author (1886-1968)', 'Niebuhr': 'United States Protestant theologian (1892-1971)', 'Nielsen': 'Danish composer (1865-1931)', 'Nietzsche': 'influential German philosopher remembered for his concept of the superman and for his rejection of Christian values; considered, along with Kierkegaard, to be a founder of existentialism (1844-1900)', 'Nightingale': 'English nurse remembered for her work during the Crimean War (1820-1910)', 'Nijinsky': 'Russian dancer considered by many to be the greatest dancer of the 20th century (1890-1950)', 'Nilsson': 'Swedish operatic soprano who played Wagnerian roles (born in 1918)', 'Nimitz': 'United States admiral of the Pacific fleet during World War II who used aircraft carriers to destroy the Japanese navy (1885-1966)', 'Nixon': 'vice president under Eisenhower and 37th President of the United States; resigned after the Watergate scandal in 1974 (1913-1994)', 'Noah': 'the Hebrew patriarch who saved himself and his family and the animals by building an ark in which they survived 40 days and 40 nights of rain; the story of Noah and the flood is told in the Book of Genesis', 'Nobel': 'Swedish chemist remembered for his invention of dynamite and for the bequest that created the Nobel prizes (1833-1896)', 'Noether': 'German mathematician (1882-1935)', 'Noguchi': 'United States sculptor (1904-1988)', 'Norris': 'United States writer (1870-1902)', 'Norrish': 'English chemist (1897-1978)', 'Northrop': 'United States biochemist (1891-1987)', 'Nostradamus': 'French astrologer who wrote cryptic predictions whose interpretations are still being debated (1503-1566)', 'Noyes': 'English poet (1880-1958)', 'Nuffield': 'British industrialist who manufactured automobiles and created a philanthropic foundation (1877-1963)', 'Nureyev': 'Russian dancer who was often the partner of Dame Margot Fonteyn and who defected to the United States in 1961 (born in 1938)', 'Oakley': \"United States sharpshooter who was featured in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show (1860-1926)\", 'Oates': 'English conspirator who claimed that there was a Jesuit plot to assassinate Charles II (1649-1705)', \"O'Brien\": 'Irish writer (born in 1932)', \"O'Casey\": 'Irish playwright (1880-1964)', 'Occam': \"English scholastic philosopher and assumed author of Occam's Razor (1285-1349)\", 'Ochoa': 'United States biochemist (born in Spain) who studied the biological synthesis of nucleic acids (1905-1993)', 'Ochs': 'United States newspaper publisher (1858-1935)', \"O'Connor\": 'United States writer (1925-1964)', 'Odets': 'United States playwright (1906-1963)', 'Odoacer': 'Germanic barbarian leader who ended the Western Roman Empire in 476 and became the first barbarian ruler of Italy (434-493)', 'Oersted': 'Danish physicist (1777-1851)', 'Offenbach': 'French composer of many operettas and an opera (1819-1880)', \"O'Flaherty\": 'Irish writer of short stories (1896-1984)', \"O'Hara\": 'United States writer (1905-1970)', 'Ohm': \"German physicist who formulated Ohm's law (1787-1854)\", \"O'Keeffe\": 'United States painter (1887-1986)', 'Oken': \"German naturalist whose speculations that plants and animals are made up of tiny living `infusoria' led to the cell theory (1779-1851)\", 'Olaf_II': 'King and patron saint of Norway (995-1030)', 'Oldenburg': 'United States sculptor (born in Sweden); a leader of the pop art movement who was noted for giant sculptures of common objects (born in 1929)', 'Oldfield': 'United States race driver who was the first to drive faster than a mile a minute (1878-1946)', 'Oliver': 'United States jazz musician who influenced the style of Louis Armstrong (1885-1938)', 'Olivier': 'English actor best know for his Shakespearean roles (1907-1989)', 'Olmsted': 'United States landscape architect primarily responsible for the design of Central Park in New York City (1822-1903)', 'Omar_Khayyam': \"Persian poet and mathematician and astronomer whose poetry was popularized by Edward Fitzgerald's translation (1050-1123)\", 'Ondaatje': 'Canadian writer (born in Sri Lanka in 1943)', \"O'Neill\": 'United States playwright (1888-1953)', 'Ono': 'United States musician (born in Japan) who married John Lennon and collaborated with him on recordings (born in 1933)', 'Onsager': 'United States chemist (born in Norway) noted for his work in thermodynamics (1903-1976)', 'Oort': 'Dutch astronomer who proved that the galaxy is rotating and proposed the existence of the Oort cloud (1900-1992)', 'Opel': 'German industrialist who was the first in Germany to use an assembly line in manufacturing automobiles (1871-1948)', 'Oppenheimer': 'United States physicist who directed the project at Los Alamos that developed the first atomic bomb (1904-1967)', 'Orbison': 'United States composer and rockabilly tenor popular in the 1950s (1936-1988)', 'Orczy': 'British writer (born in Hungary) (1865-1947)', 'Orff': 'German musician who developed a widely used system for teaching music to children (1895-1982)', 'Origen': 'Greek philosopher and theologian who reinterpreted Christian doctrine through the philosophy of Neoplatonism; his work was later condemned as unorthodox (185-254)', 'Ormandy': 'United States conductor (born in Hungary) (1899-1985)', 'Orozco': 'Mexican painter noted for his monumental murals (1883-1949)', 'Orr': 'Canadian hockey player (born 1948)', 'Ortega': 'Nicaraguan statesman (born in 1945)', 'Ortega_y_Gasset': 'Spanish philosopher who advocated leadership by an intellectual elite (1883-1955)', 'Orwell': 'imaginative British writer concerned with social justice (1903-1950)', 'Osborne': 'English playwright (1929-1994)', 'Osman_I': 'the conqueror of Turkey who founded the Ottoman Empire and the Ottoman dynasty that ruled Turkey after the 13th century; conquered most of Asia Minor and assumed the title of emir in 1299 (1259-1326)', 'Ostwald': 'German chemist (1853-1932)', 'Oswald': 'United States assassin of President John F. Kennedy (1939-1963)', \"O'Toole\": 'British actor (born in Ireland in 1932)', 'Otto_I': 'King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor (912-973)', 'Ovid': 'Roman poet remembered for his elegiac verses on love (43 BC - AD 17)', 'Owen': 'Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858)', 'Owens': 'United States athlete and Black American whose success in the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin outraged Hitler (1913-1980)', 'Ozawa': 'United States conductor (born in Japan in 1935)', 'Paderewski': 'Polish pianist who in 1919 served as the first Prime Minister of independent Poland (1860-1941)', 'Paganini': 'Italian violinist and composer of music for the violin (1782-1840)', 'Page': 'English industrialist who pioneered in the design and manufacture of aircraft (1885-1962)', 'Paget': 'English pathologist who discovered the cause of trichinosis (1814-1899)', 'Paige': 'United States baseball player; a black pitcher noted for his longevity (1906-1982)', 'Paine': 'American Revolutionary leader and signer of the Declaration of Independence (1731-1814)', 'Palestrina': 'Italian composer (1526-1594)', 'Palgrave': 'English poet (1824-1897)', 'Palladio': 'highly original and much imitated Italian architect (1508-1580)', 'Palmer': 'United States golfer (born in 1929)', 'Panini': 'Indian grammarian whose grammatical rules for Sanskrit are the first known example of descriptive linguistics (circa 400 BC)', 'Panofsky': 'art historian (1892-1968)', 'Paracelsus': 'Swiss physician who introduced treatments of particular illnesses based on his observation and experience; he saw illness as having an external cause (rather than an imbalance of humors) and replaced traditional remedies with chemical remedies (1493-1541)', 'Pareto': 'Italian sociologist and economist whose theories influenced the development of fascism in Italy (1848-1923)', 'Park': 'Scottish explorer in Africa (1771-1806)', 'Parker': 'United States saxophonist and leader of the bop style of jazz (1920-1955)', 'Parkinson': 'English surgeon (1755-1824)', 'Parks': 'United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national Civil Rights movement (born in 1913)', 'Parmenides': 'a presocratic Greek philosopher born in Italy; held the metaphysical view that being is the basic substance and ultimate reality of which all things are composed; said that motion and change are sensory illusions (5th century BC)', 'Parnell': 'Irish nationalist leader (1846-1891)', 'Parr': 'Queen of England as the 6th wife of Henry VIII (1512-1548)', 'Parrish': 'United States painter (1870-1966)', 'Parsons': 'United States sociologist (1902-1979)', 'Pasternak': 'Russian writer whose best known novel was banned by Soviet authorities but translated and published abroad (1890-1960)', 'Pasteur': 'French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization (1822-1895)', 'Paton': 'South African writer (1903-1988)', 'Patrick': 'Apostle and patron saint of Ireland; an English missionary to Ireland in the 5th century', 'Paul': 'United States feminist (1885-1977)', 'Paul_III': 'Italian pope from 1534 to 1549 who excommunicated Henry VIII of England in 1538 and initiated the Council of Trent in 1545; was active in the Counter Reformation and promoted the Society of Jesus for this purpose (1468-1549)', 'Paul_VI': 'Italian pope from 1963 to 1978 who eased restrictions on fasting and on interfaith marriages (1897-1978)', 'Pauli': 'United States physicist (born in Austria) who proposed the exclusion principle (thus providing a theoretical basis for the periodic table) (1900-1958)', 'Pauling': 'United States chemist who studied the nature of chemical bonding (1901-1994)', 'Pavarotti': 'Italian tenor (born in 1935)', 'Pavlov': 'Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)', 'Pavlova': 'Russian ballerina (1882-1931)', 'Paxton': 'English architect (1801-1865)', 'Peabody': 'educator who founded the first kindergarten in the United States (1804-1894)', 'Peary': 'United States Arctic explorer and United States naval officer who has been regarded as the first man to reach the North Pole (1856-1920)', 'Peel': 'British politician (1788-1850)', 'Pei': 'United States architect (born in China in 1917)', 'Peirce': 'United States mathematician and astronomer remembered for his studies of Uranus and Saturn and Neptune (1809-1880)', 'Pelagius': 'a British or Irish monk who denied the doctrines of original sin and predestination and defended human goodness and free will; his views were declared heretical by the Council of Ephesus in 431 (circa 360-418)', 'Penn': 'Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718)', 'Pepin': 'king of the Franks and father of Charlemagne who defended papal interests and founded the Carolingian dynasty in 751 (714-768)', 'Pepys': 'English diarist whose diary contained detailed descriptions of 17th century disasters in England (1633-1703)', 'Percy': 'United States writer whose novels explored human alienation (1916-1990)', 'Pericles': \"Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athens' political and cultural supremacy in Greece; he ordered the construction of the Parthenon (died in 429 BC)\", 'Peron': 'Argentine soldier who became president of Argentina (1895-1974)', 'Perry': 'United States philosopher (1876-1957)', 'Pershing': 'United States general who commanded the American forces in Europe during World War I (1860-1948)', 'Perutz': 'English biochemist (born in Austria); studied the molecular structure of blood (1914-2002)', 'Peter': 'disciple of Jesus and leader of the Apostles; regarded by Catholics as the vicar of Christ on earth and first Pope', 'Peter_I': 'czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government; he extended his territories in the Baltic and founded St. Petersburg (1682-1725)', 'Petrarch': 'an Italian poet famous for love lyrics (1304-1374)', 'Petronius': 'Roman satirist (died in 66)', 'Phidias': 'ancient Greek sculptor (circa 500-432 BC)', 'Philemon': \"(Greek mythology) a simple countryman who offered hospitality to Zeus and Hermes when they came to earth without revealing their identities in order to test people's piety\", 'Philip': 'Englishman and husband of Elizabeth II (born 1921)', 'Philip_II': 'son of Louis VII whose reign as king of France saw wars with the English that regained control of Normandy and Anjou and most of Poitou (1165-1223)', 'Philip_V': 'king of ancient Macedonia whose confrontations with the Romans led to his defeat and his loss of control over Greece', 'Philip_VI': \"king of France who founded the Valois dynasty; his dispute with Edward III over his succession led to the Hundred Years' War (1293-1350)\", 'Phintias': 'friend of Damon; Phintias (according to legend) was condemned to death by Dionysius the Elder and asked a respite to put his affairs in order; Damon pledged his life for the return of his friend; when Phintias returned in time the tyrant released them both (4th century BC)', 'Photius': 'Patriarch of Constantinople and saint of the Greek Orthodox Church; was condemned by the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 869 but was reinstated by a later pope', 'Piaf': 'French cabaret singer (1915-1963)', 'Piaget': 'Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children (1896-1980)', 'Pickett': 'American Confederate general known for leading a disastrous charge at Gettysburg (1825-1875)', 'Pickford': 'United States film actress (born in Canada) who starred in silent films (1893-1979)', 'Pierce': '14th President of the United States (1804-1869)', 'Picasso': 'prolific and influential Spanish artist who lived in France (1881-1973)', 'Pilate': 'the Roman procurator of Judea who ordered that Jesus be crucified (died in AD 36)', 'Pincus': 'United States sexual physiologist whose hunch that progesterone could block ovulation led to the development of the oral contraceptive pill (1903-1967)', 'Pindar': 'Greek lyric poet remembered for his odes (518?-438? BC)', 'Pinter': 'English dramatist whose plays are characterized by silences and the use of inaction (born in 1930)', 'Pirandello': 'Italian novelist and playwright (1867-1936)', 'Piston': 'United States neoclassical composer (1894-1976)', 'Pitman': 'English educator who invented a system of phonetic shorthand (1813-1897)', 'Pitot': 'French physicist for whom the Pitot tube was named (1695-1771)', 'Pitt': 'a British playwright who created the fictional character Sweeney Todd (1799-1855)', 'Pius_II': 'Italian pope from 1458 to 1464 who is remembered for his unsuccessful attempt to lead a crusade against the Turks (1405-1464)', 'Pius_V': 'Italian pope from 1566 to 1572 who led the reformation of the Roman Catholic Church; he excommunicated Elizabeth I (1504-1572)', 'Pius_VI': 'Italian pope from 1775 to 1799 who served during the French Revolution; Napoleon attacked the Papal States and in 1797 Pius VI was taken to France where he died (1717-1799)', 'Pius_VII': 'Italian pope from 1800 to 1823 who was humiliated by Napoleon and taken prisoner in 1809; he concluded a concordat with Napoleon and crowned him emperor of France; he returned to Rome in 1814 (1740-1823)', 'Pius_IX': 'Italian pope from 1846 to 1878 who in 1854 declared the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary', 'Pius_X': 'pope who condemned religious modernism; he was canonized in 1954 because of his interest in the poor (1835-1914)', 'Pius_XI': 'pope who signed a treaty with Mussolini recognizing the Vatican City as an independent state (1857-1939)', 'Pius_XII': 'pope who maintained neutrality during World War II and was later criticized for not aiding the Jews who were persecuted by Hitler (1876-1958)', 'Pizarro': 'Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)', 'Planck': 'German physicist whose explanation of blackbody radiation in the context of quantized energy emissions initiated quantum theory (1858-1947)', 'Plath': 'United States writer and poet (1932-1963)', 'Plato': 'ancient Athenian philosopher; pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle (428-347 BC)', 'Pliny': 'Roman writer and nephew of Pliny the Elder; author of books of letters that commented on affairs of the day (62-113)', 'Plotinus': 'Roman philosopher (born in Egypt) who was the leading representative of Neoplatonism (205-270)', 'Plutarch': 'Greek biographer who wrote Parallel Lives (46?-120 AD)', 'Pocahontas': \"a Powhatan woman (the daughter of Powhatan) who befriended the English at Jamestown and is said to have saved Captain John Smith's life (1595-1617)\", 'Poe': 'United States writer and poet (1809-1849)', 'Poitier': 'United States film actor and director (born in 1927)', 'Polk': '11th President of the United States; his expansionism led to the Mexican War and the annexation of California and much of the southwest (1795-1849)', 'Pollack': 'United States filmmaker (born in 1934)', 'Pollock': 'United States artist famous for painting with a drip technique; a leader of abstract expressionism in America (1912-1956)', 'Polo': 'Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324)', 'Polycarp': 'Greek bishop of Smyrna who refused to recant his Christian faith and was burned to death by pagans (circa 69-155)', 'Pompadour': 'French noblewoman who was the lover of Louis XV, whose policies she influenced (1721-1764)', 'Pompey': 'Roman general and statesman who quarrelled with Caesar and fled to Egypt where he was murdered (106-48 BC)', 'Ponce_de_Leon': 'Spanish explorer who accompanied Columbus on his second trip in 1493; in 1513 he discovered Florida while searching for the legendary Fountain of Youth (1460-1521)', 'Pons': 'United States coloratura soprano (born in France) (1904-1976)', 'Ponselle': 'United States soprano (1897-1981)', 'Pontiac': 'famous chief of the Ottawa who led an unsuccessful rebellion against the British (1715-1769)', 'Pope': 'English poet and satirist (1688-1744)', 'Popper': 'British philosopher (born in Austria) who argued that scientific theories can never be proved to be true, but are tested by attempts to falsify them (1902-1994)', 'Porter': 'United States writer of novels and short stories (1890-1980)', 'Post': 'United States aviator who in 1933 made the first solo flight around the world (1899-1935)', 'Potemkin': 'a Russian officer and politician who was a favorite of Catherine II and in 1762 helped her to seize power; when she visited the Crimea in 1787 he gave the order for sham villages to be built (1739-1791)', 'Poulenc': 'French pianist and composer (1899-1963)', 'Pound': 'United States writer who lived in Europe; strongly influenced the development of modern literature (1885-1972)', 'Poussin': 'French painter in the classical style (1594-1665)', 'Powell': 'United States general who was the first African American to serve as chief of staff; later served as Secretary of State under President George W. Bush (born 1937)', 'Powys': 'British writer of essays; one of three literary brothers (1884-1939)', 'Presley': 'United States rock singer whose many hit records and flamboyant style greatly influenced American popular music (1935-1977)', 'Priam': '(Greek mythology) the last king of Troy; father of Hector and Paris and Cassandra', 'Price': 'United States operatic soprano (born 1927)', 'Priestley': 'English chemist who isolated many gases and discovered oxygen (independently of Scheele) (1733-1804)', 'Prokhorov': 'Russian physicist whose research into ways of moving electrons around atoms led to the development of masers and lasers for producing high-intensity radiation (1916-2002)', 'Prokofiev': 'Russian composer of ballets and symphonies and operas (1891-1953)', 'Proudhon': 'French socialist who argued that property is theft (1809-1865)', 'Proust': 'French novelist (1871-1922)', 'Ptolemy_I': 'the king of Egypt who founded the Macedonian dynasty in Egypt; a close friend and general of Alexander the Great who took charge of Egypt after Alexander died (circa 367-285 BC)', 'Ptolemy_II': 'son of Ptolemy I and king of Egypt who was said to be responsible for the Septuagint (circa 309-247 BC)', 'Puccini': 'Italian operatic composer noted for the dramatic realism of his operas (1858-1924)', 'Pugin': 'English architect who played a prominent role in the 19th century revival of Gothic architecture (1812-1852)', 'Pulitzer': 'United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911)', 'Purcell': 'English organist at Westminster Abbey and composer of many theatrical pieces (1659-1695)', 'Purkinje': 'Bohemian physiologist remembered for his discovery of Purkinje cells and the Purkinje network (1787-1869)', 'Pusey': 'English theologian who (with John Henry Newman and John Keble) founded the Oxford movement (1800-1882)', 'Pushkin': 'Russian poet (1799-1837)', 'Putin': 'Russian statesman chosen as president of the Russian Federation in 2000; formerly director of the Federal Security Bureau (born in 1952)', 'Pyle': \"United States writer and illustrator of children's books (1853-1911)\", 'Pynchon': 'United States writer of pessimistic novels about life in a technologically advanced society (born in 1937)', 'Pyrrhus': 'king of Epirus; defeated the Romans in two battles in spite of staggering losses (319-272 BC)', 'Pythagoras': 'Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem; considered to be the first true mathematician (circa 580-500 BC)', 'Qaddafi': \"Libyan leader who seized power in a military coup d'etat in 1969; deposed the Libyan monarchy and imposed socialism and Islamic orthodoxy on the country (born in 1942)\", 'Qin_Shi_Huang_Ti': 'the first Qin emperor who unified China, built much of the Great Wall, standardized weights and measures, and created a common currency and legal system (died 210 BC)', 'Quincy': \"American patriot who presented the colonists' grievances to the English king (1744-1775)\", 'Quine': 'United States philosopher and logician who championed an empirical view of knowledge that depended on language (1908-2001)', 'Rabelais': 'author of satirical attacks on medieval scholasticism (1494-1553)', 'Rachel': '(Old Testament) the second wife of Jacob and mother of Joseph and Benjamin', 'Rachmaninoff': 'composer and piano virtuoso born in Russia (1873-1943)', 'Radhakrishnan': 'Indian philosopher and statesman who introduced Indian philosophy to the West (1888-1975)', 'Raffles': 'British colonial administrator who founded Singapore (1781-1826)', 'Rain-in-the-Face': \"a chief of the Sioux; he was with Sitting Bull and others at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when General Custer's troops were massacred (1835-1905)\", 'Rameau': 'French composer of operas whose writings laid the foundation for the modern theory of harmony (1683-1764)', 'Rameses': 'any of 12 kings of ancient Egypt between 1315 and 1090 BC', 'Rameses_II': 'king of Egypt between 1304 and 1237 BC who built many monuments', 'Ramon_y_Cajal': 'Spanish histologist noted for his work on the structure of the nervous system (1852-1934)', 'Rand': 'United States writer (born in Russia) noted for her polemical novels and political conservativism (1905-1982)', 'Rankin': \"leader in the women's suffrage movement in Montana; the first woman to serve in the United States House of Representatives (1880-1973)\", 'Rask': 'Danish philologist whose work on Old Norse pioneered in the field of comparative linguistics (1787-1832)', 'Rasmussen': 'Danish ethnologist and Arctic explorer; led expeditions into the Arctic to find support for his theory that Eskimos and North American Indians originally migrated from Asia (1879-1933)', 'Rasputin': 'Siberian peasant monk who was religious advisor in the court of Nicholas II; was assassinated by Russian noblemen who feared that his debauchery would weaken the monarchy (1872-1916)', 'Rattigan': 'British playwright (1911-1977)', 'Ravel': 'French composer and exponent of Impressionism (1875-1937)', 'Rayleigh': 'English physicist who studied the density of gases and discovered argon; made important contributions to acoustic theory (1842-1919)', 'Reagan': '40th President of the United States (1911-2004)', 'Reaumur': 'French physicist who invented the alcohol thermometer (1683-1757)', 'Rebecca': '(Old Testament) wife of Isaac and mother of Jacob and Esau', 'Red_Cloud': 'leader of the Oglala who resisted the development of a trail through Wyoming and Montana by the United States government (1822-1909)', 'Redford': 'United States actor and filmmaker who starred with Paul Newman in several films (born in 1936)', 'Reed': 'United States journalist who reported on the October Revolution from Petrograd in 1917; founded the Communist Labor Party in America in 1919; is buried in the Kremlin in Moscow (1887-1920)', 'Rehnquist': 'United States jurist who served as an associate justice on the United States Supreme Court from 1972 until 1986, when he was appointed chief justice (born in 1924)', 'Reichstein': 'a Swiss chemist born in Poland; studied the hormones of the adrenal cortex', 'Reid': 'Scottish philosopher of common sense who opposed the ideas of David Hume (1710-1796)', 'Reiter': \"German bacteriologist who described a disease now known as Reiter's syndrome and who identified the spirochete that causes syphilis in humans (1881-1969)\", 'Rembrandt': 'influential Dutch artist (1606-1669)', 'Renoir': 'French impressionist painter (1841-1919)', 'Respighi': 'Italian composer remembered for his symphonic poems (1879-1936)', 'Revere': 'American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)', 'Reynolds': 'English portrait painter and first president of the Royal Academy (1723-1792)', 'Ricardo': 'English economist who argued that the laws of supply and demand should operate in a free market (1772-1823)', 'Rice': 'English lyricist who frequently worked with Andrew Lloyd Webber (born in 1944)', 'Richard_I': 'son of Henry II and King of England from 1189 to 1199; a leader of the Third Crusade; on his way home from the crusade he was captured and held prisoner in the Holy Roman Empire until England ransomed him in 1194 (1157-1199)', 'Richard_II': \"King of England from 1377 to 1399; he suppressed the Peasant's Revolt in 1381 but his reign was marked by popular discontent and baronial opposition in British Parliament and he was forced to abdicate in 1399 (1367-1400)\", 'Richard_III': 'King of England from 1483 to 1485; seized the throne from his nephew Edward V who was confined to the Tower of London and murdered; his reign ended when he was defeated by Henry Tudor (later Henry VII) at the battle of Bosworth Field (1452-1485)', 'Richards': 'English literary critic who collaborated with C. K. Ogden and contributed to the development of Basic English (1893-1979)', 'Richardson': 'United States architect (1838-1886)', 'Richelieu': 'French prelate and statesman; principal minister to Louis XIII (1585-1642)', 'Richler': 'Canadian novelist (born in 1931)', 'Rickenbacker': 'the most decorated United States combat pilot in World War I (1890-1973)', 'Rickover': 'United States admiral who advocated the development of nuclear submarines (1900-1986)', 'Riemann': 'pioneer of non-Euclidean geometry (1826-1866)', 'Riesman': 'United States sociologist (1909-2002)', 'Riley': 'United States poet (1849-1916)', 'Rilke': 'German poet (born in Austria) whose imagery and mystic lyricism influenced 20th-century German literature (1875-1926)', 'Rimbaud': 'French poet whose work influenced the surrealists (1854-1891)', 'Rimsky-Korsakov': 'Russian composer of operas and orchestral works; often used themes from folk music (1844-1908)', 'Ringling': 'United States showman whose song-and-dance troop evolved into a circus (1863-1926)', 'Rittenhouse': 'United States astronomer said to have built the first telescope made in America; also the first director of the United States Mint (1732-1796)', 'Rivera': 'socialist Mexican painter of murals (1886-1957)', 'Robbins': 'United States choreographer who brought human emotion to classical ballet and spirited reality to Broadway musicals (1918-1998)', 'Robert': \"United States parliamentary authority and author (in 1876) of Robert's Rules of Order (1837-1923)\", 'Roberts': 'United States biochemist (born in England) honored for his discovery that some genes contain introns (born in 1943)', 'Robertson': 'United States basketball guard (born in 1938)', 'Robeson': 'United States bass singer and an outspoken critic of racism and proponent of socialism (1898-1976)', 'Robespierre': \"French revolutionary; leader of the Jacobins and architect of the Reign of Terror; was himself executed in a coup d'etat (1758-1794)\", 'Robinson': 'English chemist noted for his studies of molecular structures in plants (1886-1975)', 'Rochambeau': 'French general who commanded French troops in the American Revolution, notably at Yorktown (1725-1807)', 'Rock': 'United States gynecologist and devout Catholic who conducted the first clinical trials of the oral contraceptive pill (1890-1984)', 'Rockefeller': 'United States industrialist who made a fortune in the oil business and gave half of it away (1839-1937)', 'Rockingham': 'English statesman who served as prime minister and who opposed the war with the American colonies (1730-1782)', 'Rockwell': 'United States illustrator whose works present a sentimental idealized view of everyday life (1894-1978)', 'Rodgers': 'United States composer of musical comedies (especially in collaboration with Oscar Hammerstein II and with Lorenz Hart) (1902-1979)', 'Rodin': 'French sculptor noted for his renderings of the human form (1840-1917)', 'Roebling': 'United States engineer (born in Germany) who designed and began construction of the Brooklyn bridge (1806-1869)', 'Roentgen': 'German physicist who discovered x-rays and developed roentgenography (1845-1923)', 'Rogers': 'United States humorist remembered for his homespun commentary on politics and American society (1879-1935)', 'Roget': 'English physician who in retirement compiled a well-known thesaurus (1779-1869)', 'Rollo': 'Norse chieftain who became the first duke of Normandy (860-931)', 'Romberg': 'United States composer (born in Hungary) who composed operettas (1887-1951)', 'Rommel': 'German field marshal noted for brilliant generalship in North Africa during World War II (1891-1944)', 'Roosevelt': 'wife of Franklin Roosevelt and a strong advocate of human rights (1884-1962)', 'Ross': 'Scottish explorer who led Arctic expeditions that yielded geographic discoveries while searching for the Northwest Passage (1777-1856)', 'Rossetti': 'English poet and painter who was a leader of the Pre-Raphaelites (1828-1882)', 'Rossini': 'Italian composer remembered for his operas (1792-1868)', 'Rostand': 'French dramatist and poet whose play immortalized Cyrano de Bergerac (1868-1918)', 'Roth': 'United States writer whose novels portray middle-class Jewish life (born in 1933)', 'Rothko': 'United States abstract painter (born in Russia) whose paintings are characterized by horizontal bands of color with indistinct boundaries (1903-1970)', 'Rothschild': 'any of family of powerful Jewish bankers in Europe', 'Rous': 'United States pathologist who discovered viruses that cause tumors (1879-1970)', 'Rousseau': 'French primitive painter (1844-1910)', 'Rubens': 'prolific Flemish baroque painter; knighted by the English king Charles I (1577-1640)', 'Rubinstein': 'United States pianist (born in Poland) known for his interpretations of the music of Chopin (1886-1982)', 'Rundstedt': 'German field marshal in World War II who directed the conquest of Poland and led the Ardennes counteroffensive (1875-1953)', 'Runyon': 'United States writer of humorous stylized stories about Broadway and the New York underground (1884-1946)', 'Rupert': 'English leader (born in Germany) of the Royalist forces during the English Civil War (1619-1682)', 'Rush': 'physician and American Revolutionary leader; signer of the Declaration of Independence (1745-1813)', 'Rushdie': 'British writer of novels who was born in India; one of his novels is regarded as blasphemous by Muslims and a fatwa was issued condemning him to death (born in 1947)', 'Ruskin': 'British art critic (1819-1900)', 'Russell': \"United States religious leader who founded the sect that is now called Jehovah's Witnesses (1852-1916)\", 'Rutherford': 'British chemist who isolated nitrogen (1749-1819)', 'Rutledge': 'United States jurist and second chief justice of the United States Supreme Court; he was appointed by George Washington and briefly served as chief justice but was ultimately rejected by the United States Senate (1739-1800)', 'Saarinen': 'Finnish architect and city planner who moved to the United States in 1923; father of Eero Saarinen (1873-1950)', 'Sabin': 'United States microbiologist (born in Poland) who developed the Sabin vaccine that is taken orally against poliomyelitis (born 1906)', 'Sacagawea': 'the Shoshone guide and interpreter who guided the Lewis and Clark expedition part of the way', 'Sacco': 'United States anarchist (born in Italy) who with Bartolomeo Vanzetti was convicted of murder and in spite of world-wide protest was executed (1891-1927)', 'Sadat': 'Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981)', 'Sade': \"French soldier and writer whose descriptions of sexual perversion gave rise to the term `sadism' (1740-1814)\", 'Saint-Saens': 'French pianist and composer (1835-1921)', 'Sakharov': 'Soviet physicist and dissident; helped develop the first Russian hydrogen bomb; advocated nuclear disarmament and campaigned for human rights (1921-1989)', 'Saladin': 'sultan of Syria and Egypt; reconquered Jerusalem from the Christians in 1187 but was defeated by Richard Coeur de Lion in 1191 (1137-1193)', 'Salinger': 'United States writer (born 1919)', 'Salk': 'United States virologist who developed the Salk vaccine that is injected against poliomyelitis (born 1914)', 'Salome': 'woman whose dancing beguiled Herod into giving her the head of John the Baptist', 'Salomon': 'American financier and American Revolutionary War patriot who helped fund the army during the American Revolution (1740?-1785)', 'Samson': '(Old Testament) a judge of Israel who performed herculean feats of strength against the Philistines until he was betrayed to them by his mistress Delilah', 'Samuel': '(Old Testament) Hebrew prophet and judge who anointed Saul as king', 'Sand': \"French writer known for works concerning women's rights and independence (1804-1876)\", 'Sandburg': 'United States writer remembered for his poetry in free verse and his six volume biography of Abraham Lincoln (1878-1967)', 'Sanger': 'English biochemist who determined the sequence of amino acids in insulin and who invented a technique to determine the genetic sequence of an organism (born in 1918)', 'Santa_Anna': 'Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)', 'Sapir': 'anthropologist and linguist; studied languages of North American Indians (1884-1939)', 'Sappho': 'the Greek lyric poet of Lesbos; much admired although only fragments of her poetry have been preserved (6th century BC)', 'Sarah': '(Old Testament) the wife of Abraham and mother of Isaac', 'Sarazen': 'United States golfer who was first to win all four major golf tournaments (1902-1999)', 'Sargent': 'United States painter (born in Italy) known for his society portraits (1856-1925)', 'Sarnoff': 'United States businessman who pioneered in radio and television broadcasting (1891-1971)', 'Saroyan': 'United States writer of plays and short stories (1908-1981)', 'Sartre': 'French writer and existentialist philosopher (1905-1980)', 'Satie': 'French composer noted for his experimentalism and rejection of Romanticism (1866-1925)', 'Saul': '(Old Testament) the first king of the Israelites who defended Israel against many enemies (especially the Philistines)', 'Savonarola': 'Italian religious and political reformer; a Dominican friar in Florence who preached against sin and corruption and gained a large following; he expelled the Medici from Florence but was later excommunicated and executed for criticizing the Pope (1452-1498)', 'Sax': 'a Belgian maker of musical instruments who invented the saxophone (1814-1894)', 'Saxe': 'a French marshal who distinguished himself in the War of the Austrian Succession (1696-1750)', 'Saxo_Grammaticus': 'Danish historian who chronicled the history of Denmark (including the legend of Hamlet) (1150?-1220?)', 'Sayers': 'English writer of detective fiction (1893-1957)', 'Scheele': 'Swedish chemist (born in Germany) who discovered oxygen before Priestley did (1742-1786)', 'Schiaparelli': 'Italian astronomer who first noted lines (which he called canals) on the surface of Mars (1835-1910)', 'Schiller': 'German romantic writer (1759-1805)', 'Schleiden': 'German physiologist and histologist who in 1838 formulated the cell theory (1804-1881)', 'Schlesinger': 'United States historian and advisor to President Kennedy (born in 1917)', 'Schliemann': 'German archaeologist who discovered nine superimposed city sites of Troy; he also excavated Mycenae (1822-1890)', 'Schmidt': 'German statesman who served as chancellor of Germany (born in 1918)', 'Schnabel': 'United States composer (born in Austria) and pianist noted for his interpretations of the works of Mozart and Beethoven and Schubert (1882-1951)', 'Schonbein': 'German chemist who discovered ozone and developed guncotton as a propellant in firearms (1799-1868)', 'Schonberg': 'United States composer and musical theorist (born in Austria) who developed atonal composition (1874-1951)', 'Schoolcraft': 'United States geologist and ethnologist and explorer who discovered the source of the Mississippi River (1793-1864)', 'Schopenhauer': 'German pessimist philosopher (1788-1860)', 'Schrodinger': 'Austrian physicist who discovered the wave equation (1887-1961)', 'Schubert': 'Austrian composer known for his compositions for voice and piano (1797-1828)', 'Schulz': 'United States cartoonist whose comic strip included the beagle Snoopy (1922-2000)', 'Schumann': 'German pianist and composer of piano music; renowned for her interpretation of music, especially the music of her husband Robert Schumann (1819-1896)', 'Schumann-Heink': 'United States operatic contralto (1861-1936)', 'Schumpeter': 'United States economist (born in Czechoslovakia) (1883-1950)', 'Schwann': 'German physiologist and histologist who in 1838 and 1839 identified the cell as the basic structure of plant and animal tissue (1810-1882)', 'Schweitzer': 'French philosopher and physician and organist who spent most of his life as a medical missionary in Gabon (1875-1965)', 'Scipio': 'Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC)', 'Scopes': 'Tennessee highschool teacher who violated a state law by teaching evolution; in a highly publicized trial in 1925 he was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow (1900-1970)', 'Scorsese': 'United States filmmaker (born in 1942)', 'Scott': 'award-winning United States film actor (1928-1999)', 'Scriabin': 'Russian composer of orchestral and piano music (1872-1915)', 'Scribe': 'French playwright (1791-1861)', 'Scripps': 'United States newspaper publisher who founded an important press association; half-brother of James Edmund Scripps (1854-1926)', 'Seaborg': 'United States chemist who was one of the discoverers of plutonium (1912-1999)', 'Seaman': 'muckraking United States journalist who exposed bad conditions in mental institutions (1867-1922)', 'Seeger': 'United States folk singer who was largely responsible for the interest in folk music in the 1960s (born in 1919)', 'Segal': 'United States sculptor (born in 1924)', 'Segovia': 'Spanish guitarist who made classical guitar a concert instrument (1893-1987)', 'Seles': 'United States tennis player (born in Yugoslavia in 1973)', 'Seleucus': 'Macedonian general who accompanied Alexander the Great into Asia; founded a line of kings who reigned in Asia Minor until 65 BC (358-281 BC)', 'Selkirk': \"Scottish sailor who was put ashore on a deserted island off the coast of Chile for five years (providing the basis for Daniel Defoe's novel about Robinson Crusoe) (1676-1721)\", 'Sellers': 'English comic actor (1925-1980)', 'Selznick': 'United States filmmaker noted for his film adaptations of popular novels (1902-1965)', 'Senefelder': 'German printer who invented lithography (1771-1834)', 'Sennacherib': 'king of Assyria who invaded Judea twice and defeated Babylon and rebuilt Nineveh after it had been destroyed by Babylonians (died in 681 BC)', 'Sennett': 'United States filmmaker (born in Canada) noted for slapstick movies (1880-1960)', 'Sequoya': 'Cherokee who created a notation for writing the Cherokee language (1770-1843)', 'Serkin': 'United States concert pianist (born in Czechoslovakia) (1903-1991)', 'Serra': 'Spanish missionary who founded Franciscan missions in California (1713-1784)', 'Service': 'Canadian writer (born in England) who wrote about life in the Yukon Territory (1874-1958)', 'Sessions': 'United States composer who promoted 20th century music (1896-1985)', 'Seton': 'United States religious leader who was the first person born in the United States to be canonized (1774-1821)', 'Seurat': 'French painter who developed pointillism (1859-1891)', 'Seward': \"United States politician who as Secretary of State in 1867 arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia (known at the time as Seward's Folly) (1801-1872)\", 'Sexton': 'United States poet (1928-1974)', 'Seymour': 'Queen of England as the third wife of Henry VIII and mother of Edward VI (1509-1537)', 'Shah_Jahan': 'Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666)', 'Shahn': 'United States artist whose work reflected social and political themes (1898-1969)', 'Shakespeare': 'English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)', 'Shankar': 'Indian sitar player who popularized classical Indian music in the West (born in 1920)', 'Shannon': 'United States electrical engineer who pioneered mathematical communication theory (1916-2001)', 'Shapley': 'United States astronomer (1885-1972)', 'Shaw': 'United States clarinetist and leader of a swing band (1910-2004)', 'Shawn': 'United States dancer and choreographer who collaborated with Ruth Saint Denis (1891-1972)', 'Shearer': 'Scottish ballet dancer and actress (born in 1926)', 'Shelley': \"English writer who created Frankenstein's monster and married Percy Bysshe Shelley (1797-1851)\", 'Shepard': 'United States author of surrealistic allegorical plays (born in 1943)', 'Sheridan': 'Irish playwright remembered for his satirical comedies of manners (1751-1816)', 'Sherrington': 'English physiologist who conducted research on reflex action (1857-1952)', 'Sherwood': 'United States playwright (1896-1955)', 'Shevchenko': 'Ukranian poet (1814-1861)', 'Shirer': 'United States broadcast journalist who was in Berlin at the outbreak of World War II (1904-1993)', 'Shockley': 'United States physicist (born in England) who contributed to the development of the electronic transistor (1910-1989)', 'Shostakovich': 'Russian composer best known for his fifteen symphonies (1906-1975)', 'Shute': 'English writer who settled in Norway after World War II (1899-1960)', 'Sibelius': 'Finnish composer (1865-1957)', 'Siddons': 'English actress noted for her performances in Shakespearean roles (1755-1831)', 'Sidney': 'English poet (1554-1586)', 'Siemens': 'engineer who was a brother of Ernst Werner von Siemens and who moved to England (1823-1883)', 'Sikorsky': 'United States industrialist (born in Russia) who designed the first four-engine airplane and the first mass-produced helicopter (1889-1972)', 'Sills': 'United States operatic soprano (born in 1929)', 'Silverstein': 'United States poet and cartoonist remembered for his stories and poems for children (1932-1999)', 'Simenon': 'French writer (born in Belgium) best known for his detective novels featuring Inspector Maigret (1903-1989)', 'Simon': 'one of the twelve Apostles (first century)', 'Simpson': 'United States divorcee whose marriage to Edward VIII created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication', 'Sinatra': 'United States singer and film actor (1915-1998)', 'Sinclair': 'United States writer whose novels argued for social reform (1878-1968)', 'Singer': 'United States inventor of an improved chain-stitch sewing machine (1811-1875)', 'Siqueiros': 'Mexican painter of murals depicting protest and revolution (1896-1974)', 'Siraj-ud-daula': 'Indian general and nawab of Bengal who opposed the colonization of India by England; he captured Calcutta in 1756 and many of his prisoners suffocated in a crowded room that became known as the Black Hole of Calcutta; he was defeated at the battle of Plassey by a group of Indian nobles in alliance with Robert Clive (1728-1757)', 'Sitter': 'Dutch astronomer who calculated the size of the universe and suggested that it is expanding (1872-1934)', 'Sitting_Bull': \"a chief of the Sioux; took up arms against settlers in the northern Great Plains and against United States Army troops; he was present at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when the Sioux massacred General Custer's troops (1831-1890)\", 'Sitwell': 'English poet (1887-1964)', 'Sixtus_IV': 'Italian pope from 1471 to 1484 who consented to the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition and built the Sistine Chapel (1414-1484)', 'Skeat': 'English philologist (1835-1912)', 'Skinner': 'United States actor (1858-1942)', 'Smalley': 'American chemist who with Robert Curl and Harold Kroto discovered fullerenes and opened a new branch of chemistry (born in 1943)', 'Smetana': 'Czech composer (1824-1884)', 'Smith': 'Rhodesian statesman who declared independence of Zimbabwe from Great Britain (born in 1919)', 'Smollett': 'Scottish writer of adventure novels (1721-1771)', 'Smuts': 'South African statesman and soldier (1870-1950)', 'Snead': 'United States golfer known for the graceful arc of his swing (1912-2002)', 'Snellen': 'Dutch ophthalmologist who introduced the Snellen chart to study visual acuity (1834-1908)', 'Snow': 'English writer of novels about moral dilemmas in academe (1905-1980)', 'Socinus': 'Italian theologian who argued against Trinitarianism (1539-1604)', 'Socrates': 'ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC)', 'Soddy': 'English chemist whose work on radioactive disintegration led to the discovery of isotopes (1877-1956)', 'Solomon': '(Old Testament) son of David and king of Israel noted for his wisdom (10th century BC)', 'Solvay': 'Belgian chemist who developed the Solvay process and built factories exploiting it (1838-1922)', 'Solzhenitsyn': 'Soviet writer and political dissident whose novels exposed the brutality of Soviet labor camps (born in 1918)', 'Sondheim': 'United States composer of musicals (born in 1930)', 'Sontag': 'United States writer (born in 1933)', 'Sophocles': 'one of the great tragedians of ancient Greece (496-406 BC)', 'Sorensen': 'Danish chemist who devised the pH scale (1868-1939)', 'Soufflot': 'French architect (1713-1780)', 'Sousa': 'a United States bandmaster and composer of military marches (1854-1932)', 'Southey': 'English poet and friend of Wordsworth and Coleridge (1774-1843)', 'Soutine': 'French expressionist painter (born in Lithuania) (1893-1943)', 'Spallanzani': 'Italian physiologist who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation (1729-1799)', 'Spark': 'Scottish writer of satirical novels (born in 1918)', 'Spassky': 'Russian chess master who moved to Paris; world champion from 1969 to 1972 (born in 1937)', 'Speer': 'German Nazi architect who worked for Hitler (1905-1981)', 'Speke': 'English explorer who with Sir Richard Burton was the first European to explore Lake Tanganyika; he also discovered Lake Victoria and named it (1827-1864)', 'Spencer': 'English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)', 'Spender': 'English poet and critic (1909-1995)', 'Spengler': 'German philosopher who argued that cultures grow and decay in cycles (1880-1936)', 'Spenser': 'English poet who wrote an allegorical romance celebrating Elizabeth I in the Spenserian stanza (1552-1599)', 'Sperry': 'United States engineer and inventor of the gyrocompass (1860-1930)', 'Spielberg': 'United States filmmaker (born in 1947)', 'Spillane': 'United States writer of popular detective novels (born in 1918)', 'Spinoza': 'Dutch philosopher who espoused a pantheistic system (1632-1677)', 'Spock': 'United States pediatrician whose many books on child care influenced the upbringing of children around the world (1903-1998)', 'Stael': 'French romantic writer (1766-1817)', 'Stalin': 'Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)', 'Standish': 'English colonist in America; leader of the Pilgrims in the early days of the Plymouth Colony (1584-1656)', 'Stanford': 'United States railroad executive and founder of Stanford University (1824-1893)', 'Stanislavsky': 'Russian actor and theater director who trained his actors to emphasize the psychological motivation of their roles (1863-1938)', 'Stanley': 'United States inventor who built a steam-powered automobile (1849-1918)', 'Stanton': 'United States suffragist and feminist; called for reform of the practices that perpetuated sexual inequality (1815-1902)', 'Starr': 'rock star and drummer for the Beatles (born in 1940)', 'St._Denis': 'United States dancer and choreographer who collaborated with Ted Shawn (1877-1968)', 'Steele': 'English writer (1672-1729)', 'Steen': 'Dutch genre painter (1626-1679)', 'Steffens': 'United States journalist whose exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936)', 'Steichen': 'United States photographer who pioneered artistic photography (1879-1973)', 'Stein': 'experimental expatriate United States writer (1874-1946)', 'Steinbeck': 'United States writer noted for his novels about agricultural workers (1902-1968)', 'Steinberg': 'United States cartoonist (born in Romania) noted for his caricatures of famous people (1914-1999)', 'Steinem': 'United States feminist (born in 1934)', 'Steiner': 'Austrian philosopher who founded anthroposophy (1861-1925)', 'Steinman': 'United States civil engineer noted for designing suspension bridges (including the George Washington Bridge) (1886-1960)', 'Steinmetz': 'United States electrical engineer and inventor (born in Germany) (1865-1923)', 'Steinway': 'United States piano maker (born in Germany) who founded a famous piano manufacturing firm in New York (1797-1871)', 'Stella': 'United States minimalist painter (born in 1936)', 'Steller': 'German naturalist (1709-1746)', 'Stendhal': 'French writer whose novels were the first to feature psychological analysis of the character (1783-1842)', 'Stengel': 'United States baseball manager (1890-1975)', 'Stephen': 'English writer (1832-1904)', 'Stephenson': 'English railway pioneer who built the first passenger railway in 1825 (1781-1848)', 'Stern': 'United States concert violinist (born in Russia in 1920)', 'Sterne': 'English writer (born in Ireland) (1713-1766)', 'Steuben': 'American Revolutionary leader (born in Prussia) who trained the troops under George Washington (1730-1794)', 'Stevens': \"United States psychologist and psychophysicist who proposed Stevens' power law to replace Fechner's law (1906-1973)\", 'Stevenson': 'Scottish author (1850-1894)', 'Stewart': 'United States film actor who portrayed incorruptible but modest heros (1908-1997)', 'Stieglitz': 'United States photographer (1864-1946)', 'Stilwell': 'United States general who commanded the Allied forces in China and Burma and India during World War II (1883-1946)', 'Stockton': 'United States writer (1834-1902)', 'Stoker': 'Irish writer of the horror novel about Dracula (1847-1912)', 'Stokowski': 'United States conductor (born in Britain) (1882-1977)', 'Stone': 'United States jurist who was named chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1941 by Franklin D. Roosevelt (1872-1946)', 'Stopes': 'birth-control campaigner who in 1921 opened the first birth control clinic in London (1880-1958)', 'Stoppard': 'British dramatist (born in Czechoslovakia in 1937)', 'Stowe': \"United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896)\", 'Strachey': 'English biographer and leading member of the Bloomsbury Group (1880-1932)', 'Stradivari': 'Italian violin maker who developed the modern violin and created violins of unequaled tonal quality (1644?-1737)', 'Strasberg': 'United States actor and film director (born in Austria) who was a leader in developing method acting in the United States (1901-1982)', 'Strauss': 'German composer of many operas; collaborated with librettist Hugo von Hoffmannsthal to produce several operas (1864-1949)', 'Streep': 'United States film actress (born in 1949)', 'Streisand': 'United States singer and actress (born in 1942)', 'Strickland': 'United States architect and student of Latrobe (1787-1854)', 'Strindberg': 'Swedish dramatist and novelist (1849-1912)', 'Stroheim': 'United States film actor (born in Austria) (1885-1957)', 'Stubbs': 'English historian noted for his constitutional history of medieval England (1825-1901)', 'Stuyvesant': 'the last Dutch colonial administrator of New Netherland; in 1664 he was forced to surrender the colony to England (1592-1672)', 'Styron': 'United States writer best known for his novels (born in 1925)', 'Suckling': 'English poet and courtier (1609-1642)', 'Sue': 'French writer whose novels described the sordid side of city life (1804-1857)', 'Suharto': 'Indonesian statesman who seized power from Sukarno in 1967 (born in 1921)', 'Sukarno': \"Indonesian statesman who obtained the independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands in 1949 and served as president until ousted by Suharto in a coup d'etat (1901-1970)\", 'Sulla': 'Roman general and dictator (138-78 BC)', 'Sullivan': \"United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase `form follows function' (1856-1924)\", 'Sully': 'United States painter (born in England) of portraits and historical scenes (1783-1872)', 'Sumner': 'United States sociologist (1840-1910)', 'Sunday': 'first day of the week; observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians', 'Sun_Yat-sen': 'Chinese statesman who organized the Kuomintang and led the revolution that overthrew the Manchu dynasty in 1911 and 1912 (1866-1925)', 'Sutherland': 'Australian operatic soprano (born in 1926)', 'Sverdrup': 'Norwegian explorer who led expeditions into the Arctic (1855-1930)', 'Swammerdam': 'Dutch naturalist and microscopist who proposed a classification of insects and who was among the first to recognize cells in animals and was the first to see red blood cells (1637-1680)', 'Swanson': 'United States actress in many silent films (1899-1983)', 'Swedenborg': 'Swedish theologian (1688-1772)', 'Sweet': 'English phonetician; one of the founders of modern phonetics (1845-1912)', 'Swift': 'United States meat-packer who began the use of refrigerated railroad cars (1839-1903)', 'Swinburne': 'English poet (1837-1909)', 'Sydenham': 'English physician (1624-1689)', 'Sylvester_II': 'French pope from 999 to 1003 who was noted for his great learning (945-1003)', 'Symonds': 'English writer (1840-1893)', 'Symons': 'English poet (1865-1945)', 'Synge': 'Irish poet and playwright whose plays are based on rural Irish life (1871-1909)', 'Szell': 'United States conductor (born in Hungary) (1897-1970)', 'Szent-Gyorgyi': 'United States biochemist (born in Hungary) who was the first to isolate vitamin C (1893-1986)', 'Szilard': 'United States physicist and molecular biologist who helped develop the first atom bomb and later opposed the use of all nuclear weapons (1898-1964)', 'Tacitus': 'Roman historian who wrote major works on the history of the Roman Empire (56-120)', 'Taft': 'United States sculptor (1860-1936)', 'Tagore': 'Indian writer and philosopher whose poetry (based on traditional Hindu themes) pioneered the use of colloquial Bengali (1861-1941)', 'Talbot': 'English inventor and pioneer in photography who published the first book illustrated with photographs (1800-1877)', 'Tallchief': 'United States ballerina who promoted American ballet through tours and television appearances (born in 1925)', 'Talleyrand': 'French statesman (1754-1838)', 'Tallis': 'English organist and composer of church and secular music; was granted a monopoly in music printing with William Byrd (1505-1585)', 'Tamerlane': 'Mongolian ruler of Samarkand who led his nomadic hordes to conquer an area from Turkey to Mongolia (1336-1405)', 'Tamm': 'Russian physicist (1895-1971)', 'Tancred': 'Norman leader in the First Crusade who played an important role in the capture of Jerusalem (1078-1112)', 'Tandy': 'United States actress (born in England) who made many stage appearances, often with her husband Hume Cronyn (1909-1994)', 'Taney': 'United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court; remembered for his ruling that slaves and their descendants have no rights as citizens (1777-1864)', 'Tange': 'Japanese architect (born in 1913)', 'Tanguy': 'United States surrealist painter (born in France) (1900-1955)', 'Tappan': 'United States abolitionist (1786-1865)', 'Tarantino': 'United States filmmaker (born in 1963)', 'Tarbell': 'United States writer remembered for her muckraking investigations into industries in the early 20th century (1857-1944)', 'Tarkovsky': 'Russian filmmaker (1932-1986)', 'Tarquin': 'according to legend, the seventh and last Etruscan king of Rome who was expelled for his cruelty (reigned from 534 to 510 BC)', 'Tasman': 'Dutch navigator who was the first European to discover Tasmania and New Zealand (1603-1659)', 'Tasso': 'Italian poet who wrote an epic poem about the capture of Jerusalem during the First Crusade (1544-1595)', 'Tate': 'United States poet and critic (1899-1979)', 'Tati': 'French filmmaker (1908-1982)', 'Tatum': 'United States biochemist who discovered how genes act by regulating definite chemical events (1909-1975)', 'Tawney': 'English economist remembered for his studies of the development of capitalism (1880-1962)', 'Taylor': 'United States composer and music critic (1885-1966)', 'Tchaikovsky': 'important Russian composer whose works are noted for their expressive melodies (1840-1893)', 'Teach': 'an English pirate who operated in the Caribbean and off the Atlantic coast of North America (died in 1718)', 'Teasdale': 'United States poet (1884-1933)', 'Tebaldi': 'Italian operatic soprano (born in 1922)', 'Tecumseh': 'a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)', 'Teilhard_de_Chardin': 'French paleontologist and philosopher (1881-1955)', 'Te_Kanawa': 'New Zealand operatic soprano (born in 1944)', 'Telemann': 'German baroque composer (1681-1767)', 'Teller': 'United States physicist (born in Hungary) who worked on the first atom bomb and the first hydrogen bomb (1908-2003)', 'Tenniel': 'English cartoonist (1820-1914)', 'Tennyson': 'Englishman and Victorian poet (1809-1892)', 'Tenzing_Norgay': 'Sherpa mountaineer guide who with Sir Edmund Hillary was one of the first to attain the summit of Mount Everest (1914-1986)', 'Terence': 'dramatist of ancient Rome (born in Greece) whose comedies were based on works by Menander (190?-159 BC)', 'Teresa': 'Indian nun and missionary in the Roman Catholic Church (born of Albanian parents in what is now Macedonia); dedicated to helping the poor in India (1910-1997)', 'Teresa_of_Avila': 'Spanish mystic and religious reformer; author of religious classics and a Christian saint (1515-1582)', 'Tereshkova': 'Soviet cosmonaut who was the first woman in space (born in 1937)', 'Terry': 'English actress (1847-1928)', 'Tertullian': 'Carthaginian theologian whose writing influenced early Christian theology (160-230)', 'Tesla': 'United States electrical engineer and inventor (born in Croatia but of Serbian descent) who discovered the principles of alternating currents and developed the first alternating-current induction motor and the Tesla coil and several forms of oscillators (1856-1943)', 'Thackeray': 'English writer (born in India) (1811-1863)', 'Thales': 'a presocratic Greek philosopher and astronomer (who predicted an eclipse in 585 BC) who was said by Aristotle to be the founder of physical science; he held that all things originated in water (624-546 BC)', 'Tharp': 'innovative United States dancer and choreographer (born in 1941)', 'Thatcher': 'British stateswoman; first woman to serve as Prime Minister (born in 1925)', 'Themistocles': 'Athenian statesman who persuaded Athens to build a navy and then led it to victory over the Persians (527-460 BC)', 'Theodosius': 'the last emperor of a united Roman Empire, he took control of the eastern empire and ended the war with the Visigoths; he became a Christian and in 391 banned all forms of pagan worship (346-395)', 'Theophrastus': 'Greek philosopher who was a student of Aristotle and who succeeded Aristotle as the leader of the Peripatetics (371-287 BC)', 'Thespis': 'Greek poet who is said to have originated Greek tragedy (sixth century BC)', 'Thomas': 'United States clockmaker who introduced mass production (1785-1859)', 'Thompson': 'United States classical archaeologist (born in Canada) noted for leading the excavation of the Athenian agora (1906-2000)', 'Thomson': 'United States composer who collaborated with Gertrude Stein (1896-1989)', 'Thoreau': 'United States writer and social critic (1817-1862)', 'Thorndike': 'English actress (1882-1976)', 'Thornton': 'American architect (1759-1828)', 'Thorpe': 'outstanding United States athlete (1888-1953)', 'Thucydides': 'ancient Greek historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War (460-395 BC)', 'Thurber': 'United States humorist and cartoonist who published collections of essays and stories (1894-1961)', 'Tiberius': 'son-in-law of Augustus who became a suspicious tyrannical Emperor of Rome after a brilliant military career (42 BC to AD 37)', 'Tiepolo': 'Italian painter (1696-1770)', 'Tiffany': 'United States artist who developed Tiffany glass (1848-1933)', 'Tilden': \"United States tennis player who dominated men's tennis in the 1920s (1893-1953)\", 'Tillich': 'United States theologian (born in Germany) (1886-1965)', 'Timothy': 'a disciple of Saint Paul who became the leader of the Christian community at Ephesus', 'Tinbergen': 'Dutch zoologist who showed that much animal behavior is innate and stereotyped (1907-1988)', 'Tintoretto': 'Italian painter of the Venetian school (1518-1594)', 'Tirso_de_Molina': 'Spanish dramatist who wrote the first dramatic treatment of the legend of Don Juan (1571-1648)', 'Titian': 'old master of the Venetian school (1490-1576)', 'Tito': 'Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war (1892-1980)', 'Titus': 'a Greek disciple and helper of Saint Paul', 'Tobey': 'United States abstract painter influenced by oriental calligraphy (1890-1976)', 'Tobin': 'United States economist (1918-2002)', 'Tocqueville': 'French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions (1805-1859)', 'Tojo': 'Japanese army officer who initiated the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and who assumed dictatorial control of Japan during World War II; he was subsequently tried and executed as a war criminal (1884-1948)', 'Toklas': 'United States writer remembered as the secretary and companion of Gertrude Stein (1877-1967)', 'Tolkien': 'British philologist and writer of fantasies (born in South Africa) (1892-1973)', 'Tolstoy': 'Russian author remembered for two great novels (1828-1910)', 'Tombaugh': 'United States astronomer who discovered the planet Pluto (1906-1997)', 'Tonegawa_Susumu': 'Japanese molecular biologist noted for his studies of how the immune system produces antibodies (born in 1939)', 'Torquemada': 'the Spaniard who as Grand Inquisitor was responsible for the death of thousands of Jews and suspected witches during the Spanish Inquisition (1420-1498)', 'Torricelli': 'Italian physicist who invented the mercury barometer (1608-1647)', 'Toscanini': 'Italian conductor of many orchestras worldwide (1867-1957)', 'Toulouse-Lautrec': 'French painter who portrayed life in the cafes and music halls of Montmartre (1864-1901)', 'Tourette': 'French neurologist (1857-1904)', 'Town': 'United States architect who was noted for his design and construction of truss bridges (1784-1844)', 'Townes': 'United States physicist who developed the laser and maser principles for producing high-intensity radiation (1915-)', 'Townsend': 'United States social reformer who proposed an old-age pension sponsored by the federal government; his plan was a precursor to Social Security (1867-1960)', 'Toynbee': 'English historian who studied the rise and fall of civilizations looking for cyclical patterns (1889-1975)', 'Tracy': 'United States film actor who appeared in many films with Katharine Hepburn (1900-1967)', 'Tradescant': 'English botanist who was one of the first to collect specimens of plants (1570-1638)', 'Trajan': 'Roman Emperor and adoptive son of Nerva; extended the Roman Empire to the east and conducted an extensive program of building (53-117)', 'Traubel': 'United States operatic soprano (1903-1972)', 'Tree': 'English actor and theatrical producer noted for his lavish productions of Shakespeare (1853-1917)', 'Trevelyan': 'English historian and son of Sir George Otto Trevelyan whose works include a social history of England and a biography of Garibaldi (1876-1962)', 'Trevino': 'United States golfer (born in 1939)', 'Trevithick': 'English engineer who built the first railway locomotive (1771-1833)', 'Trilling': 'United States literary critic (1905-1975)', 'Trollope': 'English writer of novels (1815-1882)', 'Trotsky': 'Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army; he was ousted from the Communist Party by Stalin and eventually assassinated in Mexico (1879-1940)', 'Truffaut': 'French filmmaker (1932-1984)', 'Truman': \"elected vice president in Roosevelt's 4th term; became 33rd President of the United States on Roosevelt's death in 1945 and was elected President in 1948; authorized the use of atomic bombs against Japan (1884-1972)\", 'Trumbo': 'United States screenwriter who was blacklisted and imprisoned for refusing to cooperate with congressional investigations of communism in America (1905-1976)', 'Trumbull': 'American Revolutionary leader who as governor of Connecticut provided supplies for the Continental Army (1710-1785)', 'Truth': 'United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)', 'Tubman': 'United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)', 'Tuchman': 'United States historian (1912-1989)', 'Tucker': 'United States anarchist influential before World War I (1854-1939)', 'Tunney': 'United States prizefighter who won the world heavyweight championship by defeating Jack Dempsey twice (1898-1978)', 'Turgenev': 'Russian writer of stories and novels and plays (1818-1883)', 'Turgot': 'French economist who in 1774 was put in control of finances by Louis XVI; his proposals for reforms that involved abolishing feudal privileges made him unpopular with the aristocracy and in 1776 he was dismissed (1727-1781)', 'Turing': 'English mathematician who conceived of the Turing machine and broke German codes during World War II (1912-1954)', 'Turner': 'United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia; he was captured and executed (1800-1831)', 'Turpin': 'English highwayman (1706-1739)', 'Tussaud': 'French modeler (resident in England after 1802) who made wax death masks of prominent victims of the French Revolution and toured Britain with her wax models; in 1835 she opened a permanent waxworks exhibition in London (1761-1850)', 'Tutankhamen': 'Pharaoh of Egypt around 1358 BC; his tomb was discovered almost intact by Howard Carter in 1922', 'Tutu': 'South African prelate and leader of the antiapartheid struggle (born in 1931)', 'Tyndale': 'English translator and Protestant martyr; his translation of the Bible into English (which later formed the basis for the King James Version) aroused ecclesiastical opposition; he left England in 1524 and was burned at the stake in Antwerp as a heretic (1494-1536)', 'Tyndall': 'British physicist (born in Ireland) remembered for his experiments on the transparency of gases and the absorption of radiant heat by gases and the transmission of sound through the atmosphere; he was the first person to explain why the daylight sky is blue (1820-1893)', 'Tyson': 'United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion (born in 1966)', 'Tzara': 'French poet (born in Romania) who was one of the cofounders of the dada movement (1896-1963)', 'Uhland': 'German romantic poet (1787-1862)', 'Ulanova': 'Russian ballet dancer (1910-1998)', 'Ulfilas': 'a Christian believed to be of Cappadocian descent who became bishop of the Visigoths in 341 and translated the Bible from Greek into Gothic; traditionally held to have invented the Gothic alphabet (311-382)', 'ultramontane': 'a Roman Catholic who advocates ultramontanism (supreme papal authority in matters of faith and discipline)', 'Undset': 'Norwegian novelist (1882-1949)', 'Untermeyer': 'United States writer (1885-1977)', 'Updike': 'United States author (born 1932)', 'Upjohn': 'United States architect (born in England) (1802-1878)', 'Urban_II': 'French pope from 1088 to 1099 whose sermons called for the First Crusade (1042-1099)', 'Urban_V': 'French pope from 1362 to 1370 who tried to reestablish the papacy in Rome but in 1367 returned to Avignon hoping to end the war between France and England; canonized in 1870 (1310-1370)', 'Urban_VI': 'Italian pope from 1378 to 1389 whose contested election began the Great Schism; he alienated his political allies by his ruthless treatment of his opponents (1318-1389)', 'Urban_VIII': 'Italian pope from 1623 to 1644 who sanctioned the condemnation of Galileo but later freed him (1568-1644)', 'Urey': 'United States chemist who discovered deuterium (1893-1981)', 'Uriah': '(Old Testament) the husband of Bathsheba and a soldier who was sent to die in battle so that king David could marry his wife (circa 10th century BC)', 'Ussher': 'Irish prelate who deduced from the Bible that Creation occurred in the year 4004 BC (1581-1656)', 'Ustinov': 'British actor and playwright (1921-2004)', 'Utrillo': 'French painter noted for his paintings of Parisian street scenes (1883-1955)', 'Van_Allen': \"United States physicist who discovered two belts of charged particles from the solar wind trapped by the Earth's magnetic field (born in 1914)\", 'Vanbrugh': 'English architect (1664-1726)', 'Van_Buren': '8th President of the United States (1782-1862)', 'Van_de_Graaff': 'United States physicist (1901-1967)', 'Vanderbilt': 'United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877)', 'van_der_Waals': 'Dutch physicist (1837-1923)', 'van_de_Velde': 'Belgian architect (1863-1957)', 'Van_Doren': 'United States writer and literary critic (1885-1950)', 'Vandyke': 'Flemish painter of numerous portraits (1599-1641)', 'van_Gogh': 'Dutch Post-impressionist painter noted for his use of color (1853-1890)', 'Van_Vleck': 'United States physicist (1899-1980)', 'Vanzetti': 'United States anarchist (born in Italy) who with Nicola Sacco was convicted of murder and in spite of world-wide protest was executed (1888-1927)', 'Varese': 'United States composer (born in France) whose music combines dissonance with complex rhythms and the use of electronic techniques (1883-1965)', 'Vargas': 'Brazilian statesman who ruled Brazil as a virtual dictator (1883-1954)', 'Vargas_Llosa': 'Peruvian writer (born in 1936)', 'Varro': 'Roman scholar (116-27 BC)', 'Vasarely': 'French painter (born in Hungary) who was a pioneer of op art (1908-1997)', 'Vasari': 'Italian painter and art historian (1511-1574)', 'Vaughan': 'United States jazz singer noted for her complex bebop phrasing and scat singing (1924-1990)', 'Vaughan_Williams': 'English composer influenced by folk tunes and music of the Tudor period (1872-1958)', 'Vaux': 'United States landscape architect (born in England) who designed Central Park (1824-1895)', 'Veblen': 'United States economist who wrote about conspicuous consumption (1857-1929)', 'Velazquez': 'Spanish painter (1599-1660)', 'Venn': 'English logician who introduced Venn diagrams (1834-1923)', 'Ventner': 'United States geneticist who published the complete base sequences for all the genes of a free-living organism, the influenza bacterium; later led team that developed a first draft of the entire human genome (born in 1946)', 'Venturi': 'United States architect (born in 1925)', 'Verdi': 'Italian operatic composer (1813-1901)', 'Verlaine': 'French symbolist poet (1844-1896)', 'Vermeer': 'Dutch painter renowned for his use of light (1632-1675)', 'Verne': 'French writer who is considered the father of science fiction (1828-1905)', 'Verner': 'Danish philologist (1846-1896)', 'Vernier': 'French mathematician who described the vernier scale (1580-1637)', 'Veronese': 'Italian painter of the Venetian school (1528-1588)', 'Verrazano': 'Florentine navigator who explored the eastern coast of North America (circa 1485-1528)', 'Versace': 'Italian fashion designer (1946-1997)', 'Verwoerd': 'South African statesman who instituted the policy of apartheid (1901-1966)', 'Vesalius': 'a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564)', 'Vesey': 'United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)', 'Vespasian': 'Emperor of Rome and founder of the Flavian dynasty who consolidated Roman rule in Germany and Britain and reformed the army and brought prosperity to the empire; began the construction of the Colosseum (9-79)', 'Vespucci': 'Florentine navigator who explored the coast of South America; America was named in his honor (1454-1512)', 'Vestris': 'Italian dancing-master for Louis XVI who was considered the greatest dancer of his day; he was the first to discard the mask in mime (1729-1808)', 'Victor_Emanuel_II': 'king of Italy who completed the unification of Italy by acquiring Venice and Rome (1820-1878)', 'Victor_Emanuel_III': 'king of Italy who appointed Mussolini prime minister; he abdicated in 1946 and the monarchy was abolished (1869-1947)', 'Vidal': 'United States writer (born in 1925)', 'Vigee-Lebrun': 'French painter noted for her portraits (1755-1842)', 'Villa': 'Mexican revolutionary leader (1877-1923)', 'Villa-Lobos': 'Brazilian composer (1887-1959)', 'Villard': 'United States railroad magnate and businessman (1835-1900)', 'Villon': 'French poet (flourished around 1460)', 'Vinogradoff': 'British historian (born in Russia) (1854-1925)', 'Vinson': 'United States jurist who served as chief justice of the Supreme Court (1890-1953)', 'Virchow': 'German pathologist who recognized that all cells come from cells by binary fission and who emphasized cellular abnormalities in disease (1821-1902)', 'Virgil': \"a Roman poet; author of the epic poem `Aeneid' (70-19 BC)\", 'Visconti': 'Italian filmmaker (1906-1976)', 'Vitus': \"Christian martyr and patron of those who suffer from epilepsy and Sydenham's chorea (died around 300)\", 'Vivaldi': 'Italian baroque composer and violinist (1675-1741)', 'Vizcaino': 'Spanish explorer who was the first European to explore the California coast (1550-1615)', 'Vlaminck': 'French painter and exponent of fauvism (1876-1958)', 'Voltaire': 'French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)', 'Vonnegut': 'United States writer whose novels and short stories are a mixture of realism and satire and science fiction (born in 1922)', 'von_Neumann': 'United States mathematician who contributed to the development of atom bombs and of stored-program digital computers (1903-1957)', 'von_Sternberg': 'United States film maker (born in Austria) whose films made Marlene Dietrich an international star (1894-1969)', 'Voznesenski': 'Russian poet (born in 1933)', 'Vuillard': 'French painter (1868-1940)', 'Wade': \"English tennis player who won many women's singles titles (born in 1945)\", 'Wain': 'English writer (1925-1994)', 'Waite': 'United States jurist who was appointed chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1874 by President Grant (1816-1888)', 'Wajda': 'Polish filmmaker (born in 1929)', 'Waldheim': 'Austrian diplomat who was Secretary General of the United Nations from 1972 to 1981; in 1986 he was elected president of Austria in spite of worldwide allegations that he had direct knowledge of Nazi atrocities during World War II (born in 1918)', 'Walesa': 'Polish labor leader and statesman (born in 1943)', 'Walker': 'New Zealand runner who in 1975 became the first person to run a mile in less that 3 minutes and 50 seconds (born in 1952)', 'Wallace': 'Scottish insurgent who led the resistance to Edward I; in 1297 he gained control of Scotland briefly until Edward invaded Scotland again and defeated Wallace and subsequently executed him (1270-1305)', 'Wallenstein': \"Austrian general who fought for the Hapsburgs during the Thirty Years' War (1583-1634)\", 'Waller': 'United States jazz musician (1904-1943)', 'Walpole': 'English writer and historian; son of Sir Robert Walpole (1717-1797)', 'Walter': 'German conductor (1876-1962)', 'Walton': 'English composer (1902-1983)', 'Wanamaker': 'United States businessman whose business grew into one of the first department stores (1838-1922)', 'Warburg': 'German biochemist who pioneered the use of chemical techniques in biological investigations; noted for studies of cellular respiration (1883-1970)', 'Ward': 'English economist and conservationist (1914-1981)', 'Warhol': 'United States artist who was a leader of the Pop Art movement (1930-1987)', 'Warner': 'United States filmmaker who with his brothers founded the movie studio that produced the first talking picture (1881-1958)', 'Warren': 'United States writer and poet (1905-1989)', 'Warwick': 'English statesman; during the War of the Roses he fought first for the house of York and secured the throne for Edward IV and then changed sides to fight for the house of Lancaster and secured the throne for Henry VI (1428-1471)', 'Wassermann': 'German bacteriologist who developed a diagnostic test for syphilis (1866-1925)', 'Waters': 'United States actress and singer (1896-1977)', 'Watson': 'United States telephone engineer who assisted Alexander Graham Bell in his experiments (1854-1934)', 'Watt': 'Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819)', 'Watteau': 'French painter (1684-1721)', 'Watts': 'English poet and theologian (1674-1748)', 'Waugh': 'English author of satirical novels (1903-1966)', 'Wavell': 'British field marshal in North Africa in World War II; he defeated the Italians before being defeated by the Germans (1883-1950)', 'Wayne': 'United States film actor who played tough heroes (1907-1979)', 'Webb': 'English writer and a central member of the Fabian Society (1858-1943)', 'Weber': 'German physicist and brother of E. H. Weber; noted for his studies of terrestrial magnetism (1804-1891)', 'Webster': 'English playwright (1580-1625)', 'Wegener': 'German geophysicist who proposed the theory of continental drift (1880-1930)', 'Weil': 'French philosopher (1909-1943)', 'Weill': 'German composer; collaborated with Bertolt Brecht (1900-1950)', 'Weinberg': 'United States theoretical physicist (born in 1933)', 'Weismann': 'German biologist who was one of the founders of modern genetics; his theory of genetic transmission ruled out the possibility of transmitting acquired characteristics (1834-1914)', 'Weizmann': 'Israeli statesman who persuaded the United States to recognize the new state of Israel and became its first president (1874-1952)', 'Weld': 'United States abolitionist (1803-1895)', 'Welles': 'United States actor and filmmaker (1915-1985)', 'Wells': 'prolific English writer best known for his science-fiction novels; he also wrote on contemporary social problems and wrote popular accounts of history and science (1866-1946)', 'Welty': 'United States writer about rural southern life (1909-2001)', 'Werfel': 'United States writer (1890-1945)', 'Wernicke': 'German neurologist best known for his studies of aphasia (1848-1905)', 'Wesley': 'English clergyman and brother of John Wesley who wrote many hymns (1707-1788)', 'Westinghouse': 'United States inventor and manufacturer (1846-1914)', 'Weston': 'United States photographer(1886-1958)', 'Wharton': 'United States novelist (1862-1937)', 'Wheatley': 'American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784)', 'Wheatstone': 'English physicist and inventor who devised the Wheatstone bridge (1802-1875)', 'Wheeler': 'Scottish archaeologist (1890-1976)', 'Whistler': 'United States painter (1834-1903)', 'Whitehead': 'English philosopher and mathematician who collaborated with Bertrand Russell (1861-1947)', 'Whitman': 'United States poet who celebrated the greatness of America (1819-1892)', 'Whittier': 'United States poet best known for his nostalgic poems about New England (1807-1892)', 'Whittle': 'English aeronautical engineer who invented the jet aircraft engine (1907-1996)', 'Wiener': 'United States mathematician and founder of cybernetics (1894-1964)', 'Wiesel': 'United States writer (born in Romania) who survived Nazi concentration camps and is dedicated to keeping alive the memory of the Holocaust (born in 1928)', 'Wiesenthal': 'Austrian investigator of Nazi war crimes (born in 1908)', 'Wigner': 'United States physicist (born in Hungary) noted for his work on the structure of the atom and its nucleus (1902-1995)', 'Wilde': 'Irish writer and wit (1854-1900)', 'Wilder': 'United States writer and dramatist (1897-1975)', 'Wilhelm_II': 'grandson of Queen Victoria and Kaiser of Germany from 1888 to 1918; he was vilified as causing World War I (1859-1941)', 'Wilkes': 'English reformer who published attacks on George III and supported the rights of the American colonists (1727-1797)', 'Wilkins': 'United States civil rights leader (1901-1981)', 'Wilkinson': 'English chemist honored for his research on pollutants in car exhausts (born in 1921)', 'Willard': \"United States advocate of temperance and women's suffrage (1839-1898)\", 'Willebrand': 'Finnish physician who first described vascular hemophilia (1870-1949)', 'William_I': 'duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England; he defeated Harold II at the battle of Hastings in 1066 and introduced many Norman customs into England (1027-1087)', 'William_II': 'the second son of William the Conqueror who succeeded him as King of England (1056-1100)', 'William_III': 'King of England and Scotland and Ireland; he married the daughter of James II and was invited by opponents of James II to invade England; when James fled, William III and Mary II were declared joint monarchs (1650-1702)', 'William_IV': 'King of England and Ireland; son of George III who ascended the throne after a long naval career (1765-1837)', 'Williams': 'United States country singer and songwriter (1923-1953)', 'Willis': 'English physician who was a pioneer in the study of the brain (1621-1675)', 'Wilmut': 'English geneticist who succeeded in cloning a sheep from a cell from an adult ewe (born in 1944)', 'Winckelmann': 'German archaeologist and art historian said to be the father of archaeology (1717-1768)', 'Windaus': 'German chemist who studied steroids and cholesterol and discovered histamine (1876-1959)', 'Winslow': 'English colonial administrator who traveled to America on the Mayflower and served as the first governor of the Plymouth Colony (1595-1655)', 'Wise': 'United States Jewish leader (born in Hungary) (1874-1949)', 'Wister': 'United States writer (1860-1938)', 'Witherspoon': 'American Revolutionary leader and educator (born in Scotland) who signed of the Declaration of Independence and was president of the college that became Princeton University (1723-1794)', 'Wittgenstein': 'British philosopher born in Austria; a major influence on logic and logical positivism (1889-1951)', 'Wodehouse': 'English writer known for his humorous novels and stories (1881-1975)', 'Wolf': 'Austrian composer (1860-1903)', 'Wolfe': 'United States writer who has written extensively on American culture (born in 1931)', 'Wolff': 'German anatomist (1733-1794)', 'Wollaston': 'English chemist and physicist who discovered palladium and rhodium and demonstrated that static and current electricity are the same (1766-1828)', 'Wollstonecraft': 'English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women; mother of Mary Shelley (1759-1797)', 'Wood': 'United States film actress (1938-1981)', 'Woodbury': 'United States social economist (1876-1933)', 'Woodhull': \"United States advocate of women's suffrage; in 1872 she was the first woman to run for the United States presidency (1838-1927)\", 'Woodward': 'United States historian (1908-1999)', 'Woolf': 'English author whose work used such techniques as stream of consciousness and the interior monologue; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1882-1941)', 'Woollcott': 'United States drama critic and journalist (1887-1943)', 'Woolley': 'English archaeologist who supervised the excavations at Ur (1880-1960)', 'Woolworth': 'United States businessman who opened a shop in 1879 selling low-priced goods and built it into a national chain of stores (1852-1919)', 'Wordsworth': 'a romantic English poet whose work was inspired by the Lake District where he spent most of his life (1770-1850)', 'Worth': 'French couturier (born in England) regarded as the founder of Parisian haute couture; noted for introducing the bustle (1825-1895)', 'Wouk': 'United States writer (born in 1915)', 'Wren': 'English architect who designed more than fifty London churches (1632-1723)', 'Wright': 'United States writer of detective novels (1888-1939)', 'Wurlitzer': 'United States businessman (born in German) who founded a company to make pipe organs (1831-1914)', 'Wyatt': 'English architect (1746-1813)', 'Wycherley': 'English playwright noted for his humorous and satirical plays (1640-1716)', 'Wycliffe': 'English theologian whose objections to Roman Catholic doctrine anticipated the Protestant Reformation (1328-1384)', 'Wyeth': 'United States painter (born in 1917)', 'Wykeham': 'English prelate and statesman; founded a college at Oxford and Winchester College in Winchester; served as chancellor of England and bishop of Winchester (1324-1404)', 'Wyler': 'United States filmmaker (1902-1981)', 'Wylie': 'United States poet (1885-1928)', 'Wynette': 'United States country singer (1942-1998)', 'Wyszynski': 'Polish prelate who persuaded the Soviet to allow greater religious freedom in Poland (1901-1981)', 'Xavier': 'Spanish missionary and Jesuit who establish missionaries in Japan and Ceylon and the East Indies (1506-1552)', 'Xenophanes': 'Greek philosopher (560-478 BC)', 'Xenophon': 'Greek general and historian; student of Socrates (430-355 BC)', 'Xerxes_I': 'king of Persia who led a vast army against Greece and won the battle of Thermopylae but was eventually defeated (519-465 BC)', 'Yale': 'English philanthropist who made contributions to a college in Connecticut that was renamed in his honor (1649-1721)', 'Yamamoto': 'Japanese admiral who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 (1884-1943)', 'Yamani': 'Saudi Arabian minister of petroleum who was a central figure in the creation of OPEC (born in 1930)', 'Yang_Chen_Ning': 'United States physicist (born in China) who collaborated with Tsung Dao Lee in disproving the principle of conservation of parity (born in 1922)', 'Yastrzemski': 'United States baseball player (born in 1939)', 'Yeats': 'Irish poet and dramatist (1865-1939)', 'Yerkes': 'United States psychologist who studied the intelligence of primates (1876-1956)', 'Yersin': 'French bacteriologist born in Switzerland; was a student of Pasteur; discovered the plague bacillus (1863-1943)', 'Yevtushenko': 'Russian poet who expressed the feelings of the post-Stalinist generation (born in 1933)', 'Young': 'United States film and television actress (1913-2000)', 'Yukawa': 'Japanese mathematical physicist who proposed that nuclear forces are mediated by massive particles called mesons which are analogous to the photon in mediating electromagnetic forces (1907-1981)', 'Zaharias': 'outstanding United States athlete (1914-1956)', 'Zangwill': 'English writer (1864-1926)', 'Zanuck': 'United States filmmaker whose works include the first full-length feature film with sound sequences (1902-1979)', 'Zapata': 'Mexican revolutionary who led a revolt for agrarian reforms (1879-1919)', 'Zeeman': 'Dutch physicist honored for his research on the influence of magnetism on radiation which showed that light is radiated by the motion of charged particles in an atom (1865-1943)', 'Zeno': 'ancient Greek philosopher who formulated paradoxes that defended the belief that motion and change are illusory (circa 495-430 BC)', 'Zeppelin': 'German inventor who designed and built the first rigid motorized dirigible (1838-1917)', 'Zhou_En-lai': 'Chinese revolutionary and communist leader (1898-1976)', 'Zhukov': 'Soviet general who during World Warr II directed the counteroffensive at Stalingrad and relieved Leningrad and captured Berlin (1896-1974)', 'Ziegfeld': 'United States theatrical producer noted for a series of extravagant revues known as the Ziegfeld Follies (1869-1932)', 'Ziegler': 'German chemist honored for his research on polymers (1898-1973)', 'Zimbalist': 'United States violinist (born in Russia) (1889-1985)', 'Zinnemann': 'United States filmmaker (born in Austria) (1907-1997)', 'Zinsser': 'United States bacteriologist who helped develop immunization against typhus fever (1878-1940)', 'Zinzendorf': 'German theologian (1700-1760)', 'Zola': 'French novelist and critic; defender of Dreyfus (1840-1902)', 'Zoroaster': 'Persian prophet who founded Zoroastrianism (circa 628-551 BC)', 'Zsigmondy': 'German chemist (born in Austria) honored for his research on colloidal solutions (1865-1929)', 'Zukerman': 'Israeli violinist (born in 1948)', 'Zweig': 'Austrian writer (1881-1942)', 'Zwingli': 'Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531)', 'Zworykin': 'United States physicist who invented the iconoscope (1889-1982)', 'natural_phenomenon': 'all phenomena that are not artificial', 'metempsychosis': 'after death the soul begins a new cycle of existence in another human body', 'chemical_phenomenon': 'any natural phenomenon involving chemistry (as changes to atoms or molecules)', 'allotropy': 'the phenomenon of an element existing in two or more physical forms', 'photoconductivity': 'change in the electrical conductivity of a substance as a result of absorbing electromagnetic radiation', 'superconductivity': 'the disappearance of electrical resistance at very low temperatures', 'photochemical_exchange': 'an exchange produced by the chemical action of radiant energy (especially light)', 'photoemission': 'an emission of photoelectrons (especially from a metallic surface)', 'efflorescence': 'a powdery deposit on a surface', 'aftereffect': 'a delayed effect of a drug or therapy; \"the drug had unexpected aftereffects\"', 'aftermath': 'the consequences of an event (especially a catastrophic event); \"the aftermath of war\"; \"in the wake of the accident no one knew how many had been injured\"', 'bandwagon_effect': 'the phenomenon of a popular trend attracting even greater popularity; \"in periods of high merger activity there is a bandwagon effect with more and more firms seeking to engage in takeover activity\"; \"polls are accused of creating a bandwagon effect to benefit their candidate\"', 'brisance': 'the shattering or crushing effect of a sudden release of energy as in an explosion', 'butterfly_effect': 'the phenomenon whereby a small change at one place in a complex system can have large effects elsewhere, e.g., a butterfly flapping its wings in Rio de Janeiro might change the weather in Chicago', 'coattails_effect': '(politics) the consequence of one popular candidate in an election drawing votes for other members of the same political party; \"he counted on the coattails effect to win him the election\"', 'Coriolis_effect': '(physics) an effect whereby a body moving in a rotating frame of reference experiences the Coriolis force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation; on Earth the Coriolis effect deflects moving bodies to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere', 'dominance': 'the state that exists when one person or group has power over another; \"her apparent dominance of her husband was really her attempt to make him pay attention to her\"', 'domino_effect': 'the consequence of one event setting off a chain of similar events (like a falling domino causing a whole row of upended dominos to fall)', 'knock-on_effect': 'a secondary or incidental effect', 'outgrowth': 'a natural consequence of development', 'placebo_effect': \"any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo; the change is usually beneficial and is assumed result from the person's faith in the treatment or preconceptions about what the experimental drug was supposed to do; pharmacologists were the first to talk about placebo effects but now the idea has been generalized to many situations having nothing to do with drugs\", 'position_effect': '(genetics) the effect on the expression of a gene that is produced by changing its location in a chromosome', 'repercussion': 'a remote or indirect consequence of some action; \"his declaration had unforeseen repercussions\"; \"reverberations of the market crash were felt years later\"', 'side_effect': 'a secondary and usually adverse effect of a drug or therapy; \"severe headaches are one of the side effects of the drug\"', 'geological_phenomenon': 'a natural phenomenon involving the structure or composition of the earth', 'endogeny': 'a geological phenomenon below the surface of the earth', 'luck': 'an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that leads to a favorable outcome; \"it was my good luck to be there\"; \"they say luck is a lady\"; \"it was as if fortune guided his hand\"', 'organic_phenomenon': '(biology) a natural phenomenon involving living plants and animals', 'physical_phenomenon': 'a natural phenomenon involving the physical properties of matter and energy', 'aberration': \"a disorder in one's mental state\", 'abiogenesis': 'a hypothetical organic phenomenon by which living organisms are created from nonliving matter', 'absorption_band': 'a dark band in the spectrum of white light that has been transmitted through a substance that exhibits absorption at selective wavelengths', 'absorption_spectrum': 'the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that has passed through a medium that absorbed radiation of certain wavelengths', 'actinic_radiation': 'electromagnetic radiation that can produce photochemical reactions', 'action_spectrum': 'the efficiency with which electromagnetic radiation produces a photochemical reaction plotted as a function of the wavelength of the radiation', 'activation_energy': 'the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur; \"catalysts are said to reduce the energy of activation during the transition phase of a reaction\"', 'aerodynamic_force': 'forces acting on airfoils in motion relative to the air (or other gaseous fluids)', 'aerodynamic_lift': 'the component of the aerodynamic forces acting on an airfoil that opposes gravity', 'ground_effect': 'apparent increase in aerodynamic lift experienced by an aircraft flying close to the ground', 'air_pocket': 'a local region of low pressure or descending air that causes a plane to lose height suddenly', 'slipstream': 'the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller', 'airstream': 'a relatively well-defined prevailing wind', 'alluvial_fan': 'a fan-shaped deposit where a fast flowing stream flattens out', 'alpha_radiation': 'the radiation of alpha particles during radioactive decay', 'alpha_rhythm': 'the normal brainwave in the electroencephalogram of a person who is awake but relaxed; occurs with a frequency of 8-12 hertz', 'alternating_current': 'an electric current that reverses direction sinusoidally; \"In the US most household current is AC at 60 cycles per second\"', 'alternation_of_generations': 'the alternation of two or more different forms in the life cycle of a plant or animal', 'alternative_energy': 'energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment', 'metagenesis': 'alternation of sexual and asexual generations', 'amperage': 'the strength of an electrical current measured in amperes', 'annual_ring': 'an annual formation of wood in plants as they grow', 'antitrades': 'wind in the upper atmosphere blowing above but in the opposite direction from the trade winds', 'apparent_motion': 'an optical illusion of motion produced by viewing a rapid succession of still pictures of a moving object; \"the cinema relies on apparent motion\"; \"the succession of flashing lights gave an illusion of movement\"', 'acoustic_phenomenon': 'a physical phenomenon associated with the production or transmission of sound', 'atmospheric_phenomenon': 'a physical phenomenon associated with the atmosphere', 'atomic_energy': 'the energy released by a nuclear reaction', 'atomic_power': 'nuclear energy regarded as a source of electricity for the power grid (for civilian use)', 'atomic_spectrum': '(physics) a spectrum of radiation caused by electron transitions within an atom; the series of spectrum lines is characteristic of the element', 'aureole': \"the outermost region of the sun's atmosphere; visible as a white halo during a solar eclipse\", 'aurora': \"an atmospheric phenomenon consisting of bands of light caused by charged solar particles following the earth's magnetic lines of force\", 'aurora_australis': 'the aurora of the southern hemisphere', 'aurora_borealis': 'the aurora of the northern hemisphere', 'autofluorescence': 'self-induced fluorescence', 'bad_luck': 'an unpredictable outcome that is unfortunate; \"if I didn\\'t have bad luck I wouldn\\'t have any luck at all\"', 'cathode_ray': 'a beam of electrons emitted by the cathode of an electrical discharge tube', 'beta_radiation': 'radiation of beta particles during radioactive decay', 'beta_rhythm': 'the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person who is awake and alert; occurs with a frequency between 12 and 30 hertz', 'binding_energy': 'the energy required to separate particles from a molecule or atom or nucleus; equals the mass defect', 'bioelectricity': 'electric phenomena in animals or plants', 'bise': 'a dry cold north wind in southeastern France', 'atmospheric_pressure': 'the pressure exerted by the atmosphere', 'black-body_radiation': \"the electromagnetic radiation that would be radiated from an ideal black body; the distribution of energy in the radiated spectrum of a black body depends only on temperature and is determined by Planck's radiation law\", 'blood_pressure': 'the pressure of the circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels; results from the systole of the left ventricle of the heart; sometimes measured for a quick evaluation of a person\\'s health; \"adult blood pressure is considered normal at 120/80 where the first number is the systolic pressure and the second is the diastolic pressure\"', 'systolic_pressure': 'the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) during the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart', 'diastolic_pressure': 'the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) after the contraction of the heart while the chambers of the heart refill with blood', 'arterial_pressure': 'the pressure of the circulating blood on the arteries; \"arterial pressure is the product of cardiac output and vascular resistance\"', 'venous_pressure': 'the pressure exerted on the walls of the veins by the circulating blood', 'boundary_layer': 'the layer of slower flow of a fluid past a surface', 'brainwave': '(neurophysiology) rapid fluctuations of voltage between parts of the cerebral cortex that are detectable with an electroencephalograph', 'calm_air': 'wind moving at less than 1 knot; 0 on the Beaufort scale', 'breeze': 'a slight wind (usually refreshing); \"the breeze was cooled by the lake\"; \"as he waited he could feel the air on his neck\"', 'sea_breeze': 'a cooling breeze from the sea (during the daytime)', 'light_air': 'wind moving 1-3 knots; 1 on the Beaufort scale', 'light_breeze': 'wind moving 4-7 knots; 2 on the Beaufort scale', 'gentle_breeze': 'wind moving 8-12 knots; 3 on the Beaufort scale', 'moderate_breeze': 'wind moving 13-18 knots; 4 on the Beaufort scale', 'fresh_breeze': 'wind moving 19-24 knots; 5 on the Beaufort scale', 'strong_breeze': 'wind moving 25-31 knots; 6 on the Beaufort scale', 'Brownian_movement': 'the random motion of small particles suspended in a gas or liquid', 'brush_discharge': 'discharge between electrodes creating visible streamers of ionized particles', 'candlelight': 'the light provided by a burning candle', 'capacitance': 'an electrical phenomenon whereby an electric charge is stored', 'elastance': 'the reciprocal of capacitance', 'capillarity': 'a phenomenon associated with surface tension and resulting in the elevation or depression of liquids in capillaries', 'catastrophe': 'a state of extreme (usually irremediable) ruin and misfortune; \"lack of funds has resulted in a catastrophe for our school system\"; \"his policies were a disaster\"', 'nuclear_winter': 'a long period of darkness and extreme cold that scientists predict would follow a full-scale nuclear war; a layer of dust and smoke in the atmosphere would cover the earth and block the rays of the sun; most living organisms would perish', 'continental_drift': 'the gradual movement and formation of continents (as described by plate tectonics)', 'centrifugal_force': 'the outward force on a body moving in a curved path around another body', 'centripetal_force': 'the inward force on a body moving in a curved path around another body', 'electrostatic_charge': 'the electric charge at rest on the surface of an insulated body (which establishes and adjacent electrostatic field)', 'electrostatic_field': 'electric field associated with static electric charges', 'pyroelectricity': 'generation of an electric charge on certain crystals (such as tourmaline) as a result of a change in temperature', 'positive_charge': 'having a deficiency of electrons; having a higher electric potential', 'negative_charge': 'having a surplus of electrons; having a lower electric potential', 'chemical_bond': 'an electrical force linking atoms', 'valency': 'the phenomenon of forming chemical bonds', 'cohesion': '(botany) the process in some plants of parts growing together that are usually separate (such as petals)', 'covalent_bond': 'a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule', 'cross-link': 'a side bond that links two adjacent chains of atoms in a complex molecule', 'hydrogen_bond': 'a chemical bond consisting of a hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen) with one side be a covalent bond and the other being an ionic bond', 'ionic_bond': 'a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion', 'ionizing_radiation': 'high-energy radiation capable of producing ionization in substances through which it passes', 'double_bond': 'a covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms', 'coordinate_bond': 'a covalent bond in which both electrons are provided by one of the atoms', 'metallic_bond': 'a chemical bond in which electrons are shared over many nuclei and electronic conduction occurs', 'peptide_bond': 'the primary linkage of all protein structures; the chemical bond between the carboxyl groups and amino groups that unites a peptide', 'chemical_energy': 'that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction', 'harmattan': 'a dusty wind from the Sahara that blows toward the western coast of Africa during the winter', 'chromatic_aberration': 'an optical aberration in which the image has colored fringes', 'systemic_circulation': 'circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs', 'pulmonary_circulation': 'circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs', 'vitelline_circulation': 'circulation of blood between the embryo and the yolk sac', 'cold_wave': 'a wave of unusually cold weather', 'cold_weather': 'a period of unusually cold weather', 'Coriolis_force': \"(physics) a force due to the earth's rotation; acts on a body in motion (airplane or projectile) in a rotating reference frame; in a rotating frame of reference Newton's second law of motion can be made to apply if in addition to the real forces acting on a body a Coriolis force and a centrifugal force are introduced\", 'corona_discharge': 'an electrical discharge accompanied by ionization of surrounding atmosphere', 'cosmic_background_radiation': '(cosmology) the cooled remnant of the hot big bang that fills the entire universe and can be observed today with an average temperature of about 2.725 kelvin', 'cosmic_dust': 'clouds of particles or gases occurring throughout interstellar space', 'cosmic_radiation': 'radiation coming from outside the solar system', 'cosmic_ray': 'highly penetrating ionizing radiation of extraterrestrial origin; consisting chiefly of protons and alpha particles; collision with atmospheric particles results in rays and particles of many kinds', 'dust_cloud': 'a cloud of dust suspended in the air', 'counterglow': 'a faint spot of light in the night sky that appears directly opposite the position of the sun; a reflection of sunlight by micrometeoric material in space', 'crosswind': 'wind blowing across the path of a ship or aircraft', 'fohn': 'a warm dry wind that blows down the northern slopes of the Alps', 'khamsin': 'an oppressively hot southerly wind from the Sahara that blows across Egypt in the spring', 'high_wind': 'a very strong wind; \"rain and high winds covered the region\"', 'headwind': 'wind blowing opposite to the path of a ship or aircraft', 'katabatic_wind': 'a wind caused by the downward motion of cold air', 'tailwind': 'wind blowing in the same direction as the path of a ship or aircraft', 'cyclone': '(meteorology) rapid inward circulation of air masses about a low pressure center; circling counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern', 'cyclosis': 'the circulation of cytoplasm within a cell', 'daylight': 'light during the daytime', 'decalescence': 'phenomenon that occurs when a metal is being heated and there is a sudden slowing in the rate of temperature increase; slowing is caused by a change in the internal crystal structure of the metal', 'decay': 'an inferior state resulting from the process of decaying; \"the corpse was in an advanced state of decay\"; \"the house had fallen into a serious state of decay and disrepair\"', 'dehiscence': '(biology) release of material by splitting open of an organ or tissue; the natural bursting open at maturity of a fruit or other reproductive body to release seeds or spores or the bursting open of a surgically closed wound', 'delta_rhythm': 'the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person in deep dreamless sleep; occurs with high voltage and low frequency (1 to 4 hertz)', 'desquamation': 'loss of bits of outer skin by peeling or shedding or coming off in scales', 'exfoliation': 'the peeling off in flakes or scales of bark or dead skin; \"exfoliation is increased by sunburn\"', 'mother_lode': 'the main vein of ore in a deposit', 'lode': 'a deposit of valuable ore occurring within definite boundaries separating it from surrounding rocks', 'sweat': 'condensation of moisture on a cold surface; \"the cold glasses were streaked with sweat\"', 'diapedesis': 'passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue', 'dichroism': 'pleochroism of a crystal so that it exhibits two different colors when viewed from two different directions', 'diffraction': 'when light passes sharp edges or goes through narrow slits the rays are deflected and produce fringes of light and dark bands', 'direct_current': 'an electric current that flows in one direction steadily', 'interrupt': 'a signal that temporarily stops the execution of a program so that another procedure can be carried out', 'doldrums': 'a belt of calms and light winds between the northern and southern trade winds of the Atlantic and Pacific', 'dust_devil': 'a miniature whirlwind strong enough to whip dust and leaves and litter into the air', 'dust_storm': 'a windstorm that lifts up clouds of dust or sand; \"it was the kind of duster not experienced in years\"', 'east_wind': 'a wind from the east', 'northwest_wind': 'a wind from the northwest', 'southwester': 'a strong wind from the southwest', 'southeaster': 'a strong wind from the southeast', 'elastic_energy': 'potential energy that is stored when a body is deformed (as in a coiled spring)', 'electrical_phenomenon': 'a physical phenomenon involving electricity', 'electrical_power': 'the product of voltage and current', 'electric_field': 'a field of force surrounding a charged particle', 'dielectric_heating': 'heating of an insulator by a high-frequency electric field', 'galvanism': 'electricity produced by chemical action', 'electromagnetic_radiation': 'radiation consisting of waves of energy associated with electric and magnetic fields resulting from the acceleration of an electric charge', 'Hertzian_wave': 'an electromagnetic wave generated by oscillations in an electric circuit', 'electromagnetic_spectrum': 'the entire frequency range of electromagnetic waves', 'emission_spectrum': 'spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a self-luminous source', 'energy_level': 'a definite stable energy that a physical system can have; used especially of the state of electrons in atoms or molecules; \"according to quantum theory only certain energy levels are possible\"', 'rest_energy': 'the energy equivalent to the mass of a particle at rest in an inertial frame of reference; equal to the rest mass times the square of the speed of light', 'epiphenomenon': 'a secondary phenomenon that is a by-product of another phenomenon', 'flashover': 'an unintended electric discharge (as over or around an insulator)', 'flash_flood': 'a sudden local flood of great volume and short duration', 'floodhead': 'a wall of water rushing ahead of the flood; \"we were lucky to be safe when the floodheads hit\"', \"Noah's_flood\": '(Biblical) the great deluge that is said in the Book of Genesis to have occurred in the time of Noah; it was brought by God upon the earth because of the wickedness of human beings', 'food_chain': '(ecology) a community of organisms where each member is eaten in turn by another member', 'food_pyramid': '(ecology) a hierarchy of food chains with the principal predator at the top; each level preys on the level below', 'food_web': '(ecology) a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains', 'fair_weather': 'moderate weather; suitable for outdoor activities', 'fata_morgana': 'a mirage in the Strait of Messina (attributed to the Arthurian sorcerer Morgan le Fay)', 'line_of_force': 'an imaginary line in a field of force; direction of the line at any point is the direction of the force at that point', 'electrical_line_of_force': 'a line of force in an electrical field', 'magnetic_line_of_force': 'a line of force in a magnetic field', 'fine_spray': 'precipitation in very small drops', 'fine_structure': 'the presence of groups of closely spaced spectrum lines observed in the atomic spectrum of certain elements; \"the fine structure results from slightly different energy levels\"', 'firelight': 'the light of a fire (especially in a fireplace)', 'fluorescence': 'light emitted during absorption of radiation of some other (invisible) wavelength', 'fog': 'an atmosphere in which visibility is reduced because of a cloud of some substance', 'fogbank': 'a large mass of fog on the sea (as seen from a distance)', 'forked_lightning': 'a form of lightning that moves rapidly in a zigzag path with one end divided (fork-like)', \"friar's_lantern\": 'a pale light sometimes seen at night over marshy ground', 'gene_expression': 'conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein', 'warm_front': 'the front of an advancing mass of warmer air', 'cold_front': 'the front of an advancing mass of colder air', 'squall_line': 'a cold front along which squalls or thunderstorms are likely', 'occluded_front': '(meteorology) a composite front when colder air surrounds a mass of warm air and forces it aloft', 'greenhouse_effect': 'warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere; caused by atmospheric gases that allow sunshine to pass through but absorb heat that is radiated back from the warmed surface of the earth', 'frost_heave': 'upthrust of ground or pavement caused by the freezing of moist soil', 'gale': 'a strong wind moving 45-90 knots; force 7 to 10 on Beaufort scale', 'moderate_gale': 'wind moving 32-38 knots; 7 on the Beaufort scale', 'fresh_gale': 'wind moving 39-46 knots; 8 on the Beaufort scale', 'strong_gale': 'wind moving 47-54 knots; 9 on the Beaufort scale', 'whole_gale': 'wind moving 55-63 knots; 10 on the Beaufort scale', 'northeaster': 'a storm blowing from the northeast', 'gamma_radiation': 'electromagnetic radiation emitted during radioactive decay and having an extremely short wavelength', 'gaslight': 'light yielded by the combustion of illuminating gas', 'sky_glow': 'illumination of the night sky in urban areas', 'good_luck': 'a stroke of luck', 'serendipity': 'good luck in making unexpected and fortunate discoveries', 'gravitational_field': 'a field of force surrounding a body of finite mass', 'solar_gravity': 'the gravity of the sun; \"solar gravity creates extreme pressures and temperatures\"', 'gun_smoke': 'smoke created by the firing of guns', 'gust': 'a strong current of air; \"the tree was bent almost double by the gust\"', 'bluster': 'noisy confusion and turbulence; \"he was awakened by the bluster of their preparations\"', 'sandblast': 'a blast of wind laden with sand', 'hailstorm': 'a storm during which hail falls', 'half-light': 'a greyish light (as at dawn or dusk or in dim interiors)', 'haze': 'atmospheric moisture or dust or smoke that causes reduced visibility', 'geothermal_energy': 'energy derived from the heat in the interior of the earth', 'histocompatibility': 'condition in which the cells of one tissue can survive in the presence of cells of another tissue; \"a successful graft or transplant requires a high degree of histocompatibility\"', 'hot_weather': 'a period of unusually high temperatures', 'hurricane': 'a severe tropical cyclone usually with heavy rains and winds moving a 73-136 knots (12 on the Beaufort scale)', 'hydroelectricity': 'electricity produced by water power', 'hysteresis': 'the lagging of an effect behind its cause; especially the phenomenon in which the magnetic induction of a ferromagnetic material lags behind the changing magnetic field', 'ice_fog': 'a dense winter fog containing ice particles', 'ice_storm': 'a storm with freezing rain that leaves everything glazed with ice', 'incidence': 'the relative frequency of occurrence of something', 'mutual_induction': 'generation of electromotive forces in each other by two adjacent circuits', 'self-induction': 'generation of an electromotive force (EMF) in a circuit by changing the current in that circuit; usually measured in henries', 'inertia': '(physics) the tendency of a body to maintain its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force', 'moment_of_inertia': 'the tendency of a body to resist angular acceleration', 'angular_acceleration': '(physics) the rate of change of the angular velocity of a rotating body', 'angular_velocity': '(physics) the rate of change of the angular position of a rotating body; usually expressed in radians per second or radians per minute', 'infrared_spectrum': 'the spectrum of infrared radiation', 'interreflection': 'reciprocal reflection between two reflecting surfaces; \"there was interreflection between the two surfaces of the lens\"', 'jet_propulsion': 'propulsion by means of the discharge of a jet of fluid toward the rear', 'jet_stream': 'a high-speed high-altitude airstream blowing from west to east near the top of the troposphere; has important effects of the formation of weather fronts', 'kinetic_energy': 'the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its motion', 'heat_of_dissociation': 'the heat required for a fluid substance to break up into simpler constituents', 'heat_of_formation': 'the heat evolved or absorbed during the formation of one mole of a substance from its component elements', 'heat_of_solution': 'the heat evolved or absorbed when one mole of a substance is dissolved in a large volume of a solvent', 'latent_heat': 'heat absorbed or radiated during a change of phase at a constant temperature and pressure', 'heat_of_condensation': 'heat liberated by a unit mass of gas at its boiling point as it condenses into a liquid; \"the heat of condensation is equal to the heat of vaporization\"', 'heat_of_fusion': 'heat absorbed by a unit mass of a solid at its melting point in order to convert the solid into a liquid at the same temperature; \"the heat of fusion is equal to the heat of solidification\"', 'heat_of_solidification': 'heat liberated by a unit mass of liquid at its freezing point when it solidifies', 'heat_of_sublimation': 'heat absorbed by a unit mass of material when it changes from a solid to a gaseous state', 'heat_of_vaporization': 'heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material at its boiling point in order to convert the material into a gas at the same temperature', 'specific_heat': 'the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree centigrade', 'heat_ray': 'a ray that produces a thermal effect', 'heat_wave': 'a wave of unusually hot weather', 'high_beam': \"the beam of a car's headlights that provides distant illumination\", 'infrared_ray': 'a ray of infrared radiation; produces a thermal effect (as from an infrared lamp)', 'lamplight': 'light from a lamp', 'levanter': 'an easterly wind in the western Mediterranean area', 'aerobiosis': 'life sustained in the presence of air or oxygen', 'life_cycle': 'the course of developmental changes in an organism from fertilized zygote to maturity when another zygote can be produced', 'elves': 'an acronym for emissions of light and very low frequency perturbations due to electromagnetic pulse sources; extremely bright extremely short (less than a msec) electrical flashes forming a huge ring (up to 400 km diameter) in the ionosphere', 'line_spectrum': 'a spectrum in which energy is concentrated at particular wavelengths; produced by excited atoms and ions as they fall back to a lower energy level', 'Lorentz_force': 'the force experienced by a point charge moving along a wire that is in a magnetic field; the force is at right angles to both the current and the magnetic field; \"the Lorentz force can be used to suspend a current-carrying object between two magnets\"', 'sprites': 'atmospheric electricity (lasting 10 msec) appearing as globular flashes of red (pink to blood-red) light rising to heights of 60 miles (sometimes seen together with elves)', 'atmospheric_electricity': 'electrical discharges in the atmosphere', 'bioluminescence': 'luminescence produced by physiological processes (as in the firefly)', 'chemiluminescence': 'luminescence resulting from a chemical reaction as the oxidation of luciferin in fireflies', 'luminous_energy': 'the energy associated with visible light', 'magnetosphere': \"the magnetic field of a planet; the volume around the planet in which charged particles are subject more to the planet's magnetic field than to the solar magnetic field\", 'solar_magnetic_field': 'the magnetic field of the sun', 'magnetic_field': 'the lines of force surrounding a permanent magnet or a moving charged particle', 'radiation_field': 'a field that represents the energy lost from the radiator to space', 'sympathetic_vibration': '(physics) vibration produced by resonance', 'nuclear_resonance': 'the resonance absorption of a gamma ray by a nucleus identical to the nucleus that emitted the gamma ray', 'magnetic_resonance': 'resonance of electrons or atoms or molecules or nuclei to radiation frequencies as a result of space quantization in a magnetic field', 'nuclear_magnetic_resonance': 'resonance of protons to radiation in a magnetic field', 'antiferromagnetism': 'magnetic field creates parallel but opposing spins; varies with temperature', 'diamagnetism': 'phenomenon exhibited by materials like copper or bismuth that become magnetized in a magnetic field with a polarity opposite to the magnetic force; unlike iron they are slightly repelled by a magnet', 'ferrimagnetism': 'a phenomenon in ferrites where there can be incomplete cancellation of antiferromagnetic arranged spins giving a net magnetic moment', 'ferromagnetism': 'phenomenon exhibited by materials like iron (nickel or cobalt) that become magnetized in a magnetic field and retain their magnetism when the field is removed', 'paramagnetism': 'materials like aluminum or platinum become magnetized in a magnetic field but it disappears when the field is removed', 'mechanical_phenomenon': 'a physical phenomenon associated with the equilibrium or motion of objects', 'ultrasound': 'very high frequency sound; used in ultrasonography', 'trajectory': 'the path followed by an object moving through space', 'gravity-assist': '(spaceflight) a trajectory that passes close to a planetary body in order to gain energy from its gravitational field', 'mass_defect': 'the amount by which the mass of an atomic nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of its constituent particles', 'mechanical_energy': 'energy in a mechanical form', 'midnight_sun': 'the sun visible at midnight (inside the Arctic or Antarctic Circles)', 'mist': 'a thin fog with condensation near the ground', 'mistral': 'a strong north wind that blows in France during the winter', 'moment_of_a_couple': 'given two equal and opposite forces, the product of the force and the distance between them', 'dipole_moment': 'the moment of a dipole', 'electric_dipole_moment': 'the dipole moment in an electric dipole', 'magnetic_dipole_moment': '(physics) a current loop gives rise to a magnetic field characteristic of a magnetic dipole; \"An orbiting electron in an atom will have a magnetic dipole moment\"', 'magnetic_moment': 'the torque exerted on a magnet or dipole when it is placed in a magnetic field', 'meteor': \"a streak of light in the sky at night that results when a meteoroid hits the earth's atmosphere and air friction causes the meteoroid to melt or vaporize or explode\", 'bolide': 'an especially luminous meteor (sometimes exploding)', 'monsoon': 'rainy season in southern Asia when the southwestern monsoon blows, bringing heavy rains', 'moonbeam': 'a ray of moonlight', 'moonlight': 'the light of the Moon; \"moonlight is the smuggler\\'s enemy\"; \"the Moon was bright enough to read by\"', 'starlight': 'the light of the stars', 'sunlight': 'the rays of the sun; \"the shingles were weathered by the sun and wind\"', 'sunbeam': 'a ray of sunlight', 'laser_beam': 'a beam of light generated by a laser', 'low_beam': \"the beam of a car's headlights that provides illumination for a short distance\", 'particle_beam': 'a collimated flow of particles (atoms or electrons or molecules)', 'ion_beam': 'a beam of ions moving in the same direction at the same speed', 'necrobiosis': '(physiology) the normal degeneration and death of living cells (as in various epithelial cells)', 'apoptosis': \"a type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself; a cell suicide mechanism that enables metazoans to control cell number and eliminate cells that threaten the animal's survival\", 'necrosis': 'the localized death of living cells (as from infection or the interruption of blood supply)', 'myonecrosis': 'localized death of muscle cell fibers', 'brain_death': 'death when respiration and other reflexes are absent; consciousness is gone; organs can be removed for transplantation before the heartbeat stops', 'neutron_radiation': 'radiation of neutrons (as by a neutron bomb)', 'halo': 'a circle of light around the sun or moon', 'solar_halo': 'a luminous halo parallel to the horizon at the altitude of the sun; caused by ice crystals in the atmosphere', 'parhelion': 'a bright spot on the parhelic circle; caused by diffraction by ice crystals; \"two or more parhelia are usually seen at once\"', 'north_wind': 'a wind that blows from the north', 'nuclear_propulsion': 'the use of a nuclear reactor either to produce electricity to power an engine (as in a nuclear submarine) or to directly heat a propellant (as in nuclear rockets)', 'ocean_current': 'the steady flow of surface ocean water in a prevailing direction', 'El_Nino_southern_oscillation': 'a more intense El Nino that occurs every few years when the welling up of cold nutrient-rich water does not occur; kills plankton and fish and affects weather patterns', 'equatorial_current': 'any of the ocean currents that flow westward at the equator', 'North_Equatorial_Current': 'an equatorial current that flows west across the Pacific just north of the equator', 'South_Equatorial_Current': 'an equatorial current that flows west across the Pacific just south of the equator', 'Gulf_stream': 'a warm ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico northward through the Atlantic Ocean', 'Japan_current': 'a warm ocean current that flows northeastwardly off the coast of Japan into the northern Pacific ocean', 'Peruvian_current': 'a cold ocean current that flows north along the Pacific Coast of South America before turning west', 'optical_opacity': 'opacity to light', 'radiopacity': 'opacity to X-rays or other radiation', 'optical_illusion': 'an optical phenomenon that results in a false or deceptive visual impression', 'optical_phenomenon': 'a physical phenomenon related to or involving light', 'phosphorescence': 'a fluorescence that persists after the bombarding radiation has ceased', 'photoelectricity': 'electricity generated by light or affected by light', 'piezoelectricity': 'electricity produced by mechanical pressure on certain crystals (notably quartz or Rochelle salt); alternatively, electrostatic stress produces a change in the linear dimensions of the crystal', 'pleochroism': 'the phenomenon of different colors appearing when certain crystals are viewed from different directions', 'pleomorphism': '(biology) the appearance of two or more distinctly different forms in the life cycle of some organisms', 'polarization': 'the condition of having or giving polarity', 'depolarization': 'a loss of polarity or polarization', 'polymorphism': '(genetics) the genetic variation within a population that natural selection can operate on', 'dimorphism': '(chemistry) the property of certain substances that enables them to exist in two distinct crystalline forms', 'single_nucleotide_polymorphism': '(genetics) genetic variation in a DNA sequence that occurs when a single nucleotide in a genome is altered; SNPs are usually considered to be point mutations that have been evolutionarily successful enough to recur in a significant proportion of the population of a species', 'electric_potential': 'the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts', 'evoked_potential': 'the electrical response of the central nervous system produced by an external stimulus; \"he measured evoked potentials with an electroencephalogram\"', 'resting_potential': 'the potential difference between the two sides of the membrane of a nerve cell when the cell is not conducting an impulse', 'potential_energy': 'the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position; stored energy', 'gas_pressure': 'the pressure exerted by a gas', 'barometric_pressure': 'atmospheric pressure as indicated by a barometer', 'compartment_pressure': 'the air pressure maintained in an air-tight compartment (as in an aircraft)', 'overpressure': 'a transient air pressure greater than the surrounding atmospheric pressure; \"the overpressure of the blast kills by lethal concussion\"', 'sea-level_pressure': 'the atmospheric pressure reduced by a formula to the pressure at sea level', 'hydrostatic_head': 'the pressure at a given point in a liquid measured in terms of the vertical height of a column of the liquid needed to produce the same pressure', 'intraocular_pressure': 'pressure exerted by the fluids inside the eyeball; regulated by resistance to the outward flow of aqueous humor; \"glaucoma can result from increased intraocular pressure\"', 'oil_pressure': 'pressure that keeps oil on the moving parts of an internal-combustion engine', 'osmotic_pressure': '(physical chemistry) the pressure exerted by a solution necessary to prevent osmosis into that solution when it is separated from the pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane', 'radiation_pressure': 'the minute pressure exerted on a surface normal to the direction of propagation of a wave', 'sound_pressure': 'the difference between the instantaneous pressure at a point in a sound field and the average pressure at that point', 'prevailing_wind': 'the predominant wind direction; \"the prevailing wind is from the southwest\"', 'rocket_propulsion': 'reaction propulsion using stored oxygen for combustion; used where there is insufficient atmospheric oxygen', 'reaction_propulsion': 'propulsion that results from the ejection at high velocity of a mass of gas to which the vehicle reacts with an equal and opposite momentum', 'radiant_energy': 'energy that is transmitted in the form of (electromagnetic) radiation; energy that exists in the absence of matter', 'corpuscular_radiation': 'a stream of atomic or subatomic particles that may be charged positively (e.g. alpha particles) or negatively (e.g. beta particles) or not at all (e.g. neutrons)', 'radio_wave': 'an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength between 0.5 cm to 30,000 m', 'sky_wave': \"a radio wave that is reflected back to earth by the ionosphere or a communications satellite; permits transmission around the curve of the earth's surface\", 'ionospheric_wave': 'a sky wave that is reflected by the ionosphere', 'ground_wave': \"a radio wave propagated on or near the earth's surface\", 'radio_signal': 'a radio wave used to transmit and receive messages', 'mass_spectrum': 'a distribution of ions as shown by a mass spectrograph or a mass spectrometer', 'microwave_spectrum': 'the part of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to microwaves', 'radio_spectrum': 'the entire spectrum of electromagnetic frequencies used for communications; includes frequencies used for radio and radar and television', 'carrier_wave': 'a radio wave that can be modulated in order to transmit a signal', 'raindrop': 'a drop of rain', 'rainstorm': 'a storm with rain', 'line_storm': 'a violent rainstorm near the time of an equinox', 'thundershower': 'a short rainstorm accompanied by thunder and lightning', 'downpour': 'a heavy rain', 'drizzle': 'very light rain; stronger than mist but less than a shower', 'refraction': 'the change in direction of a propagating wave (light or sound) when passing from one medium to another', 'double_refraction': 'splitting a ray into two parallel rays polarized perpendicularly', 'conductance': \"a material's capacity to conduct electricity; measured as the reciprocal of electrical resistance\", 'electric_resistance': \"a material's opposition to the flow of electric current; measured in ohms\", 'ohmage': 'the ohmic resistance of a conductor', 'reactance': 'opposition to the flow of electric current resulting from inductance and capacitance (rather than resistance)', 'acoustic_resistance': 'opposition to the flow of sound through a surface; acoustic resistance is the real component of acoustic impedance and acoustic reactance is the imaginary component', 'sonic_barrier': 'the increase in aerodynamic drag as an airplane approaches the speed of sound', 'resolving_power': 'the ability of a microscope or telescope to measure the angular separation of images that are close together', 'scattering': 'a small number (of something) dispersed haphazardly; \"the first scatterings of green\"; \"a sprinkling of grey at his temples\"', 'sex_linkage': 'an association between genes in sex chromosomes that makes some characteristics appear more frequently in one sex than in the other', 'meteor_shower': \"a transient shower of meteors when a meteor swarm enters the earth's atmosphere\", 'short_wave': 'a radio wave with a wavelength less than 100 meters (a frequency greater than 3 megahertz)', 'medium_wave': 'a radio wave with a wavelength between 100 and 1000 meters (a frequency between 300 kilohertz and 3000 kilohertz)', 'long_wave': 'a radio wave with a wavelength longer than a kilometer (a frequency below 300 kilohertz)', 'simoom': 'a violent hot sand-laden wind on the deserts of Arabia and North Africa', 'skin_effect': 'the tendency of high-frequency alternating current to distribute near the surface of a conductor', 'sleet': 'partially melted snow (or a mixture of rain and snow)', 'smother': 'a stifling cloud of smoke', 'snow': 'a layer of snowflakes (white crystals of frozen water) covering the ground', 'flurry': 'a light brief snowfall and gust of wind (or something resembling that); \"he had to close the window against the flurries\"; \"there was a flurry of chicken feathers\"', 'whiteout': 'an arctic atmospheric condition with clouds over snow produce a uniform whiteness and objects are difficult to see; occurs when the light reflected off the snow equals the light coming through the clouds', 'snowflake': 'a crystal of snow', 'virga': 'light wispy precipitation that evaporates before it reaches the ground (especially when the lower air is low in humidity)', 'ice_crystal': 'small crystals of ice', 'blizzard': 'a storm with widespread snowfall accompanied by strong winds', 'solar_energy': 'energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy; \"the amount of energy falling on the earth is given by the solar constant, but very little use has been made of solar energy\"', 'insolation': 'incident solar radiation', 'solar_radiation': 'radiation from the sun', 'solar_flare': \"a sudden eruption of intense high-energy radiation from the sun's surface; associated with sunspots and radio interference\", 'solar_prominence': 'large eruptions of luminous hydrogen gas that rise thousands of kilometers above the chromosphere', 'solar_wind': 'a stream of protons moving radially from the sun', 'sound_spectrum': 'the distribution of energy as a function of frequency for a particular sound source', 'speech_spectrum': 'the average sound spectrum for the human voice', 'sunspot': \"a cooler darker spot appearing periodically on the sun's photosphere; associated with a strong magnetic field\", 'facula': 'a bright spot on a planet', 'south_wind': 'a wind from the south', 'nonlinear_distortion': 'distortion that occurs when the output signal does not have a linear relation to the input signal', 'electrical_conduction': 'the passage of electricity through a conductor', 'conduction': 'the transmission of heat or electricity or sound', 'Doppler_effect': 'change in the apparent frequency of a wave as observer and source move toward or away from each other', 'red_shift': '(astronomy) a shift in the spectra of very distant galaxies toward longer wavelengths (toward the red end of the spectrum); generally interpreted as evidence that the universe is expanding', 'spherical_aberration': 'an optical aberration resulting in a distorted image', 'spillover': '(economics) any indirect effect of public expenditure', 'squall': 'sudden violent winds; often accompanied by precipitation', 'line_squall': 'a squall advancing along a front that forms a definite line', 'electrical_disturbance': 'electrical signals produced by unwanted sources (atmospherics or receiver noise or unwanted transmitters)', 'static_electricity': 'electricity produced by friction', 'dynamic_electricity': 'a flow of electric charge', 'thermoelectricity': 'electricity produced by heat (as in a thermocouple)', 'breaking_point': '(psychology) stress at which a person breaks down or a situation becomes crucial', 'overstrain': 'too much strain', 'torchlight': 'light from a torch or torches', 'twilight': 'the time of day immediately following sunset; \"he loved the twilight\"; \"they finished before the fall of night\"', 'electromagnetic_interaction': 'an interaction between charged elementary particles that is intermediate in strength between the strong and weak interactions; mediated by photons', 'gravitational_interaction': 'a weak interaction between particles that results from their mass; mediated by gravitons', 'strong_interaction': '(physics) the interaction that binds protons and neutrons together in the nuclei of atoms; mediated by gluons', 'supertwister': 'the most powerful tornado which can create enormously devastating damage; \"supertwisters are fortunately rare\"', 'weak_interaction': '(physics) an interaction between elementary particles involving neutrinos or antineutrinos that is responsible for certain kinds of radioactive decay; mediated by intermediate vector bosons', 'suction': 'a force over an area produced by a pressure difference', 'surface_tension': 'a phenomenon at the surface of a liquid caused by intermolecular forces', 'interfacial_tension': 'surface tension at the surface separating two non-miscible liquids', 'syzygy': 'the straight line configuration of 3 celestial bodies (as the sun and earth and moon) in a gravitational system', 'tempest': '(literary) a violent wind; \"a tempest swept over the island\"', 'thermal': 'rising current of warm air', 'thermionic_current': 'an electric current produced between two electrodes as a result of electrons emitted by thermionic emission', 'theta_rhythm': 'the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person who is awake but relaxed and drowsy; occurs with low frequency and low amplitude', 'thunderbolt': 'a discharge of lightning accompanied by thunder', 'thunderstorm': 'a storm resulting from strong rising air currents; heavy rain or hail along with thunder and lightning', 'tornado': 'a localized and violently destructive windstorm occurring over land characterized by a funnel-shaped cloud extending toward the ground', 'torsion': 'a twisting force', 'tossup': 'an unpredictable phenomenon; \"it\\'s a toss-up whether he will win or lose\"', 'trade_wind': 'steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator; \"they rode the trade winds going west\"', 'antitrade_wind': 'winds blowing from west to east and lying above the trade winds in the tropics', 'tramontane': 'a cold dry wind that blows south out of the mountains into Italy and the western Mediterranean', 'trichroism': 'pleochroism of a crystal so that it exhibits three different colors when viewed from three different directions', 'turbulence': 'instability in the atmosphere', 'typhoon': 'a tropical cyclone occurring in the western Pacific or Indian oceans', 'turbulent_flow': 'flow in which the velocity at any point varies erratically', 'head_sea': 'a sea in which the waves are running directly against the course of the ship', 'streamline_flow': 'flow of a gas or liquid in which the velocity at any point is relatively steady', 'laminar_flow': 'nonturbulent streamline flow in parallel layers (laminae)', 'ultraviolet': 'radiation lying in the ultraviolet range; wave lengths shorter than light but longer than X rays', 'sunray': 'herb having a basal cluster of grey-green leaves and leafless stalks each with a solitary broad yellow flower head; desert areas Idaho to Arizona', 'ultraviolet_spectrum': 'the spectrum of ultraviolet radiation', 'updraft': 'a strong upward air current', 'downdraft': 'a strong downward air current', \"van_der_Waal's_forces\": 'relatively weak attraction between neutral atoms and molecules arising from polarization induced in each particle by the presence of other particles', 'vapor_pressure': 'the pressure exerted by a vapor; often understood to mean saturated vapor pressure (the vapor pressure of a vapor in contact with its liquid form)', 'virtual_image': 'a reflected optical image (as seen in a plane mirror)', 'visible_spectrum': 'the distribution of colors produced when light is dispersed by a prism', 'voltage': 'the rate at which energy is drawn from a source that produces a flow of electricity in a circuit; expressed in volts', 'magnetomotive_force': 'the force that produces magnetic flux', 'life_force': '(biology) a hypothetical force (not physical or chemical) once thought by Henri Bergson to cause the evolution and development of organisms', 'volcanism': 'the phenomena associated with volcanic activity', 'waterpower': 'the power to do work that is latent in a head of water', 'weather': 'the atmospheric conditions that comprise the state of the atmosphere in terms of temperature and wind and clouds and precipitation; \"they were hoping for good weather\"; \"every day we have weather conditions and yesterday was no exception\"; \"the conditions were too rainy for playing in the snow\"', 'elements': 'violent or severe weather (viewed as caused by the action of the four elements); \"they felt the full fury of the elements\"', 'west_wind': 'wind that blows from west to east', 'prevailing_westerly': 'the winds from the west that occur in the temperate zones of the Earth', 'whirlwind': 'a more or less vertical column of air whirling around itself as it moves over the surface of the Earth', 'wind_generation': 'power derived from the wind (as by windmills)', 'windstorm': 'a storm consisting of violent winds', 'X_ray': 'electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength produced when high-speed electrons strike a solid target', 'X-ray_diffraction': 'the scattering of X rays by the atoms of a crystal; the diffraction pattern shows structure of the crystal', 'zodiacal_light': 'a luminous tract in the sky; a reflection of sunlight from cosmic dust in the plane of the ecliptic; visible just before sunrise and just after sunset', 'parallax': 'the apparent displacement of an object as seen from two different points that are not on a line with the object', 'Tyndall_effect': 'the phenomenon in which light is scattered by very small particles in its path; it makes a beam of light visible; the scattered light is mainly blue', 'heliocentric_parallax': \"the parallax of a celestial body using two points in the earth's orbit around the sun as the baseline\", 'stellar_parallax': 'the heliocentric parallax of a star', 'geocentric_parallax': 'the parallax of a celestial body using two points on the surface of the earth as the earth rotates', 'horizontal_parallax': 'the maximum parallax observed when the celestial body is at the horizon', 'solar_parallax': 'the angle subtended by the mean equatorial radius of the Earth at a distance of one astronomical unit', 'Plantae': '(botany) the taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct plants', 'microflora': 'microscopic plants; bacteria are often considered to be microflora', 'plant_cell': 'a cell that is a structural and functional unit of a plant', 'cell_wall': 'a rigid layer of polysaccharides enclosing the membrane of plant and prokaryotic cells; maintains the shape of the cell and serves as a protective barrier', 'endemic': 'a disease that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in people of a certain class or in people living in a particular location', 'holophyte': 'an organism that produces its own food by photosynthesis', 'non-flowering_plant': 'a plant that does not bear flowers', 'plantlet': 'a young plant or a small plant', 'semi-climber': 'a plant that tends to climb and on occasion can grow like a vine', 'Thallophyta': 'used only in former classifications: comprising what is now considered a heterogeneous assemblage of flowerless and seedless organisms: algae; bacteria; fungi; lichens', 'thallophyte': 'any of a group of cryptogamic organisms consisting principally of a thallus and thus showing no differentiation into stem and root and leaf', 'thallus': 'a plant body without true stems or roots or leaves or vascular system; characteristic of the thallophytes', 'crustose_thallus': 'thin crusty lichen thallus; adheres closely to or is embedded in the surface on which it grows', 'calyptra': 'the hood or cap covering the calyx of certain plants: e.g., the California poppy', 'volva': 'cuplike structure around the base of the stalk of certain fungi', 'ascocarp': 'mature fruiting body of an ascomycetous fungus', 'acervulus': 'small asexual fruiting body resembling a cushion or blister consisting of a mat of hyphae that is produced on a host by some fungi', 'basidiocarp': 'the fruiting body of a basidiomycete which bears its spores on special cells', 'peridium': 'outer layer of the spore-bearing organ in many fungi', 'ascoma': 'an ascocarp having the spore-bearing layer of cells (the hymenium) on a broad disklike receptacle', 'apothecium': 'a cuplike ascocarp in many lichens and ascomycetous fungi', 'cleistothecium': 'closed spore-bearing structure of some fungi (especially Aspergillaceae and Erysiphaceae) from which spores are released only by decay or disintegration', 'domatium': 'a part of a plant (e.g., a leaf) that has been modified to provide protection for insects or mites or fungi', 'podetium': 'an organ or body resembling a stalk; especially the outgrowth of the thallus of certain lichens on which the ascocarp is borne', 'Tracheophyta': 'in former classifications: comprising plants with a vascular system including ferns and fern allies as well as seed plants', 'plant_order': 'the order of plants', 'ornamental': 'any plant grown for its beauty or ornamental value', 'pot_plant': 'a plant suitable for growing in a flowerpot (especially indoors)', 'acrogen': 'any flowerless plant such as a fern (pteridophyte) or moss (bryophyte) in which growth occurs only at the tip of the main stem', 'apomict': 'a plant that reproduces or is reproduced by apomixis', 'aquatic': 'a plant that lives in or on water', 'Bryophyta': 'a division of nonflowering plants characterized by rhizoids rather than true roots and having little or no organized vascular tissue and showing alternation of generations between gamete-bearing forms and spore-bearing forms; comprises true mosses (Bryopsida) and liverworts (Hepaticopsida) and hornworts (Anthoceropsida)', 'bryophyte': 'any of numerous plants of the division Bryophyta', 'moss': 'tiny leafy-stemmed flowerless plants', 'moss_family': 'a family of mosses', 'moss_genus': 'a genus of mosses', 'Anthoceropsida': 'hornworts: in some classification systems included in the class Hepaticopsida', 'Anthocerotales': 'hornworts; liverworts having a thalloid gametophyte; in some classification systems included in the class Hepaticopsida', 'Anthocerotaceae': 'hornworts', 'Anthoceros': 'hornworts', 'hornwort': 'any aquatic plant of the genus Ceratophyllum; forms submerged masses in ponds and slow-flowing streams', 'Bryopsida': 'true mosses: bryophytes having leafy rather than thalloid gametophytes: comprises orders Andreaeales; Bryales; Dicranales; Eubryales; Sphagnales', 'acrocarp': 'a moss in which the main axis is terminated by the archegonium (and hence the capsule)', 'pleurocarp': 'a moss having the archegonium or antheridium on a short side branch rather than the main stalk', 'Andreaeales': 'comprises a single genus: Andreaea', 'Andreaea': 'brown or blackish Alpine mosses having a dehiscent capsule with 4 longitudinal slits', 'Bryales': 'category used in some classification systems for mosses having the spore case separated from the capsule wall by a hollow intercellular space', 'Dicranales': 'widely distributed order of mosses with erect gametophores and sporophytes at the tips of stems', 'Dicranaceae': 'mosses having costate leaves and long-stalked capsules with cleft peristome', 'Dicranum': 'type genus of Dicranaceae', 'Eubryales': 'mosses with perennial erect gametophores and stems with rows of leaves and drooping capsules', 'Bryaceae': 'a family of acrocarpous mosses', 'Bryum': 'type genus of the Bryaceae: mosses distinguished by mostly erect and tufted gametophytes and symmetrical short-necked capsules', 'Mniaceae': 'family of erect mosses with club-shaped paraphyses and the hexagonal cells of the upper leaf surface; sometimes treated as a subfamily of Bryaceae', 'Mnium': 'mosses similar to those of genus Bryum but larger', 'Sphagnales': 'coextensive with the genus Sphagnum; in some classifications isolated in a separate subclass', 'genus_Sphagnum': 'a large genus constituting the order Sphagnales: atypical mosses of temperate bogs with leaves that can hold much water', 'sphagnum': 'any of various pale or ashy mosses of the genus Sphagnum whose decomposed remains form peat', 'Hepaticopsida': 'liverworts: comprises orders Anthocerotales; Jungermanniales; Marchantiales; Sphaerocarpales', 'liverwort': 'any of numerous small green nonvascular plants of the class Hepaticopsida growing in wet places and resembling green seaweeds or leafy mosses', 'Jungermanniales': 'large order of chiefly tropical liverworts', 'leafy_liverwort': 'moss-like liverwort with tiny scalelike leaves; usually epiphytic', 'Jungermanniaceae': 'comprising the leafy members of the order Jungermanniales', 'Marchantiales': 'liverworts with gametophyte differentiated internally', 'Marchantiaceae': 'liverworts with prostrate and usually dichotomously branched thalli', 'Marchantia': 'type genus of Marchantiaceae; liverworts that reproduce asexually by gemmae and have stalked antheridiophores', 'hepatica': 'any of several plants of the genus Hepatica having three-lobed leaves and white or pinkish flowers in early spring; of moist and mossy subalpine woodland areas of north temperate regions', 'Sphaerocarpales': 'small order sometimes included in the order Jungermanniales', 'Sphaerocarpaceae': 'liverworts with bilaterally symmetrical gametophytes; sometimes placed in the order Jungermanniales', 'Sphaerocarpus': 'type genus of Sphaerocarpaceae; liverworts with small many-lobed usually orbicular thallus', 'Pteridophyta': 'containing all the vascular plants that do not bear seeds: ferns, horsetails, club mosses, and whisk ferns; in some classifications considered a subdivision of Tracheophyta', 'genus_Pecopteris': 'genus of Carboniferous fossil ferns', 'pecopteris': 'Carboniferous fossil fern characterized by a regular arrangement of the leaflets resembling a comb', 'pteridophyte': 'plants having vascular tissue and reproducing by spores', 'fern': 'any of numerous flowerless and seedless vascular plants having true roots from a rhizome and fronds that uncurl upward; reproduce by spores', 'fern_ally': 'pteridophytes of other classes than Filicopsida', 'agamete': 'an asexual reproductive cell', 'spore': 'a small usually single-celled asexual reproductive body produced by many nonflowering plants and fungi and some bacteria and protozoans and that are capable of developing into a new individual without sexual fusion; \"a sexual spore is formed after the fusion of gametes\"', 'basidiospore': 'a sexually produced fungal spore borne on a basidium', 'endospore': 'a small asexual spore that develops inside the cell of some bacteria and algae', 'carpospore': 'a nonmotile spore of red algae', 'chlamydospore': 'thick-walled asexual resting spore of certain fungi and algae', 'conidium': 'an asexually produced fungal spore formed on a conidiophore', 'conidiophore': 'a specialized fungal hypha that produces conidia', 'oospore': 'a thick-walled sexual spore that develops from a fertilized oosphere in some algae and fungi', 'oosphere': 'a gamete; used especially of lower plants', 'resting_spore': 'a spore of certain algae or fungi that lies dormant; may germinate after a prolonged period', 'teliospore': 'a chlamydospore that develops in the last stage of the life cycle of the rust fungus', 'tetraspore': 'one of the four asexual spores produced within a sporangium', 'zoospore': 'an asexual spore of some algae and fungi that moves by means of flagella', 'fern_seed': 'the asexual spore of ferns that resembles dust; once thought to be seeds and to make the possessor invisible', 'fructification': 'the bearing of fruit', 'gleba': 'fleshy spore-bearing inner mass of e.g. a puffball or stinkhorn', 'hymenium': 'spore-bearing layer of cells in certain fungi containing asci or basidia', 'pycnidium': 'flask-shaped asexual structure containing conidia', 'sporocarp': 'specialized leaf branch in certain aquatic ferns that encloses the sori or clusters of sporangia', 'stipule': 'a small leafy outgrowth at the base of a leaf or its stalk; usually occurring in pairs and soon shed', 'tepal': 'an undifferentiated part of a perianth that cannot be distinguished as a sepal or a petal (as in lilies and tulips)', 'Spermatophyta': 'seed plants; comprises the Angiospermae (or Magnoliophyta) and Gymnospermae (or Gymnospermophyta); in some classification systems Spermatophyta is coordinate with Pteridophyta (spore producing plants having vascular tissue and roots) and Bryophyta (spore producing plants lacking vascular tissue and roots)', 'Phanerogamae': 'in former classification systems: one of two major plant divisions, including all seed-bearing plants; superseded by the division Spermatophyta', 'Cryptogamia': 'in former classification systems: one of two major plant divisions, including all plants that do not bear seeds: ferns, mosses, algae, fungi', 'cryptogam': 'formerly recognized taxonomic group including all flowerless and seedless plants that reproduce by means of spores: ferns, mosses, algae, fungi', 'spermatophyte': 'plant that reproduces by means of seeds not spores', 'seedling': 'young plant or tree grown from a seed', 'biennial': '(botany) a plant having a life cycle that normally takes two seasons from germination to death to complete; flowering biennials usually bloom and fruit in the second season', 'perennial': '(botany) a plant lasting for three seasons or more', 'hygrophyte': 'a plant that grows in a moist habitat', 'neophyte': 'a plant that is found in an area where it had not been recorded previously', 'gymnosperm_family': 'a family of gymnosperms', 'gymnosperm_genus': 'a genus of gymnosperms', 'monocot_family': 'family of flowering plants having a single cotyledon (embryonic leaf) in the seed', 'liliid_monocot_family': 'family of monocotyledonous plants of the subclass Liliidae; mostly herbs usually with petaloid sepals and petals and compound pistils', 'monocot_genus': 'genus of flowering plants having a single cotyledon (embryonic leaf) in the seed', 'liliid_monocot_genus': 'genus of monocotyledonous plants comprising mostly herbs having usually petaloid sepals and petals and compound pistils', 'dicot_family': 'family of flowering plants having two cotyledons (embryonic leaves) in the seed which usually appear at germination', 'magnoliid_dicot_family': 'family of dicotyledonous flowering plants regarded as among the most primitive of extant angiosperms', 'hamamelid_dicot_family': 'family of mostly woody dicotyledonous flowering plants with flowers often unisexual and often borne in catkins', 'caryophylloid_dicot_family': 'family of relatively early dicotyledonous plants including mostly flowers', 'dilleniid_dicot_family': 'family of more or less advanced dicotyledonous trees and shrubs and herbs', 'asterid_dicot_family': 'family of more or less advanced dicotyledonous herbs and some trees and shrubs', 'rosid_dicot_family': 'a family of dicotyledonous plants', 'dicot_genus': 'genus of flowering plants having two cotyledons (embryonic leaves) in the seed which usually appear at germination', 'magnoliid_dicot_genus': 'genus of dicotyledonous flowering plants regarded as among the most primitive of extant angiosperms', 'hamamelid_dicot_genus': 'genus of mostly woody relatively primitive dicotyledonous flowering plants with flowers often unisexual and often borne in catkins', 'caryophylloid_dicot_genus': 'genus of relatively early dicotyledonous plants including mostly flowers', 'dilleniid_dicot_genus': 'genus of more or less advanced dicotyledonous trees and shrubs and herbs', 'asterid_dicot_genus': 'genus of more or less advanced dicotyledonous herbs and some trees and shrubs', 'rosid_dicot_genus': 'a genus of dicotyledonous plants', 'fungus_family': 'includes lichen families', 'fungus_genus': 'includes lichen genera', 'fungus_order': 'the order of fungi', 'Gymnospermae': 'plants having naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary; in some systems considered a class (Gymnospermae) and in others a division (Gymnospermophyta); comprises three subdivisions (or classes): Cycadophytina (class Cycadopsida) and Gnetophytina (class Gnetopsida) and Coniferophytina (class Coniferopsida); in some classifications the Coniferophytina are divided into three groups: Pinophytina (class Pinopsida) and Ginkgophytina (class Ginkgopsida) and Taxophytina (class Taxopsida)', 'gymnosperm': 'plants of the class Gymnospermae having seeds not enclosed in an ovary', 'progymnosperm': 'an ancestral fossil type from which modern gymnosperms are thought to have derived', 'Gnetopsida': 'gymnospermous flowering plants; supposed link between conifers and angiosperms; in some systems classified as a class (Gnetopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Gnetophytina or Gnetophyta)', 'Gnetales': 'chiefly tropical or xerophytic woody plants; practically unknown as fossils but considered close to the ancestral line of angiosperms', 'Gnetaceae': 'plants having small unisexual flowers and fleshy or winged fruit: in some classifications includes the genera Ephedra and Welwitschia as well as genus Gnetum', 'genus_Gnetum': 'type genus of the Gnetaceae; small trees or shrubs usually with climbing jointed stems and terminal spikes of flowers with orange-red seeds clustered in rough cones', 'gnetum': 'small tropical tree with tiered branches and divaricate branchlets having broad glossy dark green leaves; exploited for its edible young leaves and seeds that provide a fine flour', 'Ephedraceae': 'ephedras: in some classifications included in the Gnetaceae', 'Catha': 'a genus of African evergreen shrubs characterized by thick leaves and white flowers', 'Catha_edulis': 'a shrub that is cultivated by Arabs for its leaves which are chewed or used to make tea', 'genus_Ephedra': 'type and sole genus of Ephedraceae: tropical and subtropical evergreen shrubby or creeping plants native to dry and inhospitable regions', 'ephedra': 'jointed and nearly leafless desert shrub having reduced scalelike leaves and reddish fleshy seeds', 'mahuang': 'Chinese ephedra yielding ephedrine', 'Welwitschiaceae': 'in some classifications included in the Gnetaceae', 'genus_Welwitschia': 'type and sole genus of Welwitschiaceae', 'welwitschia': 'curious plant of arid regions of southwestern Africa having a yard-high and yard-wide trunk like a turnip with a deep taproot and two large persistent woody straplike leaves growing from the base; living relic of a flora long disappeared; some may be 700-5000 years old', 'Cycadopsida': 'palmlike gymnosperms: includes the surviving order Cycadales and several extinct orders; possibly not a natural group; in some systems considered a class (Cycadopsida) and in others a subdivision (Cycadophytina or Cycadophyta)', 'Cycadales': 'primitive tropical gymnosperms abundant in the Mesozoic, now reduced to a few scattered tropical forms', 'cycad': 'any tropical gymnosperm of the order Cycadales; having unbranched stems with a crown of fernlike leaves', 'Cycadaceae': 'ancient palmlike plants closely related to ferns in that fertilization is by means of spermatozoids', 'Cycas': 'type genus of Cycadaceae: genus of widely distributed Old World evergreen tropical trees having pinnate leaves and columnar stems covered with persistent bases of old leaves', 'sago_palm': 'any of various tropical Asian palm trees the trunks of which yield sago', 'false_sago': 'southeastern Indian cycad with palmlike foliage', 'Zamiaceae': 'a family of cycads often included in the family Cycadaceae: zamias', 'genus_Zamia': 'genus of small evergreen tropical and subtropical American cycads', 'zamia': 'any of various cycads of the genus Zamia; among the smallest and most verdant cycads', 'coontie': 'small tough woody zamia of Florida and West Indies and Cuba; roots and half-buried stems yield an arrowroot', 'genus_Ceratozamia': 'small genus of Mexican cycads; sometimes classified in family Cycadaceae', 'ceratozamia': 'a small cycad of the genus Ceratozamia having a short scaly woody trunk and fernlike foliage and woody cones; Mexico', 'genus_Dioon': 'small genus of arborescent cycads of Mexico and Central America; sometimes classified in family Cycadaceae', 'dioon': 'any cycad of the genus Dioon; handsome palmlike cycads with robust crowns of leaves and rugged trunks', 'genus_Encephalartos': 'genus of arborescent African cycads; sometimes classified in family Cycadaceae', 'encephalartos': 'any of numerous cycads of the genus Encephalartos having stout cylindrical trunks and a terminal crown of long often spiny pinnate leaves', 'kaffir_bread': 'South African cycad; the farinaceous pith of the fruit used as food', 'genus_Macrozamia': 'genus of large evergreen Australian cycads; sometimes classified in family Cycadaceae', 'macrozamia': 'any treelike cycad of the genus Macrozamia having erect trunks and pinnate leaves and large cones with sometimes edible nuts; Australia', 'burrawong': 'large attractive palmlike evergreen cycad of New South Wales', 'Bennettitales': 'fossil gymnospermous plants of the Carboniferous', 'Bennettitaceae': 'a family of fossil gymnospermous plants of the Carboniferous', 'Bennettitis': 'type of the Bennettitales', 'Pteridospermopsida': 'extinct gymnosperms most of Carboniferous to Jurassic: seed ferns and allies', 'Cycadofilicales': 'fossil gymnospermous trees or climbing plants from the Devonian: seed ferns', 'Pteridospermae': 'used in some classification systems: a group of extinct fossil gymnosperms coextensive with the order Cycadofilicales', 'Lyginopteris': 'genus of fossil seed ferns of the Carboniferous', 'seed_fern': 'an extinct seed-producing fernlike plant of the order Cycadofilicales (or group Pteridospermae)', 'Coniferopsida': 'cone-bearing gymnosperms dating from the Carboniferous period; most are substantial trees; includes the classes Pinopsida (subdivision Pinophytina) and Ginkgopsida (subdivision Ginkgophytina) and Taxopsida (subdivision Taxophytina) which in turn include the surviving orders Coniferales and Taxales (yews) and sometimes Ginkgoales as well as extinct orders such as Cordaitales (of the Carboniferous and Permian)', 'Cordaitales': 'extinct plants having tall arborescent trunks comparable to or more advanced than cycads; known from the Pennsylvanian period; probably extinct since the Mesozoic era', 'Cordaitaceae': 'chiefly Paleozoic plants; Cordaites is the chief and typical genus', 'Cordaites': 'tall Paleozoic trees superficially resembling modern screw pines; structurally intermediate in some ways between cycads and conifers', 'Pinopsida': 'most conifers: in some systems classified as a class (Pinopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Pinophytina); used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta', 'Coniferales': 'profusely branching and chiefly evergreen trees and some shrubs having narrow or needlelike leaves', 'Pinaceae': 'a family of Pinaceae', 'Pinus': 'type genus of the Pinaceae: large genus of true pines', 'pine': 'straight-grained durable and often resinous white to yellowish timber of any of numerous trees of the genus Pinus', 'knotty_pine': 'pine lumber with many knots; used especially for paneling and furniture', 'white_pine': 'any of several five-needled pines with white wood and smooth usually light grey bark when young; especially the eastern white pine', 'yellow_pine': 'any of various pines having yellow wood', 'pinon': 'any of several low-growing pines of western North America', 'nut_pine': 'any of several pinons bearing edible nutlike seeds', 'pinon_pine': 'a small two-needled or three-needled pinon of Mexico and southern Texas', 'Rocky_mountain_pinon': 'small compact two-needled pinon of southwestern United States; important as a nut pine', 'single-leaf': 'pinon of southwestern United States having solitary needles and often many stems; important as a nut pine', 'bishop_pine': 'two-needled or three-needled pinon mostly of northwestern California coast', 'California_single-leaf_pinyon': \"very small tree similar to Rocky mountain pinon but having a single needle per fascicle; similar to Parry's pinyon in range\", \"Parry's_pinyon\": 'five-needled pinon of southern California and northern Baja California having (sometimes three-needled or four-needled showing hybridization from Pinus californiarum)', 'spruce_pine': 'large two-needled pine of southeastern United States with light soft wood', 'black_pine': 'large two-needled timber pine of southeastern Europe', 'pitch_pine': 'large three-needled pine of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada; closely related to the pond pine', 'pond_pine': 'large three-needled pine of sandy swamps of southeastern United States; needles longer than those of the northern pitch pine', 'stone_pine': 'medium-sized two-needled pine of southern Europe having a spreading crown; widely cultivated for its sweet seeds that resemble almonds', 'Swiss_pine': 'large five-needled European pine; yields cembra nuts and a resinous exudate', 'cembra_nut': 'the seed of the Swiss pine', 'Swiss_mountain_pine': 'low shrubby pine of central Europe with short bright green needles in bunches of two', 'ancient_pine': 'small slow-growing pine of western United States similar to the bristlecone pine; chocolate brown bark in plates and short needles in bunches of 5; crown conic but becoming rough and twisted; oldest plant in the world growing to 5000 years in cold semidesert mountain tops', 'American_white_pine': 'tall-growing pine of eastern North America; bark is brown with longitudinal fissures when mature; valued as a timber tree', 'western_white_pine': 'tall pine of western North America with stout blue-green needles; bark is grey-brown with rectangular plates when mature', 'southwestern_white_pine': 'medium-size pine of northwestern Mexico; bark is dark brown and furrowed when mature', 'limber_pine': 'western North American pine with long needles and very flexible limbs and dark-grey furrowed bark', 'whitebark_pine': 'small pine of western North America; having smooth grey-white bark and soft brittle wood; similar to limber pine', 'ponderosa': 'common and widely distributed tall timber pine of western North America having dark green needles in bunches of 2 to 5 and thick bark with dark brown plates when mature', 'Jeffrey_pine': 'tall symmetrical pine of western North America having long blue-green needles in bunches of 3 and elongated cones on spreading somewhat pendulous branches; sometimes classified as a variety of ponderosa pine', 'shore_pine': 'shrubby two-needled pine of coastal northwestern United States; red to yellow-brown bark fissured into small squares', 'Sierra_lodgepole_pine': 'tall subspecies of lodgepole pine', 'loblolly_pine': 'tall spreading three-needled pine of southeastern United States having reddish-brown fissured bark and a full bushy upper head', 'jack_pine': 'slender medium-sized two-needled pine of eastern North America; with yellow-green needles and scaly grey to red-brown fissured bark', 'swamp_pine': 'any of several pines that prefer or endure moist situations such as loblolly pine or longleaf pine', 'longleaf_pine': 'large three-needled pine of southeastern United States having very long needles and gnarled twisted limbs; bark is red-brown deeply ridged; an important timber tree', 'shortleaf_pine': 'large pine of southern United States having short needles in bunches of 2-3 and red-brown bark when mature', 'red_pine': 'pine of eastern North America having long needles in bunches of two and reddish bark', 'Scotch_pine': 'medium large two-needled pine of northern Europe and Asia having flaking red-brown bark', 'scrub_pine': 'common small shrubby pine of the eastern United States having straggling often twisted or branches and short needles in bunches of 2', 'Monterey_pine': 'tall California pine with long needles in bunches of 3, a dense crown, and dark brown deeply fissured bark', 'bristlecone_pine': 'small slow-growing upland pine of western United States (Rocky Mountains) having dense branches with fissured rust-brown bark and short needles in bunches of 5 and thorn-tipped cone scales; among the oldest living things some over 4500 years old', 'table-mountain_pine': 'a small two-needled upland pine of the eastern United States (Appalachians) having dark brown flaking bark and thorn-tipped cone scales', 'knobcone_pine': 'medium-sized three-needled pine of the Pacific coast of the United States having a prominent knob on each scale of the cone', 'Japanese_red_pine': 'pine native to Japan and Korea having a wide-spreading irregular crown when mature; grown as an ornamental', 'Japanese_black_pine': 'large Japanese ornamental having long needles in bunches of 2; widely planted in United States because of its resistance to salt and smog', 'Torrey_pine': 'medium-sized five-needled pine of southwestern California having long cylindrical cones', 'Larix': 'larches', 'larch': 'wood of a larch tree', 'American_larch': 'medium-sized larch of Canada and northern United States including Alaska having a broad conic crown and rust-brown scaly bark', 'western_larch': 'tall larch of western North America have pale green sharply pointed leaves and oblong cones; an important timber tree', 'subalpine_larch': 'medium-sized larch of the Rocky Mountains; closely related to Larix occidentalis', 'European_larch': 'tall European tree having a slender conic crown, flat needlelike leaves, and hairy cone scales', 'Siberian_larch': 'medium-sized larch of northeastern Russia and Siberia having narrowly conic crown and soft narrow bright-green leaves; used in cultivation', 'Pseudolarix': 'one species: golden larch', 'golden_larch': 'Chinese deciduous conifer resembling a larch with golden yellow leaves', 'Abies': 'true firs', 'fir': 'nonresinous wood of a fir tree', 'silver_fir': 'any of various true firs having leaves white or silvery white beneath', 'amabilis_fir': 'medium to tall fir of western North America having a conic crown and branches in tiers; leaves smell of orange when crushed', 'European_silver_fir': 'tall timber tree of central and southern Europe having a regular crown and grey bark', 'white_fir': 'medium to tall fir of central to western United States having a narrow erect crown and soft wood', 'balsam_fir': 'medium-sized fir of northeastern North America; leaves smell of balsam when crushed; much used for pulpwood and Christmas trees', 'Fraser_fir': 'small fast-growing but short-lived fir of southern Alleghenies similar to balsam fir but with very short leaves', 'lowland_fir': 'lofty fir of the Pacific coast of northwestern America having long curving branches and deep green leaves', 'Alpine_fir': 'medium-tall timber tree of the Rocky Mountains having a narrowly conic to columnar crown', 'Santa_Lucia_fir': 'a pyramidal fir of southwestern California having spiny pointed leaves and cone scales with long spines', 'Cedrus': 'true cedars', 'cedar': 'any of numerous trees of the family Cupressaceae that resemble cedars', 'red_cedar': 'fragrant reddish wood of any of various red cedar trees', 'pencil_cedar': 'any of several junipers with wood suitable for making pencils', 'cedar_of_Lebanon': 'cedar of Lebanon and northwestern Syria that attains great age and height', 'deodar': 'tall East Indian cedar having spreading branches with nodding tips; highly valued for its appearance as well as its timber', 'Atlas_cedar': 'tall Algerian evergreen of Atlas mountains with blue-green leaves; widely planted as an ornamental', 'Picea': 'a genus of temperate and Arctic evergreen trees (see spruce)', 'spruce': 'light soft moderately strong wood of spruce trees; used especially for timbers and millwork', 'Norway_spruce': 'tall pyramidal spruce native to northern Europe having dark green foliage on spreading branches with pendulous branchlets and long pendulous cones', 'weeping_spruce': 'medium-sized spruce of California and Oregon having pendulous branches', 'Engelmann_spruce': 'tall spruce of Rocky Mountains and British Columbia with blue-green needles and acutely conic crown; wood used for rough lumber and boxes', 'white_spruce': 'medium-sized spruce of northeastern North America having short blue-green leaves and slender cones', 'black_spruce': 'small spruce of boggy areas of northeastern North America having spreading branches with dense foliage; inferior wood', 'Siberian_spruce': 'tall spruce of northern Europe and Asia; resembles Norway spruce', 'Sitka_spruce': 'a large spruce that grows only along the northwestern coast of the United States and Canada; has sharp stiff needles and thin bark; the wood has a high ratio of strength to weight', 'oriental_spruce': 'evergreen tree of the Caucasus and Asia Minor used as an ornamental having pendulous branchlets', 'Colorado_spruce': 'tall spruce with blue-green needles and dense conic crown; older trees become columnar with lower branches sweeping downward', 'red_spruce': 'medium-sized spruce of eastern North America; chief lumber spruce of the area; source of pulpwood', 'Tsuga': 'hemlock; hemlock fir; hemlock spruce', 'hemlock': 'poisonous drug derived from an Eurasian plant of the genus Conium; \"Socrates refused to flee and died by drinking hemlock\"', 'eastern_hemlock': 'common forest tree of the eastern United States and Canada; used especially for pulpwood', 'Carolina_hemlock': 'medium-sized evergreen of southeastern United States having spreading branches and widely diverging cone scales', 'mountain_hemlock': 'large evergreen of western United States; wood much harder than Canadian hemlock', 'western_hemlock': 'tall evergreen of western North America; commercially important timber tree', 'Pseudotsuga': 'douglas fir; closely related to genera Larix and Cathaya', 'douglas_fir': 'strong durable timber of a douglas fir', 'green_douglas_fir': 'lofty douglas fir of northwestern North America having short needles and egg-shaped cones', 'big-cone_spruce': 'douglas fir of California having cones 4-8 inches long', 'genus_Cathaya': 'one species; related to Pseudotsuga and Larix', 'Cathaya': 'Chinese evergreen conifer discovered in 1955; not yet cultivated elsewhere', 'Cupressaceae': 'cypresses and junipers and many cedars', 'Cupressus': 'type genus of Cupressaceae', 'cypress': 'wood of any of various cypress trees especially of the genus Cupressus', 'gowen_cypress': 'small sometimes shrubby tree native to California; often used as an ornamental; in some classification systems includes the pygmy cypress and the Santa Cruz cypress', 'pygmy_cypress': 'rare small cypress native to northern California; sometimes considered the same species as gowen cypress', 'Santa_Cruz_cypress': 'rare California cypress taller than but closely related to gowen cypress and sometimes considered the same species', 'Arizona_cypress': 'Arizona timber tree with bluish silvery foliage', 'Guadalupe_cypress': 'relatively low wide-spreading endemic on Guadalupe Island; cultivated for its bluish foliage', 'Monterey_cypress': 'tall California cypress endemic on Monterey Bay; widely used for ornament as well as reforestation and shelterbelt planting', 'Mexican_cypress': 'tall spreading evergreen found in Mexico having drooping branches; believed to have been introduced into Portugal from Goa', 'Italian_cypress': 'tall Eurasian cypress with thin grey bark and ascending branches', 'Athrotaxis': 'a genus of gymnosperm', 'King_William_pine': 'evergreen of Tasmanian mountains having sharp-pointed leaves that curve inward', 'Austrocedrus': 'one species; formerly included in genus Libocedrus', 'Chilean_cedar': 'a small South American evergreen having coppery bark and pretty foliage', 'Callitris': 'evergreen monoecious coniferous trees or shrubs: cypress pines', 'cypress_pine': 'any of several evergreen trees or shrubs of Australia and northern New Caledonia', 'Port_Jackson_pine': 'Australian cypress pine having globular cones', 'black_cypress_pine': 'Australian tree with small flattened scales as leaves and numerous dark brown seed; valued for its timber and resin', 'white_cypress_pine': 'small tree or shrub of southern Australia', 'stringybark_pine': 'Australian cypress pine with fibrous inner bark', 'Calocedrus': 'tall evergreens of western North America and eastern Asia; formerly included in genus Libocedrus', 'incense_cedar': 'any of several attractive trees of southwestern South America and New Zealand and New Caledonia having glossy evergreen leaves and scented wood', 'Chamaecyparis': 'a genus of Chamaecyparis', 'southern_white_cedar': 'slow-growing medium-sized cedar of east coast of the United States; resembles American arborvitae', 'Oregon_cedar': 'large timber tree of western North America with trunk diameter to 12 feet and height to 200 feet', 'Port_Orford_cedar': 'the wood of the Port Orford cedar tree', 'yellow_cypress': 'tall evergreen of the Pacific coast of North America often cultivated for ornament', 'Cryptomeria': 'Japanese cedar; sugi', 'Japanese_cedar': 'tall evergreen of Japan and China yielding valuable soft wood', 'Juniperus': 'junipers', 'juniper': 'coniferous shrub or small tree with berrylike cones', 'juniper_berry': 'berrylike fruit of a plant of the genus Juniperus especially the berrylike cone of the common juniper', 'eastern_red_cedar': 'small juniper found east of Rocky Mountains having a conic crown, brown bark that peels in shreds, and small sharp needles', 'Bermuda_cedar': 'ornamental densely pyramidal juniper of Bermuda; fairly large for a juniper', 'east_African_cedar': 'tropical African timber tree with fragrant wood', 'southern_red_cedar': 'juniper of swampy coastal regions of southeastern United States; similar to eastern red cedar', 'dwarf_juniper': 'procumbent or spreading juniper', 'common_juniper': 'densely branching shrub or small tree having pungent blue berries used to flavor gin; widespread in northern hemisphere; only conifer on coasts of Iceland and Greenland', 'ground_cedar': 'a variety of club moss', 'creeping_juniper': 'low to prostrate shrub of Canada and northern United States; bronzed purple in winter', 'Mexican_juniper': 'small tree of western Texas and mountains of Mexico having spreading branches with drooping branchlets', 'Libocedrus': 'cypresses that resemble cedars', 'kawaka': 'New Zealand timber tree resembling the cypress', 'pahautea': 'evergreen tree of New Zealand resembling the kawaka', 'Taxodiaceae': 'coniferous trees; traditionally considered an independent family though recently included in Cupressaceae in some classification systems', 'genus_Metasequoia': 'genus of deciduous conifers comprising both living and fossil forms; 1 extant species: dawn redwood of China; variously classified as member of Pinaceae or Taxodiaceae', 'metasequoia': 'large fast-growing Chinese monoecious tree having flat bright-green deciduous leaves and small globular cones; commonly cultivated in United States as an ornamental; known as a fossil before being discovered in China', 'genus_Sequoia': 'redwoods; until recently considered a genus of a separate family Taxodiaceae', 'sequoia': 'either of two huge coniferous California trees that reach a height of 300 feet; sometimes placed in the Taxodiaceae', 'redwood': 'the soft reddish wood of either of two species of sequoia trees', 'California_redwood': 'lofty evergreen of United States coastal foothills from Oregon to Big Sur; it flourishes in wet, rainy, foggy habitats', 'Sequoiadendron': 'giant sequoias; sometimes included in the genus Sequoia; until recently placed in the Taxodiaceae', 'giant_sequoia': 'extremely lofty evergreen of southern end of western foothills of Sierra Nevada in California; largest living organism', 'Taxodium': 'bald cypress; swamp cypress', 'bald_cypress': 'common cypress of southeastern United States having trunk expanded at base; found in coastal swamps and flooding river bottoms', 'pond_cypress': 'smaller than and often included in the closely related Taxodium distichum', 'Montezuma_cypress': 'cypress of river valleys of Mexican highlands', 'Ahuehuete': 'Mexico\\'s most famous tree; a giant specimen of Montezuma cypress more than 2,000 years old with a girth of 165 feet at Santa Maria del Tule; \"some say the Tule tree is the world\\'s largest single biomass\"', 'Tetraclinis': 'sandarac tree', 'sandarac': 'durable fragrant wood; used in building (as in the roof of the cathedral at Cordova, Spain)', 'Thuja': 'red cedar', 'arborvitae': 'any of several Asian and North American conifers of the genera Thuja and Thujopsis', 'western_red_cedar': 'large valuable arborvitae of northwestern United States', 'American_arborvitae': 'small evergreen of eastern North America having tiny scalelike leaves on flattened branchlets', 'Oriental_arborvitae': 'Asiatic shrub or small tree widely planted in United States and Europe; in some classifications assigned to its own genus', 'Thujopsis': 'one species; has close similarity to genus Thuja', 'hiba_arborvitae': 'slow-growing medium-large Japanese evergreen used as an ornamental', 'genus_Keteleeria': 'a genus of keteleeria', 'keteleeria': 'Asiatic conifers resembling firs', 'Araucariaceae': 'tall evergreen cone-bearing trees of South America and Australia with broad leathery leaves; in some classifications included in the Pinaceae', 'Wollemi_pine': 'newly discovered (1994) pine thought to have been long extinct; Australia; genus and species names not yet assigned', 'genus_Araucaria': 'a genus of the araucaria family', 'araucaria': 'any of several tall South American or Australian trees with large cones and edible seeds', 'monkey_puzzle': 'large Chilean evergreen conifer having intertwined branches and bearing edible nuts', 'norfolk_island_pine': 'evergreen of Australia and Norfolk Island in the South Pacific', 'new_caledonian_pine': 'very tall evergreen of New Caledonia and the New Hebrides similar to norfolk island pine', 'hoop_pine': 'pine of Australia and New Guinea; yields a valuable light even-textured wood', 'Agathis': 'kauri pine', 'kauri_pine': 'any of various trees of the genus Agathis; yield dammar resin', 'kauri': 'resin of the kauri trees of New Zealand; found usually as a fossil; also collected for making varnishes and linoleum', 'amboina_pine': 'native to the Moluccas and Philippines; a source of dammar resin', 'dundathu_pine': 'Australian timber tree resembling the kauri but having wood much lighter in weight and softer', 'red_kauri': 'New Zealand tree with glossy leaves and scaly reddish-brown bark', 'Cephalotaxaceae': 'a family of Cephalotaxaceae', 'Cephalotaxus': 'the genus of Cephalotaxus (see plum-yews)', 'plum-yew': 'any of several evergreen trees and shrubs of eastern Asia resembling yew and having large seeds enclosed in a fleshy envelope; sometimes cultivated as ornamentals', 'Torreya': 'nutmeg-yews', 'California_nutmeg': 'California evergreen having a fruit resembling a nutmeg but with a strong turpentine flavor', 'stinking_cedar': 'rare small evergreen of northern Florida; its glossy green leaves have an unpleasant fetid smell when crushed', 'Phyllocladaceae': 'a family of Phyllocladaceae', 'Phyllocladus': 'celery pine', 'celery_pine': 'Australasian evergreen conifer having a graceful head of foliage resembling celery that is composed of phyllodes borne in the axils of scalelike leaves', 'celery_top_pine': 'medium tall celery pine of Tasmania', 'tanekaha': 'medium tall celery pine of New Zealand', 'Alpine_celery_pine': 'small shrubby celery pine of New Zealand', 'yellowwood': 'the yellow wood of any of various yellowwood trees', 'gymnospermous_yellowwood': 'any of various gymnospermous trees having yellow wood', 'angiospermous_yellowwood': 'any of various angiospermous trees having yellow wood', 'Podocarpaceae': 'gymnosperms with simple persistent needlelike or scalelike leaves', 'Podocarpus': 'evergreen trees or shrubs; sometimes classified as member of the family Taxaceae', 'podocarp': 'any evergreen in the southern hemisphere of the genus Podocarpus having a pulpy fruit with one hard seed', 'yacca': 'West Indian evergreen with medium to long leaves', 'brown_pine': 'large Australian tree with straight-grained yellow wood that turns brown on exposure', 'cape_yellowwood': 'South African tree or shrub having a rounded crown', 'South-African_yellowwood': 'erect or shrubby tree of Africa having ridged dark grey bark and rigid glossy medium to long leaves', 'alpine_totara': 'low wide-spreading coniferous shrub of New Zealand mountains', 'totara': 'valuable timber tree of New Zealand yielding hard reddish wood used for furniture and bridges and wharves', 'Afrocarpus': 'dioecious evergreen trees or shrubs; equatorial to southern and southeastern Africa: yellowwood; similar to trees or genus Podocarpus', 'common_yellowwood': 'medium-sized tree of South Africa', 'Dacrycarpus': 'evergreen coniferous shrubs or trees of New Zealand to Malaysia and Philippines', 'kahikatea': 'New Zealand evergreen valued for its light easily worked wood', 'Dacrydium': 'Australasian evergreen trees or shrubs', 'rimu': 'tall New Zealand timber tree', 'tarwood': 'New Zealand shrub', 'Falcatifolium': 'sickle pines: dioecious evergreen tropical trees and shrubs having sickle-shaped leaves; similar to Dacrycarpus in habit; Malaysia and Philippines to New Guinea and New Caledonia', 'common_sickle_pine': 'small tropical rain forest tree of Indonesia and Malaysia', 'yellow-leaf_sickle_pine': 'a rain forest tree or shrub of New Caledonia having a conic crown and pale green sickle-shaped leaves; host species for the rare parasite yew', 'Halocarpus': 'dioecious trees or shrubs of New Zealand; similar in habit to Dacrydium', 'Lagarostrobus': 'genus of dioecious evergreen trees of New Zealand and Tasmania; similar to genus Dacrydium', 'westland_pine': 'timber tree of New Zealand having shiny white wood', 'huon_pine': 'Tasmanian timber tree with yellow aromatic wavy-grained wood used for carving and ship building; sometimes placed in genus Dacrydium', 'Lepidothamnus': 'small usually shrubby conifers', 'Chilean_rimu': 'about the hardiest Podocarpaceae species; prostrate spreading shrub similar to mountain rimu; mountains of southern Chile', 'mountain_rimu': 'low-growing to prostrate shrub with slender trailing branches; New Zealand', 'Microstrobos': '2 species of small evergreen shrubs of Australia and Tasmania', 'Tasman_dwarf_pine': 'small shrub or Tasmania having short stiff branches', 'Nageia': 'small genus of Asian evergreen trees having columnar crowns and distinguished by leaves lacking a midrib; eastern Asia including India and Philippines and New Guinea', 'nagi': 'medium-sized tree having glossy lanceolate leaves; southern China to Taiwan and southern Japan', 'Parasitaxus': 'one species: parasite yew', 'parasite_yew': 'rare and endangered monoecious parasitic conifer of New Caledonia; parasitic on Falcatifolium taxoides', 'Prumnopitys': 'mostly dioecious evergreen conifers; leaves are softer than in Podocarpus', 'miro': 'New Zealand conifer used for lumber; the dark wood is used for interior carpentry', 'matai': 'conifer of Australia and New Zealand', 'plum-fruited_yew': 'South American evergreen tree or shrub', 'Retrophyllum': 'small genus of tropical evergreen dioecious shrubs or trees of Oceania and tropical South America', 'Saxe-gothea': \"one species: Prince Albert's yew\", 'Prince_Albert_yew': 'small yew having attractive foliage and partially weeping branches cultivated as an ornamental; mountains of southern Chile', 'Sundacarpus': 'one species', 'Sundacarpus_amara': 'a large fast-growing monoecious tropical evergreen tree having large glossy lanceolate leaves; of rain forests of Sumatra and Philippines to northern Queensland', 'Sciadopityaceae': 'family comprising a single genus that until recently was considered part of Taxodiaceae', 'Sciadopitys': 'type and sole genus of Sciadopityaceae; Japanese umbrella pines', 'Japanese_umbrella_pine': 'tall evergreen having a symmetrical spreading crown and needles growing in whorls that resemble umbrellas at ends of twigs', 'Taxopsida': 'yews: in some systems classified as a class (Taxopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Taxophytina) used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta', 'Taxales': 'coextensive with the family Taxaceae: yews', 'Taxaceae': 'sometimes classified as member of order Taxales', 'Taxus': 'yews', 'yew': 'wood of a yew; especially the durable fine-grained light brown or red wood of the English yew valued for cabinetwork and archery bows', 'Old_World_yew': 'predominant yew in Europe; extraordinarily long-lived and slow growing; one of the oldest species in the world', 'Pacific_yew': 'small or medium irregularly branched tree of the Pacific coast of North America; yields fine hard close-grained wood', 'Japanese_yew': 'shrubby hardy evergreen of China and Japan having lustrous dark green foliage; cultivated in the eastern United States', 'Florida_yew': 'small bushy yew of northern Florida having spreading branches and very narrow leaves', 'Austrotaxus': 'a gymnosperm genus having one species: New Caledonian yew', 'New_Caledonian_yew': 'large yew native to New Caledonia; cultivated in eastern Australia and New Zealand and Hawaii', 'Pseudotaxus': 'one species', 'white-berry_yew': 'yew of southeastern China, differing from the Old World yew in having white berries', 'Ginkgopsida': 'ginkgos: in some systems classified as a class and in others as a subdivision; used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta', 'Ginkgoales': 'coextensive with the family Ginkgoaceae: plants that first appeared in the Permian and now represented by a single surviving species; often included in Coniferales', 'Ginkgoaceae': 'constituting the order Ginkgoales; includes the genus Ginkgo and extinct forms', 'genus_Ginkgo': 'sole surviving genus of the Ginkgoaceae', 'ginkgo': 'deciduous dioecious Chinese tree having fan-shaped leaves and fleshy yellow seeds; exists almost exclusively in cultivation especially as an ornamental street tree', 'Pteropsida': 'used in former classifications to include all ferns and flowering plants and divided into the three classes Filicinae and Gymnospermae and Angiospermae', 'Angiospermae': 'comprising flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in an ovary; in some systems considered a class (Angiospermae) and in others a division (Magnoliophyta or Anthophyta)', 'angiosperm': 'plants having seeds in a closed ovary', 'angiocarp': 'tree bearing fruit enclosed in a shell or involucre or husk', 'Dicotyledones': 'comprising seed plants that produce an embryo with paired cotyledons and net-veined leaves; divided into six (not always well distinguished) subclasses (or superorders): Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae (considered primitive); Caryophyllidae (an early and distinctive offshoot); and three more or less advanced groups: Dilleniidae; Rosidae; Asteridae', 'dicot': 'flowering plant with two cotyledons; the stem grows by deposit on its outside', 'Magnoliidae': 'a group of families of trees and shrubs and herbs having well-developed perianths and apocarpous ovaries and generally regarded as the most primitive extant flowering plants; contains 36 families including Magnoliaceae and Ranunculaceae; sometimes classified as a superorder', 'Monocotyledones': 'comprising seed plants that produce an embryo with a single cotyledon and parallel-veined leaves: includes grasses and lilies and palms and orchids; divided into four subclasses or superorders: Alismatidae; Arecidae; Commelinidae; and Liliidae', 'monocot': 'a monocotyledonous flowering plant; the stem grows by deposits on its inside', 'Alismatidae': 'one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones; comprises about 500 species in 14 families of aquatic and semiaquatic herbs', 'Arecidae': 'one of four subclasses or superorder of Monocotyledones; comprises about 6400 species in 5 families of trees and shrubs and terrestrial herbs and a few free-floating aquatics including: Palmae; Araceae; Pandanaceae and Lemnaceae', 'Commelinidae': 'one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones; comprises about 19,000 species in 25 families of mostly terrestrial herbs especially of moist places including: Cyperaceae; Gramineae; Bromeliaceae; and Zingiberaceae', 'flower': 'the period of greatest prosperity or productivity', 'floret': 'a diminutive flower (especially one that is part of a composite flower)', 'bloomer': 'a flower that blooms in a particular way; \"a night bloomer\"', 'wildflower': 'wild or uncultivated flowering plant', 'apetalous_flower': 'flower having no petals', 'flower_head': 'a shortened compact cluster of flowers so arranged that the whole gives the effect of a single flower as in clover or members of the family Compositae', 'inflorescence': 'the flowering part of a plant or arrangement of flowers on a stalk', 'ray_flower': 'small flower with a flat strap-shaped corolla usually occupying the peripheral rings of a composite flower', 'catkin': 'a cylindrical spikelike inflorescence', 'bud': 'a swelling on a plant stem consisting of overlapping immature leaves or petals', 'stamen': 'the male reproductive organ of a flower', 'anther': 'the part of the stamen that contains pollen; usually borne on a stalk', 'gynostegium': 'the crown of the stamen in plants of the genus Asclepias', 'pollen': 'the fine spores that contain male gametes and that are borne by an anther in a flowering plant', 'pollinium': 'a coherent mass of pollen grains (as in orchids)', 'reproductive_structure': 'the parts of a plant involved in its reproduction', 'pistil': 'the female ovule-bearing part of a flower composed of ovary and style and stigma', 'gynobase': 'the enlarged receptacle in which the pistil is borne', 'gynophore': 'the stalk of a pistil that raises it above the receptacle', 'simple_pistil': 'consists of one carpel', 'compound_pistil': 'consists of two or more fused carpels', 'pistillode': 'a sterile vestigial pistil remaining in a staminate flower', 'stylopodium': 'an enlargement at the base of the style in some Umbelliferae', 'carpel': 'a simple pistil or one element of a compound pistil', 'carpophore': 'a slender stalk that furnishes an axis for a carpel', 'cornstalk': 'the stalk of a corn plant', 'funicle': 'the stalk of a plant ovule or seed', 'petiolule': 'the stalk of a leaflet', 'mericarp': 'a carpel with one seed; one of a pair split apart at maturity', 'hilum': 'the scar on certain seeds marking its point of attachment to the funicle', 'nucellus': 'central part of a plant ovule; contains the embryo sac', 'micropyle': 'minute opening in the wall of an ovule through which the pollen tube enters', 'amphitropous_ovule': 'a partly inverted ovule turned back 90 degrees on its stalk', 'anatropous_ovule': 'a completely inverted ovule turned back 180 degrees on its stalk', 'campylotropous_ovule': 'a curved ovule with the micropyle almost touching the funiculus', 'orthotropous_ovule': 'a completely straight ovule with the micropyle at the apex', 'germ_pore': 'a pore in the outer wall of a spore or pollen grain through which the germ tube or pollen tube makes its exit on germination', 'germ_tube': '(botany) a slender tubular outgrowth from a spore in germination', 'pollen_tube': '(botany) a slender tubular outgrowth from a pollen grain when deposited on the stigma for a flower; it penetrates the style and conveys the male gametes to the ovule', 'placentation': 'the formation of the placenta in the uterus', 'apical_placentation': 'where one or few ovules develop at the top of a simple or compound ovary', 'axile_placentation': 'ovules are borne at or around the center of a compound ovary on an axis formed from joined septa', 'basal_placentation': 'where one or few ovules develop at the base of a simple or compound ovary', 'free_central_placentation': 'where ovules develop on a central column in a compound ovary lacking septa or with septa at base only', 'lamellate_placentation': 'with ovules on thin extensions of the placentae into a compound ovary', 'marginal_placentation': 'with ovules borne on the wall along the ventral suture of a simple ovary', 'parietal_placentation': 'where ovules develop on the wall or slight outgrowths of the wall forming broken partitions within a compound ovary', 'testa': 'protective outer layer of seeds of flowering plants', 'endosperm': 'nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo within seeds of flowering plants', 'gemma': 'small asexual reproductive structure in e.g. liverworts and mosses that detaches from the parent and develops into a new individual', 'fir_cone': 'the seed-producing cone of a fir tree', 'galbulus': 'the seed-producing cone of a cypress tree', 'pinecone': 'the seed-producing cone of a pine tree', 'nutshell': 'the shell around the kernel of a nut', 'nectary': 'a gland (often a protuberance or depression) that secretes nectar', 'seed': 'a small hard fruit', 'pericarp': 'the ripened and variously modified walls of a plant ovary', 'epicarp': 'outermost layer of the pericarp of fruits as the skin of a peach or grape', 'mesocarp': 'the middle layer of a pericarp', 'pip': 'a disease of poultry', 'bilocular_capsule': 'a capsule divided into two cells or compartments', 'boll': 'the rounded seed-bearing capsule of a cotton or flax plant', 'silique': 'narrow elongated seed capsule peculiar to the family Cruciferae', 'silicle': 'short broad silique occurring in some cruciferous plants', 'haustorium': 'a root-like attachment in parasitic plants that penetrates and obtains food from the host', 'cataphyll': \"a reduced or scarcely developed leaf at the start of a plant's life (i.e., cotyledons) or in the early stages of leaf development\", 'cotyledon': 'embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants', 'perisperm': 'the nutritive tissue outside the sac containing the embryo in some seeds', 'monocarp': 'a plant that bears fruit once and dies', 'sporophyte': 'the spore-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations', 'gametophyte': 'the gamete-bearing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations', 'megagametophyte': 'the female gametophyte produced by the megaspore of a plant that produces both microspore and megaspores', 'megasporangium': 'a plant structure that produces megaspores', 'megasporophyll': 'in non-flowering plants, a sporophyll that bears only megasporangia', 'microgametophyte': 'the male gametophyte produced by a microspore', 'microspore': 'smaller of the two types of spore produced in heterosporous plants; develops in the pollen sac into a male gametophyte', 'microsporangium': 'a plant structure that produces microspores', 'microsporophyll': 'in non-flowering plants, a sporophyll that bears only microsporangia', 'megaspore': 'larger of the two types of spore produced in heterosporous plants; develops in ovule into a female gametophyte', 'archespore': 'primitive cell or group of cells from which a mother cell develops', 'daughter_cell': 'a cell formed by the division or budding of another cell; \"anthrax grows by dividing into two daughter cells that are generally identical\"', 'mother_cell': 'cell from which another cell of an organism (usually of a different sort) develops; \"a sperm cell develops from a sperm mother cell\"', 'spore_mother_cell': 'cell from which a spore develops', 'archegonium': 'a female sex organ occurring in mosses, ferns, and most gymnosperms', 'bonduc_nut': 'hard shiny grey seed of a bonduc tree; used for making e.g. jewelry', \"Job's_tears\": 'hard pearly seeds of an Asiatic grass; often used as beads', 'oilseed': 'any of several seeds that yield oil', 'castor_bean': 'the toxic seed of the castor-oil plant; source of castor oil', 'cottonseed': 'seed of cotton plants; source of cottonseed oil', 'candlenut': 'large tree native to southeastern Asia; the nuts yield oil used in varnishes; nut kernels strung together are used locally as candles', 'peach_pit': 'the stone seed of a peach', 'cherry_stone': 'the stone seed of a cherry', 'hypanthium': 'the cuplike or ringlike or tubular structure of a flower which bears the sepals and stamens and calyx (as in Rosaceae)', 'petal': 'part of the perianth that is usually brightly colored', 'sepal': 'one of the green parts that form the calyx of a flower', 'floral_leaf': 'a modified leaf that is part of a flower', 'corolla': '(botany) the whorl of petals of a flower that collectively form an inner floral envelope or layer of the perianth; \"we cultivate the flower for its corolla\"', 'calyx': '(botany) the whorl of sepals of a flower collectively forming the outer floral envelope or layer of the perianth enclosing and supporting the developing bud; usually green', 'epicalyx': 'a group of bracts simulating a calyx as in a carnation or hibiscus', 'perianth': 'collective term for the outer parts of a flower consisting of the calyx and corolla and enclosing the stamens and pistils', 'pappus': 'calyx composed of scales or bristles or featherlike hairs in plants of the Compositae such as thistles and dandelions', 'thistledown': 'pappus of a thistle consisting of silky featherlike hairs attached to the seed-like fruit of a thistle', 'Ranales': 'herbs, shrubs and trees: includes families Ranunculaceae; Annonaceae; Berberidaceae; Magnoliaceae; Menispermaceae; Myristicaceae; Nymphaeaceae; Lardizabalaceae; Lauraceae; Calycanthaceae; Ceratophyllaceae; Cercidiphyllaceae', 'Annonaceae': 'chiefly tropical trees or shrubs', 'Annona': 'type genus of the Annonaceae; tropical American trees or shrubs', 'Asimina': 'pawpaw', 'pawpaw': 'small tree native to the eastern United States having oblong leaves and fleshy fruit', 'Cananga': 'a genus of Malayan tree', 'ilang-ilang': 'oil distilled from flowers of the ilang-ilang tree; used in perfumery', 'Oxandra': 'genus of tropical trees', 'lancewood': 'durable straight-grained wood of the lacewood tree; used for building and cabinetwork and tools', 'Xylopia': 'tropical evergreen trees or shrubs; chiefly African', 'Guinea_pepper': 'tropical west African evergreen tree bearing pungent aromatic seeds used as a condiment and in folk medicine', 'Berberidaceae': 'shrubs or herbs', 'Berberis': 'large genus of shrubs of temperate zones of New and Old Worlds', 'barberry': 'any of numerous plants of the genus Berberis having prickly stems and yellow flowers followed by small red berries', 'American_barberry': 'deciduous shrub of eastern North America whose leaves turn scarlet in autumn and having racemes of yellow flowers followed by ellipsoid glossy red berries', 'common_barberry': 'upright deciduous European shrub widely naturalized in United States having clusters of juicy berries', 'Japanese_barberry': 'compact deciduous shrub having persistent red berries; widespread in cultivation especially for hedges', 'Caulophyllum': 'blue cohosh', 'blue_cohosh': 'tall herb of eastern North America and Asia having blue berrylike fruit and a thick knotty rootstock formerly used medicinally', 'Epimedium': 'herbaceous perennials of Mediterranean to India and eastern Asia', 'barrenwort': 'slow-growing creeping plant with semi-evergreen leaves on erect wiry stems; used as ground cover', 'Mahonia': 'evergreen shrubs and small trees of North and Central America and Asia', 'Oregon_grape': 'small shrub with grey-green leaves and yellow flowers followed by glaucous blue berries', 'Podophyllum': 'perennial rhizomatous herbs', 'mayapple': 'North American herb with poisonous root stock and edible though insipid fruit', 'May_apple': 'edible but insipid fruit of the May apple plant', 'Calycanthaceae': 'shrubs or small trees having aromatic bark; the eastern United States and eastern Asia', 'Calycanthus': 'a magnoliid dicot genus of the family Calycanthaceae including: allspice', 'Carolina_allspice': 'hardy shrub of southeastern United States having clove-scented wood and fragrant red-brown flowers', 'spicebush': 'deciduous shrub of the eastern United States having highly aromatic leaves and bark and yellow flowers followed by scarlet or yellow berries', 'Chimonanthus': 'small genus of Asian deciduous or evergreen shrubs having fragrant flowers: winter sweet', 'Japan_allspice': 'deciduous Japanese shrub cultivated for its fragrant yellow flowers', 'Ceratophyllaceae': 'coextensive with the genus Ceratophyllum: hornworts', 'Ceratophyllum': 'constituting the family Ceratophyllaceae: hornworts', 'Cercidiphyllaceae': 'one genus', 'Cercidiphyllum': 'one species: katsura tree', 'katsura_tree': 'rapidly growing deciduous tree of low mountainsides of China and Japan; grown as an ornamental for its dark blue-green candy-scented foliage that becomes yellow to scarlet in autumn', 'Lardizabalaceae': 'thick-stemmed lianas and some shrubs; some have edible fruit', 'Lardizabala': 'evergreen monoecious climbers of South America having dark mauve-blue edible berries', 'Lauraceae': 'a family of Lauraceae', 'Laurus': 'small evergreen trees or shrubs with aromatic leaves', 'true_laurel': 'small Mediterranean evergreen tree with small blackish berries and glossy aromatic leaves used for flavoring in cooking; also used by ancient Greeks to crown victors', 'Cinnamomum': 'Asiatic and Australian aromatic trees and shrubs', 'camphor_tree': 'large evergreen tree of warm regions whose aromatic wood yields camphor', 'cassia': 'any of various trees or shrubs of the genus Cassia having pinnately compound leaves and usually yellow flowers followed by long seedpods', 'cassia_bark': 'aromatic bark of the cassia-bark tree; less desirable as a spice than Ceylon cinnamon bark', 'Saigon_cinnamon': 'tropical southeast Asian tree with aromatic bark; yields a bark used medicinally', 'cinnamon_bark': 'aromatic bark of Saigon cinnamon used medicinally as a carminative', 'Lindera': 'aromatic evergreen or deciduous dioecious shrubs or trees of eastern Asia and North America', 'Benzoin': 'used in some classifications for the American spicebush and certain other plants often included in the genus Lindera', 'Persea': 'avocado', 'laurel-tree': 'small tree of southern United States having dark red heartwood', 'genus_Sassafras': 'a genus of sassafras', 'sassafras_oil': 'oil from root bark of sassafras trees; used in perfumery and as a disinfectant', 'Umbellularia': 'aromatic evergreen trees of Pacific coast', 'California_laurel': 'Pacific coast tree having aromatic foliage and small umbellate flowers followed by olivelike fruit; yields a hard tough wood', 'Magnoliaceae': 'subclass Magnoliidae: genera Liriodendron, Magnolia, and Manglietia', 'Illicium': 'anise trees: evergreen trees with aromatic leaves', 'anise_tree': 'any of several evergreen shrubs and small trees of the genus Illicium', 'purple_anise': 'small shrubby tree with purple flowers; found in wet soils of southeastern United States', 'star_anise': 'small tree of China and Vietnam bearing anise-scented star-shaped fruit used in food and medicinally as a carminative', 'genus_Magnolia': 'shrubs or trees of North America or Asia having entire evergreen or deciduous leaves; among most ancient of angiosperm genera', 'magnolia': 'dried bark of various magnolias; used in folk medicine', 'southern_magnolia': 'evergreen tree of southern United States having large stiff glossy leaves and huge white sweet-smelling flowers', 'umbrella_tree': 'erect evergreen shrub or small tree of Australia and northern New Guinea having palmately compound leaves', 'earleaved_umbrella_tree': 'small erect deciduous tree with large leaves in coiled formations at branch tips', 'cucumber_tree': 'American deciduous magnolia having large leaves and fruit like a small cucumber', 'large-leaved_magnolia': 'large deciduous shrub or tree of southeastern United States having huge leaves in dense false whorls and large creamy flowers tinged purple toward the base', 'saucer_magnolia': 'large deciduous shrub or small tree having large open rosy to purplish flowers; native to Asia; prized as an ornamental in eastern North America', 'star_magnolia': 'deciduous shrubby magnolia from Japan having fragrant white starlike flowers blooming before leaves unfold; grown as an ornamental in United States', 'sweet_bay': 'shrub or small tree having rather small fragrant white flowers; abundant in southeastern United States', 'manglietia': 'a genus of flowering tree of the family Magnoliaceae found from Malay to southern China', 'Liriodendron': 'tulip trees', 'tulip_tree': 'tall North American deciduous timber tree having large tulip-shaped greenish yellow flowers and conelike fruit; yields soft white woods used especially for cabinet work', 'tulipwood': 'the variegated or showily striped ornamental wood of various tulipwood trees', 'Menispermaceae': 'herbaceous or woody climbers', 'Menispermum': 'climbing herbs', 'moonseed': 'plant of the family Menispermaceae having red or black fruit with crescent- or ring-shaped seeds', 'common_moonseed': 'a woody vine of eastern North America having large oval leaves and small white flowers and purple to blue-black fruits', 'Cocculus': 'climbing plants or shrubs', 'Carolina_moonseed': 'woody vine of southeastern United States resembling the common moonseed but having red fruits', 'Myristicaceae': 'family of aromatic tropical trees with arillate seeds', 'Myristica': 'type genus of Myristicaceae; tropical Asian evergreen trees with small white or yellow flowers followed by fleshy fruits', 'Nymphaeaceae': 'dicot aquatic plants', 'water_lily': 'an aquatic plant of the family Nymphaeaceae', 'Nymphaea': 'the type genus of the family Nymphaeaceae; any of a variety of water lilies', 'European_white_lily': 'a water lily with white flowers', 'lotus': 'native to eastern Asia; widely cultivated for its large pink or white flowers', 'blue_lotus': 'blue lotus of India and southeastern Asia', 'Nuphar': 'spatterdocks', 'spatterdock': 'common water lily of eastern and central North America, having broad leaves and globe-shaped yellow flowers; in sluggish fresh or slightly brackish water', 'southern_spatterdock': 'of flowing waters of the southeastern United States; may form obstructive mats in streams', 'yellow_water_lily': 'a water lily with yellow flowers', 'Nelumbonaceae': 'in some classifications considered an independent family of water lilies; comprises the single genus Nelumbo', 'Nelumbo': 'sometimes placed in the family Nymphaeaceae: lotuses', 'Cabombaceae': 'in some classifications considered an independent family of water lilies; comprises the genera Cabomba and Brasenia', 'Cabomba': 'alternatively, a member of the family Nymphaeaceae; a small genus of American aquatic plants', 'water-shield': 'aquatic plant with floating oval leaves and purple flowers; in lakes and slow-moving streams; suitable for aquariums', 'Brasenia': 'alternatively, a member of the family Nymphaeaceae', 'Paeoniaceae': 'perennial rhizomatous herbs and shrubs; of temperate Europe and North America', 'Paeonia': 'peonies: herbaceous or shrubby plants having showy flowers', 'peony': 'any of numerous plants widely cultivated for their showy single or double red or pink or white flowers', 'Ranunculaceae': 'a family of Ranunculaceae', 'Ranunculus': 'annual, biennial or perennial herbs: buttercup; crowfoot', 'buttercup': 'any of various plants of the genus Ranunculus', 'meadow_buttercup': 'perennial European buttercup with yellow spring flowers widely naturalized especially in eastern North America', 'water_crowfoot': 'plant of ponds and slow streams having submerged and floating leaves and white flowers; Europe and North America', 'common_buttercup': 'perennial Old World buttercup with golden to sulphur yellow flowers in late spring to early summer; naturalized in North America', 'lesser_celandine': 'perennial herb native to Europe but naturalized elsewhere having heart-shaped leaves and yellow flowers resembling buttercups; its tuberous roots have been used as a poultice to relieve piles', 'lesser_spearwort': 'semiaquatic Eurasian perennial crowfoot with leaves shaped like spears; naturalized in New Zealand', 'sagebrush_buttercup': 'small early-flowering buttercup with shiny yellow flowers of western North America', 'greater_spearwort': 'semiaquatic European crowfoot with leaves shaped like spears', 'mountain_lily': 'Japanese lily with golden rays', 'western_buttercup': 'perennial of western North America', 'creeping_buttercup': 'perennial European herb with long creeping stolons', 'cursed_crowfoot': 'annual herb growing in marshy places', 'Aconitum': 'genus of poisonous plants of temperate regions of northern hemisphere with a vaulted and enlarged petal', 'aconite': 'any of various usually poisonous plants of the genus Aconitum having tuberous roots and palmately lobed leaves and blue or white flowers', 'monkshood': 'a poisonous herb native to northern Europe having hooded blue-purple flowers; the dried leaves and roots yield aconite', 'wolfsbane': 'poisonous Eurasian perennial herb with broad rounded leaves and yellow flowers and fibrous rootstock', 'Actaea': 'baneberry', 'baneberry': 'a poisonous berry of a plant of the genus Actaea', 'red_baneberry': 'North American perennial herb with alternately compound leaves and racemes of small white flowers followed by bright red oval poisonous berries', 'white_baneberry': 'North American herb with white poisonous berries', \"pheasant's-eye\": 'Eurasian herb cultivated for its deep red flowers with dark centers', 'genus_Anemone': 'perennial herbs with tuberous roots and beautiful flowers; of north and south temperate regions', 'anemone': 'any woodland plant of the genus Anemone grown for its beautiful flowers and whorls of dissected leaves', 'Alpine_anemone': 'silky-foliaged herb of the Rocky Mountains with bluish-white flowers', 'Canada_anemone': 'common summer-flowering woodland herb of Labrador to Colorado', 'thimbleweed': 'a common North American anemone with cylindrical fruit clusters resembling thimbles', 'wood_anemone': 'common anemone of eastern North America with solitary pink-tinged white flowers', 'longheaded_thimbleweed': 'thimbleweed of northern North America', 'snowdrop_anemone': 'Eurasian herb with solitary nodding fragrant white flowers', 'Virginia_thimbleweed': 'thimbleweed of central and eastern North America', 'Anemonella': 'one species: rue anemone', 'rue_anemone': 'woodland flower native to eastern North America having cup-shaped flowers reminiscent of anemone but more delicate', 'genus_Aquilegia': 'columbine', 'columbine': 'a plant of the genus Aquilegia having irregular showy spurred flowers; north temperate regions especially mountains', 'meeting_house': 'columbine of eastern North America having long-spurred red flowers', 'blue_columbine': 'columbine of the Rocky Mountains having long-spurred blue flowers', \"granny's_bonnets\": 'common European columbine having variously colored (white or blue to purple or red) short-spurred flowers; naturalized in United States', 'Caltha': 'a genus of Caltha', 'marsh_marigold': 'swamp plant of Europe and North America having bright yellow flowers resembling buttercups', 'Cimicifuga': 'small genus of perennial herbs of north temperate regions: bugbane', 'bugbane': 'a plant of the genus Cimicifuga having flowers in long racemes or panicles reported to be distasteful to insects', 'American_bugbane': 'bugbane of the eastern United States having erect racemes of white flowers', 'black_cohosh': 'North American bugbane found from Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin and south to Georgia', 'fetid_bugbane': 'bugbane of Siberia and eastern Asia having ill-smelling green-white flowers', 'genus_Clematis': 'large genus of deciduous or evergreen woody vines or erect herbs', 'clematis': 'any of various ornamental climbing plants of the genus Clematis usually having showy flowers', 'pine_hyacinth': 'erect clematis of Florida having pink to purple flowers', 'blue_jasmine': 'climber of southern United States having bluish-purple flowers', 'pipestem_clematis': 'clematis of California', 'curly-heads': 'shrubby clematis of the eastern United States having curly foliage', 'golden_clematis': 'Chinese clematis with serrate leaves and large yellow flowers', 'scarlet_clematis': 'woody vine of Texas having showy solitary nodding scarlet flowers', 'leather_flower': 'scandent subshrub of southeastern United States having large red-purple bell-shaped flowers with leathery recurved sepals', \"virgin's_bower\": 'common climber of eastern North America that sprawls over other plants and bears numerous panicles of small creamy white flowers', \"traveler's_joy\": 'vigorous deciduous climber of Europe to Afghanistan and Lebanon having panicles of fragrant green-white flowers in summer and autumn', 'purple_clematis': 'climber of northeastern North America having waxy purplish-blue flowers', 'Coptis': 'small genus of low perennial herbs having yellow rhizomes and white or yellow flowers', 'goldthread': 'low-growing perennial of North America woodlands having trifoliate leaves and yellow rootstock and white flowers', 'Consolida': \"plants having flowers resembling the larkspur's but differing from larkspur's in the arrangement of petals; sometimes included in genus Delphinium\", 'rocket_larkspur': 'commonly cultivated larkspur of southern Europe having unbranched spikelike racemes of blue or sometimes purplish or pinkish flowers; sometime placed in genus Delphinium', 'genus_Delphinium': 'large genus of chiefly perennial erect branching herbs of north temperate regions some poisonous', 'delphinium': 'any plant of the genus Delphinium having palmately divided leaves and showy spikes of variously colored spurred flowers; some contain extremely poisonous substances', 'larkspur': 'any of numerous cultivated plants of the genus Delphinium', 'Eranthis': 'winter aconite', 'winter_aconite': 'small Old World perennial herb grown for its bright yellow flowers which appear in early spring often before snow is gone', 'Helleborus': 'a genus of Helleborus', 'hellebore': 'perennial herbs of the lily family having thick toxic rhizomes', 'stinking_hellebore': 'digitate-leaved hellebore with an offensive odor and irritant qualities when taken internally', 'Christmas_rose': 'European evergreen plant with white or purplish rose-like winter-blooming flowers', 'lenten_rose': 'slightly hairy perennial having deep green leathery leaves and flowers that are ultimately purplish-green', 'green_hellebore': 'deciduous plant with large deep green pedate leaves and nodding saucer-shaped green flowers', 'genus_Hepatica': 'small genus of perennial herbs of north temperate regions; allied to genus Anemone', 'Hydrastis': 'small genus of perennial herbs having rhizomes and palmate leaves and small solitary flowers; of northeastern United States and Japan', 'goldenseal': 'perennial herb of northeastern United States having a thick knotted yellow rootstock and large rounded leaves', 'Isopyrum': 'tufted perennial herbs of northern hemisphere', 'false_rue_anemone': 'slender erect perennial of eastern North America having tuberous roots and pink-tinged white flowers; resembles meadow rue', 'Laccopetalum': 'one species: giant buttercup', 'giant_buttercup': 'spectacular perennial native of wet montane grasslands of Peru; formerly included in genus Ranunculus', 'genus_Nigella': 'erect annual Eurasian herbs', 'nigella': 'any plant of the genus Nigella', 'love-in-a-mist': 'tropical American passion flower with finely dissected bracts; stems malodorous when crushed', 'fennel_flower': 'nigella of Spain and southern France', 'black_caraway': 'herb of the Mediterranean region having pungent seeds used like those of caraway', 'Pulsatilla': 'includes a group of plants that in some classifications are included in the genus Anemone: pasqueflowers', 'pasqueflower': 'any plant of the genus Pulsatilla; sometimes included in genus Anemone', 'American_pasqueflower': 'short hairy perennial with early spring blue-violet or lilac flowers; North America and Siberia', 'Western_pasqueflower': 'of western North America', 'European_pasqueflower': 'European perennial having usually violet or white spring flowers', 'Thalictrum': 'widely distributed genus of perennial herbs: meadow rue', 'meadow_rue': 'any of various herbs of the genus Thalictrum; sometimes rhizomatous or tuberous perennials found in damp shady places and meadows or stream banks; have lacy foliage and clouds of small purple or yellow flowers', 'Trautvetteria': 'small genus of perennial herbs: false bugbane', 'false_bugbane': 'tall perennial of the eastern United States having large basal leaves and white summer flowers', 'Trollius': 'perennial herbs of north temperate regions: globeflowers', 'globeflower': 'any of several plants of the genus Trollius having globose yellow flowers', 'Winteraceae': 'small family of chiefly tropical shrubs and trees of genera Drimys and Pseudowintera; sometimes included in Magnoliaceae', 'Drimys': 'shrubs and trees of southern hemisphere having aromatic foliage', \"winter's_bark\": 'aromatic bark having tonic and stimulant properties', 'Pseudowintera': 'evergreen shrubs or small trees of Australia and New Zealand', 'pepper_shrub': 'evergreen shrub or small tree whose foliage is conspicuously blotched with red and yellow and having small black fruits', 'Myricales': 'coextensive with the family Myricaceae', 'Myricaceae': 'constituting the order Myricales', 'Myrica': 'deciduous aromatic shrubs or small trees', 'sweet_gale': 'bog shrub of north temperate zone having bitter-tasting fragrant leaves', 'wax_myrtle': 'any shrub or small tree of the genus Myrica with aromatic foliage and small wax-coated berries', 'bay_myrtle': 'evergreen aromatic shrubby tree of southeastern United States having small hard berries thickly coated with white wax used for candles', 'bayberry': 'West Indian tree; source of bay rum', 'bayberry_wax': 'a fragrant green wax obtained from the wax myrtle and used in making candles', 'Comptonia': 'one species: sweet fern', 'sweet_fern': 'deciduous shrub of eastern North America with sweet scented fernlike leaves and tiny white flowers', 'Leitneriaceae': 'coextensive with the genus Leitneria; commonly isolated in a distinct order', 'Leitneria': 'one species: corkwood', 'corkwood': 'very small deciduous dioecious tree or shrub of damp habitats in southeastern United States having extremely light wood', 'Juncaceae': 'tufted herbs resembling grasses: rushes', 'Juncus': 'type genus of the Juncaceae; perennial tufted glabrous marsh plants of temperate regions: rushes', 'bulrush': 'tall rush with soft erect or arching stems found in Eurasia, Australia, New Zealand, and common in North America', 'jointed_rush': 'rush of Australia', 'toad_rush': 'low-growing annual rush of damp low-lying ground; nearly cosmopolitan', 'hard_rush': 'tall rush of temperate regions', 'salt_rush': 'rush of the Pacific coast of North America', 'slender_rush': 'tufted wiry rush of wide distribution', 'plant_family': 'a family of plants', 'plant_genus': 'a genus of plants', 'zebrawood': 'handsomely striped or mottled wood of the zebrawood tree; used especially for cabinetwork', 'Connaraceae': 'mostly tropical climbing shrubs or small trees; closely related to Leguminosae', 'Connarus': 'large genus of tropical trees and shrubs; type genus of the Connaraceae', 'Connarus_guianensis': 'tropical American and east African tree with strikingly marked hardwood used in cabinetwork', 'Leguminosae': 'a large family of trees, shrubs, vines, and herbs bearing bean pods; divided for convenience into the subfamilies Caesalpiniaceae; Mimosaceae; Papilionaceae', 'Arachis': 'a genus of plants with pods that ripen underground (see peanut)', 'Brya': 'genus of prickly shrubs and small trees of the Caribbean region; source of a durable hardwood', 'granadilla_tree': 'West Indian tree yielding a fine grade of green ebony', 'cocuswood': 'wood of the granadilla tree used for making musical instruments especially clarinets', 'Centrolobium': 'a genus of Centrolobium', 'arariba': 'Brazilian tree with handsomely marked wood', 'Coumarouna': 'tropical American trees: tonka beans', 'tonka_bean': 'fragrant black nutlike seeds of the tonka bean tree; used in perfumes and medicines and as a substitute for vanilla', 'Hymenaea': 'genus of tropical American timber trees', 'courbaril': 'West Indian locust tree having pinnate leaves and panicles of large white or purplish flowers; yields very hard tough wood', 'courbaril_copal': 'resin from the courbaril tree', 'genus_Melilotus': 'Old World herbs: the sweet clovers', 'melilotus': 'erect annual or biennial plant grown extensively especially for hay and soil improvement', 'white_sweet_clover': 'biennial plant; valuable honey plant', 'yellow_sweet_clover': 'biennial yellow-flowered Eurasian plant having aromatic leaves used as carminative or flavoring agent; widely cultivated especially as green manure or cover crop', 'Swainsona': 'a genus of Australian herbs and subshrubs: darling peas', 'darling_pea': 'either of two Australian plants of the genus Swainsona that are poisonous to sheep', 'smooth_darling_pea': 'erect or trailing perennial of eastern Australia having axillary racemes of blue to purple or red flowers', 'hairy_darling_pea': 'shrubby perennial of southern Australia having downy or woolly stems and undersides of leaves and racemes of red to pink flowers', 'Trifolium': 'any leguminous plant having leaves divided into three leaflets', 'clover': 'a plant of the genus Trifolium', 'alpine_clover': 'European mountain clover with fragrant usually pink flowers', 'hop_clover': 'clover native to Ireland with yellowish flowers; often considered the true or original shamrock', 'crimson_clover': 'southern European annual with spiky heads of crimson flower; extensively cultivated in United States for forage', 'red_clover': 'erect to decumbent short-lived perennial having red-purple to pink flowers; the most commonly grown forage clover', 'buffalo_clover': 'clover of western United States', 'white_clover': 'creeping European clover having white to pink flowers and bright green leaves; naturalized in United States; widely grown for forage', 'Mimosaceae': 'family of spiny woody plants (usually shrubs or small trees) whose leaves mimic animals in sensitivity to touch; commonly included in the family Leguminosae', 'Mimosoideae': 'alternative name used in some classification systems for the family Mimosaceae', 'genus_Mimosa': 'genus of spiny woody shrubs or trees; named for their apparent imitation of animal sensitivity to light and heat and movement', 'sensitive_plant': 'prostrate or semi-erect subshrub of tropical America, and Australia; heavily armed with recurved thorns and having sensitive soft grey-green leaflets that fold and droop at night or when touched or cooled', 'genus_Acacia': 'large genus of shrubs and trees and some woody vines of Central and South America, Africa, Australia and Polynesia: wattle; mimosa', 'acacia': 'any of various spiny trees or shrubs of the genus Acacia', 'shittah': 'source of a wood mentioned frequently in the Bible; probably a species of genus Acacia', 'shittimwood': 'wood of the shittah tree used to make the ark of the Hebrew Tabernacle', 'black_wattle': 'Australian tree that yields tanning materials', 'gidgee': 'scrubby Australian acacia having extremely foul-smelling blossoms', 'catechu': 'East Indian spiny tree having twice-pinnate leaves and yellow flowers followed by flat pods; source of black catechu', 'black_catechu': 'extract of the heartwood of Acacia catechu used for dyeing and tanning and preserving fishnets and sails; formerly used medicinally', 'silver_wattle': 'evergreen Australasian tree having white or silvery bark and young leaves and yellow flowers', 'huisache': 'tropical American thorny shrub or small tree; fragrant yellow flowers used in making perfumery', 'lightwood': 'tall Australian acacia yielding highly valued black timber', 'golden_wattle': 'shrubby Australian tree having clusters of fragrant golden yellow flowers; widely cultivated as an ornamental', 'fever_tree': 'any of several trees having leaves or bark used to allay fever or thought to indicate regions free of fever', 'Adenanthera': 'small genus of trees of tropical Asia and Pacific areas', 'coralwood': 'East Indian tree with racemes of yellow-white flowers; cultivated as an ornamental', 'genus_Albizia': 'large genus of unarmed trees and shrubs of Old World tropics', 'albizzia': 'any of numerous trees of the genus Albizia', 'silk_tree': 'attractive domed or flat-topped Asiatic tree having bipinnate leaves and flowers with long silky stamens', 'siris': 'large spreading Old World tree having large leaves and globose clusters of greenish-yellow flowers and long seed pods that clatter in the wind', 'rain_tree': 'large ornamental tropical American tree with bipinnate leaves and globose clusters of flowers with crimson stamens and seed pods that are eaten by cattle', 'Anadenanthera': '2 species of tropical American shrubs or trees', 'Anadenanthera_colubrina': 'Brazilian shrub having twice-pinnate leaves and small spicate flowers followed by flat or irregularly torulose pods; sometimes placed in genus Piptadenia', 'genus_Calliandra': 'genus of pinnate-leaved shrubs and small trees of tropical and subtropical North and South America and India and West Africa', 'calliandra': 'any of various shrubs and small trees valued for their fine foliage and attractive spreading habit and clustered white to deep pink or red flowers', 'Enterolobium': 'small genus of tropical American timber trees closely allied to genus Albizia', 'conacaste': 'tropical South American tree having a wide-spreading crown of bipinnate leaves and coiled ear-shaped fruits; grown for shade and ornament as well as valuable timber', 'genus_Inga': 'genus of tropical trees or shrubs', 'inga': 'any tree or shrub of the genus Inga having pinnate leaves and showy usually white flowers; cultivated as ornamentals', 'ice-cream_bean': 'ornamental evergreen tree with masses of white flowers; tropical and subtropical America', 'guama': 'tropical tree of Central America and West Indies and Puerto Rico having spikes of white flowers; used as shade for coffee plantations', 'Leucaena': 'small genus of tropical evergreen trees or shrubs having pods like those of the acacia', 'lead_tree': 'low scrubby tree of tropical and subtropical North America having white flowers tinged with yellow resembling mimosa and long flattened pods', 'Lysiloma': 'small genus of tropical American trees and shrubs with pinnate leaves and flat straight pods', 'wild_tamarind': 'a tree of the West Indies and Florida and Mexico; resembles tamarind and has long flat pods', 'sabicu': 'the wood of the sabicu which resembles mahogany', 'Parkia': 'genus of tropical Old World trees: nitta trees', 'nitta_tree': 'any of several Old World tropical trees of the genus Parkia having heads of red or yellow flowers followed by pods usually containing edible seeds and pulp', 'Parkia_javanica': 'tall evergreen rain forest tree with wide-spreading crown having yellow-white flowers; grown as an ornamental in parks and large gardens', 'Piptadenia': 'tropical American trees and shrubs; often placed in other genera', 'Pithecellobium': 'thorny shrubs and trees of tropical and subtropical America and Asia', 'manila_tamarind': 'common thorny tropical American tree having terminal racemes of yellow flowers followed by sickle-shaped or circinate edible pods and yielding good timber and a yellow dye and mucilaginous gum', \"cat's-claw\": 'erect shrub with small if any spines having racemes of white to yellow flowers followed by curved pointed pods and black shiny seeds; West Indies and Florida', 'Prosopis': 'genus of tropical or subtropical branching shrubs or trees: mesquite', 'mesquite': 'any of several small spiny trees or shrubs of the genus Prosopis having small flowers in axillary cylindrical spikes followed by large pods rich in sugar', 'honey_mesquite': 'thorny deep-rooted drought-resistant shrub native to southwestern United States and Mexico bearing pods rich in sugar and important as livestock feed; tends to form extensive thickets', 'algarroba': 'mesquite pod used in tanning and dyeing', 'screw_bean': 'spirally twisted sweet pod of screwbean mesquite that is used for fodder or ground into meal for feed', 'Apocynaceae': 'chiefly tropical trees or shrubs or herbs having milky juice and often showy flowers; many are sources of drugs', 'Apocynum': 'perennial herbs with small pink or white flowers', 'dogbane': 'any of several poisonous perennial plants of the genus Apocynum having acrid milky juice and bell-shaped white or pink flowers and a very bitter root', 'common_dogbane': 'North American perennial having pinkish flowers in loose cymes; used in folk medicine for pain or inflammation in joints', 'Indian_hemp': 'source of e.g. bhang and hashish as well as fiber', 'Rocky_Mountain_dogbane': 'North American plant similar to common dogbane', 'Acocanthera': 'small genus of trees and shrubs containing strongly toxic cardiac glycosides; Arabia to Africa', 'winter_sweet': 'medium-sized shrubby tree of South Africa having thick leathery evergreen leaves and white or pink flowers and globose usually two-seeded purplish black fruits', \"bushman's_poison\": 'evergreen shrub or tree of South Africa', 'Adenium': 'one species: succulent shrub or tree of tropical Africa and Arabia', 'impala_lily': 'South African shrub having a swollen succulent stem and bearing showy pink and white flowers after the leaves fall; popular as an ornamental in tropics', 'genus_Allamanda': 'genus of tropical American woody vines', 'allamanda': 'a plant of the genus Allamanda having large showy funnel-shaped flowers in terminal cymes', 'common_allamanda': 'vigorous evergreen climbing plant of South America having glossy leathery foliage and golden yellow flowers', 'Alstonia': 'genus of evergreen trees or shrubs with white funnel-shaped flowers and milky sap; tropical Africa to southeastern Asia and Polynesia', 'dita': 'evergreen tree of eastern Asia and Philippines having large leathery leaves and small green-white flowers in compact cymes; bark formerly used medicinally', 'Amsonia': 'genus of herbs and subshrubs with milky juice and showy bluish flowers; Europe to Asia Minor to Japan and North America', 'blue_star': 'subshrubs of southeastern United States forming slow-growing clumps and having blue flowers in short terminal cymes', 'Beaumontia': 'small genus of evergreen woody vines in the East Indies and Asia', 'Nepal_trumpet_flower': 'evergreen woody twiner with large glossy leaves and showy corymbs of fragrant white trumpet-shaped flowers', 'genus_Carissa': 'Old World genus of tropical evergreen usually spiny shrubs', 'carissa': 'a shrub of the genus Carissa having fragrant white flowers and plumlike red to purple-black fruits', 'hedge_thorn': 'South African shrub having forked spines and plumlike fruit; frequently used as hedging', 'natal_plum': 'very large closely branched South African shrub having forked bright green spines and shiny leaves', 'Catharanthus': 'small genus of erect annual or perennial herbs native to Madagascar; widely naturalized in the tropics; formerly included in genus Vinca', 'Holarrhena': 'genus of deciduous trees and shrubs of tropical Africa and Asia', 'ivory_tree': 'tropical Asian tree with hard white wood and bark formerly used as a remedy for dysentery and diarrhea', 'Mandevilla': 'genus of tropical South American tuberous perennial woody vines with large racemose flowers and milky sap', 'white_dipladenia': 'shrubby climber having glossy leaves and white funnel-shaped flowers with yellow throats', 'Chilean_jasmine': 'woody vine of Argentina grown as an ornamental for its glossy leaves and racemes of large fragrant funnel-shaped creamy-white flowers', 'Nerium': 'one species: oleander', 'oleander': 'an ornamental but poisonous flowering shrub having narrow evergreen leaves and clusters of fragrant white to pink or red flowers: native to East Indies but widely cultivated in warm regions', 'Plumeria': 'deciduous shrubs and trees of tropical America having branches like candelabra and fragrant white or pink flowers', 'frangipani': 'any of various tropical American deciduous shrubs or trees of the genus Plumeria having milky sap and showy fragrant funnel-shaped variously colored flowers', 'pagoda_tree': 'frangipani of India having an erect habit and conical form; grown in temple gardens', 'West_Indian_jasmine': 'tall sparingly branched conical tree having large fragrant yellow flowers with white centers', 'genus_Rauwolfia': 'pantropical genus of somewhat poisonous shrubs and small trees', 'rauwolfia': 'any of several alkaloids extracted from the shrub Rauwolfia serpentina', 'snakewood': 'East Indian climbing shrub with twisted limbs and roots resembling serpents', 'genus_Strophanthus': 'genus of tropical Asiatic and African shrubs and woody vines and small trees', 'strophanthus': 'any of various shrubs or small trees of the genus Strophanthus having whorled leaves and showy flowers of various colors in dense and corymbose clusters; some have poisonous seeds', 'Strophanthus_kombe': 'plant that is a source of strophanthin', 'Tabernaemontana': 'evergreen tropical trees and shrubs with milky sap', 'crape_jasmine': 'tropical shrub having glossy foliage and fragrant nocturnal flowers with crimped or wavy corollas; northern India to Thailand', 'Thevetia': 'genus of poisonous tropical American evergreen shrubs and trees having entire leaves and large cymose flowers', 'yellow_oleander': 'tropical American shrub or small tree having glossy dark green leaves and fragrant saffron yellow to orange or peach- colored flowers; all parts highly poisonous', 'Trachelospermum': 'genus of Asiatic woody vines with milky sap in leaves and stems', 'star_jasmine': 'evergreen Chinese woody climber with shiny dark green leaves and intensely fragrant white flowers', 'Vinca': 'periwinkles: low creeping evergreen perennials', 'myrtle': 'any evergreen shrub or tree of the genus Myrtus', 'large_periwinkle': 'plant having variegated foliage and used for window boxes', 'Arales': 'Araceae; Lemnaceae', 'Araceae': 'anthurium; calla lily; jack-in-the-pulpit; philodendron', 'arum': 'starch resembling sago that is obtained from cuckoopint root', 'genus_Arum': 'type genus of the Araceae: tuberous perennial herbs of Europe and Asia with usually heart-shaped leaves', 'cuckoopint': 'common European arum with lanceolate spathe and short purple spadix; emerges in early spring; source of a starch called arum', 'black_calla': 'ornamental plant of Middle East cultivated for its dark purple spathe', 'Acorus': 'sweet flags; sometimes placed in subfamily Acoraceae', 'Acoraceae': 'used in some classifications for the genus Acorus which is usually assigned to Araceae', 'sweet_flag': 'perennial marsh plant having swordlike leaves and aromatic roots', 'calamus': 'any tropical Asian palm of the genus Calamus; light tough stems are a source of rattan canes', 'calamus_oil': 'carcinogenic oil from calamus root used as a perfume', 'Aglaonema': 'climbing herbs of southeastern Asia having thick fleshy oblong leaves and naked unisexual flowers: Chinese evergreen', 'Chinese_evergreen': 'erect or partially climbing herb having large green or variegated leaves', 'genus_Alocasia': 'tropical Asiatic herbs similar to Colocasia but distinguished by a large sterile spadix', 'alocasia': 'any plant of the genus Alocasia having large showy basal leaves and boat-shaped spathe and reddish berries', 'giant_taro': 'large evergreen with extremely large erect or spreading leaves; cultivated widely in tropics for its edible rhizome and shoots; used in wet warm regions as a stately ornamental', 'genus_Amorphophallus': \"genus of large tropical east Asian cormous aroids: devil's tongue; snake palm\", 'amorphophallus': 'any plant of the genus Amorphophallus', 'pungapung': 'putrid-smelling aroid of southeastern Asia (especially the Philippines) grown for its edible tuber', \"devil's_tongue\": 'foul-smelling somewhat fleshy tropical plant of southeastern Asia cultivated for its edible corms or in the greenhouse for its large leaves and showy dark red spathe surrounding a large spadix', 'krubi': 'malodorous tropical plant having a spathe that resembles the corolla of a morning glory and attains a diameter of several feet', 'genus_Anthurium': 'large genus of often epiphytic evergreen tropical American plants often cultivated as houseplants', 'anthurium': 'any of various tropical American plants cultivated for their showy foliage and flowers', 'flamingo_flower': 'commonly cultivated anthurium having bright scarlet spathe and spadix', 'Arisaema': 'tuberous or rhizomatous herbaceous perennials', 'jack-in-the-pulpit': 'common American spring-flowering woodland herb having sheathing leaves and an upright club-shaped spadix with overarching green and purple spathe producing scarlet berries', 'green_dragon': 'early spring-flowering plant of eastern North America resembling the related jack-in-the-pulpit but having digitate leaves, slender greenish yellow spathe and elongated spadix', 'Arisarum': 'tuberous or rhizomatous perennial herbs; mainly Mediterranean area', \"friar's-cowl\": 'tuberous perennial having a cowl-shaped maroon or violet-black spathe; Mediterranean; Canaries; Azores', 'genus_Caladium': 'small genus of tropical South American tuberous perennials with large variously colored leaves', 'caladium': 'any plant of the genus Caladium cultivated for their ornamental foliage variously patterned in white or pink or red', 'Caladium_bicolor': 'most popular caladium; cultivated in many varieties since the late 19th century', 'Calla': 'water arum', 'wild_calla': 'plant of wetlands and bogs of temperate regions having small greenish flowers partly enclosed in a white spathe and red berries', 'Colocasia': 'small genus of perennial tuberous herbs of tropical Asia: taro', 'genus_Cryptocoryne': 'water trumpet; aquatic herbs having broad leaves and long slender spathes; often used as aquarium plants', 'cryptocoryne': 'any plant of the genus Cryptocoryne; evergreen perennials growing in fresh or brackish water; tropical Asia', 'Dieffenbachia': 'evergreen perennial herbs of tropical America with lush foliage and poisonous sap; often cultivated as houseplants', 'dumb_cane': 'an evergreen plant with large showy dark green leaves; contains a poison that swells the tongue and throat hence the name', 'genus_Dracontium': 'small genus of tropical American cormous herbs', 'dracontium': 'any plant of the genus Dracontium; strongly malodorous tropical American plants usually with gigantic leaves', 'dragon_arum': 'European arum resembling the cuckoopint', 'Epipremnum': 'small genus of evergreen lianas of southeastern Asia to western Pacific areas', 'golden_pothos': 'evergreen liana widely cultivated for its variegated foliage', 'Lysichiton': 'skunk cabbage', 'skunk_cabbage': 'deciduous perennial low-growing fetid swamp plant of eastern North America having minute flowers enclosed in a mottled greenish or purple cowl-shaped spathe', 'genus_Monstera': 'tropical American climbing plant with deeply incised leaves', 'monstera': 'any plant of the genus Monstera; often grown as houseplants', 'genus_Nephthytis': 'small genus of tropical western African creeping or twining herbs', 'nephthytis': 'any plant of the genus Nephthytis', 'Nephthytis_afzelii': 'tropical rhizomatous plant cultivated as an ornamental for its large sagittate leaves', 'Orontium': 'one species of aquatic plant: golden club', 'golden_club': 'aquatic plant of the southeastern United States having blue-green leaves and a spadix resembling a club covered with tiny yellow flowers', 'Peltandra': 'small genus of North American marsh or aquatic herbs', 'arrow_arum': 'an aquatic plant of the genus Peltandra; North America', 'green_arrow_arum': 'perennial herb of the eastern United States having arrowhead-shaped leaves and an elongate pointed spathe and green berries', 'genus_Philodendron': 'any of several tropical American climbing plants with smooth shiny evergreen leaves', 'philodendron': 'often grown as a houseplant', 'genus_Pistia': 'one species: water lettuce', 'pistia': 'pantropical floating plant forming a rosette of wedge-shaped leaves; a widespread weed in rivers and lakes', 'Scindapsus': 'evergreen climbers with adhesive adventitious roots; southeastern Asia and Brazil', 'pothos': 'any of various tropical lianas of the genus Scindapsus', 'genus_Spathiphyllum': 'evergreen rhizomatous perennials of tropical America and Philippines and Indonesia', 'spathiphyllum': 'any of various plants of the genus Spathiphyllum having a white or green spathe and a spike of fragrant flowers and often cultivated as an ornamental', 'Symplocarpus': 'one species: skunk cabbage', 'Syngonium': 'epiphytic or terrestrial climbing shrubs of Central and South America; used as ornamental houseplants for their velvety foliage', 'Xanthosoma': 'tropical American tuberous perennials', 'yautia': 'tropical American aroid having edible tubers that are cooked and eaten like yams or potatoes', 'Zantedeschia': 'calla lily', 'calla_lily': 'South African plant widely cultivated for its showy pure white spathe and yellow spadix', 'pink_calla': 'calla having a rose-colored spathe', 'golden_calla': 'any of several callas of the genus Zantedeschia having yellow spathes', 'Lemnaceae': 'family of small free-floating thalloid plants', 'duckweed': 'any small or minute aquatic plant of the family Lemnaceae that float on or near the surface of shallow ponds', 'Lemna': 'minute aquatic herbs floating on or below the water surface of still water consisting of a leaflike frond or plant body and single root', 'common_duckweed': 'of temperate regions except eastern Asia and Australia', 'star-duckweed': 'cosmopolitan in temperate regions except North America', 'Spirodela': 'minute aquatic herbs floating on the water surface consisting of a shiny leaflike frond and 2-21 roots', 'great_duckweed': 'cosmopolitan except South America and New Zealand and some oceanic islands', 'Wolffia': 'minute rootless aquatic herbs having globular fronds floating on or near the water surface and bearing one flower per frond', 'watermeal': 'any of various aquatic plants of the genus Wolffia; throughout warmer regions of the world', 'common_wolffia': 'smallest flowering plants known; of the Americas', 'Wolffiella': 'minute rootless aquatic herbs having flat fronds floating on or below the water surface and bearing 1-2 flowers per frond; America and Africa', 'mud_midget': 'having narrow flat sickle-shaped submerged fronds; North America', 'Araliaceae': 'mostly tropical trees and shrubs and lianas: genera Panax and Hedera', 'genus_Aralia': \"type genus of Araliaceae; large widely distributed genus of shrubs and trees and vines: spikenard; Hercules'-club\", 'aralia': 'any of various plants of the genus Aralia; often aromatic plants having compound leaves and small umbellate flowers', 'American_angelica_tree': 'small deciduous clump-forming tree or shrub of eastern United States', 'wild_sarsaparilla': 'common perennial herb having aromatic roots used as a substitute for sarsaparilla; central and eastern North America', 'American_spikenard': 'unarmed woody rhizomatous perennial plant distinguished from wild sarsaparilla by more aromatic roots and panicled umbels; southeastern North America to Mexico', 'bristly_sarsaparilla': 'bristly herb of eastern and central North America having black fruit and medicinal bark', 'Japanese_angelica_tree': 'deciduous clump-forming Asian shrub or small tree; adventive in the eastern United States', 'Chinese_angelica': 'similar to American angelica tree but less prickly; China', 'Hedera': 'Old World woody vines', 'ivy': 'Old World vine with lobed evergreen leaves and black berrylike fruits', 'Meryta': 'small to medium evergreen dioecious trees of oceanic climates: puka', 'puka': 'South American shrub or small tree having long shining evergreen leaves and panicles of green or yellow flowers', 'Panax': 'perennial herbs of eastern North America and Asia having aromatic tuberous roots: ginseng', 'ginseng': 'aromatic root of ginseng plants', 'American_ginseng': 'North American woodland herb similar to and used as substitute for the Chinese ginseng', 'Schefflera': 'large genus of shrubby and climbing tropical plants having showy digitately compound foliage', 'Aristolochiales': 'order of plants distinguished by tubular petaloid perianth and inferior ovary', 'Aristolochiaceae': 'family of birthworts (including wild ginger)', 'Aristolochia': \"birthworts; Dutchman's-pipe\", 'birthwort': 'creeping plant having curving flowers thought to resemble fetuses; native to Europe; naturalized Great Britain and eastern North America', \"Dutchman's-pipe\": 'hardy deciduous vine having large leaves and flowers with the calyx tube curved like the bowl of a pipe', 'Virginia_snakeroot': 'birthwort of the eastern United States woodlands', 'Asarum': 'wild ginger', 'wild_ginger': 'low-growing perennial herb with pungent gingery leaves and rhizomes', 'Canada_ginger': 'deciduous low-growing perennial of Canada and eastern and central United States', 'heartleaf': 'wild ginger having persistent heart-shaped pungent leaves; West Virginia to Alabama', 'asarabacca': 'thick creeping evergreen herb of western Europe', 'Rafflesiaceae': 'a family of parasitic plants of the order Aristolochiales', 'Hydnoraceae': 'a family of flowering plants in Africa and Argentina that are parasitic on the roots of other plants', 'Caryophyllidae': 'a group of families of mostly flowers having basal or central placentation and trinucleate pollen (binucleate pollen is commoner in flowering plants); contains 14 families including: Caryophyllaceae (carnations and pinks); Aizoaceae; Amaranthaceae; Batidaceae; Chenopodiaceae; Cactaceae (order Opuntiales); Nyctaginaceae; Phytolaccaceae; corresponds approximately to order Caryophyllales; sometimes classified as a superorder', 'Caryophyllales': 'corresponds approximately to the older group Centrospermae', 'Centrospermae': 'used in former classification systems; approximately synonymous with order Caryophyllales', 'Caryophyllaceae': 'large family of herbs or subshrubs (usually with stems swollen at the nodes)', 'caryophyllaceous_plant': 'a plant of the family Caryophyllaceae', 'Agrostemma': 'a caryophylloid dicot genus including corn cockles', 'corn_cockle': 'European annual having large trumpet-shaped reddish-purple flowers and poisonous seed; a common weed in grainfields and beside roadways; naturalized in America', 'sandwort': 'loosely matted plant with moss-like foliage studded with tiny starry four-petaled white blossoms; mountains of central and southern Europe', 'mountain_sandwort': 'boreal or alpine sandwort', 'pine-barren_sandwort': 'deep-rooted perennial of southeastern United States', 'seabeach_sandwort': 'perennial succulent herb with small solitary axillary or terminal flowers', 'rock_sandwort': 'low perennial tufted plant of southeastern North America', 'thyme-leaved_sandwort': 'Eurasian annual sprawling plant naturalized throughout North America', 'Cerastium': 'mouse-eared chickweed', 'mouse-ear_chickweed': 'any of various plants related to the common chickweed', 'field_chickweed': 'densely tufted perennial chickweed of north temperate zone', 'snow-in-summer': 'chickweed with hairy silver-grey leaves and rather large white flowers', 'Alpine_mouse-ear': 'widespread in the Arctic and on mountains in Europe', 'Dianthus': 'carnations and pinks', 'sweet_William': 'Eurasian pink widely cultivated for its flat-topped dense clusters of varicolored flowers', 'china_pink': 'Chinese pink with deeply toothed rose-lilac flowers with a purplish eye; usually raised as an annual', 'Japanese_pink': 'a flowering variety of China pink distinguished by jagged-edged petals', 'maiden_pink': 'low-growing loosely mat-forming Eurasian pink with a single pale pink flower with a crimson center', 'cheddar_pink': 'mat-forming perennial of central Europe with large fragrant pink or red flowers', 'button_pink': 'much-branched pink with flowers in clusters; closely related to sweet William', 'cottage_pink': 'European pink cultivated for its very fragrant pink or rosy flowers', 'fringed_pink': 'Eurasian perennial pink having fragrant lilac or rose flowers with deeply fringed margins', 'genus_Drypis': 'one species', 'drypis': 'spiny-leaved perennial herb of southern Europe having terminal clusters of small flowers', 'Gypsophila': 'Mediterranean herbs having small white or pink flowers', \"baby's_breath\": 'tall plant with small lance-shaped leaves and numerous tiny white or pink flowers', 'Hernaria': 'low-growing Old World herbs with minute bright green leaves', 'rupturewort': 'common prostrate Old World herb often used as a ground cover; formerly reputed to cure ruptures', 'Illecebrum': 'one species: coral necklace', 'coral_necklace': 'glabrous annual with slender taproot and clusters of white flowers; western Europe especially western Mediterranean and Atlantic coastal areas', 'genus_Lychnis': 'genus of plants strongly resembling those of genus Silene: catchfly', 'lychnis': 'mostly perennial herbs with sticky stems that catch insects; widespread in north temperate zone', 'ragged_robin': 'common perennial native to Europe and western Asia having usually pink flowers with ragged petals', 'scarlet_lychnis': 'Eurasian garden perennial having scarlet flowers in dense terminal heads', 'mullein_pink': 'an old cottage garden plant of southeastern Europe widely cultivated for its attractive white woolly foliage and showy crimson flowers', 'Minuartia': 'mostly perennial herbs of northern hemisphere often with mat-forming habit; most often placed in genus Arenaria: sandworts', 'Moehringia': 'low-growing herbs widely distributed in temperate and Arctic northern hemisphere: sandworts; distinguished from members of the genus Arenaria mainly by having four-petaled rather than five-petaled flowers', 'Paronychia': 'low-growing annual or perennial herbs or woody plants; whitlowworts', 'whitlowwort': 'any of various low-growing tufted plants of the genus Paronychia having tiny greenish flowers and usually whorled leaves; widespread throughout warm regions of both Old and New Worlds; formerly thought to cure whitlows (suppurative infections around a fingernail)', 'Petrocoptis': 'perennial tussock-forming rock plants; of Pyrenees and mountains of northern Spain; similar to and sometimes placed in genus Lychnis', 'Sagina': 'small low-growing annual or perennial herbs of temperate and cool regions', 'pearlwort': 'any of various low-growing plants of the genus Sagina having small spherical flowers resembling pearls', 'Saponaria': 'mostly perennial Old World herbs', 'soapwort': 'plant of European origin having pink or white flowers and leaves yielding a detergent when bruised', 'Scleranthus': 'small genus of Old World weedy prostrate annuals: knawel', 'knawel': 'widely distributed low-growing Eurasian herb having narrow leaves and inconspicuous green flowers', 'genus_Silene': 'large widely distributed genus of plants having mostly showy flowers of various colors: campion; catchfly', 'silene': 'any plant of the genus Silene', 'moss_campion': 'tuft- or mat-forming dwarf perennial of Arctic regions of western and central Europe and North America', 'wild_pink': 'perennial of eastern and central North America having short-stalked pink or white flowers in hairy clusters', 'red_campion': 'biennial European catchfly having red or pink flowers; sometimes placed in genus Lychnis', 'white_campion': 'bluish-green herb having sticky stems and clusters of large evening-opening white flowers with much-inflated calyx; sometimes placed in genus Lychnis', 'fire_pink': 'perennial herb of eastern North America, having red flowers with narrow notched petals', 'bladder_campion': 'perennial of Arctic Europe having large white flowers with inflated calyx', 'Spergula': 'small genus of Old World annual herbs: corn spurry', 'corn_spurry': 'small European weed with whorled leaves and white flowers', 'Spergularia': 'chiefly maritime Eurasian herbs: sand spurry; sea spurry', 'sand_spurry': 'prostrate weedy herb with tiny pink flowers; widespread throughout Europe and Asia on sand dunes and heath and coastal cliffs; naturalized in eastern North America', 'Stellaria': 'common chickweed; stitchwort', 'chickweed': 'any of various plants of the genus Stellaria', 'common_chickweed': 'a common low-growing annual garden weed with small white flowers; cosmopolitan; so-called because it is eaten by chickens', 'stitchwort': 'low-growing north temperate herb having small white star-shaped flowers; named for its alleged ability to ease sharp pains in the side', 'Vaccaria': 'cow-cockles', 'cowherb': 'European annual with pale rose-colored flowers; cultivated flower or self-sown grainfield weed; introduced in North America; sometimes classified as a soapwort', 'Aizoaceae': 'succulent herbs or small shrubs mostly of South Africa but also New Zealand and North America: carpetweeds; fig marigolds', 'Carpobrotus': 'a caryophyllaceous genus of Carpobrotus', 'Hottentot_fig': 'low-growing South African succulent plant having a capsular fruit containing edible pulp', 'Dorotheanthus': 'a caryophyllaceous genus of Dorotheanthus', 'livingstone_daisy': 'low-growing showy succulent annual of South Africa having white or pink or red or orange flowers and spatulate leaves covered in papillae that resemble small crystals', 'genus_Lithops': 'genus of stemless South African succulents', 'lithops': 'any plant of the genus Lithops native to Africa having solitary yellow or white flowers and thick leaves that resemble stones', 'Mesembryanthemum': 'South African annual or biennial plants having flowers that open only in bright sunlight', 'fig_marigold': 'any of several South African plants of the genus Mesembryanthemum cultivated for showy pink or white flowers', 'ice_plant': 'Old World annual widely naturalized in warm regions having white flowers and fleshy foliage covered with hairs that resemble ice', 'Molluga': 'carpetweeds', 'carpetweed': 'annual prostrate mat-forming weed having whorled leaves and small greenish-white flowers; widespread throughout North America', 'Pleiospilos': 'perennial succulents of South Africa', 'living_granite': 'highly succulent stemless clump-forming plants with grey-green leaves similar in texture to lumps of granite; South Africa', 'Tetragonia': 'New Zealand spinach', 'New_Zealand_spinach': 'coarse sprawling Australasian plant with red or yellow flowers; cultivated for its edible young shoots and succulent leaves', 'Amaranthaceae': 'cosmopolitan family of herbs and shrubs', 'Amaranthus': 'large widely distributed genus of chiefly coarse annual herbs', 'amaranth': 'seed of amaranth plants used as a native cereal in Central and South America', 'tumbleweed': 'any plant that breaks away from its roots in autumn and is driven by the wind as a light rolling mass', 'love-lies-bleeding': 'young leaves widely used as leaf vegetables; seeds used as cereal', \"prince's-feather\": 'annual with broadly ovate leaves and slender drooping spikes of crimson flowers; southeastern Asia and Australia; naturalized in North America', 'pigweed': 'leaves sometimes used as potherbs; seeds used as cereal; southern United States to Central America; India and China', 'thorny_amaranth': 'erect annual of tropical central Asia and Africa having a pair of divergent spines at most leaf nodes', 'Alternanthera': 'genus of low herbs of tropical America and Australia; includes genus Telanthera', 'alligator_weed': 'prolific South American aquatic weed having grasslike leaves and short spikes of white flowers; clogs waterways with dense floating masses', 'Celosia': 'annual or perennial herbs or vines of tropical and subtropical America and Asia and Africa', 'Froelichia': 'genus of erect or procumbent herbs of the Americas having spikes of woolly white flowers: cottonweed', 'cottonweed': 'any of various plants of the genus Froelichia found in sandy soils and on rocky slopes in warmer regions of America; grown for their spikes of woolly white flowers', 'Gomphrena': 'genus of tropical herbs or subshrubs having flowers in close heads; tropical America and Australia', 'globe_amaranth': 'tropical American herb having rose to red or purple flowers that can be dried without losing color', 'Iresine': 'genus of tropical American herbs or subshrubs', 'bloodleaf': 'any plant of the genus Iresine having colored foliage', 'beefsteak_plant': 'plant grown for its ornamental red or purple foliage', 'Telanthera': 'used in former classifications systems; now included in genus Alternanthera', 'Batidaceae': 'family coextensive with genus Batis: saltworts', 'Batis': 'small genus of plants constituting the family Batidaceae: low straggling dioecious shrubs', 'saltwort': 'bushy plant of Old World salt marshes and sea beaches having prickly leaves; burned to produce a crude soda ash', 'Chenopodiaceae': 'includes spinach and beets', 'Chenopodium': 'goosefoot; pigweed', 'goosefoot': 'any of various weeds of the genus Chenopodium having small greenish flowers', \"lamb's-quarters\": 'common weedy European plant introduced into North America; often used as a potherb', 'American_wormseed': 'rank-smelling tropical American pigweed', 'good-king-henry': 'European plant naturalized in North America; often collected from the wild as a potherb', 'Jerusalem_oak': 'Eurasian aromatic oak-leaved goosefoot with many yellow-green flowers; naturalized North America', 'strawberry_blite': 'European annual with clusters of greenish flowers followed by red pulpy berrylike fruit; naturalized North America', 'oak-leaved_goosefoot': 'annual European plant with spikes of greenish flowers and leaves that are white and hairy on the underside; common as a weed in North America', 'sowbane': 'herb considered fatal to swine', 'nettle-leaved_goosefoot': 'European annual with coarsely dentate leaves; widespread in United States and southern Canada', 'red_goosefoot': 'common Eurasian weed; naturalized in United States', 'stinking_goosefoot': 'European goosefoot with strong-scented foliage; adventive in eastern North America', 'Atriplex': 'orach; saltbush', 'orach': 'any of various herbaceous plants of the genus Atriplex that thrive in deserts and salt marshes', 'saltbush': 'any of various shrubby plants of the genus Atriplex that thrive in dry alkaline soil', 'garden_orache': 'Asiatic plant resembling spinach often used as a potherb; naturalized in Europe and North America', 'desert_holly': 'handsome low saltbush of arid southwestern United States and Mexico having blue-green prickly-edged leaves often used for Christmas decoration', 'quail_bush': 'spiny shrub with silvery-scurfy foliage of alkaline plains of southwestern United States and Mexico', 'Bassia': 'summer cypress', 'summer_cypress': 'densely branched Eurasian plant; foliage turns purple-red in autumn', 'Beta': 'beets', 'beetroot': 'beet having a massively swollen red root; widely grown for human consumption', 'Cycloloma': 'a caryophyllaceous genus of the family Chenopodiaceae', 'winged_pigweed': 'bushy annual weed of central North America having greenish flowers and winged seeds', 'genus_Halogeton': 'a caryophyllaceous genus of the family Chenopodiaceae', 'halogeton': 'a coarse annual herb introduced into North America from Siberia; dangerous to sheep and cattle on western rangelands because of its high oxalate content', 'barilla': 'Algerian plant formerly burned to obtain calcium carbonate', 'Salicornia': 'glassworts', 'glasswort': 'fleshy maritime plant having fleshy stems with rudimentary scalelike leaves and small spikes of minute flowers; formerly used in making glass', 'Salsola': 'chiefly Old World herbs or shrubs: saltworts', 'Russian_thistle': 'prickly bushy Eurasian plant; a troublesome weed in central and western United States', 'Sarcobatus': 'one species: greasewood', 'greasewood': 'low hardy much-branched spiny shrub common in alkaline soils of western America', 'Spinacia': 'spinach', 'Nyctaginaceae': 'a family of flowering plants of the order Caryophyllales', 'Nyctaginia': 'a caryophyllaceous genus of the family Nyctaginaceae having only one species', 'scarlet_musk_flower': 'viscid branched perennial of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico having tuberous roots and deep red flowers', 'Abronia': 'genus of western North American herbs having showy flowers', 'sand_verbena': 'any of various plants of the genus Abronia of western North America and Mexico having flowers resembling verbena', 'sweet_sand_verbena': 'taller than Abronia elliptica and having night-blooming flowers', 'yellow_sand_verbena': 'plant having hemispherical heads of yellow trumpet-shaped flowers; found in coastal dunes from California to British Columbia', 'beach_pancake': 'plant having hemispherical heads of wine-red flowers; found in coastal dunes from California to Mexico', 'beach_sand_verbena': 'prostrate herb having heads of deep pink to white flowers; found in coastal dunes from British Columbia to Baja California', 'desert_sand_verbena': 'soft-haired sticky plant with heads of bright pink trumpet-shaped flowers; found in sandy desert soil; after ample rains may carpet miles of desert with pink from the southwestern United States to northern Mexico', 'Allionia': 'small genus of chiefly American herbs', \"trailing_four_o'clock\": 'trailing plant having crowded clusters of 3 brilliant deep pink flowers resembling a single flower blooming near the ground; found in dry gravelly or sandy soil; southwestern United States and Mexico', 'genus_Bougainvillea': 'ornamental tropical woody vines', 'bougainvillea': 'any of several South American ornamental woody vines of the genus Bougainvillea having brilliant red or purple flower bracts; widely grown in warm regions', 'paper_flower': 'Brazilian vine that tends to flower continuously', 'Mirabilis': \"four o'clocks\", 'umbrellawort': 'a plant of the genus Mirabilis', \"four_o'clock\": 'any of several plants of the genus Mirabilis having flowers that open in late afternoon', \"common_four-o'clock\": 'common garden plant of North America having fragrant red or purple or yellow or white flowers that open in late afternoon', \"California_four_o'clock\": \"California four o'clock with purple-red flowers\", \"sweet_four_o'clock\": 'leafy wildflower having fragrant slender white or pale pink trumpet-shaped flowers; southwestern United States and northern Mexico', \"desert_four_o'clock\": 'wildflower having vibrant deep pink tubular evening-blooming flowers; found in sandy and desert areas from southern California to southern Colorado and into Mexico', \"mountain_four_o'clock\": 'leafy wildflower with lavender-pink flowers that open in the evening and remain through cool part of the next day; found in open woods or brush in mountains of southern Colorado to Arizona and into Mexico', 'Pisonia': 'genus of often thorny tropical trees and shrubs and some vines; mainly America', 'cockspur': 'small spiny West Indian tree', 'Opuntiales': 'coextensive with the family Cactaceae: cactuses', 'Cactaceae': 'constituting the order Opuntiales', 'cactus': 'any succulent plant of the family Cactaceae native chiefly to arid regions of the New World and usually having spines', 'Acanthocereus': 'mostly trailing cacti having nocturnal white flowers; tropical America and Caribbean region', 'pitahaya_cactus': 'cactus of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico having edible juicy fruit', 'Aporocactus': 'small genus of epiphytic cacti of Mexico', 'rattail_cactus': 'commonly cultivated tropical American cactus having slender creeping stems and very large showy crimson flowers that bloom for several days', 'Ariocarpus': 'slow-growing geophytic cacti; northern and eastern Mexico; southern Texas', 'living_rock': 'usually unbranched usually spineless cactus covered with warty tubercles and having magenta flowers and white or green fruit; resembles the related mescal; northeastern Mexico and southwestern United States', 'Carnegiea': 'caryophylloid dicot genus with only one species: saguaro', 'saguaro': 'extremely large treelike cactus of desert regions of southwestern United States having a thick columnar sparsely branched trunk bearing white flowers and edible red pulpy fruit', 'Cereus': 'genus of much-branched treelike or shrubby cacti with pronounced ribs and rounded needlelike spines and nocturnal flowers usually white', 'night-blooming_cereus': 'any of several night-blooming cacti of the genus Selenicereus', 'genus_Coryphantha': 'mainly globose cacti of southwestern United States and Mexico covered with many nodules; superficially resembling and formerly included in genus Mammillaria', 'coryphantha': 'a cactus of the genus Coryphantha', 'genus_Echinocactus': 'globular or cylindrical cacti; southwestern United States to Brazil', 'echinocactus': 'any cactus of the genus Echinocactus; strongly ribbed and very spiny; southwestern United States to Brazil', 'hedgehog_cactus': 'cactus of the genus Echinocactus having stout sharp spines', 'golden_barrel_cactus': 'large cactus of east central Mexico having golden to pale yellow flowers and spines', 'Echinocereus': 'large genus of low-growing shrubby ribbed cacti of Mexico and southwestern United States', 'hedgehog_cereus': 'cactus of the genus Echinocereus', 'rainbow_cactus': 'a stout cylindrical cactus of the southwest United States and adjacent Mexico', 'genus_Epiphyllum': 'small genus of tropical American (mainly Central America) cacti', 'epiphyllum': 'any cactus of the genus Epiphyllum having flattened jointed irregularly branching stems and showy tubular flowers', 'Ferocactus': 'genus of nearly globular cacti of Mexico and southwestern United States: barrel cacti', 'barrel_cactus': 'a cactus of the genus Ferocactus: unbranched barrel-shaped cactus having deep ribs with numerous spines and usually large funnel-shaped flowers followed by dry fruits', 'Gymnocalycium': 'large genus of low-growing globular South American cacti with spiny ribs covered with many tubercles', 'Harrisia': 'genus of slender often treelike spiny cacti with solitary showy nocturnal white or pink flowers; Florida and Caribbean to South America', 'Hatiora': 'small genus of South American epiphytic or lithophytic cacti', 'Easter_cactus': 'spring-blooming South American cactus with oblong joints and coral-red flowers; sometimes placed in genus Schlumbergera', 'Hylocereus': 'genus of climbing or epiphytic tropical American cacti with angular stems and mostly white very fragrant flowers', 'Lemaireocereus': 'tropical American cacti usually tall and branching with stout spines and funnel-shaped flowers and globular or ovoid often edible fruit', 'chichipe': 'tall treelike Mexican cactus with edible red fruit', 'Lophophora': 'two species of small cacti of northeastern Mexico and southwestern United States having rounded stems covered with jointed tubercles: mescal', 'mescal_button': 'the button-shaped top of the mescal cactus; a source of psilocybin', 'genus_Mammillaria': 'large genus of cacti characterized chiefly by nipple-shaped protuberances or tubercles on their surface', 'mammillaria': 'any cactus of the genus Mammillaria', 'feather_ball': 'a low tuberculate cactus with white feathery spines; northeastern Mexico', 'Melocactus': 'genus of strongly ribbed globose or spheroid cacti of tropical South and Central America and the Caribbean', 'Myrtillocactus': 'small genus of arborescent cacti of Mexico and Central America', 'Pediocactus': 'low-growing cacti of the Great Plains of North America', \"Knowlton's_cactus\": 'small clustering cactus of southwestern United States; a threatened species', 'Nopalea': 'a genus of the cactus family with scarlet flowers', 'nopal': 'cactus having yellow flowers and purple fruits', 'Opuntia': 'large genus of cactuses native to America: prickly pears', 'cholla': 'arborescent cacti having very spiny cylindrical stem segments; southwestern United States and Mexico', 'Pereskia': 'genus of tropical American shrubby trees and woody climbers having slender branches with broad flat leaves and large panicles of flowers', 'Rhipsalis': 'large genus of epiphytic or lithophytic unarmed cacti with usually segmented stems and pendulous branches; flowers are small followed by berrylike fruits', 'mistletoe_cactus': 'a plant of the genus Rhipsalis', 'Schlumbergera': 'South American epiphytic or lithophytic cacti', 'Christmas_cactus': 'epiphytic cactus of Brazilian ancestry widely cultivated as a houseplant having jointed flat segments and usually rose-purple flowers that bloom in winter', 'Selenicereus': 'mostly epiphytic climbing cacti that bloom at night', 'queen_of_the_night': 'tropical American climbing cactus having triangular branches; often cultivated for its large showy night-blooming flowers followed by yellow red-streaked fruits', 'Zygocactus': 'small genus of Brazilian cacti having flat fleshy usually branched joints and showy red or pink flowers followed by red fleshy fruits', 'crab_cactus': 'South American jointed cactus with usually red flowers; often cultivated as a houseplant; sometimes classified as genus Schlumbergera', 'Phytolaccaceae': 'chiefly tropical herbaceous plants (including shrubs and trees) with racemose flowers: genera Phytolacca, Agdestis, Ercilla, Rivina, Trichostigma', 'Phytolacca': 'type genus of Phytolaccaceae: pokeweed', 'pokeweed': 'perennial of the genus Phytolacca', 'Indian_poke': 'pokeweed of southeastern Asia and China', 'poke': 'tall coarse perennial American herb having small white flowers followed by blackish-red berries on long drooping racemes; young fleshy stems are edible; berries and root are poisonous', 'ombu': 'fast-growing herbaceous evergreen tree of South America having a broad trunk with high water content and dark green oval leaves', 'Agdestis': 'a genus with one species that is a rapidly growing climbing vine with tuberous roots; grown in hot climates', 'Ercilla': 'a genus of evergreen climbers', 'Rivina': 'small genus of erect perennial shrubby herbs; tropical and subtropical America', 'bloodberry': 'bushy houseplant having white to pale pink flowers followed by racemes of scarlet berries; tropical Americas', 'Trichostigma': 'a genus of erect or climbing shrubs found in tropical South America', 'Portulacaceae': 'family of usually succulent herbs; cosmopolitan in distribution especially in Americas', 'purslane': 'a plant of the family Portulacaceae having fleshy succulent obovate leaves often grown as a potherb or salad herb; a weed in some areas', 'genus_Portulaca': 'genus of mainly tropical fleshy or trailing herbs', 'portulaca': 'a plant of the genus Portulaca having pink or red or purple or white ephemeral flowers', 'rose_moss': 'widely cultivated in many varieties for its fleshy moss-like foliage and profusion of brightly colored flowers', 'common_purslane': 'weedy trailing mat-forming herb with bright yellow flowers cultivated for its edible mildly acid leaves eaten raw or cooked especially in Indian and Greek and Middle Eastern cuisine; cosmopolitan', 'Calandrinia': 'large genus of low-growing herbs; widespread throughout tropical and warm temperate regions having usually basal leaves and panicles of purplish ephemeral flowers', 'rock_purslane': 'a plant of the genus Calandrinia', 'red_maids': 'succulent carpet-forming plant having small brilliant reddish-pink flowers; southwestern United States', 'Claytonia': 'genus of mainly North American succulent herbs with white or pink flowers usually in terminal racemes', 'Carolina_spring_beauty': 'similar to Claytonia virginica but having usually pink flowers; eastern North America', 'spring_beauty': 'small slender plant having one pair of succulent leaves at the middle of the stem and a loose raceme of white or pink or rose bowl-shaped flowers and an edible corm', 'Virginia_spring_beauty': 'small cormous perennial grown for its low rosette of succulent foliage and racemes of pink-tinged white flowers; eastern North America', 'Lewisia': 'genus of western North American low-growing herbs having linear woolly leaves and large pink flowers', 'siskiyou_lewisia': 'evergreen perennial having a dense basal rosette of long spatula-shaped leaves and panicles of pink or white-and-red-striped or pink-purple flowers; found on cliffs and in rock crevices in mountains of southwestern Oregon and northern California', 'bitterroot': 'showy succulent ground-hugging plant of Rocky Mountains regions having deep to pale pink flowers and fleshy farinaceous roots; the Montana state flower', 'Montia': 'small genus of densely tufted annual herbs; north temperate regions and South America and tropical Africa and Asia', 'Indian_lettuce': 'a plant of the genus Montia having edible pleasant-tasting leaves', 'broad-leaved_montia': 'succulent plant with mostly basal leaves; stem bears 1 pair of broadly ovate or heart-shaped leaves and a loose raceme of 3-10 white flowers; western North America', 'blinks': 'small Indian lettuce of northern regions', 'toad_lily': 'a floating or creeping Indian lettuce having terminal racemes of pale rose flowers; wet areas at high elevations of western North America', 'winter_purslane': 'succulent herb sometimes grown as a salad or pot herb; grows on dunes and waste ground of Pacific coast of North America', 'Spraguea': 'small genus of usually perennial herbs having deep woody taproots and flower heads of umbels or cymes', 'pussy-paw': \"pink clusters of densely packed flowers on prostrate stems resemble upturned pads of cats' feet; grow in coniferous forests of western North America\", 'Talinum': 'genus of mainly American more-or-less succulent herbs', 'flame_flower': 'plant with fleshy roots and erect stems with narrow succulent leaves and one reddish-orange flower in each upper leaf axil; southwestern United States; Indians once cooked the fleshy roots', 'narrow-leaved_flame_flower': 'similar to Talinum aurantiacum but with narrower leaves and yellow-orange flowers; southwestern United States', 'pigmy_talinum': 'low plant with crowded narrow succulent leaves and fairly large deep pink axillary flowers that seem to sit on the ground; southwestern United States', 'rock_pink': 'pink-flowered perennial of rocky regions of western United States', 'jewels-of-opar': 'erect plant with tuberous roots and terminal panicles of red to yellow flowers; southwestern North America to Central America; widely introduced elsewhere', 'spiny_talinum': 'low cushion-forming plant with rose to crimson-magenta flowers and leaf midribs that persist as spines when the leaves die; southwestern United States', 'Rhoeadales': 'an order of dicotyledonous plants', 'Capparidaceae': 'a dilleniid dicot family of the order Rhoeadales that includes: genera Capparis, Cleome, Crateva, and Polanisia', 'Capparis': 'tropical or subtropical evergreen shrubs or small trees', 'native_pomegranate': 'small Australian tree bearing edible fruit resembling the pomegranate', 'caper_tree': 'shrub or small tree of southern Florida to Central and South America', 'native_orange': 'small Australian tree bearing edible dark purple fruit', 'common_caper': 'prostrate spiny shrub of the Mediterranean region cultivated for its greenish flower buds which are pickled', 'genus_Cleome': 'tropical and subtropical annual or perennial herbs or low shrubs', 'spiderflower': 'any of various often strong-smelling plants of the genus Cleome having showy spider-shaped flowers', 'spider_flower': 'native to South America but naturalized in warm parts of United States; grown for its long-lasting spider-shaped white to pink-purple flowers', 'Rocky_Mountain_bee_plant': 'plant of western North America having trifoliate leaves and white or pink spider-shaped flowers; sometimes used as an ornamental', 'Crateva': 'tropical genus of small trees or shrubs', 'Polanisia': 'widely distributed herbs having palmate leaves and creamy white to or pink to magenta flowers with many stamens of unequal length', 'clammyweed': 'strong-scented herb common in southern United States covered with intermixed gland and hairs', 'Cruciferae': 'a large family of plants with four-petaled flowers; includes mustards, cabbages, broccoli, turnips, cresses, and their many relatives', 'crucifer': 'any of various plants of the family Cruciferae', 'Aethionema': 'Old World genus of the family Cruciferae', 'stonecress': 'any Old World herb of the genus Aethionema; native of sunny limestone habitats', 'Alliaria': 'a genus of herbs of the family Cruciferae; have broad leaves and white flowers and long siliques', 'garlic_mustard': 'European herb that smells like garlic', 'Alyssum': 'a genus of the family Cruciferae', 'alyssum': 'any garden plant of the genus Alyssum having clusters of small yellow or white flowers', 'Anastatica': 'one species: rose of Jericho; resurrection plant', 'rose_of_Jericho': 'small grey Asiatic desert plant bearing minute white flowers that rolls up when dry and expands when moist', 'Arabidopsis': 'a genus of the mustard family having white or yellow or purplish flowers; closely related to genus Arabis', 'Arabidopsis_thaliana': 'a small invasive self-pollinating weed with small white flowers; much studied by plant geneticists; the first higher plant whose complete genome sequence was described', 'Arabidopsis_lyrata': 'a small noninvasive cross-pollinating plant with white flowers; closely related to Arabidopsis thaliana', 'Arabis': 'annual to perennial woody herbs of temperate North America, Europe and Asia: rockcress', 'rock_cress': 'any of several rock-loving cresses of the genus Arabis', 'sicklepod': 'cosmopolitan tropical herb or subshrub with yellow flowers and slender curved pods; a weed; sometimes placed in genus Cassia', 'tower_cress': 'European cress having stiff erect stems; sometimes placed in genus Turritis', 'tower_mustard': 'or genus Arabis: erect cress widely distributed throughout Europe', 'Armoracia': 'horseradish', 'Barbarea': 'biennial or perennial herbs of north temperate regions: winter cress', 'Belle_Isle_cress': 'of southwestern Europe; cultivated in Florida', 'yellow_rocket': 'noxious cress with yellow flowers; sometimes placed in genus Sisymbrium', 'Berteroa': 'hoary alyssum', 'hoary_alison': 'tall European annual with downy grey-green foliage and dense heads of small white flowers followed by hairy pods; naturalized in North America; sometimes a troublesome weed', 'Biscutella': 'genus of Eurasian herbs and small shrubs: buckler mustard', 'buckler_mustard': 'plant of southeastern Europe having yellow flowers like those of mustard and pods with open valves resembling bucklers', 'Brassica': 'mustards: cabbages; cauliflowers; turnips; etc.', 'wild_cabbage': 'wild original of cultivated cabbages; common in western coastal Europe', 'brussels_sprout': 'plant grown for its stout stalks of edible small green heads resembling diminutive cabbages', 'collard': 'variety of kale having smooth leaves', 'turnip_plant': 'any of several widely cultivated plants having edible roots', 'broccoli_raab': 'plant grown for its pungent edible leafy shoots', 'mustard_oil': 'oil obtained from mustard seeds and used in making soap', 'chinese_mustard': 'Asiatic mustard used as a potherb', 'tendergreen': 'Asiatic plant cultivated for its swollen root crown and edible foliage', 'black_mustard': 'widespread Eurasian annual plant cultivated for its pungent seeds; a principal source of table mustard', 'rapeseed': 'seed of rape plants; source of an edible oil', 'rape_oil': 'edible light yellow to brown oil from rapeseed used also as a lubricant or illuminant', 'Cakile': 'small genus of succulent annual herbs found on sandy shores of North America and Europe', 'sea-rocket': 'salt-tolerant seashore annual grown for its fragrant rose or violet flowers and fleshy grey-green foliage', 'Camelina': 'annual and biennial herbs of Mediterranean to central Asia', 'gold_of_pleasure': 'annual European false flax having small white flowers; cultivated since Neolithic times as a source of fiber and for its oil-rich seeds; widely naturalized in North America', 'Capsella': \"shepherd's purse\", \"shepherd's_purse\": 'white-flowered annual European herb bearing triangular notched pods; nearly cosmopolitan as an introduced weed', 'Cardamine': 'bittercress, bitter cress', 'Dentaria': 'usually included in genus Cardamine; in some classifications considered a separate genus', 'bittercress': 'any of various herbs of the genus Cardamine, having usually pinnate leaves and racemes of white, pink or purple flowers; cosmopolitan except Antarctic', \"lady's_smock\": 'a bitter cress of Europe and America', 'coral-root_bittercress': 'European bittercress having a knotted white rootstock', 'crinkleroot': 'North American herb with pungent scaly or toothed roots', 'American_watercress': 'mat-forming perennial found in cold springs of the eastern United States', 'spring_cress': 'small white-flowered cress common in wet places in eastern North America', 'purple_cress': 'small perennial herb of cooler regions of North America with racemose purple flowers', 'Cheiranthus': 'Old World perennial plants grown for their showy flowers', 'prairie_rocket': 'any of several North American plants of the genus Erysimum having large yellow flowers', 'Cochlearia': 'a genus of the family Cruciferae', 'scurvy_grass': 'a widely distributed Arctic cress reputed to have value in treatment or prevention of scurvy; a concentrated source of vitamin C', 'Crambe': 'annual or perennial herbs with large leaves that resemble the leaves of cabbages', 'sea_kale': 'perennial of coastal sands and shingles of northern Europe and Baltic and Black Seas having racemes of small white flowers and large fleshy blue-green leaves often used as potherbs', 'Descurainia': 'includes annual or biennial herbs of America and Europe very similar to and often included among those of genera Sisymbrium or Hugueninia; not recognized in some classification systems', 'tansy_mustard': 'North American herb with bitter-tasting pinnate leaves resembling those of tansy', 'Diplotaxis': 'wall rocket', 'wall_rocket': 'yellow-flowered European plant that grows on old walls and in waste places; an adventive weed in North America', 'white_rocket': 'from Mediterranean region; a naturalized weed throughout southern Europe', 'genus_Draba': 'large genus of low tufted herbs of temperate and Arctic regions', 'draba': 'any of numerous low-growing cushion-forming plants of the genus Draba having rosette-forming leaves and terminal racemes of small flowers with scapose or leafy stems; fruit is a dehiscent oblong or linear silique', 'whitlow_grass': 'annual weed of Europe and North America having a rosette of basal leaves and tiny flowers followed by oblong seed capsules', 'Eruca': 'annual to perennial herbs of the Mediterranean region', 'Erysimum': 'large genus of annual or perennial herbs some grown for their flowers and some for their attractive evergreen leaves; Old World and North America', 'Siberian_wall_flower': 'showy erect biennial or short-lived perennial cultivated for its terminal racemes of orange-yellow flowers; sometimes placed in genus Cheiranthus', 'western_wall_flower': 'biennial or short-lived perennial prairie rocket having orange-yellow flowers; western North America to Minnesota and Kansas; sometimes placed in genus Cheiranthus', 'wormseed_mustard': 'slender yellow-flowered European mustard often troublesome as a weed; formerly used as an anthelmintic', 'genus_Heliophila': 'genus of South African flowering herbs and subshrubs', 'heliophila': 'any of various South African herbs and subshrubs cultivated for long showy racemes of bright blue flowers with white eyes', 'Hesperis': 'biennial or perennial erect herbs having nocturnally fragrant flowers', 'damask_violet': 'long cultivated herb having flowers whose scent is more pronounced in the evening; naturalized throughout Europe to Siberia and into North America', 'Hugueninia': 'one species: tansy-leaved rocket', 'tansy-leaved_rocket': 'perennial stellate and hairy herb with small yellow flowers of mountains of southern Europe; sometimes placed in genus Sisymbrium', 'Iberis': 'Old World herbs and subshrubs: candytuft', 'candytuft': 'any of various flowering plants of the genus Iberis cultivated for their showy clusters of white to red or purple flowers; native to Mediterranean region', 'Isatis': 'Old World genus of annual to perennial herbs: woad', 'woad': 'a blue dyestuff obtained from the woad plant', \"dyer's_woad\": 'European biennial formerly grown for the blue coloring matter yielded by its leaves', 'Lepidium': 'cosmopolitan genus of annual and biennial and perennial herbs: cress', 'common_garden_cress': 'annual herb used as salad green and garnish', 'Lesquerella': 'genus of low-growing hairy herbs: bladderpods', 'bladderpod': 'annual or perennial herbs with inflated seed pods; some placed in genus Lesquerella', 'Lobularia': 'sweet alyssum', 'sweet_alyssum': 'perennial European plant having clusters of small fragrant usually white flowers; widely grown in gardens', 'Lunaria': 'small genus of European herbs: honesty', 'Malcolmia': 'genus of plants usually found in coastal habitats; Mediterranean to Afghanistan', 'Malcolm_stock': 'any of various ornamental flowering plants of the genus Malcolmia', 'Virginian_stock': 'erect branching herb cultivated for its loose racemes of fragrant white or pink or red or lilac flowers; native to sands and sea cliffs of southwestern Greece and southern Albania', 'Matthiola': 'genus of Old World plants grown as ornamentals', 'brompton_stock': 'European plant with racemes of sweet-scented flowers; widely cultivated as an ornamental', 'Nasturtium': 'aquatic herbs', 'common_watercress': 'perennial Eurasian cress growing chiefly in springs or running water having fleshy pungent leaves used in salads or as a potherb or garnish; introduced in North America and elsewhere', 'Physaria': 'small genus of western North American herbs similar to Lesquerella: bladderpods', 'Pritzelago': 'chamois cress', 'chamois_cress': 'small tufted perennial herb of mountains of central and southern Europe having very small flowers of usually leafless stems; sometimes placed in genus Lepidium', 'Raphanus': 'radish', 'radish_plant': 'a cruciferous plant of the genus Raphanus having a pungent edible root', 'jointed_charlock': 'Eurasian weed having yellow or mauve or white flowers and podlike fruits', 'Rorippa': 'annual and perennial herbs of damp habitats; cosmopolitan except Antarctica', 'marsh_cress': 'annual or biennial cress growing in damp places sometimes used in salads or as a potherb; troublesome weed in some localities', 'great_yellowcress': 'perennial herb found on streams and riversides throughout Europe except extreme north and Mediterranean; sometimes placed in genus Nasturtium', 'genus_Schizopetalon': 'small genus of South American herbs grown for its flowers', 'schizopetalon': 'a dainty South American annual having deeply pinnatifid leaves and racemes of fringed almond-scented purple-white flowers', 'Sinapis': 'small genus of Old World herbs usually included in genus Brassica', 'white_mustard': 'Eurasian mustard cultivated for its pungent seeds; a source of table mustard and mustard oil', 'field_mustard': 'weedy Eurasian plant often a pest in grain fields', 'genus_Sisymbrium': 'genus of Old World annual or biennial or perennial herbs with racemose flowers; many are considered to be weeds', 'hedge_mustard': 'stiffly branching Old World annual with pale yellow flowers; widely naturalized in North America; formerly used medicinally', 'Stanleya': \"prince's plume\", 'desert_plume': 'perennial of southwestern United States having leathery blue-green pinnatifid leaves and thick plumelike spikes of yellow flowers; sometimes placed in genus Cleome', 'Stephanomeria': 'malheur wire lettuce', 'malheur_wire_lettuce': 'a small plant of Oregon resembling mustard; a threatened species', 'Subularia': 'small genus of herbs of north temperate regions and mountains of tropical Africa', 'awlwort': 'small aquatic plant having tufted awl-shaped leaves in a basal rosette and minute white flowers; circumboreal', 'Thlaspi': 'herbs of temperate regions: pennycress', 'pennycress': 'any of several plants of the genus Thlaspi', 'field_pennycress': 'foetid Eurasian weed having round flat pods; naturalized throughout North America', 'Thysanocarpus': 'small genus of herbs of upland regions of the Pacific coast of North America', 'fringepod': 'annual herb having pinnatifid basal leaves and slender racemes of small white flowers followed by one-seeded winged silicles', 'Turritis': 'closely related to and often included in genus Arabis', 'Vesicaria': 'small genus of chiefly Mediterranean herbs: bladderpods', 'Papaveraceae': 'herbs or shrubs having milky and often colored juices and capsular fruits', 'poppy': 'annual or biennial or perennial herbs having showy flowers', 'Papaver': 'type genus of the Papaveraceae; chiefly bristly hairy herbs with usually showy flowers', 'Iceland_poppy': 'subarctic perennial poppy of both hemispheres having fragrant white or yellow to orange or peach flowers', 'western_poppy': 'showy annual of California with red flowers', 'prickly_poppy': 'any plant of the genus Argemone having large white or yellow flowers and prickly leaves and stems and pods; chiefly of tropical America', 'oriental_poppy': 'commonly cultivated Asiatic perennial poppy having stiff heavily haired leaves and bright scarlet or pink to orange flowers', 'corn_poppy': 'annual European poppy common in grain fields and often cultivated', 'opium_poppy': 'southwestern Asian herb with greyish leaves and white or reddish flowers; source of opium', 'genus_Argemone': 'prickly poppies', 'Mexican_poppy': 'annual herb with prickly stems and large yellow flowers; southern United States to West Indies and Mexico', 'genus_Bocconia': 'tropical American trees or shrubs closely related to genus Macleaya', 'bocconia': 'small Central American tree having loose racemes of purple-tinted green flowers', 'Chelidonium': 'one species: greater celandine', 'celandine': 'perennial herb with branched woody stock and bright yellow flowers', 'Corydalis': 'annual or perennial herbs of Himalayan China and South Africa', 'corydalis': 'a plant of the genus Corydalis with beautiful compound foliage and spurred tubular flowers', 'climbing_corydalis': 'annual vine with decompound leaves and racemes of yellow and pink flowers', 'Roman_wormwood': 'European wormwood; minor source of absinthe', 'fumewort': 'herb of northern Europe and Asia having erect racemes of red flowers', 'Dendromecon': 'one species: bush poppy', 'bush_poppy': 'evergreen shrub of southwestern United States and Mexico often cultivated for its fragrant golden yellow flowers', 'Eschscholtzia': 'showy herbs of western North America', 'California_poppy': 'of Pacific coast of North America; widely cultivated for its yellow to red flowers', 'Glaucium': 'herbs of Europe and North Africa and Asia: horned poppy', 'horn_poppy': 'yellow-flowered Eurasian glaucous herb naturalized in along sandy shores in eastern North America', 'Hunnemannia': 'one species: golden cup', 'golden_cup': 'native of Mexican highlands grown for its glossy clear yellow flowers and blue-grey finely dissected foliage', 'Macleaya': 'a perennial herb of eastern Asia: plume poppy', 'plume_poppy': 'herb of China and Japan widely cultivated for its plumelike panicles of creamy white flowers', 'Meconopsis': 'herbs almost entirely of mountains of China and Tibet; often monocarpic', 'blue_poppy': 'Chinese perennial having mauve-pink to bright sky blue flowers in drooping cymes', 'Welsh_poppy': 'widely cultivated west European plant with showy pale yellow flowers', 'Platystemon': 'one species: creamcups', 'creamcups': 'California plant with small pale yellow flowers', 'Romneya': 'one species: matilija poppy', 'matilija_poppy': 'tall branching subshrub of California and Mexico often cultivated for its silvery-blue foliage and large fragrant white flowers', 'Sanguinaria': 'one species: bloodroot', 'bloodroot': 'perennial woodland native of North America having a red root and red sap and bearing a solitary lobed leaf and white flower in early spring and having acrid emetic properties; rootstock used as a stimulant and expectorant', 'Stylomecon': 'one species: wind poppy', 'wind_poppy': 'California wild poppy with bright red flowers', 'Stylophorum': 'wood poppies', 'celandine_poppy': 'perennial herb native to woodland of the eastern United States having yellow flowers', 'Fumariaceae': \"erect or climbing herbs of the northern hemisphere and southern Africa: bleeding heart; Dutchman's breeches; fumitory; squirrel corn\", 'Fumaria': 'annual herbs whose flowers have only one petal spurred at the base', 'fumitory': 'delicate European herb with greyish leaves and spikes of purplish flowers; formerly used medicinally', 'Adlumia': 'one species: climbing fumitory', 'climbing_fumitory': 'vine with feathery leaves and white or pinkish flowers; sometimes placed in genus Fumaria', 'Dicentra': 'North American and Asian herbs with divided leaves and irregular flowers', \"Dutchman's_breeches\": 'delicate spring-flowering plant of the eastern United States having white flowers with double spurs', 'squirrel_corn': 'American plant with cream-colored flowers and tuberous roots resembling kernels of corn', 'Asteridae': 'a group of mostly sympetalous herbs and some trees and shrubs mostly with 2 fused carpels; contains 43 families including Campanulales; Solanaceae; Scrophulariaceae; Labiatae; Verbenaceae; Rubiaceae; Compositae; sometimes classified as a superorder', 'Campanulales': 'an order of plants of the subclass Asteridae including: Campanulaceae; Lobeliaceae; Cucurbitaceae; Goodeniaceae; Compositae', 'Compositae': 'plants with heads composed of many florets: aster; daisy; dandelion; goldenrod; marigold; lettuces; ragweed; sunflower; thistle; zinnia', 'composite': 'considered the most highly evolved dicotyledonous plants, characterized by florets arranged in dense heads that resemble single flowers', 'compass_plant': 'any of several plants having leaves so arranged on the axis as to indicate the cardinal points of the compass', 'everlasting': 'any of various plants of various genera of the family Compositae having flowers that can be dried without loss of form or color', 'genus_Achillea': 'perennial often aromatic and sometimes mat-forming herbs of north temperate regions: yarrow; milfoil', 'achillea': 'any of several plants of the genus Achillea native to Europe and having small white flowers in flat-topped flower heads', 'yarrow': 'ubiquitous strong-scented mat-forming Eurasian herb of wasteland, hedgerow or pasture having narrow serrate leaves and small usually white florets; widely naturalized in North America', 'sneezeweed_yarrow': 'Eurasian herb having loose heads of button-shaped white flowers and long grey-green leaves that cause sneezing when powdered', 'Acroclinium': 'genus of herbs and shrubs of Australia and South Africa: everlasting flower; most species usually placed in genus Helipterum', 'pink-and-white_everlasting': 'flower of southwestern Australia having bright pink daisylike papery flowers; grown for drying', 'Ageratina': 'annual to perennial herbs or shrubs of eastern United States and Central and South America', 'white_snakeroot': 'American herb having flat-topped clusters of small white flower heads; reputedly a cause of trembles and milk sickness; sometimes placed in genus Eupatorium', 'genus_Ageratum': 'genus of tropical American herbs grown for their flowers', 'ageratum': 'any plant of the genus Ageratum having opposite leaves and small heads of blue or white flowers', 'common_ageratum': 'small tender herb grown for its fluffy brushlike blue to lavender blooms', 'Amberboa': 'herbs of Mediterranean to central Asia cultivated for their flowers', 'sweet_sultan': 'perennial of mountains of Iran and Iraq; cultivated for its fragrant rose-pink flowers', 'genus_Ambrosia': 'comprising the ragweeds; in some classification considered the type genus of a separate family Ambrosiaceae', 'Ambrosiaceae': 'in some classifications considered a separate family comprising a subgroup of the Compositae including the ragweeds', 'ragweed': 'any of numerous chiefly North American weedy plants constituting the genus Ambrosia that produce highly allergenic pollen responsible for much hay fever and asthma', 'common_ragweed': 'annual weed with finely divided foliage and spikes of green flowers; common in North America; introduced elsewhere accidentally', 'great_ragweed': 'a coarse annual with some leaves deeply and palmately three-cleft or five-cleft', 'western_ragweed': 'coarse perennial ragweed with creeping roots of dry barren lands of southwestern United States and Mexico', 'genus_Ammobium': 'small genus of Australian herbs grown for their flowers', 'ammobium': 'any plant of the genus Ammobium having yellow flowers and silvery foliage', 'winged_everlasting': 'Australian plant widely cultivated for its beautiful silvery-white blooms with bright yellow centers on long winged stems', 'Anacyclus': 'a Spanish pellitory', 'pellitory': 'a small Mediterranean plant containing a volatile oil once used to relieve toothache', 'Anaphalis': 'a genus of herbs of north temperate regions having hoary leaves: pearly everlasting', 'pearly_everlasting': 'an American everlasting having foliage with soft wooly hairs and corymbose heads with pearly white bracts', 'genus_Andryala': 'a genus of hardy hairy latex-producing perennials of Mediterranean area', 'andryala': 'any plant of the genus Andryala having milky sap and heads of bright yellow flowers', 'Antennaria': 'small woolly perennial herbs having small whitish discoid flowers surrounded by a ring of club-shaped bristles', \"ladies'_tobacco\": 'North American perennial propagated by means of runners', \"cat's_foot\": 'low-growing perennial herb having leaves with whitish down and clusters of small white flowers', 'plantain-leaved_pussytoes': 'a variety of pussytoes', 'field_pussytoes': 'a variety of pussytoes', 'solitary_pussytoes': 'a variety of pussytoes', 'mountain_everlasting': \"a variety of cat's foot\", 'Anthemis': 'dog fennel', 'mayweed': 'widespread rank-smelling weed having white-rayed flower heads with yellow discs', 'yellow_chamomile': 'Eurasian perennial herb with hairy divided leaves and yellow flowers; naturalized in North America', 'corn_chamomile': 'European white-flowered weed naturalized in North America', 'Antheropeas': 'small genus of North American herbs often included in genus Eriophyllum', 'woolly_daisy': 'tiny grey woolly tufted annual with small golden-yellow flower heads; southeastern California to northwestern Arizona and southwestern Utah; sometimes placed in genus Eriophyllum', 'Arctium': 'burdock', 'burdock': 'any of several erect biennial herbs of temperate Eurasia having stout taproots and producing burs', 'common_burdock': 'a plant that is ubiquitous in all but very acid soil; found in most of Europe and North Africa', 'great_burdock': 'burdock having heart-shaped leaves found in open woodland, hedgerows and rough grassland of Europe (except extreme N) and Asia Minor; sometimes cultivated for medicinal and culinary use', 'Arctotis': 'herbs and subshrubs: African daisy', 'African_daisy': 'shrub of southwestern Mediterranean region having yellow daisylike flowers', 'blue-eyed_African_daisy': 'bushy perennial of South Africa with white or violet flowers; in its native region often clothes entire valley sides in a sheet of color', 'Argyranthemum': 'comprises plants often included in the genus Chrysanthemum', 'marguerite': 'perennial subshrub of the Canary Islands having usually pale yellow daisylike flowers; often included in genus Chrysanthemum', 'Argyroxiphium': 'small genus of Hawaiian spreading and rosette-forming shrubs', 'silversword': 'low-growing plant found only in volcanic craters on Hawaii having rosettes of narrow pointed silver-green leaves and clusters of profuse red-purple flowers on a tall stem', 'genus_Arnica': 'large genus of herbs of north temperate and Arctic regions', 'heartleaf_arnica': 'wildflower with heart-shaped leaves and broad yellow flower heads; of alpine areas west of the Rockies from Alaska to southern California', 'Arnica_montana': 'herb of pasture and open woodland throughout most of Europe and western Asia having orange-yellow daisylike flower heads that when dried are used as a stimulant and to treat bruises and swellings', 'Arnoseris': 'lamb succory', 'lamb_succory': 'small European herb with small yellow flowers', 'genus_Artemisia': 'usually aromatic shrubs or herbs of north temperate regions and South Africa and western South America: wormwood; sagebrush; mugwort; tarragon', 'artemisia': 'any of various composite shrubs or herbs of the genus Artemisia having aromatic green or greyish foliage', 'wormwood': 'any of several low composite herbs of the genera Artemisia or Seriphidium', 'mugwort': 'any of several weedy composite plants of the genus Artemisia', 'sagebrush': 'any of several North American composite subshrubs of the genera Artemis or Seriphidium', 'southernwood': 'shrubby European wormwood naturalized in North America; sometimes used in brewing beer', 'common_wormwood': 'aromatic herb of temperate Eurasia and North Africa having a bitter taste used in making the liqueur absinthe', 'sweet_wormwood': 'wormwood of southeastern Europe to Iran', 'California_sagebrush': 'low ashy-grey California shrub', 'field_wormwood': 'European wormwood similar to common wormwood in its properties', 'sand_sage': 'silver-haired shrub of central and southern United States and Mexico; a troublesome weed on rangelands', 'wormwood_sage': 'silky-leaved aromatic perennial of dry northern parts of the northern hemisphere; has tawny florets', 'western_mugwort': 'perennial cottony-white herb of southwestern United States', 'bud_brush': 'a perennial that is valuable as sheep forage in the United States', 'dusty_miller': 'shrubby perennial of the Canary Islands having white flowers and leaves and hairy stems covered with dustlike down; sometimes placed in genus Chrysanthemum', 'common_mugwort': 'European tufted aromatic perennial herb having hairy red or purple stems and dark green leaves downy white below and red-brown florets', 'genus_Aster': 'large genus of herbs widely cultivated for their daisylike flowers', 'wood_aster': 'any of several asters of eastern North America usually growing in woods', 'whorled_aster': 'North American perennial with apparently whorled leaves and showy white purple-tinged flowers', 'heath_aster': 'common much-branched North American perennial with heathlike foliage and small starry white flowers', 'heart-leaved_aster': 'perennial wood aster of eastern North America', 'white_wood_aster': 'rhizomatous perennial wood aster of eastern North America with white flowers', 'bushy_aster': 'stiff perennial of the eastern United States having small linear leaves and numerous tiny white flower heads', 'white_prairie_aster': 'perennial of western North America having white flowers', 'stiff_aster': 'wiry tufted perennial of the eastern United States with stiff erect rough stems, linear leaves and large violet flowers', 'goldilocks': 'early-flowering perennial of southern and southeastern Europe with flower heads resembling those of goldenrod', 'large-leaved_aster': 'tufted perennial wood aster of North America; naturalized in Europe', 'New_England_aster': 'common perennial of eastern North America having showy purplish flowers; a parent of the Michaelmas daisy', 'Michaelmas_daisy': 'North American perennial herb having small autumn-blooming purple or pink or white flowers; widely naturalized in Europe', 'upland_white_aster': 'tufted rigid North American perennial with loose clusters of white flowers', \"Short's_aster\": 'perennial of southeastern United States having usually blue flowers', 'sea_aster': 'a common European aster that grows in salt marshes', 'prairie_aster': 'violet-flowered perennial aster of central United States having solitary heads', 'annual_salt-marsh_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'aromatic_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'arrow_leaved_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'azure_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'bog_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'crooked-stemmed_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'Eastern_silvery_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'flat-topped_white_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'late_purple_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'panicled_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'perennial_salt_marsh_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'purple-stemmed_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'rough-leaved_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'rush_aster': 'a variety of aster', \"Schreiber's_aster\": 'a variety of aster', 'small_white_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'smooth_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'southern_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'starved_aster': 'a variety of aster', \"tradescant's_aster\": 'a variety of aster', 'wavy-leaved_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'Western_silvery_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'willow_aster': 'a variety of aster', 'genus_Ayapana': 'genus of tropical American herbs sometimes included in genus Eupatorium', 'ayapana': 'low spreading tropical American shrub with long slender leaves used to make a mildly stimulating drink resembling tea; sometimes placed in genus Eupatorium', 'Baccharis': 'shrubs of western hemisphere often having honey-scented flowers followed by silky thistlelike heads of tiny fruits; often used for erosion control', 'groundsel_tree': 'a shrub of salt marshes of eastern and south central North America and West Indies; fruit is surrounded with white plumelike hairy tufts', 'mule_fat': 'California shrub with slender leafy shoots that are important browse for mule deer', 'coyote_brush': 'widely spreading evergreen shrub of southwestern United States with flower heads in a leafy panicle', 'Balsamorhiza': 'genus of coarse western American herbs with large roots containing an aromatic balsam', 'balsamroot': 'a plant of the genus Balsamorhiza having downy leaves in a basal rosette and yellow flowers and long balsam-scented taproots', 'Bellis': 'daisy', 'daisy': 'any of numerous composite plants having flower heads with well-developed ray flowers usually arranged in a single whorl', 'common_daisy': 'low-growing Eurasian plant with yellow central disc flowers and pinkish-white outer ray flowers', 'Bidens': 'bur marigolds', 'bur_marigold': 'any of several plants of the genus Bidens having yellow flowers and prickly fruits that cling to fur and clothing', 'Spanish_needles': 'the seed of bur marigolds', 'tickseed_sunflower': 'North American bur marigold with large flowers', 'European_beggar-ticks': 'bur marigold of temperate Eurasia', 'swampy_beggar-ticks': 'bur marigold of eastern and northern United States and Canada common in wet pastures and meadows', 'slender_knapweed': 'a variety of knapweed', 'Jersey_knapweed': 'a variety of knapweed', 'Boltonia': 'genus of tall leafy perennial herbs of eastern America and eastern Asia having flowers that resemble asters', 'false_chamomile': 'any of various autumn-flowering perennials having white or pink to purple flowers that resemble asters; wild in moist soils from New Jersey to Florida and Texas', 'Brachycome': 'mostly Australian herbs having basal or alternate leaves and loosely corymbose flower heads', 'Swan_River_daisy': 'western Australian annual much cultivated for its flower heads with white or bluish to violet or variegated rays', 'Brickellia': 'genus of herbs of southwestern America having usually creamy florets followed by one-seeded fruits in a prominent bristly sheath', 'Buphthalmum': 'oxeye', 'woodland_oxeye': 'hairy Eurasian perennial having deep yellow daisies on lax willowy stems; found in the wild in open woodland and on rocky slopes', 'Cacalia': 'genus of tall smooth herbs of forested mountains of Europe and Asia minor; in some classifications includes many plants usually placed in genus Emilia', 'Indian_plantain': 'any of various plants of the genus Cacalia having leaves resembling those of plantain', 'genus_Calendula': 'marigold', 'calendula': 'any of numerous chiefly annual herbs of the genus Calendula widely cultivated for their yellow or orange flowers; often used for medicinal and culinary purposes', 'common_marigold': 'the common European annual marigold', 'Callistephus': 'one species: erect Asiatic herb with large flowers', 'China_aster': 'valued for their beautiful flowers in a wide range of clear bright colors; grown primarily for cutting', 'thistle': 'any of numerous plants of the family Compositae and especially of the genera Carduus and Cirsium and Onopordum having prickly-edged leaves', 'Carduus': 'genus of annual or perennial Old World prickly thistles', 'welted_thistle': 'European biennial introduced in North America having flower heads in crowded clusters at ends of branches', 'musk_thistle': 'Eurasian perennial naturalized in eastern North America having very spiny white cottony foliage and nodding musky crimson flower heads; valuable source of nectar', 'Carlina': 'genus of Mediterranean thistles', 'carline_thistle': 'a thistle of the genus Carlina', 'stemless_carline_thistle': 'stemless perennial having large flowers with white or purple-brown florets nestled in a rosette of long spiny leaves hairy beneath; of alpine regions of southern and eastern Europe', 'common_carline_thistle': 'Eurasian thistle growing in sand dunes and dry chalky soils', 'Carthamus': 'safflower', 'safflower': 'thistlelike Eurasian plant widely grown for its red or orange flower heads and seeds that yield a valuable oil', 'safflower_seed': 'seed of the safflower', 'genus_Catananche': \"genus of Mediterranean herbs: cupid's dart\", 'catananche': 'any of several plants of the genus Catananche having long-stalked heads of blue or yellow flowers', 'blue_succory': 'south European plant having dark-eyed flowers with flat blue rays', 'Centaurea': 'knapweed; star thistle', 'centaury': 'any of various plants of the genus Centaurium', 'basket_flower': 'annual of southwestern United States cultivated for its purple flower heads and its bracts that resemble small baskets', 'cornflower': 'an annual Eurasian plant cultivated in North America having showy heads of blue or purple or pink or white flowers', 'star-thistle': 'Mediterranean annual or biennial herb having pinkish to purple flowers surrounded by spine-tipped scales; naturalized in America', 'knapweed': 'any of various plants of the genus Centaurea having purple thistlelike flowers', 'lesser_knapweed': 'a weedy perennial with tough wiry stems and purple flowers; native to Europe but widely naturalized', 'great_knapweed': 'tall European perennial having purple flower heads', \"Barnaby's_thistle\": 'European weed having a winged stem and hairy leaves; adventive in the eastern United States', 'Chamaemelum': 'small genus of plants sometimes included in genus Anthemis: chamomile', 'chamomile': 'Eurasian plant with apple-scented foliage and white-rayed flowers and feathery leaves used medicinally; in some classification systems placed in genus Anthemis', 'genus_Chaenactis': 'genus of flowering herbs of western United States', 'chaenactis': 'any of several United States plants having long stalks of funnel-shaped white or yellow flowers', 'genus_Chrysanthemum': 'in some classifications many plants usually assigned to the genus Chrysanthemum have been divided among other genera: e.g. Argyranthemum; Dendranthema; Leucanthemum; Tanacetum', 'chrysanthemum': 'the flower of a chrysanthemum plant', 'corn_marigold': 'European herb with bright yellow flowers; a common weed in grain fields', 'crown_daisy': 'shrubby annual of the Mediterranean region with yellowish-white flowers', 'Chrysopsis': 'golden aster', 'golden_aster': 'any of several shrubby herbs or subshrubs of the genus Chrysopsis having bright golden-yellow flower heads that resemble asters; throughout much of United States and into Canada', 'Maryland_golden_aster': 'perennial golden aster of southeastern United States', 'grass-leaved_golden_aster': 'a variety of golden aster', 'sickleweed_golden_aster': 'a variety of golden aster', 'Chrysothamnus': 'genus of low branching shrubs of western North America', 'goldenbush': 'a plant of the genus Haplopappus', 'rabbit_brush': 'pleasantly aromatic shrub having erect slender flexible hairy branches and dense clusters of small yellow flowers covering vast areas of western alkali plains and affording a retreat for jackrabbits; source of a yellow dye used by the Navajo', 'Cichorium': 'chicory', 'endive': 'widely cultivated herb with leaves valued as salad green; either curly serrated leaves or broad flat ones that are usually blanched', 'Cirsium': 'plume thistles', 'plume_thistle': 'any of numerous biennial to perennial herbs with handsome purple or yellow or occasionally white flower heads', 'Canada_thistle': 'European thistle naturalized in United States and Canada where it is a pernicious weed', 'field_thistle': 'stout North American thistle with purplish-pink flower heads', 'woolly_thistle': 'thistle of western North America having white woolly leaves', 'European_woolly_thistle': 'woolly thistle of western and central Europe and Balkan Peninsula', 'melancholy_thistle': 'perennial stoloniferous thistle of northern Europe with lanceolate basal leaves and usually solitary heads of reddish-purple flowers', 'brook_thistle': 'of central and southwestern Europe', 'bull_thistle': 'European thistle with rather large heads and prickly leaves; extensively naturalized as a weed in the United States', 'Cnicus': 'one species: blessed thistle', 'blessed_thistle': 'annual of Mediterranean to Portugal having hairy stems and minutely spiny-toothed leaves and large heads of yellow flowers', 'Conoclinium': 'mistflower', 'mistflower': 'rhizomatous plant of central and southeastern United States and West Indies having large showy heads of clear blue flowers; sometimes placed in genus Eupatorium', 'Conyza': 'common American weed or wildflower', 'horseweed': 'common North American weed with linear leaves and small discoid heads of yellowish flowers; widely naturalized throughout temperate regions; sometimes placed in genus Erigeron', 'genus_Coreopsis': 'genus of American plants widely cultivated for their flowers', 'coreopsis': 'any of numerous plants of the genus Coreopsis having a profusion of showy usually yellow daisylike flowers over long periods; North and South America', 'subgenus_Calliopsis': 'used in some classification systems for some plants of genus Coreopsis', 'giant_coreopsis': 'large treelike shrub having feathery leaves and clusters of large yellow flower heads; coastal southern California', 'sea_dahlia': 'stout herb with flowers one to a stalk; ornamental developed from a Mexican wildflower', 'calliopsis': 'North American annual widely cultivated for its yellow flowers with purple-red to brownish centers; in some classifications placed in a subgenus Calliopsis', 'genus_Cosmos': 'genus of tropical American plants cultivated for their colorful flowers', 'cosmos': 'any of various mostly Mexican herbs of the genus Cosmos having radiate heads of variously colored flowers and pinnate leaves; popular fall-blooming annuals', 'Cotula': 'cosmopolitan herbs especially southern hemisphere; many used as ground covers', 'brass_buttons': 'South African herb with golden-yellow globose flower heads; naturalized in moist areas along coast of California; cultivated as an ornamental', 'Craspedia': 'herbs of Australia and New Zealand', 'billy_buttons': 'any of various plants of the genus Craspedia grown for their downy foliage and globose heads of golden flowers; Australia and New Zealand', 'Crepis': \"hawk's-beard; cosmopolitan in northern hemisphere\", \"hawk's-beard\": 'any of various plants of the genus Crepis having loose heads of yellow flowers on top of a long branched leafy stem; northern hemisphere', 'Cynara': 'artichoke; cardoon', 'genus_Dahlia': 'genus of perennial tuberous plants of Mexico and Central America', 'dahlia': 'any of several plants of or developed from the species Dahlia pinnata having tuberous roots and showy rayed variously colored flower heads; native to the mountains of Mexico and Central America and Colombia', 'Delairea': 'one species: German ivy', 'German_ivy': 'South African succulent evergreen twining climber with yellow flowers grown primarily as a houseplant for its foliage; sometimes placed in genus Senecio', 'Dendranthema': 'comprises plants often included in the genus Chrysanthemum', \"florist's_chrysanthemum\": 'of China', 'Dimorphotheca': 'South African herbs or subshrubs with usually yellow flowers', 'cape_marigold': 'any of several South African plants grown for the profusion of usually yellow daisylike flowers and mounds of aromatic foliage', 'Doronicum': \"genus of Eurasian perennial tuberous or rhizomatous herbs: leopard's bane\", \"leopard's-bane\": 'any of several herbs of the genus Doronicum having alternate often clasping stem leaves cultivated for their long stalks of yellow flower heads', 'Echinacea': 'small genus of North American coarse perennial herbs', 'coneflower': 'any of various plants of the genus Rudbeckia cultivated for their large usually yellow daisies with prominent central cones', 'Echinops': 'genus of Mediterranean and Eurasian herbs: globe thistles', 'globe_thistle': 'any of various plants of the genus Echinops having prickly leaves and dense globose heads of bluish flowers', 'Elephantopus': 'perennial American herb', \"elephant's-foot\": 'South African vine having a massive rootstock covered with deeply fissured bark', 'Emilia': 'tropical African herbs', 'tassel_flower': 'tropical Asiatic annual cultivated for its small tassel-shaped heads of scarlet flowers', 'Encelia': 'genus of shrubs of southwestern United States and Mexico: brittlebush', 'brittlebush': 'fragrant rounded shrub of southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico having brittle stems and small crowded blue-green leaves and yellow flowers; produces a resin used in incense and varnish and in folk medicine', 'Enceliopsis': 'small genus of xerophytic herbs of southwestern United States', 'genus_Engelmannia': 'one species: North American herbs that resemble sunflowers', 'engelmannia': 'common erect hairy perennial of plains and prairies of southern and central United States having flowers that resemble sunflowers', 'genus_Erechtites': 'coarse herbs with whitish discoid flower heads and silky pappus', 'fireweed': 'tall North American perennial with creeping rootstocks and narrow leaves and spikes of pinkish-purple flowers occurring in great abundance in burned-over areas or recent clearings; an important honey plant', 'Erigeron': 'cosmopolitan genus of usually perennial herbs with flowers that resemble asters; leaves occasionally (especially formerly) used medicinally', 'fleabane': 'hairy perennial Eurasian herb with yellow daisylike flowers reputed to destroy or drive away fleas', 'blue_fleabane': 'widespread weed with pale purple-blue flowers', 'daisy_fleabane': 'widely naturalized white-flowered North American herb', 'orange_daisy': 'mat-forming herb of Turkestan with nearly double orange-yellow flowers', 'spreading_fleabane': 'well-branched plant with hairy leaves and stems each with a solitary flower head with narrow white or pink or lavender rays; western North America', 'seaside_daisy': 'slightly succulent perennial with basal leaves and hairy sticky stems each bearing a solitary flower head with narrow pink or lavender rays; coastal bluffs Oregon to southern California', 'Philadelphia_fleabane': 'especially pretty plant having a delicate fringe of threadlike rays around flower heads having very slender white or pink rays; United States and Canada', \"robin's_plantain\": 'common perennial of eastern North America having flowers with usually violet-purple rays', 'showy_daisy': 'plant having branching leafy stems each branch with an especially showy solitary flower head with many narrow pink or lavender or white rays; northwestern United States mountains', 'Eriophyllum': 'genus of hairy herbs and shrubs of western North America', 'woolly_sunflower': 'any plant of the genus Eriophyllum', 'golden_yarrow': 'greyish woolly leafy perennial with branched stems ending in leafless stalks bearing golden-yellow flower heads; dry areas western North America', 'Eupatorium': 'large genus of chiefly tropical herbs having heads of white or purplish flowers', 'hemp_agrimony': 'coarse European herb with palmately divided leaves and clusters of small reddish-purple flower heads', 'dog_fennel': 'weedy plant of southeastern United States having divided leaves and long clusters of greenish flowers', 'Joe-Pye_weed': 'North American herb having whorled leaves and terminal clusters of flowers spotted with purple', 'boneset': 'perennial herb of southeastern United States having white-rayed flower heads; formerly used as in folk medicine', 'Felicia': 'genus of tropical African herbs or subshrubs with usually blue flowers', 'blue_daisy': 'hairy South African or Australian subshrub that has daisylike flowers with blue rays', 'kingfisher_daisy': 'softly hairy South African herb having flowers with bright blue rays', 'genus_Filago': 'genus of small woolly herbs', 'cotton_rose': 'Chinese shrub or small tree having white or pink flowers becoming deep red at night; widely cultivated; naturalized in southeastern United States', 'herba_impia': '(literally an undutiful herb) a variety of cotton rose', 'genus_Gaillardia': 'genus of western American hairy herbs with showy flowers', 'gaillardia': 'any plant of western America of the genus Gaillardia having hairy leaves and long-stalked flowers in hot vibrant colors from golden yellow and copper to rich burgundy', 'blanket_flower': 'annual of central United States having showy long-stalked yellow flower heads marked with scarlet or purple in the center', 'genus_Gazania': 'genus of tomentose tropical African herbs with milky sap', 'gazania': 'any plant of the genus Gazania valued for their showy daisy flowers', 'treasure_flower': 'decumbent South African perennial with short densely leafy stems and orange flower rays with black eyespots at base', 'Gerbera': 'genus of South African or Asiatic herbs: African daisies', 'Barberton_daisy': 'widely cultivated South African perennial having flower heads with orange to flame-colored rays', 'Gerea': 'small genus of hairy herbs with yellow flowers', 'desert_sunflower': 'slender hairy plant with few leaves and golden-yellow flower heads; sandy desert areas of southeastern California to southwestern Utah and western Arizona and northwestern Mexico', 'Gnaphalium': 'large widely distributed genus of coarse hairy herbs with whitish involucres', 'cudweed': 'any of numerous plants of the genus Gnaphalium having flowers that can be dried without loss of form or color', 'chafeweed': 'weedy perennial of north temperate regions having woolly foliage and dirty white flowers in a leafy spike', 'Grindelia': 'large genus of coarse gummy herbs of western North and Central America', 'gumweed': 'any of various western American plants of the genus Grindelia having resinous leaves and stems formerly used medicinally; often poisonous to livestock', 'Grindelia_robusta': 'perennial gumweed of California and Baja California', 'curlycup_gumweed': 'perennial gumweed of western and central North America', 'Gutierrezia': 'sticky perennial herbs and subshrubs of western North America and warm South America', 'matchweed': 'any of several plants of the genus Gutierrezia having tiny flower heads that resemble the heads of matches', 'little-head_snakeweed': 'similar to Gutierrezia sarothrae but with flower heads having fewer rays and disk flowers', 'rabbitweed': 'low-growing sticky subshrub of southwestern United States having narrow linear leaves on many slender branches and hundreds of tiny yellow flower heads', 'broomweed': 'annual of southwestern United States having rigid woody branches with sticky foliage and yellow flowers', 'Gynura': 'genus of Old World tropical herbs: velvet plants', 'velvet_plant': 'Javanese foliage plant grown for their handsome velvety leaves with violet-purple hairs', 'Haastia': 'genus of New Zealand mat-forming herbs or subshrubs: vegetable sheep', 'vegetable_sheep': 'cushion-forming New Zealand herb having leaves densely covered with tawny hairs', 'Haplopappus': 'genus of North and South American perennial herbs or shrubs with yellow flowers; in some classifications include species placed in other genera especially Hazardia', 'camphor_daisy': 'annual of southern United States and Mexico having bristly leaves and pale yellow flowers', 'yellow_spiny_daisy': 'slender perennial of western North America having weakly bristly leaves and yellow flower heads', 'Hazardia': 'small genus of shrubs and subshrubs of western United States having flowers that change color as they mature', 'hoary_golden_bush': 'western American shrubs having white felted foliage and yellow flowers that become red-purple', 'Helenium': 'genus of American herbs with flowers having yellow rays: sneezeweeds', 'sneezeweed': 'any of various plants of the genus Helenium characteristically causing sneezing', 'autumn_sneezeweed': 'North American perennial with bright yellow late summer flowers', 'orange_sneezeweed': 'stout perennial herb of western United States having flower heads with drooping orange-yellow rays; causes spewing sickness in sheep', 'rosilla': 'a sneezeweed of southwestern United States especially southern California', 'genus_Helianthus': 'genus of tall erect or branched American annual or perennial herbs with showy flowers: sunflowers', 'sunflower': 'any plant of the genus Helianthus having large flower heads with dark disk florets and showy yellow rays', 'swamp_sunflower': 'sunflower of eastern North America having narrow leaves and found in bogs', 'common_sunflower': 'annual sunflower grown for silage and for its seeds which are a source of oil; common throughout United States and much of North America', 'giant_sunflower': 'very tall American perennial of central and the eastern United States to Canada having edible tuberous roots', 'showy_sunflower': 'tall rough-leaved perennial with a few large flower heads; central United States', \"Maximilian's_sunflower\": 'tall perennial of central United States to Canada having golden-yellow flowers', 'prairie_sunflower': 'similar to the common sunflower with slender usually branching stems common in central United States', 'Helichrysum': 'large genus of mostly African and Australian herbs and shrubs: everlasting flowers; in some classifications includes genus Ozothamnus', 'strawflower': 'plant of southern and southeastern United States grown for its yellow flowers that can be dried', 'genus_Heliopsis': 'oxeye', 'heliopsis': 'any North American shrubby perennial herb of the genus Heliopsis having large yellow daisylike flowers', 'Helipterum': 'genus of South African and Australian herbs or shrubs grown as everlastings; the various Helipterum species are currently in process of being assigned to other genera especially genera Pteropogon and Hyalosperma', 'Heterotheca': 'genus of yellow-flowered North American herbs', 'hairy_golden_aster': 'hairy perennial with yellow flower heads in branched clusters; found almost everywhere in dry places from Canada to west central and western United States; sometimes placed in genus Chrysopsis', 'Hieracium': 'large genus of perennial hairy herbs of Europe to western Asia to northwestern Africa and North America; few are ornamental; often considered congeneric with Pilosella', 'hawkweed': 'any of various plants of the genus Pilosella', 'king_devil': 'European hawkweed introduced into northeastern United States; locally troublesome weeds', 'rattlesnake_weed': 'a hawkweed with a rosette of purple-veined basal leaves; Canada to northern Georgia and Kentucky', 'Homogyne': 'small genus of low perennial herbs of montane Europe; in some classifications included in genus Tussilago', 'alpine_coltsfoot': 'rhizomatous herb with purple-red flowers suitable for groundcover; sometimes placed in genus Tussilago', 'Hulsea': 'small genus of erect balsam-scented herbs; Pacific coast of the northwestern United States', 'alpine_gold': 'low tufted plant having hairy stems each topped by a flower head with short narrow yellow rays; northwestern United States', 'dwarf_hulsea': 'similar to but smaller than alpine hulsea', 'Hyalosperma': 'genus of herbs of temperate Australia including some from genus Helipterum', 'Hypochaeris': 'widely distributed genus of herbs with milky juice; includes some cosmopolitan weeds', \"cat's-ear\": \"any of several plants of the genus Calochortus having flowers with petals shaped like cat's ears\", 'genus_Inula': 'genus of Old World herbs or subshrubs: elecampane', 'inula': 'any plant of the genus Inula', 'elecampane': 'tall coarse Eurasian herb having daisylike yellow flowers with narrow petals whose rhizomatous roots are used medicinally', 'genus_Iva': 'small genus of American herbs or shrubs; in some classifications placed in a separate family Ambrosiaceae', 'marsh_elder': 'any of various coarse shrubby plants of the genus Iva with small greenish flowers; common in moist areas (as coastal salt marshes) of eastern and central North America', 'burweed_marsh_elder': 'tall annual marsh elder common in moist rich soil in central North America that can cause contact dermatitis; produces much pollen that is a major cause of hay fever', 'genus_Krigia': 'small herbs closely related to chicory: dwarf dandelions', 'krigia': 'any small branched yellow-flowered North American herb of the genus Krigia', 'dwarf_dandelion': 'small yellow-flowered herb resembling dandelions of central and southeastern United States', 'Lactuca': 'an herb with milky juice: lettuce; prickly lettuce', 'garden_lettuce': 'annual or perennial garden plant having succulent leaves used in salads; widely grown', 'cos_lettuce': 'lettuce with long dark-green spoon-shaped leaves', 'head_lettuce': 'distinguished by leaves arranged in a dense rosette that develop into a compact ball', 'prickly_lettuce': 'European annual wild lettuce having prickly stems; a troublesome weed in parts of United States', 'Lagenophera': 'small genus of herbs of Australia and South America having small solitary white or purple flowers similar to true daisies of genus Bellis', 'Lasthenia': 'small genus of herbs of Pacific coast of North and South America', 'goldfields': 'small slender woolly annual with very narrow opposite leaves and branches bearing solitary golden-yellow flower heads; southwestern Oregon to Baja California and Arizona; often cultivated', 'Layia': 'genus of western United States annuals with showy yellow or white flowers', 'tidytips': 'California annual having flower heads with yellow rays tipped with white', 'Leontodon': 'hawkbit', 'hawkbit': 'any of various common wildflowers of the genus Leontodon; of temperate Eurasia to Mediterranean regions', 'fall_dandelion': 'fall-blooming European herb with a yellow flower; naturalized in the United States', 'Leontopodium': 'edelweiss', 'edelweiss': 'alpine perennial plant native to Europe having leaves covered with whitish down and small flower heads held in stars of glistening whitish bracts', 'Leucanthemum': 'comprises plants often included in the genus Chrysanthemum', 'oxeye_daisy': 'similar to oxeye daisy', 'shasta_daisy': 'hybrid garden flower derived from Chrysanthemum maximum and Chrysanthemum lacustre having large white flower heads resembling oxeye daisies; often placed in the genus Chrysanthemum', 'Pyrenees_daisy': 'perennial of Portugal similar to the oxeye daisy', 'Leucogenes': 'New Zealand edelweiss', 'north_island_edelweiss': 'perennial herb closely resembling European edelweiss; New Zealand', 'Liatris': 'genus of perennial North American herbs with aromatic usually cormous roots', 'blazing_star': 'biennial of southwestern United States having white stems and toothed leaves that is grown for its large pale yellow flowers that open in early morning', 'dotted_gayfeather': 'herb with many stems bearing narrow slender wands of crowded rose-lavender flowers; central United States and Canada to Texas and northern Mexico', 'dense_blazing_star': 'perennial of southeastern and central United States having very dense spikes of purple flowers; often cultivated for cut flowers', 'Ligularia': 'genus of Old World herbs resembling groundsel: leopard plants', 'leopard_plant': 'any of various plants of temperate Eurasia; grown for their yellow flowers and handsome foliage', 'Lindheimera': 'one species: Texas star', 'Texas_star': 'Texas annual with coarsely pinnatifid leaves; cultivated for its showy radiate yellow flower heads', 'Lonas': 'one species: yellow ageratum', 'Machaeranthera': 'wildflowers of western North America', 'tahoka_daisy': 'wild aster with fernlike leaves and flower heads with very narrow bright purple rays; Alberta to Texas and Mexico', 'sticky_aster': 'wild aster having leafy stems and flower heads with narrow bright reddish-lavender or purple rays; western Colorado to Arizona', 'Mojave_aster': 'wild aster having greyish leafy stems and flower heads with narrow pale lavender or violet rays; of rocky desert slopes California to Arizona and Utah', 'Madia': 'genus of sticky herbs with yellow flowers open in morning or evening but closed in bright light', 'tarweed': 'any of various resinous glandular plants of the genus Madia; of western North and South America', 'common_madia': 'California annual having red-brown spots near the base of its yellow flower rays', 'melosa': 'South American herb with sticky glandular foliage; source of madia oil', 'madia_oil': 'used as a substitute for olive oil', 'Matricaria': 'chiefly Old World strong-smelling weedy herbs; comprises plants sometimes included in other genera: e.g. Tanacetum; Tripleurospermum', 'sweet_false_chamomile': 'annual Eurasian herb similar in fragrance and medicinal uses to chamomile though taste is more bitter and effect is considered inferior', 'pineapple_weed': 'annual aromatic weed of Pacific coastal areas (United States and northeastern Asia) having bristle-pointed leaves and rayless yellow flowers', 'Melampodium': 'herbs and subshrubs of warm North America', 'blackfoot_daisy': 'bushy subshrub having flower heads that resemble asters with broad white rays; found in desert areas of Arizona east to Kansas and south to Mexico', 'Mikania': 'large genus of evergreen lianas of tropical America', 'climbing_hempweed': 'herb of tropical America having vanilla-scented flowers; climbs up trees', 'genus_Mutisia': 'genus of South American shrubs or lianas having large flower heads with feathery pappuses', 'mutisia': 'any of various plants of the genus Mutisia', 'Nabalus': 'genus of North American and east Asian perennial herbs; sometimes included in genus Prenanthes', 'rattlesnake_root': 'herb of central and southern Europe having purple florets', 'white_lettuce': 'herb of northeastern North America having drooping clusters of yellowish-white flowers; sometimes placed in genus Prenanthes', \"lion's_foot\": \"common perennial herb widely distributed in the southern and eastern United States having drooping clusters of pinkish flowers and thick basal leaves suggesting a lion's foot in shape; sometimes placed in genus Prenanthes\", 'Olearia': 'large genus of Australian evergreen shrubs or small trees with large daisylike flowers', 'daisybush': 'any of various mostly Australian attractively shaped shrubs of the genus Olearia grown for their handsome and sometimes fragrant evergreen foliage and profusion of daisy flowers with white or purple or blue rays', 'muskwood': 'musk-scented shrub or tree of southern and southeastern Australia having creamy-yellow flower heads', 'New_Zealand_daisybush': 'bushy New Zealand shrub cultivated for its fragrant white flower heads', 'Onopordum': 'a genus of Eurasian herbs of the family Compositae with prickly foliage and large purplish flowers', 'cotton_thistle': 'biennial Eurasian white hairy thistle having pale purple flowers; naturalized in North America', 'genus_Othonna': 'genus of western African herbs or shrubs', 'othonna': 'a South African plant of the genus Othonna having smooth often fleshy leaves and heads of yellow flowers', 'Ozothamnus': 'genus of Australian shrubs and perennial herbs; sometimes included in genus Helichrysum', 'cascade_everlasting': 'shrub with white woolly branches and woolly leaves having fragrant flowers forming long sprays; flowers suitable for drying; sometimes placed in genus Helichrysum', 'Packera': 'genus of American of east Asian perennial herbs with yellow to orange or red flower rays; sometimes included in genus Senecio', 'butterweed': 'American ragwort with yellow flowers', 'golden_groundsel': 'weedy herb of the eastern United States to Texas having golden-yellow flowers; sometimes becomes invasive; sometimes placed in genus Senecio', 'Parthenium': 'small genus of North American herbs and shrubs with terminal panicles of small ray flowers', 'guayule': 'much-branched subshrub with silvery leaves and small white flowers of Texas and northern Mexico; cultivated as a source of rubber', 'bastard_feverfew': 'tropical American annual weed with small radiate heads of white flowers; adventive in southern United States', 'American_feverfew': 'stout perennial herb of the eastern United States with whitish flowers; leaves traditionally used by Catawba Indians to treat burns', 'Pericallis': 'cineraria', 'cineraria': 'herb of Canary Islands widely cultivated for its blue or purple or red or variegated daisylike flowers', \"florest's_cineraria\": 'herb derived from Pericallis cruenta and widely cultivated in a variety of profusely flowering forms with florets from white to pink to red or purple or violet or blue', 'Petasites': 'genus of rhizomatous herbs of north temperate regions: butterbur; sweet coltsfoot', 'butterbur': 'small Eurasian herb having broad leaves and lilac-pink rayless flowers; found in moist areas', 'winter_heliotrope': 'European herb with vanilla-scented white-pink flowers', 'sweet_coltsfoot': 'American sweet-scented herb', 'Picris': 'genus of weedy Old World yellow-flowered herbs usually containing a bitter-tasting substance: bitterweed', 'oxtongue': 'widespread European weed with spiny tongue-shaped leaves and yellow flowers; naturalized in United States', 'Pilosella': 'genus of hairy perennial herbs with horizontal rhizomes and leafy or underground stolons; Eurasia and North Africa; often considered congeneric with Hieracium', 'orange_hawkweed': 'European hawkweed having flower heads with bright orange-red rays; a troublesome weed especially as naturalized in northeastern North America; sometimes placed in genus Hieracium', 'mouse-ear_hawkweed': 'European hawkweed having soft hairy leaves; sometimes placed in genus Hieracium', 'Piqueria': 'small genus of tropical American perennial herbs or subshrubs with white to pale yellow flowers; often included in genus Stevia', 'stevia': 'any plant of the genus Stevia or the closely related genus Piqueria having glutinous foliage and white or purplish flowers; Central and South America', 'Prenanthes': 'genus of North American and Asiatic perennial herbs having pinnatisect leaves small heads of drooping yellowish to purple flowers; sometimes includes species often placed in genus Nabalus', 'genus_Pteropogon': 'genus of Australian and South African herbs including some from genus Helipterum', 'pteropogon': 'southern Australian plant having feathery hairs surrounding the fruit', 'Pulicaria': 'genus of temperate Old World herbs: fleabane', 'Pyrethrum': 'used in former classifications for plants later placed in genus Chrysanthemum and now often included in genus Tanacetum', 'Raoulia': 'genus of low-growing mat-forming New Zealand plants; in some classifications includes species placed in genus Haastia', 'sheep_plant': 'perennial prostrate mat-forming herb with hoary woolly foliage', 'Ratibida': 'genus of perennial wildflowers of North American plains and prairies; often cultivated for their showy flower heads', 'Mexican_hat': 'coneflower with flower heads resembling a Mexican hat with a tall red-brown disk and drooping yellow or yellow and red-brown rays; grows in the great plains along base of Rocky Mountains', 'long-head_coneflower': 'plant similar to the Mexican hat coneflower; from British Columbia to New Mexico', 'prairie_coneflower': 'coneflower of central to southwestern United States', 'genus_Rhodanthe': 'genus of xerophytic herbs and shrubs of South Africa and Australia; sometimes included in genus Helipterum', 'Swan_River_everlasting': 'Australian annual everlasting having light pink nodding flower heads; sometimes placed in genus Helipterum', 'Rudbeckia': 'North American perennial herbs with showy cone-shaped flower heads', 'black-eyed_Susan': 'tropical African climbing plant having yellow flowers with a dark purple center', 'cutleaved_coneflower': 'tall leafy plant with erect branches ending in large yellow flower heads with downward-arching rays; grow in Rocky Mountains south to Arizona and east to the Atlantic coast', 'golden_glow': 'very tall branching herb with showy much-doubled yellow flower heads', 'Santolina': 'genus of Mediterranean subshrubs with rayless flower heads', 'lavender_cotton': 'branching aromatic Mediterranean shrub with woolly stems and leaves and yellow flowers', 'Sanvitalia': 'small genus of tropical American annual herbs: creeping zinnia', 'creeping_zinnia': 'low-branching leafy annual with flower heads resembling zinnias; found in southwestern United States and Mexico to Guatemala', 'Saussurea': 'genus of herbs of temperate and cool regions of Eurasia', 'costusroot': 'annual herb of the eastern Himalayas (Kashmir) having purple florets and a fragrant root that yields a volatile oil used in perfumery and for preserving furs', 'Scolymus': 'small genus of thistlelike herbs of the Mediterranean region', 'golden_thistle': 'any of several spiny Mediterranean herbs of the genus Scolymus having yellow flower heads', 'Spanish_oyster_plant': 'a golden thistle of southwestern Europe cultivated for its edible sweet roots and edible leaves and stalks; its yellow flowers are used as a substitute for saffron', 'Senecio': 'enormous and diverse cosmopolitan genus of trees and shrubs and vines and herbs including many weeds', 'nodding_groundsel': 'plant with erect leafy stems bearing clusters of rayless yellow flower heads on bent individual stalks; moist regions of southwestern United States', 'threadleaf_groundsel': 'bluish-green bushy leafy plant covered with close white wool and bearing branched clusters of yellow flower heads; southwestern United States; toxic to range livestock', 'ragwort': 'widespread European weed having yellow daisylike flowers; sometimes an obnoxious weed and toxic to cattle if consumed in quantity', 'arrowleaf_groundsel': 'perennial with sharply toothed triangular leaves on leafy stems bearing a cluster of yellow flower heads; moist places in mountains of western North America', 'groundsel': 'Eurasian weed with heads of small yellow flowers', 'genus_Scorzonera': 'genus of narrow-leaved European herbs', 'black_salsify': 'perennial south European herb having narrow entire leaves and solitary yellow flower heads and long black edible roots shaped like carrots', 'Sericocarpus': 'small genus of herbs of the eastern United States: white-topped asters', 'white-topped_aster': 'herb having corymbose white-rayed flowers with scaly bracts and silky indehiscent fruits', 'narrow-leaved_white-topped_aster': 'a variety of white-topped aster', 'Seriphidium': 'woody plants grown chiefly for their silver or grey and often aromatic foliage; formerly included in the genus Artemisia', 'silver_sage': 'low much-branched perennial of western United States having silvery leaves; an important browse and shelter plant', 'sea_wormwood': 'plants of western and northern European coasts', 'big_sagebrush': 'aromatic shrub of arid regions of western North America having hoary leaves', 'Serratula': 'genus of Old World perennial herbs with spirally arranged toothed leaves', 'sawwort': 'European perennial whose serrate leaves yield a yellow dye', 'Silphium': 'tall North American perennial herbs', 'rosinweed': 'North American perennial having a resinous odor and yellow flowers', 'Silybum': 'small genus of east African herbs', 'milk_thistle': 'tall Old World biennial thistle with large clasping white-blotched leaves and purple flower heads; naturalized in California and South America', 'Solidago': 'goldenrod', 'goldenrod': 'any of numerous chiefly summer-blooming and fall-blooming North American plants especially of the genus Solidago', 'silverrod': 'plant of eastern North America having creamy white flowers', 'meadow_goldenrod': 'large North American goldenrod having showy clusters of yellow flowers on arching branches; often a weed', 'Missouri_goldenrod': 'similar to meadow goldenrod but usually smaller', 'alpine_goldenrod': 'goldenrod similar to narrow goldenrod but having bristly hairs on edges of leaf stalks; mountainous regions of western America', 'grey_goldenrod': \"a dyer's weed of Canada and the eastern United States having yellow flowers sometimes used in dyeing\", 'Blue_Mountain_tea': 'goldenrod of eastern America having aromatic leaves from which a medicinal tea is made', \"dyer's_weed\": 'eastern North American herb whose yellow flowers are (or were) used in dyeing', 'seaside_goldenrod': 'vigorous showy goldenrod common along eastern coast and Gulf Coast of North America', 'narrow_goldenrod': 'western American goldenrod with long narrow clusters of small yellow flowers', \"Boott's_goldenrod\": 'a variety of goldenrod', \"Elliott's_goldenrod\": 'a variety of goldenrod', 'Ohio_goldenrod': 'a variety of goldenrod', 'rough-stemmed_goldenrod': 'a variety of goldenrod', 'showy_goldenrod': 'a variety of goldenrod', 'tall_goldenrod': 'a variety of goldenrod', 'zigzag_goldenrod': 'a variety of goldenrod', 'Sonchus': 'sow thistles', 'sow_thistle': 'any of several Old World coarse prickly-leaved shrubs and subshrubs having milky juice and yellow flowers; widely naturalized; often noxious weeds in cultivated soil', 'milkweed': 'any of numerous plants of the genus Asclepias having milky juice and pods that split open releasing seeds with downy tufts', 'Stenotus': 'genus of western North American low evergreen shrubs growing in dense tufts', 'stemless_golden_weed': 'dark green erect herb of northwestern United States and southwestern Canada having stiff leaves in dense tufts and yellow flower heads; sometimes placed in genus Haplopappus', 'genus_Stevia': 'genus of shrubs and herbs of tropical and warm Americas', 'Stokesia': \"one species: stokes' aster\", \"stokes'_aster\": 'erect perennial of southeastern United States having large heads of usually blue flowers', 'Tageteste': 'marigolds', 'marigold': 'any of various tropical American plants of the genus Tagetes widely cultivated for their showy yellow or orange flowers', 'African_marigold': 'a stout branching annual with large yellow to orange flower heads; Mexico and Central America', 'French_marigold': 'strong-scented bushy annual with orange or yellow flower heads marked with red; Mexico and Guatemala', 'Tanacetum': 'a large genus of plants resembling chrysanthemums; comprises some plants often included in other genera especially genus Chrysanthemum', 'camphor_dune_tansy': 'densely hairy plant with rayless flowers; San Francisco Bay area', 'painted_daisy': 'spring-flowering garden perennial of Asiatic origin having finely divided aromatic leaves and white to pink-purple flowers; source of an insecticide; sometimes placed in genus Chrysanthemum', 'pyrethrum': 'made of dried flower heads of pyrethrum plants', 'northern_dune_tansy': 'lightly hairy rhizomatous perennial having aromatic feathery leaves and stems bearing open clusters of small buttonlike yellow flowers; sand dunes of Pacific coast of North America', 'feverfew': 'bushy aromatic European perennial herb having clusters of buttonlike white-rayed flower heads; valued traditionally for medicinal uses; sometimes placed in genus Chrysanthemum', 'tansy': 'common perennial aromatic herb native to Eurasia having buttonlike yellow flower heads and bitter-tasting pinnate leaves sometimes used medicinally', 'Taraxacum': 'an asterid dicot genus of the family Compositae including dandelions', 'dandelion': 'any of several herbs of the genus Taraxacum having long tap roots and deeply notched leaves and bright yellow flowers followed by fluffy seed balls', 'common_dandelion': 'Eurasian plant widely naturalized as a weed in North America; used as salad greens and to make wine', 'Russian_dandelion': 'perennial dandelion native to Kazakhstan cultivated for its fleshy roots that have high rubber content', 'Tetraneuris': 'genus of hairy yellow-flowered plants of the western United States', 'stemless_hymenoxys': 'perennial having tufted basal leaves and short leafless stalks each bearing a solitary yellow flower head; dry hillsides and plains of west central North America', 'old_man_of_the_mountain': 'whitish hairy plant with featherlike leaves and a few stout stems each bearing an especially handsome solitary large yellow flower head; mountainous regions north central United States', 'genus_Tithonia': 'genus of robust herbs of Mexico and Central America: Mexican sunflower', 'Mexican_sunflower': 'any plant of the genus Tithonia; tall coarse herbs or shrubs of Mexico to Panama having large flower heads resembling sunflowers with yellow disc florets and golden-yellow to orange-scarlet rays', 'Townsendia': 'genus of western American low tufted herbs: Easter daisy', 'Easter_daisy': 'dwarf tufted nearly stemless herb having a rosette of woolly leaves and large white-rayed flower heads and bristly achenes; central Canada and United States west to Arizona', 'Tragopogon': 'genus of Old World herbs with linear entire leaves and yellow or purple flower heads', 'yellow_salsify': 'European perennial naturalized throughout United States having hollow stems with a few long narrow tapered leaves and each bearing a solitary pale yellow flower', 'meadow_salsify': 'weedy European annual with yellow flowers; naturalized in United States', 'Trilisa': 'genus of herbs of southern United States', 'wild_vanilla': 'perennial of southeastern United States with leaves having the fragrance of vanilla', 'Tripleurospermum': 'small genus comprising plants often included in genus Matricaria', 'scentless_camomile': 'ubiquitous European annual weed with white flowers and finely divided leaves naturalized and sometimes cultivated in eastern North America; sometimes included in genus Matricaria', 'turfing_daisy': 'low densely tufted perennial herb of Turkey having small white flowers; used as a ground cover in dry places; sometimes included in genus Matricaria', 'Tussilago': 'genus of low creeping yellow-flowered perennial herbs of north temperate regions: coltsfoots; in some classifications includes species often placed in other genera especially Homogyne and Petasites', 'coltsfoot': \"perennial herb with large rounded leaves resembling a colt's foot and yellow flowers appearing before the leaves do; native to Europe but now nearly cosmopolitan; used medicinally especially formerly\", 'genus_Ursinia': 'genus of South African herbs and shrubs cultivated as ornamentals', 'ursinia': 'any of various plants of the genus Ursinia grown for their yellow- or orange- or white-rayed flowers', 'Verbesina': 'herbs and shrubs of warm North America to Mexico; includes plants formerly placed in genus Actinomeris', 'Actinomeris': 'used in some classification systems for plants now included in genus Verbesina', 'crownbeard': 'any plant of the genus Verbesina having clustered white or yellow flower heads', 'wingstem': 'perennial herb with showy yellow flowers; the eastern United States', 'cowpen_daisy': 'coarse greyish-green annual yellow-flowered herb; southwestern United States to Mexico', 'gravelweed': 'perennial herb with yellow flowers; southern and south central United States', 'Virginia_crownbeard': 'tall perennial herb having clusters of white flowers; the eastern United States', 'genus_Vernonia': 'genus of New World tropical herbs or shrubs with terminal cymose heads of tubular flowers', 'ironweed': 'any of various plants of the genus Vernonia of tropical and warm regions of especially North America that take their name from their loose heads of purple to rose flowers that quickly take on a rusty hue', 'genus_Wyethia': 'coarse leafy perennial plants resembling sunflowers found especially in the western United States', \"mule's_ears\": 'balsamic-resinous herb with clumps of lanceolate leaves and stout leafy stems ending in large deep yellow flowers on long stalks; northwestern United States', \"white-rayed_mule's_ears\": 'herb with basal leaves and leafy hairy stems bearing solitary flower heads with white or pale cream-colored rays; northwestern United States', 'Xanthium': 'coarse herbs having small heads of greenish flowers followed by burrs with hooked bristles', 'cocklebur': 'any coarse weed of the genus Xanthium having spiny burrs', 'genus_Xeranthemum': 'genus of annual densely hairy herbs of Mediterranean to southwestern Asia', 'xeranthemum': 'any plant of the genus Xeranthemum native to southern Europe having chaffy or silvery flower heads with purplish tubular flowers', 'immortelle': 'mostly widely cultivated species of everlasting flowers having usually purple flowers; southern Europe to Iran; naturalized elsewhere', 'genus_Zinnia': 'genus of annual or perennial plants of tropical America having solitary heads of brightly colored flowers', 'zinnia': 'any of various plants of the genus Zinnia cultivated for their variously and brightly colored flower heads', 'white_zinnia': 'subshrub with slender woolly stems and long narrow leaves and flower heads with white rays; southern United States and northern Mexico', 'little_golden_zinnia': 'subshrub having short leafy stems and numerous small flower heads with nearly round yellow-orange rays; Arizona south to Mexico and east to Kansas', 'Loasaceae': 'family of bristly hairy sometimes climbing plants; America and Africa and southern Arabia', 'genus_Loasa': 'genus of tropical American prickly herbs or subshrubs', 'loasa': 'any of various perennial South American plants of the genus Loasa having stinging hairs and showy white or yellow or reddish-orange flowers', 'Mentzelia': 'genus of bristly herbs or subshrubs of western America lacking stinging hairs', 'bartonia': 'annual grown especially for its fragrant golden nocturnal flowers', 'achene': 'small dry indehiscent fruit with the seed distinct from the fruit wall', 'samara': 'a winged often one-seed indehiscent fruit as of the ash or elm or maple', 'Campanulaceae': 'family of plants of the order Campanulales; in some classifications includes Lobeliaceae', 'genus_Campanula': 'large genus of herbs grown for their blossoms: bellflowers', 'campanula': 'any of various plants of the genus Campanula having blue or white bell-shaped flowers', 'harebell': 'perennial of northern hemisphere with slender stems and bell-shaped blue flowers', 'creeping_bellflower': 'erect European herb with creeping rootstocks and nodding spikelike racemes of blue to violet flowers', 'Canterbury_bell': 'herb of Colombia to Peru having pale purple flowers', 'southern_harebell': 'bellflower of southeastern United States (Maryland to Georgia) having pale blue flowers', 'tall_bellflower': 'annual or perennial of eastern North America with long spikes of blue or white flowers', 'marsh_bellflower': 'bellflower common in marshes of eastern North America having lanceolate linear leaves and small whitish flowers', 'clustered_bellflower': 'bellflower of Europe to temperate Asia having dense spikes of violet-blue to white flowers', 'peach_bells': 'perennial European bellflower with racemose white or blue flowers', 'chimney_plant': 'bellflower of southeastern Europe', 'rampion': 'bellflower of Europe and Asia and North Africa having bluish flowers and an edible tuberous root used with the leaves in salad', 'throatwort': 'European bellflower with blue-purple to lilac flowers formerly used to treat sore throat', 'tussock_bellflower': 'European perennial bellflower that grows in clumps with spreading stems and blue or white flowers', 'Orchidales': 'order of plants with irregular flowers having minute seeds: Orchidaceae; Burmanniaceae', 'Orchidaceae': 'enormous cosmopolitan family of perennial terrestrial or epiphytic plants with fleshy tubers or rootstocks and unusual flowers', 'orchid': 'any of numerous plants of the orchid family usually having flowers of unusual shapes and beautiful colors', 'genus_Orchis': 'type genus of the orchid family; hardy terrestrial orchids of the temperate the northern hemisphere', 'orchis': 'any of various deciduous terrestrial orchids having fleshy tubers and flowers in erect terminal racemes', 'male_orchis': 'Eurasian orchid with showy pink or purple flowers in a loose spike', 'butterfly_orchid': 'any orchid of the genus Psychopsis: spectacular large tiger-striped orchids', 'showy_orchis': 'North American orchid having a spike of violet-purple flowers mixed with white; sepals and petals form a hood', 'genus_Aerides': 'epiphytic orchids of tropical Asia having stiff leaves and fragrant white flowers in arching racemes', 'aerides': 'any orchid of the genus Aerides', 'genus_Angrecum': 'genus of tropical Old World epiphytic orchids with showy flowers sometimes grotesque', 'angrecum': 'any of various spectacular orchids of the genus Angraecum having dark green leathery leaves and usually nocturnally scented white or ivory flowers', 'Anoectochilus': 'genus of delicate Asiatic orchids', 'jewel_orchid': 'any of several delicate Asiatic orchids grown especially for their velvety leaves with metallic white or gold veining', 'Aplectrum': 'a monocotyledonous genus of the family Orchidaceae', 'puttyroot': 'North American orchid bearing a single leaf and yellowish-brown flowers', 'genus_Arethusa': 'genus of bog orchids of North America and Japan', 'arethusa': 'any of several bog orchids of the genus Arethusa having 1 or 2 showy flowers', 'bog_rose': 'a bog orchid with usually a solitary fragrant magenta pink blossom with a wide gaping corolla; Canada', 'genus_Bletia': 'genus of tropical American terrestrial orchids with large purple or pink flowers', 'bletia': 'any of various orchids of the genus Bletia having pseudobulbs and erect leafless racemes of large purple or pink flowers', 'Bletilla': 'small genus of chiefly east Asiatic hardy terrestrial orchids similar to genus Bletia', 'Bletilla_striata': 'Japanese orchid with white-striped leaves and slender erect racemes of rose to magenta flowers; often cultivated; sometimes placed in genus Bletia', 'pseudobulb': 'a solid bulblike enlargement of the stem of some orchids', 'genus_Brassavola': 'genus of tropical American epiphytic or lithophytic rhizomatous orchids', 'brassavola': 'any of various tropical American orchids with usually solitary fleshy leaves and showy white to green nocturnally fragrant blossoms solitary or in racemes of up to 7', 'Brassia': 'genus of tropical American epiphytic orchids having striking axillary racemes of yellow to green spiderlike flowers with long slender sepals and warty lips: spider orchids', 'spider_orchid': 'any of several European orchids of the genus Ophrys', 'genus_Caladenia': 'terrestrial orchids of Australia to New Caledonia', 'caladenia': 'any of various orchids of the genus Caladenia', 'zebra_orchid': 'orchid with reddish linear leaves and panicle of purple-marked pale-yellow flowers with deep red or purple lip; southwestern Australia', 'genus_Calanthe': 'large and widely distributed genus of terrestrial orchids', 'calanthe': 'any of various showy orchids of the genus Calanthe having white or yellow or rose-colored flowers and broad leaves folded lengthwise', 'Calopogon': 'terrestrial orchids of North America', 'grass_pink': 'an orchid', 'genus_Calypso': 'one species found throughout much of northern North America and Eurasia', 'calypso': 'rare north temperate bog orchid bearing a solitary white to pink flower marked with purple at the tip of an erect reddish stalk above 1 basal leaf', 'Catasetum': 'genus of tropical American orchids having showy male and female flowers usually on separate inflorescences', 'jumping_orchid': 'orchid having both male and female flowers in the same raceme; when a sensitive projection at the base of the column of the male flower is touched the pollen is suddenly ejected', 'genus_Cattleya': 'large and highly valued genus of beautiful tropical American epiphytic or lithophytic orchids; the typical orchids; known in many varieties', 'cattleya': 'any orchid of the genus Cattleya characterized by a three-lobed lip enclosing the column; among the most popular and most extravagantly beautiful orchids known', 'Cephalanthera': 'small genus of temperate Old World terrestrial orchids', 'helleborine': 'any of various orchids of the genus Epipactis', 'red_helleborine': 'orchid of Mediterranean and Asia having a lax spike of bright rose-pink flowers', 'Cleistes': 'terrestrial orchids of North and South America having slender fibrous roots; allied to genus Pogonia', 'spreading_pogonia': 'orchid of northeastern United States with magenta-pink flowers having funnel-shaped lip; sometimes placed in genus Pogonia', 'rosebud_orchid': 'orchid of central and northern South America having 1- to 3-blossomed racemes of large showy rose-colored flowers; sometimes placed in genus Pogonia', 'Coeloglossum': 'terrestrial orchids of cooler parts of North America and Europe: satyr orchid', 'satyr_orchid': 'orchid with broad ovate leaves and long-bracted green very irregular flowers', 'frog_orchid': 'any of several green orchids of the genus Habenaria', 'genus_Coelogyne': 'large diverse genus of tropical Asiatic epiphytic orchids', 'coelogyne': 'any of various orchids of the genus Coelogyne with: clusters of fragrant lacy snow-white flowers; salmon-pink solitary flowers; chainlike racemes of topaz and chocolate brown flowers; spikes of delicate white spice-scented flowers; emerald green flowers marked with blue-black', 'Corallorhiza': 'genus of leafless root-parasitic orchids having small purplish or yellowish racemose flowers with lobed lips; widely distributed in temperate regions', 'coral_root': 'a wildflower of the genus Corallorhiza growing from a hard mass of rhizomes associated with a fungus that aids in absorbing nutrients from the forest floor', 'spotted_coral_root': 'common coral root having yellowish- or reddish- or purplish-brown leafless stems bearing loose racemes of similarly colored flowers with white purple-spotted lips; Guatemala to Canada', 'striped_coral_root': 'nearly leafless wildflower with erect reddish-purple stems bearing racemes of pale pinkish and brownish-striped flowers; western Canada to Mexico', 'early_coral_root': 'plant having clumps of nearly leafless pale yellowish to greenish stems bearing similarly colored flowers with white lower lips; northern New Mexico north through South Dakota and Washington to Alaska', 'Coryanthes': 'small genus of tropical American epiphytic or lithophytic orchids', 'helmetflower': 'any of several orchids of the genus Coryanthes having racemes of a few musky-scented waxy flowers with a helmet-shaped lip process', 'Cycnoches': 'genus of epiphytic or terrestrial tropical American orchids', 'swan_orchid': 'any of several orchids of the genus Cycnoches having slender arching columns of flowers suggesting the neck of a swan', 'genus_Cymbidium': 'genus of tropical epiphytic or terrestrial Old World orchids; one of the most popular orchid genera', 'cymbid': \"any of various plants of the genus Cymbidium having narrow leaves and a long drooping cluster of numerous showy and variously colored boat-shaped flowers; extensively hybridized and cultivated as houseplants and important florists' flowers\", 'Cypripedium': \"genus of chiefly American perennial leafy-stemmed orchids: lady's slippers; sometimes includes species of genus Paphiopedilum\", 'cypripedia': 'a plant or flower of the genus Cypripedium', \"lady's_slipper\": 'any of several chiefly American wildflowers having an inflated pouchlike lip; difficult or impossible to cultivate in the garden', 'moccasin_flower': 'once common rose pink woodland orchid of eastern North America', \"common_lady's-slipper\": 'pale pink wild orchid of northeastern America having an inflated pouchlike lip', \"ram's-head\": \"orchid of northern North America having a brownish-green flower and red-and-white lip suggestive of a ram's head\", \"yellow_lady's_slipper\": 'maroon to purple-brown orchid with yellow lip; Europe, North America and Japan', \"large_yellow_lady's_slipper\": 'plant of eastern and central North America having slightly fragrant purple-marked greenish-yellow flowers', \"California_lady's_slipper\": 'often having many yellow-green orchids with white pouches growing along streams and seeps of southwestern Oregon and northern California', \"clustered_lady's_slipper\": 'clusters of several short stems each having 2 broad leaves and 2-4 drooping brownish to greenish flowers with pouches mottled with purple; British Columbia to central California and northern Colorado', \"mountain_lady's_slipper\": 'leafy plant having a few stems in a clump with 1 white and dull purple flower in each upper leaf axil; Alaska to northern California and Wyoming', 'Dactylorhiza': 'genus of terrestrial orchids of Europe and Asia and North Africa', 'marsh_orchid': 'any of several orchids of the genus Dactylorhiza having fingerlike tuberous roots; Europe and Mediterranean region', 'common_spotted_orchid': 'European orchid having lanceolate leaves spotted purple and pink to white or mauve flowers spotted or lined deep red or purple', 'genus_Dendrobium': 'large genus and variable genus of chiefly epiphytic or lithophytic orchids of tropical and subtropical Asia and Australasia', 'dendrobium': 'a plant of the genus Dendrobium having stems like cane and usually showy racemose flowers', 'genus_Disa': 'genus of showy tropical African terrestrial orchids', 'disa': 'any orchid of the genus Disa; beautiful orchids with dark green leaves and usually hooded flowers; much prized as emblematic flowers in their native regions', 'Dryadella': 'comprises tropical American species usually placed in genus Masdevallia: very dwarf plants having short tufted and usually unifoliate stems with usually solitary flowers', 'Eburophyton': 'a monocotyledonous genus of the family Orchidaceae', 'phantom_orchid': 'waxy white nearly leafless plant with stems in clusters and racemes of white flowers; northwestern United States to northern California and east to Idaho', 'Encyclia': 'large genus of epiphytic and lithophytic orchids of tropical and subtropical Americas and West Indies; formerly included in genus Epidendrum', 'tulip_orchid': 'Mexican epiphytic orchid with glaucous grey-green leaves and lemon- to golden-yellow flowers appearing only partially opened; sometimes placed in genus Cattleya', 'Epidendrum': 'large and variable genus of terrestrial or epiphytic or lithophytic orchids of tropical and subtropical Americas; some native to United States', 'epidendron': 'any of various orchids of the genus Epidendrum', 'Epipactis': 'genus of hardy orchids with leafy-bracted racemes of greenish or purplish irregular flowers', 'Epipactis_helleborine': 'European orchid with spikes of green and pinkish or purplish flowers', 'stream_orchid': 'orchid growing along streams or ponds of western North America having leafy stems and 1 greenish-brown and pinkish flower in the axil of each upper leaf', 'Glossodia': 'small genus of Australian orchids', 'tongueflower': 'orchid having blue to purple flowers with tongue-shaped or strap-shaped protuberances (calli) at the lip base', 'Goodyera': 'genus of small orchids of the northern hemisphere with creeping rhizomes and stalked ovate leaves and small flowers', 'rattlesnake_plantain': 'any of several small temperate and tropical orchids having mottled or striped leaves and spikes of small yellowish-white flowers in a twisted raceme', 'Grammatophyllum': 'small genus of large epiphytic or terrestrial orchids of southeastern Asia to Polynesia; the giants of the Orchidaceae having long narrow leaves and drooping flower clusters often 6 feet long', 'Gymnadenia': 'small genus of terrestrial orchids of North America and temperate Eurasia', 'fragrant_orchid': 'European orchid having dense spikes of fragrant pink or lilac or red flowers with conspicuous spurs', 'short-spurred_fragrant_orchid': 'similar to Gymnadenia conopsea but with smaller flowers on shorter stems and having much shorter spurs', 'Gymnadeniopsis': 'genus of North American terrestrial orchids usually included in genus Habenaria', 'Habenaria': 'chiefly terrestrial orchids with tubers or fleshy roots often having long slender spurs and petals and lip lobes; includes species formerly placed in genus Gymnadeniopsis', 'fringed_orchis': 'any of several summer-flowering American orchids distinguished by a fringed or lacerated lip', 'rein_orchid': 'any of several American wildflowers with a kidney-shaped lip', 'bog_rein_orchid': 'orchid with spikes of many fragrant white flowers on erect leafy stems; of wet or boggy ground through most of the West and northern North America', 'white_fringed_orchis': 'bog orchid of eastern North America with a spike of pure white fringed flowers', 'elegant_Habenaria': 'slender inland rein orchid similar to coastal rein orchid but with pale greenish-yellow flowers', 'purple-fringed_orchid': 'North American orchid with clusters of fragrant purple fringed flowers', 'coastal_rein_orchid': 'stout orchid of central California to northern Washington having racemes of white fragrant bilaterally symmetrical flowers', \"Hooker's_orchid\": 'a long-spurred orchid with base leaves and petals converging under the upper sepal', 'ragged_orchid': 'fringed orchid of the eastern United States having a greenish flower with the lip deeply lacerated', 'prairie_orchid': 'orchid of boggy or wet lands of north central United States having racemes of very fragrant creamy or greenish white flowers', 'snowy_orchid': 'slender fringed orchid of eastern North America having white flowers', 'round-leaved_rein_orchid': 'orchid having a raceme of large greenish-white flowers on a single flower stalk growing between two elliptic or round basal leaves lying on the ground; from northern Oregon and Montana across Canada to the eastern United States', 'purple_fringeless_orchid': 'orchid of northeastern and alpine eastern North America closely related to the purple fringed orchids but having rosy-purple or violet flowers with denticulate leaf divisions', 'Alaska_rein_orchid': 'similar to coastal rein orchid but with smaller flowers; Alaska to Baja California and east to the Dakotas and Colorado', 'Hexalectris': 'a monocotyledonous genus of the family Orchidaceae', 'crested_coral_root': 'orchid with yellowish-brown flowers with dark veins; southeastern Arizona to the eastern United States', 'Texas_purple_spike': 'orchid with slender nearly leafless reddish-brown stems with loose racemes of reddish-brown flowers; of open brushy woods of southeastern Arizona and central Texas', 'Himantoglossum': 'small genus of terrestrial orchids of Europe and Mediterranean region', 'lizard_orchid': 'an orchid of the genus Himantoglossum', 'genus_Laelia': 'large genus of mostly epiphytic or lithophytic Central and South American orchids of various sizes', 'laelia': 'any of various spectacular plants of the genus Laelia having showy flowers in many colors', 'genus_Liparis': 'genus of terrestrial and epiphytic orchids; pantropical to temperate', 'liparis': 'an orchid of the genus Liparis having few leaves and usually fairly small yellow-green or dull purple flowers in terminal racemes', 'twayblade': 'orchid having a pair of ovate leaves and a long slender raceme of green flowers sometimes tinged red-brown; Europe to central Asia', 'fen_orchid': 'small terrestrial orchid of eastern North America and Europe having two nearly basal leaves and dull yellow-green racemose flowers', 'Listera': 'genus of terrestrial orchids having usually a single pair of broad shining leaves near the middle of the stem; found in temperate Asia and North America and Europe', 'broad-leaved_twayblade': 'small orchid with two elliptic leaves and a slender raceme of small green flowers; western North America', 'lesser_twayblade': 'orchid having two triangular leaves and a short lax raceme of green to rust-colored flowers with the lip flushed mauve; Europe and Asia and North America and Greenland', 'Malaxis': 'large genus of largely terrestrial orchids with one or a few plicate leaves and slender spikes or tiny mostly green flowers; cosmopolitan', \"green_adder's_mouth\": 'North American orchid having a solitary leaf and flowers with threadlike petals', 'genus_Masdevallia': 'large genus of tropical American mostly epiphytic orchids whose flowers have sepals fused at the base forming a tube; includes orchids sometimes placed in genera Dracula and Dryadella and Scaphosepalum', 'masdevallia': 'any of numerous orchids of the genus Masdevallia; tufted evergreen often diminutive plants whose flowers in a remarkable range of colors usually resemble a tricorn with sepals fused at the base to form a tube', 'genus_Maxillaria': 'large genus of tropical American epiphytic orchids with persistent leathery leaves and single-flowered scapes', 'maxillaria': 'any of numerous orchids of the genus Maxillaria often cultivated for their large brilliantly colored solitary flowers', 'Miltonia': 'genus of tropical American orchids', 'pansy_orchid': 'any of various orchids of the genus Miltonia having solitary or loosely racemose showy broadly spreading flowers', 'genus_Odontoglossum': 'large and important genus of tropical American mostly epiphytic orchids; some of the most widely grown species are often placed in other genera', 'odontoglossum': 'any of numerous and diverse orchids of the genus Odontoglossum having racemes of few to many showy usually large flowers in many colors', 'genus_Oncidium': 'large genus of showy epiphytic or lithophytic or terrestrial orchids of tropical and subtropical America', 'oncidium': 'any orchid of the genus Oncidium: characterized by slender branching sprays of small yellow and brown flowers; often grown as houseplants', 'Ophrys': 'a hardy genus of terrestrial orchids of Europe and northern Africa and western Asia', 'bee_orchid': 'European orchid whose flowers resemble bumble bees in shape and color', 'fly_orchid': 'any of several dwarf creeping orchids with small bizarre insect-like hairy flowers on slender stalks', 'early_spider_orchid': 'spring-blooming spider orchid having a flower with yellow or green or pink sepals and a broad brown velvety lip', 'Paphiopedilum': 'horticulturally important genus of mainly terrestrial orchids including many hybrids; southeastern Asia and Indonesia to Philippines and Solomon Islands; Paphiopedilum species sometimes included in genus Cypripedium', \"Venus'_slipper\": 'any of various orchids of the genus Paphiopedilum having slender flower stalks bearing 1 to several waxy flowers with pouchlike lips', 'genus_Phaius': 'genus of Asiatic and Australian terrestrial orchids', 'phaius': 'an orchid of the genus Phaius having large plicate leaves and racemes of showy flowers', 'Phalaenopsis': 'genus of ornamental epiphytic orchids of Asia and Australia', 'moth_orchid': 'any of various orchids of the genus Phalaenopsis having often drooping glossy broad obovate or oval leaves usually dark green flushed purple or mottled grey and silver', 'butterfly_plant': 'orchid having large elliptic to obovate fleshy leaves and fragrant pink-and-white flowers dotted with red', 'rattlesnake_orchid': \"any of various orchids of the genus Pholidota having numerous white to brown flowers in spiraling racemes clothed in slightly inflated bracts and resembling a rattlesnake's tail\", 'Phragmipedium': 'genus of tropical American orchid species often included in genus Cypripedium or Paphiopedilum and Selenipedium: lady slippers', 'Platanthera': 'herbaceous terrestrial orchids of temperate northern and southern hemispheres', 'lesser_butterfly_orchid': 'south European orchid having fragrant greenish-white flowers; sometimes placed in genus Habenaria', 'greater_butterfly_orchid': 'south European orchid with dark green flowers that are larger and less fragrant than Platanthera bifolia; sometimes placed in genus Habenaria', 'prairie_white-fringed_orchid': 'of central North America; a threatened species', 'Plectorrhiza': 'small genus of Australian orchids', 'tangle_orchid': 'an orchid of the genus Plectorrhiza having tangled roots and long wiry stems bearing lax racemes of small fragrant green flowers', 'Pleione': 'small genus of dwarf orchids; India to Thailand and Taiwan', 'Indian_crocus': 'any of several dwarf orchids of the genus Pleione bearing one or two solitary white or pink to magenta or occasionally yellow flowers with slender stalks', 'genus_Pleurothallis': 'large genus of epiphytic or lithophytic orchids of tropical America', 'pleurothallis': 'any of numerous small tufted orchids of the genus Pleurothallis having leathery to fleshy leaves and racemes of 1 to many small flowers', 'genus_Pogonia': 'small but widely distributed genus of orchids closely related to genus Cleistes;: of damp or boggy areas of north temperate zone', 'pogonia': 'any hardy bog orchid of the genus Pogonia: terrestrial orchids having slender rootstocks and erect stems bearing one or a few leaves and a solitary terminal flower', 'Psychopsis': 'epiphytic orchids of Central and South America formerly included in genus Oncidium', 'Psychopsis_krameriana': 'orchid of South and Central America having flowers similar to but smaller than Psychopsis papilio; sometimes placed in genus Oncidium', 'Psychopsis_papilio': 'orchid of South America and Trinidad having large yellow and reddish-brown flowers; sometimes placed in genus Oncidium', 'Pterostylis': 'genus of terrestrial orchids of Australia and New Zealand and western Pacific', 'helmet_orchid': 'any of numerous orchids of the genus Pterostylis having leaves in a basal rosette and green flowers often striped purple or brown or red with the dorsal sepal incurved to form a hood', 'Rhyncostylis': 'genus of epiphytic orchids of tropical Asia', 'foxtail_orchid': 'any of various orchids of the genus Rhyncostylis having pink- to purple-marked white flowers in a dense cylindrical raceme', 'Sarcochilus': 'diminutive epiphytic or lithophytic orchids with clumped short-stemmed foliage and arching racemes of colorful flowers; Australia and Polynesia to southeastern Asia', 'orange-blossom_orchid': 'diminutive Australian orchid with loose racemes of fragrant white flowers with purple and orange markings on the lip', 'Scaphosepalum': 'comprises some tropical American species usually placed in genus Masdevallia: diminutive plants with small flowers carried on one scape', 'Schomburgkia': 'genus of tropical American epiphytic orchids with showy racemose flowers', 'Selenipedium': 'genus of tall reedlike tropical American orchids; includes species with pods used locally as a substitute for vanilla', 'genus_Sobralia': 'genus of tropical American orchids', 'sobralia': 'any of various showy orchids of the genus Sobralia having leafy stems and bright-colored solitary or racemose flowers similar to those of genus Cattleya', 'Spiranthes': 'large cosmopolitan genus of white-flowered terrestrial orchids', \"ladies'_tresses\": 'an orchid of the genus Spiranthes having slender often twisted spikes of white flowers', 'screw_augur': 'an orchid of the genus Spiranthes having tall erect densely flowered spiraling clusters of creamy white vanilla-scented flowers; widely distributed especially in low damp places of eastern and central North America', \"hooded_ladies'_tresses\": 'orchid having dense clusters of gently spiraling creamy white flowers with 2 upper petals forming a hood; western North America', \"western_ladies'_tresses\": 'similar to Spiranthes romanzoffiana;States', \"European_ladies'_tresses\": 'European orchid having shorter racemes of strongly spiraling snow-white flowers', 'genus_Stanhopea': 'genus of tropical American epiphytic orchids', 'stanhopea': 'any of various orchids of the genus Stanhopea having a single large leaf and loose racemes of large fragrant flowers of various colors; Mexico to Brazil', 'genus_Stelis': 'genus of small caespitose orchids of tropical America', 'stelis': 'any of various small tropical American orchids of the genus Stelis having long slender racemes of numerous small to minute flowers', 'Trichoceros': 'small genus of small epiphytic or terrestrial orchids of tropical South America', 'genus_Vanda': 'genus of showy epiphytic orchids of Himalayas to Malaysia', 'vanda': 'any of numerous showy orchids of the genus Vanda having many large flowers in loose racemes', 'blue_orchid': 'famous orchid of northern India having large pale to deep lilac-blue flowers', 'genus_Vanilla': 'large genus of tropical climbing orchids; Old and New Worlds', 'vanilla_orchid': 'a climbing orchid bearing a podlike fruit yielding vanilla beans; widely cultivated from Florida southward throughout tropical America', 'vanillin': 'a crystalline compound found in vanilla beans and some balsam resins; used in perfumes and flavorings', 'Burmanniaceae': 'family of chiefly tropical herbs with basal leaves like bracts and small flowers', 'Burmannia': 'type genus of the Burmanniaceae; slender herbs of warm regions with leaves resembling scales and flowers with a three-angled or three-winged perianth', 'Dioscoreaceae': 'yams', 'Dioscorea': 'yams', 'white_yam': 'grown in Australasia and Polynesia for its large root with fine edible white flesh', 'cinnamon_vine': 'hardy Chinese vine naturalized in United States and cultivated as an ornamental climber for its glossy heart-shaped cinnamon-scented leaves and in the tropics for its edible tubers', 'air_potato': 'yam of tropical Africa and Asia cultivated for it large tubers', 'Hottentot_bread': \"thick edible rootstock of elephant's-foot\", 'wild_yam': 'having a rhizome formerly dried and used to treat rheumatism or liver disorders', 'cush-cush': 'tropical American yam with small yellow edible tubers', 'Tamus': 'a genus of tuberous vines of the family Dioscoreaceae; has twining stems and heart-shaped leaves and axillary racemes', 'black_bryony': 'common European twining vine with tuberous roots and cordate leaves and red berries', 'Primulales': 'Primulaceae; Theophrastaceae; Myrsinaceae; and (in some classifications) Plumbaginaceae', 'Primulaceae': 'a dicotyledonous family of the order Primulales with a regular flower; widely distributed in the northern hemisphere', 'genus_Primula': 'very large and important genus of plants of temperate Europe and Asia having showy flowers', 'primrose': 'any of numerous short-stemmed plants of the genus Primula having tufted basal leaves and showy flowers clustered in umbels or heads', 'English_primrose': 'plant of western and southern Europe widely cultivated for its pale yellow flowers', 'cowslip': 'early spring flower common in British isles having fragrant yellow or sometimes purple flowers', 'oxlip': 'Eurasian primrose with yellow flowers clustered in a one-sided umbel', 'Chinese_primrose': 'cultivated Asiatic primrose', 'polyanthus': \"florists' primroses; considered a complex hybrid derived from oxlip, cowslip, and common primrose\", 'Anagallis': 'chiefly Old World herbs', 'pimpernel': 'any of several plants of the genus Anagallis', 'scarlet_pimpernel': 'herb with scarlet or white or purple blossoms that close at approach of rainy weather', 'bog_pimpernel': 'small creeping European herb having delicate pink flowers', 'Centunculus': 'a dicotyledonous genus of the family Primulaceae', 'chaffweed': 'weedy plant having short dry chafflike leaves', 'genus_Cyclamen': 'genus of widely cultivated flowering Eurasian herbs with centrally depressed rounded tubers and rounded heart-shaped leaves', 'cyclamen': 'Mediterranean plant widely cultivated as a houseplant for its showy dark green leaves splotched with silver and nodding white or pink to reddish flowers with reflexed petals', 'sowbread': 'common wild European cyclamen with pink flowers', 'Glaux': 'sea milkwort', 'sea_milkwort': 'a small fleshy herb common along North American seashores and in brackish marshes having pink or white flowers', 'Hottonia': 'aquatic herbs', 'featherfoil': 'a plant of the genus Hottonia', 'water_gillyflower': 'a featherfoil of the eastern United States with submerged spongy inflated flower stalks and white flowers', 'water_violet': 'featherfoil of Europe and western Asia having submerged and floating leaves and violet flowers', 'Lysimachia': 'loosestrife: a cosmopolitan genus found in damp or swampy terrain having usually yellow flowers; inclined to be invasive', 'loosestrife': 'any of numerous herbs and subshrubs of the genus Lythrum', 'gooseneck_loosestrife': 'a variety of the loosestrife herb', 'yellow_pimpernel': 'trailing European evergreen with yellow flowers', 'fringed_loosestrife': 'of North America', 'moneywort': 'a loosestrife vine', 'yellow_loosestrife': 'frequently considered a weed; Europe and Asia', 'swamp_candles': 'North American plant with spikes of yellow flowers, found in wet places', 'whorled_loosestrife': 'common North American yellow-flowered plant', 'Samolus': 'genus of herbs usually growing in salt marshes: water pimpernels', 'water_pimpernel': 'a white-flowered aquatic plant of the genus Samolus', 'brookweed': 'American water pimpernel', 'Myrsinaceae': 'family of Old World tropical trees and shrubs; some in Florida', 'Myrsine': 'evergreen trees and shrubs having aromatic foliage; Africa; Asia (New Zealand)', 'Ardisia': 'tropical evergreen subshrubs (some climbers) to trees of Asia and Australasia to Americas', 'coralberry': 'North American deciduous shrub cultivated for it abundant clusters of coral-red berrylike fruits', 'marlberry': 'tropical American shrub or small tree with brown wood and dark berries', 'Plumbaginales': 'coextensive with the family Plumbaginaceae; usually included in order Primulales', 'Plumbaginaceae': 'perennial herbs and shrubs and lianas; cosmopolitan especially in saltwater areas', 'genus_Plumbago': 'shrubs and herbs and woody vines of warm regions: leadwort', 'plumbago': 'any plumbaginaceous plant of the genus Plumbago', 'leadwort': 'a plant of the genus Plumbago with blue flowers', 'Armeria': 'shrubby or herbaceous low-growing evergreen perennials', 'thrift': 'any of numerous sun-loving low-growing evergreens of the genus Armeria having round heads of pink or white flowers', 'cliff_rose': 'tufted thrift of seacoasts and mountains of north temperate zone; occasionally grown as a ground cover', 'Limonium': 'sea lavender', 'sea_lavender': 'any of various plants of the genus Limonium of temperate salt marshes having spikes of white or mauve flowers', 'Theophrastaceae': 'family of mainly tropical American trees and shrubs similar to those of the Myrsinaceae; often included in the Myrsinaceae', 'Jacquinia': 'sometimes placed in family Myrsinaceae', 'bracelet_wood': 'small West Indian shrub or tree with hard glossy seeds patterned yellow and brown that are used to make bracelets', 'barbasco': 'West Indian shrub or small tree having leathery saponaceous leaves and extremely hard wood', 'Graminales': 'grasses; sedges; rushes', 'Gramineae': 'the grasses: chiefly herbaceous but some woody plants including cereals; bamboo; reeds; sugar cane', 'gramineous_plant': 'cosmopolitan herbaceous or woody plants with hollow jointed stems and long narrow leaves', 'grass': 'narrow-leaved green herbage: grown as lawns; used as pasture for grazing animals; cut and dried as hay', 'beach_grass': 'tough grasses with strong roots that can grow on exposed sandy shores', 'bunchgrass': 'any of various grasses of many genera that grow in tufts or clumps rather than forming a sod or mat; chiefly of western United States', 'midgrass': 'any of various grasses of moderate height which covered the undisturbed prairie in the United States; includes most of the forage grasses of the temperate zone', 'shortgrass': 'any of various grasses that are short and can tolerate drought conditions; common on the dry upland plains just east of the Rocky Mountains', 'sword_grass': 'any of various grasses or sedges having sword-shaped leaves with sharp edges', 'tallgrass': 'any of various grasses that are tall and that flourish with abundant moisture', 'lemongrass': 'an aromatic oil that smells like lemon and is widely used in Asian cooking and in perfumes and medicines', 'herbage': 'succulent herbaceous vegetation of pasture land', 'Aegilops': 'goat grass', 'goat_grass': 'European grass naturalized as a weed in North America; sharp-pointed seeds cause injury when eaten by livestock', 'Agropyron': 'perennial grasses of temperate and cool regions: wheatgrass; dog grass', 'wheatgrass': 'a grass of the genus Agropyron', 'crested_wheatgrass': 'Eurasian grass grown in United States great plains area for forage and erosion control', 'dog_grass': 'European grass spreading rapidly by creeping rhizomes; naturalized in North America as a weed', 'bearded_wheatgrass': 'a wheatgrass with straight terminal awns on the flowering glumes', 'western_wheatgrass': 'valuable forage grass of western United States', 'intermediate_wheatgrass': 'Asiatic grass introduced into United States rangelands for pasture and fodder', 'slender_wheatgrass': 'North American grass cultivated in western United States as excellent forage crop', 'Agrostis': \"annual or perennial grasses cosmopolitan in northern hemisphere: bent grass (so named from `bent' meaning an area of unfenced grassland)\", 'velvet_bent': 'common grass with slender stems and narrow leaves', 'cloud_grass': 'Spanish grass with light feathery panicles grown for dried bouquets', 'creeping_bent': 'common pasture or lawn grass spread by long runners', 'Alopecurus': 'annual or perennial grasses including decorative and meadow species as well as notorious agricultural weeds', 'meadow_foxtail': 'stout erect perennial grass of northern parts of Old World having silky flowering spikes; widely cultivated for pasture and hay; naturalized in North America', 'foxtail': 'grasses of the genera Alopecurus and Setaria having dense silky or bristly brushlike flowering spikes', 'Andropogon': 'tall annual or perennial grasses with spikelike racemes; warm regions', 'broom_grass': 'any of several grasses of the genus Andropogon; used in broom making', 'broom_sedge': 'tall tufted grass of southeastern United States', 'Arrhenatherum': 'oat grass', 'tall_oat_grass': 'coarse perennial Eurasian grass resembling oat; found on roadside verges and rough grassland and in hay meadows; introduced in North America for forage', 'Arundo': 'any of several coarse tall perennial grasses of most warm areas: reeds', 'toetoe': 'used by Maoris for thatching', 'giant_reed': 'large rhizomatous perennial grasses found by riversides and in ditches having jointed stems and large grey-white feathery panicles', 'Avena': 'oats', 'cereal_oat': 'widely cultivated in temperate regions for its edible grains', 'wild_oat': 'common in meadows and pastures', 'slender_wild_oat': 'oat of southern Europe and southwestern Asia', 'wild_red_oat': 'Mediterranean oat held to be progenitor of modern cultivated oat', 'Bromus': 'a genus of grasses of the family Gramineae', 'brome': 'any of various woodland and meadow grasses of the genus Bromus; native to temperate regions', 'awnless_bromegrass': 'drought-resistant perennial with awns lacking or very short and long creeping rhizomes; Europe and temperate Asia', 'downy_brome': 'annual or winter annual grass with softly hairy leaves of the Mediterranean', 'field_brome': 'annual grass of Europe and temperate Asia', 'Japanese_brome': 'grass of Mediterranean and temperate Asia', 'Bouteloua': 'forage grasses', 'grama': 'pasture grass of plains of South America and western North America', 'blue_grama': 'a pasture grass of western North America', 'black_grama': 'a pasture grass (especially of western coastal regions of North America)', 'Buchloe': 'buffalo grass', 'buffalo_grass': 'short grass growing on dry plains of central United States (where buffalo roam)', 'Calamagrostis': 'reed grass', 'reed_grass': 'any of various tall perennial grasses of the genus Calamagrostis having feathery plumes; natives of marshland fens and wet woodlands of temperate northern hemisphere', 'feather_reed_grass': 'a variety of reed grass', 'Australian_reed_grass': 'tall Australian reedlike grass sometimes used for hay', 'Cenchrus': 'a genus of grasses of the family Gramineae that have burs', 'burgrass': 'a grass of the genus Cenchrus', 'sandbur': 'grass of the eastern United States and tropical America having spikelets enclosed in prickly burs', 'buffel_grass': 'erect tussock-forming perennial bur grass used particularly in South Africa and Australia for pasture and forage', 'Chloris': 'tufted or perennial or annual grasses having runners: finger grass; windmill grass', 'finger_grass': 'any grass of the genus Chloris; occurs in short grassland especially on waste ground or poor soils', 'Rhodes_grass': 'perennial grass of South Africa introduced into United States; cultivated as forage grass in dry regions', 'windmill_grass': 'perennial Australian grass having numerous long spikes arranged like the vanes of a windmill', 'Cortaderia': 'tall ornamental grasses of South America and New Zealand and New Guinea: pampas grass', 'pampas_grass': 'tall perennial grass of pampas of South America having silvery plumes and growing in large dense clumps', 'plumed_tussock': 'tall grass of New Zealand grown for plumelike flower heads', 'Cynodon': 'creeping perennial grasses of tropical and southern Africa', 'Bermuda_grass': 'trailing grass native to Europe now cosmopolitan in warm regions; used for lawns and pastures especially in southern United States and India', 'giant_star_grass': 'perennial grass having stems 3 to 4 feet high; used especially in Africa and India for pasture and hay', 'Dactylis': 'a monocotyledonous grass of the family Gramineae (has only one species)', 'orchard_grass': 'widely grown stout Old World hay and pasture grass', 'Dactyloctenium': 'a monocotyledonous genus of the family Gramineae', 'Egyptian_grass': 'a creeping grass with spikes like fingers', 'Digitaria': 'crab grass; finger grass', 'crabgrass': 'grasses with creeping stems that root freely; a pest in lawns', 'smooth_crabgrass': 'a weed', 'large_crabgrass': 'a European forage grass grown for hay; a naturalized weed in United States', 'Echinochloa': 'annual or perennial succulent grasses of warm regions', 'barnyard_grass': 'a coarse annual panic grass; a cosmopolitan weed; occasionally used for hay or grazing', 'Japanese_millet': 'coarse annual grass cultivated in Japan and southeastern Asia for its edible seeds and for forage; important wildlife food in United States', 'Eleusine': 'annual and perennial grasses of savannas and upland grasslands', 'yardgrass': 'coarse annual grass having fingerlike spikes of flowers; native to Old World tropics; a naturalized weed elsewhere', 'finger_millet': 'East Indian cereal grass whose seed yield a somewhat bitter flour, a staple in the Orient', 'Elymus': 'tall tufted perennial grasses (such as lyme grass or wild rye)', 'lyme_grass': 'a grass of the genus Elymus', 'wild_rye': 'any of several grasses of the genus Elymus', 'giant_ryegrass': 'stout perennial grass of western North America', 'sea_lyme_grass': 'a dune grass of the Pacific seacoast used as a sand binder', 'Canada_wild_rye': 'North American wild rye', \"medusa's_head\": 'African dwarf succulent perennial shrub with numerous slender drooping branches', 'Eragrostis': 'annual or perennial grasses of tropics and subtropics', 'love_grass': 'any of various grasses of the genus Eragrostis; specially useful for forage and for the prevention of erosion', 'teff': 'an African grass economically important as a cereal grass (yielding white flour of good quality) as well as for forage and hay', 'weeping_love_grass': 'perennial South African grass having densely clumped flimsy stems; introduced into United States especially for erosion control', 'Erianthus': 'genus of reedlike grasses having spikes crowded in a panicle covered with long silky hairs', 'plume_grass': 'a reedlike grass of the genus Erianthus having large plumes', 'Ravenna_grass': 'grass often cultivated for its long white-ribbed leaves and large plumes resembling those of pampas grass', 'Festuca': 'a genus of tufted perennial grasses of the family Gramineae', 'fescue': 'grass with wide flat leaves cultivated in Europe and America for permanent pasture and hay and for lawns', 'sheep_fescue': 'cultivated for sheep pasturage in upland regions or used as a lawn grass', 'silver_grass': 'of Australia and New Zealand', 'Glyceria': 'manna grass', 'manna_grass': 'any of several moisture-loving grasses of the genus Glyceria having sweet flavor or odor', 'reed_meadow_grass': 'a pasture grass of moist places throughout North America', 'Holcus': 'a genus of Old World grasses widely cultivated in America', 'velvet_grass': 'tall European perennial grass having a velvety stem; naturalized in United States and used for forage', 'creeping_soft_grass': 'European perennial grass with soft velvety foliage', 'Hordeum': 'annual to perennial grasses of temperate northern hemisphere and South America: barley', 'common_barley': 'grass yielding grain used for breakfast food and animal feed and in malt beverages', 'barleycorn': 'a grain of barley', 'barley_grass': 'European annual grass often found as a weed in waste ground especially along roadsides and hedgerows', 'squirreltail_barley': 'barley grown for its highly ornamental flower heads with delicate long silky awns; North America and northeastern Asia', 'little_barley': 'annual barley native to western North America and widespread in southern United States and tropical America', 'Leymus': 'genus that in some classifications overlaps the genus Elymus', 'Lolium': 'darnel; ryegrass', 'rye_grass': 'any of several annual or perennial Eurasian grasses', 'perennial_ryegrass': 'European perennial grass widely cultivated for pasture and hay and as a lawn grass', 'Italian_ryegrass': 'European grass much used for hay and in United States also for turf and green manure', 'darnel': 'weedy annual grass often occurs in grainfields and other cultivated land; seeds sometimes considered poisonous', 'Muhlenbergia': 'a genus of grasses of the family Gramineae grown in America and Asia', 'nimblewill': 'slender branching American grass of some value for grazing in central United States', 'Oryza': 'rice', 'cultivated_rice': \"yields the staple food of 50 percent of world's population\", 'Oryzopsis': 'rice grass', 'ricegrass': 'any grass of the genus Oryzopsis', 'mountain_rice': 'valuable forage grass of dry upland areas and plains of western North America to northern Mexico', 'smilo': 'perennial mountain rice native to Mediterranean region and introduced into North America', 'Panicum': 'panic grass', 'panic_grass': 'any grass of the genus Panicum; grown for grain and fodder', 'witchgrass': 'North American grass with slender brushy panicles; often a weed on cultivated land', 'switch_grass': 'grass of western America used for hay', 'broomcorn_millet': 'extensively cultivated in Europe and Asia for its grain and in United States sometimes for forage', 'goose_grass': 'annual weedy grass used for hay', 'genus_Paspalum': 'a genus of perennial grasses of warm regions', 'dallisgrass': 'tall tufted perennial tropical American grass naturalized as pasture and forage grass in southern United States', 'Bahia_grass': 'perennial tropical American grass used as pasture grass in arid areas of the Gulf States', 'knotgrass': 'low-growing weedy grass with spikelets along the leaf stems', 'Pennisetum': 'a genus of Old World grasses', 'pearl_millet': 'tall grass having cattail like spikes; grown in Africa and Asia for its grain and in the United States chiefly for forage; sometimes used in making beer', 'fountain_grass': 'tall perennial ornamental grass with long nodding flower plumes of tropical Africa and Asia', 'feathertop': 'northeastern tropical African plant having feathery panicles', 'Phalaris': 'a genus of grasses with broad leaves and a dense spike of flowers', 'reed_canary_grass': 'perennial grass of marshy meadows and ditches having broad leaves; Europe and North America', 'canary_grass': 'Canary Islands grass; seeds used as feed for caged birds', 'hardinggrass': 'perennial grass of Australia and South Africa; introduced in North America as forage grass', 'Phleum': 'grasses native to temperate regions', 'Phragmites': 'reeds of marshes and riversides in tropical or temperate regions', 'ditch_reed': 'tall North American reed having relative wide leaves and large plumelike panicles; widely distributed in moist areas; used for mats, screens and arrow shafts', 'Poa': 'chiefly perennial grasses of cool temperate regions', 'meadowgrass': 'any of various grasses that thrive in the presence of abundant moisture', 'Kentucky_bluegrass': 'valuable meadow and pasture grass in Europe and especially central United States having tall stalks and slender bright green leaves; a chief constituent in lawn grass mixtures', 'wood_meadowgrass': 'slender European grass of shady places; grown also in northeastern America and temperate Asia', 'Saccharum': 'tall perennial reedlike grass originally of southeastern Asia: sugarcane', 'sugarcane': 'juicy canes whose sap is a source of molasses and commercial sugar; fresh canes are sometimes chewed for the juice', 'noble_cane': 'sugarcanes representing the highest development of the species; characterized by large juicy stalks with soft rinds and high sugar content', 'munj': 'tough Asiatic grass whose culms are used for ropes and baskets', 'Schizachyrium': 'overlaps the genus Andropogon', 'broom_beard_grass': 'handsome hardy North American grass with foliage turning pale bronze in autumn', 'bluestem': 'tall grass with smooth bluish leaf sheaths grown for hay in the United States', 'Secale': 'cereal grass widely cultivated for its grain: rye', 'Setaria': 'annual or perennial grasses of warm regions: bristlegrasses', 'bristlegrass': 'grasses of grasslands and woodlands having large gracefully arching spikes with long bristles beneath each spikelet', 'giant_foxtail': 'two species of coarse annual foxtails that are naturalized weeds in United States', 'yellow_bristlegrass': 'common weedy and bristly grass found in nearly all temperate areas', 'green_bristlegrass': 'European foxtail naturalized in North America; often a troublesome weed', 'foxtail_millet': 'coarse drought-resistant annual grass grown for grain, hay, and forage in Europe and Asia and chiefly for forage and hay in United States', 'Siberian_millet': 'millet having orange to reddish grains in long bristly spikes', 'German_millet': 'millet having yellow grains in large drooping spikes', 'genus_Sorghum': 'annual or perennial tropical and subtropical cereal grasses: sorghum', 'great_millet': 'important for human and animal food; growth habit and stem form similar to Indian corn but having sawtooth-edged leaves', 'grain_sorghum': 'any of several sorghums cultivated primarily for grain', 'durra': 'sorghums of dry regions of Asia and North Africa', 'feterita': 'a Sudanese sorghum having exceptionally large soft white grains', 'hegari': 'Sudanese sorghums having white seeds; one variety grown in southwestern United States', 'kaoliang': 'sorghums of China and Manchuria having small white or brown grains (used for food) and dry pithy stalks (used for fodder, fuel and thatching)', 'milo': 'small drought-resistant sorghums having large yellow or whitish grains', 'shallu': 'sorghum having slender dry stalks and small hard grains; introduced into United States from India', 'sorgo': 'any of several sorghums cultivated as a source of syrup', 'Johnson_grass': 'tall perennial grass that spreads by creeping rhizomes and is grown for fodder; naturalized in southern United States where it is a serious pest on cultivated land', 'broomcorn': 'tall grasses grown for the elongated stiff-branched panicle used for brooms and brushes', 'Spartina': 'grass of freshwater swamps and salt marshes of Europe, Africa, America, and South Atlantic islands', 'cordgrass': 'any of several perennial grasses of the genus Spartina; some important as coastal soil binders', 'salt_reed_grass': 'tall reedlike grass common in salt meadows', 'prairie_cordgrass': 'North American cordgrass having leaves with dry membranous margins and glumes with long awns', 'Sporobolus': 'cosmopolitan annual and perennial grasses (as dropseed or rush grass)', 'dropseed': 'a grass of the genus Sporobolus', 'smut_grass': 'grass native to West Indies but common in southern United States having tufted wiry stems often infested with a dark fungus', 'sand_dropseed': 'erect smooth grass of sandy places in eastern North America', 'rush_grass': 'grass having wiry stems and sheathed panicles', 'Stenotaphrum': 'lawn grasses', 'St._Augustine_grass': 'low mat-forming grass of southern United States and tropical America; grown as a lawn grass', 'Triticum': 'annual cereal grasses from Mediterranean area; widely cultivated in temperate regions', 'wheat_berry': 'a grain of wheat', 'durum': 'wheat with hard dark-colored kernels high in gluten and used for bread and pasta; grown especially in southern Russia, North Africa, and northern central North America', 'soft_wheat': 'wheat with soft starch kernels used in pastry and breakfast cereals', 'common_wheat': 'widely cultivated in temperate regions in many varieties for its commercially important grain', 'spelt': 'hardy wheat grown mostly in Europe for livestock feed', 'emmer': 'hard red wheat grown especially in Russia and Germany; in United States as stock feed', 'wild_wheat': 'found wild in Palestine; held to be prototype of cultivated wheat', 'Zea': 'corn', 'mealie': 'an ear of corn', 'field_corn': 'corn grown primarily for animal feed or market grain', 'dent_corn': 'corn whose kernels contain both hard and soft starch and become indented at maturity', 'flint_corn': 'corn having kernels with a hard outer layer enclosing the soft endosperm', 'soft_corn': 'corn having kernels almost entirely of soft starch', 'cornsilk': 'each of the long filamentous styles that grow as a silky tuft at the tip of an ear of Indian corn', 'Zizania': 'wild rice', 'genus_Zoysia': 'lawn grasses native to southeastern Asia and New Zealand; grown especially in warm regions', 'zoysia': 'any of several creeping grasses of the genus Zoysia', 'Manila_grass': 'lawn grass common in the Philippines; grown also in United States', 'Korean_lawn_grass': 'lawn grass common in China and Japan; grown also in United States', 'mascarene_grass': 'Asiatic creeping perennial grass; introduced in southern United States as a drought-resistant lawn grass', 'Bambuseae': 'bamboos', 'bamboo': 'the hard woody stems of bamboo plants; used in construction and crafts and fishing poles', 'Bambusa': 'tall tender clumping bamboos', 'common_bamboo': 'extremely vigorous bamboo having thin-walled culms striped green and yellow; so widely cultivated that native area is uncertain', 'Arundinaria': 'North American bamboo', 'giant_cane': 'tall grass of southern United States growing in thickets', 'small_cane': 'small cane of watery or moist areas in southern United States', 'Dendrocalamus': 'giant clump-forming bamboos', 'giant_bamboo': 'immense tropical southeast Asian bamboo with tough hollow culms that resemble tree trunks', 'Phyllostachys': 'medium and large bamboos', 'fishpole_bamboo': 'small bamboo of southeastern China having slender culms flexuous when young', 'black_bamboo': 'small bamboo having thin green culms turning shining black', 'giant_timber_bamboo': 'large bamboo having thick-walled culms; native of China and perhaps Japan; widely grown elsewhere', 'Cyperaceae': 'bulrush; chufa; cotton grass; papyrus; umbrella plant', 'sedge': 'grasslike or rushlike plant growing in wet places having solid stems, narrow grasslike leaves and spikelets of inconspicuous flowers', 'Cyperus': 'type genus of Cyperaceae; grasslike rhizomatous herbs; cosmopolitan except very cold regions', 'umbrella_plant': 'rhizomatous perennial herb with large dramatic peltate leaves and white to bright pink flowers in round heads on leafless stems; colonizes stream banks in the Sierra Nevada in California', 'chufa': 'European sedge having small edible nutlike tubers', 'galingale': 'European sedge having rough-edged leaves and spikelets of reddish flowers and aromatic roots', 'nutgrass': 'a widely distributed perennial sedge having small edible nutlike tubers', 'Carex': 'large genus of plants found in damp woodlands and bogs and ditches or at water margins: sedges', 'sand_sedge': 'European maritime sedge naturalized along Atlantic coast of United States; rootstock has properties of sarsaparilla', 'cypress_sedge': 'tufted sedge of temperate regions; nearly cosmopolitan', 'Eriophorum': 'cotton grass', 'cotton_grass': 'any sedge of the genus Eriophorum; north temperate bog plants with tufted spikes', 'common_cotton_grass': 'having densely tufted white cottony or downlike glumes', 'Scirpus': 'rhizomatous perennial grasslike herbs', 'hardstem_bulrush': 'widely distributed North American sedge having rigid olive green stems', 'wool_grass': 'sedge of eastern North America having numerous clustered woolly spikelets', 'Eleocharis': 'sedges having dense spikes of flowers and leaves reduced to basal sheaths', 'spike_rush': 'a sedge of the genus Eleocharis', 'needle_spike_rush': 'fine-leaved aquatic spike rush; popular as aerator for aquariums', 'creeping_spike_rush': 'cylindrical-stemmed sedge', 'Pandanales': 'families Typhaceae; Sparganiaceae; Pandanaceae', 'Pandanaceae': 'family of woody plants of the order Pandanales including pandanus', 'genus_Pandanus': 'type genus of the Pandanaceae (as screw pines)', 'pandanus': 'fiber from leaves of the pandanus tree; used for woven articles (such as mats)', 'textile_screw_pine': 'Polynesian screw pine', 'Typhaceae': 'perennial marsh plants with creeping rootstocks and long linear leaves', 'Typha': 'reed maces; cattails', 'cattail': 'tall erect herbs with sword-shaped leaves; cosmopolitan in fresh and salt marshes', \"cat's-tail\": 'tall marsh plant with cylindrical seed heads that explode when mature shedding large quantities of down; its long flat leaves are used for making mats and chair seats; of North America, Europe, Asia and North Africa', 'lesser_bullrush': 'reed maces of America, Europe, North Africa, Asia', 'Sparganiaceae': 'coextensive with the genus Sparganium', 'Sparganium': 'type and sole genus of Sparganiaceae; marsh or aquatic herbs of temperate regions', 'bur_reed': 'marsh plant having elongated linear leaves and round prickly fruit', 'Cucurbitaceae': 'a family of herbaceous vines (such as cucumber or melon or squash or pumpkin)', 'cucurbit': 'any plant of the family Cucurbitaceae', 'Cucurbita': 'type genus of the Cucurbitaceae', 'cymling': 'squash plant having flattened round fruit with a scalloped edge; usually greenish white', 'winter_crookneck': 'any of various plants bearing squash having hard rinds and elongated recurved necks', 'prairie_gourd': 'small hard green-and-white inedible fruit of the prairie gourd plant', 'genus_Bryonia': 'climbing perennial herbs: bryony', 'bryony': 'a vine of the genus Bryonia having large leaves and small flowers and yielding acrid juice with emetic and purgative properties', 'white_bryony': 'white-flowered vine having thick roots and bearing small black berries; Europe to Iran', 'red_bryony': 'bryony having fleshy roots pale green flowers and very small red berries; Europe; North Africa; western Asia', 'Citrullus': 'a dicot genus of the family Cucurbitaceae including watermelons', 'Cucumis': 'cucumbers; muskmelons', 'sweet_melon': 'any of several varieties of vine whose fruit has a netted rind and edible flesh and a musky smell', 'cantaloupe': 'a variety of muskmelon vine having fruit with a tan rind and orange flesh', 'Ecballium': 'exploding cucumber; squirting cucumber', 'squirting_cucumber': 'Mediterranean vine having oblong fruit that when ripe expels its seeds and juice violently when touched', 'Lagenaria': 'bottle gourds', 'bottle_gourd': 'Old World climbing plant with hard-shelled bottle-shaped gourds as fruits', 'genus_Luffa': 'dishcloth gourds', 'luffa': \"any of several tropical annual climbers having large yellow flowers and edible young fruits; grown commercially for the mature fruit's dried fibrous interior that is used as a sponge\", 'loofah': 'the loofah climber that has cylindrical fruit', 'angled_loofah': 'loofah of Pakistan; widely cultivated throughout tropics', 'loofa': 'the dried fibrous part of the fruit of a plant of the genus Luffa; used as a washing sponge or strainer', 'Momordica': 'Old World tropical vine', 'balsam_apple': 'a tropical Old World flowering vine with red or orange warty fruit', 'balsam_pear': 'tropical Old World vine with yellow-orange fruit', 'Goodeniaceae': 'a family of sappy plants that grow in Australasia and southeast China', 'Goodenia': 'a genus of shrubs and herbs that grow in Australia and New Guinea and Malaysia and southeast Asia', 'Lobeliaceae': 'not recognized in all classification systems; in some classifications lobeliaceous plants are included in family Campanulaceae', 'genus_Lobelia': 'in some classifications considered the type genus of a separate family Lobeliaceae', 'lobelia': 'any plant or flower of the genus Lobelia', 'cardinal_flower': 'North American lobelia having brilliant red flowers', 'Indian_tobacco': 'North American wild lobelia having small blue flowers and inflated capsules formerly used as an antispasmodic', 'water_lobelia': 'erect perennial aquatic herb of Europe and North America having submerged spongy leaves and pendulous racemes of blue flowers above the water', 'great_lobelia': 'tall erect and very leafy perennial herb of eastern North America having dense spikes of blue flowers', 'Malvales': 'Malvaceae; Bombacaceae; Elaeocarpaceae; Sterculiaceae; Tiliaceae', 'Malvaceae': 'herbs and shrubs and some trees: mallows; cotton; okra', 'Malva': 'herbs and subshrubs: mallows', 'mallow': 'any of various plants of the family Malvaceae', 'musk_mallow': 'erect Old World perennial with faintly musk-scented foliage and white or pink flowers; adventive in United States', 'common_mallow': 'annual Old World plant with clusters of pink or white flowers; naturalized in United States', 'tall_mallow': 'erect or decumbent Old World perennial with axillary clusters of rosy-purple flowers; introduced in United States', 'Abelmoschus': 'genus of tropical coarse herbs having large lobed leaves and often yellow flowers', 'okra': 'long green edible beaked pods of the okra plant', 'abelmosk': 'bushy herb of tropical Asia grown for its yellow or pink to scarlet blooms that resemble the hibiscus', 'Abutilon': 'herbs or shrubs or small trees: flowering maple; Indian mallow', 'flowering_maple': 'an ornamental plant of the genus Abutilon having leaves that resemble maple leaves', 'velvetleaf': 'tall annual herb or subshrub of tropical Asia having velvety leaves and yellow flowers and yielding a strong fiber; naturalized in southeastern Europe and United States', 'Alcea': 'genus of erect herbs of the Middle East having showy flowers: hollyhocks; in some classification systems synonymous with genus Althaea', 'hollyhock': 'any of various tall plants of the genus Alcea; native to the Middle East but widely naturalized and cultivated for its very large variously colored flowers', 'rose_mallow': 'showy shrub of salt marshes of the eastern United States having large rose-colored flowers', 'genus_Althaea': 'hollyhocks; in some classification systems synonymous with genus Alcea', 'althea': 'any of various plants of the genus Althaea; similar to but having smaller flowers than genus Alcea', 'marsh_mallow': 'European perennial plant naturalized in United States having triangular ovate leaves and lilac-pink flowers', 'Callirhoe': 'small genus of North American herbs having usually red or purple flowers', 'poppy_mallow': 'a plant of the genus Callirhoe having palmately cleft leaves and white to red or purple flowers borne throughout the summer', 'fringed_poppy_mallow': 'perennial poppy mallow of United States southern plains states having rose-red or rose-purple flowers', 'purple_poppy_mallow': 'hairy perennial of central United States having round deeply lobed leaves and loose panicles of large crimson-purple or cherry-red flowers', 'clustered_poppy_mallow': 'densely hairy perennial having mostly triangular basal leaves and rose-purple flowers in panicled clusters', 'Gossypium': 'herbs and shrubs and small trees: cotton', 'tree_cotton': 'East Indian shrub cultivated especially for ornament for its pale yellow to deep purple blossoms', 'sea_island_cotton': 'small bushy tree grown on islands of the Caribbean and off the Atlantic coast of the southern United States; yields cotton with unusually long silky fibers', 'Levant_cotton': 'Old World annual having heart-shaped leaves and large seeds with short greyish lint removed with difficulty; considered an ancestor of modern short-staple cottons', 'upland_cotton': 'native tropical American plant now cultivated in the United States yielding short-staple cotton', 'Peruvian_cotton': 'cotton with long rough hairy fibers', 'Egyptian_cotton': 'fine somewhat brownish long-staple cotton grown in Egypt; believed to be derived from sea island cotton or by hybridization with Peruvian cotton', 'wild_cotton': 'shrub of southern Arizona and Mexico', 'genus_Hibiscus': 'large genus of tropical and subtropical herbs and shrubs and trees often grown as ornamentals for their profusion of large flowers in a variety of colors', 'hibiscus': 'any plant of the genus Hibiscus', 'kenaf': 'fiber from an East Indian plant Hibiscus cannabinus', 'Cuban_bast': 'erect forest tree of Cuba and Jamaica having variably hairy leaves and orange-yellow or orange-red flowers; yields a moderately dense timber for cabinetwork and gunstocks', 'sorrel_tree': 'deciduous shrubby tree of eastern North America having deeply fissured bark and sprays of small fragrant white flowers and sour-tasting leaves', 'China_rose': 'shrubby Chinese rose; ancestor of many cultivated garden roses', 'roselle': 'East Indian sparsely prickly annual herb or perennial subshrub widely cultivated for its fleshy calyxes used in tarts and jelly and for its bast fiber', 'rose_of_Sharon': 'Asiatic shrub or small shrubby tree having showy bell-shaped rose or purple or white flowers and usually three-lobed leaves; widely cultivated in temperate North America and Europe', 'mahoe': 'shrubby tree widely distributed along tropical shores; yields a light tough wood used for canoe outriggers and a fiber used for cordage and caulk; often cultivated for ornament', 'flower-of-an-hour': 'annual weedy herb with ephemeral yellow purple-eyed flowers; Old World tropics; naturalized as a weed in North America', 'Hoheria': 'small genus of shrubs and small trees of New Zealand: lacebarks', 'lacebark': 'small tree or shrub of New Zealand having a profusion of axillary clusters of honey-scented paper-white flowers and whose bark is used for cordage', 'Iliamna': 'small genus of perennial herbs or subshrubs; some often placed in other genera', 'wild_hollyhock': 'a rare mallow found only in Illinois resembling the common hollyhock and having pale rose-mauve flowers; sometimes placed in genus Sphaeralcea', 'mountain_hollyhock': 'perennial of northwestern United States and western Canada resembling a hollyhock and having white or pink flowers', 'Kosteletzya': 'small genus of herbs of southeastern United States and tropical America and Africa', 'seashore_mallow': 'any of various plants of the genus Kosteletzya predominantly of coastal habitats; grown for their flowers that resemble hibiscus', 'salt_marsh_mallow': 'subshrub of southeastern United States to New York', 'Lavatera': 'widespread genus of herbs or softwood arborescent shrubs cultivated for their showy flowers', 'tree_mallow': 'arborescent perennial shrub having palmately lobed furry leaves and showy red-purple flowers; southwestern United States', 'Malacothamnus': 'genus of shrubs or small trees: chaparral mallow', 'chaparral_mallow': 'shrub of coastal ranges of California and Baja California having hairy branches and spikes of numerous mauve flowers; sometimes placed in genus Sphaeralcea', 'genus_Malope': 'small genus of chiefly European herbs', 'malope': 'western Mediterranean annual having deep purple-red flowers subtended by 3 large cordate bracts', 'Malvastrum': 'genus of mallows characterized by red and yellow flowers often placed in other genera', 'false_mallow': 'an American plant of the genus Malvastrum', 'Malvaviscus': 'small genus of shrubs of Central and South America: wax mallows', 'waxmallow': 'any of various plants of the genus Malvaviscus having brilliant bell-shaped drooping flowers like incompletely opened hibiscus flowers', 'Napaea': 'one species: glade mallow', 'glade_mallow': 'tall coarse American herb having palmate leaves and numerous small white dioecious flowers; found wild in most alluvial soils of eastern and central United States', 'genus_Pavonia': 'genus of tropical hairy shrubs or herbs of tropics and subtropics especially South America', 'pavonia': 'any of various evergreen plants of the genus Pavonia having white or yellow or purple flowers', 'Plagianthus': 'small genus of shrubs and trees of Australia and New Zealand', 'ribbon_tree': 'deciduous New Zealand tree whose inner bark yields a strong fiber that resembles flax and is called New Zealand cotton', 'New_Zealand_cotton': 'a fiber from the bast of New Zealand ribbon trees that resembles cotton fiber', 'Radyera': 'very small genus of shrubs of southern hemisphere: bush hibiscus', 'bush_hibiscus': 'southern and western Australian shrub with unlobed or shallowly lobed toothed leaves and purple flowers; sometimes placed in genus Hibiscus', 'Sida': 'large genus of tropical subshrubs or herbs some of which yield fibers of mucilaginous substances', 'Virginia_mallow': 'tall handsome perennial herb of southeastern United States having maplelike leaves and white flowers', 'Queensland_hemp': 'herb widely distributed in tropics and subtropics used for forage and medicinally as a demulcent and having a fine soft bast stronger than jute; sometimes an aggressive weed', 'Indian_mallow': 'tropical American weed having pale yellow or orange flowers naturalized in southern United States', 'Sidalcea': 'genus of showy plants of western North America having palmate leaves and variously colored racemose flowers', 'checkerbloom': 'perennial purple-flowered wild mallow of western North America that is also cultivated', 'Sphaeralcea': 'large genus of chiefly tropical herbs with showy flowers and mostly globose fruits: globe mallows', 'globe_mallow': 'genus of coarse herbs and subshrubs of arid North and South America having pink or scarlet flowers and globose fruits', 'prairie_mallow': 'false mallow of western United States having racemose red flowers; sometimes placed in genus Malvastrum', 'Thespesia': 'a small genus of tropical trees including the portia tree', 'tulipwood_tree': 'any of various trees yielding variously colored woods similar to true tulipwood', 'portia_tree': 'pantropical tree of usually seacoasts sometimes cultivated as an ornamental for its rounded heart-shaped leaves and showy yellow and purple flowers; yields valuable pink to dark red close-grained wood and oil from its seeds', 'Bombacaceae': 'tropical trees with large dry or fleshy fruit containing usually woolly seeds', 'Bombax': 'trees of chiefly South America', 'red_silk-cotton_tree': 'East Indian silk cotton tree yielding fibers inferior to kapok', 'Adansonia': 'baobab; cream-of-tartar tree', 'cream-of-tartar_tree': 'Australian tree having an agreeably acid fruit that resembles a gourd', 'baobab': 'African tree having an exceedingly thick trunk and fruit that resembles a gourd and has an edible pulp called monkey bread', 'Ceiba': 'tropical American trees with palmately compound leaves and showy bell-shaped flowers', 'kapok': 'a plant fiber from the kapok tree; used for stuffing and insulation', 'Durio': 'a genus of tall Asian trees of the family Bombacaceae', 'genus_Montezuma': 'one species: medium-sized evergreen tree of Puerto Rico or Mexico', 'Montezuma': 'evergreen tree with large leathery leaves and large pink to orange flowers; considered a link plant between families Bombacaceae and Sterculiaceae', 'Ochroma': 'one species: balsa', 'balsa': 'strong lightweight wood of the balsa tree used especially for floats', 'Pseudobombax': 'tropical American deciduous shrubs or small trees', 'shaving-brush_tree': 'tree of Mexico to Guatemala having densely hairy flowers with long narrow petals clustered at ends of branches before leaves appear', 'Elaeocarpaceae': 'genus of trees and shrubs widely distributed in warm regions some yielding useful timber; in some classifications included in the family Santalaceae', 'Elaeocarpus': 'type genus of the family Elaeocarpaceae', 'silver_quandong': 'pale easily worked timber from the quandong tree', 'Aristotelia': 'small genus of shrubs or small trees of Australia and New Zealand and western South America', 'makomako': 'graceful deciduous shrub or small tree having attractive foliage and small red berries that turn black at maturity and are used for making wine', 'Muntingia': 'one species: Jamaican cherry; sometimes placed in family Flacourtiaceae', 'Jamaican_cherry': 'a fast-growing tropical American evergreen having white flowers and white fleshy edible fruit; bark yields a silky fiber used in cordage and wood is valuable for staves', 'Sloanea': 'genus of tropical hardwood timber trees', 'breakax': 'West Indian timber tree having very hard wood', 'Sterculiaceae': 'a large family of plants of order Malvales', 'genus_Sterculia': 'type genus of the Sterculiaceae: deciduous or evergreen trees of Old and New World tropics and subtropics', 'sterculia': 'any tree of the genus Sterculia', 'Panama_tree': 'large deciduous tree native to Panama and from which the country takes its name; having densely leafy crown and naked trunk', 'kalumpang': 'large tree of Old World tropics having foul-smelling orange-red blossoms followed by red pods enclosing oil-rich seeds sometimes used as food', 'Brachychiton': 'Australian trees (usually with swollen trunks)', 'bottle-tree': 'an Australian tree of the genus Brachychiton', 'flame_tree': 'a terrestrial evergreen shrub or small tree of western Australia having brilliant yellow-orange flowers; parasitic on roots of grasses', 'kurrajong': 'widely distributed tree of eastern Australia yielding a tough durable fiber and soft light attractively grained wood; foliage is an important emergency food for cattle', 'Queensland_bottletree': 'large tree of Queensland having cream-colored flowers blotched with red inside; sometimes placed in genus Sterculia', 'Cola': 'large genus of African trees bearing kola nuts', 'kola': 'tree bearing large brown nuts containing e.g. caffeine; source of cola extract', 'kola_nut': 'bitter brown seed containing caffein; source of cola extract', 'genus_Dombeya': 'genus of African shrubs or small trees', 'dombeya': 'any of various shrubs or small trees of the genus Dombeya grown for their rounded clusters of exquisite often sweet-scented flowers usually hanging beneath the leaves', 'Firmiana': 'small genus of Asian trees or shrubs', 'Chinese_parasol_tree': 'deciduous tree widely grown in southern United States as an ornamental for its handsome maplelike foliage and long racemes of yellow-green flowers followed by curious leaflike pods', 'Fremontodendron': 'flannelbush', 'flannelbush': 'any of several handsome evergreen shrubs of California and northern Mexico having downy lobed leaves and showy yellow flowers', 'Helicteres': 'genus of shrubs and small trees of tropical America and Asia having cylindrical fruits spirally twisted around one another', 'screw_tree': 'a tree or shrub of the genus Helicteres', 'nut-leaved_screw_tree': 'East Indian shrub often cultivated for its hairy leaves and orange-red flowers', 'Heritiera': 'small genus of timber trees of eastern Asia, Australasia and tropical Africa that form large buttresses', 'red_beech': 'large tree of Australasia', 'looking_glass_tree': 'large evergreen tree of India and Burma whose leaves are silvery beneath', 'looking-glass_plant': 'small tree of coastal regions of Old World tropics whose leaves are silvery beneath', 'Hermannia': 'genus of African herbs and subshrubs having honey-scented bell-shaped flowers', 'honey_bell': 'African shrub having decumbent stems and slender yellow honey-scented flowers either solitary or in pairs', 'Pterospermum': 'genus of tropical Asian trees and shrubs', 'mayeng': 'Indian tree having fragrant nocturnal white flowers and yielding a reddish wood used for planking; often grown as an ornamental or shade tree', 'Tarrietia': 'small genus of east Asian and Australian timber trees', 'silver_tree': 'small South African tree with long silvery silky foliage', 'Theobroma': 'cacao plants', 'cacao': 'tropical American tree producing cacao beans', 'Triplochiton': 'small genus of tropical African trees with maplelike leaves', 'obeche': 'the wood of an African obeche tree; used especially for veneering', 'Tiliaceae': 'chiefly trees and shrubs of tropical and temperate regions of especially southeastern Asia and Brazil; genera Tilia, Corchorus, Entelea, Grewia, Sparmannia', 'Tilia': 'deciduous trees with smooth usually silver-grey bark of North America and Europe and Asia: lime trees; lindens; basswood', 'linden': 'any of various deciduous trees of the genus Tilia with heart-shaped leaves and drooping cymose clusters of yellowish often fragrant flowers; several yield valuable timber', 'basswood': 'soft light-colored wood of any of various linden trees; used in making crates and boxes and in carving and millwork', 'American_basswood': 'large American shade tree with large dark green leaves and rounded crown', 'small-leaved_linden': 'large spreading European linden with small dark green leaves; often cultivated as an ornamental', 'white_basswood': 'American basswood of the Allegheny region', 'Japanese_linden': 'medium-sized tree of Japan used as an ornamental', 'silver_lime': 'large tree native to eastern Europe and Asia Minor having leaves with white tomentum on the under side; widely cultivated as an ornamental', 'Entelea': 'a genus of evergreen shrub that grows in New Zealand', 'Corchorus': 'widely distributed genus of tropical herbs or subshrubs; especially Asia', 'corchorus': 'any of various plants of the genus Corchorus having large leaves and cymose clusters of yellow flowers; a source of jute', 'Grewia': 'a genus of tropical and subtropical Old World climbers or shrubs or trees', 'phalsa': 'drought-resistant Asiatic treelike shrub bearing pleasantly acid small red edible fruits commonly used in sherbets', 'Sparmannia': 'small genus of tropical African shrubs', 'African_hemp': 'large shrub of South Africa having many conspicuously hairy branches with large hairy leaves and clusters of conspicuous white flowers', 'simple': 'any herbaceous plant having medicinal properties', 'Rosidae': 'a group of trees and shrubs and herbs mostly with polypetalous flowers; contains 108 families including Rosaceae; Crassulaceae; Myrtaceae; Melastomaceae; Euphorbiaceae; Umbelliferae', 'Umbellales': 'plants having umbels or corymbs of uniovulate flowers; includes the Umbelliferae (chiefly herbs) and Cornaceae (chiefly trees or shrubs)', 'Proteales': 'coextensive with the family Proteaceae', 'Proteaceae': 'large family of Australian and South African shrubs and trees with leathery leaves and clustered mostly tetramerous flowers; constitutes the order Proteales', 'Bartle_Frere': \"a living fossil or so-called `green dinosaur'; genus or subfamily of primitive nut-bearing trees thought to have died out 50 million years ago; a single specimen found in 1994 on Mount Bartle Frere in eastern Australia; not yet officially named\", 'genus_Protea': 'type genus of Proteaceae; tropical African shrubs', 'protea': 'any tropical African shrub of the genus Protea having alternate rigid leaves and dense colorful flower heads resembling cones', 'honeypot': 'South African shrub whose flowers when open are cup-shaped resembling artichokes', 'honeyflower': 'erect bushy shrub of eastern Australia having terminal clusters of red flowers yielding much nectar', 'genus_Banksia': 'important genus of Australian evergreen shrubs or trees with alternate leathery leaves and yellowish flowers', 'banksia': 'any shrub or tree of the genus Banksia having alternate leathery leaves apetalous yellow flowers often in showy heads and conelike fruit with winged seeds', 'honeysuckle': 'shrub or vine of the genus Lonicera', 'Conospermum': 'Australian shrubs (some trees) with flowers in dense spikes: smoke bush', 'smoke_bush': 'any of various shrubs of the genus Conospermum with panicles of mostly white woolly flowers', 'Embothrium': 'small genus of South American evergreen shrubs or small trees with long willowy branches and flowers in flamboyant terminal clusters', 'Chilean_firebush': 'grown for outstanding display of brilliant usually scarlet-crimson flowers; Andes', 'Guevina': 'one species: Chilean nut', 'Chilean_nut': 'Chilean shrub bearing coral-red fruit with an edible seed resembling a hazelnut', 'genus_Grevillea': 'large genus of Australian shrubs and trees having usually showy orange or red flowers', 'grevillea': 'any shrub or tree of the genus Grevillea', 'silk_oak': 'any of several Australian timber trees having usually fernlike foliage and mottled wood used in cabinetry and veneering', 'red-flowered_silky_oak': 'tall shrub with cylindrical racemes of red flowers and pinnatifid leaves silky and grey beneath; eastern Australia', 'silver_oak': 'small slender tree with usually entire grey-green pendulous leaves and white or cream-colored flowers; northern Australia', 'silky_oak': 'medium to tall fast-growing tree with orange flowers and feathery bipinnate leaves silky-hairy beneath; eastern Australia', 'beefwood': 'any of several heavy hard reddish chiefly tropical woods of the families Casuarinaceae and Proteaceae; some used for cabinetwork', 'Hakea': 'Australian shrubs and small trees with evergreen usually spiny leaves and dense clusters of showy flowers', 'cushion_flower': 'tall straggling shrub with large globose crimson-yellow flowers; western Australia', 'needlewood': 'large bushy shrub with pungent pointed leaves and creamy white flowers; central and eastern Australia', 'needlebush': 'shrub with pungent rigid needle-shaped leaves and white flowers; eastern Australia', 'Knightia': 'small genus of trees or shrubs of New Zealand and New Caledonia', 'rewa-rewa': 'slender elegant tree of New Zealand having racemes of red flowers and yielding valuable mottled red timber', 'Lambertia': 'small genus of Australian shrubs', 'Leucadendron': 'large genus of evergreen trees and shrubs having silvery white leaves and solitary terminal flowers with conspicuous silvery bracts', 'genus_Lomatia': 'small genus of low-growing evergreens of Chile and Australia; some yield dyes', 'lomatia': 'any of various ornamental evergreens of the genus Lomatia having attractive fragrant flowers', 'genus_Macadamia': 'trees or shrubs; Madagascar to Australia', 'macadamia': 'any tree of the genus Macadamia', 'Macadamia_integrifolia': 'medium-sized tree of eastern Australia having creamy-white flowers', 'Queensland_nut': 'bushy tree with pink to purple flowers', 'Orites': 'small genus of Australian shrubs or trees', 'prickly_ash': 'any of a number of trees or shrubs of the genus Zanthoxylum having spiny branches', 'Persoonia': 'Australian undershrubs to small trees: geebungs', 'geebung': 'any of numerous shrubs and small trees having hard narrow leaves and long-lasting yellow or white flowers followed by small edible but insipid fruits', 'Stenocarpus': 'small genus of timber trees; Australia to Malaysia', 'wheel_tree': 'eastern Australian tree widely cultivated as a shade tree and for its glossy leaves and circular clusters of showy red to orange-scarlet flowers', 'scrub_beefwood': 'tree or tall shrub with shiny leaves and umbels of fragrant creamy-white flowers; yields hard heavy reddish wood', 'Telopea': 'Australian evergreen shrubs: waratahs', 'waratah': 'straggling shrub with narrow leaves and conspicuous red flowers in dense globular racemes', 'Xylomelum': 'small species of Australian trees or shrubs; grown for their fruit and flowers', 'native_pear': 'tree bearing pear-shaped fruit with a thick woody epicarp', 'Casuarinales': 'order of chiefly Australian trees and shrubs comprising the casuarinas; 1 family: Casuarinaceae', 'Casuarinaceae': 'one genus: genus Casuarina', 'genus_Casuarina': 'genus of trees and shrubs widely naturalized in southern United States and West Indies; coextensive with the family Casuarinaceae and order Casuarinales', 'casuarina': 'any of various trees and shrubs of the genus Casuarina having jointed stems and whorls of scalelike leaves; some yield heavy hardwood', 'she-oak': 'any of several Australian trees of the genus Casuarina', 'Australian_pine': 'common Australian tree widely grown as an ornamental in tropical regions; yields heavy hard red wood', 'Ericales': 'Ericaceae; Clethraceae; Diapensiaceae; Epacridaceae; Lennoaceae; Pyrolaceae; Monotropaceae', 'Ericaceae': 'heathers', 'genus_Erica': 'large genus of low much-branched woody evergreens ranging from prostrate subshrubs to trees: true heaths', 'erica': 'any plant of the genus Erica', 'tree_heath': 'gaunt Tasmanian evergreen shrubby tree with slender tapering leaves 3 to 5 feet long', 'briarroot': 'hard woody root of the briar Erica arborea', 'briarwood': 'wood from the hard woody root of the briar Erica arborea; used to make tobacco pipes', 'winter_heath': 'dwarf European shrub with very early blooming bell-shaped red flowers', 'bell_heather': 'common low European shrub with purple-red flowers', 'cross-leaved_heath': 'dwarf European shrub with rose-colored flowers', 'Cornish_heath': 'bushy shrub having pink to white flowers; common on the moors of Cornwall and in southwestern Europe; cultivated elsewhere', 'Spanish_heath': 'erect dense shrub native to western Iberian peninsula having profuse white or pink flowers; naturalized in southwestern England', \"Prince-of-Wales'-heath\": 'South African shrub grown for its profusion of white flowers', 'genus_Andromeda': 'low-growing shrubs of northern regions of northern hemisphere', 'andromeda': 'broad-leaved evergreen Asiatic shrub with glossy leaves and drooping clusters of white flowers', 'bog_rosemary': 'wiry evergreen shrub having pendent clusters of white or pink flowers; of wet acidic areas in Arctic and Canada to northeastern United States', 'marsh_andromeda': 'erect to procumbent evergreen shrub having pendent clusters of white or pink flowers; of sphagnum peat bogs and other wet acidic areas in northern Europe', 'genus_Arbutus': 'large evergreen shrubs and trees of southern Europe and western North America: strawberry tree; madrona', 'arbutus': 'any of several evergreen shrubs of the genus Arbutus of temperate Europe and America', 'madrona': 'evergreen tree of the Pacific coast of North America having glossy leathery leaves and orange-red edible berries; wood used for furniture and bark for tanning', 'strawberry_tree': 'small evergreen European shrubby tree bearing many-seeded scarlet berries that are edible but bland; of Ireland, southern Europe, Asia Minor', 'Arctostaphylos': 'bearberry; manzanita', 'bearberry': 'deciduous shrub of southeastern and central United States', 'common_bearberry': 'evergreen mat-forming shrub of North America and northern Eurasia having small white flowers and red berries; leaves turn red in autumn', 'alpine_bearberry': 'deciduous creeping shrub bright red in autumn having black or blue-black berries; alpine and circumpolar', 'manzanita': 'chiefly evergreen shrubs of warm dry areas of western North America', 'heartleaf_manzanita': 'erect California shrub having leaves with heart-shaped lobes at the base', 'Parry_manzanita': 'erect treelike shrub forming dense thickets and having drooping panicles of white or pink flowers and red berrylike drupes; California', 'downy_manzanita': 'erect openly branched California shrub whose twigs are woolly when young', 'Bruckenthalia': 'a genus containing only one species: spike heath', 'spike_heath': 'small evergreen mat-forming shrub of southern Europe and Asia Minor having stiff stems and terminal clusters of small bell-shaped flowers', 'genus_Bryanthus': 'a genus allied to and once included in genus Phyllodoce', 'bryanthus': 'procumbent Old World mat-forming evergreen shrub with racemes of pinkish-white flowers', 'Calluna': 'one species', 'heather': 'common Old World heath represented by many varieties; low evergreen grown widely in the northern hemisphere', 'Cassiope': 'low tufted evergreen shrubs of colder parts of north temperate regions having moss-like foliage and nodding white or pink flowers', 'white_heather': 'heath of mountains of western United States having bell-shaped white flowers', 'Chamaedaphne': 'one species: leatherleaf', 'leatherleaf': 'stiff leathery-leaved fern of western North America having ovate fronds parted to the midrib', 'Daboecia': 'a dicotyledonous genus of the family Ericaceae', 'Connemara_heath': 'low straggling evergreen shrub of western Europe represented by several varieties with flowers from white to rose-purple', 'Epigaea': 'small creeping evergreen shrubs: trailing arbutus', 'trailing_arbutus': 'low-growing evergreen shrub of eastern North America with leathery leaves and clusters of fragrant pink or white flowers', 'Gaultheria': 'widely distributed genus of creeping or upright evergreen shrubs', 'creeping_snowberry': 'slow-growing procumbent evergreen shrublet of northern North America and Japan having white flowers and numerous white fleshy rough and hairy seeds', 'teaberry': 'creeping shrub of eastern North America having white bell-shaped flowers followed by spicy red berrylike fruit and shiny aromatic leaves that yield wintergreen oil', 'salal': 'small evergreen shrub of Pacific coast of North America having edible dark purple grape-sized berries', 'Gaylussacia': 'deciduous or evergreen shrubs of North America: black huckleberries', 'black_huckleberry': 'low shrub of the eastern United States bearing shiny black edible fruit; best known of the huckleberries', 'dangleberry': 'huckleberry of the eastern United States with pink flowers and sweet blue fruit', 'box_huckleberry': 'creeping evergreen shrub of southeastern United States having small shiny boxlike leaves and flavorless berries', 'genus_Kalmia': 'erect evergreen shrubs: mountain laurel', 'kalmia': 'any plant of the genus Kalmia', 'mountain_laurel': 'a North American evergreen shrub having glossy leaves and white or rose-colored flowers', 'swamp_laurel': 'laurel of bogs of northwestern United States having small purple flowers and pale leaves that are glaucous beneath', 'sheep_laurel': 'North American dwarf shrub resembling mountain laurel but having narrower leaves and small red flowers; poisonous to young stock', 'Ledum': 'evergreen shrubs of north temperate regions', 'Labrador_tea': 'evergreen shrub of eastern North America having white or creamy bell-shaped flowers and dark green hairy leaves used for tea during American Revolution', \"trapper's_tea\": 'a Rocky Mountain shrub similar to Ledum groenlandicum', 'wild_rosemary': 'bog shrub of northern and central Europe and eastern Siberia to Korea and Japan', 'Leiophyllum': 'one species: sand myrtle', 'sand_myrtle': 'low-growing evergreen shrub of New Jersey to Florida grown for its many white star-shaped flowers and glossy foliage', 'genus_Leucothoe': 'American and Asiatic deciduous and evergreen shrubs', 'leucothoe': 'any plant of the genus Leucothoe; grown for their beautiful white flowers; glossy foliage contains a poisonous substance similar to that found in genus Kalmia', 'dog_laurel': 'fast-growing evergreen shrub of southeastern United States having arching interlaced branches and racemes of white flowers', 'sweet_bells': 'bushy deciduous shrub of the eastern United States with long racemes of pinkish flowers', 'Loiseleuria': 'one species: alpine azalea', 'alpine_azalea': 'creeping mat-forming evergreen shrub of high mountain regions of northern hemisphere grown for its rose-pink flowers', 'Lyonia': 'evergreen or deciduous shrubs or small trees of United States to Antilles and eastern Asia to the Himalaya', 'staggerbush': 'deciduous shrub of coastal plain of the eastern United States having nodding pinkish-white flowers; poisonous to stock', 'maleberry': 'deciduous much-branched shrub with dense downy panicles of small bell-shaped white flowers', 'fetterbush': 'ornamental evergreen shrub of southeastern United States having small white bell-shaped flowers', 'Menziesia': 'deciduous shrubs of North America and eastern Asia', 'false_azalea': 'straggling shrub of northwestern North America having foliage with a bluish tinge and umbels of small bell-shaped flowers', 'minniebush': 'low shrub of the eastern United States with downy twigs', 'Oxydendrum': 'sourwood', 'Phyllodoce': 'small genus of evergreen Arctic and alpine shrubs', 'mountain_heath': 'small shrub with tiny evergreen leaves and pink or purple flowers; Alpine summits and high ground in Asia and Europe and United States', 'purple_heather': 'semi-prostrate evergreen herb of western United States', 'genus_Rhododendron': 'large genus of evergreen shrubs native to cooler regions of the northern hemisphere having showy flowers', 'rhododendron': 'any shrub of the genus Rhododendron: evergreen shrubs or small shrubby trees having leathery leaves and showy clusters of campanulate (bell-shaped) flowers', 'coast_rhododendron': 'medium-sized rhododendron of Pacific coast of North America having large rosy brown-spotted flowers', 'rosebay': 'late-spring-blooming rhododendron of eastern North America having rosy to pink-purple flowers', 'swamp_azalea': 'shrub growing in swamps throughout the eastern United States and having small white to pinkish flowers resembling honeysuckle', 'subgenus_Azalea': 'group of evergreen or deciduous shrubs formerly considered a separate genus; now included in the genus Rhododendron', 'azalea': 'any of numerous ornamental shrubs grown for their showy flowers of various colors', 'Vaccinium': 'evergreen or deciduous berry-bearing shrubs of northern hemisphere: cranberries; blueberries', 'American_cranberry': 'trailing red-fruited plant', 'European_cranberry': 'small red-fruited trailing cranberry of Arctic and cool regions of the northern hemisphere', 'farkleberry': 'shrub or small tree of eastern United States having black inedible berries', 'low-bush_blueberry': 'low-growing deciduous shrub of northeastern North America having flowers in compact racemes and bearing sweet dark blue berries', 'rabbiteye_blueberry': 'shrub of southeastern United States grown commercially especially for canning industry', 'dwarf_bilberry': 'low-growing tufted deciduous shrub of northern and alpine North America having pink to coral-red flowers followed by sweet blue berries', 'high-bush_blueberry': 'high-growing deciduous shrub of eastern North America bearing edible blueish to blackish berries with a distinct bloom; source of most cultivated blueberries', 'evergreen_blueberry': 'shrub of the eastern United States having shining evergreen leaves and bluish-black fruit', 'evergreen_huckleberry': 'stiff bushy evergreen shrub of western North America having sour black berries and glossy green foliage used in floral arrangements', 'bog_bilberry': 'an evergreen shrub with leathery leaves', 'dryland_blueberry': 'low deciduous shrub of the eastern United States bearing dark blue sweet berries', 'grouseberry': 'shrub of northwestern North America bearing red berries', 'deerberry': 'small branching blueberry common in marshy areas of the eastern United States having greenish or yellowish unpalatable berries reputedly eaten by deer', 'cowberry': 'low evergreen shrub of high north temperate regions of Europe and Asia and America bearing red edible berries', 'Clethraceae': 'coextensive with the genus Clethra', 'Clethra': 'type and sole genus of the Clethraceae; deciduous shrubs or small trees: white alder, summer-sweet', 'sweet_pepperbush': 'shrub of eastern and southern coastal United States having beautiful racemes of spice-scented white flowers', 'Diapensiaceae': 'north temperate low evergreen plants; in some classifications placed in its own order Diapensiales', 'Diapensiales': 'used in some classifications: coextensive with family Diapensiaceae', 'genus_Diapensia': 'type genus of Diapensiaceae', 'diapensia': 'any boreal low-growing evergreen plant of the genus Diapensia', 'genus_Galax': 'evergreen herbs of southeastern United States', 'galax': 'tufted evergreen perennial herb having spikes of tiny white flowers and glossy green round to heart-shaped leaves that become coppery to maroon or purplish in fall', 'Pyxidanthera': 'one species: pyxie; the eastern United States', 'pyxie': 'creeping evergreen shrub having narrow overlapping leaves and early white star-shaped flowers; of the pine barrens of New Jersey and the Carolinas', 'genus_Shortia': 'evergreen perennial herbs of North America and eastern Asia: oconee bells', 'shortia': 'any plant of the genus Shortia; evergreen perennial herbs with smooth leathery basal leaves and showy white solitary flowers', 'oconee_bells': 'plant of southeastern United States having solitary white funnel-shaped flowers flushed with pink and large glossy green leaves that turn bronze-red in fall', 'Epacridaceae': 'Australasian shrubs or small trees', 'Australian_heath': 'any heathlike plant of the family Epacridaceae; most are of the Australian region', 'genus_Epacris': 'type genus of the Epacridaceae: Australian heath', 'epacris': 'any heathlike evergreen shrub of the genus Epacris grown for their showy and crowded spikes of small bell-shaped or tubular flowers', 'common_heath': 'small erect shrub of Australia and Tasmania with fragrant ivory flowers', 'Port_Jackson_heath': 'small shrub of southern and western Australia having pinkish to rosy purple tubular flowers', 'Astroloma': 'evergreen shrubs of Australia and Tasmania', 'native_cranberry': 'small prostrate or ascending shrub having scarlet flowers and succulent fruit resembling cranberries; sometimes placed in genus Styphelia', 'Richea': 'evergreen trees or shrubs of mountains of Australia and Tasmania', 'Australian_grass_tree': 'stout Australian shrub with narrow leaves crowded at ends of branches and terminal clusters of white or pink flowers', 'Styphelia': 'Australian heathlike shrubs', 'pink_fivecorner': 'heathlike shrub of southwestern Australia grown for its sharply scented foliage and pink flowers followed by pentagonal fruit', 'Lennoaceae': 'family of fleshy parasitic herbs lacking green foliage and having heads of small flowers; California and Mexico', 'Pyrolaceae': 'evergreen herbs of temperate regions: genera Pyrola, Chimaphila, Moneses, Orthilia', 'genus_Pyrola': 'short-stemmed perennial herbs of cool or temperate regions: wintergreen; shinleaf', 'false_wintergreen': 'evergreen of eastern North America with leathery leaves and numerous white flowers', 'lesser_wintergreen': 'the common wintergreen having many-flowered racemes of pink-tinged white flowers; Europe and North America', 'wild_lily_of_the_valley': 'evergreen with rounded leaves and very fragrant creamy-white flowers; widely distributed in northern parts of Old and New Worlds', 'Orthilia': 'a shrubby perennial rhizomatous evergreen herb; grows in damp coniferous woodlands in northern temperate regions', 'Chimaphila': 'small genus of evergreen herbs with long creeping rootstocks and shining leaves; North America; Europe; east Asia', 'pipsissewa': 'any of several plants of the genus Chimaphila', 'love-in-winter': 'Eurasian herb with white or pinkish flowers in a terminal corymb', 'Moneses': 'one species: one-flowered wintergreen; sometimes included in genus Pyrola', 'one-flowered_wintergreen': 'delicate evergreen dwarf herb of north temperate regions having a solitary white terminal flower; sometimes placed in genus Pyrola', 'Monotropaceae': 'used in some classification for saprophytic herbs sometimes included in the family Pyrolaceae: genera Monotropa and Sarcodes', 'Monotropa': 'leafless fleshy saprophytic plants; in some classifications placed in the family Pyrolaceae', 'Indian_pipe': 'small waxy white or pinkish-white saprophytic woodland plant having scalelike leaves and a nodding flower; turns black with age', 'Hypopitys': 'term used in some classifications for the pinesaps, which are usually included in the genus Monotropa', 'pinesap': 'fleshy tawny or reddish saprophytic herb resembling the Indian pipe and growing in woodland humus of eastern North America; in some classifications placed in a separate genus Hypopitys', 'Sarcodes': 'snow plant; in some classifications placed in family Pyrolaceae', 'snow_plant': 'a fleshy bright red saprophytic plant of the mountains of western North America that appears in early spring while snow is on the ground', 'Fagales': 'an order of dicotyledonous trees of the subclass Hamamelidae', 'Fagaceae': 'chiefly monoecious trees and shrubs: beeches; chestnuts; oaks; genera Castanea, Castanopsis, Chrysolepis, Fagus, Lithocarpus, Nothofagus, Quercus', 'Fagus': 'beeches', 'beech': 'wood of any of various beech trees; used for flooring and containers and plywood and tool handles', 'common_beech': 'large European beech with minutely-toothed leaves; widely planted as an ornamental in North America', 'copper_beech': 'variety of European beech with shining purple or copper-colored leaves', 'American_beech': 'North American forest tree with light green leaves and edible nuts', 'weeping_beech': 'variety of European beech with pendulous limbs', 'Japanese_beech': 'a beech native to Japan having soft light yellowish-brown wood', 'Castanea': 'chestnuts; chinkapins', 'American_chestnut': 'large tree found from Maine to Alabama', 'European_chestnut': 'wild or cultivated throughout southern Europe, northwestern Africa and southwestern Asia', 'Chinese_chestnut': 'a small tree with small sweet nuts; wild or naturalized in Korea and China', 'Japanese_chestnut': 'a spreading tree of Japan that has a short trunk', 'Allegheny_chinkapin': 'shrubby chestnut tree of southeastern United States having small edible nuts', 'Ozark_chinkapin': 'shrubby tree closely related to the Allegheny chinkapin but with larger leaves; southern midwestern United States', 'Castanopsis': 'evergreen trees and shrubs of warm regions valued for their foliage; southeastern United States and eastern Australia and northern New Zealand', 'oak_chestnut': 'a tree of the genus Castanopsis', 'Chrysolepis': 'two species: golden chinkapins', 'giant_chinkapin': 'small ornamental evergreen tree of Pacific Coast whose glossy yellow-green leaves are yellow beneath; bears edible nuts', 'dwarf_golden_chinkapin': 'evergreen shrub similar to golden chinkapin; mountains of California', 'Lithocarpus': 'tanbark oaks', 'tanbark_oak': 'evergreen tree of the Pacific coast area having large leathery leaves; yields tanbark', 'Japanese_oak': 'oak with moderately light fine-grained wood; Japan', 'tanbark': 'bark rich in tannin; bruised and cut in pieces to use for tanning; spent tanbark used as a ground covering', 'Nothofagus': 'beeches of temperate southern hemisphere except Africa: southern beech', 'southern_beech': 'any of various beeches of the southern hemisphere having small usually evergreen leaves', 'myrtle_beech': 'large evergreen tree of Tasmania', 'Coigue': 'Chilean evergreen whose leafy boughs are used for thatching', 'New_Zealand_beech': 'any of several tall New Zealand trees of the genus Nothofagus; some yield useful timber', 'silver_beech': 'New Zealand beech with usually pale silvery bark', 'roble_beech': 'tall deciduous South American tree', 'rauli_beech': 'large Chilean timber tree yielding coarse lumber', 'black_beech': 'New Zealand forest tree', 'hard_beech': 'tall New Zealand tree yielding very hard wood', 'acorn': 'fruit of the oak tree: a smooth thin-walled nut in a woody cup-shaped base', 'Quercus': 'oaks', 'oak': 'the hard durable wood of any oak; used especially for furniture and flooring', 'fumed_oak': 'oak given a weathered appearance by exposure to fumes of ammonia; used for cabinetwork', 'live_oak': 'any of several American evergreen oaks', 'coast_live_oak': 'highly variable often shrubby evergreen oak of coastal zone of western North America having small thick usually spiny-toothed dark-green leaves', 'white_oak': 'any of numerous Old World and American oaks having 6 to 8 stamens in each floret, acorns that mature in one year and leaf veins that never extend beyond the margin of the leaf', 'American_white_oak': 'large slow-growing deciduous tree of the eastern United States having stout spreading branches and leaves with usually 7 rounded lobes; yields strong and durable hard wood', 'Arizona_white_oak': 'semi-evergreen shrub or small tree of Arizona and New Mexico having acorns with hemispherical cups', 'swamp_white_oak': 'large deciduous oak of the eastern United States with a flaky bark and leaves that have fewer lobes than other white oaks; yields heavy strong wood used in construction; thrives in wet soil', 'European_turkey_oak': 'large deciduous tree of central and southern Europe and Asia Minor having lanceolate leaves with spiked lobes', 'canyon_oak': 'medium-sized evergreen of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico with oblong leathery often spiny-edged leaves', 'scarlet_oak': 'medium-large deciduous tree with a thick trunk found in the eastern United States and southern Canada and having close-grained wood and deeply seven-lobed leaves turning scarlet in autumn', 'jack_oak': 'small to medium deciduous oak of east central North America; leaves have sharply pointed lobes', 'red_oak': 'any of numerous American oaks having 4 stamens in each floret, acorns requiring two years to mature and leaf veins usually extending beyond the leaf margin to form points or bristles', 'southern_red_oak': 'large round-topped deciduous tree with spreading branches having narrow falcate leaves with deeply sinuate lobes and wood similar to that of northern red oaks; New Jersey to Illinois and southward', 'Oregon_white_oak': 'small deciduous tree of western North America with crooked branches and pale grey bark', 'holm_oak': 'hard wood of the holm oak tree', 'bear_oak': 'shrubby oak of southeastern United States usually forming dense thickets', 'shingle_oak': 'small deciduous tree of eastern and central United States having leaves that shine like laurel; wood is used in western states for shingles', 'bluejack_oak': 'small semi-evergreen shrubby tree of southeastern United States having hairy young branchlets and leaves narrowing to a slender bristly point', 'California_black_oak': 'large deciduous tree of the Pacific coast having deeply parted bristle-tipped leaves', 'American_turkey_oak': \"small slow-growing deciduous shrubby tree of dry sandy barrens of southeastern United States having leaves with bristle-tipped lobes resembling turkey's toes\", 'laurel_oak': 'large nearly semi-evergreen oak of southeastern United States; thrives in damp soil', 'California_white_oak': 'tall graceful deciduous California oak having leathery leaves and slender pointed acorns', 'overcup_oak': 'medium-large deciduous timber tree of central and southern United States; acorns deeply immersed in the cup and mature in first year', 'bur_oak': 'medium to large deciduous oak of central and eastern North America with ovoid acorns deeply immersed in large fringed cups; yields tough close-grained wood', 'scrub_oak': 'any of various chiefly American small shrubby oaks often a dominant form on thin dry soils sometimes forming dense thickets', 'blackjack_oak': 'a common scrubby deciduous tree of central and southeastern United States having dark bark and broad three-lobed (club-shaped) leaves; tends to form dense thickets', 'swamp_chestnut_oak': 'medium to large deciduous tree of moist areas of southeastern United States similar to the basket oak', 'chestnut_oak': 'an oak having leaves resembling those of chestnut trees', 'chinquapin_oak': 'medium-sized deciduous tree of the eastern United States that yields a strong durable wood', 'myrtle_oak': 'small evergreen shrub or tree of southeastern United States; often forms almost impenetrable thickets in sandy coastal areas', 'water_oak': 'relatively tall deciduous water oak of southeastern United States often cultivated as a shade tree; thrives in wet soil', 'Nuttall_oak': 'similar to the pin oak; grows in damp sites in Mississippi River basin', 'durmast': 'deciduous European oak valued for its tough elastic wood', 'basket_oak': 'medium to large deciduous tree of the eastern United States; its durable wood is used as timber or split and woven into baskets or chair seats', 'pin_oak': 'fast-growing medium to large pyramidal deciduous tree of northeastern United States and southeastern Canada having deeply pinnatifid leaves that turn bright red in autumn; thrives in damp soil', 'willow_oak': 'medium to large deciduous oak of the eastern United States having long lanceolate leaves and soft strong wood', 'dwarf_chinkapin_oak': 'deciduous shrubby tree of northeastern and central United States having a sweet edible nut and often forming dense thickets', 'common_oak': 'medium to large deciduous European oak having smooth leaves with rounded lobes; yields hard strong light-colored wood', 'northern_red_oak': 'large symmetrical deciduous tree with rounded crown widely distributed in eastern North America; has large leaves with triangular spiny tipped lobes and coarse-grained wood less durable than that of white oaks', 'Shumard_oak': 'large deciduous red oak of southern and eastern United States having large seven-lobed to nine-lobed elliptical leaves, large acorns and medium hard coarse-grained wood', 'post_oak': 'small deciduous tree of eastern and central United States having dark green lyrate pinnatifid leaves and tough moisture-resistant wood used especially for fence posts', 'cork_oak': 'medium-sized evergreen oak of southern Europe and northern Africa having thick corky bark that is periodically stripped to yield commercial cork', 'Spanish_oak': 'small deciduous tree having the trunk branched almost from the base with spreading branches; Texas and southern Oklahoma', 'huckleberry_oak': 'a low spreading or prostrate shrub of southwestern United States with small acorns and leaves resembling those of the huckleberry', 'Chinese_cork_oak': 'medium to large deciduous tree of China, Japan, and Korea having thick corky bark', 'black_oak': 'medium to large deciduous timber tree of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada having dark outer bark and yellow inner bark used for tanning; broad five-lobed leaves are bristle-tipped', 'southern_live_oak': 'medium-sized evergreen native to eastern North America to the east coast of Mexico; often cultivated as shade tree for it wide-spreading crown; extremely hard tough durable wood once used in shipbuilding', 'interior_live_oak': 'a small shrubby evergreen tree of western North America similar to the coast live oak but occurring chiefly in foothills of mountain ranges removed from the coast; an important part of the chaparral', 'Betulaceae': 'monoecious trees and shrubs (including the genera Betula and Alnus and Carpinus and Corylus and Ostrya and Ostryopsis)', 'Betula': 'a genus of trees of the family Betulaceae (such as birches)', 'yellow_birch': 'tree of eastern North America with thin lustrous yellow or grey bark', 'American_white_birch': 'small American birch with peeling white bark often worked into e.g. baskets or toy canoes', 'grey_birch': 'medium-sized birch of eastern North America having white or pale grey bark and valueless wood; occurs often as a second-growth forest tree', 'silver_birch': 'European birch with silvery white peeling bark and markedly drooping branches', 'downy_birch': 'European birch with dull white to pale brown bark and somewhat drooping hairy branches', 'black_birch': 'birch of swamps and river bottoms throughout the eastern United States having reddish-brown bark', 'sweet_birch': 'common birch of the eastern United States having spicy brown bark yielding a volatile oil and hard dark wood used for furniture', 'Yukon_white_birch': 'Alaskan birch with white to pale brown bark', 'swamp_birch': 'birch of western United States resembling the paper birch but having brownish bark', 'Newfoundland_dwarf_birch': 'small shrub of colder parts of North America and Greenland', 'Alnus': 'alders', 'alder': 'wood of any of various alder trees; resistant to underwater rot; used for bridges etc', 'common_alder': 'medium-sized tree with brown-black bark and woody fruiting catkins; leaves are hairy beneath', 'grey_alder': 'native to Europe but introduced in America', 'seaside_alder': 'shrub or small tree of southeastern United States having soft light brown wood', 'white_alder': 'tree of western United States', 'red_alder': 'large tree of Pacific coast of North America having hard red wood much used for furniture', 'speckled_alder': 'common shrub of Canada and northeastern United States having shoots scattered with rust-colored down', 'smooth_alder': 'common shrub of the eastern United States with smooth bark', 'green_alder': 'North American shrub with light green leaves and winged nuts', 'Carpinaceae': 'used in some classification systems for the genera Carpinus, Ostryopsis, and Ostryopsis', 'Carpinus': 'mostly deciduous monoecious trees or shrubs: hornbeams; sometimes placed in subfamily Carpinaceae', 'hornbeam': 'any of several trees or shrubs of the genus Carpinus', 'European_hornbeam': 'medium-sized Old World tree with smooth grey bark and leaves like beech that turn yellow-orange in autumn', 'American_hornbeam': 'tree or large shrub with grey bark and blue-green leaves that turn red-orange in autumn', 'Ostrya': 'deciduous monoecious trees of Europe and Asia and America; sometimes placed in subfamily or family Carpinaceae', 'hop_hornbeam': 'any of several trees resembling hornbeams with fruiting clusters resembling hops', 'Old_World_hop_hornbeam': 'medium-sized hop hornbeam of southern Europe and Asia Minor', 'Eastern_hop_hornbeam': 'medium-sized hop hornbeam of eastern North America', 'Ostryopsis': 'deciduous monoecious shrubs of China and Mongolia resembling trees of the genus Ostrya; sometimes placed in subfamily or family Carpinaceae', 'Corylaceae': 'used in some classification systems for the genus Corylus', 'Corylus': 'deciduous monoecious nut-bearing shrubs of small trees: hazel; sometimes placed in the subfamily or family Corylaceae', 'American_hazel': 'nut-bearing shrub of eastern North America', 'cobnut': 'small nut-bearing tree much grown in Europe', 'beaked_hazelnut': 'hazel of western United States with conspicuous beaklike involucres on the nuts', 'Gentianales': 'an order of dicotyledonous plants having gamopetalous flowers; Gentianaceae; Apocynaceae; Asclepiadaceae; Loganiaceae; Oleaceae; Salvadoraceae', 'Gentianaceae': 'chiefly herbaceous plants with showy flowers; some are cultivated as ornamentals', 'Centaurium': 'genus of low-growing herbs mostly of northern hemisphere having flowers with protruding spirally twisted anthers', 'rosita': 'erect plant with small clusters of pink trumpet-shaped flowers of southwestern United States', 'lesser_centaury': 'common European glabrous annual centaury with flowers in dense cymes', 'tufted_centaury': 'tufted perennial of western Europe and Azores having bright pink to white flowers', 'seaside_centaury': 'a variety of centaury found at the seaside', 'broad_leaved_centaury': 'a variety of centaury with broad leaves', 'slender_centaury': 'a slender variety of centaury', 'Eustoma': 'small genus of herbs of warm regions of southern North America to northern South America', 'prairie_gentian': 'one of the most handsome prairie wildflowers having large erect bell-shaped bluish flowers; of moist places in prairies and fields from eastern Colorado and Nebraska south to New Mexico and Texas', 'Exacum': 'genus of tropical Asiatic and African plants: especially Persian violets', 'Persian_violet': 'perennial cultivated especially as a houseplant for its fragrant bluish to dark lavender flowers', 'Frasera': 'genus of North American herbs: columbo; includes some species sometimes placed in genus Swertia', 'columbo': 'any of various tall perennial herbs constituting the genus Frasera; widely distributed in warm dry upland areas of California, Oregon, and Washington', 'green_gentian': 'tall herb with panicles of white flowers flushed with green; northwestern United States; sometimes placed in genus Swertia', 'Gentiana': 'type genus of the Gentianaceae; cosmopolitan genus of herbs nearly cosmopolitan in cool temperate regions; in some classifications includes genera Gentianopsis and Gentianella', 'gentian': 'any of various plants of the family Gentianaceae especially the genera Gentiana and Gentianella and Gentianopsis', 'gentianella': 'low-growing alpine plant cultivated for its dark glossy green leaves in basal rosettes and showy solitary bell-shaped blue flowers', 'closed_gentian': 'similar to Gentiana andrewsii but with larger flowers', \"explorer's_gentian\": 'tufted sometimes sprawling perennial with blue flowers spotted with green; western North America', 'great_yellow_gentian': 'robust European perennial having clusters of yellow flowers', 'marsh_gentian': 'perennial Eurasian gentian with sky-blue funnel-shaped flowers of damp open heaths', 'soapwort_gentian': 'erect perennial of wet woodlands of North America having leaves and flower buds resembling those of soapwort', 'striped_gentian': 'a perennial marsh gentian of eastern North America', 'Gentianella': 'genus of herbs with flowers that resemble gentian; in some classifications included in genus Gentiana', 'agueweed': 'gentian of eastern North America having clusters of bristly blue flowers', 'felwort': 'gentian of Europe and China having creamy white flowers with fringed corollas', 'Gentianopsis': 'genus of fringed gentians; in some classifications included in genus Gentiana', 'fringed_gentian': 'any of various herbs of the genus Gentianopsis having the margins of the corolla lobes fringed; sometimes included in genus Gentiana', 'Gentianopsis_crinita': 'tall widely distributed fringed gentian of eastern North America having violet-blue or white fringed flowers', 'Gentianopsis_detonsa': 'medium-tall fringed gentian with pale-blue to blue-purple flowers; circumboreal in distribution', 'Gentianopsid_procera': 'small blue-flowered fringed gentian of east central North America', 'Gentianopsis_thermalis': 'small blue-flowered fringed gentian of western United States (Rocky Mountains) especially around hot springs in Yellowstone National Park', 'tufted_gentian': 'small blue-flowered fringed gentian of Sierra Nevada mountains', 'Halenia': 'genus of herbs of Eurasia and the Americas: spurred gentians', 'spurred_gentian': 'any of various plants of the genus Halenia having flowers with spurred lobes', 'genus_Sabbatia': 'genus of smooth slender North American herbs with showy flowers', 'sabbatia': 'any of various plants of the genus Sabbatia having usually pink cymose flowers; occur from acid bogs to brackish marshes', 'marsh_pink': 'any of several pink-flowered marsh plant of the eastern United States resembling a true centaury', 'prairia_Sabbatia': 'prairie herb with solitary lilac-colored flowers', 'Swertia': 'genus of herbs of mountains of North America and Eurasia and Africa', 'marsh_felwort': 'perennial of damp places in mountains of Eurasia and North America having dull-colored blue or violet flowers', 'Salvadoraceae': 'a family of Old World shrubs and trees of order Gentianales; related to Oleaceae but having four stamens and four petals', 'Salvadora': 'genus of evergreen trees or shrubs; fruit is a drupe; grows in Africa through Arabia to India and China', 'toothbrush_tree': 'glabrous or pubescent evergreen shrub or tree of the genus Salvadora; twigs are fibrous and in some parts of the world are bound together in clusters and used as a toothbrush; shoots are used as camel fodder; plant ash provides salt', 'Oleaceae': 'trees and shrubs having berries or drupes or capsules as fruits; sometimes placed in the order Oleales: olive; ash; jasmine; privet; lilac', 'Oleales': 'coextensive with the family Oleaceae; in some classifications included in the order Gentianales', 'Olea': 'evergreen trees and shrubs having oily one-seeded fruits', 'olive_tree': 'a tree of the genus Olea cultivated for its fruit', 'black_maire': 'northern Zealand tree having dense hard light-brown wood', 'white_maire': 'small New Zealand tree having red pulpy one-seeded fruit', 'Chionanthus': 'deciduous trees or shrubs: fringe tree', 'fringe_tree': 'any of various small decorative flowering trees or shrubs of the genus Chionanthus', 'fringe_bush': 'small bushy tree of southeastern United States having profuse clusters of white flowers', 'genus_Forestiera': 'genus of often spiny American shrubs and trees', 'forestiera': 'any plant of the genus Forestiera', 'tanglebush': 'spiny branching deciduous shrub of southwestern United States having clusters of insignificant yellow-white flowers appearing before leaves followed by attractive black berrylike fruits', 'genus_Forsythia': 'forsythia', 'forsythia': 'any of various early blooming oleaceous shrubs of the genus Forsythia; native to eastern Asia and southern Europe but widely cultivated for their branches of bright yellow bell-shaped flowers', 'Fraxinus': 'ash', 'ash': 'the residue that remains when something is burned', 'white_ash': 'spreading American ash with leaves pale green or silvery beneath and having hard brownish wood', 'swamp_ash': 'small ash of swampy areas of southeastern United States', 'flowering_ash': 'shrubby California ash with showy off-white flowers', 'European_ash': 'tall ash of Europe to the Caucasus having leaves shiny dark-green above and pale downy beneath', 'Oregon_ash': 'timber tree of western North America yielding hard light wood; closely related to the red ash', 'black_ash': 'vigorous spreading North American tree having dark brown heavy wood; leaves turn gold in autumn', 'manna_ash': 'southern Mediterranean ash having fragrant white flowers in dense panicles and yielding manna', 'red_ash': 'smallish American tree with velvety branchlets and lower leaf surfaces', 'green_ash': 'a variety of red ash having glossy branchlets and lower leaf surfaces', 'blue_ash': 'ash of central and southern United States with bluish-green foliage and hard brown wood', 'mountain_ash': 'any of various trees of the genus Sorbus', 'pumpkin_ash': 'timber tree of central and southeastern United States having hairy branchlets and a swollen trunk base', 'Arizona_ash': 'small shrubby ash of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico', 'ash-key': 'winged seed of the ash tree', 'Jasminum': 'shrubs and woody climbers mostly of tropical and temperate Old World: jasmine; jessamine', 'jasmine': 'any of several shrubs and vines of the genus Jasminum chiefly native to Asia', 'primrose_jasmine': 'evergreen rambling yellow-flowered shrub of western China', 'winter_jasmine': 'deciduous rambling shrub widely cultivated for its winter-blooming yellow flowers', 'common_jasmine': 'a climbing deciduous shrub with fragrant white or yellow or red flowers used in perfume and to flavor tea', 'Arabian_jasmine': 'East Indian evergreen vine cultivated for its profuse fragrant white flowers', 'Ligustrum': 'genus of Old World shrubs: privet', 'privet': 'any of various Old World shrubs having smooth entire leaves and terminal panicles of small white flowers followed by small black berries; many used for hedges', 'Amur_privet': 'eastern Asian shrub cultivated especially for its persistent foliage', 'ibolium_privet': 'fast-growing and tightly branched hybrid of Ligustrum ovalifolium and Ligustrum obtusifolium', 'Japanese_privet': 'evergreen shrub of Japan and Korea having small dark leaves and flowers in loose panicles; related to but smaller than Chinese privet', 'Chinese_privet': 'erect evergreen treelike shrub of China and Korea and Japan having acuminate leaves and flowers in long erect panicles; resembles Japanese privet', 'Ligustrum_obtusifolium': 'small deciduous shrub having graceful arching branches and luxuriant foliage', 'California_privet': 'semi-evergreen Japanese shrub having malodorous flowers; used extensively for hedges because more likely to stay green that common privet', 'common_privet': 'deciduous semi-evergreen shrub used for hedges', 'Osmanthus': 'widely distributed genus of evergreen shrubs or trees of southern United States and Middle East and China and Japan', 'devilwood': 'small tree of southern United States having panicles of dull white flowers followed by dark purple fruits', 'Phillyrea': 'small genus of evergreen shrubs of the Mediterranean region', 'mock_privet': 'evergreen shrub with white flowers and olivelike fruits', 'Syringa': 'genus of Old World shrubs or low trees having fragrant flowers in showy panicles: lilacs', 'lilac': 'any of various plants of the genus Syringa having large panicles of usually fragrant flowers', 'Himalayan_lilac': 'robust upright shrub of mountains of northern India having oblong-elliptic leaves and pale lilac or white malodorous flowers', 'Hungarian_lilac': 'central European upright shrub having elliptic leaves and upright clusters of lilac or deep violet flowers', 'Persian_lilac': 'small densely branching Asiatic shrub having lanceolate leaves and panicles of fragrant lilac flowers', 'Japanese_tree_lilac': 'small tree of Japan having narrow pointed leaves and creamy-white flowers', 'Japanese_lilac': 'lilac of northern China having ovate leaves and profuse early summer rose-lilac flowers', 'common_lilac': 'large European lilac naturalized in North America having heart-shaped ovate leaves and large panicles of highly fragrant lilac or white flowers', 'manna': 'hardened sugary exudation of various trees', 'Haemodoraceae': 'some genera placed in family Liliaceae', 'bloodwort': 'any of various plants of the family Haemodoraceae; roots contain a deep red coloring matter', 'Haemodorum': 'type genus of family Haemodoraceae', 'Anigozanthus': \"genus of monocotyledonous plants with curious woolly flowers on sturdy stems above a fan of sword-shaped leaves; includes kangaroo's paw and Australian sword lily; sometimes placed in family Amaryllidaceae\", 'kangaroo_paw': 'sedgelike spring-flowering herb having clustered flowers covered with woolly hairs; Australia', 'Hamamelidae': 'a group of chiefly woody plants considered among the most primitive of angiosperms; perianth poorly developed or lacking; flowers often unisexual and often in catkins and often wind pollinated; contains 23 families including the Betulaceae and Fagaceae (includes the Amentiferae); sometimes classified as a superorder', 'Amentiferae': 'used in some classification systems for plants that bear catkins', 'Hamamelidanthum': 'genus of fossil plants of the Oligocene having flowers resembling those of the witch hazel; found in Baltic region', 'Hamamelidoxylon': 'genus of fossil plants having wood identical with or similar to that of the witch hazel', 'Hamamelites': 'genus of fossil plants having leaves similar to those of the witch hazel', 'Hamamelidaceae': 'comprises genera Hamamelis, Corylopsis, Fothergilla, Liquidambar, Parrotia, and other small genera', 'Hamamelis': 'deciduous shrubs or small trees: witch hazel', 'Virginian_witch_hazel': 'common shrub of eastern North America having small yellow flowers after the leaves have fallen', 'vernal_witch_hazel': 'fragrant shrub of lower Mississippi valley having very small flowers from midwinter to spring', 'Corylopsis': 'small genus of deciduous shrubs of temperate regions of Asia', 'winter_hazel': 'any of several Asiatic deciduous shrubs cultivated for their nodding racemes of yellow flowers that appear before the leaves', 'genus_Fothergilla': 'small genus of deciduous shrubs of the southeastern United States', 'fothergilla': 'any of several deciduous low-growing shrubs of the genus Fothergilla having showy brushlike spikes of white flowers in spring and fiery red and orange autumn color; grows from Alabama to the Allegheny Mountains', 'genus_Liquidambar': 'sweet gum', 'liquidambar': 'any tree of the genus Liquidambar', 'sweet_gum': 'reddish-brown wood and lumber from heartwood of the sweet gum tree used to make furniture', 'Parrotia': 'one species: iron tree', 'iron_tree': 'a small slow-growing deciduous tree of northern Iran having a low domed shape', 'ironwood': 'exceptionally tough or hard wood of any of a number of ironwood trees', 'Parrotiopsis': 'one species: deciduous tree of the Himalaya Mountains', 'Juglandales': 'coextensive with the family Juglandaceae', 'Juglandaceae': 'trees having usually edible nuts: butternuts; walnuts; hickories; pecans', 'Juglans': 'type genus of the Juglandaceae', 'California_black_walnut': 'medium-sized tree with somewhat aromatic compound leaves and edible nuts', 'Carya': 'genus of large deciduous nut-bearing trees; United States and China', 'hickory': 'valuable tough heavy hardwood from various hickory trees', 'water_hickory': 'hickory of southern United States having many narrow leaflets and rather bitter nuts', 'pignut': 'an American hickory tree having bitter nuts', 'bitternut': 'hickory of the eastern United States having a leaves with 7 or 9 leaflets and thin-shelled very bitter nuts', 'big_shellbark': 'hickory of the eastern United States resembling the shagbark but having a much larger nut', 'nutmeg_hickory': 'hickory of southern United States and Mexico having hard nutmeg-shaped nuts', 'shagbark': 'North American hickory having loose grey shaggy bark and edible nuts', 'mockernut': 'smooth-barked North American hickory with 7 to 9 leaflets bearing a hard-shelled edible nut', 'Pterocarya': 'Asiatic nut trees: wing nuts', 'Caucasian_walnut': 'medium-sized Caucasian much-branched tree distinguished from other walnut trees by its winged fruit', 'Myrtales': 'Myrtaceae; Combretaceae; Elaeagnaceae; Haloragidaceae; Melastomaceae; Lecythidaceae; Lythraceae; Rhizophoraceae; Onagraceae; Lecythidaceae; Punicaceae', 'Combretaceae': 'a family of tropical trees and shrubs of the order Myrtales', 'dhawa': 'an Indian tree of the family Combretaceae that is a source of timber and gum', 'genus_Combretum': 'type genus of the Combretaceae: tropical and subtropical small shrubs and trees', 'combretum': 'any of numerous shrubs or small trees of the genus Combretum having spikes of small flowers', 'hiccup_nut': 'ornamental African shrub or climber with red flowers', 'bush_willow': 'small South African tree having creamy yellow fragrant flowers usually growing on stream banks', 'Conocarpus': 'monotypic genus of tropical American trees: button tree', 'button_tree': 'evergreen tree or shrub with fruit resembling buttons and yielding heavy hard compact wood', 'Laguncularia': 'a genus of Laguncularia', 'white_mangrove': 'a small to medium-sized tree growing in brackish water especially along the shores of the southwestern Pacific', 'Elaeagnaceae': 'shrubs or small trees often armed', 'Elaeagnus': 'oleaster', 'oleaster': 'any of several shrubs of the genus Elaeagnus having silver-white twigs and yellow flowers followed by olivelike fruits', 'wild_olive': 'erect shrub or climber of India and China with red olivelike fruit', 'silverberry': 'deciduous unarmed North American shrub with silvery leaves and fruits', 'Russian_olive': 'deciduous shrubby tree of Europe and western Asia having grey leaves and small yellow fruits covered in silvery scales; sometimes spiny', 'Haloragidaceae': 'a family of dicotyledonous plants of the order Myrtales', 'Myriophyllum': 'chiefly monoecious and usually aquatic herbs (as the milfoils)', 'water_milfoil': 'an aquatic plant of the genus Myriophyllum having feathery underwater leaves and small inconspicuous flowers', 'Lecythidaceae': 'large tropical trees bearing large fruits with woody skins', 'Grias': 'anchovy pear tree', 'Bertholletia': 'brazil nut', 'Lythraceae': 'herbs and shrubs and small trees with pink or purple flowers', 'Lythrum': 'loosestrife', 'purple_loosestrife': 'marsh herb with a long spike of purple flowers; originally of Europe but now rampant in eastern United States', 'grass_poly': 'annual with small solitary pink flowers; originally of Europe but widely naturalized in moist areas', 'Lagerstroemia': 'shrubs or small trees of tropical Asia and Africa usually with showy white, pink, or purplish flowers', 'crape_myrtle': 'ornamental shrub from eastern India commonly planted in the southern United States', \"Queen's_crape_myrtle\": 'native to Asia, Australia, and East Indies, where it provides timber called pyinma; used elsewhere as an ornamental for its large showy flowers', 'pyinma': \"relatively hard durable timber from the Queen's crape myrtle; light reddish brown, smooth and lustrous\", 'Myrtaceae': 'trees and shrubs yielding a fragrant oil', 'myrtaceous_tree': 'trees and shrubs', 'Myrtus': 'type genus of the Myrtaceae', 'common_myrtle': 'European shrub with white or rosy flowers followed by black berries', 'Pimenta': 'allspice tree', 'allspice_tree': 'tropical American tree having small white flowers and aromatic berries', 'Eugenia': 'tropical trees and shrubs with aromatic leaves and often valuable hard wood', 'nakedwood': 'any of several small to medium-sized trees of Florida and West Indies with thin scaly bark and heavy dark heartwood', 'Surinam_cherry': 'Brazilian tree with spicy red fruit; often cultivated in California and Florida', 'genus_Feijoa': 'small South American shrubs or trees', 'Jambos': 'used in some classifications for rose apples (Eugenia jambos)', 'Myrciaria': 'a genus of tropical American trees and shrubs of the myrtle family', 'Psidium': 'guavas', 'cattley_guava': 'small tropical shrubby tree bearing deep red oval fruit', 'Brazilian_guava': 'South American tree having fruit similar to the true guava', 'gum_tree': 'any of various trees of the genera Eucalyptus or Liquidambar or Nyssa that are sources of gum', 'gumwood': 'wood or lumber from any of various gum trees especially the sweet gum', 'genus_Eucalyptus': 'tall trees native to the Australian region; source of timber and medicinal oils from the aromatic leaves', 'eucalyptus': 'wood of any of various eucalyptus trees valued as timber', 'flooded_gum': 'any of several Australian gum trees growing on moist or alluvial soil', 'mallee': 'any of several low-growing Australian eucalypts', 'stringybark': 'any of several Australian eucalypts having fibrous inner bark', 'smoothbark': 'any of several Australian eucalypts having the bark smooth except at or near the base of the trunk', 'red_gum': 'very large red gum tree', 'river_red_gum': 'somewhat crooked red gum tree growing chiefly along rivers; has durable reddish lumber used in heavy construction', 'mountain_swamp_gum': 'medium-sized swamp gum of New South Wales and Victoria', 'snow_gum': 'small to medium-sized tree of Australia and Tasmania having smooth white to light-grey bark shedding in patches or strips', 'alpine_ash': 'tall timber tree with hard heavy pinkish or light brown wood', 'white_mallee': 'small shrubby mallee', 'white_stringybark': 'stringybark having white wood', 'white_mountain_ash': 'large tree with dark compact bark on lower trunk but smooth and white above; yields lumber similar to that of European or American ashes', 'blue_gum': 'tall fast-growing timber tree with leaves containing a medicinal oil; young leaves are bluish', 'rose_gum': 'very tall tree of Queensland and New South Wales', 'cider_gum': 'small to medium-sized tree of Tasmania', 'swamp_gum': 'medium-sized tree of southern Australia', 'spotted_gum': 'large gum tree with mottled bark', 'lemon-scented_gum': 'similar to but smaller than the spotted gum and having lemon-scented leaves', 'black_mallee': 'a small mallee with rough dark-colored bark toward the butt; yields a red eucalyptus kino gum', 'forest_red_gum': 'tall tree of Queensland and New South Wales and Victoria', 'manna_gum': 'tall tree yielding a false manna', 'eucalyptus_gum': 'reddish-brown dried gummy exudation from any of several trees of the genus Eucalyptus especially Eucalyptus camaldulensis', 'Syzygium': 'a tropical evergreen tree of the myrtle family native to the East Indies but cultivated elsewhere', 'Nyssaceae': 'a family of dicotyledonous trees of order Myrtales that includes the sour gum trees', 'Nyssa': 'tupelos: deciduous trees of moist habitats especially swamps and beside ponds', 'tupelo': 'pale soft wood of a tupelo tree especially the water gum', 'water_gum': 'columnar swamp tree of southeastern to midwestern North America yielding pale soft easily worked wood', 'sour_gum': 'columnar tree of eastern North America having horizontal limbs and small leaves that emerge late in spring and have brilliant color in early fall', 'Onagraceae': 'a large and widely distributed family of plants of the order Myrtales', 'Circaea': \"enchanter's nightshade\", \"enchanter's_nightshade\": 'any of several erect perennial rhizomatous herbs of the genus Circaea having white flowers that open at dawn; northern hemisphere', \"Alpine_enchanter's_nightshade\": \"an Alpine variety of enchanter's nightshade\", 'Circaea_lutetiana': 'tall evening primrose with inconspicuous flowers', 'Epilobium': 'large widely distributed genus of herbs and subshrubs of especially western North America and Arctic areas', 'willowherb': 'a plant of the genus Epilobium having pink or yellow flowers and seeds with silky hairs', 'California_fuchsia': 'shrublet of southwestern United States to Mexico having brilliant scarlet flowers', 'hairy_willowherb': 'plant of Europe and Asia having purplish-red flowers and hairy stems and leaves; introduced into North America', 'genus_Fuchsia': 'large genus of decorative tropical shrubs with pendulous tetramerous flowers', 'fuchsia': 'any of various tropical shrubs widely cultivated for their showy drooping purplish or reddish or white flowers; Central and South America and New Zealand and Tahiti', \"lady's-eardrop\": 'erect or climbing shrub of Brazil with deep pink to red flowers', 'konini': 'erect deciduous shrub or tree to 10 feet with maroon flowers; New Zealand', 'Oenothera': 'chiefly North American herbs with usually nocturnal flowers', 'evening_primrose': 'any of several plants of the family Onagraceae', 'common_evening_primrose': 'a coarse biennial of eastern North America with yellow flowers that open in the evening; naturalized in Europe', 'sundrops': 'a day-flowering biennial or perennial of the genus Oenothera', 'Missouri_primrose': 'evening-opening primrose of south central United States', 'Punicaceae': 'one species: pomegranates', 'Punica': 'coextensive with the family Punicaceae', 'Rhizophoraceae': 'trees and shrubs that usually form dense jungles along tropical seacoasts', 'Rhizophora': 'type genus of the Rhizophoraceae; a small genus of tropical trees and shrubs', 'mangrove': 'a tropical tree or shrub bearing fruit that germinates while still on the tree and having numerous prop roots that eventually form an impenetrable mass and are important in land building', 'Thymelaeaceae': 'family of trees and shrubs and herbs having tough bark that are found especially in Australia and tropical Africa', 'genus_Daphne': 'usually evergreen Eurasian shrubs', 'daphne': 'any of several ornamental shrubs with shiny mostly evergreen leaves and clusters of small bell-shaped flowers', 'garland_flower': 'widely cultivated low evergreen shrub with dense clusters of fragrant pink to deep rose flowers', 'spurge_laurel': 'bushy Eurasian shrub with glossy leathery oblong leaves and yellow-green flowers', 'mezereon': 'small European deciduous shrub with fragrant lilac-colored flowers followed by red berries on highly toxic twigs', 'mezereum': 'the dried bark of the shrub mezereon', 'Dirca': 'deciduous shrub of North America: leatherwood', 'leatherwood': 'deciduous shrub of eastern North America having tough flexible branches and pliable bark and small yellow flowers', 'Trapaceae': 'family comprising solely the genus Trapa; in some classifications treated as a subfamily or tribe of the family Onagraceae', 'Trapa': 'small genus of Eurasian aquatic perennial herbs: water chestnut', 'water_caltrop': 'a variety of water chestnut', 'Melastomataceae': 'a family of trees and bushes and herbs of order Myrtales; many are cultivated as ornamentals', 'Melastoma': 'type genus of Melastomataceae; Asiatic shrubs with leathery leaves and large purple flowers followed by edible fleshy black berries', 'Indian_rhododendron': 'evergreen spreading shrub of India and southeastern Asia having large purple flowers', 'Medinilla': 'tropical Old World ornamental evergreen shrubs having fleshy leaves and large panicles of white pink flowers', 'Medinilla_magnifica': 'a beautiful tropical evergreen epiphytic shrub grown for its lush foliage and huge panicles of pink flowers; Philippines', 'Rhexia': 'deer grass', 'deer_grass': 'any of several plants of the genus Rhexia usually having pink-purple to magenta flowers; eastern North America', 'Musales': 'tropical plants', 'Cannaceae': 'coextensive with the genus Canna', 'genus_Canna': 'type and sole genus of the Cannaceae: perennial lily-like herbs of New World tropics', 'canna': 'any plant of the genus Canna having large sheathing leaves and clusters of large showy flowers', 'canna_lily': 'plants grown for their large bright yellow to red flowers', 'achira': 'canna grown especially for its edible rootstock from which arrowroot starch is obtained', 'Marantaceae': 'tropical perennial herbs with usually starchy rhizomes', 'genus_Maranta': 'herbs of tropical America', 'maranta': 'any of numerous herbs of the genus Maranta having tuberous starchy roots and large sheathing leaves', 'arrowroot': 'a nutritive starch obtained from the root of the arrowroot plant', 'Musaceae': 'treelike tropical Asian herbs', 'Musa': 'type genus of the Musaceae: bananas', 'dwarf_banana': 'low-growing Asian banana tree cultivated especially in the West Indies for its clusters of edible yellow fruit', 'Japanese_banana': 'Asiatic banana plant cultivated especially as a foliage plant in Japan', 'edible_banana': 'widely cultivated species of banana trees bearing compact hanging clusters of commercially important edible yellow fruit', 'abaca': 'Philippine banana tree having leafstalks that yield Manila hemp used for rope and paper etc', 'Ensete': 'Old World tropical herbs: Abyssinian bananas', 'Abyssinian_banana': 'large evergreen arborescent herb having huge paddle-shaped leaves and bearing inedible fruit that resemble bananas but edible young flower shoots; sometimes placed in genus Musa', 'Strelitziaceae': 'woody plants with erect stems of tropical South America and South Africa and Madagascar; in some classifications included in the family Musaceae', 'Strelitzia': 'small genus of large perennial evergreen herbs having leaves resembling those of banana plants; sometimes placed in family Musaceae', 'genus_Ravenala': 'woody tropical plants with tall trunks; sometimes placed in family Musaceae', \"traveler's_tree\": 'giant treelike plant having edible nuts and leafstalks that yield a refreshing drink of clear watery sap; reputedly an emergency source of water for travelers', 'Zingiberaceae': 'a family of tropical monocotyledonous plants of order Musales', 'Zingiber': 'tropical Asiatic and Polynesian perennial plants: ginger', 'common_ginger': 'tropical Asian plant widely cultivated for its pungent root; source of gingerroot and powdered ginger', 'Curcuma': 'tropical Asiatic perennial herbs', 'Alpinia': 'perennial rhizomatous herbs of Asia and Australia and Polynesia having ginger-scented rhizomes', 'galangal': 'southeastern Asian perennial with aromatic roots', 'lesser_galangal': 'Chinese perennial with pyramidal racemes of white flowers and pungent aromatic roots used medicinally and as flavoring', 'red_ginger': 'an ornamental ginger native to Pacific islands', 'shellflower': 'showy perennial of marshlands of eastern and central North America having waxy lanceolate leaves and flower with lower part creamy white and upper parts pale pink to deep purple', 'Aframomum': 'an African genus of plants of the family Zingiberaceae', 'grains_of_paradise': 'West African plant bearing pungent peppery seeds', 'Elettaria': 'cardamom', 'Dilleniidae': 'a group of families of more or less advanced trees and shrubs and herbs having either polypetalous or gamopetalous corollas and often with ovules attached to the walls of the ovary; contains 69 families including Ericaceae and Cruciferae and Malvaceae; sometimes classified as a superorder', 'Parietales': 'a large order of dicotyledonous plants of subclass Dilleniidae', 'Guttiferales': 'used in some classifications; coextensive with Parietales', 'Begoniaceae': 'monoecious succulent herbs or shrubs of tropical and warm regions especially America', 'genus_Begonia': 'large genus of tropical succulent plants widely cultivated', 'begonia': 'any of numerous plants of the genus Begonia grown for their attractive glossy asymmetrical leaves and colorful flowers in usually terminal cymes or racemes', 'fibrous-rooted_begonia': 'any of numerous begonias having fibrous rather than tuberous or rhizomatous roots', 'tuberous_begonia': 'any of numerous begonias having large tuberous roots', 'rhizomatous_begonia': 'any of numerous begonias having prominent shaggy creeping stems or rhizomes', 'Christmas_begonia': 'hybrid winter-blooming begonia grown for its many large pink flowers', 'angel-wing_begonia': \"South American fibrous-rooted begonias having prominent basal leaf lobes suggesting angels' wings and racemes of coral-red flowers\", 'grape-leaf_begonia': 'tuberous or semi-tuberous South African begonia having shallowly lobed ovate leaves and small white flowers', 'beefsteak_begonia': 'rhizomatous begonia with roundish fleshy leaves reddish colored beneath', 'star_begonia': 'rhizomatous begonia having leaves with pointed lobes suggestive of stars and pink flowers', 'rex_begonia': 'any of numerous usually rhizomatous hybrid begonias derived from an East Indian plant having rough-textured leaves patterned in silver and bronze and purple and red-brown with inconspicuous flowers', 'wax_begonia': 'hybrid fibrous-rooted begonia having broad-ovate green to bronze-red leaves and small clusters of white or pink or red flowers; widely used as a bedding plant', 'Socotra_begonia': 'semi-tuberous begonia having peltate leaves and rose-pink flowers; Yemen', 'hybrid_tuberous_begonia': 'any of numerous hybrid begonias having tuberous roots and variously colored flowers', 'Dilleniaceae': 'chiefly tropical shrubs and trees and climbers having leathery leaves or flattened leaflike stems: genera Dillenia and Hibbertia', 'genus_Dillenia': 'East Indian and Australian shrubs and trees having panicles of large white or yellow flowers', 'dillenia': 'any of several evergreen trees or shrubs of the genus Dillenia grown for their foliage and nodding flowers resembling magnolias which are followed by fruit that is used in curries and jellies and preserves', 'Hibbertia': 'evergreen heathlike or scandent shrubs of Madagascar; Australasia; Polynesia', 'guinea_gold_vine': 'any of several Australasian evergreen vines widely cultivated in warm regions for their large bright yellow single flowers', 'Guttiferae': 'widely distributed family of chiefly tropical trees and shrubs and vines that produce oils and resins and some usable timber', 'Calophyllum': 'genus of tropical evergreen trees', 'poon': 'wood of any poon tree; used for masts and spars', 'calaba': 'West Indian tree having racemes of fragrant white flowers and yielding a durable timber and resinous juice', 'Maria': 'valuable timber tree of Panama', 'laurelwood': 'tropical American tree; valued for its hard durable wood', 'Alexandrian_laurel': 'East Indian tree having racemes of fragrant white flowers; coastal areas southern India to Malaysia', 'genus_Clusia': 'tropical American aromatic trees or shrubs; often epiphytic; some stranglers', 'clusia': 'an aromatic tree of the genus Clusia having large white or yellow or pink flowers', 'wild_fig': 'a West Indies clusia having fig-shaped fruit', 'waxflower': 'epiphytic clusia of British Guiana', 'pitch_apple': 'a common tropical American clusia having solitary white or rose flowers', 'Garcinia': 'evergreen trees and shrubs: mangosteens', 'gamboge_tree': 'low spreading tree of Indonesia yielding an orange to brown gum resin (gamboge) used as a pigment when powdered', 'Hypericaceae': 'used in some classification systems for plants usually included among the Guttiferae', 'Hypericum': 'large almost cosmopolitan genus of evergreen or deciduous shrubs and herbs with often showy yellow flowers; cosmopolitan except tropical lowlands and Arctic or high altitudes and desert regions', \"St_John's_wort\": \"any of numerous plants of the genus Hypericum having yellow flowers and transparently dotted leaves; traditionally gathered on St John's eve to ward off evil\", \"common_St_John's_wort\": 'deciduous bushy Eurasian shrub with golden yellow flowers and reddish-purple fruits from which a soothing salve is made in Spain', \"great_St_John's_wort\": 'perennial shrub having large star-shaped yellow flowers in narrowly pyramidal cymes', \"creeping_St_John's_wort\": 'creeping evergreen shrub with bright yellow star-shaped summer flowers; useful as ground cover', 'orange_grass': 'annual wiry-stemmed North American weed with minute scalelike leaves and small yellow flowers', \"St_Andrews's_cross\": 'shrubby plant having yellow to apricot flowers with four petals arranged in a cross; southeastern United States: New York to Texas', \"low_St_Andrew's_cross\": 'low shrubby plant having yellow flowers with four petals arranged in a cross; Bermuda and southeastern United States to West Indies and eastern Mexico', 'klammath_weed': 'yellow-flowered perennial common in fields and waste places but a weed in rangelands', \"shrubby_St_John's_wort\": 'stiff shrub having oblong entire leaves and dense cymes of yellow flowers', \"St_Peter's_wort\": \"European perennial St John's wort; Ireland and France to western Siberia\", \"marsh_St-John's_wort\": 'perennial marsh herb with pink to mauve flowers; southeastern United States', 'Mammea': 'American and Asiatic trees having edible one-seeded fruit', 'mammee_apple': 'tropical American tree having edible fruit with a leathery rind', 'Mesua': 'genus of tropical Asiatic trees having large solitary flowers', 'rose_chestnut': 'handsome East Indian evergreen tree often planted as an ornamental for its fragrant white flowers that yield a perfume; source of very heavy hardwood used for railroad ties', 'Actinidiaceae': 'tropical trees or shrubs or woody vines', 'Actinidia': 'small Asiatic woody vine bearing many-seeded fruit', 'bower_actinidia': 'climbing Asiatic vine having long finely serrate leaves and racemes of white flowers followed by greenish-yellow edible fruit', 'Chinese_gooseberry': 'climbing vine native to China; cultivated in New Zealand for its fuzzy edible fruit with green meat', 'silvervine': 'ornamental vine of eastern Asia having yellow edible fruit and leaves with silver-white markings', 'Canellaceae': 'one genus: aromatic tropical trees of eastern Africa and Florida to West Indies', 'genus_Canella': 'one species', 'wild_cinnamon': 'large evergreen shrub or small tree having white aromatic bark and leathery leaves and small purple to red flowers in terminal cymes', 'canella': 'highly aromatic inner bark of the Canella winterana used as a condiment and a tonic', 'Caricaceae': 'trees native to tropical America and Africa with milky juice and large palmately lobed leaves', 'Carica': 'type genus of the Caricaceae; tropical American trees: papayas', 'Caryocaraceae': 'small genus of tropical South American trees', 'Caryocar': 'type genus of the Caryocaraceae; South American trees yielding strong fine-grained wood and edible nuts', 'souari': 'large South American evergreen tree trifoliate leaves and drupes with nutlike seeds used as food and a source of cooking oil', 'Cistaceae': 'shrubs or woody herbs of temperate regions especially Mediterranean', 'Cistus': 'small to medium-sized evergreen shrubs of southern Europe and North Africa', 'rockrose': 'any of numerous varieties of helianthemums having small rose-like yellow or white or reddish flowers', 'white-leaved_rockrose': 'compact white pubescent shrub of southwestern Europe having pink flowers', 'common_gum_cistus': 'shrub having white flowers and viscid stems and leaves yielding a fragrant oleoresin used in perfumes especially as a fixative', 'labdanum': 'a dark brown to greenish oleoresin that has a fragrant odor and is used as a fixative in perfumes; obtained as a juice from certain rockroses', 'genus_Helianthemum': 'widely distributed evergreen or semi-evergreen shrublets; America; Europe and North Africa to Asia Minor and central Asia', 'helianthemum': 'any plant of the genus Helianthemum; vigorous plants of stony alpine meadows and dry scrub regions', 'frostweed': 'perennial of the eastern United States having early solitary yellow flowers followed by late petalless flowers; so-called because ice crystals form on it during first frosts', 'rush_rose': 'woody yellow-flowered perennial of southeastern United States', 'Hudsonia': 'small evergreen subshrubs of North America', 'false_heather': 'North American decumbent evergreen heathlike plant with yellow flowers', 'beach_heather': 'small heathlike plant covered with white down growing on beaches in northeastern North America', 'Dipterocarpaceae': 'chiefly tropical Asian trees with two-winged fruits; yield valuable woods and aromatic oils and resins', 'dipterocarp': 'tree of the family Dipterocarpaceae', 'Shorea': 'genus of Indonesian and Malaysian timber trees rich in resin', 'red_lauan': 'hard heavy red wood of the red lauan tree; often sold as Philippine mahogany', 'Flacourtiaceae': 'chiefly tropical trees and shrubs', 'Flacourtia': 'often spiny trees or shrubs of tropical Asia and Africa', \"governor's_plum\": 'small shrubby tree of Madagascar cultivated in tropical regions as a hedge plant and for its deep red acid fruits resembling small plums', 'Dovyalis': 'small genus of sometimes spiny shrubs or small trees; Africa; India; Sri Lanka', 'kei_apple': 'vigorous South African spiny shrub grown for its round yellow juicy edible fruits', 'Hydnocarpus': 'medium to large Indonesian and Malaysian trees', 'chaulmoogra': 'East Indian tree with oily seeds yield chaulmoogra oil used to treat leprosy', 'Hydnocarpus_laurifolia': 'leathery-leaved tree of western India bearing round fruits with brown densely hairy rind enclosing oily pulp that yields hydnocarpus oil', 'hydnocarpus_oil': 'oil from seeds of trees of the genus Hydnocarpus especially Hydnocarpus wightiana (Hydnocarpus laurifolia)', 'genus_Idesia': 'one species', 'idesia': 'deciduous roundheaded Asiatic tree widely grown in mild climates as an ornamental for its heart-shaped leaves and fragrant yellow-green flowers followed by hanging clusters of fleshy orange-red berries', 'Kiggelaria': 'small genus of South African shrubs or small trees', 'wild_peach': 'large much-branched shrub grown primarily for its evergreen foliage', 'genus_Xylosma': 'genus of tropical American and Asiatic spiny evergreen trees and shrubs', 'xylosma': 'shrub or small tree grown as an ornamental in mild climates for its neat evergreen foliage and fragrant late flowers; native of China', 'Fouquieriaceae': 'small family of spiny shrubs or trees of southwestern United States', 'candlewood': 'any of several resinous trees or shrubs often burned for light', 'Fouquieria': 'resinous succulent trees or shrubs of desert and semidesert regions of southwestern United States that are leafless most of the year', 'ocotillo': 'desert shrub of southwestern United States and Mexico having slender naked spiny branches that after the rainy season put forth foliage and clusters of red flowers', 'boojum_tree': 'candlewood of Mexico and southwestern California having tall columnar stems and bearing honey-scented creamy yellow flowers', 'Ochnaceae': 'family of tropical evergreen trees and shrubs with thick shining parallel-veined leaves', 'Ochna': 'type genus of Ochnaceae; evergreen trees and shrubs of Old World tropics', \"bird's-eye_bush\": 'shrub with narrow-elliptic glossy evergreen leaves and yellow flowers with leathery petaloid sepals', 'Passifloraceae': 'tropical woody tendril-climbing vines', 'Passiflora': 'type genus of the Passifloraceae', 'passionflower': 'any of various chiefly tropical American vines some bearing edible fruit', 'maypop': 'of southern United States; having an insipid berry the size of a hen egg', 'Jamaica_honeysuckle': 'West Indian passionflower; cultivated for its yellow edible fruit', 'banana_passion_fruit': 'cultivated for fruit', 'Resedaceae': 'mainly Mediterranean herbs: mignonette', 'genus_Reseda': \"Old World genus of herbs having racemose flowers: mignonette; dyer's rocket\", 'reseda': 'any plant of the genus Reseda', 'mignonette': 'Mediterranean woody annual widely cultivated for its dense terminal spikelike clusters greenish or yellowish white flowers having an intense spicy fragrance', \"dyer's_rocket\": 'European mignonette cultivated as a source of yellow dye; naturalized in North America', 'Tamaricaceae': 'family of desert shrubs and trees (mostly halophytes and xerophytes)', 'Tamarix': 'genus of deciduous shrubs or small trees of eastern Mediterranean regions and tropical Asia', 'tamarisk': 'any shrub or small tree of the genus Tamarix having small scalelike or needle-shaped leaves and feathery racemes of small white or pinkish flowers; of mostly coastal areas with saline soil', 'Myricaria': 'small genus of deciduous shrubs or subshrubs of southern Europe to Siberia and China; tolerant of chalky soil', 'false_tamarisk': 'Eurasian shrub resembling the tamarisk', 'halophyte': 'plant growing naturally in very salty soil', 'Violaceae': 'a family of order Parietales including the genera Viola, Hybanthus, Hymenanthera, Melicytus', 'Viola': 'large genus of flowering herbs of temperate regions', 'field_pansy': 'common Old World viola with creamy often violet-tinged flowers', 'American_dog_violet': 'violet of eastern North America having pale violet to white flowers', 'sweet_white_violet': 'short-stemmed violet of eastern North America having fragrant purple-veined white flowers', 'Canada_violet': 'tall North American perennial with heart-shaped leaves and white flowers with purple streaks', 'dog_violet': 'Old World leafy-stemmed blue-flowered violet', 'horned_violet': 'European viola with an unusually long corolla spur', 'two-eyed_violet': 'violet of Pacific coast of North America having white petals tinged with yellow and deep violet', 'sweet_violet': 'European violet typically having purple to white flowers; widely naturalized', \"bird's-foot_violet\": 'common violet of the eastern United States with large pale blue or purple flowers resembling pansies', 'downy_yellow_violet': 'violet of eastern North America having softly pubescent leaves and stems and clear yellow flowers with brown-purple veins', 'long-spurred_violet': 'violet of eastern North America having lilac-purple flowers with a long slender spur', 'pale_violet': 'leafy-stemmed violet of eastern North America having large white or creamy flowers faintly marked with purple', 'hedge_violet': 'common European violet that grows in woods and hedgerows', 'pansy': 'large-flowered garden plant derived chiefly from the wild pansy of Europe and having velvety petals of various colors', 'wild_pansy': 'a common and long cultivated European herb from which most common garden pansies are derived', 'Hybanthus': 'a genus of herbs and small shrubs with white or purple flowers; grows in tropical or subtropical regions', 'Hymenanthera': 'a genus of slender evergreen shrubs; grow in Australia and New Zealand', 'Melicytus': 'a genus of deciduous shrubs or trees; fruit is a berry; grow in New Zealand and Fiji and Solomon Islands', 'Urticales': 'an order of dicotyledonous plants including Moraceae and Urticaceae and Ulmaceae', 'Urticaceae': 'a family of plants of order Urticales including many nettles with stinging hairs', 'nettle': 'any of numerous plants having stinging hairs that cause skin irritation on contact (especially of the genus Urtica or family Urticaceae)', 'Urtica': 'a nettle yielding fiber resembling flax', 'stinging_nettle': 'perennial Eurasian nettle established in North America having broad coarsely toothed leaves with copious stinging hairs', 'Roman_nettle': 'annual European nettle with stinging foliage and small clusters of green flowers', 'Boehmeria': 'false nettle', 'false_nettle': 'any of several flowering weeds of the genus Boehmeria lacking stinging hairs', 'ramie': 'tall perennial herb of tropical Asia with dark green leaves; cultivated for the fiber from its woody stems that resembles flax', 'Helxine': 'one species; a dwarf creeping mat-forming evergreen herb', \"baby's_tears\": 'prostrate or creeping Corsican herb with moss-like small round short-stemmed leaves', 'Laportea': 'mostly tropical stinging herbs or trees: nettle', 'wood_nettle': 'American perennial herb found in rich woods and provided with stinging hairs; provides fibers used for textiles', 'Australian_nettle': 'any of several tall Australian trees of the genus Laportea', 'Parietaria': 'small genus of stingless herbs', 'pellitory-of-the-wall': 'herb that grows in crevices having long narrow leaves and small pink apetalous flowers', 'Pilea': 'low-growing tropical perennials grown for their stingless foliage', 'richweed': 'a plants of the genus Pilea having drooping green flower clusters and smooth translucent stems and leaves', 'artillery_plant': 'tropical American stingless nettle that discharges its pollen explosively', 'friendship_plant': 'low stingless nettle of Central and South America having velvety brownish-green toothed leaves and clusters of small green flowers', 'Pipturus': 'an Australian genus of woody plants of the family Urticaceae', 'Queensland_grass-cloth_plant': 'Australian plant of genus Pipturus whose fiber is used in making cloth', 'Pipturus_albidus': 'Hawaiian tree of genus Pipturus having a bark (tapa) from which tapa cloth is made', 'Cannabidaceae': 'two genera of erect or twining herbs that are pollinated by the wind, including the genera Cannabis and Humulus; term not used in all classifications; in some the genus Cannabis is placed in the family Moraceae and the genus Humulus in the family Urticaceae', 'genus_Cannabis': 'hemp: genus of coarse annuals native to central Asia and widely naturalized in north temperate regions; in some classifications included in the family Moraceae', 'marijuana': 'a strong-smelling plant from whose dried leaves a number of euphoriant and hallucinogenic drugs are prepared', 'Humulus': 'hops: hardy perennial vines of Europe, North America and central and eastern Asia producing a latex sap; in some classifications included in the family Urticaceae', 'common_hop': 'European twining plant whose flowers are used chiefly to flavor malt liquors; cultivated in America', 'American_hop': 'native American plant sometimes confused with the European hop', 'Japanese_hop': 'ornamental vine native to eastern Asia; cultivated for its variegated foliage', 'Moraceae': 'trees or shrubs having a milky juice; in some classifications includes genus Cannabis', 'Morus': 'type genus of the Moraceae: mulberries', 'white_mulberry': 'Asiatic mulberry with white to pale red fruit; leaves used to feed silkworms', 'black_mulberry': 'European mulberry having dark foliage and fruit', 'red_mulberry': 'North American mulberry having dark purple edible fruit', 'Maclura': 'yellowwood trees or shrubs', 'osage_orange': 'small shrubby deciduous yellowwood tree of south central United States having spines, glossy dark green leaves and an inedible fruit that resembles an orange; its hard orange-colored wood used for bows by Native Americans; frequently planted as boundary hedge', 'Artocarpus': 'evergreen Asiatic trees now grown through the tropics: breadfruit; jackfruit', 'Ficus': 'large genus of tropical trees or shrubs or climbers including fig trees', 'fig_tree': 'any moraceous tree of the tropical genus Ficus; produces a closed pear-shaped receptacle that becomes fleshy and edible when mature', 'caprifig': 'wild variety of the common fig used to facilitate pollination of certain figs', 'golden_fig': 'a strangler tree native to southern Florida and West Indies; begins as an epiphyte eventually developing many thick aerial roots and covering enormous areas', 'pipal': 'fig tree of India noted for great size and longevity; lacks the prop roots of the banyan; regarded as sacred by Buddhists', 'India-rubber_tree': 'large tropical Asian tree frequently dwarfed as a houseplant; source of Assam rubber', 'mistletoe_fig': 'shrub or small tree often grown as a houseplant having foliage like mistletoe', 'Port_Jackson_fig': 'Australian tree resembling the banyan often planted for ornament; introduced into South Africa for brushwood', 'sycamore': 'variably colored and sometimes variegated hard tough elastic wood of a sycamore tree', 'Broussonetia': 'paper mulberry', 'paper_mulberry': 'shrubby Asiatic tree having bark (tapa) that resembles cloth; grown as a shade tree in Europe and America; male flowers are pendulous catkins and female are urn-shaped followed by small orange-red aggregate berries', 'Cecropiaceae': 'in some classifications included in family Moraceae', 'Cecropia': 'large genus of tropical American trees that yield a bast fiber used for cordage and bark used in tanning; milky juice yields caoutchouc', 'trumpetwood': 'tropical American tree with large peltate leaves and hollow stems', 'Ulmaceae': 'a dicot family of the order Urticales including: genera Ulmus, Celtis, Planera, Trema', 'Ulmus': 'type genus of family Ulmaceae; deciduous trees having simple serrate leaves; widely distributed in temperate regions', 'elm': 'hard tough wood of an elm tree; used for e.g. implements and furniture', 'winged_elm': 'North American elm having twigs and young branches with prominent corky projections', 'American_elm': 'large ornamental tree with graceful gradually spreading branches common in eastern North America', 'smooth-leaved_elm': 'European elm with lustrous smooth leaves used as an ornamental', 'cedar_elm': 'elm of southern United States and Mexico having spreading pendulous corky branches', 'witch_elm': 'Eurasian elm often planted as a shade tree', 'Dutch_elm': 'any of various hybrid ornamental European shade trees ranging from dwarf to tall', 'Huntingdon_elm': 'erect vigorous hybrid ornamental elm tree', 'water_elm': 'Eurasian elm closely resembling the American elm; thrives in a moist environment', 'Chinese_elm': 'small fast-growing tree native to Asia; widely grown as shelterbelts and hedges', 'English_elm': 'broad spreading rough-leaved elm common throughout Europe and planted elsewhere', 'Siberian_elm': 'fast-growing shrubby Asian tree naturalized in United States for shelter or ornament', 'slippery_elm': 'North American elm having rough leaves that are red when opening; yields a hard wood', 'Jersey_elm': 'a variety of the English elm with erect branches and broader leaves', 'September_elm': 'autumn-flowering elm of southeastern United States', 'rock_elm': 'tall widely distributed elm of eastern North America', 'Celtis': 'large genus of trees and shrubs with berrylike fruit', 'hackberry': 'any of various trees of the genus Celtis having inconspicuous flowers and small berrylike fruits', 'European_hackberry': 'bright green deciduous shade tree of southern Europe', 'American_hackberry': 'large deciduous shade tree of southern United States with small deep purple berries', 'Planera': 'a deciduous tree of the family Ulmaceae that grows in the southeastern United States', 'Trema': 'an evergreen tree of the family Ulmaceae that grows in tropical America and Africa and Asia', 'Liliidae': 'one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones; comprises 17 families including: Liliaceae; Alliaceae; Amaryllidaceae; Iridaceae; Orchidaceae; Trilliaceae', 'Liliales': 'an order of monocotyledonous plants including Amaryllidaceae and Liliaceae and Iridaceae', 'Iridaceae': 'large family of usually perennial geophytic herbs with rhizomes or corms or bulbs', 'iridaceous_plant': 'any bulbous plant of the family Iridaceae', 'genus_Iris': 'large genus of perennials that develop from bulbs or rhizomes', 'bearded_iris': 'any of numerous wild or cultivated irises with hairlike structures on the falls (the drooping sepals)', 'beardless_iris': 'any of numerous wild or cultivated irises having no hairs on the drooping sepals (the falls)', 'bulbous_iris': 'any of various irises having a rootstock formed like a bulb', 'orrisroot': 'fragrant rootstock of various irises especially Florentine iris; used in perfumes and medicines', 'dwarf_iris': 'low-growing spring-flowering American iris with bright blue-lilac flowers', 'Dutch_iris': 'bulbous Spanish iris having blue flowers', 'Florentine_iris': 'German iris having large white flowers with lavender-tinged falls and a fragrant rhizome', 'stinking_iris': 'iris with purple flowers and foul-smelling leaves; southern and western Europe and North Africa', 'German_iris': 'iris of northern Italy having deep blue-purple flowers; similar to but smaller than Iris germanica', 'Japanese_iris': 'iris native to Japan having large showy flowers', 'Dalmatian_iris': 'European iris having soft lilac-blue flowers', 'Persian_iris': 'bulbous iris native to Asia Minor cultivated for its pale lilac-colored flowers', 'yellow_iris': 'common yellow-flowered iris of Europe and North Africa, naturalized in United States and often cultivated', 'blue_flag': 'a common iris of the eastern United States having blue or blue-violet flowers; root formerly used medicinally', 'southern_blue_flag': 'similar to blue flag; the eastern United States', 'English_iris': 'bulbous iris native to the Pyrenees; widely cultivated for its large delicate flowers in various colors except yellow', 'Spanish_iris': 'bulbous iris of western Mediterranean region having usually violet-purple flowers', 'falls': 'the petals or sepals of a flower that bend downward (especially the outer perianth of an iris)', 'Belamcanda': 'a monocotyledonous genus of the family Iridaceae', 'blackberry-lily': 'garden plant whose capsule discloses when ripe a mass of seeds resembling a blackberry', 'genus_Crocus': 'a monocotyledonous genus of the family Iridaceae', 'crocus': 'any of numerous low-growing plants of the genus Crocus having slender grasslike leaves and white or yellow or purple flowers; native chiefly to the Mediterranean region but widely cultivated', 'genus_Freesia': 'cormous perennial herbs; native to South Africa', 'freesia': 'any of several plants of the genus Freesia valued for their one-sided clusters of usually fragrant yellow or white or pink tubular flowers', 'genus_Gladiolus': 'gladiolas', 'Ixia': 'a monocotyledonous genus of the family Iridaceae', 'corn_lily': 'any of several South African plants of the genus Ixia having grasslike leaves and clusters of showy variously colored lily-like flowers; widely cultivated', 'Sisyrinchium': 'chiefly North American grasslike herbs', 'blue-eyed_grass': 'plant with grasslike foliage and delicate blue flowers', 'Sparaxis': 'deciduous perennial herbs of South Africa', 'wandflower': 'a showy often-cultivated plant with tawny yellow often purple-spotted flowers', 'Amaryllidaceae': 'snowdrop; narcissus; daffodil; in some classification systems considered a subfamily of the Liliaceae', 'amaryllis': 'bulbous plant having showy white to reddish flowers', 'genus_Amaryllis': 'type genus of the Amaryllidaceae; bulbous flowering plants of southern Africa', 'belladonna_lily': 'amaryllis of South Africa often cultivated for its fragrant white or rose flowers', 'Bomarea': 'large genus of tropical American vines having showy often spotted umbellate flowers; sometimes placed in family Liliaceae especially subfamily Alstroemeriaceae', 'salsilla': 'tropical vine having umbels of small purple flowers and edible roots sometimes boiled as a potato substitute; Colombia', 'Haemanthus': 'genus of African deciduous or evergreen bulbous herbs: blood lilies', 'blood_lily': 'any of various deciduous or evergreen herbs of the genus Haemanthus; South Africa and Namibia', 'Cape_tulip': 'spectacular plant having large prostrate leaves barred in reddish-purple and flowers with a clump of long yellow stamens in a coral-red cup of fleshy bracts; South Africa', 'genus_Hippeastrum': 'bulbous flowering plants of tropical America', 'hippeastrum': 'amaryllis of tropical America often cultivated as a houseplant for its showy white to red flowers', 'genus_Narcissus': 'Old World perennial bulbous herbs', 'narcissus': 'bulbous plant having erect linear leaves and showy yellow or white flowers either solitary or in clusters', 'daffodil': 'any of numerous varieties of Narcissus plants having showy often yellow flowers with a trumpet-shaped central crown', 'jonquil': 'often used colloquially for any yellow daffodil', 'paper_white': 'a daffodil having star-shaped white blossoms; often grown indoors to bloom in the winter', 'Strekelia': 'a monocotyledonous genus of the amaryllis family', 'Jacobean_lily': 'Mexican bulbous herb cultivated for its handsome bright red solitary flower', 'Hypoxidaceae': 'in some classification systems included in the Amaryllidaceae', 'Hypoxis': 'small plants that resemble amaryllis and that grow from a corm and bear flowers on a leafless stalk; sometimes classified as member of the family Amaryllidaceae: star grass', 'star_grass': 'any plant of the genus Hypoxis having long grasslike leaves and yellow star-shaped flowers: Africa; Australia; southern Asia; North America', 'American_star_grass': 'perennial star grass of North America', 'Liliaceae': 'includes species sometimes divided among the following families: Alliaceae; Aloeaceae; Alstroemeriaceae; Aphyllanthaceae; Asparagaceae; Asphodelaceae; Colchicaceae; Convallariaceae; Hemerocallidaceae; Hostaceae; Hyacinthaceae; Melanthiaceae; Ruscaceae; Smilacaceae; Tecophilaeacea; Xanthorrhoeaceae', 'liliaceous_plant': 'plant growing from a bulb or corm or rhizome or tuber', 'Lilium': 'type genus of Liliaceae', 'lily': 'any liliaceous plant of the genus Lilium having showy pendulous flowers', 'Canada_lily': 'common lily of the eastern United States having nodding yellow or reddish flowers spotted with brown', 'Madonna_lily': 'lily of eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans with broad funnel-shaped white flowers', 'tiger_lily': 'east Asian perennial having large reddish-orange black-spotted flowers with reflexed petals', 'Columbia_tiger_lily': 'lily of western North America with showy orange-red purple-spotted flowers', 'Easter_lily': 'tall lily have large white trumpet-shaped flowers that bloom in the spring', 'coast_lily': 'orange-flowered lily of Pacific coast of United States', \"Turk's-cap\": 'lily of the eastern United States with orange to red maroon-spotted flowers', 'Michigan_lily': 'lily of central North America having recurved orange-red flowers with deep crimson spots', 'leopard_lily': 'lily of western United States having orange-red to crimson maroon-spotted flowers', 'wood_lily': 'lily of eastern North America having orange to orange-red purple-spotted flowers', 'genus_Agapanthus': 'small genus of South African evergreen or deciduous plants; sometimes placed in the family or subfamily Alliaceae', 'agapanthus': 'any of various plants of the genus Agapanthus having umbels of showy blue to purple flowers', 'African_lily': 'African plant with bright green evergreen leaves and umbels of many usually deep violet-blue flowers', 'genus_Albuca': 'genus of bulbous plants of South Africa; sometimes placed in subfamily Hyacinthaceae', 'albuca': 'any of various plants of the genus Albuca having large clusters of pale yellow flowers; South Africa', 'Aletris': 'small genus of bitter-rooted herbs of eastern North America and Asia; sometimes placed in family Melanthiaceae', 'colicroot': 'any of several perennials of the genus Aletris having grasslike leaves and bitter roots reputed to cure colic', 'ague_root': 'colicroot having a scurfy or granuliferous perianth and white flowers; southeastern United States', 'yellow_colicroot': 'colicroot with yellow-bracted racemose flowers; smaller than Aletris farinosa; southeastern United States', 'Alliaceae': 'one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted; includes especially genus Allium', 'Allium': 'large genus of perennial and biennial pungent bulbous plants: garlic; leek; onion; chive; sometimes placed in family Alliaceae as the type genus', 'alliaceous_plant': 'bulbous plants having a characteristic pungent onion odor', 'wild_onion': 'any of various plants of the genus Allium with edible bulbs found growing wild', \"Hooker's_onion\": 'a common North American wild onion with a strong onion odor and an umbel of pink flowers atop a leafless stalk; British Columbia to California and Arizona and east to Wyoming and Colorado', 'wild_leek': 'coarse Old World perennial having a large bulb and tall stalk of greenish purple-tinged flowers; widely naturalized', 'Canada_garlic': 'North American bulbous plant', 'keeled_garlic': 'Eurasian bulbous plant', 'tree_onion': 'type of perennial onion grown chiefly as a curiosity or for early salad onions; having bulbils that replace the flowers', 'nodding_onion': 'widely distributed North American wild onion with white to rose flowers', 'Welsh_onion': 'Asiatic onion with slender bulbs; used as early green onions', 'red-skinned_onion': 'onion with white to deep red tunic; California', 'daffodil_garlic': 'European onion with white flowers', 'few-flowered_leek': 'leek producing bulbils instead of flowers; Russia and Iran', 'sand_leek': 'European leek cultivated and used like leeks', 'crow_garlic': 'pungent Old World wild onion', 'wild_garlic': 'pungent Old World weedy plant', 'round-headed_leek': 'Old World leek with a spherical bulb', 'three-cornered_leek': 'European leek naturalized in Great Britain; leaves are triangular', 'Aloeaceae': 'one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted', 'genus_Aloe': 'large genus of chiefly African liliaceous plants; in some systems placed in family Aloeaceae', 'aloe': 'succulent plants having rosettes of leaves usually with fiber like hemp and spikes of showy flowers; found chiefly in Africa', 'cape_aloe': 'much-branched South African plant with reddish prickly succulent leaves', 'burn_plant': 'very short-stemmed plant with thick leaves with soothing mucilaginous juice; leaves develop spiny margins with maturity; native to Mediterranean region; grown widely in tropics and as houseplants', 'genus_Kniphofia': 'genus of showy clump-forming African herbs with grasslike leaves; sometimes placed in family Aloeaceae', 'kniphofia': 'a plant of the genus Kniphofia having long grasslike leaves and tall scapes of red or yellow drooping flowers', 'poker_plant': 'clump-forming plant of South Africa with spikes of scarlet flowers', 'red-hot_poker': 'widely cultivated hybrid poker plant', 'Alstroemeriaceae': 'one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted; sometimes included in subfamily Amaryllidaceae', 'genus_Alstroemeria': 'genus of showy South American herbs with leafy stems; sometimes placed in family Alstroemeriaceae or in family Amaryllidaceae', 'alstroemeria': 'any of various South American plants of the genus Alstroemeria valued for their handsome umbels of beautiful flowers', 'Peruvian_lily': 'an Andean herb having umbels of showy pinkish-purple lily-like flowers', 'Amianthum': 'one species: fly poison; sometimes placed in family Melanthiaceae', 'fly_poison': 'all parts of plant are highly toxic; bulb pounded and used as a fly poison; sometimes placed in subfamily Melanthiaceae', 'Anthericum': 'genus of Old World (mainly African) perennial herbs; sometimes placed in family Asphodelaceae', \"Saint-Bernard's-lily\": 'southern European plant commonly cultivated for its spikes of small starry greenish-white flowers', 'amber_lily': 'plant having basal grasslike leaves and a narrow open cluster of starlike yellowish-orange flowers atop a leafless stalk; southwestern United States; only species of Anthericum growing in North America', 'Aphyllanthaceae': 'one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted; includes genus Aphyllanthes', 'Aphyllanthes': 'one species; small fibrous-rooted perennial with rushlike foliage and deep blue flowers; sometimes placed in its own family Aphyllanthaceae', 'Asparagaceae': 'one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae: includes genera Asparagus and sometimes Ruscus', 'genus_Asparagus': 'large genus of Old World perennial herbs with erect or spreading or climbing stems and small scalelike leaves and inconspicuous flowers; sometimes placed in family Asparagaceae', 'asparagus_fern': 'a fernlike plant native to South Africa', 'smilax': 'fragile twining plant of South Africa with bright green flattened stems and glossy foliage popular as a floral decoration', 'Asphodelaceae': 'one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae', 'asphodel': 'any of various chiefly Mediterranean plants of the genera Asphodeline and Asphodelus having linear leaves and racemes of white or pink or yellow flowers', 'Asphodeline': 'genus of rhizomatous perennial or biennial herbs with numerous sometimes fragrant flowers in long cylindrical racemes; Mediterranean region to Caucasus; sometimes placed in family Asphodelaceae', \"Jacob's_rod\": 'asphodel having erect smooth unbranched stem either flexuous or straight', \"king's_spear\": 'asphodel with leafy stem and fragrant yellow flowers', 'Asphodelus': 'small genus of tall striking annuals or perennials with grasslike foliage and flowers in dense racemes or panicles; Mediterranean to Himalayas; sometimes placed in family Asphodelaceae', 'genus_Aspidistra': 'genus of eastern Asiatic herbs; sometimes placed in the family Convallariaceae', 'aspidistra': 'evergreen perennial with large handsome basal leaves; grown primarily as a foliage houseplant', 'Bessera': 'small genus of cormous perennials of Mexico; sometimes placed in family Alliaceae', 'coral_drops': 'half-hardy Mexican herb cultivated for its drooping terminal umbels of showy red-and-white flowers', 'Blandfordia': 'small genus of tuberous Australian perennial herbs', 'Christmas_bells': 'any of several plants of the genus Blandfordia having large orange or crimson flowers', 'Bloomeria': 'small genus of bulbous perennial herbs of southwestern United States and Mexico; sometimes placed in family Alliaceae', 'golden_star': 'California plant having grasslike leaves and showy orange flowers', 'Bowiea': 'small genus of tropical African perennial bulbous herbs with deciduous twining stems; sometimes placed in family Hyacinthaceae', 'climbing_onion': 'much-branched leafless twining South African herb cultivated as an ornamental for its bright green stems growing from large aboveground bulbs', 'genus_Brodiaea': 'genus of western United States bulbous plants with basal leaves and variously colored flowers; sometimes placed in family Alliaceae', 'brodiaea': 'any of several plants of the genus Brodiaea having basal grasslike leaves and globose flower heads on leafless stems resembling those of genus Allium', 'elegant_brodiaea': 'brodiaea having an umbel of violet or blue-violet flowers atop a leafless stalk; northern Oregon to southern California', 'Calochortus': 'large genus of western North American leafy-stemmed bulbous herbs', 'mariposa': 'any of several plants of the genus Calochortus having tulip-shaped flowers with 3 sepals and 3 petals; southwestern United States and Mexico', 'globe_lily': 'any of several plants of the genus Calochortus having egg-shaped flowers', 'white_globe_lily': 'globe lily having open branched clusters of egg-shaped white flowers; southern California', 'yellow_globe_lily': 'globe lily having open branched clusters of clear yellow egg-shaped flowers; northern California', 'rose_globe_lily': 'globe lily with deep rose-pink or purple egg-shaped flowers on flexuous stems; western slopes of Sierra Nevada in San Joaquin Valley', 'star_tulip': \"small plant with slender bent stems bearing branched clusters of a few white star-shaped flowers with petals shaped like cat's ears; southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon to Montana\", 'desert_mariposa_tulip': 'mariposa with clusters of bell-shaped vermilion or orange or yellow flowers atop short stems; southern California to Arizona and Mexico', 'yellow_mariposa_tulip': 'mariposa having clusters of a few large deep yellow bell-shaped flowers atop slender stems; California coastal ranges', 'sagebrush_mariposa_tulip': 'mariposa having loose clusters of one to three handsome lilac flowers resembling umbels atop stout erect stems; arid northwestern North America east of Cascade Mountains from southern British Columbia to northern California', 'sego_lily': 'perennial plant having clusters of one to four showy white bell-shaped flowers atop erect unbranched stems; edible bulbs useful in times of scarcity; eastern Montana and western North Dakota south to northern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico', 'Camassia': 'genus of scapose herbs of North and South America having large edible bulbs', 'camas': 'any of several plants of the genus Camassia; North and South America', 'common_camas': 'plant having a large edible bulb and linear basal leaves and racemes of light to deep violet-blue star-shaped flowers on tall green scapes; western North America', \"Leichtlin's_camas\": 'camas found to the west of Cascade Mountains', 'wild_hyacinth': 'sometimes placed in genus Scilla', 'Erythronium': \"perennial bulbous herbs most of northern United States: dogtooth violet; adder's tongue; trout lily; fawn lily\", 'dogtooth_violet': 'perennial woodland spring-flowering plant; widely cultivated', 'white_dogtooth_violet': 'North American dogtooth having solitary white flowers with yellow centers and blue or pink exteriors', \"yellow_adder's_tongue\": 'eastern North American dogtooth having solitary yellow flowers marked with brown or purple and spotted interiors', 'European_dogtooth': 'sturdy European dogtooth with rose to mauve flowers; cultivated in many varieties', 'fawn_lily': 'California dogtooth violet with creamy white flowers sometimes yellow-tinged', 'glacier_lily': 'dogtooth violet of western North America having bright yellow flowers', 'avalanche_lily': 'perennial herb having large white flowers marked with orange; found near the snow line in the northwestern United States', 'Fritillaria': 'fritillary', 'mission_bells': 'herb of southwestern United States having dark purple bell-shaped flowers mottled with green', 'stink_bell': 'a malodorous California herb with bell-shaped flowers; a common weed in grainfields', 'crown_imperial': 'Eurasian herb with a cluster of leaves and orange-red bell-shaped flowers at the top of the stem', 'white_fritillary': 'California herb with white conic or bell-shaped flowers usually tinged with green', \"snake's_head_fritillary\": 'Eurasian checkered lily with pendant flowers usually veined and checkered with purple or maroon on a pale ground and shaped like the bells carried by lepers in medieval times; widely grown as an ornamental', 'brown_bells': 'California herb with brownish-purple or greenish bell-shaped flowers', 'adobe_lily': 'California herb with pinkish purple flowers', 'scarlet_fritillary': 'western United States herb with scarlet and yellow narrow bell-shaped flowers', 'Tulipa': 'Eurasian perennial bulbous herbs', 'tulip': 'any of numerous perennial bulbous herbs having linear or broadly lanceolate leaves and usually a single showy flower', 'dwarf_tulip': 'small early blooming tulip', 'lady_tulip': 'Eurasian tulip with small flowers blotched at the base', 'Tulipa_gesneriana': 'tall late blooming tulip', 'cottage_tulip': 'any of several long-stemmed tulips that flower in May; have egg-shaped variously colored flowers', 'Darwin_tulip': 'any of several very tall, late blooming tulips bearing large squarish flowers on sturdy stems', 'Colchicaceae': 'one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted: genera Colchicum and Gloriosa', 'Colchicum': 'chiefly fall-blooming perennial cormous herbs; sometimes placed in family Colchicaceae', 'autumn_crocus': 'bulbous autumn-flowering herb with white, purple or lavender-and-white flowers; native to western and central Europe', 'genus_Gloriosa': 'sometimes placed in family Colchicaceae; one species: glory lily', 'gloriosa': 'any plant of the genus Gloriosa of tropical Africa and Asia; a perennial herb climbing by means of tendrils at leaf tips having showy yellow to red or purple flowers; all parts are poisonous', 'Hemerocallidaceae': 'one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted; includes genus Hemerocallis', 'Hemerocallis': 'east Asian rhizomatous clump-forming perennial herbs having flowers on long leafless stalks; cosmopolitan in cultivation: day lilies; sometimes placed in subfamily Hemerocallidaceae', 'day_lily': 'any of numerous perennials having tuberous roots and long narrow bladelike leaves and usually yellow lily-like flowers that bloom for only a day', 'lemon_lily': 'a day lily with yellow flowers', 'Hostaceae': 'one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted; includes genus Hosta', 'Hosta': 'robust east Asian clump-forming perennial herbs having racemose flowers: plantain lilies; sometimes placed in family Hostaceae', 'plantain_lily': 'any of numerous perennials having mounds of sumptuous broad ribbed leaves and clusters of white, blue, or lilac flowers; used as ground cover', 'Hyacinthaceae': 'one of many families or subfamilies in which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted', 'genus_Hyacinthus': 'sometimes placed in family Hyacinthaceae as the type genus', 'hyacinth': 'a red transparent variety of zircon used as a gemstone', 'common_hyacinth': 'widely grown for its fragrance and its white, pink, blue, or purplish flowers', 'Roman_hyacinth': 'hyacinth with loosely flowered spikes, several growing from one bulb', 'summer_hyacinth': 'southern African herb with white bell-shaped flowers', 'Hyacinthoides': 'small genus of perennial bulbs of western Europe and North Africa; sometimes placed in family Hyacinthaceae', 'Ornithogalum': 'sometimes placed in family Hyacinthaceae', 'star-of-Bethlehem': 'any of several perennial plants of the genus Ornithogalum native to the Mediterranean and having star-shaped flowers', 'starflower': 'common Old World herb having grasslike leaves and clusters of star-shaped white flowers with green stripes; naturalized in the eastern United States', 'bath_asparagus': 'Old World star of Bethlehem having edible young shoots', 'chincherinchee': 'South African perennial with long-lasting spikes of white blossoms that are shipped in to Europe and America for use as winter cut flowers', 'Muscari': 'sometimes placed in family Hyacinthaceae', 'grape_hyacinth': 'any of various early flowering spring hyacinths native to Eurasia having dense spikes of rounded blue flowers resembling bunches of small grapes', 'common_grape_hyacinth': 'prolific species having particularly beautiful dark blue flowers', 'tassel_hyacinth': 'large beautiful Mediterranean species having sterile bluish-violet flowers with fringed corollas forming a tuft above the fertile flowers', 'genus_Scilla': 'sometimes placed in subfamily Hyacinthaceae', 'scilla': 'an Old World plant of the genus Scilla having narrow basal leaves and pink or blue or white racemose flowers', 'spring_squill': 'European scilla with small blue or purple flowers', 'Tofieldia': 'genus of perennial herbs of cool temperate regions; sometimes placed in family Melanthiaceae', 'false_asphodel': 'a plant of the genus Tofieldia having linear chiefly basal leaves and small spicate flowers', 'Scotch_asphodel': 'false asphodel having spikes of white flowers; of mountainous regions of Europe', 'Urginea': 'Mediterranean liliaceous plants; sometimes placed in family Hyacinthaceae', 'sea_squill': 'having dense spikes of small white flowers and yielding a bulb with medicinal properties', 'squill': 'bulb of the sea squill, which is sliced, dried, and used as an expectorant', 'Ruscus': 'a genus of European evergreen shrubs; sometimes placed in family Asparagaceae', \"butcher's_broom\": 'shrub with stiff flattened stems resembling leaves (cladophylls); used for making brooms', 'Melanthiaceae': 'one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted: includes Aletris; Narthecium; Veratrum', 'Narthecium': 'bog asphodels; sometimes placed in family Melanthiaceae', 'bog_asphodel': 'either of two herbaceous rushlike bog plants having small yellow flowers and grasslike leaves; north temperate regions', 'European_bog_asphodel': 'of western Europe: Scandinavia to northern Spain and Portugal', 'American_bog_asphodel': 'of the eastern United States: New Jersey to South Carolina', 'Veratrum': 'a genus of coarse poisonous perennial herbs; sometimes placed in subfamily Melanthiaceae', 'white_hellebore': 'North American plant having large leaves and yellowish green flowers growing in racemes; yields a toxic alkaloid used medicinally', 'Ruscaceae': 'one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted', 'Tecophilaeacea': 'one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted', 'Xerophyllum': 'small genus of North American herbs having grasslike basal leaves: squaw grass; sometimes placed in family Melanthiaceae', 'squaw_grass': 'plant of western North America having woody rhizomes and tufts of stiff grasslike basal leaves and spikes of creamy white flowers', 'Xanthorrhoeaceae': 'one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted', 'Xanthorroea': 'grass trees; sometimes placed in family Xanthorrhoeaceae', 'grass_tree': 'any of several Australian evergreen perennials having short thick woody stems crowned by a tuft of grasslike foliage and yielding acaroid resins', 'Zigadenus': 'genus of mostly North American poisonous plants; sometimes placed in family Melanthiaceae', 'death_camas': 'any of various plants of the genus Zigadenus having glaucous leaves and terminal racemes of mostly white flowers; all are poisonous', 'alkali_grass': 'plant of western North America having grasslike leaves and greenish-white flowers', 'white_camas': 'plant of eastern and central North America having creamy white flowers tinged with brown or purple; poisonous especially to grazing animals', 'poison_camas': 'a common perennial death camas; Tennessee to Kansas to Texas', 'grassy_death_camas': 'plant of western North America to Mexico; poisonous especially to grazing animals', 'Trilliaceae': 'small family of herbs having flowers with 3 petals and 3 sepals; in some classification systems considered a subfamily of the Liliaceae', 'genus_Trillium': 'deciduous perennial herbs; sometimes placed in family Liliaceae', 'trillium': 'any liliaceous plant of the genus Trillium having a whorl of three leaves at the top of the stem with a single three-petaled flower', 'prairie_wake-robin': 'trillium of central United States having dark purple sessile flowers', 'dwarf-white_trillium': 'a low perennial white-flowered trillium found in the southeastern United States', 'purple_trillium': 'trillium of eastern North America having malodorous pink to purple flowers and an astringent root used in folk medicine especially to ease childbirth', 'red_trillium': 'trillium of northeastern United States with sessile leaves and red or purple flowers having a pungent odor', 'herb_Paris': 'European herb with yellow-green flowers resembling and closely related to the trilliums; reputed to be poisonous', 'Smilacaceae': 'one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted', 'Smilax': 'sometimes placed in Smilacaceae', 'sarsaparilla_root': 'dried root of any of various plants of the genus Smilax used as a flavoring agent', 'bullbrier': 'a very prickly woody vine of the eastern United States growing in tangled masses having tough round stems with shiny leathery leaves and small greenish flowers followed by clusters of inedible shiny black berries', 'rough_bindweed': 'creeping or climbing evergreen having spiny zigzag stems with shiny leaves and racemes of pale-green flowers; Canary Islands to southern Europe and Ethiopia and India', 'Convallariaceae': 'one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted', 'Convallaria': 'sometimes placed in family Convallariaceae: lily of the valley', 'lily_of_the_valley': 'low-growing perennial plant having usually two large oblong lanceolate leaves and a raceme of small fragrant nodding bell-shaped flowers followed by scarlet berries', 'genus_Clintonia': 'sometimes placed in family Convallariaceae', 'clintonia': 'any temperate liliaceous plant of the genus Clintonia having broad basal leaves and white or yellowish or purplish flowers followed by blue or black berries', 'red_Clintonia': 'plant with nearly leafless stalk topped by a cluster of red or reddish lavender flowers; California to Oregon', 'yellow_clintonia': 'common woodland herb of temperate North America having yellow nodding flowers and small round blue fruits', \"queen's_cup\": 'plant with 1 or 2 white starlike flowers on short leafless stalks; Alaska to California and east to Oregon and Montana', 'Liriope': 'sometimes placed in family Convallariaceae: lilyturf', 'lilyturf': 'Asiatic perennial tufted herb with grasslike evergreen foliage and clusters of dark mauve grapelike flowers; grown as ground cover', 'Maianthemum': 'sometimes placed in family Convallariaceae: false lily of the valley', 'false_lily_of_the_valley': 'small white-flowered plant of western Europe to Japan', 'Polygonatum': 'sometimes placed in subfamily Convallariaceae', \"Solomon's-seal\": \"any of several plants of the genus Polygonatum having paired drooping yellowish-green flowers and a thick rootstock with scars shaped like Solomon's seal\", \"great_Solomon's-seal\": 'North American perennial herb with smooth foliage and drooping tubular greenish flowers', 'Uvulariaceae': 'one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae', 'Uvularia': 'genus of perennial rhizomatous herb of southern and southeastern United States', 'bellwort': 'any of various plants of the genus Uvularia having yellowish drooping bell-shaped flowers', 'Taccaceae': 'small family of tropical herbs', 'Tacca': 'genus of tropical plants with creeping rootstocks and small umbellate flowers', 'pia': 'perennial herb of East Indies to Polynesia and Australia; cultivated for its large edible root yielding Otaheite arrowroot starch', 'Agavaceae': 'chiefly tropical and xerophytic plants: includes Dracenaceae (Dracaenaceae); comprises plants that in some classifications are divided between the Amaryllidaceae and the Liliaceae', 'agave': 'tropical American plants with basal rosettes of fibrous sword-shaped leaves and flowers in tall spikes; some cultivated for ornament or for fiber', 'genus_Agave': 'type genus of the Agavaceae; in some classifications considered a genus of Amaryllidaceae', 'American_agave': 'widely cultivated American monocarpic plant with greenish-white flowers on a tall stalk; blooms only after ten to twenty years and then dies', 'sisal': 'a plant fiber used for making rope', 'maguey': 'Mexican plant used especially for making pulque which is the source of the colorless Mexican liquor, mescal', 'Agave_tequilana': 'Mexican plant used especially for making tequila', 'cantala': 'hard fiber used in making coarse twine; from Philippine agave plants', 'Cordyline': 'Asiatic and Pacific trees or shrubs; fragments of the trunk will regrow to form whole plants', 'cabbage_tree': 'elegant tree having either a single trunk or a branching trunk each with terminal clusters of long narrow leaves and large panicles of fragrant white, yellow or red flowers; New Zealand', 'Dracenaceae': 'one of two subfamilies to which some classification systems assign some members of the Agavaceae', 'genus_Dracaena': 'Old World tropical plants with branches ending in tufts of sword-shaped leaves; in some classifications considered a genus of Liliaceae', 'dracaena': 'an agave that is often cultivated for its decorative foliage', 'dragon_tree': \"tall tree of the Canary Islands; source of dragon's blood\", 'Nolina': 'perennial plants resembling yucca; found in southern United States and Mexico', 'bear_grass': 'yucca of southern United States having a clump of basal grasslike leaves and a central stalk with a terminal raceme of small whitish flowers', 'Polianthes': 'genus of perennial tuberous herbs having lily-like flowers; Mexico; sometimes placed in family Amaryllidaceae', 'tuberose': 'a tuberous Mexican herb having grasslike leaves and cultivated for its spikes of highly fragrant lily-like waxy white flowers', 'genus_Sansevieria': 'Old World tropical herbaceous perennial of the agave family; in some classifications considered a genus of Liliaceae', 'sansevieria': 'grown as a houseplant for its mottled fleshy sword-shaped leaves or as a source of fiber', 'African_bowstring_hemp': 'bowstring hemp of South Africa', 'Ceylon_bowstring_hemp': 'plant having thick fibrous leaves transversely banded in light and dark green', \"mother-in-law's_tongue\": 'stemless plant having narrow rigid leaves often cultivated as a houseplant', 'bowstring_hemp': 'hemp obtained from the sansevieria', 'genus_Yucca': 'tropical American plants with stiff lancelike leaves and spikes of white blossoms; sometimes considered a genus of Amaryllidaceae', 'yucca': 'any of several evergreen plants of the genus Yucca having usually tall stout stems and a terminal cluster of white flowers; warmer regions of North America', 'Spanish_bayonet': 'tall yucca of the southwestern United States and Mexico having a woody stem and stiff swordlike pointed leaves and a large cluster of white flowers', 'Joshua_tree': 'a large branched arborescent yucca of southwestern United States having short leaves and clustered greenish white flowers', 'Spanish_dagger': 'yucca of southeastern United States similar to the Spanish bayonets but with shorter trunk and smoother leaves', 'soapweed': 'tall arborescent yucca of southwestern United States', \"Adam's_needle\": 'yucca with long stiff leaves having filamentlike appendages', \"Our_Lord's_candle\": 'yucca of southwestern United States and Mexico with a tall spike of creamy white flowers', 'Menyanthaceae': 'a dicotyledonous family of marsh plants of order Gentianales', 'Menyanthes': 'the type genus of the Menyanthaceae; one species: bogbeans', 'water_shamrock': 'perennial plant of Europe and America having racemes of white or purplish flowers and intensely bitter trifoliate leaves; often rooting at water margin and spreading across the surface', 'Loganiaceae': 'a dicotyledonous family of plants of order Gentianales', 'Logania': 'type genus of the Loganiaceae; Australian and New Zealand shrubs sometimes cultivated for their flowers', 'genus_Buddleia': 'shrubs or trees of warm regions', 'butterfly_bush': 'tropical shrub having clusters of white or violet or yellow flowers', 'Gelsemium': 'evergreen twining shrubs of Americas and southeastern Asia', 'yellow_jasmine': 'poisonous woody evergreen vine of southeastern United States having fragrant yellow funnel-shaped flowers', 'Linaceae': 'a widely distributed family of plants', 'Linum': 'a herbaceous plant genus of the family Linaceae with small sessile leaves', 'flax': 'fiber of the flax plant that is made into thread and woven into linen fabric', 'Physostigma': 'African woody vines: calabar beans', 'calabar-bean_vine': 'tropical African woody vine yielding calabar beans', 'calabar_bean': 'dark brown highly poisonous seed of the calabar-bean vine; source of physostigmine and used in native witchcraft', 'physostigmine': \"used in treatment of Alzheimer's disease and glaucoma\", 'Caesalpiniaceae': 'spiny trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs, including the genera Caesalpinia, Cassia, Ceratonia, Bauhinia; commonly included in the family Leguminosae', 'Caesalpinioideae': 'alternative name in some classification systems for the family Caesalpiniaceae', 'Caesalpinia': 'small spiny tropical trees or shrubs; includes the small genus or subgenus Poinciana', 'bonduc': 'tropical tree with large prickly pods of seeds that resemble beans and are used for jewelry and rosaries', 'divi-divi': 'twisted seed pods of the divi-divi tree; source of tannin', 'Mysore_thorn': 'spreading thorny shrub of tropical Asia bearing large erect racemes of red-marked yellow flowers', 'brazilwood': 'heavy wood of various brazilwood trees; used for violin bows and as dyewoods', 'brazilian_ironwood': 'thornless tree yielding heavy wood', 'pride_of_barbados': 'tropical shrub or small tree having showy yellow to orange-red flowers; sometimes placed in genus Poinciana', 'Acrocarpus': 'small genus of trees of Indonesia and Malaysia', 'shingle_tree': 'East Indian timber tree with hard durable wood used especially for tea boxes', 'Bauhinia': 'mountain ebony, orchid tree', 'butterfly_flower': 'any plant of the genus Schizanthus having finely divided leaves and showy variegated flowers', 'mountain_ebony': 'small East Indian tree having orchid-like flowers and hard dark wood', 'Brachystegia': 'small genus of tropical African timber trees having pale golden heartwood uniformly striped with dark brown or black:', 'msasa': 'small shrubby African tree having compound leaves and racemes of small fragrant green flowers', 'genus_Cassia': 'some genus Cassia species often classified as members of the genus Senna or genus Chamaecrista', 'golden_shower_tree': 'deciduous or semi-evergreen tree having scented sepia to yellow flowers in drooping racemes and pods whose pulp is used medicinally; tropical Asia and Central and South America and Australia', 'pink_shower': 'tropical American semi-evergreen tree having erect racemes of pink or rose-colored flowers; used as an ornamental', 'rainbow_shower': 'deciduous ornamental hybrid of southeastern Asia and Hawaii having racemes of flowers ranging in color from cream-colored to orange and red', 'horse_cassia': 'East Indian tree having long pods containing a black cathartic pulp used as a horse medicine', 'Ceratonia': 'carobs', 'Cercidium': 'spiny shrubs or small trees sometimes placed in genus Parkinsonia: paloverde', 'paloverde': 'a thorny shrub of the genus Cercidium that grows in dry parts of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico; has smooth light green bark and racemes of yellow flowers and small leaves', 'Chamaecrista': 'genus of tropical herbs or subshrubs having sensitive leaves and suddenly dehiscing pods; some species placed in genus Cassia', 'partridge_pea': 'tropical American plant having leaflets somewhat sensitive to the touch; sometimes placed in genus Cassia', 'Delonix': 'evergreen or deciduous trees of tropical Africa and India', 'royal_poinciana': 'showy tropical tree or shrub native to Madagascar; widely planted in tropical regions for its immense racemes of scarlet and orange flowers; sometimes placed in genus Poinciana', 'locust_tree': 'any of various hardwood trees of the family Leguminosae', 'Gleditsia': 'deciduous trees: honey locusts', 'water_locust': 'honey locust of swamps and bottomlands of southern United States having short oval pods; yields dark heavy wood', 'honey_locust': 'tall usually spiny North American tree having small greenish-white flowers in drooping racemes followed by long twisting seed pods; yields very hard durable reddish-brown wood; introduced to temperate Old World', 'Gymnocladus': 'small genus of deciduous trees of China and United States having paniculate flowers and thick pulpy pods', 'Kentucky_coffee_tree': 'handsome tree of central and eastern North America having large bipinnate leaves and green-white flowers followed by large woody brown pods whose seeds are used as a coffee substitute', 'Haematoxylum': 'small genus of tropical American spiny bushy shrubs or trees', 'logwood': 'very hard brown to brownish-red heartwood of a logwood tree; used in preparing a purplish red dye', 'Parkinsonia': 'small genus of spiny shrubs or small trees', 'Jerusalem_thorn': 'large shrub or shrubby tree having sharp spines and pinnate leaves with small deciduous leaflets and sweet-scented racemose yellow-orange flowers; grown as ornamentals or hedging or emergency food for livestock; tropical America but naturalized in southern United States', 'palo_verde': 'densely branched spiny tree of southwestern United States having showy yellow flowers and blue-green bark; sometimes placed in genus Cercidium', 'Petteria': 'one species: Dalmatian laburnum', 'Dalmatian_laburnum': 'erect shrub having large trifoliate leaves and dense clusters of yellow flowers followed by poisonous seeds; Yugoslavia; sometimes placed in genus Cytisus', 'Poinciana': 'small subgenus of ornamental tropical shrubs or trees; not recognized in some classifications', 'genus_Senna': 'genus of shrubs and trees and herbs many of which are often classified as members of the genus Cassia', 'senna': 'any of various plants of the genus Senna having pinnately compound leaves and showy usually yellow flowers; many are used medicinally', 'ringworm_bush': 'tropical shrub (especially of Americas) having yellow flowers and large leaves whose juice is used as a cure for ringworm and poisonous bites; sometimes placed in genus Cassia', 'avaram': 'evergreen Indian shrub with vivid yellow flowers whose bark is used in tanning; sometimes placed in genus Cassia', 'Alexandria_senna': 'erect shrub having racemes of tawny yellow flowers; the dried leaves are used medicinally as a cathartic; sometimes placed in genus Cassia', 'wild_senna': 'North American perennial herb; leaves are used medicinally; sometimes placed in genus Cassia', 'coffee_senna': 'very leafy malodorous tropical weedy shrub whose seeds have been used as an adulterant for coffee; sometimes classified in genus Cassia', 'Tamarindus': 'widely cultivated tropical trees originally of Africa', 'Papilionaceae': 'leguminous plants whose flowers have butterfly-shaped corollas; commonly included in the family Leguminosae', 'Papilionoideae': 'alternative name used in some classification systems for the family Papilionaceae', 'genus_Amorpha': 'American herbs or shrubs usually growing in dry sunny habitats on prairies and hillsides', 'amorpha': 'any plant of the genus Amorpha having odd-pinnate leaves and purplish spicate flowers', 'leadplant': 'shrub of sandy woodlands and stream banks of western United States having hoary pinnate flowers and dull-colored racemose flowers; thought to indicate the presence of lead ore', 'false_indigo': 'dense shrub of moist riverbanks and flood plains of the eastern United States having attractive fragrant foliage and dense racemes of dark purple flowers', 'Amphicarpaea': 'very small genus of twining vines of North America and Asia: hog peanut', 'hog_peanut': 'vine widely distributed in eastern North America producing racemes of purple to maroon flowers and abundant (usually subterranean) edible one-seeded pods resembling peanuts', 'Anagyris': 'very small genus of shrubs of southern Europe having backward curving seed pods', 'bean_trefoil': 'shrub with trifoliate leaves and yellow flowers followed by backward curving seed pods; leaves foetid when crushed', 'Andira': 'small genus of evergreen trees of tropical America and western Africa', 'angelim': 'any of several tropical American trees of the genus Andira', 'cabbage_bark': 'tree with shaggy unpleasant-smelling toxic bark and yielding strong durable wood; bark and seeds used as a purgative and vermifuge and narcotic', 'Anthyllis': 'genus of Mediterranean herbs and shrubs', \"Jupiter's_beard\": 'silvery hairy European shrub with evergreen foliage and pale yellow flowers', 'kidney_vetch': 'perennial Eurasian herb having heads of red or yellow flowers and common in meadows and pastures; formerly used medicinally for kidney disorders', 'Apios': 'twining perennial North American plants', 'Aspalathus': 'genus of South African heathlike shrubs', 'rooibos': 'South African shrub having flat acuminate leaves and yellow flowers; leaves are aromatic when dried and used to make an herbal tea', 'Astragalus': 'large genus of annual or perennial herbs or shrubs of north temperate regions; largest genus in the family Leguminosae', 'milk_vetch': 'any of various plants of the genus Astragalus', 'wild_licorice': 'bedstraw with sweetish roots', 'alpine_milk_vetch': 'perennial of mountainous areas of Eurasia and North America', 'purple_milk_vetch': 'perennial of southern and western Europe having dense racemes of purple or violet flowers', 'Baphia': 'small genus of shrubs and lianas and trees of Africa and Madagascar', 'camwood': 'small shrubby African tree with hard wood used as a dyewood yielding a red dye', 'Baptisia': 'genus of North American plants with showy flowers and an inflated pod', 'wild_indigo': 'any of several plants of the genus Baptisia', 'blue_false_indigo': 'wild indigo of the eastern United States having racemes of blue flowers', 'white_false_indigo': 'erect or spreading herb having racemes of creamy white flowers; the eastern United States', 'indigo_broom': 'much-branched erect herb with bright yellow flowers; distributed from Massachusetts to Florida', 'Butea': 'genus of East Indian trees or shrubs: dhak', 'dhak': 'East Indian tree bearing a profusion of intense vermilion velvet-textured blooms and yielding a yellow dye', 'Cajanus': 'erect densely branched shrubby perennials of Old World tropics; naturalized in other warm regions', 'pigeon_pea': 'tropical woody herb with showy yellow flowers and flat pods; much cultivated in the tropics', 'Canavalia': 'herbs or woody vines of mainly American tropics and subtropics', 'jack_bean': 'annual semi-erect bushy plant of tropical South America bearing long pods with white seeds grown especially for forage', 'sword_bean': 'twining tropical Old World plant bearing long pods usually with red or brown beans; long cultivated in Orient for food', 'genus_Caragana': 'large genus of Asiatic deciduous shrubs or small trees', 'pea_tree': 'any plant of the genus Caragana having even-pinnate leaves and mostly yellow flowers followed by seeds in a linear pod', 'Siberian_pea_tree': 'large spiny shrub of eastern Asia having clusters of yellow flowers; often cultivated in shelterbelts and hedges', 'Chinese_pea_tree': 'shrub with dark-green glossy foliage and solitary pale yellow flowers; northern China', 'Castanospermum': 'a rosid dicot genus of the subfamily Papilionoideae having one species: Moreton Bay chestnut', 'Moreton_Bay_chestnut': 'Australian tree having pinnate leaves and orange-yellow flowers followed by large woody pods containing 3 or 4 seeds that resemble chestnuts; yields dark strong wood', 'Centrosema': 'a genus of chiefly tropical American vines of the family Leguminosae having trifoliate leaves and large flowers', 'butterfly_pea': 'large-flowered wild twining vine of southeastern and central United States having pale blue flowers', 'Cercis': 'deciduous shrubs and trees of eastern Asia, southern Europe and the United States', 'Judas_tree': 'small tree of the eastern Mediterranean having abundant purplish-red flowers growing on old wood directly from stems and appearing before the leaves: widely cultivated in mild regions; wood valuable for veneers', 'redbud': 'small shrubby tree of eastern North America similar to the Judas tree having usually pink flowers; found in damp sheltered underwood', 'western_redbud': 'shrub of western United States having pink or crimson flowers; often forms thickets', 'Chamaecytisus': 'small late-flowering trees or subshrubs having yellow to red flowers and leathery or woody pods; often especially formerly included in genus Cytisus', 'tagasaste': 'shrub of Canary Islands having bristle-tipped oblanceolate leaves; used as cattle fodder', 'Chordospartium': '2 species of small New Zealand trees: weeping tree broom; endangered', 'weeping_tree_broom': 'small shrubby tree of New Zealand having weeping branches and racemes of white to violet flowers followed by woolly indehiscent two-seeded pods', 'Chorizema': 'genus of Australian twining vines and small shrubs: flame peas', 'flame_pea': 'any of several small shrubs or twining vines having entire or lobed leaves and racemes of yellow to orange-red flowers; Australia', 'Cicer': 'chickpea plant; Asiatic herbs', 'Cladrastis': 'yellowwoods', 'Kentucky_yellowwood': 'small handsome roundheaded deciduous tree having showy white flowers in terminal clusters and heavy hardwood yielding yellow dye', 'genus_Clianthus': 'genus of semi-prostrate Australasian shrubs or vines', 'glory_pea': 'any of various shrubs or vines of the genus Clianthus having compound leaves and pea-like red flowers in drooping racemes', 'desert_pea': 'sprawling shrubby perennial noted for its scarlet black-marked flowers; widely distributed in dry parts of Australia', \"parrot's_beak\": 'evergreen shrub with scarlet to white clawlike or beaklike flowers; New Zealand', 'Clitoria': 'genus of tropical shrubs or vines having pinnate leaves and large axillary flowers', 'blue_pea': 'vine of tropical Asia having pinnate leaves and bright blue flowers with yellow centers', 'Codariocalyx': 'used in some classifications for plants usually included in genus Desmodium', 'telegraph_plant': 'erect tropical Asian shrub whose small lateral leaflets rotate on their axes and jerk up and down under the influence of sunshine', 'Colutea': 'small genus of Eurasian shrubs with yellow flowers and bladdery pods', 'bladder_senna': 'yellow-flowered European shrub cultivated for its succession of yellow flowers and very inflated bladdery pods and as a source of wildlife food', 'genus_Coronilla': 'genus of Old World shrubs and herbs', 'coronilla': 'any of various plants of the genus Coronilla having purple or pink or yellow flowers in long axillary heads or umbels', 'axseed': 'European herb resembling vetch; naturalized in the eastern United States; having umbels of pink-and-white flowers and sharp-angled pods', 'genus_Crotalaria': 'large genus of herbs with simple leaves and racemes of yellow flowers; mainly of tropical Africa', 'crotalaria': 'any of various plants of the genus Crotalaria having inflated pods within which the seeds rattle; used for pasture and green-manure crops', 'American_rattlebox': 'tropical American annual herb having an inflated pod in which the ripe seeds rattle', 'Indian_rattlebox': 'erect subshrub having purple-tinted flowers and an inflated pod in which the ripe seeds rattle; India', 'Cyamopsis': 'small genus of annual usually hairy herbs of tropical Africa and Arabia', 'guar': 'drought-tolerant herb grown for forage and for its seed which yield a gum used as a thickening agent or sizing material', 'Cytisus': 'large genus of stiff or spiny evergreen or deciduous Old World shrubs: broom', 'white_broom': 'low European broom having trifoliate leaves and yellowish-white flowers', 'common_broom': 'deciduous erect spreading broom native to western Europe; widely cultivated for its rich yellow flowers', \"witches'_broom\": 'an abnormal tufted growth of small branches on a tree or shrub caused by fungi or insects or other physiological disturbance', 'Dalbergia': 'large genus of tropical trees having pinnate leaves and paniculate flowers and cultivated commercially for their dramatically grained and colored timbers', 'rosewood': 'hard dark reddish wood of a rosewood tree having a strongly marked grain; used in cabinetwork', 'Indian_blackwood': 'East Indian tree having a useful dark purple wood', 'sissoo': 'East Indian tree whose leaves are used for fodder; yields a compact dark brown durable timber used in shipbuilding and making railroad ties', 'kingwood': 'handsome violet-streaked wood of the kingwood tree; used especially in cabinetwork', 'Brazilian_rosewood': 'an important Brazilian timber tree yielding a heavy hard dark-colored wood streaked with black', 'Honduras_rosewood': 'Central American tree yielding a valuable dark streaked rosewood', 'cocobolo': 'a valuable timber tree of tropical South America', 'granadilla_wood': 'dark red hardwood derived from the cocobolo and used in making musical instruments e.g. clarinets', 'blackwood': 'very dark wood of any of several blackwood trees', 'Dalea': 'indigo bush', 'smoke_tree': 'any of several shrubs or shrubby trees of the genus Cotinus', 'Daviesia': 'genus of Australasian shrubs and subshrubs having small yellow or purple flowers followed by short triangular pods', 'bitter_pea': 'any of several spiny shrubs of the genus Daviesia having yellow flowers and triangular seeds; Australia', 'genus_Derris': 'genus of Old World tropical shrubs and woody vines', 'derris': 'any of various usually woody vines of the genus Derris of tropical Asia whose roots yield the insecticide rotenone; several are sources of native fish and arrow poisons', 'derris_root': 'woody vine having bright green leaves and racemes of rose-tinted white flowers; the swollen roots contain rotenone', 'Desmanthus': 'genus of American herbs or shrubs with sensitive pinnate leaves and small whitish flowers', 'prairie_mimosa': 'perennial herb of North American prairies having dense heads of small white flowers', 'Desmodium': 'beggarweed; tick trefoil', 'tick_trefoil': 'any of various tropical and subtropical plants having trifoliate leaves and rough sticky pod sections or loments', 'beggarweed': 'West Indian forage plant cultivated in southern United States as forage and to improve soil', 'Dipogon': 'one species: Australian pea', 'Australian_pea': 'South African evergreen partly woody vine grown for its clusters of rosy purple flowers followed by edible pods like snap beans; also grown as green manure; sometimes placed in genus Dolichos', 'Dolichos': 'genus of chiefly tropical vines often placed in genera Dipogon or Lablab or Macrotyloma', 'genus_Erythrina': 'genus of attractive tropical shrubs or trees with usually red flowers', 'coral_tree': 'any of various shrubs or shrubby trees of the genus Erythrina having trifoliate leaves and racemes of scarlet to coral red flowers and black seeds; cultivated as an ornamental', 'kaffir_boom': 'small semi-evergreen tree of South Africa having dense clusters of clear scarlet flowers and red seeds', 'coral_bean_tree': 'deciduous shrub having racemes of deep red flowers and black-spotted red seeds', 'ceibo': 'small South American spiny tree with dark crimson and scarlet flowers solitary or clustered', 'Indian_coral_tree': 'small to medium-sized thorny tree of tropical Asia and northern Australia having dense clusters of scarlet or crimson flowers and black seeds', 'cork_tree': 'deciduous tree of China and Manchuria having a turpentine aroma and handsome compound leaves turning yellow in autumn and deeply fissured corky bark', 'Galega': \"small genus of Eurasian herbs: goat's rue\", \"goat's_rue\": 'tall bushy European perennial grown for its pinnate foliage and slender spikes of blue flowers; sometimes used medicinally', 'genus_Gastrolobium': 'genus of Australian evergreen shrubs poisonous to livestock: poison bush', 'poison_bush': 'any of various Australian evergreen shrubs of the genus Gastrolobium having whorled compound leaves poisonous to livestock and showy yellow to deep reddish-orange flowers followed by two-seeded pods', 'Genista': 'chiefly deciduous shrubs or small trees of Mediterranean area and western Asia: broom', 'broom_tree': 'prickly yellow-flowered shrub of the moors of New England and Europe', 'Spanish_broom': 'tall thornless shrub having pale yellow flowers and flexible rushlike twigs used in basketry; of southwestern Europe and Mediterranean; naturalized in California', 'woodwaxen': 'small Eurasian shrub having clusters of yellow flowers that yield a dye; common as a weed in Britain and the United States; sometimes grown as an ornamental', 'Geoffroea': 'small genus of shrubs or small trees of tropical and subtropical America', 'chanar': 'thorny shrub or small tree common in central Argentina having small orange or yellow flowers followed by edible berries', 'genus_Gliricidia': 'small genus of low-branching profusely flowering trees of tropical America', 'gliricidia': 'any of several small deciduous trees valued for their dark wood and dense racemes of nectar-rich pink flowers grown in great profusion on arching branches; roots and bark and leaves and seeds are poisonous', 'Glycine': 'genus of Asiatic erect or sprawling herbs: soya bean', 'Glycyrrhiza': 'sticky perennial Eurasian herbs', 'licorice_root': 'root of licorice used in flavoring e.g. candy and liqueurs and medicines', 'Halimodendron': 'one species: salt tree', 'salt_tree': 'spiny shrub of the Caspian salt plains and Siberia having elegant silvery, downy young foliage and mildly fragrant pink-purple blooms', 'Hardenbergia': 'small genus of Australian woody vines with small violet flowers; closely related to genus Kennedia', 'Western_Australia_coral_pea': 'vigorous climber of the forests of western Australia; grown for their dense racemes of attractive bright rose-purple flowers', 'Hedysarum': 'genus of herbs of north temperate regions', 'sweet_vetch': 'perennial of western United States having racemes of pink to purple flowers followed by flat pods that separate into nearly orbicular joints', 'French_honeysuckle': 'perennial of southern Europe cultivated for forage and for its nectar-rich pink flowers that make it an important honey crop', 'Hippocrepis': 'species of Old World herbs or subshrubs: horseshoe vetch', 'horseshoe_vetch': 'European woody perennial with yellow umbellate flowers followed by flattened pods that separate into horseshoe-shaped joints', 'genus_Hovea': 'genus of Australian evergreen shrubs', 'hovea': 'any of several attractive evergreen shrubs of Australia grown for their glossy deep green foliage and flowers in rich blues and intense violets', 'Indigofera': 'genus of tropical herbs and shrubs having odd-pinnate leaves and spurred flowers in long racemes or spikes', 'anil': 'a blue dye obtained from plants or made synthetically', 'Jacksonia': 'genus of yellow-flowered Australian unarmed or spiny shrubs without true leaves but having leaflike stems or branches', 'Kennedia': 'genus of Australian woody vines having showy red or purplish flowers', 'coral_pea': 'any of various Australian climbing plants of the genus Kennedia having scarlet flowers', 'coral_vine': 'prostrate or twining woody vine with small leathery leaves and umbels of red flowers; Australia and Tasmania', 'Lablab': 'one species: hyacinth bean', 'hyacinth_bean': 'perennial twining vine of Old World tropics having trifoliate leaves and racemes of fragrant purple pea-like flowers followed by maroon pods of edible seeds; grown as an ornamental and as a vegetable on the Indian subcontinent; sometimes placed in genus Dolichos', 'Laburnum': 'flowering shrubs or trees having bright yellow flowers; all parts of the plant are poisonous', 'Scotch_laburnum': 'an ornamental shrub or tree of the genus Laburnum', 'common_laburnum': 'an ornamental shrub or tree of the genus Laburnum; often cultivated for Easter decorations', 'Lathyrus': 'genus of climbing herbs of Old World and temperate North and South America: vetchling; wild pea', 'vetchling': 'any of various small plants of the genus Lathyrus; climb usually by means of tendrils', 'wild_pea': 'any of various plants of the family Leguminosae that usually grow like vines', 'singletary_pea': 'a weak-stemmed winter annual native to Mediterranean region for long established in southern United States; cultivated as a cover and pasture crop', 'everlasting_pea': 'any of several perennial vines of the genus Lathyrus', 'broad-leaved_everlasting_pea': 'perennial climber of central and southern Europe having purple or pink or white flowers; naturalized in North America', 'beach_pea': 'wild pea of seashores of north temperate zone having tough roots and purple flowers and useful as a sand binder', 'black_pea': 'perennial of Europe and North Africa; foliage turns black in drying', 'grass_vetch': 'annual European vetch with red flowers', 'sweet_pea': 'climbing garden plant having fragrant pastel-colored flowers', 'marsh_pea': 'scrambling perennial of damp or marshy areas of Eurasia and North America with purplish flowers', 'common_vetchling': 'scrambling perennial Eurasian wild pea having yellowish flowers and compressed seed pods; cultivated for forage', 'grass_pea': 'European annual grown for forage; seeds used for food in India and for stock elsewhere', 'pride_of_California': 'shrubby California perennial having large pink or violet flowers; cultivated as an ornamental', 'flat_pea': 'evergreen shrub having almost heart-shaped foliage and bright yellow pea-like flowers followed by flat pods with flat wings; Australia and Tasmania', 'Tangier_pea': 'North African annual resembling the sweet pea having showy but odorless flowers', 'heath_pea': 'European herb bearing small tubers used for food and in Scotland to flavor whiskey', 'spring_vetchling': 'bushy European perennial having nodding racemose violet-blue flowers', 'genus_Lespedeza': 'genus of shrubs or herbs of tropical Asia and Australia and the eastern United States', 'bush_clover': 'shrubby or herbaceous plants widely used for forage, soil improvement, and especially hay in southern United States', 'bicolor_lespediza': 'Asian shrub having conspicuous racemose rose-purple flowers widely used as an ornamental and in erosion control and as a source of feed for wild birds', 'japanese_clover': 'an annual of tropical Asia naturalized in United States', 'Korean_lespedeza': 'annual native to Korea but widely cultivated for forage and hay in hot dry regions', 'sericea_lespedeza': 'perennial widely planted as for forage and as hay crop especially on poor land', 'Lens': 'genus of small erect or climbing herbs with pinnate leaves and small inconspicuous white flowers and small flattened pods: lentils', 'Lonchocarpus': 'genus of chiefly tropical American shrubs and trees having pinnate leaves and red or white flowers', 'Lotus': 'annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs', \"prairie_bird's-foot_trefoil\": 'North American annual with red or rose-colored flowers', 'coral_gem': 'low-growing much-branched perennial of Canary Islands having orange-red to scarlet or purple flowers; naturalized in United States', \"bird's_foot_trefoil\": 'Old World herb related to fenugreek', 'winged_pea': 'sprawling European annual having a 4-winged edible pod', 'Lupinus': 'herbs or shrubs: lupin', 'lupine': 'any plant of the genus Lupinus; bearing erect spikes of usually purplish-blue flowers', 'white_lupine': 'white-flowered Eurasian herb widely cultivated for forage and erosion control', 'tree_lupine': 'evergreen shrub of the Pacific coast of the United States having showy yellow or blue flowers; naturalized in Australia', 'yellow_lupine': 'yellow-flowered European lupine cultivated for forage', 'wild_lupine': 'stout perennial of eastern and central North America having palmate leaves and showy racemose blue flowers', 'bluebonnet': 'low-growing annual herb of southwestern United States (Texas) having silky foliage and blue flowers; a leading cause of livestock poisoning in the southwestern United States', 'Texas_bluebonnet': 'closely resembles Lupinus subcarnosus; southwestern United States (Texas)', 'Macrotyloma': 'annual or perennial vines of Africa and India and Australia; plants often placed in genus Dolichos', 'horse_gram': 'twining herb of Old World tropics cultivated in India for food and fodder; sometimes placed in genus Dolichos', 'Medicago': 'a genus of herbs that resemble clover', 'medic': 'any of several Old World herbs of the genus Medicago having small flowers and trifoliate compound leaves', 'moon_trefoil': 'evergreen shrub of southern European highlands having downy foliage and a succession of yellow flowers throughout the summer followed by curious snail-shaped pods', 'sickle_alfalfa': 'European medic naturalized in North America having yellow flowers and sickle-shaped pods', 'Calvary_clover': 'an annual of the Mediterranean area having spiny seed pods and leaves with dark spots', 'black_medick': 'prostrate European herb with small yellow flowers and curved black pods; naturalized in North America', 'genus_Millettia': 'genus of trees and shrubs of the Old World tropics', 'millettia': 'any of several tropical trees or shrubs yielding showy streaked dark reddish or chocolate-colored wood', 'genus_Mucuna': 'genus of tropical herbs and woody vines having trifoliate leaves and showy flowers in axillary clusters', 'mucuna': 'any of several erect or climbing woody plants of the genus Mucuna; widespread in tropics of both hemispheres', 'cowage': 'pods of the cowage plant or the stinging hairs covering them; used as a vermifuge when mixed with e.g. honey', 'Myroxylon': 'a genus of tropical American trees having pinnate leaves and white flowers', 'tolu_tree': 'medium-sized tropical American tree yielding tolu balsam and a fragrant hard wood used for high-grade furniture and cabinetwork', 'Peruvian_balsam': 'tree of South and Central America yielding an aromatic balsam', 'tolu': 'aromatic yellowish brown balsam from the tolu balsam tree used especially in cough syrups', 'balsam_of_Peru': 'dark brown syrupy balsam from the Peruvian balsam tree used especially in dressing wounds and treating certain skin diseases', 'Onobrychis': 'genus of Old World herbs having pinnate leaves and pink or whites racemose flowers followed by flat unjointed pods', 'sainfoin': 'Eurasian perennial herb having pale pink flowers and curved pods; naturalized in Britain and North America grasslands on calcareous soils; important forage crop and source of honey in Britain', 'Ononis': 'genus of European subshrubs or herbs having pink or purple or yellow solitary or clustered flowers: restharrow', 'restharrow': 'Eurasian plant having loose racemes of pink or purple flowers and spiny stems and tough roots', 'Ormosia': 'genus of tropical shrubs and trees having usually odd-pinnate leaves with large leaflets and pink to reddish wood', 'necklace_tree': 'a tree of the genus Ormosia having seeds used as beads', 'bead_tree': 'small tree of West Indies and northeastern Venezuela having large oblong pointed leaflets and panicles of purple flowers; seeds are black or scarlet with black spots', 'jumby_bead': 'West Indian tree similar to Ormosia monosperma but larger and having smaller leaflets and smaller seeds', 'Oxytropis': 'large widely-distributed genus of evergreen shrubs or subshrubs having odd-pinnate leaves and racemose or spicate flowers each having a pea-like corolla with a clawed petal', 'locoweed': 'any of several leguminous plants of western North America causing locoism in livestock', 'purple_locoweed': 'tufted locoweed of southwestern United States having purple or pink to white flowers', 'Pachyrhizus': 'small genus of tropical vines having tuberous roots', 'yam_bean': 'twining plant of Amazon basin having large edible roots', 'Parochetus': 'one species: shamrock pea', 'shamrock_pea': 'trailing trifoliate Asiatic and African herb having cobalt blue flowers', 'Phaseolus': 'herbs of warm regions including most American beans', 'bush_bean': 'a bean plant whose bushy growth needs no supports', 'pole_bean': 'a climbing bean plant that will climb a wall or tree or trellis', 'haricot': 'a French variety of green bean plant bearing light-colored beans', 'tepary_bean': 'twining plant of southwestern United States and Mexico having roundish white or yellow or brown or black beans', 'Pickeringia': 'one species: chaparral pea', 'chaparral_pea': 'spiny evergreen xerophytic shrub having showy rose and purple flowers and forming dense thickets; of dry rocky mountain slopes of California', 'Piscidia': 'genus of shrubs or small trees having indehiscent pods with black seeds; roots and bark yield fish poisons', 'Jamaica_dogwood': 'small tree of West Indies and Florida having large odd-pinnate leaves and panicles of red-striped purple to white flowers followed by decorative curly winged seedpods; yields fish poisons', 'Pisum': 'small genus of variable annual Eurasian vines: peas', 'garden_pea': 'the flattened to cylindric inflated multi-seeded fruit of the common pea plant', 'edible-pod_pea': 'a variety of pea plant producing peas having soft thick edible pods lacking the fibrous inner lining of the common pea', 'Platylobium': 'small genus of Australian evergreen leguminous shrubs or subshrubs', 'common_flat_pea': 'low spreading evergreen shrub of southern Australia having triangular to somewhat heart-shaped foliage and orange-yellow flowers followed by flat winged pods', 'Platymiscium': 'genus of tropical American trees: quira', 'quira': 'any of several tropical American trees some yielding economically important timber', 'roble': 'large tree of Trinidad and Guyana having odd-pinnate leaves and violet-scented axillary racemes of yellow flowers and long smooth pods; grown as a specimen in parks and large gardens', 'Panama_redwood_tree': 'large erect shrub of Colombia having large odd-pinnate leaves with large leaflets and axillary racemes of fragrant yellow flowers', 'Panama_redwood': 'hard heavy red wood of a quira tree', 'Podalyria': 'genus of South African leguminous shrubs often placed in genus Sophora', 'Pongamia': 'one species: Indian beech', 'Indian_beech': 'evergreen Asiatic tree having glossy pinnate leaves and racemose creamy-white scented flowers; used as a shade tree', 'Psophocarpus': 'species of tropical Asian and African climbing herbs', 'winged_bean': 'a tuberous twining annual vine bearing clusters of purplish flowers and pods with four jagged wings; Old World tropics', 'Psoralea': 'widely distributed genus of herbs or shrubs with glandular compound leaves and spicate or racemose purple or white flowers', 'breadroot': 'densely hairy perennial of central North America having edible tuberous roots', 'Pterocarpus': 'genus of tropical trees or climbers having usually broadly winged pods', 'bloodwood_tree': 'deciduous South African tree having large odd-pinnate leaves and profuse fragrant orange-yellow flowers; yields a red juice and heavy strong durable wood', 'padauk': 'tree native to southeastern Asia having reddish wood with a mottled or striped black grain', 'amboyna': 'mottled curly-grained wood of Pterocarpus indicus', 'Burma_padauk': 'tree of India and Burma yielding a wood resembling mahogany', 'kino': 'a gum obtained from various tropical plants; used as an astringent and in tanning', 'East_India_kino': 'reddish or black juice or resin from certain trees of the genus Pterocarpus and used in medicine and tanning etc', 'red_sandalwood': 'tree of India and East Indies yielding a hard fragrant timber prized for cabinetwork and dark red heartwood used as a dyewood', 'ruby_wood': 'hard durable wood of red sandalwood trees (Pterocarpus santalinus); prized for cabinetwork', 'Pueraria': 'genus of woody Asiatic vines: kudzu', 'kudzu': 'fast-growing vine from eastern Asia having tuberous starchy roots and hairy trifoliate leaves and racemes of purple flowers followed by long hairy pods containing many seeds; grown for fodder and forage and root starch; widespread in the southern United States', 'Retama': 'small genus of Mediterranean shrubs; often included in genus Genista', 'retem': 'desert shrub of Syria and Arabia having small white flowers; constitutes the juniper of the Old Testament; sometimes placed in genus Genista', 'Robinia': 'deciduous flowering trees and shrubs', 'bristly_locust': 'large shrub or small tree of the eastern United States having bristly stems and large clusters of pink flowers', 'black_locust': 'strong stiff wood of a black-locust tree; very resistant to decay', 'clammy_locust': 'small rough-barked locust of southeastern United States having racemes of pink flowers and glutinous branches and seeds', 'Sabinea': 'small genus of deciduous West Indian trees or shrubs: carib wood', 'carib_wood': 'small Dominican tree bearing masses of large crimson flowers before the fine pinnate foliage emerges', 'genus_Sesbania': 'small genus of tropical and subtropical leguminous herbs or shrubs or trees', 'sesbania': 'any of various plants of the genus Sesbania having pinnate leaves and large showy pea-like flowers', 'Colorado_River_hemp': 'tall-growing annual of southwestern United States widely grown as green manure; yields a strong tough bast fiber formerly used by Indians for cordage', 'scarlet_wisteria_tree': 'a softwood tree with lax racemes of usually red or pink flowers; tropical Australia and Asia; naturalized in southern Florida and West Indies', 'Sophora': 'cosmopolitan genus of trees and shrubs having odd-pinnate leaves and showy flowers; some species placed in genus Podalyria', 'Japanese_pagoda_tree': 'handsome roundheaded deciduous tree having compound dark green leaves and profuse panicles of fragrant creamy-white flowers; China and Japan', 'mescal_bean': 'shrub or small tree having pinnate leaves poisonous to livestock and dense racemes of intensely fragrant blue flowers and red beans', 'kowhai': 'shrub or small tree of New Zealand and Chile having pendulous racemes of tubular golden-yellow flowers; yields a hard strong wood', 'Spartium': 'one species: Spanish broom', 'Strongylodon': 'genus of Polynesian or southeastern Asian shrubs or vines', 'jade_vine': 'vigorous Philippine evergreen twining liana; grown for spectacular festoons of green flowers that resemble lobster claws', 'Templetonia': 'genus of Australian shrubs or subshrubs: coral bush', 'coral_bush': 'Australian shrub having simple obovate leaves and brilliant scarlet flowers', 'Tephrosia': 'genus of tropical and subtropical herbs or shrubs: hoary peas', 'hoary_pea': 'a plant of the genus Tephrosia having pinnate leaves and white or purplish flowers and flat hairy pods', 'bastard_indigo': 'East Indian shrub', 'Thermopsis': 'genus of American and Asiatic showy rhizomatous herbs: bush peas', 'bush_pea': 'any of various plants of the genus Thermopsis having trifoliate leaves and yellow or purple racemose flowers', 'false_lupine': 'western United States bushy herb having yellow pea-like flowers', 'Carolina_lupine': 'eastern United States bush pea', 'Tipuana': 'one species: South American tree: tipu tree', 'tipu': 'semi-evergreen South American tree with odd-pinnate leaves and golden yellow flowers cultivated as an ornamental', 'Trigonella': 'Old World genus of frequently aromatic herbs', 'Ulex': 'genus of Eurasian spiny shrubs: gorse', 'gorse': 'very spiny and dense evergreen shrub with fragrant golden-yellow flowers; common throughout western Europe', 'Vicia': 'widely distributed genus of annual or perennial and often climbing herbs', 'vetch': 'any of various climbing plants of the genus Vicia having pinnately compound leaves that terminate in tendrils and small variously colored flowers; includes valuable forage and soil-building plants', 'tufted_vetch': 'common perennial climber of temperate regions of Eurasia and North America having dense elongate clusters of flowers', 'bitter_betch': 'European perennial toxic vetch', 'spring_vetch': 'herbaceous climbing plant valuable as fodder and for soil-building', 'bush_vetch': 'European purple-flowered with slender stems; occurs as a weed in hedges', 'hairy_vetch': 'European vetch much cultivated as forage and cover crops', 'Vigna': 'genus of vines or erect herbs having trifoliate leaves and yellowish or purplish flowers; of warm or tropical regions; most species often placed in genus Phaseolus', 'moth_bean': 'East Indian legume having hairy foliage and small yellow flowers followed by cylindrical pods; used especially in India for food and forage and as a soil conditioner; sometimes placed in genus Phaseolus', 'adzuki_bean': 'bushy annual widely grown in China and Japan for the flour made from its seeds', 'snailflower': 'perennial tropical American vine cultivated for its racemes of showy yellow and purple flowers having the corolla keel coiled like a snail shell; sometimes placed in genus Phaseolus', 'mung': 'erect bushy annual widely cultivated in warm regions of India and Indonesia and United States for forage and especially its edible seeds; chief source of bean sprouts used in Chinese cookery; sometimes placed in genus Phaseolus', 'cowpea': 'fruit or seed of the cowpea plant', 'asparagus_bean': 'South American bean having very long succulent pods', 'Viminaria': 'one species: Australian leafless shrubs: swamp oak', 'swamp_oak': 'Australian leafless shrub resembling broom and having small yellow flowers', 'Virgilia': 'genus of South African trees having pinnate leaves and rose-purple flowers followed by leathery pods', 'keurboom': 'fast-growing roundheaded tree with fragrant white to deep rose flowers; planted as an ornamental', 'genus_Wisteria': 'Asiatic deciduous woody vine having large drooping racemes of white or bluish or purple or pinkish flowers and velvety pods; widely grown as an ornamental', 'wisteria': 'any flowering vine of the genus Wisteria', 'Japanese_wistaria': 'having flowers of pink to mauve or violet-blue', 'Chinese_wistaria': 'having deep purple flowers', 'American_wistaria': 'an eastern United States native resembling the cultivated Japanese wisteria having pale purple-lilac flowers', 'silky_wisteria': 'a wisteria of China having white flowers', 'Palmales': 'coextensive with the family Palmae: palms', 'Palmae': 'chiefly tropical trees and shrubs and vines usually having a tall columnar trunk bearing a crown of very large leaves; coextensive with the order Palmales', 'feather_palm': 'palm having pinnate or featherlike leaves', 'fan_palm': 'palm having palmate or fan-shaped leaves', 'palmetto': 'any of several low-growing palms with fan-shaped leaves', 'Acrocomia': 'Central and South American feather palms', 'coyol': 'tropical American palm having edible nuts and yielding a useful fiber', 'grugru': 'tropical American feather palm having a swollen spiny trunk and edible nuts', 'genus_Areca': 'a monocotyledonous genus of palm trees', 'areca': 'any of several tall tropical palms native to southeastern Asia having egg-shaped nuts', 'betel_palm': 'southeastern Asian palm bearing betel nuts (scarlet or orange single-seeded fruit with a fibrous husk)', 'Arenga': 'a genus of tropical Asian and Malaysian palm trees', 'sugar_palm': 'Malaysian feather palm with base densely clothed with fibers; yields a sweet sap used in wine and trunk pith yields sago', 'Attalea': 'unarmed feather palms of central and northern South America', 'piassava_palm': 'Brazilian palm yielding fibers used in making ropes, mats, and brushes', 'coquilla_nut': 'nut having a hard hazel-brown shell used like vegetable ivory', 'Borassus': 'palmyra', 'palmyra': 'tall fan palm of Africa and India and Malaysia yielding a hard wood and sweet sap that is a source of palm wine and sugar; leaves used for thatching and weaving', 'bassine': 'coarse leaf fiber from palmyra palms used in making brushes and brooms', 'genus_Calamus': 'distinctive often spiny-stemmed palms found as climbers in tropical and subtropical forest', 'lawyer_cane': 'tall scrambling spiny palm of northeastern Queensland, Australia', 'Caryota': 'fishtail palms', 'fishtail_palm': 'attractive East Indian palm having distinctive bipinnate foliage', 'wine_palm': 'fishtail palm of India to Malay Peninsula; sap yields a brown sugar (jaggery) and trunk pith yields sago', 'Ceroxylon': 'wax palms', 'wax_palm': 'palm of the Andes yielding a resinous wax which is mixed with tallow to make candles', 'Cocos': 'coconut palms', 'coir': 'stiff coarse fiber from the outer husk of a coconut', 'Copernicia': 'slow-growing tropical fan palms', 'carnauba': 'Brazilian fan palm having an edible root; source of a useful leaf fiber and a brittle yellowish wax', 'carnauba_wax': 'hard yellowish to brownish wax from leaves of the carnauba palm used especially in floor waxes and polishes', 'caranday': 'South American palm yielding a wax similar to carnauba wax', 'genus_Corozo': 'a monocotyledonous genus of tropical American palm trees', 'corozo': 'any of several tropical American palms bearing corozo nuts', 'Corypha': 'large fan palms of tropical Asia to Australia', 'gebang_palm': 'large-leaved palm of Malay to Philippines and northern Australia; leaves used for thatching or plaiting into containers', 'latanier': 'fan palms of the southern United States and the Caribbean region', 'talipot': 'tall palm of southern India and Sri Lanka with gigantic leaves used as umbrellas and fans or cut into strips for writing paper', 'Elaeis': 'oil palms', 'oil_palm': 'pinnate-leaved palms of the genus Elaeis having dense clusters of crowded flowers and bright red fruit and yielding high quality palm oils', 'African_oil_palm': 'oil palm of Africa', 'American_oil_palm': 'palm of Central and South America', 'palm_nut': 'seed of any oil palm', 'cabbage_palm': 'West Indian palm with leaf buds that are edible when young', 'Livistona': 'fan palms of Asia and Australia and Malaysia', 'Metroxylon': 'a genus of Malayan pinnate-leaved palm trees that flower and fruit once and then die', 'true_sago_palm': 'Malaysian palm whose pithy trunk yields sago--a starch used as a food thickener and fabric stiffener; Malaya to Fiji', 'Nipa': 'monotypic genus of palms of Australasia', 'nipa_palm': 'any creeping semiaquatic feather palm of the genus Nipa found in mangrove swamps and tidal estuaries; its sap is used for a liquor; leaves are used for thatch; fruit has edible seeds', 'Orbignya': 'palms of southern Mexico to northern South America: babassu palm', 'babassu': 'tall feather palm of northern Brazil with hard-shelled nuts yielding valuable oil and a kind of vegetable ivory', 'babassu_nut': 'hard-shelled nut of the babassu palm', 'babassu_oil': 'fatty oil from kernels of babassu nuts similar to coconut oil', 'cohune_palm': 'tropical American feather palm whose large nuts yield valuable oil and a kind of vegetable ivory', 'cohune_nut': 'nut of the cohune palm having hard white shells like those of ivory nuts', 'cohune-nut_oil': 'semisolid fat from nuts of the cohune palm; used in cooking and soap making', 'phoenicophorium': 'latanier palm', 'date_palm': 'tall tropical feather palm tree native to Syria bearing sweet edible fruit', 'phytelephas': 'small genus of South American feather palms', 'ivory_palm': 'a stemless palm tree of Brazil and Peru bearing ivory nuts', 'ivory_nut': 'nutlike seed of a South American palm; the hard white shell takes a high polish and is used for e.g. buttons', 'Raffia': 'feather palm of tropical Africa and Madagascar and Central and South America widely grown for commercial purposes', 'raffia_palm': 'a large feather palm of Africa and Madagascar having very long pinnatisect fronds yielding a strong commercially important fiber from its leafstalks', 'raffia': 'leaf fibers of the raffia palm tree; used to make baskets and mats etc.', 'jupati': 'a tall Brazilian feather palm with a terminal crown of very large leathery pinnatisect leaves rising from long strong stems used for structural purposes', 'bamboo_palm': 'a palm of the genus Raffia', 'Rhapis': 'genus of small clump-forming fan palms of China and Japan', 'lady_palm': 'any of several small palms of the genus Rhapis; cultivated as houseplants', 'miniature_fan_palm': 'small graceful palm with reedlike stems and leaf bases clothed with loose coarse fibers', 'reed_rhapis': 'Chinese lady palm with more slender stems and finer sheath fibers than Rhapis excelsa', 'Roystonea': 'a monocotyledonous genus of West Indian feather palms', 'royal_palm': 'tall feather palm of southern Florida and Cuba', 'Sabal': 'American dwarf fan palms', 'cabbage_palmetto': 'low-growing fan-leaved palm of coastal southern United States having edible leaf buds', 'Serenoa': 'one species: saw palmetto', 'saw_palmetto': 'small hardy clump-forming spiny palm of southern United States', 'Thrinax': 'small to medium-sized fan palms', 'thatch_palm': 'small palm of southern Florida and West Indies closely resembling the silvertop palmetto', 'key_palm': 'small stocky fan palm of southern Florida and Cuba', 'Plantaginales': 'coextensive with the family Plantaginaceae', 'Plantaginaceae': 'cosmopolitan family of small herbs and a few shrubs; most are troublesome weeds', 'Plantago': 'type genus of the family Plantaginaceae; large cosmopolitan genus of mostly small herbs', 'English_plantain': 'an Old World plantain with long narrow ribbed leaves widely established in temperate regions', 'broad-leaved_plantain': 'common European perennial naturalized worldwide; a troublesome weed', 'hoary_plantain': 'North American annual or biennial with long soft hairs on the leaves', 'fleawort': 'plantain of Mediterranean regions whose seeds swell and become gelatinous when moist and are used as a mild laxative', \"rugel's_plantain\": 'North American plantain having reddish leafstalks and broad leaves', 'Polygonales': 'coextensive with the family Polygonaceae,', 'Polygonaceae': 'a family of plants of order Polygonales chiefly of the north temperate zone; includes the buckwheats', 'Polygonum': 'diverse genus of herbs or woody subshrubs of north temperate regions', 'silver_lace_vine': 'twining perennial vine having racemes of fragrant greenish flowers; western China to Russia', 'Fagopyrum': 'buckwheat; in some classifications included in the genus Polygonum', 'genus_Eriogonum': 'North American herbs of the buckwheat family', 'eriogonum': 'any plant of the genus Eriogonum with small clustered flowers', 'wild_buckwheat': 'low-growing shrub with spreading branches and flowers in loose heads; desert regions of western United States (California to Utah)', 'Rheum': 'rhubarb', 'rhubarb': 'plants having long green or reddish acidic leafstalks growing in basal clumps; stems (and only the stems) are edible when cooked; leaves are poisonous', 'Himalayan_rhubarb': 'Asian herb (Himalayas)', 'pie_plant': 'long cultivated hybrid of Rheum palmatum; stems often cooked in pies or as sauce or preserves', 'Chinese_rhubarb': 'long used for laxative properties', 'Rumex': 'docks: coarse herbs and shrubs mainly native to north temperate regions', 'sour_dock': 'European sorrel with large slightly acidic sagittate leaves grown throughout north temperate zone for salad and spring greens', 'sheep_sorrel': 'small plant having pleasantly acid-tasting arrow-shaped leaves; common in dry places', 'bitter_dock': 'European dock with broad obtuse leaves and bitter rootstock common as a weed in North America', 'Xyridales': 'an order of monocotyledonous herbs', 'Xyridaceae': 'plants of tropical to temperate regions; usually in wet places', 'Xyris': 'chiefly American marsh plants, having usually yellow flowers', 'yellow-eyed_grass': 'any of several rushlike plants, especially of the pine barrens of southern United States', 'tall_yellow-eye': 'of Australia', 'Commelinaceae': 'large widely distributed family of chiefly perennial herbs or climbers: spiderworts', 'genus_Commelina': \"type genus of the Commelinaceae; large genus of herbs of branching or creeping habit: day flower; widow's tears\", 'commelina': 'any plant of the genus Commelina', 'spiderwort': 'any plant of the family Commelinaceae', \"St.-Bruno's-lily\": 'a variety of spiderwort', 'Tradescantia': 'spiderworts', 'Bromeliaceae': 'a family of tropical American plants of order Xyridales including several (as the pineapple) of economic importance', 'Ananas': 'a genus of tropical American plants have sword-shaped leaves and a fleshy compound fruits composed of the fruits of several flowers (such as pineapples)', 'Bromelia': 'the type genus of the family Bromeliaceae which includes tropical American plants with deeply cleft calyx', 'Tillandsia': 'large genus of epiphytic or terrestrial sparse-rooting tropical plants usually forming dense clumps or pendant masses', 'Spanish_moss': 'dense festoons of greenish-grey hairlike flexuous strands anchored to tree trunks and branches by sparse wiry roots; southeastern United States and West Indies to South America', 'Mayacaceae': 'a monocotyledonous family of bog plants of order Xyridales', 'Mayaca': 'small genus of delicate mossy bog plants having white or violet flowers', 'Rapateaceae': 'South American herbs somewhat resembling members of the Juncaceae', 'Eriocaulaceae': 'chiefly tropical aquatic or bog herbs: pipeworts', 'Eriocaulon': 'type genus of the Eriocaulaceae: rushlike aquatic or marginal perennials usually found in shallow waters of acid lakes and pools and bogs', 'pipewort': 'aquatic perennial of North America and Ireland and Hebrides having translucent green leaves in a basal spiral and dense buttonlike racemes of minute white flowers', 'Pontederiaceae': 'aquatic or bog plants', 'Pontederia': 'pickerelweed', 'pickerelweed': 'American plant having spikes of blue flowers and growing in shallow water of streams and ponds', 'Eichhornia': 'water hyacinth; water orchid', 'water_hyacinth': 'a tropical floating aquatic plant having spikes of large blue flowers; troublesome in clogging waterways especially in southern United States', 'Heteranthera': 'mud plantains', 'water_star_grass': 'grassy-leaved North American aquatic plant with yellow star-shaped blossoms', 'Naiadales': 'an order of aquatic monocotyledonous herbaceous plants', 'Naiadaceae': 'monotypic family of aquatic plants having narrow leaves and small flowers', 'Naias': 'sole genus of the family Naiadaceae', 'Alismataceae': 'perennial or annual aquatic or marsh plants', 'Alisma': 'small genus of aquatic or semiaquatic plants', 'water_plantain': 'marsh plant having clusters of small white or pinkish flowers and broad pointed or rounded leaves', 'Sagittaria': 'genus of aquatic herbs of temperate and tropical regions having sagittate or hastate leaves and white scapose flowers', 'common_arrowhead': 'a weed', 'ribbon-leaved_water_plantain': 'a variety of water plantain', 'narrow-leaved_water_plantain': 'a variety of water plantain', 'Hydrocharitaceae': 'simple nearly stemless freshwater aquatic plants; widely distributed', 'Hydrocharis': 'frogbit', 'frogbit': 'European floating plant with roundish heart-shaped leaves and white flowers', 'genus_Hydrilla': 'one species', 'hydrilla': \"submersed plant with whorled lanceolate leaves and solitary axillary flowers; Old World plant naturalized in southern United States and clogging Florida's waterways\", 'Limnobium': 'American frogbit', 'American_frogbit': 'American plant with roundish heart-shaped or kidney-shaped leaves; usually rooted in muddy bottoms of ponds and ditches', 'Elodea': 'submerged freshwater perennials', 'waterweed': 'a weedy aquatic plant of genus Elodea', 'Canadian_pondweed': 'North American waterweed; widely naturalized in Europe', 'dense-leaved_elodea': 'aquatic plant with deep green foliage useful to oxygenate an aquarium; sometimes placed in genus Egeria', 'Egeria': 'small genus of dioecious tropical aquatic plants', 'Vallisneria': 'eelgrass; eel grass', 'tape_grass': 'submerged aquatic plant with ribbonlike leaves; Old World and Australia', 'Potamogetonaceae': 'plants that grow in ponds and slow streams; sometimes includes family Zosteraceae', 'pondweed': 'any of several submerged or floating freshwater perennial aquatic weeds belonging to the family Potamogetonaceae', 'Potamogeton': 'a large genus of aquatic herbs found in quiet waters in temperate regions; leaves usually float on the water', 'curled_leaf_pondweed': 'European herb naturalized in the eastern United States and California', 'variously-leaved_pondweed': 'of Europe (except the Mediterranean area) and the northern United States', 'loddon_pondweed': 'pondweed with floating leaves; of northern United States and Europe', 'Groenlandia': 'a monocotyledonous genus of the family Potamogetonaceae', \"frog's_lettuce\": 'very similar to Potamogeton; of western Africa, Asia, and Europe', 'Scheuchzeriaceae': 'a family of monocotyledonous bog herbs of order Naiadales', 'Triglochin': 'perennial or annual bog or marsh plants; includes arrow grass', 'arrow_grass': 'tufted perennial found in shallow water or marshland; sometimes poisons livestock', 'Zannichelliaceae': 'alternative classification for some genera included in Potamogetonaceae; one species', 'Zannichellia': 'horned pondweed: completely submerged herbs; in some classifications included in Potamogetonaceae', 'horned_pondweed': 'found in still or slow-moving fresh or brackish water; useful to oxygenate cool water ponds and aquaria', 'Zosteraceae': 'used in some classifications: essentially equivalent to Potamogetonaceae', 'Zostera': '(or in some classifications family Zosteraceae) small genus of widely distributed marine plants', 'eelgrass': 'submerged marine plant with very long narrow leaves found in abundance along North Atlantic coasts', 'Rosales': 'in some classifications this category does not include Leguminosae', 'Rosaceae': 'a large family of dicotyledonous plants of order Rosales; have alternate leaves and five-petaled flowers with numerous stamens', 'Rosa': 'large genus of erect or climbing prickly shrubs including roses', 'mountain_rose': 'European alpine rose with crimson flowers', 'ground_rose': 'low-growing bristly shrub of southern Oregon and California with creeping rootstocks and usually corymbose flowers', 'banksia_rose': 'Chinese evergreen climbing rose with yellow or white single flowers', 'dog_rose': 'prickly wild rose with delicate pink or white scentless flowers; native to Europe', 'damask_rose': 'large hardy very fragrant pink rose; cultivated in Asia Minor as source of attar of roses; parent of many hybrids', 'sweetbrier': 'Eurasian rose with prickly stems and fragrant leaves and bright pink flowers followed by scarlet hips', 'brier': 'a thorny stem or twig', 'Cherokee_rose': 'Chinese climbing rose with fragrant white blossoms', 'multiflora': 'vigorously growing rose having clusters of numerous small flowers; used for hedges and as grafting stock', 'musk_rose': 'rose native to Mediterranean region having curved or climbing branches and loose clusters of musky-scented flowers', 'tea_rose': 'any of several hybrid bush roses derived from a tea-scented Chinese rose with pink or yellow flowers', 'genus_Agrimonia': 'genus of herbs found chiefly in north temperate regions having pinnate leaves and yellow flowers followed by bristly fruit', 'agrimonia': 'a plant of the genus Agrimonia having spikelike clusters of small yellow flowers', 'harvest-lice': 'erect perennial Old World herb of dry grassy habitats', 'fragrant_agrimony': 'fragrant European perennial herb found at woodland margins on moist soils', 'Amelanchier': 'North American deciduous trees or shrubs', 'Juneberry': 'any of various North American trees or shrubs having showy white flowers and edible blue-black or purplish fruit', 'alderleaf_Juneberry': 'shrub or small tree of northwestern North America having fragrant creamy white flowers and small waxy purple-red fruits', 'Bartram_Juneberry': 'open-growing shrub of eastern North America having pure white flowers and small waxy almost black fruits', 'Chaenomeles': 'flowering quince', 'flowering_quince': 'Asiatic ornamental shrub with spiny branches and pink or red blossoms', 'japonica': 'greenhouse shrub with glossy green leaves and showy fragrant rose-like flowers; cultivated in many varieties', 'Japanese_quince': 'deciduous thorny shrub native to China having red or white blossoms', 'Chrysobalanus': 'coco plums', 'coco_plum': 'small tropical American tree bearing edible plumlike fruit', 'genus_Cotoneaster': 'genus of deciduous or evergreen Old World shrubs widely cultivated', 'cotoneaster': 'any shrub of the genus Cotoneaster: erect or creeping shrubs having richly colored autumn foliage and many small white to pinkish flowers followed by tiny red or black fruits', 'Cotoneaster_dammeri': 'climbing evergreen shrub with white flowers and red berries; often used as ground cover', 'Cotoneaster_horizontalis': 'deciduous flat-growing shrub with a fanned herringbone pattern and having reddish flowers and orange-red berries; used as a ground cover', 'Crataegus': 'thorny shrubs and small trees: hawthorn; thorn; thorn apple', 'hawthorn': 'a spring-flowering shrub or small tree of the genus Crataegus', 'parsley_haw': 'southern United States hawthorn with pinnately lobed leaves', 'scarlet_haw': 'common shrub or small tree of the eastern United States having few thorns and white flowers in corymbs followed by bright orange-red berries', 'blackthorn': 'a thorny Eurasian bush with plumlike fruits', 'cockspur_thorn': 'eastern United States hawthorn with long straight thorns', 'mayhaw': 'hawthorn of southern United States bearing a juicy, acidic, scarlet fruit that is often used in jellies or preserves', 'whitethorn': 'thorny Eurasian shrub of small tree having dense clusters of white to scarlet flowers followed by deep red berries; established as an escape in eastern North America', 'English_hawthorn': 'European hawthorn having deeply cleft leaves and bright red fruits; widely cultivated in many varieties and often grown as impenetrable hedges; established as an escape in eastern North America', 'red_haw': 'American red-fruited hawthorn with dense corymbs of pink-red flowers', 'evergreen_thorn': 'evergreen hawthorn of southeastern Europe', 'Cydonia': 'quince', 'Dryas': 'mountain avens', 'mountain_avens': 'creeping evergreen shrub with large white flowers; widely distributed in northern portions of Eurasia and North America', 'Eriobotrya': 'Asiatic evergreen fruit trees', 'Fragaria': 'strawberries', 'garden_strawberry': 'widely cultivated', 'wild_strawberry': 'Europe', 'beach_strawberry': 'wild strawberry of western United States and South America; source of many varieties of cultivated strawberries', 'Virginia_strawberry': 'North American wild strawberry with sweet scarlet fruit; a source of many cultivated strawberries', 'Geum': 'avens', 'avens': 'any of various perennials of the genus Geum having usually pinnate basal leaves and variously colored flowers', 'yellow_avens': 'hairy yellow-flowered plant of eastern Asia and North America', 'bennet': 'avens of Virginia having pale or greenish yellow flowers', 'water_avens': 'erect perennial of north temperate zone having pinnate leaves and a few nodding flowers with a brown-purple calyx and orange and pink petals', 'prairie_smoke': 'North American perennial with hairy basal pinnate leaves and purple flowers and plume-tipped fruits', 'herb_bennet': 'hairy Eurasian plant with small yellow flowers and an astringent root formerly used medicinally', 'Heteromeles': 'one species: toyon; in some classifications included in genus Photinia', 'toyon': 'ornamental evergreen treelike shrub of the Pacific coast of the United States having large white flowers and red berrylike fruits; often placed in genus Photinia', 'Malus': 'apple trees; found throughout temperate zones of the northern hemisphere', 'apple_tree': 'any tree of the genus Malus especially those bearing firm rounded edible fruits', 'applewood': 'wood of any of various apple trees of the genus Malus', 'wild_apple': 'any of numerous wild apple trees usually with small acidic fruit', 'Siberian_crab': 'Asian wild crab apple cultivated in many varieties for it small acid usually red fruit used for preserving', 'wild_crab': 'wild crab apple native to Europe; a chief ancestor of cultivated apples', 'American_crab_apple': 'medium-sized tree of the eastern United States having pink blossoms and small yellow fruit', 'Oregon_crab_apple': 'small tree or shrub of western United States having white blossoms and tiny yellow or red fruit', 'Southern_crab_apple': 'small tree or shrub of southeastern United States; cultivated as an ornamental for its rose-colored blossoms', 'Iowa_crab': 'wild crab apple of western United States with fragrant pink flowers', 'Bechtel_crab': 'derived from the Iowa crab and cultivated for its large double pink blossoms', 'Mespilus': 'medlars', 'Photinia': 'genus of deciduous and evergreen east Asian trees and shrubs widely cultivated as ornamentals for their white flowers and red fruits; in some classifications includes genus Heteromeles', 'Potentilla': 'chiefly perennial northern hemisphere herbs and shrubs: cinquefoil', 'silverweed': 'any of various twining shrubs of the genus Argyreia having silvery leaves and showy purple flowers', 'Poterium': 'a genus of thorny herbs or shrubs of the family Rosaceae', 'Prunus': 'a genus of shrubs and trees of the family Rosaceae that is widely distributed in temperate regions', 'wild_plum': 'an uncultivated plum tree or shrub', 'Allegheny_plum': 'wild plum of northeastern United States having dark purple fruits with yellow flesh', 'American_red_plum': 'wild plum trees of eastern and central North America having red-orange fruit with yellow flesh', 'chickasaw_plum': 'small native American shrubby tree bearing small edible yellow to reddish fruit', 'common_plum': 'any of various widely distributed plums grown in the cooler temperate areas', 'bullace': 'small wild or half-domesticated Eurasian plum bearing small ovoid fruit in clusters', 'damson_plum': 'plum tree long cultivated for its edible fruit', 'big-tree_plum': 'small tree of southwestern United States having purplish-red fruit sometimes cultivated as an ornamental for its large leaves', 'Canada_plum': 'small tree native to northeastern North America having oblong orange-red fruit', 'Japanese_apricot': 'Japanese ornamental tree with fragrant white or pink blossoms and small yellow fruits', 'common_apricot': 'temperate zone tree bearing downy yellow to rosy fruits', 'purple_apricot': 'small hybrid apricot of Asia and Asia Minor having purplish twigs and white flowers following by inferior purple fruit', 'wild_cherry': 'the fruit of the wild cherry tree', 'gean': 'wild or seedling sweet cherry used as stock for grafting', 'Western_sand_cherry': 'dwarf ornamental shrub of western United States having large black to red and yellow sweet edible fruit', 'cherry_laurel': 'frequently cultivated Eurasian evergreen shrub or small tree having showy clusters of white flowers and glossy foliage and yielding oil similar to bitter almond oil', 'cherry_plum': 'small Asiatic tree bearing edible red or yellow fruit', 'marasca': 'small bitter fruit of the marasca cherry tree from whose juice maraschino liqueur is made', 'Amygdalaceae': 'used in former classifications for plum and peach and almond trees which are now usually classified as members of the genus Prunus', 'Amygdalus': 'used in former classifications for peach and almond trees which are now included in genus Prunus', 'almond_tree': 'any of several small bushy trees having pink or white blossoms and usually bearing nuts', 'bitter_almond': 'almond trees having white blossoms and poisonous nuts yielding an oil used for flavoring and for medicinal purposes', 'almond_oil': 'pale yellow fatty oil expressed from sweet or bitter almonds', 'bitter_almond_oil': 'pale yellow essential oil obtained from bitter almonds by distillation from almond cake or meal', 'jordan_almond': 'variety of large almond from Malaga, Spain; used in confectionery', 'dwarf_flowering_almond': 'small Chinese shrub with smooth unfurrowed dark red fruit grown especially for its red or pink or white flowers', 'holly-leaved_cherry': 'California evergreen wild plum with spiny leathery leaves and white flowers', 'fuji': 'shrubby Japanese cherry tree having pale pink blossoms', 'flowering_almond': 'deciduous Chinese shrub or small tree with often trilobed leaves grown for its pink-white flowers', 'Catalina_cherry': 'evergreen shrub or small tree found on Catalina Island (California)', 'bird_cherry': 'any of several small-fruited cherry trees frequented or fed on by birds', 'hagberry_tree': 'small European cherry tree closely resembling the American chokecherry', 'hagberry': 'small cherry much liked by birds', 'pin_cherry': 'small shrubby North American wild cherry with small bright red acid fruit', 'sand_cherry': 'small straggling American cherry growing on sandy soil and having minute scarcely edible purplish-black fruit', 'Japanese_plum': 'small tree of China and Japan bearing large yellow to red plums usually somewhat inferior to European plums in flavor', 'black_cherry': 'large North American wild cherry with round black sour edible fruit', 'flowering_cherry': 'any of several shrubs or trees of the genus Prunus cultivated for their showy white or pink single or double blossoms', 'oriental_cherry': 'ornamental tree with inedible fruits widely cultivated in many varieties for its white blossoms', 'Japanese_flowering_cherry': 'ornamental tree with inedible fruit widely cultivated in many varieties for its pink blossoms', 'Sierra_plum': 'shrub of the Pacific coast of the United States bearing small red insipid fruit', 'rosebud_cherry': 'shrub or tree native to Japan cultivated as an ornamental for its rose-pink flowers', 'Russian_almond': 'Asiatic shrub cultivated for its rosy red flowers', 'chokecherry': 'the fruit of the chokecherry tree', 'western_chokecherry': 'chokecherry of western United States', 'genus_Pyracantha': 'Eurasian evergreen thorny shrubs bearing red or orange-red berries', 'Pyracantha': 'any of various thorny shrubs of the genus Pyracantha bearing small white flowers followed by hard red or orange-red berries', 'Pyrus': 'fruit trees native to the Old World: pears', 'fruit_tree': 'tree bearing edible fruit', 'fruitwood': 'wood of various fruit trees (as apple or cherry or pear) used especially in cabinetwork', 'Rubus': 'large genus of brambles bearing berries', 'bramble_bush': 'any prickly shrub of the genus Rubus bearing edible aggregate fruits', 'lawyerbush': 'stout-stemmed trailing shrub of New Zealand that scrambles over other growth', 'stone_bramble': 'European trailing bramble with red berrylike fruits', 'true_blackberry': 'the true blackberry of Europe as well as any of numerous varieties having sweet edible black or dark purple berries', 'sand_blackberry': 'stiff shrubby blackberry of the eastern United States (Connecticut to Florida)', 'western_blackberry': 'American blackberry with oblong black fruit', 'American_dewberry': 'North American dewberry', 'Northern_dewberry': 'of eastern North America', 'Southern_dewberry': 'of southern North America', 'swamp_dewberry': 'of eastern North America', 'European_dewberry': 'creeping European bramble bearing dewberries', 'red_raspberry': 'any of several raspberries bearing red fruit', 'wild_raspberry': 'the common European raspberry; fruit red or orange', 'American_raspberry': 'red raspberry of North America', 'black_raspberry': 'raspberry native to eastern North America having black thimble-shaped fruit', 'salmonberry': 'white-flowered raspberry of western North America and northern Mexico with thimble-shaped orange berries', 'cloudberry': 'creeping raspberry of north temperate regions with yellow or orange berries', 'flowering_raspberry': 'shrubby raspberry of eastern North America having showy rose to purplish flowers and red or orange thimble-shaped fruit', 'wineberry': 'raspberry of China and Japan having pale pink flowers grown for ornament and for the small red acid fruits', 'Sorbus': 'a genus of shrubs or trees of the family Rosaceae having feathery leaves', 'rowan': 'Eurasian tree with orange-red berrylike fruits', 'rowanberry': 'decorative red berrylike fruit of a rowan tree', 'American_mountain_ash': 'a variety of mountain ash', 'Western_mountain_ash': 'an ash of the western coast of North America', 'service_tree': 'medium-sized European tree resembling the rowan but bearing edible fruit', 'wild_service_tree': 'European tree bearing edible small speckled brown fruit', 'Spiraea': 'a dicotyledonous genus of the family Rosaceae', 'spirea': 'a Japanese shrub that resembles members of the genus Spiraea; widely cultivated in many varieties for its dense panicles of flowers in many colors; often forced by florists for Easter blooming', 'bridal_wreath': 'Chilean evergreen shrub having delicate spikes of small white flowers', 'Rubiales': 'an order of dicotyledonous plants of the subclass Asteridae; have opposite leaves and an inferior compound ovary', 'Rubiaceae': 'widely distributed family of mostly tropical trees and shrubs and herbs; includes coffee and chinchona and gardenia and madder and bedstraws and partridgeberry', 'madderwort': 'any of numerous trees or shrubs or vines of the family Rubiaceae', 'Rubia': 'type genus of the Rubiaceae; Old World herbs and subshrubs grown for their medicinal properties and for dye substances extracted from their roots', 'Indian_madder': 'perennial East Indian creeping or climbing herb used for dye in the orient', 'madder': 'Eurasian herb having small yellow flowers and red roots formerly an important source of the dye alizarin', 'Asperula': 'woodruff', 'woodruff': 'any plant of the genus Asperula', \"dyer's_woodruff\": 'creeping European perennial having red or pinkish-white flowers and red roots sometimes used as a substitute for madder in dyeing', 'Calycophyllum': 'medium to large tropical American trees having shiny reddish-brown shredding bark', 'dagame': 'source of a tough elastic wood', 'Chiococca': 'shrubs of tropical and subtropical New World', 'blolly': 'evergreen climbing shrub of southern Florida and West Indies grown for its racemes of fragrant white to creamy flowers followed by globose white succulent berries', 'Coffea': 'coffee trees', 'Arabian_coffee': 'shrubby tree of northeastern tropical Africa widely cultivated in tropical or near tropical regions for its seed which form most of the commercial coffee', 'Liberian_coffee': 'small tree of West Africa', 'robusta_coffee': 'native to West Africa but grown in Java and elsewhere; resistant to coffee rust', 'genus_Cinchona': 'large genus of trees of Andean region of South America having medicinal bark', 'cinchona': 'medicinal bark of cinchona trees; source of quinine and quinidine', 'Cartagena_bark': 'Colombian tree; source of Cartagena bark (a cinchona bark)', 'calisaya': 'Peruvian shrub or small tree having large glossy leaves and cymes of fragrant yellow to green or red flowers; cultivated for its medicinal bark', 'cinchona_tree': 'small tree of Ecuador and Peru having very large glossy leaves and large panicles of fragrant pink flowers; cultivated for its medicinal bark', 'Galium': 'annual or perennial herbs: bedstraw; cleavers', 'bedstraw': 'any of several plants of the genus Galium', 'Northern_bedstraw': 'North American stoloniferous perennial having white flowers; sometimes used as an ornamental', 'yellow_bedstraw': 'common yellow-flowered perennial bedstraw; North America and Europe and Asia', 'cleavers': 'annual having the stem beset with curved prickles; North America and Europe and Asia', 'wild_madder': 'Eurasian herb with ample panicles of small white flowers; naturalized in North America', 'genus_Gardenia': 'large genus of attractive Old World tropical shrubs and small trees', 'gardenia': 'any of various shrubs and small trees of the genus Gardenia having large fragrant white or yellow flowers', 'cape_jasmine': 'evergreen shrub widely cultivated for its large fragrant waxlike white flowers and glossy leaves', 'genus_Genipa': 'tropical American evergreen trees or shrubs bearing yellow flowers and succulent edible fruit with a thick rind', 'genipa': 'any tree of the genus Genipa bearing yellow flowers and edible fruit with a thick rind', 'genipap_fruit': 'tree of the West Indies and northern South America bearing succulent edible orange-sized fruit', 'genus_Hamelia': 'evergreen tropical American shrubs or small trees', 'hamelia': 'any of several flowering tropical or subtropical shrubs of the genus Hamelia', 'scarlet_bush': 'handsome shrub with showy orange to scarlet or crimson flowers; Florida and West Indies to Mexico and Brazil', 'Mitchella': 'creeping evergreen herbs of North America', 'partridgeberry': 'creeping woody plant of eastern North America with shiny evergreen leaves and scarlet berries', 'Nauclea': 'small genus of evergreen tropical shrubs or trees with smooth leathery leaves', 'opepe': 'large African forest tree yielding a strong hard yellow to golden brown lumber; sometimes placed in genus Sarcocephalus', 'Pinckneya': 'small genus of shrubs or small trees of southeastern United States and northern South America', 'Psychotria': 'tropical chiefly South American shrubs and trees', 'lemonwood': 'hard tough elastic wood of the lemonwood tree; used for making bows and fishing rods', 'Sarcocephalus': 'genus of tropical African trees and shrubs', 'negro_peach': 'a stout spreading or semi-climbing tropical shrub with round brownish-red warty fruit; Africa', 'Vangueria': 'tropical African and Asiatic trees and shrubs having one-seeded fruit', 'wild_medlar': 'small deciduous tree of southern Africa having edible fruit', 'Spanish_tamarind': 'shrubby tree of Madagascar occasionally cultivated for its edible apple-shaped fruit', 'Caprifoliaceae': 'shrubs and small trees and woody vines', 'genus_Abelia': 'chiefly east Asian shrubs', 'abelia': 'any of various deciduous or evergreen ornamental shrubs of the genus Abelia having opposite simple leaves and cymes of small white or pink or purplish flowers; Asia and Mexico', 'Diervilla': 'small genus of low deciduous shrubs: bush honeysuckles', 'bush_honeysuckle': 'a honeysuckle shrub of southern Russia to central Asia', 'Kolkwitzia': 'Chinese genus of 1 species: beauty bush', 'beauty_bush': 'Chinese deciduous shrub with yellow-throated pinkish flowers and bristly fruit; often cultivated as an ornamental', 'Leycesteria': 'small species of shrubs of western Himalayas to China', 'Himalaya_honeysuckle': 'shrub honeysuckle with drooping spikes of purplish flowers', 'Linnaea': 'one species: twinflower', 'twinflower': 'creeping evergreen subshrub of the northern parts of Europe and Asia with delicate fragrant tubular bell-shaped usually pink flowers borne in pairs', 'American_twinflower': 'similar to the twinflower of northern Europe and Asia', 'Lonicera': 'woodbine', 'white_honeysuckle': 'bushy honeysuckle with twining branches and white or yellow-white flowers; southern United States', 'American_fly_honeysuckle': 'erect deciduous North American shrub with yellow-white flowers', 'Italian_honeysuckle': 'deciduous climbing shrub with fragrant yellow-white flowers in axillary whorls', 'yellow_honeysuckle': 'climbing deciduous shrub with fragrant yellow (later orange) flowers in terminal whorls; southeastern United States', 'hairy_honeysuckle': 'twining deciduous shrub with hairy leaves and spikes of yellow-orange flowers; northeastern America', 'twinberry': 'shrubby honeysuckle with purple flowers; western North America', 'Japanese_honeysuckle': 'an Asiatic trailing evergreen honeysuckle with half-evergreen leaves and fragrant white flowers turning yellow with age; has become a weed in some areas', \"Hall's_honeysuckle\": 'a variety of Japanese honeysuckle that grows like a vine; established as an aggressive escape in southeastern United States', \"Morrow's_honeysuckle\": 'a grey deciduous honeysuckle shrub paired white flowers turning yellow; Japan', 'woodbine': 'European twining honeysuckle with fragrant red and yellow-white flowers', 'trumpet_honeysuckle': 'evergreen North American honeysuckle vine having coral-red or orange flowers', 'European_fly_honeysuckle': 'cultivated Eurasian shrub with twin yellowish-white flowers and scarlet fruit', 'swamp_fly_honeysuckle': 'a variety of fly honeysuckle', 'Symphoricarpos': 'deciduous shrubs of North America and Central America and China', 'snowberry': 'deciduous shrub of western North America having spikes of pink flowers followed by round white berries', 'Sambucus': 'elder; elderberry', 'American_elder': 'common elder of central and eastern North America bearing purple-black berries; fruit used in wines and jellies', 'blue_elder': 'shrub or small tree of western United States having white flowers and blue berries; fruit used in wines and jellies', 'dwarf_elder': 'dwarf herbaceous elder of Europe having pink flowers and a nauseous odor', 'bourtree': 'a common shrub with black fruit or a small tree of Europe and Asia; fruit used for wines and jellies', 'American_red_elder': 'common North American shrub or small tree', 'European_red_elder': 'Eurasian shrub', 'Triostium': 'genus of Asiatic and North American herbs: feverroot', 'feverroot': 'coarse weedy American perennial herb with large usually perfoliate leaves and purple or dull red flowers', 'Viburnum': 'deciduous or evergreen shrubs or small trees: arrow-wood; wayfaring tree', 'cranberry_bush': 'deciduous North American shrub or small tree having three-lobed leaves and red berries', 'wayfaring_tree': 'vigorous deciduous European treelike shrub common along waysides; red berries turn black', 'guelder_rose': 'deciduous thicket-forming Old World shrub with clusters of white flowers and small bright red berries', 'arrow_wood': 'closely related to southern arrow wood; grows in the eastern United States from Maine to Ohio and Georgia', 'black_haw': 'upright deciduous shrub having frosted dark-blue fruit; east and east central North America', 'genus_Weigela': 'east Asian flowering shrubs', 'weigela': 'deciduous shrub widely cultivated for its white or pink or red flowers', 'Dipsacaceae': 'chiefly southern European herbs with flowers usually in dense cymose heads', 'Dipsacus': 'type genus of the Dipsacaceae: teasel', 'teasel': 'any of several herbs of the genus Dipsacus native to the Old World having flower heads surrounded by spiny bracts', 'common_teasel': 'teasel with lilac flowers native to Old World but naturalized in North America; dried flower heads used to raise a nap on woolen cloth', \"fuller's_teasel\": 'similar to the common teasel and similarly used; widespread in Europe and North Africa and western Asia; naturalized in United States', 'wild_teasel': 'European teasel with white to pink flowers; naturalized in United States', 'genus_Scabiosa': 'annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs; mainly Mediterranean', 'scabious': 'any of various plants of the genus Scabiosa', 'sweet_scabious': 'Old World annual having fragrant purple to deep crimson flower heads; naturalized in United States', 'field_scabious': 'perennial having bluish-lilac flowers; introduced in the eastern United States', 'Balsaminaceae': 'distinguished from the family Geraniaceae by the irregular flowers', 'genus_Impatiens': 'annual or perennial herbs with stems more or less succulent; cosmopolitan except for South America, Australia, and New Zealand', 'jewelweed': 'North American annual plant with usually yellow or orange flowers; grows chiefly on wet rather acid soil', 'Geraniales': 'an order of plants of subclass Rosidae including geraniums and many other plants; see Euphorbiaceae; Geraniaceae; Rutaceae; Malpighiaceae; Simaroubaceae; Meliaceae; Zygophyllaceae; Tropaeolaceae', 'Geraniaceae': 'chiefly herbaceous plants', 'geranium': 'any of numerous plants of the family Geraniaceae', 'genus_Geranium': 'genus of mostly North American geraniums: cranesbills', 'cranesbill': 'any of numerous geraniums of the genus Geranium', 'wild_geranium': 'common wild geranium of eastern North America with deeply parted leaves and rose-purple flowers', 'meadow_cranesbill': 'tall perennial cranesbill with paired violet-blue axillary flowers; native to northern parts of Old World and naturalized in North America', \"Richardson's_geranium\": 'geranium of western North America having branched clusters of white or pale pink flowers', 'herb_robert': 'a sticky low herb with small reddish-purple flowers; widespread in the northern hemisphere', 'sticky_geranium': 'geranium of western North America having pinkish-purple flowers in open clusters', \"dove's_foot_geranium\": 'western geranium with small pink flowers; a common weed on lawns and in vacant lots', 'Pelargonium': 'geraniums native chiefly to South Africa; widely cultivated', 'rose_geranium': 'any of several southern African geraniums having fragrant three-lobed to five-lobed leaves and pink flowers', 'fish_geranium': 'an upright geranium having scalloped leaves with a broad color zone inside the margin and white or pink or red flowers', 'ivy_geranium': 'a commonly cultivated trailing South American plant with peltate leaves and rosy flowers', 'apple_geranium': 'geranium with round fragrant leaves and small white flowers', 'lemon_geranium': 'a common garden geranium with lemon-scented foliage', 'Erodium': 'geraniums of Europe and South America and Australia especially mountainous regions', 'storksbill': 'any of various plants of the genus Erodium', 'redstem_storksbill': 'European weed naturalized in southwestern United States and Mexico having reddish decumbent stems with small fernlike leaves and small deep reddish-lavender flowers followed by slender fruits that stick straight up; often grown for forage', 'musk_clover': 'low annual European herb naturalized in America; similar to alfilaria', 'Texas_storksbill': 'of prairies and desert areas of southwestern United States and Mexico', 'Erythroxylaceae': 'a family of plants of order Geraniales; have drupaceous fruit', 'Erythroxylon': 'a large genus of South American shrubs and small trees of the family Erythroxylaceae', 'Erythroxylon_coca': 'a South American shrub whose leaves are chewed by natives of the Andes; a source of cocaine', 'Erythroxylon_truxiuense': 'a South American shrub whose leaves are a source of cocaine', 'Burseraceae': 'resinous or aromatic chiefly tropical shrubs or trees', 'incense_tree': 'any of various tropical trees of the family Burseraceae yielding fragrant gums or resins that are burned as incense', 'elemi': 'fragrant resin obtain from trees of the family Burseraceae and used as incense', 'Bursera': 'type genus of Burseraceae; tropical and subtropical American shrubs and trees some yielding timber and gum elemi', 'elephant_tree': 'small tree or shrub of the southwestern United States having a spicy odor and odd-pinnate leaves and small clusters of white flowers', 'gumbo-limbo': 'tropical American tree yielding a reddish resin used in cements and varnishes', 'Boswellia': 'genus of trees of North Africa and India that yield incense', 'Boswellia_carteri': 'tree yielding an aromatic gum resin burned as incense', 'salai': 'East Indian tree yielding a resin used medicinally and burned as incense', 'Commiphora': 'genus of East Indian and African trees yielding balsamic products', 'balm_of_gilead': 'small evergreen tree of Africa and Asia; leaves have a strong aromatic odor when bruised', 'myrrh_tree': 'tree of eastern Africa and Asia yielding myrrh', 'myrrh': 'aromatic resin that is burned as incense and used in perfume', 'Protium': 'genus of chiefly tropical American trees having fragrant wood and yielding gum elemi', 'Protium_heptaphyllum': 'tropical American tree', 'Protium_guianense': 'tropical American tree', 'incense_wood': 'fragrant wood of two incense trees of the genus Protium', 'Callitrichaceae': 'dicot aquatic herbs', 'Callitriche': 'water starworts', 'water_starwort': 'any of several aquatic plants having a star-shaped rosette of floating leaves; America, Europe and Asia', 'Malpighiaceae': 'tropical shrubs or trees', 'Malpighia': 'type genus of the Malpighiaceae', 'jiqui': 'Cuban timber tree with hard wood very resistant to moisture', 'barbados_cherry': 'tropical American shrub bearing edible acid red fruit resembling cherries', 'Meliaceae': 'tropical trees and shrubs including many important timber and ornamental trees', 'mahogany': 'wood of any of various mahogany trees; much used for cabinetwork and furniture', 'Melia': 'type genus of the Meliaceae: East Indian and Australian deciduous trees with leaves resembling those of the ash', 'chinaberry': 'tree of northern India and China having purple blossoms and small inedible yellow fruits; naturalized in the southern United States as a shade tree', 'Azadirachta': 'genus of large important East Indian trees: neem trees', 'neem': 'large semi-evergreen tree of the East Indies; trunk exudes a tenacious gum; bitter bark used as a tonic; seeds yield an aromatic oil; sometimes placed in genus Melia', 'neem_seed': 'seed of neem trees; source of pesticides and fertilizer and medicinal products', 'Cedrela': 'tropical American trees', 'Spanish_cedar': 'tropical American tree yielding fragrant wood used especially for boxes', 'Chloroxylon': 'deciduous trees of India and Sri Lanka', 'satinwood': 'West Indian tree with smooth lustrous and slightly oily wood', 'Entandrophragma': 'cedar mahogany trees', 'African_scented_mahogany': 'African tree having rather lightweight cedar-scented wood varying in color from pink to reddish brown', 'Flindersia': 'small genus of Australian timber trees', 'silver_ash': 'any of various timber trees of the genus Flindersia', 'native_beech': 'tall Australian timber tree yielding tough hard wood used for staves etc', 'bunji-bunji': 'Australian timber tree whose bark yields a poison', 'Khaya': 'African mahogany trees', 'African_mahogany': 'African tree having hard heavy odorless wood', 'genus_Lansium': 'a dicotyledonous genus of the family Meliaceae', 'lanseh_tree': 'East Indian tree bearing an edible yellow berry', 'Lovoa': 'genus of African timber trees', 'African_walnut': 'tropical African timber tree with wood that resembles mahogany', 'Swietinia': 'tropical American mahogany trees', 'true_mahogany': 'mahogany tree of West Indies', 'Honduras_mahogany': 'an important Central American mahogany tree', 'Toona': 'formerly included in genus Cedrela', 'Philippine_mahogany': 'red hardwood of the Philippine mahogany tree used for cigar boxes and interior finish', 'cigar-box_cedar': 'fragrant wood much used for cigar boxes', 'genus_Turreae': 'genus of trees and shrubs of tropical Africa and Asia and Australia', 'turreae': 'any of numerous trees and shrubs grown for their beautiful glossy foliage and sweetly fragrant starry flowers', 'Lepidobotryaceae': 'family created in 1950 solely for the classification of a distinctive African tree repeatedly classified in other families; trees long believed to exist only in Africa', 'genus_Lepidobotrys': 'a genus of dicotyledonous trees belonging to the family Lepidobotryaceae', 'lepidobotrys': 'African tree often classified in other families; similar to the Costa Rican caracolito in wood structure as well as in fruit and flowers and leaves and seeds', 'Ruptiliocarpon': 'new (1993) genus of trees of Central America now recognized as similar to those of genus Lepidobotrys', 'caracolito': 'large Costa Rican tree having light-colored wood suitable for cabinetry; similar to the African lepidobotrys in wood structure as well as in fruit and flowers and leaves and seeds; often classified in other families', 'Oxalidaceae': 'a family of widely distributed herbs of the order Geraniales; have compound leaves and pentamerous flowers', 'genus_Oxalis': 'type genus of the Oxalidaceae; large genus of plants having leaves that resemble clover and variously colored flowers usually clustered in umbels', 'oxalis': 'any plant or flower of the genus Oxalis', 'common_wood_sorrel': 'Eurasian plant with heart-shaped trifoliate leaves and white purple-veined flowers', 'Bermuda_buttercup': 'South African bulbous wood sorrel with showy yellow flowers', 'creeping_oxalis': 'creeping much-branched mat-forming weed; cosmopolitan', 'goatsfoot': 'short-stemmed South African plant with bluish flowers', 'violet_wood_sorrel': 'perennial herb of eastern North America with palmately compound leaves and usually rose-purple flowers', 'oca': 'South American wood sorrel cultivated for its edible tubers', 'Averrhoa': 'trees native to East Indies having pinnate leaves: carambolas', 'bilimbi': 'East Indian evergreen tree bearing very acid fruit', 'Polygalaceae': 'trees, shrubs, and herbs widely distributed throughout both hemispheres', 'Polygala': 'type genus of the Polygalaceae: milkwort; senega; snakeroot', 'milkwort': 'any of various plants of the genus Polygala', 'senega': 'dried root of two plants of the genus Polygala containing an irritating saponin', 'orange_milkwort': 'bog plant of pine barrens of southeastern United States having spikes of irregular yellow-orange flowers', 'flowering_wintergreen': 'common trailing perennial milkwort of eastern North America having leaves like wintergreen and usually rosy-purple flowers with winged sepals', 'Seneca_snakeroot': 'eastern North American plant having a terminal cluster of small white flowers and medicinal roots', 'common_milkwort': 'small European perennial with numerous branches having racemes of blue, pink or white flowers; formerly reputed to promote human lactation', 'Rutaceae': 'a family of dicotyledonous plants of order Geraniales; have flowers that are divide into four or five parts and usually have a strong scent', 'Ruta': 'type genus of the Rutaceae; strong-scented Eurasian herbs', 'genus_Citrus': 'orange; lemon; lime; etc.', 'orangewood': 'fine-grained wood of an orange tree; used in fine woodwork', 'sour_orange': 'any of various common orange trees yielding sour or bitter fruit; used as grafting stock', 'bergamot': 'small tree with pear-shaped fruit whose oil is used in perfumery; Italy', 'citronwood': 'wood of a citron tree', 'rangpur': 'hybrid between mandarin orange and lemon having very acid fruit with orange peel', 'sweet_lemon': 'lemon tree having fruit with a somewhat insipid sweetish pulp', 'Citroncirus': 'a cross between Citrus sinensis and Poncirus trifoliata', 'Dictamnus': 'a dicotyledonous genus of the family Rutaceae', 'fraxinella': 'Eurasian perennial herb with white flowers that emit flammable vapor in hot weather', 'Fortunella': 'small genus of shrubs native to south China producing small ovoid fruits resembling oranges: includes kumquats', 'marumi': 'shrub bearing round-fruited kumquats', 'nagami': 'shrub bearing oval-fruited kumquats', 'Phellodendron': 'small genus of aromatic deciduous trees of east Asia often having thick corky bark', 'Poncirus': 'one species: trifoliate orange', 'trifoliate_orange': 'small fast-growing spiny deciduous Chinese orange tree bearing sweetly scented flowers and decorative but inedible fruit: used as a stock in grafting and for hedges', 'Zanthoxylum': 'deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs: prickly ash', 'toothache_tree': 'small deciduous aromatic shrub (or tree) having spiny branches and yellowish flowers; eastern North America', \"Hercules'-club\": 'densely spiny ornamental of southeastern United States and West Indies', 'Simaroubaceae': 'chiefly tropical trees and shrubs with bitter bark having dry usually one-seeded winged fruit', 'bitterwood_tree': 'any of various trees or shrubs of the family Simaroubaceae having wood and bark with a bitter taste', 'Simarouba': 'type genus of Simaroubaceae; tropical American trees and shrubs having a pale soft wood and bitter bark', 'marupa': 'tree of the Amazon valley yielding a light brittle timber locally regarded as resistant to insect attack', 'paradise_tree': 'medium to large tree of tropical North and South America having odd-pinnate leaves and long panicles of small pale yellow flowers followed by scarlet fruits', 'genus_Ailanthus': 'small genus of east Asian and Chinese trees with odd-pinnate leaves and long twisted samaras', 'ailanthus': 'any of several deciduous Asian trees of the genus Ailanthus', 'tree_of_heaven': 'deciduous rapidly growing tree of China with foliage like sumac and sweetish fetid flowers; widely planted in United States as a street tree because of its resistance to pollution', 'Irvingia': 'wild mango', 'wild_mango': 'African tree with edible yellow fruit resembling mangos; valued for its oil-rich seed and hardy green wood that resists termites', 'Kirkia': 'small genus of tropical South African trees and shrubs', 'pepper_tree': 'small Peruvian evergreen with broad rounded head and slender pendant branches with attractive clusters of greenish flowers followed by clusters of rose-pink fruits', 'Picrasma': 'small genus of deciduous trees of tropical America and Asia', 'Jamaica_quassia': 'similar to the extract from Quassia amara', 'genus_Quassia': 'tropical trees and shrubs with pinnate leaves and large scarlet flowers; bark is medicinal', 'quassia': 'a bitter compound used as an insecticide and tonic and vermifuge; extracted from the wood and bark of trees of the genera Quassia and Picrasma', 'Tropaeolaceae': 'coextensive with the genus Tropaeolum', 'Tropaeolum': 'a tropical American genus of dicotyledonous climbing or diffuse pungent herbs constituting the family Tropaeolaceae', 'garden_nasturtium': 'strong-growing annual climber having large flowers of all shades of orange from orange-red to yellowish orange and seeds that are pickled and used like capers', 'bush_nasturtium': 'annual with deep yellow flowers smaller than the common garden nasturtium', 'canarybird_flower': 'a climber having flowers that are the color of canaries', 'Zygophyllaceae': 'small trees, shrubs, and herbs of warm arid and saline regions; often resinous; some poisonous: genera Zygophyllum, Tribulus, Guaiacum, Larrea', 'Zygophyllum': 'usually tropical herbs or shrubs having ill-smelling foliage and flower buds that are used as capers: bean capers', 'bean_caper': 'perennial shrub of the eastern Mediterranean region and southwestern Asia having flowers whose buds are used as capers', 'Bulnesia': 'palo santo', 'palo_santo': 'South American tree of dry interior regions of Argentina and Paraguay having resinous heartwood used for incense', 'guaiac_wood': 'heartwood of a palo santo; yields an aromatic oil used in perfumes', 'Guaiacum': 'small genus of evergreen resinous trees or shrubs of warm and tropical America', 'lignum_vitae': 'hard greenish-brown wood of the lignum vitae tree and other trees of the genus Guaiacum', 'bastard_lignum_vitae': 'small evergreen tree of the southern United States and West Indies a source of lignum vitae wood', 'guaiacum': 'medicinal resin from the lignum vitae tree', 'Larrea': 'xerophytic evergreen shrubs; South America to southwestern United States', 'creosote_bush': 'desert shrub of southwestern United States and New Mexico having persistent resinous aromatic foliage and small yellow flowers', 'Sonora_gum': 'acidulous gum resin of the creosote bush', 'Tribulus': 'annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs of warm regions', 'caltrop': 'tropical annual procumbent poisonous subshrub having fruit that splits into five spiny nutlets; serious pasture weed', 'Salicales': 'coextensive with the family Salicaceae', 'Salicaceae': 'two genera of trees or shrubs having hairy catkins: Salix; Populus', 'Salix': 'a large and widespread genus varying in size from small shrubs to large trees: willows', 'osier': 'flexible twig of a willow tree', 'white_willow': 'large willow tree of Eurasia and North Africa having greyish canescent leaves and grey bark', 'silver_willow': 'North American willow with greyish silky pubescent leaves that usually blacken in drying', 'golden_willow': 'European willow having greyish leaves and yellow-orange twigs used in basketry', 'cricket-bat_willow': 'Eurasian willow tree having greyish leaves and ascending branches', 'arctic_willow': 'low creeping shrub of Arctic Europe and America', 'weeping_willow': 'willow with long drooping branches and slender leaves native to China; widely cultivated as an ornamental', 'Wisconsin_weeping_willow': 'hybrid willow usually not strongly weeping in habit', 'pussy_willow': 'small willow of eastern North America having greyish leaves and silky catkins that come before the leaves', 'sallow': 'any of several Old World shrubby broad-leaved willows having large catkins; some are important sources for tanbark and charcoal', 'goat_willow': 'much-branched Old World willow having large catkins and relatively large broad leaves', 'peachleaf_willow': 'willow of the western United States with leaves like those of peach or almond trees', 'almond_willow': 'Old World willow with light green leaves cultivated for use in basketry', 'hoary_willow': 'North American shrub with whitish canescent leaves', 'crack_willow': 'large willow tree with stiff branches that are easily broken', 'prairie_willow': 'slender shrubby willow of dry areas of North America', 'dwarf_willow': 'widely distributed boreal shrubby willow with partially underground creeping stems and bright green glossy leaves', 'grey_willow': 'Eurasian shrubby willow with whitish tomentose twigs', 'arroyo_willow': 'shrubby willow of the western United States', 'shining_willow': 'common North American shrub with shiny lanceolate leaves', 'swamp_willow': 'North American shrubby willow having dark bark and linear leaves growing close to streams and lakes', 'bay_willow': 'European willow tree with shining leathery leaves; widely naturalized in the eastern United States', 'purple_willow': 'Eurasian osier having reddish or purple twigs and bark rich in tannin', 'balsam_willow': 'small shrubby tree of eastern North America having leaves exuding an odor of balsam when crushed', 'creeping_willow': 'small trailing bush of Europe and Asia having straggling branches with silky green leaves of which several varieties are cultivated', 'Sitka_willow': 'small shrubby tree of western North America (Alaska to Oregon)', 'dwarf_grey_willow': 'willow shrub of dry places in the eastern United States having long narrow leaves canescent beneath', 'bearberry_willow': 'dwarf prostrate mat-forming shrub of Arctic and alpine regions of North America and Greenland having deep green elliptic leaves that taper toward the base', 'common_osier': 'willow with long flexible twigs used in basketry', 'Populus': 'a genus of trees of the family Salicaceae that is found in the northern hemisphere; poplars', 'poplar': 'soft light-colored non-durable wood of the poplar', 'balsam_poplar': 'poplar of northeastern North America with broad heart-shaped leaves', 'white_poplar': 'a poplar that is widely cultivated in the United States; has white bark and leaves with whitish undersurfaces', 'grey_poplar': 'large rapidly growing poplar with faintly lobed dentate leaves grey on the lower surface; native to Europe but introduced and naturalized elsewhere', 'black_poplar': 'large European poplar', 'Lombardy_poplar': 'distinguished by its columnar fastigiate shape and erect branches', 'cottonwood': 'any of several North American trees of the genus Populus having a tuft of cottony hairs on the seed', 'Eastern_cottonwood': 'a common poplar of eastern and central United States; cultivated in United States for its rapid growth and luxuriant foliage and in Europe for timber', 'black_cottonwood': 'cottonwood of western North America with dark green leaves shining above and rusty or silvery beneath', 'swamp_cottonwood': 'North American poplar with large rounded scalloped leaves and brownish bark and wood', 'aspen': 'any of several trees of the genus Populus having leaves on flattened stalks so that they flutter in the lightest wind', 'quaking_aspen': 'Old World aspen with a broad much-branched crown; northwestern Europe and Siberia to North Africa', 'American_quaking_aspen': 'slender aspen native to North America', 'Canadian_aspen': 'aspen with a narrow crown; eastern North America', 'Santalales': 'order of plants distinguished by having a one-celled inferior ovary; many are parasitic or partly parasitic usually on roots', 'Santalaceae': 'chiefly tropical herbs or shrubs or trees bearing nuts or one-seeded fruit', 'Santalum': 'parasitic trees of Indonesia and Malaysia', 'sandalwood_tree': 'parasitic tree of Indonesia and Malaysia having fragrant close-grained yellowish heartwood with insect repelling properties and used, e.g., for making chests', 'sandalwood': 'close-grained fragrant yellowish heartwood of the true sandalwood; has insect repelling properties and is used for carving and cabinetwork', 'genus_Buckleya': 'small genus of Asiatic and American parasitic shrubs', 'buckleya': 'parasitic shrub of the eastern United States having opposite leaves and insignificant greenish flowers followed by oily dull green olivelike fruits', 'Comandra': 'small genus of chiefly North American parasitic plants', 'bastard_toadflax': 'woody creeping parasite of western North America having numerous thick powdery leaves and panicles of small dull-white flowers', 'Eucarya': 'quandong trees', 'Pyrularia': 'small genus of chiefly Asiatic parasitic shrubs', 'rabbitwood': 'shrub of southeastern United States parasitic on roots of hemlocks having sparse spikes of greenish flowers and pulpy drupes', 'buffalo_nut': 'oily drupaceous fruit of rabbitwood', 'Loranthaceae': 'in some classification includes Viscaceae: parasitic or hemiparasitic shrublets or shrubs or small trees of tropical and temperate regions; attach to hosts by haustoria', 'Loranthus': 'type genus of the Loranthaceae: 1 species', 'mistletoe': 'American plants closely resembling Old World mistletoe', 'Arceuthobium': 'genus of chiefly American plants parasitic on conifers', 'American_mistletoe': 'the traditional mistletoe of Christmas in America: grows on deciduous trees and can severely weaken the host plant', 'Nuytsia': 'one species', 'Viscaceae': 'in some classifications considered a subfamily of Loranthaceae', 'Viscum': 'type genus of the Viscaceae: Old World evergreen shrubs parasitic on many trees including oaks but especially apple trees, poplars, aspens and cottonwoods', 'Phoradendron': 'any of various American parasitic plants similar to Old World mistletoe: false mistletoe', 'Sapindales': 'an order of dicotyledonous plants', 'Sapindaceae': 'chiefly tropical New and Old World deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs bearing leathery drupes with yellow translucent flesh; most plants produce toxic saponins', 'aalii': 'a small Hawaiian tree with hard dark wood', 'Dodonaea': 'a genus of tropical shrub or tree', 'soapberry': 'a tree of the genus Sapindus whose fruit is rich in saponin', 'Sapindus': 'type genus of the Sapindaceae', 'wild_China_tree': 'deciduous tree of southwestern United States having pulpy fruit containing saponin', 'China_tree': 'evergreen of tropical America having pulpy fruit containing saponin which was used as soap by Native Americans', 'Blighia': 'small genus of western African evergreen trees and shrubs bearing fleshy capsular three-seeded fruits edible when neither unripe nor overripe', 'akee': 'widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for its fragrant flowers and colorful fruits; introduced in Jamaica by William Bligh', 'Cardiospermum': 'tendril-climbing herbs or shrubs whose seeds have a white heart-shaped spot', 'soapberry_vine': 'tendril-climbing vine', 'heartseed': 'herbaceous vine of tropical America and Africa', 'balloon_vine': 'woody perennial climbing plant with large ornamental seed pods that resemble balloons; tropical India and Africa and America', 'Dimocarpus': 'longan', 'longan': 'tree of southeastern Asia to Australia grown primarily for its sweet edible fruit resembling litchi nuts; sometimes placed in genera Euphorbia or Nephelium', 'genus_Harpullia': 'genus of tropical Asiatic and African trees', 'harpullia': 'any of various tree of the genus Harpullia', 'harpulla': 'fast-growing tree of India and East Indies yielding a wood used especially for building', 'Moreton_Bay_tulipwood': 'Australian tree yielding a variegated tulipwood', 'genus_Litchi': 'Chinese trees', 'Melicoccus': 'tropical American trees and shrubs bearing berries', 'Spanish_lime': 'tropical American tree bearing a small edible fruit with green leathery skin and sweet juicy translucent pulp', 'Nephelium': 'a genus of dicotyledonous trees of the family Sapindaceae that are native to Asia and Australia', 'Buxaceae': 'widely distributed evergreen shrubs and trees', 'Buxus': 'type genus of the Buxaceae', 'common_box': 'large slow-growing evergreen shrub or small tree with multiple stems; extensively used for hedges or borders and topiary figures', 'boxwood': 'very hard tough close-grained light yellow wood of the box (particularly the common box); used in delicate woodwork: musical instruments and inlays and engraving blocks', 'genus_Pachysandra': 'evergreen perennial procumbent subshrubs or herbs', 'pachysandra': 'any plant of the genus Pachysandra; low-growing evergreen herbs or subshrubs having dentate leaves and used as ground cover', 'Allegheny_spurge': 'low semi-evergreen perennial herb having small spikes of white or pinkish flowers; native to southern United States but grown elsewhere', 'Japanese_spurge': 'slow-growing Japanese evergreen subshrub having terminal spikes of white flowers; grown as a ground cover', 'Celastraceae': 'trees and shrubs and woody vines usually having bright-colored fruits', 'staff_tree': 'any small tree or twining shrub of the genus Celastrus', 'Celastrus': 'genus of woody vines and erect shrubs (type genus of the Celastraceae) that is native chiefly to Asia and Australia: includes bittersweet', 'bittersweet': 'poisonous perennial Old World vine having violet flowers and oval coral-red berries; widespread weed in North America', 'Japanese_bittersweet': 'ornamental Asiatic vine with showy orange-yellow fruit with a scarlet aril; naturalized in North America', 'Euonymus': 'widely distributed chiefly evergreen shrubs or small trees or vines', 'spindle_tree': 'any shrubby trees or woody vines of the genus Euonymus having showy usually reddish berries', 'common_spindle_tree': 'small erect deciduous shrub having tough white wood and cathartic bark and fruit', 'winged_spindle_tree': 'bushy deciduous shrub with branches having thin wide corky longitudinal wings; brilliant red in autumn; northeastern Asia to central China', 'strawberry_bush': 'upright deciduous plant with crimson pods and seeds; the eastern United States from New York to Florida and Texas', 'evergreen_bittersweet': 'broad and bushy Asiatic twining shrub with pinkish fruit; many subspecies or varieties', 'Cyrilliaceae': 'shrubs and trees with leathery leaves and small white flowers in racemes: genera Cyrilla and Cliftonia', 'genus_Cyrilla': 'one species: trees and shrubs having flowers with acute or twisted petals and wingless fruit', 'cyrilla': 'shrub or small tree of southeastern United States to West Indies and Brazil; grown for the slender racemes of white flowers and orange and crimson foliage', 'Cliftonia': 'one species: titi', 'Empetraceae': 'heathlike shrubs', 'Empetrum': 'crowberries', 'crowberry': 'a low evergreen shrub with small purple flowers and black berrylike fruit', 'Aceraceae': 'a family of trees and shrubs of order Sapindales including the maples', 'Acer': 'type genus of the Aceraceae; trees or shrubs having winged fruit', 'maple': 'wood of any of various maple trees; especially the hard close-grained wood of the sugar maple; used especially for furniture and flooring', \"bird's-eye_maple\": 'maple wood having a wavy grain with eyelike markings', 'silver_maple': 'a common North American maple tree; five-lobed leaves are light green above and silvery white beneath; source of hard close-grained but brittle light-brown wood', 'sugar_maple': 'maple of eastern and central North America having three-lobed to five-lobed leaves and hard close-grained wood much used for cabinet work especially the curly-grained form; sap is chief source of maple syrup and maple sugar; many subspecies', 'red_maple': 'maple of eastern and central America; five-lobed leaves turn scarlet and yellow in autumn', 'moosewood': 'maple of eastern North America with striped bark and large two-lobed leaves clear yellow in autumn', 'Oregon_maple': 'maple of western North America having large 5-lobed leaves orange in autumn', 'dwarf_maple': 'small maple of northwestern North America', 'mountain_maple': 'small shrubby maple of eastern North America; scarlet in autumn', 'vine_maple': 'small maple of northwestern North America having prostrate stems that root freely and form dense thickets', 'hedge_maple': 'shrubby Eurasian maple often used as a hedge', 'Norway_maple': 'a large Eurasian maple tree naturalized in North America; five-lobed leaves yellow in autumn; cultivated in many varieties', 'box_elder': 'common shade tree of eastern and central United States', 'California_box_elder': 'maple of the Pacific coast of the United States; fruits are white when mature', 'pointed-leaf_maple': 'small shrubby Japanese plant with leaves having 5 to 7 acuminate lobes; yellow in autumn', 'Japanese_maple': 'ornamental shrub or small tree of Japan and Korea with deeply incised leaves; cultivated in many varieties', 'Dipteronia': 'small genus of large deciduous shrubs having large clusters of winged seeds that turn red as they mature; central and southern China', 'Aquifoliaceae': 'widely distributed shrubs and trees', 'holly': 'any tree or shrub of the genus Ilex having red berries and shiny evergreen leaves with prickly edges', 'Ilex': 'a large genus of dicotyledonous trees and shrubs of the family Aquifoliaceae that have small flowers and berries (including hollies)', 'Chinese_holly': 'dense rounded evergreen shrub of China having spiny leaves; widely cultivated as an ornamental', 'inkberry': 'evergreen holly of eastern North America with oblong leathery leaves and small black berries', 'American_holly': 'an evergreen tree', 'low_gallberry_holly': 'an evergreen shrub', 'tall_gallberry_holly': 'an evergreen shrub', 'yaupon_holly': 'an evergreen shrub', 'deciduous_holly': 'a holly tree', 'juneberry_holly': 'a holly shrub', 'largeleaf_holly': 'a holly tree', 'Geogia_holly': 'a holly shrub', 'common_winterberry_holly': 'a holly shrub', 'smooth_winterberry_holly': 'a holly shrub', 'Anacardiaceae': 'the cashew family; trees and shrubs and vines having resinous (sometimes poisonous) juice; includes cashew and mango and pistachio and poison ivy and sumac', 'Anacardium': 'type genus of the Anacardiaceae: cashew', 'Astronium': 'a genus of dicotyledonous plants of the family Anacardiaceae', 'goncalo_alves': 'tall tropical American timber tree especially abundant in eastern Brazil; yields hard strong durable zebrawood with straight grain and dark strips on a pinkish to yellowish ground; widely used for veneer and furniture and heavy construction', 'Cotinus': 'smoke trees', 'American_smokewood': 'shrubby tree of southern United States having large plumes of feathery flowers resembling puffs of smoke', 'Venetian_sumac': 'Old World shrub having large plumes of yellowish feathery flowers resembling puffs of smoke', 'Malosma': 'one species; often included in the genus Rhus', 'laurel_sumac': 'small aromatic evergreen shrub of California having paniculate leaves and whitish berries; in some classifications included in genus Rhus', 'Mangifera': 'tropical tree native to Asia bearing fleshy fruit', 'Pistacia': 'a dicotyledonous genus of trees of the family Anacardiaceae having drupaceous fruit', 'terebinth': 'a Mediterranean tree yielding Chian turpentine', 'mastic': 'an aromatic exudate from the mastic tree; used chiefly in varnishes', 'Rhodosphaera': 'one species; an Australian evergreen sumac', 'Australian_sumac': 'evergreen of Australia yielding a dark yellow wood', 'Rhus': 'deciduous or evergreen shrubs and shrubby trees of temperate and subtropical North America, South Africa, eastern Asia and northeastern Australia; usually limited to nonpoisonous sumacs (see genus Toxicodendron)', 'sumac': 'wood of a sumac', 'fragrant_sumac': 'sweet-scented sumac of eastern America having ternate leaves and yellowish-green flowers in spikes resembling catkins followed by red hairy fruits', 'smooth_sumac': 'common nonpoisonous shrub of eastern North America with waxy compound leaves and green paniculate flowers followed by red berries', 'dwarf_sumac': 'common nonpoisonous shrub of eastern North America with compound leaves and green paniculate flowers followed by red berries', 'sugar-bush': 'evergreen shrub of southeastern United States with spikes of reddish yellow flowers and glandular hairy fruits', 'staghorn_sumac': 'deciduous shrubby tree or eastern North America with compound leaves that turn brilliant red in fall and dense panicles of greenish yellow flowers followed by crimson acidic berries', 'squawbush': 'deciduous shrub of California with unpleasantly scented usually trifoliate leaves and edible fruit', 'Schinus': 'genus of evergreen shrubs and trees of tropical and subtropical regions of South and Central America and Canary Islands and China', 'aroeira_blanca': 'small resinous tree or shrub of Brazil', 'Brazilian_pepper_tree': 'small Brazilian evergreen resinous tree or shrub having dark green leaflets and white flowers followed by bright red fruit; used as a street tree and lawn specimen', 'Spondias': 'tropical trees having one-seeded fruit', 'Toxicodendron': 'in some classifications: comprising those members of the genus Rhus having foliage that is poisonous to the touch; of North America and northern South America', 'poison_ash': 'smooth American swamp shrub with pinnate leaves and greenish flowers followed by greenish white berries; yields an irritating oil', 'poison_ivy': 'dermatitis resulting from contact with the poison ivy plant; \"my poison ivy is drying up\"', 'western_poison_oak': 'poisonous shrub of the Pacific coast of North America that causes a rash on contact', 'eastern_poison_oak': 'poisonous shrub of southeastern United States causing a rash on contact', 'varnish_tree': 'small Asiatic tree yielding a toxic exudate from which lacquer is obtained', 'Hippocastanaceae': 'trees having showy flowers and inedible nutlike seeds in a leathery capsule', 'Aesculus': 'deciduous trees or some shrubs of North America; southeastern Europe; eastern Asia', 'horse_chestnut': 'tree having palmate leaves and large clusters of white to red flowers followed by brown shiny inedible seeds', 'buckeye': 'the inedible nutlike seed of the horse chestnut', 'sweet_buckeye': 'a tall and often cultivated buckeye of the central United States', 'Ohio_buckeye': 'a buckeye with scaly grey bark that is found in the central United States', 'dwarf_buckeye': 'a spreading shrub with pink flowers; found in southeastern United States', 'red_buckeye': 'a shrub buckeye of southern United States', 'particolored_buckeye': 'a buckeye marked by different colors or tints', 'Staphylaceae': 'a family of dicotyledonous plants of order Sapindales found mostly in the north temperate zone', 'Staphylea': 'a genus of small trees or shrubs of the family Staphylaceae', 'Ebenales': 'trees or shrubs of the families Ebenaceae or Sapotaceae or Styracaceae or Symplocaceae', 'Ebenaceae': 'fruit and timber trees of tropical and warm regions including ebony and persimmon', 'Diospyros': 'a genus of trees or shrubs that have beautiful and valuable wood', 'ebony': 'hard dark-colored heartwood of the ebony tree; used in cabinetwork and for piano keys', 'marblewood': 'hard marbled wood', 'Japanese_persimmon': 'small deciduous Asiatic tree bearing large red or orange edible astringent fruit', 'American_persimmon': 'medium-sized tree of dry woodlands in the southern and eastern United States bearing yellow or orange very astringent fruit that is edible when fully ripe', 'date_plum': 'an Asiatic persimmon tree cultivated for its small yellow or purplish-black edible fruit much valued by Afghan tribes', 'Sapotaceae': 'tropical trees or shrubs with milky juice and often edible fleshy fruit', 'Achras': 'tropical trees having papery leaves and large fruit', 'Bumelia': 'deciduous or evergreen American shrubs small trees having very hard wood and milky latex', 'buckthorn': 'a shrub or shrubby tree of the genus Rhamnus; fruits are source of yellow dyes or pigments', 'southern_buckthorn': 'shrubby thorny deciduous tree of southeastern United States with white flowers and small black drupaceous fruit', 'false_buckthorn': 'deciduous tree of southeastern United States and Mexico', 'Calocarpum': 'a genus of tropical American trees of the family Sapotaceae', 'Chrysophyllum': 'tropical American evergreen trees or shrubs', 'star_apple': 'evergreen tree of West Indies and Central America having edible purple fruit star-shaped in cross section and dark green leaves with golden silky undersides', 'satinleaf': 'tropical American timber tree with dark hard heavy wood and small plumlike purple fruit', 'Manilkara': 'genus of large evergreen trees with milky latex; pantropical', 'balata': 'when dried yields a hard substance used e.g. in golf balls', 'Palaquium': 'large genus of Malaysian trees with milky juice and leathery leaves', 'gutta-percha_tree': 'one of several East Indian trees yielding gutta-percha', 'Payena': 'genus of medium to large Malaysian trees yielding gutta-percha', 'Pouteria': 'tropical American timber tree with edible fruit (canistel)', 'marmalade_tree': 'tropical American tree having wood like mahogany and sweet edible egg-shaped fruit; in some classifications placed in the genus Calocarpum', 'Symplocaceae': 'a dicotyledonous family of order Ebenales', 'Symplocus': 'type and sole genus of Symplocaceae including sweetleaf', 'sweetleaf': 'small yellowwood tree of southern United States having small fragrant white flowers; leaves and bark yield a yellow dye', 'Asiatic_sweetleaf': 'deciduous shrub of eastern Asia bearing decorative bright blue fruit', 'Styracaceae': 'a widely distributed family of shrubs and trees of order Ebenales', 'storax': 'a vanilla-scented resin from various trees of the genus Styrax', 'genus_Styrax': 'deciduous or evergreen shrubs and small trees', 'styrax': 'any shrub or small tree of the genus Styrax having fragrant bell-shaped flowers that hang below the dark green foliage', 'snowbell': 'small tree native to Japan', 'Japanese_snowbell': 'shrubby tree of China and Japan', 'Texas_snowbell': 'styrax of southwestern United States; a threatened species', 'Halesia': 'deciduous small trees or shrubs of China and eastern North America', 'silver_bell': 'any of various deciduous trees of the genus Halesia having white bell-shaped flowers', 'silver-bell_tree': 'medium-sized tree of West Virginia to Florida and Texas', 'carnivorous_plant': 'plants adapted to attract and capture and digest primarily insects but also other small animals', 'Sarraceniales': 'plants that are variously modified to serve as insect traps: families Sarraceniaceae; Nepenthaceae; Droseraceae', 'Sarraceniaceae': 'insectivorous plants', 'Sarracenia': 'pitcher plants', 'pitcher_plant': 'any of several insectivorous herbs of the order Sarraceniales', 'common_pitcher_plant': 'perennial bog herb having dark red flowers and decumbent broadly winged pitchers forming a rosette; of northeastern North America and naturalized in Europe especially Ireland', 'hooded_pitcher_plant': 'yellow-flowered pitcher plant of southeastern United States having trumpet-shaped leaves with the orifice covered with an arched hood', \"huntsman's_horn\": 'pitcher plant of southeastern United States having erect yellow trumpet-shaped pitchers with wide mouths and erect lids', 'Darlingtonia': 'one species: California pitcher plant', 'California_pitcher_plant': 'marsh or bog herb having solitary pendulous yellow-green flowers and somewhat twisted pitchers with broad wings below', 'Heliamphora': 'genus of pitcher plants of the Guiana Highlands in South America', 'sun_pitcher': 'any of several herbs of Guiana highlands having racemes of nodding white or pink flowers; trap and digest insects in pitcher-shaped leaves with spoon-shaped caps', 'Nepenthaceae': 'coextensive with the genus Nepenthes', 'Nepenthes': 'pitcher plants', 'tropical_pitcher_plant': 'any of several tropical carnivorous shrubs or woody herbs of the genus Nepenthes', 'Droseraceae': 'a family of carnivorous herbs and shrubs', 'Drosera': 'the type genus of Droseraceae including many low bog-inhabiting insectivorous plants', 'sundew': 'any of various bog plants of the genus Drosera having leaves covered with sticky hairs that trap and digest insects; cosmopolitan in distribution', 'Dionaea': 'a genus of the family Droseraceae', \"Venus's_flytrap\": 'carnivorous plant of coastal plains of the Carolinas having sensitive hinged marginally bristled leaf blades that close and entrap insects', 'Aldrovanda': 'one species: waterwheel plant', 'waterwheel_plant': 'floating aquatic carnivorous perennial of central and southern Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia having whorls of 6 to 9 leaves ending in hinged lobes for capturing e.g. water fleas', 'Drosophyllum': 'one species', 'Drosophyllum_lusitanicum': 'perennial of dry habitats whose leaves have glandular hairs that secrete adhesive and digestive fluid for capture and digestion of insects; Portugal, southern Spain and Morocco', 'Roridulaceae': 'in some classifications included in the family Droseraceae', 'genus_Roridula': 'insectivorous undershrubs of South Africa; in some classifications placed in the family Droseraceae', 'roridula': 'either of 2 species of the genus Roridula; South African viscid perennial low-growing woody shrubs', 'Cephalotaceae': 'a family of plants of order Rosales; coextensive with the genus Cephalotus', 'Cephalotus': 'one species: Australian pitcher plant', 'Australian_pitcher_plant': 'a carnivorous perennial herb having a green pitcher and hinged lid both with red edges; western Australia', 'Crassulaceae': 'succulent shrubs and herbs', 'Crassula': 'type genus of Crassulaceae; herbs and small shrubs having woody stems and succulent aerial parts', 'genus_Sedum': 'large genus of rock plants having thick fleshy leaves', 'sedum': 'any of various plants of the genus Sedum', 'stonecrop': 'any of various northern temperate plants of the genus Sedum having fleshy leaves and red or yellow or white flowers', 'wall_pepper': 'mossy European creeping sedum with yellow flowers; widely introduced as a ground cover', 'rose-root': 'Eurasian mountain plant with fleshy pink-tipped leaves and a cluster of yellow flowers', 'orpine': 'perennial northern temperate plant with toothed leaves and heads of small purplish-white flowers', 'Aeonium': 'a genus of plants of the family Crassulaceae', 'Cunoniaceae': 'trees or shrubs or climbers; mostly southern hemisphere', 'Ceratopetalum': 'a dicotyledonous genus of the family Cunoniaceae', 'Christmas_bush': 'Australian tree or shrub with red flowers; often used in Christmas decoration', 'Hydrangeaceae': 'sometimes included in the family Saxifragaceae', 'genus_Hydrangea': 'type genus of Hydrangeaceae; large genus of shrubs and some trees and vines with white or pink or blue flower clusters; sometimes placed in family Saxifragaceae', 'hydrangea': 'any of various deciduous or evergreen shrubs of the genus Hydrangea', 'climbing_hydrangea': 'climbing shrub with adhesive aerial roots having opposite leaves and small white flowers in terminal cymes; Himalayas to Taiwan and Japan', 'wild_hydrangea': 'deciduous shrub with creamy white flower clusters; eastern United States', 'hortensia': 'deciduous shrub bearing roundheaded flower clusters opening green and aging to pink or blue', 'fall-blooming_hydrangea': 'deciduous shrub or small tree with pyramidal flower clusters', 'genus_Carpenteria': 'one species; sometimes placed in family Saxifragaceae', 'carpenteria': 'California evergreen shrub having glossy opposite leaves and terminal clusters of a few fragrant white flowers', 'Decumaria': 'small genus of woody climbers with adhesive aerial roots; sometimes placed in family Saxifragaceae', 'decumary': 'woody climber of southeastern United States having white flowers in compound terminal clusters', 'genus_Deutzia': 'genus of ornamental mostly deciduous shrubs native to Asia and Central America; widespread in cultivation; sometimes placed in family Saxifragaceae', 'deutzia': 'any of various shrubs of the genus Deutzia having usually toothed opposite leaves and shredding bark and white or pink flowers in loose terminal clusters', 'Philadelphaceae': 'one genus; usually included in family Hydrangeaceae', 'genus_Philadelphus': 'mock orange: type and sole genus of the subfamily Philadelphaceae; sometimes placed in family Saxifragaceae', 'philadelphus': 'any of various chiefly deciduous ornamental shrubs of the genus Philadelphus having white sweet-scented flowers, single or in clusters; widely grown in temperate regions', 'mock_orange': 'large hardy shrub with showy and strongly fragrant creamy-white flowers in short terminal racemes', 'Schizophragma': 'small genus of deciduous climbing and creeping shrubs with white flowers in flat clusters; sometimes placed in family Saxifragaceae', 'Saxifragaceae': 'a large and diverse family of evergreen or deciduous herbs; widely distributed in northern temperate and cold regions; sometimes includes genera of the family Hydrangeaceae', 'Saxifraga': 'type genus of the Saxifragaceae; large genus of usually perennial herbs of Arctic and cool regions of northern hemisphere: saxifrage', 'saxifrage': 'any of various plants of the genus Saxifraga', 'yellow_mountain_saxifrage': 'tufted evergreen perennial having ciliate leaves and yellow corymbose flowers often spotted orange', 'meadow_saxifrage': 'rosette-forming perennial having compact panicles of white flowers; Europe', 'mossy_saxifrage': 'tufted or mat-forming perennial of mountains of Europe; cultivated for its white flowers', 'western_saxifrage': 'saxifrage having loose clusters of white flowers on hairy stems growing from a cluster of basal leaves; moist slopes of western North America', 'purple_saxifrage': 'plants forming dense cushions with bright reddish-lavender flowers; rocky areas of Europe and Asia and western North America', 'star_saxifrage': 'small often mat-forming alpine plant having small starlike white flowers; Europe', 'strawberry_geranium': 'eastern Asiatic saxifrage with racemes of small red-and-white flowers; spreads by numerous creeping stolons', 'genus_Astilbe': 'chiefly Asiatic perennials: spirea', 'astilbe': 'any plant of the genus Astilbe having compound leaves and showy panicles of tiny colorful flowers', 'false_goatsbeard': 'North American astilbe with panicles of creamy white flowers', 'dwarf_astilbe': 'mat-forming evergreen Asiatic plant with finely cut leaves and small pink to burgundy flowers; grown as ground cover', 'genus_Bergenia': 'genus of perennial spring-blooming rhizomatous herbs with thick evergreen leaves; eastern Asia', 'bergenia': 'any plant of the genus Bergenia; valued as an evergreen ground cover and for the spring blossoms', 'Boykinia': 'genus of perennial rhizomatous herbs with flowers in panicles; North America; Japan', 'coast_boykinia': 'plant with leaves mostly at the base and openly branched clusters of small white flowers; western North America', 'Chrysosplenium': 'genus of widely distributed semiaquatic herbs with minute greenish-yellow apetalous flowers', 'golden_saxifrage': 'any of various low aquatic herbs of the genus Chrysosplenium', 'water_carpet': 'aquatic herb with yellowish flowers; central and western United States', 'Darmera': 'one species', 'Francoa': 'perennial evergreen herbs with white or pink flowers; Chile', 'Heuchera': 'genus of North American herbs with basal cordate or orbicular leaves and small panicled flowers', 'alumroot': 'any of several herbs of the genus Heuchera', 'rock_geranium': 'plant with basal leaves mottled with white and flowers in lax panicles on erect stems', 'poker_alumroot': 'plant with leathery heart-shaped leaf blades clustered at base of long stalks with greenish-white flowers clustered along the upper part; western North America', 'coralbells': 'perennial plant of the western United States having bright red flowers in feathery spikes; used as an ornamental', 'Leptarrhena': 'one species: leatherleaf saxifrage', 'leatherleaf_saxifrage': 'plant with basal leathery elliptic leaves and erect leafless flower stalks each bearing a dense roundish cluster of tiny white flowers; moist places of northwestern North America to Oregon and Idaho', 'Lithophragma': 'small genus of perennial herbs of the western North America', 'woodland_star': 'California perennial herb cultivated for its racemose white flowers with widely spreading petals; sometimes placed in genus Tellima', 'prairie_star': 'plant with mostly basal leaves and slender open racemes of white or pale pink flowers; prairies and open forest of northwestern United States to British Columbia and Alberta', 'Mitella': 'genus of low slender herbs of North America and northeastern Asia having flowers with trifid or pinnatifid petals', 'miterwort': \"any of various rhizomatous perennial herbs of the genus Mitella having a capsule resembling a bishop's miter\", 'fairy_cup': 'miterwort of northeastern North America usually with two opposite leaves on erect flowering stems that terminate in erect racemes of white flowers', \"five-point_bishop's_cap\": 'small plant with leaves in a basal cluster and tiny greenish flowers in slender racemes; northwestern North America to California and Colorado', 'genus_Parnassia': 'genus of bog herbs of Arctic and northern temperate regions', 'parnassia': 'any of various usually evergreen bog plants of the genus Parnassia having broad smooth basal leaves and a single pale flower resembling a buttercup', 'bog_star': 'plant having ovate leaves in a basal rosette and white starlike flowers netted with green', 'fringed_grass_of_Parnassus': 'bog plant with broadly heart-shaped basal leaves and cream-colored or white saucer-shaped flowers with fringed petals; west of Rocky Mountains from Alaska to New Mexico', 'genus_Suksdorfia': 'small genus of rhizomatous herbs of northwestern America and South America', 'suksdorfia': 'any of several American plants of the genus Suksdorfia having orbicular to kidney-shaped somewhat succulent leaves and white or rose or violet flowers in terminal panicles', 'violet_suksdorfia': 'slender delicate plant with wide roundish deeply lobed leaves and deep pink to violet funnel-shaped flowers; British Columbia to northern Oregon and west to Idaho and Montana', 'Tellima': 'genus of hardy perennials with palmately lobed leaves and long racemes of small nodding five-petaled flowers; western North America', 'false_alumroot': 'plant growing in clumps with mostly basal leaves and cream-colored or pale pink fringed flowers in several long racemes; Alaska to coastal central California and east to Idaho', 'Tiarella': 'small genus of North American herbs having mostly basal leaves and slender racemes of delicate white flowers', 'foamflower': 'stoloniferous white-flowered spring-blooming woodland plant', 'false_miterwort': 'plant with tiny white flowers hanging in loose clusters on leafy stems; moist woods from Alaska to central California and east to Montana', 'Tolmiea': 'one species: pickaback plant', 'pickaback_plant': 'vigorous perennial herb with flowers in erect racemes and having young plants develop at the junction of a leaf blade and the leafstalk', 'Grossulariaceae': 'in some classifications considered a part of the family Saxifragaceae: plants whose fruit is a berry', 'Ribes': 'a flowering shrub bearing currants or gooseberries; native to northern hemisphere', 'white_currant': 'garden currant bearing small white berries', 'winter_currant': 'a flowering shrub', 'Platanaceae': 'coextensive with the genus Platanus: plane trees', 'Platanus': 'genus of large monoecious mostly deciduous trees: London plane; sycamore', 'plane_tree': 'any of several trees of the genus Platanus having thin pale bark that scales off in small plates and lobed leaves and ball-shaped heads of fruits', 'London_plane': 'very large fast-growing tree much planted as a street tree', 'American_sycamore': 'very large spreading plane tree of eastern and central North America to Mexico', 'oriental_plane': 'large tree of southeastern Europe to Asia Minor', 'California_sycamore': 'tall tree of Baja California having deciduous bark and large alternate palmately lobed leaves and ball-shaped clusters of flowers', 'Arizona_sycamore': 'medium-sized tree of Arizona and adjacent regions having deeply lobed leaves and collective fruits in groups of 3 to 5', 'Polemoniales': 'Polemoniaceae; Solanaceae; Boraginaceae; Labiatae; Lentibulariaceae; Pedaliaceae; in some classifications includes the order Scrophulariales', 'Scrophulariales': 'used in some classification systems; often included in the order Polemoniales', 'Polemoniaceae': 'a widely distributed family of chiefly herbaceous plants of the order Polemoniales; often have showy flowers', 'genus_Polemonium': 'type genus of the Polemoniaceae', 'polemonium': 'any plant of the genus Polemonium; most are low-growing often foul-smelling plants of temperate to Arctic regions', 'Greek_valerian': 'erect or spreading perennial of the eastern United States', \"northern_Jacob's_ladder\": 'perennial erect herb with white flowers; circumboreal', 'skunkweed': 'tall herb of the Rocky Mountains having sticky leaves and an offensive smell', 'genus_Phlox': 'herbaceous to shrubby evergreen or deciduous annuals or perennials, diffuse (spreading) or caespitose (tufted or matted); from Alaska and western Canada to Mexico', 'phlox': 'any polemoniaceous plant of the genus Phlox; chiefly North American; cultivated for their clusters of flowers', 'chickweed_phlox': 'low mat-forming herb of rocky places in United States', 'moss_pink': 'low tufted perennial phlox with needlelike evergreen leaves and pink or white flowers; native to United States and widely cultivated as a ground cover', 'Linanthus': 'a genus of herbs of the family Polemoniaceae; found in western United States', 'ground_pink': 'low wiry-stemmed branching herb or southern California having fringed pink flowers', 'evening-snow': 'small California annual with white flowers', 'Acanthaceae': 'widely distributed herbs and shrubs and trees; sometimes placed in the order Scrophulariales', 'genus_Acanthus': \"bear's breeches\", 'acanthus': 'any plant of the genus Acanthus having large spiny leaves and spikes or white or purplish flowers; native to Mediterranean region but widely cultivated', \"bear's_breech\": 'widely cultivated southern European acanthus with whitish purple-veined flowers', 'Graptophyllum': 'caricature plant', 'caricature_plant': 'tropical Old World shrub having purple or red tubular flowers and leaf markings resembling the profile of a human face', 'Thunbergia': 'a genus of herbs or vines of the family Acanthaceae', 'Bignoniaceae': 'trees or shrubs or woody vines or herbs having fruit resembling gourds or capsules; sometimes placed in the order Scrophulariales', 'bignoniad': 'any woody plant of the family Bignoniaceae', 'Bignonia': 'one species: cross vine', 'cross_vine': 'woody flowering vine of southern United States; stems show a cross in transverse section', 'trumpet_creeper': 'a North American woody vine having pinnate leaves and large red trumpet-shaped flowers', 'genus_Catalpa': 'a dicotyledonous genus of plants belonging to the family Bignoniaceae; has large flowers (white or mottled) and long terete pods', 'catalpa': 'tree of the genus Catalpa with large leaves and white flowers followed by long slender pods', 'Catalpa_bignioides': 'catalpa tree of southern United States', 'Catalpa_speciosa': 'catalpa tree of central United States', 'Chilopsis': 'one species: desert willow', 'desert_willow': 'evergreen shrubby tree resembling a willow of dry regions of southwestern North America having showy purplish flowers and long seed pods', 'Crescentia': 'a genus of tropical American trees of the family Bignoniaceae; has a short trunk and crooked limbs and drooping branches', 'Boraginaceae': 'a widely distributed family of plants distinguished by circinate flowers and nutlike fruit', 'Borago': 'perennial herbs of the Mediterranean region', 'Amsinckia': 'rough annual herbs of Europe and the Americas: fiddlenecks', 'common_amsinckia': 'annual of western United States with coiled spikes of yellow-orange coiled flowers', 'large-flowered_fiddleneck': 'annual of the western United States having large coiled flower spikes; a threatened species', 'genus_Anchusa': 'rough and hairy Old World herbs', 'anchusa': 'any of various Old World herbs of the genus Anchusa having one-sided clusters of trumpet-shaped flowers', 'bugloss': 'perennial or biennial herb cultivated for its delicate usually blue flowers', 'cape_forget-me-not': 'anchusa of southern Africa having blue to red-purple flowers', 'Cordia': 'tropical deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs of the family Boraginaceae', 'Spanish_elm': 'large tropical American tree of the genus Cordia grown for its abundant creamy white flowers and valuable wood', 'princewood': 'tropical American timber tree', 'Cynoglossum': 'a large genus of tall rough herbs belonging to the family Boraginaceae', 'Chinese_forget-me-not': 'biennial east Asian herb grown for its usually bright blue flowers', \"hound's-tongue\": 'perennial shrub of North America having coarse tongue-shaped leaves and pale-blue to purple flowers', 'Echium': 'a genus of bristly herbs and shrubs of the family Boraginaceae', 'blueweed': 'a coarse prickly European weed with spikes of blue flowers; naturalized in United States', 'Hackelia': \"stickweed; beggar's lice\", \"beggar's_lice\": 'Eurasian and North American plants having small prickly nutlets that stick to clothing', 'stickweed': 'any of several herbaceous plants having seeds that cling to clothing', 'Lithospermum': 'annual or perennial herbaceous or shrubby plants; cosmopolitan except Australia', 'gromwell': 'European perennial branching plant; occurs in hedgerows and at the edge of woodlands', 'puccoon': 'perennial plant of eastern North America having hairy foliage yielding a red or yellow pigment', 'hoary_puccoon': 'perennial North American plant with greyish hairy foliage yielding a red or yellow pigment', 'Mertensia': 'a genus of herbs belonging to the family Boraginaceae that grow in temperate regions and have blue or purple flowers shaped like funnels', 'Virginia_bluebell': 'smooth erect herb of eastern North America having entire leaves and showy blue flowers that are pink in bud', 'Myosotis': 'forget-me-nots; scorpion grass', 'garden_forget-me-not': 'small biennial to perennial herb of Europe, northern Africa and western Asia having blue, purple or white flowers', 'forget-me-not': 'small perennial herb having bright blue or white flowers', 'Onosmodium': 'a genus of North American perennial herbs of the family Boraginaceae', 'false_gromwell': 'any of several North American perennial herbs with hairy foliage and small yellowish or greenish flowers', 'Symphytum': 'comfrey', 'common_comfrey': 'European herb having small white, pink or purple flowers; naturalized as a weed in North America', 'Convolvulaceae': 'morning glory; bindweed; sweet potato; plants having trumpet-shaped flowers and a climbing or twining habit', 'genus_Convolvulus': 'genus of mostly climbing or scrambling herbs and shrubs: bindweed', 'convolvulus': 'any of numerous plants of the genus Convolvulus', 'bindweed': 'any of several vines of the genera Convolvulus and Calystegia having a twining habit', 'field_bindweed': 'weakly climbing European perennial with white or pink flowers; naturalized in North America and an invasive weed', 'scammony': 'tropical American morning glory', 'Argyreia': 'woody climbers of tropical Asia to Australia', 'Calystegia': 'climbing or scrambling herbs: bindweed', 'hedge_bindweed': 'common Eurasian and American wild climber with pink flowers; sometimes placed in genus Convolvulus', 'Cuscuta': 'genus of twining leafless parasitic herbs lacking chlorophyll: dodder', 'dodder': 'a leafless annual parasitic vine of the genus Cuscuta having whitish or yellow filamentous stems; obtain nourishment through haustoria', 'love_vine': 'leafless parasitic vine with dense clusters of small white bell-shaped flowers on orange-yellow stems that twine around clover or flax', 'genus_Dichondra': 'genus of chiefly tropical prostrate perennial herbs with creeping stems that root at the nodes', 'dichondra': 'a creeping perennial herb with hairy stems and orbicular to reniform leaves and small white to greenish flowers; used as a grass substitute in warm regions', 'Ipomoea': 'morning glory', 'morning_glory': 'any of various twining vines having funnel-shaped flowers that close late in the day', 'common_morning_glory': 'annual or perennial climbing herb of Central America having sky-blue flowers; most commonly cultivated morning glory', 'cypress_vine': 'tropical American annual climber having red (sometimes white) flowers and finely dissected leaves; naturalized in United States and elsewhere', 'moonflower': 'pantropical climber having white fragrant nocturnal flowers', 'wild_potato_vine': 'tropical American prostrate or climbing herbaceous perennial having an enormous starchy root; sometimes held to be source of the sweet potato', 'red_morning-glory': 'annual herb having scarlet flowers; the eastern United States', 'man-of-the-earth': 'a morning glory with long roots of western United States', 'railroad_vine': 'a prostrate perennial of coastal sand dunes Florida to Texas', 'Japanese_morning_glory': 'annual Old World tropical climbing herb distinguished by wide color range and frilled or double flowers', 'imperial_Japanese_morning_glory': 'hybrid from Ipomoea nil', 'Gesneriaceae': 'large family of tropical herbs or shrubs or lianas; in some classification systems placed in the order Scrophulariales', 'gesneriad': 'any of numerous tropical or subtropical small shrubs or treelets or epiphytic vines of the family Gesneriaceae: African violet; Cape primroses; gloxinia', 'genus_Gesneria': 'large genus of tropical American herbs having showy tubular flowers', 'gesneria': 'any plant of the genus Gesneria', 'genus_Achimenes': 'genus of tropical perennial American herbs', 'achimenes': 'any plant of the genus Achimenes having showy bell-shaped flowers that resemble gloxinias', 'genus_Aeschynanthus': 'large genus of East Indian ornamental woody epiphytic plants', 'aeschynanthus': 'a plant of the genus Aeschynanthus having somewhat red or orange flowers and seeds having distinctive hairs at base and apex', 'lipstick_plant': 'epiphyte or creeping on rocks; Malaysian plant having somewhat fleshy leaves and bright red flowers', 'Alsobia': 'tropical American herbs sometimes included in genus Episcia', 'lace-flower_vine': 'low-growing creeping perennial of Central America having deeply fringed white flowers; sometimes placed in genus Episcia', 'genus_Columnea': 'genus of tropical American subshrubs and lianas', 'columnea': 'tropical plant having thick hairy somewhat toothed leaves and solitary or clustered yellow to scarlet flowers; many cultivated for their flowers and ornamental foliage', 'genus_Episcia': 'genus of tropical American herbs having soft hairy foliage', 'episcia': 'any plant of the genus Episcia; usually creeping and stoloniferous and of cascading habit; grown for their colorful foliage and flowers', 'genus_Gloxinia': 'small genus of tropical American herbs with leafy stems and axillary flowers', 'gloxinia': 'any of several plants of the genera Gloxinia or Sinningia (greenhouse gloxinias) having showy bell-shaped flowers', 'genus_Kohleria': 'genus of tropical American shrubs', 'kohleria': 'shrubby herb cultivated for their soft velvety foliage and showy scarlet flowers', 'Saintpaulia': 'east African herb with nodding flowers; widely cultivated', 'African_violet': 'tropical African plant cultivated as a houseplant for its violet or white or pink flowers', 'Sinningia': 'genus of perennial tuberous herbs and shrubs of Central and South America', \"florist's_gloxinia\": 'South American herb cultivated in many varieties as a houseplant for its large handsome leaves and large variously colored bell-shaped flowers', 'genus_Streptocarpus': 'large genus of usually stemless African or Asian herbs: Cape primrose', 'streptocarpus': 'any of various plants of the genus Streptocarpus having leaves in a basal rosette and flowers like primroses', 'Cape_primrose': 'any of various African plants of the genus Streptocarpus widely cultivated especially as houseplants for their showy blue or purple flowers', 'Hydrophyllaceae': 'perennial woodland herbs', 'Hydrophyllum': 'waterleaf', 'waterleaf': 'any of several plants of the genus Hydrophyllum', 'Virginia_waterleaf': 'showy perennial herb with white flowers; leaves sometimes used as edible greens in southeastern United States', 'Emmanthe': 'one species: yellow bells', 'yellow_bells': 'viscid herb of arid or desert habitats of southwestern United States having pendulous yellow flowers', 'Eriodictyon': 'small genus of evergreen shrubs of southwestern United States and Mexico', 'yerba_santa': 'viscid evergreen shrub of western United States with white to deep lilac flowers; the sticky aromatic leaves are used in treating bronchial and pulmonary illnesses', 'genus_Nemophila': 'genus of ornamental chiefly California herbs: baby blue-eyes', 'nemophila': 'any plant of the genus Nemophila', 'baby_blue-eyes': 'delicate California annual having blue flowers marked with dark spots', 'genus_Phacelia': 'American herbs with usually pinnatifid leaves and blue or purple or white flowers in scorpioid cymes', 'scorpionweed': 'any plant of the genus Phacelia', 'California_bluebell': 'desert plant of southern California with blue or violet tubular flowers in terminal racemes', 'fiddleneck': 'hairy annual of California to Mexico with crowded cymes of small blue to lilac or mauve flowers', 'Pholistoma': 'straggling herbs of southwestern United States', 'fiesta_flower': 'straggling California annual herb with deep purple or violet flowers; sometimes placed in genus Nemophila', 'Labiatae': 'a large family of aromatic herbs and shrubs having flowers resembling the lips of a mouth and four-lobed ovaries yielding four one-seeded nutlets and including mint; thyme; sage; rosemary', 'Acinos': 'plants closely allied to the genera Satureja and Calamintha', 'basil_thyme': 'fragrant European mint having clusters of small violet-and-white flowers; naturalized especially in eastern North America', 'Agastache': 'giant hyssop; Mexican hyssop', 'giant_hyssop': 'any of a number of aromatic plants of the genus Agastache', 'yellow_giant_hyssop': 'erect perennial with stout stems and yellow-green flowers; southern Canada and southeastern United States', 'anise_hyssop': 'much-branched North American herb with an odor like fennel', 'Mexican_hyssop': 'erect perennial of Mexico having rose to crimson flowers', 'Ajuga': 'bugle', 'creeping_bugle': 'low rhizomatous European carpeting plant having spikes of blue flowers; naturalized in parts of United States', 'erect_bugle': 'upright rhizomatous perennial with bright blue flowers; southern Europe', 'pyramid_bugle': 'European evergreen carpeting perennial', 'ground_pine': 'any of several club mosses having long creeping stems and erect branches', 'Ballota': 'perennial herbs or subshrubs of especially Mediterranean area: black horehound', 'black_horehound': 'ill-smelling European herb with rugose leaves and whorls of dark purple flowers', 'Blephilia': 'small genus of North American herbs: wood mints', 'wood_mint': 'American herb of genus Blephilia with more or less hairy leaves and clusters of purplish or bluish flowers', 'hairy_wood_mint': 'a variety of wood mint', 'downy_wood_mint': 'a variety of wood mint', 'Calamintha': 'calamint', 'calamint': 'perennial aromatic herbs growing in hedgerows or scrub or open woodlands from western Europe to central Asia and in North America', 'common_calamint': 'mint-scented perennial of central and southern Europe', 'large-flowered_calamint': 'aromatic herb with large pink flowers; southern and southeastern Europe; Anatolia; northern Iran', 'lesser_calamint': 'low-growing strongly aromatic perennial herb of southern Europe to Great Britain; naturalized in United States', 'Clinopodium': 'wild basil', 'wild_basil': 'aromatic herb having heads of small pink or whitish flowers; widely distributed in United States, Europe and Asia', 'Collinsonia': 'small genus of perennial erect or spreading aromatic herbs; United States', 'horse_balm': 'erect perennial strong-scented with serrate pointed leaves and a loose panicle of yellowish flowers; the eastern United States', 'genus_Coleus': 'genus of Old World tropical plants cultivated for their variegated leaves; various plants sometimes placed in genera Plectranthus or Solenostemon', 'coleus': 'any of various Old World tropical plants of the genus Coleus having multicolored decorative leaves and spikes of blue flowers', 'country_borage': 'an aromatic fleshy herb of India and Ceylon to South Africa; sometimes placed in genus Plectranthus', 'painted_nettle': 'perennial aromatic herb of southeastern Asia having large usually bright-colored or blotched leaves and spikes of blue-violet flowers; sometimes placed in genus Solenostemon', 'Conradina': 'small genus of low aromatic shrubs of southeastern United States', 'Apalachicola_rosemary': 'small shrub of Apalachicola River area in southeastern United States having highly aromatic pinkish flowers; a threatened species', 'Dracocephalum': 'genus of American herbs and dwarf shrubs of the mind family: dragonheads', 'dragonhead': 'American herb having sharply serrate lanceolate leaves and spikes of blue to violet flowers', 'genus_Elsholtzia': 'genus of Asiatic and African aromatic herbs', 'elsholtzia': 'any of various aromatic herbs of the genus Elsholtzia having blue or purple flowers in one-sided spikes', 'Galeopsis': 'erect annual European herbs', 'hemp_nettle': 'coarse bristly Eurasian plant with white or reddish flowers and foliage resembling that of a nettle; common as a weed in United States', 'Glechoma': 'ground ivy', 'ground_ivy': 'trailing European aromatic plant of the mint family having rounded leaves and small purplish flowers often grown in hanging baskets; naturalized in North America; sometimes placed in genus Nepeta', 'Hedeoma': 'small genus of American herbs (American pennyroyal)', 'pennyroyal': 'Eurasian perennial mint have small lilac-blue flowers and ovate leaves; yields an aromatic oil', 'pennyroyal_oil': 'oil from European pennyroyal having an odor like mint; used chiefly in soaps', 'Hyssopus': 'Eurasian genus of perennial herbs or subshrubs', 'hyssop_oil': 'used chiefly in liqueurs', 'Lamium': 'genus of Old World herbs: dead nettles; henbits', 'dead_nettle': 'any of various plants of the genus Lamium having clusters of small usually purplish flowers with two lips', 'white_dead_nettle': 'European dead nettle with white flowers', 'henbit': 'Eurasian plant having toothed leaves and small two-lipped white or purplish-red flowers', 'Lavandula': 'lavender', 'English_lavender': 'aromatic Mediterranean shrub widely cultivated for its lilac flowers which are dried and used in sachets', 'French_lavender': 'shrubby greyish lavender of southwestern Europe having usually reddish-purple flowers', 'spike_lavender': 'Mediterranean plant with pale purple flowers that yields spike lavender oil', 'spike_lavender_oil': 'pale yellow essential oil obtained from spike lavender used in scenting soaps and cosmetics', 'Leonotis': 'small genus of tropical herbs and subshrubs of South Africa', 'dagga': 'relatively nontoxic South African herb smoked like tobacco', \"lion's-ear\": 'pantropical herb having whorls of striking lipped flowers; naturalized in United States', 'Leonurus': 'genus of stout Old World herbs having flowers in whorls', 'motherwort': 'bitter Old World herb of hedgerows and woodland margins having toothed leaves and white or pale pink flowers', 'Lepechinia': 'a dicotyledonous genus of the family Labiatae', 'pitcher_sage': 'California erect and sparsely branched perennial', 'Lycopus': 'small genus of herbs of the mint family', 'bugleweed': 'a mildly narcotic and astringent aromatic herb having small whitish flowers; eastern United States', 'water_horehound': 'aromatic perennial herb of United States', 'gipsywort': 'hairy Eurasian herb with two-lipped white flowers', 'genus_Origanum': 'a genus of aromatic mints of the family Labiatae', 'Majorana': 'small genus of herbs usually included in the genus Origanum', 'origanum': 'any of various fragrant aromatic herbs of the genus Origanum used as seasonings', 'oregano': 'aromatic Eurasian perennial', 'sweet_marjoram': 'aromatic European plant native to Mediterranean and Turkey; not widespread in Europe', 'dittany_of_crete': 'dwarf aromatic shrub of Crete', 'Marrubium': 'Old World aromatic herbs: horehound', 'common_horehound': 'European aromatic herb with hairy leaves and numerous white flowers in axillary cymes; leaves yield a bitter extract use medicinally and as flavoring', 'Melissa': 'a genus of Old World mints of the family Labiatae', 'Mentha': 'mint plants', 'corn_mint': 'European mint naturalized in United States', 'water-mint': 'a European mint that thrives in wet places; has a perfume like that of the bergamot orange; naturalized in eastern North America', 'bergamot_mint': 'mint with leaves having perfume like that of the bergamot orange', 'horsemint': 'tall erect perennial or annual having lanceolate leaves and heads of purple-spotted creamy flowers; many subspecies grown from eastern to southwestern United States and in Mexico', 'spearmint': 'common garden herb having clusters of small purplish flowers and yielding an oil used as a flavoring', 'apple_mint': 'mint with apple-scented stems of southern and western Europe; naturalized in United States', 'Micromeria': 'large genus of fragrant chiefly Old World herbs', 'yerba_buena': 'trailing perennial evergreen herb of northwestern United States with small white flowers; used medicinally', 'Molucella': 'small genus of aromatic herbs of Mediterranean regions; widely cultivated', 'molucca_balm': 'aromatic annual with a tall stems of small whitish flowers enclosed in a greatly enlarged saucer-shaped or bell-shaped calyx', 'genus_Monarda': 'wild bergamot, horsemint, beebalm', 'monarda': 'any of various aromatic herbs of the genus Monarda', 'bee_balm': 'perennial herb of North America', 'lemon_mint': 'an annual horsemint of central and western United States and northern Mexico', 'plains_lemon_monarda': 'annual of southern United States', 'basil_balm': 'perennial herb of North America (New York to Illinois and mountains of Alaska) having aromatic leaves and clusters of yellowish-pink balls', 'Monardella': 'a genus of fragrant herbs of the family Labiatae in the western United States', 'mustang_mint': 'fragrant California annual herb having lanceolate leaves and clusters of rose-purple flowers', 'Nepeta': 'catmint', 'catmint': 'hairy aromatic perennial herb having whorls of small white purple-spotted flowers in a terminal spike; used in the past as a domestic remedy; strongly attractive to cats', 'Ocimum': 'basil', 'common_basil': 'annual or perennial of tropical Asia having spikes of small white flowers and aromatic leaves; one of the most important culinary herbs; used in salads, casseroles, sauces and some liqueurs', 'Perilla': 'small genus of Asiatic herbs', 'genus_Phlomis': 'large genus of Old World aromatic herbs or subshrubs or shrubs having often woolly leaves', 'phlomis': 'any of various plants of the genus Phlomis; grown primarily for their dense whorls of lipped flowers and attractive foliage', 'Jerusalem_sage': 'a spreading subshrub of Mediterranean regions cultivated for dense axillary whorls of purple or yellow flowers', 'genus_Physostegia': 'genus of North American perennial herbs', 'physostegia': 'any of various plants of the genus Physostegia having sessile linear to oblong leaves and showy white or rose or lavender flowers', 'false_dragonhead': 'North American plant having a spike of two-lipped pink or white flowers', 'genus_Plectranthus': 'large genus of ornamental flowering plants; includes some plants often placed in the genus Coleus', 'plectranthus': 'any of various ornamental plants of the genus Plectranthus', 'Pogostemon': 'genus of Asiatic shrubs or trees whose leaves yield a fragrant oil', 'self-heal': 'decumbent blue-flowered European perennial thought to possess healing properties; naturalized throughout North America', 'Pycnanthemum': 'American mountain mint', 'mountain_mint': 'any of a number of perennial herbs of the genus Pycnanthemum; eastern North America and California', 'basil_mint': 'perennial herb of the eastern United States having inconspicuous greenish flowers and narrow leaves that are very aromatic when bruised', 'Rosmarinus': 'rosemary', 'genus_Salvia': 'large genus of shrubs and subshrubs of the mint family varying greatly in habit: sage', 'blue_sage': 'sage of western North America to Central America having violet-blue flowers; widespread in cultivation', 'purple_sage': 'silvery-leaved California herb with purple flowers', 'cancerweed': 'sage of eastern United States', 'common_sage': 'shrubby plant with aromatic greyish-green leaves used as a cooking herb', 'meadow_clary': 'tall perennial Old World salvia with violet-blue flowers; found in open grasslands', 'clary': 'aromatic herb of southern Europe; cultivated in Great Britain as a potherb and widely as an ornamental', 'Mexican_mint': 'an herb from Oaxaca that has a powerful hallucinogenic effect; the active ingredient is salvinorin', 'wild_sage': 'Eurasian sage with blue flowers and foliage like verbena; naturalized in United States', 'Satureja': 'savory', 'Scutellaria': 'an asterid dicot genus that includes the skullcaps', 'blue_pimpernel': 'an American mint that yields a resinous exudate used especially formerly as an antispasmodic', 'Sideritis': 'genus of woolly aromatic herbs or subshrubs or shrubs of Mediterranean region', 'Solenostemon': 'genus of shrubby often succulent herbs of tropical Africa and Asia; includes some plants often placed in genus Coleus', 'Stachys': 'large genus of usually woolly or hairy herbs or subshrubs or shrubs; temperate eastern hemisphere; tropical Australasia', 'hedge_nettle': 'perennial herb with an odorless rhizome widespread in moist places in northern hemisphere', 'Teucrium': 'large widely distributed genus of perennial herbs or shrubs or subshrubs; native to Mediterranean region to western Asia', 'germander': 'any of various plants of the genus Teucrium', 'American_germander': 'subshrub with serrate leaves and cream-colored to pink or purple flowers in spikelike racemes; North America', 'wall_germander': 'European perennial subshrub with red-purple or bright rose flowers with red and white spots', 'cat_thyme': 'Mediterranean germander having small hairy leaves and reddish purple flowers; attractive to cats', 'wood_sage': 'European germander with one-sided racemes of yellow flowers; naturalized in North America', 'Thymus': 'large genus of Old World mints: thyme', 'common_thyme': 'common aromatic garden perennial native to the western Mediterranean; used in seasonings and formerly as medicine', 'wild_thyme': 'aromatic dwarf shrub common on banks and hillsides in Europe; naturalized in United States', 'Trichostema': 'genus of North American aromatic herbs or subshrubs: blue curls', 'blue_curls': 'any of several plants of the genus Trichostema having whorls of small blue flowers', 'black_sage': 'an aromatic plant with wooly leaves found in southern California and Mexico', 'turpentine_camphor_weed': 'aromatic plant of western United States', 'bastard_pennyroyal': 'aromatic plant of the eastern United States', 'Lentibulariaceae': 'carnivorous aquatic or bog plants: genera Utricularia, Pinguicula, and Genlisea', 'Utricularia': 'bladderworts: large genus of aquatic carnivorous plants; cosmopolitan in distribution', 'bladderwort': 'any of numerous aquatic carnivorous plants of the genus Utricularia some of whose leaves are modified as small urn-shaped bladders that trap minute aquatic animals', 'Pinguicula': 'butterworts: a large genus of almost stemless carnivorous bog plants; Europe and America to Antarctica', 'butterwort': 'any of numerous carnivorous bog plants of the genus Pinguicula having showy purple or yellow or white flowers and a rosette of basal leaves coated with a sticky secretion to trap small insects', 'genus_Genlisea': 'small genus of carnivorous plants of tropical African swamps', 'genlisea': 'rootless carnivorous swamp plants having at the base of the stem a rosette of foliage and leaves consisting of slender tubes swollen in the middle to form traps; each tube passes into two long spirally twisted arms with stiff hairs', 'Martyniaceae': 'in most classifications not considered a separate family but included in the Pedaliaceae', 'genus_Martynia': 'in some classifications includes the unicorn plants', 'martynia': 'sprawling annual or perennial herb of Central America and West Indies having creamy-white to red-purple bell-shaped flowers followed by unusual horned fruit', 'Orobanchaceae': 'brown or yellow leafless herbs; sometimes placed in the order Scrophulariales', 'Pedaliaceae': 'the family of plants of order Polemoniales', 'Sesamum': 'tropical African and Indian herbs', 'sesame': 'East Indian annual erect herb; source of sesame seed or benniseed and sesame oil', 'common_unicorn_plant': 'annual of southern United States to Mexico having large whitish or yellowish flowers mottled with purple and a long curving beak', \"sand_devil's_claw\": 'alternatively placed in genus Martynia', 'sweet_unicorn_plant': 'a herbaceous plant of the genus Proboscidea', 'Scrophulariaceae': 'a family of dicotyledonous plants of the order Polemoniales; includes figwort and snapdragon and foxglove and toadflax and speedwell and mullein; in some classifications placed in the order Scrophulariales', 'Scrophularia': \"type genus of Scrophulariaceae; named for the plants' supposed ability to cure scrofula: figworts\", 'figwort': 'any of numerous tall coarse woodland plants of the genus Scrophularia', 'Antirrhinum': 'a genus of herbs of the family Scrophulariaceae with brightly colored irregular flowers', 'snapdragon': 'a garden plant of the genus Antirrhinum having showy white or yellow or crimson flowers resembling the face of a dragon', 'white_snapdragon': 'California plant with slender racemes of white flowers', 'yellow_twining_snapdragon': 'southwestern United States plant with yellow flowers on stems that twist and twine through other vegetation', 'Mediterranean_snapdragon': 'perennial native to the Mediterranean but widely cultivated for its purple or pink flowers', 'Besseya': 'genus of North American spring wildflowers', 'kitten-tails': 'a plant of the genus Besseya having fluffy spikes of flowers', 'Alpine_besseya': 'small pale plant with dense spikes of pale bluish-violet flowers; of high cold meadows from Wyoming and Utah to New Mexico', 'Aureolaria': 'small genus of North American herbs often root-parasitic and bearing golden-yellow flowers; sometimes placed in genus Gerardia', 'false_foxglove': 'sparsely branched North American perennial with terminal racemes of bright yellow flowers resembling those of the foxglove; sometimes placed in genus Gerardia', 'genus_Calceolaria': 'large genus of tropical American herbs and shrubs with showy cymose flowers', 'calceolaria': 'any garden plant of the genus Calceolaria having flowers with large inflated slipper-shaped lower lip', 'Castilleja': 'genus of western North and South American perennials often partially parasitic on roots of grasses', 'Indian_paintbrush': 'any of various plants of the genus Castilleja having dense spikes of hooded flowers with brightly colored bracts', 'desert_paintbrush': 'most common paintbrush of western United States dry lands; having erect stems ending in dense spikes of bright orange to red flowers', 'giant_red_paintbrush': 'wildflower of western North America having ragged clusters of crimson or scarlet flowers', 'great_plains_paintbrush': 'hairy plant with pinkish flowers; Great Plains to northern Mexico', 'sulfur_paintbrush': 'plant of moist highland meadows having ragged clusters of pale yellow flowers', 'Chelone': 'herbaceous perennials: shellflower', 'Collinsia': 'genus of hardy annual herbs of western United States', 'purple_chinese_houses': 'white and lavender to pale-blue flowers grow in perfect rings of widely spaced bands around the stems forming a kind of pagoda; California', 'maiden_blue-eyed_Mary': 'small widely branching western plant with tiny blue-and-white flowers; British Columbia to Ontario and south to California and Colorado', 'blue-eyed_Mary': 'eastern United States plant with whorls of blue-and-white flowers', \"Culver's_root\": 'a tall perennial herb having spikes of small white or purple flowers; common in eastern North America', 'genus_Digitalis': 'genus of Eurasian herbs having alternate leaves and racemes of showy bell-shaped flowers', 'foxglove': 'any of several plants of the genus Digitalis', 'common_foxglove': 'tall leafy European biennial or perennial having spectacular clusters of large tubular pink-purple flowers; leaves yield drug digitalis and are poisonous to livestock', 'yellow_foxglove': 'European yellow-flowered foxglove', 'genus_Gerardia': 'genus of annual or perennial herbs with showy pink or purple or yellow flowers; plants often assigned to genera Aureolaria or Agalinis', 'gerardia': 'any plant of the genus Gerardia', 'Agalinis': 'semiparasitic herb with purple or white or pink flowers; grows in the United States and West Indies', 'Linaria': 'genus of herbs and subshrubs having showy flowers: spurred snapdragon', 'blue_toadflax': 'North American plant having racemes of blue-violet flowers', 'toadflax': 'common European perennial having showy yellow and orange flowers; a naturalized weed in North America', 'Penstemon': 'large genus of subshrubs or herbs having showy blue or purple or red or yellow or white flowers; mostly western North America', 'golden-beard_penstemon': 'plant of southwestern United States having long open clusters of scarlet flowers with yellow hairs on lower lip', 'scarlet_bugler': 'plant with bright red tubular flowers in long narrow clusters near tips of erect stems; coastal ranges from central California southward', 'red_shrubby_penstemon': 'low branching dark green shrub with bunches of brick-red flowers at ends of branches; coastal ranges and foothills of northern California', 'Platte_River_penstemon': 'erect plant with blue-violet flowers in rings near tips of stems; Idaho to Utah and Wyoming', \"Davidson's_penstemon\": 'mat-forming plant with blue and lavender flowers clustered on short erect stems; British Columbia to northern California', 'hot-rock_penstemon': 'stems in clumps with cream-colored flowers; found from Washington to Wyoming and southward to California and Utah', \"Jones'_penstemon\": 'low plant with light blue and violet flowers in short clusters near tips of stems; Nevada to Utah', 'shrubby_penstemon': 'low bushy plant with large showy pale lavender or blue-violet flowers in narrow clusters at ends of stems', 'narrow-leaf_penstemon': 'plant having small narrow leaves and blue-violet flowers in long open clusters; Utah and Colorado to New Mexico and Arizona', 'mountain_pride': 'mat-forming plant with deep pink flowers on short erect leafy stems; rocky places at high elevations from Oregon to California', 'balloon_flower': 'fragrant puffed-up white to reddish-pink flowers in long narrow clusters on erect stems; Arizona to New Mexico and Utah', \"Parry's_penstemon\": 'erect stems with pinkish-lavender flowers in long interrupted clusters; Arizona', 'rock_penstemon': \"one of the West's most beautiful wildflowers; large brilliant pink or rose flowers in many racemes above thick mats of stems and leaves; ledges and cliffs from Washington to California\", \"Rydberg's_penstemon\": 'plant with whorls of small dark blue-violet flowers; Washington to Wyoming and south to California and Colorado', 'cascade_penstemon': 'whorls of deep blue to dark purple flowers at tips of erect leafy stems; moist places from British Columbia to Oregon', \"Whipple's_penstemon\": 'wine and lavender to purple and black flowers in several clusters on the upper half of leafy stems; Montana south through the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and New Mexico', 'Verbascum': 'genus of coarse herbs and subshrubs mostly with woolly leaves', 'mullein': 'any of various plants of the genus Verbascum having large usually woolly leaves and terminal spikes of yellow or white or purplish flowers', 'moth_mullein': 'European mullein with smooth leaves and large yellow or purplish flowers; naturalized as a weed in North America', 'white_mullein': 'densely hairy Eurasian herb with racemose white flowers; naturalized in North America', 'purple_mullein': 'Eurasian mullein with showy purple or pink flowers', 'common_mullein': 'tall-stalked very woolly mullein with densely packed yellow flowers; ancient Greeks and Romans dipped the stalks in tallow for funeral torches', 'genus_Veronica': 'widespread genus of herbs with pink or white or blue or purple flowers: speedwell', 'veronica': 'any plant of the genus Veronica', 'field_speedwell': 'European plant with minute axillary blue flowers on long stalks; widely naturalized in America', 'brooklime': 'European plant having low-lying stems with blue flowers; sparsely naturalized in North America', 'corn_speedwell': 'erect or procumbent blue-flowered annual found in waste places of Europe and America', 'germander_speedwell': 'Old World plant with axillary racemes of blue-and-white flowers', 'water_speedwell': 'plant of wet places in Eurasia and America', 'common_speedwell': 'common hairy European perennial with pale blue or lilac flowers in axillary racemes', 'purslane_speedwell': 'North American annual with small white flowers widely naturalized as a weed in South America and Europe', 'thyme-leaved_speedwell': 'perennial decumbent herb having small opposite leaves and racemes of blue flowers; throughout Eurasia and the New World', 'Solanaceae': 'large and economically important family of herbs or shrubs or trees often strongly scented and sometimes narcotic or poisonous; includes the genera Solanum, Atropa, Brugmansia, Capsicum, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Lycopersicon, Nicotiana, Petunia, Physalis, and Solandra', 'Solanum': 'type genus of the Solanaceae: nightshade; potato; eggplant; bittersweet', 'nightshade': 'any of numerous shrubs or herbs or vines of the genus Solanum; most are poisonous though many bear edible fruit', 'kangaroo_apple': 'Australian annual sometimes cultivated for its racemes of purple flowers and edible yellow egg-shaped fruit', 'horse_nettle': 'coarse prickly weed having pale yellow flowers and yellow berrylike fruit; common throughout southern and eastern United States', 'potato_tree': 'South American shrub or small tree widely cultivated in the tropics; not a true potato', 'trompillo': 'weedy nightshade with silvery foliage and violet or blue or white flowers; roundish berry widely used to curdle milk; central United States to South America', 'African_holly': 'woolly-stemmed biennial arborescent shrub of tropical Africa and southern Asia having silvery-white prickly branches, clusters of blue or white flowers, and bright red berries resembling holly berries', 'wild_potato': 'erect or spreading perennial of southwestern United States and Mexico bearing small pale brown to cream-colored tubers resembling potatoes', 'potato_vine': 'vine of Costa Rica sparsely armed with hooklike spines and having large lilac-blue flowers', 'black_nightshade': 'Eurasian herb naturalized in America having white flowers and poisonous hairy foliage and bearing black berries that are sometimes poisonous but sometimes edible', 'garden_huckleberry': 'improved garden variety of black nightshade having small edible orange or black berries', 'Jerusalem_cherry': 'small South American shrub cultivated as a houseplant for its abundant ornamental but poisonous red or yellow cherry-sized fruit', 'naranjilla': 'small perennial shrub cultivated in uplands of South America for its edible bright orange fruits resembling tomatoes or oranges', 'buffalo_bur': 'North American nightshade with prickly foliage and racemose yellow flowers', 'Atropa': 'belladonna', 'genus_Browallia': 'small genus of tropical South American annuals', 'bush_violet': 'any of several herbs of the genus Browallia cultivated for their blue or violet or white flowers', 'Brunfelsia': 'genus of tropical American shrubs grown for their flowers followed by fleshy berrylike fruits', 'lady-of-the-night': 'West Indian shrub with fragrant showy yellowish-white flowers', 'Brugmansia': \"includes some plants often placed in the genus Datura: angel's trumpets\", \"angel's_trumpet\": 'South American plant cultivated for its very large nocturnally fragrant trumpet-shaped flowers', \"red_angel's_trumpet\": 'arborescent South American shrub having very large orange-red flowers', 'genus_Capsicum': 'chiefly tropical perennial shrubby plants having many-seeded fruits: sweet and hot peppers', 'capsicum': 'any of various tropical plants of the genus Capsicum bearing peppers', 'cone_pepper': 'plant bearing erect pungent conical red or yellow or purple fruits; sometimes grown as an ornamental', 'cherry_pepper': 'plant bearing small rounded usually pungent fruits', 'bird_pepper': 'plant bearing very small and very hot oblong red fruits; includes wild forms native to tropical America; thought to be ancestral to the sweet pepper and many hot peppers', 'tabasco_pepper': 'plant bearing very hot medium-sized oblong red peppers; grown principally in the Gulf Coast states for production of hot sauce', 'Cestrum': 'genus of fragrant tropical American shrubs', 'day_jessamine': 'West Indian evergreen shrub having clusters of funnel-shaped white flowers that are fragrant by day', 'night_jasmine': 'West Indian evergreen shrub having clusters of funnel-shaped yellow-white flowers that are fragrant by night', 'Cyphomandra': 'tree tomato', 'tree_tomato': 'South American arborescent shrub having pale pink blossoms followed by egg-shaped reddish-brown edible fruit somewhat resembling a tomato in flavor', 'Datura': 'thorn apple', 'thorn_apple': 'any of several plants of the genus Datura', 'jimsonweed': 'intensely poisonous tall coarse annual tropical weed having rank-smelling foliage, large white or violet trumpet-shaped flowers and prickly fruits', 'Fabiana': 'genus of South and Central American heathlike evergreen shrubs', 'pichi': 'Peruvian shrub with small pink to lavender tubular flowers; leaves yield a tonic and diuretic', 'Hyoscyamus': 'genus of poisonous herbs: henbane', 'henbane': 'poisonous fetid Old World herb having sticky hairy leaves and yellow-brown flowers; yields hyoscyamine and scopolamine', 'Egyptian_henbane': 'poisonous herb whose leaves are a source of hyoscyamine', 'Lycium': 'deciduous and evergreen shrubs often spiny; cosmopolitan in temperate and subtropical regions', 'matrimony_vine': 'any of various shrubs or vines of the genus Lycium with showy flowers and bright berries', 'common_matrimony_vine': 'deciduous erect or spreading shrub with spiny branches and violet-purple flowers followed by orange-red berries; southeastern Europe to China', 'Christmasberry': 'spiny evergreen shrub of southeastern United States having spreading branches usually blue or mauve flowers and red berries', 'Lycopersicon': 'tomatoes', 'Mandragora': 'a genus of stemless herbs of the family Solanaceae', 'mandrake': 'a plant of southern Europe and North Africa having purple flowers, yellow fruits and a forked root formerly thought to have magical powers', 'mandrake_root': 'the root of the mandrake plant; used medicinally or as a narcotic', 'Nicandra': 'sturdy annual of Peru', 'apple_of_Peru': 'coarse South American herb grown for its blue-and-white flowers followed by a bladderlike fruit enclosing a dry berry', 'Nicotiana': 'American and Asiatic aromatic herbs and shrubs with viscid foliage', 'flowering_tobacco': 'South American ornamental perennial having nocturnally fragrant greenish-white flowers', 'common_tobacco': 'tall erect South American herb with large ovate leaves and terminal clusters of tubular white or pink flowers; cultivated for its leaves', 'wild_tobacco': 'tobacco plant of South America and Mexico', 'tree_tobacco': 'evergreen South American shrub naturalized in United States; occasionally responsible for poisoning livestock', 'genus_Nierembergia': 'genus of tropical American erect or creeping herbs with solitary flowers', 'cupflower': 'any of various plants of the genus Nierembergia having upturned bell-shaped flowers', 'whitecup': 'prostrate woody South American herb with white tubular flowers often tinged with blue or rose', 'tall_cupflower': 'shrubby Chilean herb having bluish-white tubular flowers used as an ornamental', 'genus_Petunia': 'annual or perennial herbs or shrubs of tropical South America', 'petunia': 'any of numerous tropical herbs having fluted funnel-shaped flowers', 'large_white_petunia': 'annual herb having large nocturnally fragrant white flowers', 'violet-flowered_petunia': 'herb or small shrublet having solitary violet to rose-red flowers', 'hybrid_petunia': 'hybrids of Petunia axillaris and Petunia integrifolia: a complex group of petunias having single or double flowers in colors from white to purple', 'Physalis': 'ground cherries', 'ground_cherry': 'any of numerous cosmopolitan annual or perennial herbs of the genus Physalis bearing edible fleshy berries enclosed in a bladderlike husk; some cultivated for their flowers', 'downy_ground_cherry': 'decorative American annual having round fleshy yellow berries enclosed in a bladderlike husk', 'Chinese_lantern_plant': 'Old World perennial cultivated for its ornamental inflated papery orange-red calyx', 'cape_gooseberry': 'annual of tropical South America having edible purple fruits', 'strawberry_tomato': 'stout hairy annual of eastern North America with sweet yellow fruits', 'yellow_henbane': 'found on sea beaches from Virginia to South America having greenish-yellow flowers and orange or yellow berries', 'Salpichroa': \"herbs of temperate North and South America: cock's eggs\", \"cock's_eggs\": 'weedy vine of Argentina having solitary white flowers followed by egg-shaped white or yellow fruit', 'genus_Salpiglossis': 'small genus of herbs of the southern Andes having large showy flowers', 'salpiglossis': 'any plant of the genus Salpiglossis', 'painted_tongue': 'Chilean herb having velvety funnel-shaped yellowish or violet flowers with long tonguelike styles at the corolla throat', 'genus_Schizanthus': 'Chilean herbs with orchid-like flowers', 'Scopolia': 'genus of European perennial herbs yielding medicinal alkaloids', 'Scopolia_carniolica': 'herb that is a source of scopolamine', 'Solandra': 'shrubby climbers of tropical America', 'chalice_vine': 'Mexican evergreen climbing plant having large solitary funnel-shaped fragrant yellow flowers with purple-brown ridges in the throat', 'Streptosolen': 'one species: marmalade bush', 'marmalade_bush': 'evergreen South American shrub having showy trumpet-shaped orange flowers; grown as an ornamental or houseplant', 'Verbenaceae': 'family of New World tropical and subtropical herbs and shrubs and trees', 'genus_Verbena': 'type genus of the Verbenaceae; genus of herbaceous perennials and subshrubs', 'verbena': 'any of numerous tropical or subtropical American plants of the genus Verbena grown for their showy spikes of variously colored flowers', 'lantana': 'a flowering shrub', 'Avicennia': 'small genus of tropical shrubs or trees', 'Avicenniaceae': 'used in some classifications: coextensive with the genus Avicennia', 'black_mangrove': 'an Australian tree resembling the black mangrove of the West Indies and Florida', 'Aegiceras': 'a genus of herbs of the family Verbenaceae', 'Tectona': 'small genus of southeastern Asian tropics: teak', 'teak': 'hard strong durable yellowish-brown wood of teak trees; resistant to insects and to warping; used for furniture and in shipbuilding', 'Euphorbiaceae': 'a family of plants of order Geraniales', 'Euphorbia': 'type genus of the Euphorbiaceae: very large genus of diverse plants all having milky juice', 'spurge': 'any of numerous plants of the genus Euphorbia; usually having milky often poisonous juice', 'caper_spurge': 'poisonous Old World spurge; adventive in America; seeds yield a purgative oil', 'sun_spurge': 'not unattractive European weed whose flowers turn toward the sun', 'petty_spurge': 'an Old World spurge introduced as a weed in the eastern United States', 'wild_spurge': 'common perennial United States spurge having showy white petallike bracts', 'snow-on-the-mountain': 'annual spurge of western United States having showy white-bracted flower clusters and very poisonous milk', 'cypress_spurge': 'Old World perennial having foliage resembling cypress; naturalized as a weed in the United States', 'leafy_spurge': 'tall European perennial naturalized and troublesome as a weed in eastern North America', 'hairy_spurge': 'much-branched hirsute weed native to northeastern North America', 'poinsettia': 'tropical American plant having poisonous milk and showy tapering usually scarlet petallike leaves surrounding small yellow flowers', 'Japanese_poinsettia': 'showy poinsettia found from the southern United States to Peru', 'fire-on-the-mountain': 'poinsettia of United States and eastern Mexico; often confused with Euphorbia heterophylla', 'wood_spurge': 'European perennial herb with greenish yellow terminal flower clusters', 'candelilla': 'wax-coated Mexican shrub related to Euphorbia antisyphilitica', 'dwarf_spurge': 'European erect or depressed annual weedy spurge adventive in northeastern United States', 'scarlet_plume': 'Mexican shrub often cultivated for its scarlet-bracted flowers', 'naboom': 'small tree of dry open parts of southern Africa having erect angled branches suggesting candelabra', 'toothed_spurge': 'an annual weed of northeastern North America with dentate leaves', 'Acalypha': 'a genus of herbs and shrubs belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae', 'three-seeded_mercury': 'weedy herb of eastern North America', 'genus_Croton': 'tropical shrubs and herbs; source of croton oil', 'croton': 'grown in many varieties for their brightly colored foliage; widely cultivated as a houseplant', 'croton_oil': 'viscid acrid brownish-yellow oil from the seeds of Croton tiglium having a violent cathartic action', 'cascarilla': 'West Indian shrub with aromatic bark', 'cascarilla_bark': 'aromatic bark of cascarilla; used as a tonic and for making incense', 'Codiaeum': 'evergreen tropical trees and shrubs with thick and colorful leathery leaves; Malaya and Pacific islands', 'Mercurialis': 'a genus of slender herbs belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae', 'herb_mercury': 'Eurafrican annual naturalized in America as a weed; formerly dried for use as a purgative, diuretic or antisyphilitic', \"dog's_mercury\": 'European perennial weedy plant with greenish flowers', 'Ricinus': 'a genus of herb having only one known species: castor-oil plant', 'castor-oil_plant': 'large shrub of tropical Africa and Asia having large palmate leaves and spiny capsules containing seeds that are the source of castor oil and ricin; widely naturalized throughout the tropics', 'Cnidoscolus': 'a genus of perennial plant with bristles; belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae', 'spurge_nettle': 'a stinging herb of tropical America', 'Jatropha': 'a mainly tropical genus of American plant belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae', 'physic_nut': 'small tropical American tree yielding purple dye and a tanning extract and bearing physic nuts containing a purgative oil that is poisonous in large quantities', 'Hevea': 'small genus of South American trees yielding latex; \"rubber trees are usually cultivated in plantations\"', 'Para_rubber_tree': 'deciduous tree of the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers having leathery leaves and fragrant yellow-white flowers; it yields a milky juice that is the chief source of commercial rubber', 'Manihot': 'genus of economically important tropical plants: cassava', 'cassava': 'a starch made by leaching and drying the root of the cassava plant; the source of tapioca; a staple food in the tropics', 'bitter_cassava': 'cassava with long tuberous edible roots and soft brittle stems; used especially to make cassiri (an intoxicating drink) and tapioca', 'sweet_cassava': 'South American plant with roots used as a vegetable and herbage used for stock feed', 'Aleurites': 'candlenut', 'tung_tree': 'Chinese tree bearing seeds that yield tung oil', 'Pedilanthus': 'tropical American succulent shrubs', 'slipper_spurge': 'any of several tropical American shrubby succulent plants resembling cacti but having foot-shaped bracts', 'Jewbush': 'low tropical American shrub having powerful emetic properties', 'Sebastiana': 'Mexican spurges', 'jumping_bean': 'seed of Mexican shrubs of the genus Sebastiana containing the larva of a moth whose movements cause the bean to jerk or tumble', 'Theaceae': 'a family of trees and shrubs of the order Parietales', 'genus_Camellia': 'tropical Asiatic evergreen shrubs or small trees', 'camellia': 'any of several shrubs or small evergreen trees having solitary white or pink or reddish flowers', 'Umbelliferae': 'plants having flowers in umbels: parsley; carrot; anise; caraway; celery; dill', 'umbellifer': 'any of numerous aromatic herbs of the family Umbelliferae', 'wild_parsley': 'any of various uncultivated umbelliferous plants with foliage resembling that of carrots or parsley', 'Aethusa': \"fool's parsley\", \"fool's_parsley\": 'European weed naturalized in America that resembles parsley but causes nausea and poisoning when eaten', 'Anethum': 'dill', 'genus_Angelica': 'biennial or perennial herbs of the northern hemisphere; have a taproot', 'garden_angelica': 'a biennial cultivated herb; its stems are candied and eaten and its roots are used medicinally', 'wild_angelica': 'European herb with compound leaves and white flowers; adventive on Cape Breton Island', 'Anthriscus': 'chervil: of Europe, North Africa and Asia', 'cow_parsley': 'coarse erect biennial Old World herb introduced as a weed in eastern North America', 'Apium': 'celery', 'wild_celery': 'herb of Europe and temperate Asia', 'genus_Astrantia': 'a genus of Eurasian herbs of the family Umbelliferae with aromatic roots and palmate leaves and showy flowers', 'astrantia': 'any plant of the genus Astrantia', 'greater_masterwort': 'European herb with aromatic roots and leaves in a basal tuft and showy compound umbels of white to rosy flowers', 'Carum': 'caraway', 'whorled_caraway': 'a caraway with whorled leaves', 'Cicuta': 'small genus of perennial herbs having deadly poisonous tuberous roots: water hemlock', 'water_hemlock': 'tall erect highly poisonous Eurasiatic perennial herb locally abundant in marshy areas', 'spotted_cowbane': 'tall biennial water hemlock of northeastern North America having purple-spotted stems and clusters of extremely poisonous tuberous roots resembling small sweet potatoes', 'Conium': 'small genus of highly toxic biennials: hemlock', 'Conopodium': 'a genus of dicotyledonous plants of the family Umbelliferae', 'earthnut': 'a common European plant having edible tubers with the flavor of roasted chestnuts', 'Coriandrum': 'small genus of annual Mediterranean herbs', 'Cuminum': 'cumin', 'Daucus': 'carrot', 'wild_carrot': 'a widely naturalized Eurasian herb with finely cut foliage and white compound umbels of small white or yellowish flowers and thin yellowish roots', 'Eryngium': 'large genus of decorative plants with thistlelike flower heads; cosmopolitan in distribution', 'eryngo': 'any plant of the genus Eryngium', 'sea_holly': 'European evergreen eryngo with twisted spiny leaves naturalized on United States east coast; roots formerly used as an aphrodisiac', 'button_snakeroot': 'coarse prickly perennial eryngo with aromatic roots; southeastern United States; often confused with rattlesnake master', 'rattlesnake_master': 'coarse prickly perennial eryngo of United States thought to cure rattlesnake bite', 'Foeniculum': 'very small genus of aromatic European herbs with pinnately compound leaves and yellow flowers', 'common_fennel': 'strongly aromatic with a smell of aniseed; leaves and seeds used for seasoning', 'Florence_fennel': 'grown especially for its edible aromatic bulbous stem base', 'Heracleum': 'widely distributed genus of plants with usually thick rootstocks and large umbels of white flowers', 'cow_parsnip': 'tall coarse plant having thick stems and cluster of white to purple flowers', 'Levisticum': 'genus of aromatic European herbs with yellow flowers', 'Myrrhis': 'European perennial herbs having pinnate leaves and umbels of white flowers', 'water_dropwort': 'European poisonous herb having tuberous roots, yellow juice that stains the skin, yellow flowers and foliage resembling celery; all parts extremely poisonous', 'water_fennel': 'European poisonous herb with fibrous roots', 'Pastinaca': 'a rosid dicot genus of the family Umbelliferae; includes parsnips', 'cultivated_parsnip': 'European biennial having a long fusiform root that has been made palatable through cultivation', 'wild_parsnip': 'biennial weed in Europe and America having large pinnate leaves and yellow flowers and a bitter and somewhat poisonous root; the ancestor of cultivated parsnip', 'Petroselinum': 'parsley', 'Italian_parsley': 'a variety of parsley having flat leaves', 'Hamburg_parsley': 'parsley with smooth leaves and enlarged edible taproot resembling a savory parsnip', 'Pimpinella': 'anise', 'Sanicula': 'chiefly American herbs: sanicle', 'sanicle': 'a plant of the genus Sanicula having palmately compound leaves and unisexual flowers in panicled umbels followed by bristly fruit; reputed to have healing powers', 'footsteps-of-spring': 'sanicle of northwestern United States and British Columbia having yellow flowers', 'purple_sanicle': 'sanicle of northwestern United States and British Columbia having yellow or red or purple flowers', 'European_sanicle': 'sanicle of Europe and Asia having white to pale pink flowers', 'Seseli': 'a rosid dicot genus that includes moon carrots', 'moon_carrot': 'any plant of the genus Seseli having dense umbels of small white or pink flowers and finely divided foliage', 'Sison': 'genus including stone parsley', 'stone_parsley': 'a slender roadside herb of western Europe and Mediterranean areas that has foliage resembling parsley and has white flowers with aromatic seeds', 'Sium': 'perennial of wet and marshy places in the northern hemisphere: water parsnips', 'water_parsnip': 'stout white-flowered perennial found wild in shallow fresh water; northern United States and Asia', 'greater_water_parsnip': 'large stout white-flowered perennial found wild in shallow fresh water; Europe', 'skirret': 'an Asiatic herb cultivated in Europe for its sweet edible tuberous root', 'Smyrnium': 'Alexanders', 'Cornaceae': 'a rosid dicot family of the order Umbellales including: genera Aucuba, Cornus, Corokia, Curtisia, Griselinia, Helwingia', 'Aucuba': 'hardy evergreen dioecious shrubs and small trees from Japan', 'Cornus': 'a rosid dicot genus of the family Cornaceae including: dogwood; cornel: perennial chiefly deciduous shrubs or small trees of temperate regions of northern hemisphere', 'dogwood': 'hard tough wood of any dogwood of the genus Cornus; resembles boxwood', 'common_white_dogwood': 'deciduous tree; celebrated for its large white or pink bracts and stunning autumn color that is followed by red berries', 'red_osier': 'common North American shrub with reddish purple twigs and white flowers', 'silky_dogwood': 'shrub of eastern North America closely resembling silky cornel', 'silky_cornel': 'shrub of eastern North America having purplish stems and blue fruit', 'common_European_dogwood': 'European deciduous shrub turning red in autumn having dull white flowers', 'bunchberry': 'creeping perennial herb distinguished by red berries and clustered leaf whorls at the tips of shoots; Greenland to Alaska', 'cornelian_cherry': 'deciduous European shrub or small tree having bright red fruit', 'Corokia': 'evergreen shrubs with intricately twisted wiry stems that in summer are smothered in small yellow flowers; grows in New Zealand', 'Curtisia': 'a large evergreen tree of South Africa', 'Griselinia': 'evergreen shrubs of New Zealand and South America', 'kapuka': 'small New Zealand broadleaf evergreen tree often cultivated in warm regions as an ornamental', 'Helwingia': 'deciduous dioecious shrubs native to woodland thickets in low mountains in Japan', 'Valerianaceae': 'genus of mostly herbs having a characteristic fetid odor', 'Valeriana': 'genus of widely distributed perennial herbs and some shrubs', 'valerian': 'a plant of the genus Valeriana having lobed or dissected leaves and cymose white or pink flowers', 'common_valerian': 'tall rhizomatous plant having very fragrant flowers and rhizomes used medicinally', 'Valerianella': 'genus of Old World annual herbs widely naturalized', 'corn_salad': 'a plant of the genus Valerianella', 'common_corn_salad': 'widely cultivated as a salad crop and pot herb; often a weed', 'Centranthus': 'genus of southern European herbs and subshrubs', 'red_valerian': 'European herb with small fragrant crimson or white spurred flowers', 'cutch': 'tannin extract derived from any of several mangrove barks of Pacific areas', 'Hymenophyllaceae': 'terrestrial (hygrophytic) or epiphytic ferns: filmy ferns', 'Hymenophyllum': 'type genus of the Hymenophyllaceae: filmy ferns', 'filmy_fern': 'any fern of the genus Hymenophyllum growing in tropical humid regions and having translucent leaves', 'Trichomanes': 'bristle ferns; kidney ferns', 'bristle_fern': 'any fern of the genus Trichomanes having large pinnatifid often translucent fronds; most are epiphytic on tree branches and twigs or terrestrial on mossy banks', \"hare's-foot_bristle_fern\": 'a variety of bristle fern', 'Killarney_fern': 'large stout fern of extreme western Europe', 'kidney_fern': 'large fern of New Zealand having kidney-shaped fronds', 'Osmundaceae': 'large family of ferns widely distributed in temperate and tropical areas', 'genus_Osmunda': 'type genus of the Osmundaceae', 'flowering_fern': 'Australasian fern with clusters of sporangia on stems of fertile fronds', 'royal_fern': 'large deeply rooted fern of worldwide distribution with upright bipinnate compound tufted fronds', 'interrupted_fern': 'North American fern having tall erect pinnate fronds and a few sporogenous pinnae at or near the center of the fertile fronds', 'cinnamon_fern': 'New World fern having woolly cinnamon-colored spore-bearing fronds in early spring later surrounded by green fronds; the early uncurling fronds are edible', 'Leptopteris': 'including some ferns sometimes placed in genus Todea', 'crape_fern': 'New Zealand with pinnate fronds and a densely woolly stalks; sometimes included in genus Todea', 'Todea': 'a genus of delicate ferns belonging to the family Osmundaceae', 'crepe_fern': 'fern of rain forests of tropical Australia and New Zealand and South Africa', 'Schizaeaceae': 'small family of mainly tropical ferns', 'Schizaea': 'type genus of the Schizaeaceae cosmopolitan especially in tropics; small leptosporangiate ferns: curly grass fern', 'curly_grass': 'rare small fern of northeastern North America having numerous slender spiraling fronds and forming dense tufts', 'Anemia': 'genus of terrestrial or lithophytic ferns having pinnatifid fronds; chiefly of tropical America', 'pine_fern': 'fern of Florida and West Indies and Central America with rhizome densely clad in grown hairs', 'Lygodium': 'chiefly tropical climbing ferns', 'climbing_fern': 'any of several ferns of the genus Lygodium that climb by twining', 'creeping_fern': 'delicate fern of the eastern United States having a twining stem and palmately-lobed sterile fronds and forked fertile fronds', 'climbing_maidenhair': 'tropical fern widespread in Old World; naturalized in Jamaica and Florida', 'Mohria': 'African terrestrial ferns', 'scented_fern': 'sweetly scented African fern with narrow bipinnate fronds', 'aquatic_fern': 'ferns that grow in water', 'Marsileaceae': 'clover ferns', 'Marsilea': 'clover ferns', 'clover_fern': 'any of several water ferns of the genus Marsilea having four leaflets', 'nardoo': 'Australian clover fern', 'water_clover': 'water fern of Europe and Asia and the eastern United States distinguished by four leaflets resembling clover leaves', 'Pilularia': 'pillworts', 'pillwort': 'European water fern found around margins of bodies of water or in wet acid soil having small globose sporocarps', 'genus_Regnellidium': 'one species of aquatic or semiaquatic fern', 'regnellidium': 'small latex-containing aquatic fern of southern Brazil', 'Salviniaceae': 'water ferns', 'Salvinia': 'type genus of the Salviniaceae: water ferns', 'floating-moss': 'free-floating aquatic ferns', 'Azollaceae': 'used in some classifications for the genus Azolla', 'Azolla': 'a genus of fern sometimes placed in its own family Azollaceae', 'mosquito_fern': 'small free-floating aquatic fern from the eastern United States to tropical America; naturalized in western and southern Europe', 'Ophioglossales': 'coextensive with the family Ophioglossaceae', 'Ophioglossaceae': 'a family of succulent ferns of order Ophioglossales; cosmopolitan in distribution', 'Ophioglossum': 'the type genus of the fern family Ophioglossaceae', \"adder's_tongue\": \"ferns with fertile spikes shaped like a snake's tongue\", 'ribbon_fern': 'fern of North Africa and Azores and Canary Islands', 'Botrychium': 'grape fern; moonwort', 'grape_fern': 'a fern of the genus Botrychium having a fertile frond bearing small grapelike clusters of spore cases', 'moonwort': 'of America and Eurasia and Australia', 'daisyleaf_grape_fern': 'of North America and Eurasia', 'leathery_grape_fern': 'European fern with leathery and sparsely hairy fronds', 'rattlesnake_fern': \"American fern whose clustered sporangia resemble a snake's rattle\", 'Helminthostachys': 'one species: terrestrial fern of southeastern Asia and Australia', 'soldier_grainy_club': 'a variety of grainy club', 'ostiole': 'a small pore especially one in the reproductive bodies of certain algae and fungi through which spores pass', 'perithecium': 'flask-shaped ascocarp', 'plastid': 'any of various small particles in the cytoplasm of the cells of plants and some animals containing pigments or starch or oil or protein', 'chromoplast': 'plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll usually yellow or orange carotenoids', 'chloroplast': 'plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments; in plants that carry out photosynthesis', 'Erysiphales': 'saprophytic and parasitic fungi that live on plants', 'Erysiphaceae': 'family of fungi parasitic mostly on leaves; includes powdery mildews', 'Erysiphe': 'genus of powdery mildews', 'powdery_mildew': 'any of various fungi of the genus Erysiphe producing powdery conidia on the host surface', 'Sphaeriales': 'large order of ascomycetous fungi usually having a dark hard perithecia with definite ostioles; in more recent classifications often divided among several orders', 'Sphaeriaceae': 'parasitic fungi having globose and sometimes necked or beaked perithecia', 'Neurospora': 'genus of fungi with black perithecia used extensively in genetic research; includes some forms with orange spore masses that cause severe damage in bakeries', 'Ceratostomataceae': 'fungi having carbonous perithecia with long necks', 'Ceratostomella': 'genus of fungi forming continuous hyaline spores', 'Dutch_elm_fungus': 'fungus causing Dutch elm disease', 'Hypocreales': 'used in some classifications for the family Hypocreaceae', 'Hypocreaceae': 'family of fungi having brightly colored fleshy or membranous ascocarps; sometimes placed in its own order Hypocreales', 'Claviceps': 'fungi parasitic upon the ovaries of various grasses', 'ergot': 'a plant disease caused by the ergot fungus', 'rye_ergot': 'a sclerotium or hardened mass of mycelium', 'mushroom_pimple': 'any of various fungi of the family Hypocreaceae', 'orange_mushroom_pimple': 'a variety of mushroom pimple', 'green_mushroom_pimple': 'a variety of mushroom pimple', 'Xylariaceae': 'family of fungi characterized by dark brown to black spores', 'Xylaria': 'type genus of Xylariaceae; fungi with perithecia in the upper part of erect black woody stromata', 'black_root_rot_fungus': 'fungus causing black root rot in apples', \"dead-man's-fingers\": 'the fruiting bodies of the fungi of the genus Xylaria', 'Rosellinia': 'fungi having smooth perithecia with dark one-celled ascospores', 'Helotiales': 'order of fungi having asci in a disk-shaped to goblet-shaped apothecium', 'Helotiaceae': 'a fungus family of order Helotiales', 'Helotium': 'type genus of the Helotiaceae', 'Sclerotiniaceae': 'a fungus family of order Helotiales', 'genus_Sclerotinia': 'large genus of ascomycetous fungi including various destructive plant pathogens', 'sclerotinia': 'any fungus of the genus Sclerotinia; some causing brown rot diseases in plants', 'brown_cup': 'a variety of sclerotinia', 'Sclerodermatales': 'an order of fungi having a peridium surrounding a gleba (sometimes placed in subclass Homobasidiomycetes)', 'Sclerodermataceae': 'a family of fungi or order Sclerodermatales with a single-layered peridium; includes earthballs', 'Scleroderma': 'genus of poisonous fungi having hard-skinned fruiting bodies: false truffles', 'earthball': 'any of various fungi of the genus Scleroderma having hard-skinned subterranean fruiting bodies resembling truffles', 'Scleroderma_citrinum': 'an earthball fungus that is a dingy brownish yellow and a dark purplish interior; the peridium is covered with a pattern of small warts', 'Scleroderma_flavidium': 'an earthball with a smooth upper surface that is at first buried in sand; the top of the fruiting body opens up to form segments like the ray of an umbel', 'Scleroderma_bovista': 'an earthball with a peridium that is firm dry and smooth when young but developing cracks when mature; pale orange-yellow when young and reddish brown at maturity', 'Podaxaceae': 'a variety of gastromycete', 'stalked_puffball': 'mushroom of the genus Tulostoma that resembles a puffball', 'Tulostomaceae': 'stalked puffballs', 'Tulostoma': 'type genus of the Tulostomaceae', 'Hymenogastrales': 'an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes; has a distinct basidiocarp with a fleshy or waxy gleba (sometimes placed in subclass Homobasidiomycetes)', 'Rhizopogonaceae': 'a family of fungi of order Hymenogastrales having round subterranean sporophores', 'false_truffle': 'any of various fungi of the family Rhizopogonaceae having subterranean fruiting bodies similar to the truffle', 'Rhizopogon': 'a genus of fungi having subterranean sporophores resembling tubers', 'Rhizopogon_idahoensis': 'a large whitish Rhizopogon that becomes greyish brown in maturity', 'Truncocolumella': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Rhizopogonaceae', 'Truncocolumella_citrina': 'a fungus with a round yellow to orange fruiting body that is found on the surface of the ground or partially buried; has a distinctive sterile column extending into the spore-bearing tissue', 'Zygomycota': 'division of fungi having sexually produced zygospores', 'Zygomycetes': 'class of fungi coextensive with subdivision Zygomycota', 'Mucorales': 'an order of mostly saprophytic fungi', 'Mucoraceae': 'large family of chiefly saprophytic fungi that includes many common molds destructive to food products', 'genus_Mucor': 'type genus of the Mucoraceae; genus of molds having cylindrical or pear-shaped sporangia not limited in location to points where rhizoids develop', 'mucor': 'any mold of the genus Mucor', 'genus_Rhizopus': 'a genus of rot-causing fungi having columnar hemispherical aerial sporangia anchored to the substrate by rhizoids', 'rhizopus': 'any of various rot causing fungi of the genus Rhizopus', 'bread_mold': 'a mold of the genus Rhizopus', 'leak_fungus': 'fungus causing soft watery rot in fruits and vegetables and rings of dry rot around roots of sweet potatoes', 'Entomophthorales': 'coextensive with the family Entomophthoraceae', 'Entomophthoraceae': 'mostly parasitic lower fungi that typically develop in the bodies of insects', 'Entomophthora': 'type genus of the Entomophthoraceae; fungi parasitic on insects', 'rhizoid': 'any of various slender filaments that function as roots in mosses and ferns and fungi etc', 'slime_mold': 'a naked mass of protoplasm having characteristics of both plants and animals; sometimes classified as protoctists', 'Myxomycota': 'slime molds; organisms having a noncellular and multinucleate creeping vegetative phase and a propagative spore-producing stage: comprises Myxomycetes and Acrasiomycetes; in some classifications placed in the kingdom Protoctista', 'Myxomycetes': 'the class of true slime molds; essentially equivalent to the division Myxomycota', 'true_slime_mold': 'a slime mold of the class Myxomycetes', 'Acrasiomycetes': 'cellular slime molds; in some classifications placed in kingdom Protoctista', 'cellular_slime_mold': 'differing from true slime molds in being cellular and nucleate throughout the life cycle', 'genus_Dictostylium': 'genus of slime molds that grow on dung and decaying vegetation', 'dictostylium': 'any slime mold of the genus Dictostylium', 'Phycomycetes': 'a large and probably unnatural group of fungi and funguslike organisms comprising the Mastigomycota (including the Oomycetes) and Zygomycota subdivisions of the division Eumycota; a category not used in all systems', 'Mastigomycota': 'fungi in which the spores and gametes are motile; in some systems placed in the Phycomycetes group with the Zygomycota', 'Oomycetes': 'nonphotosynthetic fungi that resemble algae and that reproduce by forming oospores; sometimes classified as protoctists', 'Chytridiomycetes': 'a class of mostly aquatic fungi; saprophytic or parasitic on algae or fungi or plants', 'Chytridiales': 'simple aquatic fungi mostly saprophytic but some parasitic on higher plants or animals or fresh water fungi; sometimes placed in class Oomycetes', 'pond-scum_parasite': 'an aquatic fungus of genus Synchytriaceae that is parasitic on pond scum', 'Chytridiaceae': 'a family of aquatic fungi of order Chytridiales', 'Blastocladiales': 'fungi that carry out asexual reproduction by thick-walled resting spores that produce zoospores upon germination; sometimes placed in class Oomycetes', 'Blastodiaceae': 'a family of saprobic fungi of order Blastocladiales', 'Blastocladia': 'a genus of fungi of the family Blastodiaceae', 'Synchytriaceae': 'a fungus family of order Chytridiales', 'Synchytrium': 'simple parasitic fungi including pond scum parasites', 'potato_wart_fungus': 'fungus causing potato wart disease in potato tubers', 'Saprolegniales': 'order of chiefly aquatic fungi', 'Saprolegnia': 'aquatic fungi growing chiefly on plant debris and animal remains', 'white_fungus': 'a fungus that attacks living fish and tadpoles and spawn causing white fungus disease: a coating of white hyphae on especially peripheral parts (as fins)', 'water_mold': 'parasitic or saprobic organisms living chiefly in fresh water or moist soil', 'Peronosporales': 'order of chiefly parasitic lower fungi: Albuginaceae and Peronosporaceae and Pythiaceae', 'Peronosporaceae': 'parasitic fungi: downy mildews', 'Peronospora': 'genus of destructive downy mildews', 'downy_mildew': 'any of various fungi of the family Peronosporaceae parasitic on e.g. grapes and potatoes and melons', 'blue_mold_fungus': 'fungus causing a serious disease in tobacco plants characterized by bluish-grey mildew on undersides of leaves', 'onion_mildew': 'fungus causing a downy mildew on onions', 'tobacco_mildew': 'fungus causing a downy mildew on growing tobacco', 'Albuginaceae': 'fungi that produce white sori resembling blisters on certain flowering plants', 'Albugo': 'type genus of the Albuginaceae; fungi causing white rusts', 'white_rust': 'fungus causing a disease characterized by a white powdery mass of conidia', 'Pythiaceae': 'fungi having sporangia usually borne successively and singly at the tips of branching sporangiophores', 'genus_Pythium': 'destructive root-parasitic fungi', 'pythium': 'any fungus of the genus Pythium', 'damping_off_fungus': 'fungus causing damping off disease in seedlings', 'Phytophthora': 'destructive parasitic fungi causing brown rot in plants', 'Phytophthora_citrophthora': 'causes brown rot gummosis in citrus fruits', 'Phytophthora_infestans': 'fungus causing late blight in solanaceous plants especially tomatoes and potatoes', 'Plasmodiophoraceae': 'family of fungi often causing hypertrophy in seed plants', 'Plasmodiophora': 'type genus of Plasmodiophoraceae comprising minute plant parasitic fungi similar to and sometimes included among the slime molds', 'clubroot_fungus': 'a fungus resembling slime mold that causes swellings or distortions of the roots of cabbages and related plants', 'Geglossaceae': 'a type of ascomycetous fungus', 'Sarcosomataceae': 'a type of ascomycetous fungus', 'black_felt_cup': 'a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae', 'Rufous_rubber_cup': 'a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae', 'charred_pancake_cup': 'a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae', \"devil's_cigar\": 'a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae', \"devil's_urn\": 'a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae', 'winter_urn': 'a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae', 'Tuberales': 'small order of fungi belonging to the subdivision Ascomycota having closed underground ascocarps', 'Tuberaceae': 'family of fungi whose ascocarps resemble tubers and vary in size from that of an acorn to that of a large apple', 'Tuber': 'type genus of the Tuberaceae: fungi whose fruiting bodies are typically truffles', 'Clavariaceae': 'fleshy fungi: coral fungi', 'club_fungus': 'a club-shaped coral fungus', 'coral_fungus': 'any of numerous fungi of the family Clavariaceae often brightly colored that grow in often intricately branched clusters like coral', 'Hydnaceae': 'tooth fungi', 'tooth_fungus': 'a fungus of the family Hydnaceae', 'Hydnum': 'type genus of Hydnaceae', 'Lichenes': 'comprising the lichens which grow symbiotically with algae; sometimes treated as an independent group more or less coordinate with algae and fungi', 'Lichenales': 'category used especially in former classifications for organisms now constituting the division Lichenes', 'lichen': 'any of several eruptive skin diseases characterized by hard thick lesions grouped together and resembling lichens growing on rocks', 'ascolichen': 'a lichen in which the fungus component is an ascomycete', 'basidiolichen': 'a lichen in which the fungus component is a basidiomycete', 'Lechanorales': 'category used in some classification systems for all lichens that produce apothecia', 'Lecanoraceae': 'a fungus family of the division Lichenes', 'genus_Lecanora': 'type genus of Lecanoraceae; crustaceous lichens', 'lecanora': 'any lichen of the genus Lecanora; some used in dyeing; some used for food', 'manna_lichen': 'any of several Old World partially crustaceous or shrubby lecanoras that roll up and are blown about over African and Arabian deserts and used as food by people and animals', 'archil': 'any of various lecanoras that yield the dye archil', 'Roccellaceae': 'a fungus family of division Lichenes', 'genus_Roccella': 'chiefly fruticose maritime rock-inhabiting lichens', 'roccella': 'a source of the dye archil and of litmus', 'Pertusariaceae': 'a fungus family of division Lichenes', 'Pertusaria': 'crustose lichens that are a source of the dye archil and of litmus', 'Usneaceae': 'fruticose lichens having prostrate or erect or pendulous thalli: genera Usnea, Evernia, Ramalina, Alectoria', 'Usnea': 'widely distributed lichens usually having a greyish or yellow pendulous freely branched thallus', 'beard_lichen': 'greenish grey pendulous lichen growing on trees', 'Evernia': 'lichens of the family Usneaceae having a pendulous or shrubby thallus', 'Ramalina': 'shrubby lichens of the family Usneaceae having a flattened thallus', 'Alectoria': 'lichens having dark brown erect or pendulous much-branched cylindrical thallus', 'horsehair_lichen': 'any of several lichens of the genus Alectoria having a thallus consisting of filaments resembling hair', 'Cladoniaceae': 'a family of lichens', 'Cladonia': 'type genus of Cladoniaceae; lichens characterized by a crustose thallus and capitate fruiting bodies borne on simple or branched podetia', 'reindeer_moss': 'an erect greyish branching lichen of Arctic and even some north temperate regions constituting the chief food for reindeer and caribou and sometimes being eaten by humans', 'Parmeliaceae': 'a family of lichens', 'Parmelia': 'type genus of the Parmeliaceae; a large genus of chiefly alpine foliaceous lichens', 'crottle': 'any of several lichens of the genus Parmelia from which reddish brown or purple dyes are made', 'Cetraria': 'foliose lichens chiefly of northern latitudes', 'Iceland_moss': 'lichen with branched flattened partly erect thallus that grows in mountainous and Arctic regions; used as a medicine or food for humans and livestock; a source of glycerol', 'Fungi': 'the taxonomic kingdom including yeast, molds, smuts, mushrooms, and toadstools; distinct from the green plants', 'fungus': 'an organism of the kingdom Fungi lacking chlorophyll and feeding on organic matter; ranging from unicellular or multicellular organisms to spore-bearing syncytia', 'basidium': 'a small club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the ends of minute projections; unique to basidiomycetes', 'hypobasidium': 'special cell constituting the base of the basidium in various fungi especially of the order Tremellales', 'promycelium': 'the basidium of various fungi', 'Eumycota': 'true fungi; eukaryotic heterotrophic walled organisms; distinguished from Myxomycota (funguslike slime molds): comprises subdivisions Mastigomycotina; Zygomycotina; Ascomycotina; Basidiomycotina; Deuteromycotina (imperfect fungi)', 'Eumycetes': 'category used in some classifications: coextensive with division Eumycota', 'true_fungus': 'any of numerous fungi of the division Eumycota', 'Deuteromycota': 'large and heterogeneous form division of fungi comprising forms for which no sexually reproductive stage is known', 'Deuteromycetes': 'form class; coextensive with subdivision Deuteromycota', 'Basidiomycota': 'comprises fungi bearing the spores on a basidium; includes Gasteromycetes (puffballs) and Tiliomycetes comprising the orders Ustilaginales (smuts) and Uredinales (rusts) and Hymenomycetes (mushrooms, toadstools, agarics and bracket fungi); in some classification systems considered a division of kingdom Fungi', 'Basidiomycetes': 'large class of higher fungi coextensive with subdivision Basidiomycota', 'Homobasidiomycetes': 'category used in some classification systems for various basidiomycetous fungi including e.g. mushrooms and puffballs which are usually placed in the classes Gasteromycetes and Hymenomycetes', 'Heterobasidiomycetes': 'category used in some classification systems for various basidiomycetous fungi including rusts and smuts', 'basidiomycete': 'any of various fungi of the subdivision Basidiomycota', 'Hymenomycetes': 'used in some classifications; usually coextensive with order Agaricales: mushrooms; toadstools; agarics; bracket fungi', 'Agaricales': 'typical gilled mushrooms belonging to the subdivision Basidiomycota', 'agaric': 'fungus used in the preparation of punk for fuses', 'Agaricaceae': 'large family including many familiar mushrooms', 'Agaricus': 'type genus of Agaricaceae; gill fungi having brown spores and including several edible species', 'toadstool': 'common name for an inedible or poisonous agaric (contrasting with the edible mushroom)', 'horse_mushroom': 'coarse edible mushroom with a hollow stem and a broad white cap', 'meadow_mushroom': 'common edible mushroom found naturally in moist open soil; the cultivated mushroom of commerce', 'Lentinus': 'a genus of fungus belonging to the family Tricholomataceae', 'shiitake': 'edible east Asian mushroom having a golden or dark brown to blackish cap and an inedible stipe', 'scaly_lentinus': 'a fungus with a scaly cap and white flesh and a ring on the stalk (with scales below the ring); odor reminiscent of licorice', 'Amanita': 'genus of widely distributed agarics that have white spores and are poisonous with few exceptions', 'royal_agaric': 'widely distributed edible mushroom resembling the fly agaric', 'false_deathcap': 'agaric often confused with the death cup', 'fly_agaric': 'poisonous (but rarely fatal) woodland fungus having a scarlet cap with white warts and white gills', 'death_cap': 'extremely poisonous usually white fungus with a prominent cup-shaped base; differs from edible Agaricus only in its white gills', 'blushing_mushroom': 'yellowish edible agaric that usually turns red when touched', 'destroying_angel': 'fungus similar to Amanita phalloides', 'slime_mushroom': 'a mushroom of the genus Amanita', 'white_slime_mushroom': 'a type of slime mushroom', \"Fischer's_slime_mushroom\": 'a type of slime mushroom', 'Cantharellus': 'a well-known genus of fungus; has funnel-shaped fruiting body; includes the chanterelles', 'chanterelle': 'widely distributed edible mushroom rich yellow in color with a smooth cap and a pleasant apricot aroma', 'floccose_chanterelle': 'a mildly poisonous fungus with a fruiting body shaped like a hollow trumpet', \"pig's_ears\": 'an edible agaric with a brown fruiting body that is often compound', 'cinnabar_chanterelle': 'mushroom with a distinctive pink to vermillion fruiting body', 'Omphalotus': 'a genus of fungi with a depressed disc in the cap', 'jack-o-lantern_fungus': 'a large poisonous agaric with orange caps and narrow clustered stalks; the gills are luminescent', 'Coprinus': 'genus of black-spotted agarics in which the cap breaks down at maturity into an inky fluid; sometimes placed in its own family Coprinaceae', 'Coprinaceae': 'used in some classifications for the genus Coprinus', 'inky_cap': 'having a cap that melts into an inky fluid after spores have matured', 'shaggymane': 'common edible mushroom having an elongated shaggy white cap and black spores', 'Lactarius': 'large genus of agarics that have white spore and contain a white or milky juice when cut or broken; includes both edible and poisonous species', 'milkcap': 'edible mushroom', 'Marasmius': 'chiefly small mushrooms with white spores', 'fairy-ring_mushroom': 'mushroom that grows in a fairy ring', 'fairy_ring': 'a ring of fungi marking the periphery of the perennial underground growth of the mycelium', 'Pleurotus': 'agarics with white spores and caps having an eccentric stem; an important mushroom of Japan', 'oyster_mushroom': 'edible agaric with a soft greyish cap growing in shelving masses on dead wood', 'olive-tree_agaric': 'red luminescent mushroom of Europe', 'Pholiota': 'genus of gilled agarics of Europe and North America having brown spores and an annulus; grows on open ground or decaying wood', 'Pholiota_astragalina': 'a fungus with a smooth orange cap and yellow gills and pale yellow stalk', 'Pholiota_aurea': 'a beautiful yellow gilled fungus found from Alaska south along the coast', 'Pholiota_destruens': 'a large fungus with whitish scales on the cap and remnants of the veil hanging from the cap; the stalk is thick and hard', 'Pholiota_flammans': 'a fungus with a yellow cap covered with fine scales as is the stalk', 'Pholiota_flavida': 'a fungus that grows in clusters on the ground; cap is brownish orange with a surface that is smooth and slightly sticky; whitish gills and a cylindrical brown stalk', 'nameko': 'one of the most important fungi cultivated in Japan', 'Pholiota_squarrosa-adiposa': 'a gilled fungus having yellow slimy caps with conspicuous tawny scales on the caps and stalks', 'Pholiota_squarrosa': 'a gilled fungus with a cap and stalk that are conspicuously scaly with upright scales; gills develop a greenish tinge with age', 'Pholiota_squarrosoides': 'a pale buff fungus with tawny scales', 'Russula': 'large genus of fungi with stout stems and white spores and neither annulus nor volva; brittle caps of red or purple or yellow or green or blue; differs from genus Lactarius in lacking milky juice', 'Russulaceae': 'used in some classification systems for the genus Russula', 'Strophariaceae': 'sometimes included in family Agaricaceae', 'Stropharia': 'genus of gill fungi with brown spores that is closely related to Agaricus; here placed in its own family Strophariaceae', 'Stropharia_ambigua': 'a gilled fungus with a long stalk and a yellow slimy cap from which fragments of the broken veil hang; gills are initially white but become dark brown as spores are released', 'Stropharia_hornemannii': 'a gilled fungus with a large slimy purple or olive cap; gills become purple with age; the stalk is long and richly decorated with pieces of the white sheath that extends up to a ring', 'Stropharia_rugoso-annulata': 'a large gilled fungus with a broad cap and a long stalk; the cap is dark brown; the white gills turn dark purplish brown with age; edible and choice', 'galea': 'an organ shaped like a helmet; usually a vaulted and enlarged petal as in Aconitum', 'gill_fungus': 'a basidiomycete with gills', 'Entolomataceae': 'a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales', 'Entoloma': 'agarics with pink spores but lacking both volva and annulus (includes some that are poisonous)', 'Entoloma_lividum': 'a deadly poisonous agaric; a large cap that is first white (livid or lead-colored) and then turns yellowish or tan', 'Entoloma_aprile': 'an agaric with a dark brown conical cap; fruits in early spring', 'Lepiotaceae': 'a family of fungi having free gills and a cap that is cleanly separable from the stalk', 'genus_Chlorophyllum': 'a genus of fungus belonging to the family Lepiotaceae', 'Chlorophyllum_molybdites': \"a poisonous agaric with a fibrillose cap and brown scales on a white ground color; cap can reach a diameter of 30 cm; often forms `fairy rings'\", 'genus_Lepiota': 'agarics with white spores that includes several edible and poisonous mushrooms: parasol mushrooms', 'lepiota': 'any fungus of the genus Lepiota', 'parasol_mushroom': 'edible long-stalked mushroom with white flesh and gills and spores; found in open woodlands in autumn', 'poisonous_parasol': 'an agaric regarded as poisonous', 'Lepiota_naucina': 'an agaric with greyish white fruiting body and gills that change from pink to dingy red', 'Lepiota_rhacodes': 'an agaric with a large cap with brown scales and a thick stalk', 'American_parasol': 'an agaric with a pallid cap and a stalk that is enlarged near the base', 'Lepiota_rubrotincta': 'an agaric with a relatively small pink to red cap and white gills and stalk', 'Lepiota_clypeolaria': 'an agaric with a ragged stalk and a soft floccose cap', 'onion_stem': 'a white agaric that tends to cluster and has a club-shaped base', 'Thelephoraceae': 'fungi having leathery or membranous sporophores', 'Corticium': 'genus of fungi having simple smooth sporophores; some are parasitic on wood or economic crops; some species formerly placed in form genus Rhizoctinia', 'pink_disease_fungus': 'fungus causing pink disease in citrus and coffee and rubber trees etc', 'bottom_rot_fungus': 'fungus causing bottom rot in lettuce', 'Pellicularia': 'genus of fungi having the hymenium in the form of a crust; some species formerly placed in form genus Rhizoctinia', 'potato_fungus': 'fungus causing a disease in potatoes characterized by black scurfy spots on the tubers', 'coffee_fungus': 'fungus causing a disease in coffee and some other tropical plants', 'Tricholomataceae': 'a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales', 'Tricholoma': 'agarics with white spores and a fleshy stalk and notched gills; of various colors both edible and inedible', 'blewits': 'edible agaric that is pale lilac when young; has a smooth moist cap', 'sandy_mushroom': 'an edible agaric that fruits in great clusters (especially in sandy soil under cottonwood trees)', 'Tricholoma_pessundatum': 'a mildly poisonous agaric with a viscid reddish brown cap and white gills and stalk', 'Tricholoma_sejunctum': 'an agaric with a cap that is coated with dark fibrils in the center and has yellowish margins', 'man-on-a-horse': 'an edible agaric with yellow gills and a viscid yellow cap that has a brownish center', 'Tricholoma_venenata': 'a poisonous white agaric', 'Tricholoma_pardinum': 'a poisonous agaric having a pale cap with fine grey fibrils', 'Tricholoma_vaccinum': 'an agaric with a cap that is densely covered with reddish fibrils and pale gills and stalk', 'Tricholoma_aurantium': 'an orange tan agaric whose gills become brown by maturity; has a strong odor and taste', 'Volvariaceae': 'a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales', 'Volvaria': 'agarics having pink spores and a distinct volva', 'Volvaria_bombycina': 'a parasite on various trees', 'Pluteaceae': 'a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales', 'Pluteus': 'a large genus of fungi belonging to the family Pluteaceae; the shape of the cap resembles a roof; often abundant early in the summer', 'Pluteus_aurantiorugosus': 'an agaric with a brilliant scarlet cap and a slender stalk', 'Pluteus_magnus': 'an edible agaric found in piles of hardwood sawdust; the caps are black and coarsely wrinkled', 'deer_mushroom': 'a small edible agaric with a slender stalk; usually found on rotting hardwoods', 'Volvariella': 'an important genus of mushrooms in the Orient', 'straw_mushroom': 'small tropical and subtropical edible mushroom having a white cap and long stem; an expensive delicacy in China and other Asian countries where it is grown commercially', 'Volvariella_bombycina': 'a mushroom with a dry yellowish to white fibrillose cap', 'Clitocybe': 'a genus of agarics with white to pale yellow spore deposits and fleshy stalks centrally attached to the cap and closely attached gills', 'Clitocybe_clavipes': 'an agaric with a flat cap that is greyish or yellowish brown with pallid gills and a stalk that bulges toward the base', 'Clitocybe_dealbata': 'a small poisonous agaric; has a dry white cap with crowded gills and a short stalk', 'Clitocybe_inornata': 'a fungus with a cap that is creamy grey when young and turns brown with age and a whitish stalk that stains yellow when handled', 'Clitocybe_robusta': 'a large white agaric; edible but not palatable', 'Clitocybe_irina': 'an edible agaric with large silky white caps and thick stalks', 'Clitocybe_subconnexa': 'an edible white agaric that fruits in dense clusters; the gills are narrow and crowded and the stalk is fleshy and unpolished', 'Flammulina': 'a genus of agarics', 'winter_mushroom': 'an edible agaric that is available in early spring or late fall when few other mushrooms are; has a viscid smooth orange to brown cap and a velvety stalk that turns black in maturity and pallid gills; often occur in clusters', 'hypha': 'any of the threadlike filaments forming the mycelium of a fungus', 'mycelium': 'the vegetative part of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching threadlike hyphae', 'sclerotium': 'compact usually dark-colored mass of hardened mycelium constituting a vegetative food-storage body in various true fungi; detaches when mature and can give rise to new growth', 'sac_fungus': 'any of various ascomycetous fungi in which the spores are formed in a sac or ascus', 'Ascomycota': 'a large subdivision of Eumycota including Hemiascomycetes and Plectomycetes and Pyrenomycetes and Discomycetes; sac fungi; in some classification systems considered a division of the kingdom Fungi', 'Ascomycetes': 'large class of higher fungi coextensive with division Ascomycota: sac fungi', 'ascomycete': 'any fungus of the class Ascomycetes (or subdivision Ascomycota) in which the spores are formed inside an ascus', 'Euascomycetes': 'category not used in many classification systems', 'Clavicipitaceae': 'any of various mushrooms of the class Ascomycetes', 'grainy_club': 'a variety of grainy club mushrooms', 'Hemiascomycetes': 'class of fungi in which no ascocarps are formed: yeasts and some plant parasites', 'Endomycetales': 'fungi having a zygote or a single cell developing directly into an ascus', 'Saccharomycetaceae': 'family of fungi comprising the typical yeasts: reproduce by budding and ferment carbohydrates', 'Saccharomyces': 'single-celled yeasts that reproduce asexually by budding; used to ferment carbohydrates', 'yeast': 'a commercial leavening agent containing yeast cells; used to raise the dough in making bread and for fermenting beer or whiskey', \"baker's_yeast\": 'used as a leaven in baking and brewing', \"wine-maker's_yeast\": 'used in making wine', 'Schizosaccharomycetaceae': 'a family of fungi belonging to order Endomycetales', 'Schizosaccharomyces': 'type and only genus of Schizosaccharomycetaceae; comprises the fission yeasts', 'Plectomycetes': 'class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a cleistothecium (it releases spores only on decay or disintegration)', 'Eurotiales': 'order of fungi having a closed ascocarp (cleistothecium) with the asci scattered rather than gathered in a hymenium', 'Eurotium': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the order Eurotiales', 'Aspergillaceae': 'family of fungi including some common molds', 'Aspergillus': 'genus of common molds causing food spoilage and some pathogenic to plants and animals', 'Aspergillus_fumigatus': 'a mold causing aspergillosis in birds and man', 'Thielavia': 'genus of fungi having spherical brown perithecia and some conidia borne in chains; cause root rot', 'brown_root_rot_fungus': 'fungus causing brown root rot in plants of the pea and potato and cucumber families', 'Pyrenomycetes': 'class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a perithecium; includes powdery mildews and ergot and Neurospora', 'Discomycetes': 'a large and taxonomically difficult group of Ascomycetes in which the fleshy fruiting body is disklike or cup-shaped', 'discomycete': 'any fungus that is a member of the subclass Discomycetes', 'Leotia_lubrica': 'a discomycete that develops in clusters of slippery rubbery gelatinous fruiting bodies that are dingy yellow to tan in color', 'Mitrula_elegans': 'a discomycete that is 3-8 cm high with an orange to yellow fertile portion and white or pinkish stalks often half in and half out of the water', 'Sarcoscypha_coccinea': 'a discomycete that is a harbinger of spring; the fruiting body is thin and tough and saucer-shaped (about the size of quarter to a half dollar) with a deep bright red upper surface and a whitish exterior', 'Caloscypha_fulgens': 'an early spring variety of discomycete with yellow to orange yellow lining of the cup', 'Aleuria_aurantia': 'a discomycete with bright orange cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting bodies and pale orange exteriors', 'Pezizales': 'order of mostly saprophytic fungi having cup-shaped ascocarps', 'Pezizaceae': 'large family comprising many typical cup fungi', 'elf_cup': 'apothecium of a fungus of the family Pezizaceae', 'Peziza': 'type genus of the Pezizaceae: a variety of cup fungus', 'Peziza_domicilina': 'a discomycetous fungus of the genus Peziza; the fragile fruiting body is a ghostly white but stains yellow when broken; favors strongly alkaline habitats', 'blood_cup': 'a scarlet European fungus with cup-shaped ascocarp', 'Plectania': 'genus of fungi in the family Pezizaceae closely related to and often included in genus Peziza', 'Urnula_craterium': 'an urn-shaped discomycete with a nearly black interior', 'Galiella_rufa': 'the cup-shaped fruiting body of this discomycete has a jellylike interior and a short stalk', 'Jafnea_semitosta': 'the fruiting bodies of this discomycete have a firm texture and long retain their cup shape; the pale brown interior blends with the color of dead leaves', 'Morchellaceae': 'a family of edible fungi including the true morels', 'Morchella': 'genus of edible fungi: morel', 'morel': 'any of various edible mushrooms of the genus Morchella having a brownish spongelike cap', 'common_morel': 'an edible and choice morel with a globular to elongate head with an irregular pattern of pits and ridges', 'Disciotis_venosa': 'an edible morel with a cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting body can be up to 20 cm wide; the fertile surface inside the cup has wrinkles radiating from the center; can be easily confused with inedible mushrooms', 'Verpa': 'a morel whose fertile portion resembles a bell and is attached to the stipe only at the top', 'Verpa_bohemica': 'resembles a thimble on a finger; the surface of the fertile portion is folded into wrinkles that extend from the top down; fruiting begins in spring before the leaves are out on the trees', 'Verpa_conica': 'a morel with a fertile portion that has a relatively smooth surface; the stalk is fragile', 'black_morel': 'a morel whose pitted fertile body is attached to the stalk with little free skirt around it; the fertile body is grey when young and black in old age', 'Morchella_crassipes': 'a delicious morel with a conic fertile portion having deep and irregular pits', 'Morchella_semilibera': 'a morel with the ridged and pitted fertile portion attached to the stipe for about half its length', 'Sarcoscyphaceae': 'family of fungi belonging to the order Pezizales', 'Wynnea': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Sarcoscyphaceae', 'Wynnea_americana': 'a fungus composed of several apothecia that look like elongated rabbit ears; the sterile surface is dark brown and warty; the fertile surface is smooth and pinkish orange', 'Wynnea_sparassoides': 'a fungus with a long solid stalk embedded in soil and a yellow-brown head shaped like a cauliflower', 'Helvellaceae': 'family of false morels or lorchels; some are edible and some are poisonous', 'false_morel': 'a fungus of the family Helvellaceae', 'lorchel': 'a large fungus of the family Helvellaceae', 'genus_Helvella': 'type genus of the Helvellaceae', 'helvella': 'any fungus of the genus Helvella having the ascocarps stalked or pleated or often in folds', 'Helvella_crispa': 'a helvella with a saddle-shaped fertile part and creamy color; the stalk is fluted and pitted', 'Helvella_acetabulum': 'a helvella with a cup-shaped fertile body having a brown interior; the stalk is creamy white and heavily ribbed', 'Helvella_sulcata': 'a helvella with an irregularly convoluted cap that is dark brown when young and becomes dull grey with age; the lower surface of the cap is smooth and pale grey; the stalk is thick and deeply fluted', 'genus_Discina': 'a genus of fungi of the family Helvellaceae with a cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting body and ornamented spores', 'discina': 'any fungus of the genus Discina', 'Discina_macrospora': 'a discina with a flat or saucer-shaped fertile body that is brown on the upper surface; has a short stalk; not recommended for eating', 'genus_Gyromitra': 'a genus of fungi of the family Helvellaceae with a fertile portion that is tan to brown', 'gyromitra': 'any fungus of the genus Gyromitra', 'Gyromitra_californica': 'a gyromitra with a brown puffed up fertile part and a thick fluted stalk; found under conifers in California', 'Gyromitra_sphaerospora': 'a gyromitra with a brown puffed up fertile part and a rosy pink fluted stalk and smooth round spores; found on hardwood slash east of the Great Plains', 'Gyromitra_esculenta': 'a poisonous gyromitra; the surface of the fertile body is smooth at first and becomes progressively undulating and wrinkled (but never truly pitted); color varies from dull yellow to brown', 'Gyromitra_infula': 'a poisonous fungus; saddle-shaped and dull yellow to brown fertile part is relatively even', 'Gyromitra_fastigiata': 'a lorchel with deep brownish red fertile part and white stalk', 'Gyromitra_gigas': 'a gyromitra with a large irregular stalk and fertile part that is yellow to brown and wrinkled; has early fruiting time', 'Gasteromycetes': 'fungi in which the hymenium is enclosed until after spores have matured: puffballs; earth stars; stinkhorn fungi', 'gasteromycete': 'any fungus of the class Gasteromycetes', 'Phallales': 'order of fungi comprising the stinkhorns and related forms whose mature hymenium is slimy and fetid; sometimes placed in subclass Homobasidiomycetes', 'Phallaceae': 'a family of fungi belonging to the order Phallales and comprising the true stinkhorns', 'Phallus': 'genus of fungi having the cap or pileus hanging free around the stem', 'stinkhorn': 'any of various ill-smelling brown-capped fungi of the order Phallales; \"the foul smell of the stinkhorn attracts insects that carry the spores away on their feet\"', 'common_stinkhorn': 'a common fungus formerly used in preparing a salve for rheumatism', 'Phallus_ravenelii': 'this stinkhorn has a cap with a granulose surface at the apex and smells like decaying flesh', 'Dictyophera': 'closely related to genus Phallus distinguished by an indusium hanging like a skirt from below the pileus', 'Mutinus': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Phallaceae', 'dog_stinkhorn': 'a stinkhorn having a stalk without a cap; the slimy gleba is simply plastered on its surface near the apex where winged insects can find it', 'Tulostomatales': 'an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes', 'Calostomataceae': 'a family of fungi belonging to the order Tulostomatales', 'Calostoma_lutescens': 'a gasteromycete with a leathery stalk and a fruiting body that is globose and has a pale yellow spore case', 'Calostoma_cinnabarina': 'a gasteromycete with a leathery stalk and a fruiting body this globose and has a red spore case', 'Calostoma_ravenelii': 'a gasteromycete with a leathery stalk and a fruiting body with a thin gelatinous spore case and elliptical spores', 'Clathraceae': 'family of fleshy fungi resembling stinkhorns', 'Clathrus': 'type genus of the Clathraceae', 'Pseudocolus': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Clathraceae', 'stinky_squid': 'a stinkhorn of genus Pseudocolus; the fruiting body first resembles a small puffball that soon splits open to form a stalk with tapering arms that arch and taper to a common point', 'Lycoperdales': 'small order of basidiomycetous fungi having fleshy often globose fruiting bodies; includes puffballs and earthstars', 'Lycoperdaceae': 'a fungus family belonging to the order Lycoperdales; includes puffballs', 'Lycoperdon': 'genus of fungi whose fruiting body tapers toward a base consisting of spongy mycelium', 'puffball': 'any of various fungi of the family Lycoperdaceae whose round fruiting body discharges a cloud of spores when mature', 'Calvatia': 'genus of puffballs having outer casings whose upper parts break at maturity into angular pieces to expose the spores', 'giant_puffball': 'huge edible puffball up to 2 feet diameter and 25 pounds in weight', 'Geastraceae': 'a family of earthstar fungi belonging to the order Lycoperdales', 'earthstar': 'any fungus of the family Geastraceae; in form suggesting a puffball whose outer peridium splits into the shape of a star', 'Geastrum': 'type genus of Geastraceae; fungi whose outer peridium when dry splits into starlike segments', 'Geastrum_coronatum': 'an earthstar with a bluish spore sac and a purplish brown gleba; at maturity the outer layer splits into rays that bend backward and elevate the spore sac', 'Radiigera': 'a genus of fungus belonging to the family Geastraceae', 'Radiigera_fuscogleba': 'a fungus similar to an earthstar except that it does not open up; the spore mass is brown at maturity with a column of sterile tissue extending up into it', 'Astreus': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Geastraceae', 'Astreus_pteridis': 'the largest earthstar; the fruiting body can measure 15 cm across when the rays are expanded', 'Astreus_hygrometricus': 'a common species of earthstar widely distributed in sandy soil; the gleba is a pale tan', 'Nidulariales': 'small order of basidiomycetous fungi comprising families Nidulariaceae and Sphaerobolaceae', 'Nidulariaceae': \"bird's-nest fungi\", \"bird's-nest_fungus\": 'any of various fungi of the family Nidulariaceae having a cup-shaped body containing several egg-shaped structure enclosing the spores', 'Nidularia': 'type genus of the Nidulariaceae', 'Sphaerobolaceae': 'monotypic family of fungi in which the more or less spherical gleba is forcibly ejected at maturity', 'Secotiales': 'an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes', 'Secotiaceae': 'a family of fungi that have a stalk and cap and a wrinkled mass of tissue (the gleba) where spores are produced; are often dismissed as misshapen forms of other fungi', 'Gastrocybe': 'a genus of fungi of the family Secotiaceae', 'Gastrocybe_lateritia': 'a species of Gastrocybe fungus that has a conic cap and a thin stalk; at first the stalk is upright but as it matures the stalk bends over and then downward; the cap then gelatinizes and a slimy mass containing the spores falls to the ground as the stalk collapses', 'Macowanites': 'a stout-stemmed genus of fungus belonging to the family Secotiaceae having fruiting bodies that never expand completely', 'Macowanites_americanus': 'a small fungus with a fragile cap that cracks to expose the white context and a white stalk that is practically enclosed by the cap', 'Gastroboletus': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Secotiaceae; they resemble boletes but the spores are not discharged from the basidium', 'Gastroboletus_scabrosus': 'a dingy yellow brown fungus with a rough stalk that superficially resembles a bolete', 'Gastroboletus_turbinatus': 'a fungus with a cap that can vary from red to dark brown; superficially resembles a bolete', 'Aphyllophorales': 'includes chiefly saprophytic fungi typically with shelflike bodies; sometimes placed in class Hymenomycetes or included in Agaricales', 'Polyporaceae': 'fungi that become corky or woody with age, often forming shelflike growths on trees', 'polypore': 'woody pore fungi; any fungus of the family Polyporaceae or family Boletaceae having the spore-bearing surface within tubes or pores; the fruiting bodies are usually woody at maturity and persistent', 'bracket_fungus': 'a woody fungus that forms shelflike sporophores on tree trunks and wood structures', 'Albatrellus': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae', 'Albatrellus_dispansus': 'a rare fungus having a large (up to 14 inches wide) yellow fruiting body with multiple individual caps and a broad central stalk and a fragrant odor', 'Albatrellus_ovinus': 'a fungus with a whitish often circular cap and a white pore surface and small pores and a white central stalk; found under conifers; edible but not popular', 'Neolentinus': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae', 'Neolentinus_ponderosus': 'a gilled polypore with a large cap (up to 15 inches in diameter) and a broad stalk; edible when young and tender', 'Nigroporus': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae', 'Nigroporus_vinosus': 'a woody pore fungus with a dark brown to red brown cap and spore surface and small pores', 'Oligoporus': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae', 'Oligoporus_leucospongia': 'a pore fungus with a whitish cottony soft cap found on conifer logs in forests at high elevation in the western United States and adjacent Canada', 'Polyporus_tenuiculus': 'a fungus with a whitish kidney-shaped cap and elongated pores; causes white rot in dead hardwoods', 'Polyporus': 'type genus of the Polyporaceae; includes important pathogens of e.g. birches and conifers', 'hen-of-the-woods': 'large greyish-brown edible fungus forming a mass of overlapping caps that somewhat resembles a hen at the base of trees', 'Polyporus_squamosus': 'a fungus with a lateral stalk (when there is a stalk) and a scaly cap that becomes nearly black in maturity; widely distributed in the northern hemisphere', 'Fistulinaceae': 'a family of fungi closely related to the family Polyporaceae except that the tubes on the undersurface of the cap are separate from each other', 'Fistulina': 'fungi having each pore separate though crowded', 'beefsteak_fungus': 'a popular edible fungus with a cap the color of liver or raw meat; abundant in southeastern United States', 'Fomes': 'genus of bracket fungi forming corky or woody perennial shelflike sporophores often of large size; includes some that cause destructive heartrot in trees', 'Boletaceae': 'family of fleshy fungi having the germ pores easily separating from the cup and often from each other', 'bolete': 'any fungus of the family Boletaceae', 'Boletus': 'type genus of Boletaceae; genus of soft early-decaying pore fungi; some poisonous and some edible', 'Boletus_chrysenteron': 'a fungus convex cap and a dingy yellow under surface and a dry stalk', 'Boletus_edulis': 'an edible and choice fungus; has a convex cap that is slightly viscid when fresh and moist but soon dries and a thick bulbous tan stalk', \"Frost's_bolete\": 'a fungus with a red cap and a red coarsely reticulate stalk', 'Boletus_luridus': 'a poisonous fungus with a dingy yellow cap and orange red undersurface and a cylindrical reticulate stalk', 'Boletus_mirabilis': 'a fungus that is edible when young and fresh; has a dark brown convex cap with a yellow to greenish under surface and reddish stalk', 'Boletus_pallidus': 'a fungus that has an off-white cap when it is young but later becomes dingy brown and a stalk of the same color; the under surface of the cap (the tubes) a pale greenish yellow', 'Boletus_pulcherrimus': 'a beautiful but poisonous bolete; has a brown cap with a scarlet pore surface and a thick reticulate stalk', 'Boletus_pulverulentus': 'an edible fungus with a broadly convex blackish brown cap and a pore surface that is yellow when young and darkens with age; stalk is thick and enlarges toward the base', 'Boletus_roxanae': 'a fungus with a rusty red cap and a white pore surface that becomes yellow with age and a pale yellow stalk', 'Boletus_subvelutipes': 'a fungus with a velvety stalk and usually a dingy brown cap; injured areas turn blue instantly', 'Boletus_variipes': 'an edible (but not choice) fungus found on soil under hardwoods; has a dry convex cap with whitish under surface and a reticulate stalk', 'Boletus_zelleri': 'an edible and choice fungus that has a brown cap with greenish yellow under surface and a stalk that become dull red with age', 'Fuscoboletinus': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae', 'Fuscoboletinus_paluster': 'an edible fungus with a pinkish purple cap and stalk and a pore surface that is yellow with large angular pores that become like gills in maturity', 'Fuscoboletinus_serotinus': 'an edible fungus with a broadly convex brown cap and a whitish pore surface and stalk', 'Leccinum': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae', 'Leccinum_fibrillosum': 'an edible fungus with a dark reddish brown cap and a wide light tan stalk that expands toward the base', 'Phylloporus': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae', 'Phylloporus_boletinoides': 'a fungus with a broadly convex brown cap and pores that extend part way down the stalk', 'Suillus': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae', 'Suillus_albivelatus': 'a short squat edible fungus with a reddish brown cap and white stalk; fruits under pines in the spring', 'Strobilomyces': 'fungi similar to Boletus but with a shaggy scaly cap', 'old-man-of-the-woods': 'edible mild-tasting mushroom found in coniferous woodlands of eastern North America', 'Boletellus': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae', 'Boletellus_russellii': 'a fungus with a long coarsely shaggy reticulate stalk and a rimose areolate cap surface', 'jelly_fungus': 'any fungus of the order Tremellales or Auriculariales whose fruiting body is jellylike in consistency when fresh', 'Tremellales': 'fungi varying from gelatinous to waxy or even horny in texture; most are saprophytic', 'Tremellaceae': 'a family of basidiomycetous fungi of the order Tremellales that have the basidium divided longitudinally', 'Tremella': 'fungi with yellowish gelatinous sporophores having convolutions resembling those of the brain', 'snow_mushroom': 'popular in China and Japan and Taiwan; gelatinous mushrooms; most are dried', \"witches'_butter\": 'a yellow jelly fungus', 'Tremella_foliacea': 'a jelly fungus with a fruiting body 5-15 cm broad and gelatinous in consistency; resembles a bunch of leaf lettuce; mostly water and brownish in color', 'Tremella_reticulata': 'a jelly fungus with an erect whitish fruiting body and a highly variable shape (sometimes resembling coral fungi)', 'Auriculariales': 'coextensive with the family Auriculariaceae; sometimes included in the order Tremellales', 'Auriculariaceae': 'fungi having gelatinous sporophores', 'Auricularia': 'type genus of the Auriculariaceae', \"Jew's-ear\": 'widely distributed edible fungus shaped like a human ear and growing on decaying wood', 'Dacrymycetaceae': 'a family of basidiomycetous fungi belonging to the order Tremellales having a bifurcate basidium that lacks septa', 'Dacrymyces': 'type genus of the Dacrymycetaceae: fungi with a bifurcate basidium that lacks septa', 'Uredinales': 'rust fungi: parasitic fungi causing rust in plants; sometimes placed in', 'rust': 'a red or brown oxide coating on iron or steel caused by the action of oxygen and moisture', 'aecium': 'fruiting body of some rust fungi bearing chains of aeciospores', 'aeciospore': 'spore of a rust fungus formed in an aecium', 'Melampsoraceae': 'rust fungi', 'Melampsora': 'rusts having sessile one-celled teliospores in a single layer', 'flax_rust': 'fungus causing flax rust', 'Cronartium': 'rust fungi having aecia produced in raised or swollen sori and teliospores borne in waxy columns', 'blister_rust': 'any of several diseases of pines caused by rust fungi of the genus Cronartium and marked by destructive invasion of bark and sapwood and producing blisters externally', 'Pucciniaceae': 'large important family of rust fungi', 'Puccinia': 'type genus of the Pucciniaceae; a large genus of parasitic fungi including many that are destructive to various economic plants', 'wheat_rust': 'rust fungus that attacks wheat', 'Gymnosporangium': 'genus of fungi that produce galls on cedars and other conifers of genera Juniperus and Libocedrus and causes rust spots on apples and pears and other plants of family Rosaceae', 'apple_rust': 'rust fungus causing rust spots on apples and pears etc', 'Tiliomycetes': 'category used in some systems to comprise the two orders Ustilaginales (smuts) and Uredinales (rusts)', 'Ustilaginales': 'parasitic fungi causing smuts; sometimes placed in class Tiliomycetes', 'smut': 'destructive diseases of plants (especially cereal grasses) caused by fungi that produce black powdery masses of spores', 'covered_smut': 'a smut fungus causing a smut disease of grains in which the spore masses are covered or held together by the grain membranes', 'Ustilaginaceae': 'a fungus family of loose smuts', 'Ustilago': 'type genus of the Ustilaginaceae; genus comprising the loose smuts', 'loose_smut': 'disease of grains; the entire head is a dusty mass of spores', 'cornsmut': 'a smut fungus attacking Indian corn', 'boil_smut': 'a common smut attacking Indian corn causing greyish white swellings that rupture to expose a black spore mass', 'Sphacelotheca': 'genus of smut fungus', 'head_smut': 'smut fungus attacking heads of corn or sorghum and causing a covered smut', 'Tilletiaceae': 'a family of smut fungi having a simple promycelium bearing the spores in an apical cluster', 'Tilletia': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Tilletiaceae', 'Urocystis': 'a genus of smut fungi belonging to the family Tilletiaceae', 'onion_smut': 'smut fungus causing blackish blisters on scales and leaves of onions; especially destructive to seedlings', 'flag_smut_fungus': 'a smut fungus causing a smut in cereals and other grasses that chiefly affects leaves and stems and is characterized chains of sori within the plant tissue that later rupture releasing black masses of spores', 'wheat_flag_smut': 'fungus affecting leaves and stems of wheat', 'Septobasidiaceae': 'a family of fungi belonging to the subdivision Basidiomycota', 'Septobasidium': 'type genus of Septobasidiaceae: smooth shelf fungi usually having a well-developed sometimes thick-walled hypobasidium', 'felt_fungus': 'fungus that frequently encircles twigs and branches of various trees especially citrus trees in southern United States', 'Hygrophoraceae': 'a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales; the gills of these fungi have a clean waxy appearance', 'waxycap': 'any fungus of the family Hygrophoraceae having gills that are more or less waxy in appearance', 'Hygrocybe': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae', 'Hygrocybe_acutoconica': 'a fungus having an acutely conic cap and dry stalks', 'Hygrophorus': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae', 'Hygrophorus_borealis': 'a fungus with a white convex cap and arcuate white gills and a stalk that tapers toward the base', 'Hygrophorus_caeruleus': 'a fungus with a broadly convex cap that is cream color with a tint of blue over the margin; waxy gills are bluish green to blue-grey; a short stalk tapers abruptly at the base', 'Hygrophorus_inocybiformis': 'a fungus with a drab squamulose cap and grey-brown squamules over the white background of the stalk and waxy grey-white gills', 'Hygrophorus_kauffmanii': 'a fungus with a slightly viscid cap; cap and gills are reddish brown and the stalk is grey', 'Hygrophorus_marzuolus': 'a grey fungus frequently found near melting snow banks', 'Hygrophorus_purpurascens': 'a fungus with a viscid purplish red cap and stalk; found under spruce and other conifers', 'Hygrophorus_russula': 'an edible fungus with a reddish cap and close pale gills and dry stalk; found under hardwoods', 'Hygrophorus_sordidus': 'an edible fungus with a large white cap and a dry stalk and white gills', 'Hygrophorus_tennesseensis': 'a fungus having a brownish sticky cap with a white margin and white gills and an odor of raw potatoes', 'Hygrophorus_turundus': 'a small fungus with orange cap and yellow gills found in sphagnum bogs', 'Hygrotrama': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae', 'Hygrotrama_foetens': 'a small grey-brown fungus with an unpleasant odor of mothballs', 'Neohygrophorus': 'a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae', 'Neohygrophorus_angelesianus': 'a fungus with a small brown convex cap with a depressed disc; waxy wine-colored gills and a brown stalk; fruits in or near melting snow banks in the western mountains of North America', 'cortina': 'a cobwebby partial veil consisting of silky fibrils', 'Cortinariaceae': 'a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales', 'Cortinarius': 'the largest genus in the Agaricales; agarics having rusty spores and prominent cortinae (cobwebby partial veils)', 'Cortinarius_armillatus': 'a fungus with large tawny caps and pale cinnamon gills and a red band of veil around the stalk; usually found near birch trees', 'Cortinarius_atkinsonianus': 'an edible fungus with a slimy viscid cap that is initially yellow but turns olive and then tawny; flesh is lavender', 'Cortinarius_corrugatus': 'a fungus with a viscid wrinkled tawny cap; the stalk has a basal bulb that diminishes as the stalk elongates; the gills are dark violet at first but soon turn brown', 'Cortinarius_gentilis': 'a poisonous fungus with a bright yellow brown cap and a long cinnamon colored stalk', 'Cortinarius_mutabilis': 'a fungus with a reddish purple cap having a smooth slimy surface; close violet gills; all parts stain dark purple when bruised', 'Cortinarius_semisanguineus': 'a fungus with a dry brown cap and rusty red gills and a yellowish stalk', 'Cortinarius_subfoetidus': 'a fungus with a sticky lavender cap and stalk that whitish above and covered with a silky lavender sheath', 'Cortinarius_violaceus': 'a fungus that is violet overall with a squamulose cap', 'Gymnopilus': 'a genus of fungus characterized by the orange color of the spore deposit', 'Gymnopilus_spectabilis': 'a fungus with a brownish orange fruiting body and a ring near the top of the stalk; the taste is bitter and the flesh contains psilocybin and psilocin', 'Gymnopilus_validipes': 'a poisonous fungus with a dry cap and a cortina that does not leave much of a ring on the robust stalk', 'Gymnopilus_ventricosus': 'a giant fungus of the Pacific Northwest; has a very thick stalk and the cortina leaves a ring high up on the stalk', 'mildew': 'the process of becoming mildewed', 'Moniliales': 'order of imperfect fungi lacking conidiophores of having conidiophores that are superficial and not enclosed in a pycnidium', 'genus_Verticillium': 'genus of imperfect fungi having conidia borne singly at the apex of whorled branchlets; cause wilt diseases', 'verticillium': 'a fungus of the genus Verticillium', 'Moniliaceae': 'family of imperfect fungi having white or brightly colored hyphae and spores that are produced directly on the mycelium and not aggregated in fruiting bodies', 'Trichophyton': 'a genus of fungus of the family Moniliaceae; causes ringworm and favus', 'Microsporum': 'a genus of fungus of the family Moniliaceae; causes ringworm', 'genus_Monilia': 'genus of parasitic yeastlike imperfect fungi having spherical or oval conidia in branched chains; some species usually placed in other genera especially genus Candida', 'monilia': 'any of the yeastlike imperfect fungi of the genus Monilia', 'genus_Candida': 'a genus of yeastlike imperfect fungi; sometimes included in genus Monilia of the family Moniliaceae', 'candida': 'any of the yeastlike imperfect fungi of the genus Candida', 'Candida_albicans': 'a parasitic fungus that can infect the mouth or the skin or the intestines or the vagina', 'Cercosporella': 'form genus of imperfect fungi lacking pigment in the spores and conidiophores', 'Penicillium': 'genus of fungi commonly growing as green or blue molds on decaying food; used in making cheese and as a source of penicillin', 'Blastomyces': 'genus of pathogenic yeastlike fungi', 'blastomycete': 'any of various yeastlike budding fungi of the genus Blastomyces; cause disease in humans and other animals', 'Dematiaceae': 'family of imperfect mushrooms having dark-colored hyphae or conidia', 'Cercospora': 'form genus of imperfect fungi that are leaf parasites with long slender spores', 'yellow_spot_fungus': 'fungus causing yellow spot (a sugarcane disease in Australia)', 'Ustilaginoidea': 'genus of imperfect fungi causing plant diseases like smut', 'green_smut_fungus': 'fungus causing green smut in rice', 'Tuberculariaceae': 'large family of mainly saprophytic imperfect fungi', 'Tubercularia': 'type genus of the Tuberculariaceae; fungi with nodules of red or pink conidia; some cause diebacks of woody plants', 'genus_Fusarium': 'a form genus of mostly plant parasites some of which cause dry rot; in humans a species can cause inflammation of cornea leading to blindness', 'dry_rot': 'a crumbling and drying of timber or bulbs or potatoes or fruit caused by a fungus', 'Mycelia_Sterilia': 'order of imperfect fungi having no known spore stage', 'genus_Rhizoctinia': 'form genus of imperfect fungi some species of which are now placed in genera Pellicularia and Corticium because their perfect stages have been found', 'rhizoctinia': 'any fungus now or formerly belonging to the form genus Rhizoctinia', 'Ozonium': 'form genus of imperfect fungi', 'Sclerotium': 'form genus of sterile imperfect fungi; many form sclerotia; some cause sclerotium disease in plants', 'houseplant': 'any of a variety of plants grown indoors for decorative purposes', 'garden_plant': 'any of a variety of plants usually grown especially in a flower or herb garden', 'bedder': 'an ornamental plant suitable for planting in a flowerbed', 'vascular_plant': 'green plant having a vascular system: ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms', 'succulent': 'a plant adapted to arid conditions and characterized by fleshy water-storing tissues that act as water reservoirs', 'nonvascular_organism': 'organisms without vascular tissue: e.g. algae, lichens, fungi, mosses', 'cultivar': 'a variety of a plant developed from a natural species and maintained under cultivation', 'cultivated_plant': 'plants that are grown for their produce', 'cash_crop': 'a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco)', 'catch_crop': 'a crop that grows quickly (e.g. lettuce) and can be planted between two regular crops grown in successive seasons or between two rows of crops in the same season', 'cover_crop': 'crop planted to prevent soil erosion and provide green manure', 'field_crop': 'a crop (other than fruits or vegetables) that is grown for agricultural purposes; \"cotton, hay, and grain are field crops\"', 'fruitage': 'the yield of fruit; \"a tree highly recommended for its fruitage\"', 'plant_part': 'any part of a plant or fungus', 'plant_organ': 'a functional and structural unit of a plant or fungus', 'plant_process': 'a natural projection or outgrowth from a plant body or organ', 'callus': 'bony tissue formed during the healing of a fractured bone', 'fruiting_body': 'an organ specialized for producing spores', 'acumen': 'a tapering point', 'glochidium': 'a barbed spine or bristle (often tufted on cacti)', 'stinging_hair': 'a multicellular hair in plants like the stinging nettle that expels an irritating fluid', 'awn': 'slender bristlelike appendage found on the bracts of grasses', 'aril': 'fleshy and usually brightly colored cover of some seeds that develops from the ovule stalk and partially or entirely envelopes the seed', 'laticifer': 'a plant duct containing latex', 'antheridium': 'the male sex organ of spore-producing plants; produces antherozoids; equivalent to the anther in flowers', 'antheridiophore': 'gametophore bearing antheridia as in certain mosses and liverworts', 'sporophyll': 'leaf in ferns and mosses that bears the sporangia', 'sporangium': 'organ containing or producing spores', 'sporangiophore': 'stalk bearing one or more sporangia', 'ascus': 'saclike structure in which ascospores are formed through sexual reproduction of ascomycetes', 'ascospore': 'sexually produced fungal spore formed within an ascus', 'arthrospore': 'a body that resembles a spore but is not an endospore; produced by some bacteria', 'paraphysis': 'a sterile simple or branched filament or hair borne among sporangia; may be pointed or clubbed', 'eusporangium': 'a sporangium that arises from a group of epidermal cells', 'leptosporangium': 'a sporangium formed from a single epidermal cell; characteristic of the Filicales or of almost all modern ferns', 'tetrasporangium': 'a sporangium containing four asexual spores', 'sporophore': 'a spore-bearing branch or organ: the part of the thallus of a sporophyte that develops spores; in ferns and mosses and liverworts is practically equivalent to the sporophyte', 'gametangium': 'cell or organ in which gametes develop', 'gametoecium': 'gametangia and surrounding bracts', 'gynoecium': 'a female gametoecium', 'androecium': 'a male gametoecium', 'gametophore': 'a modified branch bearing gametangia as in the thalloid liverworts', 'sorus': 'a spore-producing structure in certain lichens and fungi', 'indusium': 'a membrane enclosing and protecting the developing spores especially that covering the sori of a fern', 'veil': 'a membranous covering attached to the immature fruiting body of certain mushrooms', 'universal_veil': 'membrane initially completely investing the young sporophore of various mushrooms that is ruptured by growth; represented in the mature mushroom by a volva around lower part of stem and scales on upper surface of the cap', 'partial_veil': 'membrane of the young sporophore of various mushrooms extending from the margin of the cap to the stem and is ruptured by growth; represented in mature mushroom by an annulus around the stem and sometimes a cortina on the margin of the cap', 'annulus': '(Fungi) a remnant of the partial veil that in mature mushrooms surrounds the stem like a collar', 'antherozoid': 'a motile male gamete of a plant such as an alga or fern or gymnosperm', 'plant_tissue': 'the tissue of a plant', 'pith': 'soft spongelike central cylinder of the stems of most flowering plants', 'chlorenchyma': 'parenchyma whose cells contain chloroplasts', 'lignum': 'woody tissue', 'vascular_tissue': 'tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in higher plants', 'sapwood': 'newly formed outer wood lying between the cambium and the heartwood of a tree or woody plant; usually light colored; active in water conduction', 'heartwood': 'the older inactive central wood of a tree or woody plant; usually darker and denser than the surrounding sapwood', 'vascular_bundle': 'a unit strand of the vascular system in stems and leaves of higher plants consisting essentially of xylem and phloem', 'midrib': 'the vein in the center of a leaf', 'vascular_ray': 'a sheet of vascular tissue separating the vascular bundles', 'xylem': 'the woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels', 'tracheid': 'long tubular cell peculiar to xylem', 'phloem': '(botany) tissue that conducts synthesized food substances (e.g., from leaves) to parts where needed; consists primarily of sieve tubes', 'sieve_tube': 'tube formed by cells joined end-to-end through which nutrients flow in flowering plants and brown algae', 'pseudophloem': 'false phloem', 'bast': 'strong woody fibers obtained especially from the phloem of from various plants', 'gall': 'a skin sore caused by chafing', 'oak_apple': 'oak gall caused by larvae of a cynipid wasp', 'evergreen': 'a plant having foliage that persists and remains green throughout the year', 'deciduous_plant': 'a plant having foliage that is shed annually at the end of the growing season', 'poisonous_plant': 'a plant that when touched or ingested in sufficient quantity can be harmful or fatal to an organism', 'vine': 'a plant with a weak stem that derives support from climbing, twining, or creeping along a surface', 'tendril': 'slender stem-like structure by which some twining plants attach themselves to an object for support', 'root_climber': 'a plant that climbs by its adventitious roots e.g. ivy', 'woody_plant': 'a plant having hard lignified tissues or woody parts especially stems', 'lignosae': 'a category in some early taxonomies', 'arborescent_plant': 'having the shape or characteristics of a tree', 'snag': 'a sharp protuberance', 'tree': 'a figure that branches from a single root; \"genealogical tree\"', 'timber_tree': 'any tree that is valued as a source of lumber or timber', 'treelet': 'a small tree', 'bean_tree': 'any of several trees having seedpods as fruits', 'sapling': 'young tree', 'shade_tree': 'a tree planted or valued chiefly for its shade from sunlight', 'gymnospermous_tree': 'any tree of the division Gymnospermophyta', 'conifer': 'any gymnospermous tree or shrub bearing cones', 'angiospermous_tree': 'any tree having seeds and ovules contained in the ovary', 'nut_tree': 'tree bearing edible nuts', 'spice_tree': 'tree bearing aromatic bark or berries', 'bonsai': 'a dwarfed ornamental tree or shrub grown in a tray or shallow pot', 'ming_tree': 'an artificial plant resembling a bonsai', 'groundcover': 'low-growing plants planted in deep shade or on a steep slope where turf is difficult to grow', 'shrub': 'a low woody perennial plant usually having several major stems', 'undershrub': 'a low shrub', 'burning_bush': '(Old Testament) the bush that burned without being consumed and from which God spoke to Moses', 'shrublet': 'dwarf shrub', 'subshrub': 'low-growing woody shrub or perennial with woody base', 'bramble': 'any of various rough thorny shrubs or vines', 'flowering_shrub': 'shrub noted primarily for its flowers', 'liana': 'a woody climbing usually tropical plant', 'parasitic_plant': 'plant living on another plant and obtaining organic nutriment from it', 'hemiparasite': 'a parasitic plant that contains some chlorophyll and therefore is capable of photosynthesis', 'geophyte': 'a perennial plant that propagates by underground bulbs or tubers or corms', 'desert_plant': 'plant adapted for life with a limited supply of water; compare hydrophyte and mesophyte', 'mesophyte': 'land plant growing in surroundings having an average supply of water; compare xerophyte and hydrophyte', 'aquatic_plant': 'a plant that grows partly or wholly in water whether rooted in the mud, as a lotus, or floating without anchorage, as the water hyacinth', 'marsh_plant': 'a semiaquatic plant that grows in soft wet land; most are monocots: sedge, sphagnum, grasses, cattails, etc; possibly heath', 'air_plant': 'plant that derives moisture and nutrients from the air and rain; usually grows on another plant but not parasitic on it', 'hemiepiphyte': 'a plant that is an epiphyte for part of its life', 'strangler': 'an epiphytic vine or tree whose aerial roots extend down the trunk of a supporting tree and coalesce around it eventually strangling the tree', 'rock_plant': 'plant that grows on or among rocks or is suitable for a rock garden', 'lithophyte': 'plant that grows on rocks or stony soil and derives nourishment from the atmosphere', 'rupestral_plant': 'plants growing among rocks', 'saprophyte': 'an organism that feeds on dead organic matter especially a fungus or bacterium', 'saprobe': 'an organism that lives in and derives its nourishment from organic matter in stagnant or foul water', 'katharobe': 'an organism that lives in an oxygenated medium lacking organic matter', 'autophyte': 'plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances', 'rootage': 'fixedness by or as if by roots; \"strengthened by rootage in the firm soil of faith\"', 'pneumatophore': 'an air-filled root (submerged or exposed) that can function as a respiratory organ of a marsh or swamp plant', 'adventitious_root': 'root growing in an unusual location e.g. from a stem', 'root_crop': 'crop grown for its enlarged roots: e.g. beets; potatoes; turnips', 'root_cap': 'thimble-shaped mass of cells covering and protecting the growing tip of a root', 'rootlet': 'small root or division of a root', 'root_hair': 'thin hairlike outgrowth of an epidermal cell just behind the tip; absorbs nutrients from the soil', 'prop_root': 'a root that grows from and supports the stem above the ground in plants such as mangroves', 'prophyll': 'a plant structure resembling a leaf', 'rootstock': 'root or part of a root used for plant propagation; especially that part of a grafted plant that supplies the roots', 'quickset': 'cuttings of plants set in the ground to grow as hawthorn for hedges or vines; \"a quickset of a vine planted in a vineyard\"', 'stolon': 'a horizontal branch from the base of plant that produces new plants from buds at its tips', 'capitulum': 'a dense cluster of flowers or foliage; \"a head of cauliflower\"; \"a head of lettuce\"', 'tuberous_plant': 'plant growing from a tuber', 'tuber': 'a fleshy underground stem or root serving for reproductive and food storage', 'rhizome': 'a horizontal plant stem with shoots above and roots below serving as a reproductive structure', 'rachis': 'axis of a compound leaf or compound inflorescence', 'caudex': 'woody stem of palms and tree ferns', 'internode': 'a segment of a stem between two nodes', 'beanstalk': 'stem of a bean plant', 'cladode': 'a flattened stem resembling and functioning as a leaf', 'axil': 'the upper angle between an axis and an offshoot such as a branch or leafstalk', 'stipe': 'supporting stalk or stem-like structure especially of a pistil or fern frond or supporting a mushroom cap', 'scape': 'erect leafless flower stalk growing directly from the ground as in a tulip', 'meristem': 'undifferentiated tissue from which new cells are formed, as at the tip of a stem or root', 'umbel': 'flat-topped or rounded inflorescence characteristic of the family Umbelliferae in which the individual flower stalks arise from about the same point; youngest flowers are at the center', 'corymb': 'flat-topped or convex inflorescence in which the individual flower stalks grow upward from various points on the main stem to approximately the same height; outer flowers open first', 'petiole': 'the slender stem that supports the blade of a leaf', 'phyllode': 'an expanded petiole taking on the function of a leaf blade', 'pedicel': 'a small stalk bearing a single flower of an inflorescence; an ultimate division of a common peduncle', 'flower_cluster': 'an inflorescence consisting of a cluster of flowers', 'raceme': 'usually elongate cluster of flowers along the main stem in which the flowers at the base open first', 'panicle': 'compound raceme or branched cluster of flowers', 'thyrse': 'a dense flower cluster (as of the lilac or horse chestnut) in which the main axis is racemose and the branches are cymose', 'cyme': 'more or less flat-topped cluster of flowers in which the central or terminal flower opens first', 'cymule': 'a small cyme, generally with few flowers', 'glomerule': 'a compacted or sessile cyme', 'scorpioid_cyme': 'a cyme with flowers or branches alternating in opposite ranks', 'spadix': 'the fleshy axis of a spike often surrounded by a spathe', 'bulbous_plant': 'plant growing from a bulb', 'bulbil': 'small bulb or bulb-shaped growth arising from the leaf axil or in the place of flowers', 'corm': 'solid swollen underground bulb-shaped stem or stem base and serving as a reproductive structure', 'cormous_plant': 'plant growing from a corm', 'fruitlet': 'a diminutive fruit, especially one that is part of a multiple fruit', 'nutlet': 'a small nut', 'pyrene': 'a pale yellow crystalline hydrocarbon C16H10 extracted from coal tar', 'syconium': 'the fleshy multiple fruit of the fig consisting of an enlarged hollow receptacle containing numerous fruitlets', 'aggregate_fruit': 'fruit consisting of many individual small fruits or drupes derived from separate ovaries within a common receptacle: e.g. blackberry; raspberry; pineapple', 'simple_fruit': 'an indehiscent fruit derived from a single ovary having one or many seeds within a fleshy wall or pericarp: e.g. grape; tomato; cranberry', 'drupe': 'fleshy indehiscent fruit with a single seed: e.g. almond; peach; plum; cherry; elderberry; olive; jujube', 'drupelet': 'a small part of an aggregate fruit that resembles a drupe', 'pome': 'a fleshy fruit (apple or pear or related fruits) having seed chambers and an outer fleshy part', 'loment': 'seedpods that are constricted between the seeds and that break apart when mature into single-seeded segments', 'pyxidium': 'fruit of such plants as the plantain; a capsule whose upper part falls off when the seeds are released', 'husk': 'outer membranous covering of some fruits or seeds', 'cornhusk': 'the husk of an ear of corn', 'pea_pod': 'husk of a pea; edible in some garden peas', 'accessory_fruit': 'fruit containing much fleshy tissue besides that of the ripened ovary; as apple or strawberry', 'Rhamnales': 'an order of dicotyledonous plants', 'Rhamnaceae': 'trees and shrubs usually thorny bearing drupaceous fruit many having medicinal value', 'Rhamnus': 'type genus of the Rhamnaceae: buckthorns', 'buckthorn_berry': 'fruit of various buckthorns yielding dyes or pigments', 'cascara_buckthorn': 'shrubby tree of the Pacific coast of the United States; yields cascara sagrada', 'cascara': 'dried bark of the cascara buckthorn used as a laxative', 'Carolina_buckthorn': 'deciduous shrub of eastern and central United States having black berrylike fruit; golden-yellow in autumn', 'coffeeberry': 'evergreen shrub of western United States bearing small red or black fruits', 'alder_buckthorn': 'small tree common in Europe', 'redberry': 'small spiny evergreen shrub of western United States and Mexico with minute flowers and bright red berries', 'Colubrina': 'mostly tropical American shrubs or small trees with small yellowish flowers and yellow or red fruits', 'Ziziphus': 'spiny chiefly tropical American and Asiatic shrubs: jujubes', 'lotus_tree': 'shrubby deciduous tree of the Mediterranean region', 'Paliurus': 'thorny Eurasian shrubs', \"Christ's-thorn\": 'thorny Eurasian shrub with dry woody winged fruit', 'Pomaderris': 'a genus of Australasian shrubs and trees', 'Vitaceae': 'a family of vines belonging to order Rhamnales', 'Vitis': 'the type genus of the family Vitaceae; woody vines with simple leaves and small flowers; includes a wide variety of grapes', 'vinifera': 'common European grape cultivated in many varieties; chief source of Old World wine and table grapes', 'Pinot': 'any of several purple or white wine grapes used especially for Burgundies and champagnes', 'Sauvignon_grape': 'small blue-black grape of Medoc region of France highly prized in winemaking', 'Cabernet_Sauvignon_grape': 'superior red wine grapes grown especially in the Bordeaux region of France and northern California', 'Zinfandel': 'small black grape grown chiefly in California; transplanted from Europe', 'malvasia': 'used to make malmsey wine', 'Parthenocissus': 'woody vines having disklike tips on the tendrils', 'Boston_ivy': 'Asiatic vine with three-lobed leaves and purple berries', 'Virginia_creeper': 'common North American vine with compound leaves and bluish-black berrylike fruit', 'Piperales': 'Piperaceae; Saururaceae; Chloranthaceae', 'Piperaceae': 'tropical woody vines and herbaceous plants having aromatic herbage and minute flowers in spikelets', 'Piper': 'type genus of the Piperaceae: large genus of chiefly climbing tropical shrubs', 'true_pepper': 'any of various shrubby vines of the genus Piper', 'long_pepper': 'slender tropical climber of the eastern Himalayas', 'betel': 'Asian pepper plant whose dried leaves are chewed with betel nut (seed of the betel palm) by southeast Asians', 'schizocarp': 'a dry dehiscent fruit that at maturity splits into two or more parts each with a single seed', 'genus_Peperomia': 'large genus of small tropical usually succulent herbs', 'peperomia': 'any of various plants of the genus Peperomia; grown primarily for their often succulent foliage', 'watermelon_begonia': 'grown as a houseplant for its silvery striped fleshy foliage; South America', 'Chloranthaceae': 'small family of tropical herbs and shrubs and trees', 'Chloranthus': 'type genus of the Chloranthaceae', 'Saururaceae': 'family of perennial aromatic herbs: genera Saururus, Anemopsis, Houttuynia', 'Saururus': \"type genus of the Saururaceae: lizard's-tails\", \"lizard's-tail\": 'North American herbaceous perennial of wet places having slender curled racemes of small white flowers', 'Anemopsis': 'one species: yerba mansa', 'yerba_mansa': 'stoloniferous herb of southwestern United States and Mexico having a pungent rootstock and small spicate flowers with white bracts suggesting an anemone', 'Houttuynia': 'one species; east Asian low-growing plant of wet places', 'amplexicaul_leaf': 'a leaf with its base clasping the stem', 'greenery': 'green foliage', 'hydathode': 'a pore that exudes water on the surface or margin of a leaf of higher plants', 'lenticel': 'one of many raised pores on the stems of woody plants that allow the interchange of gas between the atmosphere and the interior tissue', 'leaflet': 'part of a compound leaf', 'pinna': 'division of a usually pinnately divided leaf', 'frond': 'compound leaf of a fern or palm or cycad', 'lily_pad': 'floating leaves of a water lily', 'bract': 'a modified leaf or leaflike part just below and protecting an inflorescence', 'bracteole': 'a small bract', 'spathe': 'a conspicuous bract surrounding or subtending a spadix or other inflorescence', 'involucre': 'a highly conspicuous bract or bract pair or ring of bracts at the base of an inflorescence', 'glume': 'small dry membranous bract found in inflorescences of Gramineae and Cyperaceae', 'squamule': 'a minute scale', 'simple_leaf': 'a leaf that is not divided into parts', 'compound_leaf': 'a leaf composed of a number of leaflets on a common stalk', 'trifoliolate_leaf': 'having three leaflets', 'quinquefoliate_leaf': 'a compound leaf having five leaflets', 'palmate_leaf': 'a leaf resembling an open hand; having lobes radiating from a common point', 'pinnate_leaf': 'a leaf resembling a feather; having the leaflets on each side of a common axis', 'bijugate_leaf': 'a pinnate leaf having two pairs of leaflets', 'decompound_leaf': 'a leaf having divisions that are themselves compound', 'acerate_leaf': 'the leaf of a conifer', 'acuminate_leaf': 'a leaf narrowing to a slender point', 'cordate_leaf': 'a heart-shaped leaf', 'cuneate_leaf': 'a wedge-shaped leaf having the acute angle at the base', 'deltoid_leaf': 'a simple leaf shaped like a capital delta', 'elliptic_leaf': 'a simple leaf shaped like an ellipse', 'ensiform_leaf': 'a sword-shaped leaf; as of iris', 'hastate_leaf': 'a leaf shaped like a spearhead with flaring pointed lobes at the base', 'lanceolate_leaf': 'a leaf shaped like a lance head; tapering to a point at each end', 'linear_leaf': 'a long slender leaf', 'lyrate_leaf': 'a simple leaf having curvature suggestive of a lyre', 'obtuse_leaf': 'a simple leaf having a rounded or blunt tip', 'oblanceolate_leaf': 'a leaf having a rounded apex and tapering base', 'oblong_leaf': 'a simple leaf that is rounded at each end with parallel sides', 'obovate_leaf': 'an egg-shaped leaf with the narrower end at the base', 'ovate_leaf': 'an egg-shaped leaf with the broader end at the base', 'orbiculate_leaf': 'circular or nearly circular leaf', 'pandurate_leaf': 'a fiddle-shaped leaf', 'peltate_leaf': 'a shield-shaped leaf; as a nasturtium leaf', 'perfoliate_leaf': 'a leaf with the base united around--and apparently pierced by--the stem', 'reniform_leaf': 'a simple kidney-shaped leaf', 'sagittate-leaf': 'a leaf shaped like an arrow head', 'spatulate_leaf': 'spatula-shaped leaf; having a broad rounded apex and narrow base', 'bipinnate_leaf': 'a leaf having pinnate leaflets; as ferns', 'even-pinnate_leaf': 'a pinnate leaf with a pair of leaflets at the apex', 'odd-pinnate_leaf': 'a pinnate leaf with a single leaflet at the apex', 'pedate_leaf': 'a leaf having the radiating lobes each deeply cleft or divided', 'entire_leaf': 'a leaf having a smooth margin without notches or indentations', 'crenate_leaf': 'a leaf having a scalloped margin', 'serrate_leaf': 'a leaf having a margin notched like a saw with teeth pointing toward the apex', 'dentate_leaf': 'a leaf having a toothed margin', 'denticulate_leaf': 'a leaf having a finely toothed margin; minutely dentate', 'emarginate_leaf': 'a leaf having a notch at the apex', 'erose_leaf': 'a leaf having a jagged margin as though gnawed', 'runcinate_leaf': 'a leaf having incised margins with the lobes or teeth curved toward the base; as a dandelion leaf', 'lobed_leaf': 'a leaf having deeply indented margins', 'parallel-veined_leaf': 'a leaf whose veins run in parallel from the stem', 'parted_leaf': 'a leaf having margins incised almost to the base so as to create distinct divisions or lobes', 'prickly-edged_leaf': 'a leaf having prickly margins', 'ligule': '(botany) any appendage to a plant that is shaped like a strap', 'angostura_bark': 'the bitter bark of a South American tree; used in medicines and liqueurs and bitters', 'culm': 'stem of plants of the Gramineae', 'deadwood': 'a branch or a part of a tree that is dead', 'haulm': 'stems of beans and peas and potatoes and grasses collectively as used for thatching and bedding', 'branchlet': 'a small branch or division of a branch (especially a terminal division); usually applied to branches of the current or preceding year', 'leaf_bud': 'a bud from which leaves (but not flowers) develop', 'flower_bud': 'a bud from which only a flower or flowers develop', 'mixed_bud': 'a bud yielding both leaves and flowers', 'bough': 'any of the larger branches of a tree', 'burl': 'the wood cut from a tree burl or outgrowth; often used decoratively in veneer', 'fern_family': 'families of ferns and fern allies', 'fern_genus': 'genera of ferns and fern allies', 'Filicopsida': 'ferns', 'Filicales': 'true (leptosporangiate) ferns', 'Gleicheniaceae': 'a family of ferns belonging to order Filicales', 'Gleichenia': 'type genus of Gleicheniaceae: leptosporangiate ferns with sessile sporangia; South Africa to Malaysia and New Zealand', 'Dicranopteris': 'terrestrial ferns of forest margin or open ground; pantropical', 'Diplopterygium': 'scandent thicket-forming ferns of Asia to western Pacific', 'giant_scrambling_fern': 'large scrambling fern forming large patches to 18 feet high; Pacific region and China', 'Sticherus': 'umbrella ferns; warm regions of Australia and New Zealand', 'umbrella_fern': 'large Australasian fern with fanlike repeatedly forked fronds; sometimes placed in genus Gleichenia', 'Parkeriaceae': 'coextensive with the genus Ceratopteris; sometimes included in family Polypodiaceae', 'Ceratopteris': 'water ferns', 'floating_fern': 'pantropical aquatic fern', 'Polypodiaceae': 'ferns: a large family that in some classification systems has been subdivided into several families (including Aspleniaceae and Blechnaceae and Davalliaceae and Dennstaedtiaceae and Dryopteridaceae and Oleandraceae and Pteridaceae)', 'Polypodium': 'a genus of ferns belonging to the family Polypodiaceae and having rounded naked sori', 'polypody': 'any of numerous ferns of the genus Polypodium', 'licorice_fern': 'fern having rootstock of a sweetish flavor', 'grey_polypody': 'fern growing on rocks or tree trunks and having fronds greyish and scurfy below; Americas and South Africa', 'rock_polypody': 'chiefly lithophytic or epiphytic fern of North America and east Asia', 'common_polypody': 'mat-forming lithophytic or terrestrial fern with creeping rootstocks and large pinnatifid fronds found throughout North America and Europe and Africa and east Asia', 'Aglaomorpha': 'epiphytic ferns of tropical Asia', \"bear's-paw_fern\": 'epiphytic fern with large fronds; Taiwan and Philippines', 'Campyloneurum': 'epiphytic ferns of tropical America', 'strap_fern': 'fern with long narrow strap-shaped leaves', 'Florida_strap_fern': 'common epiphytic or sometimes terrestrial fern having pale yellow-green strap-shaped leaves; Florida to West Indies and Mexico and south to Uruguay', 'Central_American_strap_fern': 'fern with shorter and narrower leaves than Florida strap fern; Florida to West Indies and Mexico and south to Argentina', 'Drymoglossum': 'epiphytic ferns of Madagascar to tropical Asia and New Guinea', 'Drynaria': 'large robust epiphytic ferns of tropical forest and scrub; Africa and Asia and Australia', 'basket_fern': 'tropical American fern cultivated for its finely divided greyish-green foliage; West Indies and southern Mexico to Peru and Brazil', 'genus_Lecanopteris': 'epiphytic ferns of southeastern Asia to New Guinea', 'lecanopteris': 'any of several bizarre ferns of the genus Lecanopteris having swollen hollow rhizomes that provide homes for symbiotic ants', 'Microgramma': 'epiphytic ferns of tropical America and Africa', 'snake_polypody': 'epiphytic ferns with long rhizomes; tropical America', 'Microsorium': 'tropical usually epiphytic ferns; Africa to Asia and Polynesia to Australia', \"climbing_bird's_nest_fern\": 'tropical Africa to Australasia and Polynesia', 'Phlebodium': 'chiefly epiphytic tropical ferns with free veins bearing sori', 'golden_polypody': 'tropical American fern with brown scaly rhizomes cultivated for its large deeply lobed deep bluish-green fronds; sometimes placed in genus Polypodium', 'Platycerium': 'often epiphytic tropical Old World ferns', 'staghorn_fern': 'any of various tropical ferns of the genus Platycerium having large flat lobed fronds often resembling the antlers of a stag', 'South_American_staghorn': 'fern of Peru and Bolivia', 'common_staghorn_fern': 'commonly cultivated fern of Australia and southeastern Asia and Polynesia', 'Pyrrosia': 'epiphytic or lithophytic or terrestrial ferns of tropical Old World', 'felt_fern': 'east Asian fern having fronds shaped like tongues; sometimes placed in genus Cyclophorus', 'Solanopteris': 'tropical American epiphytic ferns having rhizomes with tubers and roots as well as scales', 'potato_fern': 'large Australasian evergreen fern with an edible rhizome sometimes used as a vegetable by indigenous people', 'Cyclophorus': 'tropical Old World ferns having closely crowded circular sori and no indusia', 'myrmecophyte': 'plant that affords shelter or food to ants that live in symbiotic relations with it', 'Adiantaceae': 'used in some classification systems for some genera of the family Polypodiaceae (or Pteridaceae)', 'Vittariaceae': 'one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems: genus Vittaria', 'Vittaria': 'tropical epiphytic ferns with straplike fronds', 'grass_fern': 'epiphytic fern found in lowland forests of tropical America', 'Aspleniaceae': 'one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems; includes genera Asplenium, Pleurosorus, Schaffneria', 'Asplenium': 'in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae', 'spleenwort': 'any of various chiefly rock-inhabiting ferns of the genus Asplenium', 'black_spleenwort': 'spleenwort of Europe and Africa and Asia having pinnate fronds and yielding an astringent', \"bird's_nest_fern\": 'tropical Old World or Australian epiphytic fern frequently forming tufts in tree crotches', 'ebony_spleenwort': 'common North American fern with polished black stripes', 'black-stem_spleenwort': 'fern of tropical America: from southern United States to West Indies and Mexico to Brazil', 'Camptosorus': 'classification used in some especially former systems for plants usually placed in genus Asplenium', 'walking_fern': 'ferns having lanceolate fronds that root at the tip', 'maidenhair_spleenwort': 'small rock-inhabiting fern of northern temperate zone and Hawaii with pinnate fronds', 'green_spleenwort': 'a small fern with slim green fronds; widely distributed in cool parts of northern hemisphere', 'mountain_spleenwort': 'a spleenwort of eastern North America', 'wall_rue': 'small delicate spleenwort found on a steep slope (as a wall or cliff) of Eurasia and North America', \"Bradley's_spleenwort\": 'a spleenwort of eastern to southern United States', 'lobed_spleenwort': 'a spleenwort of eastern and southern United States', 'lanceolate_spleenwort': 'a spleenwort of western Europe', \"hart's-tongue\": 'tropical American terrestrial fern with leathery lanceolate fronds; sometimes placed in genus Polybotrya', 'Ceterach': 'small genus of Old World ferns; superseded in some classification systems which place plants of this genus in e.g. genera Asplenium and Pleurosorus', 'scale_fern': 'small European fern with chaffy leathery fronds', 'Pleurosorus': 'small genus comprising terrestrial ferns; found in Chile and Spain and Morocco and Australia and New Zealand', 'Schaffneria': 'one species', 'Schaffneria_nigripes': 'a fern of the genus Schaffneria', 'Phyllitis': 'a genus of ferns belonging to the family Polypodiaceae (in some classification systems included in genus Asplenium)', 'scolopendrium': 'a fern thought to resemble a millipede', 'Blechnaceae': 'one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems; includes genera Blechnum, Doodia, Sadleria, Stenochlaena, and Woodwardia', 'Blechnum': 'in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae; terrestrial ferns of cosmopolitan distribution mainly in southern hemisphere: hard ferns', 'hard_fern': 'any of several ferns of the genus Blechnum', 'deer_fern': 'fern with erect fronds of Europe and western North America; often cultivated for deer browse', 'genus_Doodia': 'in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae; small terrestrial colony-forming ferns of Australasia', 'doodia': 'any fern of the genus Doodia having pinnate fronds with sharply dentate pinnae', 'Sadleria': 'low tree ferns with large fronds; in rain forests and on lava flows of Hawaiian Islands', 'Stenochlaena': 'large tropical ferns; some epiphytic climbers and some terrestrial bog ferns; Africa; Asia; Australasia', 'Woodwardia': 'in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae: chain ferns', 'chain_fern': 'a fern of the genus Woodwardia having the sori in chainlike rows', 'Virginia_chain_fern': 'North American fern', 'tree_fern': 'any of numerous usually tropical ferns having a thick woody stem or caudex and a crown of large fronds; found especially in Australia and New Zealand; chiefly of the families Cyatheaceae and Marattiaceae but some from Polypodiaceae', 'Cyatheaceae': 'tropical tree ferns', 'Cyathea': 'type genus of the Cyatheaceae: tree ferns of the tropical rain forest to temperate woodlands', 'silver_tree_fern': 'a showy tree fern of New Zealand and Australia having a crown of pinnated fronds with whitish undersides', 'Davalliaceae': 'one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems', 'genus_Davallia': 'Old World tropical fern; in some classification systems placed directly in family Polypodiaceae', 'davallia': 'any fern of the genus Davallia; having scaly creeping rhizomes', \"hare's-foot_fern\": 'either of two ferns of the genus Davallia having a soft grey hairy rootstock', \"Canary_Island_hare's_foot_fern\": 'fern of the Canary Islands and Madeira', \"Australian_hare's_foot\": \"a hare's-foot fern of the genus Davallia\", \"squirrel's-foot_fern\": 'feathery fern of tropical Asia and Malaysia', 'Dennstaedtiaceae': 'one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems', 'Dennstaedtia': 'chiefly terrestrial ferns; in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae', 'hay-scented': 'fern of eastern North America with pale green fronds and an aroma like hay', 'Pteridium': 'a genus of ferns belonging to the family Dennstaedtiaceae', 'bracken': 'fern of southeastern Asia; not hardy in cold temperate regions', 'Dicksoniaceae': 'tree ferns: genera Dicksonia, Cibotium, Culcita, and Thyrsopteris elegans', 'Dicksonia': 'tree ferns of temperate Australasia having bipinnatifid or tripinnatifid fronds and usually marginal sori; in some classification systems placed in family Cyatheaceae', 'soft_tree_fern': 'of Australia and Tasmania; often cultivated; hardy in cool climates', 'Cibotium': 'in some classification systems placed in family Cyatheaceae: ornamental tree ferns with coarse gracefully drooping fronds', 'Scythian_lamb': 'Asiatic tree fern having dense matted hairs sometimes used as a styptic', 'Culcita': 'includes some plants usually placed in e.g. genus Dicksonia: terrestrial ferns resembling bracken; tropical America; Malaysia to Australia and Polynesia; southwestern Europe and Atlantic islands', 'false_bracken': 'resembles Pteridium aquilinum; of Queensland, Australia', 'genus_Thyrsopteris': 'one species', 'thyrsopteris': 'a terrestrial tree fern of South America', 'Dryopteridaceae': 'alternative names for one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems', 'shield_fern': 'any of various ferns of the genera Dryopteris or Polystichum or Lastreopsis having somewhat shield-shaped coverings on the sori', 'Dryopteris': 'large widespread genus of medium-sized terrestrial ferns; in some classification systems placed in Polypodiaceae', 'broad_buckler-fern': 'European shield fern', 'fragrant_cliff_fern': 'fern or northern Eurasia and North America having fragrant fronds', \"Goldie's_fern\": 'North American fern with a blackish lustrous stipe', 'wood_fern': 'any of various ferns of the genus Dryopteris', 'male_fern': 'fern of North America and Europe whose rhizomes and stalks yield an oleoresin used to expel tapeworms', 'marginal_wood_fern': 'North American fern with evergreen fronds', 'mountain_male_fern': 'a fern of the genus Dryopteris', 'Athyrium': 'temperate and tropical lady ferns; in some classifications placed in family Polypodiaceae or in the genus Asplenium', 'lady_fern': 'most widely grown fern of the genus Athyrium for its delicate foliage', 'Alpine_lady_fern': 'a lady fern with deeply cut leaf segments; found in the Rocky Mountains', 'silvery_spleenwort': 'fern with elongate silvery outgrowths enclosing the developing spores', 'Cyrtomium': 'small genus of tropical Asiatic greenhouse ferns; in some classifications placed in Polypodiaceae', 'holly_fern': 'any of various ferns of the genus Polystichum having fronds with texture and gloss like holly', 'Cystopteris': 'chiefly small perennial rock ferns: bladder ferns; in some classifications placed in Polypodiaceae', 'bladder_fern': 'any fern of the genus Cystopteris characterized by a hooded indusium or bladderlike membrane covering the sori', 'brittle_bladder_fern': 'delicate fern widely distributed in North America and European having thin pinnatifid fronds with brittle stems', 'mountain_bladder_fern': 'fern of rocky mountainous areas of hemisphere', 'bulblet_fern': 'North American fern often bearing bulbils on the leaflets', 'Deparia': 'classification used for 5 species of terrestrial ferns usually placed in other genera', 'Diacalpa': 'one species: delicate fern of foothills of Himalayas', 'Gymnocarpium': 'oak ferns: in some classification systems included in genus Thelypteris', 'oak_fern': 'bright blue-green fern widely distributed especially in damp acid woodlands of temperate northern hemisphere', 'limestone_fern': 'yellow-green fern of rocky areas of northern hemisphere', 'Lastreopsis': 'tropical terrestrial shield ferns', 'Matteuccia': 'small genus sometimes included in genus Onoclea; in some classifications both genera are placed in Polypodiaceae', 'ostrich_fern': 'tall fern of northern temperate regions having graceful arched fronds and sporophylls resembling ostrich plumes', 'Olfersia': 'genus of fern having only one species', 'Onoclea': 'one species: sensitive fern; in some classifications included in Polypodiaceae', 'sensitive_fern': 'beautiful spreading fern of eastern North America and eastern Asia naturalized in western Europe; pinnately divided fronds show a slight tendency to fold when touched; pinnules enclose groups of sori in beadlike lobes', 'Polybotrya': 'tropical American ferns; usually terrestrial when young but scandent later', 'Polystichum': 'small to medium-sized terrestrial ferns especially holly ferns; in some classification systems placed in Polypodiaceae', 'Christmas_fern': 'North American evergreen fern having pinnate leaves and dense clusters of lance-shaped fronds', \"Braun's_holly_fern\": 'North American fern whose more or less evergreen leathery fronds are covered with pale brown chafflike scales', 'northern_holly_fern': 'evergreen European fern widely cultivated', 'western_holly_fern': 'North American fern', 'soft_shield_fern': 'European shield fern cultivated in many varieties', 'Rumohra': 'leatherleaf ferns: in some classifications included in genus Polystichum', 'leather_fern': 'widely distributed fern of tropical southern hemisphere having leathery pinnatifid fronds', 'Tectaria': 'terrestrial or epilithic ferns of tropical rain forests', 'button_fern': 'fern of New Zealand and Australia having trailing fronds with dark green buttonlike leaflets', 'Indian_button_fern': 'fern of tropical Asia having round buttonlike bulbils', 'genus_Woodsia': 'genus of small to medium-sized usually rock-inhabiting ferns of temperate and cold regions; in some classification systems placed in Polypodiaceae', 'woodsia': 'any fern of the genus Woodsia', 'rusty_woodsia': 'a common rock-inhabiting fern of northern temperate regions having rusty-brown stipes and lanceolate pinnate fronds', 'Alpine_woodsia': 'slender fern of northern North America with shining chestnut-colored stipes and bipinnate fronds with usually distinct marginal sori', 'smooth_woodsia': 'rock-inhabiting fern of Arctic and subarctic Europe to eastern Asia', 'Lomariopsidaceae': 'small family of usually scandent ferns', 'Bolbitis': 'terrestrial or less than normally scandent ferns of tropical regions of northern hemisphere', 'Lomogramma': 'large scandent ferns of southeastern Asia', 'Lophosoriaceae': 'very small family of tree ferns', 'Lophosoria': 'one species: tree fern of Central and South America', 'Loxomataceae': 'very small family of New Zealand ferns', 'Loxoma': 'one species of terrestrial ferns of New Zealand', 'Oleandraceae': 'one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems', 'Oleandra': 'or family Polypodiaceae: tropical epiphytic or terrestrial ferns', 'oleander_fern': 'tropical fern having leathery fronds resembling oleander; found from Asia to Polynesia', 'Arthropteris': 'tropical and subtropical Old World epiphytic or lithophytic ferns', 'Nephrolepis': 'small genus of tropical ferns; sometimes placed in Polypodiaceae', 'sword_fern': 'any of several tropical ferns having more or less sword-shaped fronds including one from which the Boston fern developed', 'Boston_fern': 'a sword fern with arching or drooping pinnate fronds; a popular houseplant', 'Pteridaceae': 'one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems; Pteridaceae is itself in turn sometimes further subdivided', 'Acrostichum': 'in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae', 'golden_fern': 'tropical American fern having fronds with light golden undersides', 'Actiniopteris': 'terrestrial ferns of tropical Asia and Africa', 'Adiantum': 'cosmopolitan genus of ferns: maidenhair ferns; in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae or Adiantaceae', 'maidenhair': 'any of various small to large terrestrial ferns of the genus Adiantum having delicate palmately branched fronds', 'common_maidenhair': 'delicate maidenhair fern with slender shining black leaf stalks; cosmopolitan', 'American_maidenhair_fern': 'hardy palmately branched North American fern with divergent recurved branches borne on lustrous dark reddish stipes', 'Bermuda_maidenhair': 'delicate endemic Bermudian fern with creeping rootstock', 'brittle_maidenhair': 'tropical American fern with broad pinnae; widely cultivated', 'Farley_maidenhair': 'named for a country house in Barbados where it was discovered', 'Anogramma': 'a genus of ferns belonging to the family Pteridaceae', 'annual_fern': 'small short-lived fern of Central and South America', 'Cheilanthes': 'small evergreen ferns: lipferns; in some classifications placed in family Polypodiaceae or Adiantaceae', 'lip_fern': 'any of various terrestrial ferns of the genus Cheilanthes; cosmopolitan in arid and semiarid temperate or tropical regions', 'smooth_lip_fern': 'southeastern United States to northern Mexico and Jamaica', 'lace_fern': 'small tufted fern of northwestern America', 'wooly_lip_fern': 'small North American evergreen fern whose stipes and lower frond surfaces are densely wooly', 'southwestern_lip_fern': 'lip fern of Texas to Oklahoma and Colorado and Arizona and Mexico having tall erect tufted fronds', 'Coniogramme': 'terrestrial ferns of Pacific islands and Asia', 'bamboo_fern': 'fast-growing sturdy Japanese fern; cultivated for their attractive broad dark-green pinnate fronds', 'Cryptogramma': 'sometimes placed in family Polypodiaceae or Cryptogrammataceae', 'rock_brake': 'dwarf deciduous lithophytic ferns', 'American_rock_brake': 'rock-inhabiting fern of northern North America growing in massive tufts and having fronds resembling parsley', 'European_parsley_fern': 'fern of Europe and Asia Minor having short slender rhizome and densely tufted bright green fronds resembling parsley', 'Doryopteris': 'small to medium tropical tufted ferns; sometimes placed in family Adiantaceae', 'hand_fern': 'tropical American fern with coarsely lobed to palmatifid fronds', 'Jamesonia': 'xerophytic ferns of South America', 'Onychium': 'small terrestrial ferns of Old World tropics and subtropics: clawed ferns; sometimes placed in family Cryptogrammataceae', 'Pellaea': 'genus of chiefly small rock-loving ferns; in some classification systems it is placed in the family Polypodiaceae or Adiantaceae', 'cliff_brake': 'any of several small lithophytic ferns of tropical and warm temperate regions', 'coffee_fern': 'evergreen fern of California and Baja California', 'purple_rock_brake': 'very short shallowly creeping North American fern usually growing on cliffs or walls and having dark glossy leaf axes', \"bird's-foot_fern\": 'cliff brake of California and Baja California having purple-brown leafstalks', 'Pityrogramma': 'terrestrial tropical ferns having fronds with powdery yellowish or white undersides; sometimes placed in family Polypodiaceae or Adiantaceae', 'silver_fern': 'tropical American fern having fronds with white undersides', 'gold_fern': 'fern of West Indies and South America having fronds with bright golden-yellow undersides', 'Pteris': 'large genus of terrestrial ferns of tropics and subtropics; sometimes placed in family Polypodiaceae', 'Pteris_cretica': 'cultivated in many varieties as houseplants', 'spider_brake': 'Asiatic fern introduced in America', 'Marattiales': 'lower ferns coextensive with the family Marattiaceae', 'Marattiaceae': 'constituting the order Marattiales: chiefly tropical eusporangiate ferns with gigantic fronds', 'Marattia': 'type genus of the Marattiaceae: ferns having the sporangia fused together in two rows', 'genus_Angiopteris': 'one species: tree fern', 'angiopteris': 'highly variable species of very large primitive ferns of the Pacific tropical areas with high rainfall', 'Danaea': 'fairly small terrestrial ferns of tropical America', 'Psilopsida': 'whisk ferns; comprising the family Psilotaceae or Psilotatae: vascular plants with no roots, partial if any leaf differentiation, and rudimentary spore sacs', 'Psilotales': 'lower vascular plants having dichotomously branched sporophyte divided into aerial shoot and rhizome and lacking true roots', 'Psilotaceae': 'small family of lower ferns having nearly naked stems and minute scalelike leaves', 'Psilotum': 'type genus of the Psilotaceae', 'whisk_fern': 'chiefly tropical clump-forming plants of skeletal appearance resembling whisk brooms; lacking roots', 'skeleton_fork_fern': 'pantropical epiphytic or terrestrial whisk fern with usually dull yellow branches and minute leaves; America; Japan; Australia', 'Psilophytales': 'Paleozoic simple dichotomously branched plants of Europe and eastern Canada including the oldest known vascular land plants', 'psilophyte': 'any plant of the order Psilophytales: a savannah plant', 'Psilophytaceae': 'Paleozoic plants', 'genus_Psilophyton': 'type genus of the Psilophytaceae: genus of small wiry herbaceous Paleozoic plants with underground rhizomes and apical sporangia', 'psilophyton': 'any plant or fossil of the genus Psilophyton', 'Rhyniaceae': 'primitive plants of the Paleozoic', 'Rhynia': 'type genus of the Rhyniaceae; small leafless dichotomously branching fossil plants with terminal sporangia and smooth branching rhizomes', 'Horneophyton': 'Devonian fossil plant considered one of the earliest forms of vascular land plants; similar to genus Rhynia but smaller', 'Sphenopsida': 'horsetails and related forms', 'Equisetales': 'lower tracheophytes in existence since the Devonian', 'Equisetaceae': 'sole surviving family of the Equisetales: fern allies', 'Equisetum': 'horsetails; coextensive with the family Equisetaceae', 'horsetail': 'perennial rushlike flowerless herbs with jointed hollow stems and narrow toothlike leaves that spread by creeping rhizomes; tend to become weedy; common in northern hemisphere; some in Africa and South America', 'common_horsetail': 'of Eurasia and Greenland and North America', 'swamp_horsetail': 'Eurasia; northern North America to Virginia', 'scouring_rush': 'evergreen erect horsetail with rough-edged stems; formerly used for scouring utensils', 'marsh_horsetail': 'scouring-rush horsetail widely distributed in wet or boggy areas of northern hemisphere', 'wood_horsetail': 'Eurasia except southern Russia; northern North America', 'variegated_horsetail': 'northern North America; Greenland; northern and central Europe', 'Lycopsida': 'club mosses and related forms: includes Lycopodiales; Isoetales; Selaginellales; and extinct Lepidodendrales; sometimes considered a subdivision of Tracheophyta', 'Lycophyta': 'used in some classifications for the class Lycopsida: club mosses', 'Lycopodineae': 'alternative designation for the class Lycopsida', 'club_moss': 'primitive evergreen moss-like plant with spores in club-shaped strobiles', 'Lepidodendrales': 'fossil arborescent plants arising during the early Devonian and conspicuous throughout the Carboniferous', 'Lepidodendraceae': 'fossil plants characterized by conspicuous spirally arranged leaf scars on the trunk', 'Lycopodiales': 'lower vascular plants coextensive with the family Lycopodiaceae; in some classifications includes the Selaginellaceae and Isoetaceae', 'Lycopodiaceae': 'a family of ferns belonging to the order Lycopodiales', 'Lycopodium': 'type and sole genus of the Lycopodiaceae; erect or creeping evergreen plants often used for Christmas decorations', 'shining_clubmoss': 'a variety of club moss', 'alpine_clubmoss': 'a variety of club moss', 'fir_clubmoss': 'of northern Europe and America; resembling a miniature fir', 'running_pine': 'a variety of club moss', 'ground_fir': 'a variety of club moss', 'foxtail_grass': 'ground pine thickly covered with bristly leaves; widely distributed in barren sandy or peaty moist coastal regions of eastern and southeastern United States', 'Selaginellales': 'in some classifications included in Lycopodiales', 'Selaginellaceae': 'lesser club mosses: terrestrial chiefly tropical plants resembling mosses', 'Selaginella': 'type and sole genus of the Selaginellaceae; evergreen moss-like plants: spike moss and little club moss', 'spikemoss': 'any of numerous fern allies of the genus Selaginella', 'meadow_spikemoss': 'spikemoss forming dense mats; eastern North America', 'rock_spikemoss': 'tufted spikemoss forming loose spreading mats; eastern North America', 'desert_selaginella': 'prostrate spikemoss; California', 'resurrection_plant': 'densely tufted fern ally of southwestern United States to Peru; curls up in a tight ball when dry and expands and grows under moist conditions', 'florida_selaginella': 'occurs widely in Florida', 'Isoetales': 'aquatic or marsh-growing fern allies; known to have existed since the Cenozoic; sometimes included in Lycopodiales', 'Isoetaceae': 'quillworts; coextensive with the genus Isoetes', 'Isoetes': 'type and genus of the Isoetaceae and sole extant genus of the order Isoetales', 'quillwort': 'any of several spore-bearing aquatic or marsh plants having short rhizomes and leaves resembling quills; worldwide except Polynesia', 'Geoglossaceae': 'a family of fungi belonging to the order Helotiales', 'Geoglossum': 'type genus of the Geoglossaceae comprising the earthtongues', 'earthtongue': 'any club-shaped fungus of the genus Geoglossum', 'Cryptogrammataceae': 'one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems', 'Thelypteridaceae': 'genera Thelypteris, Phegopteris, and others', 'Thelypteris': 'marsh ferns: in some classification systems considered part of genus Dryopteris in family Dryopteridaceae', 'marsh_fern': 'fern having pinnatifid fronds and growing in wet places; cosmopolitan in north temperate regions', 'snuffbox_fern': 'fern of northeastern North America', 'Amauropelta': 'epiphytic or terrestrial ferns of America and Africa and Polynesia', 'genus_Christella': 'medium to large terrestrial ferns of tropical forests of Old World to Americas', 'christella': 'any of several tropical ferns of the genus Christella having thin brittle fronds', 'Cyclosorus': 'small genus of terrestrial ferns of tropical and subtropical southern hemisphere', 'Goniopteris': 'terrestrial ferns of Florida and West Indies to Central and South America', 'Macrothelypteris': 'medium to large terrestrial ferns of tropical Asia to Polynesia and Australia; naturalized in Americas', 'Meniscium': 'terrestrial ferns of tropical Americas', 'Oreopteris': '3 species of ferns formerly included in genus Dryopteris or Thelypteris', 'mountain_fern': 'common European mountain fern having fragrant lemon or balsam scented fronds', 'Parathelypteris': 'terrestrial ferns of warm and tropical Asia and North America', 'New_York_fern': 'slender shield fern of moist woods of eastern North America; sometimes placed in genus Dryopteris', 'Massachusetts_fern': 'delicate feathery shield fern of the eastern United States; sometimes placed in genus Thelypteris', 'Phegopteris': 'beech ferns: genus is variously classified: considered alternative name for genus Dryopteris or included in genus Thelypteris', 'beech_fern': 'any fern of the genus Phegopteris having deeply cut triangular fronds', 'broad_beech_fern': 'beech fern of North American woodlands having straw-colored stripes', 'long_beech_fern': 'beech fern of North America and Eurasia', 'rhizomorph': 'a dense mass of hyphae forming a root-like structure characteristic of many fungi', 'Armillaria': 'genus of edible mushrooms having white spores an annulus and blue juice; some are edible; some cause root rot', 'shoestring_fungus': 'any of several fungi of the genus Armillaria that form brown stringy rhizomorphs and cause destructive rot of the roots of some trees such as apples or maples', 'Armillaria_caligata': 'fungus with a brown cap and white gills and a membranous ring halfway up the stalk', 'Armillaria_ponderosa': 'a large white mushroom that develops brown stains as it ages; gills are white; odor is spicy and aromatic; collected commercially for oriental cooking the Pacific Northwest', 'Armillaria_zelleri': 'a large fungus with viscid cap that dries and turns brown with age; gills are off-white', 'Armillariella': 'a honey-colored diminutive form of genus Armillaria; grows in clusters; edible (when cooked) but most attention has been on how to get rid of it', 'honey_mushroom': 'a honey-colored edible mushroom commonly associated with the roots of trees in late summer and fall; do not eat raw', 'Asclepiadaceae': 'widely distributed family of herbs and shrubs of the order Gentianales; most with milky juice', 'asclepiad': 'any plant of the family Asclepiadaceae', 'Asclepias': 'genus of chiefly North American perennial herbs: silkweed; milkweed', 'white_milkweed': 'tall herb with leafless white waxy stems and whitish starlike flowers; southwestern United States', 'blood_flower': 'tropical herb having orange-red flowers followed by pods suggesting a swallow with outspread wings; a weed throughout the tropics', 'poke_milkweed': 'milkweed of the eastern United States with leaves resembling those of pokeweed', 'swamp_milkweed': 'densely branching perennial of the eastern United States with white to crimson or purple flowers', \"Mead's_milkweed\": 'milkweed of central North America; a threatened species', 'purple_silkweed': 'perennial of eastern North America having pink-purple flowers', 'showy_milkweed': 'milkweed of southern North America having large starry purple and pink flowers', 'poison_milkweed': 'milkweed of southwestern United States and Mexico; poisonous to livestock', 'butterfly_weed': 'erect perennial of eastern and southern United States having showy orange flowers', 'whorled_milkweed': 'milkweed of the eastern United States with narrow leaves in whorls and greenish-white flowers', 'Araujia': 'small genus of South American evergreen vines', 'cruel_plant': 'robust twining shrub having racemes of fragrant white or pink flowers with flat spreading terminal petals that trap nocturnal moths and hold them until dawn', 'genus_Cynancum': 'genus of perennial tropical African lianas', 'cynancum': 'any of various mostly giant tropical lianas of Africa and Madagascar having greenish or purple flowers and long smooth pods; roots formerly used as an emetic', 'genus_Hoya': 'large genus of climbing shrubs of Australia and Asia and Polynesia', 'hoya': 'any plant of the genus Hoya having fleshy leaves and usually nectariferous flowers', 'honey_plant': 'a plant that furnishes nectar suitable for making honey', 'wax_plant': 'succulent climber of southern Asia with umbels of pink and white star-shaped flowers', 'Periploca': 'genus of woody vines of warm regions of the Old World', 'silk_vine': 'deciduous climber for arches and fences having ill-scented but interesting flowers and poisonous yellow fruits; cultivated for its dark shining foliage; southeastern Europe to Asia Minor', 'Sarcostemma': 'succulent subshrubs or vines; tropical and subtropical India and Africa and Malaysia', 'soma': 'leafless East Indian vine; its sour milky juice formerly used to make an intoxicating drink', 'genus_Stapelia': 'genus of foul-smelling plants resembling cacti; found from Africa to East India', 'stapelia': 'any of various plants of the genus Stapelia having succulent leafless toothed stems resembling cacti and large foul-smelling (often star-shaped) flowers', 'Stapelias_asterias': 'stapelia of Cape Province having mostly dark red-brown flowers with flat starlike corollas', 'genus_Stephanotis': 'genus of Old World tropical woody vines', 'stephanotis': 'any of various evergreen climbing shrubs of the genus Stephanotis having fragrant waxy flowers', 'Madagascar_jasmine': 'twining woody vine of Madagascar having thick dark waxy evergreen leaves and clusters of large fragrant waxy white flowers along the stems; widely cultivated in warm regions', 'Vincetoxicum': 'genus of chiefly tropical American vines having cordate leaves and large purple or greenish cymose flowers; supposedly having powers as an antidote', 'negro_vine': 'twining vine with hairy foliage and dark purplish-brown flowers', 'zygospore': 'a plant spore formed by two similar sexual cells', 'old_growth': 'forest or woodland having a mature or overly mature ecosystem more or less uninfluenced by human activity', 'second_growth': 'a second growth of trees covering an area where the original stand was destroyed by fire or cutting', 'tree_of_knowledge': 'the biblical tree in the Garden of Eden whose forbidden fruit was tasted by Adam and Eve', 'ownership': 'the state or fact of being an owner', 'severalty': 'exclusive individual ownership', 'property_right': 'the legal right of ownership', 'preemptive_right': \"the right granting to shareholders the first opportunity to buy a new issue of stock; provides protection against dilution of the shareholder's ownership interest\", 'subscription_right': 'the right of a shareholder in a company to subscribe to shares of a new issue of common stock before it is offered to the public', 'stock_option': 'the right to buy or sell a stock at a specified price within a stated period', 'lock-up_option': 'an option to buy the crown jewels offered to a white knight in order to forestall a hostile takeover', 'tenure': 'the term during which some position is held', 'copyhold': 'a medieval form of land tenure in England; a copyhold was a parcel of land granted to a peasant by the lord of the manor in return for agricultural services', 'freehold': 'an estate held in fee simple or for life', 'villeinage': 'the legal status or condition of servitude of a villein or feudal serf', 'stock_buyback': \"a corporation's purchase of its own outstanding stock; increases earnings/share so stock price rises (which can discourage a takeover attempt)\", 'public_domain': 'property rights that are held by the public at large', 'proprietorship': 'an unincorporated business owned by a single person who is responsible for its liabilities and entitled to its profits', 'employee_ownership': 'ownership of a business by the people who work for it', 'tangible_possession': 'property or belongings that are tangible', 'worldly_possessions': 'all the property that someone possess; \"he left all his worldly possessions to his daughter\"', 'ratables': 'property that provides tax income for local governments', 'hereditament': 'any property (real or personal or mixed) that can be inherited', 'intellectual_property': 'intangible property that is the result of creativity (such as patents or trademarks or copyrights)', 'community_property': 'property and income belonging jointly to a married couple', 'personal_property': 'movable property (as distinguished from real estate)', 'chattel': 'personal as opposed to real property; any tangible movable property (furniture or domestic animals or a car etc)', 'effects': 'property of a personal character that is portable but not used in business; \"she left some of her personal effects in the house\"; \"I watched over their effects until they returned\"', 'things': 'any movable possession (especially articles of clothing); \"she packed her things and left\"', 'real_property': 'property consisting of houses and land', 'estate': 'everything you own; all of your assets (whether real property or personal property) and liabilities', 'commonage': 'property held in common', 'glebe': 'plot of land belonging to an English parish church or an ecclesiastical office', 'landholding': 'ownership of land; the state or fact of owning land', 'shareholding': 'a holding in the form of shares of corporations', 'spiritualty': 'property or income owned by a church', 'temporalty': 'the worldly possessions of a church', 'benefice': 'an endowed church office giving income to its holder', 'car_rental': 'a rented car; \"she picked up a hire car at the airport and drove to her hotel\"', 'trade-in': 'an item of property that is given in part payment for a new one', 'sublease': 'a lease from one lessee to another', 'public_property': 'property owned by a government', 'leasehold': 'land or property held under a lease', 'smallholding': 'a piece of land under 50 acres that is sold or let to someone for cultivation', 'farmstead': 'the buildings and adjacent grounds of a farm', 'fief': 'a piece of land held under the feudal system', 'mortmain': 'real property held inalienably (as by an ecclesiastical corporation)', 'money': 'the official currency issued by a government or national bank; \"he changed his money into francs\"', 'gross_estate': \"the total valuation of the estate's assets at the time of the person's death\", 'net_estate': 'the estate remaining after debts and funeral expenses and administrative expenses have been deducted from the gross estate; the estate then left to be distributed (and subject to federal and state inheritance taxes)', 'life_estate': '(law) an estate whose duration is limited to the life of the person holding it', 'countryseat': 'an estate in the country', 'Crown_land': 'land that belongs to the Crown', 'seigneury': 'the estate of a seigneur', 'plantation': 'an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale (especially in tropical areas)', 'orangery': 'a place where oranges are grown; a plantation of orange trees in warm climes or a greenhouse in cooler areas', 'transferred_property': 'a possession whose ownership changes or lapses', 'travel_bargain': 'a bargain rate for travellers on commercial routes (usually air routes)', 'appanage': 'any customary and rightful perquisite appropriate to your station in life; \"for thousands of years the chair was an appanage of state and dignity rather than an article of ordinary use\"', 'land_grant': 'a grant of public land (as to a railway or college)', 'gain': 'the amount by which the revenue of a business exceeds its cost of operating', 'financial_gain': 'the amount of monetary gain', 'income': 'the financial gain (earned or unearned) accruing over a given period of time', 'disposable_income': 'income (after taxes) that is available to you for saving or spending', 'double_dipping': 'two incomes received from the same source (as by holding a government job and receiving a government pension)', 'easy_money': 'the economic condition in which credit is easy to secure', 'EBITDA': \"income before interest and taxes and depreciation and amortization have been subtracted; an indicator of a company's profitability that is watched by investors (especially in leveraged buyouts)\", 'tight_money': 'the economic condition in which credit is difficult to secure and interest rates are high', 'escheat': 'a reversion to the state (as the ultimate owner of property) in the absence of legal heirs', 'gross': 'twelve dozen', 'national_income': 'the total value of all income in a nation (wages and profits and interest and rents and pension payments) during a given period (usually 1 yr)', 'gross_national_product': 'former measure of the United States economy; the total market value of goods and services produced by all citizens and capital during a given period (usually 1 yr)', 'real_gross_national_product': 'a version of the GNP that has been adjusted for the effects of inflation', 'gross_domestic_product': \"the measure of an economy adopted by the United States in 1991; the total market values of goods and services produced by workers and capital within a nation's borders during a given period (usually 1 year)\", 'deflator': 'a statistical factor designed to remove the effect of inflation; inflation adjusted variables are in constant dollars', 'net_income': 'the excess of revenues over outlays in a given period of time (including depreciation and other non-cash expenses)', 'paper_profit': \"an unrealized gain on an investment calculated by subtracting the investor's cost from the current market price\", 'paper_loss': \"an unrealized loss on an investment calculated by subtracting the current market price from the investor's cost\", 'cash_flow': 'the excess of cash revenues over cash outlays in a give period of time (not including non-cash expenses)', 'personal_income': 'the income received by a single individual', 'earning_per_share': \"the portion of a company's profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock\", 'windfall_profit': 'profit that occurs unexpectedly as a consequence of some event not controlled by those who profit from it', 'winnings': 'something won (especially money)', 'rental_income': 'income received from rental properties', 'fast_buck': 'quick or easy earnings, \"they are traders out to make a fast buck\"', 'filthy_lucre': 'shameful profit; \"he would sell his soul for filthy lucre\"', 'gross_profit': '(finance) the net sales minus the cost of goods and services sold', 'gross_sales': 'income (at invoice values) received for goods and services over some given period of time', 'net_sales': 'gross sales reduced by customer discounts, returns, freight out, and allowances', 'margin_of_profit': 'the ratio gross profits divided by net sales', 'unearned_income': 'personal income that you did not earn (e.g., dividends or interest or rent income)', 'government_income': 'income available to the government', 'tax_income': 'government income due to taxation', 'internal_revenue': 'government revenue from domestic sources (excluding customs)', 'per_capita_income': 'the total national income divided by the number of people in the nation', 'stolen_property': 'property that has been stolen', 'loot': 'goods or money obtained illegally', 'primogeniture': 'right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son', 'borough_English': 'a former English custom by which the youngest son inherited land to the exclusion of his older brothers', 'accretion': 'something contributing to growth or increase; \"he scraped away the accretions of paint\"; \"the central city surrounded by recent accretions\"', 'bequest': '(law) a gift of personal property by will', 'devise': 'a will disposing of real property', 'dower': 'a life estate to which a wife is entitled on the death of her husband', 'jointure': '(law) an estate secured to a prospective wife as a marriage settlement in lieu of a dower', 'free_lunch': 'something acquired without effort or payment or obligation; \"there is no free lunch in politics or Hollywood\"', 'heirloom': '(law) any property that is considered by law or custom as inseparable from an inheritance is inherited with that inheritance', 'gift': 'something acquired without compensation', 'dowry': 'money or property brought by a woman to her husband at marriage', 'bride_price': 'money or property given (in some societies) by the bridegroom to the family of his bride', 'largess': 'a gift or money given (as for service or out of benevolence); usually given ostentatiously', 'scholarship': 'financial aid provided to a student on the basis of academic merit', 'fellowship': 'money granted (by a university or foundation or other agency) for advanced study or research', 'foreign_aid': 'aid (such as economic or military assistance) provided to one nation by another', 'Marshall_Plan': 'a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952); named after George Marshall', 'subsidy': 'a grant paid by a government to an enterprise that benefits the public; \"a subsidy for research in artificial intelligence\"', 'price_support': 'a government subsidy used to maintain prices at a certain level', 'postdoctoral': 'a grant that funds postdoctoral study or research', 'traineeship': 'financial aid that enables you to get trained for a specified job; \"the bill provided traineeships in vocational rehabilitation\"', 'gratuity': 'a relatively small amount of money given for services rendered (as by a waiter)', 'prize': 'something given for victory or superiority in a contest or competition or for winning a lottery; \"the prize was a free trip to Europe\"', 'door_prize': 'tickets are passed out at the entrance to a dance or party or other social function and a prize is awarded to the holder of the winning ticket', 'jackpot': 'any outstanding award', 'prize_money': 'any money given as a prize', 'birthday_present': \"a present given in celebration of a person's birthday\", 'Christmas_present': 'a present given at Christmas time', 'stocking_filler': 'a small Christmas present included in the Christmas stocking', 'wedding_present': 'a present given to someone getting married', 'bride-gift': 'a wedding present to the bride', 'cash_surrender_value': 'the amount that the insurance company will pay on a given life insurance policy if the policy is cancelled prior to the death of the insured', 'benefaction': 'a contribution of money or assistance', 'offering': 'money contributed to a religious organization', 'tithe': 'a levy of one tenth of something', 'offertory': 'the offerings of the congregation at a religious service', 'hearth_money': 'an annual contribution made by Roman Catholics to support the papal see', 'political_contribution': 'a contribution made to a politician or a political campaign or a political party', 'soft_money': 'political contributions made in such a way as to avoid the United States regulations for federal election campaigns (as by contributions to a political action committee)', 'patrimony': 'a church endowment', 'lagniappe': 'a small gift (especially one given by a merchant to a customer who makes a purchase)', 'premium': 'the amount that something in scarce supply is valued above its nominal value; \"they paid a premium for access to water\"', 'freebie': 'something that is free (usually provided as part of a promotional scheme); \"the road map was a freebie\"', 'gift_horse': 'a gift (usually of inferior quality) that should be accepted uncritically; \"it wasn\\'t much, but don\\'t look a gift horse in the mouth\"', 'thank_offering': 'an offering made as an expression of thanks', 'incentive_program': 'a formal scheme for inducing someone (as employees) to do something', 'defalcation': 'the sum of money that is misappropriated', 'dividend': 'a number to be divided by another number', 'sales_incentive': 'remuneration offered to a salesperson for exceeding some predetermined sales goal', 'cost-of-living_allowance': 'an allowance for changes in the consumer price index', 'depreciation_allowance': 'an allowance for loss due to depreciation', 'trade_discount': 'a discount from the list price of a commodity allowed by a manufacturer or wholesaler to a merchant', 'seasonal_adjustment': 'a statistical adjustment made to accommodate predictable fluctuations as a function of the season of the year; \"seasonal adjustments for housing starts must be made in mid-winter\"', 'outgo': 'money paid out; an amount spent', 'cost': 'the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor', 'business_expense': \"ordinary and necessary expenses incurred in a taxpayer's business or trade\", 'interest_expense': 'interest paid on loans', 'lobbying_expense': 'expenses incurred in promoting or evaluating legislation; \"many lobbying expenses are deductible by a taxpayer\"', 'medical_expense': 'amount spent for diagnosis or treatment or prevention of medical problems', 'non-cash_expense': 'an expense (such as depreciation) that is not paid for in cash', 'moving_expense': 'the cost of moving your residence from one location to another', 'operating_expense': 'the expense of maintaining property (e.g., paying property taxes and utilities and insurance); it does not include depreciation or the cost of financing or income taxes', 'organization_expense': 'the cost (over a period of five years) of organizing a new corporation or partnership', 'personal_expense': 'the cost of personal or family living; \"some personal expenses are tax deductible\"', 'promotional_expense': 'the cost of promoting a product', 'transfer_payment': \"a public expenditure (as for unemployment compensation or veteran's benefits) that is not for goods and services\", 'capital_expenditure': 'the cost of long-term improvements', 'wage': 'something that remunerates; \"wages were paid by check\"; \"he wasted his pay on drink\"; \"they saved a quarter of all their earnings\"', 'combat_pay': 'extra pay for soldiers engaged in active combat', 'double_time': 'a fast marching pace (180 steps/min) or slow jog', 'found': 'food and lodging provided in addition to money; \"they worked for $30 and found\"', 'half-pay': 'reduced wage paid to someone who is not working full time', 'living_wage': 'a wage sufficient for a worker and family to subsist comfortably', 'merit_pay': 'extra pay awarded to an employee on the basis of merit (especially to school teachers)', 'minimum_wage': 'the lowest wage that an employer is allowed to pay; determined by contract or by law', 'pay_envelope': 'wages enclosed in an envelope for distribution to the wage earner', 'sick_pay': 'wages paid to an employee who is on sick leave', 'strike_pay': 'money paid to strikers from union funds', 'take-home_pay': 'what is left of your pay after deductions for taxes and dues and insurance etc', 'regular_payment': 'a payment made at regular times', 'pay_rate': 'amount of money received per unit time; \"women\\'s pay rate is lower than men\\'s\"', 'time_and_a_half': 'a rate of pay that is 1.5 times the regular rate; for overtime work', 'payment_rate': 'the amount of money paid out per unit time', 'blood_money': 'compensation paid to the family of a murdered person', 'rebate': 'a refund of some fraction of the amount paid', 'rent-rebate': 'a rebate on rent given by a local government authority', 'compensation': '(psychiatry) a defense mechanism that conceals your undesirable shortcomings by exaggerating desirable behaviors', 'overcompensation': '(psychiatry) an attempt to overcome a real or imagined defect or unwanted trait by overly exaggerating its opposite', \"workmen's_compensation\": 'compensation for death or injury suffered by a worker in the course of his employment', 'conscience_money': 'payment made voluntarily to reduce guilt over dishonest dealings', 'support_payment': 'a payment made by one person for the support of another', 'palimony': 'support paid by one half of an unmarried partnership after the relationship ends', 'alimony': 'court-ordered support paid by one spouse to another after they are separated', 'honorarium': 'a fee paid for a nominally free service', 'guerdon': 'a reward or payment', 'meed': 'a fitting reward', 'hush_money': 'a bribe paid to someone to insure that something is kept secret', 'bribe': 'payment made to a person in a position of trust to corrupt his judgment', 'kickback': 'a commercial bribe paid by a seller to a purchasing agent in order to induce the agent to enter into the transaction', 'payola': 'a bribe given to a disc jockey to induce him to promote a particular record', 'share': 'any of the equal portions into which the capital stock of a corporation is divided and ownership of which is evidenced by a stock certificate; \"he bought 100 shares of IBM at the market price\"', 'tranche': 'a portion of something (especially money)', 'grubstake': 'funds advanced to a prospector or to someone starting a business in return for a share of the profits', 'controlling_interest': \"ownership of more than 50% of a corporation's voting shares\", 'insurable_interest': 'an interest in a person or thing that will support the issuance of an insurance policy; an interest in the survival of the insured or in the preservation of the thing that is insured', 'security_interest': 'any interest in a property that secures the payment of an obligation', 'terminable_interest': 'an interest in property that terminates under specific conditions', 'undivided_interest': 'the interest in property owned by tenants whereby each tenant has an equal right to enjoy the entire property', 'fee': 'a fixed charge for a privilege or for professional services', 'fee_simple': 'a fee without limitation to any class of heirs; they can sell it or give it away', 'fee_tail': 'a fee limited to a particular line of heirs; they are not free to sell it or give it away', 'profit_sharing': 'a system in which employees receive a share of the net profits of the business', 'rake-off': 'a percentage (of winnings or loot or profit) taken by an operator or gangster', 'reallocation': 'a share that has been allocated again', 'reimbursement': 'compensation paid (to someone) for damages or losses or money already spent etc.; \"he received reimbursement for his travel expenses\"', 'emolument': 'compensation received by virtue of holding an office or having employment (usually in the form of wages or fees); \"a clause in the U.S. constitution prevents sitting legislators from receiving emoluments from their own votes\"', 'damages': 'a sum of money paid in compensation for loss or injury', 'counterbalance': 'a compensating equivalent', 'actual_damages': '(law) compensation for losses that can readily be proven to have occurred and for which the injured party has the right to be compensated', 'nominal_damages': '(law) a trivial sum (usually $1.00) awarded as recognition that a legal injury was sustained (as for technical violations of a contract)', 'punitive_damages': '(law) compensation in excess of actual damages (a form of punishment awarded in cases of malicious or willful misconduct)', 'double_damages': 'twice the amount that a court would normally find the injured party entitled to', 'treble_damages': 'three times the amount that a court would normally find the injured party entitled to', 'atonement': 'compensation for a wrong; \"we were unable to get satisfaction from the local store\"', 'residual': '(often plural) a payment that is made to a performer or writer or director of a television show or commercial that is paid for every repeat showing; \"he could retire on his residuals\"', 'poverty_line': 'a level of personal income defining the state of poverty', 'costs': 'pecuniary reimbursement to the winning party for the expenses of litigation', 'per_diem': 'a daily allowance for living expenses (especially while traveling in connection with your job)', 'travel_allowance': 'a sum allowed for travel', 'stipend': 'a sum of money allotted on a regular basis; usually for some specific purpose', 'privy_purse': \"allowance for a monarch's personal expenses\", 'prebend': 'the stipend assigned by a cathedral to a canon', 'annuity': 'income from capital investment paid in a series of regular payments; \"his retirement fund was set up to be paid as an annuity\"', 'annuity_in_advance': 'an annuity paid in a series of more or less equal payments at the beginning of equally spaced periods; \"rent payable in advance constitutes an annuity in advance for the landlord\"', 'ordinary_annuity': 'an annuity paid in a series of more or less equal payments at the end of equally spaced periods', 'reversionary_annuity': 'an annuity payable to one person in the event that someone else is unable to receive it', 'tontine': 'a form of life insurance whereby on the death or default of a participant his share is distributed to the remaining members', 'ground_rent': 'payment for the right to occupy and improve a piece of land', 'peppercorn_rent': 'very low or nominal rent', 'rack_rent': 'an extortionate rent', 'economic_rent': 'the return derived from cultivated land in excess of that derived from the poorest land cultivated under similar conditions', 'payback': 'financial return or reward (especially returns equal to the initial investment)', 'installment_plan': 'a system for paying for goods by installments', 'hire-purchase': 'installment plan; \"we bought a car on the never-never\"', 'cost-of-living_benefit': 'a benefit that goes to anyone whose money receipts increase automatically as prices rise', 'death_benefit': 'insurance or pension money payable to a beneficiary of a deceased', 'advance_death_benefit': 'a percentage of death benefits paid directly to policy holders having a short life expectancy (usually 6 months)', 'disability_benefit': 'insurance benefits paid in case of disability', 'sick_benefit': 'money paid (by the government) to someone who is too ill to work', 'fringe_benefit': 'an incidental benefit awarded for certain types of employment (especially if it is regarded as a right); \"a limousine is one of the fringe benefits of the job\"', 'tax_benefit': 'a tax deduction that is granted in order to encourage a particular type of commercial activity', 'Christmas_box': 'a present given at Christmas for services during the year', 'child_support': 'court-ordered support paid by one spouse to the other who has custody of the children after the parents are separated', 'lump_sum': 'a complete payment consisting of a single sum of money', 'payoff': 'the final payment of a debt', 'remittance': 'a payment of money sent to a person in another place', 'repayment': 'payment of a debt or obligation', 'token_payment': 'a small payment made in acknowledgement of an obligation', 'nonpayment': 'loss resulting from failure of a debt to be paid', 'pittance': 'an inadequate payment; \"they work all day for a mere pittance\"', 'fine': 'money extracted as a penalty', 'library_fine': 'fine imposed by a library on books that overdue when returned', 'cost_overrun': 'excess of cost over budget; \"the cost overrun necessitated an additional allocation of funds in the budget\"', 'cost_of_living': 'average cost of basic necessities of life (as food and shelter and clothing); \"a rise in the cost of living reflects the rate of inflation\"', 'borrowing_cost': 'the cost of borrowing something', 'distribution_cost': 'any cost incurred by a producer or wholesaler or retailer or distributor (as for advertising and shipping etc)', 'handling_cost': 'the cost of handling (especially the cost of packaging and mailing an order)', 'marketing_cost': 'the cost of marketing (e.g., the cost of transferring title and moving goods to the customer)', 'production_cost': 'combined costs of raw material and labor incurred in producing goods', 'replacement_cost': 'current cost of replacing a fixed asset with a new one of equal effectiveness', 'reproduction_cost': 'cost of reproducing physical property minus various allowances (especially depreciation)', 'unit_cost': 'calculated cost for a given unit of a product', 'asking_price': 'the price at which something is offered for sale', 'bid_price': '(stock market) the price at which a broker is willing to buy a certain security', 'closing_price': \"(stock market) the price of the last transaction completed during a day's trading session\", 'offer_price': '(stock market) the price at which a broker is willing to sell a certain security', 'upset_price': '(auction) the minimum price at which a seller of property will entertain bids', 'factory_price': 'price charged for goods picked up at the factory', 'list_price': 'the selling price of something as stated in a catalogue or price list; often subject to discounts; \"I got it at 30% off the list price\"', 'purchase_price': 'the price at which something is actually purchased', 'spot_price': 'the current delivery price of a commodity traded in the spot market', 'support_level': '(stock market) the price at which a certain security becomes attractive to investors', 'valuation': 'assessed price; \"the valuation of this property is much too high\"', 'opportunity_cost': 'cost in terms of foregoing alternatives', 'cost_of_capital': 'the opportunity cost of the funds employed as the result of an investment decision; the rate of return that a business could earn if it chose another investment with equivalent risk', 'carrying_cost': 'the opportunity cost of unproductive assets; the expense incurred by ownership', 'incidental_expense': '(frequently plural) an expense not budgeted or not specified; \"he requested reimbursement of $7 for incidental expenses\"', 'travel_expense': '(frequently plural) expenses incurred by an employee in the performance of the job and usually reimbursed by the employer', 'carrying_charge': 'charge made for carrying an account or for merchandise sold on an installment plan', 'depreciation_charge': 'an amount periodically charged to expense or against revenue in compensation for depreciation of property', 'overcharge': 'a price that is too high', 'corkage': 'a charge added at a restaurant for every bottle of wine served that was not bought on the premises', 'airfare': 'the fare charged for traveling by airplane', 'bus_fare': 'the fare charged for riding a bus or streetcar', 'cab_fare': 'the fare charged for riding in a taxicab', 'subway_fare': 'the fare charged for riding a subway train', 'train_fare': 'the fare charged for traveling by train', 'tax': \"charge against a citizen's person or property or activity for the support of government\", 'tax_base': 'collective value of taxable assets', 'tax_rate': 'rate used to calculate tax liability', 'tax_liability': 'the amount of tax owed; calculated by applying the tax rate to the tax base', 'single_tax': 'a system of taxation in which a tax is levied on a single commodity (usually land)', 'income_tax': 'a personal tax levied on annual income', 'bracket_creep': 'a movement into a higher tax bracket as taxable income increases', 'estimated_tax': \"income tax paid periodically on income that is not subject to withholding taxes; based on the taxpayer's predicted tax liability\", 'FICA': 'a tax on employees and employers that is used to fund the Social Security system', 'business_deduction': 'tax write-off for expenses of doing business', 'entertainment_deduction': 'deduction allowed for some (limited) kinds of entertainment for business purposes', 'withholding_tax': \"income tax withheld from employees' wages and paid directly to the government by the employer\", 'PAYE': 'the British system of withholding tax', 'unearned_increment': 'an unearned rise in the market value of property resulting from general market factors', 'capital_gain': 'the amount by which the selling price of an asset exceeds the purchase price; the gain is realized when the asset is sold', 'capital_loss': 'the amount by which the purchase price of an asset exceeds the selling price; the loss is realized when the asset is sold', 'capital_gains_tax': 'a tax on capital gains; \"he avoided the capital gains tax by short selling\"', 'capital_levy': 'a tax on capital or property', 'departure_tax': 'a tax that is levied when you are departing a country by land or sea or air', 'property_tax': 'a capital tax on property imposed by municipalities; based on the estimated value of the property', 'council_tax': 'a tax levied on households by local authorities; based on the estimated value of the property and the number of people living in it', 'franchise_tax': 'a tax that is imposed by states on corporations; it depends both on the net worth of the corporation and on its net income attributable to activities within the state', 'gift_tax': 'a tax imposed on transfers of property by gift during the lifetime of the giver', 'inheritance_tax': 'a tax on the estate of the deceased person', 'direct_tax': 'a tax paid directly by the person or organization on whom it is levied', 'tax_advantage': 'an advantage bestowed by legislation that reduces a tax on some preferred activity', 'tax_shelter': 'a way of organizing business to reduce the taxes it must pay on current earnings', 'indirect_tax': 'a tax levied on goods or services rather than on persons or organizations', 'hidden_tax': 'a tax paid unwittingly by the consumer (such as ad valorem taxes)', 'capitation': 'a tax levied on the basis of a fixed amount per person', 'poll_tax': 'a tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote', 'progressive_tax': 'any tax in which the rate increases as the amount subject to taxation increases', 'proportional_tax': 'any tax in which the rate is constant as the amount subject to taxation increases', 'degressive_tax': 'any tax in which the rate decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases', 'rates': 'a local tax on property (usually used in the plural)', 'poor_rates': 'a local tax for the relief of the poor', 'stamp_tax': 'a tax collected by requiring a stamp to be purchased and attached (usually on documents or publications)', 'surtax': 'an additional tax on certain kinds of income that has already been taxed', 'pavage': 'a tax toward paving streets', 'transfer_tax': 'any tax levied on the passing of title to property', 'special_assessment': 'an additional tax levied on private property for public improvements that enhance the value of the property', 'excise': 'a tax that is measured by the amount of business done (not on property or income from real estate)', 'sales_tax': 'a tax based on the cost of the item purchased and collected directly from the buyer', 'VAT': \"a tax levied on the difference between a commodity's price before taxes and its cost of production\", 'gasoline_tax': 'a tax on every gallon of gasoline sold', 'customs': 'money collected under a tariff', 'ship_money': 'an impost levied in England to provide money for ships for national defense', 'tonnage': 'a tax imposed on ships that enter the US; based on the tonnage of the ship', 'octroi': 'a tax on various goods brought into a town', 'revenue_tariff': 'a tariff imposed to raise revenue', 'protective_tariff': 'a tariff imposed to protect domestic firms from import competition', 'anti-dumping_duty': 'a tariff imposed to prevent dumping', 'import_duty': 'a duty imposed on imports', 'export_duty': 'a duty imposed on exports', 'countervailing_duty': 'a duty imposed to offset subsidies by foreign governments', 'fixed_charge': 'a periodic charge that does not vary with business volume (as insurance or rent or mortgage payments etc.)', 'cover_charge': 'a fixed charge by a restaurant or nightclub over and above the charge for food and drink', 'compound_interest': 'interest calculated on both the principal and the accrued interest', 'simple_interest': 'interest paid on the principal alone', 'interest_rate': 'the percentage of a sum of money charged for its use', 'discount_rate': 'the rate of interest set by the Federal Reserve that member banks are charged when they borrow money through the Federal Reserve System', 'bank_rate': 'the discount rate fixed by a central bank', 'base_rate': 'the interest rate set by the Bank of England for lending to other banks', 'prime_interest_rate': 'the interest rate on short-term loans that banks charge their commercial customers with high credit ratings', 'contingency_fee': \"a fee that is payable only if the outcome is successful (as for an attorney's services)\", 'dockage': 'a fee charged for a vessel to use a dock', 'drop-off_charge': 'a fee added for returning a rented car to a location different from the one where it was rented', 'entrance_fee': 'the fee charged for admission', \"finder's_fee\": 'a fee that is paid to someone who finds a source of financial backing or to someone who brings people together for business purposes; \"the agency got a finder\\'s fee when their candidate was hired as the new CEO\"', 'legal_fee': 'a fee paid for legal service', 'licensing_fee': 'a fee paid to the government for the privilege of being licensed to do something (as selling liquor or practicing medicine)', 'moorage': 'a fee for mooring', 'origination_fee': 'a fee charged to a borrower (especially for a mortgage loan) to cover the costs of initiating the loan', 'pipage': 'a fee charged for the use of pipes', 'quid_pro_quo': 'something for something; that which a party receives (or is promised) in return for something he does or gives or promises', 'seigniorage': 'charged by a government for coining bullion', 'toll': 'a fee levied for the use of roads or bridges (used for maintenance)', 'truckage': 'a fee charged for transporting goods by truckage', 'tuition': 'a fee paid for instruction (especially for higher education); \"tuition and room and board were more than $25,000\"', 'wharfage': 'a fee charged for the use of a wharf or quay', 'agio': 'a fee charged for exchanging currencies', 'installation_charge': 'the charge for installing something', 'rate': 'a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit; \"they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour\"; \"the rate of change was faster than expected\"', 'water-rate': 'rate per quarter for water from a public supply', 'surcharge': 'an additional charge (as for items previously omitted or as a penalty for failure to exercise common caution or common skill)', 'single_supplement': 'a surcharge added to the cost per person when traveling alone', 'service_charge': 'a percentage of a bill (as at a hotel or restaurant) added in payment for service', 'rate_of_depreciation': 'the rate at which the value of property is reduced; used to calculate tax deduction', 'rate_of_exchange': 'the charge for exchanging currency of one country for currency of another', 'excursion_rate': 'a reduced rate for a round-trip ticket', 'linage': 'the number of lines in a piece of printed material', 'room_rate': 'the rate charged daily for a hotel room', 'financial_loss': 'loss of money or decrease in financial value', 'wastage': 'the process of wasting', 'straight-line_method': \"(accounting) a method of calculating depreciation by taking an equal amount of the asset's cost as an expense for each year of the asset's useful life\", 'tax_write-off': \"a reduction in the gross amount on which a tax is calculated; reduces taxes by the percentage fixed for the taxpayer's income bracket\", 'losings': 'something lost (especially money lost at gambling)', 'circumstances': 'a person\\'s financial situation (good or bad); \"he found himself in straitened circumstances\"', 'assets': 'anything of material value or usefulness that is owned by a person or company', 'payables': 'money that you currently expect to pay on notes and accounts', 'receivables': 'money that you currently expect to receive from notes or accounts', 'deep_pocket': 'a source of substantial wealth (usually plural); \"a patron of the arts should have deep pockets\"', 'reserve_assets': 'capital held back from investment in order to meet probable or possible demands', 'special_drawing_rights': 'reserve assets in the International Monetary Fund; designed to supplement reserves of gold and convertible currencies used to maintain stability in the foreign exchange market', 'natural_resource': 'resources (actual and potential) supplied by nature', 'labor_resources': 'resources of available manpower', 'land_resources': 'natural resources in the form of arable land', 'mineral_resources': 'natural resources in the form of minerals', 'renewable_resource': 'any natural resource (as wood or solar energy) that can be replenished naturally with the passage of time', 'intangible': 'assets that are saleable though not material or physical', 'liquid_assets': 'assets in the form of cash (or easily convertible into cash)', 'equity': 'the difference between the market value of a property and the claims held against it', 'sweat_equity': 'interest in a building that a tenant earns by contributing to its renovation or maintenance', 'stockholding': 'a specific number of stocks or shares owned; \"sell holdings he has in corporations\"', 'capital_stock': 'the book value of the outstanding shares of a corporation', 'classified_stock': 'common stock classified as A or B where A has certain advantages (e.g., voting power) that B does not', 'common_stock': 'stock other than preferred stock; entitles the owner to a share of the corporation\\'s profits and a share of the voting power in shareholder elections; \"over 40 million Americans invest in common stocks\"', 'stock_of_record': 'stock held by stockholders of record on a given date', 'par_value': 'the value of a security that is set by the company issuing it; unrelated to market value', 'no-par-value_stock': 'stock with no par value specified in the corporate charter or on the stock certificate', 'preferred_stock': 'stock whose holders are guaranteed priority in the payment of dividends but whose holders have no voting rights', 'cumulative_preferred': 'preferred stock whose dividends if omitted accumulate until paid out', 'common_stock_equivalent': 'preferred stock or convertible bonds or warrants that can be converted into common stock', 'control_stock': 'shares owned by shareholders who have a controlling interest', 'growth_stock': 'stock of a corporation that has had faster than average gains in earnings and is expected to continue to', 'hot_stock': 'newly issued stock that is in great public demand', 'penny_stock': 'a stock selling for less that $1/share', 'book_value': 'the value at which an asset is carried on a balance sheet; equals cost minus accumulated depreciation', 'market_value': 'the price at which buyers and sellers trade the item in an open marketplace', 'bond_issue': 'bonds sold by a corporation or government agency at a particular time and identifiable by date of maturity', 'convertible_bond': 'a bond that can be converted to other securities under certain conditions', 'corporate_bond': 'a bond issued by a corporation; carries no claim to ownership and pays no dividends but payments to bondholders have priority over payments to stockholders; \"a corporate bond is a safer investment than common stock in the same company\"', 'coupon_bond': 'a bond issued with detachable coupons that must be presented to the issuer for interest payments', 'government_bond': 'a bond that is an IOU of the United States Treasury; considered the safest security in the investment world', 'junk_bond': 'a (speculative) bond with a credit rating of BB or lower; issued for leveraged buyouts and other takeovers by companies with questionable credit', 'municipal_bond': 'a bond issued by a state or local government', 'noncallable_bond': 'a bond containing a provision that the holder cannot redeem the security before a specific date (usually at maturity)', 'performance_bond': 'a bond given to protect the recipient against loss in case the terms of a contract are not filled; a surety company assumes liability for nonperformance', 'post-obit_bond': 'a bond made by a reversioner to secure a loan; payable out of his reversion', 'registered_bond': 'a bond whose owner is recorded on the books of the issuer; can be transferred to another owner only when endorsed by the registered owner', 'revenue_bond': 'a bond issued by an agency that is commissioned to finance public works; revenue from the public property is used to pay off the bond', 'secured_bond': 'a bond that is back by collateral', 'unsecured_bond': 'the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future', 'government_security': 'a security issued by United States government agencies or the Farm Credit System', 'mortgage-backed_security': 'a security created when a group of mortgages are gathered together and bonds are sold to other institutions or the public; investors receive a portion of the interest payments on the mortgages as well as the principal payments; usually guaranteed by the government', 'registered_security': \"a security whose owner's name is recorded on the books of the issuer (or issuer's agent)\", 'savings_bond': 'non-negotiable government bond; cannot be bought and sold once the original purchase is made', 'utility_bond': 'a bond issued to finance the construction of public utility services', 'zero_coupon_bond': 'a bond that is issued at a deep discount from its value at maturity and pays no interest during the life of the bond; the commonest form of zero-coupon security', 'authorized_shares': \"the maximum number of shares authorized under the terms of a corporation's articles of incorporation\", 'quarter_stock': 'stock with a par value of $25/share', 'pyramid': 'a polyhedron having a polygonal base and triangular sides with a common vertex', 'ante': '(poker) the initial contribution that each player makes to the pot', 'easy_street': 'financial security', 'insurance': 'promise of reimbursement in the case of loss; paid to people or companies so concerned about hazards that they have made prepayments to an insurance company', 'automobile_insurance': 'insurance against loss due to theft or traffic accidents', 'no_fault_insurance': 'a system of automobile insurance where a party who is injured in an automobile accident recovers damages up to a specific amount against his own insurance company regardless of who was responsible for the accident; \"the amount of litigation resulting from minor accidents is reduced by no fault insurance\"', 'business_interruption_insurance': 'insurance that provides protection for the loss of profits and continuing fixed expenses resulting from a break in commercial activities due to the occurrence of a peril', 'coinsurance': 'insurance issued jointly by two or more underwriters', 'fire_insurance': 'insurance against loss due to fire', 'group_insurance': 'insurance that is purchased by a group (such as the employees of a company) usually at a reduced rate to individual members of the group', 'hazard_insurance': 'insurance that provides protection against certain risks such as storms or fires', 'health_insurance': 'insurance against loss due to ill health', 'hospitalization_insurance': \"insurance that pays all or part of a patient's hospital expense\", 'liability_insurance': 'insurance that provides protection from claims arising from injuries or damage to other people or property', 'life_insurance': 'insurance paid to named beneficiaries when the insured person dies; \"in England they call life insurance life assurance\"', 'endowment_insurance': 'life insurance for a specified amount which is payable to the insured person at the expiration of a certain period of time or to a designated beneficiary immediately upon the death of the insured', 'whole_life_insurance': 'insurance on the life of the insured for a fixed amount at a definite premium that is paid each year in the same amount during the entire lifetime of the insured', 'malpractice_insurance': 'insurance purchased by physicians and hospitals to cover the cost of being sued for malpractice; \"obstetricians have to pay high rates for malpractice insurance\"', 'reinsurance': 'sharing the risk by insurance companies; part or all of the insurer\\'s risk is assumed by other companies in return for part of the premium paid by the insured; \"reinsurance enables a client to get coverage that would be too great for any one company to assume\"', 'self-insurance': 'insuring yourself by setting aside money to cover possible losses rather than by purchasing an insurance policy', 'term_insurance': 'low-cost insurance that is valid only for a stated period of time and has no cash surrender value or loan value; \"term insurance is most often associated with life insurance policies\"', 'health_maintenance_organization': 'group insurance that entitles members to services of participating hospitals and clinics and physicians', 'down_payment': 'a partial payment made at the time of purchase; the balance to be paid later', 'earnest': 'something of value given by one person to another to bind a contract', 'earnest_money': 'money given by a buyer to a seller to bind a contract', 'recognizance': '(law) a security entered into before a court with a condition to perform some act required by law; on failure to perform that act a sum is forfeited', 'brokerage_account': 'a fund that a customer has entrusted to a securities brokerage; \"you can\\'t get a brokerage account unless you have $20,000\"', 'cash_account': 'an account with a securities brokerage whose transactions are settled on a cash basis', 'custodial_account': 'a brokerage firm account that parents have created for a minor', 'margin_account': 'an account with a securities brokerage in which the broker extends credit', 'mortgage': 'a conditional conveyance of property as security for the repayment of a loan', 'first_mortgage': 'a mortgage that has priority over all mortgages and liens except those imposed by law', 'second_mortgage': 'a mortgage that is subordinate to a first mortgage', 'chattel_mortgage': 'a loan to buy some personal item; the item (or chattel) is security for the loan', 'collateral': 'a security pledged for the repayment of a loan', 'material_resource': 'assets in the form of material possessions', 'wherewithal': 'the necessary means (especially financial means)', 'venture_capital': 'wealth available for investment in new or speculative enterprises', 'operating_capital': 'capital available for the operations of a firm (e.g. manufacturing or transportation) as distinct from financial transactions and long-term improvements', 'income_statement': 'a financial statement that gives operating results for a specific period', 'capital_account': \"(economics) that part of the balance of payments recording a nation's outflow and inflow of financial securities\", 'seed_money': 'capital needed to set up a new business or enterprise', 'funds': 'assets in the form of money', 'bankroll': 'a roll of currency notes (often taken as the resources of a person or business etc.); \"he shot his roll on a bob-tailed nag\"', 'Medicaid_funds': 'public funds used to pay for Medicaid', 'money_supply': 'the total stock of money in the economy; currency held by the public plus money in accounts in banks', 'M1': 'a measure of the money supply; includes currency in circulation plus demand deposits or checking account balances', 'M2': 'a measure of the money supply; M1 plus net time deposits (other than large certificates of deposit)', 'M3': 'a measure of the money supply; M2 plus deposits at institutions that are not banks (such as savings and loan associations)', 'public_treasury': 'a treasury for government funds', 'pork_barrel': 'a legislative appropriation designed to ingratiate legislators with their constituents', 'bursary': 'the treasury of a public institution or religious order', 'subtreasury': 'a subordinate treasury or place of deposit', 'fisc': \"a state treasury or exchequer or a royal treasury; originally the public treasury of Rome or the emperor's private purse\", 'fund': 'a reserve of money set aside for some purpose', 'exchange_traded_fund': 'a mutual fund that is traded on a stock exchange', 'revolving_fund': 'a fund which, if borrowed or used, is intended to be replenished so it may be loaned or spent repeatedly', 'sinking_fund': 'a fund accumulated regularly in a separate account and used to redeem debt securities', 'savings': 'a fund of money put by as a reserve', 'bank_account': 'a fund that a customer has entrusted to a bank and from which the customer can make withdrawals; \"he moved his bank account to a new bank\"', 'giro_account': 'an account at a post office that can be used in similar ways to an account at a bank', 'war_chest': 'a fund accumulated to finance a war (or a political campaign)', 'slush_fund': 'a fund for buying votes or bribing public officials', 'active_trust': 'a trust in which the trustee must perform certain duties', 'blind_trust': 'a trust that enables a person to avoid possible conflict of interest by transferring assets to a fiduciary; the person establishing the trust gives up the right to information about the assets', 'passive_trust': 'a trust in which the trustee performs no active duties', 'charitable_trust': 'a trust created for charitable or religious or educational or scientific purposes', 'Clifford_trust': 'a trust established to shift the income to someone who is taxed at a lower rate than the grantor for a period of 10 years or more', 'implied_trust': 'a trust inferred by operation of law', 'constructive_trust': 'a trust created by a court (regardless of the intent of the parties) to benefit a party that has been wrongfully deprived of its rights', 'resulting_trust': 'a trust created by a court when it is judged that it was the intention of the parties to create a trust', 'direct_trust': 'a trust created by the free and deliberate act of the parties involved (usually on the basis of written documentation)', 'discretionary_trust': 'a trust that gives the trustee discretion to pay the beneficiary as much of the trust income as the trustee believes appropriate', 'nondiscretionary_trust': 'an investment trust that can buy only those securities listed when the trust was organized', 'living_trust': \"a trust created and operating during the grantor's lifetime\", 'spendthrift_trust': \"a trust created to maintain a beneficiary but to be secure against the beneficiary's improvidence\", 'testamentary_trust': 'a trust that is created under a will and that becomes active after the grantor dies', 'savings_account_trust': 'a savings account deposited by someone who makes themselves the trustee for a beneficiary and who controls it during their lifetime; afterward the balance is payable to the previously named beneficiary', 'voting_trust': 'an agreement whereby persons owning stock with voting powers retain ownership while transferring the voting rights to the trustees', 'trust_fund': 'a fund held in trust', 'checking_account': 'a bank account against which the depositor can draw checks that are payable on demand', 'savings_account': 'a bank account that accumulates interest', 'time_deposit_account': 'a savings account in which the deposit is held for a fixed term or in which withdrawals can be made only after giving notice or with loss of interest', 'dormant_account': 'a savings account showing no activity (other than posting interest) for some specified period; \"the dormant account reverted to the state under escheat laws\"', 'passbook_savings_account': \"a savings account in which deposits and withdrawals are recorded in the depositor's passbook\", 'cash_equivalent': 'a highly liquid debt instrument with maturities of less than three months', 'certificate_of_deposit': 'a debt instrument issued by a bank; usually pays interest', 'ways_and_means': 'resources available to meet expenses (especially legislation for raising revenue for a government)', 'comforts': 'things that make you comfortable and at ease; \"all the comforts of home\"', 'subsistence': 'a means of surviving; \"farming is a hard means of subsistence\"', 'hoard': 'a secret store of valuables or money', 'store': 'a supply of something available for future use; \"he brought back a large store of Cuban cigars\"', 'seed_stock': 'a supply of seeds (or tubers) reserved for planting', 'seed_corn': 'good quality seeds (as kernels of corn) that are reserved for planting', 'blood_bank': 'a place for storing whole blood or blood plasma; \"the Red Cross created a blood bank for emergencies\"', 'eye_bank': 'a place for storing and preserving corneas that are obtained from human corpses immediately after death; used for corneal transplantation to patients with corneal defects', 'food_bank': 'a place where food is contributed and made available to those in need; \"they set up a food bank for the flood victims\"', 'fuel_level': 'the amount of fuel remaining', 'soil_bank': 'land retired from crop cultivation and planted with soil-building crops; government subsidies are paid to farmers for their retired land', 'hidden_reserve': 'reserves that do not show up on the balance sheet (as by understating values)', 'cookie_jar_reserve': 'a hidden reserve that can be used to adjust quarterly earning reports', 'reserve_account': 'funds taken out of earnings to provide for anticipated future payments', 'valuation_reserve': \"a reserve fund created by a charge against profits in order to provide for changes in the value of a company's assets\", 'fortune': 'your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you); \"whatever my fortune may be\"; \"deserved a better fate\"; \"has a happy lot\"; \"the luck of the Irish\"; \"a victim of circumstances\"; \"success that was her portion\"', 'valuable': 'something of value; \"all our valuables were stolen\"', \"king's_ransom\": 'a very large treasure', 'precious_metal': 'any of the less common and valuable metals often used to make coins or jewelry', 'silver': 'a soft white precious univalent metallic element having the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal; occurs in argentite and in free form; used in coins and jewelry and tableware and photography', 'ruby': 'a transparent deep red variety of corundum; used as a gemstone and in lasers', 'pearl': 'a smooth lustrous round structure inside the shell of a clam or oyster; much valued as a jewel', 'seed_pearl': 'a small imperfect pearl', 'sapphire': 'a precious transparent stone of rich blue corundum valued as a gemstone', 'medium_of_exchange': 'anything that is generally accepted as a standard of value and a measure of wealth in a particular country or region', 'silver_standard': 'a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by a stated quantity of silver', 'bimetallism': 'a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by stated amounts of two metals (usually gold and silver) with values set at a predetermined ratio', 'food_stamp': 'a government-issued stamp that can be used in exchange for food', 'consumer_credit': 'a line of credit extended for personal or household use', 'bank_loan': 'a loan made by a bank; to be repaid with interest on or before a fixed date', 'business_loan': 'a bank loan granted for the use of a business', 'interbank_loan': 'a loan from one bank to another', 'home_loan': \"a loan secured by equity value in the borrower's home\", 'installment_credit': 'a loan repaid with interest in equal periodic payments', 'open-end_credit': 'a consumer credit line that can be used up to a certain limit or paid down at any time', 'credit_account': 'credit extended by a business to a customer', 'revolving_charge_account': 'a charge account that does not have to be paid to zero balance', 'credit_card': 'a card (usually plastic) that assures a seller that the person using it has a satisfactory credit rating and that the issuer will see to it that the seller receives payment for the merchandise delivered; \"do you take plastic?\"', 'bank_card': 'a credit card issued by a bank', 'cash_card': 'a credit card that entitles the holder to receive cash', 'debit_card': \"a card (usually plastic) that enables the holder to withdraw money or to have the cost of purchases charged directly to the holder's bank account\", 'smart_card': 'a plastic card containing a microprocessor that enables the holder to perform operations requiring data that is stored in the microprocessor; typically used to perform financial transactions', 'overdraft': 'a draft in excess of the credit balance', 'foreign_bill': 'a bill of exchange that is drawn in one country and made payable in another', 'inland_bill': 'a bill of exchange that is both drawn and made payable in the same country', 'redraft': 'a draft for the amount of a dishonored draft plus the costs and charges of drafting again', 'trade_acceptance': \"a bill of exchange for a specific purchase; drawn on the buyer by the seller and bearing the buyer's acceptance\", 'foreign_exchange': 'the system by which one currency is exchanged for another; enables international transactions to take place', 'cheap_money': 'credit available at low rates of interest', 'overage': 'a surplus or excess of money or merchandise that is actually on hand and that exceeds expectations', 'tax_credit': \"a direct reduction in tax liability (not dependent on the taxpayer's tax bracket)\", 'export_credit': \"a credit opened by an importer with a bank in an exporter's country to finance an export operation\", 'import_credit': 'credit opened by an importer at a bank in his own country upon which an exporter may draw', 'credit_line': 'the maximum credit that a customer is allowed', 'commercial_credit': 'credit granted by a bank to a business concern for commercial purposes', 'letter_of_credit': \"a document issued by a bank that guarantees the payment of a customer's draft; substitutes the bank's credit for the customer's credit\", 'commercial_letter_of_credit': 'a letter of credit given to a business concern for commercial purposes', \"traveler's_letter_of_credit\": 'a letter of credit given to a traveler', \"traveler's_check\": 'a letter of credit issued by a bank or express company that is payable on presentation to any correspondent of the issuer', 'bank_draft': 'a draft drawn by a bank against funds deposited in another bank', 'dividend_warrant': 'an order of payment (such as a check payable to a shareholder) in which a dividend is paid', 'money_order': 'a written order for the payment of a sum to a named individual; obtainable and payable at a post office', 'overdraft_credit': \"credit provided by a bank in honoring a customer's overdrafts\", 'demand_deposit': 'a bank deposit from which withdrawals can be made without notice', 'time_deposit': 'a certificate of deposit from which withdrawals can be made only after advance notice or at a specified future date', 'bad_check': 'a check that is dishonored on presentation because of insufficient funds; \"issuing a bad check is a form of larceny\"', 'counter_check': 'a blank check provided by a bank for the convenience of customers who are making withdrawals', 'paycheck': 'a check issued in payment of wages or salary', 'certified_check': 'a check containing certification that the person who issued the check has sufficient funds on deposit to cover payment', 'personal_check': 'a check drawn against funds deposited in your personal checking account', \"cashier's_check\": 'a check issued by the officer of a bank on the banks own account (not that of a private person); \"cashier\\'s checks are as good as cash\"', 'blank_check': 'a check that has been signed but with the amount payable left blank', 'disability_check': 'a monthly payment made to someone who has become disabled and is unable to work', 'medicare_check': 'a check reimbursing an aged person for the expenses of health care', 'pension': 'a regular payment to a person that is intended to allow them to subsist without working', 'old-age_pension': 'a monthly payment made to someone who is retired from work', 'sterling': 'British money; especially the pound sterling as the basic monetary unit of the UK', 'boodle': 'informal terms for money', 'shinplaster': 'paper money of little value issued on insufficient security', 'subsidization': 'money (or other benefits) obtained as a subsidy', 'token_money': 'coins of regular issue whose face value is greater than their intrinsic value', 'Eurocurrency': 'currency of the major financial and industrial countries held in those countries for the purpose of lending and borrowing', 'fractional_currency': 'paper currency in denominations less than the basic monetary unit', 'cash': 'money in the form of bills or coins; \"there is a desperate shortage of hard cash\"', 'hard_currency': 'a currency that is not likely to depreciate suddenly in value; \"the countries agreed to conduct their bilateral trade in hard currency, replacing previous barter arrangements\"; \"Germany once had a solid economy, good fiscal and monetary policies, and a hard currency\"', 'paper_money': 'currency issued by a government or central bank and consisting of printed paper that can circulate as a substitute for specie', 'coinage': 'coins collectively', 'small_change': 'a trifling sum of money', 'coin': 'a flat metal piece (usually a disc) used as money', 'bawbee': 'an old Scottish coin of little value', 'bezant': 'a gold coin of the Byzantine Empire; widely circulated in Europe in the Middle Ages', 'ducat': 'formerly a gold coin of various European countries', 'real': 'the basic unit of money in Brazil; equal to 100 centavos', 'piece_of_eight': 'an old silver Spanish coin; worth 8 reales', 'shilling': 'an English coin worth one twentieth of a pound', 'half_crown': 'an English coin worth half a crown', 'dime': 'a United States coin worth one tenth of a dollar', 'nickel': 'a hard malleable ductile silvery metallic element that is resistant to corrosion; used in alloys; occurs in pentlandite and smaltite and garnierite and millerite', 'half_dollar': 'a United States coin worth half of a dollar', 'halfpenny': 'an English coin worth half a penny', 'penny': 'a fractional monetary unit of Ireland and the United Kingdom; equal to one hundredth of a pound', 'tenpence': 'a decimal coin worth ten pennies', 'twopence': 'a former United Kingdom silver coin; United Kingdom bronze decimal coin worth two pennies', 'threepence': 'former cupronickel coin of the United Kingdom equal to three pennies', 'fourpence': 'a former English silver coin worth four pennies', 'fivepence': 'a coin worth five cents', 'sixpence': 'a small coin of the United Kingdom worth six pennies; not minted since 1970', 'eightpence': 'a coin worth eight pennies', 'ninepence': 'a coin worth nine pennies', 'new_penny': 'a coin used in Great Britain since 1971 worth one hundredth of a pound', 'Susan_B_Anthony_dollar': 'a United States coin worth one dollar', 'silver_dollar': 'a dollar made of silver', 'double_eagle': '(golf) a score of three strokes under par on a hole', 'half_eagle': 'a former gold coin in United States worth 5 dollars', 'guinea': 'a former British gold coin worth 21 shillings', 'farthing': 'a former British bronze coin worth a quarter of a penny', 'doubloon': 'a former Spanish gold coin', \"louis_d'or\": 'a former French gold coin', 'sou': 'a former French coin of low denomination; often used of any small amount of money; \"he hasn\\'t a sou to his name\"', 'Maundy_money': 'specially minted silver coins that are distributed by the British sovereign on Maundy Thursday', 'fiat_money': 'money that the government declares to be legal tender although it cannot be converted into standard specie', 'silver_certificate': 'formerly a bank note issued by the United States Treasury and redeemable in silver', 'Treasury_bill': 'a short-term obligation that is not interest-bearing (it is purchased at a discount); can be traded on a discount basis for 91 days', 'Treasury_bond': 'a debt instrument with maturities of 10 years or longer', 'Treasury_note': 'securities with maturities of 1 to 10 years; sold for cash or in exchange for maturing issues or at auction', 'hundred_dollar_bill': 'a United States bill worth 100 dollars', 'fifty_dollar_bill': 'a United States bill worth 50 dollars', 'twenty_dollar_bill': 'a United States bill worth 20 dollars', 'tenner': 'a United States bill worth 10 dollars', 'fiver': 'a United States bill worth 5 dollars', 'two_dollar_bill': 'a United States bill worth 2 dollars', 'liabilities': 'anything that is owed to someone else', 'budget_deficit': 'an excess of expenditures over revenues', 'federal_deficit': 'an excess of the federal government\\'s spending over its revenue; \"federal deficits can cause inflation\"', 'trade_deficit': 'an excess of imports over exports', 'limited_liability': \"the liability of a firm's owners for no more than the capital they have invested in the firm\", 'arrears': 'the state of being behind in payments; \"an account in arrears\"', 'national_debt': 'the debt of the national government (as distinguished from the debts of individuals and businesses and political subdivisions)', 'public_debt': \"the total of the nation's debts: debts of local and state and national governments; an indicator of how much public spending is financed by borrowing instead of taxation\", 'debt_limit': 'the maximum borrowing power of a governmental entity', 'national_debt_ceiling': 'a limit set by Congress beyond which the national debt cannot rise; periodically raised by Congress', 'debt_instrument': 'a written promise to repay a debt', 'bad_debt': 'a debt that is unlikely to be repaid', 'installment_debt': 'debt to be paid by installments', 'loan': 'the temporary provision of money (usually at interest)', 'call_loan': 'a loan that is repayable on demand', 'direct_loan': 'a loan by a lender to a customer without the use of a third party; direct lending gives the lender greater discretion in making loans', 'participation_loan': 'a loan that is shared by a group of banks that join to make a loan too big for any one of them alone', 'personal_loan': \"a loan that establishes consumer credit that is granted for personal use; usually unsecured and based on the borrower's integrity and ability to pay\", 'automobile_loan': 'a personal loan to purchase an automobile', 'real_estate_loan': 'a loan on real estate that is usually secured by a mortgage', 'time_loan': 'a loan that is payable on or before a specified date', 'demand_note': 'a note payable on demand', 'lien': \"the right to take another's property if an obligation is not discharged\", \"artisan's_lien\": 'lien permitting an artisan to retain possession of a piece of work until has been paid for', 'federal_tax_lien': 'lien of the United States on all property of a taxpayer who fails to pay the federal government the taxes for which he or she is liable', 'general_lien': 'a lien on all the property owned by a debtor and not just a specific property', 'judgment_lien': \"lien on a debtor's property that is granted to a creditor by court judgment; lien may be enforced by having the sheriff seize the property and hold a sheriff's sale\", \"landlord's_lien\": \"lien on a tenant's property for the satisfaction of unpaid rent or property damage; the landlord is given the status of a preferred creditor with regard to the tenant's property\", \"mechanic's_lien\": 'lien to secure payment for work and materials in erecting or repairing a building or other structure', \"garageman's_lien\": \"the extension of a mechanic's lien to include payment for work on automobiles\", 'state_tax_lien': 'a lien on the property of a taxpayer that the tax collector can use upon default of payment of taxes', 'tax_lien': 'lien of which a tax collector may avail himself in default of taxes (analogous to a judgment lien)', \"warehouseman's_lien\": 'right of a warehouseman to retain goods until all storage charges have been paid', 'encumbrance': 'a charge against property (as a lien or mortgage)', 'quittance': 'a document or receipt certifying release from an obligation or debt', 'balance_sheet': 'a record of the financial situation of an institution on a particular date by listing its assets and the claims against those assets', 'expense_record': 'a written record of money spent', 'ledger': 'a record in which commercial accounts are recorded; \"they got a subpoena to examine our books\"', 'cost_ledger': 'ledger showing the accumulated costs classified in various ways', 'general_ledger': 'the ledger that contains all of the financial accounts of a business; contains offsetting debit and credit accounts (including control accounts)', 'subsidiary_ledger': 'details of an account supporting the amount stated in the general ledger', 'control_account': 'an account that shows totals of amounts entered in a subsidiary ledger', 'adjusting_entry': 'an accounting entry made at the end of an accounting period to allocate items between accounting periods', 'debit': 'an accounting entry acknowledging sums that are owing', 'credit_side': 'account of payments received; usually the right side of a financial statement', 'debit_side': 'account of payments owed; usually the left side of a financial statement', 'accrual_basis': 'a method of accounting in which each item is entered as it is earned or incurred regardless of when actual payments are received or made', 'cash_basis': 'a method of accounting in which each item is entered as payments are received or made', 'pooling_of_interest': 'an accounting method used in the merging of companies; the balance sheets are added together item by item; this method is tax-free', 'accounts_receivable': \"a creditor's accounts of money owed to him; normally arise from the sale of products or services\", 'note_receivable': 'your right in a promissory note in which the maker promises to pay a certain amount of money at a certain time', 'accounts_payable': \"a debtor's accounts of money he owes; normally arise from the purchase of products or services\", 'note_payable': 'a note promising to pay a certain amount of money at a certain time', 'profit_and_loss': 'an account compiled at the end of an accounting period to show gross and net profit or loss', 'stock_dividend': 'a dividend paid in stock rather than in cash', 'extra_dividend': 'a dividend paid in addition to the regular dividend', 'equalizing_dividend': 'a dividend paid to compensate shareholders for losses resulting from a change in the dividend schedule', 'divvy': 'short for dividend; especially one paid by a cooperative society', 'suspense_account': 'an account used temporarily to carry doubtful receipts and disbursements or discrepancies pending their analysis and permanent classification', 'balance_of_trade': 'the difference in value over a period of time of a country\\'s imports and exports of merchandise; \"a nation\\'s balance of trade is favorable when its exports exceed its imports\"', 'carry-over': 'the accumulated and undivided profits of a corporation after provision has been made for dividends and reserves', 'compensating_balance': 'a minimum credit balance that a bank may require a borrower to keep on deposit as a condition for granting a loan; a common requirement for establishing a line of credit at a bank; \"the compensating balance increases the effective interest rate to the bank since the net amount loaned is reduced but the interest paid is unchanged\"', 'invisible_balance': \"the difference in value over a period of time of a country's imports and exports of services and payments of property incomes\", 'balance_of_payments': 'a system of recording all of a country\\'s economic transactions with the rest of the world over a period of one year; \"a favorable balance of payments exists when more payments are coming in than going out\"', 'current_account': \"that part of the balance of payments recording a nation's exports and imports of goods and services and transfer payments\", 'trial_balance': 'a balance of debits and credits in double-entry bookkeeping; drawn up to test their equality', 'audited_account': 'an inspection of the accounting procedures and records by a trained accountant or CPA', 'limited_audit': 'an audit of limited scope (limited in time span or confined to particular accounts etc.)', 'analytical_review': 'an auditing procedure based on ratios among accounts and tries to identify significant changes', 'expense_account': 'an account to which salespersons or executives can charge travel and entertainment expenses', 'payslip': 'a slip of paper included with your pay that records how much money you have earned and how much tax or insurance etc. has been taken out', 'peanuts': 'an insignificant sum of money; a trifling amount; \"her salary is peanuts compared to his\"', 'mess_of_pottage': 'anything of trivial value; \"Esau sold his birthright to Jacob for a mess of pottage\"', 'bankbook': 'a record of deposits and withdrawals and interest held by depositors at certain banks', 'checkbook': 'a book issued to holders of checking accounts', 'pawn_ticket': \"a pawnbroker's receipt for articles taken as security\", 'escrow': 'a written agreement (or property or money) delivered to a third party or put in trust by one party to a contract to be returned after fulfillment of some condition', 'escrow_funds': 'funds held in escrow', 'commercial_paper': 'an unsecured and unregistered short-term obligation issued by an institutional borrower to investors who have temporarily idle cash', 'municipal_note': 'a municipal debt instrument with a maturity of less than 2 years', 'IOU': \"an informal debt instrument; representing `I owe you'\", 'time_note': 'a note that specifies the time (or times) of repayment', 'hotel_plan': 'a plan and a room rate for providing a room and meals to guests at a hotel', 'American_plan': 'a hotel plan that includes three meals daily', 'modified_American_plan': 'a hotel plan that includes breakfast and dinner (but not lunch)', 'Bermuda_plan': 'a hotel plan that provides a full breakfast daily', 'European_plan': 'a hotel plan that provides a continental breakfast daily', 'scrip': 'a certificate whose value is recognized by the payer and payee; scrip is not currency but may be convertible into currency', 'stock_certificate': 'a certificate documenting the shareholder\\'s ownership in the corporation; \"the value of his stocks doubled during the past year\"', 'tax-exempt_security': 'a security that is not subject to taxation', 'bond': 'a superior quality of strong durable white writing paper; originally made for printing documents', 'Premium_Bond': 'a government bond that bears no interest or capital gains but enters the holder into lotteries', 'perpetual_warrant': 'a warrant with no expiration date', 'subscription_warrant': 'a warrant that expires on a stipulated date', 'zero-coupon_security': 'a security that makes no interest payments but instead is sold at a deep discount from its face value', 'partnership_certificate': 'a certificate showing the interests of all parties in a business partnership', 'proprietorship_certificate': 'a certificate showing who is responsible in an individually owned business', 'letter_security': 'a stock or bond that is not registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission and cannot be sold in the public market', 'investment_letter': 'a letter of intent saying that a letter security is being bought for investment and not for resale; avoids need for SEC registration', 'treasury_stock': 'stock that has been bought back by the issuing corporation and is available for retirement or resale; it is issued but not outstanding; it cannot vote and pays no dividends', 'voting_stock': 'shares in a corporation that entitle the shareholder to voting and proxy rights', 'watered_stock': 'stock representing ownership of overvalued assets; stock of a corporation whose total worth is less than its invested capital', 'letter_stock': 'stock that has not been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission and cannot be sold to the general public', 'letter_bond': 'a bond that has not been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission and cannot be sold to the general public', 'listed_security': 'a security that has been accepted for trading by one of the organized and registered securities exchanges in the US', 'unlisted_security': 'a security traded in the over-the-counter market', 'over_the_counter_stock': 'stock that is not listed and traded on an organized exchange', 'budget': 'a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose; \"the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year\"', 'balanced_budget': 'a budget is balanced when current expenditures are equal to receipts', 'Civil_List': 'a sum of money voted by British Parliament each year for the expenses of the British royal family', 'operating_budget': 'a budget for current expenses as distinct from financial transactions or permanent improvements', 'petty_cash': 'a small fund of cash that a firm keeps for the payment of incidental expenses', 'pocket_money': 'cash for day-to-day spending on incidental expenses', 'ready_cash': 'money in the form of cash that is readily available; \"his wife was always a good source of ready cash\"; \"he paid cold cash for the TV set\"', 'sight_draft': 'a draft payable on presentation', 'time_draft': 'a draft payable at a specified future date', 'matching_funds': 'funds that will be supplied in an amount matching the funds available from other sources', 'ablactation': 'the cessation of lactation', 'abrasion': 'an abraded area where the skin is torn or worn off', 'absorption': '(physics) the process in which incident radiated energy is retained without reflection or transmission on passing through a medium; \"the absorption of photons by atoms or molecules\"', 'acclimatization': 'adaptation to a new climate (a new temperature or altitude or environment)', 'acetylation': 'the process of introducing an acetyl group into a compound; \"the acetylation of cyclooxygenase-2 by aspirin\"', 'Acheson_process': 'an industrial process for making graphite by heating a mixture of coke and clay', 'acid-base_equilibrium': '(physiology) the normal equilibrium between acids and alkalis in the body; \"with a normal acid-base balance in the body the blood is slightly alkaline\"', 'acidification': 'the process of becoming acid or being converted into an acid', 'active_birth': 'childbirth during which the mother is encouraged to be an active participant', 'active_transport': 'transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; requires an expenditure of energy', 'acylation': 'the process of introducing an acyl group into a compound', 'addition_reaction': 'a chemical reaction in which one molecule is added to another', 'adiabatic_process': '(thermodynamics) any process that occurs without gain or loss of heat', 'administrative_data_processing': 'data processing in accounting or business management', 'adsorption': 'the accumulation of molecules of a gas to form a thin film on the surface of a solid', 'advection': '(meteorology) the horizontal transfer of heat or other atmospheric properties', 'agenesis': 'imperfect development; nondevelopment of a part', 'agglutination': 'the coalescing of small particles that are suspended in solution; these larger masses are then (usually) precipitated', 'aging': 'the organic process of growing older and showing the effects of increasing age', 'aldol_reaction': 'a reaction of aldehydes resulting in an aldol', 'alluvion': 'gradual formation of new land, by recession of the sea or deposit of sediment', 'alpha_decay': 'radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus that is accompanied by the emission of an alpha particle', 'alternative_birth': 'a method of childbirth that avoids intrusive high-tech medicine in favor of more natural and homely settings', 'amelogenesis': 'the developmental process of forming tooth enamel', 'Americanization': 'assimilation into American culture', 'amitosis': 'the direct method of cell division characterized by simple division of the nucleus without formation of chromosomes', 'ammonification': 'impregnation with ammonia or a compound of ammonia', 'amylolysis': 'conversion of starch to sugar', 'anabolism': 'the synthesis in living organisms of more complex substances (e.g., living tissue) from simpler ones together with the storage of energy', 'anaglyphy': 'the process of producing pictures in contrasting colors that appear three-dimensional when superimposed and viewed through spectacles with one red and one green lens', 'anamorphism': \"metamorphism that occurs deep under the earth's surface; changes simple minerals into complex minerals\", 'anaphase': 'the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle', 'anastalsis': 'muscular action of the alimentary tract in a direction opposite to peristalsis', 'androgenesis': 'male parthenogenesis in which the embryo contains only paternal chromosomes due to the failure of the egg nucleus to participate in fertilization', 'angiogenesis': 'the formation of new blood vessels', 'Anglicization': 'the act of anglicizing; making English in appearance', 'anisogamy': '(biology) reproduction by the union or fusion of two differing gametes (especially differing in size)', 'anovulation': 'the absence of ovulation due to immaturity or post-maturity or pregnancy or oral contraceptive pills or dysfunction of the ovary', 'anthropogenesis': 'the evolution or genesis of the human race', 'antiredeposition': 'the process of preventing redeposition', 'antisepsis': 'the process of inhibiting the growth and multiplication of microorganisms', 'aphaeresis': \"(linguistics) omission at the beginning of a word as in `coon' for `raccoon' or `till' for `until'\", 'aphesis': \"the gradual disappearance of an initial (usually unstressed) vowel or syllable as in `squire' for `esquire'\", 'apogamy': '(botany) development of an embryo without fertilization; especially the development in some ferns of a sporophyte from the gametophyte without fertilization', 'apomixis': 'any of several kinds of reproduction without fertilization', 'apposition': 'a grammatical relation between a word and a noun phrase that follows; \"`Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer\\' is an example of apposition\"', 'asexual_reproduction': 'reproduction without the fusion of gametes', 'assibilation': 'the development of a consonant phoneme into a sibilant', 'asynchronous_operation': 'operations that occur without a regular or predictable time relation to other events', 'autocatalysis': 'catalysis in which the catalyst is one of the products of the reaction', 'autolysis': 'lysis of plant or animal tissue by an internal process', 'automatic_data_processing': 'data processing by a computer', 'autoradiography': 'producing a radiograph by means of the radiation emitted from the specimen being photographed', 'autotype': 'process for producing permanent prints in a carbon pigment', 'autoregulation': '(physiology) processes that maintain a generally constant physiological state in a cell or organism', 'auxesis': 'growth from increase in cell size without cell division', 'auxiliary_operation': 'a operation performed by off-line equipment not under the control of the central processing unit', 'background_processing': 'the execution of low priority programs while higher priority programs are not using the processing system', 'bacteriolysis': 'dissolution or destruction of bacteria', 'bacteriostasis': 'inhibition of the growth of bacteria', 'basal_metabolic_rate': 'the rate at which heat is produced by an individual in a resting state', 'basal_metabolism': 'the amount of energy required to maintain the body of an individual in a resting state', 'batch_processing': 'the serial execution of computer programs', 'beach_erosion': 'the erosion of beaches', 'bed-wetting': 'enuresis during sleep; especially common in children (who usually outgrow it)', 'Bessemer_process': 'an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities; the first successful method of making steel in quantity at low cost', 'beta_decay': 'radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus that is accompanied by the emission of a beta particle', 'biochemical_mechanism': 'a chemical mechanism involved in vital processes occurring in living organisms', 'biosynthesis': 'production of a chemical compound by a living organism', 'blood_coagulation': 'a process in which liquid blood is changed into a semisolid mass (a blood clot)', 'blooming': 'the organic process of bearing flowers; \"you will stop all bloom if you let the flowers go to seed\"', 'blossoming': 'the time and process of budding and unfolding of blossoms', 'blowing': 'processing that involves blowing a gas', 'bluing': 'used to whiten laundry or hair or give it a bluish tinge', 'bodily_process': 'an organic process that takes place in the body; \"respiratory activity\"', 'boolean_operation': 'an operation that follows the rules of Boolean algebra; each operand and the result take one of two values', 'bottom_fermentation': 'a slow kind of alcoholic fermentation at a temperature low enough that the yeast cells can sink to the bottom of the fermenting liquid; used in the production of lager', 'bowel_movement': 'a euphemism for defecation; \"he had a bowel movement\"', 'Bradley_method_of_childbirth': 'a method that prepares a mother for natural childbirth by providing education and exercises and nutrition and techniques of breathing and relaxation (with the assistance of the father)', 'brooding': 'sitting on eggs so as to hatch them by the warmth of the body', 'budding': 'reproduction of some unicellular organisms (such as yeasts) by growth and specialization followed by the separation by constriction of a part of the parent', 'calcification': 'tissue hardened by deposition of lime salts', 'calcination': 'the conversion of metals into their oxides as a result of heating to a high temperature', 'calving': 'giving birth to a calf', 'carbonation': 'saturation with carbon dioxide (as soda water)', 'carbon_cycle': 'the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again', 'carbonization': 'the destructive distillation of coal (as in coke ovens)', 'carriage_return': 'the operation that prepares for the next character to be printed or displayed as the first character on a line', 'catabiosis': 'normal aging of cells', 'catabolism': 'breakdown in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones together with release of energy', 'catalysis': 'acceleration of a chemical reaction induced the presence of material that is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction; \"of the top 50 commodity chemicals, 30 are created directly by catalysis and another 6 are made from raw materials that are catalytically produced\"', 'cell_division': 'the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells', 'cenogenesis': 'introduction during embryonic development of characters or structure not present in the earlier evolutionary history of the strain or species (such as the addition of the placenta in mammalian evolution)', 'centrifugation': 'the process of separating substances of different densities by the use of a centrifuge', 'chain_reaction': 'a self-sustaining nuclear reaction; a series of nuclear fissions in which neutrons released by splitting one atom leads to the splitting of others', 'chelation': '(medicine) the process of removing a heavy metal from the bloodstream by means of a chelate as in treating lead or mercury poisoning', 'chemical_equilibrium': 'a chemical reaction and its reverse proceed at equal rates', 'chemical_process': '(chemistry) any process determined by the atomic and molecular composition and structure of the substances involved', 'chemical_reaction': '(chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others; \"there was a chemical reaction of the lime with the ground water\"', 'chemisorption': 'adsorption (especially when irreversible) by means of chemical instead of physical forces; \"chemisorption of gaseous nitrogen on iron catalysts\"', 'chemosynthesis': 'synthesis of carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water; limited to certain bacteria and fungi', 'childbirth': 'the parturition process in human beings; having a baby; the process of giving birth to a child', 'chromatography': 'a process used for separating mixtures by virtue of differences in absorbency', 'climate_change': \"a change in the world's climate\", 'clouding': 'the process whereby water particles become visible in the sky', 'cold_fusion': 'nuclear fusion at or near room temperatures; claims to have discovered it are generally considered to have been mistaken', 'column_chromatography': 'chromatography that uses selective adsorption by a column of powders', 'combustion': 'a state of violent disturbance and excitement; \"combustion grew until revolt was unavoidable\"', 'deflagration': 'combustion that propagates through a gas or along the surface of an explosive at a rapid rate driven by the transfer of heat', 'computer_operation': 'an elementary operation that a computer is designed and built to perform', 'concretion': 'the formation of stonelike objects within a body organ (e.g., the kidneys)', 'concurrent_operation': 'two or more operations performed at the same time (or within a give interval)', 'congealment': 'the process of congealing; solidification by (or as if by) freezing', 'conspicuous_consumption': 'buying expensive services and products in order to flaunt your wealth', 'control_operation': 'an operation that controls the recording or processing or transmission of interpretation of data; \"a control operation started the data processing\"', 'convalescence': 'gradual healing (through rest) after sickness or injury', 'convection': '(meteorology) the vertical movement of heat or other properties by massive motion within the atmosphere', 'cooling': 'the process of becoming cooler; a falling temperature', 'corrosion': 'a state of deterioration in metals caused by oxidation or chemical action', 'cost-pull_inflation': 'inflation caused by an increase in the costs of production', 'cracking': 'the process whereby heavy molecules of naphtha or petroleum are broken down into hydrocarbons of lower molecular weight (especially in the oil-refining process)', 'crossing_over': 'the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis', 'curdling': 'the process of forming semisolid lumps in a liquid', 'cyanide_process': 'an industrial process for extracting gold and silver by treating ore with a sodium cyanide solution', 'cytogenesis': 'the origin and development and variation of cells', 'cytolysis': 'pathological breakdown of cells by the destruction of their outer membrane', 'data_mining': 'data processing using sophisticated data search capabilities and statistical algorithms to discover patterns and correlations in large preexisting databases; a way to discover new meaning in data', 'data_processing': '(computer science) a series of operations on data by a computer in order to retrieve or transform or classify information', 'dealignment': 'a process whereby voters are moved toward nonpartisanship thus weakening the structure of political parties', 'deamination': 'removal of the amino radical from an amino acid or other amino compound', 'decalcification': 'loss of calcium from bones or teeth', 'decarboxylation': 'the process of removing a carboxyl group from a chemical compound (usually replacing it with hydrogen)', 'decline': 'a condition inferior to an earlier condition; a gradual falling off from a better state', 'decoction': '(pharmacology) the extraction of water-soluble drug substances by boiling', 'decoction_process': '(brewing) a process in which part of the mash is removed and boiled and then returned', 'dedifferentiation': 'the loss of specialization in form or function', 'deepening': 'a process of becoming deeper and more profound', 'defecation': 'the elimination of fecal waste through the anus', 'defense_mechanism': '(psychiatry) an unconscious process that tries to reduce the anxiety associated with instinctive desires', 'degaussing': \"the process of making a (steel) ship's hull nonmagnetic by producing an opposing magnetic field\", 'dehydration': 'dryness resulting from the removal of water', 'de-iodination': 'the removal of iodine atoms from organic compounds', 'demagnetization': 'the process of removing magnetization', 'demand-pull_inflation': 'inflation caused by an increase in demand or in the supply of money', 'demineralization': 'abnormal loss of mineral salts (especially from bone)', 'denazification': 'social process of removing Nazis from official positions and giving up any allegiance to Nazism; \"denazification was a slow process\"', 'deossification': 'the loss of the mineral content of bone tissue', 'eponymy': 'the derivation of a general name from that of a famous person', 'desalination': 'the removal of salt (especially from sea water)', 'desertification': 'the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert; is usually caused by climate change or by destructive use of the land; \"the dust storms in Korea are the result of rapid desertification in China\"', 'desensitization': 'the process of reducing sensitivity; \"the patient was desensitized to the allergen\"', 'desorption': 'changing from an adsorbed state on a surface to a gaseous or liquid state', 'destalinization': 'social process of neutralizing the influence of Joseph Stalin by revising his policies and removing monuments dedicated to him and renaming places named in his honor; \"his statue was demolished as part of destalinization\"', 'destructive_distillation': 'heating a solid substance in a closed container and collecting the volatile products', 'deterioration': 'a symptom of reduced quality or strength', 'detumescence': 'diminution of swelling; the subsidence of anything swollen', 'diakinesis': 'the final stage of the prophase of meiosis', 'diastrophism': \"the process of deformation that produces continents and ocean basins in the earth's crust\", 'digital_photography': 'a photographic method that stores the image digitally for later reproduction', 'dilapidation': 'the process of becoming dilapidated', 'diplotene': 'the fourth stage of the prophase of meiosis', 'disinflation': 'a reduction of prices intended to improve the balance of payments', 'dissimilation': 'a linguistic process by which one of two similar sounds in a word becomes less like the other; \"the Old French MARBRE became the English MARBLE by dissimilation\"', 'dissolving': 'the process of going into solution; \"the dissolving of salt in water\"', 'distillation': 'the process of purifying a liquid by boiling it and condensing its vapors', 'distributed_data_processing': 'data processing in which some of the functions are performed in different places and connected by transmission facilities', 'dithering': 'the process of representing intermediate colors by patterns of tiny colored dots that simulate the desired color', 'double_decomposition': 'a chemical reaction between two compounds in which parts of each are interchanged to form two new compounds (AB+CD=AD+CB)', 'double_replacement_reaction': 'a chemical reaction between two compounds where the positive ion of one compound is exchanged with the positive ion of another compound', 'dry_plate': 'a former photographic method that used a glass plate coated with a light-sensitive gelatinous emulsion', 'melioration': 'the linguistic process in which over a period of time a word grows more positive in connotation or more elevated in meaning', 'dyadic_operation': 'an operation on exactly two operands', 'eburnation': 'a change that occurs in degenerative joint disease in which bone is converted into a dense smooth substance resembling ivory', 'ecchymosis': 'the purple or black-and-blue area resulting from a bruise', 'economic_growth': 'steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy (and so a growth of national income)', 'economic_process': 'any process affecting the production and development and management of material wealth', 'effervescence': 'the process of bubbling as gas escapes', 'electrodeposition': 'the deposition of a substance on an electrode by the action of electricity (especially by electrolysis)', 'electronic_data_processing': 'automatic data processing by electronic means without the use of tabulating cards or punched tapes', 'electrophoresis': 'the motion of charged particles in a colloid under the influence of an electric field; particles with a positive charge go to the cathode and negative to the anode', 'electrostatic_precipitation': 'a process that removes suspended dust particles from a gas by applying a high voltage electrostatic charge to the particles and collecting them on charged plates', 'elimination_reaction': 'a chemical reaction in which a molecule decomposes to two different molecules', 'elision': 'omission of a sound between two words (usually a vowel and the end of one word or the beginning of the next)', 'ellipsis': 'omission or suppression of parts of words or sentences', 'elution': 'the process of extracting one material from another by washing with a solvent to remove adsorbed material from an adsorbent (as in washing of loaded ion-exchange resins to remove captured ions); used to obtain uranium ions', 'emergent_evolution': 'the appearance of entirely new properties at certain critical stages in the course of evolution', 'encapsulation': 'the condition of being enclosed (as in a capsule); \"the encapsulation of tendons in membranous sheaths\"', 'endoergic_reaction': 'a nuclear reaction occurring with absorption of energy', 'endothermic_reaction': 'a chemical reaction accompanied by the absorption of heat', 'enuresis': 'inability to control the flow of urine and involuntary urination', 'epigenesis': 'a geological change in the mineral content of rock after the rock has formed', 'epilation': 'loss of hair; the result of removing hair', 'epitaxy': 'growing a crystal layer of one mineral on the crystal base of another mineral in such a manner that its crystalline orientation is the same as that of the substrate', 'erosion': \"condition in which the earth's surface is worn away by the action of water and wind\", 'erythropoiesis': 'the process of producing red blood cells by the stem cells in the bone marrow', 'Europeanization': 'assimilation into European culture', 'eutrophication': 'excessive nutrients in a lake or other body of water, usually caused by runoff of nutrients (animal waste, fertilizers, sewage) from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life; the decomposition of the plants depletes the supply of oxygen, leading to the death of animal life; \"he argued that the controlling factor in eutrophication is not nitrate but phosphate\"', 'evolution': '(biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms', 'exoergic_reaction': 'a nuclear reaction accompanied by the evolution of energy', 'exothermic_reaction': 'a chemical reaction accompanied by the evolution of heat', 'expectoration': 'the process of coughing up and spitting out', 'exponential_decay': 'a decrease that follows an exponential function', 'extravasation': 'an extravasated liquid (blood or lymph or urine); the product of extravasation', 'farrow': 'the production of a litter of pigs', 'fat_metabolism': 'a metabolic process that breaks down ingested fats into fatty acids and glycerol and then into simpler compounds that can be used by cells of the body', 'feminization': 'the process of becoming feminized; the development of female characteristics (loss of facial hair or breast enlargement) in a male because of hormonal disorders or castration', 'festering': '(medicine) the formation of morbific matter in an abscess or a vesicle and the discharge of pus', 'fibrinolysis': 'a normal ongoing process that dissolves fibrin and results in the removal of small blood clots; \"drugs causing fibrinolysis have been utilized therapeutically\"', 'field_emission': 'the emission of electrons that are stripped from parent atoms by a high electric field', 'fission': 'reproduction of some unicellular organisms by division of the cell into two more or less equal parts', 'fixed-cycle_operation': 'an operation that is completed in a specified number of regularly timed execution cycles', 'floating-point_operation': 'an arithmetic operation performed on floating-point numbers; \"this computer can perform a million flops per second\"', 'flocculation': 'the process of flocculating; forming woolly cloudlike aggregations', 'foreground_processing': 'the execution of a program that preempts the use of the processing system', 'fractional_distillation': 'fractionation of a liquid by distillation', 'freeze-drying': 'a method of drying food or blood plasma or pharmaceuticals or tissue without destroying their physical structure; material is frozen and then warmed in a vacuum so that the ice sublimes', 'frost': 'ice crystals forming a white deposit (especially on objects outside)', 'galactosis': 'the secretion of milk', 'gametogenesis': 'the development and maturation of sex cells through meiosis', 'gasification': 'the process of changing into gas; \"coal gas is produced by the gasification of coal\"', 'gastric_digestion': 'the process of breaking down proteins by the action of the gastric juice in the stomach', 'gastrulation': 'the process in which a gastrula develops from a blastula by the inward migration of cells', 'geological_process': '(geology) a natural process whereby geological features are modified', 'glaciation': 'the condition of being covered with glaciers or masses of ice; the result of glacial action; \"Agassiz recognized marks of glaciation all over northern Europe\"', 'Riss_glaciation': 'the next-to-last Pleistocene glaciation in the Alps and the deposits laid down at that time', 'Saale_glaciation': 'the next-to-last Pleistocene glaciation in northern Europe and the deposits laid down at that time', 'Wolstonian_glaciation': 'the next-to-last Pleistocene glaciation in Britain and the deposits laid down at that time', 'globalization': 'growth to a global or worldwide scale; \"the globalization of the communication industry\"', 'global_warming': \"an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)\", 'glycolysis': 'a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and releases energy for the body in the form of ATP', 'growing': '(electronics) the production of (semiconductor) crystals by slow crystallization from the molten state', 'gynogenesis': 'female parthenogenesis in which the embryo contains only maternal chromosomes due to the failure of the sperm to fuse with the egg nucleus', 'Haber_process': 'an industrial process for producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen by combining them under high pressure in the presence of an iron catalyst', 'healing': 'the natural process by which the body repairs itself', 'heat_dissipation': 'dissipation of heat', 'heating': 'the process of becoming warmer; a rising temperature', 'hemagglutination': 'agglutination of red blood cells', 'hematochezia': 'passage of stools containing blood (as from diverticulosis or colon cancer or peptic ulcer)', 'hematopoiesis': 'the formation of blood cells in the living body (especially in the bone marrow)', 'hemimetamorphosis': 'incomplete or partial metamorphosis in insects', 'heterometabolism': 'development of insects with incomplete metamorphosis in which no pupal stage precedes maturity', 'hemolysis': 'lysis of erythrocytes with the release of hemoglobin', 'heterospory': 'the development of both microspores and megaspores', 'holometabolism': 'complete metamorphosis in insects', 'homospory': 'the development of a single kind of asexual spores', 'human_process': 'a process in which human beings are involved', 'humification': 'the process of the formation of humus from plant remains', 'hydration': 'the process of combining with water; usually reversible', 'hydrocracking': 'the process whereby hydrocarbon molecules of petroleum are broken down into kerosene and gasolene by the addition of hydrogen under high pressure in the presence of a catalyst', 'hydrogenation': 'a chemical process that adds hydrogen atoms to an unsaturated oil; \"food producers use hydrogenation to keep fat from becoming rancid\"', 'hydrolysis': 'a chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds; involves the splitting of a bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion from the water', 'hyperhidrosis': 'excessive and profuse perspiration', 'hypersecretion': 'excessive secretion', 'imbibition': '(chemistry) the absorption of a liquid by a solid or gel', 'immunoelectrophoresis': 'electrophoresis to separate antigens and antibodies', 'impregnation': 'material with which something is impregnated; \"the impregnation, whatever it was, had turned the rock blue\"', 'inactivation': 'the process of rendering inactive; \"the gene inactivation system\"; \"thermal inactivation of serum samples\"', 'incontinence': 'involuntary urination or defecation', 'induction_heating': 'the heating of a conducting material caused by an electric current induced in it', 'industrial_process': 'a systematic series of mechanical or chemical operations that produce or manufacture something', 'indweller': 'activation by an inner spirit or force or principle; \"the Holy Spirit is the indweller of the church and its members\"', 'inflationary_spiral': 'an episode of inflation in which prices and wages increase at an increasing rate and currency rapidly loses value', 'deflationary_spiral': 'an episode of deflation in which prices and wages decrease at an increasing rate and currency gains in value', 'inflow': 'the process of flowing in', 'infructescence': 'the fruiting stage of the inflorescence', 'inpouring': 'an inflow; \"an inpouring of spiritual comfort\"', 'inspissation': 'the process of thickening by dehydration', 'integrated_data_processing': 'automatic data processing in which data acquisition and other stages or processing are integrated into a coherent system', 'intellectualization': '(psychiatry) a defense mechanism that uses reasoning to block out emotional stress and conflict', 'internal_combustion': 'the combustion of fuel inside a cylinder (as in an internal-combustion engine)', 'intumescence': 'swelling up with blood or other fluids (as with congestion)', 'intussusception': '(biology) growth in the surface area of a cell by the deposit of new particles between existing particles in the cell wall', 'invagination': 'the condition of being folded inward or sheathed', 'iodination': 'the substitution or addition of iodine atoms in organic compounds', 'ion_exchange': 'a process in which ions are exchanged between a solution and an insoluble (usually resinous) solid; widely used in industrial processing', 'ionization': 'the condition of being dissociated into ions (as by heat or radiation or chemical reaction or electrical discharge); \"the ionization of a gas\"', 'irreversible_process': 'any process that is not reversible', 'isoagglutination': 'agglutination of an agglutinogen of one individual by a serum from another individual of the same species', 'isogamy': '(biology) reproduction by the union or fusion of gametes of the same size and structure', 'juvenescence': 'the process of growing into a youth', 'cytokinesis': 'organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells', 'karyokinesis': 'organic process consisting of the division of the nucleus of a cell during mitosis or meiosis', 'karyolysis': 'disintegration and dissolution of a cell nucleus when a cell dies', 'katamorphism': \"metamorphism that occurs at or near the earth's surface; breaks down complex minerals into simpler ones\", 'keratinization': 'organic process by which keratin is deposited in cells and the cells become horny (as in nails and hair)', 'Krebs_cycle': 'in all plants and animals: a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy', 'lacrimation': 'shedding tears', 'lactation': 'the period following birth during which milk is secreted; \"lactation normally continues until weaning\"', 'Lamaze_method_of_childbirth': 'a method that prepares a mother for natural childbirth; the pregnant woman (in classes and at home) practices (usually with the help of a coach) and learns about the physiology of childbirth and techniques of relaxation, concentration, and breathing', 'laying': 'the production of eggs (especially in birds)', 'leach': 'the process of leaching', 'Leboyer_method_of_childbirth': \"a method of childbirth that tries to minimize the trauma for the newborn; delivery occurs in a quiet dimly lit room and the infant's head is not pulled and immediate bonding between mother and child is encouraged\", 'leeway': '(of a ship or plane) sideways drift', 'leptotene': 'the first stage of the prophase of meiosis', 'lexicalization': 'the process of making a word to express a concept', 'libration': '(astronomy) a real or apparent slow oscillation of a moon or satellite; \"the libration of the moon\"', 'light_reaction': 'the first stage of photosynthesis during which energy from light is used for the production of ATP', 'line_feed': 'the operation that prepares for the next character to be printed or displayed on the next line', 'liquefaction': 'the conversion of a solid or a gas into a liquid', 'list_processing': 'processing data that is given in the form of chained lists', 'lithuresis': 'passing small stones with the urine', 'logic_operation': 'an operation that follows the rules of symbolic logic', 'lymphopoiesis': 'the formation of lymphocytes in the bone marrow and lymph nodes and thymus and spleen', 'lysis': 'recuperation in which the symptoms of an acute disease gradually subside', 'lysogenization': 'the process by which a bacterium acquires a phage that becomes integrated into its genome', 'maceration': 'softening due to soaking or steeping', 'macroevolution': 'evolution on a large scale extending over geologic era and resulting in the formation of new taxonomic groups', 'majority_operation': 'a threshold operation in which each operand is 0 or 1; output is 1 if and only if more than half the operands have the value 1', 'malabsorption': 'abnormal absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract', 'marginalization': 'the social process of becoming or being made marginal (especially as a group within the larger society); \"the marginalization of the underclass\"; \"the marginalization of literature\"', 'market_forces': 'the interaction of supply and demand that shapes a market economy', 'Markov_chain': 'a Markov process for which the parameter is discrete time values', 'Markov_process': 'a simple stochastic process in which the distribution of future states depends only on the present state and not on how it arrived in the present state', 'masculinization': 'the abnormal development of male sexual characteristics in a female (usually as the result of hormone therapies or adrenal malfunction)', 'maturation': 'coming to full development; becoming mature', 'meiosis': '(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome number (leading to gametes in animals and spores in plants)', 'mellowing': 'the process of becoming mellow', 'menorrhagia': 'abnormally heavy or prolonged menstruation; can be a symptom of uterine tumors and can lead to anemia if prolonged', 'menstruation': 'the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; \"the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation\"; \"a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped\"--Hippocrates; \"the semen begins to appear in males and to be emitted at the same time of life that the catamenia begin to flow in females\"--Aristotle', 'metabolism': 'the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life', 'metamorphism': 'change in the structure of rock by natural agencies such as pressure or heat or introduction of new chemical substances', 'metaphase': 'the second stage of meiosis', 'metastasis': 'the spreading of a disease (especially cancer) to another part of the body', 'metathesis': 'a linguistic process of transposition of sounds or syllables within a word or words within a sentence', 'microevolution': 'evolution resulting from small specific genetic changes that can lead to a new subspecies', 'microphoning': 'the transduction of sound waves into electrical waves (by a microphone)', 'micturition': 'the discharge of urine', 'mineral_extraction': 'crushing and separating ore into valuable substances or waste by any of a variety of techniques', 'mitosis': 'cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes', 'molt': 'periodic shedding of the cuticle in arthropods or the outer skin in reptiles', 'monadic_operation': 'an operation with exactly one operand', 'monogenesis': 'asexual reproduction by the production and release of spores', 'morphallaxis': 'regeneration on a reduced scale of a body part; observed especially in invertebrates such as certain lobsters', 'morphogenesis': 'differentiation and growth of the structure of an organism (or a part of an organism)', 'multiplex_operation': 'an operation in which two or more activities are interleaved', 'multiprocessing': 'simultaneous processing by two or more processing units', 'multiprogramming': 'the execution of two or more computer programs by a single computer', 'myelinization': 'the development of a myelin sheath around a nerve fiber', 'natural_childbirth': 'labor and childbirth without medical intervention; no drugs are given to relieve pain or aid the birth process; \"natural childbirth is considered the safest for the baby\"', 'natural_process': 'a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings); \"the action of natural forces\"; \"volcanic activity\"', 'Nazification': 'social process of adopting (or being forced to adopt) Nazism; \"as the process of Nazification spread they paid less attention to public opinion\"', 'necrolysis': 'disintegration and dissolution of dead tissue', 'negative_feedback': 'feedback in opposite phase with (decreasing) the input', 'neoplasia': 'the pathological process that results in the formation and growth of a tumor', 'neurogenesis': 'the development of nerve tissues', 'new_line': 'the operation that prepares for the next character to be printed or displayed as the first character on the next line', 'nitrification': 'the chemical process in which a nitro group is added to an organic compound (or substituted for another group in an organic compound)', 'nitrogen_cycle': 'the circulation of nitrogen; nitrates from the soil are absorbed by plants which are eaten by animals that die and decay returning the nitrogen back to the soil', 'nitrogen_fixation': 'the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil bacteria and its release for plant use on the death of the bacteria', 'nocturia': 'excessive urination at night; especially common in older men', 'nocturnal_emission': 'ejaculation during sleep (usually during a dream)', 'nondevelopment': 'failure of normal development to occur', 'nondisjunction': 'meiosis in which there is a failure of paired homologous chromosomes to separate; results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells', 'nosedive': 'a sudden sharp drop or rapid decline; \"the stock took a nosedive\"', 'nuclear_reaction': '(physics) a process that alters the energy or structure or composition of atomic nuclei', 'nucleosynthesis': '(astronomy) the cosmic synthesis of atoms more complex than the hydrogen atom', 'obsolescence': 'the process of becoming obsolete; falling into disuse or becoming out of date; \"a policy of planned obsolescence\"', 'oligomenorrhea': 'abnormally light or infrequent menstruation', 'oliguria': 'abnormally small production of urine; can be a symptom of kidney disease or obstruction of the urinary tract or edema or an imbalance of fluids and electrolytes in the body', 'oogenesis': 'development of ova', 'opacification': 'the process of becoming cloudy or opaque', 'open-hearth_process': 'a process for making steel using an open-hearth furnace', 'opsonization': 'process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis', 'organic_process': 'a process occurring in living organisms', 'organification': 'the process of organ formation', 'orogeny': \"the process of mountain formation (especially by the upward displacement of the earth's crust)\", 'osmosis': '(biology, chemistry) diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal', 'reverse_osmosis': '(chemistry) a method of producing pure water; a solvent passes through a semipermeable membrane in a direction opposite to that for natural osmosis when it is subjected to a hydrostatic pressure greater than the osmotic pressure', 'osteolysis': 'lysis of bone caused by disease or infection or inadequate blood supply', 'outflow': 'the process of flowing out', 'overactivity': 'excessive activity; \"overactivity of the sebaceous glands causes the skin to become oily\"', 'overflow_incontinence': 'urinary incontinence that occurs when the bladder is so full that it continually leaks urine; often attributable to a blocked urethra (e.g., due to prostate enlargement) or weak bladder muscles or nerve damage', 'overheating': 'excessive heating', 'ovulation': 'the expulsion of an ovum from the ovary (usually midway in the menstrual cycle)', 'oxidation': 'the process of oxidizing; the addition of oxygen to a compound with a loss of electrons; always occurs accompanied by reduction', 'oxidation-reduction': 'a reversible chemical reaction in which one reaction is an oxidation and the reverse is a reduction', 'oxidative_phosphorylation': 'an enzymatic process in cell metabolism that synthesizes ATP from ADP', 'oxygenation': 'the process of providing or combining or treating with oxygen; \"the oxygenation of the blood\"', 'pachytene': 'the third stage of the prophase of meiosis', 'pair_production': 'the transformation of a gamma-ray photon into an electron and a positron when the photon passes close to an atomic nucleus', 'palingenesis': 'emergence during embryonic development of various characters or structures that appeared during the evolutionary history of the strain or species', 'paper_chromatography': 'chromatography that uses selective adsorption on a strip of paper', 'paper_electrophoresis': 'electrophoresis carried out on filter paper', 'parallel_operation': 'the simultaneous execution of two or more operations', 'parthenocarpy': '(botany) the development of a fruit without fertilization or seeds', 'parthenogenesis': 'human conception without fertilization by a man', 'parturition': 'the process of giving birth', 'passive_transport': 'transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion; expenditure of energy is not required', 'pathogenesis': 'the origination and development of a disease', 'pathologic_process': 'an organic process occurring as a consequence of disease', 'peace_process': 'any social process undertaken by governments who want their citizens to believe they are trying to avoid armed hostilities', 'peeing': 'informal terms for urination; \"he took a pee\"', 'peptization': 'the process of converting to a sol; bringing to a colloidal solution', 'perennation': 'the process of living through a number of years (as a perennial plant)', 'peristalsis': 'the process of wavelike muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along', 'permeation': 'the process of permeating or infusing something with a substance', 'phagocytosis': 'process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris; an important defense against infection', 'phase_change': 'a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition', 'phase_of_cell_division': 'a stage in meiosis or mitosis', 'photochemical_reaction': 'a chemical reaction produced by the action of light', 'photoelectric_emission': 'the release or absorption of quanta above a certain energy level', 'photosynthesis': 'synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy (especially in plants)', 'pinocytosis': 'process by which certain cells can engulf and incorporate droplets of fluid', 'pitting': 'the formation of small pits in a surface as a consequence of corrosion', 'planation': 'the process of erosion whereby a level surface is produced', 'plastination': 'a process involving fixation and dehydration and forced impregnation and hardening of biological tissues; water and lipids are replaced by curable polymers (silicone or epoxy or polyester) that are subsequently hardened; \"the plastination of specimens is valuable for research and teaching\"', 'polymerization': 'a chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer or polymeric compound', 'population_growth': 'increase in the number of people who inhabit a territory or state', 'positive_feedback': 'feedback in phase with (augmenting) the input', 'potentiation': '(medicine) the synergistic effect of two drugs given simultaneously', 'powder_photography': 'a process for identifying minerals or crystals; a small rod is coated with a powdered form of the substance and subjected to suitably modified X-rays; the pattern of diffracted rings is used for identification', 'precession_of_the_equinoxes': \"a slow westward shift of the equinoxes along the plane of the ecliptic caused by precession of the Earth's axis of rotation\", 'prechlorination': 'chlorination prior to another chemical process', 'precocious_dentition': 'teething at an earlier age than expected', 'premature_ejaculation': 'ejaculation during the early stages of sexual excitement or soon after the insertion of the penis into the vagina', 'printing_operation': 'an operation that controls the printing or display of information', 'priority_processing': 'data processing in which the operations performed are determined by a system of priorities', 'processing': 'preparing or putting through a prescribed procedure; \"the processing of newly arrived immigrants\"; \"the processing of ore to obtain minerals\"', 'professionalization': 'the social process whereby people come to engage in an activity for pay or as a means of livelihood; \"the professionalization of American sports\"; \"the professionalization of warfare\"', 'proliferation': 'a rapid increase in number (especially a rapid increase in the number of deadly weapons); \"the proliferation of nuclear weapons\"', 'prophase': 'the first stage of meiosis', 'proteolysis': 'the hydrolysis of proteins into peptides and amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds', 'psilosis': 'falling out of hair', 'psychoanalytic_process': 'a process that is assumed to occur in psychoanalytic theory', 'psychogenesis': 'the development in the life of an individual of some disorder that is caused by psychological rather than physiological factors', 'psychomotor_development': 'progressive acquisition of skills involving both mental and motor activities', 'psychosexual_development': '(psychoanalysis) the process during which personality and sexual behavior mature through a series of stages: first oral stage and then anal stage and then phallic stage and then latency stage and finally genital stage', 'ptyalism': 'excessive flow of saliva', 'pullulation': 'asexual reproduction in which a local growth on the surface or in the body of the parent becomes a separate individual', 'pyrochemical_process': 'processes for chemical reactions at high temperatures', 'quadrupling': 'increase by a factor of four', 'quellung': 'the swelling of the capsule surrounding a microorganism after reaction with an antibody; the basis of certain tests for identifying microorganisms; \"pneumococcus quellung\"', 'quickening': 'the stage of pregnancy at which the mother first feels the movements of the fetus', 'quintupling': 'increasing by a factor of five', 'radiant_heating': 'heating a building by radiation from panels containing hot water or electrical heaters', 'radiolysis': 'molecular disintegration resulting from radiation', 'rain-wash': 'the washing away of soil or other loose material by rain', 'random_walk': 'a stochastic process consisting of a sequence of changes each of whose characteristics (as magnitude or direction) is determined by chance', 'reaction_formation': '(psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously develops attitudes and behavior that are the opposite of unacceptable repressed desires and impulses and serve to conceal them; \"his strict morality is just a reaction formation to hide his sexual drive\"', 'Read_method_of_childbirth': 'a method of natural childbirth that assumes it is a normal process and that the pain is largely psychological; involves education and breathing exercises to foster relaxation and other exercises', 'real-time_processing': 'data processing fast enough to keep up with an outside process', 'redeposition': 'deposition from one deposit to another', 'reducing': 'loss of excess weight (as by dieting); becoming slimmer; \"a doctor supervised her reducing\"', 'refilling': 'filling again by supplying what has been used up', 'refining': 'the process of removing impurities (as from oil or metals or sugar etc.)', 'reflation': 'inflation of currency after a period of deflation; restore the system to a previous state', 'resorption': 'the organic process in which the substance of some differentiated structure that has been produced by the body undergoes lysis and assimilation', 'stovepiping': 'retrieval of information from unconnected databases; the situation that exists when it is necessary to climb out of one database in order to climb down into another; sometimes used for protection against wandering hackers', 'reuptake': 'a process of using up or consuming again; \"psychopharmacologists discovered that amine reuptake is a process that inactivates monoamine neurotransmitters\"', 'reversible_process': 'any process in which a system can be made to pass through the same states in the reverse order when the process is reversed', 'rigor_mortis': 'temporary stiffness of joints and muscular rigidity occurring after death', 'ripening': 'acquiring desirable qualities by being left undisturbed for some time', 'rooting': 'the process of putting forth roots and beginning to grow', 'salivation': 'the secretion of saliva', 'saponification': 'a chemical reaction in which an ester is heated with an alkali (especially the alkaline hydrolysis of a fat or oil to make soap)', 'schizogony': 'asexual reproduction by multiple fission; characteristic of many sporozoan protozoans', 'secondary_emission': 'the emission of electrons from a surface that is bombarded by higher energy primary electrons', 'sensitization': 'the state of being sensitive (as to an antigen)', 'serial_operation': 'the sequential execution of operations one after another', 'serial_processing': 'sequential processing by two or more processing units', 'sexual_reproduction': 'reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete', 'shaping': 'any process serving to define the shape of something', 'shedding': 'the process whereby something is shed', 'shit': 'a coarse term for defecation; \"he took a shit\"', 'sinking_spell': 'a temporary decline in health or value', 'slump': 'a noticeable deterioration in performance or quality; \"the team went into a slump\"; \"a gradual slack in output\"; \"a drop-off in attendance\"; \"a falloff in quality\"', 'social_process': 'a process involved in the formation of groups of persons', 'softening': 'the process of becoming softer; \"refrigeration delayed the softening of the fruit\"; \"he observed the softening of iron by heat\"', 'soil_erosion': 'the washing away of soil by the flow of water', 'solvation': 'a chemical process in which solvent molecules and molecules or ions of the solute combine to form a compound', 'Solvay_process': 'an industrial process for producing sodium carbonate from sodium chloride and ammonia and carbon dioxide', 'sorption': 'the process in which one substance takes up or holds another (by either absorption or adsorption)', 'souring': 'the process of becoming sour', 'spallation': '(physics) a nuclear reaction in which a bombarded nucleus breaks up into many particles; \"some astronomers believe that the solar system was formed by spallation when the sun was a very young star\"', 'speciation': 'the evolution of a biological species', 'spermatogenesis': 'development of spermatozoa', 'spoilage': 'the amount that has spoiled', 'spontaneous_combustion': 'ignition of a substance (as oily rags) resulting from an internal oxidation process', 'stagflation': 'a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)', 'Stalinization': 'social process of adopting (or being forced to adopt) the policies and practices of Joseph Stalin; \"many Hungarians refused to take part in the Stalinization of their country\"', 'stationary_stochastic_process': 'a stochastic process in which the distribution of the random variables is the same for any value of the variable parameter', 'steel_production': 'making steel from pig iron', 'stochastic_process': 'a statistical process involving a number of random variables depending on a variable parameter (which is usually time)', 'stress_incontinence': 'urinary incontinence that occurs when involuntary pressure is put on the bladder by coughing or laughing or sneezing or lifting or straining', 'subduction': 'a geological process in which one edge of a crustal plate is forced sideways and downward into the mantle below another plate', 'supply': 'an amount of something available for use', 'symphysis': 'an abnormal adhesion of two or more structures', 'synapsis': 'the side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis', 'syncretism': 'the union (or attempted fusion) of different systems of thought or belief (especially in religion or philosophy); \"a syncretism of material and immaterial theories\"', 'synchronous_operation': 'operations that are initiated predictably by a clock', 'syneresis': 'the contraction of two vowels into a diphthong', 'synergy': 'the working together of two things (muscles or drugs for example) to produce an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects', 'synizesis': 'the contraction of chromatin towards one side of the nucleus during the prophase of meiosis', 'teething': 'the eruption through the gums of baby teeth', 'telophase': 'the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle', 'temperature_change': 'a process whereby the degree of hotness of a body (or medium) changes', 'teratogenesis': 'the development of defects in an embryo', 'thermionic_emission': 'the emission of electrons from very hot substances', 'thermocoagulation': 'congealing tissue by heat (as by electric current)', 'thermonuclear_reaction': 'a nuclear fusion reaction taking place at very high temperatures (as in the sun)', 'threshold_operation': 'an operation performed on operands in order to obtain the value of a threshold function', 'thrombolysis': 'the process of breaking up and dissolving blood clots', 'top_fermentation': 'a violent kind of alcoholic fermentation at a temperature high enough to carry the yeast cells to the top of the fermenting liquid; used in the production of ale; \"top fermentation uses a yeast that ferments at higher temperatures than that used for bottom fermentation\"', 'transamination': 'the process of transposing an amino group within a chemical compound', 'transduction': '(genetics) the process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage', 'protein_folding': 'the process whereby a protein molecule assumes its intricate three-dimensional shape; \"understanding protein folding is the next step in deciphering the genetic code\"', 'translocation': 'the transport of dissolved material within a plant', 'transpiration': 'the process of giving off or exhaling water vapor through the skin or mucous membranes', 'transport': 'an exchange of molecules (and their kinetic energy and momentum) across the boundary between adjacent layers of a fluid or across cell membranes', 'tripling': 'increase by a factor of three', 'tumefaction': 'the process of tumefying; the organic process whereby tissue becomes swollen by the accumulation of fluid within it', 'ulceration': 'the process of ulcer formation; the process of becoming ulcerated', 'ultracentrifugation': 'centrifugation at very high speeds', 'underdevelopment': 'state of inadequate development; \"much poverty can be traced to the underdevelopment of industry\"', 'unfolding': 'a developmental process; \"the flowering of antebellum culture\"', 'uptake': 'a process of taking up or using up or consuming; \"they developed paper napkins with a greater uptake of liquids\"', 'urbanization': 'the condition of being urbanized', 'urge_incontinence': 'urinary incontinence that is generally attributable to involuntary contracts of the bladder muscle resulting in an urgent need to urinate accompanied by a sudden loss of urine; most common in people over 60 years of age', 'urochesia': 'passage of urine from the anus', 'vascularization': 'the organic process whereby body tissue becomes vascular and develops capillaries', 'vesiculation': 'the formation of vesicles in or beneath the skin', 'video_digitizing': 'the process of capturing and converting and storing video images for use by a computer', 'vinification': 'the process whereby fermentation changes grape juice into wine', 'vitrification': 'a vitrified substance; the glassy result of being vitrified', 'vulcanization': 'process of treating rubber or rubberlike materials with sulphur at great heat to improve elasticity and strength or to harden them', 'washout': 'the channel or break produced by erosion of relatively soft soil by water; \"it was several days after the storm before they could repair the washout and open the road\"', 'Westernization': 'assimilation of Western culture; the social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization', 'word_processing': 'rapid and efficient processing (storage and printing) of linguistic data for composition and editing', 'zygotene': 'the second stage of the prophase of meiosis', 'zymosis': 'a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances; especially, the anaerobic breakdown of sugar into alcohol', 'fundamental_quantity': 'one of the four quantities that are the basis of systems of measurement', 'definite_quantity': 'a specific measure of amount', 'indefinite_quantity': 'an estimated quantity', 'relative_quantity': 'a quantity relative to some purpose', 'system_of_measurement': 'a system of related measures that facilitates the quantification of some particular characteristic', 'system_of_weights_and_measures': 'system of measurement for length and weight and duration', 'British_Imperial_System': 'a system of weights and measures based on the foot and pound and second and pint', 'metric_system': 'a decimal system of weights and measures based on the meter and the kilogram and the second', 'cgs': 'system of measurement based on centimeters and grams and seconds', \"Systeme_International_d'Unites\": 'a complete metric system of units of measurement for scientists; fundamental quantities are length (meter) and mass (kilogram) and time (second) and electric current (ampere) and temperature (kelvin) and amount of matter (mole) and luminous intensity (candela); \"Today the United States is the only country in the world not totally committed to the Systeme International d\\'Unites\"', 'United_States_Customary_System': 'the system of weights and measures based on the foot and pound and second and pint that dates back to colonial America but differs in some respects from the British Imperial System; today in the United States this system exists side by side with the SI system', 'information_measure': 'a system of measurement of information based on the probabilities of the events that convey information', 'bandwidth': 'a data transmission rate; the maximum amount of information (bits/second) that can be transmitted along a channel', 'baud': '(computer science) a data transmission rate (bits/second) for modems', 'octane_number': 'a measure of the antiknock properties of gasoline', 'marginal_utility': '(economics) the amount that utility increases with an increase of one unit of an economic good or service', 'enough': 'an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose; \"enough is as good as a feast\"; \"there is more than a sufficiency of lawyers in this country\"', 'fill': 'a quantity sufficient to satisfy; \"he ate his fill of potatoes\"; \"she had heard her fill of gossip\"', 'plurality': 'the state of being plural; \"to mark plurality, one language may add an extra syllable to the word whereas another may simply change the vowel in the existing final syllable\"', 'absolute_value': 'a real number regardless of its sign', 'acid_value': '(chemistry) the amount of free acid present in fat as measured by the milligrams of potassium hydroxide needed to neutralize it; \"as the glycerides in fat slowly decompose the acid value increases\"', 'chlorinity': 'a measure of the quantity of chlorine or other halides in water (especially seawater)', 'quire': 'a quantity of paper; 24 or 25 sheets', 'ream': 'a large quantity of written matter; \"he wrote reams and reams\"', 'toxicity': 'the degree to which something is poisonous', 'cytotoxicity': 'the degree to which something is toxic to living cells', 'unit_of_measurement': 'any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange; \"the dollar is the United States unit of currency\"; \"a unit of wheat is a bushel\"; \"change per unit volume\"', 'measuring_unit': 'a unit of measurement', 'diopter': 'a unit of measurement of the refractive power of a lens which is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length measured in meters; used by oculists', 'karat': 'the unit of measurement for the proportion of gold in an alloy; 18-karat gold is 75% gold; 24-karat gold is pure gold', 'decimal': 'a number in the decimal system', \"Avogadro's_number\": 'the number of molecules in a mole of a substance (approximately 602,250,000,000,000,000,000,000)', \"Boltzmann's_constant\": 'constant used in the calculation of the ideal gas constant', 'coefficient': 'a constant number that serves as a measure of some property or characteristic', 'absorption_coefficient': 'a measure of the rate of decrease in the intensity of electromagnetic radiation (as light) as it passes through a given substance; the fraction of incident radiant energy absorbed per unit mass or thickness of an absorber; \"absorptance equals 1 minus transmittance\"', 'drag_coefficient': 'the ratio of the drag on a body moving through air to the product of the velocity and the surface area of the body', 'coefficient_of_friction': 'the ratio of the weight of an object being moved along a surface and the force that maintains contact between the object and the surface', 'coefficient_of_mutual_induction': 'a measure of the induction between two circuits; the ratio of the electromotive force in a circuit to the corresponding change of current in a neighboring circuit; usually measured in henries', 'coefficient_of_self_induction': 'the ratio of the electromotive force produced in a circuit by self-induction to the rate of change of current producing it, expressed in henries', 'modulus': 'an integer that can be divided without remainder into the difference between two other integers; \"2 is a modulus of 5 and 9\"', 'coefficient_of_elasticity': '(physics) the ratio of the applied stress to the change in shape of an elastic body', 'bulk_modulus': 'the ratio of the change in pressure acting on a volume to the fractional change in volume', 'modulus_of_rigidity': 'the coefficient of elasticity for a shearing force', \"Young's_modulus\": 'a coefficient of elasticity applicable to the stretching of a wire', 'coefficient_of_expansion': 'the fractional change in length or area or volume per unit change in temperature at a given constant pressure', 'coefficient_of_reflection': 'the fraction of radiant energy that is reflected from a surface', 'transmittance': 'the fraction of radiant energy that passes through a substance', 'coefficient_of_viscosity': 'a measure of the resistance to flow of a fluid under an applied force', 'cosmological_constant': 'an arbitrary constant in the equations of general relativity theory', 'equilibrium_constant': '(chemistry) the ratio of concentrations when equilibrium is reached in a reversible reaction (when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction)', 'dissociation_constant': 'the equilibrium constant for a reversible dissociation', 'gas_constant': '(physics) the universal constant in the gas equation: pressure times volume = R times temperature; equal to 8.3143 joules per kelvin per mole', 'gravitational_constant': \"(physics) the universal constant relating force to mass and distance in Newton's law of gravitation\", \"Hubble's_constant\": '(cosmology) the ratio of the speed of recession of a galaxy (due to the expansion of the universe) to its distance from the observer; the Hubble constant is not actually a constant, but is regarded as measuring the expansion rate today', 'ionic_charge': 'the charge on an ion is equal to a constant charge e multiplied by an integer from 1 to 15', \"Planck's_constant\": 'the constant of proportionality relating the energy of a photon to its frequency; approximately 6.626 x 10^-34 joule-second', 'oxidation_number': 'the degree of oxidation of an atom or ion or molecule; for simple atoms or ions the oxidation number is equal to the ionic charge; \"the oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 and of oxygen is -2\"', 'cardinality': '(mathematics) the number of elements in a set or group (considered as a property of that grouping)', 'body_count': 'a count of troops killed in an operation or time period; \"the daily body count increased as the war went on\"', 'head_count': 'number of people in a particular group', 'pollen_count': 'the number of pollen grains (usually ragweed) in a standard volume of air over a twenty-four hour period and a specified time and place', 'conversion_factor': 'factor by which a quantity that is expressed in one set of units must be multiplied in order to convert it into another set of units', 'factor_of_proportionality': 'the constant value of the ratio of two proportional quantities x and y; usually written y = kx, where k is the factor of proportionality', 'Fibonacci_number': 'a number in the Fibonacci sequence', 'prime': 'the second canonical hour; about 6 a.m.', 'prime_factor': 'the prime factors of a quantity are all of the prime quantities that will exactly divide the given quantity', 'prime_number': 'an integer that has no integral factors but itself and 1', 'composite_number': 'an integer that is divisible without remainder by at least one positive integer other than itself and one', 'birdie': '(golf) a score of one stroke under par on a hole', 'double-bogey': '(golf) a score of two strokes over par for a hole', 'par': '(golf) the standard number of strokes set for each hole on a golf course, or for the entire course; \"a par-5 hole\"; \"par for this course is 72\"', 'compound_number': 'a quantity expressed in two different units; \"one hour and ten minutes\"', 'ordinal_number': 'the number designating place in an ordered sequence', 'cardinal_number': 'the number of elements in a mathematical set; denotes a quantity but not the order', 'floating-point_number': 'a number represented in floating-point notation', 'fixed-point_number': 'a number represented in fixed-point notation', 'frequency': 'the number of occurrences within a given time period; \"the frequency of modulation was 40 cycles per second\"; \"the frequency of his seizures increased as he grew older\"', 'googol': 'a cardinal number represented as 1 followed by 100 zeros (ten raised to the power of a hundred)', 'googolplex': 'a cardinal number represented as 1 followed by a googol of zeros (ten raised to the power of a googol)', 'atomic_number': \"the order of an element in Mendeleyev's table of the elements; equal to the number of protons in the nucleus or electrons in the neutral state of an atom of an element\", 'magic_number': 'the atomic number of an extra stable strongly bound atomic nucleus: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 or 126', 'baryon_number': 'a number equal to the difference between the number of baryons and the number of antibaryons in any subatomic structure; it is conserved in all types of particle interactions', 'long_measure': 'a measure of length', 'magnetic_flux': 'a measure of the strength of a magnetic field over a given area', 'absorption_unit': 'a unit for measuring absorption', 'acceleration_unit': 'a unit for measuring acceleration', 'angular_unit': 'a unit of measurement for angles', 'area_unit': 'a system of units used to measure areas', 'volume_unit': 'a unit of measurement of volume or capacity', 'cubic_inch': 'the volume equal to a cube one inch on each side', 'cubic_foot': 'the volume equal to a cube one foot on each side', 'computer_memory_unit': 'a unit for measuring computer memory', 'electromagnetic_unit': 'any of various systems of units for measuring electricity and magnetism', 'explosive_unit': 'any unit for measuring the force of explosions', 'force_unit': 'a unit of measurement of physical force', 'linear_unit': 'a unit of measurement of length', 'metric_unit': 'a decimal unit of measurement of the metric system (based on meters and kilograms and seconds); \"convert all the measurements to metric units\"; \"it is easier to work in metric\"', 'miles_per_gallon': 'the distance traveled in a vehicle powered by one gallon of gasoline or diesel fuel', 'monetary_unit': 'a unit of money', 'megaflop': '(computer science) a unit for measuring the speed of a computer system', 'teraflop': '(computer science) a unit for measuring the speed of a computer system', 'MIPS': '(computer science) a unit for measuring the execution speed of a computer\\'s CPU (but not the whole system); \"4 MIPS is 4,000,000 instructions per second\"', 'pain_unit': 'a unit measuring the intensity of pain', 'pressure_unit': 'a unit measuring force per unit area', 'printing_unit': 'a unit of measurement for printing', 'sound_unit': 'any acoustic unit of measurement', 'telephone_unit': 'a unit of measurement for telephone use', 'temperature_unit': 'a unit of measurement for temperature', 'weight_unit': 'a unit used to measure weight; \"he placed two weights in the scale pan\"', 'mass_unit': 'a unit of measurement for mass', 'unit_of_viscosity': 'a unit of measurement for viscosity', 'work_unit': 'a unit of measurement for work', 'langley': 'unit of solar radiation', 'Brinell_number': 'measure of the hardness of a material', 'Brix_scale': 'a system for measuring the concentration of sugar solutions', 'set_point': '(tennis) the final point needed to win a set in tennis', 'match_point': '(tennis) the final point needed to win a match (especially in tennis)', 'sabin': 'a unit of acoustic absorption equivalent to the absorption by a square foot of a surface that absorbs all incident sound', 'circular_measure': 'measurement of angles in radians', 'mil': 'a Cypriot monetary unit equal to one thousandth of a pound', 'microradian': 'a unit of angular distance equal to one thousandth of a milliradian', 'milliradian': 'a unit of angular distance equal to one thousandth of a radian', 'radian': \"the unit of plane angle adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites; equal to the angle at the center of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the radius (approximately 57.295 degrees)\", 'grad': 'one-hundredth of a right angle', 'oxtant': 'a unit of angular distance equal to half a quadrant', 'straight_angle': 'an angle of 180 degrees', 'steradian': \"the unit of solid angle adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites\", 'square_inch': 'a unit of area equal to one inch by one inch square', 'square_foot': 'a unit of area equal to one foot by one foot square', 'square_yard': 'a unit of area equal to one yard by one yard square', 'square_meter': 'a centare is 1/100th of an are', 'square_mile': 'an area of 640 acres', 'quarter_section': 'a land unit equal to a quarter of a section (160 acres) and measuring 1/2 mile on a side', 'acre': 'a unit of area (4840 square yards) used in English-speaking countries', 'are': 'a unit of surface area equal to 100 square meters', 'hectare': \"(abbreviated `ha') a unit of surface area equal to 100 ares (or 10,000 square meters)\", 'arpent': 'a former French unit of area; equal approximately to an acre', 'dessiatine': 'a former Russian unit of area equal to 2.7 acres', 'morgen': 'a South African unit of measure equal to about 2 acres', 'liquid_unit': 'a unit of capacity for liquids (for measuring the volumes of liquids or their containers)', 'dry_unit': 'a unit of capacity for dry commodities (as fruit or grain)', 'United_States_liquid_unit': 'a liquid unit officially adopted in the United States Customary System', 'British_capacity_unit': 'a unit of measure for capacity officially adopted in the British Imperial System; British units are both dry and wet', 'metric_capacity_unit': 'a capacity unit defined in metric terms', 'ardeb': 'a unit of dry measure used in Egypt', 'arroba': 'a unit of weight used in some Spanish speaking countries', 'cran': 'a capacity unit used for measuring fresh herring', 'ephah': 'an ancient Hebrew unit of dry measure equal to about a bushel', 'field_capacity': 'the maximum amount of water that a particular soil can hold', 'hin': 'ancient Hebrew unit of liquid measure = 1.5 gallons', 'fathom': 'a linear unit of measurement (equal to 6 feet) for water depth', 'acre-foot': 'the volume of water that would cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot; 43,560 cubic feet or 1233.5 cubic meters', 'acre_inch': 'one twelfth of an acre-foot', 'board_measure': 'a system of units for measuring lumber based on the board foot', 'board_foot': 'the volume of a piece of wood 1 foot square and 1 inch thick', 'cubic_yard': 'a unit of volume (as for sand or gravel)', 'mutchkin': 'a Scottish unit of liquid measure equal to 0.9 United States pint', 'oka': 'a Turkish unit of weight equal to about 2.75 pounds', 'minim': 'a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 1/60th fluid dram or 0.059194 cubic centimeters', 'fluidram': 'a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 60 minims or 3.5516 cubic centimeters', 'fluidounce': 'a British imperial unit of capacity or volume (liquid or dry) equal to 8 fluid drams or 28.416 cubic centimeters (1.734 cubic inches)', 'pint': 'a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 4 gills or 568.26 cubic centimeters', 'quart': 'a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 2 pints or 1.136 liters', 'gallon': 'a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 4 quarts or 4.545 liters', 'United_States_dry_unit': 'a unit of measurement of capacity for dry substances officially adopted in the United States Customary System', 'peck': 'a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 2 gallons', 'bushel': 'a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 4 pecks', 'kilderkin': 'an obsolete British unit of capacity equal to 18 Imperial gallons', 'chaldron': 'a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 36 bushels', 'cubic_millimeter': 'a metric measure of volume or capacity equal to a cube 1 millimeter on each edge', 'milliliter': 'a metric unit of volume equal to one thousandth of a liter', 'centiliter': 'a metric unit of volume equal to one hundredth of a liter', 'deciliter': 'a metric unit of volume equal to one tenth of a liter', 'liter': 'a metric unit of capacity, formerly defined as the volume of one kilogram of pure water under standard conditions; now equal to 1,000 cubic centimeters (or approximately 1.75 pints)', 'dekaliter': 'a metric unit of volume or capacity equal to 10 liters', 'hectoliter': 'a metric unit of volume or capacity equal to 100 liters', 'kiloliter': 'a metric unit of volume or capacity equal to 1000 liters', 'cubic_kilometer': 'a unit of capacity equal to the volume of a cube one kilometer on each edge', 'parity_bit': \"(computer science) a bit that is used in an error detection procedure in which a 0 or 1 is added to each group of bits so that it will have either an odd number of 1's or an even number of 1's; e.g., if the parity is odd then any group of bits that arrives with an even number of 1's must contain an error\", 'nybble': 'a small byte', 'byte': 'a sequence of 8 bits (enough to represent one character of alphanumeric data) processed as a single unit of information', 'bad_block': '(computer science) a block (usually one sector) that cannot reliably hold data', 'allocation_unit': 'a group of sectors on a magnetic disk that can be reserved for the use of a particular file', 'kilobyte': 'a unit of information equal to 1000 bytes', 'kilobit': 'a unit of information equal to 1000 bits', 'kibibit': 'a unit of information equal to 1024 bits', 'megabyte': 'a unit of information equal to 1000 kilobytes or 10^6 (1,000,000) bytes', 'megabit': 'a unit of information equal to 1000 kilobits or 10^6 (1,000,000) bits', 'mebibit': 'a unit of information equal to 1024 kibibits or 2^20 (1,048,576) bits', 'gigabyte': 'a unit of information equal to 1000 megabytes or 10^9 (1,000,000,000) bytes', 'gigabit': 'a unit of information equal to 1000 megabits or 10^9 (1,000,000,000) bits', 'gibibit': 'a unit of information equal to 1024 mebibits or 2^30 (1,073,741,824) bits', 'terabyte': 'a unit of information equal to 1000 gigabytes or 10^12 (1,000,000,000,000) bytes', 'terabit': 'a unit of information equal to 1000 gigabits or 10^12 (1,000,000,000,000) bits', 'tebibit': 'a unit of information equal to 1024 gibibits or 2^40 (1,099,511,627,776) bits', 'petabyte': 'a unit of information equal to 1000 terabytes or 10^15 bytes', 'petabit': 'a unit of information equal to 1000 terabits or 10^15 bits', 'pebibit': 'a unit of information equal to 1024 tebibits or 2^50 bits', 'exabyte': 'a unit of information equal to 1000 petabytes or 10^18 bytes', 'exabit': 'a unit of information equal to 1000 petabits or 10^18 bits', 'exbibit': 'a unit of information equal to 1024 pebibits or 2^60 bits', 'zettabyte': 'a unit of information equal to 1000 exabytes or 10^21 bytes', 'zettabit': 'a unit of information equal to 1000 exabits or 10^21 bits', 'zebibit': 'a unit of information equal to 1024 exbibits or 2^70 bits', 'yottabyte': 'a unit of information equal to 1000 zettabytes or 10^24 bytes', 'yottabit': 'a unit of information equal to 1000 zettabits or 10^24 bits', 'yobibit': 'a unit of information equal to 1024 zebibits or 2^80 bits', 'capacitance_unit': 'a measure of the capacity of a circuit component to store charge', 'charge_unit': 'a measure of the quantity of electricity (determined by the amount of an electric current and the time for which it flows)', 'conductance_unit': \"a measure of a material's ability to conduct an electrical charge\", 'current_unit': 'a measure of the amount of electric charge flowing past a circuit point at a specific time', 'elastance_unit': 'the reciprocal of capacitance', 'field_strength_unit': 'an electromagnetic unit of magnetic intensity', 'flux_density_unit': 'a measure of the amount of flux per unit of cross sectional area', 'flux_unit': 'a measure of the strength of a magnetic field per unit area', 'inductance_unit': 'a measure of the property of an electric circuit by which an electromotive force is induced in it', 'light_unit': 'a measure of the visible electromagnetic radiation', 'magnetomotive_force_unit': 'a unit of measurement of magnetomotive force', 'potential_unit': 'a measure of the potential energy of a unit charge at a given point in a circuit relative to a reference point (ground)', 'power_unit': 'a measure of electric power', 'radioactivity_unit': 'a measure of radioactivity', 'resistance_unit': 'the reciprocal of conductance', 'electrostatic_unit': 'any of various units of electricity based on forces of interaction between electric charges', 'picofarad': 'a unit of capacitance equal to one trillionth of a farad', 'microfarad': 'a unit of capacitance equal to one millionth of a farad', 'millifarad': 'a unit of capacitance equal to one thousandth of a farad', 'farad': 'the capacitance of a capacitor that has an equal and opposite charge of 1 coulomb on each plate and a voltage difference of 1 volt between the plates', 'abfarad': 'a capacitance unit equal to one billion farads', 'coulomb': 'a unit of electrical charge equal to the amount of charge transferred by a current of 1 ampere in 1 second', 'abcoulomb': 'a unit of electrical charge equal to 10 coulombs', 'ampere-minute': 'a unit of charge equal to 60 coulombs', 'ampere-hour': 'a unit of charge equal to 3600 coulombs', 'mho': 'a unit of conductance equal to the reciprocal of an ohm', 'ampere': 'a former unit of electric current (slightly smaller than the SI ampere)', 'milliampere': 'one thousandth of an ampere', 'abampere': 'a unit of current equal to 10 amperes', 'daraf': 'a unit of elastance equal to the reciprocal of a farad', 'oersted': 'the magnetic field strength 1 cm from a unit magnetic pole', 'maxwell': 'a cgs unit of magnetic flux equal to the flux perpendicular to an area of 1 square centimeter in a magnetic field of 1 gauss', 'weber': 'a unit of magnetic flux equal to 100,000,000 maxwells', 'microgauss': 'a unit of magnetic flux density equal to one millionth of a gauss', 'gauss': 'a unit of magnetic flux density equal to 1 maxwell per square centimeter', 'tesla': 'a unit of magnetic flux density equal to one weber per square meter', 'abhenry': 'a unit of inductance equal to one billionth of a henry', 'millihenry': 'a unit of inductance equal to one thousandth of a henry', 'henry': 'a unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second', 'illumination_unit': 'a measure of illumination', 'luminance_unit': 'a measure of luminance', 'luminous_flux_unit': 'a measure of luminous flux per unit area', 'luminous_intensity_unit': 'a measure of luminous intensity', 'footcandle': 'a unit of illuminance on a surface that is everywhere 1 foot from a point source of 1 candle', 'lambert': 'a cgs unit of illumination equal to the brightness of a perfectly diffusing surface that emits or reflects one lumen per square centimeter', 'lux': 'a unit of illumination equal to 1 lumen per square meter; 0.0929 foot candle', 'phot': 'a unit of illumination equal to 1 lumen per square centimeter; 10,000 phots equal 1 lux', 'foot-lambert': 'a former luminance unit equal to one lumen per square foot', 'international_candle': 'a former international unit of luminous intensity; now replaced by the candela', 'gilbert': 'a unit of magnetomotive force equal to 0.7958 ampere-turns', 'ampere-turn': 'a unit of magnetomotive force equal to the magnetomotive force produced by the passage of 1 ampere through 1 complete turn of a coil; equal to 1.257 gilberts', 'magneton': 'a unit of magnetic moment of a molecular or atomic or subatomic particle', 'abvolt': 'a unit of potential equal to one-hundred-millionth of a volt', 'millivolt': 'a unit of potential equal to one thousandth of a volt', 'microvolt': 'a unit of potential equal to one millionth of a volt', 'nanovolt': 'a unit of potential equal to one billionth of a volt', 'picovolt': 'a unit of potential equal to one trillionth of a volt', 'femtovolt': 'a unit of potential equal to one quadrillionth of a volt (or one thousandth of a nanosecond)', 'volt': 'a unit of potential equal to the potential difference between two points on a conductor carrying a current of 1 ampere when the power dissipated between the two points is 1 watt; equivalent to the potential difference across a resistance of 1 ohm when 1 ampere of current flows through it', 'kilovolt': 'a unit of potential equal to a thousand volts', 'rydberg': 'a wave number characteristic of the wave spectrum of each element', 'wave_number': 'the reciprocal of the wavelength of a wave', 'abwatt': 'a power unit equal to the power dissipated when 1 abampere flows across a potential difference of 1 abvolt (one ten-thousandth of a milliwatt)', 'milliwatt': 'a unit of power equal to one thousandth of a watt', 'watt': 'a unit of power equal to 1 joule per second; the power dissipated by a current of 1 ampere flowing across a resistance of 1 ohm', 'kilowatt': 'a unit of power equal to 1000 watts', 'megawatt': 'a unit of power equal to one million watts', 'horsepower': 'a unit of power equal to 746 watts', 'volt-ampere': 'a unit of electrical power in an AC circuit equal to the power dissipated when 1 volt produces a current of 1 ampere', 'kilovolt-ampere': 'a unit of electrical power equal to 1000 volt-amperes', 'millicurie': 'a unit of radioactivity equal to one thousandth of a curie', 'curie': 'a unit of radioactivity equal to the amount of a radioactive isotope that decays at the rate of 37,000,000,000 disintegrations per second', 'roentgen': 'a unit of radiation exposure; the dose of ionizing radiation that will produce 1 electrostatic unit of electricity in 1 cc of dry air', 'rutherford': 'a unit strength of a radioactive source equal to one million disintegrations per second', 'REM': '(Roentgen Equivalent Man) the dosage of ionizing radiation that will cause the same amount of injury to human tissue as 1 roentgen of X-rays', 'rad': 'a unit of absorbed ionizing radiation equal to 100 ergs per gram of irradiated material', 'abohm': 'a unit of resistance equal to a billionth of an ohm', 'ohm': 'a unit of electrical resistance equal to the resistance between two points on a conductor when a potential difference of one volt between them produces a current of one ampere', 'megohm': 'a unit of resistance equal to one million ohms', 'kiloton': 'one thousand tons', 'megaton': 'one million tons', 'dyne': 'a unit of force equal to the force that imparts an acceleration of 1 cm/sec/sec to a mass of 1 gram', 'newton': 'a unit of force equal to the force that imparts an acceleration of 1 m/sec/sec to a mass of 1 kilogram; equal to 100,000 dynes', 'sthene': 'a unit of force equal to 1000 newtons', 'poundal': 'a unit of force equal to the force that imparts an acceleration of 1 foot/sec/sec to a mass of 1 pound; equal to 0.1382 newtons', 'pounder': '(used only in combination) something weighing a given number of pounds; \"the fisherman caught a 10-pounder\"; \"their linemen are all 300-pounders\"', 'g': 'a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated', 'Beaufort_scale': 'an international scale of wind force from 0 (calm air) to 12 (hurricane)', 'astronomy_unit': 'a linear unit used for astronomical distances', 'metric_linear_unit': 'a linear unit of distance in metric terms', 'nautical_linear_unit': 'a linear unit of distance used in navigation', 'inch': 'a unit of length equal to one twelfth of a foot', 'footer': '(used only in combinations) the height or length of something in feet; \"he is a six-footer\"; \"the golfer sank a 40-footer\"; \"his yacht is a 60-footer\"', 'furlong': 'a unit of length equal to 220 yards', 'half_mile': 'a unit of length equal to half of 1 mile', 'quarter_mile': 'a unit of length equal to a quarter of 1 mile', 'ligne': 'a linear unit (1/40 inch) used to measure diameter of buttons', 'archine': 'a Russian unit of length (71 cm)', 'kos': '(in India) a unit of length having different values in different localities', 'vara': 'a Spanish unit of length (about a yard) having different values in different localities', 'verst': 'a Russian unit of length (1.067 km)', \"Gunter's_chain\": 'a unit of length (22 yards)', \"engineer's_chain\": 'a unit of length (100 ft)', 'cubit': 'an ancient unit of length based on the length of the forearm', 'fistmele': 'about seven inches; the breadth of a fist with the thumb stuck out (used especially in archery to give the correct distance of the string from the bow)', 'body_length': 'the length of your body', 'extremum': 'the most extreme possible amount or value; \"voltage peak\"', 'handbreadth': 'any unit of length based on the breadth of the human hand', 'lea': 'a unit of length of thread or yarn', 'li': 'Chinese distance measure; approximately 0.5 kilometers', 'Roman_pace': 'an ancient Roman unit of length (4.85 English feet) measured as the distance from the heel of one foot to the heel of the same foot when next it touches the ground', 'geometric_pace': 'a modern version of the Roman pace now taken to be 5 feet', 'military_pace': 'the length of a single step in marching (taken to be 30 inches for quick time or 36 inches for double time)', 'survey_mile': 'a U.S. unit of measure equal to 1609.347 meters; derived from the use of 39.37 inches as the conversion for one meter', 'light_year': 'the distance that light travels in a vacuum in 1 year; 5.88 trillion miles or 9.46 trillion kilometers', 'light_hour': 'the distance light travels in a vacuum in one hour; approximately one billion kilometers', 'light_minute': 'the distance light travels in a vacuum in one minute; approximately 18 million kilometers', 'light_second': 'the distance light travels in a vacuum in one second; approximately 300,000 kilometers', 'Astronomical_Unit': 'a unit of length used for distances within the solar system; equal to the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun (approximately 93 million miles or 150 million kilometers)', 'parsec': 'a unit of astronomical length based on the distance from Earth at which stellar parallax is 1 second of arc; equivalent to 3.262 light years', 'femtometer': 'a metric unit of length equal to one quadrillionth of a meter', 'picometer': 'a metric unit of length equal to one trillionth of a meter', 'angstrom': 'a metric unit of length equal to one ten billionth of a meter (or 0.0001 micron); used to specify wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation', 'nanometer': 'a metric unit of length equal to one billionth of a meter', 'micron': 'a metric unit of length equal to one millionth of a meter', 'millimeter': 'a metric unit of length equal to one thousandth of a meter', 'centimeter': 'a metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a meter', 'decimeter': 'a metric unit of length equal to one tenth of a meter', 'decameter': 'a metric unit of length equal to ten meters', 'hectometer': 'a metric unit of length equal to 100 meters', 'kilometer': 'a metric unit of length equal to 1000 meters (or 0.621371 miles)', 'myriameter': 'a metric unit of length equal to 10,000 meters', 'nautical_chain': 'a nautical unit of length (15 ft)', 'nautical_mile': 'a former British unit of length equivalent to 6,080 feet (1,853.184 meters); 800 feet longer than a statute mile', 'sea_mile': 'a former British unit of length once used in navigation; equivalent to 6,000 feet (1828.8 meters)', 'halfpennyworth': 'the amount that can be bought for a halfpenny', 'pennyworth': 'the amount that can be bought for a penny', 'euro': 'the basic monetary unit of most members of the European Union (introduced in 1999); in 2002 twelve European nations (Germany, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Austria, Finland) adopted the euro as their basic unit of money and abandoned their traditional currencies', 'franc': 'the basic monetary unit in many countries; equal to 100 centimes', 'fractional_monetary_unit': 'a monetary unit that is valued at a fraction (usually one hundredth) of the basic monetary unit', 'Afghan_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in the Islamic State of Afghanistan', 'afghani': 'the basic unit of money in Afghanistan', 'pul': '100 puls equal 1 afghani in Afghanistan', 'Argentine_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Argentina', 'austral': 'the basic unit of money in Argentina; equal to 100 centavos', 'Thai_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Thailand', 'baht': 'the basic unit of money in Thailand', 'satang': '100 satangs equal 1 baht in Thailand', 'Panamanian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Panama', 'balboa': 'the basic unit of money in Panama; equal to 100 centesimos', 'Ethiopian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Ethiopia', 'birr': 'the basic unit of money in Ethiopia; equal to 100 cents', 'cent': 'a fractional monetary unit of several countries', 'centesimo': 'a fractional monetary unit of several countries: Panama and Italy and Uruguay and Chile', 'centimo': 'a fractional monetary unit of Venezuela and Costa Rica and Equatorial Guinea and Paraguay and Spain', 'centavo': 'a fractional monetary unit of several countries: El Salvador and Sao Tome and Principe and Brazil and Argentina and Bolivia and Colombia and Cuba and the Dominican Republic and Ecuador and El Salvador and Guatemala and Honduras and Mexico and Nicaragua and Peru and the Philippines and Portugal', 'centime': 'a fractional monetary unit of several countries: France and Algeria and Belgium and Burkina Faso and Burundi and Cameroon and Chad and the Congo and Gabon and Haiti and the Ivory Coast and Luxembourg and Mali and Morocco and Niger and Rwanda and Senegal and Switzerland and Togo', 'Venezuelan_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit of Venezuela', 'bolivar': 'the basic unit of money in Venezuela; equal to 100 centimos', 'Ghanian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit of Ghana', 'cedi': 'the basic unit of money in Ghana', 'pesewa': '100 pesewas equal 1 cedi in Ghana', 'Costa_Rican_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Costa Rica', 'El_Salvadoran_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in El Salvador', 'Brazilian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Brazil', 'Gambian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Gambia', 'dalasi': 'the basic unit of money in Gambia', 'butut': '100 bututs equal 1 dalasi in Gambia', 'Algerian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Algeria', 'Algerian_dinar': 'the basic unit of money in Algeria', 'Algerian_centime': '100 centimes equal 1 dinar in Algeria', 'Bahrainian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Bahrain', 'Bahrain_dinar': 'the basic unit of money in Bahrain; equal to 1,000 fils', 'fils': 'a fractional monetary unit in Bahrain and Iraq and Jordan and Kuwait; equal to one thousandth of a dinar', 'Iraqi_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Iraq', 'Iraqi_dinar': 'the basic unit of money in Iraq; equal to 1,000 fils', 'Jordanian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Jordan', 'Jordanian_dinar': 'the basic unit of money in Jordan; equal to 1,000 fils', 'Kuwaiti_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Kuwait', 'Kuwaiti_dinar': 'the basic unit of money in Kuwait; equal 1,000 fils', 'Kuwaiti_dirham': 'worth one tenth of a Kuwaiti dinar; equal 100 fils', 'Libyan_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Libya', 'Libyan_dinar': 'the basic unit of money in Libya', 'Libyan_dirham': '100 dirhams equal 1 dinar in Libya', 'Tunisian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Tunisia', 'Tunisian_dinar': 'the basic unit of money in Tunisia', 'Tunisian_dirham': '100 dirhams equal 1 dinar in Tunisia', 'millime': '1,000 millimes equal 1 dinar in Tunisia', 'Yugoslavian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Yugoslavia', 'Yugoslavian_dinar': 'the basic unit of money in Yugoslavia', 'para': '100 para equal 1 dinar in Yugoslavia', 'Moroccan_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Morocco', 'Moroccan_dirham': 'the basic unit of money in Morocco; equal to 100 centimes', 'United_Arab_Emirate_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in the United Arab Emirates', 'United_Arab_Emirate_dirham': 'the basic unit of money in the United Arab Emirates; equal to 1,000 fils', 'Australian_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Australia and Nauru', 'Bahamian_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in the Bahamas', 'Barbados_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Barbados', 'Belize_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Belize', 'Bermuda_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Bermuda', 'Brunei_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Brunei', 'sen': 'a fractional monetary unit of Japan and Indonesia and Cambodia; equal to one hundredth of a yen or rupiah or riel', 'Canadian_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Canada; \"the Canadian dollar has the image of loon on one side of the coin\"', 'Cayman_Islands_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in the Cayman Islands', 'Dominican_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Dominica', 'Fiji_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Fiji', 'Grenada_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Grenada', 'Guyana_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Guyana', 'Hong_Kong_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Hong Kong', 'Jamaican_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Jamaica', 'Kiribati_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Kiribati', 'Liberian_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Liberia', 'New_Zealand_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in New Zealand', 'Singapore_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Singapore', 'Taiwan_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Taiwan', 'Trinidad_and_Tobago_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Trinidad and Tobago', 'Tuvalu_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Tuvalu', 'United_States_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in the United States', 'Eurodollar': 'a United States dollar deposited in a European bank and used as an international currency to finance trade', 'Zimbabwean_dollar': 'the basic unit of money in Zimbabwe', 'Vietnamese_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Vietnam', 'dong': 'the basic unit of money in Vietnam', 'hao': '10 hao equal 1 dong in Vietnam', 'Greek_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Greece', 'drachma': 'formerly the basic unit of money in Greece', 'Sao_Thome_e_Principe_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit on Sao Tome e Principe', 'dobra': 'the basic unit of money on Sao Tome e Principe', 'Cape_Verde_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit on Cape Verde', 'Cape_Verde_escudo': 'the basic unit of money on Cape Verde; equal to 100 centavos', 'Portuguese_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Portugal', 'Portuguese_escudo': 'formerly the basic monetary unit of Portugal; equal to 100 centavo', 'conto': '1 conto equals 1,000 escudos in Portugal', 'Hungarian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Hungary', 'forint': 'the basic unit of money in Hungary', 'pengo': 'formerly the basic unit of money in Hungary until it was replaced by the forint in 1946', 'Belgian_franc': 'formerly the basic unit of money in Belgium', 'Benin_franc': 'the basic unit of money in Benin', 'Burundi_franc': 'the basic unit of money in Burundi', 'Cameroon_franc': 'the basic unit of money in Cameroon', 'Central_African_Republic_franc': 'the basic unit of money in the Central African Republic', 'Chadian_franc': 'the basic unit of money in Chad', 'Congo_franc': 'the basic unit of money in the Congo', 'Djibouti_franc': 'the basic unit of money in Djibouti', 'French_franc': 'formerly the basic unit of money in France', 'Gabon_franc': 'the basic unit of money in Gabon', 'Ivory_Coast_franc': 'the basic unit of money in the Ivory Coast', 'Luxembourg_franc': 'formerly the basic unit of money in Luxembourg', 'Madagascar_franc': 'the basic unit of money in Madagascar', 'Mali_franc': 'the basic unit of money in Mali', 'Niger_franc': 'the basic unit of money in Niger', 'Rwanda_franc': 'the basic unit of money in Rwanda', 'Senegalese_franc': 'the basic unit of money in Senegal', 'Swiss_franc': 'the basic unit of money in Switzerland', 'Togo_franc': 'the basic unit of money in Togo', 'Burkina_Faso_franc': 'the basic unit of money in Burkina Faso', 'Haitian_monetary_unit': 'the monetary unit in Haiti', 'gourde': 'the basic unit of money in Haiti', 'Haitian_centime': '100 centimes equal 1 gourde in Haiti', 'Paraguayan_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Paraguay', 'guarani': 'the basic unit of money in Paraguay; equal to 100 centimos', 'Dutch_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in the Netherlands', 'guilder': 'the basic unit of money in Suriname; equal to 100 cents', 'Surinamese_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Suriname', 'Peruvian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Peru', 'inti': 'the basic unit of money in Peru', 'Papuan_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Papua New Guinea', 'kina': 'the basic unit of money in Papua New Guinea', 'toea': '100 toea equal 1 kina in Papua New Guinea', 'Laotian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Laos', 'at': '100 at equal 1 kip in Laos', 'Czech_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Czech Republic', 'koruna': 'the basic unit of money in Slovakia', 'haler': '100 halers equal 1 koruna Slovakia', 'Slovakian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Slovakia', 'Icelandic_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Iceland', 'Icelandic_krona': 'the basic unit of money in Iceland', 'eyrir': '100 aurar equal 1 krona in Iceland', 'Swedish_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Sweden', 'Swedish_krona': 'the basic unit of money in Sweden', 'ore': 'a mineral that contains metal that is valuable enough to be mined', 'Danish_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Denmark', 'Danish_krone': 'the basic unit of money in Denmark', 'Norwegian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Norway', 'Norwegian_krone': 'the basic unit of money in Norway', 'Malawian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Malawi', 'Malawi_kwacha': 'the basic unit of money in Malawi', 'tambala': '100 tambala equal 1 kwacha in Malawi', 'Zambian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Zambia', 'Zambian_kwacha': 'the basic unit of money in Zambia', 'ngwee': '100 ngwee equal 1 kwacha in Zambia', 'Angolan_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Angola', 'kwanza': 'the basic unit of money in Angola', 'lwei': '100 lwei equal 1 kwanza in Angola', 'Myanmar_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in the Union of Burma', 'kyat': 'the basic unit of money in Myanmar', 'pya': '100 pyas equal 1 kyat in Myanmar', 'Albanian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Albania', 'lek': 'the basic unit of money in Albania', 'qindarka': '100 qindarka equal 1 lek in Albania', 'Honduran_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Honduras', 'lempira': 'the basic unit of money in Honduras; equal to 100 centavos', 'Sierra_Leone_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Sierra Leone', 'leone': 'the basic unit of money in Sierra Leone; equal to 100 cents', 'Romanian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Romania', 'leu': 'the basic unit of money in Moldova', 'Bulgarian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Bulgaria', 'lev': 'the basic unit of money in Bulgaria', 'stotinka': '100 stotinka equal 1 lev in Bulgaria', 'Swaziland_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Swaziland', 'lilangeni': 'the basic unit of money in Swaziland; equal to 100 cents', 'Italian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Italy', 'lira': 'the basic unit of money on Malta; equal to 100 cents', 'British_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Great Britain', 'British_pound': 'the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland; equal to 100 pence', 'British_shilling': 'a former monetary unit in Great Britain', 'Turkish_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Turkey', 'kurus': '100 kurus equal 1 lira in Turkey', 'asper': '20 aspers equal 1 kurus in Turkey', 'Lesotho_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Lesotho', 'loti': 'the basic unit of money in Lesotho', 'sente': '100 lisente equal 1 loti in Lesotho; one sente is worth one-hundredth of a loti', 'German_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Germany', 'pfennig': '100 pfennigs formerly equaled 1 Deutsche Mark in Germany', 'Finnish_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Finland', 'markka': 'formerly the basic unit of money in Finland', 'penni': '100 pennia formerly equaled 1 markka in Finland', 'Mozambique_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Mozambique', 'metical': 'the basic unit of money in Mozambique; equal to 100 centavos', 'Nigerian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Nigeria', 'naira': 'the basic unit of money in Nigeria', 'kobo': '100 kobos equal 1 naira in Nigeria', 'Bhutanese_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Bhutan', 'ngultrum': 'the basic unit of money in Bhutan', 'chetrum': '100 chetrums equal 1 ngultrum in Bhutan', 'Mauritanian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Mauritania', 'ouguiya': 'the basic unit of money in Mauritania', 'khoum': '5 khoums equal 1 ouguiya in Mauritania', 'Tongan_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Tonga', \"pa'anga\": 'the basic unit of money in Tonga', 'seniti': \"100 seniti equal 1 pa'anga in Tonga\", 'Macao_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Macao', 'pataca': 'the basic unit of money in Macao', 'avo': '100 avos equal 1 pataca in Macao', 'Spanish_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Spain', 'peseta': 'formerly the basic unit of money in Spain; equal to 100 centimos', 'Bolivian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Bolivia', 'boliviano': 'the basic unit of money in Bolivia; equal to 100 centavos', 'Nicaraguan_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Nicaragua', 'cordoba': 'the basic unit of money in Nicaragua; equal to 100 centavos', 'Chilean_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Chile', 'Chilean_peso': 'the basic unit of money in Chile; equal to 100 centesimos', 'Colombian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Colombia', 'Colombian_peso': 'the basic unit of money in Colombia; equal to 100 centavos', 'Cuban_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Cuba', 'Cuban_peso': 'the basic unit of money in Cuba; equal to 100 centavos', 'Dominican_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in the Dominican Republic', 'Dominican_peso': 'the basic unit of money in the Dominican Republic; equal to 100 centavos', 'Guinea-Bissau_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Guinea-Bissau', 'Guinea-Bissau_peso': 'the basic unit of money in Guinea-Bissau; equal to 100 centavos', 'Mexican_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Mexico', 'Mexican_peso': 'the basic unit of money in Mexico; equal to 100 centavos', 'Philippine_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in the Philippines', 'Philippine_peso': 'the basic unit of money in the Philippines; equal to 100 centavos', 'Uruguayan_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Uruguay', 'Uruguayan_peso': 'the basic unit of money in Uruguay; equal to 100 centesimos', 'Cypriot_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Cyprus', 'Cypriot_pound': 'the basic unit of money in Cyprus; equal to 100 cents', 'Egyptian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Egypt', 'Egyptian_pound': 'the basic unit of money in Egypt; equal to 100 piasters', 'piaster': 'a fractional monetary unit in Egypt and Lebanon and Sudan and Syria', 'Irish_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Eire', 'Irish_pound': 'formerly the basic unit of money in Ireland; equal to 100 pence', 'Lebanese_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Lebanon', 'Lebanese_pound': 'the basic unit of money in Lebanon; equal to 100 piasters', 'Maltese_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit on Malta', 'Sudanese_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in the Sudan', 'Sudanese_pound': 'the basic unit of money in the Sudan; equal to 100 piasters', 'Syrian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Syria', 'Syrian_pound': 'the basic unit of money in Syria; equal to 100 piasters', 'Botswana_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Botswana', 'pula': 'the basic unit of money in Botswana', 'thebe': '100 thebe equal 1 pula in Botswana', 'Guatemalan_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Guatemala', 'South_African_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in South Africa', 'rand': 'the basic unit of money in South Africa; equal to 100 cents', 'Iranian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Iran', 'Iranian_rial': 'the basic unit of money in Iran', 'Iranian_dinar': '100 dinars equal 1 rial in Iran', 'Omani_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Oman', 'riyal-omani': 'the basic unit of money in Oman', 'baiza': '1,000 baiza equal 1 riyal-omani in Oman', 'Yemeni_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Yemen', 'Yemeni_rial': 'the basic unit of money in Yemen; equal to 100 fils', 'Yemeni_fils': '100 Yemeni fils are worth one Yemeni rial', 'Cambodian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Cambodia', 'riel': 'the basic unit of money in Cambodia; equal to 100 sen', 'Malaysian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit is Malaysia', 'ringgit': 'the basic unit of money in Malaysia; equal to 100 sen', 'Qatari_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Qatar', 'Qatari_riyal': 'the basic unit of money in Qatar', 'Qatari_dirham': '100 dirhams equal 1 riyal in Qatar', 'Saudi_Arabian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Saudi Arabia', 'Saudi_Arabian_riyal': 'the basic unit of money in Saudi Arabia', 'qurush': '20 qurush equal 1 riyal in Saudi Arabia', 'Russian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Russia', 'ruble': 'the basic unit of money in Tajikistan', 'kopek': '100 kopecks equal 1 ruble in Russia', 'Armenian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Armenia', 'dram': 'a unit of apothecary weight equal to an eighth of an ounce or to 60 grains', 'lumma': '100 lumma equal 1 dram in Armenia', 'Azerbaijani_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Azerbaijan', 'manat': 'the basic unit of money in Turkmenistan', 'qepiq': '100 qepiq equal 1 manat in Azerbaijan', 'Belarusian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Belarus', 'rubel': 'the basic unit of money in Belarus', 'kapeika': '100 kapeikas equal 1 rubel in Belarus', 'Estonian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Estonia', 'kroon': 'the basic unit of money in Estonia', 'sent': '100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia', 'Georgian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Georgia', 'lari': 'the basic unit of money in Georgia', 'tetri': '100 tetri equal 1 lari in Georgia', 'Kazakhstani_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Kazakhstan', 'tenge': '100 tenge equal 1 manat in Turkmenistan', 'tiyin': '100 tiyin equal 1 som in Uzbekistan', 'Latvian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Latvia', 'lats': 'the basic unit of money in Latvia', 'santims': '100 santimi equal 1 lats in Latvia', 'Lithuanian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Lithuania', 'litas': 'the basic unit of money in Lithuania', 'centas': '100 centas equal 1 litas in Lithuania', 'Kyrgyzstani_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Kyrgyzstan', 'som': 'the basic unit of money in Uzbekistan', 'tyiyn': '100 tyiyn equal 1 som in Kyrgyzstan', 'Moldovan_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Moldova', 'Tajikistani_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Tajikistan', 'tanga': '100 tanga equal 1 Tajikistani ruble', 'Turkmen_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Turkmenistan', 'Ukranian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Ukraine', 'hryvnia': 'the basic unit of money in Ukraine', 'kopiyka': '100 kopiykas equal 1 hryvnia in Ukraine', 'Uzbekistani_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Uzbekistan', 'Indian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in India', 'Indian_rupee': 'the basic unit of money in India; equal to 100 paise', 'paisa': 'a fractional monetary unit in Bangladesh and India and Nepal and Pakistan', 'Pakistani_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Pakistan', 'Pakistani_rupee': 'the basic unit of money in Pakistan; equal to 100 paisa', 'anna': 'a former copper coin of Pakistan and India', 'Mauritian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Mauritius', 'Mauritian_rupee': 'the basic unit of money in Mauritius; equal to 100 cents', 'Nepalese_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Nepal', 'Nepalese_rupee': 'the basic unit of money in Nepal; equal to 100 paisa', 'Seychelles_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Seychelles', 'Seychelles_rupee': 'the basic unit of money in Seychelles; equal to 100 cents', 'Sri_Lankan_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Sri Lanka', 'Sri_Lanka_rupee': 'the basic unit of money in Sri Lanka; equal to 100 cents', 'Indonesian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Indonesia', 'rupiah': 'the basic unit of money in Indonesia; equal to 100 sen', 'Austrian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Austria', 'schilling': 'formerly the basic unit of money in Austria', 'groschen': '100 groschen equal 1 schilling in Austria', 'Israeli_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Israel', 'shekel': 'the basic unit of money in Israel', 'Kenyan_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Kenya', 'Kenyan_shilling': 'the basic unit of money in Kenya; equal to 100 cents', 'Somalian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Somalia', 'Somalian_shilling': 'the basic unit of money in Somalia; equal to 100 cents', 'Tanzanian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Tanzania', 'Tanzanian_shilling': 'the basic unit of money in Tanzania; equal to 100 cents', 'Ugandan_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Uganda', 'Ugandan_shilling': 'the basic unit of money in Uganda; equal to 100 cents', 'Ecuadoran_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Ecuador', 'sucre': 'the basic unit of money in Ecuador; equal to 100 centavos', 'Guinean_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Guinea', 'Guinean_franc': 'the basic unit of money in Guinea', 'Bangladeshi_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Bangladesh', 'taka': 'the basic unit of money in Bangladesh; equal to 100 paisa', 'Western_Samoan_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Western Samoa', 'tala': 'the basic unit of money in Western Samoa', 'sene': '100 sene equal 1 tala in Western Samoa', 'Mongolian_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Mongolia', 'tugrik': 'the basic unit of money in Mongolia', 'mongo': '100 mongo equal 1 tugrik in Mongolia', 'North_Korean_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in North Korea', 'North_Korean_won': 'the basic unit of money in North Korea', 'chon': '100 chon equal 1 won in South Korea', 'South_Korean_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in South Korea', 'South_Korean_won': 'the basic unit of money in South Korea', 'Japanese_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Japan', 'yen': 'the basic unit of money in Japan; equal to 100 sen', 'Chinese_monetary_unit': \"the monetary unit in the People's Republic of China\", 'yuan': 'the basic unit of money in China', 'jiao': '10 jiao equal 1 yuan in China', 'fen': '100 fen equal 1 yuan in China', 'Zairese_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Zaire', 'zaire': 'the basic unit of money in Zaire', 'likuta': '100 makuta equal 1 zaire in Zaire', 'Polish_monetary_unit': 'monetary unit in Poland', 'zloty': 'the basic unit of money in Poland', 'grosz': '100 groszy equal 1 zloty in Poland', 'dol': 'a unit of pain intensity', 'standard_atmosphere': 'a unit of pressure: the pressure that will support a column of mercury 760 mm high at sea level and 0 degrees centigrade', 'pascal': 'a unit of pressure equal to one newton per square meter', 'torr': 'a unit of pressure equal to 0.001316 atmosphere; named after Torricelli', 'pounds_per_square_inch': 'a unit of pressure', 'millibar': 'a unit of atmospheric pressure equal to one thousandth of a bar; \"atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013 millibars\"', 'barye': 'the absolute unit of pressure equal to one dyne per square centimeter', 'em': 'a quad with a square body; \"since `em quad\\' is hard to distinguish from `en quad\\', printers sometimes called it a `mutton quad\\'\"', 'en': 'half the width of an em', 'cicero': 'a linear unit of the size of type slightly larger than an em', 'agate_line': 'space for one line of print (one column wide and 1/14 inch deep) used to measure advertising', 'milline': 'an advertising measure; one agate line appearing in one million copies of a publication', 'column_inch': 'a unit of measurement for advertising space', 'decibel': 'a logarithmic unit of sound intensity; 10 times the logarithm of the ratio of the sound intensity to some reference intensity', 'sone': 'a unit of perceived loudness equal to the loudness of a 1000-hertz tone at 40 dB above threshold', 'phon': 'a unit of subjective loudness', 'Erlang': 'a unit of traffic intensity in a telephone system', 'millidegree': 'a unit of temperature equal to one-thousandth of a degree', 'degree_centigrade': 'a degree on the centigrade scale of temperature', 'degree_Fahrenheit': 'a degree on the Fahrenheit scale of temperature', 'kelvin': \"the basic unit of thermodynamic temperature adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites\", 'Rankine': 'a unit of temperature on the Rankine scale', 'degree_day': 'a unit used in estimating fuel requirements for heating a building', 'standard_temperature': 'exactly zero degrees centigrade', 'poise': 'a state of being balanced in a stable equilibrium', 'atomic_mass_unit': 'unit of mass for expressing masses of atoms or molecules', 'mass_number': 'the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus', 'system_of_weights': 'a system of units used to express the weight of something', 'avoirdupois': 'a system of weights based on the 16-ounce pound (or 7,000 grains)', 'avoirdupois_unit': 'any of the units of the avoirdupois system of weights', 'troy': 'a system of weights used for precious metals and gemstones; based on a 12-ounce pound and an ounce of 480 grains', 'troy_unit': 'any of the unit of the troy system of weights', \"apothecaries'_unit\": 'any weight unit used in pharmacy; an ounce is equal to 480 grains and a pound is equal to 12 ounces', 'metric_weight_unit': 'a decimal unit of weight based on the gram', 'catty': 'any of various units of weight used in southeastern Asia (especially a Chinese measure equal to 500 grams)', 'crith': 'the weight of a liter of hydrogen (at 0 centigrade and 760 millimeters pressure)', 'maund': 'a unit of weight used in Asia; has different values in different countries; \"the official maund in India is 82.6 pounds avoirdupois\"', 'obolus': 'a Greek unit of weight equal to one tenth of a gram', 'picul': 'a unit of weight used in some parts of Asia; approximately equal to 133 pounds (the load a grown man can carry)', 'pood': 'a Russian unit of weight equal to approximately 36 pounds', 'rotl': 'a unit of weight used in some Moslem countries near the Mediterranean; varies between one and five pounds', 'tael': 'a unit of weight used in east Asia approximately equal to 1.3 ounces', 'tod': 'a unit of weight for wool equal to about 28 pounds', 'ounce': 'a unit of apothecary weight equal to 480 grains or one twelfth of a pound', 'half_pound': '8 ounces avoirdupois', 'quarter_pound': '4 ounces avoirdupois', 'hundredweight': 'a unit of weight equal to 100 kilograms', 'long_ton': 'a British unit of weight equivalent to 2240 pounds', 'short_ton': 'a United States unit of weight equivalent to 2000 pounds', 'pennyweight': 'a unit of apothecary weight equal to 24 grains', 'troy_pound': 'an apothecary weight equal to 12 ounces or 373.242 grams', 'microgram': 'one millionth (1/1,000,000) gram', 'milligram': 'one thousandth (1/1,000) gram', 'nanogram': 'one billionth (1/1,000,000,000) gram', 'decigram': '1/10 gram', 'carat': 'a unit of weight for precious stones = 200 mg', 'gram': 'a metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram', 'gram_atom': 'the quantity of an element whose weight in grams is numerically equal to the atomic weight of the element', 'gram_molecule': \"the molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams; the basic unit of amount of substance adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites\", 'dekagram': '10 grams', 'hectogram': '100 grams', 'kilogram': 'one thousand grams; the basic unit of mass adopted under the Systeme International d\\'Unites; \"a kilogram is approximately 2.2 pounds\"', 'myriagram': 'one ten thousandth of a centner', 'centner': 'in some European countries: a unit of weight equivalent to 50 kilograms', 'quintal': 'a unit of weight equal to 100 kilograms', 'metric_ton': 'a unit of weight equivalent to 1000 kilograms', 'erg': 'a cgs unit of work or energy; the work done by a force of one dyne acting over a distance of one centimeter', 'electron_volt': 'a unit of energy equal to the work done by an electron accelerated through a potential difference of 1 volt', 'joule': 'a unit of electrical energy equal to the work done when a current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second', 'calorie': 'unit of heat defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade at atmospheric pressure', 'Calorie': 'a unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree at one atmosphere pressure; used by nutritionists to characterize the energy-producing potential in food', 'British_thermal_unit': 'a unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit at one atmosphere pressure; equivalent to 251.997 calories', 'therm': 'a unit of heat equal to 100,000 British thermal units', 'watt-hour': 'a unit of energy equal to the power of one watt operating for one hour', 'kilowatt_hour': 'a unit of energy equal to the work done by a power of 1000 watts operating for one hour', 'foot-pound': 'a unit of work equal to a force of one pound moving through a distance of one foot', 'foot-ton': '2240 foot-pounds', 'foot-poundal': 'a unit of work equal to a force of one poundal moving through a distance of one foot', 'horsepower-hour': 'a unit of work equal to the work done by one horsepower in one hour', 'kilogram-meter': 'a unit of work equal to the work done by a one kilogram force operating through a distance of one meter', 'natural_number': 'the number 1 and any other number obtained by adding 1 to it repeatedly', 'integer': 'any of the natural numbers (positive or negative) or zero; \"an integer is a number that is not a fraction\"', 'addend': 'a number that is added to another number (the augend)', 'augend': 'a number to which another number (the addend) is added', 'minuend': 'the number from which the subtrahend is subtracted', 'subtrahend': 'the number to be subtracted from the minuend', 'remainder': 'something left after other parts have been taken away; \"there was no remainder\"; \"he threw away the rest\"; \"he took what he wanted and I got the balance\"', 'complex_number': '(mathematics) a number of the form a+bi where a and b are real numbers and i is the square root of -1', 'complex_conjugate': 'either of two complex numbers whose real parts are identical and whose imaginary parts differ only in sign', 'real_number': 'any rational or irrational number', 'pure_imaginary_number': 'an imaginary number of the form a+bi where a is 0', 'imaginary_part': 'the part of a complex number that has the square root of -1 as a factor', 'rational_number': 'an integer or a fraction', 'irrational_number': 'a real number that cannot be expressed as a rational number', 'transcendental_number': 'an irrational number that is not algebraic', 'algebraic_number': 'root of an algebraic equation with rational coefficients', 'biquadrate': 'an algebraic equation of the fourth degree', 'square_root': 'a number that when multiplied by itself equals a given number', 'cube_root': 'a number that when multiplied three times equals a given number', 'common_fraction': 'the quotient of two integers', 'numerator': 'the dividend of a fraction', 'denominator': 'the divisor of a fraction', 'divisor': 'one of two or more integers that can be exactly divided into another integer; \"what are the 4 factors of 6?\"', 'quotient': 'the ratio of two quantities to be divided', 'multiplier': 'the number by which a multiplicand is multiplied', 'multiplicand': 'the number that is multiplied by the multiplier', 'scale_factor': 'a number used as a multiplier in scaling', 'time-scale_factor': 'the ratio of the simulation time to the time of the real process', 'equivalent-binary-digit_factor': 'the average number of binary digits needed to express one radix digit in a numeration system that is not binary; on the average a number that can be expressed in N decimal digits takes 3.3N binary digits', 'aliquot': 'an integer that is an exact divisor of some quantity; \"4 is an aliquot part of 12\"', 'aliquant': 'an integer that is not an exact divisor of some quantity; \"5 is an aliquant part of 12\"', 'common_divisor': 'an integer that divides two (or more) other integers evenly', 'greatest_common_divisor': 'the largest integer that divides without remainder into a set of integers', 'common_multiple': 'an integer that is a multiple of two or more other integers', 'improper_fraction': 'a fraction whose numerator is larger than the denominator', 'proper_fraction': 'a fraction with a numerator smaller than the denominator', 'complex_fraction': 'a fraction with fractions in the numerator or denominator', 'decimal_fraction': 'a proper fraction whose denominator is a power of 10', 'circulating_decimal': 'a decimal with a sequence of digits that repeats itself indefinitely', 'continued_fraction': 'a fraction whose numerator is an integer and whose denominator is an integer plus a fraction whose numerator is an integer and whose denominator is an integer plus a fraction and so on', 'one-half': 'one of two equal parts of a divisible whole; \"half a loaf\"; \"half an hour\"; \"a century and one half\"', 'fifty_percent': 'a half expressed as a percentage', 'one-third': 'one of three equal parts of a divisible whole; \"it contains approximately a third of the minimum daily requirement\"', 'two-thirds': 'two of three equal parts of a divisible whole', 'one-fourth': 'one of four equal parts; \"a quarter of a pound\"', 'three-fourths': 'three of four equal parts; \"three-fourths of a pound\"', 'one-fifth': 'one part in five equal parts', 'one-sixth': 'one part in six equal parts', 'one-seventh': 'one part in seven equal parts', 'one-eighth': 'one part in eight equal parts', 'one-ninth': 'one part in nine equal parts', 'one-tenth': 'a tenth part; one part in ten equal parts', 'one-twelfth': 'one part in twelve equal parts', 'one-sixteenth': 'one part in sixteen equal parts', 'one-thirty-second': 'one part in thirty-two equal parts', 'one-sixtieth': 'one part in sixty equal parts', 'one-sixty-fourth': 'one part in sixty-four equal parts', 'one-hundredth': 'one part in a hundred equal parts', 'one-thousandth': 'one part in a thousand equal parts', 'one-ten-thousandth': 'one part in ten thousand equal parts', 'one-hundred-thousandth': 'one part in a hundred thousand equal parts', 'one-millionth': 'one part in a million equal parts', 'one-hundred-millionth': 'one part in a hundred million equal parts', 'one-billionth': 'one part in a billion equal parts', 'one-trillionth': 'one part in a trillion equal parts', 'one-quadrillionth': 'one part in a quadrillion equal parts', 'one-quintillionth': 'one part in a quintillion equal parts', 'nothing': 'a quantity of no importance; \"it looked like nothing I had ever seen before\"; \"reduced to nil all the work we had done\"; \"we racked up a pathetic goose egg\"; \"it was all for naught\"; \"I didn\\'t hear zilch about it\"', 'nihil': '(Latin) nil; nothing (as used by a sheriff after an unsuccessful effort to serve a writ); \"nihil habet\"', 'bugger_all': 'little or nothing at all; \"I asked for a raise and they gave me bugger-all\"; \"I know sweet Fanny Adams about surgery\"', 'binary_digit': 'either 0 or 1 in binary notation', 'octal_digit': 'a digit from 0 to 7 in octal notation', 'decimal_digit': 'a digit from 0 to 9 in decimal notation', 'duodecimal_digit': 'a digit from 0 to 11 in duodecimal notation', 'hexadecimal_digit': 'a digit from 0 to 15 in hexadecimal notation', 'significant_digit': 'any digit of a number that is known with certainty; any digit of a number beginning with the leftmost non-zero digit and ending with the rightmost non-zero digit (or a zero considered to be the exact value); \"he calculated the answer to four significant figures\"', 'two': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number', 'doubleton': '(bridge) a pair of playing cards that are the only cards in their suit in the hand dealt to a player', 'three': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one', 'four': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one', 'five': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one', 'six': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one', 'seven': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one', 'eight': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of seven and one', 'nine': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of eight and one', 'large_integer': 'an integer equal to or greater than ten', 'double_digit': 'a two-digit integer; from 10 to 99', 'ten': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system', 'eleven': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of ten and one', 'twelve': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one', 'boxcars': '(usually plural) an expression used when two dice are thrown and both come up showing six spots', 'teens': 'the time of life between the ages of 12 and 20', 'thirteen': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of twelve and one', 'fourteen': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of thirteen and one', 'fifteen': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of fourteen and one', 'sixteen': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of fifteen and one', 'seventeen': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of sixteen and one', 'eighteen': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of seventeen and one', 'nineteen': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of eighteen and one', 'twenty': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one', 'twenty-one': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty and one', 'twenty-three': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-two and one', 'twenty-four': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-three and one', 'twenty-five': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-four and one', 'twenty-six': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-five and one', 'twenty-seven': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-six and one', 'twenty-eight': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-seven and one', 'twenty-nine': 'the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-eight and one', 'thirty': 'the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three', 'forty': 'the cardinal number that is the product of ten and four', 'fifty': 'the cardinal number that is the product of ten and five', 'sixty': 'the cardinal number that is the product of ten and six', 'seventy': 'the cardinal number that is the product of ten and seven', 'eighty': 'the cardinal number that is the product of ten and eight', 'ninety': 'the cardinal number that is the product of ten and nine', 'hundred': 'ten 10s', 'long_hundred': 'the cardinal number that is the product of ten and twelve', 'five_hundred': 'the cardinal number that is the product of one hundred and five', 'thousand': 'the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100', 'millenary': 'a sum or aggregate of one thousand (especially one thousand years)', 'great_gross': 'a cardinal number equal to one dozen gross', 'ten_thousand': 'the cardinal number that is the product of ten and one thousand', 'hundred_thousand': 'the cardinal number that is the fifth power of ten', 'million': 'a very large indefinite number (usually hyperbole); \"there were millions of flies\"', 'crore': 'the number that is represented as a one followed by 7 zeros; ten million', 'billion': 'the number that is represented as a one followed by 12 zeros; in the United Kingdom the usage followed in the United States is frequently seen', 'milliard': 'a billion; \"in England they call one thousand million a milliard\"', 'trillion': 'the number that is represented as a one followed by 18 zeros; \"in England they call a quintillion a trillion\"', 'quadrillion': 'the number that is represented as a one followed by 24 zeros; \"in England they call a septillion a quadrillion\"', 'quintillion': 'the number that is represented as a one followed by 18 zeros', 'sextillion': 'the number that is represented as a one followed by 21 zeros', 'septillion': 'the number that is represented as a one followed by 24 zeros', 'octillion': 'the number that is represented as a one followed by 27 zeros', 'aleph-null': 'the smallest infinite integer', 'e': 'the base of the natural system of logarithms; approximately equal to 2.718282...', 'formatted_capacity': '(computer science) the usable capacity of a disk drive; the amount of space that is left after the sector headings and boundary definitions and timing information have been added by formatting the disk', 'unformatted_capacity': '(computer science) the total number of bytes on a disk including the space that will be required to format it', 'containerful': 'the quantity that a container will hold', 'headspace': 'the volume left at the top of a filled container (bottle or jar or tin) before sealing', 'large_indefinite_quantity': 'an indefinite quantity that is above the average in size or magnitude', 'chunk': 'a substantial amount; \"we won a chunk of money\"', 'pulmonary_reserve': 'the additional volume of air that the lungs can inhale and exhale when breathing to the limit of capacity in times of stress', 'small_indefinite_quantity': 'an indefinite quantity that is below average size or magnitude', 'dab': 'a small quantity of something moist or liquid; \"a dab of paint\"; \"a splatter of mud\"; \"just a splash of whiskey\"', \"hair's-breadth\": 'a very small distance or space; \"they escaped by a hair\\'s-breadth\"; \"they lost the election by a whisker\"', 'modicum': 'a small or moderate or token amount; \"England still expects a modicum of eccentricity in its artists\"- Ian Jack', 'shoestring': 'a small amount of money; \"he managed it on a shoestring\"', 'little': 'a small amount or duration; \"he accepted the little they gave him\"', 'shtikl': 'a really little shtik; \"have a shtikl cake\"', 'tad': 'a slight amount or degree of difference; \"a tad too expensive\"; \"not a tad of difference\"; \"the new model is a shade better than the old one\"', 'spillage': 'the amount that has spilled', 'ullage': 'the amount that a container (as a wine bottle or tank) lacks of being full', 'top-up': 'an amount needed to restore something to its former level', 'armful': 'the quantity that can be contained in the arms', 'barnful': 'the quantity that a barn will hold', 'busload': 'the quantity of cargo or the number of passengers that a bus can carry', 'capful': 'the quantity that a cap will hold', 'carful': 'the quantity that a car will hold', 'cartload': 'the quantity that a cart holds', 'cask': 'the quantity a cask will hold', 'handful': 'a small number or amount; \"only a handful of responses were received\"', 'hatful': 'as many or as much as a hat will hold', 'houseful': 'as many as a house will accommodate; \"they entertained a houseful of guests\"', 'lapful': 'the quantity that can be held in the lap', 'mouthful': 'the quantity that can be held in the mouth', 'pail': 'the quantity contained in a pail', 'pipeful': 'the quantity of tobacco that can be smoked in a pipe at one time', 'pocketful': 'the quantity a pocket will hold', 'roomful': 'the quantity a room will hold', 'shelfful': 'the amount that a shelf will hold; \"he bought a shelfful of books\"', 'shoeful': 'the amount that a shoe will hold; \"he emptied out a shoeful of water\"', 'skinful': 'a quantity of alcoholic drink sufficient to make you drunk; \"someone had to drive me home last night because I had a skinful\"', 'skepful': 'the quantity a skep can hold', 'dessertspoon': 'as much as a dessert spoon will hold', 'droplet': 'a tiny drop', 'dollop': 'a small measure (usually of food)', 'trainload': 'quantity that can be carried by a train', 'dreg': 'a small amount of residue', 'shred': 'a tiny or scarcely detectable amount', 'tot': 'a small amount (especially of a drink); \"a tot of rum\"', 'barrels': 'the amount that many barrels might hold', 'billyo': 'an unimaginably large amount; \"British say `it rained like billyo\\' where Americans say `it rained like all get out\\'\"', 'boatload': 'the amount of cargo that can be held by a boat or ship or a freight car; \"he imported wine by the boatload\"', 'haymow': 'a mass of hay piled up in a barn for preservation', 'infinitude': 'an infinite quantity', 'much': 'a great amount or extent; \"they did much for humanity\"', 'myriad': 'a large indefinite number; \"he faced a myriad of details\"', 'small_fortune': 'a large sum of money; \"he made a small fortune in the commodities market\"', 'tons': 'a large number or amount; \"made lots of new friends\"; \"she amassed stacks of newspapers\"', 'breathing_room': 'sufficient room for easy breathing or movement; \"moved to the country to find breathing room\"', 'houseroom': 'space for accommodation in a house; \"I wouldn\\'t give that table houseroom\"', 'living_space': 'space sought for occupation by a nation whose population is expanding', 'sea_room': 'space for maneuver at sea', 'vital_capacity': 'the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation (usually tested with a spirometer); used to determine the condition of lung tissue', 'STP': 'standard temperature and pressure', 'relations': 'mutual dealings or connections or communications among persons or groups', 'causality': 'the relation between causes and effects', 'relationship': 'a state involving mutual dealings between people or parties or countries', 'personal_relation': 'a relation between persons', 'female_bonding': 'the formation of a close personal relationship between women', 'male_bonding': 'the formation of a close personal relationship between men; \"the rituals known as male bonding do not necessarily involve drinking beer together\"', 'maternal-infant_bonding': 'the attachment that forms between an infant and its mother beginning at birth; \"maternal-infant bonding influences the child\\'s psychological and physical development\"', 'logical_relation': 'a relation between propositions', 'contradictory': 'two propositions are contradictories if both cannot be true (or both cannot be false) at the same time', 'contrary': 'exact opposition; \"public opinion to the contrary he is not guilty\"', 'mathematical_relation': 'a relation between mathematical expressions (such as equality or inequality)', 'inverse_function': 'a function obtained by expressing the dependent variable of one function as the independent variable of another; f and g are inverse functions if f(x)=y and g(y)=x', 'Kronecker_delta': 'a function of two variables i and j that equals 1 when i=j and equals 0 otherwise', 'metric_function': 'a function of a topological space that gives, for any two points in the space, a value equal to the distance between them', 'affine_transformation': '(mathematics) a transformation that is a combination of single transformations such as translation or rotation or reflection on an axis', 'linear_operator': 'an operator that obeys the distributive law: A(f+g) = Af + Ag (where f and g are functions)', 'trigonometric_function': 'function of an angle expressed as a ratio of the length of the sides of right-angled triangle containing the angle', 'sine': 'ratio of the length of the side opposite the given angle to the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle', 'arc_sine': 'the inverse function of the sine; the angle that has a sine equal to a given number', 'cosine': 'ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle', 'arc_cosine': 'the inverse function of the cosine; the angle that has a cosine equal to a given number', 'tangent': 'a straight line or plane that touches a curve or curved surface at a point but does not intersect it at that point', 'arc_tangent': 'the inverse function of the tangent; the angle that has a tangent equal to a given number', 'cotangent': 'ratio of the adjacent to the opposite side of a right-angled triangle', 'arc_cotangent': 'the inverse function of the cotangent; the angle that has a cotangent equal to a given number', 'secant': 'a straight line that intersects a curve at two or more points', 'arc_secant': 'the inverse function of the secant; the angle that has a secant equal to a given number', 'cosecant': 'ratio of the hypotenuse to the opposite side of a right-angled triangle', 'arc_cosecant': 'the angle that has a cosecant equal to a given number', 'threshold_function': 'a function that takes the value 1 if a specified function of the arguments exceeds a given threshold and 0 otherwise', 'exponential': 'a function in which an independent variable appears as an exponent', 'exponential_equation': 'an equation involving exponential functions of a variable', 'exponential_curve': 'a graph of an exponential function', 'exponential_expression': 'a mathematical expression consisting of a constant (especially e) raised to some power', 'exponential_series': 'a series derived from the expansion of an exponential expression', 'oddness': 'the parity of odd numbers (not divisible by two)', 'footing': 'status with respect to the relations between people or groups; \"on good terms with her in-laws\"; \"on a friendly footing\"', 'common_ground': 'a basis agreed to by all parties for reaching a mutual understanding', 'silver_cord': 'the emotional bond between a mother and her offspring', 'involvement': 'a connection of inclusion or containment; \"he escaped involvement in the accident\"; \"there was additional involvement of the liver and spleen\"', 'unconnectedness': 'the lack of a connection between things', 'relevance': 'the relation of something to the matter at hand', 'germaneness': 'pertinence by virtue of a close relation to the matter at hand', 'applicability': 'relevance by virtue of being applicable to the matter at hand', 'relatedness': 'a particular manner of connectedness; \"the relatedness of all living things\"', 'irrelevance': 'the lack of a relation of something to the matter at hand', 'inapplicability': 'irrelevance by virtue of being inapplicable to the matter at hand', 'unrelatedness': 'the lack of any particular manner of connectedness', 'extraneousness': 'unrelatedness by virtue of falling outside the matter at hand', 'grammatical_relation': 'a linguistic relation established by grammar', 'linguistic_relation': 'a relation between linguistic forms or constituents', 'number_agreement': 'agreement in number between words in the same grammatical construction (e.g., between adjectives and the nouns they modify)', 'person_agreement': 'agreement in person between pronouns and verbs', 'case_agreement': 'agreement in grammatical case between words in the same construction', 'gender_agreement': 'agreement in grammatical gender between words in the same construction', 'transitivity': '(logic and mathematics) a relation between three elements such that if it holds between the first and second and it also holds between the second and third it must necessarily hold between the first and third', 'intransitivity': 'the grammatical relation created by an intransitive verb', 'reflexivity': 'the coreferential relation between a reflexive pronoun and its antecedent', 'coreference': 'the grammatical relation between two words that have a common referent', 'copulative_conjunction': 'the conjunctive relation of units that expresses the addition of their meanings', 'disjunctive_conjunction': 'the conjunctive relation of units that expresses the disjunction of their meanings', 'adversative_conjunction': 'the conjunctive relation of units that expresses the opposition of their meanings', 'complementation': 'the grammatical relation of a word or phrase to a predicate', 'restrictiveness': \"a grammatical qualification that makes the meaning more specific (`red hat' has a more specific meaning than `hat')\", 'mood': 'verb inflections that express how the action or state is conceived by the speaker', 'indicative_mood': 'a mood (grammatically unmarked) that represents the act or state as an objective fact', 'subjunctive_mood': 'a mood that represents an act or state (not as a fact but) as contingent or possible', 'optative_mood': 'a mood (as in Greek or Sanskrit) that expresses a wish or hope; expressed in English by modal verbs', 'imperative_mood': \"a mood that expresses an intention to influence the listener's behavior\", 'interrogative_mood': 'some linguists consider interrogative sentences to constitute a mood', 'anaphoric_relation': 'the relation between an anaphor and its antecedent', 'active_voice': 'the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is performing the action or causing the happening denoted by the verb; \"`The boy threw the ball\\' uses the active voice\"', 'passive_voice': 'the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient (not the source) of the action denoted by the verb; \"`The ball was thrown by the boy\\' uses the passive voice\"; \"`The ball was thrown\\' is an abbreviated passive\"', 'pluralization': 'the act of pluralizing or attributing plurality to', 'perfective': 'a tense of verbs used in describing action that has been completed (sometimes regarded as perfective aspect)', 'imperfective': 'aspect without regard to the beginning or completion of the action of the verb', 'durative': 'the aspect of a verb that expresses its duration', 'progressive_aspect': 'the aspect of a verb that expresses its on-going action', 'inchoative': 'aspect with regard to the beginning of the action of the verb', 'iterative': 'the aspect of the verb that expresses the repetition of an action', 'progressive': 'a tense of verbs used in describing action that is on-going', 'present_progressive': 'a tense used to express action that is on-going at the time of utterance', 'present_perfect': 'a perfective tense used to express action completed in the present; \"`I have finished\\' is an example of the present perfect\"', 'preterit': 'a term formerly used to refer to the simple past tense', 'past_perfect': 'a perfective tense used to express action completed in the past; \"`I had finished\\' is an example of the past perfect\"', 'past_progressive': 'a progressive tense used to describe on-going action in the past; \"`I had been running\\' is an example of the past progressive\"', 'future_perfect': 'a perfective tense used to describe action that will be completed in the future; \"`I will have finished\\' is an example of the future perfect\"', 'future_progressive': 'a progressive tense used to express action that will be on-going in the future; \"`I will be running\\' is an example of the future progressive\"', 'semantic_relation': 'a relation between meanings', 'hyponymy': 'the semantic relation of being subordinate or belonging to a lower rank or class', 'hypernymy': 'the semantic relation of being superordinate or belonging to a higher rank or class', 'synonymy': 'the semantic relation that holds between two words that can (in a given context) express the same meaning', 'antonymy': 'the semantic relation that holds between two words that can (in a given context) express opposite meanings', 'holonymy': 'the semantic relation that holds between a whole and its parts', 'meronymy': 'the semantic relation that holds between a part and the whole', 'homonymy': 'the relation between two words that are spelled the same way but differ in meaning or the relation between two words that are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning', 'leftover': 'a small part or portion that remains after the main part no longer exists', 'subpart': 'a part of a part', 'rapport': 'a relationship of mutual understanding or trust and agreement between people', 'mutual_understanding': 'sympathy of each person for the other', 'kinship': '(anthropology) relatedness or connection by blood or marriage or adoption', 'steprelationship': 'a family relationship by virtue of remarriage', 'consanguinity': '(anthropology) related by blood', 'parentage': 'the kinship relation of an offspring to the parents', 'motherhood': 'the kinship relation between an offspring and the mother', 'bilateral_descent': 'line of descent traced through both the maternal and paternal sides of the family', 'unilateral_descent': 'line of descent traced through one side of the family', 'matrilineage': 'line of descent traced through the maternal side of the family', 'patrilineage': 'line of descent traced through the paternal side of the family', 'marital_relationship': 'the relationship between wife and husband', 'magnitude_relation': 'a relation between magnitudes', 'case-fatality_proportion': 'the number of cases of a disease ending in death divided by the number of cases of the disease; usually expressed as a percentage or as the number of deaths per 1000 cases', 'case-to-infection_proportion': 'the number of cases of a disease divided by the number of infections with the agent that causes the disease', 'golden_section': 'the proportional relation between two divisions of line or two dimension of a plane figure such that short : long :: long : (short + long)', 'commensurateness': 'the relation of corresponding in degree or size or amount', 'percentage': 'a proportion in relation to a whole (which is usually the amount per hundred)', 'absentee_rate': 'the percentage of workers who do not report to work', 'batting_average': '(an extension of the baseball term) the proportion of times some effort succeeds; \"the salesman\\'s batting average was 7 out of 12\"', 'fielding_average': \"(baseball) a measure of a fielder's performance; the number of assists and putouts divided by the number of chances\", 'occupancy_rate': 'the percentage of all rental units (as in hotels) are occupied or rented at a given time', 'hospital_occupancy': 'occupancy rate for hospitals', 'hotel_occupancy': 'occupancy rate for hotels', 'vacancy_rate': 'the percentage of all rental units (as in hotels) that are unoccupied or not rented at a given time', 'unemployment_rate': 'the percentage of the work force that is unemployed at any given date', 'ratio': 'the relative magnitudes of two quantities (usually expressed as a quotient)', 'albedo': 'the ratio of reflected to incident light', 'aspect_ratio': 'the ratio of the width to the height of a tv picture', 'cephalic_index': 'ratio (in percent) of the maximum breadth to the maximum length of a skull', 'figure_of_merit': 'a numerical expression representing the efficiency of a given system, material, or procedure', 'facial_index': 'the ratio (in percent) of the maximum width to the maximum height of the face', 'focal_ratio': 'the ratio of the focal length to the diameter of a (camera) lens system', 'intelligence_quotient': \"a measure of a person's intelligence as indicated by an intelligence test; the ratio of a person's mental age to their chronological age (multiplied by 100)\", 'adult_intelligence': 'the average IQ of the adults in a given population', 'borderline_intelligence': 'the minimal IQ required for someone to function normally and independently in the world (without some form of institutional assistance)', 'load_factor': '(aeronautics) the ratio of an external load to the weight of the aircraft (measured in g)', 'loss_ratio': 'the ratio of the annual claims paid by an insurance company to the premiums received', 'Mach_number': 'the ratio of the speed of a moving body to the speed of sound', 'mechanical_advantage': 'the ratio of the force exerted by a machine to the force applied to it', 'order_of_magnitude': 'a number assigned to the ratio of two quantities; two quantities are of the same order of magnitude if one is less than 10 times as large as the other; the number of magnitudes that the quantities differ is specified to within a power of 10', 'output-to-input_ratio': 'the output power of a transducer divided by the input power', 'price-to-earnings_ratio': '(stock market) the price of a stock divided by its earnings', 'productivity': '(economics) the ratio of the quantity and quality of units produced to the labor per unit of time', 'proportionality': 'a ratio of two quantities that is constant', 'refractive_index': 'the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to that in a medium', 'relative_humidity': 'the ratio of the amount of water in the air at a give temperature to the maximum amount it could hold at that temperature; expressed as a percentage', 'respiratory_quotient': 'the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide expired to the volume of oxygen consumed by an organism or cell in a given period of time', 'safety_factor': 'the ratio of the breaking stress of a structure to the estimated maximum stress in ordinary use', 'signal-to-noise_ratio': 'the ratio of signal intensity to noise intensity', 'stoichiometry': '(chemistry) the relation between the quantities of substances that take part in a reaction or form a compound (typically a ratio of whole integers)', 'time_constant': '(electronics) the time required for the current or voltage in a circuit to rise or fall exponentially through approximately 63 per cent of its amplitude', 'employee_turnover': 'the ratio of the number of workers that had to be replaced in a given time period to the average number of workers', 'power_loading': 'the ratio of the weight of an airplane to its engine power', 'span_loading': 'the ratio of the weight of an airplane to its wingspan', 'wing_loading': 'the ratio of the weight of an airplane to its wing area', 'horizontal': 'something that is oriented horizontally', 'vertical': 'something that is oriented vertically', 'antipodal': 'the relation of opposition along a diameter', 'enantiomorphism': 'the relation of opposition between crystals or molecules that are reflections of one another', 'to_windward': 'the side toward the wind', 'leeward': 'the direction in which the wind is blowing', 'to_leeward': 'the side sheltered from the wind', 'seaward': 'the direction toward the sea', 'compass_point': 'any of 32 horizontal directions indicated on the card of a compass; \"he checked the point on his compass\"', 'cardinal_compass_point': 'one of the four main compass points', 'north_by_east': 'the compass point that is one point east (clockwise) of due north', 'north_northeast': 'the compass point that is midway between north and northeast', 'northeast_by_north': 'the compass point that is one point north of northeast', 'northeast_by_east': 'the compass point that is one point east of northeast', 'east_northeast': 'the compass point midway between northeast and east', 'east_by_north': 'the compass point that is one point north of due east', 'east_by_south': 'the compass point that is one point south of due east', 'east_southeast': 'the compass point midway between east and southeast', 'southeast_by_east': 'the compass point that is one point east of southeast', 'southeast_by_south': 'the compass point that is one point south of southeast', 'south_southeast': 'the compass point midway between south and southeast', 'south_by_east': 'the compass point that is one point east of due south', 'south_by_west': 'the compass point that is one point west of due south', 'south_southwest': 'the compass point midway between south and southwest', 'southwest_by_south': 'the compass point that is one point south of southwest', 'southwest_by_west': 'the compass point that is one point west of southwest', 'west_southwest': 'the compass point midway between west and southwest', 'west_by_south': 'the compass point that is one point south of due west', 'west_by_north': 'the compass point that is one point north of due west', 'west_northwest': 'the compass point midway between west and northwest', 'northwest_by_west': 'the compass point that is one point west of northwest', 'northwest_by_north': 'the compass point that is one point north of northwest', 'north_northwest': 'the compass point that is midway between north and northwest', 'north_by_west': 'the compass point that is one point west of due north', 'angular_position': 'relation by which any position with respect to any other position is established', 'business_relation': 'a relation between different business enterprises', 'price_war': 'intense competition in which competitors cut retail prices to gain business', 'clientage': 'relation of a client to a patron', 'professional_relation': 'the relation that exists when one person requests and is granted professional help from a qualified source', 'medical_relation': 'the professional relation between a health care professional and a patient', 'doctor-patient_relation': 'the responsibility of a physician to act in the best interests of the patient', 'nurse-patient_relation': 'the responsibility of a nurse to act in the best interests of the patient', 'legal_relation': 'a professional relation that is regulated by law (as between a lawyer and a client)', 'fiduciary_relation': 'the legal relation that exists when one person justifiably places reliance on another whose aid or protection is sought in some matter', 'bank-depositor_relation': 'the responsibility of a bank to act in the best interests of the depositors', 'confidential_adviser-advisee_relation': 'the responsibility of a confidential adviser to act in the best interest of the advisee', 'conservator-ward_relation': 'the responsibility of a conservator to act in the best interests of the ward', 'director-stockholder_relation': 'the responsibility of corporate directors to act in the best interests of stockholders', 'executor-heir_relation': 'the responsibility of an executor (or administrator) of an estate to act in the best interests of the heir', 'lawyer-client_relation': 'the responsibility of a lawyer to act in the best interests of the client', 'partner_relation': \"the responsibility of partners to act in one another's best interests\", 'receiver-creditor_relation': 'the responsibility of receiver or trustee in bankruptcy to act in the best interests of the creditor', 'trustee-beneficiary_relation': 'the responsibility of a trustee to act in the best interests of the beneficiary', 'academic_relation': 'a professional relation between instructors and those they instruct', 'teacher-student_relation': 'the academic relation between teachers and their students', 'reciprocality': 'a relation of mutual dependence or action or influence', 'complementarity': 'a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities', 'mutuality': 'a reciprocality of sentiments; \"the mutuality of their affection was obvious\"', 'commensalism': 'the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it', 'parasitism': 'the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage)', 'symbiosis': 'the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other', 'trophobiosis': 'a symbiotic relation in which one organism protects the other in return for some kind of food product', 'additive_inverse': '(mathematics) one of a pair of numbers whose sum is zero; the additive inverse of -5 is +5', 'multiplicative_inverse': '(mathematics) one of a pair of numbers whose product is 1: the reciprocal of 2/3 is 3/2; the multiplicative inverse of 7 is 1/7', 'reciprocal': 'something (a term or expression or concept) that has a reciprocal relation to something else; \"risk is the reciprocal of safety\"', 'time_sharing': '(computer science) the use of a central computer by many users simultaneously', 'interrelation': 'mutual or reciprocal relation or relatedness; \"interrelationships of animal structure and function\"', 'temporal_relation': 'a relation involving time', 'synchronism': 'the relation that exists when things occur at the same time; \"the drug produces an increased synchrony of the brain waves\"', 'asynchronism': 'the relation that exists when things occur at unrelated times; \"the stimulus produced a desynchronizing of the brain waves\"', 'former': 'the first of two or the first mentioned of two; \"Tom and Dick were both heroes but only the former is remembered today\"', 'latter': 'the second of two or the second mentioned of two; \"Tom and Dick were both heroes but only the latter is remembered today\"', 'eighth': 'position eight in a countable series of things', 'ninth': 'position nine in a countable series of things; \"going into the ninth they were a run ahead\"', 'tenth': 'position ten in a countable series of things', 'eleventh': 'position 11 in a countable series of things', 'twelfth': 'position 12 in a countable series of things', 'thirteenth': 'position 13 in a countable series of things', 'fourteenth': 'position 14 in a countable series of things', 'fifteenth': 'position 15 in a countable series of things', 'sixteenth': 'position 16 in a countable series of things', 'seventeenth': 'position 17 in a countable series of things', 'eighteenth': 'position 18 in a countable series of things', 'nineteenth': 'position 19 in a countable series of things', 'twentieth': 'position 20 in a countable series of things', 'thirtieth': 'position 30 in a countable series of things', 'fortieth': 'position 40 in a countable series of things', 'fiftieth': 'position 50 in a countable series of things', 'sixtieth': 'position 60 in a countable series of things', 'seventieth': 'position 70 in a countable series of things', 'eightieth': 'position 80 in a countable series of things', 'ninetieth': 'position 90 in a countable series of things', 'hundredth': 'position 100 in a countable series of things', 'thousandth': 'position 1,000 in a countable series of things', 'millionth': 'position 1,000,000 in a countable series of things', 'billionth': 'position 1,000,000,000 in a countable series of things', 'logarithmic_scale': 'scale on which actual distances from the origin are proportional to the logarithms of the corresponding scale numbers', 'Mercalli_scale': 'a scale formerly used to describe the magnitude of an earthquake; an earthquake detected only by seismographs is a I and an earthquake that destroys all buildings is a XII', 'Mohs_scale': 'a scale of hardness of solids; talc is 0 and diamond is 10; ordering is determined by which substance can scratch another substance', 'Richter_scale': 'a logarithmic scale of 1 to 10 formerly used to express the magnitude of an earthquake on the basis of the size of seismograph oscillations', 'moment_magnitude_scale': 'a logarithmic scale of 1 to 10 (a successor to the Richter scale) that enables seismologists to compare the energy released by different earthquakes on the basis of the area of the geological fault that ruptured in the quake', 'temperature_scale': 'a system of measuring temperature', 'Celsius_scale': 'a temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 0 degrees and the boiling point of water as 100 degrees', 'Fahrenheit_scale': 'a temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 32 degrees and the boiling point of water a 212 degrees', 'Kelvin_scale': 'a temperature scale that defines absolute zero as 0 degrees; water freezes at 273.16 degrees and boils at 373.16 degrees', 'Rankine_scale': 'a scale of absolute temperature in Fahrenheit degrees; the freezing point of water is 491.69 degrees and the boiling point of water is 671.69 degrees', 'Reaumur_scale': 'a temperature scale on which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 80 degrees', 'wage_scale': 'a schedule of wages paid for different jobs', 'sliding_scale': 'a wage scale that fluctuates in response to the cost-of-living index', 'imaginative_comparison': 'the kind of mental comparison that is expressed in similes or metaphors or allegories', 'norm': 'a standard or model or pattern regarded as typical; \"the current middle-class norm of two children per family\"', 'antipode': 'direct opposite; \"quiet: an antipode to focused busyness\"', 'flip_side': 'a different aspect of something (especially the opposite aspect); \"the flip side of your positive qualities sometimes get out of control\"; \"on the flip side of partnerships he talked about their competition\"', 'mutual_opposition': 'a relation between two opposite attributes or tendencies; \"he viewed it as a balanced polarity between good and evil\"', 'gradable_opposition': 'an opposition that is capable of being graded', 'polar_opposition': 'an opposition that can be graded between two extremes or poles', 'polarity': 'having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges); \"he got the polarity of the battery reversed\"; \"charges of opposite sign\"', 'ungradable_opposition': 'an opposition that has no intermediate grade; either one or the other', 'contradictoriness': 'the relation that exists when opposites cannot coexist', 'contrariety': 'the relation between contraries', 'tertium_quid': 'some third thing similar to two opposites but distinct from both', 'inverse': 'something inverted in sequence or character or effect; \"when the direct approach failed he tried the inverse\"', 'concentration_gradient': 'a gradient in concentration of a solute as a function of distance through a solution; \"the movement of a solute down its concentration gradient is called diffusion\"', 'gravity_gradient': 'a gradient in the gravitational forces acting on different parts of a nonspherical object; \"the gravity gradient of the moon causes the ocean tides on Earth\"', 'temperature_gradient': 'change in temperature as a function of distance (especially altitude)', 'solid': 'matter that is solid at room temperature and pressure', 'Cartesian_plane': 'a plane in which all points can be described in Cartesian coordinates', 'facet_plane': 'the plane of a facet of an object (as of a cube)', 'midplane': 'the median plane of the body (or some part of the body)', 'orbital_plane': '(astronomy) the plane on which a body is orbiting', 'picture_plane': 'the plane that is in the foreground of a drawing or painting; coextensive with but different from the objective surface of the work', 'tangent_plane': 'the plane that contains all the lines tangent to a specific point on a surface', 'natural_shape': 'a shape created by natural forces; not man-made', 'leaf_shape': 'any of the various shape that leaves of plants can assume', 'equilateral': 'a figure whose sides are all equal', 'plane_figure': 'a two-dimensional shape', 'solid_figure': 'a three-dimensional shape', 'subfigure': 'a figure that is a part of another figure', 'convex_shape': 'a shape that curves or bulges outward', 'entasis': 'a slight convexity in the shaft of a column; compensates for the illusion of concavity that viewers experience when the sides are perfectly straight', 'angular_shape': 'a shape having one or more sharp angles', 'concave_shape': 'a shape that curves or bends inward', 'round_shape': 'a shape that is curved and without sharp angles', 'polygon': 'a closed plane figure bounded by straight sides', 'isogon': 'an equiangular polygon', 'convex_polygon': 'a polygon such that no side extended cuts any other side or vertex; it can be cut by a straight line in at most two points', 'concave_polygon': 'a polygon such that there is a straight line that cuts it in four or more points', 'reentrant_polygon': 'a polygon with one or more reentrant angles', 'regular_polygon': 'a polygon with all sides and all angles equal', 'distorted_shape': 'a shape resulting from distortion', 'amorphous_shape': 'an ill-defined or arbitrary shape', 'closed_curve': 'a curve (such as a circle) having no endpoints', 'simple_closed_curve': 'a closed curve that does not intersect itself', 'S-shape': 'a double curve resembling the letter S', 'catenary': 'the curve theoretically assumed by a perfectly flexible and inextensible cord of uniform density and cross section hanging freely from two fixed points', 'extrados': 'the exterior curve of an arch', 'gooseneck': 'something in a thin curved form (like the neck of a goose)', 'intrados': 'the interior curve of an arch', 'uncus': '(biology) any hook-shaped process or part', 'straight_line': 'a line traced by a point traveling in a constant direction; a line of zero curvature; \"the shortest distance between two points is a straight line\"', 'geodesic': '(mathematics) the shortest line between two points on a mathematically defined surface (as a straight line on a plane or an arc of a great circle on a sphere)', 'asymptote': 'a straight line that is the limiting value of a curve; can be considered as tangent at infinity; \"the asymptote of the curve\"', 'perimeter': 'a line enclosing a plane areas', 'centerline': 'a line that bisects a plane figure', 'conic_section': '(geometry) a curve generated by the intersection of a plane and a circular cone', 'oblong': 'a plane figure that deviates from a square or circle due to elongation', 'semicircle': 'a plane figure with the shape of half a circle', 'arc': 'a continuous portion of a circle', 'helix': 'a curve that lies on the surface of a cylinder or cone and cuts the element at a constant angle', 'double_helix': 'a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis; \"the shape of the DNA molecule is a double helix\"', 'element_of_a_cone': 'a straight line joining the apex and a point on the base', 'element_of_a_cylinder': 'a straight line running the length of the cylinder', 'helix_angle': 'the constant angle at which a helix cuts the elements of a cylinder or cone', 'ellipse': 'a closed plane curve resulting from the intersection of a circular cone and a plane cutting completely through it; \"the sums of the distances from the foci to any point on an ellipse is constant\"', 'quadrate': 'a cubelike object', 'quadrilateral': 'a four-sided polygon', 'acute_triangle': 'a triangle whose interior angles are all acute', 'equilateral_triangle': 'a three-sided regular polygon', 'isosceles_triangle': 'a triangle with two equal sides', 'oblique_triangle': 'a triangle that contains no right angle', 'obtuse_triangle': 'a triangle that contains an obtuse interior angle', 'right_triangle': 'a triangle with one right angle', 'scalene_triangle': 'a triangle with no two sides of equal length', 'hexagram': 'a regular polygon formed by extending each of the sides of a regular hexagon to form two equilateral triangles', 'parallel': '(mathematics) one of a set of parallel geometric figures (parallel lines or planes); \"parallels never meet\"', 'parallelogram': 'a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are both parallel and equal in length', 'pentacle': 'a star with 5 points; formed by 5 straight lines between the vertices of a pentagon and enclosing another pentagon', 'pentagon': 'a five-sided polygon', 'hexagon': 'a six-sided polygon', 'regular_hexagon': 'a hexagon with six sides of equal length', 'heptagon': 'a seven-sided polygon', 'octagon': 'an eight-sided polygon', 'nonagon': 'a nine-sided polygon', 'decagon': 'a polygon with 10 sides and 10 angles', 'undecagon': 'an eleven-sided polygon', 'dodecagon': 'a twelve-sided polygon', 'rhombus': 'a parallelogram with four equal sides; an oblique-angled equilateral parallelogram', 'rectangle': 'a parallelogram with four right angles', 'spherical_polygon': 'a figure on the surface of a sphere bounded by arcs of 3 or more great circles', 'spherical_triangle': 'a spherical polygon formed by the arcs of 3 great circles', 'polyhedron': 'a solid figure bounded by plane polygons or faces', 'convex_polyhedron': 'a polyhedron any plane section of which is a convex polygon', 'concave_polyhedron': 'a polyhedron some of whose plane sections are concave polygons', 'parallelepiped': 'a prism whose bases are parallelograms', 'cuboid': 'a rectangular parallelepiped', 'quadrangular_prism': 'a prism whose bases are quadrangles', 'triangular_prism': 'a prism whose bases are triangles', 'sinuosity': 'having curves; \"he hated the sinuosity of mountain roads\"', 'tortuosity': 'a tortuous and twisted shape or position; \"they built a tree house in the tortuosities of its boughs\"; \"the acrobat performed incredible contortions\"', 'parabola': 'a plane curve formed by the intersection of a right circular cone and a plane parallel to an element of the curve', 'hyperbola': 'an open curve formed by a plane that cuts the base of a right circular cone', 'furcation': 'the place where something divides into branches', 'zigzag': 'an angular shape characterized by sharp turns in alternating directions', 'angle': 'the space between two lines or planes that intersect; the inclination of one line to another; measured in degrees or radians', 'complementary_angles': 'two angles whose sum is a right angle', 'angular_distance': 'the angular separation between two objects as perceived by an observer; \"he recorded angular distances between the stars\"', 'true_anomaly': 'the angular distance of a point in an orbit past the point of periapsis measured in degrees', 'plane_angle': 'an angle formed by two straight lines (in the same plane)', 'spherical_angle': 'an angle formed at the intersection of the arcs of two great circles', 'solid_angle': 'an angle formed by three or more planes intersecting at a common point (the vertex)', 'reentrant_angle': 'an interior angle of a polygon that is greater than 180 degrees', 'salient_angle': 'an angle pointing outward; an interior angle of a polygon that is less than 180 degrees', 'interior_angle': 'the angle inside two adjacent sides of a polygon', 'exterior_angle': 'the supplement of an interior angle of a polygon', 'angle_of_incidence': 'the angle that a line makes with a line perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence', 'angle_of_attack': 'the acute angle between the direction of the undisturbed relative wind and the chord of an airfoil', 'critical_angle': 'the smallest angle of incidence for which light is totally reflected', 'angle_of_reflection': 'the angle between a reflected ray and a line perpendicular to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence', 'angle_of_refraction': 'the angle between a refracted ray and a line perpendicular to the surface between the two media at the point of refraction', 'angle_of_extinction': 'the angle from its axis that a crystal must be rotated before appearing maximally dark when viewed in polarized light', 'acute_angle': 'an angle less than 90 degrees but more than 0 degrees', 'obtuse_angle': 'an angle between 90 and 180 degrees', 'right_angle': 'the 90 degree angle between two perpendicular lines', 'oblique_angle': 'an angle that is not a right angle or a multiple of a right angle', 'reflex_angle': 'an angle greater than 180 degrees (but less than 360)', 'perigon': 'an angle of 360 degrees', 'cutting_angle': 'the angle between the face of a cutting tool and the surface of the work', 'magnetic_declination': 'the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north', 'azimuth': 'the azimuth of a celestial body is the angle between the vertical plane containing it and the plane of the meridian', 'bulge': 'something that bulges out or is protuberant or projects from its surroundings; \"the gun in his pocket made an obvious bulge\"; \"the hump of a camel\"; \"he stood on the rocky prominence\"; \"the occipital protuberance was well developed\"; \"the bony excrescence between its horns\"', 'caput': 'a headlike protuberance on an organ or structure; \"the caput humeri is the head of the humerus which fits into a cavity in the scapula\"', 'mogul': 'a bump on a ski slope', 'crescent': 'any shape resembling the curved shape of the moon in its first or last quarters', 'hyperboloid': 'a quadric surface generated by rotating a hyperbola around its main axis', 'paraboloid': 'a surface having parabolic sections parallel to a single coordinate axis and elliptic sections perpendicular to that axis', 'ellipsoid': 'a surface whose plane sections are all ellipses or circles; \"the Earth is an ellipsoid\"', 'hypotenuse': 'the side of a right triangle opposite the right angle', 'conformation': 'a symmetrical arrangement of the parts of a thing', 'disproportion': 'lack of proportion; imbalance among the parts of something', 'spheroid': 'a shape that is generated by rotating an ellipse around one of its axes; \"it looked like a sphere but on closer examination I saw it was really a spheroid\"', 'spherule': 'a small sphere', 'toroid': 'the doughnut-shaped object enclosed by a torus', 'columella': 'a small column (or structure resembling a column) that is a part of a plant or animal', 'pellet': 'a small sphere', 'dewdrop': 'a drop of dew', 'teardrop': 'anything shaped like a falling drop (as a pendant gem on an earring)', 'quadric': 'a curve or surface whose equation (in Cartesian coordinates) is of the second degree', 'periphery': 'the outside boundary or surface of something', 'upper_bound': '(mathematics) a number equal to or greater than any other number in a given set', 'lower_bound': '(mathematics) a number equal to or less than any other number in a given set', 'incisure': '(anatomy) a notch or small hollow', 'sag': 'a shape that sags; \"there was a sag in the chair seat\"', \"crow's_foot\": 'a wrinkle in the skin at the outer corner of your eyes', 'dermatoglyphic': 'the lines that form patterns on the skin (especially on the fingertips and the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet)', 'frown_line': 'a facial wrinkle associated with frowning', 'line_of_life': 'a crease on the palm; its length is said by palmists to indicate how long you will live', 'line_of_heart': 'a crease on the palm; palmists say it indicates your emotional nature', 'line_of_fate': 'a crease on the palm; palmists say it indicates how successful you will be', 'crevice': 'a long narrow depression in a surface', 'pucker': 'an irregular fold in an otherwise even surface (as in cloth)', 'cleft': 'a split or indentation in something (as the palate or chin)', 'stria': 'any of a number of tiny parallel grooves such as: the scratches left by a glacier on rocks or the streaks or ridges in muscle tissue', 'cycloid': 'a line generated by a point on a circle rolling along a straight line', 'curate_cycloid': 'a cycloid generated by a point inside the rolling circle', 'prolate_cycloid': 'a cycloid generated by a point outside the rolling circle', 'sine_curve': 'the curve of y=sin x', 'epicycle': 'a circle that rolls around (inside or outside) another circle; generates an epicycloid or hypocycloid', 'epicycloid': 'a line generated by a point on a circle rolling around another circle', 'cardioid': 'an epicycloid in which the rolling circle equals the fixed circle', 'hypocycloid': 'a line generated by a point on a circle that rolls around inside another circle', 'blob': 'an indistinct shapeless form', 'void': 'an empty area or space; \"the huge desert voids\"; \"the emptiness of outer space\"; \"without their support he\\'ll be ruling in a vacuum\"', 'cladogram': 'a tree diagram used to illustrate phylogenetic relationships', 'stemma': 'a tree diagram showing a reconstruction of the transmission of manuscripts of a literary work', 'facet': 'a smooth surface (as of a bone or cut gemstone)', 'brachium': '(biology) a branching or armlike part of an animal', 'ovoid': 'an egg-shaped object', 'tetrahedron': 'any polyhedron having four plane faces', 'pentahedron': 'any polyhedron having five plane faces', 'hexahedron': 'any polyhedron having six plane faces', 'rhombohedron': 'a parallelepiped bounded by six similar faces (either rhombuses or parallelograms)', 'octahedron': 'any polyhedron having eight plane faces', 'decahedron': 'any polyhedron having ten plane faces', 'dodecahedron': 'any polyhedron having twelve plane faces', 'icosahedron': 'any polyhedron having twenty plane faces', 'regular_polyhedron': 'any one of five solids whose faces are congruent regular polygons and whose polyhedral angles are all congruent', 'polyhedral_angle': 'the space enclosed by three or more planes that intersect in a vertex', 'face_angle': 'the angle formed by two edges of a polyhedral angle', 'regular_tetrahedron': 'a tetrahedron with four equilateral triangular faces', 'tesseract': 'the four-dimensional analogue of a cube', 'regular_dodecahedron': 'a dodecahedron with twelve regular pentagons as faces', 'regular_octahedron': 'an octahedron with eight equilateral triangles as faces', 'regular_icosahedron': 'an icosahedron with twenty equilateral triangles as faces', 'frustum': 'a truncated cone or pyramid; the part that is left when a cone or pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to the base and the apical part is removed', 'truncated_pyramid': 'a frustum formed from a pyramid', 'truncated_cone': 'a frustum formed from a cone', 'prismatoid': 'a polyhedron whose vertices all lie in one or the other of two parallel planes; the faces that lie in those planes are the bases of the prismatoid', 'prismoid': 'a prismatoid whose bases are polygons having the same number of sides and whose other faces are trapezoids or parallelograms', 'tilt_angle': 'the angle a rocket makes with the vertical as it curves along its trajectory', 'trapezohedron': 'a polyhedron whose faces are trapeziums', 'vertical_angle': 'either of two equal and opposite angles formed by the intersection of two straight lines', 'verticil': 'a whorl of leaves growing around a stem', 'view_angle': 'the angle included by a photographic lens', 'wave_angle': 'the angle of arrival (or departure) of a radio wave with respect to the axis of an antenna array', 'conditions': 'the prevailing context that influences the performance or the outcome of a process; \"there were wide variations in the conditions of observation\"', 'health': 'a healthy state of wellbeing free from disease; \"physicians should be held responsible for the health of their patients\"', 'conditionality': 'the state of being conditional', 'ground_state': '(physics) the lowest energy state of an atom or other particle', 'niche': 'a position particularly well suited to the person who occupies it; \"he found his niche in the academic world\"', 'noise_conditions': 'the condition of being noisy (as in a communication channel)', 'participation': 'the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.)', 'prepossession': 'the condition of being prepossessed; \"the king\\'s prepossession in my favor is very valuable\"', 'regularization': 'the condition of having been made regular (or more regular)', 'saturation_point': '(chemistry) the stage at which a substance will receive no more of another substance in solution or in a vapor', 'situation': 'a complex or critical or unusual difficulty; \"the dangerous situation developed suddenly\"; \"that\\'s quite a situation\"; \"no human situation is simple\"', 'ski_conditions': 'the amount and state of snow for skiing', 'nationhood': 'the state of being a nation', 'poverty_trap': 'a situation in which an increase in income results in a loss of benefits so that you are no better off', 'absurd': 'a situation in which life seems irrational and meaningless; \"The absurd is the essential concept and the first truth\"--Albert Camus', 'blood_brotherhood': 'the friendship characteristic of blood brothers', 'freemasonry': 'a natural or instinctive fellowship between people of similar interests; \"he enjoyed the freemasonry of the Press\"', 'anaclisis': '(psychoanalysis) relationship marked by strong dependence on others; especially a libidinal attachment to e.g. a parental figure', 'friendship': 'the state of being friends (or friendly)', 'love_affair': 'a relationship between two lovers', 'sexual_relationship': 'a relationship involving sexual intimacy', 'ballgame': 'a particular situation that is radically different from the preceding situation; \"HDTV looks the same but it\\'s really a whole new ballgame\"', 'childlessness': 'the condition of being without offspring', 'conflict_of_interest': \"a situation in which a public official's decisions are influenced by the official's personal interests\", 'crowding': 'a situation in which people or things are crowded together; \"he didn\\'t like the crowding on the beach\"', 'disequilibrium': 'loss of equilibrium attributable to an unstable situation in which some forces outweigh others', 'exclusion': 'the state of being excluded', 'goldfish_bowl': 'a state of affairs in which you have no privacy; \"the president lives in a goldfish bowl\"', \"hornet's_nest\": 'a highly contentious or hazardous situation; \"talk of invading Iraq stirred up a political hornets\\' nest\"', 'hot_potato': 'a difficult situation; \"he dropped the topic like a hot potato\"', 'how-do-you-do': 'an awkward situation; \"that\\'s a fine how-d\\'ye-do\"', 'intestacy': 'the situation of being or dying without a legally valid will', 'Mexican_standoff': 'a situation in which no one can emerge as a clear winner', 'no-win_situation': 'a situation in which a favorable outcome is impossible; you are bound to lose whatever you do', 'square_one': 'the situation in which you begin an endeavor and to which you return if your efforts fail; \"the police are now back at square one after having arrested and released 27 men\"; \"she has tried to diet but always ends up back at square one\"', 'status_quo': 'the existing state of affairs', 'astigmatism': '(ophthalmology) impaired eyesight resulting usually from irregular conformation of the cornea; common in nearsighted people', 'wild': 'a wild primitive state untouched by civilization; \"he lived in the wild\"; \"they collected mushrooms in the wild\"', 'isomerism': 'the state of being an isomer; the complex of chemical and physical phenomena characteristic of isomers', 'acme': 'the highest level or degree attainable; the highest stage of development; \"his landscapes were deemed the acme of beauty\"; \"the artist\\'s gifts are at their acme\"; \"at the height of her career\"; \"the peak of perfection\"; \"summer was at its peak\"; \"...catapulted Einstein to the pinnacle of fame\"; \"the summit of his ambition\"; \"so many highest superlatives achieved by man\"; \"at the top of his profession\"', 'resultant': 'the final point in a process', 'standard_of_living': 'a level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone or some group; \"they enjoyed the highest standard of living in the country\"; \"the lower the standard of living the easier it is to introduce an autocratic production system\"', 'state_of_the_art': 'the highest degree of development of an art or technique at a particular time; \"the state of the art in space travel\"', 'ultimacy': 'the state or degree of being ultimate; the final or most extreme in degree or size or time or distance, \"the ultimacy of these social values\"', 'profoundness': 'extremeness of degree; \"the profoundness of his ignorance\"', 'homelessness': 'the state or condition of having no home (especially the state of living in the streets)', 'vagrancy': 'the state of wandering from place to place; having no permanent home or means of livelihood', 'congestion': 'excessive accumulation of blood or other fluid in a body part', 'executive_clemency': 'the power (usually of a president or governor) to pardon or commute the sentence of someone convicted in that jurisdiction', 'war_power': 'an extraordinary power exercised (usually by the executive branch) in the prosecution of a war and involving an extension of the powers that the government normally has in peacetime', 'status': 'the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society; \"he had the status of a minor\"; \"the novel attained the status of a classic\"; \"atheists do not enjoy a favorable position in American life\"', 'egality': 'social and political equality; \"egality represents an extreme leveling of society\"', 'social_station': 'position in a social hierarchy; \"the British are more aware of social status than Americans are\"', 'high_status': 'a position of superior status', 'stardom': 'the status of being acknowledged as a star; \"stardom meant nothing to her\"', 'triple_crown': '(horse racing) a title won by a horse that can win the Kentucky Derby and the Belmont Stakes and the Preakness', 'high_ground': 'a position of superiority over opponents or competitors', 'seniority': 'higher rank than that of others especially by reason of longer service', 'precedence': 'status established in order of importance or urgency; \"...its precedence as the world\\'s leading manufacturer of pharmaceuticals\"; \"national independence takes priority over class struggle\"', 'back_burner': 'reduced priority; \"dozens of cases were put on the back burner\"', 'front_burner': 'top priority; \"the work was moved to the front burner in order to meet deadlines\"', 'transcendence': 'a state of being or existence above and beyond the limits of material experience', 'high_profile': 'a position attracting much attention and publicity', 'Holy_Order': '(usually plural) the status or rank or office of a Christian clergyman in an ecclesiastical hierarchy; \"theologians still disagree over whether `bishop\\' should or should not be a separate Order\"', 'low_status': 'a position of inferior status; low in station or rank or fortune or estimation', 'subordinateness': 'secondary importance', 'junior_status': 'in a junior position', 'subservience': 'the condition of being something that is useful in reaching an end or carrying out a plan; \"all his actions were in subservience to the general plan\"', 'legal_status': 'a status defined by law', 'civil_death': 'the legal status of a person who is alive but who has been deprived of the rights and privileges of a citizen or a member of society; the legal status of one sentenced to life imprisonment', 'bastardy': 'the status of being born to parents who were not married', 'being': 'the state or fact of existing; \"a point of view gradually coming into being\"; \"laws in existence for centuries\"', 'actuality': 'the state of actually existing objectively; \"a hope that progressed from possibility to actuality\"', 'entelechy': '(Aristotle) the state of something that is fully realized; actuality as opposed to potentiality', 'genuineness': 'the state of being genuine', 'eternity': 'a seemingly endless time interval (waiting)', 'preexistence': 'existing in a former state or previous to something else', 'coexistence': 'existing peacefully together', 'eternal_life': 'life without beginning or end', 'immanence': 'the state of being within or not going beyond a given domain', 'inherence': 'the state of inhering; the state of being a fixed characteristic; \"the inherence of polysemy in human language\"', 'ubiety': 'the state of existing and being localized in space', 'ubiquity': 'the state of being everywhere at once (or seeming to be everywhere at once)', 'hereness': 'the state of being here in this place', 'thereness': 'real existence; \"things are really there...capture the thereness of them\"--Charles Hopkinson', 'occurrence': 'an instance of something occurring; \"a disease of frequent occurrence\"; \"the occurrence (or presence) of life on other planets\"', 'allopatry': 'the occurrence of related organisms in separate geographical areas with no overlap', 'sympatry': 'the occurrence of organisms in overlapping geographical areas, but without interbreeding', 'nonbeing': 'the state of not being', 'nonexistence': 'the state of not existing', 'falsity': 'the state of being false or untrue; \"argument could not determine its truth or falsity\"', 'spuriousness': 'state of lacking genuineness', 'nonoccurrence': 'absence by virtue of not occurring', 'awayness': 'the state of being elsewhere than in particular place', 'marital_status': 'the condition of being married or unmarried', 'civil_union': 'a voluntary union for life (or until divorce) of adult parties of the same sex; \"parties to a civil union have all the same benefits, protections, and responsibilities under Vermont law as spouses in a marriage\"', 'common-law_marriage': 'a marriage relationship created by agreement and cohabitation rather than by ceremony', 'endogamy': \"marriage within one's own tribe or group as required by custom or law\", 'exogamy': 'marriage to a person belonging to a tribe or group other than your own as required by custom or law', 'marriage_of_convenience': 'a marriage for expediency rather than love', 'misalliance': 'an unsuitable alliance (especially with regard to marriage)', 'mesalliance': 'a marriage with a person of inferior social status', 'monandry': 'the state of having only one husband at a time', 'monogamy': 'having only one spouse at a time', 'monogyny': 'having only one wife at a time', 'serial_monogamy': 'a succession of short monogamous relationships (as by someone who undergoes multiple divorces)', 'open_marriage': 'a marriage in which each partner is free to enter into extraneous sexual relationships without guilt or jealousy from the other', 'cuckoldom': 'the state of a husband whose wife has committed adultery', 'polyandry': 'having more than one husband at a time', 'polygamy': 'having more than one spouse at a time', 'polygyny': 'having more than one wife at a time', 'sigeh': 'a Shiite tradition of temporary marriage permitted in Iran that allows a couple to specify the terms of their relationship; can last from a few minutes to 99 years; \"sigeh legally wraps premarital sex in an Islamic cloak\"', 'celibacy': 'an unmarried status', 'virginity': 'the condition or quality of being a virgin', 'bachelorhood': \"the time of a man's life prior to marriage\", 'spinsterhood': 'the state of being a spinster (usually an elderly unmarried woman)', 'widowhood': \"the time of a woman's life when she is a widow\", 'unemployment': 'the state of being unemployed or not having a job; \"unemployment is a serious social evil\"; \"the rate of unemployment is an indicator of the health of an economy\"', 'civil_order': 'the form of government of a social organization', 'rule_of_law': 'a state of order in which events conform to the law', 'comity': 'a state or atmosphere of harmony or mutual civility and respect', 'comity_of_nations': 'courteous respect by one nation for the laws and institutions of another', 'peaceableness': 'a state that is calm and tranquil', 'mollification': 'a state of being appeased or ameliorated or tempered', 'armistice': 'a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms', 'consensus': 'agreement in the judgment or opinion reached by a group as a whole; \"the lack of consensus reflected differences in theoretical positions\"; \"those rights and obligations are based on an unstated consensus\"', 'sense_of_the_meeting': 'general agreement reached by an assembled group; \"no vote was taken, but after each discussion the chair summed up the sense of the meeting\"', 'unanimity': 'everyone being of one mind', 'social_contract': 'an implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society; individual surrenders liberty in return for protection', 'disorder': 'a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning; \"the doctor prescribed some medicine for the disorder\"; \"everyone gets stomach upsets from time to time\"', 'anarchy': 'a state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government)', 'cytopenia': 'a deficiency of some cellular element of the blood', 'hematocytopenia': 'an abnormally low number of red blood cells in the blood', 'pancytopenia': 'an abnormal deficiency in all blood cells (red blood cells and white blood cells and platelets); usually associated with bone marrow tumor or with aplastic anemia', 'immunological_disorder': 'a disorder of the immune system', 'immunocompetence': 'the ability to develop an immune response following exposure to an antigen', 'immunodeficiency': \"immunological disorder in which some part of the body's immune system is inadequate and resistance to infectious diseases is reduced\", 'immunosuppression': \"lowering the body's normal immune response to invasion by foreign substances; can be deliberate (as in lowering the immune response to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ) or incidental (as a side effect of radiotherapy or chemotherapy for cancer)\", 'histoincompatibility': \"incompatibility in which one person's tissue cannot be transplanted to another person\", 'Rh_incompatibility': 'incompatibility of Rh blood types; a transfusion of Rh-positive blood given to a Rh-negative person (or vice versa) can result in hemolysis and anemia', 'balagan': 'a word for chaos or fiasco borrowed from modern Hebrew (where it is a loan word from Russian); \"it was utter and complete balagan!\"', 'hugger-mugger': 'a state of confusion; \"he engaged in the hugger-mugger of international finance\"', 'schemozzle': '(Yiddish) a confused situation or affair; a mess', 'rioting': 'a state of disorder involving group violence', 'rowdiness': 'rowdy behavior', 'rage': 'something that is desired intensely; \"his rage for fame destroyed him\"', 'latent_hostility': 'feelings of hostility that are not manifest; \"he could sense her latent hostility to him\"; \"the diplomats\\' first concern was to reduce international tensions\"', 'clash': 'a state of conflict between colors; \"her dress was a disturbing clash of colors\"', 'proxy_war': 'a war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate', 'hot_war': 'actual fighting between the warring parties', 'cold_war': 'a state of political hostility between countries using means short of armed warfare', 'Cold_War': 'a state of political hostility that existed from 1945 until 1990 between countries led by the Soviet Union and countries led by the United States', 'disunity': 'lack of unity (usually resulting from dissension)', 'divide': 'a serious disagreement between two groups of people (typically producing tension or hostility)', 'illumination': 'the degree of visibility of your environment', 'night': 'a shortening of nightfall; \"they worked from morning to night\"', 'total_darkness': 'total absence of light; \"they fumbled around in total darkness\"; \"in the black of night\"', 'semidarkness': 'partial darkness', 'umbra': 'a region of complete shadow resulting from total obstruction of light', 'penumbra': 'a fringe region of partial shadow around an umbra', 'obscurity': 'an obscure and unimportant standing; not well known; \"he worked in obscurity for many years\"', 'emotional_state': 'the state of a person\\'s emotions (especially with regard to pleasure or dejection); \"his emotional state depended on her opinion\"; \"he was in good spirits\"; \"his spirit rose\"', 'ecstasy': 'a state of elated bliss', 'quality_of_life': 'your personal satisfaction (or dissatisfaction) with the cultural or intellectual conditions under which you live (as distinct from material comfort); \"the new art museum is expected to improve the quality of life\"', 'blessedness': 'a state of supreme happiness', 'bliss': 'a state of extreme happiness', 'nirvana': '(Hinduism and Buddhism) the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation; characterized by the extinction of desire and suffering and individual consciousness', 'unhappiness': 'state characterized by emotions ranging from mild discontentment to deep grief', 'embitterment': 'the state of being embittered; \"the embitterment that resulted from the loss of his job never left him\"', 'mourning': 'state of sorrow over the death or departure of a loved one', 'poignance': 'a state of deeply felt distress or sorrow; \"a moment of extraordinary poignancy\"', 'innocence': 'a state or condition of being innocent of a specific crime or offense; \"the trial established his innocence\"', 'blamelessness': 'a state of innocence', 'purity': 'being undiluted or unmixed with extraneous material', 'cleanness': 'the state of being clean; without dirt or other impurities', 'clear': 'the state of being free of suspicion; \"investigation showed that he was in the clear\"', 'blameworthiness': 'a state of guilt', 'bloodguilt': 'the state of being guilty of bloodshed and murder', 'complicity': 'guilt as an accomplice in a crime or offense', 'criminalism': 'the state of being a criminal', 'guilt_by_association': 'the attribution of guilt (without proof) to individuals because the people they associate with are guilty', 'impeachability': 'the state of being liable to impeachment', 'freedom': 'the condition of being free; the power to act or speak or think without externally imposed restraints', 'academic_freedom': 'the freedom of teachers and students to express their ideas in school without religious or political or institutional restrictions', 'enfranchisement': 'freedom from political subjugation or servitude', 'autonomy': 'personal independence', 'self-government': 'government of a political unit by its own people', 'local_option': 'freedom of a local government to determine by popular vote the applicability of a controversial law in their jurisdiction', 'home_rule': 'self-government in local matters by a city or county that is part of a national government', 'autarky': 'economic independence as a national policy', 'free_hand': 'freedom to do as you see fit; \"many have doubts about giving him a free hand to attack\"', 'free_rein': 'the removal of constraints; \"he gave free rein to his impulses\"; \"they gave full play to the artist\\'s talent\"', 'freedom_of_the_seas': 'the right of merchant ships to travel freely in international waters', 'liberty': 'personal freedom from servitude or confinement or oppression', 'poetic_license': 'license used by a writer or artist to heighten the effect of their work', 'svoboda': '(Russia) freedom', 'subjugation': 'forced submission to control by others', 'bonded_labor': 'a practice in which employers give high-interest loans to workers whose entire families then labor at low wages to pay off the debt; the practice is illegal in the United States', 'servitude': 'state of subjection to an owner or master or forced labor imposed as punishment; \"penal servitude\"', 'serfdom': 'the state of a serf', 'iron_cage': 'a cage from which there is no escape', 'captivity': 'the state of being imprisoned; \"he was held in captivity until he died\"; \"the imprisonment of captured soldiers\"; \"his ignominious incarceration in the local jail\"; \"he practiced the immurement of his enemies in the castle dungeon\"', 'solitary_confinement': 'confinement of a prisoner in isolation from other prisoners; \"he was held in solitary\"', 'durance': 'imprisonment (especially for a long time)', 'life_imprisonment': 'a sentence of imprisonment until death', 'internment': 'confinement during wartime', 'free_agency': '(sports) the state of a professional athlete who is free to negotiate a contract to play for any team', 'legal_representation': 'personal representation that has legal status; \"an person who has been declared incompetent should have legal representation\"', 'separateness': 'political independence; \"seeking complete political separateness for Taiwan\"', 'dependence': 'the state of relying on or being controlled by someone or something else', 'contingency': 'the state of being contingent on something', 'balance_of_power': 'an equilibrium of power between nations', 'dynamic_balance': '(aeronautics) the state of equilibrium in which centrifugal forces due to a rotating mass (e.g., a propeller) do not produce force in the shaft and so vibration is reduced', 'homeostasis': '(physiology) metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes', 'isostasy': \"(geology) a general equilibrium of the forces tending to elevate or depress the earth's crust\", 'Nash_equilibrium': '(game theory) a stable state of a system that involves several interacting participants in which no participant can gain by a change of strategy as long as all the other participants remain unchanged', 'thermal_equilibrium': 'a state in which all parts of a system are at the same temperature', 'imbalance': 'a lack of balance or state of disequilibrium; \"a hormonal imbalance\"', 'essential_tremor': 'tremor of unknown cause (usually of the hands and head) that develops in older people; often mistaken for Parkinsonism but is not life-threatening and can usually be kept under control', 'perpetual_motion': 'motion that continues indefinitely without any external source of energy; impossible in practice because of friction', 'motionlessness': 'a state of no motion or movement; \"the utter motionlessness of a marble statue\"', 'stationariness': 'remaining in place', 'busyness': 'the state of being or appearing to be actively engaged in an activity; \"they manifested all the busyness of a pack of beavers\"; \"there is a constant hum of military preparation\"', 'idle': 'the state of an engine or other mechanism that is idling; \"the car engine was running at idle\"', 'inaction': 'the state of being inactive', 'abeyance': 'temporary cessation or suspension', 'anergy': 'reduction or lack of an immune response to a specific antigen', 'arrest': 'the state of inactivity following an interruption; \"the negotiations were in arrest\"; \"held them in check\"; \"during the halt he got some lunch\"; \"the momentary stay enabled him to escape the blow\"; \"he spent the entire stop in his seat\"', 'deep_freeze': 'temporary inactivity or suspension; \"the legislation has now been revived after ten years in the deep freeze\"', 'desuetude': 'a state of inactivity or disuse', 'dormancy': 'a state of quiet (but possibly temporary) inaction; \"the volcano erupted after centuries of dormancy\"', 'stagnation': 'inactivity of liquids; being stagnant; standing still; without current or circulation', 'stasis': 'an abnormal state in which the normal flow of a liquid (such as blood) is slowed or stopped', 'deferral': 'a state of abeyance or suspended business', 'moratorium': 'a legally authorized postponement before some obligation must be discharged', 'acathexia': 'an inability to retain bodily secretions', 'angiotelectasia': 'dilation and enlargement of arterioles', 'torpor': 'a state of motor and mental inactivity with a partial suspension of sensibility; \"he fell into a deep torpor\"', 'lethargy': 'a state of comatose torpor (as found in sleeping sickness)', 'slumber': 'a dormant or quiescent state', 'deadlock': 'a situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible; \"reached an impasse on the negotiations\"', 'temporary_state': 'a state that continues for a limited time', 'state_of_mind': 'a temporary psychological state', 'thinking_cap': 'a state in which one thinks', 'eyestrain': 'a tiredness of the eyes caused by prolonged close work by a person with an uncorrected vision problem', 'jet_lag': \"fatigue and sleep disturbance resulting from disruption of the body's normal circadian rhythm as a result of jet travel\", 'salt_depletion': 'loss of salt from the body without replacement (loss by vomiting or profuse perspiration or urination or diarrhea) thus upsetting the electrolyte balance', 'electrolyte_balance': 'an equilibrium between the amounts of electrolytes (as calcium and sodium and potassium) that is essential for normal health and functioning', 'nitrogen_balance': 'the balance between the amount of nitrogen taken in (to the soil or the body) and the amount given off (lost or excreted)', 'frazzle': 'a state of extreme exhaustion; \"he was worn to a frazzle\"', 'mental_exhaustion': 'exhaustion that affects mental keenness', 'loginess': 'a dull and listless state resulting from weariness', 'drunkenness': 'a temporary state resulting from excessive consumption of alcohol', 'soberness': 'the state of being sober and not intoxicated by alcohol', 'acardia': 'congenital absence of the heart (as in the development of some monsters)', 'acephalia': 'absence of the head (as in the development of some monsters)', 'acidosis': 'abnormally high acidity (excess hydrogen-ion concentration) of the blood and other body tissues', 'ketoacidosis': 'acidosis with an accumulation of ketone bodies; occurs primarily in diabetes mellitus', 'metabolic_acidosis': 'acidosis and bicarbonate concentration in the body fluids resulting either from the accumulation of acids or the abnormal loss of bases from the body (as in diarrhea or renal disease)', 'respiratory_acidosis': 'acidosis resulting from reduced gas exchange in the lungs (as in emphysema or pneumonia); excess carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid which increases the acidity of the blood', 'starvation_acidosis': 'acidosis in which the acidity results from lack of food which leads to fat catabolism which in turn releases acidic ketone bodies', 'acidemia': 'a blood disorder characterized by an increased concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood (which falls below 7 on the pH scale)', 'alkalemia': 'a blood disorder characterized by a lower concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood (which rises above 7.45 on the pH scale)', 'alkalinuria': 'a condition in which the urine (which is normally slightly acidic) is alkaline', 'alkalosis': 'abnormally high alkalinity (low hydrogen-ion concentration) of the blood and other body tissues', 'metabolic_alkalosis': 'alkalosis resulting from hydrogen-ion loss or excessive intake of alkaline substances', 'respiratory_alkalosis': 'alkalosis resulting from increased gas exchange in the lungs (as in hyperventilation associated with extreme anxiety or aspirin intoxication or metabolic acidosis)', 'acorea': 'absence of the pupil in an eye', 'acromicria': 'abnormally small extremities (underdeveloped fingers and toes)', 'acromphalus': 'abnormal protrusion of the navel; sometimes the start of umbilical hernia', 'agalactia': \"a condition in which milk is not secreted in the mother's breasts after her child has been delivered\", 'amastia': 'absence of the mammary glands (either through surgery or developmental defect)', 'ankylosis': 'abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of a joint', 'aneuploidy': 'an abnormality involving a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number (one chromosome set is incomplete)', 'anorchism': 'absence of one of both testes', 'hypersomnia': 'an inability to stay awake', 'insomnia': 'an inability to sleep; chronic sleeplessness', 'anesthesia': 'loss of bodily sensation with or without loss of consciousness', 'anhidrosis': 'failure of the sweat glands', 'aplasia': 'failure of some tissue or organ to develop', 'arteriectasis': 'an abnormal distension of an artery', 'arthropathy': 'a pathology or abnormality of a joint', 'asynergy': 'absence of coordination of organs or body parts that usually work together harmoniously', 'asystole': 'absence of systole; failure of the ventricles of the heart to contract (usually caused by ventricular fibrillation) with consequent absence of the heart beat leading to oxygen lack and eventually to death', 'sleep': 'a period of time spent sleeping; \"he felt better after a little sleep\"; \"there wasn\\'t time for a nap\"', 'sleep_terror_disorder': 'a disorder of sleep characterized by a dream of terrifying dimensions far worse than a typical nightmare; they occur during NREM sleep', 'orthodox_sleep': 'a recurring sleep state during which rapid eye movements do not occur and dreaming does not occur; accounts for about 75% of normal sleep time', 'paradoxical_sleep': 'a recurring sleep state during which dreaming occurs; a state of rapidly shifting eye movements during sleep', 'shuteye': 'informal term for sleep', 'abulia': 'a loss of will power', 'anhedonia': 'an inability to experience pleasure', 'hypnosis': 'a state that resembles sleep but that is induced by suggestion', 'self-hypnosis': 'hypnosis induced by yourself', 'cryoanesthesia': 'insensibility resulting from cold', 'general_anesthesia': 'a state of total unconsciousness resulting from anesthetic drugs (as for a major surgical operation)', 'local_anesthesia': 'loss of sensation in a small area of the body (as when a local anesthetic is injected for a tooth extraction)', 'conduction_anesthesia': 'anesthesia of an area supplied by a nerve; produced by an anesthetic agent applied to the nerve', 'regional_anesthesia': 'loss of sensation in a region of the body produced by application of an anesthetic agent to all the nerves supplying that region (as when an epidural anesthetic is administered to the pelvic region during childbirth)', 'topical_anesthesia': 'loss of sensation confined to the skin or mucous surfaces (as when benzocaine or Lidocaine is applied to the surface)', 'acroanesthesia': 'loss of sensation in the extremities', 'caudal_anesthesia': 'regional anesthesia resulting from injection of an anesthetic into the caudal end of the spinal canal; now largely replaced by epidural anesthesia', 'epidural_anesthesia': 'regional anesthesia resulting from injection of an anesthetic into the epidural space of the spinal cord; sensation is lost in the abdominal and genital and pelvic areas; used in childbirth and gynecological surgery', 'paracervical_block': 'regional anesthesia resulting from the injection of a local anesthetic on each side of the cervix; used during labor and childbirth', 'pudendal_block': 'regional anesthesia resulting from the use of a local anesthetic to deaden the pudendal nerves in the region of the vulva and labia majora; used to ease discomfort during childbirth', 'spinal_anesthesia': 'anesthesia of the lower half of the body; caused by injury to the spinal cord or by injecting an anesthetic beneath the arachnoid membrane that surrounds the spinal cord', 'saddle_block_anesthesia': \"the parts of a patient's body that would touch a saddle if the patient were sitting in one are anesthetized by injecting a local anesthetic into the spinal cord\", 'inhalation_anesthesia': 'general anesthesia achieved by administration of an inhalation anesthetic', 'twilight_sleep': 'a state of general anesthesia in which the person retains a slight degree of consciousness; can be induced by injection of scopolamine or morphine', 'sleepiness': 'a very sleepy state; \"sleepiness causes many driving accidents\"', 'oscitancy': 'drowsiness and dullness manifested by yawning', 'imminence': 'the state of being imminent and liable to happen soon', 'ready': 'poised for action; \"their guns were at the ready\"', 'red_alert': 'the highest level of alert when an attack by the enemy seems imminent (or more generally a state of alert resulting from imminent danger)', 'strip_alert': 'a state of readiness for domestic defense aircraft; \"the Air Force will keep fighters on strip alert at bases around the country\"', 'diverticulosis': 'presence of multiple diverticula in the walls of the colon', 'exigency': 'a pressing or urgent situation; \"the health-care exigency\"', 'desperate_straits': 'a state of extreme distress', 'criticality': 'a state of critical urgency', 'physical_condition': 'the condition or state of the body or bodily functions', 'elastosis': 'breakdown of elastic tissue (as the loss of elasticity in the skin of elderly people that results from degeneration of connective tissue)', 'flatulence': 'a state of excessive gas in the alimentary canal', 'flexure': 'the state of being flexed (as of a joint)', 'emotional_arousal': 'the arousal of strong emotions and emotional behavior', 'fever_pitch': 'a state of extreme excitement; \"the crowd was at fever pitch\"', 'excitement': 'the state of being emotionally aroused and worked up; \"his face was flushed with excitement and his hands trembled\"; \"he tried to calm those who were in a state of extreme inflammation\"', 'sexual_arousal': 'the arousal of sexual desires in preparation for sexual behavior', 'cybersex': 'sexual arousal involving communication on the internet', 'eroticism': 'a state of anticipation of sexuality', 'horniness': 'a state of sexual arousal', 'estrus': 'applies to nonhuman mammals: a state or period of heightened sexual arousal and activity', 'anestrus': 'applies to nonhuman mammals: a state or interval of sexual inactivity between two periods of estrus', 'diestrus': '(of animals having several estrous cycles in one breeding season) a state or interval of sexual inactivity or quiescence between periods of activity', 'bulimia': 'a disorder of eating seen among young women who go on eating binges and then feel guilt and depression and self-condemnation', 'emptiness': 'the state of containing nothing', 'undernourishment': 'not having enough food to develop or function normally', 'thirst': 'a physiological need to drink', 'polydipsia': 'excessive thirst (as in cases of diabetes or kidney dysfunction)', 'sex_drive': 'a physiological need for sexual activity; \"testosterone is responsible for the male sex drive\"', 'hypoxia': 'oxygen deficiency causing a very strong drive to correct the deficiency', 'anemic_hypoxia': 'hypoxia resulting from a decreased concentration of hemoglobin', 'hypoxic_hypoxia': 'hypoxia resulting from defective oxygenation of the blood in the lungs', 'ischemic_hypoxia': 'hypoxia resulting from slow peripheral circulation (such as follows congestive cardiac failure)', 'hypercapnia': 'the physical condition of having the presence of an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the circulating blood', 'hypocapnia': 'a state in which the level of carbon dioxide in the blood is lower than normal; can result from deep or rapid breathing', 'asphyxia': 'a condition in which insufficient or no oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged on a ventilatory basis; caused by choking or drowning or electric shock or poison gas', 'oxygen_debt': 'a cumulative deficit of oxygen resulting from intense exercise; the deficit must be made up when the body returns to rest', 'altitude_sickness': 'effects (as nosebleed or nausea) of oxygen deficiency in the blood and tissues at high altitudes', 'mountain_sickness': 'nausea and shortness of breath experienced by mountain climbers above ten thousand feet', 'anoxia': 'severe hypoxia; absence of oxygen in inspired gases or in arterial blood or in the tissues', 'anemic_anoxia': 'anoxia resulting from a decreased concentration of hemoglobin', 'anoxic_anoxia': 'anoxia resulting from defective oxygenation of the blood in the lungs', 'ischemic_anoxia': 'anoxia resulting from slow peripheral circulation (such as follows congestive cardiac failure)', 'hyperthermia': 'abnormally high body temperature; sometimes induced (as in treating some forms of cancer)', 'normothermia': 'normal body temperature', 'hypothermia': 'subnormal body temperature', 'muscularity': 'the physiological state of having or consisting of muscle', 'myasthenia': 'any muscular weakness', 'impotence': 'an inability (usually of the male animal) to copulate', 'erectile_dysfunction': \"impotence resulting from a man's inability to have or maintain an erection of his penis\", 'barrenness': 'the state (usually of a woman) of having no children or being unable to have children', 'sterility': 'the state of being unable to produce offspring; in a woman it is an inability to conceive; in a man it is an inability to impregnate', 'cacogenesis': 'inability to produce hybrids that are both viable and fertile', 'dysgenesis': 'infertility between hybrids', 'false_pregnancy': 'physiological state in which a woman exhibits symptoms of pregnancy but is not pregnant', 'pregnancy': 'the state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth when a woman carries a developing fetus in her uterus', 'gravidity': 'technical terms for pregnancy', 'abdominal_pregnancy': 'ectopic pregnancy in the abdominal cavity', 'ovarian_pregnancy': 'ectopic pregnancy in the ovary', 'tubal_pregnancy': 'ectopic pregnancy in a Fallopian tube', 'ectopic_pregnancy': 'pregnancy resulting from gestation elsewhere than in the uterus', 'entopic_pregnancy': 'pregnancy resulting from normal gestation in the uterus', 'premature_labor': 'labor beginning prior to the 37th week of gestation', 'parturiency': 'concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child; \"she was in labor for six hours\"', 'placenta_previa': 'pregnancy in which the placenta is implanted in the lower part of the uterus (instead of the upper part); can cause bleeding late in pregnancy; delivery by cesarean section may be necessary', 'asynclitism': 'the presentation during labor of the head of the fetus at an abnormal angle', 'atresia': 'an abnormal condition in which a normal opening or tube in the body (as the urethra) is closed or absent', 'vitalization': 'the state of being vitalized and filled with life', 'good_health': 'the state of being vigorous and free from bodily or mental disease', 'wholeness': 'a state of robust good health', 'qi': 'the circulating life energy that in Chinese philosophy is thought to be inherent in all things; in traditional Chinese medicine the balance of negative and positive forms in the body is believed to be essential for good health', 'bloom': 'the best time of youth', 'fertility': 'the state of being fertile; capable of producing offspring', 'pathological_state': 'a physical condition that is caused by disease', 'ill_health': 'a state in which you are unable to function normally and without pain', 'functional_disorder': 'disorder showing symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified', 'organic_disorder': 'disorder caused by a detectable physiological or structural change in an organ', 'dyscrasia': 'an abnormal or physiologically unbalanced state of the body', 'blood_dyscrasia': 'any abnormal condition of the blood', 'abocclusion': 'the condition in which the upper teeth do not touch the lower teeth when biting', 'abruptio_placentae': 'a disorder of pregnancy in which the placenta prematurely separates from the wall of the uterus', 'achlorhydria': 'an abnormal deficiency or absence of free hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice; often associated with severe anemias and cancer of the stomach', 'acholia': 'a condition in which little or no bile is secreted or the flow of bile into the digestive tract is obstructed', 'achylia': 'absence of gastric juices (partial or complete)', 'acute_brain_disorder': 'any disorder (as sudden confusion or disorientation) in an otherwise normal person that is due to reversible (temporary) impairment of brain tissues (as by head injuries or drugs or infection)', 'adult_respiratory_distress_syndrome': 'acute lung injury characterized by coughing and rales; inflammation of the lungs which become stiff and fibrous and cannot exchange oxygen; occurs among persons exposed to irritants such as corrosive chemical vapors or ammonia or chlorine etc.', 'ailment': 'an often persistent bodily disorder or disease; a cause for complaining', 'eating_disorder': 'a disorder of the normal eating routine', 'anorexia': 'a prolonged disorder of eating due to loss of appetite', 'pica': 'an eating disorder, frequent in children, in which non-nutritional objects are eaten persistently', 'astereognosis': 'a loss of the ability to recognize objects by handling them', 'attention_deficit_disorder': 'a condition (mostly in boys) characterized by behavioral and learning disorders', 'anorgasmia': 'absence of an orgasm in sexual relations', 'bulimarexia': 'a disorder of eating in which the person alternates between strong craving for food and aversion to food; characterized by excessive eating followed by periods of fasting or self-induced vomiting', 'bladder_disorder': 'a disorder of the urinary bladder', 'cardiovascular_disease': 'a disease of the heart or blood vessels', 'carpal_tunnel_syndrome': 'a painful disorder caused by compression of a nerve in the carpal tunnel; characterized by discomfort and weakness in the hands and fingers and by sensations of tingling, burning or numbness', 'celiac_disease': 'a disorder in children and adults; inability to tolerate wheat protein (gluten); symptoms include foul-smelling diarrhea and emaciation; often accompanied by lactose intolerance', 'cheilosis': 'a disorder of the lips marked by scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth; caused by a deficiency of riboflavin', 'colpoxerosis': 'a condition in which the vagina is unusually dry', 'degenerative_disorder': 'condition leading to progressive loss of function', 'demyelination': 'loss of the myelin covering of some nerve fibers resulting in their impaired function', 'dysaphia': 'a disorder in the sense of touch', 'dysosmia': 'a disorder in the sense of smell', 'dysphagia': 'condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful', 'dysuria': 'painful or difficult urination', 'dystrophy': 'any degenerative disorder resulting from inadequate or faulty nutrition', 'osteodystrophy': 'defective bone development; usually attributable to renal disease or to disturbances in calcium and phosphorus metabolism', 'fantods': 'an ill-defined state of irritability and distress', 'glandular_disease': 'a disorder of the glands of the body', 'hyperactivity': 'a condition characterized by excessive restlessness and movement', 'impaction': 'the condition of being pressed closely together and firmly fixed', 'learning_disorder': 'a disorder found in children of normal intelligence who have difficulties in learning specific skills', 'malocclusion': '(dentistry) a condition in which the opposing teeth do not mesh normally', 'overbite': '(dentistry) malocclusion in which the upper teeth extend abnormally far over the lower teeth', 'anorexia_nervosa': '(psychiatry) a psychological disorder characterized by somatic delusions that you are too fat despite being emaciated', 'cellularity': 'the state of having cells', 'hypercellularity': 'the state of having abnormally many cells', 'hypocellularity': 'the state of having abnormally few cells', 'illness': 'impairment of normal physiological function affecting part or all of an organism', 'invalidism': 'chronic ill health', 'biliousness': 'gastric distress caused by a disorder of the liver or gall bladder', 'suspended_animation': 'a temporary cessation of vital functions with loss of consciousness resembling death; usually resulting from asphyxia', 'anabiosis': 'suspended animation in organisms during periods of extreme drought from which they revive when moisture returns', 'cryptobiosis': \"a state in which an animal's metabolic activities come to a reversible standstill\", 'dilatation': 'the state of being stretched beyond normal dimensions', 'tympanites': 'distension of the abdomen that is caused by the accumulation of gas in the intestines or the peritoneal cavity', 'ectasia': 'dilatation or distension of a hollow organ', 'lymphangiectasia': 'dilatation of a lymph vessel', 'alveolar_ectasia': 'abnormal enlargement of the air sacs in the lungs', 'drug_addiction': 'an addiction to a drug (especially a narcotic drug)', 'alcoholism': 'habitual intoxication; prolonged and excessive intake of alcoholic drinks leading to a breakdown in health and an addiction to alcohol such that abrupt deprivation leads to severe withdrawal symptoms', 'cocaine_addiction': 'an addiction to cocaine', 'heroin_addiction': 'an addiction to heroin', 'caffein_addiction': 'an addiction to caffein', 'nicotine_addiction': 'an addiction to nicotine', 'ague': 'successive stages of chills and fever that is a symptom of malaria', 'roots': 'the condition of belonging to a particular place or group by virtue of social or ethnic or cultural lineage; \"his roots in Texas go back a long way\"; \"he went back to Sweden to search for his roots\"; \"his music has African roots\"', 'amyloidosis': 'a disorder characterized by deposit of amyloid in organs or tissues; often secondary to chronic rheumatoid arthritis or tuberculosis or multiple myeloma', 'anuresis': 'inability to urinate', 'catastrophic_illness': 'severe illness requiring prolonged hospitalization or recovery; usually involves high costs for hospitals and doctors and medicines', 'nervous_breakdown': 'a severe or incapacitating emotional disorder', 'nervous_exhaustion': 'an emotional disorder that leaves you exhausted and unable to work', 'neurasthenia': 'nervous breakdown (not in technical use)', 'cardiogenic_shock': 'shock caused by cardiac arrest', 'hypovolemic_shock': 'shock caused by severe blood or fluid loss', 'obstructive_shock': 'shock caused by obstruction of blood flow', 'distributive_shock': 'shock caused by poor distribution of the blood flow', 'anaphylactic_shock': 'a severe and rapid and sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reaction to a substance (especially a vaccine or penicillin or shellfish or insect venom) to which the organism has become sensitized by previous exposure', 'decompression_sickness': 'pain resulting from rapid change in pressure', 'fluorosis': 'a pathological condition resulting from an excessive intake of fluorine (usually from drinking water)', 'food_poisoning': 'illness caused by poisonous or contaminated food', 'botulism': 'food poisoning from ingesting botulin; not infectious; affects the CNS; can be fatal if not treated promptly', 'mushroom_poisoning': 'toxic condition caused by eating certain species of mushrooms (especially Amanita species)', 'gammopathy': 'a disturbance in the synthesis of immunoglobulins; proteins having antibody activity increase greatly in the blood', 'glossolalia': 'repetitive nonmeaningful speech (especially that associated with a trance state or religious fervor)', 'ptomaine': 'any of various amines (such as putrescine or cadaverine) formed by the action of putrefactive bacteria', 'salmonellosis': 'a kind of food poisoning caused by eating foods contaminated with Salmonella typhimurium', 'lead_poisoning': 'toxic condition produced by the absorption of excessive lead into the system', 'lead_colic': 'symptom of chronic lead poisoning and associated with obstinate constipation', 'catalepsy': 'a trancelike state with loss of voluntary motion and failure to react to stimuli', 'disease': 'an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning', 'disease_of_the_neuromuscular_junction': 'a disease characterized by impairment of neuromuscular junctions', 'angiopathy': 'any disease of the blood vessels or lymph ducts', 'aspergillosis': 'severe respiratory disease of birds that takes the form of an acute rapidly fatal pneumonia in young chickens and turkeys', 'acanthocytosis': 'the presence of acanthocytes in the blood stream (as in abetalipoproteinemia)', 'agranulocytosis': 'an acute blood disorder (often caused by radiation or drug therapy) characterized by severe reduction in granulocytes', 'analbuminemia': 'an abnormally low level of albumin in the blood serum', \"Banti's_disease\": 'a disease characterized by congestion and enlargement of the spleen; accompanied by anemia or cirrhosis', 'anthrax': 'a highly infectious animal disease (especially cattle and sheep); it can be transmitted to people', 'cutaneous_anthrax': 'a form of anthrax infection that begins as papule that becomes a vesicle and breaks with a discharge of toxins; symptoms of septicemia are severe with vomiting and high fever and profuse sweating; the infection is often fatal', 'pulmonary_anthrax': 'a form of anthrax infection acquired by inhalation of dust containing Bacillus anthracis; initial symptoms (chill and cough and dyspnea and rapid pulse) are followed by extreme cardiovascular collapse', 'blackwater': 'any of several human or animal diseases characterized by dark urine resulting from rapid breakdown of red blood cells', 'Argentine_hemorrhagic_fever': 'hemorrhagic fever with neurological signs; caused by the Junin virus', 'blackwater_fever': 'severe and often fatal malaria characterized by kidney damage resulting in dark urine', 'jungle_fever': 'severe form of malaria occurring in tropical regions', 'cat_scratch_disease': 'a disease thought to be transmitted to humans by a scratch from a cat', 'crud': 'heavy wet snow that is unsuitable for skiing', 'enteropathy': 'a disease of the intestinal tract', 'idiopathic_disease': 'any disease arising from internal dysfunctions of unknown cause', 'monogenic_disorder': 'an inherited disease controlled by a single pair of genes', 'polygenic_disorder': 'an inherited disease controlled by several genes at once', 'hypogonadism': 'incompetence of the gonads (especially in the male with low testosterone); results in deficient development of secondary sex characteristics and (in prepubertal males) a body with long legs and a short trunk', 'male_hypogonadism': 'the state of being a eunuch (either because of lacking testicles or because they failed to develop)', \"Kallman's_syndrome\": 'hypogonadism with anosmia; a congenital sexual disorder that prevents the testicles from maturing at puberty', 'valvular_incompetence': 'inability of a bodily valve to close completely', 'Kawasaki_disease': 'an acute disease of young children characterized by a rash and swollen lymph nodes and fever; of unknown cause', 'pycnosis': 'a degenerative state of the cell nucleus', 'hyalinization': 'the state of being hyaline or having become hyaline; \"the patient\\'s arterioles showed marked hyalinization\"', 'hyperparathyroidism': 'excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone resulting in abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood; can affect many systems of the body (especially causing bone resorption and osteoporosis)', 'hypoparathyroidism': 'inadequate secretion of parathyroid hormone resulting in abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood', 'hyperpituitarism': 'excessive activity of the pituitary gland (especially overactivity of the anterior lobe which leads to excess secretion of growth hormone)', 'vacuolization': 'the state of having become filled with vacuoles', 'malaria': 'an infective disease caused by sporozoan parasites that are transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito; marked by paroxysms of chills and fever', 'Marseilles_fever': 'a disease (common in India and around the Mediterranean area) caused by a rickettsia that is transmitted to humans by a reddish brown tick (ixodid) that lives on dogs and other mammals', \"Meniere's_disease\": 'a disease of the inner ear characterized by episodes of dizziness and tinnitus and progressive hearing loss (usually unilateral)', 'milk_sickness': 'caused by consuming milk from cattle suffering from trembles', 'myasthenia_gravis': 'a chronic progressive disease characterized by chronic fatigue and muscular weakness (especially in the face and neck); caused by a deficiency of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junctions', 'Lambert-Eaton_syndrome': 'a disease seen in patients with lung cancer and characterized by weakness and fatigue of hip and thigh muscles and an aching back; caused by antibodies directed against the neuromuscular junctions', 'occupational_disease': 'disease or disability resulting from conditions of employment (usually from long exposure to a noxious substance or from continuous repetition of certain acts)', 'onycholysis': 'separation of a nail from its normal attachment to the nail bed', 'onychosis': 'any disease or disorder of the nails', \"Paget's_disease\": 'a disease of bone occurring in the middle aged and elderly; excessive bone destruction sometimes leading to bone pain and fractures and skeletal deformities', 'rheumatism': 'any painful disorder of the joints or muscles or connective tissues', 'periarteritis_nodosa': 'a progressive disease of connective tissue that is characterized by nodules along arteries; nodules may block the artery and result in inadequate circulation to the particular area', 'periodontal_disease': 'a disease that attacks the gum and bone and around the teeth', 'pyorrhea': 'discharge of pus', 'pericementoclasia': 'pus pocket formation around a tooth', 'alveolar_resorption': 'wasting of the bony socket', 'gingivitis': 'inflammation of the gums', 'ulatrophia': 'recession of the gums', 'anxiety_attack': 'a sudden acute episode of intense anxiety and feelings of panic', 'paroxysm': 'a sudden uncontrollable attack; \"a paroxysm of giggling\"; \"a fit of coughing\"; \"convulsions of laughter\"', 'hysterics': 'an attack of hysteria', 'clonus': 'convulsion characterized by alternating contractions and relaxations', 'epileptic_seizure': 'convulsions accompanied by impaired consciousness', 'grand_mal': 'a seizure during which the patient becomes unconscious and has convulsions over the entire body', 'petit_mal': 'a seizure of short duration characterized by momentary unconsciousness and local muscle spasms or twitching; \"the girl was frightened by her first petit mal\"', 'mental_disorder': '(psychiatry) a psychological disorder of thought or emotion; a more neutral term than mental illness', \"Asperger's_syndrome\": 'a psychiatric disorder usually noted during early school years; characterized by impaired social relations and by repetitive patterns of behavior', 'metabolic_disorder': 'a disorder or defect of metabolism', 'alkaptonuria': 'a rare recessive metabolic anomaly marked by ochronosis and the presence of alkapton in the urine', 'nervous_disorder': 'a disorder of the nervous system', 'brain_damage': 'injury to the brain that impairs its functions (especially permanently); can be caused by trauma to the head, infection, hemorrhage, inadequate oxygen, genetic abnormality, etc.', 'akinesis': 'motionlessness attributable to a temporary paralysis', 'alalia': 'paralysis of the vocal cords resulting in an inability to speak', 'brain_disorder': 'any disorder or disease of the brain', 'cystoplegia': 'paralysis of the urinary bladder', 'epilepsy': 'a disorder of the central nervous system characterized by loss of consciousness and convulsions', 'akinetic_epilepsy': 'epilepsy characterized by akinesia', 'cortical_epilepsy': 'epilepsy in which the attacks begins with an isolated disturbance of cerebral function (as a twitching of a limb or an illusory sensation or a mental disturbance)', 'focal_seizure': 'transitory disturbance in motor or sensory function resulting from abnormal cortical activity', 'raptus_hemorrhagicus': 'seizure caused by a sudden profuse hemorrhage', 'diplegia': 'paralysis of corresponding parts on both sides of the body', 'protuberance': 'the condition of being protuberant; the condition of bulging out; \"the protuberance of his belly\"', 'grand_mal_epilepsy': 'epilepsy in which the attacks involve loss of consciousness and tonic spasms of the musculature followed by generalized jerking', 'Jacksonian_epilepsy': 'focal epilepsy in which the attack usually moves from distal to proximal limb muscles on the same side of the body', 'myoclonus_epilepsy': 'epilepsy characterized by clonus of muscle groups and progressive mental deterioration and genetic origin', 'petit_mal_epilepsy': 'epilepsy characterized by paroxysmal attacks of brief clouding of consciousness (and possibly other abnormalities); \"she has been suffering from petit mal since childhood\"', 'complex_absence': 'an absence seizure accompanied by other abnormalities (atonia or automatisms or vasomotor changes)', 'pure_absence': 'an absence seizure without other complications; followed by 3-per-sec brainwave spikes', 'subclinical_absence': 'a transient impairment of cortical function demonstrable only by 3-per-second brainwave spikes', 'musicogenic_epilepsy': 'reflex epilepsy induced by music', 'photogenic_epilepsy': 'reflex epilepsy induced by a flickering light', 'posttraumatic_epilepsy': 'a convulsive epileptic state caused by a head injury', 'procursive_epilepsy': 'epilepsy in which a seizure is induced by whirling or running', 'progressive_vaccinia': 'a severe or even fatal form of vaccinia that occurs mainly in persons with an immunological deficiency; characterized by progressive enlargement of the initial lesion', 'psychomotor_epilepsy': 'epilepsy characterized clinically by impairment of consciousness and amnesia for the episode; often involves purposeful movements of the arms and legs and sometimes hallucinations', 'reflex_epilepsy': 'a form of epilepsy in which attacks are induced by peripheral stimulation', 'sensory_epilepsy': 'focal epilepsy initiated by somatosensory phenomena', 'status_epilepticus': 'a condition in which there are continuing attacks of epilepsy without intervals of consciousness; can lead to brain damage and death', 'tonic_epilepsy': 'epilepsy in which the body is rigid during the seizure', \"Erb's_palsy\": 'paralysis of the arm resulting from injury to the brachial plexus (usually during childbirth)', 'nympholepsy': 'a frenzy of emotion; as for something unattainable', 'apraxia': 'inability to make purposeful movements', 'ataxia': 'inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements; unsteady movements and staggering gait', \"Friedreich's_ataxia\": 'sclerosis of the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord; characterized by muscular weakness and abnormal gait; occurs in children', 'hereditary_cerebellar_ataxia': 'nervous disorder of late childhood and early adulthood; characterized by ataxic gait and hesitating or explosive speech and nystagmus', 'atopognosia': 'absence or loss of topognosia; inability to locate correctly a point of touch', 'brachydactyly': 'abnormal shortness of fingers and toes', 'cryptorchidy': 'failure of one or both testes to move into the scrotum as the male fetus develops', 'monorchism': 'failure of one testes to descend into the scrotum', 'dyskinesia': 'abnormality in performing voluntary muscle movements', 'tardive_dyskinesia': 'involuntary rolling of the tongue and twitching of the face or trunk or limbs; often occurs in patients with Parkinsonism who are treated with phenothiazine', 'deviated_septum': 'abnormal displacement of any wall that separates two chambers (usually in the nasal cavity)', 'deviated_nasal_septum': 'abnormal shift in location of the nasal septum; a common condition causing obstruction of the nasal passages and difficulty in breathing and recurrent nosebleeds', 'dextrocardia': 'abnormal condition where the heart is located toward the right side of the chest', 'ectrodactyly': 'congenital abnormality involving the absence of some fingers or toes', 'enteroptosis': 'an abnormally downward position of the intestines in the abdominal cavity', 'erethism': 'an abnormally high degree of irritability or sensitivity to stimulation of an organ or body part', 'fetal_distress': 'an abnormal condition of a fetus; usually discovered during pregnancy and characterized by an abnormal heart rhythm', 'multiple_sclerosis': 'a chronic progressive nervous disorder involving loss of myelin sheath around certain nerve fibers', 'paralysis_agitans': 'a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by tremor and impaired muscular coordination', 'cerebral_palsy': 'a loss or deficiency of motor control with involuntary spasms caused by permanent brain damage present at birth', 'chorea': 'any of several degenerative nervous disorders characterized by spasmodic movements of the body and limbs', 'choriomeningitis': 'a cerebral meningitis with cellular infiltration of the meninges', 'flaccid_paralysis': 'weakness or loss of muscle tone resulting from injury or disease of the nerves innervating the muscles', 'orthochorea': 'a form of chorea in which spasms occur mainly when the patient is erect', \"Sydenham's_chorea\": 'chorea occurring chiefly in children and associated with rheumatic fever', 'tarantism': 'a nervous disorder characterized by an uncontrollable impulse to dance; popularly attributed to bite of the southern European tarantula or wolf spider', 'agraphia': 'a loss of the ability to write or to express thoughts in writing because of a brain lesion', 'acataphasia': 'a disorder in which a lesion to the central nervous system leaves you unable to formulate a statement or to express yourself in an organized manner', 'aphagia': 'loss of the ability to swallow', 'amaurosis': 'partial or total loss of sight without pathology of the eye; caused by disease of optic nerve or retina or brain', 'amblyopia': 'visual impairment without apparent organic pathology', 'ametropia': '(ophthalmology) faulty refraction of light rays in the eye as in astigmatism or myopia', 'emmetropia': '(ophthalmology) the normal refractive condition of the eye in which there is clear focus of light on the retina', 'aniseikonia': 'visual defect in which the shape and size of an ocular image differ in the two eyes', 'anorthopia': 'distorted vision in which straight lines appear curved', 'aphakia': 'absence of the natural lens of the eye (usually resulting from the removal of cataracts)', 'aphasia': 'inability to use or understand language (spoken or written) because of a brain lesion', 'auditory_aphasia': 'an impairment in understanding spoken language that is not attributable to hearing loss', 'conduction_aphasia': \"aphasia in which the lesion is assumed to be in the association tracts connecting the various language centers in the brain; patient's have difficulty repeating a sentence just heard\", 'global_aphasia': 'loss of all ability to communicate', 'motor_aphasia': 'aphasia in which expression by speech or writing is severely impaired', 'nominal_aphasia': 'inability to name objects or to recognize written or spoken names of objects', 'transcortical_aphasia': \"a general term for aphasia that results from lesions outside of Broca's area or Wernicke's area of the cerebral cortex\", 'visual_aphasia': 'inability to perceive written words', \"Wernicke's_aphasia\": 'aphasia characterized by fluent but meaningless speech and severe impairment of the ability understand spoken or written words', 'dyscalculia': 'impaired ability to learn grade-appropriate mathematics', 'dysgraphia': 'impaired ability to learn to write', 'dyslexia': 'impaired ability to learn to read', 'dysphasia': 'an impairment of language (especially speech production) that is usually due to brain damage', 'agnosia': 'inability to recognize objects by use of the senses', 'anarthria': 'partial or total loss of articulate speech resulting from lesions of the central nervous system', 'auditory_agnosia': 'inability to recognize or understand the meaning of spoken words', 'visual_agnosia': 'inability to recognize or interpret objects in the visual field', 'Creutzfeldt-Jakob_disease': 'rare (usually fatal) brain disease (usually in middle age) caused by an unidentified slow virus; characterized by progressive dementia and gradual loss of muscle control', 'laryngospasm': 'a closure of the larynx that blocks the passage of air to the lungs', 'embolism': 'an insertion into a calendar', 'air_embolism': 'obstruction of the circulatory system caused by an air bubble as, e.g., accidentally during surgery or hypodermic injection or as a complication from scuba diving', 'fat_embolism': 'serious condition in which fat blocks an artery; fat can enter the blood stream after a long bone is fractured or if adipose tissue is injured or as a result of a fatty liver', 'pulmonary_embolism': 'blockage of the pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by a blood clot', 'thromboembolism': 'occlusion of a blood vessel by an embolus that has broken away from a thrombus', 'thrombosis': 'the formation or presence of a thrombus (a clot of coagulated blood attached at the site of its formation) in a blood vessel', 'cerebral_thrombosis': 'a blood clot in a cerebral artery or vein', 'coronary_occlusion': 'occlusion of a coronary artery caused either by progressive atherosclerosis or by a blood clot', 'coronary_heart_disease': 'a heart disease due to an abnormality of the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart', 'coronary_thrombosis': 'obstruction of blood flow in a coronary artery by a blood clot (thrombus)', 'milk_leg': 'painful thrombosis of the femoral vein in the leg following childbirth', 'hepatomegaly': 'abnormal enlargement of the liver', 'heart_disease': 'a disease of the heart', 'high_blood_pressure': 'a common disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high (a reading of 140/90 mm Hg or greater)', 'keratectasia': 'abnormal bulging of the cornea of the eye', 'keratoconus': 'abnormal cone-shaped protrusion of the cornea of the eye; can be treated by epikeratophakia', 'orthostatic_hypotension': 'low blood pressure occurring in some people when they stand up', 'hypotension': 'abnormally low blood pressure', 'essential_hypertension': 'persistent and pathological high blood pressure for which no specific cause can be found', 'portal_hypertension': 'increase in blood pressure in the veins of the portal system caused by obstruction in the liver (often associated with alcoholic cirrhosis), causing enlargement of the spleen and collateral veins', 'malignant_hypertension': 'severe hypertension that runs a rapid course and damages the inner linings of the blood vessels and the heart and spleen and kidneys and brain; \"malignant hypertension is the most lethal form of hypertension\"', 'secondary_hypertension': 'hypertension that is secondary to another disease', 'white-coat_hypertension': \"temporary rise in blood pressure in the doctor's office\", 'amyotrophia': 'progressive wasting of muscle tissues', 'amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis': 'thickening of tissue in the motor tracts of the lateral columns and anterior horns of the spinal cord; results in progressive muscle atrophy that starts in the limbs', 'aneurysm': 'a cardiovascular disease characterized by a saclike widening of an artery resulting from weakening of the artery wall', 'aortic_aneurysm': 'an aneurysm of the aorta', 'abdominal_aortic_aneurysm': 'an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta associated with old age and hypertension', 'aortic_stenosis': 'abnormal narrowing of the aortic valve', 'enterostenosis': 'abnormal narrowing of the intestine', 'laryngostenosis': 'abnormal narrowing of the larynx', 'pulmonary_stenosis': 'abnormal narrowing of the opening into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle', 'pyloric_stenosis': 'narrowing of the pyloric sphincter that blocks the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum', 'rhinostenosis': 'narrowing of the passages in the nasal cavities', 'stenosis': 'abnormal narrowing of a bodily canal or passageway', 'cerebral_aneurysm': 'an aneurysm of the carotid artery', 'intracranial_aneurysm': 'an aneurysm of a cranial artery', 'ventricular_aneurysm': 'a localized dilation or protrusion on the wall of the left ventricle of the heart (occurring after a myocardial infarction)', 'angina_pectoris': 'a heart condition marked by paroxysms of chest pain due to reduced oxygen to the heart', 'arteriolosclerosis': 'sclerosis of the arterioles', 'arteriosclerosis': 'sclerosis of the arterial walls', 'atherogenesis': 'the formation of atheromas on the walls of the arteries as in atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerosis': 'a stage of arteriosclerosis involving fatty deposits (atheromas) inside the arterial walls, thus narrowing the arteries', 'athetosis': 'a continuous succession of slow, writhing, involuntary movements of the hands and feet and other body parts', 'kuru': 'a progressive disease of the central nervous system marked by increasing lack of coordination and advancing to paralysis and death within a year of the appearance of symptoms; thought to have been transmitted by cannibalistic consumption of diseased brain tissue since the disease virtually disappeared when cannibalism was abandoned', 'nerve_compression': 'harmful pressure on a nerve (especially in nerves that pass over rigid prominences); causes nerve damage and muscle weakness', 'nerve_entrapment': 'repeated and long-term nerve compression (usually in nerves near joints that are subject to inflammation or swelling)', 'arteriosclerosis_obliterans': 'a stage of arteriosclerosis involving closure of blood vessels', 'ascites': 'accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavity', 'azymia': 'absence of an enzyme', 'bacteremia': 'transient presence of bacteria (or other microorganisms) in the blood', 'sclerosis': 'any pathological hardening or thickening of tissue', 'cardiac_arrhythmia': 'an abnormal rate of muscle contractions in the heart', 'cardiomyopathy': 'a disorder (usually of unknown origin) of the heart muscle (myocardium)', 'hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy': 'a disorder in which the heart muscle is so strong that it does not relax enough to fill with the heart with blood and so has reduced pumping ability', 'flutter': 'abnormally rapid beating of the auricles of the heart (especially in a regular rhythm); can result in heart block', 'gallop_rhythm': 'cardiac rhythm characterized by the presence of an extra sound; can indicate a heart abnormality', 'mitral_valve_prolapse': 'cardiopathy resulting from the mitral valve not regulating the flow of blood between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart', 'mitral_stenosis': 'obstruction or narrowing of the mitral valve (as by scarring from rheumatic fever)', 'circulatory_failure': 'failure of the cardiovascular system to supply adequate amounts of blood to body tissues', 'heart_failure': 'inability of the heart to pump enough blood to sustain normal bodily functions', 'valvular_heart_disease': 'heart disease caused by stenosis of the cardiac valves and obstructed blood flow or caused by degeneration and blood regurgitation', 'congestive_heart_failure': 'inability to pump enough blood to avoid congestion in the tissues', 'heart_attack': 'a sudden severe instance of abnormal heart function', 'myocardial_infarction': 'destruction of heart tissue resulting from obstruction of the blood supply to the heart muscle', 'kidney_disease': 'a disease affecting the kidneys', 'coronary_insufficiency': 'inadequate blood flow to the heart muscles; can cause angina pectoris', 'nephritis': 'an inflammation of the kidney', 'nephrosclerosis': 'kidney disease that is usually associated with hypertension; sclerosis of the renal arterioles reduces blood flow that can lead to kidney failure and heart failure', 'polycystic_kidney_disease': 'kidney disease characterized by enlarged kidneys containing many cysts; often leads to kidney failure', 'polyuria': 'renal disorder characterized by the production of large volumes of pale dilute urine; often associated with diabetes', 'renal_failure': 'inability of the kidneys to excrete wastes and to help maintain the electrolyte balance', 'renal_insufficiency': 'insufficient excretion of wastes by the kidneys', 'acute_renal_failure': 'renal failure associated with burns or other trauma or with acute infection or obstruction of the urinary tract', 'chronic_renal_failure': 'renal failure that can result from a variety of systemic disorders', 'cholelithiasis': 'the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder', 'enterolithiasis': 'the presence of calculi in the intestines', 'nephrocalcinosis': 'renal lithiasis in which calcium deposits form in the renal parenchyma and result in reduced kidney function and blood in the urine', 'nephrolithiasis': 'the presence of kidney stones (calculi) in the kidney', 'lipomatosis': 'pathology in which fat accumulates in lipomas in the body', 'lithiasis': 'the formation of stones (calculi) in an internal organ', 'glomerulonephritis': 'nephritis marked by inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney; characterized by decreased production of urine and by the presence of blood and protein in the urine and by edema', 'liver_disease': 'a disease affecting the liver', 'cirrhosis': 'a chronic disease interfering with the normal functioning of the liver; the major cause is chronic alcoholism', 'fatty_liver': 'yellow discoloration as a result of the accumulation of certain fats (triglycerides) in the liver; can be caused by alcoholic cirrhosis or pregnancy or exposure to certain toxins', \"Addison's_disease\": 'a glandular disorder caused by failure of function of the cortex of the adrenal gland and marked by anemia and prostration with brownish skin', 'adenopathy': 'a glandular disease or enlargement of glandular tissue (especially of the lymph glands)', 'aldosteronism': 'a condition caused by overproduction of aldosterone', \"Cushing's_disease\": 'a glandular disorder caused by excessive ACTH resulting in greater than normal functioning of the adrenal gland; characterized by obesity', \"Cushing's_syndrome\": 'a glandular disorder caused by excessive cortisol', 'diabetes': 'a polygenic disease characterized by abnormally high glucose levels in the blood; any of several metabolic disorders marked by excessive urination and persistent thirst', 'diabetes_mellitus': 'diabetes caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin and characterized by polyuria; \"when doctors say `diabetes\\' they usually mean `diabetes mellitus\\'\"', 'type_I_diabetes': 'severe diabetes mellitus with an early onset; characterized by polyuria and excessive thirst and increased appetite and weight loss and episodic ketoacidosis; diet and insulin injections are required to control the disease', 'type_II_diabetes': 'mild form of diabetes mellitus that develops gradually in adults; can be precipitated by obesity or severe stress or menopause or other factors; can usually be controlled by diet and hypoglycemic agents without injections of insulin', 'nephrogenic_diabetes_insipidus': 'diabetes insipidus caused by a failure of the kidney to respond to normal levels of vasopressin', 'diabetes_insipidus': 'a rare form of diabetes resulting from a deficiency of vasopressin (the pituitary hormone that regulates the kidneys); characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of pale dilute urine which results in dehydration and extreme thirst', 'latent_diabetes': 'a mild form of diabetes mellitus in which there are no overt symptoms but there are abnormal responses to some diagnostic procedures', 'angioedema': 'recurrent large circumscribed areas of subcutaneous edema; onset is sudden and it disappears within 24 hours; seen mainly in young women, often as an allergic reaction to food or drugs', 'lymphedema': 'swelling (usually in the legs) caused by lymph accumulating in the tissues in the affected areas', 'hyperthyroidism': 'an overactive thyroid gland; pathologically excessive production of thyroid hormones or the condition resulting from excessive production of thyroid hormones', \"Graves'_disease\": 'exophthalmos occurring in association with goiter; hyperthyroidism with protrusion of the eyeballs', 'hypothyroidism': 'an underactive thyroid gland; a glandular disorder resulting from insufficient production of thyroid hormones', 'myxedema': 'hypothyroidism marked by dry skin and swellings around lips and nose as well as mental deterioration', 'cretinism': 'severe hypothyroidism resulting in physical and mental stunting', 'achondroplasia': 'an inherited skeletal disorder beginning before birth; cartilage is converted to bone resulting in dwarfism', 'communicable_disease': 'a disease that can be communicated from one person to another', 'contagious_disease': 'any disease easily transmitted by contact', 'influenza': 'an acute febrile highly contagious viral disease', 'Asian_influenza': 'influenza caused by the Asian virus that was first isolated in 1957', 'swine_influenza': 'an acute and highly contagious respiratory disease of swine caused by the orthomyxovirus thought to be the same virus that caused the 1918 influenza pandemic', 'measles': 'an acute and highly contagious viral disease marked by distinct red spots followed by a rash; occurs primarily in children', 'German_measles': 'a contagious viral disease that is a milder form of measles lasting three or four days; can be damaging to a fetus during the first trimester', 'diphtheria': 'acute contagious infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae; marked by the formation of a false membrane in the throat and other air passages causing difficulty in breathing', 'exanthema_subitum': 'a viral disease of infants and young children; characterized by abrupt high fever and mild sore throat; a few days later there is a faint pinkish rash that lasts for a few hours to a few days', 'scarlet_fever': 'an acute communicable disease (usually in children) characterized by fever and a red rash', 'pox': 'a contagious disease characterized by purulent skin eruptions that may leave pock marks', 'smallpox': 'a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever and weakness and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs that slough off leaving scars', 'alastrim': 'a mild form of smallpox caused by a less virulent form of the virus', \"Vincent's_angina\": 'an acute communicable infection of the respiratory tract and mouth marked by ulceration of the mucous membrane', 'blastomycosis': 'any of several infections of the skin or mucous membrane caused by Blastomyces', 'chromoblastomycosis': 'a fungal infection characterized by itchy warty nodules on the skin', 'tinea': 'infections of the skin or nails caused by fungi and appearing as itching circular patches', 'dhobi_itch': 'fungal infection attacking moist parts of the body', 'kerion': 'ringworm infection of the hair follicles of the scalp and beard that usually results in a swelling that is covered with pustules and oozes fluid', 'tinea_pedis': 'fungal infection of the feet', 'tinea_barbae': 'fungal infection of the face and neck', 'tinea_capitis': 'fungal infection of the scalp characterized by bald patches', 'tinea_corporis': 'fungal infection of nonhairy parts of the skin', 'tinea_cruris': 'fungal infection of the groin (most common in men)', 'blindness': 'the state of being blind or lacking sight', 'legal_blindness': 'vision that is 20/200 or worse in both eyes (20/200 vision is the ability to see at 20 feet what a normal eye can see at 200 feet)', 'tinea_unguium': 'fungal infection of the nails (especially toenails)', 'infectious_disease': 'a disease transmitted only by a specific kind of contact', 'AIDS': 'a serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles', 'brucellosis': 'an infectious disease of domestic animals often resulting in spontaneous abortion; transmittable to human beings', 'agammaglobulinemia': 'a rare immunological disorder characterized by the virtual absence of gamma globulin in the blood and consequent susceptibility to infection', 'hypogammaglobulinemia': 'an abnormally low concentration of gamma globulin in the blood and increased risk of infection', 'severe_combined_immunodeficiency': 'a congenital disease affecting T cells that can result from a mutation in any one of several different genes; children with it are susceptible to infectious disease; if untreated it is lethal within the first year or two of life', 'ADA-SCID': 'SCID resulting from mutation of a gene that codes for adenosine deaminase', 'X-linked_SCID': 'SCID in male children resulting from mutation of a gene that codes for a protein on the surface of T cells that allows them to develop a growth factor receptor', 'cholera': 'an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food', 'dengue': 'an infectious disease of the tropics transmitted by mosquitoes and characterized by rash and aching head and joints', 'dysentery': 'an infection of the intestines marked by severe diarrhea', 'epidemic_disease': 'any infectious disease that develops and spreads rapidly to many people', 'hepatitis': 'inflammation of the liver caused by a virus or a toxin', 'viral_hepatitis': 'hepatitis caused by a virus', 'hepatitis_A': 'an acute but benign form of viral hepatitis caused by an RNA virus that does not persist in the blood serum and is usually transmitted by ingesting food or drink that is contaminated with fecal matter', 'hepatitis_B': 'an acute (sometimes fatal) form of viral hepatitis caused by a DNA virus that tends to persist in the blood serum and is transmitted by sexual contact or by transfusion or by ingestion of contaminated blood or other bodily fluids', 'hepatitis_delta': 'a severe form of hepatitis', 'hepatitis_C': 'a viral hepatitis clinically indistinguishable from hepatitis B but caused by a single-stranded RNA virus; usually transmitted by parenteral means (as injection of an illicit drug or blood transfusion or exposure to blood or blood products)', 'liver_cancer': 'malignant neoplastic disease of the liver usually occurring as a metastasis from another cancer; symptoms include loss of appetite and weakness and bloating and jaundice and upper abdominal discomfort', 'oral_herpes': 'caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)', 'genital_herpes': 'an infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) that is usually transmitted by sexual contact; marked by recurrent attacks of painful eruptions on the skin and mucous membranes of the genital area', 'chickenpox': 'an acute contagious disease caused by herpes varicella zoster virus; causes a rash of vesicles on the face and body', 'venereal_disease': 'a communicable infection transmitted by sexual intercourse or genital contact', 'gonorrhea': 'a common venereal disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae; symptoms are painful urination and pain around the urethra', 'granuloma_inguinale': 'a venereal disease caused by a bacterium of the genus Calymmatobacterium; characterized by a pimply rash of the skin in the genital and groin region', 'syphilis': 'a common venereal disease caused by the treponema pallidum spirochete; symptoms change through progressive stages; can be congenital (transmitted through the placenta)', 'primary_syphilis': 'the first stage; characterized by a chancre at the site of infection', 'secondary_syphilis': 'the second stage; characterized by eruptions of the skin and mucous membrane', 'tertiary_syphilis': 'the third stage; characterized by involvement of internal organs especially the brain and spinal cord as well as the heart and liver', 'tabes_dorsalis': 'syphilis of the spinal cord characterized by degeneration of sensory neurons and stabbing pains in the trunk and legs and unsteady gait and incontinence and impotence', 'neurosyphilis': 'syphilis of the central nervous system', 'tabes': 'wasting of the body during a chronic disease', 'infectious_mononucleosis': 'an acute disease characterized by fever and swollen lymph nodes and an abnormal increase of mononuclear leucocytes or monocytes in the bloodstream; not highly contagious; some believe it can be transmitted by kissing', 'Ebola_hemorrhagic_fever': 'a severe and often fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys and chimpanzees) caused by the Ebola virus; characterized by high fever and severe internal bleeding; can be spread from person to person; is largely limited to Africa', 'Lassa_fever': 'an acute contagious viral disease of central western Africa; characterized by fever and inflammation and muscular pains and difficulty swallowing; can be used as a bioweapon', 'leprosy': 'chronic granulomatous communicable disease occurring in tropical and subtropical regions; characterized by inflamed nodules beneath the skin and wasting of body parts; caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium leprae', 'tuberculoid_leprosy': 'leprosy characterized by tumors in the skin and cutaneous nerves', 'lepromatous_leprosy': 'a very serious form of leprosy characterized by lesions that spread over much of the body and affecting many systems of the body', 'necrotizing_enterocolitis': 'an acute inflammatory disease occurring in the intestines of premature infants; necrosis of intestinal tissue may follow', 'listeriosis': 'an infectious disease of animals and humans (especially newborn or immunosuppressed persons) caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes; in sheep and cattle the infection frequently involves the central nervous system and causes various neurological symptoms', 'lymphocytic_choriomeningitis': 'a form of viral meningitis caused by a virus carried by the common house mouse', 'lymphogranuloma_venereum': 'infectious disease caused by a species of chlamydia bacterium; transmitted by sexual contact; characterized by genital lesions and swelling of lymph nodes in the groin', 'meningitis': 'infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the meninges (the tissues that surround the brain or spinal cord) usually caused by a bacterial infection; symptoms include headache and stiff neck and fever and nausea', 'mumps': 'an acute contagious viral disease characterized by fever and by swelling of the parotid glands', 'cerebrospinal_meningitis': 'meningitis caused by bacteria and often fatal', 'paratyphoid': 'any of a variety of infectious intestinal diseases resembling typhoid fever', 'bubonic_plague': 'the most common form of the plague in humans; characterized by chills, prostration, delirium and the formation of buboes in the armpits and groin; does not spread from person to person', 'ambulant_plague': 'a mild form of bubonic plague', 'Black_Death': 'the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe', 'pneumonic_plague': 'a rapidly progressive and frequently fatal form of the plague that can spread through the air from person to person; characterized by lung involvement with chill, bloody expectoration and high fever', 'septicemic_plague': 'an especially dangerous and generally fatal form of the plague in which infecting organisms invade the bloodstream; does not spread from person to person', 'poliomyelitis': 'an acute viral disease marked by inflammation of nerve cells of the brain stem and spinal cord', \"Pott's_disease\": 'TB of the spine with destruction of vertebrae resulting in curvature of the spine', 'ratbite_fever': 'either of two infectious diseases transmitted to humans by the bite of a rat or mouse; characterized by fever and headache and nausea and skin eruptions', 'rickettsial_disease': 'infectious disease caused by ticks or mites or body lice infected with rickettsial bacteria', 'typhus': 'rickettsial disease transmitted by body lice and characterized by skin rash and high fever', 'murine_typhus': 'acute infection caused by rickettsia and transmitted by the bite of an infected flea; characterized by fever and chills and muscle aches and a rash', 'spotted_fever': 'any of several severe febrile diseases characterized by skin rashes or spots on the skin', 'Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever': 'caused by rickettsial bacteria and transmitted by wood ticks', 'Q_fever': 'an acute disease resembling influenza', 'rickettsialpox': 'mild infectious rickettsial disease caused by a bacterium of the genus Rickettsia transmitted to humans by the bite a mite that lives on rodents; characterized by chills and fever and headache and skin lesions that resemble chickenpox', 'trench_fever': 'marked by pain in muscles and joints and transmitted by lice', 'tsutsugamushi_disease': 'transmitted by larval mites and widespread in Asia', 'relapsing_fever': 'marked by recurring high fever and transmitted by the bite of infected lice or ticks; characterized by episodes of high fever and chills and headache and muscle pain and nausea that recur every week or ten days for several months', 'rheumatic_fever': 'a severe disease chiefly of children and characterized by painful inflammation of the joints and frequently damage to the heart valves', 'rheumatic_heart_disease': 'heart disease caused by recurrent episodes of rheumatic fever; characterized by changes in the myocardium or scarring of the heart valves that reduce the power of the heart to pump blood', 'sweating_sickness': 'a disease of cattle (especially calves)', 'tuberculosis': 'infection transmitted by inhalation or ingestion of tubercle bacilli and manifested in fever and small lesions (usually in the lungs but in various other parts of the body in acute stages)', 'miliary_tuberculosis': 'acute tuberculosis characterized by the appearance of tiny tubercles on one or more organs of the body (presumably resulting from tubercle bacilli being spread in the bloodstream)', 'pulmonary_tuberculosis': 'involving the lungs with progressive wasting of the body', 'scrofula': 'a form of tuberculosis characterized by swellings of the lymphatic glands', 'typhoid': 'serious infection marked by intestinal inflammation and ulceration; caused by Salmonella typhosa ingested with food or water', 'whooping_cough': 'a disease of the respiratory mucous membrane', 'yaws': 'an infectious tropical disease resembling syphilis in its early stages; marked by red skin eruptions and ulcerating lesions', 'respiratory_disease': 'a disease affecting the respiratory system', 'head_cold': 'a common cold affecting the nasal passages and resulting in congestion and sneezing and headache', 'asthma': 'respiratory disorder characterized by wheezing; usually of allergic origin', 'status_asthmaticus': 'a prolonged and severe asthma attack that does not respond to standard treatment', 'bronchitis': 'inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchial tubes', 'bronchiolitis': 'inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchioles', 'chronic_bronchitis': 'a form of bronchitis characterized by excess production of sputum leading to a chronic cough and obstruction of air flow', 'chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease': 'a nonreversible lung disease that is a combination of emphysema and chronic bronchitis; usually patients have been heavy cigarette smokers', 'coccidioidomycosis': 'an infection of the lungs and skin characterized by excessive sputum and nodules', 'cryptococcosis': 'a fungal infection characterized by nodular lesions--first in the lungs and spreading to the nervous system', 'emphysema': 'an abnormal condition of the lungs marked by decreased respiratory function; associated with smoking or chronic bronchitis or old age', 'pneumonia': 'respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants', 'atypical_pneumonia': 'an acute respiratory disease marked by high fever and coughing; caused by mycoplasma; primarily affecting children and young adults', 'bronchopneumonia': 'pneumonia characterized by acute inflammation of the walls of the bronchioles', 'double_pneumonia': 'lobar pneumonia involving both lungs', 'interstitial_pneumonia': 'chronic lung disease affecting the interstitial tissue of the lungs', 'lobar_pneumonia': 'pneumonia affecting one or more lobes of the lung; commonly due to streptococcal infection', \"Legionnaires'_disease\": 'acute (sometimes fatal) lobar pneumonia caused by bacteria of a kind first recognized after an outbreak of the disease at an American Legion convention in Philadelphia in 1976; characterized by fever and muscle and chest pain and headache and chills and a dry cough', 'pneumococcal_pneumonia': 'pneumonia caused by bacteria of the genus pneumococcus', 'pneumocytosis': 'pneumonia occurring in infants or in persons with impaired immune systems (as AIDS victims)', 'pneumothorax': 'abnormal presence of air in the pleural cavity resulting in the collapse of the lung; may be spontaneous (due to injury to the chest) or induced (as a treatment for tuberculosis)', 'psittacosis': 'infectious disease of birds', 'pneumoconiosis': 'chronic respiratory disease caused by inhaling metallic or mineral particles', 'anthracosis': 'lung disease caused by inhaling coal dust', 'asbestosis': 'lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos particles', 'siderosis': 'fibrosis of the lung caused by iron dust; occurs among welders and other metal workers', 'silicosis': 'a lung disease caused by inhaling particles of silica or quartz or slate', 'respiratory_distress_syndrome': 'an acute lung disease of the newborn (especially the premature newborn); lungs cannot expand because of a wetting agent is lacking; characterized by rapid shallow breathing and cyanosis and the formation of a glassy hyaline membrane over the alveoli', 'genetic_disease': 'a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically', 'abetalipoproteinemia': 'a rare inherited disorder of fat metabolism; characterized by severe deficiency of beta-lipoproteins and abnormal red blood cells (acanthocytes) and abnormally low cholesterol levels', 'ablepharia': 'a congenital absence of eyelids (partial or complete)', 'albinism': 'the congenital absence of pigmentation in the eyes and skin and hair', 'macrencephaly': 'an abnormally large braincase', 'anencephaly': 'a defect in brain development resulting in small or missing brain hemispheres', 'adactylia': 'congenital absence of fingers and/or toes', 'ametria': 'congenital absence of the uterus', 'color_blindness': 'genetic inability to distinguish differences in hue', 'diplopia': 'visual impairment in which an object is seen as two objects; \"diplopia often disappears when one eye is covered\"', 'epispadias': 'a congenital abnormality in males in which the urethra is on the upper surface of the penis', 'dichromacy': 'a deficiency of color vision in which the person can match any given hue by mixing only two other wavelengths of light (as opposed to the three wavelengths needed by people with normal color vision)', 'red-green_dichromacy': 'confusion of red and green', 'deuteranopia': 'dichromacy characterized by a lowered sensitivity to green light resulting in an inability to distinguish green and purplish-red', 'protanopia': 'dichromacy characterized by lowered sensitivity to long wavelengths of light resulting in an inability to distinguish red and purplish blue', 'yellow-blue_dichromacy': 'confusion of yellow and blue', 'tetartanopia': 'a form of dichromacy characterized by lowered sensitivity to yellow light; so rare that its existence has been questioned', 'tritanopia': 'rare form of dichromacy characterized by a lowered sensitivity to blue light resulting in an inability to distinguish blue and yellow', 'monochromacy': 'complete color blindness; colors can be differentiated only on the basis of brightness', 'cystic_fibrosis': \"the most common congenital disease; the child's lungs and intestines and pancreas become clogged with thick mucus; caused by defect in a single gene; no cure is known\", 'inborn_error_of_metabolism': 'any of a number of diseases in which an inherited defect (usually a missing or inadequate enzyme) results in an abnormality of metabolism', 'galactosemia': 'a genetic disease (autosomal recessive) in which an enzyme needed to metabolize galactose is deficient or absent; typically develops shortly after birth', \"Gaucher's_disease\": 'a rare chronic disorder of lipid metabolism of genetic origin', \"Hirschsprung's_disease\": 'congenital condition in which the colon does not have the normal network of nerves; there is little urge to defecate so the feces accumulate and cause megacolon', \"Horner's_syndrome\": 'a pattern of symptoms occurring as a result of damage to nerves in the cervical region of the spine (drooping eyelids and constricted pupils and absence of facial sweating)', \"Huntington's_chorea\": 'hereditary disease; develops in adulthood and ends in dementia', \"Hurler's_syndrome\": 'hereditary disease (autosomal recessive) consisting of an error is mucopolysaccharide metabolism; characterized by severe abnormalities in development of skeletal cartilage and bone and mental retardation', 'mucopolysaccharidosis': 'any of a group of genetic disorders involving a defect in the metabolism of mucopolysaccharides resulting in greater than normal levels of mucopolysaccharides in tissues', 'malignant_hyperthermia': 'hereditary condition in which certain anesthetics (e.g., halothane) cause high body temperatures and muscle rigidity', \"Marfan's_syndrome\": 'an autosomal dominant disease characterized by elongated bones (especially of limbs and digits) and abnormalities of the eyes and circulatory system', 'neurofibromatosis': 'autosomal dominant disease characterized by numerous neurofibromas and by spots on the skin and often by developmental abnormalities', 'osteogenesis_imperfecta': 'autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue characterized by brittle bones that fracture easily', 'hyperbetalipoproteinemia': 'a genetic disorder characterized by high levels of beta-lipoproteins and cholesterol; can lead to atherosclerosis at an early age', 'hypobetalipoproteinemia': 'a hereditary disorder characterized by low levels of beta-lipoproteins and lipids and cholesterol', 'ichthyosis': 'any of several congenital diseases in which the skin is dry and scaly like a fish', 'clinocephaly': 'a congenital defect in which the top of the head is depressed (concave instead of convex)', 'clinodactyly': 'a congenital defect in which one or more toes or fingers are abnormally positioned', 'macroglossia': \"a congenital disorder characterized by an abnormally large tongue; often seen in cases of Down's syndrome\", 'mongolism': 'a congenital disorder caused by having an extra 21st chromosome; results in a flat face and short stature and mental retardation', 'maple_syrup_urine_disease': 'an inherited disorder of metabolism in which the urine has a odor characteristic of maple syrup; if untreated it can lead to mental retardation and death in early childhood', \"McArdle's_disease\": 'an inherited disease in which abnormal amounts of glycogen accumulate in skeletal muscle; results in weakness and cramping', 'muscular_dystrophy': 'any of several hereditary diseases of the muscular system characterized by weakness and wasting of skeletal muscles', 'oligodactyly': 'congenital condition in which some fingers or toes are missing', 'oligodontia': 'congenital condition in which some of the teeth are missing', 'otosclerosis': 'hereditary disorder in which ossification of the labyrinth of the inner ear causes tinnitus and eventual deafness', 'Becker_muscular_dystrophy': \"a form of muscular dystrophy that sets in in adolescence or adulthood and progresses slowly but will affect all voluntary muscles; characterized by generalized weakness and muscle wasting that affects limb and trunk muscles first; similar to Duchenne's muscular dystrophy but less severe; inheritance is X-linked recessive (carried by females but affecting only males)\", 'distal_muscular_dystrophy': 'a form of muscular dystrophy that sets in between 40 and 60 years of age and is characterized by weakness and wasting of the muscles of the hands and forearms and lower legs; inheritance is autosomal dominant', \"Duchenne's_muscular_dystrophy\": 'the most common form of muscular dystrophy; inheritance is X-linked recessive (carried by females but affecting only males)', 'autosomal_dominant_disease': 'a disease caused by a dominant mutant gene on an autosome', 'autosomal_recessive_disease': 'a disease caused by the presence of two recessive mutant genes on an autosome', 'limb-girdle_muscular_dystrophy': 'an autosomal recessive form of muscular dystrophy that appears anywhere from late childhood to middle age; characterized by progressive muscular weakness beginning either in the shoulder or pelvic girdle; usually progresses slowly with cardiopulmonary complications in the later stages', 'lysinemia': 'an inborn error of metabolism in which the lack of certain enzymes leads to an inability to metabolize the amino acid lysine; characterized by muscular weakness and mental retardation', 'myotonic_muscular_dystrophy': 'a severe form of muscular dystrophy marked by generalized weakness and muscular wasting that affects the face and feet and hands and neck; difficult speech and difficulty with the hands that spreads to the arms and shoulders and legs and hips; the onset can be any time from birth to middle age and the progression is slow; inheritance is autosomal dominant', 'oculopharyngeal_muscular_dystrophy': 'a form of muscular dystrophy that usually begins between early adulthood and middle age and first affects muscles of the eyelid and throat; progresses slowly with swallowing problems common as the disease progresses; inheritance is autosomal dominant', 'Niemann-Pick_disease': 'a disorder of lipid metabolism that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait', 'oxycephaly': 'a congenital abnormality of the skull; the top of the skull assumes a cone shape', 'aplastic_anemia': 'anemia characterized by pancytopenia resulting from failure of the bone marrow; can be caused by neoplasm or by toxic exposure', 'erythroblastosis_fetalis': 'severe anemia in newborn babies; the result of Rh incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood; typically occurs when the child of an Rh-negative mother inherits Rh-positive blood from the father; can be diagnosed before birth by amniocentesis', \"Fanconi's_anemia\": 'a rare congenital anemia characterized by pancytopenia and hypoplasia of the bone marrow', 'favism': 'anemia resulting from eating fava beans; victims have an inherited blood abnormality and enzyme deficiency', 'hemolytic_anemia': 'anemia resulting from destruction of erythrocytes', 'hyperchromic_anemia': 'anemia characterized by an increase in the concentration of corpuscular hemoglobin', 'hypochromic_anemia': 'anemia characterized by a decrease in the concentration of corpuscular hemoglobin', 'hypoplastic_anemia': 'anemia resulting from inadequately functioning bone marrow; can develop into aplastic anemia', 'iron_deficiency_anemia': 'a form of anemia due to lack of iron in the diet or to iron loss as a result of chronic bleeding', 'ischemia': 'local anemia in a given body part sometimes resulting from vasoconstriction or thrombosis or embolism', 'ischemic_stroke': 'the most common kind of stroke; caused by an interruption in the flow of blood to the brain (as from a clot blocking a blood vessel)', 'transient_ischemic_attack': 'brief episode in which the brain gets insufficient blood supply; symptoms depend on the site of the blockage', 'chlorosis': 'iron deficiency anemia in young women; characterized by weakness and menstrual disturbances and a green color to the skin', 'macrocytic_anemia': 'anemia in which the average size of erythrocytes is larger than normal', 'microcytic_anemia': 'anemia in which the average size of erythrocytes is smaller than normal', 'parasitemia': 'a condition in which parasites are present in the blood', 'pernicious_anemia': 'a chronic progressive anemia of older adults; thought to result from a lack of intrinsic factor (a substance secreted by the stomach that is responsible for the absorption of vitamin B12)', 'megaloblastic_anemia': 'anemia characterized by many large immature and dysfunctional red blood cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow; associated with pernicious anemia', 'metaplastic_anemia': 'pernicious anemia in which the various formed elements in the blood are changed', 'refractory_anemia': 'any of various anemic conditions that are not successfully treated by any means other than blood transfusions (and that are not associated with another primary disease)', 'sideroblastic_anemia': 'refractory anemia characterized by sideroblasts in the bone marrow', 'sideropenia': 'a deficiency of iron; results from inadequate iron in the diet or from hemorrhage', 'sickle-cell_anemia': 'a congenital form of anemia occurring mostly in blacks; characterized by abnormal blood cells having a crescent shape', 'Spielmeyer-Vogt_disease': 'a congenital progressive disorder of lipid metabolism having an onset at age 5 and characterized by blindness and dementia and early death', 'Tay-Sachs_disease': 'a hereditary disorder of lipid metabolism occurring most frequently in individuals of Jewish descent in eastern Europe; accumulation of lipids in nervous tissue results in death in early childhood', 'thrombasthenia': 'a rare autosomal recessive disease in which the platelets do not produce clots in the normal way and hemorrhage results', 'tyrosinemia': 'autosomal recessive defect in tyrosine metabolism resulting in liver and kidney disturbances and mental retardation', 'Werdnig-Hoffman_disease': 'autosomal recessive disease in which the degeneration of spinal nerve cells and brain nerve cells leads to atrophy of skeletal muscles and flaccid paralysis; death usually occurs in early childhood', 'hemophilia': 'congenital tendency to uncontrolled bleeding; usually affects males and is transmitted from mother to son', 'afibrinogenemia': 'the absence of fibrinogen in the plasma leading to prolonged bleeding', 'hemophilia_A': 'hemophilia caused by a congenital deficiency of factor VIII; occurs almost exclusively in men', 'hemophilia_B': 'a clotting disorder similar to hemophilia A but caused by a congenital deficiency of factor IX', \"von_Willebrand's_disease\": 'a form of hemophilia discovered by Erik von Willebrand; a genetic disorder that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait; characterized by a deficiency of the coagulation factor and by mucosal bleeding', 'congenital_afibrinogenemia': 'a rare congenital disorder of blood coagulation in which no fibrinogen is found in the blood plasma', 'inflammatory_disease': 'a disease characterized by inflammation', 'gastroenteritis': 'inflammation of the stomach and intestines; can be caused by Salmonella enteritidis', 'cholera_infantum': 'often fatal form of gastroenteritis occurring in children; not true cholera but having similar symptoms', 'cholera_morbus': 'severe gastroenteritis of unknown etiology; characterized by severe colic and vomiting and diarrhea', 'pelvic_inflammatory_disease': 'inflammation of the female pelvic organs (especially the Fallopian tubes) caused by infection by any of several microorganisms (chiefly gonococci and chlamydia); symptoms are abdominal pain and fever and foul-smelling vaginal discharge', 'empyema': 'a collection of pus in a body cavity (especially in the lung cavity)', 'pleurisy': 'inflammation of the pleura of the lungs (especially the parietal layer)', 'purulent_pleurisy': 'a collection of pus in the lung cavity', 'pleuropneumonia': 'pleurisy and pneumonia', 'pyelitis': 'inflammation of the renal pelvis', 'sore_throat': 'inflammation of the fauces and pharynx', 'angina': 'any disease of the throat or fauces marked by spasmodic attacks of intense suffocative pain', 'quinsy': 'a painful pus filled inflammation of the tonsils and surrounding tissues; usually a complication of tonsillitis', 'croup': 'a disease of infants and young children; harsh coughing and hoarseness and fever and difficult breathing', 'glossoptosis': 'abnormal downward or back placement of the tongue', 'hypermotility': 'excessive movement; especially excessive motility of the gastrointestinal tract', 'indisposition': 'a slight illness', 'amebiasis': 'infection by a disease-causing ameba', 'amebic_dysentery': 'inflammation of the intestines caused by Endamoeba histolytica; usually acquired by ingesting food or water contaminated with feces; characterized by severe diarrhea', 'fascioliasis': 'infestation with the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica; liver damage sometimes occurs; related to liver rot', 'fasciolopsiasis': 'infestation with the large intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski; common in eastern Asia', 'Guinea_worm_disease': \"a painful and debilitating infestation contracted by drinking stagnant water contaminated with Guinea worm larvae that can mature inside a human's abdomen until the worm emerges through a painful blister in the person's skin\", 'enterobiasis': 'an infestation with or a resulting infection caused by the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis; occurs especially in children', 'felon': 'a purulent infection at the end of a finger or toe in the area surrounding the nail', 'focal_infection': 'bacterial infection limited to a specific organ or region especially one causing symptoms elsewhere', 'fungal_infection': 'an inflammatory condition caused by a fungus', 'giardiasis': 'infection of the intestines with protozoa found in contaminated food and water; characterized by diarrhea and nausea and flatulence and abdominal discomfort', 'hemorrhagic_fever': 'a group of illnesses caused by a viral infection (usually restricted to a specific geographic area); fever and gastrointestinal symptoms are followed by capillary hemorrhage', 'herpangia': 'a viral infection (usually in children) marked by sore throat and fever and papules in the mouth and throat and headache and abdominal pain; usually subsides in a short time', 'leishmaniasis': 'sores resulting from a tropical infection by protozoa of the genus Leishmania which are spread by sandflies', 'nonsocial_infection': 'an infection that is acquired at a hospital or other healthcare facility', 'opportunistic_infection': 'any infection caused by a microorganism that does not normally cause disease in humans; occurs in persons with abnormally functioning immune systems (as AIDS patients or transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs)', 'paronychia': 'infection in the tissues adjacent to a nail on a finger or toe', 'protozoal_infection': 'any infection caused by a protozoan', 'respiratory_tract_infection': 'any infection of the respiratory tract', 'lower_respiratory_infection': 'infection of the lower respiratory tract', 'Crimea-Congo_hemorrhagic_fever': 'an infection common in Arab states caused by a bunyavirus; transmitted by a tick that thrives on sheep', 'Rift_Valley_fever': 'an infection common in Africa caused by a bunyavirus; transmitted by mosquitoes or by handling infected animals', 'HIV': 'infection by the human immunodeficiency virus', 'viral_pneumonia': 'pneumonia caused by a virus', 'severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome': 'a respiratory disease of unknown etiology that apparently originated in mainland China in 2003; characterized by fever and coughing or difficulty breathing or hypoxia; can be fatal', 'upper_respiratory_infection': 'infection of the upper respiratory tract', 'scabies': 'a contagious skin infection caused by the itch mite; characterized by persistent itching and skin irritation; \"he has a bad case of the itch\"', 'schistosomiasis': 'an infestation with or a resulting infection caused by a parasite of the genus Schistosoma; common in the tropics and Far East; symptoms depend on the part of the body infected', 'sepsis': 'the presence of pus-forming bacteria or their toxins in the blood or tissues', 'visceral_leishmaniasis': 'leishmaniasis of the viscera', 'cutaneous_leishmaniasis': 'leishmaniasis of the skin; characterized by ulcerative skin lesions', 'mucocutaneous_leishmaniasis': 'a form of leishmaniasis endemic in Mexico and Central American and South America; sores are limited to the skin and mucosa', 'candidiasis': 'an infection caused by fungi of the genus Monilia or Candida (especially Candida albicans)', 'dermatomycosis': 'fungal infection of the skin (especially of moist parts covered by clothing)', 'favus': 'a contagious fungal infection of the scalp; occurs mainly in Africa and the Middle East', 'keratomycosis': 'fungal infection of the cornea', 'phycomycosis': 'any fungal infection caused by fungi of the Phycomycetes group', 'sporotrichosis': 'a chronic fungal infection of the skin and lymph nodes', 'sore': 'an open skin infection', 'boil': 'a painful sore with a hard core filled with pus', 'gumboil': 'a boil or abscess on the gums', 'blain': 'an inflammatory swelling or sore', 'chilblain': 'inflammation of the hands and feet caused by exposure to cold and moisture', 'kibe': 'ulcerated chilblain on the heel', 'carbuncle': 'deep-red cabochon garnet cut without facets', 'cartilaginification': 'abnormal formation of cartilage from other tissues; observed in some Asians', 'chancre': 'a small hard painless nodule at the site of entry of a pathogen (as syphilis)', 'fester': 'a sore that has become inflamed and formed pus', 'saddle_sore': 'an open sore on the back of a horse caused by ill-fitting or badly adjusted saddle', 'shigellosis': 'an acute infection of the intestine by shigella bacteria; characterized by diarrhea and fever and abdominal pains', 'staphylococcal_infection': 'an infection with staphylococcus bacteria; usually marked by abscess formation', 'streptococcal_sore_throat': 'an infection of the oral pharynx and tonsils by streptococcus', 'superinfection': 'infection that occurs while you are being treated for another infection', 'suprainfection': 'secondary infection caused by an opportunistic infection', 'tapeworm_infection': 'intestinal infection by a species of parasitic tapeworm; usually the result of eating inadequately cooked meat or fish', 'toxoplasmosis': 'infection caused by parasites transmitted to humans from infected cats; if contracted by a pregnant woman it can result in serious damage to the fetus', 'trichomoniasis': 'infection of the vagina', 'viral_infection': 'infection by a virus that is pathogenic to humans', 'arthritis': 'inflammation of a joint or joints', 'rheumatoid_arthritis': 'a chronic autoimmune disease with inflammation of the joints and marked deformities; something (possibly a virus) triggers an attack on the synovium by the immune system, which releases cytokines that stimulate an inflammatory reaction that can lead to the destruction of all components of the joint', 'rheumatoid_factor': 'autoantibody that is usually present in the serum of people with rheumatoid arthritis', 'autoimmune_disease': 'any of a large group of diseases characterized by abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against your own tissues', 'psoriatic_arthritis': 'a form of rheumatoid arthritis usually affecting fingers and toes and associated with psoriasis', \"Still's_disease\": 'a form of rheumatoid arthritis that affects children; large joints become inflamed and bone growth may be retarded', 'osteoarthritis': 'chronic breakdown of cartilage in the joints; the most common form of arthritis occurring usually after middle age', 'osteosclerosis': 'abnormal hardening or eburnation of bone', \"housemaid's_knee\": 'swelling of the bursa in the knee (due to trauma or excessive kneeling)', 'cystitis': 'inflammation of the urinary bladder and ureters', 'gout': 'a painful inflammation of the big toe and foot caused by defects in uric acid metabolism resulting in deposits of the acid and its salts in the blood and joints', 'spondylarthritis': 'arthritis that affects one or more of the intervertebral joints in the spine', 'blood_disease': 'a disease or disorder of the blood', 'blood_poisoning': 'invasion of the bloodstream by virulent microorganisms from a focus of infection', 'sapremia': 'blood poisoning caused by putrefactive bacteria; results from eating putrefied matter', 'ozone_sickness': 'illness that can occur to persons exposed to ozone in high-altitude aircraft; characterized by sleepiness and headache and chest pains and itchiness', 'puerperal_fever': 'serious form of septicemia contracted by a woman during childbirth or abortion (usually attributable to unsanitary conditions); formerly widespread but now uncommon', 'pyemia': 'septicemia caused by pus-forming bacteria being released from an abscess', 'toxemia': 'blood poisoning caused by bacterial toxic substances in the blood', 'toxemia_of_pregnancy': 'an abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and edema and protein in the urine', 'eclampsia': 'a toxic condition characterized by convulsions and possibly coma during or immediately after pregnancy', 'preeclampsia': 'abnormal state of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and fluid retention and albuminuria; can lead to eclampsia if untreated', 'eosinopenia': 'a decrease in the number of eosinophils in the blood', 'erythroblastosis': 'a blood disease characterized by the abnormal presence of erythroblasts in the blood', 'hemoglobinemia': 'presence of excessive hemoglobin in the blood plasma', 'hemoglobinopathy': 'a blood disease characterized by the presence of abnormal hemoglobins in the blood', 'hemoptysis': 'coughing up blood from the respiratory tract; usually indicates a severe infection of the bronchi or lungs', 'Hand-Schuller-Christian_disease': 'inflammatory histiocytosis associated with disturbance of cholesterol metabolism; occurs chiefly in young children and is characterized by cystic defects of the skull and diabetes insipidus', 'Haverhill_fever': 'the form of ratbite fever occurring in the United States', 'histiocytosis': 'a blood disease characterized by an abnormal multiplication of macrophages', 'hydatid_mole': 'an abnormality during pregnancy; chorionic villi around the fetus degenerate and form clusters of fluid-filled sacs; usually associated with the death of the fetus', 'hydramnios': 'an abnormality of pregnancy; accumulation of excess amniotic fluid', 'water_on_the_knee': 'hydrarthrosis affecting the knee', 'hydremia': 'blood disorder in which there is excess fluid volume compared with the cell volume of the blood', 'hydrocele': 'disorder in which serous fluid accumulates in a body sac (especially in the scrotum)', 'lipidosis': 'a disorder of lipid metabolism; abnormal levels of certain fats accumulate in the body', 'lipemia': 'presence of excess lipids in the blood', 'lysine_intolerance': 'a disorder in which a lack of certain enzymes makes it impossible to digest the amino acid lysine', 'lysogeny': 'the condition of a host bacterium that has incorporated a phage into its own genetic material; \"when a phage infects a bacterium it can either destroy its host or be incorporated in the host genome in a state of lysogeny\"', 'hypothrombinemia': 'a low level of prothrombin (factor II) in the circulating blood; results in long clotting time and poor clot formation and sometimes excessive bleeding; can result from vitamin K deficiency', 'hypervolemia': 'a blood disorder consisting of an increase in the volume of circulating blood', 'hypovolemia': 'a blood disorder consisting of a decrease in the volume of circulating blood', 'anemia': 'a lack of vitality', 'thalassemia': 'an inherited form of anemia caused by faulty synthesis of hemoglobin', \"Cooley's_anemia\": 'a fatal form of homozygous thalassemia (inherited from both parents) in which there is no hemoglobin; skeletal deformations; heart and spleen and liver enlarged', 'leukocytosis': 'an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood as a result of infection (as in leukemia)', 'leukopenia': 'an abnormal lowering of the white blood cell count', 'neutropenia': 'leukopenia in which the decrease is primarily in number of neutrophils (the chief phagocytic leukocyte)', 'cyclic_neutropenia': 'neutropenia that occurs periodically', 'lymphocytopenia': 'an abnormally small number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood', 'lymphocytosis': 'an abnormal increase in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood', 'microcytosis': 'a blood disorder characterized by the presence of microcytes (abnormally small red blood cells) in the blood; often associated with anemia', 'polycythemia': 'a disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood', 'purpura': 'any of several blood diseases causing subcutaneous bleeding', 'nonthrombocytopenic_purpura': 'purpura resulting from a defect in the capillaries caused by bacteria or drugs', 'essential_thrombocytopenia': 'the primary form of thrombocytopenia (rather than a shortage of platelets caused by other conditions such as tuberculosis or chemical suppression of bone marrow etc.)', 'thrombocytopenia': 'a blood disease characterized by an abnormally small number of platelets in the blood', 'deficiency_disease': 'any disease caused by a lack of an essential nutrient (as a vitamin or mineral)', 'fibrocystic_breast_disease': 'the presence of one or more cysts in a breast', 'avitaminosis': 'any of several diseases caused by deficiency of one or more vitamins', 'hypervitaminosis': 'an abnormal condition resulting from taking vitamins excessively; can be serious for vitamins A or D or K', 'hypospadias': 'an abnormal condition in males in which the urethra opens on the under surface of the penis', 'lagophthalmos': 'abnormal condition in which an eye cannot close completely', 'beriberi': 'avitaminosis caused by lack of thiamine (vitamin B1)', 'kakke_disease': 'the endemic form of beriberi', 'goiter': 'abnormally enlarged thyroid gland; can result from underproduction or overproduction of hormone or from a deficiency of iodine in the diet', 'malnutrition': 'a state of poor nutrition; can result from insufficient or excessive or unbalanced diet or from inability to absorb foods', 'kwashiorkor': 'severe malnutrition in children resulting from a diet excessively high in carbohydrates and low in protein', 'marasmus': 'extreme malnutrition and emaciation (especially in children); can result from inadequate intake of food or from malabsorption or metabolic disorders', 'mental_abnormality': 'any abnormality of mental function', 'nanophthalmos': 'condition in which both eyes are abnormally small but otherwise normal', 'organic_brain_syndrome': 'mental abnormality resulting from disturbance of the structure or function of the brain', 'zinc_deficiency': 'a deficiency caused by inadequate zinc in the diet or by liver disease or cystic fibrosis or other diseases', 'pellagra': 'a disease caused by deficiency of niacin or tryptophan (or by a defect in the metabolic conversion of tryptophan to niacin); characterized by gastrointestinal disturbances and erythema and nervous or mental disorders; may be caused by malnutrition or alcoholism or other nutritional impairments', 'rickets': 'childhood disease caused by deficiency of vitamin D and sunlight associated with impaired metabolism of calcium and phosphorus', 'scurvy': 'a condition caused by deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C)', 'dermoid_cyst': 'a cystic tumor (usually benign) with a wall lined with epithelium and a cavity containing other material', 'galactocele': 'a cystic tumor containing milk or a milky substance (especially in the mammary glands)', 'hemorrhagic_cyst': 'a cyst containing blood', 'hydatid': 'cyst filled with liquid; forms as a result of infestation by tapeworm larvae (as in echinococcosis)', 'nabothian_cyst': 'a cyst that forms in the nabothian glands of the uterine cervix', 'ovarian_cyst': 'a cystic tumor (usually benign) of the ovary', 'chalazion': 'a small sebaceous cyst of the eyelid resulting when a Meibomian gland is blocked', 'ranula': 'a cyst on the underside of the tongue', 'sebaceous_cyst': 'a common cyst of the skin; filled with fatty matter (sebum) that is secreted by a sebaceous gland that has been blocked', 'cyst': 'a closed sac that develops abnormally in some body structure', 'motion_sickness': 'the state of being dizzy or nauseated because of the motions that occur while traveling in or on a moving vehicle', 'airsickness': 'motion sickness experienced while traveling by air (especially during turbulence)', 'car_sickness': 'motion sickness experienced while traveling in a car', 'seasickness': 'motion sickness experienced while traveling on water', 'heatstroke': 'collapse caused by exposure to excessive heat', 'heat_exhaustion': 'a condition marked by dizziness and nausea and weakness caused by depletion of body fluids and electrolytes', 'algidity': 'prostration characterized by cold and clammy skin and low blood pressure', 'sunstroke': 'sudden prostration due to exposure to the sun or excessive heat', 'endometriosis': 'the presence of endometrium elsewhere than in the lining of the uterus; causes premenstrual pain and dysmenorrhea', 'synechia': 'adhesions between the iris and the lens or cornea resulting from trauma or eye surgery or as a complication of glaucoma or cataract; can lead to blindness', 'anterior_synechia': 'adhesion between the iris and the cornea', 'posterior_synechia': 'adhesion between the iris and the lens', 'hemochromatosis': 'pathology in which iron accumulates in the tissues; characterized by bronzed skin and enlarged liver and diabetes mellitus and abnormalities of the pancreas and the joints', 'classic_hemochromatosis': 'inherited form of hemochromatosis', 'acquired_hemochromatosis': 'hemochromatosis resulting from repeated transfusions or from excessive intake of foods containing iron', 'infarct': 'localized necrosis resulting from obstruction of the blood supply', 'macrocytosis': 'the presence of macrocytes in the blood', 'fibrosis': 'development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ', 'myelofibrosis': 'fibrosis of the bone marrow', 'malacia': 'a state of abnormal softening of tissue', 'osteomalacia': 'abnormal softening of bones caused by deficiencies of phosphorus or calcium or vitamin D', 'mastopathy': 'any pathology of the breast', 'neuropathy': 'any pathology of the peripheral nerves', 'Charcot-Marie-Tooth_disease': 'a form of neuropathy that can begin between childhood and young adulthood; characterized by weakness and atrophy of the muscles of the hands and lower legs; progression is slow and individuals affected can have a normal life span; inheritance is X-linked recessive or X-linked dominant', 'mononeuropathy': 'any neuropathy of a single nerve trunk', 'multiple_mononeuropathy': 'pathology of several individual nerve trunks', 'myopathy': 'any pathology of the muscles that is not attributable to nerve dysfunction', 'dermatomyositis': 'myositis characterized by weakness of limb and neck muscles and much muscle pain and swelling accompanied by skin rash affecting cheeks and eyelids and neck and chest and limbs; progression and severity vary among individuals', 'polymyositis': 'myositis characterized by weakness of limb and neck muscles and much muscle pain and swelling; progression and severity vary among individuals', 'inclusion_body_myositis': 'myositis characterized by weakness of limb muscles (especially the thighs and wrists and fingers); sometimes involves swallowing muscles; onset after 50 and slowly progressive; seen more often in men than in women', 'osteopetrosis': 'an inherited disorder characterized by an increase in bone density; in severe forms the bone marrow cavity may be obliterated', 'osteoporosis': 'abnormal loss of bony tissue resulting in fragile porous bones attributable to a lack of calcium; most common in postmenopausal women', 'priapism': 'condition in which the penis is continually erect; usually painful and seldom with sexual arousal', 'uremia': 'accumulation in the blood of nitrogenous waste products (urea) that are usually excreted in the urine', 'azoturia': 'excess of urea in the urine', 'lesion': 'any localized abnormal structural change in a bodily part', 'tubercle': 'a swelling that is the characteristic lesion of tuberculosis', 'ulcer': 'a circumscribed inflammatory and often suppurating lesion on the skin or an internal mucous surface resulting in necrosis of tissue', 'aphthous_ulcer': 'a blister on the mucous membranes of the lips or mouth or gastrointestinal tract', 'bedsore': 'a chronic ulcer of the skin caused by prolonged pressure on it (as in bedridden patients)', 'chancroid': 'infectious venereal ulcer', 'peptic_ulcer': 'an ulcer of the mucous membrane lining of the alimentary tract', 'duodenal_ulcer': 'a peptic ulcer of the duodenum', 'gastric_ulcer': 'a peptic ulcer of the stomach', 'canker': 'a fungal disease of woody plants that causes localized damage to the bark', 'noli-me-tangere': 'a cancerous ulcer of soft tissue and bone', 'noma': 'acute ulceration of the mucous membranes of the mouth or genitals; often seen in undernourished children', 'deformity': 'an affliction in which some part of the body is misshapen or malformed', 'Arnold-Chiari_deformity': 'deformity in which part of the brain protrudes through the skull', 'clawfoot': 'a deformity of the foot characterized by an abnormally high arch and hyperextension of the toes which gives the foot the appearance of a claw', 'cleft_foot': 'a deformity in which the space between the third and fourth toes extends up into the foot', 'cleft_lip': 'a congenital cleft in the middle of the upper lip', 'cleft_palate': 'a congenital fissure of the hard palate', 'clubfoot': 'congenital deformity of the foot usually marked by a curled shape or twisted position of the ankle and heel and toes', 'talipes_valgus': 'deformity of the foot in which the foot is twisted outward', 'talipes_equinus': 'talipes in which the toes are pointed downward', 'talipes_calcaneus': 'talipes in which the toes are pointed upward and the person walks on the heel of the foot', 'pigeon_breast': 'abnormal protrusion of the breastbone caused by rickets', 'blight': 'a state or condition being blighted', 'alder_blight': 'a disease of alders caused by the woolly alder aphid (a plant louse)', 'apple_blight': 'a disease of apple trees', 'beet_blight': 'a disease of beet plants', 'blister_blight': 'a disease of Scotch pines', 'cane_blight': 'a disease affecting the canes of various bush fruits (e.g., raspberries or currants)', 'celery_blight': 'a fungous leaf spot disease of the celery plant', 'chestnut_blight': 'a disease of American chestnut trees', 'coffee_blight': 'a blight affecting the coffee plant', 'collar_blight': 'a disease affecting the trunks of pear and apple trees', 'fire_blight': 'a disease blackening the leaves of pear and apple trees', 'blight_canker': 'a phase of fire blight in which cankers appear', 'halo_blight': 'a blight affecting the leaves of oats and other grasses', 'head_blight': 'a blight of the heads of cereals', 'wheat_scab': 'a disease of the heads of wheat plants', 'late_blight': 'blight in which symptoms appear late in the growing season especially a disease of solanaceous plants caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans', 'leaf_blight': 'any blight causing a browning and falling of the leaves of a plant', 'leaf_disease': 'any plant disease localized in the foliage', 'needle_blight': 'a disease of conifers causing the needles to fall', 'oak_blight': 'a black plant louse that lives on oaks and dogwoods', 'peach_blight': 'a disease of trees bearing drupes', 'potato_blight': 'a blight of potatoes', 'rim_blight': 'a disease of tea plants', 'spinach_blight': 'a disease of spinach plants', 'spur_blight': 'a disease of raspberries', 'stem_blight': 'a fungous blight attacking the stems of plants', 'stripe_blight': 'a disease of oats', 'thread_blight': 'a disease of tropical woody plants (cacao or tea or citrus)', 'tomato_blight': 'a disease of tomato plants', 'twig_blight': 'a disease of the ends of twigs of woody plants', 'walnut_blight': 'a disease of English walnut trees', 'sandfly_fever': 'a mild viral disease transmitted by the bite of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasii', 'skin_disease': 'a disease affecting the skin', 'lupus_vulgaris': 'tuberculosis of the skin; appears first on the face and heals slowly leaving deep scars', 'ankylosing_spondylitis': 'a chronic form of spondylitis primarily in males and marked by impaired mobility of the spine; sometimes leads to ankylosis', 'discoid_lupus_erythematosus': 'a chronic skin disease occurring primarily in women between the ages of 20 and 40; characterized by an eruption of red lesions over the cheeks and bridge of the nose', \"Hashimoto's_disease\": 'autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland; most common in middle-aged women', 'lupus_erythematosus': 'a chronic inflammatory collagen disease affecting connective tissue (skin or joints)', 'systemic_lupus_erythematosus': 'an inflammatory disease of connective tissue with variable features including fever and weakness and fatigability and joint pains and skin lesions on the face or neck or arms', 'acantholysis': 'a breakdown of a cell layer in the epidermis (as in pemphigus)', 'acanthosis': 'an abnormal but benign thickening of the prickle-cell layer of the skin (as in psoriasis)', 'acanthosis_nigricans': 'a skin disease characterized by dark wartlike patches in the body folds; can be benign or malignant', 'acne': 'an inflammatory disease involving the sebaceous glands of the skin; characterized by papules or pustules or comedones', 'acne_rosacea': 'a skin disease of adults (more often women) in which blood vessels of the face enlarge resulting in a flushed appearance', 'acne_vulgaris': 'the most common form of acne; usually affects people from puberty to young adulthood', 'actinic_dermatitis': 'dermatitis caused exposure to sunlight', 'atopic_dermatitis': 'a severe form of dermatitis characterized by atopy', 'bubble_gum_dermatitis': 'an allergic contact dermatitis developed around the lips of children who chew bubble gum', 'contact_dermatitis': 'a delayed type of allergic reaction of the skin resulting from skin contact with a specific allergen (such as poison ivy)', 'Rhus_dermatitis': 'contact dermatitis resulting from contact with plants of the genus Toxicodendron', 'poison_oak': 'dermatitis resulting from contact with a poison oak plant', 'poison_sumac': 'dermatitis resulting from contact with a poison sumac plant', 'cradle_cap': 'a dermatitis of the scalp that is common in infants', 'diaper_rash': \"dermatitis of the thighs and buttocks of infants; supposedly caused by ammonia in the urine in the child's diapers\", 'hypericism': \"a severe dermatitis of herbivorous domestic animals attributable to photosensitivity from eating Saint John's wort\", 'neurodermatitis': 'dermatitis in which localized areas (especially the forearms or back of the neck or outer part of the ankle) itch persistently; cause is unknown', 'schistosome_dermatitis': 'a sensitization reaction to repeated invasion of the skin by cercariae of schistosomes', 'dermatitis': 'inflammation of the skin; skin becomes itchy and may develop blisters', 'dermatosis': 'disorder involving lesions or eruptions of the skin (in which there is usually no inflammation)', \"baker's_eczema\": 'allergic eczema caused by flour or other ingredients handled by bakers', 'allergic_eczema': 'eczema caused by an allergic reaction', 'eczema_herpeticum': 'eczema characterized by a feverish condition and widespread eruption of vesicles; most common in children', 'eczema_vaccinatum': 'a now rare complication of vaccinia superimposed on atopic dermatitis with high fever and generalized vesicles and papulovesicles', 'lichtenoid_eczema': 'eczema characterized by thickening of the skin with accentuated skin lines', 'eczema': 'generic term for inflammatory conditions of the skin; particularly with vesiculation in the acute stages', 'erythema': 'abnormal redness of the skin resulting from dilation of blood vessels (as in sunburn or inflammation)', 'erythema_multiforme': 'a red rash caused by hypersensitivity to a drug or disease or other allergen', 'erythema_nodosum': 'skin condition characterized by tender red nodules on the shins and legs', 'hickey': \"a temporary red mark on a person's skin resulting from kissing or sucking by their lover\", 'erythema_nodosum_leprosum': 'an inflammatory complication of leprosy that results in painful skin lesions on the arms and legs and face', 'erythroderma': 'any skin disorder involving abnormal redness', 'furunculosis': 'acute skin disease characterized by the presence of many furuncles', 'impetigo': 'a very contagious infection of the skin; common in children; localized redness develops into small blisters that gradually crust and erode', 'jungle_rot': 'skin disorder induced by a tropical climate', 'keratoderma': 'any skin disorder consisting of a growth that appears horny', 'keratonosis': 'any abnormal condition of the outer skin (epidermis)', 'keratosis': 'a skin condition marked by an overgrowth of layers of horny skin', 'actinic_keratosis': 'an overgrowth of skin layers resulting from extended exposure to the sun', 'keratosis_blennorrhagica': \"skin disease characterized by a scaly rash on the palms and soles; associated with Reiter's syndrome\", 'keratosis_follicularis': 'a rare hereditary condition marked by dark crusted patches (sometimes containing pus)', 'keratosis_pilaris': 'keratosis characterized by hard conical elevations in the openings of sebaceous glands (especially of arms and thighs)', 'seborrheic_keratosis': 'a skin condition characterized by circumscribed wartlike lesions that can be itchy and covered with a greasy crust', 'leukoderma': 'a congenital skin condition characterized by spots or bands of unpigmented skin', 'lichen_planus': 'an eruption of shiny flat-topped purplish (usually itchy) papules on the wrist and forearms and thighs', 'livedo': 'skin disorder characterized by patchy bluish discolorations on the skin', 'lupus': 'any of several forms of ulcerative skin disease', 'melanosis': 'a condition characterized by abnormal deposits of melanin (especially in the skin)', 'molluscum': 'any skin disease characterized by soft pulpy nodules', 'molluscum_contagiosum': 'a virus disease of the skin marked by round white swellings; transmitted from person to person (most often in children or in adults with impaired immune function)', 'necrobiosis_lipoidica': 'skin disease marked by thin shiny patches (especially on the legs); often associated with diabetes mellitus', 'pemphigus': 'a skin disease characterized by large thin-walled blisters (bullae) arising from normal skin or mucous membrane', 'pityriasis': 'any of several skin disorders characterized by shedding dry flakes of skin', 'pityriasis_alba': 'common form of pityriasis (usually in children or young adults) characterized by round patches of depigmentation', 'pityriasis_rosea': 'pityriasis in which an itchy rash develops over the trunk and extremities', 'prurigo': 'chronic inflammatory disease of the skin characterized by blister capped papules and intense itching', 'psoriasis': 'a chronic skin disease characterized by dry red patches covered with scales; occurs especially on the scalp and ears and genitalia and the skin over bony prominences', 'rhagades': 'cracks or fissures in the skin (especially around the mouth or anus)', \"Saint_Anthony's_fire\": 'any of several inflammatory or gangrenous skin conditions', 'erysipelas': 'an acute streptococcal infection characterized by deep-red inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes', 'scleredema': 'a skin disease marked by hard edema of the tissue usually beginning in the face', 'seborrhea': 'a condition in which overactivity of the sebaceous glands causes the skin to become oily', 'seborrheic_dermatitis': 'a chronic skin disease associated with seborrhea and greasy scales on the scalp or eyelids or other parts of the skin', 'vitiligo': 'an acquired skin disease characterized by patches of unpigmented skin (often surrounded by a heavily pigmented border)', 'xanthelasma': 'xanthoma of the eyelids; occurs chiefly in the elderly', 'xanthoma': 'a skin problem marked by the development (on the eyelids and neck and back) of irregular yellow nodules; sometimes attributable to disturbances of cholesterol metabolism', 'xanthoma_disseminatum': 'rare chronic xanthoma of adults in which orange or brownish papules develop on many surfaces of the body', 'xanthomatosis': 'widespread xanthomas (especially on elbows and knees); often associated with a disorder of lipid metabolism', 'xanthosis': 'an abnormal yellow discoloration of the skin', 'exostosis': 'a benign outgrowth from a bone (usually covered with cartilage)', 'adenomatous_polyp': 'a polyp that consists of benign neoplastic tissue derived from glandular epithelium; \"adenomatous polyps are visible protrusions that can develop on the mucosal surface of the colon or rectum\"', 'sessile_polyp': 'a relatively flat polyp', 'pedunculated_polyp': 'a polyp with a stalk or peduncle', 'tumor': 'an abnormal new mass of tissue that serves no purpose', 'acanthoma': 'a neoplasm originating in the epidermis', 'adenoma': 'a benign epithelial tumor of glandular origin', 'angioma': 'a tumor consisting of a mass of blood or lymphatic vessels', 'chondroma': 'a common benign tumor of cartilage cells', 'benign_tumor': 'a tumor that is not cancerous', 'blastoma': 'a tumor composed of immature undifferentiated cells', 'brain_tumor': 'a tumor in the brain', 'glioblastoma': 'a fast-growing malignant brain tumor composed of spongioblasts; nearly always fatal', 'glioma': 'a tumor of the brain consisting of neuroglia', 'carcinoid': 'a small tumor (benign or malignant) arising from the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract; usually associated with excessive secretion of serotonin', 'carcinosarcoma': 'a malignant neoplasm composed of carcinoma and sarcoma extensively intermixed', 'celioma': 'an abdominal tumor', 'malignancy': '(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death', 'enchondroma': 'benign slow-growing tumor of cartilaginous cells at the ends of tubular bones (especially in the hands and feet)', 'fibroadenoma': 'benign and movable and firm and not tender tumor of the breast; common in young women and caused by high levels of estrogen', 'fibroid_tumor': 'benign tumor containing fibrous tissue (especially in the uterus)', 'fibroma': 'nonmalignant tumor of connective tissue', 'granuloma': 'a tumor composed of granulation tissue resulting from injury or inflammation or infection', 'gumma': 'a small rubbery granuloma that is characteristic of an advanced stage of syphilis', 'hamartoma': 'a focal growth that resembles a neoplasm but results from faulty development in an organ', 'keratoacanthoma': 'skin tumor that grows rapidly (especially in older people) and resembles a carcinoma but does not spread; it usually disappears spontaneously, often leaving a scar', 'lipoma': 'a tumor consisting of fatty tissue', 'malignant_tumor': 'a tumor that is malignant and tends to spread to other parts of the body', 'meningioma': 'a tumor arising in the meninges which surround the brain and spinal cord; usually slow growing and sometimes malignant', 'cancer': 'any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream', 'angiosarcoma': 'a rare malignant neoplasm arising from vascular tissue; usually occurs in the breast and skin and is believed to originate from the endothelial cells of blood vessels', 'chondrosarcoma': 'a malignant neoplasm of cartilage cells', \"Ewing's_sarcoma\": 'malignant tumor in bone marrow (usually in the pelvis or in long bones)', \"Kaposi's_sarcoma\": 'a sarcoma that starts with purplish spots on the feet and legs and spreads from the skin to lymph nodes and internal organs; a common manifestation of AIDS; \"until 1980 Kaposi\\'s sarcoma occurred almost exclusively with Jewish or Italian or black men\"', 'leiomyosarcoma': 'sarcoma of smooth muscle; occurs most often digestive tract or uterus or bladder or prostate', 'liposarcoma': 'sarcoma of fat cells', 'myosarcoma': 'sarcoma of muscle tissue', 'neurosarcoma': 'a malignant neoplasm of nerve tissue and fibrous tissue and connective tissue', 'osteosarcoma': 'malignant bone tumor; most common in children and young adults where it tends to affect the femur', 'lymphadenoma': 'an abnormally enlarged lymph node', 'lymphadenopathy': 'chronic abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes (usually associated with disease)', 'lymphoma': 'a neoplasm of lymph tissue that is usually malignant; one of the four major types of cancer', \"Hodgkin's_disease\": 'a malignant disorder in which there is progressive (but painless) enlargement of lymph tissue followed by enlargement of the spleen and liver', 'carcinoma': 'any malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue; one of the four major types of cancer', 'cancroid': 'the most common form of skin cancer', 'leukemia': 'malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues; characterized by abnormal proliferation of leukocytes; one of the four major types of cancer', 'acute_leukemia': 'rapidly progressing leukemia', 'acute_lymphocytic_leukemia': 'acute leukemia characterized by proliferation of immature lymphoblast-like cells in bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and blood; most common in children', 'acute_myelocytic_leukemia': 'acute leukemia characterized by proliferation of granular leukocytes; most common in adolescents and young adults', 'chronic_leukemia': 'slowly progressing leukemia', 'chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia': 'chronic leukemia characterized by lymphoblast-like cells; more common in older men', 'chronic_myelocytic_leukemia': 'chronic leukemia characterized by granular leukocytes; more common in older people', 'lymphocytic_leukemia': 'leukemia characterized by enlargement of lymphoid tissues and lymphocytic cells in the circulating blood', 'lymphoblastic_leukemia': 'a form of lymphocytic leukemia in which the abnormal cells in the circulating blood are almost totally lymphoblasts', 'monocytic_leukemia': 'leukemia characterized by the proliferation of monocytes and monoblasts in the blood', 'myeloblastic_leukemia': 'a malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues; characterized by numerous myeloblasts in the blood stream', 'myelocytic_leukemia': 'a malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues; marked by proliferation of myelocytes and their presence in the blood', 'rhabdomyosarcoma': 'a highly malignant neoplasm derived from striated muscle', 'embryonal_rhabdomyosarcoma': 'form of rhabdomyosarcoma occurring mainly in infants and children', 'alveolar_rhabdomyosarcoma': 'form of rhabdomyosarcoma occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults', 'pleomorphic_rhabdomyosarcoma': 'form of rhabdomyosarcoma that affects limb muscles of older adults', \"Wilms'_tumor\": 'malignant renal tumor of young children characterized by hypertension and blood in the urine and the presence of a palpable mass', 'sarcoma': 'a usually malignant tumor arising from connective tissue (bone or muscle etc.); one of the four major types of cancer', 'adenocarcinoma': 'malignant tumor originating in glandular epithelium', 'breast_cancer': 'cancer of the breast; one of the most common malignancies in women in the US', 'carcinoma_in_situ': 'a cluster of malignant cells that has not yet invaded the deeper epithelial tissue or spread to other parts of the body', 'colon_cancer': 'a malignant tumor of the colon; early symptom is bloody stools', 'embryonal_carcinoma': 'malignant neoplasm of the testis', 'endometrial_carcinoma': 'cancer of the uterine lining', 'hemangioma': 'benign angioma consisting of a mass of blood vessels; some appear as birthmarks', 'strawberry_hemangioma': 'a congenital bright red superficial vascular tumor resembling a strawberry; tends to decrease in size during childhood', 'lymphangioma': 'benign angioma consisting of a mass of lymphatic vessels', 'spider_angioma': 'a dilation of superficial capillaries with a central red dot from which blood vessels radiate', 'myeloma': 'a tumor of the bone marrow (usually malignant) composed of cells normally found in bone marrow', 'multiple_myeloma': 'myeloma that develops in several places at the same time', 'myoma': 'a benign tumor composed of muscle tissue', 'myxoma': 'a benign tumor of connective tissue containing jellylike material', 'neurinoma': 'tumor (usually benign) of the sheath surrounding a nerve', 'neuroblastoma': 'malignant tumor containing embryonic nerve cells; usually metastasizes quickly', 'neuroepithelioma': 'malignant tumor of the neuroepithelium', 'neurofibroma': 'tumor of the fibrous covering of a peripheral nerve', 'neuroma': 'any tumor derived from cells of the nervous system', 'leiomyoma': 'benign tumor of smooth muscle (usually in the uterus or digestive tract)', 'rhabdomyoma': 'benign rumor of striated muscle', 'osteoblastoma': 'benign tumor of bone and fibrous tissue; occurs in the vertebrae or femur or tibia or arm bones (especially in young adults)', 'osteochondroma': 'benign tumor containing both bone and cartilage; usually occurs near the end of a long bone', 'osteoma': 'a slow growing benign tumor of consisting of bone tissue; usually on the skull or mandible', 'papilloma': 'a benign epithelial tumor forming a rounded mass', 'pheochromocytoma': 'a vascular tumor of the adrenal gland; hypersecretion of epinephrine results in intermittent or sustained hypertension', 'pinealoma': 'tumor of the pineal gland', 'plasmacytoma': 'neoplasm of plasma cells (usually in bone marrow)', 'psammoma': 'a tumor derived from fibrous tissue of the meninges or choroid plexus or certain other structures associated with the brain; characterized by sandlike particles', 'retinoblastoma': 'malignant ocular tumor of retinal cells; usually occurs before the third year of life; composed of primitive small round retinal cells', 'teratoma': 'a tumor consisting of a mixture of tissues not normally found at that site', 'hepatoma': 'carcinoma of the liver', 'lung_cancer': 'carcinoma of the lungs; one of the commonest forms of cancer', 'mesothelioma': 'a form of carcinoma of the mesothelium lining lungs or abdomen or heart; usually associated with exposure to asbestos dust', 'oat_cell_carcinoma': 'highly malignant carcinoma composed of small round or egg-shaped cells with little cytoplasm; lung cancers are frequently oat cell carcinomas', 'oral_cancer': 'malignant neoplasm of the lips of mouth; most common in men over the age of 60', 'pancreatic_cancer': 'cancer of the pancreas', 'prostate_cancer': 'cancer of the prostate gland', 'seminoma': 'malignant tumor of the testis; usually occurring in older men', 'skin_cancer': 'a malignant neoplasm of the skin', 'epithelioma': 'a malignant tumor of the epithelial tissue', 'melanoma': 'any of several malignant neoplasms (usually of the skin) consisting of melanocytes', 'trophoblastic_cancer': 'malignant neoplasm of the uterus derived from the epithelium of the chorion', 'eye_disease': 'any disease of the eye', 'animal_disease': 'a disease that typically does not affect human beings', 'actinomycosis': 'disease of cattle that can be transmitted to humans; results from infection with actinomycetes; characterized by hard swellings that exude pus through long sinuses', 'cervicofacial_actinomycosis': 'the commonest and least severe form of actinomycosis; affects the face and neck regions', 'macular_edema': 'an eye disease caused by a swelling of the macula resulting from leakage and accumulation of fluid', 'cystoid_macular_edema': 'a specific pattern of swelling in the central retina', 'drusen': '(plural) an eye disease resulting from small accumulations of hyaline bodies underneath the retina', 'glaucoma': 'an eye disease that damages the optic nerve and impairs vision (sometimes progressing to blindness); \"contrary to popular belief, glaucoma is not always caused by elevated intraocular pressure\"', 'acute_glaucoma': 'glaucoma in which the iris blocks the outflow of aqueous humor; \"closed-angle glaucoma can cause a rapid buildup of high intraocular pressure that results in permanent visual damage in a couple of days\"', 'normal_tension_glaucoma': 'glaucoma that results from damage to the optic nerve although the intraocular pressure is normal', 'cortical_cataract': 'a cataract that affects the lens cortex', 'nuclear_cataract': 'a cataract that affects the nucleus of the lens', 'posterior_subcapsular_cataract': 'a cataract in the rear of the lens capsule', 'chronic_glaucoma': 'glaucoma caused by blockage of the canal of Schlemm; produces gradual loss of peripheral vision; \"open-angle glaucoma is the most common type of glaucoma\"', 'keratonosus': 'any disease of the cornea', 'macular_degeneration': 'eye disease caused by degeneration of the cells of the macula lutea and results in blurred vision; can cause blindness', 'age-related_macular_degeneration': 'macular degeneration that is age-related', 'retinopathy': 'a disease of the retina that can result in loss of vision', 'diabetic_retinopathy': 'retinopathy involving damage to the small blood vessels in the retina; results from chronically high blood glucose levels in people with poorly controlled diabetes', 'trachoma': 'a chronic contagious viral disease marked by inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye and the formation of scar tissue', 'leukoma': 'eye disease consisting of an opaque white spot on the cornea', 'adenitis': 'inflammation of a gland or lymph node', 'alveolitis': 'inflammation in the socket of a tooth; sometimes occurs after a tooth is extracted and a blood clot fails to form', 'angiitis': 'inflammation of a blood vessel or lymph duct', 'aortitis': 'inflammation of the aorta', 'rheumatic_aortitis': 'aortitis occurring in rheumatic fever', 'appendicitis': 'inflammation of the vermiform appendix', 'arteritis': 'inflammation of an artery', 'periarteritis': 'inflammation of the outer coat of an artery', 'polyarteritis': 'inflammation of several arteries', \"Takayasu's_arteritis\": 'disorder characterized by the absence of a pulse in both arms and in the carotid arteries', 'temporal_arteritis': 'inflammation of the temporal arteries; characterized by headaches and difficulty chewing and (sometimes) visual impairment', 'ophthalmia': 'severe conjunctivitis', 'ophthalmia_neonatorum': 'ophthalmia in newborns; contracted while passing through the birth canal; usually prevented with silver nitrate drops', 'thoracic_actinomycosis': 'a serious form of actinomycosis that affects the chest', 'abdominal_actinomycosis': 'a serious form of actinomycosis that affects the abdomen', \"farmer's_lung\": 'alveolitis caused by an allergic reaction to fungal spores in the dust that is inhaled from moldy hay', 'anaplasmosis': 'a disease of cattle that is transmitted by cattle ticks; similar to Texas fever', 'aspiration_pneumonia': 'inflammation of the lungs caused by inhaling or choking on vomitus; may occur during unconsciousness (anesthesia or drunkenness or seizure or cardiac arrest)', 'bagassosis': 'alveolitis caused by inhaling bagasse (sugarcane dust)', 'balanitis': 'inflammation of the head of the penis', 'balanoposthitis': 'inflammation of both the head of the penis and the foreskin', 'bighead': 'any of various diseases of animals characterized by edema of the head and neck', 'blepharitis': 'inflammation of the eyelids characterized by redness and swelling and dried crusts', 'bursitis': 'inflammation of a bursa; frequently in the shoulder', 'bluetongue': 'a viral disease of sheep and cattle that is transmitted by biting midges', 'bovine_spongiform_encephalitis': 'a fatal disease of cattle that affects the central nervous system; causes staggering and agitation', 'bull_nose': 'a disease of pigs resulting in swelling of the snout', 'camelpox': 'a viral disease of camels closely related to smallpox; \"with a little genetic engineering camelpox could be used as a bioweapon\"', 'canine_chorea': 'chorea in dogs', 'catarrhal_fever': 'any of several disease of livestock marked by fever and edema of the respiratory tract', 'chronic_wasting_disease': 'a wildlife disease (akin to bovine spongiform encephalitis) that affects deer and elk', 'costiasis': 'a fatal disease of freshwater fish caused by a flagellated protozoan invading the skin', 'cowpox': 'a viral disease of cattle causing a mild skin disease affecting the udder; formerly used to inoculate humans against smallpox', 'hemorrhagic_septicemia': 'an acute infectious disease characterized by pneumonia and blood infection', 'fistulous_withers': 'a chronic inflammation of the withers of a horse', 'fowl_cholera': 'an acute diarrheal disease (especially of chickens) caused by the microorganism that causes hemorrhagic septicemia', 'fowl_pest': 'either of two acute viral diseases of domestic fowl; characterized by refusal to eat and high temperature and discoloration of the comb', 'hog_cholera': 'highly infectious virus disease of swine', 'canine_distemper': 'a viral disease of young dogs characterized by high fever and respiratory inflammation', 'equine_distemper': 'an acute bacterial disease of horses characterized by inflammation of the mucous membranes', 'enterotoxemia': 'a disease of cattle and sheep that is attributed to toxins absorbed from the intestines', 'foot-and-mouth_disease': 'acute contagious disease of cloven-footed animals marked by ulcers in the mouth and around the hoofs', 'foot_rot': 'plant disease in which the stem or trunk rots at the base', 'black_disease': 'a disease of the liver (especially in sheep and cattle) caused by liver flukes and their by-products', 'glanders': 'a destructive and contagious bacterial disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans', 'heaves': 'a chronic emphysema of the horse that causes difficult expiration and heaving of the flanks', 'Lyme_disease': 'an acute inflammatory disease characterized by a rash with joint swelling and fever; caused by bacteria carried by the bite of a deer tick', 'Marburg_disease': 'a viral disease of green monkeys caused by the Marburg virus; when transmitted to humans it causes serious or fatal illness', 'albuminuria': 'the presence of excessive protein (chiefly albumin but also globulin) in the urine; usually a symptom of kidney disorder', 'aminoaciduria': 'abnormal presence of amino acids in the urine; usually a symptom of metabolic defects', 'ammoniuria': 'excessive ammonia in the urine', 'hematocyturia': 'the presence of red blood cells in the urine', \"Jacquemier's_sign\": 'a purplish discoloration of the mucous membrane of the vagina that occurs early in pregnancy', 'Kayser-Fleischer_ring': \"a pigmented ring at the outer edge of the cornea of the eye; a symptom of Wilson's disease\", 'keratomalacia': 'softening and drying and ulceration of the cornea resulting from vitamin A deficiency; symptom of cystic fibrosis or sprue', \"Kernig's_sign\": 'symptom of meningitis; patient cannot extend the leg at the knee when the thigh is flexed because of stiffness in the hamstrings', 'ketonemia': 'an abnormal increase of ketone bodies in the blood as in diabetes mellitus', \"Koplik's_spots\": 'small red spots with white centers found on the mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue; symptom of measles that appears one or two days before the measles rash appears', 'fructosuria': 'the presence of levulose is the urine; \"fructosuria is a harmless condition\"', 'glucosuria': 'the presence of abnormally high levels of glucose in the urine', 'glycosuria': 'the presence of abnormally high levels of sugar in the urine', 'lymphuria': 'the presence of lymph in the urine', 'monocytosis': 'increase in the number of monocytes in the blood; symptom of monocytic leukemia', 'thrombocytosis': 'increase in the number of platelets in the blood which tends to cause clots to form; associated with many neoplasms and chronic infections and other diseases', 'ochronosis': 'an accumulation of dark pigment in cartilage and other connective tissue; usually a symptom of alkaptonuria or phenol poisoning', 'hypercalcemia': \"the presence of abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood; usually the result of excessive bone resorption in hyperparathyroidism or Paget's disease\", 'hypocalcemia': 'abnormally low level of calcium in the blood; associated with hypoparathyroidism or kidney malfunction or vitamin D deficiency', 'hypercalciuria': 'the presence of abnormally high levels of calcium in the urine; usually the result of excessive bone resorption in hyperparathyroidism or osteoporosis', 'hypercholesterolemia': 'the presence of an abnormal amount of cholesterol in the cells and plasma of the blood; associated with the risk of atherosclerosis', 'hyperkalemia': 'higher than normal levels of potassium in the circulating blood; associated with kidney failure or sometimes with the use of diuretic drugs', 'hypokalemia': 'abnormally low level of potassium in the circulating blood leading to weakness and heart abnormalities; associated with adrenal tumors or starvation or taking diuretics', 'kalemia': 'the presence of excess potassium in the circulating blood', 'kaliuresis': 'the presence of excess potassium in the urine', 'natriuresis': 'the presence of abnormally large amounts of sodium in the urine', 'hyperlipoproteinemia': 'any of various disorders of lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism that result in high levels of lipoprotein and cholesterol in the circulating blood', 'hypolipoproteinemia': 'any of various disorders of lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism that result in low levels of lipoprotein and cholesterol in the circulating blood', 'hypoproteinemia': 'abnormally low level of protein in the blood; can indicate inadequate diet or intestinal or renal disorders', 'hypernatremia': 'excessive amounts of sodium in the blood; possibly indicating diabetes insipidus', 'hyponatremia': 'abnormally low level of sodium in the blood; associated with dehydration', 'hypersplenism': 'enlarged spleen and a decrease in one or more types of blood cells; associated with many disorders', 'ketonuria': 'excessive amounts of ketone bodies in the urine as in diabetes mellitus or starvation', 'rabies': 'an acute viral disease of the nervous system of warm-blooded animals (usually transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal); rabies is fatal if the virus reaches the brain', 'red_water': 'a disease of cattle; characterized by hematuria', 'rhinotracheitis': 'a respiratory infection of the nose and throat in cattle', 'rinderpest': 'an acute infectious viral disease of cattle (usually fatal); characterized by fever and diarrhea and inflammation of mucous membranes', 'scours': 'diarrhea in livestock', 'scrapie': 'a fatal disease of sheep characterized by chronic itching and loss of muscular control and progressive degeneration of the central nervous system', 'shipping_fever': 'a deadly form of septicemia in cattle and sheep; involves high fever and pneumonia; contracted under conditions of exposure or exhaustion (as often happens when the animals are shipped to market)', 'spavin': 'a swelling of the hock joint of a horse; resulting in lameness', 'blood_spavin': 'spavin caused by distension of the veins', 'bog_spavin': 'spavin caused by collection of fluids', 'bone_spavin': 'spavin caused by a bony growth', 'swamp_fever': 'an infectious disease cause by leptospira and transmitted to humans from domestic animals; characterized by jaundice and fever', 'canicola_fever': 'an acute feverish disease in people and in dogs marked by gastroenteritis and mild jaundice', \"Weil's_disease\": 'a severe form of leptospirosis in human beings', 'loco_disease': 'a disease of livestock caused by locoweed poisoning; characterized by weakness and lack of coordination and trembling and partial paralysis', 'looping_ill': 'an acute viral disease of the nervous system in sheep; can be transmitted by Ixodes ricinus', 'mange': 'a persistent and contagious disease of the skin causing inflammation and itching and loss of hair; affects domestic animals (and sometimes people)', 'moon_blindness': 'recurrent eye inflammation in horses; sometimes resulting in blindness', 'murrain': 'any disease of domestic animals that resembles a plague', 'myxomatosis': 'a viral disease (usually fatal) of rabbits', 'Newcastle_disease': 'disease of domestic fowl and other birds', 'pullorum_disease': 'a serious bacterial disease of young chickens', 'sand_crack': \"a fissure in the wall of a horse's hoof often causing lameness\", 'toe_crack': \"a crack on the forepart of a horse's hindfoot\", 'quarter_crack': \"a crack on the inside of a horse's forefoot\", 'staggers': 'a disease of the central nervous system affecting especially horses and cattle; characterized by an unsteady swaying gait and frequent falling', 'Texas_fever': 'an infectious disease of cattle transmitted by the cattle tick', 'trembles': 'disease of livestock and especially cattle poisoned by eating certain kinds of snakeroot', 'tularemia': 'a highly infectious disease of rodents (especially rabbits and squirrels) and sometimes transmitted to humans by ticks or flies or by handling infected animals', 'zoonosis': 'an animal disease that can be transmitted to humans', 'plant_disease': 'a disease that affects plants', 'black_knot': 'disease of plum and cherry trees characterized by black excrescences on the branches', 'black_rot': 'a fungous disease causing darkening and decay of the leaves of fruits and vegetables', 'black_spot': 'any of several fungous diseases of plants that produce small black spots on the plant', 'bottom_rot': 'fungous disease of lettuce that first rots lower leaves and spreads upward', 'brown_rot': 'any of certain fungous diseases of plants characterized by browning and decay of tissues', 'brown_rot_gummosis': 'disease of citrus trees caused by the fungus Phytophthora citrophthora', 'gummosis': 'pathological production of gummy exudates in citrus and various stone-fruit trees', 'ring_rot': 'disease of tomatoes and potatoes and tobacco etc caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas solanacearum', 'cotton_ball': 'a fungus disease of cranberries', 'crown_gall': 'a bacterial disease of plants (especially pome and stone fruits and grapes and roses) which forms excrescences on the stem near the ground', 'hairy_root': 'a phase of crown gall (especially in apples) during which there is abnormal development of fine fibrous roots', 'crown_wart': 'a fungous disease of alfalfa which forms white excrescences at the base of the stem', 'damping_off': 'a plant disease caused by a fungus; diseased condition of seedlings in excessive moisture', 'dieback': 'a disease of plants characterized by the gradual dying of the young shoots starting at the tips and progressing to the larger branches', 'heartrot': 'any plant disease in which the central part of a plant rots (especially in trees)', 'potato_mosaic': 'a disease of the leaves of potato plants', 'tobacco_mosaic': 'a plant disease causing discoloration of the leaves of tobacco plants', 'tomato_streak': 'disease of a wide range of plants (tomatoes, potatoes, peas) resulting from a mixed infection of potato and tomato mosaic', 'rhizoctinia_disease': 'disease caused by rhizoctinia or fungi of Pellicularia and Corticium', 'little_potato': 'rhizoctinia disease of potatoes', 'pink_disease': 'serious bark disease of many tropical crop trees (coffee, citrus, rubber); branches have a covering of pink hyphae', 'potato_wart': 'fungous disease causing dark warty spongy excrescences in the eyes of potato tubers', 'root_rot': 'disease characterized by root decay; caused by various fungi', 'leaf_scorch': 'plant disease causing a burned or scorched appearance of the foliage', 'sweet-potato_ring_rot': 'disease of sweet potatoes in which roots are girdled by rings of dry rot', 'sclerotium_disease': 'plant disease cause by fungi of the genus Sclerotium; also one in which sclerotia are formed', 'Dutch_elm_disease': 'disease of elms caused by a fungus', 'granville_wilt': 'a bacterial wilt of tobacco plants', 'pinkroot': 'a fungal disease of onions', 'fusarium_wilt': 'wilt caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium', 'verticilliosis': 'wilt caused by fungi of the genus Verticillium', 'flag_smut': 'smut affecting leaves and stems of cereals and other grasses', 'green_smut': 'disease of rice; grains covered by a green powder consisting of conidia', 'soft_rot': 'mushy or slimy decay of plants caused by bacteria or fungi', 'yellow_dwarf': 'any of several virus diseases of plants characterized by stunting and yellowing of the leaves', 'yellow_dwarf_of_potato': 'the yellow dwarf disease of potato plants', 'onion_yellow_dwarf': 'the yellow dwarf disease of onion plants', 'yellow_spot': 'any of several fungous or viral diseases characterized by yellow spotting on the leaves', 'trauma': 'an emotional wound or shock often having long-lasting effects', 'birth_trauma': 'physical injury to an infant during the birth process', 'raw_wound': 'a wound that exposes subcutaneous tissue', 'stigmata': 'marks resembling the wounds on the crucified body of Christ', 'rope_burn': 'abrasion (usually on the hands) caused by friction from a rope', 'dog_bite': 'a bite inflicted by a dog', 'snakebite': 'a bite inflicted by a (venomous) snake', 'bee_sting': 'a sting inflicted by a bee', 'mosquito_bite': 'a sting inflicted by a mosquito', 'blast_trauma': 'injury caused the explosion of a bomb (especially in enclosed spaces)', 'bleeding': 'the flow of blood from a ruptured blood vessel', 'hemorrhagic_stroke': 'stroke caused by the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain', 'blunt_trauma': 'injury incurred when the human body hits or is hit by a large outside object (as a car)', 'bruise': \"an injury that doesn't break the skin but results in some discoloration\", 'petechia': 'a minute red or purple spot on the surface of the skin as the result of tiny hemorrhages of blood vessels in the skin (as in typhoid fever)', 'bump': 'a lump on the body caused by a blow', 'electric_burn': 'a burn caused by heat produced by an electric current', 'sunburn': 'redness of the skin caused by exposure to the rays of the sun', 'windburn': 'redness and irritation of the skin caused by exposure to high-velocity wind', 'hyperpigmentation': 'unusual darkening of the skin', 'hypopigmentation': 'unusual lack of skin color', 'first-degree_burn': 'burn causing redness of the skin surface', 'second-degree_burn': 'burn causing blisters on the skin and superficial destruction of the dermis', 'third-degree_burn': 'burn characterized by destruction of both epidermis and dermis', 'comminuted_fracture': 'fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed', 'complete_fracture': 'break involving the entire width of the bone', 'compound_fracture': 'bone fracture associated with lacerated soft tissue or an open wound', 'compression_fracture': 'fracture in which the bone collapses (especially in short bones such as vertebrae)', 'depressed_fracture': 'fracture of the skull where the bone is pushed in', 'displaced_fracture': 'fracture in which the two ends of the broken bone are separated from one another', 'fatigue_fracture': 'fracture resulting from excessive activity rather than a specific injury', 'hairline_fracture': 'a fracture without separation of the fragments and the line of the break being very thin', 'greenstick_fracture': 'a partial fracture of a bone (usually in children); the bone is bent but broken on only one side', 'incomplete_fracture': 'fracture that does not go across the entire width of the bone', 'impacted_fracture': 'fracture in which one broken end is wedged into the other broken end', 'simple_fracture': 'an uncomplicated fracture in which the broken bones to not pierce the skin', 'abarticulation': 'dislocation of a joint', 'diastasis': 'separation of an epiphysis from the long bone to which it is normally attached without fracture of the bone', 'spondylolisthesis': 'a forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one beneath it producing pressure on spinal nerves', 'frostbite': 'destruction of tissue by freezing and characterized by tingling, blistering and possibly gangrene', 'intravasation': 'entry of foreign matter into a blood vessel', 'penetrating_trauma': 'injury incurred when an object (as a knife or bullet or shrapnel) penetrates into the body', 'hernia': 'rupture in smooth muscle tissue through which a bodily structure protrudes', 'colpocele': 'hernia projecting into the vagina', 'diverticulum': 'a herniation through the muscular wall of a tubular organ (especially the colon)', \"Meckel's_diverticulum\": 'a congenital diverticulum in the ileum resulting from incomplete closure of the yolk sac', 'eventration': 'protrusion of the intestine through the abdominal wall', 'exomphalos': 'an umbilical hernia at birth in which some abdominal organs push into the umbilical cord', 'hiatus_hernia': 'hernia resulting from the protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm', 'herniated_disc': 'a painful rupture of the fibrocartilage of the disc between spinal vertebrae; occurs most often in the lumbar region', 'inguinal_hernia': 'hernia in which a loop of intestine enters the inguinal canal; the most common type of hernia in males', 'cystocele': 'hernia in which the urinary bladder protrudes through the wall of the vagina; sometimes occurs after childbirth', 'rectocele': 'protrusion or herniation of the rectum into the vagina; can occur if pelvic muscles are weakened by childbirth', 'keratocele': 'hernia of the cornea', 'laparocele': 'hernia through the abdomen', 'umbilical_hernia': 'protrusion of the intestine and omentum through a hernia in the abdominal wall near the navel; usually self correcting after birth', 'sleep_disorder': 'a disturbance of the normal sleep pattern', 'sting': 'a kind of pain; something as sudden and painful as being stung; \"the sting of death\"; \"he felt the stinging of nettles\"', 'whiplash': 'an injury to the neck (the cervical vertebrae) resulting from rapid acceleration or deceleration (as in an automobile accident)', 'sprain': 'a painful injury to a joint caused by a sudden wrenching of its ligaments', 'trench_foot': 'resembling frostbite but without freezing; resulting from exposure to cold and wet', 'vital_sign': 'sign of life; usually an indicator of a person\\'s general physical condition; \"he was still alive but his vital signs were weak\"', 'amenorrhea': 'absence or suppression of normal menstrual flow', 'chloasma': \"a tan discoloration of a woman's face that is associated with pregnancy or with the use of oral contraceptives\", 'clubbing': 'a condition in which the ends of toes and fingers become wide and thick; a symptom of heart or lung disease', 'cyanosis': 'a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes; a sign that oxygen in the blood is dangerously diminished (as in carbon monoxide poisoning)', 'diuresis': 'increased secretion of urine; if not due to increased liquid intake or to the action of a diuretic drug it can be a symptom of diabetes mellitus', 'acrocyanosis': 'cyanosis of the extremities; can occur when a spasm of the blood vessels is caused by exposure to cold or by strong emotion', 'primary_amenorrhea': 'delay of menarche beyond age 18', 'secondary_amenorrhea': 'cessation of menstruation in a woman who had previously menstruated', 'prodrome': 'an early symptom that a disease is developing or that an attack is about to occur', 'cervical_disc_syndrome': 'an abnormal condition resulting from compression of spinal nerve roots in the neck region; involves neck pains and muscular weakness and paresthesia', 'Chinese_restaurant_syndrome': 'headache and tingling or burning feelings and sweating caused by eating food that contains monosodium glutamate', \"Conn's_syndrome\": 'disturbances in saltwater balance and symptoms of weakness and muscular cramps and twitching and convulsions and sometimes paralysis; usually caused by a benign tumor of the cortex of the adrenal gland that leads to excess secretion of aldosterone', 'fetal_alcohol_syndrome': 'a congenital medical condition in which body deformation occurs or facial development or mental ability is impaired because the mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy', 'Gulf_War_syndrome': 'a medical condition of uncertain origin that affected many veterans of the 1991 Gulf War; characterized by fatigue and headache and dizziness and nausea and rashes and joint pain and respiratory disorders', 'regional_enteritis': 'a serious chronic and progressive inflammation of the ileum producing frequent bouts of diarrhea with abdominal pain and nausea and fever and weight loss', 'irritable_bowel_syndrome': 'recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea (often alternating with periods of constipation); often associated with emotional stress', \"Klinefelter's_syndrome\": 'syndrome in males that is characterized by small testes and long legs and enlarged breasts and reduced sperm production and mental retardation; a genetic defect in which an extra X chromosome (XXY) is present in the male', 'ulcerative_colitis': 'a serious chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum characterized by recurrent episodes of abdominal pain and fever and chills and profuse diarrhea', 'malabsorption_syndrome': 'a pattern of symptoms including loss of appetite and bloating and weight loss and muscle pain and steatorrhea; associated with celiac disease and sprue and cystic fibrosis', \"Munchausen's_syndrome\": 'syndrome consisting of feigning acute and dramatic illness for which no clinical evidence is ever found', 'narcolepsy': 'a sleep disorder characterized by sudden and uncontrollable episodes of deep sleep; \"he believes that narcolepsy is attributable to an inability to suppress REM sleep during waking\"', 'nephrotic_syndrome': 'a syndrome characterized by edema and large amounts of protein in the urine and usually increased blood cholesterol; usually associated with glomerulonephritis or with a complication of various systemic diseases', \"Noonan's_syndrome\": 'syndrome seen only in males; marked by short stature and lowset ears and subnormal fertility', 'phantom_limb_syndrome': 'syndrome consisting of discomfort or pain in a limb that has been amputated', 'premenstrual_syndrome': 'a syndrome that occurs in many women from 2 to 14 days before the onset of menstruation', 'radiation_sickness': 'syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions); low doses cause diarrhea and nausea and vomiting and sometimes loss of hair; greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours; \"he was suffering from radiation\"', 'Ramsay_Hunt_syndrome': 'syndrome resulting from infection by the herpes varicella zoster virus; characterized by vertigo and pain in the ears and facial nerve paralysis and sometimes hearing loss', \"Reiter's_syndrome\": 'an inflammatory syndrome (etiology unknown) predominantly in males; characterized by arthritis and conjunctivitis and urethritis', 'restless_legs_syndrome': 'feeling of uneasiness and restlessness in the legs after going to bed (sometimes causing insomnia); may be relieved temporarily by walking or moving the legs', \"Reye's_syndrome\": 'acquired encephalopathy following acute viral infections (especially influenza or chicken pox) in young children; characterized by fever, vomiting, disorientation, coma, and fatty infiltration of the liver', 'scalenus_syndrome': 'discomfort and vascular symptoms and loss of sensation in a shoulder and arm; caused by a scalene muscle compressing the subclavian artery and part of the brachial plexus', 'neonatal_death': 'death of a liveborn infant within the first 28 days of life', 'sudden_infant_death_syndrome': 'sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant during sleep', 'tetany': 'clinical neurological syndrome characterized by muscular twitching and cramps and (when severe) seizures; associated with calcium deficiency (hypoparathyroidism) or vitamin D deficiency or alkalosis', 'thoracic_outlet_syndrome': 'tingling sensations in the fingers; caused by compression on a nerve supplying the arm', \"Tietze's_syndrome\": 'syndrome characterized by swelling of rib cartilage (causing pain)', \"Tourette's_syndrome\": 'neurological disorder characterized by facial grimaces and tics and movements of the upper body and grunts and shouts and coprolalia', 'bummer': 'an experience that is irritating or frustrating or disappointing; \"having to stand in line so long was a real bummer\"', 'hairy_tongue': 'a benign side effect of some antibiotics; dark overgrowth of the papillae of the tongue', 'abscess': 'symptom consisting of a localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue', 'abscessed_tooth': 'an abscess of a common kind in the tissue around a tooth', 'purulence': 'symptom of being purulent (containing or forming pus)', 'water_blister': 'blister containing a nonpurulent clear watery content', 'blood_blister': 'blister containing blood or bloody serum usually caused by an injury', 'exophthalmos': 'protrusion of the eyeball from the socket', 'festination': \"involuntary shortening of stride and quickening of gait that occurs in some diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease)\", 'furring': 'a furlike coating of matter as on the tongue', 'gangrene': 'necrotic tissue; a mortified or gangrenous part or mass', 'dry_gangrene': '(pathology) gangrene that develops in the presence of arterial obstruction and is characterized by dryness of the dead tissue and a dark brown color', 'gas_gangrene': '(pathology) a deadly form of gangrene usually caused by clostridium bacteria that produce toxins that cause tissue death; can be used as a bioweapon', 'hematuria': 'the presence of blood in the urine; often a symptom of urinary tract disease', 'hemoglobinuria': 'presence of hemoglobin in the urine', 'hemosiderosis': 'abnormal deposit of hemosiderin; often a symptom of thalassemia or hemochromatosis', 'sneeze': 'a symptom consisting of the involuntary expulsion of air from the nose', 'swelling': 'an abnormal protuberance or localized enlargement', 'bloat': 'swelling of the rumen or intestinal tract of domestic animals caused by excessive gas', 'bubo': 'a lymph node that is inflamed and swollen because of plague or gonorrhea or tuberculosis', 'anasarca': 'generalized edema with accumulation of serum in subcutaneous connective tissue', 'chemosis': 'edema of the mucous membrane of the eyeball and eyelid lining', 'papilledema': 'swelling of the optic disc (where the optic nerve enters the eyeball); usually associated with an increase in intraocular pressure', 'bunion': 'a painful swelling of the bursa of the first joint of the big toe', 'palsy': 'a condition marked by uncontrollable tremor', 'pyuria': 'presence of white blood cells in the urine; symptom of urinary tract infection', 'edema': 'swelling from excessive accumulation of watery fluid in cells, tissues, or serous cavities', 'cerebral_edema': 'swelling of the brain due to the uptake of water in the neuropile and white matter', 'hematocele': 'swelling caused by blood collecting in a body cavity (especially a swelling of the membrane covering the testis)', 'hematocolpometra': 'accumulation of blood in the vagina and uterus', 'hematocolpos': 'accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina (usually due to an imperforate hymen)', 'iridoncus': 'swelling of the iris of the eye', 'lymphogranuloma': 'swelling of a lymph node', 'oscheocele': 'swelling of the scrotum', 'tumescence': 'tumidity resulting from the presence of blood or other fluid in the tissues', 'tumidity': 'slight swelling of an organ or part', 'cephalhematoma': 'a collection of blood under the scalp of a newborn; caused by pressure during birth', 'hematoma': 'a localized swelling filled with blood', 'proud_flesh': 'the swollen tissue around a healing wound or ulcer', 'hyperbilirubinemia': 'abnormally high amounts of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood', 'hyperbilirubinemia_of_the_newborn': 'a common disorder that is usually due to immaturity of the liver; usually subsides spontaneously', 'hyperglycemia': 'abnormally high blood sugar usually associated with diabetes', 'hypoglycemia': 'abnormally low blood sugar usually resulting from excessive insulin or a poor diet', 'jaundice': 'yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an accumulation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood; can be a symptom of gallstones or liver infection or anemia', 'jaundice_of_the_newborn': 'yellowish appearance in newborn infants; usually subsides spontaneously', 'kernicterus': 'an abnormal accumulation of bile pigment in the brain and other nerve tissue; causes yellow staining and tissue damage', 'hydrothorax': 'accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity (the space between the lungs and the walls of the chest) often resulting from disease of the heart or kidneys', 'hemothorax': 'accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity (the space between the lungs and the walls of the chest)', 'hyperemia': 'increased blood in an organ or other body part', 'pulmonary_congestion': 'congestion in the lungs', 'enanthem': 'eruption on a mucous membrane (as the inside of the mouth) occurring as a symptom of a disease', 'exanthem': 'eruption on the skin occurring as a symptom of a disease', 'prickly_heat': 'obstruction of the sweat ducts during high heat and humidity', 'numbness': 'partial or total lack of sensation in a part of the body; a symptom of nerve damage or dysfunction', 'ache': 'a dull persistent (usually moderately intense) pain', 'toothache': 'an ache localized in or around a tooth', 'aerodontalgia': 'pain in the teeth that results from a change in air pressure (as in flying or mountain climbing)', 'arthralgia': 'pain in a joint or joints', 'throe': 'hard or painful trouble or struggle; \"a country in the throes of economic collapse\"', 'paresthesia': 'abnormal skin sensations (as tingling or tickling or itching or burning) usually associated with peripheral nerve damage', 'formication': 'hallucinated sensation that insects or snakes are crawling over the skin; a common side-effect of extensive use of cocaine or amphetamines', 'Passion': 'the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion', 'backache': 'an ache localized in the back', 'causalgia': 'a burning pain in a limb along the course of a peripheral nerve; usually associated with skin changes', 'colic': 'acute abdominal pain (especially in infants)', 'chest_pain': 'pain in the chest', 'chiralgia': 'a pain in the hand that is not traumatic', 'dysmenorrhea': 'painful menstruation', 'primary_dysmenorrhea': 'painful menstruation that is intrinsic to menstruation and not the result of a disease', 'secondary_dysmenorrhea': 'painful menstruation that is caused by some specific disorder (as endometriosis)', 'headache': 'pain in the head caused by dilation of cerebral arteries or muscle contractions or a reaction to drugs', 'glossalgia': 'pain in the tongue', 'hemorrhoid': 'pain caused by venous swelling at or inside the anal sphincter', 'stomachache': 'an ache localized in the stomach or abdominal region', 'earache': 'an ache localized in the middle or inner ear', 'histamine_headache': 'a painful recurring headache associated with the release of histamine from cells', 'migraine': 'a severe recurring vascular headache; occurs more frequently in women than men', 'sick_headache': 'a headache accompanied by nausea', 'sinus_headache': 'a headache resulting from congestion or infection in the paranasal sinuses', 'tension_headache': 'a headache located at the back of the head; usually caused by body tension resulting from overwork or psychological stress', 'lumbago': 'backache affecting the lumbar region or lower back; can be caused by muscle strain or arthritis or vascular insufficiency or a ruptured intervertebral disc', 'keratalgia': 'pain in the cornea', 'labor_pain': 'pain and discomfort associated with contractions of the uterus during labor', 'mastalgia': 'pain in the breast', 'melagra': 'rheumatic or myalgic pains in the arms or legs', 'meralgia': 'pain in the thigh', 'metralgia': 'pain in the uterus', 'myalgia': 'pain in a muscle or group of muscles', 'nephralgia': 'pain in the kidney (usually felt in the loins)', 'neuralgia': 'acute spasmodic pain along the course of one or more nerves', 'odynophagia': 'severe pain on swallowing due to a disorder of the esophagus', 'orchidalgia': 'pain in the testes', 'photalgia': 'pain in the eye resulting from exposure to bright light (often associated with albinism)', 'pleurodynia': 'pain in the chest caused by inflammation of the muscles between the ribs', 'podalgia': 'foot pain', 'proctalgia': 'pain in the rectum', 'epidemic_pleurodynia': 'an acute infectious disease occurring in epidemic form and featuring paroxysms of pain (usually in the chest)', 'trigeminal_neuralgia': 'intense paroxysmal neuralgia along the trigeminal nerve', 'sciatica': 'neuralgia along the sciatic nerve', 'birth_pangs': 'a regularly recurrent spasm of pain that is characteristic of childbirth', 'afterpains': 'pains felt by a woman after her baby is born; associated with contractions of the uterus', 'palilalia': 'a pathological condition in which a word is rapidly and involuntarily repeated', 'palmature': 'an abnormality in which the fingers are webbed', 'referred_pain': 'pain that is felt at a place in the body different from the injured or diseased part where the pain would be expected; \"angina pectoris can cause referred pain in the left shoulder\"; \"pain in the right shoulder can be referred pain from gallbladder disease\"', 'renal_colic': 'sharp pain in the lower back that radiates into the groin; associated with the passage of a renal calculus through the ureter', 'smart': 'a kind of pain such as that caused by a wound or a burn or a sore', 'rebound_tenderness': 'pain felt when a hand pressing on the abdomen is suddenly released; a symptom of peritoneal inflammation', 'thermalgesia': 'pain caused by heat', 'chafe': 'soreness and warmth caused by friction; \"he had a nasty chafe on his knee\"', 'ulalgia': 'pain in the gums', 'urodynia': 'pain during urination', 'postnasal_drip': 'chronic secretion of mucus from the rear of the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx', 'papule': 'a small inflamed elevation of skin that is nonsuppurative (as in chicken pox)', 'papulovesicle': 'a papule that changes into a blister', 'pustule': 'a small inflamed elevation of skin containing pus; a blister filled with pus', 'pimple': 'a small inflamed elevation of the skin; a pustule or papule; common symptom in acne', 'pock': 'a pustule in an eruptive disease', 'cardiomegaly': 'an abnormal enlargement of the heart; \"mild cardiomegaly is common in athletes\"', 'heart_murmur': 'an abnormal sound of the heart; sometimes a sign of abnormal function of the heart valves', 'systolic_murmur': 'a murmur heard during systole', 'palpitation': 'a rapid and irregular heart beat', 'heartburn': 'a painful burning sensation in the chest caused by gastroesophageal reflux (backflow from the stomach irritating the esophagus); symptomatic of an ulcer or a diaphragmatic hernia or other disorder', 'gastroesophageal_reflux': 'reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus', 'hepatojugular_reflux': 'a venous reflux occurring in congestive heart failure', 'ureterorenal_reflux': 'a backflow of urine from the ureter into the renal pelvis', 'vesicoureteral_reflux': 'a backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter', 'reflux': 'an abnormal backward flow of body fluids', 'hot_flash': 'sudden brief sensation of heat (associated with menopause and some mental disorders)', 'indigestion': 'a disorder of digestive function characterized by discomfort or heartburn or nausea', 'amyxia': 'a condition in which no mucus in produced', 'carditis': 'inflammation of the heart', 'endocarditis': 'inflammation of the endocardium and heart valves', 'subacute_bacterial_endocarditis': 'a chronic bacterial infection of the endocardium and heart valves; symptoms develop slowly', 'myocardial_inflammation': 'inflammation of the myocardium (the muscular tissue of the heart)', 'pancarditis': 'inflammation of the entire heart (the epicardium and the myocardium and the endocardium)', 'pericarditis': 'inflammation of the pericardium', 'catarrh': 'inflammation of the nose and throat with increased production of mucus', 'cellulitis': 'an inflammation of body tissue (especially that below the skin) characterized by fever and swelling and redness and pain', 'cervicitis': 'inflammation of the uterine cervix', 'cheilitis': 'inflammation and cracking of the skin of the lips', 'quartan': 'a malarial fever that recurs every fourth day', 'cholangitis': 'inflammation of the bile ducts', 'cholecystitis': 'inflammation of the gall bladder', 'chorditis': 'inflammation of the spermatic cord', 'colitis': 'inflammation of the colon', 'colpitis': 'inflammation of the vagina', 'colpocystitis': 'inflammation of the vagina and bladder', 'conjunctivitis': 'inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye', 'corditis': 'inflammation of the spermatic cord', 'costochondritis': 'inflammation at the junction of a rib and its cartilage', 'dacryocystitis': 'inflammation of the lacrimal sac causing obstruction of the tube draining tears into the nose', 'diverticulitis': 'inflammation of a diverticulum in the digestive tract (especially the colon); characterized by painful abdominal cramping and fever and constipation', 'encephalitis': \"inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus; symptoms include headache and neck pain and drowsiness and nausea and fever (`phrenitis' is no longer in scientific use)\", 'encephalomyelitis': 'inflammation of the brain and spinal cord', 'endarteritis': 'inflammation of the inner lining of an artery', 'acute_hemorrhagic_encephalitis': 'encephalitis that resembles apoplexy due to blood extravasation', 'equine_encephalitis': 'encephalitis caused by a virus that is transmitted by a mosquito from an infected horse', 'herpes_simplex_encephalitis': 'common form of acute encephalitis caused by herpes simplex 1; usually affects the temporal and frontal lobes', 'leukoencephalitis': 'inflammation of the white matter of the brain', 'meningoencephalitis': 'inflammation of the brain and spinal cord and their meninges', 'panencephalitis': 'diffuse inflammation of the entire brain', 'sleeping_sickness': 'an encephalitis that was epidemic between 1915 and 1926; symptoms include paralysis of the extrinsic eye muscle and extreme muscular weakness', 'West_Nile_encephalitis': 'encephalitis caused by the West Nile virus; can be fatal in humans and horses and birds', 'subacute_sclerosing_panencephalitis': 'a rare chronic progressive encephalitis caused by the measles virus and occurring primarily in children and young adults; death usually occurs within three years; characterized by primary measles infection before the age of two years', 'rubella_panencephalitis': 'a rare loss of mental and physical skills in adolescents; associated with the rubella virus', 'endocervicitis': 'inflammation of the mucous lining of the uterine cervix', 'enteritis': 'inflammation of the intestine (especially the small intestine); usually characterized by diarrhea', 'necrotizing_enteritis': 'enteritis characterized by bloody diarrhea and severe abdominal pain', 'epicondylitis': 'painful inflammation of the muscles and soft tissues around an epicondyle', 'epididymitis': 'painful inflammation of the epididymis', 'epiglottitis': 'inflammation of the epiglottis; characterized by fever and a severe sore throat and difficulty in swallowing', 'episcleritis': 'inflammation of the sclera of the eye', 'esophagitis': 'inflammation of the esophagus; often caused by gastroesophageal reflux', 'fibrositis': 'inflammation of white fibrous tissues (especially muscle sheaths)', 'fibromyositis': 'local inflammation of muscle and connective tissue', 'folliculitis': 'inflammation of a hair follicle', 'funiculitis': 'inflammation of a funiculus (especially an inflammation of the spermatic cord)', 'gastritis': 'inflammation of the lining of the stomach; nausea and loss of appetite and discomfort after eating', 'acute_gastritis': 'gastritis caused by ingesting an irritant (as too much aspirin)', 'chronic_gastritis': 'persistent gastritis can be a symptom of a gastric ulcer or pernicious anemia or stomach cancer or other disorders', 'glossitis': 'inflammation of the tongue', 'acute_glossitis': 'glossitis resulting from injury or infection and characterized by swelling and pain', 'chronic_glossitis': 'glossitis with atrophy of tongue tissue; sometimes accompanies pernicious anemia', \"Moeller's_glossitis\": 'a superficial form of glossitis marked by irregular red patches on the tongue and sensitivity to hot or spicy food', 'hydrarthrosis': 'inflammation and swelling of a movable joint because of excess synovial fluid', 'ileitis': 'inflammation of the ileum', 'iridocyclitis': 'inflammation of the iris and ciliary body of the eye', 'iridokeratitis': 'inflammation of the iris and cornea of the eye', 'iritis': 'inflammation of the iris', 'jejunitis': 'inflammation of the jejunum of the small intestine', 'jejunoileitis': 'inflammation of the jejunum and the ileum of the small intestine', 'keratitis': 'inflammation of the cornea causing watery painful eyes and blurred vision', 'keratoconjunctivitis': 'inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva', 'keratoiritis': 'inflammation of the cornea and the iris of the eye', 'keratoscleritis': 'inflammation of the cornea and sclera of the eye', 'labyrinthitis': 'inflammation of the inner ear; can cause vertigo and vomiting', 'laminitis': 'inflammation of the laminated tissue that attaches the hoof to the foot of a horse', 'laryngitis': 'inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx; characterized by hoarseness or loss of voice and coughing', 'laryngopharyngitis': 'inflammation of the larynx and pharynx', 'laryngotracheobronchitis': 'inflammation of the larynx and trachea and bronchial passageways', 'leptomeningitis': 'inflammation of the leptomeninges', 'lymphadenitis': 'inflammation of lymph nodes', 'lymphangitis': 'inflammation of a lymph vessel', 'mastitis': 'inflammation of a breast (or udder)', 'mastoiditis': 'inflammation of the mastoid', 'metritis': 'inflammation of the lining of the uterus (of the endometrium)', 'monoplegia': 'paralysis of a single limb', 'myelatelia': 'any developmental defect of the spinal cord', 'myelitis': 'inflammation of the spinal cord', 'myositis': 'inflammation of muscle tissue', 'myometritis': 'inflammation of the myometrium', 'trichinosis': 'infestation by trichina larvae that are transmitted by eating inadequately cooked meat (especially pork); larvae migrate from the intestinal tract to the muscles where they become encysted', 'neuritis': 'inflammation of a nerve accompanied by pain and sometimes loss of function', 'oophoritis': 'inflammation of one or both ovaries', 'orchitis': 'inflammation of one or both testes; characterized by pain and swelling', 'ophthalmoplegia': 'paralysis of the motor nerves of the eye', 'osteitis': 'inflammation of a bone as a consequence of infection or trauma or degeneration', 'osteomyelitis': 'an inflammation of bone and bone marrow (usually caused by bacterial infection)', 'otitis': 'inflammation of the ear', 'otitis_externa': 'inflammation of the external ear (including auricle and ear canal)', 'otitis_media': 'inflammation of the middle ear; common in children', 'ovaritis': 'inflammation of the ovaries', 'otorrhea': 'discharge from the external ear', 'ozena': 'a chronic disease of the nose characterized by a foul-smelling nasal discharge and atrophy of nasal structures', 'pancreatitis': 'inflammation of the pancreas; usually marked by abdominal pain', 'parametritis': 'inflammation of connective tissue adjacent to the uterus', 'parotitis': 'inflammation of one or both parotid glands', 'peritonitis': 'inflammation of the peritoneum', 'phalangitis': 'inflammation of a finger or toe', 'phlebitis': 'inflammation of a vein (usually in the legs)', 'phlebothrombosis': 'thrombosis of a vein without prior inflammation of the vein; associated with sluggish blood flow (as in prolonged bedrest or pregnancy or surgery) or with rapid coagulation of the blood', 'polyneuritis': 'inflammation of many or all of the peripheral nerves (as in leprosy)', 'retrobulbar_neuritis': 'inflammation of the optic nerve behind the eye; common in multiple sclerosis', 'Guillain-Barre_syndrome': 'a form of peripheral polyneuritis characterized by pain and weakness and sometimes paralysis of the limbs; cause is unknown', 'thrombophlebitis': 'phlebitis in conjunction with the formation of a blood clot (thrombus)', 'pneumonitis': 'inflammation of the lungs; caused by a virus or an allergic reaction', 'posthitis': 'inflammation of the foreskin of the penis; usually caused by bacterial infection', 'proctitis': \"inflammation of the rectum; marked by bloody stools and a frequent urge to defecate; frequently associated with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis\", 'prostatitis': 'inflammation of the prostate gland characterized by perineal pain and irregular urination and (if severe) chills and fever', 'rachitis': 'inflammation of the vertebral column', 'radiculitis': 'inflammation of the radicle of a nerve', 'chorioretinitis': 'inflammation of the choroid layer behind the retina', 'retinitis': 'inflammation of the retina', 'rhinitis': 'an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nose (usually associated with nasal discharge)', 'sinusitis': 'inflammation of one of the paranasal sinuses', 'pansinusitis': 'inflammation of all of the paranasal sinuses', 'salpingitis': 'inflammation of a Fallopian tube (usually the result of infection spreading from the vagina or uterus) or of a Eustachian tube', 'scleritis': 'inflammation of the sclera', 'sialadenitis': 'inflammation of the salivary glands', 'splenitis': 'inflammation of the spleen', 'spondylitis': 'inflammation of a spinal joint; characterized by pain and stiffness', 'stomatitis': 'inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth', 'vesicular_stomatitis': 'a disease of horses, cattle, swine, and occasionally human beings; caused by the vesiculovirus', 'synovitis': 'inflammation of the synovial membrane that lines a synovial joint; results in pain and swelling', 'tarsitis': 'inflammation of the eyelid', 'tendinitis': 'inflammation of a tendon', 'tennis_elbow': 'painful inflammation of the tendon at the outer border of the elbow resulting from overuse of lower arm muscles (as in twisting of the hand)', 'tenosynovitis': 'inflammation of a tendon and its enveloping sheath', 'thyroiditis': 'inflammation of the thyroid gland', 'tonsillitis': 'inflammation of the tonsils (especially the palatine tonsils)', 'tracheitis': 'inflammation of the trachea', 'tracheobronchitis': 'common respiratory infection characterized by inflammation of the trachea and the bronchi', 'tympanitis': 'inflammation of the inner ear', 'ulitis': 'inflammation of the gums', 'ureteritis': 'inflammation of the ureter', 'uveitis': 'inflammation of the uvea of the eye', 'uvulitis': 'inflammation of the uvula', 'vaccinia': 'a local infection induced in humans by inoculation with the virus causing cowpox in order to confer resistance to smallpox; normally lasts three weeks and leaves a pitted scar', 'vaginitis': 'inflammation of the vagina (usually associated with candidiasis)', 'valvulitis': 'inflammation of a valve (especially of a cardiac valve as a consequence of rheumatic fever)', 'vasculitis': 'inflammation of a blood vessel', 'vasovesiculitis': 'inflammation of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles; usually occurring with prostatitis', 'vesiculitis': 'inflammation of a seminal vesicle (usually in conjunction with prostatitis)', 'vulvitis': 'inflammation of the vulva', 'vulvovaginitis': 'inflammation of the vulva and the vagina', 'cough': 'a sudden noisy expulsion of air from the lungs that clears the air passages; a common symptom of upper respiratory infection or bronchitis or pneumonia or tuberculosis', 'hiccup': '(usually plural) the state of having reflex spasms of the diaphragm accompanied by a rapid closure of the glottis producing an audible sound; sometimes a symptom of indigestion; \"how do you cure the hiccups?\"', 'meningism': 'symptoms that mimic those of meningitis but without inflammation of the meninges', 'morning_sickness': 'nausea early in the day; a characteristic symptom in the early months of pregnancy', 'queasiness': 'a mild state of nausea', 'charley_horse': 'a muscular cramp (especially in the thigh or calf) following vigorous exercise', \"writer's_cramp\": 'muscular spasms of thumb and forefinger while writing with a pen or pencil', 'blepharospasm': 'spasm of the eyelid muscle resulting in closure of the eye', 'crick': \"a painful muscle spasm especially in the neck or back (`rick' and `wrick' are British)\", 'myoclonus': 'a clonic spasm of a muscle or muscle group', 'opisthotonos': 'severe spasm in which the back arches and the head bends back and heels flex toward the back', 'twitch': 'a sudden muscle spasm; especially one caused by a nervous condition', 'tic': 'a local and habitual twitching especially in the face', 'blepharism': 'condition in which a person blinks continuously', 'atrial_fibrillation': 'fibrillation of the muscles of the atria of the heart', 'bradycardia': 'abnormally slow heartbeat', 'heart_block': 'recurrent sudden attacks of unconsciousness caused by impaired conduction of the impulse that regulates the heartbeat', 'premature_ventricular_contraction': 'irregularity of cardiac rhythm; recurrent occurrences can be a precursor of ventricular fibrillation', 'tachycardia': 'abnormally rapid heartbeat (over 100 beats per minute)', 'ventricular_fibrillation': 'fibrillation of heart muscles resulting in interference with rhythmic contractions of the ventricles and possibly leading to cardiac arrest', 'fasciculation': 'muscular twitching of contiguous groups of muscle fibers', 'scar': 'a mark left (usually on the skin) by the healing of injured tissue', 'keloid': 'raised pinkish scar tissue at the site of an injury; results from excessive tissue repair', 'pockmark': 'a scar or pit on the skin that is left by a pustule of smallpox or acne or other eruptive disease', 'sword-cut': 'a scar from a cut made by a sword', 'vaccination': 'the scar left following inoculation with a vaccine', 'callosity': 'an area of skin that is thick or hard from continual pressure or friction (as the sole of the foot)', 'musca_volitans': 'spots before the eyes caused by opaque cell fragments in the vitreous humor and lens; \"floaters seem to drift through the field of vision\"', 'hyperpyrexia': 'extremely high fever (especially in children)', 'dysplasia': 'abnormal development (of organs or cells) or an abnormal structure resulting from such growth', 'fibrous_dysplasia_of_bone': 'a disturbance in which bone that is undergoing lysis is replaced by an abnormal proliferation of fibrous tissue resulting in bone lesions or skin lesions', \"Albright's_disease\": 'fibrous dysplasia of bone affecting multiple bones', 'monostotic_fibrous_dysplasia': 'fibrous dysplasia of bone confined to a single bone', 'hypertrophy': 'abnormal enlargement of a body part or organ', 'adenomegaly': 'gland enlargement', 'cor_pulmonale': 'enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart due to disease of the lungs or of the pulmonary blood vessels', 'dactylomegaly': 'abnormally large fingers or toes', 'elephantiasis': 'hypertrophy of certain body parts (usually legs and scrotum); the end state of the disease filariasis', 'elephantiasis_neuromatosa': 'hypertrophy of a limb', 'elephantiasis_scroti': 'swelling of the scrotum resulting from chronic lymphatic obstruction', 'nevoid_elephantiasis': 'thickening of the skin (usually unilateral on an extremity) caused by congenital enlargement of lymph vessel and lymph vessel obstruction', 'filariasis': 'a disease caused by nematodes in the blood or tissues of the body causing blockage of lymphatic vessels', 'splenomegaly': 'an abnormal enlargement of the spleen', 'giantism': 'excessive size; usually caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland', 'acromegaly': 'enlargement of bones of hands and feet and face; often accompanied by headache and muscle pain and emotional disturbances; caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary gland (due to a tumor)', 'hyperplasia': 'abnormal increase in number of cells', 'benign_prostatic_hyperplasia': 'enlarged prostate; appears to be part of the natural aging process', 'hypoplasia': 'underdevelopment of an organ because of a decrease in the number of cells', 'anaplasia': 'loss of structural differentiation within a cell or group of cells often with increased capacity for multiplication, as in a malignant tumor', 'apnea': 'transient cessation of respiration', 'periodic_apnea_of_the_newborn': 'irregular breathing of newborns; periods of rapid breathing followed by apnea; believed to be associated with sudden infant death syndrome', 'dyspnea': 'difficult or labored respiration', 'orthopnea': 'form of dyspnea in which the person can breathe comfortably only when standing or sitting erect; associated with asthma and emphysema and angina pectoris', 'shortness_of_breath': 'a dyspneic condition', 'sleep_apnea': 'apnea that occurs during sleep', 'cerebral_hemorrhage': 'bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel in the brain', 'blood_extravasation': 'the leakage of blood from a vessel into tissues surrounding it; can occur in injuries or burns or allergic reactions', 'hyphema': 'bleeding into the interior chamber of the eye', 'metrorrhagia': 'bleeding from the uterus that is not due to menstruation; usually indicative of disease (as cervical cancer)', 'nosebleed': 'bleeding from the nose', 'ulemorrhagia': 'bleeding of the gums', 'constipation': 'irregular and infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels; can be a symptom of intestinal obstruction or diverticulitis', 'dyschezia': 'difficulty in defecating (usually as a consequence of long continued voluntary suppression of the urge to defecate)', 'fecal_impaction': 'accumulation of hardened feces in the rectum or lower colon which the person cannot move', 'obstipation': 'severe constipation resulting from an obstruction in the intestines', 'diarrhea': 'frequent and watery bowel movements; can be a symptom of infection or food poisoning or colitis or a gastrointestinal tumor', 'the_shits': 'obscene terms for diarrhea', \"Montezuma's_revenge\": 'diarrhea contracted in Mexico or Central America', 'dizziness': 'a reeling sensation; a feeling that you are about to fall', 'wheeziness': 'presence of abnormal high-pitched sound heard with a stethoscope when an airway is blocked (as in asthma or chronic bronchitis)', 'withdrawal_symptom': 'any physical or psychological disturbance (as sweating or depression) experienced by a drug addict when deprived of the drug', 'thrombus': 'a blood clot formed within a blood vessel and remaining attached to its place of origin', 'embolus': 'an abnormal particle (e.g. an air bubble or part of a clot) circulating in the blood', 'psychological_state': '(psychology) a mental condition in which the qualities of a state are relatively constant even though the state itself may be dynamic; \"a manic state\"', 'morale': 'a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose', 'castration_anxiety': '(psychoanalysis) anxiety resulting from real or imagined threats to your sexual functions; originally applied only to men but can in principle apply to women', 'hypochondria': 'chronic and abnormal anxiety about imaginary symptoms and ailments', 'overanxiety': 'excessive anxiety', 'hallucinosis': 'a mental state in which the person has continual hallucinations', 'identity_crisis': \"distress and disorientation (especially in adolescence) resulting from conflicting pressures and uncertainty about one's self and one's role in society\", 'jitters': 'extreme nervousness', 'yips': 'nervous tension that causes an athlete to fail (especially causes golfers to miss short putts); \"to avoid the yips he changed his style of putting\"', 'delusions_of_grandeur': 'a delusion (common in paranoia) that you are much greater and more powerful and influential than you really are', 'delusions_of_persecution': 'a delusion (common in paranoia) that others are out to get you and frustrate and embarrass you or inflict suffering on you; a complicated conspiracy is frequently imagined', 'auditory_hallucination': 'illusory auditory perception of strange nonverbal sounds', 'pink_elephants': 'any visual hallucination arising from heavy drinking', 'pseudohallucination': 'an image vivid enough to be a hallucination but recognized as unreal', 'visual_hallucination': 'illusory visual perception', 'zoopsia': 'visual hallucination of animals; sometimes occurring in delirium tremens', 'nihilistic_delusion': 'the delusion that things (or everything, including the self) do not exist; a sense that everything is unreal', 'somatic_delusion': 'a delusion concerning the body image or parts of the body', 'zoanthropy': 'the delusion that you have assumed the form of an animal', 'mental_health': 'the psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment', 'mental_soundness': 'the healthy psychological state of someone with good judgment', 'sanity': 'normal or sound powers of mind', 'lucidity': 'a lucid state of mind; not confused', 'mental_illness': 'any disease of the mind; the psychological state of someone who has emotional or behavioral problems serious enough to require psychiatric intervention', 'anxiety_disorder': 'a cover term for a variety of mental disorders in which severe anxiety is a salient symptom', 'generalized_anxiety_disorder': 'an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic free-floating anxiety and such symptoms as tension or sweating or trembling or lightheadedness or irritability etc that has lasted for more than six months', 'obsessive-compulsive_disorder': 'an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent thoughts and feelings and repetitive, ritualized behaviors', 'panic_disorder': 'an anxiety disorder characterized by unpredictable panic attacks; the attacks are usually severe but brief', 'phobia': 'an anxiety disorder characterized by extreme and irrational fear of simple things or social situations; \"phobic disorder is a general term for all phobias\"', 'acarophobia': 'a morbid fear of small insects and mites and worms', 'agoraphobia': 'a morbid fear of open spaces (as fear of being caught alone in some public place)', 'androphobia': 'a morbid fear of men', 'arachnophobia': 'a morbid fear of spiders', 'gynophobia': 'a morbid fear of women', 'simple_phobia': 'any phobia (other than agoraphobia) associated with relatively simple well-defined stimuli', 'acrophobia': 'a morbid fear of great heights', 'algophobia': 'a morbid fear of pain', 'aquaphobia': 'a morbid fear of drowning', 'astraphobia': 'a morbid fear of thunder and lightning', 'automysophobia': 'a morbid fear of being dirty', 'claustrophobia': 'a morbid fear of being closed in a confined space', 'cryophobia': 'a morbid fear of freezing', 'cyberphobia': 'irrational fear of computers or technology', 'hydrophobia': 'a symptom of rabies in humans consisting of an aversion to swallowing liquids', 'hypnophobia': 'a morbid fear of falling asleep', 'mysophobia': 'a morbid fear of dirt or contamination', 'neophobia': 'a morbid fear of novelty', 'nyctophobia': 'a morbid fear of night or darkness', 'phobophobia': 'a morbid fear of developing a phobia', 'phonophobia': 'a morbid fear of sounds including your own voice', 'photophobia': 'a morbid fear of light', 'pyrophobia': 'a morbid fear of fire', 'taphephobia': 'a morbid fear of being buried alive', 'thanatophobia': 'a morbid fear of death', 'triskaidekaphobia': 'a morbid fear of the number 13', 'zoophobia': 'a morbid fear of animals', 'ailurophobia': 'a morbid fear of cats', 'cynophobia': 'a morbid fear of dogs', 'entomophobia': 'a morbid fear of insects', 'lepidophobia': 'a morbid fear of snakes', 'musophobia': 'a morbid fear of mice', 'social_phobia': 'any phobia (other than agoraphobia) associated with situations in which you are subject to criticism by others (as fear of eating in public or public speaking etc)', 'satanophobia': 'an abnormal fear of Satan', 'school_phobia': \"a child's sudden fear of attending school\", 'traumatophobia': 'a morbid fear of battle or physical injury', 'xenophobia': 'a fear of foreigners or strangers', 'posttraumatic_stress_disorder': 'an anxiety disorder associated with serious traumatic events and characterized by such symptoms as survivor guilt, reliving the trauma in dreams, numbness and lack of involvement with reality, or recurrent thoughts and images', 'psychosomatic_disorder': 'a mental disorder that causes somatic symptoms', 'conversion_disorder': 'a mental disorder characterized by the conversion of mental conflict into somatic forms (into paralysis or anesthesia having no apparent cause)', 'glove_anesthesia': 'a mental disorder involving loss of sensitivity in the hand and wrist; \"since no combination of nerves serve this area a glove anesthesia is clearly psychogenic in origin\"', 'delirium': 'a usually brief state of excitement and mental confusion often accompanied by hallucinations', 'delusional_disorder': 'any mental disorder in which delusions play a significant role', 'encopresis': 'involuntary defecation not attributable to physical defects or illness', 'folie_a_deux': 'the simultaneous occurrence of symptoms of a mental disorder (as delusions) in two persons who are closely related (as siblings or man and wife)', 'personality_disorder': 'inflexible and maladaptive patterns of behavior', 'maladjustment': 'the condition of being unable to adapt properly to your environment with resulting emotional instability', 'antisocial_personality_disorder': \"a personality disorder characterized by amorality and lack of affect; capable of violent acts without guilt feelings (`psychopathic personality' was once widely used but was superseded by `sociopathic personality' to indicate the social aspects of the disorder, but now `antisocial personality disorder' is the preferred term)\", 'battle_fatigue': 'a mental disorder caused by stress of active warfare', 'schizotypal_personality': 'characterized by symptoms similar to but less severe than schizophrenia', 'affective_disorder': 'any mental disorder not caused by detectable organic abnormalities of the brain and in which a major disturbance of emotions is predominant', 'depressive_disorder': 'a state of depression and anhedonia so severe as to require clinical intervention', 'agitated_depression': 'a state of clinical depression in which the person exhibits irritability and restlessness', 'anaclitic_depression': 'severe and progressive depression in infants who lose their mother and do not get a suitable substitute', 'dysthymia': 'mild chronic depression; \"I thought she had just been in a bad mood for thirty years, but the doctor called it dysthymia\"', 'endogenous_depression': 'a state of depression for which there is no apparent precipitating cause', 'exogenous_depression': \"an inappropriate state of depression that is precipitated by events in the person's life (to be distinguished from normal grief)\", 'major_depressive_episode': '(psychiatry) a state of depression with all the classic symptoms (anhedonia and lethargy and sleep disturbance and despondency and morbid thoughts and feelings of worthlessness and sometimes attempted suicide) but with no known organic dysfunction', 'involutional_depression': 'a major depressive episode associated with the climacteric', 'neurotic_depression': 'a term used for any state of depression that is not psychotic', 'psychotic_depression': 'a state of depression so severe that the person loses contact with reality and suffers a variety of functional impairments', 'retarded_depression': 'a state of clinical depression in which the individual is lethargic and slow to initiate action', 'unipolar_depression': 'a major depressive episode that occurs without the manic phase that occurs in the classic form of bipolar disorder', 'mass_hysteria': 'a condition in which a large group of people exhibit the same state of violent mental agitation', 'megalomania': 'a psychological state characterized by delusions of grandeur', 'melancholia': 'extreme depression characterized by tearful sadness and irrational fears', 'bipolar_disorder': 'a mental disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression', 'cyclothymia': 'a mild bipolar disorder that persists over a long time', 'schizothymia': 'resembling schizophrenia but remaining within the bounds of normality', 'neurosis': 'a mental or personality disturbance not attributable to any known neurological or organic dysfunction', 'anxiety_hysteria': 'a form of hysteria having features of both conversion disorder and anxiety neurosis', 'hysterocatalepsy': 'hysteria with cataleptic symptoms', 'anxiety_neurosis': 'characterized by diffuse anxiety and often somatic manifestations of fear', 'split_personality': 'a relatively rare dissociative disorder in which the usual integrity of the personality breaks down and two or more independent personalities emerge', 'insanity': 'relatively permanent disorder of the mind', 'lunacy': 'obsolete terms for legal insanity', 'dementia': 'mental deterioration of organic or functional origin', 'alcoholic_dementia': 'dementia observed during the last stages of severe chronic alcoholism; involves loss of memory for recent events although long term memory is intact', 'presenile_dementia': 'dementia with onset before the age of 65', \"Alzheimer's_disease\": 'a progressive form of presenile dementia that is similar to senile dementia except that it usually starts in the 40s or 50s; first symptoms are impaired memory which is followed by impaired thought and speech and finally complete helplessness', \"Pick's_disease\": 'a progressive form of presenile dementia found most often in middle-aged and elderly women and characterized by degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes with loss of intellectual ability and transitory aphasia', 'senile_dementia': 'dementia of the aged; results from degeneration of the brain in the absence of cerebrovascular disease', 'rhinopathy': 'any disease or malformation of the nose', 'rhinophyma': 'enlargement of the nose with dilation of follicles and redness and prominent vascularity of the skin; often associated with excessive consumption of alcohol', \"Wernicke's_encephalopathy\": 'inflammatory degenerative disease of the brain caused by thiamine deficiency that is usually associated with alcoholism', 'irrationality': 'the state of being irrational; lacking powers of understanding', 'derangement': 'a state of mental disturbance and disorientation', 'craziness': 'informal terms for insanity', 'psychosis': 'any severe mental disorder in which contact with reality is lost or highly distorted', 'delirium_tremens': 'acute delirium caused by alcohol poisoning', 'paranoia': 'a psychological disorder characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur', 'schizophrenia': 'any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contact', 'borderline_schizophrenia': 'schizophrenia characterized by mild symptoms or by some preexisting tendency to schizophrenia', 'catatonic_schizophrenia': 'a form of schizophrenia characterized by a tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous state for long periods; the catatonia may give way to short periods of extreme excitement', 'hebephrenia': 'a form of schizophrenia characterized by severe disintegration of personality including erratic speech and childish mannerisms and bizarre behavior; usually becomes evident during puberty; the most common diagnostic category in mental institutions', 'paranoid_schizophrenia': 'a form of schizophrenia characterized by delusions (of persecution or grandeur or jealousy); symptoms may include anger and anxiety and aloofness and doubts about gender identity; unlike other types of schizophrenia the patients are usually presentable and (if delusions are not acted on) may function in an apparently normal manner', 'acute_schizophrenic_episode': 'schizophrenia of abrupt onset and relatively short duration (a few weeks or months)', 'aphonia': 'a disorder of the vocal organs that results in the loss of voice', 'speech_disorder': 'a disorder of oral speech', 'sprue': 'a chronic disorder that occurs in tropical and non-tropical forms and in both children and adults; nutrients are not absorbed; symptoms include foul-smelling diarrhea and emaciation', 'flaccid_bladder': 'a urinary bladder disorder resulting from interruption of the reflex arc normally associated with voiding urine; absence of bladder sensation and over-filling of the bladder and inability to urinate voluntarily', 'neurogenic_bladder': 'a urinary bladder disorder caused by a lesion in the nervous system', 'spastic_bladder': 'a urinary bladder disorder resulting from spinal cord lesion or multiple sclerosis or trauma; absence of bladder sensation and incontinence and interrupted voiding of urine', 'cataphasia': 'a speech disorder in which the same word is repeated several times in succession', 'dysarthria': 'impaired articulatory ability resulting from defects in the peripheral motor nerves or in the speech musculature', 'dyslogia': 'impaired ability to express ideas verbally; usually resulting from difficulties of reasoning (as in feeblemindedness or certain psychoses)', 'dysphonia': 'speech disorder attributable to a disorder of phonation', 'lallation': \"defective articulation of the `l' phoneme or the phoneme `r' is pronounced as `l'\", 'lambdacism': \"speech defect involving excessive use or unusual pronunciation of the phoneme `l'\", 'lisp': \"a speech defect that involves pronouncing `s' like voiceless `th' and `z' like voiced `th'\", 'stammer': 'a speech disorder involving hesitations and involuntary repetitions of certain sounds', 'dither': 'an excited state of agitation; \"he was in a dither\"; \"there was a terrible flap about the theft\"', 'slough_of_despond': '(formal) extreme depression', 'low_spirits': 'a state of mild depression', 'dumps': 'an informal expression for a mildly depressed state; \"in the dumps\"; \"have the mopes\"', 'cold_sweat': 'the physical condition of concurrent perspiration and chill; associated with fear', 'red_scare': 'a period of general fear of communists', 'areflexia': 'absence of a reflex; a sign of possible nerve damage', 'irritation': '(pathology) abnormal sensitivity to stimulation; \"any food produced irritation of the stomach\"', 'huff': 'a state of irritation or annoyance', 'snit': 'a state of agitated irritation; \"he was in a snit\"', 'predicament': 'a situation from which extrication is difficult especially an unpleasant or trying one; \"finds himself in a most awkward predicament\"; \"the woeful plight of homeless people\"', 'hot_water': 'a dangerous or distressing predicament; \"his views on race got him into political hot water\"', \"dog's_breakfast\": 'a poor job; a mess; \"they made a real dog\\'s breakfast of that job\"', 'hard_time': 'a term served in a maximum security prison', 'race_problem': 'a social and political problem caused by conflict between races occupying the same or adjacent regions', 'balance-of-payments_problem': 'an economic problem caused by payments for imports being greater than receipts for exports', 'appro': 'an informal British abbreviation of approval; \"he accepted it on appro\"', 'acceptation': 'acceptance as true or valid', 'contentedness': 'the state of being contented with your situation in life; \"he relaxed in sleepy contentedness\"; \"they could read to their heart\\'s content\"', 'acquiescence': 'acceptance without protest', 'discreteness': 'the state of being several and distinct', 'loneliness': 'the state of being alone in solitary isolation', 'hiddenness': 'the state of being covert and hidden', 'compartmentalization': 'a mild state of dissociation', 'dissociative_disorder': 'dissociation so severe that the usually integrated functions of consciousness and perception of self break down', 'discontinuity': 'lack of connection or continuity', 'disjunction': 'state of being disconnected', 'separability': 'the capability of being separated', 'disjointedness': 'lacking order or coherence', 'coalition': 'the state of being combined into one body', 'osculation': '(mathematics) a contact of two curves (or two surfaces) at which they have a common tangent', 'tangency': 'the state of being tangent; having contact at a single point or along a line without crossing', 'disassociation': 'the state of being unconnected in memory or imagination; \"I could not think of him in disassociation from his wife\"', 'betterment': 'an improvement that adds to the value of a property or facility', 'neglect': 'the state of something that has been unused and neglected; \"the house was in a terrible state of neglect\"', 'reformation': 'improvement (or an intended improvement) in the existing form or condition of institutions or practices etc.; intended to make a striking change for the better in social or political or religious affairs', 'counterreformation': 'a reformation intended to counter the results of a prior reformation', 'maturity': 'the date on which an obligation must be repaid', 'adulthood': 'the period of time in your life after your physical growth has stopped and you are fully developed', 'parenthood': 'the state of being a parent; \"to everyone\\'s surprise, parenthood reformed the man\"', 'ripeness': 'the state of being ripe', 'immaturity': 'not having reached maturity', 'post-maturity': 'the state in which women have stopped ovulating', 'callowness': 'lacking and evidencing lack of experience of life', 'prematureness': 'the state of being premature', 'adolescence': 'the time period between the beginning of puberty and adulthood', 'childhood': \"the time of person's life when they are a child\", 'infancy': 'the early stage of growth or development', 'encompassment': 'including entirely', 'biosafety_level': 'the level of safety from exposure to infectious agents; depends on work practices and safety equipment and facilities', 'biosafety_level_1': 'exposure only to infectious agents that do not ordinarily cause human disease', 'biosafety_level_2': 'exposure to infectious agents that can cause disease in humans but whose potential for transmission is limited', 'biosafety_level_3': 'exposure to infectious agents that can be transmitted by the respiratory route and which can cause serious infection', 'biosafety_level_4': 'exposure to exotic infectious agents that pose a high risk of life-threatening disease and can be transmitted as an aerosol and for which there is no vaccine or therapy', 'rating': 'standing or position on a scale', 'ranking': 'position on a scale in relation to others in a sport', 'A_level': 'the advanced level of a subject taken in school (usually two years after O level)', 'General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education': 'the basic level of a subject taken in school', 'college_level': 'the level of education that college students are assumed to have attained', 'military_rank': 'rank in a military organization', 'flag_rank': 'the rank of a flag officer', 'archidiaconate': 'office or position of an archdeacon', 'dukedom': 'the dignity or rank or position of a duke', 'kingship': 'the dignity or rank or position of a king', 'princedom': 'the dignity or rank or position of a prince', 'salience': 'the state of being salient', 'low_profile': 'a state of low visibility in which public notice is avoided; \"he was never one to keep a low profile\"', 'primacy': 'the state of being first in importance', 'eminence': 'high status importance owing to marked superiority; \"a scholar of great eminence\"', 'prestige': 'a high standing achieved through success or influence or wealth etc.; \"he wanted to achieve power and prestige\"', 'anonymity': 'the state of being anonymous', 'humbleness': 'the state of being humble and unimportant', 'nowhere': 'an insignificant place; \"he came out of nowhere\"', 'oblivion': 'the state of being disregarded or forgotten', 'fame': 'favorable public reputation', 'esteem': 'the condition of being honored (esteemed or respected or well regarded); \"it is held in esteem\"; \"a man who has earned high regard\"', 'disesteem': 'the state in which esteem has been lost', 'repute': 'the state of being held in high esteem and honor', 'black_eye': 'a bad reputation; \"his behavior gave the whole family a black eye\"', 'infamy': 'a state of extreme dishonor; \"a date which will live in infamy\"- F.D.Roosevelt; \"the name was a by-word of scorn and opprobrium throughout the city\"', 'notoriety': 'the state of being known for some unfavorable act or quality', 'disrepute': 'the state of being held in low esteem; \"your actions will bring discredit to your name\"; \"because of the scandal the school has fallen into disrepute\"', 'abasement': 'a low or downcast state; \"each confession brought her into an attitude of abasement\"- H.L.Menchken', 'degeneracy': 'the state of being degenerate in mental or moral qualities', 'obloquy': 'state of disgrace resulting from public abuse', 'odium': 'state of disgrace resulting from detestable behavior', 'ascendant': 'position or state of being dominant or in control; \"that idea was in the ascendant\"', 'predominance': 'the state of being predominant over others', 'dominion': 'dominance or power through legal authority; \"France held undisputed dominion over vast areas of Africa\"; \"the rule of Caesar\"', 'paramountcy': 'the state of being paramount; the highest rank or authority', 'raj': 'British dominion over India (1757-1947)', 'reign': 'a period during which something or somebody is dominant or powerful; \"he was helpless under the reign of his egotism\"', 'monopoly': '(economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller; \"a monopoly on silver\"; \"when you have a monopoly you can ask any price you like\"', 'monopsony': '(economics) a market in which goods or services are offered by several sellers but there is only one buyer', 'oligopoly': '(economics) a market in which control over the supply of a commodity is in the hands of a small number of producers and each one can influence prices and affect competitors', 'bane': 'something causing misery or death; \"the bane of my life\"', 'solace': 'comfort in disappointment or misery', 'coziness': 'a state of warm snug comfort', 'malaise': 'physical discomfort (as mild sickness or depression)', 'wellbeing': 'a contented state of being happy and healthy and prosperous; \"the town was finally on the upbeat after our recent troubles\"', \"fool's_paradise\": 'an illusory state of wellbeing', 'ill-being': 'lack of prosperity or happiness or health', 'living_death': 'a state of constant misery', 'lack': 'the state of needing something that is absent or unavailable; \"there is a serious lack of insight into the problem\"; \"water is the critical deficiency in desert regions\"; \"for want of a nail the shoe was lost\"', 'mineral_deficiency': 'lack of a mineral micronutrient that is essential for normal nutrition or metabolism', 'stringency': 'a state occasioned by scarcity of money and a shortage of credit', 'requisiteness': 'the state of being absolutely required', 'hurry': 'a condition of urgency making it necessary to hurry; \"in a hurry to lock the door\"', 'surfeit': 'the state of being more than full', 'acariasis': 'infestation with itch mites', 'ascariasis': 'infestation of the human intestine with Ascaris roundworms', 'coccidiosis': '(veterinary medicine) infestation with coccidia', 'echinococcosis': 'infestation with larval echinococci (tapeworms)', 'helminthiasis': 'infestation of the body with parasitic worms', 'myiasis': 'infestation of the body by the larvae of flies (usually through a wound or other opening) or any disease resulting from such infestation', 'onchocerciasis': 'infestation with slender threadlike roundworms (filaria) deposited under the skin by the bite of black fleas; when the eyes are involved it can result in blindness; common in Africa and tropical America', 'opisthorchiasis': 'infestation with flukes obtained from eating raw fish; common in eastern Asia', 'pediculosis': 'infestation with lice (Pediculus humanus) resulting in severe itching', 'pediculosis_capitis': 'infestation of the scalp with lice', 'pediculosis_corporis': 'infestation of body skin with lice', 'pediculosis_pubis': 'infestation of the pubic hair by crab lice', 'trombiculiasis': 'infestation with chiggers', 'trichuriasis': 'infestation by a roundworm; common in tropical areas with poor sanitation', 'blankness': 'the state of being blank; void; emptiness', 'nothingness': 'the state of nonexistence', 'thin_air': 'nowhere to be found in a giant void; \"it vanished into thin air\"', 'vacancy': 'being unoccupied', 'nakedness': 'the state of being without clothing or covering of any kind', 'raw': 'informal terms for nakedness; \"in the raw\"; \"in the altogether\"; \"in his birthday suit\"', 'undress': 'partial or complete nakedness; \"a state of undress\"', 'baldness': 'the condition of having no hair on the top of the head', 'alopecia': 'loss of hair (especially on the head) or loss of wool or feathers; in humans it can result from heredity or hormonal imbalance or certain diseases or drugs and treatments (chemotherapy for cancer)', 'alopecia_areata': 'patchy baldness', 'male-patterned_baldness': 'loss of hair on the crown of the head', 'dishabille': 'the state of being carelessly or partially dressed', 'shirtsleeves': 'not wearing a jacket; \"in your shirtsleeves\" means you are not wearing anything over your shirt; \"in hot weather they dined in their shirtsleeves\"', 'fire_and_brimstone': '(Old Testament) God\\'s means of destroying sinners; \"his sermons were full of fire and brimstone\"', 'omniscience': 'the state of being omniscient; having infinite knowledge', \"God's_Wisdom\": 'the omniscience of a divine being', 'omnipotence': 'the state of being omnipotent; having unlimited power', \"God's_Will\": 'the omnipotence of a divine being', 'fare-thee-well': 'state of perfection; the utmost degree; \"they polished the furniture to a fare-thee-well\"', 'intactness': 'the state of being unimpaired', 'entirety': 'the state of being total and complete; \"he read the article in its entirety\"; \"appalled by the totality of the destruction\"', 'comprehensiveness': 'completeness over a broad scope', 'whole_shebang': 'everything available; usually preceded by `the\\'; \"we saw the whole shebang\"; \"a hotdog with the works\"; \"we took on the whole caboodle\"; \"for $10 you get the full treatment\"', 'partialness': 'the state of being only a part; not total; incomplete', 'incompleteness': 'the state of being crude and incomplete and imperfect; \"the study was criticized for incompleteness of data but it stimulated further research\"; \"the rawness of his diary made it unpublishable\"', 'sketchiness': 'incompleteness of details', 'imperfection': 'the state or an instance of being imperfect', 'flaw': 'defect or weakness in a person\\'s character; \"he had his flaws, but he was great nonetheless\"', 'tragic_flaw': 'the character flaw or error of a tragic hero that leads to his downfall', 'birth_defect': 'a defect that is present at birth', 'hydrocephalus': 'an abnormal condition in which cerebrospinal fluid collects in the ventricles of the brain; in infants it can cause abnormally rapid growth of the head and bulging fontanelles and a small face; in adults the symptoms are primarily neurological', 'hydronephrosis': 'accumulation of urine in the kidney because of an obstruction in the ureter', 'abrachia': 'the condition of having no arms', 'amelia': 'congenital absence of an arm or leg', 'meromelia': 'congenital absence of part of an arm or leg', 'phocomelia': 'an abnormality of development in which the upper part of an arm or leg is missing so the hands or feet are attached to the body like stumps; rare condition that results from taking thalidomide during pregnancy', 'encephalocele': 'protrusion of brain tissue through a congenital fissure in the skull', 'familial_hypercholesterolemia': 'congenital disorder characterized by high levels of cholesterol and early development of atherosclerosis', 'meningocele': 'a congenital anomaly of the central nervous system in which a sac protruding from the brain or the spinal meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid (but no nerve tissue)', 'myelomeningocele': 'a congenital defect of the central nervous system in which a sac containing part of the spinal cord and its meninges protrude through a gap in the vertebral column; frequently accompanied by hydrocephalus and mental retardation', 'plagiocephaly': 'congenital malformation of the skull in which the main axis of the skull is oblique', 'polysomy': 'congenital defect of having one or more extra chromosomes in somatic cells', 'hermaphroditism': 'congenital condition in which external genitalia and internal sex organs have both male and female characteristics', 'pseudohermaphroditism': 'congenital condition in which a person has external genitalia of one sex and internal sex organs of the other sex', 'progeria': 'a rare abnormality marked by premature aging (grey hair and wrinkled skin and stooped posture) in a child', 'scaphocephaly': 'congenital malformation of the skull which is long and narrow; frequently accompanied by mental retardation', 'valgus': 'a deformity in which there is an abnormal displacement of part of a limb away from the midline of the body', 'varus': 'a deformity in which part of a limb is turned inward to an abnormal degree', 'congenital_heart_defect': 'a birth defect involving the heart', 'septal_defect': 'a congenital abnormality in the septum between the left and right sides of the heart', 'atrial_septal_defect': 'an abnormal opening between the left and right atria of the heart', 'ventricular_septal_defect': 'a common congenital heart defect; an abnormal opening in the septum dividing the ventricles allows blood to pass directly from the left to the right ventricle; large openings may cause congestive heart failure', 'tetralogy_of_Fallot': 'a congenital heart defect producing cyanosis; characterized by four symptoms: pulmonary stenosis and ventricular septal defect and malposition of the aorta over both ventricles and hypertrophy of the right ventricle', 'toxic_shock': 'syndrome resulting from a serious acute (sometimes fatal) infection associated with the presence of staphylococcus; characterized by fever and diarrhea and nausea and diffuse erythema and shock; occurs especially in menstruating women using highly absorbent tampons', 'Waterhouse-Friderichsen_syndrome': 'syndrome associated with bacterial meningitis; marked by sudden high fever and skin discoloration and petechiae with hemorrhage into the adrenal glands and cardiovascular collapse', 'Williams_syndrome': 'a rare congenital disorder associated with deletion of genetic material in chromosome 7; characterized by mental deficiency and some growth deficiency and elfin faces but an overly social personality and a remarkable gift for vocabulary', 'Zollinger-Ellison_syndrome': 'syndrome consisting of intractable peptic ulceration with gastric hypersecretion and hyperacidity', 'spina_bifida': 'a not uncommon congenital defect in which a vertebra is malformed; unless several vertebrae are affected or there is myelomeningocele there are few symptoms; can be diagnosed by amniocentesis', 'spinocerebellar_disorder': 'any of several congenital disorders marked by degeneration of the cerebellum and spinal cord resulting in spasticity and ataxia', 'polydactyly': 'birth defect characterized by the presence of more than the normal number of fingers or toes', 'syndactyly': 'birth defect in which there is partial or total webbing connecting two or more fingers or toes', 'tongue_tie': 'a congenital anomaly in which the mucous membrane under the tongue is too short limiting the mobility of the tongue', 'defectiveness': 'the state of being defective', 'bugginess': 'the state of having bugs', 'lameness': 'disability of walking due to crippling of the legs or feet', 'sickness': 'defectiveness or unsoundness; \"drugs have become a sickness they cannot cure\"; \"a great sickness of his judgment\"', 'good_fortune': 'an auspicious state resulting from favorable outcomes', 'prosperity': 'an economic state of growth with rising profits and full employment', 'big_time': 'the highest level of an occupation (especially in entertainment)', 'pay_dirt': 'ore that yields a substantial profit to the miner', 'hard_cheese': 'bad luck', 'victimization': 'adversity resulting from being made a victim; \"his victimization infuriated him\"', 'solvency': 'the ability to meet maturing obligations as they come due', 'insolvency': 'the lack of financial resources', 'bank_failure': 'the inability of a bank to meet its credit obligations', 'crop_failure': 'the failure of crops to produce a marketable surplus', 'dead_duck': 'something doomed to failure; \"he finally admitted that the legislation was a dead duck\"; \"the idea of another TV channel is now a dead duck\"; \"as theories go, that\\'s a dead duck\"', 'state_of_matter': '(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container); \"the solid state of water is called ice\"', 'gas': 'a fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely', 'conceivableness': 'the state of being conceivable', 'achievability': 'the state of being achievable', 'potential': 'the inherent capacity for coming into being', 'latency': 'the state of being not yet evident or active', 'prospect': 'the possibility of future success; \"his prospects as a writer are excellent\"', 'inconceivability': 'the state of being impossible to conceive', 'unattainableness': 'the state of being unattainable', 'opportunity': 'a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances; \"the holiday gave us the opportunity to visit Washington\"; \"now is your chance\"', 'brass_ring': 'a rich opportunity or a prize; \"he missed the brass ring at the Miami convention\"', 'day': 'an era of existence or influence; \"in the day of the dinosaurs\"; \"in the days of the Roman Empire\"; \"in the days of sailing ships\"; \"he was a successful pianist in his day\"', 'fresh_start': 'an opportunity to start over without prejudice', 'say': 'the chance to speak; \"let him have his say\"', 'dejection': 'a state of melancholy depression', 'impurity': 'worthless or dangerous material that should be removed; \"there were impurities in the water\"', 'dirtiness': 'the state of being unsanitary', 'feculence': 'something that is feculent', 'putridity': 'the state of being putrid', 'financial_condition': 'the condition of (corporate or personal) finances', 'economic_condition': 'the condition of the economy', 'credit_crunch': 'a state in which there is a short supply of cash to lend to businesses and consumers and interest rates are high', 'Great_Depression': 'the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s', 'full_employment': 'the economic condition when everyone who wishes to work at the going wage rate for their type of labor is employed', 'indebtedness': 'an obligation to pay money to another party', 'account_payable': 'a liability account showing how much is owed for goods and services purchased on credit; \"the problem was to match receivables and payables in the same currency\"', 'scot_and_lot': 'obligations of all kinds taken as a whole', 'affluence': 'abundant wealth; \"they studied forerunners of richness or poverty\"; \"the richness all around unsettled him for he had expected to find poverty\"', 'lap_of_luxury': 'in conditions of wealth and comfort; \"he was raised in the lap of luxury\"', 'inherited_wealth': 'wealth that is inherited rather than earned', 'mammon': 'wealth regarded as an evil influence', 'silver_spoon': 'the inherited wealth of established upper-class families; \"he was born with a silver spoon in his mouth\"; \"she is the daughter of old money from Massachusetts\"', 'poverty': 'the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions', 'destitution': 'a state without friends or money or prospects', 'indigence': 'a state of extreme poverty or destitution; \"their indigence appalled him\"; \"a general state of need exists among the homeless\"', 'impecuniousness': 'a state of lacking money', 'shakeout': 'an economic condition that results in the elimination of marginally financed participants in an industry; \"they glutted the market in order to cause a shakeout of their competitors\"', 'wage_setter': 'any economic condition or variable that serves to set wage rates', 'sanitary_condition': 'the state of sanitation (clean or dirty)', 'sanitariness': 'the state of being conducive to health', 'asepsis': '(of non-living objects) the state of being free of pathogenic organisms', 'unsanitariness': 'a state that is not conducive to health', 'filth': 'any substance considered disgustingly foul or unpleasant', 'tilth': 'the state of aggregation of soil and its condition for supporting plant growth', 'spotlessness': 'the state of being spotlessly clean', 'spit_and_polish': 'careful attention to order and appearance (as in the military)', 'kilter': 'in working order; \"out of kilter\"; \"in good kilter\"', 'neatness': 'the state of being neat and smart and trim', 'shambles': 'a condition of great disorder', 'dirt': 'the state of being covered with unclean things', 'befoulment': 'the state of being polluted', 'dinginess': 'discoloration due to dirtiness', 'dustiness': 'the state of being covered with dust', 'griminess': 'the state of being grimy', 'sordidness': 'sordid dirtiness', 'disorderliness': 'a condition in which things are not in their expected places; \"the files are in complete disorder\"', 'sloppiness': 'a lack of order and tidiness; not cared for', 'rummage': 'a jumble of things to be given away', 'typicality': 'the state of being that is typical', 'atelectasis': 'collapse of an expanded lung (especially in infants); also failure of pulmonary alveoli to expand at birth', 'atypicality': 'any state that is not typical', 'anoxemia': 'abnormally low oxygen content in arterial blood', 'arrested_development': 'an abnormal state in which development has stopped prematurely', 'coprolalia': 'an uncontrollable use of obscene language; often accompanied by mental disorders', 'aberrance': 'a state or condition markedly different from the norm', 'cyclopia': 'a developmental abnormality in which there is only one eye', 'chromosomal_aberration': 'any change in the normal structure or number of chromosomes; often results in physical or mental abnormalities', 'monosomy': 'chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number', 'trisomy': 'chrosomal abnormality in which there is one more than the normal number of chromosomes in a cell', 'spinal_curvature': 'an abnormal curvature of the vertebral column', 'kyphosis': 'an abnormal backward curve to the vertebral column', 'lordosis': 'an abnormal inward (forward) curvature of the vertebral column', 'scoliosis': 'an abnormal lateral curve to the vertebral column', \"dowager's_hump\": 'abnormal spinal curvature that results when osteoporosis causes the spine to collapse; seen most often in elderly women', 'subnormality': 'the state of being less than normal (especially with respect to intelligence)', 'gynecomastia': 'excessive development of the breasts in males; usually the result of hormonal imbalance or treatment with certain drugs (including some antihypertensives)', 'cross-eye': 'strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward toward the nose', 'dwarfism': 'a genetic abnormality resulting in short stature', 'pycnodysostosis': 'a form of dwarfism accompanied by fragile bones and bad teeth', 'lactose_intolerance': 'congenital disorder consisting of an inability to digest milk and milk products; absence or deficiency of lactase results in an inability to hydrolyze lactose', 'lactosuria': 'presence of lactose in the urine; can occur during pregnancy or lactation', 'myoglobinuria': 'the presence of myoglobin in the urine', 'phenylketonuria': 'a genetic disorder of metabolism; lack of the enzyme needed to turn phenylalanine into tyrosine results in an accumulation of phenylalanine in the body fluids which causes various degrees of mental deficiency', 'porphyria': 'a genetic abnormality of metabolism causing abdominal pains and mental confusion', 'intestinal_obstruction': 'blockage of the intestine (especially the ileum) that prevents the contents of the intestine from passing to the lower bowel', 'tamponade': 'blockage or closure (as of a wound or body cavity) by (or as if by) a tampon (especially to stop bleeding)', 'cardiac_tamponade': \"mechanical compression of the heart resulting from large amounts of fluid collecting in the pericardial space and limiting the heart's normal range of motion\", 'ateleiosis': 'a form of infantilism characterized by physical underdevelopment but normal intelligence', 'macrocephaly': 'an abnormally large head; differs from hydrocephalus because there is no increased intracranial pressure and the overgrowth is symmetrical', 'microbrachia': 'abnormally small arms', 'microcephaly': 'an abnormally small head and underdeveloped brain', 'pachycheilia': 'an abnormal thickness of the lips', 'phimosis': 'an abnormal tightness of the foreskin preventing retraction over the glans', 'alkali_poisoning': 'poisoning resulting from the ingestion of an alkali compound (as lye or ammonia)', 'caffeinism': 'poisoning resulting from excessive intake of caffeine containing products', 'carbon_monoxide_poisoning': 'a toxic condition that results from inhaling and absorbing carbon monoxide gas; \"carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin and displaces oxygen in the blood\"', 'cyanide_poisoning': 'poisoning due to ingesting or inhaling cyanide; common in smoke from fires and in industrial chemicals', 'malathion_poisoning': 'a toxic condition caused by inhaling or ingesting the insecticide Malathion', 'ergotism': 'poisoning by ingestion of ergot-infected grain products; characterized by thirst and diarrhea and nausea and cramping and vomiting and abnormal cardiac rhythms; in severe cases it can cause seizures and gangrene of the limbs', 'mercury_poisoning': 'a toxic condition caused by ingesting or inhaling mercury; acute mercury poisoning causes a metallic taste and vomiting and diarrhea and kidney problems that may lead to death', 'Minamata_disease': 'a form of mercury poisoning among people who ate fish from mercury-contaminated waters of Minamata Bay off Japan in the 1950s; characterized by severe neurological degeneration', 'naphthalene_poisoning': 'toxic condition resulting from inhaling or ingesting naphthalene', 'nicotine_poisoning': 'toxic condition caused by the ingestion or inhalation of large amounts of nicotine', 'ophidism': 'poisoning by snake venom', 'paraquat_poisoning': 'poisoning caused by ingestion of paraquat; characterized by progressive damage to the esophagus and liver and kidneys', 'parathion_poisoning': 'a toxic condition resulting from inhalation or ingestion of the insecticide parathion; characterized by nausea and abdominal pains and headache and convulsions and sweating', 'pesticide_poisoning': 'toxic condition resulting from ingesting or inhaling a pesticide', 'salicylate_poisoning': 'poisoning caused by the excessive ingestion of salicylates (usually aspirin)', 'milieu': 'the environmental condition', 'lotusland': 'an idyllic realm of contentment and self-indulgence', 'lap_of_the_gods': 'beyond human control or responsibility; \"there is nothing more I can do; it\\'s in the lap of the gods now\"', 'political_arena': 'a sphere of intense political activity', 'province': 'the proper sphere or extent of your activities; \"it was his province to take care of himself\"', 'ecclesiastical_province': 'the district within the jurisdiction of an archbishop or a metropolitan or one of the territorial divisions of an ecclesiastical order; \"the general of the Jesuits has several provinces under him\"', 'showcase': 'a setting in which something can be displayed to best effect; \"it was a showcase for democracy in Africa\"', 'environmental_condition': 'the state of the environment', 'pollution': 'undesirable state of the natural environment being contaminated with harmful substances as a consequence of human activities', 'biodegradable_pollution': 'pollution that is rendered harmless by natural processes and so causes no permanent harm', 'nonbiodegradable_pollution': 'pollution that accumulates in the environment and may appear in the food chain', 'air_pollution': 'pollution of the atmosphere; \"air pollution reduced the visibility\"', 'acid_rain': 'rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water', 'industrial_air_pollution': 'pollution resulting from an industrial plant discharging pollutants into the atmosphere', 'miasma': 'an unwholesome atmosphere; \"the novel spun a miasma of death and decay\"', 'small-particle_pollution': 'air pollution caused by fine particles of soot (as from power plants or diesel engines)', 'smog': 'air pollution by a mixture of smoke and fog', 'noise_pollution': 'annoying and potentially harmful environmental noise', 'thermal_pollution': 'harm to lakes and rivers resulting from the release of excessive waste heat into them', 'water_pollution': 'pollution of the water in rivers and lakes', 'depopulation': 'the condition of having reduced numbers of inhabitants (or no inhabitants at all)', 'climate': 'the prevailing psychological state; \"the climate of opinion\"; \"the national mood had changed radically since the last election\"', 'meteorological_conditions': 'the prevailing environmental conditions as they influence the prediction of weather', 'air_mass': 'a large body of air with uniform characteristics horizontally', 'anticyclone': '(meteorology) winds spiraling outward from a high pressure center; circling clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern', 'fug': '(British informal) an airless smoky smelly atmosphere', 'good_weather': 'weather suitable for outdoor activities', 'mildness': 'good weather with comfortable temperatures', 'balminess': 'the quality of weather that is deliciously mild and soothing; \"the day\\'s heat faded into balminess\"; \"the climate had the softness of the south of France\"', 'stillness': 'calmness without winds', 'lull': 'a period of calm weather; \"there was a lull in the storm\"', 'bad_weather': 'weather unsuitable for outdoor activities', 'raw_weather': 'unpleasantly cold and damp weather', 'tempestuousness': 'a state of wild storminess', 'choppiness': 'used of the sea during inclement or stormy weather', 'clear-air_turbulence': 'strong turbulence in an otherwise cloudless region that subjects aircraft to violent updrafts or downdrafts', 'bleakness': 'a bleak and desolate atmosphere; \"the nakedness of the landscape\"', 'Zeitgeist': 'the spirit of the time; the spirit characteristic of an age or generation', 'unsusceptibility': 'the state of not being susceptible; \"unsusceptibility to rust\"', 'immunogenicity': 'the property of eliciting an immune response', 'active_immunity': 'a form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens', 'passive_immunity': 'an impermanent form of acquired immunity in which antibodies against a disease are acquired naturally (as through the placenta to an unborn child) or artificially (as by injection of antiserum)', 'autoimmunity': 'production of antibodies against the tissues of your own body; produces autoimmune disease or hypersensitivity reactions', 'acquired_immunity': 'immunity to a particular disease that is not innate but has been acquired during life; immunity can be acquired by the development of antibodies after an attack of an infectious disease or by a pregnant mother passing antibodies through the placenta to a fetus or by vaccination', 'natural_immunity': \"immunity to disease that occurs as part of an individual's natural biologic makeup\", 'racial_immunity': 'natural immunity shared by all members of a particular race', 'diplomatic_immunity': 'exemption from taxation or normal processes of law that is offered to diplomatic personnel in a foreign country', 'indemnity': 'protection against future loss', 'impunity': 'exemption from punishment or loss', 'grandfather_clause': 'an exemption based on circumstances existing prior to the adoption of some policy; used to enfranchise illiterate whites in south after the American Civil War', 'susceptibility': 'the state of being susceptible; easily affected', 'taxability': 'liability to taxation', 'habitus': 'person\\'s predisposition to be affected by something (as a disease); \"the consumptive habitus\"', 'food_allergy': 'allergic reaction to a substance ingested in food', 'immediate_allergy': 'an allergic reaction that becomes apparent in a sensitized person only minutes after contact', 'serum_sickness': 'a delayed allergic reaction to the injection of an antiserum caused by an antibody reaction to an antigen in the donor serum', 'delayed_allergy': 'an allergic reaction that becomes apparent only hours after contact', 'allergy': 'hypersensitivity reaction to a particular allergen; symptoms can vary greatly in intensity', 'cryesthesia': 'hypersensitivity to cold', 'hypersensitivity_reaction': 'an inappropriate and excessive reaction to an allergen (as pollen or dust or animal hair or certain foods); severity ranges from mild allergy to severe systemic reactions leading to anaphylactic shock', 'anaphylaxis': 'hypersensitivity reaction to the ingestion or injection of a substance (a protein or drug) resulting from prior contact with a substance', 'allergic_rhinitis': 'rhinitis caused by an allergic reaction', 'eosinophilia': 'a symptom of allergic states; increased eosinophils in the blood', 'hay_fever': 'a seasonal rhinitis resulting from an allergic reaction to pollen', 'diathesis': 'constitutional predisposition to a particular disease or abnormality', 'reactivity': 'ready susceptibility to chemical change', 'suggestibility': 'susceptibility or responsiveness to suggestion', 'wetness': 'the condition of containing or being covered by a liquid (especially water); \"he confirmed the wetness of the swimming trunks\"', 'moisture': 'wetness caused by water; \"drops of wet gleamed on the window\"', 'humidity': 'wetness in the atmosphere', 'mugginess': 'a state of warm humidity', 'damp': 'a slight wetness', 'dankness': 'unpleasant wetness', 'rawness': 'a chilly dampness; \"the rawness of the midnight air\"', 'sogginess': 'a heavy wetness', 'dryness': 'the condition of not containing or being covered by a liquid (especially water)', 'drought': 'a prolonged shortage; \"when England defeated Pakistan it ended a ten-year drought\"', 'aridity': 'a deficiency of moisture (especially when resulting from a permanent absence of rainfall)', 'sereness': 'a withered dryness', 'xeroderma': 'a mild form of ichthyosis characterized by abnormal dryness and roughness of the skin', 'xeroderma_pigmentosum': 'a rare genetic condition characterized by an eruption of exposed skin occurring in childhood and photosensitivity with severe sunburn; inherited as a recessive autosomal trait in which DNA repair processes are defective so they are more likely to chromosome breaks and cancers when exposed to ultraviolet light', 'xerophthalmia': 'abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eyes; may be due to a systemic deficiency of vitamin A', 'xerostomia': 'abnormal dryness of the mouth resulting from decreased secretion of saliva', 'biosafety': 'safety from exposure to infectious agents', 'risklessness': 'safety as a consequence of entailing no risk', 'secureness': 'the state of freedom from fear or danger', 'collective_security': 'a system for international peace', 'Pax_Romana': 'the Roman peace; the long period of peace enforced on states in the Roman Empire', 'radioprotection': 'protection against harmful effects of radiation', 'cause_of_death': 'the causal agent resulting in death; \"heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States\"', 'clear_and_present_danger': 'a standard for judging when freedom of speech can be abridged; \"no one has a right to shout `fire\\' in a crowded theater when there is no fire because such an action would pose a clear and present danger to public safety\"', 'hazardousness': 'the state of being dangerous', 'health_hazard': 'hazard to the health of those exposed to it', 'biohazard': 'hazard to humans or the environment resulting from biological agents or conditions', 'moral_hazard': '(economics) the lack of any incentive to guard against a risk when you are protected against it (as by insurance); \"insurance companies are exposed to a moral hazard if the insured party is not honest\"', 'occupational_hazard': 'any condition of a job that can result in illness or injury', 'sword_of_Damocles': 'a constant and imminent peril; \"the possibility hangs over their heads like the sword of Damocles\"', 'yellow_peril': 'the threat to Western civilization said to arise from the power of Asiatic peoples', 'riskiness': 'a state of danger involving risk', 'insecureness': 'the state of being exposed to risk or anxiety', 'tonicity': 'the elastic tension of living muscles, arteries, etc. that facilitate response to stimuli; \"the doctor tested my tonicity\"', 'catatonia': 'extreme tonus; muscular rigidity; a common symptom in catatonic schizophrenia', 'muscular_tonus': 'normal tonicity of the muscles; \"exercise improves muscle tone\"', 'myotonia': 'abnormally long muscular contractions; slow relaxation of a muscle after a contraction', 'acromyotonia': 'myotonia of the extremities only; causes spastic deformity of the hand or foot', 'myotonia_congenita': 'a mild, rare, congenital form of myotonia characterized by muscle stiffness', 'atonicity': 'lack of normal muscular tension or tonus', 'fettle': 'a state of fitness and good health; \"in fine fettle\"', 'soundness': 'a state or condition free from damage or decay', 'seaworthiness': 'fitness to traverse the seas', 'airworthiness': 'fitness to fly; \"the plane received a certificate of airworthiness\"', 'infirmity': 'the state of being weak in health or body (especially from old age)', 'asthenia': 'an abnormal loss of strength', 'cachexia': 'any general reduction in vitality and strength of body and mind resulting from a debilitating chronic disease', 'disability': 'the condition of being unable to perform as a consequence of physical or mental unfitness; \"reading disability\"; \"hearing impairment\"', 'disability_of_walking': 'a disability that interferes with or prevents walking', 'abasia': 'inability to walk', 'abasia_trepidans': 'abasia due to trembling of the legs', 'atactic_abasia': 'abasia due to ataxia of the legs', 'choreic_abasia': 'abasia related to abnormal movements of the legs', 'paralytic_abasia': 'abasia related to paralysis of the leg muscles', 'paroxysmal_trepidant_abasia': 'abasia related to spasticity of the legs', 'spastic_abasia': 'abasia due to spastic contractions of the leg muscles', 'intermittent_claudication': 'lameness due to pain in leg muscles because the blood supply is inadequate; pain subsides with rest', 'astasia': 'inability to stand due to muscular incoordination', 'sequela': 'any abnormality following or resulting from a disease or injury or treatment; \"paralysis is one of the sequelae of poliomyelitis\"', 'hearing_impairment': 'impairment of the sense of hearing', 'deafness': 'partial or complete loss of hearing', 'conductive_hearing_loss': 'hearing loss due to problems with the bones of the middle ear', 'hyperacusis': 'abnormal acuteness of hearing due to increased irritability of the sensory neural mechanism; characterized by intolerance for ordinary sound levels', 'sensorineural_hearing_loss': 'hearing loss due to failure of the auditory nerve', 'tone_deafness': 'an inability to distinguish differences in pitch', 'deaf-mutism': 'congenital deafness that results in inability to speak', 'mutism': 'the condition of being unable or unwilling to speak; \"her muteness was a consequence of her deafness\"', 'analgesia': 'absence of the sense of pain without loss of consciousness', 'dysomia': 'impairment of the sense of smell', 'anosmia': 'absence of the sense of smell (as by damage to olfactory nasal tissue or the olfactory nerve or by obstruction of the nasal passages)', 'hyposmia': 'lessened sensitivity to odors', 'visual_impairment': 'impairment of the sense of sight', 'myopia': \"(ophthalmology) eyesight abnormality resulting from the eye's faulty refractive ability; distant objects appear blurred\", 'anopia': 'sightlessness (especially because of a structural defect in or the absence of an eye)', 'hyperopia': 'abnormal condition in which vision for distant objects is better than for near objects', 'hemeralopia': 'inability to see clearly in bright light', 'hemianopia': 'blindness in one half of the visual field of one or both eyes', 'quadrantanopia': 'blindness in one fourth of the visual field', 'metamorphopsia': 'a defect of vision in which objects appear to be distorted; usually due to a defect in the retina', 'nyctalopia': 'inability to see clearly in dim light; due to a deficiency of vitamin A or to a retinal disorder', 'photoretinitis': 'damage to the retina resulting from exposure of the eye to the sun without adequate protection', 'presbyopia': 'a reduced ability to focus on near objects caused by loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens after age 45', 'eye_condition': 'the condition of the optical properties of the eye', 'anisometropia': 'difference in the refractive power of the two eyes', 'isometropia': 'equality of refractive power in the two eyes', 'snowblindness': 'temporary blindness caused by exposure to sunlight reflected from snow or ice', 'retinal_detachment': 'visual impairment resulting from the retina becoming separated from the choroid in the back of the eye; treated by photocoagulation', 'scotoma': 'an isolated area of diminished vision within the visual field', 'annular_scotoma': 'a circular scotoma surrounding the center of the field of vision', 'central_scotoma': 'a scotoma that involves the fixation point', 'hemianopic_scotoma': 'a scotoma involving half of the visual field', 'paracentral_scotoma': 'a scotoma that is adjacent to the fixation point', 'scintillating_scotoma': 'a localized area of diminished vision edged by shimmering colored lights; in many people it indicates the onset of migraine', 'tunnel_vision': 'visual impairment involving a loss of peripheral vision', 'eyelessness': 'blindness due to loss of the eyes', 'figural_blindness': 'inability to see shapes and contours', 'strabismus': 'abnormal alignment of one or both eyes', 'torticollis': 'an unnatural condition in which the head leans to one side because the neck muscles on that side are contracted', 'dysfunction': '(medicine) any disturbance in the functioning of an organ or body part or a disturbance in the functioning of a social group; \"erectile dysfunction\"; \"sexual relationship dysfunction\"', 'paralysis': 'loss of the ability to move a body part', 'paresis': 'a slight or partial paralysis', 'paraparesis': 'a slight paralysis or weakness of both legs', 'metroptosis': 'prolapse of the uterus', 'nephroptosis': 'prolapse of the kidney', 'ptosis': 'drooping of the upper eyelid caused by muscle paralysis and weakness', 'brow_ptosis': 'sagging eyebrows', 'prolapse': 'the slipping or falling out of place of an organ (as the uterus)', 'paraplegia': 'paralysis of the lower half of the body (most often as a result of trauma)', 'hemiplegia': 'paralysis of one side of the body', 'quadriplegia': 'paralysis of both arms and both legs', 'hypoesthesia': 'impairment of tactile sensitivity; decrease of sensitivity', 'knock-knee': 'an inward slant of the thigh', 'pigeon_toes': 'disability in which the toes are turned inward; often associated with knock-knee', 'bow_leg': 'outward curvature of the legs', 'disrepair': 'in need of repairs', 'putrefaction': 'a state of decay usually accompanied by an offensive odor', 'disintegration': 'a loss (or serious disruption) of organization in some system; \"a disintegration of personality\"', 'rancidity': 'the state of being rancid; having a rancid scent or flavor (as of old cooking oil)', 'decrepitude': 'a state of deterioration due to old age or long use', 'iniquity': 'absence of moral or spiritual values; \"the powers of darkness\"', 'malady': 'any unwholesome or desperate condition; \"what maladies afflict our nation?\"', 'merchantability': 'the state of being fit for market; ready to be bought or sold', 'urinary_hesitancy': 'difficulty in beginning the flow of urine; associated with prostate enlargement in men and with narrowing of the urethral opening in women; may be caused by emotional stress in either men or women', 'sarcoidosis': 'a chronic disease of unknown cause marked by the formation of nodules in the lungs and liver and lymph glands and salivary glands', 'morphea': 'localized scleroderma', 'scleroderma': 'an autoimmune disease that affects the blood vessels and connective tissue; fibrous connective tissue is deposited in the skin', 'thrombocytopenic_purpura': 'purpura associated with a reduction in circulating blood platelets which can result from a variety of factors', 'sex-linked_disorder': 'any disease or abnormality that is determined by the sex hormones; \"hemophilia is determined by a gene defect on an X chromosome\"', \"Turner's_syndrome\": 'a chromosomal disorder in females who have only one X chromosome; marked by dwarfism and heart abnormalities and underdeveloped sex organs', 'urinary_tract_infection': 'any infection of any of the organs of the urinary tract', 'pyelonephritis': 'inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis caused by bacterial infection', 'acute_pyelonephritis': 'pyelonephritis resulting from the spread of a bladder infection', 'carotenemia': 'excess carotene in the blood stream; can cause the skin to turn a pale yellow or red color', 'chronic_pyelonephritis': 'pyelonephritis that develops slowly and can lead to renal failure if untreated; often associated with a kidney stone or with narrowing of the urinary passageways', 'nongonococcal_urethritis': 'sexually transmitted urethritis (usually caused by chlamydia)', 'rhinorrhea': 'persistent watery mucus discharge from the nose (as in the common cold)', 'rhinosporidiosis': 'fungal infection of the nose; often acquired while swimming', 'urethritis': 'inflammation of the urethra; results in painful urination', 'nonspecific_urethritis': 'inflammation of the urethra of unknown cause', 'sodoku': 'the form of ratbite fever occurring in the Far East', 'steatorrhea': 'the presence of greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces which are frothy and foul smelling and floating; a symptom of disorders of fat metabolism and malabsorption syndrome', 'stridor': 'a whistling sound when breathing (usually heard on inspiration); indicates obstruction of the trachea or larynx', 'tinnitus': \"a ringing or booming sensation in one or both ears; a symptom of an ear infection or Meniere's disease\", 'turgor': '(biology) the normal rigid state of fullness of a cell or blood vessel or capillary resulting from pressure of the contents against the wall or membrane', 'shin_splints': 'painful inflammation of the muscles around the shins; frequent among runners', 'hepatolenticular_degeneration': 'a rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism; copper accumulates in the liver and then in the red blood cells and brain', 'homozygosity': 'the state of being homozygous; having two identical alleles of the same gene', 'heterozygosity': 'the state of being heterozygous; having two different alleles of the same gene', 'neotony': 'the state resulting when juvenile characteristics are retained by the adults of a species', 'polyvalence': '(chemistry) the state of having a valence greater than two', 'amphidiploidy': 'the condition of being amphidiploid', 'diploidy': 'the condition of being diploid', 'haploidy': 'the condition of being haploid', 'heteroploidy': 'the condition of being heteroploid', 'polyploidy': 'the condition of being polyploid', 'mosaicism': 'the condition in which an organism has two or more cell populations that differ in genetic makeup', 'kraurosis': 'atrophy and shriveling of the skin or mucous membrane', 'kraurosis_vulvae': 'kraurosis of the vulva; often a precancerous lesion', 'oligospermia': 'insufficient spermatozoa in the semen', 'tenesmus': 'painful spasm of the anal sphincter along with an urgent desire to defecate without the significant production of feces; associated with irritable bowel syndrome', 'transsexualism': 'condition in which a person assumes the identity and permanently acts the part of the gender opposite to his or her biological sex', 'trismus': 'prolonged spasm of the jaw muscles', 'uratemia': 'presence of abnormal amounts of uric acid salts in the blood; symptom of gout', 'uraturia': 'presence of abnormally large amounts of uric acid in the urine; symptom of gout', 'ureterocele': 'prolapse of the end of the ureter into the bladder; may obstruct urine flow', 'ureterostenosis': 'stenosis of the ureter', 'urethrocele': 'prolapse of the urethra into the vagina', 'uricaciduria': 'presence of abnormal amounts of uric acid in the urine; symptom of gout', 'urocele': 'extravasation of urine into the scrotal sac', 'uropathy': 'any pathology of the urinary tract', 'varicocele': 'dilatation of the veins associated with the spermatic cord in the testes', 'varicosis': 'pathological condition of being varicose or having varicose veins', 'varicosity': 'varix or varicose condition in which a vein is swollen and tortuous', 'varix': 'abnormally enlarged or twisted blood vessel or lymphatic vessel', 'viremia': 'the presence of a virus in the blood stream; \"viremia spread the smallpox virus to the internal organs\"', 'volvulus': 'abnormal twisting of the intestines (usually in the area of the ileum or sigmoid colon) resulting in intestinal obstruction', 'xanthopsia': 'visual defect in which objects appear to have a yellowish hue; sometimes occurs in cases of jaundice', 'exoneration': 'the condition of being relieved from blame or obligation', 'frizz': 'the condition of being formed into small tight curls; \"her hair was in a frizz\"', 'hiding': 'the state of being hidden; \"he went into hiding\"', 'hypertonia': '(of muscular tissue) the state of being hypertonic', 'hypotonia': '(of muscular tissue) the state of being hypotonic', 'hypertonicity': '(of a solution) the extent to which a solution has a higher osmotic pressure than some other', 'hypotonicity': '(of a solution) the extent to which a solution has a lower osmotic pressure than some other', 'leakiness': 'the condition of permitting leaks or leakage; \"the leakiness of the roof\"; \"the heart valve\\'s leakiness\"; \"the leakiness of the boat made it dangerous to use\"', 'mechanization': 'the condition of having a highly technical implementation', 'paternity': 'the state of being a father; \"tests were conducted to determine paternity\"', 'prognathism': 'the condition of being prognathous; the condition of having a projecting jaw', 'utilization': 'the state of having been made use of; \"the rate of utilization\"', 'ylem': '(cosmology) the original matter that (according to the big bang theory) existed before the formation of the chemical elements', 'dark_matter': '(cosmology) a hypothetical form of matter that is believed to make up 90 percent of the universe; it is invisible (does not absorb or emit light) and does not collide with atomic particles but exerts gravitational force', 'antimatter': 'matter consisting of elementary particles that are the antiparticles of those making up normal substances', 'micronutrient': 'a substance needed only in small amounts for normal body function (e.g., vitamins or minerals)', \"philosopher's_stone\": 'hypothetical substance that the alchemists believed to be capable of changing base metals into gold', 'phlogiston': 'a hypothetical substance once believed to be present in all combustible materials and to be released during burning', 'chyme': 'a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum', 'glop': 'any gummy shapeless matter; usually unpleasant', 'adduct': 'a compound formed by an addition reaction', 'actinoid': 'any of a series of radioactive elements with atomic numbers 89 through 103', 'allergen': 'any substance that can cause an allergy', 'pyrogen': 'any substance characterized by its great flammability', 'aldehyde': 'any of a class of highly reactive chemical compounds; used in making resins and dyes and organic acids', 'alkapton': 'an acid formed as an intermediate product of the metabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine', 'antiknock': 'any of various compounds that are added to gasoline to reduce engine knocking', 'ragweed_pollen': 'pollen of the ragweed plant is a common allergen', 'atom': '(physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element', 'floccule': 'a small loosely aggregated mass of flocculent material suspended in or precipitated from a liquid', 'HAZMAT': 'an abbreviation for `hazardous material\\' used on warning signs; \"NO HAZMATS IN TUNNEL\"', 'mixture': '(chemistry) a substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (not in fixed proportions and not with chemical bonding)', 'alloy': 'a mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten; \"brass is an alloy of zinc and copper\"', 'botulinum_toxin': 'any of several neurotoxins that are produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum; causes muscle paralysis', 'botulinum_toxin_A': 'a neurotoxin (trade name Botox) that is used clinically in small quantities to treat strabismus and facial spasms and other neurological disorders characterized by abnormal muscle contractions; is also used by cosmetic surgeons to smooth frown lines temporarily', 'colloid': 'a mixture with properties between those of a solution and fine suspension', 'dispersed_phase': '(of colloids) a substance in the colloidal state', 'dispersing_phase': '(of colloids) a substance in which another is colloidally dispersed', 'mechanical_mixture': 'a mixture whose components can be separated by mechanical means', 'eutectic': 'a mixture of substances having a minimum melting point', 'aqueous_solution': 'a solution in water', \"Ringer's_solution\": 'an aqueous solution containing the chlorides of sodium and potassium and calcium that is isotonic to animal tissues; used to correct dehydration and (in physiological experiments) as a medium for in vitro preparations', 'saline_solution': 'an isotonic solution of sodium chloride and distilled water', 'polyelectrolyte': 'an electrolyte of high molecular weight', 'gel': 'a colloid in a more solid form than a sol', 'hydrogel': 'a colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium', 'hydrocolloid': 'a substance that forms a gel with water', 'slurry': 'a suspension of insoluble particles (as plaster of Paris or lime or clay etc.) usually in water', 'resuspension': 'a renewed suspension of insoluble particles after they have been precipitated', 'precipitate': 'a precipitated solid substance in suspension or after settling or filtering', 'sludge': 'any thick, viscous matter', 'domoic_acid': 'a neurotoxin that is deadly for humans; found in various marine algae', 'acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene': 'any of a class of composite plastics used to make car bodies and cases for computers and other appliances', 'Mylar': 'a thin polyester film', 'pina_cloth': 'a fine cloth made from pineapple fibers', 'Plasticine': 'a synthetic material resembling clay but remaining soft; used as a substitute for clay or wax in modeling (especially in schools)', 'plastic': 'generic name for certain synthetic or semisynthetic materials that can be molded or extruded into objects or films or filaments or used for making e.g. coatings and adhesives', 'plasticizer': 'a substance added to plastics or other materials to make them more pliable', 'thermoplastic': 'a material that softens when heated and hardens again when cooled', 'saran': 'any of various thermoplastic resins used to make things', 'polymethyl_methacrylate': 'a transparent plastic used as a substitute for glass', 'Lucite': 'a transparent thermoplastic acrylic resin', 'Plexiglas': 'a light transparent weather resistant thermoplastic', 'polyethylene': 'a lightweight thermoplastic; used especially in packaging and insulation', 'acetyl': 'the organic group of acetic acid (CH3CO-)', 'acyl': 'any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group; \"an example of the acyl group is the acetyl group\"', 'alcohol_group': 'the chemical group -OH', 'aldehyde_group': 'the chemical group -CHO', 'polyvinyl_acetate': 'a vinyl polymer used especially in paints or adhesives', 'polyvinyl_chloride': 'a polymer of vinyl chloride used instead of rubber in electric cables', 'styrene': 'a colorless oily liquid; the monomer for polystyrene', 'polystyrene': 'a polymer of styrene; a rigid transparent thermoplastic; \"expanded polystyrene looks like a rigid white foam and is used as packing or insulation\"', 'Styrofoam': 'a light resilient foam of polystyrene', 'thermosetting_compositions': 'a material that hardens when heated and cannot be remolded', 'Bakelite': 'a thermosetting plastic used as electric insulators and for making plastic ware and telephone receivers etc.', 'Teflon': 'a material used to coat cooking utensils and in industrial applications where sticking is to be avoided', 'Vinylite': 'any of various vinyl resins', 'raw_material': 'material suitable for manufacture or use or finishing', 'feedstock': 'the raw material that is required for some industrial process', 'sorbate': 'a material that has been or is capable of being taken up by another substance by either absorption or adsorption', 'sorbent': 'a material that sorbs another substance; i.e. that has the capacity or tendency to take it up by either absorption or adsorption', 'absorbent_material': 'a material having capacity or tendency to absorb another substance', 'absorbate': 'a material that has been or is capable of being absorbed', 'absorber': '(physics) material in a nuclear reactor that absorbs radiation', 'absorbent_cotton': 'cotton made absorbent by removal of the natural wax', 'absorption_indicator': 'an indicator used in reactions that involve precipitation', 'adsorbent': 'a material having capacity or tendency to adsorb another substance', 'adsorbate': 'a material that has been or is capable of being adsorbed', 'acaricide': 'a chemical agent used to kill mites', 'acaroid_resin': 'an alcohol-soluble resin from Australian trees; used in varnishes and in manufacturing paper', 'acetic_acid': 'a colorless pungent liquid widely used in manufacturing plastics and pharmaceuticals', 'acetin': 'any of three liquid acetates that are formed when acetic acid and glycerin are heated together', 'acetum': 'a dilute solution of acetic acid that is used as a solvent (e.g. for a drug)', 'acetate': 'a salt or ester of acetic acid', 'dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane': 'an insecticide that is also toxic to animals and humans; banned in the United States since 1972', 'larvacide': 'an insecticide that kills the larvae of insects', 'lead_arsenate': 'a poisonous white solid (Pb3[AsO4]2) used as an insecticide', 'tetraethyl_lead': 'a clear oily poisonous liquid added to gasoline to prevent knocking', 'acetone': 'the simplest ketone; a highly inflammable liquid widely used as an organic solvent and as material for making plastics', 'acetylene': 'a colorless flammable gas used chiefly in welding and in organic synthesis', 'Agent_Orange': 'a herbicide used in the Vietnam War to defoliate forest areas', 'alicyclic_compound': 'an aliphatic compound that contains a ring of atoms', 'aliphatic_compound': 'organic compound that is an alkane or alkene or alkyne or their derivative', 'alkylbenzene': 'organic compound that has an alkyl group bound to a benzene ring', 'alkyl_halide': 'organic compound in which halogen atoms have been substituted for hydrogen atoms in an alkane', 'amino_acid': 'organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group; \"proteins are composed of various proportions of about 20 common amino acids\"', 'alanine': 'a crystalline amino acid that occurs in many proteins', 'argil': 'a white clay (especially a white clay used by potters)', 'arsenical': 'a pesticide or drug containing arsenic', 'asparagine': 'a crystalline amino acid found in proteins and in many plants (e.g., asparagus)', 'aspartic_acid': 'a crystalline amino acid found in proteins and occurring naturally in sugar beets and sugar cane', 'canavanine': 'an amino acid found in the jack bean', 'chlorobenzene': 'a colorless volatile flammable liquid with an almond odor that is made from chlorine and benzene; used as a solvent and in the production of phenol and DDT and other organic compounds', 'chlorofluorocarbon': 'a fluorocarbon with chlorine; formerly used as a refrigerant and as a propellant in aerosol cans; \"the chlorine in CFCs causes depletion of atmospheric ozone\"', 'chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile': 'a tear gas that is stronger than CN gas but wears off faster; can be deployed by grenades or cluster bombs; can cause skin burns and fatal pulmonary edema', 'chloroacetophenone': 'a tear gas that is weaker than CS gas but lasts longer', 'citrate': 'a salt or ester of citric acid', 'citrulline': 'an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is an intermediate in the conversion of ornithine to arginine', 'cysteine': 'an amino acid containing sulfur that is found in most proteins; oxidizes on exposure to air to form cystine', 'cystine': 'a crystalline amino acid found in proteins (especially keratin); discovered in bladder stones', 'diamagnet': 'a substance that exhibits diamagnetism', 'diamine': 'any organic compound containing two amino groups', 'dopa': 'amino acid that is formed in the liver and converted into dopamine in the brain', 'L-dopa': \"the levorotatory form of dopa (trade names Bendopa and Brocadopa and Larodopa); as a drug it is used to treat Parkinson's disease\", 'endonuclease': 'a nuclease that cleaves nucleic acids at interior bonds and so produces fragments of various sizes', 'enol': 'an organic compound that contains a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbon atom which in turn is doubly bonded to another carbon atom', 'essential_amino_acid': 'an amino acid that is required by animals but that they cannot synthesize; must be supplied in the diet', 'exonuclease': 'a nuclease that releases one nucleotide at a time (serially) beginning at one of a nucleic acid', 'gamma_aminobutyric_acid': 'an amino acid that is found in the central nervous system; acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter', 'glutamic_acid': 'an amino acid occurring in proteins; important in the nitrogen metabolism of plants; used in monosodium glutamate to enhance the flavor of meats', 'glutamine': 'a crystalline amino acid occurring in proteins; important in protein metabolism', 'glutathione_peroxidase': 'an enzyme in the body that is a powerful scavenger of free radicals', 'glycine': 'the simplest amino acid found in proteins and the principal amino acid in sugar cane', 'hydroxyproline': 'a crystalline amino acid obtained from gelatin or collagen', 'iodoamino_acid': 'an amino acid with iodine added', 'ornithine': 'an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is important in the formation of urea', 'acid-base_indicator': 'an indicator that changes color on going from acidic to basic solutions', 'alpha-linolenic_acid': 'a polyunsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbon atoms; the only omega-3 fatty acid found in vegetable products; it is most abundant in canola oil; a fatty acid essential for nutrition', 'alpha-naphthol': 'an isomer of naphthol used in dyes', 'alpha-naphthol_test': 'biochemical indicator of the presence of carbohydrates in a solution; if carbohydrates are present a violet ring is formed by reaction with alpha-naphthol in the presence of sulfuric acid', 'aromatic_compound': 'a hydrocarbon containing one or more benzene rings that are characteristic of the benzene series of compounds', 'arsenate': 'a salt or ester of arsenic acid', 'arsenic_acid': 'an acid formed from arsenic pentoxide', 'arsenide': 'a compound of arsenic with a more positive element', 'cerotic_acid': 'a white solid fatty acid found in waxes (such as beeswax)', 'chlorate': 'any salt of chloric acid', 'chloric_acid': '(HClO3) a strong unstable acid with an acrid odor found in chlorate salts', 'chlorous_acid': '(HClO2) a strongly oxidizing acid; known only in solution', 'monobasic_acid': 'an acid containing only one replaceable hydrogen atom per molecule', 'dibasic_acid': 'an acid containing two replaceable hydrogen atoms per molecule', 'dibasic_salt': 'a salt derived by replacing two hydrogen atoms per molecule', 'tribasic_acid': 'an acid containing three replaceable hydrogen atoms per molecule', 'tritium': 'a radioactive isotope of hydrogen; atoms of tritium have three times the mass of ordinary hydrogen atoms', 'tetrabasic_acid': 'an acid containing four replaceable hydrogen atoms per molecule', 'fulminic_acid': '(CNOH) an unstable acid occurring mainly in the form of explosive salts and esters that is isomeric with cyanic acid', 'gamma_acid': 'a crystalline acid used to make azo dyes', 'hexanedioic_acid': 'a carboxylic acid used in the manufacture of nylon', 'HMG-CoA_reductase': 'a liver enzyme that is responsible for producing cholesterol', 'horseradish_peroxidase': 'an enzyme used in immunohistochemistry to label antigens and their antibodies', 'hydrazoic_acid': 'a colorless explosive liquid that is volatile and poisonous and foul-smelling', 'hydriodic_acid': '(HI) a colorless or yellow aqueous solution of hydrogen iodide; \"hydriodic acid is a strong acid\"', 'hydrochlorofluorocarbon': 'a fluorocarbon that is replacing chlorofluorocarbon as a refrigerant and propellant in aerosol cans; considered to be somewhat less destructive to the atmosphere', 'hydrogen_cyanide': 'a highly poisonous gas or volatile liquid that smells like bitter almonds; becomes a gas at around 90 degree Fahrenheit and is most dangerous when inhaled; the anhydride of hydrocyanic acid; used in manufacturing', 'hydrocyanic_acid': 'a solution of hydrogen cyanide in water; weak solutions are used in fumigating and in the synthesis of organic compounds', 'hydrolysate': 'a product of hydrolysis', 'hydroxy_acid': 'any acid that has hydroxyl groups in addition to the hydroxyl group in the acid itself', 'hydroxybenzoic_acid': 'a crystalline derivative of benzoic acid', 'hypochlorite': 'any salt or ester of hypochlorous acid', 'hyponitrous_acid': 'an explosive white crystalline weak acid (H2N2O2)', 'hypophosphoric_acid': 'a crystalline tetrabasic acid (H4P2O6)', 'hypophosphorous_acid': 'a clear or yellow monobasic acid (H3PO2)', 'juniperic_acid': 'a crystalline acid found in the exudations of some conifers', 'lysergic_acid': 'a crystalline acid often used in medical research; obtained from ergotic alkaloids', 'manganic_acid': 'a dibasic acid (H2MnO4) found only in solution and in manganate salts', 'metaphosphoric_acid': 'a glassy solid acid ([HPO3]n) often used as a dehydrating agent', 'polyphosphoric_acid': 'a series of oxyacids of phosphorus', 'pyrogallol': 'a toxic white lustrous crystalline phenol used to treat certain skin diseases and as a photographic developer', 'pyrophosphoric_acid': 'a solid acid formed by reactions of orthophosphoric acid', 'pyrophosphate': 'a salt or ester of pyrophosphoric acid', 'methacrylic_acid': 'an unsaturated acid (C4H6O2) used to make resins and plastics', 'mucic_acid': 'a solid acid (C6H10O8) found in milk or sugar', 'selenic_acid': 'a strong acid (H2SeO4) analogous to sulfuric acid', 'suberic_acid': 'a dicarboxylic acid found in cork', 'succinic_acid': 'a dicarboxylic acid (C4H6O4) active in metabolic processes', 'sulfonate': 'a salt of sulphonic acid', 'sulfonic_acid': 'an acid derived from sulphuric acid', 'titanic_acid': 'a white weak acid that is a hydrated form of titanium dioxide', 'titanium_dioxide': 'a white powder used as a pigment for its high covering power and durability', 'adulterant': 'any substance that lessens the purity or effectiveness of a substance; \"it is necessary to remove the adulterants before use\"', 'alkyl': 'any of a series of univalent groups of the general formula CnH2n+1 derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons', 'allyl': 'the univalent unsaturated organic radical C3H5; derived from propylene', 'amino': 'the radical -NH2', 'aminomethane': 'a methyl with the hydrogen atom replaced by an amino radical', 'amyl': 'a hydrocarbon radical that occurs in many organic compounds', 'anionic_compound': 'a compound characterized by an active anion', 'anionic_detergent': 'a class of synthetic detergents in which the molecules do not ionize in aqueous solutions', 'base_metal': 'a metal that is common and not considered precious; \"lead, iron, copper, tin, and zinc are base metals\"', 'binary_compound': 'chemical compound composed of only two elements', 'chelate': 'a heterocyclic compound having a metal ion attached by coordinate bonds to at least two nonmetal ions', 'isotope': 'one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons', 'radioisotope': 'a radioactive isotope of an element; produced either naturally or artificially', 'halon': 'a compound in which the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon have been replaced by bromine and other halogen atoms; very stable; used in fire extinguishers although it is thought to release bromine that depletes the ozone layer', 'bromoform': 'colorless liquid haloform CHBr3', 'fluoroform': 'colorless gas haloform CHF3 (similar to chloroform)', 'haloform': 'compounds with the formula CHX3, where X is a halogen atom', 'azido_group': 'the univalent group N3- derived from hydrazoic acid', 'azo_group': 'the bivalent group -N=N- united to two hydrocarbon groups', 'fullerene': 'a form of carbon having a large molecule consisting of an empty cage of sixty or more carbon atoms', 'buckminsterfullerene': 'a spheroidal fullerene; the first known example of a fullerene', 'carbon_nanotube': 'a fullerene molecule having a cylindrical or toroidal shape', 'benzyl': 'the univalent radical derived from toluene', 'benzoyl_group': 'the univalent radical derived from benzoic acid', 'chemical_element': 'any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter', 'allotrope': 'a structurally different form of an element; \"graphite and diamond are allotropes of carbon\"', 'transuranic_element': 'any element having an atomic number greater than 92 (which is the atomic number of uranium); all are radioactive', 'noble_gas': 'any of the chemically inert gaseous elements of the helium group in the periodic table', 'helium_group': 'the series of inert gases', 'rare_earth': 'any element of the lanthanide series (atomic numbers 57 through 71)', 'terbium_metal': 'a separate group of related lanthanides, including terbium, europium, gadolinium, and sometimes dysprosium', 'actinide_series': '(chemistry) a series of 15 radioactive elements with increasing atomic numbers from actinium to lawrencium', 'lanthanide_series': 'the rare-earth elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71; having properties similar to lanthanum', 'metallic_element': 'any of several chemical elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or electricity and can be formed into sheets etc.', 'noble_metal': 'any metal that is resistant to corrosion or oxidation', 'nonmetal': 'a chemical element lacking typical metallic properties', 'transactinide': 'any of the artificially produced elements with atomic numbers greater than 103', 'metallized_dye': 'acid dye in which the negative ion contains a chelated metal atom', 'actinium': 'a radioactive element of the actinide series; found in uranium ores', 'aluminum': 'a silvery ductile metallic element found primarily in bauxite', 'americium': 'a radioactive transuranic metallic element; discovered by bombarding uranium with helium atoms', 'antimony': 'a metallic element having four allotropic forms; used in a wide variety of alloys; found in stibnite', 'argon': \"a colorless and odorless inert gas; one of the six inert gases; comprises approximately 1% of the earth's atmosphere\", 'arsenic': 'a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer', 'astatine': 'a highly unstable radioactive element (the heaviest of the halogen series); a decay product of uranium and thorium', 'atrazine': 'a synthetic compound derived from triazine that is widely used as an agricultural herbicide; \"atrazine is thought to cause cancer and is banned in some European countries\"', 'barium': 'a soft silvery metallic element of the alkali earth group; found in barite', 'baryta': 'any of several compounds of barium', 'barium_hydroxide': 'white poisonous crystals; made by dissolving barium oxide in water', 'barium_monoxide': 'an oxide of barium; a whitish toxic powder', 'barium_dioxide': 'a white toxic powder obtained by heating barium oxide in air', 'base_pair': 'one of the pairs of chemical bases joined by hydrogen bonds that connect the complementary strands of a DNA molecule or of an RNA molecule that has two strands; the base pairs are adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine in DNA and adenine with uracil and guanine with cytosine in RNA', 'berkelium': 'a radioactive transuranic element; discovered by bombarding americium with helium', 'beryllium': 'a light strong brittle grey toxic bivalent metallic element', 'bismuth': 'a heavy brittle diamagnetic trivalent metallic element (resembles arsenic and antimony chemically); usually recovered as a by-product from ores of other metals', 'bohrium': 'a transuranic element', 'boron': 'a trivalent metalloid element; occurs both in a hard black crystal and in the form of a yellow or brown powder', 'bromine': 'a nonmetallic heavy volatile corrosive dark brown liquid element belonging to the halogens; found in sea water', 'cadmium': 'a soft bluish-white ductile malleable toxic bivalent metallic element; occurs in association with zinc ores', 'calcium': \"a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light; the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust; an important component of most plants and animals\", 'californium': 'a radioactive transuranic element; discovered by bombarding curium with alpha particles', 'carbon_atom': 'an atom of carbon', 'radiocarbon': 'a radioactive isotope of carbon', 'cerium': 'a ductile grey metallic element of the lanthanide series; used in lighter flints; the most abundant of the rare-earth group', 'cesium': 'a soft silver-white ductile metallic element (liquid at normal temperatures); the most electropositive and alkaline metal', 'cesium_137': 'a radioactive isotope of cesium used in radiation therapy', 'chlorine': 'a common nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens; best known as a heavy yellow irritating toxic gas; used to purify water and as a bleaching agent and disinfectant; occurs naturally only as a salt (as in sea water)', 'radiochlorine': 'a radioactive isotope of chlorine', 'chromium': 'a hard brittle multivalent metallic element; resistant to corrosion and tarnishing', 'cobalt': 'a hard ferromagnetic silver-white bivalent or trivalent metallic element; a trace element in plant and animal nutrition', 'cobalt_60': 'a radioactive isotope of cobalt with mass number 60; a source of exceptionally intense gamma rays; used in radiation therapy', 'curium': 'a radioactive transuranic metallic element; produced by bombarding plutonium with helium nuclei', 'darmstadtium': 'a radioactive transuranic element', 'dubnium': 'a transuranic element', 'dysprosium': 'a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; forms compounds that are highly magnetic', 'einsteinium': 'a radioactive transuranic element produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons', 'erbium': 'a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; occurs with yttrium', 'europium': 'a bivalent and trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group', 'fermium': 'a radioactive transuranic metallic element produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons', 'fluorine': 'a nonmetallic univalent element belonging to the halogens; usually a yellow irritating toxic flammable gas; a powerful oxidizing agent; recovered from fluorite or cryolite or fluorapatite', 'francium': 'a radioactive element of the alkali-metal group discovered as a disintegration product of actinium', 'gadolinium': 'a ductile silvery-white ductile ferromagnetic trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group', 'gallium': 'a rare silvery (usually trivalent) metallic element; brittle at low temperatures but liquid above room temperature; occurs in trace amounts in bauxite and zinc ores', 'germanium': 'a brittle grey crystalline element that is a semiconducting metalloid (resembling silicon) used in transistors; occurs in germanite and argyrodite', '18-karat_gold': 'an alloy that contains 75 per cent gold', '22-karat_gold': 'an alloy that contains 87 per cent gold', '24-karat_gold': '100 per cent gold', 'hafnium': 'a grey tetravalent metallic element that resembles zirconium chemically and is found in zirconium minerals; used in filaments for its ready emission of electrons', 'hassium': 'a radioactive transuranic element', 'helium': 'a very light colorless element that is one of the six inert gasses; the most difficult gas to liquefy; occurs in economically extractable amounts in certain natural gases (as those found in Texas and Kansas)', 'holmium': 'a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; occurs together with yttrium; forms highly magnetic compounds', 'hydrogen': 'a nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe', 'hydrogen_atom': 'an atom of hydrogen', 'acidic_hydrogen': 'a hydrogen atom in an acid that forms a positive ion when the acid dissociates', 'deuterium': 'an isotope of hydrogen which has one neutron (as opposed to zero neutrons in hydrogen)', 'indium': 'a rare soft silvery metallic element; occurs in small quantities in sphalerite', 'iodine': 'a nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens; used especially in medicine and photography and in dyes; occurs naturally only in combination in small quantities (as in sea water or rocks)', 'iodine-131': 'heavy radioactive isotope of iodine with a half-life of 8 days; used in a sodium salt to diagnose thyroid disease and to treat goiter', 'iodine-125': 'light radioactive isotope of iodine with a half-life of 60 days; used as a tracer in thyroid studies and as a treatment for hyperthyroidism', 'iridium': 'a heavy brittle metallic element of the platinum group; used in alloys; occurs in natural alloys with platinum or osmium', 'krypton': 'a colorless element that is one of the six inert gasses; occurs in trace amounts in air', 'lanthanum': 'a white soft metallic element that tarnishes readily; occurs in rare earth minerals and is usually classified as a rare earth', 'lawrencium': 'a radioactive transuranic element synthesized from californium', 'lithium': 'a soft silver-white univalent element of the alkali metal group; the lightest metal known; occurs in several minerals', 'lutetium': 'a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; usually occurs in association with yttrium', 'magnesium': 'a light silver-white ductile bivalent metallic element; in pure form it burns with brilliant white flame; occurs naturally only in combination (as in magnesite and dolomite and carnallite and spinel and olivine)', 'manganese': 'a hard brittle grey polyvalent metallic element that resembles iron but is not magnetic; used in making steel; occurs in many minerals', 'meitnerium': 'a radioactive transuranic element', 'mendelevium': 'a radioactive transuranic element synthesized by bombarding einsteinium with alpha particles (Md is the current symbol for mendelevium but Mv was formerly the symbol)', 'molybdenum': 'a polyvalent metallic element that resembles chromium and tungsten in its properties; used to strengthen and harden steel', 'neodymium': 'a yellow trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; occurs in monazite and bastnasite in association with cerium and lanthanum and praseodymium', 'neon': 'a colorless odorless gaseous element that give a red glow in a vacuum tube; one of the six inert gasses; occurs in the air in small amounts', 'neptunium': 'a radioactive transuranic metallic element; found in trace amounts in uranium ores; a by-product of the production of plutonium', 'niobium': 'a soft grey ductile metallic element used in alloys; occurs in niobite; formerly called columbium', 'columbium': 'a former name for niobium', 'nitrogen': 'a common nonmetallic element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless inert diatomic gas; constitutes 78 percent of the atmosphere by volume; a constituent of all living tissues', 'azote': 'an obsolete name for nitrogen', 'nobelium': 'a radioactive transuranic element synthesized by bombarding curium with carbon ions; 7 isotopes are known', 'osmium': 'a hard brittle blue-grey or blue-black metallic element that is one of the platinum metals; the heaviest metal known', 'oxygen': \"a nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas; constitutes 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume; the most abundant element in the earth's crust\", 'liquid_oxygen': 'a bluish translucent magnetic liquid obtained by compressing gaseous oxygen and then cooling it below its boiling point; used as an oxidizer in rocket propellants', 'palladium': 'a silver-white metallic element of the platinum group that resembles platinum; occurs in some copper and nickel ores; does not tarnish at ordinary temperatures and is used (alloyed with gold) in jewelry', 'phosphor': 'a synthetic substance that is fluorescent or phosphorescent; used to coat the screens of cathode ray tubes', 'phosphorus': 'a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms', 'platinum': 'a heavy precious metallic element; grey-white and resistant to corroding; occurs in some nickel and copper ores and is also found native in some deposits', 'plutonium': 'a solid silvery grey radioactive transuranic element whose atoms can be split when bombarded with neutrons; found in minute quantities in uranium ores but is usually synthesized in nuclear reactors; 13 isotopes are known with the most important being plutonium 239', 'plutonium_239': 'a highly fissionable isotope of plutonium that is used in atomic weapons and as a reactor fuel; produced by irradiating uranium 238 with slow electrons', 'weapons_plutonium': 'plutonium 239 that is recovered when nuclear weapons are disassembled; it is stored in plutonium pits', 'polonium': 'a radioactive metallic element that is similar to tellurium and bismuth; occurs in uranium ores but can be produced by bombarding bismuth with neutrons in a nuclear reactor', 'potassium': 'a light soft silver-white metallic element of the alkali metal group; oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts violently with water; is abundant in nature in combined forms occurring in sea water and in carnallite and kainite and sylvite', 'praseodymium': 'a soft yellowish-white trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; can be recovered from bastnasite or monazite by an ion-exchange process', 'promethium': 'a soft silvery metallic element of the rare earth group having no stable isotope; was discovered in radioactive form as a fission product of uranium', 'protactinium': 'a short-lived radioactive metallic element formed from uranium and disintegrating into actinium and then into lead', 'radium': 'an intensely radioactive metallic element that occurs in minute amounts in uranium ores', 'radon': 'a radioactive gaseous element formed by the disintegration of radium; the heaviest of the inert gasses; occurs naturally (especially in areas over granite) and is considered a hazard to health', 'rhenium': 'a rare heavy polyvalent metallic element that resembles manganese chemically and is used in some alloys; is obtained as a by-product in refining molybdenum', 'rhodium': 'a white hard metallic element that is one of the platinum group and is found in platinum ores; used in alloys with platinum', 'roentgenium': 'a radioactive transuranic element', 'rubidium': 'a soft silvery metallic element of the alkali metal group; burns in air and reacts violently in water; occurs in carnallite and lepidolite and pollucite', 'ruthenium': 'a rare polyvalent metallic element of the platinum group; it is found associated with platinum', 'rutherfordium': 'a radioactive transuranic element which has been synthesized', 'samarium': 'a grey lustrous metallic element of the rare earth group; is used in special alloys; occurs in monazite and bastnasite', 'scandium': 'a white trivalent metallic element; sometimes classified in the rare earth group; occurs in the Scandinavian mineral thortveitite', 'seaborgium': 'a transuranic element', 'selenium': 'a toxic nonmetallic element related to sulfur and tellurium; occurs in several allotropic forms; a stable grey metallike allotrope conducts electricity better in the light than in the dark and is used in photocells; occurs in sulfide ores (as pyrite)', 'silicon': \"a tetravalent nonmetallic element; next to oxygen it is the most abundant element in the earth's crust; occurs in clay and feldspar and granite and quartz and sand; used as a semiconductor in transistors\", 'sodium': 'a silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group; occurs abundantly in natural compounds (especially in salt water); burns with a yellow flame and reacts violently in water; occurs in sea water and in the mineral halite (rock salt)', 'strontium': 'a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element of the alkali metal group; turns yellow in air; occurs in celestite and strontianite', 'strontium_90': 'a radioactive isotope of strontium (with the mass number 90) that is present in the fallout from nuclear explosions; can be assimilated like calcium into bones', 'sulfur': 'an abundant tasteless odorless multivalent nonmetallic element; best known in yellow crystals; occurs in many sulphide and sulphate minerals and even in native form (especially in volcanic regions)', 'tantalum': 'a hard grey lustrous metallic element that is highly resistant to corrosion; occurs in niobite and fergusonite and tantalite', 'taurine': 'a colorless crystalline substance obtained from the bile of mammals', 'technetium': 'a crystalline metallic element not found in nature; occurs as one of the fission products of uranium', 'tellurium': 'a brittle silver-white metalloid element that is related to selenium and sulfur; it is used in alloys and as a semiconductor; occurs mainly as tellurides in ores of copper and nickel and silver and gold', 'terbium': 'a metallic element of the rare earth group; used in lasers; occurs in apatite and monazite and xenotime and ytterbite', 'thallium': 'a soft grey malleable metallic element that resembles tin but discolors on exposure to air; it is highly toxic and is used in rodent and insect poisons; occurs in zinc blende and some iron ores', 'thorium': 'a soft silvery-white tetravalent radioactive metallic element; isotope 232 is used as a power source in nuclear reactors; occurs in thorite and in monazite sands', 'thorium-228': 'radioactive isotope of thorium with mass number 228', 'thulium': 'a soft silvery metallic element of the rare earth group; isotope 170 emits X-rays and is used in small portable X-ray machines; it occurs in monazite and apatite and xenotime', 'titanium': 'a light strong grey lustrous corrosion-resistant metallic element used in strong lightweight alloys (as for airplane parts); the main sources are rutile and ilmenite', 'tungsten': 'a heavy grey-white metallic element; the pure form is used mainly in electrical applications; it is found in several ores including wolframite and scheelite', 'ununbium': 'a radioactive transuranic element', 'ununhexium': 'a radioactive transuranic element', 'ununpentium': 'a radioactive transuranic element', 'ununquadium': 'a radioactive transuranic element', 'ununtrium': 'a radioactive transuranic element', 'uranium': 'a heavy toxic silvery-white radioactive metallic element; occurs in many isotopes; used for nuclear fuels and nuclear weapons', 'uranium_235': 'a uranium isotope with mass number 235; capable of sustaining chain reactions', 'uranium_238': 'the commonest isotope of uranium; it is not fissionable but when irradiated with neutrons it produces fissionable plutonium 239', 'vanadium': 'a soft silvery white toxic metallic element used in steel alloys; it occurs in several complex minerals including carnotite and vanadinite', 'xenon': \"a colorless odorless inert gaseous element occurring in the earth's atmosphere in trace amounts\", 'ytterbium': 'a soft silvery metallic element; a rare earth of the lanthanide series; it occurs in gadolinite and monazite and xenotime', 'yttrium': 'a silvery metallic element that is common in rare-earth minerals; used in magnesium and aluminum alloys', 'zinc': 'a bluish-white lustrous metallic element; brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable when heated; used in a wide variety of alloys and in galvanizing iron; it occurs naturally as zinc sulphide in zinc blende', 'zirconium': 'a lustrous grey strong metallic element resembling titanium; it is used in nuclear reactors as a neutron absorber; it occurs in baddeleyite but is obtained chiefly from zircon', 'mineral': 'solid homogeneous inorganic substances occurring in nature having a definite chemical composition', 'ader_wax': 'a waxy mineral that is a mixture of hydrocarbons and occurs in association with petroleum; some varieties are used in making ceresin and candles', 'amblygonite': 'a white or grey mineral consisting of lithium aluminum phosphate; a source of lithium', 'amphibole': 'a mineral or mineral variety belonging to the amphibole group', 'amphibole_group': 'a group of minerals with similar crystal structures containing a silicate chain and combinations of chiefly sodium and calcium and magnesium and iron and aluminum', 'amphibolite': 'a metamorphic rock composed chiefly of amphibole and plagioclase', 'apatite': 'a common complex mineral consisting of calcium fluoride phosphate or calcium chloride phosphate; a source of phosphorus', 'aragonite': 'a mineral form of crystalline calcium carbonate; dimorphic with calcite', 'argentite': 'a valuable silver ore consisting of silver sulfide (Ag2S)', 'argillite': 'a sedimentary rock differing from shale in being bound by silica and from slate in having no slate cleavages', 'argyrodite': 'a rare steel-grey mineral consisting of silver and germanium and sulfur', 'arsenopyrite': 'a silver-white or grey ore of arsenic', 'asphalt': 'mixed asphalt and crushed gravel or sand; used especially for paving but also for roofing', 'augite': 'dark-green to black glassy mineral of the pyroxene group containing large amounts of aluminum and iron and magnesium', 'azurite': 'blue carbonate of copper; blue malachite', 'baddeleyite': 'a mineral consisting of zirconium oxide', 'bastnasite': 'a yellow-to-brown mineral that is a source of rare earth elements', 'bauxite': 'a clay-like mineral; the chief ore of aluminum; composed of aluminum oxides and aluminum hydroxides; used as an abrasive and catalyst', 'beryl': 'the chief source of beryllium; colored transparent varieties are valued as gems', 'biotite': 'dark brown to black mica found in igneous and metamorphic rock', 'bone_black': 'black substance containing char in the form of carbonized bone; used as a black pigment', 'borax': 'an ore of boron consisting of hydrated sodium borate; used as a flux or cleansing agent', 'bornite': 'a mineral consisting of sulfides of copper and iron that is found in copper deposits', 'carnallite': 'a white or reddish mineral consisting of hydrous chlorides of potassium and magnesium; used as a fertilizer and as a source of potassium and magnesium', 'carnotite': 'a yellow radioactive mineral; an ore of uranium and radium and vanadium', 'caspase': 'any of a group of proteases that mediate apoptosis', 'cassiterite': 'a hard heavy dark mineral that is the chief source of tin', 'celestite': 'a mineral consisting of strontium sulphate', 'cerussite': 'a mineral consisting of lead carbonate that is an important source of lead', 'chalcocite': 'a heavy grey mineral that is an ore of copper', 'chalcopyrite': 'a yellow copper ore (CuFeS2) made up of copper and iron sulfide', 'china_clay': 'a fine usually white clay formed by the weathering of aluminous minerals (as feldspar); used in ceramics and as an absorbent and as a filler (e.g., in paper)', 'chlorite': 'a generally green or black mineral; it occurs as a constituent of many rocks typically in the form of a flat crystal', 'chromite': 'a brownish-black mineral; the major source of chromium', 'chromogen': 'a compound that can be converted to a pigment', 'chrysoberyl': 'a rare hard yellow green mineral consisting of beryllium aluminate in crystal form; used as a gemstone', 'cobalt_blue': 'greenish-blue pigment consisting essentially of cobalt oxide and alumina', 'cobaltite': 'a rare silvery-white mineral; important ore of cobalt', 'sodium_chloride': 'a white crystalline solid consisting mainly of sodium chloride (NaCl)', 'halite': 'naturally occurring crystalline sodium chloride', 'columbite-tantalite': 'a valuable black mineral combining niobite and tantalite; used in cell phones and computer chips', 'cordierite': 'a blue mineral of magnesium and iron and aluminum and silicon and oxygen; often used as a gemstone', 'corundom': 'very hard mineral used as an abrasive', 'cristobalite': 'a white mineral consisting of silica; found in volcanic rocks', 'crocolite': 'a rare lead chromite mineral that forms bright orange crystals', 'cryolite': 'a white mineral consisting of fluorides of aluminum and sodium; a source of fluorine', 'cuprite': 'a mineral consisting of cuprous oxide that is a source of copper', 'cutin': '(biochemistry) a waxy transparent material that occurs in the cuticle of plants and consists of highly polymerized esters of fatty acids', 'damourite': 'a variety of muscovite', 'dolomite': 'a kind of sedimentary rock resembling marble or limestone but rich in magnesium carbonate', 'earth_color': 'a colored mineral used as a pigment', 'emery': 'a hard grey-black mineral consisting of corundum and either hematite or magnetite; used as an abrasive (especially as a coating on paper)', 'emulsifier': 'a surface-active agent that promotes the formation of an emulsion', 'erythrite': 'a reddish mineral consisting of hydrated cobalt arsenate in monoclinic crystalline form and used in coloring glass; usually found in veins bearing cobalt and arsenic', 'fergusonite': 'a dark mineral consisting of oxides of yttrium and erbium and tantalum and other minerals', 'fluorapatite': 'a form of apatite in which fluorine predominates over chlorine', 'fluorite': 'a soft mineral (calcium fluoride) that is fluorescent in ultraviolet light; chief source of fluorine', 'gadolinite': 'a mineral that is a source of rare earths; consists of silicates of iron and beryllium and cerium and yttrium and erbium', 'galena': 'soft blue-grey mineral; lead sulfide; a major source of lead', 'garnet': 'any of a group of hard glassy minerals (silicates of various metals) used as gemstones and as an abrasive', 'garnierite': 'a green mineral consisting of hydrated nickel magnesium silicate; a source of nickel', 'almandite': 'a deep red garnet consisting of iron aluminum silicate', 'germanite': 'a rare reddish-grey mineral consisting of a copper iron germanium sulfide', 'gesso': 'gypsum or plaster of Paris spread on a surface to make it suitable for painting or gilding (or a surface so prepared)', 'gibbsite': 'white crystalline mineral consisting of aluminum hydroxide; a constituent of bauxite and a source of alumina', 'glauconite': 'a green mineral consisting of hydrated silicate of potassium or iron or magnesium or aluminum; found in greensand', 'goethite': 'a red or yellow or brown mineral; an oxide of iron that is a common constituent of rust', 'greaves': 'the residue that remains after animal fat has been rendered', 'greenockite': 'ore of cadmium; a rare yellowish mineral consisting of cadmium sulphide in crystalline form', 'gypsum': 'a common white or colorless mineral (hydrated calcium sulphate) used to make cements and plasters (especially plaster of Paris)', 'hausmannite': 'a mineral consisting of manganese tetroxide; a source of manganese', 'heavy_spar': 'a white or colorless mineral (BaSO4); the main source of barium', 'hemimorphite': 'a white mineral; a common ore of zinc', 'ilmenite': 'a weakly magnetic black mineral found in metamorphic and plutonic rocks; an iron titanium oxide in crystalline form; a source of titanium', 'jadeite': 'a hard green mineral consisting of sodium aluminum silicate in monoclinic crystalline form; a source of jade; found principally in Burma', 'kainite': 'a white mineral consisting of magnesium sulphate and potassium chloride; a source of potassium salts; used as a fertilizer', 'kaolinite': 'a mineral consisting of aluminum silicate; main source of kaolin', 'kernite': 'a light soft mineral consisting of hydrated sodium borate in crystalline form; an important source of boron', 'kieserite': 'a white mineral consisting of hydrous magnesium sulfate often found in salt mines', 'kyanite': 'a grey or greenish-blue mineral consisting of aluminum silicate in crystalline form; occurs in metaphoric rock, used as a refractory', 'lactate': 'a salt or ester of lactic acid', 'langbeinite': 'a mineral consisting of potassium magnesium double sulphate; used as a fertilizer', 'lecithin': 'a yellow phospholipid essential for the metabolism of fats; found in egg yolk and in many plant and animal cells; used commercially as an emulsifier', 'lepidolite': 'a mineral of the mica group; an important source of lithium', 'lepidomelane': 'a mica that is a biotite containing iron', 'magnesite': 'a white mineral consisting of magnesium carbonate; a source of magnesium', 'malachite': 'a green or blue mineral used as an ore of copper and for making ornamental objects', 'maltha': 'a thick black tar intermediate between petroleum and asphalt', 'manganese_tetroxide': 'an oxide of manganese found naturally as hausmannite', 'manganite': 'a black mineral consisting of basic manganese oxide; a source of manganese', 'marl': 'a loose and crumbling earthy deposit consisting mainly of calcite or dolomite; used as a fertilizer for soils deficient in lime', 'mica': 'any of various minerals consisting of hydrous silicates of aluminum or potassium etc. that crystallize in forms that allow perfect cleavage into very thin leaves; used as dielectrics because of their resistance to electricity', 'millerite': 'a yellow mineral consisting of nickel sulfide; a minor source of nickel', 'molecule': '(physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound', 'molybdenite': 'a mineral resembling graphite that is valued as the chief source of molybdenum and its compounds', 'monazite': 'a reddish-brown mineral containing rare earth metals; an important source of thorium and cerium', 'monomer': 'a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers', 'muscovite': 'a colorless or pale brown mica with potassium', 'nepheline': 'a whitish mineral consisting of sodium aluminum silicate or potassium aluminum silicate in crystalline form; used in the manufacture of ceramics and enamels', 'nephelinite': 'an igneous rock consisting of nepheline and pyroxene', 'nephrite': 'an amphibole mineral consisting of calcium magnesium silicate in monoclinic crystalline form; a source of jade that is less valuable than from jadeite; once believed to cure kidney disorders', 'niobite': 'a black mineral that is an ore of niobium and tantalum', 'nitrocalcite': 'the mineral form of calcium nitrate', 'olivine': 'a mineral consisting of magnesium iron silicate; a source of magnesium', 'olivenite': 'rare green to black mineral consisting of hydrated copper arsenate that is found in copper deposits', 'ozonide': 'any of a class of unstable chemical compounds resulting from the addition of ozone to a double bond in an unsaturated compound', 'perchlorate': 'a salt of perchloric acid', 'perchloric_acid': 'a powerful oxidizing agent; forms perchlorates', 'proline': 'an amino acid that is found in many proteins (especially collagen)', 'butane': 'occurs in natural gas; used in the manufacture of rubber and fuels', 'coal_gas': 'gaseous mixture produced by distillation of bituminous coal and used for heating and lighting', 'town_gas': 'coal gas manufactured for domestic and industrial use', 'diesel_oil': 'a heavy mineral oil used as fuel in diesel engines', 'derv': 'diesel oil used in cars and lorries with diesel engines; from d(iesel) e(ngine) r(oad) v(ehicle)', 'fossil_fuel': \"fuel consisting of the remains of organisms preserved in rocks in the earth's crust with high carbon and hydrogen content\", 'fuel_oil': 'a petroleum product used for fuel', 'gasohol': 'a gasoline substitute consisting of 90% gasoline and 10% grain alcohol from corn', 'gasoline': 'a volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane and heptane and octane etc.) derived from petroleum; used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines', 'leaded_gasoline': 'gasoline treated with a lead compound to reduce motor knocks; \"combustion of leaded gasoline released lead into the air where it could cause lead poisoning\"', 'illuminant': 'something that can serve as a source of light', 'kerosene': 'a flammable hydrocarbon oil used as fuel in lamps and heaters', 'methanol': 'a light volatile flammable poisonous liquid alcohol; used as an antifreeze and solvent and fuel and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol', 'nuclear_fuel': 'fuel (such as uranium) that can be used in nuclear reactors as a source of electricity', 'opal': 'a translucent mineral consisting of hydrated silica of variable color; some varieties are used as gemstones', 'oroide': 'alloy of copper and tin and zinc; used in imitation gold jewelry', 'orpiment': 'a yellow mineral occurring in conjunction with realgar; an ore of arsenic', 'osmiridium': 'a hard and corrosion resistant mineral that is a natural alloy of osmium and iridium (usually containing small amounts of rhodium and platinum); used in needles and pen nibs etc.', 'paragonite': 'a colorless or pale brown mica with sodium', 'paraldehyde': 'a colorless liquid (a cyclic trimer of acetaldehyde) that is used as a sedative and a solvent', 'peat': 'partially carbonized vegetable matter saturated with water; can be used as a fuel when dried', 'pentlandite': 'a mineral (iron and nickel sulphide) that is the chief ore of nickel', 'triose': 'any monosaccharide sugar containing three atoms of carbon per molecule', 'tetrose': 'any monosaccharide sugar containing four atoms of carbon per molecule', 'pentose': 'any monosaccharide sugar containing five atoms of carbon per molecule', 'hexose': 'a monosaccharide that contains six carbon atoms per molecule', 'pentoxide': 'an oxide containing five atoms of oxygen in the molecule', 'peptone': 'any of various water-soluble compounds that form by hydrolysis in the digestion of proteins to amino acids', 'periclase': 'a white solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase; a source of magnesium', 'phlogopite': 'a brown form of mica consisting of hydrous silicate of potassium and magnesium and aluminum', 'pinite': 'grey or green or brown mineral similar to mica and containing aluminum and potassium sulphates', 'pollucite': 'a rare mineral that is an important source of cesium', 'quaternary_ammonium_compound': 'a compound derived from ammonium with hydrogen atoms replaced by organic groups; used as surface-active agents, disinfectants, and in drugs', 'proenzyme': 'any of a group of compounds that are inactive precursors of enzymes and require some change (such as the hydrolysis of a fragment that masks an active enzyme) to become active', 'propane': 'colorless gas found in natural gas and petroleum; used as a fuel', 'propellant': 'any substance that propels', 'rocket_fuel': 'an explosive charge that propels a rocket', 'propylthiouracil': 'a crystalline compound used as an antithyroid drug in the treatment of goiter', 'psilomelane': 'a mineral consisting of hydrated basic oxide of manganese and barium; a source of manganese', 'pyridine': 'a toxic colorless flammable liquid organic base with a disagreeable odor; usually derived from coal', 'pyrite': 'a common mineral (iron disulfide) that has a pale yellow color', 'pyrites': 'any of various metallic-looking sulfides (of which pyrite is the commonest)', 'pyrolusite': 'a mineral consisting of manganese dioxide; an important source of manganese', 'pyromorphite': 'a mineral consisting of lead chloride and phosphate; a minor source of lead', 'pyrophyllite': 'a white or greenish aluminum silicate mineral (resembles talc)', 'pyroxene': 'any of a group of crystalline silicate mineral common in igneous and metamorphic rocks', 'pyrrhotite': 'a brownish iron sulfide mineral (FeS) having weak magnetic properties', 'quartz': 'a hard glossy mineral consisting of silicon dioxide in crystal form; present in most rocks (especially sandstone and granite); yellow sand is quartz with iron oxide impurities', 'quartzite': 'hard metamorphic rock consisting essentially of interlocking quartz crystals', 'rock_crystal': 'a clear quartz used in making electronic and optical equipment', 'rhinestone': 'an imitation diamond made from rock crystal or glass or paste', 'cairngorm': 'a smoky yellow or brown quartz', 'rag_paper': 'paper made partly or wholly from rags', 'reactant': 'a chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction', 'realgar': 'a rare soft orange mineral consisting of arsenic sulphide; an important ore of arsenic', 'red_clay': 'clay whose redness results from iron oxide', 'red_fire': 'combustible material (usually salts of lithium or strontium) that burns bright red; used in flares and fireworks', 'regosol': 'a type of soil consisting of unconsolidated material from freshly deposited alluvium or sand', 'regur': 'a rich black loam of India', 'residual_soil': 'the soil that is remaining after the soluble elements have been dissolved', 'topsoil': 'the layer of soil on the surface', 'subsoil': 'the layer of soil between the topsoil and bedrock', 'resinoid': 'a plastic containing resins', 'rhodochrosite': 'a mineral consisting of manganese carbonate; a source of manganese', 'rhodonite': 'a pink or red mineral consisting of crystalline manganese silicate; used as an ornamental stone', 'ribose': 'a pentose sugar important as a component of ribonucleic acid', 'ricin': 'a toxic protein extracted from castor beans; used as a chemical reagent; can be used as a bioweapon; \"one milligram of ricin can kill an adult\"', 'road_metal': 'broken rock used for repairing or making roads', 'arenaceous_rock': 'a sedimentary rock composed of sand', 'argillaceous_rock': 'a sedimentary rock formed from clay deposits', 'rudaceous_rock': 'a sedimentary rock formed of coarse-grained material', 'breccia': 'a rudaceous rock consisting of sharp fragments embedded in clay or sand', 'sedimentary_rock': 'rock formed from consolidated clay sediments', 'sial': \"the granitelike rocks that form the outermost layer of the earth's crust; rich in silicon and aluminum\", 'sima': \"rock that form the continuous lower layer of the earth's crust; rich in silicon and magnesium\", 'marlite': 'metamorphic rock with approximately the same composition as marl', 'metamorphic_rock': 'rock altered by pressure and heat', 'gravel': 'rock fragments and pebbles', 'hornfels': 'a fine-grained metamorphic rock formed by the action of heat on clay rocks', 'bank_gravel': 'gravel as found in natural deposits', 'caliche': 'crust or layer of hard subsoil encrusted with calcium-carbonate occurring in arid or semiarid regions', 'cabochon': 'a highly polished gem that is cut convexly but without facets', 'pumice': 'a light glass formed on the surface of some lavas; used as an abrasive', 'grit': 'a hard coarse-grained siliceous sandstone', 'animal_product': 'a product made from animal material', 'ambergris': 'waxy substance secreted by the sperm whale and found floating at sea or washed ashore; used in perfume', 'lac': 'resinlike substance secreted by certain lac insects; used in e.g. varnishes and sealing wax', 'garnet_lac': 'lac refined by treating with solvent; garnet-colored', 'gum-lac': 'an inferior lac produced by lac insects in Madagascar', 'mosaic_gold': 'a yellow pigment sometimes suspended in lacquer', 'stick_lac': 'lac in its natural state as scraped off twigs and dried', 'seed_lac': 'granular material obtained from stick lac by crushing and washing', 'Sonora_lac': 'resembling lac; secreted by a scale living on twigs of certain Mexican shrubs; used locally as medicine', 'adhesive_material': 'a substance that unites or bonds surfaces together', 'birdlime': 'a sticky adhesive that is smeared on small branches to capture small birds', 'glue': 'cement consisting of a sticky substance that is used as an adhesive', 'animal_glue': 'a protein gelatin obtained by boiling e.g. skins and hoofs of cattle and horses', 'casein_glue': 'made from casein; used for e.g. plywood and cabinetwork', 'Crazy_Glue': 'a commercial brand of epoxy glue', 'fish_glue': 'gelatinous substance obtained by boiling skins fins and bones of fish', 'marine_glue': 'glue that is not water soluble', 'putty': 'a dough-like mixture of whiting and boiled linseed oil; used especially to patch woodwork or secure panes of glass', 'iron_putty': 'a cement resembling putty; made by mixing ferric oxide and boiled linseed oil; is acid resistant', 'red-lead_putty': 'a cement resembling putty; made by mixing white and red lead in boiled linseed oil; used as luting on pipe fittings', 'spirit_gum': 'an adhesive solution made of gum and ether and used to attach false hair to skin', 'cement': 'any of various materials used by dentists to fill cavities in teeth', 'paste': 'a hard, brilliant lead glass that is used in making artificial jewelry', 'rubber_cement': 'an adhesive made by dissolving unvulcanized rubber in a solvent like benzene or naphtha', 'sealing_material': 'any substance used to seal joints or fill cracks in a porous surface', 'sealant': 'a kind of sealing material that is used to form a hard coating on a porous surface (as a coat of paint or varnish used to size a surface)', 'purine': 'any of several bases that are derivatives of purine', 'adenine': '(biochemistry) purine base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with thymine in DNA and with uracil in RNA', 'adenosine': '(biochemistry) a nucleoside that is a structural component of nucleic acids; it is present in all living cells in a combined form as a constituent of DNA and RNA and ADP and ATP and AMP', 'adenosine_deaminase': 'an enzyme found in mammals that can catalyze the deamination of adenosine into inosine and ammonia; \"ADA deficiency can lead to one form of severe combined immunodeficiency disease\"; \"the gene encoding ADA was one of the earlier human genes to be isolated and cloned for study\"', 'adenosine_monophosphate': 'a nucleotide found in muscle cells and important in metabolism; reversibly convertible to ADP and ATP', 'adenosine_diphosphate': 'an ester of adenosine that is converted to ATP for energy storage', 'adenosine_triphosphate': 'a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions', 'agate': 'an impure form of quartz consisting of banded chalcedony; used as a gemstone and for making mortars and pestles', 'moss_agate': 'an agate resembling moss with brown, black, or green markings', 'Alar': 'a chemical sprayed on fruit trees to regulate their growth so the entire crop can be harvested at one time', 'ethyl_alcohol': 'the intoxicating agent in fermented and distilled liquors; used pure or denatured as a solvent or in medicines and colognes and cleaning solutions and rocket fuel; proposed as a renewable clean-burning additive to gasoline', 'spirits_of_wine': 'rectified ethyl alcohol', 'absolute_alcohol': 'pure ethyl alcohol (containing no more than 1% water)', 'isopropyl_alcohol': 'alcohol used as antifreeze or a solvent', 'denaturant': 'any substance that serves as a denaturing agent', 'denatured_alcohol': 'ethyl alcohol that is unfit for drinking but is still useful for other purposes', 'ethyl': 'the univalent hydrocarbon radical C2H5 derived from ethane by the removal of one hydrogen atom', 'aldohexose': 'a monosaccharide sugar having six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group', 'aldose': 'a monosaccharide sugar that contains the aldehyde group or is hemiacetal', 'acetal': 'any organic compound formed by adding alcohol molecules to aldehyde molecules', 'acetaldol': 'unsaturated aldol', 'acetaldehyde': 'a colorless volatile water-soluble liquid aldehyde used chiefly in the manufacture of acetic acid and perfumes and drugs', 'acetamide': 'a colorless solid amide of acetic acid used as a solvent and in the synthesis of organic compounds', 'acrylamide': 'a white crystalline amide of propenoic acid can damage the nervous system and is carcinogenic in laboratory animals; \"they claimed that acrylamide is produced when certain carbohydrates are baked or fried at high temperatures\"', 'agglomerate': 'volcanic rock consisting of large fragments fused together', 'aldol': 'an oily colorless liquid obtained by the condensation of two molecules of acetaldehyde; contains an alcohol group (-OH) and an aldehyde group (-CHO)', 'alkali': 'a mixture of soluble salts found in arid soils and some bodies of water; detrimental to agriculture', 'alkali_metal': 'any of the monovalent metals of group I of the periodic table (lithium or sodium or potassium or rubidium or cesium or francium); \"the hydroxides of the alkali metals are strongly alkaline\"', 'alkaline_earth': 'any of the bivalent metals of group II of the periodic table (calcium or strontium or barium or magnesium or beryllium)', 'alkaloid': 'natural bases containing nitrogen found in plants', 'alkene': 'any unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon', 'alkylbenzenesulfonate': 'sulfonate of alkyl benzene', 'cinchonine': 'an alkaloid derivative of the bark of cinchona trees that is used as an antimalarial drug', 'ephedrine': 'white odorless powdered or crystalline alkaloid from plants of the genus Ephedra (especially Ephedra sinica) or made synthetically; used as a bronchodilator to treat bronchitis and asthma', 'ergonovine': 'an alkaloid derived from ergot (trade name Ergotrate Maleate) that is less toxic than ergot; induces muscular contraction of the uterus and is administered after childbirth or abortion', 'ergotamine': 'an alkaloid derived from ergot that is less toxic than ergot; causes constriction of blood vessels and is used to treat migraine', 'pseudoephedrine': 'poisonous crystalline alkaloid occurring with ephedrine and isomorphic with it', 'epsilon_toxin': 'a bacterial toxin produced by clostridium perfringens; causes intense abdominal cramps and diarrhea that begins 8-22 hours after consumption of foods containing large numbers of these bacteria', 'aflatoxin': 'a potent carcinogen from the fungus Aspergillus; can be produced and stored for use as a bioweapon', 'nicotine': 'an alkaloid poison that occurs in tobacco; used in medicine and as an insecticide', 'strychnine': 'an alkaloid plant toxin extracted chiefly from nux vomica; formerly used as a stimulant', 'brucine': 'a bitter alkaloid poison resembling strychnine and extracted from nux vomica', 'Turkish_tobacco': 'a dark aromatic tobacco of eastern Europe that is used in cigarettes', 'latakia': 'aromatic Turkish tobacco', 'alexandrite': 'a green variety of chrysoberyl used as a gemstone', 'alloy_iron': 'cast iron containing alloying elements (usually nickel or chromium or copper or molybdenum) to increase the strength or facilitate heat treatment', 'alloy_steel': 'steel who characteristics are determined by the addition of other elements in addition to carbon', 'Alnico': 'trade name for an alloy used to make high-energy permanent magnets; contains aluminum and iron and nickel plus cobalt or copper or titanium', 'fusible_metal': 'an alloy with a low melting point and used as solder and in safety plugs and sprinkler fuses', 'gunmetal': 'a type of bronze used for parts subject to wear or corrosion (especially corrosion by sea water)', 'phosphor_bronze': 'a corrosion-resistant bronze containing phosphorus; used in bearings and gears', 'cupronickel': 'a 60/40 alloy of copper and nickel', 'electrum': 'an alloy of gold and silver', 'pewter': 'any of various alloys of tin with small amounts of other metals (especially lead)', 'pinchbeck': 'an alloy of copper and zinc that is used in cheap jewelry to imitate gold', 'pot_metal': 'cast iron used for making cooking wares', 'hard_solder': 'solder that contains copper; melts at a relatively high temperature; used for brazing', 'silver_solder': 'a solder that contains silver', 'soft_solder': 'solder that melts at a relatively low temperature', 'solder': 'an alloy (usually of lead and tin) used when melted to join two metal surfaces', 'gold_dust': 'the particles and flakes (and sometimes small nuggets) of gold obtained in placer mining', 'white_gold': 'a pale alloy of gold usually with platinum or nickel or palladium', 'Monel_metal': 'an alloy of nickel and copper and other metals (such as iron and/or manganese and/or aluminum)', 'type_metal': 'an alloy of tin and lead and antimony used to make printing type', 'white_metal': 'an alloy (often of lead or tin base) used for bearings', 'alluvial_soil': 'a fine-grained fertile soil deposited by water flowing over flood plains or in river beds', 'allyl_alcohol': 'an unsaturated primary alcohol present in wood spirit; use to make resins and plasticizers and pharmaceuticals', 'allyl_resin': 'a resin derived from allyl alcohol that hardens when cured; used as an adhesive', 'alpha-beta_brass': 'a brass that has more zinc and is stronger than alpha brass; used in making castings and hot-worked products', 'alpha_brass': 'an alloy of brass and zinc; used mainly for cold working', 'alpha_bronze': 'an alloy of copper and tin that can be worked', 'alpha_iron': 'a magnetic allotrope of iron; stable below 906 degrees centigrade', 'alpha-tocopheral': 'a potent form of vitamin E obtained from germ oils or by synthesis', 'carotenoid': 'any of a class of highly unsaturated yellow to red pigments occurring in plants and animals', 'carotene': 'yellow or orange-red fat-soluble pigments in plants', 'lycopene': 'carotenoid that makes tomatoes red; may lower the risk of prostate cancer', 'beta-carotene': 'an isomer of carotene that is found in dark green and dark yellow fruits and vegetables', 'xanthophyll': 'yellow carotenoid pigments in plants and animal fats and egg yolks', 'zeaxanthin': 'yellow carotenoid (isomeric with lutein and occurs widely with it) that is the main pigment in yellow Indian corn', 'betaine': 'a sweet tasting alkaloid that occurs in sugar beets', 'beta_iron': 'an allotrope of iron that is the same as alpha iron except that it is nonmagnetic; stable between 768 and 906 degrees centigrade', 'gamma_iron': 'a nonmagnetic allotrope of iron that is the basis of austenite; stable between 906 and 1403 degrees centigrade', 'delta_iron': 'an allotrope of iron that is stable between 1403 degrees centigrade and the melting point (= 1532 degrees)', 'amethyst': 'a transparent purple variety of quartz; used as a gemstone', 'amygdaloid': 'volcanic rock in which rounded cavities formed by expanding gas have subsequently become filled with mineral deposits', 'aluminum_bronze': 'an alloy of copper and aluminum with high tensile strength and resistance to corrosion', 'activator': '(biology) any agency bringing about activation; a molecule that increases the activity of an enzyme or a protein that increases the production of a gene product in DNA transcription', 'activating_agent': '(mineral extraction) a surface-active chemical used in flotation process to increase the attraction to a specific mineral', 'biocatalyst': 'a biochemical catalyst such as an enzyme', 'sensitizer': '(chemistry) a substance other than a catalyst that facilitates the start of a catalytic reaction', 'amide': 'any organic compound containing the group -CONH2', 'inhibitor': 'a substance that retards or stops an activity', 'antioxidant': 'substance that inhibits oxidation or inhibits reactions promoted by oxygen or peroxides', 'rust_inhibitor': 'antioxidant that inhibits the formation of rust', 'anticatalyst': '(chemistry) a substance that retards a chemical reaction or diminishes the activity of a catalyst', 'actinolite': 'a green mineral of the amphibole group; calcium magnesium iron silicate', 'andesite': 'a dark grey volcanic rock', 'anthophyllite': 'a dark brown mineral of the amphibole group; magnesium iron silicate', 'asbestos': 'a fibrous amphibole; used for making fireproof articles; inhaling fibers can cause asbestosis or lung cancer', 'chrysotile': 'a grey or green fibrous mineral; an important source of commercial asbestos', 'tremolite': 'a white or pale green mineral (calcium magnesium silicate) of the amphibole group used as a form of asbestos', 'hornblende': 'a green to black mineral of the amphibole group; consists of silicates of calcium and sodium and magnesium and iron', 'aphanite': 'fine-grained homogeneous rock (such as basalt) containing minerals undetectable by the naked eye', 'aplite': 'light-colored and fine-grained granitic rock consisting chiefly of quartz and feldspars', 'afterdamp': 'a toxic mixture of gases (including carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide and nitrogen) after an explosion of firedamp in a mine', 'dacite': 'a grey volcanic rock containing plagioclase and quartz and other crystalline minerals', 'firedamp': 'a mixture of gases (mostly methane) that form in coal mines and become explosive when mixed with air', 'heavy_water': 'water containing a substantial proportion of deuterium atoms, used in nuclear reactors', 'organic_compound': 'any compound of carbon and another element or a radical', 'protein': 'any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; \"a diet high in protein\"', 'recombinant_protein': 'a protein derived from recombinant DNA', 'actomyosin': 'a protein complex in muscle fibers; composed of myosin and actin; shortens when stimulated and causes muscle contractions', 'aleurone': 'granular protein in outermost layer of endosperm of many seeds or cereal grains', 'amyloid': 'a non-nitrogenous food substance consisting chiefly of starch; any substance resembling starch', 'apoenzyme': 'a protein that combines with a coenzyme to form an active enzyme', 'beta-naphthol': 'an isomer of naphthol used in rubber as an antioxidant', 'chondrin': 'a substance that resembles gelatin and is obtained by boiling cartilage in water', 'mucin': 'a nitrogenous substance found in mucous secretions; a lubricant that protects body surfaces', 'conjugated_protein': 'a protein complex combining amino acids with other substances', 'actin': 'one of the proteins into which actomyosin can be split; can exist in either a globular or a fibrous form', 'albumin': 'a simple water-soluble protein found in many animal tissues and liquids', 'lactalbumin': 'albumin occurring in milk', 'serum_albumin': 'albumin occurring in blood serum; serves to maintain the somatic pressure of the blood', 'alpha_globulin': 'a globulin in blood plasma or serum that is alkaline and has great electrophoretic mobility', 'serum_globulin': 'globulins occurring in blood serum and containing most of the antibodies of the blood', 'C-reactive_protein': 'a byproduct of inflammation; a globulin that is found in the blood in some cases of acute inflammation', 'keratin': 'a fibrous scleroprotein that occurs in the outer layer of the skin and in horny tissues such as hair, feathers, nails, and hooves', 'chitin': 'a tough semitransparent horny substance; the principal component of the exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of certain fungi', 'enzyme': 'any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions', 'fibrin': 'a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots; it forms a network that traps red cells and platelets', 'filaggrin': 'the main protein of the keratohyalin granules; \"the specific target of the immune response in rheumatoid arthritis is filaggrin\"', 'growth_factor': 'a protein that is involved in cell differentiation and growth', 'nerve_growth_factor': 'a protein that is involved in the growth of peripheral nerve cells', 'haptoglobin': 'a protein in plasma that binds free hemoglobin and removes it (as from wounds)', 'iodoprotein': 'a protein that contains iodine', 'nucleoprotein': 'any of several substances found in the nuclei of all living cells; consists of a protein bound to a nucleic acid', 'opsin': 'retinal protein formed by the action of light on rhodopsin', 'phosphoprotein': 'containing chemically bound phosphoric acid', 'casein': 'a milk protein used in making e.g. plastics and adhesives', 'amylase': 'any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants; help convert starch to sugar', 'angiotensin_converting_enzyme': 'proteolytic enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II', 'cholinesterase': 'an enzyme that hydrolyses acetylcholine (into choline and acetic acid)', 'coagulase': 'an enzyme that induces coagulation', 'collagenase': 'any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of collagen and gelatin', 'plasma_protein': 'any of the proteins in blood plasma', 'prostate_specific_antigen': 'a protein manufactured exclusively by the prostate gland; PSA is produced for the ejaculate where it liquifies the semen and allows sperm cells to swim freely; elevated levels of PSA in blood serum are associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer', 'proteome': 'the full complement of proteins produced by a particular genome', 'simple_protein': 'a protein that yields only amino acids when hydrolyzed', 'thrombin': 'an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot', 'tumor_necrosis_factor': 'a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced by white blood cells (monocytes and macrophages); has an antineoplastic effect but causes inflammation (as in rheumatoid arthritis)', 'catalase': 'enzyme found in most plant and animal cells that functions as an oxidative catalyst; decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water', 'cyclooxygenase': 'either of two related enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins and are blocked by aspirin', 'cyclooxygenase-1': 'an enzyme that regulates prostaglandins that are important for the health of the stomach lining and kidneys; \"an unfortunate side effect of NSAIDs is that they block Cox-1\"', 'cyclooxygenase-2': 'an enzyme that makes prostaglandins that cause inflammation and pain and fever; \"the beneficial effects of NSAIDs result from their ability to block Cox-2\"', 'ptyalin': 'an amylase secreted in saliva', 'rennet': 'a substance that curdles milk in making cheese and junket', 'ferment': 'a substance capable of bringing about fermentation', 'amine': 'a compound derived from ammonia by replacing hydrogen atoms by univalent hydrocarbon radicals', 'azadirachtin': 'insecticide', 'carboxylic_acid': 'an organic acid characterized by one or more carboxyl groups', 'saccharic_acid': 'a white dicarboxylic acid formed from oxidation of sugar or starch', 'sebacic_acid': 'a dicarboxylic acid used to make resins', 'sorbic_acid': 'a white crystalline carboxylic acid used as a preservative', 'valeric_acid': 'a clear liquid carboxylic acid used in perfumes and drugs', 'fatty_acid': 'any of a class of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that form part of a lipid molecule and can be derived from fat by hydrolysis; fatty acids are simple molecules built around a series of carbon atoms linked together in a chain of 12 to 22 carbon atoms', 'saturated_fatty_acid': 'a fatty acid whose carbon chain cannot absorb any more hydrogen atoms; found chiefly in animal fats', 'unsaturated_fatty_acid': 'a fatty acid whose carbon chain can absorb additional hydrogen atoms', 'trans_fatty_acid': 'a fatty acid that has been produced by hydrogenating an unsaturated fatty acid (and so changing its shape); found in processed foods such as margarine and fried foods and puddings and commercially baked goods and partially hydrogenated vegetable oils', 'monounsaturated_fatty_acid': 'an unsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has one double or triple valence bond per molecule; found chiefly in olive oil and chicken and almonds', 'polyunsaturated_fatty_acid': 'an unsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has more than one double or triple valence bond per molecule; found chiefly in fish and corn and soybean oil and safflower oil', 'omega-3_fatty_acid': 'a polyunsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has its first double valence bond three carbons from the beginning', 'omega-6_fatty_acid': 'a polyunsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has its first double valence bond six carbons from the beginning', 'margaric_acid': 'a colorless crystalline synthetic fatty acid', 'ricinoleic_acid': 'an oily fatty acid found in castor oil and used in soap', 'fibrinopeptide': 'peptide released from the amino end of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin to form fibrin during clotting of the blood', 'polypeptide': 'a peptide containing 10 to more than 100 amino acids', 'peptide': 'amide combining the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another; usually obtained by partial hydrolysis of protein', 'aminobenzoic_acid': 'a derivative of benzoic acid', 'amino_plastic': 'a plastic (synthetic resin) made from amino compounds; used as an adhesive and as a coating for paper and textiles', 'ammonia': 'a pungent gas compounded of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3)', 'ammine': 'a complex inorganic compound that contains ammonia molecules', 'ammonia_water': 'a water solution of ammonia', 'ammoniac': 'the aromatic gum of the ammoniac plant', 'ammonium': 'the ion NH4 derived from ammonia; behaves in many respects like an alkali metal ion', 'ammonium_carbamate': 'a salt of carbamic acid that is used as a nitrogen fertilizer', 'ammonium_carbonate': 'a carbonate of ammonium; used in the manufacture of smelling salts and baking powder and ammonium compounds', 'ammonium_chloride': 'a white salt used in dry cells', 'amyl_alcohol': 'a mixture of 2 or more isomeric alcohols; used as a solvent and in organic synthesis', 'phytohormone': '(botany) a plant product that acts like a hormone', 'auxin': 'a plant hormone that promotes root formation and bud growth', 'gibberellin': 'a plant hormone isolated from a fungus; used in promoting plant growth', 'gibberellic_acid': 'a crystalline acid associated with gibberellin', 'kinin': 'any of a class of plant hormones that promote cell division and delay the senescence of leaves', 'steroid_hormone': 'any hormone affecting the development and growth of sex organs', 'corticosterone': 'secreted by the adrenal cortex; involved in regulating water and electrolyte balance in the body', 'progesterone': 'a steroid hormone (trade name Lipo-Lutin) produced in the ovary; prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy', 'megestrol': 'a synthetic progestational compound used to treat endometrial carcinoma', 'norethindrone': 'a synthetic progestational hormone (trade name Norlutin) used in oral contraceptives and to treat endometriosis', 'norethynodrel': 'a progesterone derivative used in oral contraceptives and in the control of menstruation and the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding', 'norgestrel': 'synthetic progestin used in oral contraceptives', 'medroxyprogesterone': 'a progestin compound (trade name Provera) used to treat menstrual disorders', 'progestin': 'any of a group of steroid hormones that have the effect of progesterone', 'androgen': 'male sex hormone that is produced in the testes and responsible for typical male sexual characteristics', 'adrenosterone': 'a steroid having androgenic activity; obtained from the cortex of the adrenal gland', 'androsterone': 'an androgenic hormone that is less active than testosterone', 'methyltestosterone': 'an androgenic compound contained in drugs that are used to treat testosterone deficiency and female breast cancer and to stimulate growth and weight gain', 'nandrolone': 'an androgen (trade names Durabolin or Kabolin) that is used to treat testosterone deficiency or breast cancer or osteoporosis', 'testosterone': 'a potent androgenic hormone produced chiefly by the testes; responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics', 'follicle-stimulating_hormone': 'a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth of Graafian follicles in female mammals, and activates the cells in male mammals that form sperm', 'human_chorionic_gonadotropin': 'hormone produced early in pregnancy by the placenta; detection in the urine and serum is the basis for one kind of pregnancy test', 'luteinizing_hormone': 'a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary; stimulates ovulation in female mammals and stimulates androgen release in male mammals', 'prolactin': 'gonadotropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary; in females it stimulates growth of the mammary glands and lactation after parturition', 'estrogen': 'a general term for female steroid sex hormones that are secreted by the ovary and responsible for typical female sexual characteristics', 'diethylstilbestrol': 'a potent estrogen used in medicine and in feed for livestock and poultry', 'estradiol': 'the most powerful female hormone that occurs naturally; synthesized and used to treat estrogen deficiency and breast cancer', 'estriol': 'a naturally occurring estrogenic hormone; a synthetic form is used to treat estrogen deficiency', 'estrone': 'a naturally occurring weak estrogenic hormone secreted by the mammalian ovary; synthesized (trade name Estronol) and used to treat estrogen deficiency', 'hexestrol': 'estrogen compound used to treat menstrual irregularities and menopausal symptoms and to prevent pregnancy', 'mestranol': 'a synthetic form of estrogen used in combination with a progestin in oral contraceptives', 'corticosteroid': 'a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex or synthesized; administered as drugs they reduce swelling and decrease the body\\'s immune response; \"adrenal cortical steroids are used to treat many different conditions\"', 'mineralocorticoid': 'hormone that is one of the steroids of the adrenal cortex that influences the metabolism of sodium and potassium', 'glucocorticoid': 'a steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal cortex of animals; affects functioning of gonads and has anti-inflammatory activity', 'glucosamine': 'an amino derivative of glucose that is a component of many polysaccharides', 'aldosterone': 'a corticosteroid hormone that is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland; regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance', 'hydrocortisone': 'an adrenal-cortex hormone (trade names Hydrocortone or Cortef) that is active in carbohydrate and protein metabolism', 'cortisone': 'a corticosteroid hormone (trade name Cortone Acetate) normally produced by the adrenal cortex; is converted to hydrocortisone', 'prednisolone': 'a glucocorticoid (trade names Pediapred or Prelone) used to treat inflammatory conditions', 'prednisone': 'a dehydrogenated analogue of cortisol (trade names Orasone or Deltasone or Liquid Pred or Meticorten); used as an anti-inflammatory drug in the treatment of arthritis and as an immunosuppressant', 'dexamethasone': 'a corticosteroid drug (trade names Decadron or Dexamethasone Intensol or Dexone or Hexadrol or Oradexon) used to treat allergies or inflammation', 'spironolactone': 'a synthetic corticosteroid (trade name Aldactone) used to treat hypertension', 'acid_dye': 'dye in which the chromophore is part of a negative ion', 'aniline': 'oily poisonous liquid amine obtained from nitrobenzene and used to make dyes and plastics and medicines', 'alizarin_yellow': 'any of various yellow dyes; not related chemically to alizarin but applied in the same manner', 'aniline_dye': 'any of many dyes made from aniline', 'animal_oil': 'any oil obtained from animal substances', 'drying_oil': 'an oil that hardens in air due to oxidation and is often used as a paint or varnish base', 'animal_material': 'material derived from animals', 'animal_pigment': 'pigment occurring in animals', 'arsine': 'a poisonous colorless flammable gas used in organic synthesis and to dope transistors and as a poison gas in warfare', 'bilirubin': 'an orange-yellow pigment in the bile that forms as a product of hemoglobin; excess amounts in the blood produce the yellow appearance observed in jaundice', 'urobilin': 'brown bile pigment formed from urobilinogens and found in feces and in small amounts in urine', 'urobilinogen': 'a chromogen formed in the intestine from the breakdown of bilirubin; yields urobilins on oxidation; some is excreted in the feces and some is resorbed and excreted in bile or urine', 'luciferin': 'pigment occurring in luminescent organisms (as fireflies); emits heatless light when undergoing oxidation', 'melanin': 'insoluble pigments that account for the color of e.g. skin and scales and feathers', 'ivory': 'a hard smooth ivory colored dentine that makes up most of the tusks of elephants and walruses', 'whalebone': 'a horny material from the upper jaws of certain whales; used as the ribs of fans or as stays in corsets', 'mother-of-pearl': 'the iridescent internal layer of a mollusk shell', 'animal_skin': 'the outer covering of an animal', 'parchment': 'a superior paper resembling sheepskin', 'vellum': 'a heavy creamy-colored paper resembling parchment', 'goatskin': 'the hide of a goat', 'rawhide': 'untanned hide especially of cattle; cut in strips it is used for whips and ropes', 'leather': 'an animal skin made smooth and flexible by removing the hair and then tanning', 'ooze_leather': 'a very soft leather made from the skins of calves and having a suede finish on the flesh side', 'Russia_leather': 'a smooth leather tanned with willow, birch, or oak, and scented on the flesh side with birch oil', 'caffeine': 'a bitter alkaloid found in coffee and tea that is responsible for their stimulating effects', 'white_leather': 'a leather that has been treated with alum and/or salt', 'wash_leather': 'piece of chamois used for cleaning and polishing', 'cordovan': 'a fine leather originally made in Cordoba, Spain', 'crushed_leather': 'leather that has had its grain pattern accentuated', 'deerskin': 'leather from the hide of a deer', 'glove_leather': 'leather suitable for making gloves', 'horsehide': 'leather from the hide of a horse', 'morocco': 'a soft pebble-grained leather made from goatskin; used for shoes and book bindings etc.', 'patent_leather': 'leather with a hard glossy surface', 'pigskin': 'leather from the skin of swine', 'sheepskin': 'tanned skin of a sheep with the fleece left on; used for clothing', 'Golden_Fleece': 'in Greek mythology, a fleece of gold owned by the king of Colchis and guarded in a sacred grove by a dragon; recovered by Jason and the Argonauts', 'shoe_leather': 'leather used to make shoes', 'suede': 'leather with a napped surface', 'astrakhan': 'the fur of young lambs', 'lambskin': 'the skin of a lamb with the wool still on', 'hudson_seal': 'muskrat fur dressed to simulate sealskin', 'anime': 'any of various resins or oleoresins', 'antifreeze': 'a liquid added to the water in a cooling system to lower its freezing point', 'nitric_acid': 'acid used especially in the production of fertilizers and explosives and rocket fuels', 'nitrous_acid': 'an unstable inorganic acid known only in solution and as nitrite salts', 'nitrogen_oxide': 'any of several oxides of nitrogen formed by the action of nitric acid on oxidizable materials; present in car exhausts', 'nitrogen_dioxide': 'a highly poisonous brown gas (NO2)', 'nitric_oxide': 'a poisonous red-brown gas (NO)', 'anhydride': 'a compound formed from one or more other compounds in a reaction resulting in removal of water', 'aqua_regia': 'a yellow fuming corrosive mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acid that dissolves metals (including gold)', 'aquamarine': 'a transparent variety of beryl that is blue green in color', 'arginine': 'a bitter tasting amino acid found in proteins and necessary for nutrition; its absence from the diet leads to a reduced production of spermatozoa', 'aromatic_hydrocarbon': 'a hydrocarbon that contains one or more benzene rings that are characteristic of the benzene series of organic compounds', 'artificial_blood': 'a liquid that can carry large amounts of oxygen and can serve as a temporary substitute for blood', 'acetic_anhydride': 'a compound that is needed in order to refine opium into heroin', 'phthalic_anhydride': 'a white cyclic anhydride', 'art_paper': 'a high-quality paper (usually having a filler of china clay)', 'asafetida': 'the brownish gum resin of various plants; has strong taste and odor; formerly used as an antispasmodic', 'fly_ash': 'fine solid particles of ash that are carried into the air when fuel is combusted', 'mineral_wool': 'a light fibrous material used as an insulator', 'austenite': 'a solid solution of ferric carbide or carbon in iron; cools to form pearlite or martensite', 'austenitic_steel': 'steel that has enough nickel and chromium or manganese to retain austenite at atmospheric temperatures', 'axle_grease': 'a thick heavy grease used to lubricate axles', 'azide': 'a chemical compound containing the azido group combined with an element or radical', 'hydrazoite': 'a salt of hydrazoic acid', 'azo_dye': 'any dye containing one or more azo groups', 'congo_red': 'a red-brown azo dye especially as a chemical pH indicator (congo red is red in basic and blue in acidic solutions)', 'gentian_violet': 'a green crystal (violet in water) used as a dye or stain or bactericide or fungicide or anthelmintic or burn treatment', 'thiazine': 'a compound made up of a ring of four carbon atoms and one sulfur atom and one nitrogen atom', 'methylene_blue': 'a dark green dye used as a stain, an antiseptic, a chemical indicator, and an antidote in cyanide poisoning', 'methyl_orange': 'an azo dye used as an acid-base indicator; used for titrations involving weak bases', 'phenothiazine': 'a compound used primarily in veterinary medicine to rid farm animals of internal parasites', 'diazonium': 'the univalent cation R-N:N- (where R is an aromatic hydrocarbon); found in salts that are used in manufacturing azo dyes', 'Babbitt_metal': 'an alloy of tin with some copper and antimony; a lining for bearings that reduces friction', 'bactericide': 'any chemical agent that destroys bacteria', 'bagasse': 'the dry dusty pulp that remains after juice is extracted from sugar cane or similar plants', 'baking_powder': 'any of various powdered mixtures used in baking as a substitute for yeast', 'banana_oil': 'a liquid ester derived from amyl alcohol; has the odor of bananas', 'barbituric_acid': 'a white crystalline acid derived from pyrimidine; used in preparing barbiturate drugs', 'barium_sulphate': 'a white insoluble radiopaque powder used as a pigment', 'basalt': 'the commonest type of solidified lava; a dense dark grey fine-grained igneous rock that is composed chiefly of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene', 'basic_dye': 'a dye that is considered to be a base because the chromophore is part of a positive ion', 'basic_iron': 'pig iron containing a high percentage of phosphorus; used in making steel by a process that removes the phosphorus', 'basic_slag': 'slag produced in making steel; low in silica but having large amounts of calcium phosphate; useful as fertilizer', 'bath_water': 'water used for a bath', 'battery_acid': 'dilute sulfuric acid used in storage batteries', 'bearing_brass': 'a brass bushing or a lining for a bearing', 'beebread': 'a mixture of nectar and pollen prepared by worker bees and fed to larvae', 'royal_jelly': 'a secretion of the pharyngeal glands of bees that is fed to very young larvae and to bees destined to be queens', 'beef_tallow': 'tallow obtained from a bovine animal', 'bell_metal': 'bronze with 3 or 4 parts copper to 1 part tin; used in making bells', 'benzene': 'a colorless liquid hydrocarbon; highly inflammable; carcinogenic; the simplest of the aromatic compounds', 'benzene_formula': 'a closed chain of 6 carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached', 'benzoate': 'any salt or ester of benzoic acid', 'benzoate_of_soda': 'a white crystalline salt used as a food preservative and antiseptic', 'benzoic_acid': 'a white crystalline solid occurring in many resins', 'benzoyl_peroxide': 'a white crystalline peroxide used in bleaching (flour or oils or fats) and as a catalyst for free radical reactions', 'beryllium_bronze': 'a copper-base alloy containing beryllium', 'bicarbonate': 'a salt of carbonic acid (containing the anion HCO3) in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced; an acid carbonate', 'bicarbonate_of_soda': 'a white soluble compound (NaHCO3) used in effervescent drinks and in baking powders and as an antacid', 'bimetal': 'material made by bonding together sheets of two different metals', \"binder's_board\": 'a cardboard used by bookbinders to make covers for books', 'bitter_principle': 'any one of several hundred compounds having a bitter taste; not admitting of chemical classification', 'black_opal': 'a dark colored opal with internal reflections of green or red', 'active_agent': 'chemical agent capable of activity', 'Alka-seltzer': 'a commercial antacid that contains aspirin; tablets dissolve in water to give an effervescent solution', 'Brioschi': 'an antacid', 'Bromo-seltzer': 'an antacid', 'lansoprazole': 'antacid (trade name Prevacid) that suppresses acid secretion in the stomach', 'Maalox': 'an antacid', 'Mylanta': 'an antacid', 'omeprazole': 'antacid (trade name Prilosec) that suppresses acid secretion in the stomach', 'Pepto-bismal': 'an antacid', 'Rolaids': 'an antacid', 'Tums': 'an antacid', 'antacid': 'an agent that counteracts or neutralizes acidity (especially in the stomach)', 'reagent': 'a chemical agent for use in chemical reactions', 'bacteriostat': 'a chemical or biological material that inhibits bacterial growth', 'bleaching_agent': 'an agent that makes things white or colorless', 'chemical_agent': 'an agent that produces chemical reactions', 'desiccant': 'a substance that promotes drying (e.g., calcium oxide absorbs water and is used to remove moisture)', 'oxidant': 'a substance that oxidizes another substance', 'reducing_agent': 'a substance capable of bringing about the reduction of another substance as it itself is oxidized; used in photography to lessen the density of a negative or print by oxidizing some of the loose silver', 'bleaching_clay': 'an adsorbent clay that will remove coloring from oils', 'mud_pie': 'a mass of mud that a child has molded into the shape of pie', 'bleaching_powder': 'a white powder comprised of calcium hydroxide and chloride and hypochlorite and used to bleach and/or disinfect', 'bleach_liquor': 'a solution containing bleaching agents that is used to bleach textiles or paper pulp', 'hydrogen_peroxide': 'a viscous liquid with strong oxidizing properties; a powerful bleaching agent; also used (in aqueous solutions) as a mild disinfectant and (in strong concentrations) as an oxidant in rocket fuels', 'blister_copper': 'an impure form of copper having a black blistered surface', 'bloodstone': 'green chalcedony with red spots that resemble blood', 'blotting_paper': 'absorbent paper used to dry ink', 'blow_gas': 'the gas leaving a generator during a blow period', 'blubber': 'an insulating layer of fat under the skin of whales and other large marine mammals; used as a source of oil', 'blueprint_paper': 'sensitized paper used to make blueprints', 'blue_vitriol': 'hydrated blue crystalline form of copper sulfate', 'bog_soil': 'poorly drained soils on top of peat and under marsh or swamp vegetation', 'bone_ash': 'ash left when bones burn; high in calcium phosphate; used as fertilizer and in bone china', 'bonemeal': 'fertilizer made of ground bones', 'neem_cake': 'residue after oil is pressed from neem seeds', 'bone_fat': 'fatty matter in bones extracted with solvents or by boiling or steaming; used chiefly in candles and cheap soaps and in lubricating greases', 'bone_oil': 'the liquid portion of bone fat; used as a lubricant and in leather manufacture', 'borate': 'a salt or ester of boric acid', 'boric_acid': 'a white or colorless slightly acid solid that is soluble in water and ethanol; used in the manufacture of glass and paper and adhesives and in detergents and as a flux in welding; also used as an antiseptic and food preservative', 'boron_trifluoride': 'a pungent colorless gas', 'borosilicate': 'a salt of boric and silicic acids', 'bouncing_putty': 'a soft elastic silicone polymer that increases in elasticity with the application of force; used in the center of golf balls and as shock-absorbent padding', 'box_calf': 'black calfskin leather tanned with chromium salts', \"brewer's_yeast\": 'yeast used in fermenting beer', 'bottom_fermenting_yeast': \"brewer's yeast used in bottom fermentation of lager\", 'top_fermenting_yeast': \"brewer's yeast used in top fermentation of ale\", 'bricks_and_mortar': 'building material consisting of bricks laid with mortar between them', 'brushwood': 'the wood from bushes or small branches; \"they built a fire of brushwood\"', 'brimstone': 'an old name for sulfur', 'Britannia_metal': 'an alloy similar to pewter', 'bromic_acid': 'an unstable acid used as an oxidizing agent', 'bromide': 'any of the salts of hydrobromic acid; formerly used as a sedative but now generally replaced by safer drugs', 'buffer_solution': 'a solution containing a buffer', 'starting_buffer': 'buffer solution at the start of a reaction', 'phosphate_buffer_solution': 'a solution containing a phosphate buffer', 'building_material': 'material used for constructing buildings', 'lagging': 'used to wrap around pipes or boilers or laid in attics to prevent loss of heat', 'butylene': 'any of three isomeric hydrocarbons C4H8; all used in making synthetic rubbers', 'isobutylene': 'used also in making gasoline components', 'polybutylene': 'a polymer of butylene; used in lubricants and synthetic rubber', 'animal_fat': 'any fat obtained from animals; \"animal fat is high in saturated fatty acids\"', 'butterfat': 'the fatty substance of milk from which butter is made', 'cabinet_wood': 'moderately dense wood used for cabinetwork; \"teak and other heavy cabinet wood\"', 'butanone': 'colorless soluble flammable liquid ketone used as a solvent for resins and as a paint remover and in lacquers and cements and adhesives and cleaning fluids and celluloid', 'butyl_alcohol': 'a flammable alcohol derived from butanes and used for solvents', 'butyric_acid': 'an unpleasant smelling fatty acid found especially in butter', 'butyrin': 'any of three glycerides of butyric acid', 'tributyrin': 'a bitter oily triglyceride of butyric acid; a form of butyrin', 'cacodyl': 'a poisonous oily liquid with a garlicky odor composed of 2 cacodyl groups; undergoes spontaneous combustion in dry air', 'calcium_carbide': 'a grey salt of calcium (CaC) used in making acetylene', 'calcium-cyanamide': 'a compound used as a fertilizer and as a source of nitrogen compounds', 'calcium_hypochlorite': 'any hypochlorite of calcium; used as a bleaching agent', 'calcium_lactate': 'a white crystalline salt made by the action of lactic acid on calcium carbonate; used in foods (as a baking powder) and given medically as a source of calcium', 'calcium_nitrate': 'a deliquescent salt that is soluble in water; sometimes used as a source of nitrogen in fertilizers', 'calcium_oxide': 'a white crystalline oxide used in the production of calcium hydroxide', 'calcium_phosphate': 'a phosphate of calcium; a main constituent of animal bones', 'calcium_stearate': 'an insoluble calcium salt of stearic acid and palmitic acid; it is formed when soap is mixed with water that contains calcium ions and is the scum produced in regions of hard water', 'carbonyl': 'a compound containing metal combined with carbon monoxide', 'carbonyl_group': 'the bivalent radical CO', 'carboxyl': 'the univalent radical -COOH; present in and characteristic of organic acids', 'camphor': 'a resin obtained from the camphor tree; used in making celluloid and liniment', 'camphor_oil': 'oil distilled from camphor resin', 'candelilla_wax': 'a hard brown wax that occurs as a coating on candelilla shrubs', 'cannabin': 'a resin obtained from the hemp plant; thought to be the active narcotic agent in marijuana', 'cannel_coal': 'a bituminous coal that burns with a luminous flame', 'capric_acid': 'a fatty acid found in animal oils and fats; has an unpleasant smell resembling goats', 'caproic_acid': 'a fatty acid found in animal oils and fats or made synthetically; smells like goats', 'caprylic_acid': 'a fatty acid having a rancid taste; found in butter and other fats and oils', 'carbamate': 'a salt (or ester) of carbamic acid', 'carbamic_acid': 'an acid that is known only by virtue of its salts (as ammonium carbamate) or its esters (as urethane)', 'carbide': 'a binary compound of carbon with a more electropositive element', 'carbohydrate': 'an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain', 'Carboloy': 'an alloy based on tungsten with cobalt or nickel as a binder; used in making metal-cutting tools', 'carbon_black': 'a black colloidal substance consisting wholly or principally of amorphous carbon and used to make pigments and ink', 'carcinogen': 'any substance that produces cancer', 'cellulose': 'a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers', 'carboxymethyl_cellulose': 'an acid derivative of cellulose', 'diethylaminoethyl_cellulose': 'used for chromatography', 'cartridge_brass': 'an alloy of copper and zinc (containing about 30% zinc) that is wrought into cartridges or tubing', 'case-hardened_steel': 'steel with a surface that is much harder than the interior metal', 'cellulose_ester': 'any ester of cellulose with an acid', 'cellulose_nitrate': 'a nitric acid ester; used in lacquers and explosives', 'collodion': 'a colorless syrupy solution of pyroxylin in ether and alcohol; used as a coating for wounds or photographic films', 'pyrocellulose': 'nitrocellulose containing less nitrogen than guncotton; used in making smokeless powder', 'pyroxylin': 'highly flammable nitrocellulose used in making collodion and plastics and lacquers', 'glycogen': 'one form in which body fuel is stored; stored primarily in the liver and broken down into glucose when needed by the body', 'inulin': 'used to manufacture fructose and in assessing kidney function', 'carbolic_acid': 'a toxic white soluble crystalline acidic derivative of benzene; used in manufacturing and as a disinfectant and antiseptic; poisonous if taken internally', 'activated_carbon': 'powdered or granular carbon used for purifying by adsorption; given orally (as a slurry) it is an antidote for some kinds of poisons', 'graphite': 'used as a lubricant and as a moderator in nuclear reactors', 'carbon_dioxide': 'a heavy odorless colorless gas formed during respiration and by the decomposition of organic substances; absorbed from the air by plants in photosynthesis', 'chokedamp': 'the atmosphere in a mine following an explosion; high in carbon dioxide and incapable of supporting life', 'carbon_disulfide': 'a toxic colorless flammable liquid (CS2); used in the manufacture of rayon and cellophane and carbon tetrachloride and as a solvent for rubber', 'carbon_monoxide': 'an odorless very poisonous gas that is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon', 'carbon_paper': 'a thin paper coated on one side with a dark waxy substance (often containing carbon); used to transfer characters from the original to an under sheet of paper', 'carbon_tetrachloride': 'a colorless nonflammable liquid used as a solvent for fats and oils; because of its toxicity its use as a cleaning fluid or fire extinguisher has declined', 'carbon_tetrahalide': 'compounds composed of 1 carbon and 4 halogen molecules', 'carbonate': 'a salt or ester of carbonic acid (containing the anion CO3)', 'fulminate': 'a salt or ester of fulminic acid', 'mercury_fulminate': 'a fulminate that when dry explodes violently if struck or heated; used in detonators and blasting caps and percussion caps', 'carbonic_acid': 'a weak acid known only in solution; formed when carbon dioxide combines with water', 'abrasive': 'a substance that abrades or wears down', 'carborundum': 'an abrasive composed of silicon carbide crystals', 'cardboard': 'a stiff moderately thick paper', 'cartridge_paper': 'thick white paper for pencil and ink drawings', 'cocarboxylase': 'a coenzyme important in respiration in the Krebs cycle', 'coenzyme': 'a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes', 'coenzyme_A': 'a coenzyme present in all living cells; essential to metabolism of carbohydrates and fats and some amino acids', 'cofactor': 'a substance (as a coenzyme) that must join with another to produce a given result', 'corrugated_board': 'cardboard with corrugations (can be glued to flat cardboard on one or both sides)', 'paperboard': 'a cardboard suitable for making posters', 'pasteboard': 'stiff cardboard made by pasting together layers of paper', 'millboard': 'stout pasteboard used to bind books', 'strawboard': 'a coarse yellow cardboard made of straw pulp', 'carnelian': 'a translucent red or orange variety of chalcedony', 'carrageenin': 'a colloidal extract from carrageen seaweed and other red algae', 'ingot_iron': 'iron of high purity', 'cast_iron': 'an alloy of iron containing so much carbon that it is brittle and so cannot be wrought but must be shaped by casting', 'wrought_iron': 'iron having a low carbon content that is tough and malleable and so can be forged and welded', 'stainless_steel': 'steel containing chromium that makes it resistant to corrosion', 'carbon_steel': 'steel whose characteristics are determined by the amount of carbon it contains', 'crucible_steel': 'steel made by the mixture of molten wrought iron, charcoal, and other substances in a crucible', 'Damascus_steel': 'a hard resilient steel often decorated and used for sword blades', 'steel_wool': 'a mass of woven steel fibers used as an abrasive', 'cationic_detergent': 'a class of synthetic detergents in which the surface-active part of the molecule is the cation', \"cat's_eye\": 'any of various gems (as chrysoberyl or chalcedony) that reflect light when cut in a rounded shape', 'cellulosic': 'a plastic made from cellulose (or a derivative of cellulose)', 'reinforced_concrete': 'concrete with metal and/or mesh added to provide extra support against stresses', 'hydraulic_cement': 'a cement that hardens under water; made by heating limestone and clay in a kiln and pulverizing the result', 'cementite': 'a chemical compound that is a constituent of steel and cast iron; very hard and brittle', 'ceresin': 'a white wax extracted from ozokerite', 'cerulean_blue': 'light greenish-blue pigment consisting essentially of oxides of cobalt and tin', 'cetrimide': 'a cationic detergent that is a powerful disinfectant', 'chad': 'a small piece of paper that is supposed to be removed when a hole is punched in a card or paper tape', 'chalcedony': 'a milky or greyish translucent to transparent quartz', 'chamosite': 'a greenish grey or black silicate of iron and aluminum', 'chemical': 'material produced by or used in a reaction involving changes in atoms or molecules', 'neurochemical': 'any organic substance that occurs in neural activity', 'neurotransmitter': 'a neurochemical that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse', 'monoamine_neurotransmitter': 'a monoamine that is functionally important in neural transmission', 'catecholamine': 'any of a group of chemicals including epinephrine and norepinephrine that are produced in the medulla of the adrenal gland', 'chromophore': 'the chemical group that gives color to a molecule', 'serotonin': 'a neurotransmitter involved in e.g. sleep and depression and memory', 'acetylcholine': 'a neurotransmitter that is a derivative of choline; released at the ends of nerve fibers in the somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems', 'acyl_anhydrides': 'organic compounds that react with water to form an acid', 'acyl_halide': 'organic compounds containing the group -COX where X is a halogen atom', 'acetyl_chloride': 'colorless liquid acyl chloride (CH3COCl) that has a pungent odor', 'endorphin': 'a neurochemical occurring naturally in the brain and having analgesic properties', 'beta_endorphin': 'an endorphin produced by the pituitary gland that suppresses pain', 'enkephalin': 'an endorphin having opiate qualities that occurs in the brain and spinal cord and elsewhere', 'cheoplastic_metal': 'any alloy that fuses at low temperatures and can be used molding artificial teeth', 'chernozemic_soil': 'a rich black loam of Russia', 'chisel_steel': 'steel used in making chisels', 'chlorine_dioxide': 'an explosive gas (ClO2) used chiefly in bleaching paper or starch or soap or flour and in water purification', 'chlorine_water': 'an aqueous solution of chlorine used as a bleaching agent', 'chloropicrin': 'a heavy colorless insoluble liquid compound that causes tears and vomiting; used as a pesticide and as tear gas', 'nitrochloromethane': 'gaseous form of chloropicrin used as tear gas', 'chlorpyrifos': 'a common organophosphate insecticide', 'choline': 'a B-complex vitamin that is a constituent of lecithin; essential in the metabolism of fat', 'chrome': 'another word for chromium when it is used in dyes or pigments', 'chrome-nickel_steel': 'Elinvar is a trademark for a kind of steel used for watch springs because its elasticity is constant over a wide range of temperatures', 'chrome-tungsten_steel': 'a steel alloy made with chromium and tungsten', 'Windsor_green': 'a light chrome green pigment', \"Hooker's_green\": 'green pigment consisting of Prussian blue mixed with gamboge', 'chrome_yellow': 'any of several yellow pigments consisting of normal lead chromate and other lead compounds', 'chromic_acid': 'an unstable acid known only in solution and as chromate salts', 'chromate': 'any salt or ester of chromic acid', 'lead_chromate': 'a poisonous chromate of lead used as a pigment in paint', 'chrysolite': 'a brown or yellow-green olivine found in igneous and metamorphic rocks and used as a gemstone', 'chrysoprase': 'a green variety of chalcedony valued as a gemstone', 'chylomicron': 'a microscopic particle of triglycerides produced in the intestines during digestion; in the bloodstream they release their fatty acids into the blood', 'cigarette_paper': 'a strong tissue paper that burns evenly and is sufficiently porous to control the burning of the tobacco in a cigarette', 'cinder_pig': 'pig iron containing a substantial proportion of slag', 'citric_acid': 'a weak water-soluble acid found in many fruits (especially citrus fruits); used as a flavoring agent', 'citrine': 'semiprecious yellow quartz resembling topaz', 'clay': 'a very fine-grained soil that is plastic when moist but hard when fired', 'pipeclay': 'fine white clay used in making tobacco pipes and pottery and in whitening leather', 'bentonite': 'an absorbent aluminum silicate clay formed from volcanic ash', 'fireclay': 'a heat-resistant clay', 'Kitty_Litter': 'granulated clay; placed in a container where it absorbs the waste products of a cat or dog', \"potter's_clay\": 'clay that does not contain any iron; used in making pottery or for modeling', 'claystone': 'fine-grained rock consisting of compacted clay particles', 'clunch': 'hardened clay', 'coal': 'fossil fuel consisting of carbonized vegetable matter deposited in the Carboniferous period', 'anthracite': 'a hard natural coal that burns slowly and gives intense heat', 'bituminous_coal': 'rich in tarry hydrocarbons; burns readily with a smoky yellow flame', 'lignite': 'intermediate between peat and bituminous coal', 'sea_coal': 'pulverized bituminous coal; used as a foundry facing', 'steam_coal': 'coal suitable for use under steam boilers', 'Clorox': 'a commercial bleaching agent', 'coagulant': 'an agent that produces coagulation', 'cod-liver_oil': 'an oil obtained from the livers of cod and similar fishes; taken orally as a source of vitamins A and D', 'cod_oil': 'an inferior cod-liver oil that is used in leather manufacturing', 'codon': 'a specific sequence of three adjacent nucleotides on a strand of DNA or RNA that specifies the genetic code information for synthesizing a particular amino acid', 'coin_silver': 'a silver of the degree of purity established for making legal silver coins', 'combustible': 'a substance that can be burned to provide heat or power', 'complementary_DNA': 'single-stranded DNA that is complementary to messenger RNA or DNA that has been synthesized from messenger RNA by reverse transcriptase', 'provirus': 'cDNA copy of the RNA genome of a retrovirus; the genetic material of a virus as incorporated into and able to replicate with the genome of a host cell', 'dscDNA': 'double-stranded cDNA', 'episome': 'DNA that is not incorporated into the genome but is replicated together with the genome (especially in bacterial cells)', 'composite_material': 'strong lightweight material developed in the laboratory; fibers of more than one kind are bonded together chemically', 'hydrochloride': 'a complex consisting of an organic base in association with hydrogen chloride', 'compost': 'a mixture of decaying vegetation and manure; used as a fertilizer', 'computer_paper': 'paper folded to permit continuous printing controlled by a computer', 'concrete': 'a strong hard building material composed of sand and gravel and cement and water', 'conjugate_solution': 'a mixture of two partially miscible liquids A and B produces two conjugate solutions: one of A in B and another of B in A', 'conima': 'a gum resin from the poison hemlock, Conium maculatum', 'constantan': 'an alloy of copper and nickel with high electrical resistance and a low temperature coefficient; used as resistance wire', 'construction_paper': 'paper suitable for drawing and making cutouts', 'semiconductor': 'a substance as germanium or silicon whose electrical conductivity is intermediate between that of a metal and an insulator; its conductivity increases with temperature and in the presence of impurities', 'insulator': 'a material such as glass or porcelain with negligible electrical or thermal conductivity', 'glass_wool': 'glass fibers spun and massed into bundles resembling wool', 'contaminant': 'a substance that contaminates', 'coolant': 'a fluid agent (gas or liquid) that produces cooling; especially one used to cool a system by transferring heat away from one part to another; \"he added more coolant to the car\\'s radiator\"; \"the atomic reactor used a gas coolant\"; \"lathe operators use an emulsion of oil and water as a coolant for the cutting tool\"', 'copper-base_alloy': 'any alloy whose principal component is copper', 'copper_oxide': 'an oxide of copper', 'copper_sulfate': 'a copper salt made by the action of sulfuric acid on copper oxide', 'corkboard': 'a heat-insulating building material consisting of cork granules that are made into sheets by compressing and baking', 'phellem': '(botany) outer tissue of bark; a protective layer of dead cells', 'corrosive': 'a substance having the tendency to cause corrosion (such a strong acids or alkali)', 'alumina': 'any of various forms of aluminum oxide occurring naturally as corundum', 'aluminate': 'a compound of alumina and a metallic oxide', 'aluminum_hydroxide': 'white crystalline compound that occurs naturally as the mineral gibbsite', 'alundum': 'a substance made of fused alumina', 'cottonseed_cake': 'the solid matter remaining after oil has been pressed from cottonseeds', 'coumarone-indene_resin': 'a thermoplastic resin obtained by polymerization of indene and coumarone; used in coatings and paint and asphalt tile', 'indene': 'a colorless liquid hydrocarbon extracted from petroleum or coal tar and used in making synthetic resins', 'covering_material': 'a material used by builders to cover surfaces', 'creatine': 'an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates both in the free form and as phosphocreatine; supplies energy for muscle contraction', 'creosol': 'a colorless to yellow aromatic liquid that is a constituent of creosote', 'creosote': 'a colorless or yellowish oily liquid obtained by distillation of wood tar; used as an antiseptic', 'cresol': 'any of three poisonous colorless isomeric phenols; derived from coal or wood tar; used as a disinfectant', 'cryogen': 'a liquid that boils at below -160 C and is used as a refrigerant', 'cyanamide': 'a weak soluble dibasic acid (the parent acid of cyanamide salts)', 'cyanic_acid': 'a colorless poisonous volatile liquid acid that hydrolyzes readily to ammonia and carbon dioxide', 'cyanide': 'an extremely poisonous salt of hydrocyanic acid', 'sodium_cyanide': 'a white poisonous salt (NaCN) used in electroplating', 'cyanogen': 'a colorless toxic gas with a pungent almond odor; has been used in chemical warfare', 'cyano_group': 'the monovalent group -CN in a chemical compound', 'nitrile': 'any of a class of organic compounds containing the cyano radical -CN', 'cyanohydrin': 'any organic compound in which the cyano radical -CN and the hydroxyl radical -OH are attached to the same carbon atom', 'cyanuric_acid': 'a trimer of cyanic acid', 'cyclohexanol': 'a colorless oily alcohol that smells like camphor', 'cyclohexanol_phthalate': 'the cyclohexanol ester of phthalic acid', 'cymene': 'any of three isotopes of a colorless aromatic liquid hydrocarbon occurring in the volatile oil of cumin and thyme and used in the manufacture of synthetic resins', 'cytokine': 'any of various protein molecules secreted by cells of the immune system that serve to regulate the immune system', 'cytolysin': 'a substance that partly or completely destroys animal cells', 'cytosine': 'a base found in DNA and RNA and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with guanine', 'decarboxylase': 'any of the enzymes that hydrolize the carboxyl group', 'defoliant': 'a chemical that is sprayed on plants and causes their leaves to fall off', 'de-iodinase': 'an enzyme that removes the iodine radical', 'demantoid': 'a green andradite used as a gemstone', 'andradite': 'a garnet consisting of calcium iron silicate and having any color ranging from yellow and green to brown and black; used as gemstone', 'deoxyadenosine_monophosphate': 'one of the four nucleotides used in building DNA; all four nucleotides have a common phosphate group and a sugar (ribose)', 'deoxycytidine_monophosphate': 'one of the four nucleotides used in building DNA; all four nucleotides have a common phosphate group and a sugar (ribose)', 'deoxyguanosine_monophosphate': 'one of the four nucleotides used in building DNA; all four nucleotides have a common phosphate group and a sugar (ribose)', 'deoxythymidine_monophosphate': 'one of the four nucleotides used in building DNA; all four nucleotides have a common phosphate group and a sugar (ribose)', 'deoxyribonucleic_acid': '(biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information; \"DNA is the king of molecules\"', 'exon': 'sequence of a gene\\'s DNA that transcribes into protein structures; \"exons are interspersed with introns\"', 'intron': \"sequence of a eukaryotic gene's DNA that is not translated into a protein\", 'junk_DNA': 'stretches of DNA that do not code for genes; \"most of the genome consists of junk DNA\"', 'recombinant_deoxyribonucleic_acid': 'genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms', 'sticky_end': 'an end of DNA in which one strand of the double helix extends a few units beyond the other', 'transposon': 'a segment of DNA that can become integrated at many different sites along a chromosome (especially a segment of bacterial DNA that can be translocated as a whole)', 'ribonuclease': 'a transferase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid', 'ribonucleic_acid': '(biochemistry) a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes; it transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes in the cell; \"ribonucleic acid is the genetic material of some viruses\"', 'messenger_RNA': 'the template for protein synthesis; the form of RNA that carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome sites of protein synthesis in the cell', 'nuclear_RNA': 'ribonucleic acid found in the nucleolus of the cell', 'transfer_RNA': 'RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according to directions coded in the mRNA)', 'deoxyribose': 'a sugar that is a constituent of nucleic acids', 'dental_gold': 'an alloy of gold used in dentistry', 'desert_soil': 'a type of soil that develops in arid climates', 'dew': 'water that has condensed on a cool surface overnight from water vapor in the air; \"in the morning the grass was wet with dew\"', 'dextrin': 'any of various polysaccharides obtained by hydrolysis of starch; a tasteless and odorless gummy substance that is used as a thickening agent and in adhesives and in dietary supplements', 'digestive': 'any substance that promotes digestion', 'mono-iodotyrosine': 'tyrosine with one iodine atom added', 'di-iodotyrosine': 'tyrosine with two iodine atoms added', 'iodotyrosine': 'tyrosine with iodine added', 'iodothyronine': 'thyronine with iodine added', 'tri-iodothyronine': 'thyronine with three iodine atoms added', 'dilutant': 'a diluting agent', 'dimer': 'a compound whose molecules are composed of two identical monomers', 'dimethylglyoxime': 'a compound used in analysis as a precipitant for palladium or nickel', 'dimpled_chad': 'a chad that has been punched or dimpled but all four corners are still attached', 'diol': 'any of a class of alcohols having 2 hydroxyl groups in each molecule', 'dioxide': 'an oxide containing two atoms of oxygen in the molecule', 'dioxin': 'any of several toxic or carcinogenic hydrocarbons that occur as impurities in herbicides', 'disaccharidase': 'an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of disaccharides into monosaccharides', 'disaccharide': 'any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis', 'dishwater': 'water in which dishes and cooking utensils are washed', 'distillate': 'a purified liquid produced by condensation from a vapor during distilling; the product of distilling', 'distilled_water': 'water that has been purified by distillation', 'dressed_ore': 'the desired mineral that is left after impurities have been removed from mined ore', 'driftwood': 'wood that is floating or that has been washed ashore', 'drill_steel': 'carbon steel used for rock drills and dowels', 'docosahexaenoic_acid': 'an omega-3 fatty acid with 22 carbon atoms; found in fish (especially tuna and bluefish)', 'dopamine': 'a monoamine neurotransmitter found in the brain and essential for the normal functioning of the central nervous system; as a drug (trade names Dopastat and Intropin) it is used to treat shock and hypotension', 'dottle': 'the residue of partially burnt tobacco left caked in the bowl of a pipe after smoking', \"dragon's_blood\": 'a dark red resinous substance derived from various trees and used in photoengraving', 'drawing_paper': 'paper that is specially prepared for use in drafting', 'drilling_mud': 'a mixture of clays and chemicals and water; pumped down the drill pipe to lubricate and cool the drilling bit and to flush out the cuttings and to strengthen the sides of the hole', 'dubbin': 'tallow mixed with oil; used to make leather soft and waterproof', 'Duralumin': 'an aluminum-based alloy', 'particulate': 'a small discrete mass of solid or liquid matter that remains individually dispersed in gas or liquid emissions (usually considered to be an atmospheric pollutant)', 'chalk_dust': 'dust resulting from writing with a piece of chalk; \"chalk dust covered the teacher\\'s hands\"', 'dust': 'free microscopic particles of solid material; \"astronomers say that the empty space between planets actually contains measurable amounts of dust\"', 'elaidic_acid': 'a monounsaturated fatty acid that has the same structure as oleic acid except that it is a trans fatty acid; the major trans fatty acid in margarine and fried foods', 'elastomer': 'any of various elastic materials that resemble rubber (resumes its original shape when a deforming force is removed)', 'hot_air': 'air that has been heated and tends to rise', 'halitosis': 'offensive breath', 'halitus': 'exhaled breath', 'compressed_gas': 'gas at a high pressure that can be used as a propellant', 'compressed_air': 'air at a pressure greater than that of the atmosphere; \"compressed air is often used to power machines\"', 'earth': 'once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)', 'diatomaceous_earth': 'a light soil consisting of siliceous diatom remains and often used as a filtering material', 'sienna': 'an earth color containing ferric oxides; used as a pigment', 'bister': 'a water-soluble brownish-yellow pigment made by boiling wood soot', 'burnt_sienna': 'a reddish-brown pigment produced by roasting sienna', 'raw_sienna': 'a yellowish-brown pigment made from untreated sienna', 'sinopis': 'a red ocher formerly used as a pigment', 'yellow_ocher': 'pigment consisting of a limonite mixed with clay and silica', 'saprolite': 'a deposit of clay and disintegrating rock that is found in its original place', 'soil': \"the part of the earth's surface consisting of humus and disintegrated rock\", 'soil_conditioner': 'a chemical substance used to improve the structure of the soil and increase its porosity; \"gypsum can be used as a soil conditioner\"', 'holy_water': 'water that has been blessed by a priest for use in symbolic purification', 'pheromone': 'a chemical substance secreted externally by some animals (especially insects) that influences the physiology or behavior of other animals of the same species', 'ground_water': 'underground water that is held in the soil and in pervious rocks', 'eicosapentaenoic_acid': 'an omega-3 fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms; found in fish (especially tuna and bluefish)', 'eleostearic_acid': 'a crystalline unsaturated fatty acid', 'electrolyte': 'a solution that conducts electricity; \"the proper amount and distribution of electrolytes in the body is essential for health\"', 'eluate': 'a liquid solution that results from elution', \"Fehling's_solution\": 'a liquid solution of copper sulfate and potassium tartrate and sodium hydroxide that is used to test for sugar in the urine; solution turns reddish when sugar is present', 'formalin': 'a 10% solution of formaldehyde in water; used as a disinfectant or to preserve biological specimens', 'pancreatin': 'extract from the pancreas of animals that contains pancreatic enzymes; used to treat pancreatitis and other conditions involving insufficient pancreatic secretions', 'isotonic_solution': 'a solution having the same osmotic pressure as blood', 'elastase': 'a pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of elastin', 'emery_cloth': 'cloth covered with powdered emery', 'emery_paper': 'stiff paper coated with powdered emery or sand', 'emery_stone': 'a mixture of emery dust and a binder; can be molded into grindstones', 'enterokinase': 'enzyme in the intestinal juice that converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin', 'erythropoietin': 'a glycoprotein secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells', 'ester': 'formed by reaction between an acid and an alcohol with elimination of water', 'ethane': 'a colorless odorless alkane gas used as fuel', 'ethyl_acetate': 'a fragrant colorless flammable volatile liquid ester made from ethanol and acetic acid; used in flavorings and perfumes and as a solvent for plastics', 'ethylene': 'a flammable colorless gaseous alkene; obtained from petroleum and natural gas and used in manufacturing many other chemicals; sometimes used as an anesthetic', 'trichloroethylene': 'a heavy colorless highly toxic liquid used as a solvent to clean electronic components and for dry cleaning and as a fumigant; causes cancer and liver and lung damage', 'ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid': 'a complex molecule used medically to chelate metal ions in cases of lead or heavy metal poisoning', 'ethylene_glycol': 'a sweet but poisonous syrupy liquid used as an antifreeze and solvent', 'propylene_glycol': 'a sweet colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid used as an antifreeze and in brake fluid and also as a humectant in cosmetics and personal care items although it can be absorbed through the skin with harmful effects', 'euphorbium': 'an acrid brown gum resin now used mainly in veterinary medicine', 'emmenagogue': 'any agent that promotes menstrual discharge', 'eutectoid_steel': 'a steel that contains 0.9% carbon (the eutectic point); a carbon steel with 0.9% carbon is pure pearlite', 'exudate': 'a substance that oozes out from plant pores', 'transudate': 'a substance that transudes', 'high_explosive': 'a powerful chemical explosive that produces gas at a very high rate', 'low_explosive': 'an explosive with a low rate of combustion', 'effluvium': 'a foul-smelling outflow or vapor (especially a gaseous waste)', 'rheum': 'a watery discharge from the mucous membranes (especially from the eyes or nose)', 'vaginal_discharge': 'discharge of secretions from the cervical glands of the vagina; normally clear or white', 'body_waste': 'waste matter (as urine or sweat but especially feces) discharged from the body', 'fecal_matter': 'solid excretory product evacuated from the bowels', 'crap': 'obscene terms for feces', 'pigeon_droppings': 'droppings of pigeons', 'droppings': 'fecal matter of animals', 'cow_pie': 'fecal matter of a cow', 'meconium': 'thick dark green mucoid material that is the first feces of a newborn child', 'melena': 'abnormally dark tarry feces containing blood (usually from gastrointestinal bleeding)', 'fecula': 'excreta (especially of insects)', 'human_waste': 'the body wastes of human beings', 'urine': 'liquid excretory product; \"there was blood in his urine\"; \"the child had to make water\"', 'detritus': 'loose material (stone fragments and silt etc) that is worn away from rocks', 'sewage': 'waste matter carried away in sewers or drains', 'effluent': 'water mixed with waste matter', 'pollutant': 'waste matter that contaminates the water or air or soil', 'rubbish': 'worthless material that is to be disposed of', 'scrap_metal': 'discarded metal suitable for reprocessing; \"he finally sold the car for scrap metal\"', 'debris': 'the remains of something that has been destroyed or broken up', 'toxic_waste': 'poisonous waste materials; can cause injury (especially by chemical means)', 'fallout': 'the radioactive particles that settle to the ground after a nuclear explosion', 'fencing_material': 'material for building fences', 'ferrite': 'a solid solution in which alpha iron is the solvent', 'fertilizer': 'any substance such as manure or a mixture of nitrates used to make soil more fertile', 'gallamine': 'neuromuscular blocking agent (trade name Flaxedil) used as a muscle relaxant in the administration of anesthesia', 'organic': 'a fertilizer that is derived from animal or vegetable matter', 'soldering_flux': 'flux applied to surfaces that are to be joined by soldering; flux cleans the surfaces and results in a better bond', 'foryml': '(chemistry) the negative univalent acyl radical CHO that occurs in aldehydes', 'sodium_nitrate': '(NaNO3) used especially as a fertilizer and explosive', 'pearl_ash': 'an impure form of potassium carbonate', 'potassium_bicarbonate': 'a crystalline salt (KHCO3) that is used in baking powder and as an antacid', 'potassium_chloride': 'salt of potassium (KCl) (trade names K-Dur 20, Kaochlor and K-lor and Klorvess and K-lyte); taken in tablet form to treat potassium deficiency', 'potassium_nitrate': '(KNO3) used especially as a fertilizer and explosive', 'potassium_bromide': 'a white crystalline salt (KBr) used as a sedative and in photography', 'potassium_carbonate': 'a white salt (K2CO3) that is basic in solution; used to make glass and cleansing agents', 'potassium_chlorate': 'a white salt (KClO3) used in matches, fireworks, and explosives; also used as a disinfectant and bleaching agent', 'potassium_cyanide': 'a poisonous salt (KCN) used in electroplating and in photography', 'potassium_dichromate': 'an orange-red salt used in making dyes and in photography', 'potassium_iodide': 'a crystalline salt in organic synthesis and in making photographic emulsions and in iodized table salt', 'producer_gas': 'a gas made of carbon monoxide and hydrogen and nitrogen; made by passing air over hot coke', 'proprionamide': 'the amide of propionic acid (C2H5CONH2)', 'propionic_acid': 'a liquid fatty acid found in milk and sweat and in fuel distillates', 'pudding_stone': 'a composite rock made up of particles of varying size', 'putrescine': 'a colorless crystalline ptomaine with a foul odor that is produced in decaying animal matter', 'pyroligneous_acid': 'a red-brown liquid formed in distillation of wood which contains acetic acid, methanol, acetone, wood oils, and tars', 'manure': 'any animal or plant material used to fertilize land especially animal excreta usually with litter material', 'chicken_manure': 'chicken excreta used as fertilizer', 'cow_manure': 'cow excreta used as fertilizer', 'green_manure': 'a growing crop that is plowed under to enrich soil', 'horse_manure': 'horse excreta used as fertilizer', 'night_soil': 'human excreta used as fertilizer', 'facial_tissue': 'tissue paper suitable for use on the face', 'fat': 'a soft greasy substance occurring in organic tissue and consisting of a mixture of lipids (mostly triglycerides); \"pizza has too much fat\"', 'leaf_fat': 'fat lining the abdomen and kidneys in hogs which is used to make lard', 'feldspar': 'any of a group of hard crystalline minerals that consist of aluminum silicates of potassium or sodium or calcium or barium', 'orthoclase': 'a white or colored monoclinic feldspar', 'plagioclase': 'any of a series of triclinic feldspars that form rocks', 'albite': 'a widely distributed feldspar that forms rocks', 'anorthite': 'rare plagioclastic feldspar occurring in many igneous rocks', 'ferric_oxide': 'a red oxide of iron', 'ferricyanic_acid': 'a brown unstable acid formed from ferricyanide', 'ferricyanide': 'salt of ferricyanic acid obtained by oxidation of a ferrocyanide', 'ferritin': 'a protein containing 20% iron that is found in the intestines and liver and spleen; it is one of the chief forms in which iron is stored in the body', 'ferrocerium': 'a pyrophoric alloy of iron with cerium; used for lighter flints', 'ferrocyanic_acid': 'a white unstable acid formed from ferrocyanide salts', 'ferrocyanide': 'salt of ferrocyanic acid usually obtained by a reaction of a cyanide with iron sulphate', 'fiberglass': 'a covering material made of glass fibers in resins', 'fish_meal': 'ground dried fish used as fertilizer and as feed for domestic livestock', 'buntal': 'fine white Philippine fiber from stalks of unopened leaves of talipot palms; used in making hats', 'fibril': 'a very slender natural or synthetic fiber', 'fieldstone': 'stone that occurs naturally in fields; often used as building material', 'filter_paper': 'a porous unsized paper used for filtering', 'filtrate': 'the product of filtration; a gas or liquid that has been passed through a filter', 'firelighter': '(a piece of) a substance that burns easily and can be used to start a coal or coke fire', 'fire_opal': 'an opal with flaming orange and yellow and red colors', 'fish-liver_oil': 'a fatty oil obtained from the livers of various fish', 'fixing_agent': 'a chemical compound that sets or fixes something (as a dye or a photographic image)', 'flavone': 'a colorless crystalline compound that is part of a number of white or yellow plant pigments', 'flavonoid': 'any of a large class of plant pigments having a chemical structure based on or similar to flavone', 'flyspeck': 'a tiny dark speck made by the excrement of a fly', 'long-staple_cotton': 'cotton with relatively long fibers', 'short-staple_cotton': 'cotton with relatively short fibers', 'chert': 'variety of silica containing microcrystalline quartz', 'taconite': 'a variety of chert containing magnetite and hematite; mined as a low-grade iron ore', 'flavin': 'a ketone that forms the nucleus of certain natural yellow pigments like riboflavin', 'flint': 'a hard kind of stone; a form of silica more opaque than chalcedony', 'flintstone': 'pebbles of flint used in masonry construction', 'flooring': 'building material used in laying floors', 'floor_wax': 'a preparation containing wax and used to polish and preserve the finish of floors', 'fluoride': 'a salt of hydrofluoric acid', 'fluoroboric_acid': 'an acid of fluorine and boron', 'fluoroboride': 'a salt of fluoroboric acid', 'fluorocarbon': 'a halocarbon in which some hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine; used in refrigerators and aerosols', 'fluorocarbon_plastic': 'a plastic made with fluorocarbon', 'fluosilicate': 'salt of fluosilicic acid', 'fluosilicic_acid': 'an unstable poisonous corrosive acid known primarily in the form of its salts', 'flypaper': 'paper that is poisoned or coated with a sticky substance to kill flies', 'foam_rubber': 'spongy rubber; made by introducing air bubbles before vulcanization and used for cushioning or upholstery', 'formaldehyde': 'a colorless poisonous gas; made by the oxidation of methanol', 'formic_acid': 'a colorless pungent fuming vesicatory liquid acid HCOOH found naturally in ants and many plants or made catalytically from carbon monoxide and steam; used in finishing textiles and paper and in the manufacture of insecticides and fumigants', 'frankincense': 'an aromatic gum resin obtained from various Arabian or East African trees; formerly valued for worship and for embalming and fumigation', 'free_radical': 'an atom or group of atoms with at least one unpaired electron; in the body it is usually an oxygen molecule that has lost an electron and will stabilize itself by stealing an electron from a nearby molecule; \"in the body free radicals are high-energy particles that ricochet wildly and damage cells\"', 'freezing_mixture': 'a mixture of substances (usually salt and ice) to obtain a temperature below the freezing point of water', 'Freon': 'any one or more chlorofluorocarbons (or related compounds) that are used as an aerosol propellant, organic solvent, or refrigerant', 'fructose': 'a simple sugar found in honey and in many ripe fruits', 'fuel': 'a substance that can be consumed to produce energy; \"more fuel is needed during the winter months\"; \"they developed alternative fuels for aircraft\"', \"fuller's_earth\": 'an absorbent soil resembling clay; used in fulling (shrinking and thickening) woolen cloth and as an adsorbent', 'fulvic_acid': 'a yellow to yellow-brown humic substance that is soluble in water under all pH conditions; \"they measured the fluvial fulvic acid\"', 'fumaric_acid': 'a colorless crystalline acid with a fruity taste; used in making polyester resins', 'fumigant': 'a chemical substance used in fumigation', 'furan': 'a colorless toxic flammable liquid used in the synthesis of nylon', 'furfural': 'a liquid aldehyde with a penetrating odor; made from plant hulls and corncobs; used in making furan and as a solvent', 'galactagogue': 'agent that induces milk secretion', 'galactose': 'a simple sugar found in lactose', 'galbanum': 'a bitter aromatic gum resin that resembles asafetida', 'gallic_acid': 'a colorless crystalline acid obtained from tannin', 'galvanized_iron': 'iron that is coated with zinc to protect it from rust', 'greenhouse_gas': 'a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation', 'liquefied_petroleum_gas': 'hydrocarbon gases, usually propane or butane, kept under pressure', 'water_gas': 'a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide with small amounts of other gases; made by blowing steam over hot coke or coal', 'ghatti': 'an Indian gum from the dhawa tree; used as a substitute for gum arabic', 'kraft': 'strong wrapping paper made from pulp processed with a sulfur solution', 'butcher_paper': 'a strong wrapping paper that resists penetration by blood or meat fluids', 'gift_wrap': 'attractive wrapping paper suitable for wrapping gifts', 'gilding_metal': 'a brass that is rich in copper; used to make articles that were to be gilded', 'gilgai_soil': 'soil in the melon holes of Australia', 'natural_glass': 'magma of any composition that cooled very rapidly', 'quartz_glass': 'colorless glass made of almost pure silica', 'opal_glass': 'a milky white translucent or opaque glass', 'optical_glass': 'clear homogeneous glass of known refractive index; used to make lenses', 'optical_crown': 'optical glass of low dispersion and low refractive index', 'optical_flint': 'optical glass of high dispersion and high refractive index', 'crown_glass': 'a glass blown into a globe which is later flattened and spun to form a disk', 'tektite': 'thought to derive from meteorites', 'volcanic_glass': 'a kind of natural glass produced when molten lava cools very rapidly', 'obsidian': 'acid or granitic glass formed by the rapid cooling of lava without crystallization; usually dark, but transparent in thin pieces', 'pitchstone': 'dark acid granitic glass', 'tachylite': 'a basic or basalt glass', 'soft_glass': 'glass having a relatively low softening point', 'ground_glass': 'particulate glass made by grinding and used as an abrasive', 'lead_glass': 'glass containing lead oxide; has a high refractive index', 'safety_glass': 'glass made with plates of plastic or resin or other material between two sheets of glass to prevent shattering', 'soluble_glass': 'a viscous glass consisting of sodium silicate in solution; used as a cement or as a protective coating and to preserve eggs', 'stained_glass': 'glass that has been colored in some way; used for church windows', 'Tiffany_glass': 'a kind of opalescent colored glass that was used in the early 1900s for stained-glass windows and lamps', 'wire_glass': 'a glass that contains a layer of wire netting in it', 'twins': '(mineralogy) two interwoven crystals that are mirror images on each other', 'enamine': 'an amine containing the double bond linkage -C=C-N-', 'enantiomorph': 'either one of a pair of compounds (crystals or molecules) that are mirror images on each other but are not identical', 'exotherm': 'a compound that gives off heat during its formation and absorbs heat during its decomposition', 'glucose': 'a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms; an important source of physiological energy', 'dextrose': 'an isomer of glucose that is found in honey and sweet fruits', 'blood_sugar': 'glucose in the bloodstream', 'glutamate': 'a salt or ester of glutamic acid', 'glutamic_oxalacetic_transaminase': 'an enzyme involved in transamination', 'glyceraldehyde': 'a sweet crystalline aldehyde formed by the breakdown of sugars', 'glyceric_acid': 'a syrupy acid obtained by oxidation of glycerol or glyceraldehyde', 'glyceride': 'an ester of glycerol and fatty acids that occurs naturally as fats and fatty oils; \"fresh fats contain glycerides of fatty acids and very little free acid\"', 'triglyceride': 'glyceride occurring naturally in animal and vegetable tissues; it consists of three individual fatty acids bound together in a single large molecule; an important energy source forming much of the fat stored by the body', 'glycerol': 'a sweet syrupy trihydroxy alcohol obtained by saponification of fats and oils', 'glycerinated_gelatin': 'a gelatinous preparation made from gelatin and glycerin and water; used as a base for ointments and suppositories', 'glycerin_jelly': 'a mixture of glycerin and gelatin that is used in histology for mounting specimens', 'glycerite': 'a medicine made by mixing a substance in glycerin', 'glycerogelatin': 'a medicated skin preparation made from glycerin and glycerinated gelatin', 'glyceryl': 'a trivalent radical derived from glycerol by removing the three hydroxyl radicals', 'nitroglycerin': 'a heavy yellow poisonous oily explosive liquid obtained by nitrating glycerol; used in making explosives and medically as a vasodilator (trade names Nitrospan and Nitrostat)', 'glyceryl_ester': 'an ester of glycerol', 'glycoside': 'a group of compounds derived from monosaccharides', 'amygdalin': 'a bitter cyanogenic glucoside extracted from the seeds of apricots and plums and bitter almonds', 'laetrile': 'a substance derived from amygdalin; publicized as an antineoplastic drug although there is no supporting evidence', 'glucoside': 'a glycoside derived from glucose', 'saponin': 'any of various plant glucosides that form soapy lathers when mixed and agitated with water; used in detergents and foaming agents and emulsifiers', 'glycolic_acid': 'a translucent crystalline compound found in sugar cane and sugar beets and unripe grapes', 'glycoprotein': 'a conjugated protein having a carbohydrate component', 'cluster_of_differentiation_4': 'a glycoprotein that is found primarily on the surface of helper T cells; \"CD4 is a receptor for HIV in humans\"', 'cluster_of_differentiation_8': 'a membrane glycoprotein that is found primarily on the surface of cytotoxic T cells', 'hemoprotein': 'a conjugated protein linked to a compound of iron and porphyrin', 'lectin': 'any of several plant glycoproteins that act like specific antibodies but are not antibodies in that they are not evoked by an antigenic stimulus', 'gneiss': 'a laminated metamorphic rock similar to granite', 'schist': 'any metamorphic rock that can be split into thin layers', 'goitrogen': 'any substance (such as thiouracil) that induces the formation of a goiter', 'goldstone': 'aventurine spangled densely with fine gold-colored particles', 'gondang_wax': 'a hard cream-colored wax obtained from a Javanese fig tree', 'goose_grease': 'grease derived from geese', 'graph_paper': 'paper that has lines to permit drawing graphs', 'granular_pearlite': 'if steel or iron cool very slowly the cementite may occur in globules instead of in layers', 'lubricant': 'a substance capable of reducing friction by making surfaces smooth or slippery', 'grease': 'a thick fatty oil (especially one used to lubricate machinery)', 'greaseproof_paper': 'paper that is impermeable to oil or grease; used in cooking', 'Greek_fire': 'a mixture used by Byzantine Greeks that was often shot at adversaries; catches fire when wetted', 'green_gold': 'a gold alloy (at least 14 karat gold with silver or silver and cadmium) that has a green appearance', 'greisen': 'a granitic rock composed of quartz and mica', 'groundmass': '(geology) the matrix of fine-grained crystalline material in which larger crystals are embedded', 'grid_metal': 'a kind of hard lead that is used for grids in storage batteries', 'grout': 'a thin mortar that can be poured and used to fill cracks in masonry or brickwork', 'guanine': 'a purine base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosine', 'guano': 'the excrement of sea birds; used as fertilizer', 'guinea_gold': '22-karat gold from which guinea coins were made', 'gunite': 'a mixture of cement and sand and water that is sprayed on a surface under pneumatic pressure', 'essential_oil': 'an oil having the odor or flavor of the plant from which it comes; used in perfume and flavorings', 'attar': 'essential oil or perfume obtained from flowers', 'attar_of_roses': 'a volatile fragrant oil obtained from fresh roses by steam distillation', 'clove_oil': 'essential oil obtained from cloves and used to flavor medicines', 'costus_oil': 'a yellow volatile essential oil obtained from costusroot; used in perfumes', 'eucalyptus_oil': 'an essential oil obtained from the leaves of eucalypts', 'turpentine': 'obtained from conifers (especially pines)', 'wormwood_oil': 'a dark bitter oil obtained from wormwood leaves; flavors absinthe liqueurs', 'linalool': 'a colorless fragrant liquid found in many essential oils', 'resin': 'any of a class of solid or semisolid viscous substances obtained either as exudations from certain plants or prepared by polymerization of simple molecules', 'natural_resin': 'a plant exudate', 'urea-formaldehyde_resin': 'a clear thermosetting resin made from urea and formaldehyde and used in electrical fittings, adhesives, and finishes', 'copal': 'a brittle aromatic resin used in varnishes', 'copalite': 'partly mineralized copal dug from the ground', 'congo_copal': 'copal found usually as a fossil', 'dammar': 'any of various hard resins from trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae and of the genus Agathis; especially the amboyna pine', 'Zanzibar_copal': 'a hard copal derived from an African tree', 'colophony': 'translucent brittle substance produced from pine oleoresin; used especially in varnishes and inks and on the bows of stringed instruments', 'oleoresin': 'a naturally occurring mixture of a resin and an essential oil; obtained from certain plants', 'balm': 'any of various aromatic resinous substances used for healing and soothing', 'balm_of_Gilead': 'a fragrant oleoresin', 'Canada_balsam': 'yellow transparent exudate of the balsam fir; used as a transparent cement in optical devices (especially in microscopy) and as a mounting medium', 'Chian_turpentine': 'a turpentine exuded by the terebinth', 'copaiba': 'an oleoresin used in varnishes and ointments', 'gum_resin': 'a mixture of resin and gum', 'benzoin': 'gum resin used especially in treating skin irritation', 'benzofuran': 'a colorless oily compound extracted from coal tar and used in manufacturing synthetic resins', 'bdellium': 'aromatic gum resin; similar to myrrh', 'gum': 'any of various substances (soluble in water) that exude from certain plants; they are gelatinous when moist but harden on drying', 'culture_medium': '(bacteriology) a nutrient substance (solid or liquid) that is used to cultivate micro-organisms', 'contrast_medium': 'a substance that is opaque to x-rays; when administered it allows a radiologist to examine the organ or tissue it fills', 'agar': 'any culture medium that uses agar as the gelling agent', 'blood_agar': 'a culture medium containing whole blood as the nutrient', 'algin': 'a gum used especially as a thickener or emulsifier', 'cherry-tree_gum': 'exudation from trees of the Prunus genus; resembles gum arabic', 'chicle': 'gum-like substance from the sapodilla', 'guar_gum': 'a gum from seeds of the guar plant; used to thicken foods and as sizing for paper and cloth', 'gum_arabic': 'gum from an acacia tree; used as a thickener (especially in candies and pharmaceuticals)', 'Senegal_gum': 'gum arabic from the vicinity of the Senegal river', 'gum_butea': 'dried juice of the dhak tree; used as an astringent', 'mesquite_gum': 'a gum obtained from mesquite pods; resembles gum arabic', 'mucilage': 'a gelatinous substance secreted by plants', 'sterculia_gum': 'exudate of an Asian tree; used for finishing textiles and to thicken foodstuffs and cosmetics', 'synthetic': 'a compound made artificially by chemical reactions', 'synthetic_resin': 'a resin having a polymeric structure; especially a resin in the raw state; used chiefly in plastics', 'alkyd': 'a durable synthetic resin widely used in adhesives and paints', 'phenolic_resin': 'a thermosetting resin', 'epoxy': 'a thermosetting resin; used chiefly in strong adhesives and coatings and laminates', 'copolymer': 'a polymer consisting of two or more different monomers', 'polyurethane': 'any of various polymers containing the urethane radical; a wide variety of synthetic forms are made and used as adhesives or plastics or paints or rubber', 'polyfoam': 'a foam made by adding water to polyurethane plastics', 'cinnamon_stone': 'a garnet ranging in color from yellow to brown', 'gutta-percha': 'a whitish rubber derived from the coagulated milky latex of gutta-percha trees; used for insulation of electrical cables', 'terra_alba': 'finely pulverized gypsum used especially as a pigment', 'gummite': 'a gummy orange mixture of uranium oxides and silicates occurring naturally in the hydration and oxidation of pitchblende', 'halibut-liver_oil': 'a fatty oil from halibut livers that is used as a source of vitamin A', 'halide': 'a salt of any halogen acid', 'halocarbon': 'one of various compounds of carbon and any of the halogens', 'halogen': 'any of five related nonmetallic elements (fluorine or chlorine or bromine or iodine or astatine) that are all monovalent and readily form negative ions', 'hanging_chad': 'a chad that is incompletely removed and hanging by one corner', 'hard_lead': 'a lead alloy that contains about 5% antimony', 'hard_steel': 'steel with more than 0.3% carbon', 'hard_water': 'water that contains mineral salts (as calcium and magnesium ions) that limit the formation of lather with soap', 'harlequin_opal': 'a reddish opal with small patches of brilliant color', 'hematite': 'the principal form of iron ore; consists of ferric oxide in crystalline form; occurs in a red earthy form', 'hemiacetal': 'an organic compound usually formed as an intermediate product in the preparation of acetals from aldehydes or ketones', 'hemolysin': 'any substance that can cause lysis (destruction) of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and the release of their hemoglobin', 'hemp': 'a plant fiber', 'heptane': 'a colorless volatile highly flammable liquid obtained from petroleum and used as an anesthetic or a solvent or in determining octane ratings', 'herbicide': 'a chemical agent that destroys plants or inhibits their growth', 'hexane': 'a colorless flammable liquid alkane derived from petroleum and used as a solvent', 'high_brass': 'brass with 35% zinc', 'high-density_lipoprotein': 'a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of a high proportion of protein and relatively little cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with decreased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis', 'high-level_radioactive_waste': 'radioactive waste that left in a nuclear reactor after the nuclear fuel has been consumed', 'high-speed_steel': 'an alloy steel that remains hard at a red heat; used to make metal-cutting tools', 'hip_tile': 'a tile shaped so as to cover the hip of a hip roof', 'histidine': 'an essential amino acid found in proteins that is important for the growth and repair of tissue', 'histaminase': 'enzyme that acts as a catalyst in converting histidine to histamine', 'homogenate': 'material that has been homogenized (especially tissue that has been ground and mixed); \"liver homogenate\"', 'humectant': 'any substance that is added to another substance to keep it moist', 'humus': 'partially decomposed organic matter; the organic component of soil', 'humate': 'material that is high in humic acids', 'humic_acid': 'a dark brown humic substance that is soluble in water only at pH values greater than 2; \"the half-life of humic acid is measured in centuries\"', 'humic_substance': 'an organic residue of decaying organic matter', 'humin': 'a black humic substance that is not soluble in water', 'hyaline': 'a glassy translucent substance that occurs in hyaline cartilage or in certain skin conditions', 'hyaluronic_acid': 'a viscous mucopolysaccharide found in the connective tissue space and the synovial fluid of movable joints and the humors of the eye; a cementing and protective substance', 'hyaluronidase': 'an enzyme (trade name Hyazyme) that splits hyaluronic acid and so lowers its viscosity and increases the permeability of connective tissue and the absorption of fluids', 'hydrate': 'any compound that contains water of crystallization', 'hydrazine': 'a colorless fuming corrosive liquid; a powerful reducing agent; used chiefly in rocket fuels', 'hydride': 'any binary compound formed by the union of hydrogen and other elements', 'hydrobromic_acid': 'an aqueous solution of hydrogen bromide that is a strong liquid acid', 'hydrocarbon': 'an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen', 'bitumen': 'any of various naturally occurring impure mixtures of hydrocarbons', 'coal_tar': 'a tar formed from distillation of bituminous coal; coal tar can be further distilled to give various aromatic compounds', 'butadiene': 'a gaseous hydrocarbon C4H6; used in making synthetic rubbers', 'chloroprene': 'derivative of butadiene used in making neoprene by polymerization', 'hydrochloric_acid': 'an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride; a strongly corrosive acid', 'hydrofluorocarbon': 'a fluorocarbon emitted as a by-product of industrial manufacturing', 'hydrogen_bromide': 'a colorless gas that yields hydrobromic acid in solution with water', 'hydrogen_chloride': 'a colorless corrosive gas (HCl)', 'hydrogen_fluoride': 'a colorless poisonous corrosive liquid made by the action of sulphuric acid on calcium fluoride; solutions in water are hydrofluoric acid', 'hydrofluoric_acid': 'a weak poisonous liquid acid; formed by solution of hydrogen fluoride in water', 'hydrogen_iodide': 'a colorless gas that yields hydroiodic acid in aqueous solution', 'hydroiodic_acid': 'an acid formed by aqueous solution of hydrogen iodide', 'hydrogen_sulfide': 'a sulfide having the unpleasant smell of rotten eggs', 'hyper-eutectoid_steel': 'a steel that contains more than 0.9% carbon', 'hypnagogue': 'an agent that induces drowsiness or sleep', 'hypo': 'a compound used as a fixing agent in photographic developing', 'hypochlorous_acid': 'a weak unstable acid known only in solution and in its salts; used as a bleaching agent and as an oxidizing agent', 'hypo-eutectoid_steel': 'a steel that contains less that 0.9% carbon', 'hypoglycemic_agent': 'any of various agents that decrease the level of glucose in the blood and are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus', 'hydrazo_group': 'the bivalent group -HNNH- derived from hydrazine', 'hydroxide': 'a compound of an oxide with water', 'hydroxyl': 'the monovalent group -OH in such compounds as bases and some acids and alcohols', 'hydroxide_ion': 'the anion OH having one oxygen and one hydrogen atom', 'hydroxymethyl': 'a methyl with hydroxide replacing the hydrogen atoms', 'black_ice': 'a thin coating of ice (as from freezing mist) on a road or sidewalk; nearly invisible but very hazardous', 'hailstone': 'small pellet of ice that falls during a hailstorm', 'icicle': 'ice resembling a pendent spear, formed by the freezing of dripping water', 'Iceland_spar': 'a transparent calcite found in Iceland and used in polarizing microscopes', 'identification_particle': 'a tiny particle of material that can be added to a product to indicate the source of manufacture', 'Inconel': 'a nickel-base alloy with chromium and iron; used in gas-turbine blades', 'ideal_gas': 'a hypothetical gas with molecules of negligible size that exert no intermolecular forces', 'imidazole': 'an organic base C3H4N2; a histamine inhibitor', 'indelible_ink': 'ink that cannot be erased or washed away', 'India_ink': 'a black liquid ink used for printing or writing or drawing', 'indurated_clay': 'hardened clay', 'magnetic_ink': 'an ink that contains particles of a magnetic substance whose presence can be detected by magnetic sensors', \"printer's_ink\": 'a semisolid quick drying ink made especially for use in printing', 'writing_ink': 'any permanent or washable ink used with pens', 'indoleacetic_acid': 'a plant hormone promoting elongation of stems and roots', 'indolebutyric_acid': 'a synthetic plant hormone promoting elongation of stems and roots', 'inducer': 'an agent capable of activating specific genes', 'ivory_black': 'a black pigment made from grinding burnt ivory in oil', 'inoculant': 'a substance (a virus or toxin or immune serum) that is introduced into the body to produce or increase immunity to a particular disease', 'inorganic_compound': 'any compound that does not contain carbon', 'inosine': 'a nucleoside that is formed by the deamination of adenosine; used in kidney transplantation to provide a temporary source of sugar', 'inositol': 'an optically inactive alcohol that is a component of the vitamin B complex', 'insecticide': 'a chemical used to kill insects', 'insectifuge': 'a chemical substance that repels insects', 'insulating_material': 'a material that reduces or prevents the transmission of heat or sound or electricity', 'interleukin': 'any of several lymphokines that promote macrophages and killer T cells and B cells and other components of the immune system', 'intermediate': 'a substance formed during a chemical process before the desired product is obtained', 'Invar': 'an alloy of iron and nickel having a low coefficient of thermal expansion; used in tuning forks and measuring tapes and other instruments', 'invertase': 'an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose', 'invert_sugar': 'a mixture of equal parts of glucose and fructose resulting from the hydrolysis of sucrose; found naturally in fruits; sweeter than glucose', 'Javelle_water': 'an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite', 'iodic_acid': 'a soluble crystalline acid; used as a reagent and disinfectant', 'iodide': 'a salt or ester of hydriodic acid', 'iodocompound': 'a compound containing the covalent iodine radical', 'thyroprotein': 'a preparation made from iodinated protein and having an action similar to thyroxine', 'thyroglobulin': 'an iodine containing protein that is obtained from the thyroid gland and exhibits the general properties of the globulins', 'iron_blue': 'slightly purplish or bluish dark grey', \"Payne's_grey\": 'any pigment that produces a greyish to dark greyish blue', 'iron_disulfide': 'a compound containing two atoms of sulfur combined with iron', 'iron_ore': 'an ore from which iron can be extracted', 'iron_perchloride': 'a highly toxic chemical used to engrave metal plates and electronic circuits', 'isocyanate': 'a salt or ester of isocyanic acid', 'isocyanic_acid': 'an acid known only in the form of its esters', 'isoleucine': 'an essential amino acid found in proteins; isomeric with leucine', 'isomer': 'a compound that exists in forms having different arrangements of atoms but the same molecular weight', 'isomerase': 'an enzyme that catalyzes its substrate to an isomeric form', 'itaconic_acid': 'a crystalline carboxylic acid; occurs in some fermentations of sugars', 'jade': 'a semiprecious gemstone that takes a high polish; is usually green but sometimes whitish; consists of jadeite or nephrite', 'Japan_wax': 'a yellow wax obtained from sumac berries; used in polishes', 'jargoon': 'a colorless (or pale yellow or smoky) variety of zircon', 'jasper': 'an opaque form of quartz; red or yellow or brown or dark green in color; used for ornamentation or as a gemstone', 'joss_stick': 'a slender stick of incense burned before a joss by the Chinese', 'jute': 'a plant fiber used in making rope or sacks', 'red_silk_cotton': 'a plant fiber from the red silk-cotton tree of eastern India; inferior to kapok', 'paraffin': 'from crude petroleum; used for candles and for preservative or waterproof coatings', 'keratohyalin': 'hyaline in the large granules of the stratum granulosum', 'ketone': 'any of a class of organic compounds having a carbonyl group linked to a carbon atom in each of two hydrocarbon radicals', 'ketone_body': 'a ketone that is an intermediate product of the breakdown of fats in the body; any of three compounds (acetoacetic acid, acetone, and/or beta-hydroxybutyric acid) found in excess in blood and urine of persons with metabolic disorders', 'ketone_group': 'a group having the characteristic properties of ketones', 'acetoacetic_acid': 'unstable acid found in abnormal amounts in the blood and urine in some cases of impaired metabolism (as diabetes mellitus or starvation)', 'beta-hydroxybutyric_acid': 'beta derivative of hydroxybutyric acid that is found in the blood and urine in some cases of impaired metabolism', 'hydroxybutyric_acid': 'hydroxy derivative of butyric acid', 'ketohexose': 'a monosaccharide having six carbon atoms and a ketone group', 'ketose': 'any monosaccharide sugar that contains a ketone group or its hemiacetal', 'kinase': 'an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a proenzyme to an active enzyme', 'Kleenex': 'a piece of soft absorbent paper (usually two or more thin layers) used as a disposable handkerchief', 'kunzite': 'a pinkish lilac crystal form of the mineral spodumene that is used as a gemstone', 'Kwell': 'a preparation of lindane (trade name Kwell) that is used to kill lice and itch mites; available in cream or shampoo', 'lactase': 'any of a group of enzymes (trade name Lactaid) that hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose', 'lactic_acid': 'a clear odorless hygroscopic syrupy carboxylic acid found in sour milk and in many fruits', 'lactifuge': 'any agent that reduces milk secretion (as given to a woman who is not breast feeding)', 'lactogen': 'any agent that enhances milk production', 'lactose': 'a sugar comprising one glucose molecule linked to a galactose molecule; occurs only in milk; \"cow\\'s milk contains about 4.7% lactose\"', 'lamellar_mixture': 'a mixture in which substances occur in distinct layers', 'lapis_lazuli': 'an azure blue semiprecious stone', 'lard_oil': 'oil consisting chiefly of olein that is expressed from lard and used especially as a lubricant, cutting oil or illuminant', 'larvicide': 'a chemical used to kill larval pests', 'laterite': 'a red soil produced by rock decay; contains insoluble deposits of ferric and aluminum oxides', 'lath_and_plaster': 'a building material consisting of thin strips of wood that provide a foundation for a coat of plaster', 'lauric_acid': 'a crystalline fatty acid occurring as glycerides in natural fats and oils (especially coconut oil and palm-kernel oil)', 'lauryl_alcohol': 'a colorless insoluble solid alcohol used to make detergents and pharmaceuticals', 'latten': 'brass (or a yellow alloy resembling brass) that was hammered into thin sheets; formerly used for church utensils', 'lava': 'rock that in its molten form (as magma) issues from volcanos; lava is what magma is called when it reaches the surface', 'tuff': 'hard volcanic rock composed of compacted volcanic ash', 'tufa': 'a soft porous rock consisting of calcium carbonate deposited from springs rich in lime', 'aa': 'a dry form of lava resembling clinkers', 'pahoehoe': 'freely flowing lava', 'pillow_lava': 'lava that hardened in rounded shapes suggestive of pillows; believed to result from underwater eruptions', 'magma': \"molten rock in the earth's crust\", 'igneous_rock': 'rock formed by the solidification of molten magma', 'adesite': 'dark greyish extrusive rock', 'batholith': 'large mass of intrusive igneous rock believed to have solidified deep within the earth', 'diorite': 'a granular crystalline intrusive rock', 'gabbro': 'one of a family of granular intrusive rocks', 'pegmatite': 'a form of igneous rock consisting of extremely coarse granite resulting from the crystallization of magma rich in rare elements', 'peridotite': 'a dark coarse-grained igneous rock consisting principally of olivine', 'kimberlite': 'a rare type of peridotite that sometimes contains diamonds; found in South Africa and Siberia', 'rhyolite': 'very acid volcanic rock', 'volcanic_rock': 'extrusive igneous rock solidified near or on the surface of the Earth', 'leaded_bronze': 'bronze to which 1-4% lead is added', 'lead_ore': 'ore containing lead', 'massicot': 'the mineral form of lead monoxide; in the form of yellow powder it is used as a pigment', 'leaf_mold': 'soil composed mainly of decaying leaves', 'ledger_paper': 'a durable writing paper used in record books and business ledgers', 'lepidocrocite': 'a red to reddish brown mineral consisting of iron oxide hydroxide; often found in iron ores together with goethite', 'laid_paper': 'writing paper having a watermark of fine lines running across the grain', 'wove_paper': 'writing paper having a very faint mesh pattern', 'letter_paper': 'writing paper for use in writing correspondence', 'lindane': 'a white crystalline powder used as an agricultural insecticide', 'leucine': 'a white crystalline amino acid occurring in proteins that is essential for nutrition; obtained by the hydrolysis of most dietary proteins', 'lignin': 'a complex polymer; the chief constituent of wood other than carbohydrates; binds to cellulose fibers to harden and strengthen cell walls of plants', 'calcite': 'a common mineral consisting of crystallized calcium carbonate; a major constituent of limestone', 'calcium_hydroxide': 'a caustic substance produced by heating limestone', 'limestone': 'a sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcium that was deposited by the remains of marine animals', 'rottenstone': 'a weathered and decomposed siliceous limestone; in powdered form it is used in polishing', 'calcium_bicarbonate': 'a bicarbonate that is a major cause of hard water', 'calcium_carbonate': 'a salt found in nature as chalk or calcite or aragonite or limestone', 'limewater': 'solution of calcium hydroxide in water used as an antacid', 'calcium_chloride': 'a deliquescent salt; used in de-icing and as a drying agent', 'calcium_hydride': 'a saltlike binary compound (CaH2) used as a reducing agent and source of hydrogen', 'calcium_sulphate': 'a white salt (CaSO4)', 'limonene': 'a liquid terpene with a lemon odor; found in lemons and oranges and other essential oils', 'limonite': 'a widely occurring iron oxide ore; a mixture of goethite and hematite and lepidocrocite', 'linoleic_acid': 'a liquid polyunsaturated fatty acid abundant in plant fats and oils; a fatty acid essential for nutrition; used to make soap', 'linolenic_acid': 'a liquid polyunsaturated fatty acid that occurs in some plant oils; an essential fatty acid', 'linoleum': 'a floor covering', 'linuron': 'a herbicide that kills weeds without harming vegetables', 'lipase': 'an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream', 'lipid': 'an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents; essential structural component of living cells (along with proteins and carbohydrates)', 'lipoprotein': 'a conjugated protein having a lipid component; the principal means for transporting lipids in the blood', 'fluid': 'a substance that is fluid at room temperature and pressure', 'grume': 'a thick viscous liquid', 'ichor': '(Greek mythology) the rarified fluid said to flow in the veins of the Gods', 'liquid_nitrogen': 'nitrogen in a liquid state', 'liquid_air': 'air in a liquid state', 'liquid_bleach': 'a solution containing bleaching agents; used for laundry', 'liquid_crystal': 'a liquid exhibiting properties of a crystal that are not shown by ordinary liquids', 'litmus': 'a coloring material (obtained from lichens) that turns red in acid solutions and blue in alkaline solutions; used as a very rough acid-base indicator', 'litmus_paper': 'unsized paper treated with litmus for use as an acid-base indicator', 'lithia_water': 'mineral water containing lithium salts', 'lithium_carbonate': 'a white powder (LiCO3) used in manufacturing glass and ceramics and as a drug; the drug (trade names Lithane or Lithonate or Eskalith) is used to treat some forms of depression and manic episodes of manic-depressive disorder', 'loam': 'a rich soil consisting of a mixture of sand and clay and decaying organic materials', 'lodestone': 'a permanent magnet consisting of magnetite that possess polarity and has the power to attract as well as to be attracted magnetically', 'loess': 'a fine-grained unstratified accumulation of clay and silt deposited by the wind', 'low_brass': 'brass with 30% (or less) zinc', 'low-density_lipoprotein': 'a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis', 'low-level_radioactive_waste': '(medicine) radioactive waste consisting of objects that have been briefly exposed to radioactivity (as in certain medical tests)', 'lumber': 'the wood of trees cut and prepared for use as building material', 'lye': 'a strong solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide', 'lymphokine': 'a cytokine secreted by helper T cells in response to stimulation by antigens and that acts on other cells of the immune system (as by activating macrophages)', 'lysine': 'an essential amino acid found in proteins; occurs especially in gelatin and casein', 'Lysol': 'a clear oily brown solution of cresols in soap; used as an antiseptic and disinfectant', 'lysozyme': 'an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria', 'Mace': '(trademark) a liquid that temporarily disables a person; prepared as an aerosol and sprayed in the face, it irritates the eyes and causes dizziness and immobilization', 'macromolecule': 'any very large complex molecule; found only in plants and animals', 'magnesium_bicarbonate': 'a bicarbonate that is a major cause of hard water', 'magnesium_carbonate': 'a very white crystalline salt that occurs naturally as magnesite or as dolomite', 'magnesium_hydroxide': 'a white crystalline powder used chiefly in medicines', 'magnesium_nitride': 'a nitride containing nitrogen and magnesium', 'magnesium_sulfate': 'a salt of magnesium', 'magnetite': 'an oxide of iron that is strongly attracted by magnets', 'Malathion': 'a yellow insecticide used as a dust or spray to control garden pests and house flies and mites', 'maleate': 'a salt or ester of maleic acid; used as a nontricyclic antidepressant drug for psychomotor activation', 'maleic_acid': 'a colorless crystalline compound found in unripe fruit (such as apples or tomatoes or cherries) and used mainly to make polyester resins', 'maltose': 'a white crystalline sugar formed during the digestion of starches', 'manifold_paper': 'a lightweight paper used with carbon paper to make multiple copies; \"an original and two manifolds\"', 'manila': 'a strong paper or thin cardboard with a smooth light brown finish made from e.g. Manila hemp', 'manganese_bronze': 'a brass with from 1-4% manganese to harden it', 'manganese_steel': 'a steel with a relatively large component (10-14%) of manganese; highly resistant to wear and shock', 'manganate': 'a salt of manganic acid containing manganese as its anion', 'Manila_hemp': 'a kind of hemp obtained from the abaca plant in the Philippines', 'maple_sugar': 'sugar made from the sap of the sugar maple tree', 'verd_antique': 'a dark green impure marble', 'marking_ink': 'an indelible ink for marking clothes or linens etc.', 'marsh_gas': 'methane gas produced when vegetation decomposes in water', 'martensite': 'a solid solution of carbon in alpha-iron that is formed when steel is cooled so rapidly that the change from austenite to pearlite is suppressed; responsible for the hardness of quenched steel', 'matte': 'a mixture of sulfides that forms when sulfide metal ores are smelted', 'medium_steel': 'steel with 0.15-0.3% carbon', 'megilp': 'a medium for oil-paints; linseed oil mixed with mastic varnish or turpentine', 'melamine': 'a white crystalline organic base; used mainly in making melamine resins', 'melamine_resin': 'a thermosetting resin formed from melamine and an aldehyde; used in molded products, adhesives, and coatings', 'meltwater': 'melted snow or ice', 'menhaden_oil': 'a fatty oil obtained from the menhaden fish and used in paint and ink and in treating leather', 'menstruum': '(archaic) a solvent', 'mercuric_chloride': 'a white poisonous soluble crystalline sublimate of mercury; used as a pesticide or antiseptic or wood preservative', 'calomel': 'a tasteless colorless powder used medicinally as a cathartic', 'message_pad': 'a pad of paper on which messages can be written', 'methane': 'a colorless odorless gas used as a fuel', 'methane_series': 'a series of non-aromatic saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH(2n+2)', 'methyl_bromide': 'a poisonous gas or liquid (CH3Br) used to fumigate rodents, worms, etc.', 'methylated_spirit': 'ethyl alcohol denatured with methyl alcohol to prevent its use as an alcoholic beverage', 'methylene_group': 'the bivalent radical CH2 derived from methane', 'methyl': 'the univalent radical CH3- derived from methane', 'methionine': 'a crystalline amino acid containing sulfur; found in most proteins and essential for nutrition', 'methyl_salicylate': 'a liquid ester with a strong odor of wintergreen; applied externally for minor muscle and joint pain', 'Microtaggant': '(trademark) a microscopic and traceable identification particle used to trace explosives or other hazardous materials or to prevent counterfeiting', 'mild_steel': 'steel with less than 0.15% carbon', 'mine_pig': 'pig iron made entirely from ore', 'mineral_oil': 'a distillate of petroleum (especially one used medicinally as a laxative or stool softener)', 'misch_metal': 'a pyrophoric alloy made from a mixture of rare-earth metals', 'mitogen': 'an agent that triggers mitosis', 'motor_oil': 'oil used to lubricate the moving parts of a motor', 'molybdenum_steel': 'steel containing 10-15% molybdenum; properties are similar to tungsten steel', 'monoamine': 'a molecule containing one amine group (especially one that is a neurotransmitter)', 'monoamine_oxidase': 'an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin)', 'monohydrate': 'a hydrate that contains one molecule of water per molecule of the compound', 'monosaccharide': 'a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars; the simplest group of carbohydrates', 'monoxide': 'an oxide containing just one atom of oxygen in the molecule', 'montan_wax': 'a hard wax obtained from lignite', 'moonstone': 'a transparent or translucent gemstone with a pearly luster; some specimens are orthoclase feldspar and others are plagioclase feldspar', 'mordant': 'a substance used to treat leather or other materials before dyeing; aids in dyeing process', 'chrome_alum': 'a violet-colored salt used in hide tanning and as a mordant in dyeing', 'tartar_emetic': 'a poisonous colorless salt used as a mordant and in medicine', 'tartrate': 'a salt or ester of tartaric acid', 'bitartrate': 'an acid tartrate; a hydrogen tartrate', 'morganite': 'a kind of pink beryl used as a gemstone', 'mucoid': 'any of several glycoproteins similar to mucin', 'mucopolysaccharide': 'complex polysaccharides containing an amino group; occur chiefly as components of connective tissue', 'sapropel': 'sludge (rich in organic matter) that accumulates at the bottom of lakes or oceans', 'muriatic_acid': 'a former name for hydrochloric acid', 'music_paper': 'paper with lines appropriate for writing music', 'mustard_gas': 'a toxic war gas with sulfide based compounds that raises blisters and attacks the eyes and lungs; there is no known antidote', 'muton': 'the smallest unit of DNA where a mutation can occur', 'nitrogen_mustard': 'a toxic compound resembling mustard gas in structure; important in cancer treatment', 'mutton_tallow': 'tallow from the body of a mature sheep', 'myelin': 'a white fatty substance that forms a medullary sheath around the axis cylinder of some nerve fibers', 'myristic_acid': 'a saturated fatty acid occurring naturally in animal and vegetable fats', 'napalm': 'gasoline jelled with aluminum soaps; highly incendiary liquid used in fire bombs and flamethrowers', 'naphtha': 'any of various volatile flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixtures; used chiefly as solvents', 'naphthalene': 'a white crystalline strong-smelling hydrocarbon made from coal tar or petroleum and used in organic synthesis and as a fumigant in mothballs', 'naphthol': 'either of two phenols derived from naphthalene', 'man-made_fiber': 'fiber created from natural materials or by chemical processes', 'natural_fiber': 'fiber derived from plants or animals', 'animal_fiber': 'fiber derived from animals', 'plant_fiber': 'fiber derived from plants', 'natural_gas': 'a fossil fuel in the gaseous state; used for cooking and heating homes', 'naval_brass': 'alpha-beta brass containing tin; resistant to sea water; Admiralty Metal is a trademark', \"neat's-foot_oil\": 'a pale yellow oil made from the feet and legs of cattle; used as a dressing for leather', 'nerve_gas': 'a toxic gas that is inhaled or absorbed through the skin and has harmful effects on the nervous and respiratory system', 'VX_gas': 'a highly lethal nerve agent used in chemical warfare; a toxic liquid that penetrates the skin or lungs to disrupt the nervous system and stop respiration; in combat VX gas is deployed by detonating a container over the target area and can persist in the environment up to several weeks after release; \"VX gas is one of those things we wish we could disinvent\"', 'sarin': 'a highly toxic chemical nerve agent that inhibits the activity of cholinesterase', 'neuromuscular_blocking_agent': 'a substance that interferes with the neural transmission between motor neurons and skeletal muscles', 'Nichrome': 'an alloy of nickel and chromium with high electrical resistance and an ability to withstand high temperatures; used for resistance heating elements', 'nickel-base_alloy': 'an alloy whose main constituent is nickel', 'nickel_bronze': 'a bronze containing up to 30% nickel', 'nickel_silver': 'a silver-white alloy containing copper and zinc and nickel', 'nickel_steel': 'an alloy steel containing nickel', 'nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide': 'a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; serves as a reductant in various metabolic processes', 'nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate': 'a coenzyme similar to NAD and present in most living cells but serves as a reductant in different metabolic processes', 'Ni-hard': 'cast iron to which nickel has been added to make it resist abrasion', 'Ni-resist': 'cast iron consisting of graphite in a matrix of austenite', 'nitride': 'a compound containing nitrogen and a more electropositive element (such as phosphorus or a metal)', 'nitrobenzene': 'a poisonous oily water-soluble liquid used as a solvent and in the manufacture of aniline', 'nitrofuran': 'derivative of furan used to inhibit bacterial growth', 'nitrogenase': 'an enzyme of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that catalyzes the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia', 'nuclease': 'general term for enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleic acid by cleaving chains of nucleotides into smaller units', 'nucleic_acid': '(biochemistry) any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains that are vital constituents of all living cells', 'nucleoside': 'a glycoside formed by partial hydrolysis of a nucleic acid', 'nucleotide': 'a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside; the basic structural unit of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)', 'nurse_log': 'a large decomposing tree trunk that has fallen, usually in a forest; the decaying wood provides moisture and nutrients for a variety of insects and plants', 'cellulose_acetate': 'an ester of acetic acid; used in fibers and fabrics; photographic films and varnishes', 'cellulose_triacetate': 'cellulose acetate that is relatively slow to burn; used instead of celluloid for motion-picture film', 'celluloid': 'highly flammable substance made from cellulose nitrate and camphor; used in e.g. motion-picture and X-ray film; its use has decreased with the development of nonflammable thermoplastics', 'cellulose_xanthate': 'a cellulose ester obtained by treating cellulose with caustic soda', 'acrylic_fiber': 'polymerized from acrylonitrile', 'polyamide': 'a polymer containing repeated amide groups', 'oakum': 'loose hemp or jute fiber obtained by unravelling old ropes; when impregnated with tar it was used to caulk seams and pack joints in wooden ships', 'octane': 'any isomeric saturated hydrocarbon found in petroleum and used as a fuel and solvent', 'fixed_oil': 'nonvolatile animal or plant oil', 'fusel_oil': 'a mixture of amyl alcohols and propanol and butanol formed from distillation of fermented liquors', 'gas_oil': 'an oil formed through distillation of petroleum of intermediate boiling range and viscosity', 'stand_oil': 'a thick oil comprised of linseed, tung, or soya oils which have been heated to over 300 C', 'neroli_oil': 'an odoriferous yellow oil found in orange flowers and used in perfumery and as a flavoring', 'tall_oil': 'an oil derived from wood pulp and used in making soaps or lubricants', 'oil-hardened_steel': 'steel that is quenched in oil', 'oilpaper': 'paper that has been made translucent and waterproof by soaking in oil', 'oleic_acid': 'a colorless oily liquid occurring as a glyceride; it is the major fatty acid in olive oil and canola oil; used in making soap and cosmetics and ointments and lubricating oils', 'oleo_oil': 'obtained from beef fat; used in making margarine and soap and in lubrication', 'oleoresin_capiscum': 'an oleoresin extracted from the capsicum pepper plant', 'oligosaccharide': 'any of the carbohydrates that yield only a few monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis', 'onionskin': 'a thin strong lightweight translucent paper used especially for making carbon copies', 'india_paper': 'a thin tough opaque paper used in fine books', 'onyx': 'a chalcedony with alternating black and white bands; used in making cameos', 'opaque_gem': 'a gemstone that is opaque', 'opopanax': 'an odorous gum resin formerly used in medicines', 'organophosphate': \"an insecticide that interferes with an insect's nervous system\", 'organophosphate_nerve_agent': 'any of a series of nerve agents containing organophosphate compounds first synthesized by German chemists in 1936; in World War II the Germans tested them in concentration camps but not on the battlefield; Iraq is alleged to have used them against Iran and against the Kurds', 'ormolu': 'brass that looks like gold; used to decorate furniture', 'oxalacetate': 'a salt or ester of oxalacetic acid', 'oxalacetic_acid': 'an acid formed by oxidation of maleic acid (as in metabolism of fats and carbohydrates)', 'oxalate': 'a salt or ester of oxalic acid', 'oxalic_acid': 'a toxic colorless crystalline organic acid found in oxalis and other plants; used as a bleach and rust remover and in chemical analysis', 'oxidase': 'any of the enzymes that catalyze biological oxidation', 'oxidation-reduction_indicator': 'an indicator that shows a reversible color change between oxidized and reduced forms', 'oxide': 'any compound of oxygen with another element or a radical', 'oxidoreductase': 'an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction', 'oxime': 'any compound containing the group -C=NOH', 'oxyacetylene': 'a mixture of oxygen and acetylene; used to create high temperatures for cutting or welding metals', 'oxyacid': 'any acid that contains oxygen', 'periodic_acid': 'any acid of iodine that contains oxygen', 'oxygenase': 'an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the incorporation of molecular oxygen', 'ozone': 'a colorless gas (O3) soluble in alkalis and cold water; a strong oxidizing agent; can be produced by electric discharge in oxygen or by the action of ultraviolet radiation on oxygen in the stratosphere (where it acts as a screen for ultraviolet radiation)', 'palmitic_acid': 'a saturated fatty acid that is the major fat in meat and dairy products', 'palmitin': 'an ester of glycerol and palmitic acid', 'pantothenic_acid': 'a vitamin of the vitamin B complex that performs an important role in the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates and certain amino acids; occurs in many foods', 'papain': 'a proteolytic enzyme obtained from the unripe papaya; used as a meat tenderizer', 'para_aminobenzoic_acid': 'a metabolic acid found in yeast and liver cells; used to make dyes and drugs and sun blockers', 'paraquat': 'a poisonous yellow solid used in solution as a herbicide', 'paper_tape': 'a long narrow strip of paper', 'paper_toweling': 'absorbent paper used as toweling', 'papier-mache': 'a substance made from paper pulp that can be molded when wet and painted when dry', 'rice_paper': 'a thin delicate material resembling paper; made from the rice-paper tree', 'roofing_paper': 'a heavy paper impregnated with tar and used as part of a roof for waterproofing', 'ola': 'leaf or strip from a leaf of the talipot palm used in India for writing paper', 'ticker_tape': 'a continuous thin ribbon of paper on which stock quotes are written', 'packing_material': 'any material used especially to protect something', 'excelsior': 'thin curly wood shavings used for packing or stuffing', 'pantile': 'a roofing tile with a S-shape; laid so that curves overlap', 'blacktop': 'a black bituminous material used for paving roads or other areas; usually spread over crushed rock', 'macadam': 'broken stone used in macadamized roadways', 'parget': 'plaster used to coat outer walls and line chimneys', 'pearlite': 'a lamellar mixture of cementite and ferrite formed during the cooling of austenite; a constituent of steel and cast iron', 'pectic_acid': 'a complex acid that occurs in ripe fruit and some vegetables', 'pectin': 'any of various water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates that occur in ripe fruit and vegetables; used in making fruit jellies and jams', 'pediculicide': 'a chemical agent that kills lice', 'penicillinase': 'enzyme produced by certain bacteria that inactivates penicillin and results in resistance to that antibiotic', 'pepsin': 'an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones', 'pepsinogen': 'precursor of pepsin; stored in the stomach walls and converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid in the stomach', 'perboric_acid': 'a form of boric acid', 'perfluorocarbon': 'a powerful greenhouse gas emitted during the production of aluminum', 'Permalloy': 'an 80/20 alloy of nickel and iron; easily magnetized and demagnetized', 'permanganate': 'a dark purple salt of permanganic acid; in water solution it is used as a disinfectant and antiseptic', 'permanganic_acid': 'an unstable purple acid (HMnO4) known only in solution or of permanganate salts', 'peroxidase': 'any of a group of enzymes (occurring especially in plant cells) that catalyze the oxidation of a compound by a peroxide', 'peridot': 'a pale green variety of chrysolite; used as a gemstone', 'peroxide': 'an inorganic compound containing the divalent ion -O-O-', 'pesticide': 'a chemical used to kill pests (as rodents or insects)', 'petrochemical': 'any compound obtained from petroleum or natural gas', 'petroleum': 'a dark oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons', 'residual_oil': 'oil products that remain after petroleum has been distilled', 'petrolatum': 'a semisolid mixture of hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum; used in medicinal ointments and for lubrication', 'phenolic_plastic': 'a plastic consisting of phenolic resins', 'phenylalanine': 'an essential amino acid found in proteins and needed for growth of children and for protein metabolism in children and adults; abundant in milk and eggs; it is normally converted to tyrosine in the human body', 'phosgene': 'a colorless poisonous gas that smells like new-mown hay; used in chemical warfare', 'phosphatase': 'any of a group of enzymes that act as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of organic phosphates', 'phosphine': 'a colorless gas with a strong fishy smell; used as a pesticide', 'phosphocreatine': 'an organic compound of creatine and phosphoric acid; found in the muscles of vertebrates where its hydrolysis releases energy for muscular contraction', 'phospholipid': 'any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base; an important constituent of membranes', 'phosphoric_acid': 'an acid used in fertilizers and soaps: H3PO4', 'phthalic_acid': 'a colorless acid used to make dyes and perfumes', 'phytochemical': 'a chemical substance obtained from plants that is biologically active but not nutritive', 'picric_acid': 'a yellow toxic highly explosive strong acid; used in high explosives and as a dye and in chemical reactions', 'pig_iron': 'crude iron tapped from a blast furnace', 'pig_lead': 'lead that is cast in pigs', 'plasmin': 'an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots', 'plasminogen': 'an inactive form of plasmin that occurs in plasma and is converted to plasmin by organic solvents', 'plasminogen_activator': 'protease produced in the kidney that converts plasminogen to plasmin and so initiates fibrinolysis', 'platinum_black': 'a fine black powder of platinum; used as a catalyst in chemical reactions', 'polymerase': 'an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of new DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA', 'DNA_polymerase': 'the enzyme responsible for DNA replication', 'transcriptase': 'the enzyme that copies DNA into RNA', 'reverse_transcriptase': 'a polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template; found especially in retroviruses', 'coloring_material': 'any material used for its color; \"she used a different color for the trim\"', 'dye': 'a usually soluble substance for staining or coloring e.g. fabrics or hair', 'argent': 'a metal tincture used in heraldry to give a silvery appearance', 'alizarin': 'an orange-red crystalline compound used in making red pigments and in dyeing', 'alizarin_carmine': 'any of various acid dyes; used for dyeing wool scarlet red', 'bromophenol_blue': 'a dye used as an acid-base indicator', 'bromothymol_blue': 'a dye used as an acid-base indicator', 'cochineal': 'a red dyestuff consisting of dried bodies of female cochineal insects', 'cyanine_dye': 'any of a class of dyes containing a -CH= group linking two heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen; used as sensitizers in photography', 'direct_dye': 'dye with a high affinity for cellulose fibers (cotton or rayon etc.)', 'eosin': 'a red fluorescent dye resulting from the action of bromine on fluorescein; used in cosmetics and as a biological stain for studying cell structures', 'fluorescein': 'a yellow dye that is visible even when highly diluted; used as an absorption indicator when silver nitrate solution is added to sodium chloride in order to precipitate silver chloride (turns pink when no chloride ions are left in solution and negative fluorescein ions are then absorbed)', 'fluorescein_isothiocyanate': 'a fluorochrome commonly conjugated with antibodies for use in indirect immunofluorescence', 'fluorochrome': 'any of various fluorescent substances used in fluorescence microscopy to stain specimens', 'hair_dye': 'a dye or tint for the hair', 'hematochrome': 'a reddish coloring material found in some algae', 'henna': 'a reddish brown dye used especially on hair', 'Kendal_green': 'a green dye, often used to color cloth, which is obtained from the woad plant', 'lac_dye': 'scarlet dye like cochineal; extracted with alkali from stick lac', 'lead_acetate': 'a poisonous white solid (Pb[CH3CO]2) used in dyeing cotton and in making enamels and varnishes', 'orchil': 'a purplish dye obtained from orchil lichens', 'phenol': 'any of a class of weakly acidic organic compounds; molecule contains one or more hydroxyl groups', 'pigment': 'any substance whose presence in plant or animal tissues produces a characteristic color', 'bole': 'a soft oily clay used as a pigment (especially a reddish brown pigment)', 'pine_tar': 'a dark viscous substance obtained from the destructive distillation of pine wood', 'pisang_wax': 'a wax obtained from the leaves of a plantain', 'plant_material': 'material derived from plants', 'plant_product': 'a product made from plant material', 'plaster_of_Paris': 'any of several gypsum cements; a white powder (a form of calcium sulphate) that forms a paste when mixed with water and hardens into a solid; used in making molds and sculptures and casts for broken limbs', 'puddle': 'a mixture of wet clay and sand that can be used to line a pond and that is impervious to water when dry', 'podzol': 'a soil that develops in temperate to cold moist climates under coniferous or heath vegetation; an organic mat over a grey leached layer', 'poison_gas': 'a gas that is poisonous to breath or contact; used in chemical warfare', 'polyester_fiber': 'a quick-drying resilient synthetic fiber consisting primarily of polyester', 'polysaccharide': 'any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules', 'polymer': 'a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers', 'polyphosphate': 'a salt or ester of polyphosphoric acid', 'polyunsaturated_fat': 'a class of fats having long carbon chains with many double bonds unsaturated with hydrogen atoms; used in some margarines; supposedly associated with low blood cholesterol', 'potassium_ferrocyanide': 'a cyanide compound that is prepared by the reaction of potassium cyanide with ferrous salts; commonly used by gardeners', 'potassium_permanganate': 'a poisonous salt that forms dark purple crystals and is purple-red when dissolved in water; used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant and antiseptic', 'sandstone': 'a sedimentary rock consisting of sand consolidated with some cement (clay or quartz etc.)', 'bluestone': 'bluish-grey sandstone used for paving and building', 'greensand': 'an olive-green sandstone containing glauconite', 'polypropylene': 'a polymer of propylene used as a thermoplastic molding material', 'polyvinyl-formaldehyde': 'a polymer of vinyl formaldehyde', 'porphyry': 'any igneous rock with crystals embedded in a finer groundmass of minerals', 'porpoise_oil': 'a yellow fatty oil obtained from porpoises and used as a fine lubricant', 'dolphin_oil': 'an unsaturated fatty oil obtained from dolphins and used as a fine lubricant', 'potash': 'a potassium compound often used in agriculture and industry', 'prairie_soil': 'a type of soil occurring under grasses in temperate climates', 'precipitant': 'an agent that causes a precipitate to form', 'preservative': 'a chemical compound that is added to protect against decay or decomposition', 'percolate': 'the product of percolation', 'propanal': 'a colorless liquid aldehyde', 'propanol': 'a clear colorless volatile liquid (alcohol) used as a solvent and antiseptic', 'propenal': 'a pungent colorless unsaturated liquid aldehyde made from propene', 'propenoate': 'a salt or ester of propenoic acid', 'propenoic_acid': 'an unsaturated liquid carboxylic acid used in the manufacture of acrylic resins', 'propenonitrile': 'a colorless liquid unsaturated nitrile made from propene', 'propylene': 'a flammable gas obtained by cracking petroleum; used in organic synthesis', 'propyl': 'the monovalent organic group C3H7- obtained from propane', 'protease': 'any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis', 'Pyrex': 'a borosilicate glass with a low coefficient of expansion; used for heat-resistant glassware in cooking and chemistry', 'pyrimidine': 'any of several basic compounds derived from pyrimidine', 'pyrope': 'a deep red garnet used as a gemstone', 'pyrophoric_alloy': 'an alloy that emits sparks when struck or scratched with steel; used in lighter flints', 'pyruvic_acid': 'a colorless acid formed as an important intermediate in metabolism or fermentation', 'quenched_steel': 'steel that has been hardened by immersing it in water or oil to cool it', 'quercitron': 'a yellow dye made from the bark of the quercitron oak tree', 'quinone': 'any of a class of aromatic yellow compounds including several that are biologically important as coenzymes or acceptors or vitamins; used in making dyes', 'radiopaque_dye': 'dye that does not allow the passage of X rays or other radiation; used to outline certain organs during X-ray examination', 'rhodolite': 'a red or pink variety of garnet used as a gemstone', 'safranine': 'any of a class of chiefly red organic dyes', 'pheno-safranine': 'a purplish red water-soluble dye used in microscopy', 'vat_dye': 'a water-insoluble dye that is applied by reducing the dye to an alkaline form, applying the dye, then regenerating the insoluble dye by oxidation in the material; used for dyeing cotton', 'radioactive_material': 'material that is radioactive', 'radioactive_waste': 'useless radioactive materials that are left after some laboratory or commercial process is completed', 'raffinose': 'a trisaccharide that occurs in sugar beets and cotton seeds and certain cereals', 'raveling': 'a bit of fiber that has become separated from woven fabric', 'red_brass': 'brass with enough copper to give it a reddish tint; used for plumbing pipe and other brass hardware and in cheap jewelry', 'red_lead': 'a reddish oxide of lead (Pb3O4) used as a pigment in paints and in glass and ceramics', 'red_tide': 'seawater that is discolored by large numbers of certain dinoflagellates that produce saxitoxin', 'reductase': 'an enzyme that catalyses the biochemical reduction of some specified substance', 'refrigerant': 'any substance used to provide cooling (as in a refrigerator)', 'renin': 'a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys; catalyzes the formation of angiotensin and thus affects blood pressure', 'rennin': 'an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate', 'residue': 'matter that remains after something has been removed', 'resorcinol': 'a crystalline phenol obtained from various resins; used in ointments for acne and in dandruff shampoos', 'restriction_endonuclease': 'any of the enzymes that cut nucleic acid at specific restriction sites and produce restriction fragments; obtained from bacteria (where they cripple viral invaders); used in recombinant DNA technology', 'retinene': 'either of two yellow to red retinal pigments formed from rhodopsin by the action of light', 'ridge_tile': 'a decorative tile that is bent in cross section; used to cover the ridge of a roof', 'roofing_material': 'building material used in constructing roofs', 'rose_quartz': 'a translucent rose-red variety of quartz used for ornaments', 'latex': 'a milky exudate from certain plants that coagulates on exposure to air', 'rubber': 'any of various synthetic elastic materials whose properties resemble natural rubber', 'crepe_rubber': 'crude natural rubber; used mainly for shoe soles', 'silicone_rubber': 'made from silicone elastomers; retains flexibility resilience and tensile strength over a wide temperature range', 'cold_rubber': 'a rubber made at low temperatures (5 degrees Centigrade) which is tougher than conventional rubber and is often used in car tires', 'neoprene': 'a synthetic rubber that is resistant to oils and aging; used in waterproof products', 'hard_rubber': 'a hard nonresilient rubber formed by vulcanizing natural rubber', 'Para_rubber': 'a type of natural rubber obtained from tropical South American trees', 'buna': 'made by polymerizing butadiene', 'butyl_rubber': 'synthetic rubber made by polymerizing isobutylene', 'butyl': 'a hydrocarbon radical (C4H9)', 'ruddle': 'a red iron ore used in dyeing and marking', 'rutile': 'a mineral consisting of titanium dioxide in crystalline form; occurs in metamorphic and plutonic rocks and is a major source of titanium', 'condensate': 'a product of condensation', 'seawater': 'water containing salts; \"the water in the ocean is all saltwater\"', 'evaporite': 'the sediment that is left after the evaporation of seawater', 'fresh_water': 'water that is not salty', 'Rochelle_salt': 'a double salt used in Seidlitz powder; acts as a cathartic', 'Seidlitz_powder': 'an effervescing salt containing sodium bicarbonate and Rochelle salt and tartaric acid; used as a cathartic', 'salicylate': 'a salt of salicylic acid (included in several commonly used drugs)', 'salicylic_acid': 'a white crystalline substance with a bitter aftertaste; used as a fungicide or in making aspirin or dyes or perfumes', 'salmon_oil': 'a fatty oil obtained from the wastes in canning salmon; used in making soap and dressing leather', 'salol': 'a white powder with a pleasant taste and odor; used to absorb light in sun tan lotions or as a preservative or an antiseptic or a coating for pills in which the medicine is intended for enteric release', 'double_salt': 'a solution of two simple salts that forms a single substance on crystallization', 'parathion': 'a colorless and odorless toxic oil used as an insecticide', 'Paris_green': 'a toxic double salt of copper arsenate and copper acetate', 'rotenone': 'a white crystalline insecticide that has low toxicity for mammals; is used in home gardens; extracted from the roots of derris and cube', 'samarskite': 'a complex black mineral occurring in pegmatites', 'sapphirine': 'a rare light blue or green mineral; consists of aluminum and magnesium silicate and occurs as small grains in some metamorphic rocks', 'bile_salt': 'a salt of bile acid and a base; functions as an emulsifier of lipids and fatty acids', \"Glauber's_salt\": '(Na2SO4.10H2O) a colorless salt used as a cathartic', 'cream_of_tartar': 'a salt used especially in baking powder', 'sodium_chlorate': 'a colorless salt (NaClO3) used as a weed killer and an antiseptic', 'dichromic_acid': 'the hypothetical acid (H2Cr2O7) from which dichromates are derived; known only in solution and in the form of dichromate salts', 'bichromate': 'a salt of the hypothetical dichromic acid', 'sodium_dichromate': 'a red-orange salt used as a mordant', 'ammonium_nitrate': 'used as an explosive and fertilizer and rocket propellant', 'silver_nitrate': 'a nitrate used in making photographic emulsions; also used in medicine as a cautery and as a topical antibacterial agent', 'lunar_caustic': 'silver nitrate fused into sticks and formerly used as a caustic', 'caustic': 'any chemical substance that burns or destroys living tissue', 'caulk': 'a waterproof filler and sealant that is used in building and repair to make watertight', 'sodium_hydroxide': 'a strongly alkaline caustic used in manufacturing soap and paper and aluminum and various sodium compounds', 'silver_bromide': 'a bromide that darkens when exposed to light; used in making photographic emulsions', 'silver_iodide': 'an iodide that is used in photography, in seeding clouds to make rain, and in medicine', 'nitrate': 'any compound containing the nitrate group (such as a salt or ester of nitric acid)', 'nitro_group': 'the group -NO3', 'nitrite': 'the radical -NO2 or any compound containing it (such as a salt or ester of nitrous acid)', 'sodium_nitrite': 'nitrite used to preserve and color food especially in meat and fish products; implicated in the formation of suspected carcinogens', 'gunpowder': 'a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur in a 75:15:10 ratio which is used in gunnery, time fuses, and fireworks', 'smokeless_powder': 'an explosive (trade name Ballistite) that burns with relatively little smoke; contains pyrocellulose and is used as a propellant', 'microcosmic_salt': 'a white salt present in urine and used to test for metal oxides', 'chloride': 'any compound containing a chlorine atom', 'trichloride': 'any compound containing three chlorine atoms in each molecule', 'nitrogen_trichloride': 'a yellow pungent volatile oil (trade name Agene) formerly used for bleaching and aging flour', 'dichloride': 'a compound containing two chlorine atoms per molecule', 'perchloride': 'a chloride containing an unusually high proportion of chlorine', 'aluminum_chloride': 'a chloride used as a wood preservative or catalyst', 'methylene_chloride': 'a nonflammable liquid used as a solvent and paint remover and refrigerant', 'obidoxime_chloride': 'a chloride used as an antidote for nerve gases such as sarin or VX', 'silver_chloride': 'a chloride used chiefly in the manufacture of photographic emulsions', 'stannic_chloride': 'a colorless caustic liquid made by treating tin with chlorine', 'stannous_fluoride': 'a white powder that is used to fluoridate toothpaste', 'starch': 'a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice; an important foodstuff and used otherwise especially in adhesives and as fillers and stiffeners for paper and textiles', 'sand': 'a loose material consisting of grains of rock or coral', 'sangapenum': 'a variety of gum', 'water_sapphire': 'a deep blue cordierite often used as a gemstone', 'sarcosine': 'a sweetish crystalline amino acid', 'sard': 'a deep orange-red variety of chalcedony', 'sardine_oil': 'oil obtained from sardines and used chiefly as a lubricant and in soap', 'sardonyx': 'an onyx characterized by parallel layers of sard and a different colored mineral', 'sawdust': 'fine particles of wood made by sawing wood', 'saw_log': 'log large enough to be sawed into boards', 'saxitoxin': 'a powerful neurotoxin produced by certain dinoflagellates found in red tides; it can accumulate in mollusks that feed on the dinoflagellates and cause food poisoning to humans', 'scale_wax': 'partly refined paraffin wax', 'scheelite': 'a mineral used as an ore of tungsten', 'schorl': 'black tourmaline', 'scrap_iron': 'iron to be melted again and reworked', 'notepad': 'a pad of paper for keeping notes', 'scratch_pad': 'pad for preliminary or hasty writing or notes or sketches etc; \"scribbling block\" is a British term', 'seal_oil': 'a pale yellow to red-brown fatty oil obtained from seal blubber; used in making soap and dressing leather and as a lubricant', 'secretase': \"a set of enzymes believed to snip pieces off a longer protein producing fragments of amyloid protein that bunch up and create amyloid protein plaques in brain tissue (the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's)\", 'sedimentary_clay': 'clay soil formed by sedimentary deposits', 'sepia': 'rich brown pigment prepared from the ink of cuttlefishes', 'serine': 'a sweetish crystalline amino acid involved in the synthesis by the body of cysteine', 'globulin': 'a family of proteins found in blood and milk and muscle and in plant seed', 'gamma_globulin': 'a plasma protein containing the immunoglobulins that are responsible for immune responses', 'myosin': 'the commonest protein in muscle; a globulin that combines with actin to form actomyosin', 'coagulation_factor': 'any of the factors in the blood whose actions are essential for blood coagulation', 'fibrinogen': 'a protein present in blood plasma; converts to fibrin when blood clots', 'releasing_factor': 'a substance produced by the hypothalamus that is capable of accelerating the secretion of a given hormone by the anterior pituitary gland', 'growth_hormone-releasing_factor': 'a releasing factor that accelerates the secretion of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary body', 'intrinsic_factor': 'a substance produced by the mucosa of the stomach and intestines that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12; \"lack of intrinsic factor can result in pernicious anemia\"', 'platelet': 'tiny bits of protoplasm found in vertebrate blood; essential for blood clotting', 'porphyrin': 'any of various pigments distributed widely in living tissues', 'hemoglobin': 'a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color; function primarily to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues; \"fish have simpler hemoglobin than mammals\"', 'myoglobin': 'a hemoprotein that receives oxygen from hemoglobin and stores it in the tissues until needed', 'oxyhemoglobin': 'the bright red hemoglobin that is a combination of hemoglobin and oxygen from the lungs; \"oxyhemoglobin transports oxygen to the cells of the body\"', 'heme': 'a complex red organic pigment containing iron and other atoms to which oxygen binds', 'hemin': 'a reddish-brown chloride of heme; produced from hemoglobin in laboratory tests for the presence of blood', 'heterocyclic_compound': 'a compound containing a heterocyclic ring', 'cytochrome': '(biochemistry) a class of hemoprotein whose principal biological function is electron transfer (especially in cellular respiration)', 'cytochrome_c': 'the most abundant and stable cytochrome; involved in energy transfer', 'globin': 'a colorless protein obtained by removing heme from hemoglobin; the oxygen carrying compound in red blood cells', 'glutelin': 'a simple protein found in the seeds of cereals', 'histone': 'a simple protein containing mainly basic amino acids; present in cell nuclei in association with nucleic acids', 'prolamine': 'a simple protein found in plants', 'protamine': 'a simple protein found in fish sperm; rich in arginine; simpler in composition than globulin or albumin; counteracts the anticoagulant effect of heparin', 'scleroprotein': 'a simple protein found in horny and cartilaginous tissues and in the lens of the eye', 'hemosiderin': 'a granular brown substance composed of ferric oxide; left from the breakdown of hemoglobin; can be a sign of disturbed iron metabolism', 'antibody': 'any of a large variety of proteins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune response', 'autoantibody': 'an antibody acting against tissues of the organism that produces it', 'precipitin': 'an antibody that causes precipitation when it unites with its antigen', 'ABO_antibodies': 'blood type antibodies', 'Rh_antibody': 'rhesus factor antibody', 'antitoxin': 'an antibody that can neutralize a specific toxin', 'antivenin': 'an antitoxin that counteracts the effects of venom from the bite of a snake or insect or other animal', 'tetanus_antitoxin': 'antitoxin given for short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillus', 'toxin_antitoxin': 'a mixture of toxin and antitoxin used to immunize against a disease', 'agglutinin': 'an antibody that causes agglutination of a specific antigen', 'isoagglutinin': 'an antibody produced by one individual that causes agglutination of red blood cells in other individuals of the same species', 'agglutinogen': 'any substance that acts as an antigen to cause agglutinin production', 'isoagglutinogen': 'an antigen capable of causing the production of (or reacting with) an isoagglutinin', 'heterophil_antibody': 'an antibody found in the blood of someone suffering from infectious mononucleosis', 'isoantibody': 'an antibody that occurs naturally against foreign tissues from a person of the same species', 'lysin': 'any substance (such as an antibody) or agent that can cause lysis', 'monoclonal_antibody': 'any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by a single clone of cells or a cell line and consisting of identical antibody molecules', 'opsonin': 'an antibody in blood serum that attaches to invading microorganisms and other antigens to make them more susceptible to the action of phagocytes', 'immunoglobulin': 'a class of proteins produced in lymph tissue in vertebrates and that function as antibodies in the immune response', 'immunoglobulin_A': 'one of the most common of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the chief antibody in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts', 'immunoglobulin_D': 'one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present in blood serum in small amounts', 'immunoglobulin_E': 'one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present primarily in the skin and mucous membranes', 'reagin': 'an immunoglobulin E that is formed as an antibody against allergens (such as pollen); attaches to cell membranes causing the release of histamine and other substances responsible for the local inflammation characteristic of an allergy', 'immunoglobulin_G': 'one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the main antibody defense against bacteria', 'immunoglobulin_M': 'one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; involved in fighting blood infections and in triggering production of immunoglobulin G', 'tetanus_immunoglobulin': 'sterile solution of globulins derived from the blood plasma of a person who has been immunized for tetanus; provides short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillus', 'chemical_irritant': 'a substance producing irritation', 'capsaicin': 'colorless pungent crystalline compound derived from capsicum; source of the hotness of hot peppers of the genus Capsicum such as chili and cayenne and jalapeno', 'gingerol': 'derived from ginger; source of the hotness of ginger', 'piperin': 'derived from pepper (especially black pepper); source of the hotness of black and white pepper', 'isothiocyanate': 'a family of compounds derived from horseradish and radishes and onions and mustards; source of the hotness of those plants and preparations', 'fetoprotein': 'any of several antigens that occur naturally in the fetus and sometimes in adults with cancer', 'alpha_fetoprotein': 'an abnormally large amount of this fetoprotein in the fetus can signal an abnormality of the neural tube (as spina bifida or anencephaly)', 'toxin': 'a poisonous substance produced during the metabolism and growth of certain microorganisms and some higher plant and animal species', 'anatoxin': 'a bacterial toxin that has been weakened until it is no longer toxic but is strong enough to induce the formation of antibodies and immunity to the specific disease caused by the toxin; \"diphtheria toxoid\"', 'animal_toxin': 'a toxin resembling bacterial toxins in its antigenic properties that is found in the fluids of certain animals', 'bacterial_toxin': 'any endotoxin or exotoxin formed in or elaborated by bacterial cells', 'botulin': 'potent bacterial toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum that causes botulism; can be used as a bioweapon', 'cytotoxin': 'any substance that has a toxic effect on cells', 'endotoxin': 'a toxin that is confined inside the microorganisms and is released only when the microorganisms are broken down or die', 'enterotoxin': 'a cytotoxin specific for the cells of the intestinal mucosa', 'exotoxin': 'a toxin that is secreted by microorganisms into the surrounding medium', 'mephitis': 'a poisonous or foul smelling gas emitted from the earth', 'hepatotoxin': 'any toxin that affects the liver', 'nephrotoxin': 'any toxin that affects the kidneys', 'neurotoxin': 'any toxin that affects neural tissues', 'mycotoxin': 'a toxin produced by a fungus', 'plant_toxin': 'any substance produced by plants that is similar in its properties to extracellular bacterial toxin', 'venom': 'toxin secreted by animals; secreted by certain snakes and poisonous insects (e.g., spiders and scorpions)', 'kokoi_venom': 'a potent neurotoxin found in a particular frog', 'snake_venom': 'venom secreted by certain snakes', 'antigen': 'any substance (as a toxin or enzyme) that stimulates an immune response in the body (especially the production of antibodies)', 'antigenic_determinant': 'the site on the surface of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself', 'rhesus_factor': 'a blood group antigen possessed by Rh-positive people; if an Rh-negative person receives a blood transfusion from an Rh-positive person it can result in hemolysis and anemia', 'sap': 'a watery solution of sugars, salts, and minerals that circulates through the vascular system of a plant', 'scabicide': 'a drug that destroys the itch mite that causes scabies', 'sewer_gas': 'foul-smelling gas that forms in sewers', 'shale': 'a sedimentary rock formed by the deposition of successive layers of clay', 'humic_shale': 'shale that is rich in humic acids', 'oil_shale': 'shale from which oil can be obtained by heating', 'shale_oil': 'oil extracted from oil shale by heating', 'shark_oil': 'a fatty yellow to brown oil obtained from the livers of sharks; used for dressing leather and as a source of vitamin A', 'sheep_dip': 'a liquid mixture containing pesticides in which sheep are dipped to kill parasites', 'Shetland_wool': 'a wool obtained from sheep of the Shetland islands', 'shoe_polish': 'a substance used to produce a shiny protective surface on footwear', 'shot_metal': 'an alloy that is 98% lead and 2% arsenic; used in making small shot', 'silicic_acid': 'a jellylike substance (hydrated silica)', 'silicate': 'a salt or ester derived from silicic acid', 'silicide': 'any of various compounds of silicon with a more electropositive element or radical', 'silicon_carbide': 'an extremely hard blue-black crystalline compound (SiC) used as an abrasive and a heat refractory material; crystals of silicon carbide can be used as semiconductors', 'silicone': 'any of a large class of siloxanes that are unusually stable over a wide range of temperatures; used in lubricants and adhesives and coatings and synthetic rubber and electrical insulation', 'silicone_resin': 'a polymeric silicone compound', 'siloxane': 'any of a large class of compounds that have alternate silicon and oxygen atoms', 'silex': 'a pure form of finely ground silica', 'silica': \"a white or colorless vitreous insoluble solid (SiO2); various forms occur widely in the earth's crust as quartz or cristobalite or tridymite or lechatelierite\", 'silica_gel': 'a porous form of silica that is highly absorbent', 'silicon_bronze': 'a bronze with 2-3% silicon that is resistant to corrosion', 'silt': 'mud or clay or small rocks deposited by a river or lake', 'siltstone': 'a fine-grained sandstone of consolidated silt', 'silvex': 'a herbicide that is effective in controlling woody plants but is toxic to animals', 'simazine': 'a herbicide used to control weeds (especially among crops)', 'Simoniz': 'a brand of car polish', 'ski_wax': 'wax used on the bottom of skis', 'slag': 'the scum formed by oxidation at the surface of molten metals', 'smaltite': 'a grey mineral consisting of cobalt arsenide and nickel; an important source of cobalt and nickel', 'slush': 'partially melted snow', 'smelling_salts': 'a pungent preparation of ammonium carbonate and perfume; sniffed as a stimulant to relieve faintness', 'snake_oil': '(medicine) any of various liquids sold as medicine (as by a travelling medicine show) but medically worthless', 'corn_snow': 'granular snow formed by alternate thawing and freezing', 'soapstone': 'a soft heavy compact variety of talc having a soapy feel; used to make hearths and tabletops and ornaments', 'soda_lime': 'a mixture of sodium and calcium hydroxides; absorbs liquids and gases', 'sodalite': 'a vitreous mineral consisting of sodium aluminum silicate and sodium chloride in crystalline form; occurs in igneous rocks', 'sodium_carbonate': 'a sodium salt of carbonic acid; used in making soap powders and glass and paper', 'sodium_carboxymethyl_cellulose': 'a gummy substance that is a sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose; used as a thickening or emulsifying agent', 'sodium_fluoride': 'a colorless crystalline salt of sodium (NaF) used in fluoridation of water and to prevent tooth decay', 'sodium_hydride': 'a flammable grey crystalline binary compound (NaH)', 'sodium_hypochlorite': 'an unstable salt (NaOCl) used as a bleaching agent and disinfectant', 'sodium_iodide': 'a crystalline salt used like potassium iodide', 'sodium_lauryl_sulphate': 'a caustic detergent useful for removing grease; although commonly included in personal care items (shampoos and toothpastes etc.) it can irritate skin and should not be swallowed', 'sodium_pyrophosphate': 'a sodium salt of pyrophosphoric acid used as a builder in soaps and detergents', 'sodium_sulphate': 'a solid white bitter salt used in manufacturing glass and paper and dyes and pharmaceuticals', 'sodium_tripolyphosphate': 'a sodium salt of triphosphoric acid used as a builder in soaps and detergents', 'sodium_phosphate': 'phosphate of sodium; used as a laxative to cleanse the bowels', 'soft_water': 'water that is not hard (does not contain mineral salts that interfere with the formation of lather with soap)', 'dry_ice': 'solidified carbon dioxide; dry ice sublimates at -78.5 C and is used mainly as a refrigerant', 'solvent': 'a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances; \"the solvent does not change its state in forming a solution\"', 'solute': 'the dissolved matter in a solution; the component of a solution that changes its state', 'solvate': 'a compound formed by solvation (the combination of solvent molecules with molecules or ions of the solute)', 'solvating_agent': 'an agent that converts something into a solvate', 'viricide': 'an agent (physical or chemical) that inactivates or destroys viruses', 'alkahest': 'hypothetical universal solvent once sought by alchemists', 'spackle': 'powder (containing gypsum plaster and glue) that when mixed with water forms a plastic paste used to fill cracks and holes in plaster', 'sparkle_metal': 'matte that has 74 percent copper', 'spiegeleisen': 'pig iron containing manganese; used as a deoxidizing agent and to raise the manganese content in making steel', 'spelter': 'impure zinc containing about three percent lead and other impurities (especially in the form of ingots)', 'sperm_oil': 'an animal oil found in the blubber of the sperm whale', 'stacte': '(Old Testament) one of several sweet-smelling spices used in incense', 'staphylococcal_enterotoxin': 'a soluble exotoxin produced by some strains of staphylococcus; a cause of food poisoning', 'staphylococcal_enterotoxin_B': 'a form of staphylococcal enterotoxin that has been used as an incapacitating agent in biological warfare', 'spinel': 'a hard glassy mineral consisting of an oxide of magnesium and aluminum; occurs in various colors that are used as gemstones', 'spinel_ruby': 'a spinel used as a gemstone (usually dark red)', 'almandine': 'a purple variety of the ruby spinel', 'balas': 'a pale rose-colored variety of the ruby spinel', 'Ceylonite': 'a dark-colored spinel containing iron', 'rubicelle': 'a yellow or orange variety of ruby spinel', 'solid_solution': 'a homogeneous solid that can exist over a range of component chemicals; a constituent of alloys that is formed when atoms of an element are incorporated into the crystals of a metal', 'spirits_of_ammonia': 'a solution of ammonium carbonate in ammonia water and alcohol', 'spodumene': 'a pyroxene mineral consisting of lithium aluminum silicate; a source of lithium', 'hiddenite': 'a green transparent form of the mineral spodumene used as a gemstone', 'stachyose': 'a tetrasaccharide found in the tubers of the Chinese artichoke', 'counterstain': 'a stain of contrasting color that is used when the principal stain does not show the structure clearly', \"Gram's_solution\": \"a solution used in staining bacteria by Gram's method; consists of one part iodine and two parts potassium iodide and 300 parts water\", 'stannite': 'a dark grey mineral with a metallic luster that is a source of tin', 'star_sapphire': 'a sapphire that when cut shows a starlike figure in reflected light because of its crystalline structure', 'cornstarch': 'starch prepared from the grains of corn; used in cooking as a thickener', 'sago': 'powdery starch from certain sago palms; used in Asia as a food thickener and textile stiffener', 'pearl_sago': 'sago ground into small round grains', 'Otaheite_arrowroot': 'a starch obtained from the root of the pia', 'steam': 'water at boiling temperature diffused in the atmosphere', 'live_steam': 'steam coming from a boiler at full pressure', 'water_vapor': 'water in a vaporous form diffused in the atmosphere but below boiling temperature', 'vapor': 'a visible suspension in the air of particles of some substance', 'softener': 'a substance added to another to make it less hard', 'water_softener': 'a substance (such as sodium chloride) that lessens the hardness of water by replacing calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions and so gives the water more efficient sudsing power', 'soman': 'a nerve agent easily absorbed into the body; a lethal cholinesterase inhibitor that is highly toxic when inhaled', 'sea_spray': 'spray from ocean waves', 'spindrift': 'spray blown up from the surface of the sea', 'stearic_acid': 'a waxy saturated fatty acid; occurs widely as a glyceride in animal and vegetable fats', 'stearin': 'an ester of glycerol and stearic acid', 'Stellite': 'a very hard alloy of cobalt and chromium with cobalt as the principal ingredient; used to make cutting tools and for surfaces subject to heavy wear', 'sterling_silver': 'a silver alloy with no more than 7.5% copper', 'sternutator': 'a chemical substance that causes sneezing and coughing and crying; \"police used a sternutatory to subdue the mob\"', 'steroid': 'any of several fat-soluble organic compounds having as a basis 17 carbon atoms in four rings; many have important physiological effects', 'nonsteroid': 'an organic compound that does no contain a steroid', 'ketosteroid': 'a steroid containing a ketone group', 'sterol': 'any of a group of natural steroid alcohols derived from plants or animals; they are waxy insoluble substances', 'cholesterol': 'an animal sterol that is normally synthesized by the liver; the most abundant steroid in animal tissues', 'HDL_cholesterol': \"the cholesterol in high-density lipoproteins; the `good' cholesterol; a high level in the blood is thought to lower the risk of coronary artery disease\", 'LDL_cholesterol': \"the cholesterol in low-density lipoproteins; the `bad' cholesterol; a high level in the blood is thought to be related to various pathogenic conditions\", 'oxidized_LDL_cholesterol': 'LDL cholesterol that has been bombarded by free radicals; it is thought to cause atherosclerosis', 'ergosterol': 'a plant sterol that is converted into vitamin D by ultraviolet radiation', 'bile_acid': 'any of the steroid acids generated in the liver and stored with bile', 'cholic_acid': 'an insoluble crystalline acid present in bile', 'cardiac_glycoside': 'obtained from a number of plants and used to stimulate the heart in cases of heart failure', 'digitalis': 'a powerful cardiac stimulant obtained from foxglove', 'render': 'a substance similar to stucco but exclusively applied to masonry walls', 'stibnite': 'a soft grey mineral; the chief ore of antimony', 'sticks_and_stone': 'a general term for building materials', 'wattle_and_daub': 'building material consisting of interwoven rods and twigs covered with clay', 'stiffener': 'material used for stiffening something', 'streptodornase': 'an enzyme produced by some hemolytic strains of streptococcus that dissolves fibrinous secretions from infections; used medicinally (often in combination with streptokinase)', 'streptokinase': 'an enzyme produced by some strains of streptococcus that can liquefy blood clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin; used medicinally in some cases of myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism', 'streptolysin': 'any of several hemolysins derived from strains of streptococcus', 'strophanthin': 'a bitter and very toxic glycoside derived from plants of the genus Strophanthus; in moderate doses it is a cardiac stimulant but in larger doses it is a powerful poison; used in Africa as an arrow poison', 'strontianite': 'a mineral consisting of strontium carbonate', 'stucco': 'a plaster now made mostly from Portland cement and sand and lime; applied while soft to cover exterior walls or surfaces', 'sublimate': 'the product of vaporization of a solid', 'tallow': 'obtained from suet and used in making soap, candles and lubricants', 'vegetable_tallow': 'a waxy fat obtained from certain plants (e.g. bayberry) and used as tallow', 'sucrose': 'a complex carbohydrate found in many plants and used as a sweetening agent', 'jaggery': 'unrefined brown sugar made from palm sap', 'structural_iron': 'iron that has been cast or worked in structural shapes', 'structural_steel': 'a strong steel that is rolled into shapes that are used in construction', 'sulfanilic_acid': 'a crystalline acid made from aniline and used as a dye', 'sulfate': 'a salt or ester of sulphuric acid', 'sulfide': 'a compound of sulphur and some other element that is more electropositive', 'sulfur_oxide': 'any of several oxides of sulphur', 'sulfur_dioxide': 'a colorless toxic gas (SO2) that occurs in the gases from volcanoes; used in many manufacturing processes and present in industrial emissions; causes acid rain', 'sulfur_hexafluoride': 'a colorless gas that is soluble in alcohol and ether; a powerful greenhouse gas widely used in the electrical utility industry', 'sunstone': 'a translucent quartz spangled with bits of mica or other minerals', 'superoxide': 'a metallic oxide containing the univalent anion O2-', 'superoxide_dismutase': 'an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen; \"oxygen free radicals are normally removed in our bodies by the superoxide dismutase enzymes\"', 'surgical_spirit': 'methylated spirit used in the practice of medicine (especially for cleansing the skin before injections or before surgery)', 'Swedish_iron': 'wrought iron of high purity made in Sweden', 'swinging_chad': 'a chad that is incompletely removed and still attached at two corners', 'sylvanite': 'a silver-white mineral consisting of silver gold telluride; a source of gold in Australia and America', 'sylvite': 'a mineral consisting of native potassium chloride; an important ore of potassium that is found in sedimentary beds', 'tabun': 'the first known nerve agent, synthesized by German chemists in 1936; a highly toxic combustible liquid that is soluble in organic solvents and is used as a nerve gas in chemical warfare', 'talc': 'a fine grained mineral having a soft soapy feel and consisting of hydrated magnesium silicate; used in a variety of products including talcum powder', 'French_chalk': 'a soft white compact talc used to mark cloth or to remove grease stains', 'rensselaerite': 'a kind of soft talc; sometimes used as wood filler', 'tallow_oil': 'an animal oil obtained by pressing tallow; used as a lubricant', 'tannin': 'any of various complex phenolic substances of plant origin; used in tanning and in medicine', 'catechin': 'a tannic acid that is extracted from black catechu as a white crystalline substance', 'tantalite': 'a mineral consisting of tantalum oxide of iron and manganese that occurs with niobite or in coarse granite; an ore of tantalum', 'tartaric_acid': 'an acid found in many fruits; used in soft drinks and confectionery and baking powder', 'racemic_acid': 'the optically inactive form of tartaric acid that is often found in grape juice', 'tear_gas': 'a gas that makes the eyes fill with tears but does not damage them; used in dispersing crowds', 'telluride': 'any binary compound of tellurium with other more electropositive elements', 'telomerase': 'an enzyme in eukaryotic cells that can add telomeres to the ends of chromosomes after they divide', 'tenderizer': 'a substance (as the plant enzyme papain) applied to meat to make it tender', 'terpene': 'an unsaturated hydrocarbon obtained from plants', 'tetrachloride': 'any compound that contains four chlorine atoms per molecule', 'tetrafluoroethylene': 'a flammable gaseous fluorocarbon used in making plastics (polytetrafluoroethylene resins)', 'tetrahalide': 'any halide containing four halogen atoms in its molecules', 'tetrasaccharide': 'any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield four monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis', 'tetrodotoxin': 'a powerful neurotoxin found in the ovaries of pufferfish', 'tetroxide': 'an oxide containing four atoms of oxygen in the molecule', 'tetryl': 'a yellow crystalline explosive solid that is used in detonators', 'thiouracil': 'depresses the function of the thyroid gland', 'thiocyanate': 'a salt of thiocyanic acid; formed when alkaline cyanides are fused with sulfur', 'thiocyanic_acid': 'an unstable acid that can be obtained by distilling a thiocyanate salt', 'thorite': 'a radioactive mineral consisting of thorium silicate; it is a source of thorium that is found in coarse granite', 'thortveitite': 'a mineral consisting of scandium yttrium silicate; a source of scandium', 'threonine': 'a colorless crystalline amino acid found in protein; occurs in the hydrolysates of certain proteins; an essential component of human nutrition', 'prothrombin': 'a protein in blood plasma that is the inactive precursor of thrombin', 'thromboplastin': 'an enzyme liberated from blood platelets that converts prothrombin into thrombin as blood starts to clot', 'calcium_ion': 'ion of calcium; a factor in the clotting of blood', 'proaccelerin': 'a coagulation factor', 'proconvertin': 'a coagulation factor formed in the kidney under the influence of vitamin K', 'antihemophilic_factor': 'a coagulation factor (trade name Hemofil) whose absence is associated with hemophilia A', 'Christmas_factor': 'coagulation factor whose absence is associated with hemophilia B', 'prothrombinase': 'coagulation factor that is converted to an enzyme that converts prothrombin to thrombin in a reaction that depends on calcium ions and other coagulation factors', 'plasma_thromboplastin_antecedent': 'coagulation factor whose deficiency results in a hemorrhagic tendency', 'Hageman_factor': 'coagulation factor whose deficiency results in prolongation of clotting time of venous blood', 'fibrinase': 'in the clotting of blood thrombin catalyzes factor XIII into its active form (fibrinase) which causes fibrin to form a stable clot', 'thymine': 'a base found in DNA (but not in RNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine', 'deoxyadenosine': 'a nucleoside component of DNA; composed of adenosine and deoxyribose', 'deoxycytidine': 'a nucleoside component of DNA; composed of cytosine and deoxyribose', 'deoxyguanosine': 'a nucleoside component of DNA; composed of guanine and deoxyribose', 'deoxythymidine': 'a nucleoside component of DNA; composed of thymine and deoxyribose', 'thymol': 'a colorless crystalline solid used in perfume or preserving biological specimens or in embalming or medically as a fungicide or antiseptic', 'melanocyte-stimulating_hormone': 'a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that controls the degree of pigmentation in melanocytes', 'thyrotropin': 'anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the function of the thyroid gland', 'thyrotropin-releasing_hormone': 'hormone released by the hypothalamus that controls the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary', 'thyronine': 'a phenolic amino acid of which thyroxine is a derivative', 'till': 'unstratified soil deposited by a glacier; consists of sand and clay and gravel and boulders mixed together', 'toilet_tissue': 'a soft thin absorbent paper for use in toilets', 'toilet_roll': 'a roll of toilet paper', 'toluene': 'a colorless flammable liquid obtained from petroleum or coal tar; used as a solvent for gums and lacquers and in high-octane fuels', 'toluic_acid': 'an isomeric acid derived from toluene', 'tombac': 'an alloy of copper and zinc (and sometimes arsenic) used to imitate gold in cheap jewelry and for gilding', 'tool_steel': 'alloy steel that is suitable for making tools; is hard and tough and can retain a cutting edge', 'topaz': 'a yellow quartz', 'tourmaline': 'a mineral that is a complex borosilicate and hydroxide of aluminum containing iron and magnesium and calcium and lithium and sodium; it is usually black but occurs in transparent colored forms that are used as gemstones', 'trace_element': 'an element that occurs at very small quantities in the body but is nonetheless important for many biological processes', 'tracing_paper': 'a semitransparent paper that is used for tracing drawings', 'tragacanth': 'a gum used in pharmacy, adhesives, and textile printing', 'transaminase': 'a class of transferases that catalyze transamination (that transfer an amino group from an amino acid to another compound)', 'transferase': 'any of various enzymes that move a chemical group from one compound to another compound', 'transfer_paper': 'a paper that is coated with a preparation for transferring a design to another surface', 'transferrin': 'a globulin in blood plasma that carries iron', 'transparent_gem': 'a gemstone having the property of transmitting light without serious diffusion', 'transparent_substance': 'a material having the property of admitting light diffusely; a partly transparent material', 'triamcinolone': 'a synthetic corticosteroid (trade names Aristocort or Aristopak or Kenalog) used as an anti-inflammatory agent', 'triazine': 'any of three isomeric compounds having three carbon and three nitrogen atoms in a six-membered ring', 'tri-chad': 'a chad that is incompletely removed and still attached at three corners', 'trichloroacetic_acid': 'a strong acid made by chlorinating acetic acid', 'margarin': 'a glyceryl ester of margaric acid', 'tridymite': 'a mineral form of silica', 'triolein': 'a naturally occurring glyceride of oleic acid that is found in fats and oils', 'trimer': 'a polymer (or a molecule of a polymer) consisting of three identical monomers', 'trioxide': 'an oxide containing three atoms of oxygen in the molecule', 'tripalmitin': 'a triglyceride of palmitic acid', 'triphosphopyridine': 'a pyridine ring with three phosphorus groups', 'triphosphopyridine_nucleotide': 'a coenzyme of several enzymes', 'triphosphoric_acid': 'an acid that is a partial anhydride of three molecules of phosphoric acid; known chiefly in the form of its salts and esters', 'trisaccharide': 'any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield three monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis', 'trisodium_phosphate': 'the tertiary phosphate of sodium used as a builder in soaps and detergents', 'tristearin': 'a triglyceride of stearic acid', 'trypsin': 'an enzyme of pancreatic origin; catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to smaller polypeptide units', 'trypsinogen': 'inactive precursor of trypsin; a substance secreted by the pancreas and converted to active trypsin by enterokinase in the small intestine', 'tryptophan': 'an amino acid that occurs in proteins; is essential for growth and normal metabolism; a precursor of niacin', 'tuna_oil': 'an oil obtained from tuna', 'tundra_soil': 'a black mucky soil with a frozen subsoil that is characteristic of Arctic and subarctic regions', 'tungsten_steel': 'a very hard heat-resistant steel containing tungsten', 'tungstate': 'a salt of tungstic acid', 'tungstic_acid': 'an oxyacid of tungsten (often polymeric in nature) formed by neutralizing alkaline tungstate solutions', 'turquoise': 'a blue to grey green mineral consisting of copper aluminum phosphate; \"blue turquoise is valued as a gemstone\"', 'typewriter_paper': 'writing paper suitable for use in a typewriter', 'tyramine': 'amino acid derived from tyrosine; has a sympathomimetic action; found in chocolate and cola drinks and ripe cheese and beer; \"patients taking MAOIs should avoid foods containing tyramine\"', 'tyrosine': 'an amino acid found in most proteins; a precursor of several hormones', 'ubiquinone': 'any of several quinones found in living cells and that function as coenzymes that transfer electrons from one molecule to another in cell respiration', 'French_blue': 'ultramarine pigment prepared artificially', 'umber': 'an earth pigment', 'raw_umber': 'greenish brown pigment', 'burnt_umber': 'dark brown pigment obtained by heating umber', 'undecylenic_acid': 'an acid that is a component of perspiration', 'unleaded_gasoline': 'gasoline that has not been treated with a lead compound', 'urease': 'an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia; is present in intestinal bacteria', 'urethane': 'an ester of carbamic acid', 'uracil': 'a base containing nitrogen that is found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine', 'uraninite': 'a mineral consisting of uranium oxide and trace amounts of radium and thorium and polonium and lead and helium; uraninite in massive form is called pitchblende which is the chief uranium ore', 'uranium_ore': 'any ore from which uranium can be extracted', 'uranyl': 'the bivalent radical UO2 which forms salts with acids', 'uranyl_nitrate': 'a yellow salt obtained by the reaction of uranium salts with nitric acid', 'uranyl_oxalate': 'a salt obtained by the reaction of uranium salts with oxalic acid', 'urea': 'the chief solid component of mammalian urine; synthesized from ammonia and carbon dioxide and used as fertilizer and in animal feed and in plastics', 'uric_acid': 'a white tasteless odorless crystalline product of protein metabolism; found in the blood and urine', 'urate': 'a salt of uric acid', 'tophus': 'a deposit of urates around a joint or in the external ear; diagnostic of advanced or chronic gout', 'valine': 'an essential amino acid found in proteins; important for growth in children and nitrogen balance in adults', 'linseed': 'the seed of flax used as a source of oil', 'linseed_oil': 'a drying oil extracted from flax seed and used in making such things as oil paints', 'tung_oil': 'a yellow oil obtained from the seeds of the tung tree', 'chaulmoogra_oil': 'an oil from chaulmoogra trees; used in treatment of skin diseases and leprosy', 'vanadate': 'a salt or ester of vanadic acid; an anion containing pentavalent vanadium', 'vanadinite': 'a mineral consisting of chloride and vanadate of lead; a source of vanadium', 'vanadium_pentoxide': 'any of various oxyacids of vanadium; known mostly in the form of its salts', 'vanadium_steel': 'steel alloyed with vanadium for greater strength and high-temperature stability', 'vermiculite': 'any of a group of yellow or brown hydrous silicate minerals having a micaceous structure', 'very_low_density_lipoprotein': 'large lipoproteins rich in triglycerides; VLDLs circulate through the blood giving up their triglycerides to fat and muscle tissue until the VLDL remnants are modified and converted into LDL', 'vesuvianite': 'a green or yellow or brown mineral consisting of a hydrated silicate; it occurs as crystals in limestone and is used a gemstone', 'vinyl': 'a univalent chemical radical derived from ethylene', 'vinyl_polymer': 'a thermoplastic derived by polymerization from compounds containing the vinyl group', 'iodopsin': 'a violet photopigment in the retinal cones of the eyes of most vertebrates; plays a role in daylight vision', 'visual_purple': 'a red photopigment in the retinal rods of vertebrates; dissociates into retinene by light', 'photopigment': 'a special pigment found in the rods and cones of the retina', 'vitamin': 'any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal metabolism', 'fat-soluble_vitamin': 'any vitamin that is soluble in fats', 'water-soluble_vitamin': 'any vitamin that is soluble in water', 'vitamin_A': 'any of several fat-soluble vitamins essential for normal vision; prevents night blindness or inflammation or dryness of the eyes', 'vitamin_A1': 'an unsaturated alcohol that occurs in marine fish-liver oils and is synthesized biologically from carotene', 'vitamin_A2': 'a viscous alcohol that is less active in mammals than is vitamin A1', 'provitamin': 'vitamin precursor; a substance that is converted into a vitamin in animal tissues', 'provitamin_A': 'an orange isomer of an unsaturated hydrocarbon found in many plants; is converted into vitamin A in the liver', 'B-complex_vitamin': 'originally thought to be a single vitamin but now separated into several B vitamins', 'vitamin_B1': 'a B vitamin that prevents beriberi; maintains appetite and growth', 'vitamin_B12': 'a B vitamin that is used to treat pernicious anemia', 'vitamin_B2': 'a B vitamin that prevents skin lesions and weight loss', 'vitamin_B6': 'a B vitamin that is essential for metabolism of amino acids and starch', 'vitamin_Bc': 'a B vitamin that is essential for cell growth and reproduction', 'niacin': 'a B vitamin essential for the normal function of the nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract', 'vitamin_D': 'a fat-soluble vitamin that prevents rickets', 'vitamin_E': 'a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for normal reproduction; an important antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals in the body', 'biotin': 'a B vitamin that aids in body growth', 'vitamin_K': 'a fat-soluble vitamin that helps in the clotting of blood', 'vitamin_K1': 'a form of vitamin K', 'vitamin_K3': 'a form of vitamin K', 'vitamin_P': 'a vitamin that maintains the resistance of cell and capillary walls to permeation', 'vitamin_C': 'a vitamin found in fresh fruits (especially citrus fruits) and vegetables; prevents scurvy', 'vitriol': '(H2SO4) a highly corrosive acid made from sulfur dioxide; widely used in the chemical industry', 'volatile': 'a volatile substance; a substance that changes readily from solid or liquid to a vapor; \"it was heated to evaporate the volatiles\"', 'wallpaper': 'a decorative paper for the walls of rooms', 'waste_paper': 'paper discarded after use', 'water_of_crystallization': 'the water present in hydrated compounds', 'wax': 'any of various substances of either mineral origin or plant or animal origin; they are solid at normal temperatures and insoluble in water', 'beeswax': 'a yellow to brown wax secreted by honeybees to build honeycombs', 'Ghedda_wax': 'wax from Indian and African bees', 'cerumen': 'a soft yellow wax secreted by glands in the ear canal', 'spermaceti': 'a white waxy substance from oil of the sperm whale', 'vegetable_wax': 'a waxy substance obtained from plants (especially from the trunks of certain palms)', 'shellac_wax': 'a hard wax separated from shellac by its insolubility in alcohol', 'cadaverine': 'a colorless toxic ptomaine with an unpleasant odor formed during the putrefaction of animal tissue', 'cadmium_sulfide': 'a yellow sulfide used chiefly as a pigment', 'cadmium_yellow': 'pigment of cadmium sulfide and barium sulfate varying in hue from lemon yellow to orange', 'cadmium_yellow_pale': 'pale-hued cadmium yellow pigment', 'cadmium_orange': 'orange-hued cadmium yellow pigment', 'zinc_cadmium_sulfide': 'cadmium sulfide containing zinc', 'wax_paper': 'paper that has been waterproofed by treatment with wax or paraffin', 'wetting_agent': 'a chemical agent capable of reducing the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved', 'whale_oil': 'a white to brown oil obtained from whale blubber; formerly used as an illuminant', 'white_lead': 'a poisonous white pigment that contains lead', 'wiesenboden': 'a dark meadow soil rich in organic material; developed through poor drainage in humid grassy or sedge regions', 'dyewood': 'any wood from which dye is obtained', 'hardwood': 'the wood of broad-leaved dicotyledonous trees (as distinguished from the wood of conifers)', 'softwood': 'wood that is easy to saw (from conifers such as pine or fir)', 'pulpwood': 'softwood used to make paper', 'raw_wood': 'wood that is not finished or painted', 'firewood': 'wood used for fuel; \"they collected and cut their own firewood\"', 'cordwood': 'firewood cut and stacked in cords; wood sold by the cord', 'Yule_log': 'large log traditionally burned at Christmas', 'pine_knot': 'a joint of pine wood used for fuel', 'igniter': 'a substance used to ignite or kindle a fire', 'kindling': 'material for starting a fire', 'punk': 'substance that smolders when ignited; used to light fuses (especially fireworks)', 'chipboard': 'a cheap hard material made from wood chips that are pressed together and bound with synthetic resin', 'knothole': 'a hole in a board where a knot came out', 'clapboard': 'a long thin board with one edge thicker than the other; used as siding by lapping one board over the board below', 'wolframite': 'a mineral consisting of iron and manganese tungstate in crystalline form; the principal ore of tungsten; found in quartz veins associated with granitic rocks', 'wollastonite': 'a white or greyish mineral typically found in metamorphic limestone; a silicate of calcium', 'wood_pulp': 'wood that has been ground to a pulp; used in making cellulose products (as rayon or paper)', 'wood_sugar': 'a sugar extracted from wood or straw; used in foods for diabetics', \"Wood's_metal\": 'a fusible alloy that is half bismuth plus lead, tin, and cadmium; melts at about 160 degrees Fahrenheit', 'wood_tar': 'any tar obtained by the destructive distillation of wood', 'raw_wool': 'wool in its natural condition; not refined or processed', 'shoddy': 'reclaimed wool fiber', 'virgin_wool': 'wool not used before; wool not processed or woven before', 'wrapping_paper': 'a tough paper used for wrapping', 'writing_paper': 'paper material made into thin sheets that are sized to take ink; used for writing correspondence and manuscripts', 'wool_oil': 'any oil used to oil wool before spinning', 'wulfenite': 'a yellow to orange or brown mineral used as a molybdenum ore', 'wurtzite': 'a brownish-black mineral consisting of zinc sulfide', 'xenotime': 'a brown-to-yellow mineral that is a phosphate of yttrium in crystalline form', 'xylene': 'a colorless flammable volatile liquid hydrocarbon used as a solvent', 'yellowcake': 'an impure mixture of uranium oxides obtained during the processing of uranium ore', 'zeolite': 'any of a family of glassy minerals analogous to feldspar containing hydrated aluminum silicates of calcium or sodium or potassium; formed in cavities in lava flows and in plutonic rocks', 'chabazite': 'a group of minerals of the zeolite family consisting of a hydrous silicate of calcium and aluminum', 'heulandite': 'a group of minerals of the zeolite family consisting of a hydrous aluminum silicate of sodium and calcium', 'natrolite': 'a group of minerals of the zeolite family consisting of a hydrous silicate of sodium and aluminum', 'phillipsite': 'a group of white or reddish crystalline minerals of the zeolite family consisting of a hydrous silicate of calcium and potassium and aluminum', 'zinc_blende': 'an ore that is the chief source of zinc; consists largely of zinc sulfide in crystalline form', 'zinc_oxide': 'oxide of zinc; a white powder used as a pigment or in cosmetics or glass or inks and in zinc ointment', 'zinc_sulfate': 'a colorless water-soluble powder; used as a mordant or to preserve wood or for the electrodeposition of zinc', 'zinc_sulfide': 'a yellow to white crystalline fluorescent compound that occurs naturally as sphalerite or wurtzite and is used as a luminous pigment', 'zinc_white': 'a white pigment used in house paints; consists of zinc oxide', 'zinkenite': 'a steel grey metallic mineral (a sulphide of lead and antimony)', 'zinnwaldite': 'a mica containing iron and lithium', 'zircon': 'a common mineral occurring in small crystals; chief source of zirconium; used as a refractory when opaque and as a gem when transparent', 'zirconium_oxide': 'a white crystalline oxide; used in refractories and in insulation and abrasives and enamels and glazes', 'zymase': 'a complex of enzymes that cause glycolysis; originally found in yeast but also present in higher organisms', 'essence': 'any substance possessing to a high degree the predominant properties of a plant or drug or other natural product from which it is extracted', 'ligand': 'a substance (an atom or molecule or radical or ion) that forms a complex around a central atom', 'imide': 'any of a class of organic compounds that contain the divalent radical -CONHCO-', 'metabolite': 'any substance involved in metabolism (either as a product of metabolism or as necessary for metabolism)', 'vegetable_matter': 'matter produced by plants or growing in the manner of a plant', 'anabolic_steroid': 'any of a group of synthetic steroid hormones used to stimulate muscle and bone growth; more than 100 have been developed and each requires a prescription to be used legally in the United States; sometimes used illicitly by athletes to increase their strength', 'pregnanediol': \"a compound found in women's urine during certain phases of the menstrual cycle and in the urine of pregnant women\", 'tubocurarine': 'a toxic alkaloid found in certain tropical South American trees that is a powerful relaxant for striated muscles; \"curare acts by blocking cholinergic transmission at the myoneural junction\"', 'tuberculin': 'a sterile liquid containing a purified protein derivative of the tuberculosis bacterium; used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis', 'vesicant': 'a chemical agent that causes blistering (especially mustard gas)', 'vernix': 'a white cheeselike protective material that covers the skin of a fetus', 'wad': 'a small mass of soft material; \"he used a wad of cotton to wipe the counter\"', 'xanthate': 'a salt or ester of xanthic acid', 'xanthic_acid': 'any of a class of unstable organic acids containing sulphur', 'xanthine': 'crystalline oxidation product of the metabolism of nucleoproteins; precursor of uric acid; found in many organs and in urine', 'time_period': 'an amount of time; \"a time period of 30 years\"; \"hastened the period of time of his recovery\"; \"Picasso\\'s blue period\"', 'trial_period': 'a period of time during which someone or something is tested', 'time_frame': 'a time period during which something occurs or is expected to occur; \"an agreement can be reached in a reasonably short time frame\"', 'geological_time': 'the time of the physical formation and development of the earth (especially prior to human history)', 'biological_time': 'the time of various biological processes', 'cosmic_time': 'the time covered by the physical formation and development of the universe', 'civil_time': 'the official time in a local region (adjusted for location around the Earth); established by law or custom', 'daylight-saving_time': 'time during which clocks are set one hour ahead of local standard time; widely adopted during summer to provide extra daylight in the evenings', 'hours': 'a period of time assigned for work; \"they work long hours\"', 'downtime': 'a period of time when something (as a machine or factory) is not operating (especially as a result of malfunctions)', 'uptime': 'a period of time when something (as a machine or factory) is functioning and available for use', '24/7': 'uptime is 24 hours a day 7 days a week', 'work_time': 'a time period when you are required to work', 'time_off': 'a time period when you are not required to work; \"he requested time off to attend his grandmother\\'s funeral\"', 'face_time': 'work time spent at the location of or in the presence of other people; \"instead of working on the problem at home he devoted face time to it at the office\"', 'compensatory_time': 'time off that is granted to a worker as compensation for working overtime', 'travel_time': 'a period of time spent traveling; \"workers were not paid for their travel time between home and factory\"', 'now': 'the momentary present; \"Now is a good time to do it\"; \"it worked up to right now\"', 'here_and_now': 'at this time; \"the disappointments of the here and now\"; \"she is studying at the moment\"', 'times': 'a more or less definite period of time now or previously present; \"it was a sign of the times\"', 'modern_times': 'the circumstances and ideas of the present age; \"in modern times like these\"', 'Roman_times': 'the time period during which Rome dominated Europe', 'yore': 'time long past', 'bygone': 'past events to be put aside; \"let bygones be bygones\"', 'old': \"past times (especially in the phrase `in days of old')\", 'kingdom_come': 'the next world; \"he nearly blew us to kingdom come\"', 'musical_time': '(music) the beat of musical rhythm', 'Elizabethan_age': 'a period in British history during the reign of Elizabeth I in the 16th century; an age marked by literary achievement and domestic prosperity', 'Victorian_age': 'a period in British history during the reign of Queen Victoria in the 19th century; her character and moral standards restored the prestige of the British monarchy but gave the era a prudish reputation', 'hard_times': 'a time of difficulty', 'incarnation': 'time passed in a particular bodily form; \"he believes that his life will be better in his next incarnation\"', 'continuum': 'a continuous nonspatial whole or extent or succession in which no part or portion is distinct or distinguishable from adjacent parts', 'Phanerozoic': 'the period from about 5,400 million years ago until the present', 'Cenozoic': 'approximately the last 63 million years', 'Quaternary': 'last 2 million years', 'Holocene': 'approximately the last 10,000 years', 'Pleistocene': 'from two million to 11 thousand years ago; extensive glaciation of the northern hemisphere; the time of human evolution', 'Tertiary': 'from 63 million to 2 million years ago', 'Pliocene': 'from 13 million to 2 million years ago; growth of mountains; cooling of climate; more and larger mammals', 'Miocene': 'from 25 million to 13 million years ago; appearance of grazing mammals', 'Oligocene': 'from 40 million to 25 million years ago; appearance of sabertoothed cats', 'Eocene': 'from 58 million to 40 million years ago; presence of modern mammals', 'Paleocene': 'from 63 million to 58 million years ago; appearance of birds and earliest mammals', 'Mesozoic': 'from 230 million to 63 million years ago', 'Cretaceous': 'from 135 million to 63 million years ago; end of the age of reptiles; appearance of modern insects and flowering plants', 'Jurassic': 'from 190 million to 135 million years ago; dinosaurs; conifers', 'Triassic': 'from 230 million to 190 million years ago; dinosaurs, marine reptiles; volcanic activity', 'Paleozoic': 'from 544 million to about 230 million years ago', 'Permian': 'from 280 million to 230 million years ago; reptiles', 'Carboniferous': 'from 345 million to 280 million years ago', 'Devonian': 'from 405 million to 345 million years ago; preponderance of fishes and appearance of amphibians and ammonites', 'Silurian': 'from 425 million to 405 million years ago; first air-breathing animals', 'Ordovician': 'from 500 million to 425 million years ago; conodonts and ostracods and algae and seaweeds', 'Cambrian': 'from 544 million to about 500 million years ago; marine invertebrates', 'Precambrian': 'the eon following the Hadean time and preceding the Phanerozoic eon; from about 3,800 million years ago until 544 million years ago', 'Proterozoic': 'from 2,500 to 544 million years ago; bacteria and fungi; primitive multicellular organisms', 'Archean': \"the time from 3,800 million years to 2,500 million years ago; earth's crust formed; unicellular organisms are earliest forms of life\", 'Hadean': 'the earliest eon in the history of the Earth from the first accretion of planetary material (around 4,600 million years ago) until the date of the oldest known rocks (about 3,800 million years ago); no evidence of life', 'clock_time': 'a reading of a point in time as given by a clock; \"do you know what time it is?\"; \"the time is 10 o\\'clock\"', 'Greenwich_Mean_Time': 'the local time at the 0 meridian passing through Greenwich, England; it is the same everywhere', 'coordinated_universal_time': 'Greenwich Mean Time updated with leap seconds', 'Earth-received_time': 'the coordinated universal time when an event is received on Earth', 'one-way_light_time': 'the elapsed time it takes for light (or radio signals) to travel between the Earth and a celestial object', 'round-trip_light_time': 'the elapsed time it takes for a signal to travel from Earth to a spacecraft (or other body) and back to the starting point', 'elapsed_time': 'the time that elapses while some event is occurring', 'transmission_time': 'the coordinated universal time when a transmission is sent from Earth to a spacecraft or other celestial body', 'spacecraft_event_time': 'the coordinated universal time on board the spacecraft; \"SCET = TRM + OWLT\"', 'spacecraft_clock_time': 'the clock time given by a clock carried on board a spacecraft', 'Atlantic_Time': 'standard time in the 4th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 60th meridian; used in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and Bermuda and the Canadian Maritime Provinces', 'Eastern_Time': 'standard time in the 5th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 75th meridian; used in the eastern United States', 'Central_Time': 'standard time in the 6th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 90th meridian; used in the central United States', 'Mountain_Time': 'standard time in the 7th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 105th meridian west; used in the mountain states of the United States', 'Pacific_Time': 'standard time in the 8th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 120th meridian west; used in far western states of the United States', 'Alaska_Standard_Time': 'standard time in the 9th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 135th meridian west; used in Hawaii and most of Alaska', 'Hawaii_Time': 'standard time in the 10th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 150th meridian west; used in Hawaii and the western Aleutian Islands', 'Bering_Time': 'standard time in the 11th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 165th meridian west; used in the Midway Islands', 'clocking': 'the time taken to traverse a measured course; \"it was a world record clocking\"', 'longueur': 'a period of dullness or boredom (especially in a work of literature or performing art)', 'residence_time': 'the period of time spent in a particular place', 'time_scale': 'an arrangement of events used as a measure of duration; \"on the geological time scale mankind has existed but for a brief moment\"', 'extended_time_scale': '(simulation) the time scale used in data processing when the time-scale factor is greater than one', 'fast_time_scale': '(simulation) the time scale used in data processing when the time-scale factor is less than one', 'time_being': 'the present occasion; \"for the nonce\"', 'biological_clock': 'an innate mechanism in living organisms that controls the periodicity of many physiological functions', 'circadian_rhythm': 'a daily cycle of activity observed in many living organisms', 'fourth_dimension': 'the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event', 'workweek': 'hours or days of work in a calendar week; \"they worked a 40-hour week\"', 'week': 'any period of seven consecutive days; \"it rained for a week\"', 'midweek': 'the middle of a week', 'workday': 'a day on which work is done', 'rest_day': 'a day set aside for rest', 'overtime': 'playing time beyond regulation, to break a tie', 'spare_time': 'time available for hobbies and other activities that you enjoy', 'day_off': 'a day when you are not required to work; \"Thursday is his day off\"', 'half-term': 'a short vacation about halfway through a school term; \"he came to visit at half-term\"', 'vac': 'informal term for vacation', 'half-holiday': 'a day on which half is free from work or duty', 'playtime': 'time for play or diversion', 'field_day': '(military) a day for military exercises and display', 'honeymoon': 'the early (usually calm and harmonious) period of a relationship; business or political', 'paid_vacation': 'a vacation from work by an employee with pay granted', 'furlough': 'a temporary leave of absence from military duty', 'compassionate_leave': '(military) leave granted in an emergency such as family sickness or death', 'sabbatical': 'a leave usually taken every seventh year', 'sabbatical_year': 'a sabbatical leave lasting one year', 'shore_leave': 'leave granted to a sailor or naval officer', 'sick_leave': 'a leave of absence from work because of illness', 'terminal_leave': 'final leave before discharge from military service', 'days': 'the time during which someone\\'s life continues; \"the monarch\\'s last days\"; \"in his final years\"', 'millennium': \"(New Testament) in Revelations it is foretold that those faithful to Jesus will reign with Jesus over the earth for a thousand years; the meaning of these words have been much debated; some denominations (e.g. Jehovah's Witnesses) expect it to be a thousand years of justice and peace and happiness\", 'bimillennium': 'the 2000th anniversary (or the celebration of it)', 'shelf_life': 'the length of time a packaged food or drug will last without deteriorating', 'life_expectancy': 'an expected time to live as calculated on the basis of statistical probabilities', 'puerperium': 'time period following childbirth when the mother\\'s uterus shrinks and the other functional and anatomic changes of pregnancy are resolved; \"a perinatologist cared for her during the puerperium\"', 'incipiency': 'beginning to exist or to be apparent; \"he placed the incipience of democratic faith at around 1850\"; \"it is designed to arrest monopolies in their incipiency\"', 'afterlife': 'life after death', 'time_of_life': 'a period of time during which a person is normally in a particular life state', 'summer': 'the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox; \"they spent a lazy summer at the shore\"', 'neonatal_period': 'the first 28 days of life', 'anal_stage': \"(psychoanalysis) the second sexual and social stage of a child's development during which bowel control is learned\", 'genital_stage': \"(psychoanalysis) the fifth sexual and social stage in a person's development occurring during adolescence; interest focuses on sexual activity\", 'latency_stage': '(psychoanalysis) the fourth period (from about age 5 or 6 until puberty) during which sexual interests are supposed to be sublimated into other activities', 'oral_stage': \"(psychoanalysis) the first sexual and social stage of an infant's development; the mouth is the focus of the libido and satisfaction comes from suckling and chewing and biting\", 'phallic_stage': \"(psychoanalysis) the third stage in a child's development when awareness of and manipulation of the genitals is supposed to be a primary source of pleasure\", 'girlhood': 'the childhood of a girl', 'boyhood': 'the childhood of a boy', 'schooldays': 'the time of life when you are going to school', 'prepuberty': 'a period of two years immediately prior to the onset of puberty when growth and changes leading to sexual maturity occur', 'puberty': 'the time of life when sex glands become functional', 'twenties': 'the decade from 1920 to 1929', '1900s': 'the decade from 1900 to 1909', '1530s': 'the decade from 1530 to 1539', '1820s': 'the decade from 1820 to 1829', 'thirties': 'the decade from 1930 to 1939', '1830s': 'the decade from 1830 to 1839', 'forties': 'the decade from 1940 to 1949', '1840s': 'the decade from 1840 to 1849', 'fifties': 'the decade from 1950 to 1959', '1850s': 'the decade from 1850 to 1859', '1750s': 'the decade from 1750 to 1759', 'sixties': 'the decade from 1960 to 1969', '1860s': 'the decade from 1860 to 1869', '1760s': 'the decade from 1760 to 1769', 'golden_years': 'the time of life after retirement from active work', 'seventies': 'the decade from 1970 to 1979', '1870s': 'the decade from 1870 to 1879', '1770s': 'the decade from 1770 to 1779', 'eighties': 'the decade from 1880 to 1889', '1780s': 'the decade from 1780 to 1789', 'nineties': 'the decade from 1890 to 1899', '1790s': 'the decade from 1790 to 1799', 'age_of_consent': 'the minimum age for marrying without parental consent or the minimum age for consensual sexual relations; intercourse at an earlier age can result in a charge of assault or statutory rape; the age differs in different states of the Union', 'drinking_age': 'the age at which is legal for a person to buy alcoholic beverages', 'voting_age': 'the age at which a person is old enough to vote in public elections', 'middle_age': 'the time of life between youth and old age (e.g., between 40 and 60 years of age)', 'old_age': 'a late time of life; \"old age is not for sissies\"; \"he\\'s showing his years\"; \"age hasn\\'t slowed him down at all\"; \"a beard white with eld\"; \"on the brink of geezerhood\"', 'dotage': 'mental infirmity as a consequence of old age; sometimes shown by foolish infatuations', 'menopause': \"the time in a woman's life in which the menstrual cycle ends\", 'climacteric': \"a period in a man's life corresponding to menopause\", 'time_unit': 'a unit for measuring time periods', 'tomorrow': 'the near future; \"tomorrow\\'s world\"; \"everyone hopes for a better tomorrow\"', 'today': 'the present time or age; \"the world of today\"; \"today we have computers\"', 'yesterday': 'the recent past; \"yesterday\\'s solutions are not good enough\"; \"we shared many yesterdays\"', 'morrow': 'the next day; \"whenever he arrives she leaves on the morrow\"', 'eve': 'the period immediately before something; \"on the eve of the French Revolution\"', 'mean_time': '(astronomy) time based on the motion of the mean sun (an imaginary sun moving uniformly along the celestial equator)', 'terrestrial_time': \"(astronomy) a measure of time defined by Earth's orbital motion; terrestrial time is mean solar time corrected for the irregularities of the Earth's motions\", 'calendar_day': 'a day reckoned from midnight to midnight', 'Admission_Day': 'in some states of the United States: a legal holiday commemorating the day the state was admitted to the Union', 'Arbor_Day': 'a day designated for planting trees', 'Cinco_de_Mayo': 'the fifth of May which is observed in Mexico and Mexican-American communities in the United States to commemorate the Mexican victory over the French in the Battle of Puebla in 1862', 'commencement_day': 'the day on which university degrees are conferred', 'November_5': 'anniversary of the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot', 'Guy_Fawkes_Day': 'day for the celebration of the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot', 'Bonfire_Night': 'effigies of Guy Fawkes are burned on this night', 'Inauguration_Day': 'the day designated for inauguration of the United States President', 'leap_day': 'the name of the day that is added during a leap year', 'future_date': 'a particular day in the future that is specified as the time something will happen', 'rain_date': 'an alternative date set for some outdoor event in case it rains on the appointed date; \"the rain date for the picnic will be the following Sunday\"', 'sell-by_date': 'a date stamped on perishable produce indicating the date by which it should be sold', 'quarter_day': 'a Christian holy day; one of four specified days when certain payments are due', 'fast_day': 'a day designated for fasting', 'major_fast_day': 'one of two major fast days on the Jewish calendar', 'minor_fast_day': 'one of five minor fast days on the Jewish calendar', 'feast_day': 'a day designated for feasting', 'Succoth': 'a major Jewish festival beginning on the eve of the 15th of Tishri and commemorating the shelter of the Israelites during their 40 years in the wilderness', 'religious_festival': 'a festival having religious significance', 'D-day': 'date of the Allied landing in France, World War II', 'V-day': 'the day of a victory', 'V-E_Day': 'the date of Allied victory in Europe, World War II', 'V-J_Day': 'the date of Allied victory over Japan, World War II', 'day_of_the_week': 'any one of the seven days in a week', 'weekday': 'any day except Sunday (and sometimes except Saturday)', 'Monday': 'the second day of the week; the first working day', 'Tuesday': 'the third day of the week; the second working day', 'Wednesday': 'the fourth day of the week; the third working day', 'Thursday': 'the fifth day of the week; the fourth working day', 'Friday': 'the sixth day of the week; the fifth working day', 'Saturday': 'the seventh and last day of the week; observed as the Sabbath by Jews and some Christians', 'Sabbath': 'a day of rest and worship: Sunday for most Christians; Saturday for the Jews and a few Christians; Friday for Muslims', 'morning': 'the time period between dawn and noon; \"I spent the morning running errands\"', 'noon': 'the middle of the day', 'mealtime': 'the hour at which a meal is habitually or customarily eaten', 'breakfast_time': 'the customary or habitual hour for eating breakfast', 'lunchtime': 'the customary or habitual hour for eating lunch; \"he observed a regular lunchtime\"', 'dinnertime': 'the customary or habitual hour for the evening meal', 'afternoon': 'the part of the day between noon and evening; \"he spent a quiet afternoon in the park\"', 'midafternoon': 'the middle part of the afternoon', 'evening': 'a later concluding time period; \"it was the evening of the Roman Empire\"', 'guest_night': 'an evening when members of a club or college can bring their friends as guests', 'prime_time': 'the hours between 7 and 11 p.m. when the largest tv audience is available', 'weeknight': 'any night of the week except Saturday or Sunday', 'late-night_hour': 'the latter part of night', 'midnight': '12 o\\'clock at night; the middle of the night; \"young children should not be allowed to stay up until midnight\"', 'small_hours': 'the hours just after midnight', 'bedtime': 'the time you go to bed', 'lights-out': 'a prescribed bedtime', 'closing_time': 'the regular time of day when an establishment closes to the public', 'early-morning_hour': 'an hour early in the morning', 'week_from_Monday': 'a time period of a week or more; \"a week from Monday will be too soon!\"', 'fortnight': 'a period of fourteen consecutive days; \"most major tennis tournaments last a fortnight\"', 'weekend': 'a time period usually extending from Friday night through Sunday; more loosely defined as any period of successive days including one and only one Sunday', 'rag_day': 'a day on which university students hold a rag', 'red-letter_day': 'a memorably happy or noteworthy day (from the custom of marking holy days in red on church calendars)', 'Judgment_Day': '(New Testament) day at the end of time following Armageddon when God will decree the fates of all individual humans according to the good and evil of their earthly lives', 'off-day': 'a day when things go poorly; \"I guess this is one of my off-days\"', 'access_time': '(computer science) the interval between the time data is requested by the system and the time the data is provided by the drive; \"access time is the sum of seek time and rotational latency and command processing overhead\"', 'payday': 'the day on which you receive pay for your work', 'polling_day': 'the day appointed for an election; in the United States it is the 1st Tuesday after the 1st Monday in November', 'church_year': 'the year in the ecclesiastical calendar; especially feast days and special seasons', 'timekeeping': 'the act or process of determining the time', 'Roman_calendar': 'the lunar calendar in use in ancient Rome; replaced by the Julian calendar in 46 BC', 'ides': 'in the Roman calendar: the 15th of March or May or July or October or the 13th of any other month', 'market_day': 'a fixed day for holding a public market', 'Gregorian_calendar': 'the solar calendar now in general use, introduced by Gregory XIII in 1582 to correct an error in the Julian calendar by suppressing 10 days, making Oct 5 be called Oct 15, and providing that only centenary years divisible by 400 should be leap years; it was adopted by Great Britain and the American colonies in 1752', 'Julian_calendar': 'the solar calendar introduced in Rome in 46 b.c. by Julius Caesar and slightly modified by Augustus, establishing the 12-month year of 365 days with each 4th year having 366 days and the months having 31 or 30 days except for February', 'Revolutionary_calendar': 'the calendar adopted by the first French Republic in 1793 and abandoned in 1805; dates were calculated from Sept. 22, 1792', 'Revolutionary_calendar_month': 'a month in the Revolutionary calendar', 'Vendemiaire': 'first month of the Revolutionary calendar (September and October); the month of the grape harvest', 'Brumaire': 'second month of the Revolutionary calendar (October and November); the month of mist', 'Frimaire': 'third month of the Revolutionary calendar (November and December); the frosty month', 'Nivose': 'fourth month of the Revolutionary calendar (December and January); the snowy month', 'Pluviose': 'fifth month of the Revolutionary calendar (January and February); the rainy month', 'Ventose': 'sixth month of the Revolutionary calendar (February and March); the windy month', 'Germinal': 'seventh month of the Revolutionary calendar (March and April); the month of buds', 'Floreal': 'eighth month of the Revolutionary calendar (April and May); the month of flowers', 'Prairial': 'ninth month of the Revolutionary calendar (May and June); the month of meadows', 'Messidor': 'tenth month of the Revolutionary calendar (June and July); the month of harvest', 'Thermidor': 'eleventh month of the Revolutionary calendar (July and August); the month of heat', 'Fructidor': 'twelfth month of the Revolutionary calendar (August and September); the month of fruit', 'Jewish_calendar': '(Judaism) the calendar used by the Jews; dates from 3761 BC (the assumed date of the Creation of the world); a lunar year of 354 days is adjusted to the solar year by periodic leap years', 'lunar_calendar': 'a calendar based on lunar cycles', 'lunisolar_calendar': 'a calendar based on both lunar and solar cycles', 'solar_calendar': 'a calendar based on solar cycles', 'Islamic_calendar': 'the lunar calendar used by Muslims; dates from 622 AD (the year of the Hegira); the beginning of the Muslim year retrogresses through the solar year completing the cycle every 32 years', 'Hindu_calendar': 'the lunisolar calendar governing the religious life of Hindus; an extra month is inserted after every month in which there are two new moons (once every three years)', 'deadline': 'the point in time at which something must be completed', 'arrival_time': 'the time at which a public conveyance is scheduled to arrive at a given destination', 'departure_time': 'the time at which a public conveyance is scheduled to depart from a given point of origin', 'Holy_Week': 'the week before Easter', 'Holy_Year': '(Roman Catholic Church) a period of remission from sin (usually granted every 25 years)', 'church_calendar': 'a calendar of the Christian year indicating the dates of fasts and festivals', 'Walpurgis_Night': 'eve of May Day', \"New_Year's_Eve\": 'the last day of the year', \"New_Year's_Day\": 'the first day of the year', 'New_Year': 'the calendar year just begun', \"Martin_Luther_King_Jr's_Birthday\": 'observed on the Monday closest to January 15', \"Robert_E_Lee's_Birthday\": 'celebrated in southern United States', 'Hogmanay': \"New Year's Eve in Scotland\", 'Rosh_Hashanah': '(Judaism) a solemn Jewish feast day celebrated on the 1st or 1st and 2nd of Tishri; noted for the blowing of the shofar', 'Rosh_Hodesh': '(Judaism) the beginning of each month in the Jewish calendar; marked by a special liturgy', 'Tet': 'the New Year in Vietnam; observed for three days after the first full moon after January 20th', 'holiday': 'a day on which work is suspended by law or custom; \"no mail is delivered on federal holidays\"; \"it\\'s a good thing that New Year\\'s was a holiday because everyone had a hangover\"', 'religious_holiday': 'a day specified for religious observance', 'High_Holy_Day': 'Jewish holy days observed with particular solemnity', 'Christian_holy_day': 'a religious holiday for Christians', 'Jewish_holy_day': 'a religious holiday for Jews', 'holy_day_of_obligation': 'a day when Catholics must attend Mass and refrain from servile work, and Episcopalians must take Communion', 'movable_feast': 'a religious holiday that falls on different dates in different years', 'Yom_Kippur': '(Judaism) a solemn and major fast day on the Jewish calendar; 10th of Tishri; its observance is one of the requirements of the Mosaic law', \"Saint_Agnes's_Eve\": 'a Christian holy day', 'Martinmas': 'the feast of Saint Martin; a quarter day in Scotland', 'Indian_summer': 'a period of unusually warm weather in the autumn', 'Michaelmas': 'honoring the archangel Michael; a quarter day in England, Wales, and Ireland', 'Michaelmastide': 'the season of Michaelmas', 'Candlemas': 'feast day commemorating the presentation of Christ in the temple; a quarter day in Scotland', 'Groundhog_Day': 'if the ground hog emerges and sees his shadow on this day, there will be 6 more weeks of winter', \"Lincoln's_Birthday\": 'the day on which President Abraham Lincoln is remembered', 'Valentine_Day': 'a day for the exchange of tokens of affection', \"Washington's_Birthday\": 'the day on which George Washington is remembered', \"Presidents'_Day\": 'the third Monday in February; commemorates both presidents Lincoln and Washington', 'Texas_Independence_Day': \"Texans celebrate the anniversary of Texas' declaration of independence from Mexico in 1836\", \"St_Patrick's_Day\": 'a day observed by the Irish to commemorate the patron saint of Ireland', 'Easter': 'a Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox', 'Easter_Sunday': 'the day (in March or April) on which the festival of Easter is celebrated', \"April_Fools'\": 'the first day of April which is celebrated by playing practical jokes', 'Pan_American_Day': 'a day celebrating political and economic unity among American countries', \"Patriot's_Day\": 'the 3rd Monday in April; Massachusetts and Maine celebrate the battle of Lexington and Concord in 1775', 'May_Day': 'observed in many countries to celebrate the coming of spring; observed in Russia and related countries in honor of labor', \"Mother's_Day\": 'second Sunday in May', 'Armed_Forces_Day': 'the 3rd Saturday in May', 'Memorial_Day': 'legal holiday in the United States, last Monday in May; commemorates the members of the United States armed forces who were killed in war', \"Jefferson_Davis'_Birthday\": 'celebrated in southern United States', 'Flag_Day': 'commemorating the adoption of the United States flag in 1777', \"Father's_Day\": 'US: third Sunday in June', 'Independence_Day': 'a legal holiday in the United States', 'Lammas': \"commemorates Saint Peter's miraculous deliverance from prison; a quarter day in Scotland; a harvest festival in England\", 'Lammastide': 'the season of Lammas', 'Labor_Day': 'first Monday in September in the United States and Canada', 'Citizenship_Day': 'celebrated in the United States', 'American_Indian_Day': 'US: the 4th Friday in September', 'Columbus_Day': 'a legal holiday commemorating the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus', 'United_Nations_Day': 'a day for celebrating the founding of the United Nations', 'Halloween': \"the evening before All Saints' Day; often devoted to pranks played by young people\", 'Pasch': 'the Jewish feast of the Passover', 'Eastertide': 'the Easter season', 'Palm_Sunday': 'Sunday before Easter', 'Passion_Sunday': 'second Sunday before Easter', 'Good_Friday': 'Friday before Easter', 'Low_Sunday': 'the Sunday following Easter', 'Holy_Saturday': 'the Saturday before Easter; the last day of Lent', \"Holy_Innocents'_Day\": \"December 28, commemorating Herod's slaughter of the children of Bethlehem\", 'Septuagesima': 'the 3rd Sunday before Lent (or the 9th before Easter)', 'Quinquagesima': 'the Sunday before Ash Wednesday (the beginning of Lent)', 'Quadragesima': 'the first Sunday in Lent', 'Trinity_Sunday': 'eighth Sunday after Easter', 'Rogation_Day': 'one of the three days before Ascension Day; observed by some Christians as days of supplication', 'Solemnity_of_Mary': '(Roman Catholic Church) a holy day of obligation', 'Circumcision': '(Roman Catholic Church and Anglican Church) feast day celebrating the circumcision of Jesus; celebrated on January 1st', 'Maundy_Thursday': 'the Thursday before Easter; commemorates the Last Supper', 'Saints_Peter_and_Paul': 'first celebrated in the 3rd century', 'Dormition': \"celebration in the Eastern Orthodox Church of the Virgin Mary's being taken up into heaven when her earthly life ended; corresponds to the Assumption in the Roman Catholic Church and is also celebrated on August 15th\", 'Epiphany': 'twelve days after Christmas; celebrates the visit of the three wise men to the infant Jesus', 'Twelfthtide': 'the season of Epiphany', 'Twelfth_night': 'eve of Twelfth day; evening of January 5', \"All_Saints'_Day\": 'a Christian feast day honoring all the saints; first observed in 835', 'Allhallowtide': \"the season of All Saints' Day\", \"All_Souls'_Day\": 'a day of supplication for all the souls in purgatory', 'Ash_Wednesday': \"the 7th Wednesday before Easter; the first day of Lent; the day following Mardi Gras (`Fat Tuesday'); a day of fasting and repentance\", 'Ember_Day': 'a day set aside for fasting and prayer', 'Passover': '(Judaism) a Jewish festival (traditionally 8 days from Nissan 15) celebrating the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt', 'Christmas': 'period extending from Dec. 24 to Jan. 6', 'Christmas_Eve': 'the day before Christmas', 'Boxing_Day': 'first weekday after Christmas', 'Purim': '(Judaism) a Jewish holy day commemorating their deliverance from massacre by Haman', 'Shavous': '(Judaism) Jewish holy day celebrated on the sixth of Sivan to celebrate Moses receiving the Ten Commandments', 'Shimchath_Torah': '(Judaism) a Jewish holy day celebrated on the 22nd or 23rd of Tishri to celebrate the completion of the annual cycle of readings of the Torah', \"Tishah_b'Av\": '(Judaism) a major fast day on the Jewish calendar commemorating the destruction of the temples in Jerusalem', 'Fast_of_Gedaliah': '(Judaism) a minor fast day on Tishri 3 that commemorates the killing of the Jewish governor of Judah', 'Fast_of_Tevet': '(Judaism) a minor fast day on Tevet 10 commemorates the beginning of the siege of Jerusalem and has also been proclaimed a memorial day for the six million Jews who died in the Holocaust', 'Fast_of_Esther': '(Judaism) a minor fast day on Adar 13 commemorates three days that Esther fasted before approaching the Persian king on behalf of the Jewish people; the fast is connected with Purim', 'Fast_of_the_Firstborn': '(Judaism) a minor fast day on Nissan 14 that is observed only by firstborn males; it is observed on the day before Passover', 'Fast_of_Tammuz': '(Judaism) a minor fast day on Tammuz 17 when the walls of Jerusalem were breached', 'Hanukkah': '(Judaism) an eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem in 165 BC', \"Lag_b'Omer\": '(Judaism) Jewish holy day; the 33rd day after the 2nd day of Passover; the 18th day of Iyar', 'legal_holiday': 'authorized by law and limiting work or official business', 'bank_holiday': 'any of several weekdays when banks are closed; a legal holiday in Britain', 'Commonwealth_Day': \"British, anniversary of Queen Victoria's birth\", 'Dominion_Day': 'a legal holiday in Canada commemorating receiving Dominion status in 1867', 'Bastille_Day': 'a legal holiday in France celebrating the storming of the Paris bastille in 1789', 'Remembrance_Day': 'the Sunday nearest to November 11 when those who died in World War I and World War II are commemorated', 'Veterans_Day': \"a legal holiday in the United States; formerly Armistice Day but called Veterans' Day since 1954\", 'Thanksgiving': 'fourth Thursday in November in the United States; second Monday in October in Canada; commemorates a feast held in 1621 by the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag', 'Victoria_Day': 'a public holiday in Canada on the Monday on or before May 24th', 'year': 'a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity; \"a school year\"', 'anomalistic_year': \"time of the earth's revolution from perihelion to perihelion again; 365 days and 6 hr and 13 min and 53.1 sec\", 'year-end': 'the end of a calendar year; \"he had to unload the merchandise before the year-end\"', 'common_year': 'a year that is not a leap year', 'leap_year': 'in the Gregorian calendar: any year divisible by 4 except centenary years divisible by 400', 'off_year': 'a year in which productivity is low or inferior', 'calendar_year': 'the year (reckoned from January 1 to December 31) according to Gregorian calendar', 'solar_year': 'the time for the earth to make one revolution around the sun, measured between two vernal equinoxes', 'lunar_year': 'a period of 12 lunar months', 'fiscal_year': 'any accounting period of 12 months', 'school_year': 'the period of time each year when the school is open and people are studying', 'annum': '(Latin) year; \"per annum\"', 'semester': 'one of two divisions of an academic year', 'bimester': 'a period of 2 months', 'Olympiad': 'one of the four-year intervals between Olympic Games; used to reckon time in ancient Greece for twelve centuries beginning in 776 BC', 'decade': 'a period of 10 years', 'century': 'a period of 100 years', 'quadrennium': 'a period of four years', 'quinquennium': 'a period of five years', 'quattrocento': 'the 15th century in Italian art and literature', 'twentieth_century': 'the century from 1901 to 2000', 'half-century': 'a period of 50 years', 'quarter-century': 'a period of 25 years', 'month': 'a time unit of approximately 30 days; \"he was given a month to pay the bill\"', 'phase_of_the_moon': 'a time when the Moon presents a particular recurring appearance', 'new_moon': 'the time at which the Moon appears as a narrow waxing crescent', 'first_quarter': \"the first fourth of the Moon's period of revolution around the Earth\", 'last_quarter': \"the last fourth of the Moon's period of revolution around the Earth\", 'full_moon': 'the time when the Moon is fully illuminated; \"the moon is at the full\"', 'harvest_moon': 'the full moon nearest the September equinox', 'lunar_month': 'the period between successive new moons (29.531 days)', 'anomalistic_month': 'period between successive perigees; approximately 27.5546 days', 'sidereal_time': 'measured by the diurnal motion of stars', 'sidereal_day': 'the time for one complete rotation of the earth relative to a particular star, about 4 minutes shorter than a mean solar day', 'lunar_day': 'the period of time taken for the moon to make one full rotation on its axis (about 27.3 sidereal days)', 'sidereal_year': 'the time for the earth to make one complete revolution around the sun, relative to the fixed stars', 'sidereal_hour': '1/24 of a sidereal day', 'sidereal_month': 'period between successive conjunctions with a star, 27.322 days', 'solar_month': 'one-twelfth of a solar or tropical year', 'calendar_month': 'one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year; \"he paid the bill last month\"', 'Gregorian_calendar_month': 'a month in the Gregorian calendar', 'January': 'the first month of the year; begins 10 days after the winter solstice', 'mid-January': 'the middle part of January', 'February': 'the month following January and preceding March', 'mid-February': 'the middle part of February', 'March': 'the month following February and preceding April', 'mid-March': 'the middle part of March', 'April': 'the month following March and preceding May', 'mid-April': 'the middle part of April', 'May': 'the month following April and preceding June', 'mid-May': 'the middle part of May', 'June': 'the month following May and preceding July', 'mid-June': 'the middle part of June', 'July': 'the month following June and preceding August', 'mid-July': 'the middle part of July', 'August': 'the month following July and preceding September', 'mid-August': 'the middle part of August', 'September': 'the month following August and preceding October', 'mid-September': 'the middle part of September', 'October': 'the month following September and preceding November', 'mid-October': 'the middle part of October', 'November': 'the month following October and preceding December', 'mid-November': 'the middle part of November', 'December': 'the last (12th) month of the year', 'mid-December': 'the middle part of December', 'Jewish_calendar_month': 'a month in the Jewish calendar', 'Tishri': 'the first month of the civil year; the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year in the Jewish calendar (in September and October)', 'Heshvan': 'the second month of the civil year; the eighth month of the ecclesiastical year in the Jewish calendar (in October and November)', 'Kislev': 'the third month of the civil year; the ninth month of the ecclesiastical year in the Jewish calendar (in November and December)', 'Tebet': 'the fourth month of the civil year; the tenth month of the ecclesiastical year (in December and January)', 'Shebat': 'the fifth month of the civil year: the eleventh month of the ecclesiastical year in the Jewish calendar (in January and February)', 'Adar': 'the sixth month of the civil year; the twelfth month of the ecclesiastic year in the Jewish calendar (in February and March)', 'Veadar': 'included seven times in every 19 years', 'Nisan': 'the seventh month of the civil year; the first month of the ecclesiastic year (in March and April)', 'Iyar': 'the eighth month of the civil year; the second month of the ecclesiastical year (in April and May)', 'Sivan': 'the ninth month of the civil year; the third month of the ecclesiastical year in the Jewish calendar (in May and June)', 'Tammuz': 'the tenth month of the civil year; the fourth month of the ecclesiastic year (in June and July)', 'Ab': 'the eleventh month of the civil year; the fifth month of the ecclesiastical year in the Jewish calendar (in July and August)', 'Elul': 'the twelfth month of the civil year; the sixth month of the ecclesiastical year in the Jewish calendar (in August and September)', 'Islamic_calendar_month': 'any lunar month in the Muslim calendar', 'Muharram': 'the first month of the Islamic calendar', 'Safar': 'the second month of the Islamic calendar', 'Rabi_I': 'the third month of the Islamic calendar', 'Rabi_II': 'the fourth month of the Islamic calendar', 'Jumada_I': 'the fifth month of the Islamic calendar', 'Jumada_II': 'the sixth month of the Islamic calendar', 'Rajab': 'the seventh month of the Islamic calendar', \"Sha'ban\": 'the eighth month of the Islamic calendar', 'Id_al-Fitr': 'a Muslim day of feasting at the end of Ramadan', 'Shawwal': 'the tenth month of the Islamic calendar', \"Dhu'l-Qa'dah\": 'the eleventh month of the Islamic calendar', \"Dhu'l-Hijja\": 'the twelfth month of the Islamic calendar and the season of the hajj; has one extra day in leap years', 'Id_al-Adha': \"the 10th day of Dhu'l-Hijja; all Muslims attend a service in the mosques and those who are not pilgrims perform a ritual slaughter of a sheep (commemorating God's ransom of Abraham's son from sacrifice) and give at least a third of the meat to charity\", 'Hindu_calendar_month': 'any lunisolar month in the Hindu calendar', 'Chait': 'the first Hindu calendar month (corresponding to March in the Gregorian calendar)', 'Ramanavami': 'Hindu lunar holiday (on the 9th day of Caitra) to celebrate the birth of Rama', 'Baisakh': 'the second month of the Hindu calendar', 'Jeth': 'the third month of the Hindu calendar', 'Asarh': 'the fourth month of the Hindu calendar', 'Sawan': 'the fifth month of the Hindu calendar', 'Bhadon': 'the sixth month of the Hindu calendar', 'Asin': 'the seventh month of the Hindu calendar', 'Kartik': 'the eighth month of the Hindu calendar', 'Aghan': 'the ninth month of the Hindu calendar', 'Pus': 'the tenth month of the Hindu calendar', 'Magh': 'the eleventh month of the Hindu calendar; corresponds to January in the Gregorian calendar', 'Mesasamkranti': 'Hindu solar holiday at the beginning of the new astrological year when the sun enters the constellation Aries', 'Phagun': 'the twelfth month of the Hindu calendar', \"saint's_day\": 'a day commemorating a saint', 'name_day': 'the feast day of a saint whose name one bears', 'solstice': 'either of the two times of the year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the celestial equator', 'summer_solstice': 'June 21, when the sun is at its northernmost point', 'Midsummer_Day': 'a quarter day in England, Wales, and Ireland', 'Midsummer_Eve': 'the night before Midsummer Day', 'school_day': 'any day on which school is in session; \"go to bed early because tomorrow is a school day\"', 'speech_day': 'an annual day in the schools when speeches are made and prizes are distributed', 'washday': 'a day set aside for doing household laundry', 'wedding_day': 'the day of a wedding', 'wedding_night': 'the night after the wedding when bride and groom sleep together', 'winter_solstice': 'December 22, when the sun is at its southernmost point', 'equinox': \"either of two times of the year when the sun crosses the plane of the earth's equator and day and night are of equal length\", 'Noruz': '(Persian) the new year holiday in Iran and Azerbaijan and Afghanistan and Pakistan and parts of India and among the Kurds; comes at the vernal equinox', 'time_limit': 'a time period within which something must be done or completed', 'prison_term': 'the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned; \"he served a prison term of 15 months\"; \"his sentence was 5 to 10 years\"; \"he is doing time in the county jail\"', 'life_sentence': 'a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives; \"he got life for killing the guard\"', 'school_term': 'the time during which a school holds classes; \"they had to shorten the school term\"', 'summer_school': 'an academic session during the summer; usually for remedial or supplementary study', 'midterm': 'the middle of the gestation period', 'trimester': 'a period of three months; especially one of the three three-month periods into which human pregnancy is divided', 'first_trimester': 'time period extending from the first day of the last menstrual period through 12 weeks of gestation', 'second_trimester': 'time period extending from the 13th to the 27th week of gestation', 'third_trimester': 'time period extending from the 28th week of gestation until delivery', 'refractory_period': '(neurology) the time after a neuron fires or a muscle fiber contracts during which a stimulus will not evoke a response', 'half-hour': 'a half of an hour', 'quarter-hour': 'a quarter of an hour', 'happy_hour': 'the time of day when a bar sells alcoholic drinks at a reduced price', 'rush_hour': 'the times at the beginning and end of the working day when many people are traveling to or from work', 'zero_hour': 'the time set for the start of an action or operation', 'canonical_hour': '(Roman Catholic Church) one of seven specified times for prayer', 'matins': 'the first canonical hour; at daybreak', 'terce': 'the third canonical hour; about 9 a.m.', 'sext': 'the fourth of the seven canonical hours; about noon', 'nones': 'the fifth of the seven canonical hours; about 3 p.m.', 'vespers': 'the sixth of the seven canonical hours of the divine office; early evening; now often made a public service on Sundays', 'compline': 'last of the seven canonical hours just before retiring', 'man_hour': 'a time unit used in industry for measuring work', 'silly_season': 'a time usually late summer characterized by exaggerated news stories about frivolous matters for want of real news', 'Golden_Age': '(classical mythology) the first and best age of the world, a time of ideal happiness, prosperity, and innocence; by extension, any flourishing and outstanding period', 'silver_age': '(classical mythology) the second age of the world, characterized by opulence and irreligion; by extension, a period secondary in achievement to a golden age', 'bronze_age': '(classical mythology) the third age of the world, marked by war and violence', 'Bronze_Age': '(archeology) a period between the Stone and Iron Ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons', 'iron_age': '(classical mythology) the last and worst age of the world', 'Iron_Age': '(archeology) the period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of iron tools and weapons', 'Stone_Age': '(archeology) the earliest known period of human culture, characterized by the use of stone implements', 'Eolithic_Age': 'the earliest part of the Stone Age marked by the earliest signs of human culture', 'Paleolithic_Age': 'second part of the Stone Age beginning about 750,00 to 500,000 years BC and lasting until the end of the last ice age about 8,500 years BC', 'Lower_Paleolithic': 'the oldest part of the Paleolithic Age with the emergence of the hand ax; ended about 120,000 years ago', 'Middle_Paleolithic': 'the time period of Neanderthal man; ended about 35,000 years BC', 'Upper_Paleolithic': 'the time period during which only modern Homo sapiens was known to have existed; ended about 10,000 years BC', 'Mesolithic_Age': 'middle part of the Stone Age beginning about 15,000 years ago', 'Neolithic_Age': 'latest part of the Stone Age beginning about 10,000 BC in the Middle East (but later elsewhere)', 'great_year': 'time required for one complete cycle of the precession of the equinoxes, about 25,800 years', 'regulation_time': '(sports) the normal prescribed duration of a game; \"the game was finished in regulation time\"', 'extra_innings': 'overtime play until one team is ahead at the end of an inning; e.g. baseball', 'overtime_period': 'a period of overtime play to resolve a tie; e.g. basketball', 'tiebreaker': 'overtime play in order to break a tie; e.g. tennis and soccer', 'sudden_death': '(sports) overtime in which play is stopped as soon as one contestant scores; e.g. football and golf', 'leap_second': \"a second (as measured by an atomic clock) added to or subtracted from Greenwich Mean Time in order to compensate for slowing in the Earth's rotation\", 'attosecond': 'one quintillionth (10^-18) of a second; one thousandth of a femtosecond', 'femtosecond': 'one quadrillionth (10^-15) of a second; one thousandth of a picosecond', 'picosecond': 'one trillionth (10^-12) of a second; one thousandth of a nanosecond', 'nanosecond': 'one billionth (10^-9) of a second; one thousandth of a microsecond', 'microsecond': 'one millionth (10^-6) of a second; one thousandth of a millisecond', 'millisecond': 'one thousandth (10^-3) of a second', 'season': 'a period of the year marked by special events or activities in some field; \"he celebrated his 10th season with the ballet company\"; \"she always looked forward to the avocado season\"', 'dog_days': 'the hot period between early July and early September; a period of inactivity', 'winter': 'the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox', 'midwinter': 'the middle of winter', 'growing_season': 'the season during which a crop grows best', 'seedtime': 'any time of new development', 'holiday_season': 'a time when many people take holidays', 'high_season': 'the season when travel is most active and rates are highest; \"they traveled to Europe in high season\"', 'off-season': 'the season when travel is least active and rates are lowest', 'rainy_season': 'one of the two seasons in tropical climates', 'dry_season': 'one of the two seasons in tropical climates', 'preseason': 'a period prior to the beginning of the regular season which is devoted to training and preparation', 'spring_training': 'preseason training during the spring', 'baseball_season': 'the season when baseball is played', 'triple-crown_season': 'a season of baseball during which a player wins the triple crown', 'basketball_season': 'the season when basketball is played', 'exhibition_season': 'the time before the regular games begin when football or baseball teams play practice games', 'fishing_season': 'the season during which it is legal to catch fish', 'football_season': 'the season when football is played', 'hockey_season': 'the season when hockey is played', 'hunting_season': 'the season during which it is legal to kill a particular species', 'social_season': 'the season for major social events', 'theatrical_season': 'the season when new plays are produced', 'Advent': 'the season including the four Sundays preceding Christmas', 'Advent_Sunday': 'the first of the four Sundays during Advent', 'Shrovetide': 'immediately preceding Lent', 'Lent': 'a period of 40 weekdays from Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday', 'Pentecost': 'seventh Sunday after Easter; commemorates the emanation of the Holy Spirit to the Apostles; a quarter day in Scotland', 'Whitmonday': 'the day after Whitsunday; a legal holiday in England and Wales and Ireland', 'Whit-Tuesday': 'the day after Whitmonday', 'Whitsun': 'Christian holiday; the week beginning on Whitsunday (especially the first 3 days)', 'long_time': 'a prolonged period of time; \"we\\'ve known each other for ages\"; \"I haven\\'t been there for years and years\"', 'month_of_Sundays': 'a time perceived as long; \"I hadn\\'t seen him in a month of Sundays\"', 'long_run': 'a period of time sufficient for factors to work themselves out; \"in the long run we will win\"; \"in the long run we will all be dead\"; \"he performed well over the long haul\"', 'blue_moon': 'a long time; \"something that happens once in blue moon almost never happens\"', 'year_dot': 'as long ago as anyone can remember; \"he has been a conductor since the year dot\"', 'eleventh_hour': 'the latest possible moment; \"money became available at the eleventh hour\"; \"at the last minute the government changed the rules\"', 'moment_of_truth': 'the moment in a bullfight when the matador kills the bull', 'high_time': 'the latest possible moment; \"it is high time you went to work\"', 'psychological_moment': 'the most appropriate time for achieving a desired effect', 'wee': 'a short time; \"bide a wee\"', 'while': 'a period of indeterminate length (usually short) marked by some action or condition; \"he was here for a little while\"; \"I need to rest for a piece\"; \"a spell of good weather\"; \"a patch of bad weather\"', 'cold_spell': 'a spell of cold weather', 'hot_spell': 'a spell of hot weather', 'blink_of_an_eye': 'a very short time (as the time it takes the eye to blink or the heart to beat); \"if I had the chance I\\'d do it in a flash\"', 'ephemera': 'something transitory; lasting a day', 'era': 'a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event', 'epoch': '(astronomy) an arbitrarily fixed date that is the point in time relative to which information (as coordinates of a celestial body) is recorded', 'Caliphate': 'the era of Islam\\'s ascendancy from the death of Mohammed until the 13th century; some Moslems still maintain that the Moslem world must always have a calif as head of the community; \"their goal was to reestablish the Caliphate\"', 'Christian_era': \"the time period beginning with the supposed year of Christ's birth\", 'year_of_grace': 'any year of the Christian era', 'Y2K': 'the year 2000 in the Gregorian calendar', 'anniversary': 'the date on which an event occurred in some previous year (or the celebration of it)', 'birthday': 'the date on which a person was born', 'jubilee': 'a special anniversary (or the celebration of it)', 'diamond_jubilee': 'an anniversary celebrating the passage of 60 years', 'silver_jubilee': 'an anniversary celebrating the passage of 25 years', 'wedding_anniversary': 'the anniversary of the day on which you were married (or the celebration of it)', 'silver_wedding_anniversary': 'the 25th wedding anniversary', 'golden_wedding_anniversary': 'the 50th wedding anniversary', 'diamond_wedding_anniversary': 'the 60th wedding anniversary', 'semicentennial': 'the 50th anniversary (or the celebration of it)', 'centennial': 'the 100th anniversary (or the celebration of it)', 'sesquicentennial': 'the 150th anniversary (or the celebration of it)', 'bicentennial': 'the 200th anniversary (or the celebration of it)', 'tercentennial': 'the 300th anniversary (or the celebration of it)', 'quatercentennial': 'the 400th anniversary (or the celebration of it)', 'quincentennial': 'the 500th anniversary (or the celebration of it)', 'time_immemorial': 'the distant past beyond memory', 'auld_langsyne': 'past times remembered with nostalgia', 'by-and-by': 'an indefinite time in the future; \"he\\'ll get around to it in the sweet by-and-by\"', 'golden_age': 'a time period when some activity or skill was at its peak; \"it was the golden age of cinema\"', 'historic_period': 'an era of history having some distinctive feature; \"we live in a litigious age\"', 'prehistory': 'the time during the development of human culture before the appearance of the written word', 'modern_era': 'the present or recent times', 'information_age': 'a period beginning in the last quarter of the 20th century when information became easily accessible through publications and through the manipulation of information by computers and computer networks', 'ice_age': 'any period of time during which glaciers covered a large part of the earth\\'s surface; \"the most recent ice age was during the Pleistocene\"', 'Jazz_Age': 'the 1920s in the United States characterized in the novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald as a period of wealth, youthful exuberance, and carefree hedonism', 'chukker': '(polo) one of six divisions into which a polo match is divided', 'inning': '(baseball) one of nine divisions of play during which each team has a turn at bat', 'playing_period': '(in games or plays or other performances) the time during which play proceeds; \"rain stopped play in the 4th inning\"', 'first_period': 'the first division into which the play of a game is divided', 'second_period': 'the second division into which the play of a game is divided', 'final_period': 'the final division into which the play of a game is divided', 'half': 'one of two divisions into which some games or performances are divided: the two divisions are separated by an interval', 'first_half': 'the first of two halves of play', 'second_half': 'the second of two halves of play', 'over': '(cricket) the division of play during which six balls are bowled at the batsman by one player from the other team from the same end of the pitch', 'maiden_over': '(cricket) an over in which no runs are scored', 'Baroque': 'the historic period from about 1600 until 1750 when the baroque style of art, architecture, and music flourished in Europe', 'Middle_Ages': 'the period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance', 'Renaissance': 'the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries', 'Italian_Renaissance': 'the early period when Italy was the center of the Renaissance', 'Industrial_Revolution': 'the transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation', 'Reign_of_Terror': 'the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed; \"the Reign of the Bourbons ended and the Reign of Terror began\"', 'reign_of_terror': 'any period of brutal suppression thought to resemble the Reign of Terror in France', 'turn_of_the_century': 'the period from about ten years before to ten years after a new century', 'Harlem_Renaissance': 'a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished', 'Reconstruction': 'the period after the American Civil War when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union; 1865-1877', 'print_run': 'the period that presses run to produce an issue of a newspaper', 'run-time': 'the time at which a (software or multimedia) program is run', 'split_run': 'a print run of a newspaper during which some articles or advertisements are changed to produce a different edition', 'space_age': 'the age beginning with the first space travel; from 1957 to the present', 'tonight': 'the present or immediately coming night', 'manana': 'an indefinite time in the future', 'common_time': 'a time signature indicating four beats to the bar', 'duple_time': 'musical time with two beats in each bar', 'triple_time': 'musical time with three beats in each bar', 'tempo': 'the rate of some repeating event', 'in_time': 'in the correct rhythm; \"the dancers moved in time with the music\"', 'accelerando': 'a gradually increasing tempo of music; \"my ear will not accept such violent accelerandos\"', 'allegro_con_spirito': 'lively with spirit', 'meno_mosso': 'played at reduced speed; less rapid', 'rubato': 'a flexible tempo; not strictly on the beat', 'terminus_a_quo': 'earliest limiting point', 'stopping_point': 'the temporal end; the concluding time; \"the stopping point of each round was signaled by a bell\"; \"the market was up at the finish\"; \"they were playing better at the close of the season\"', 'cease': \"(`cease' is a noun only in the phrase `without cease') end\", 'last_gasp': 'the point of death or exhaustion or completion; \"the last gasp of the cold war\"', 'terminus_ad_quem': 'final or latest limiting point', 'seek_time': '(computer science) the time it takes for a read/write head to move to a specific data track', 'track-to-track_seek_time': '(computer science) the time it takes for a read/write head to move to an adjacent data track', 'time_interval': 'a definite length of time marked off by two instants', 'time_slot': 'a time assigned on a schedule or agenda; \"the TV program has a new time slot\"; \"an aircraft landing slot\"', 'lunitidal_interval': \"interval between the moon's transit of a particular meridian and the next high tide at that meridian\", 'lapse': 'a break or intermission in the occurrence of something; \"a lapse of three weeks between letters\"', 'dead_air': 'an inadvertent interruption in a broadcast during which there is no sound', 'halftime': 'an intermission between the first and second half of a game', \"entr'acte\": 'the interlude between two acts of a play', 'interim': 'the time between one event, process, or period and another; \"meanwhile the socialists are running the government\"', 'latent_period': 'the time that elapses before the presence of a disease is manifested by symptoms', 'reaction_time': 'the time that elapses between a stimulus and the response to it', 'interregnum': 'the time between two reigns, governments, etc.', 'beauty_sleep': 'sleep before midnight', 'time-out': 'a brief suspension of play; \"each team has two time-outs left\"', 'letup': 'a pause during which things are calm or activities are diminished; \"there was never a letup in the noise\"', 'half_life': 'the time required for something to fall to half its initial value (in particular, the time for half the atoms in a radioactive substance to disintegrate)', 'relaxation_time': 'the time constant of an exponential return of a system to equilibrium after a disturbance', 'centripetal_acceleration': 'the acceleration toward the center that holds a satellite in elliptical orbit', 'attrition_rate': 'the rate of shrinkage in size or number', 'birthrate': 'the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year', 'bits_per_second': '(computer science) the rate at which data is transferred (as by a modem)', 'crime_rate': 'the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year', 'data_rate': 'the rate at which circuits or other devices operate when handling digital information', 'deathrate': 'the ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 per year', 'dose_rate': 'the quantity of radiation absorbed per unit time', 'erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate': 'the rate at which red blood cells settle out in a tube of blood under standardized conditions; a high rate usually indicates the presence of inflammation', 'cardiac_output': 'the amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles in a given period of time; \"a resting adult has a cardiac output of about three quarts a minute\"', 'gigahertz': '1,000,000,000 periods per second', 'growth_rate': 'the rate of increase in size per unit time', 'hertz': 'the unit of frequency; one hertz has a periodic interval of one second', 'inflation_rate': 'the rate of change of prices (as indicated by a price index) calculated on a monthly or annual basis', 'kilohertz': 'one thousand periods per second', 'kilometers_per_hour': 'the ratio of the distance traveled (in kilometers) to the time spent traveling (in hours)', 'megahertz': 'one million periods per second', 'terahertz': 'one trillion periods per second', 'metabolic_rate': 'rate of metabolism; the amount of energy expended in a give period', 'miles_per_hour': 'a speedometer reading for the momentary rate of travel', 'femoral_pulse': 'pulse of the femoral artery (felt in the groin)', 'radial_pulse': 'pulse of the radial artery (felt in the wrist)', 'rate_of_return': 'the amount returned per unit of time expressed as a percentage of the cost', 'return_on_invested_capital': \"(corporate finance) the amount, expressed as a percentage, that is earned on a company's total capital calculated by dividing the total capital into earnings before interest, taxes, or dividends are paid\", 'respiratory_rate': \"the rate at which a person inhales and exhales; usually measured to obtain a quick evaluation of a person's health\", 'revolutions_per_minute': 'rate of revolution of a motor; \"the engine was doing 6000 revs\"', 'sampling_rate': '(telecommunication) the frequency of sampling per unit time', 'Nyquist_rate': '(telecommunication) the lowest sampling rate that will permit accurate reconstruction of a sampled analog signal', 'solar_constant': \"the rate at which radiant solar energy is received at the outer layer of the earth's atmosphere\", 'quick_time': 'a normal marching pace of 120 steps per minute', 'airspeed': 'the speed of an aircraft relative to the air in which it is flying', 'escape_velocity': 'the minimum velocity needed to escape a gravitational field', 'groundspeed': 'the speed of an aircraft relative to the ground', 'hypervelocity': 'excessive velocity; \"the meteorites struck the earth with hypervelocity impacts\"', 'muzzle_velocity': 'the velocity of a projectile as it leaves the muzzle of a gun', 'peculiar_velocity': 'velocity with respect to the local standard of rest', 'radial_velocity': 'velocity along the line of sight toward or away from the observer', 'speed_of_light': 'the speed at which light travels in a vacuum; the constancy and universality of the speed of light is recognized by defining it to be exactly 299,792,458 meters per second', 'steerageway': '(nautical) the minimum rate of motion needed for a vessel to be maneuvered', 'terminal_velocity': 'the constant maximum velocity reached by a body falling through the atmosphere under the attraction of gravity', 'count_per_minute': 'frequency per minute', 'sampling_frequency': '(telecommunication) the frequency of sampling a continuously varying signal', 'Nyquist_frequency': '(telecommunication) twice the maximum frequency occurring in the transmitted signal', 'infant_deathrate': 'the death rate during the first year of life', 'neonatal_mortality': 'the death rate during the first 28 days of life', 'words_per_minute': 'the rate at which words are produced (as in speaking or typing)', 'beats_per_minute': 'the pace of music measured by the number of beats occurring in 60 seconds', 'channel_capacity': 'the maximum data rate that can be attained over a given channel', 'neutron_flux': 'the rate of flow of neutrons; the number of neutrons passing through a unit area in unit time', 'radiant_flux': 'the rate of flow of radiant energy (electromagnetic waves)', 'luminous_flux': 'the rate of flow of light energy', 'menstrual_cycle': 'a recurring cycle (beginning at menarche and ending at menopause) in which the endometrial lining of the uterus prepares for pregnancy; if pregnancy does not occur the lining is shed at menstruation; \"the average menstrual cycle is 28 days\"', 'fertile_period': 'the time in the menstrual cycle when fertilization is most likely to be possible (7 days before to 7 days after ovulation)', 'menstrual_phase': 'the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the lining of the uterus is shed (the first day of menstrual flow is considered day 1 of the menstrual cycle)', 'musth': 'an annual phase of heightened sexual excitement in the males of certain large mammals (especially elephants); is associated with discharge from a gland between the eye and ear; \"the frenzied elephant was in musth\"', 'secretory_phase': 'the second half of the menstrual cycle after ovulation; the corpus luteum secretes progesterone which prepares the endometrium for the implantation of an embryo; if fertilization does not occur then menstrual flow begins', 'lead_time': 'the time interval between the initiation and the completion of a production process; \"the lead times for many publications can vary tremendously\"; \"planning is an area where lead time can be reduced\"', 'orbit_period': 'the time it takes to complete one full orbit around a celestial body; \"the orbit period depends on the altitude of the satellite\"', 'multistage': 'occurring in more than one stage', 'episcopate': 'the term of office of a bishop', 'dogwatch': 'either of two short watches: from 4-6 pm or 6-8 pm', 'split_shift': 'a working shift divided into two periods of time with several hours in between', 'peacetime': 'a period of time during which there is no war', 'wartime': 'a period of time during which there is armed conflict', 'graveyard_watch': 'a watch during the night (as from midnight to 8 a.m.)', 'indiction': 'a 15-year cycle used as a chronological unit in ancient Rome and adopted in some medieval kingdoms', 'Depression': 'a period during the 1930s when there was a worldwide economic depression and mass unemployment', 'incubation_period': 'the period between infection and the appearance of symptoms of the disease', 'rainy_day': 'a (future) time of financial need; \"I am saving for a rainy day\"', 'Regency': \"the period from 1811-1820 when the Prince of Wales was regent during George III's periods of insanity\", 'running_time': 'the length of time that a movie or tv show runs', 'show_time': 'the point in time at which an entertainment (a movie or television show etc.) is scheduled to begin', 'safe_period': \"that time during a woman's menstrual cycle during which conception is least likely to occur (usually immediately before of after menstruation)\", 'then': 'that time; that moment; \"we will arrive before then\"; \"we were friends from then on\"', 'shiva': '(Judaism) a period of seven days of mourning after the death of close relative; \"the family is sitting shiva\"', 'clotting_time': 'the time it takes for a sample of blood to clot; used to diagnose some clotting disorders', 'rotational_latency': '(computer science) the time it takes for a specific block of data on a data track to rotate around to the read/write head', 'processing_time': 'the time it takes to complete a prescribed procedure; \"they increased output by decreasing processing time\"', 'command_processing_overhead_time': '(computer science) the processing time required by a device prior to the execution of a command', 'Great_Schism': 'the period from 1378 to 1417 during which there were two papacies in the Roman Catholic Church, one in Rome and one in Avignon', 'question_time': 'a period during a parliamentary session when members of British Parliament may ask questions of the ministers', 'real_time': 'the actual time that it takes a process to occur; \"information is updated in real time\"', 'usance': 'the period of time permitted by commercial usage for the payment of a bill of exchange (especially a foreign bill of exchange)', '9/11': 'the day in 2001 when Arab suicide bombers hijacked United States airliners and used them as bombs'};","export const adjectives = ['able', 'unable', 'abaxial', 'adaxial', 'acroscopic', 'basiscopic', 'abducent', 'adducent', 'nascent', 'emergent', 'dissilient', 'parturient', 'dying', 'moribund', 'last', 'abridged', 'cut', 'half-length', 'potted', 'unabridged', 'full-length', 'absolute', 'direct', 'implicit', 'infinite', 'living', 'relative', 'relational', 'absorbent', 'absorbefacient', 'assimilating', 'hygroscopic', 'receptive', 'shock-absorbent', 'spongy', 'thirsty', 'nonabsorbent', 'repellent', 'adsorbent', 'chemisorptive', 'nonadsorbent', 'absorbable', 'adsorbable', 'abstemious', 'abstinent', 'ascetic', 'gluttonous', 'crapulous', 'crapulent', 'edacious', 'greedy', 'hoggish', 'overgreedy', 'abstract', 'conceptional', 'conceptual', 'ideal', 'ideological', 'concrete', 'objective', 'real', 'abundant', 'abounding', 'ample', 'copious', 'easy', 'exuberant', 'thick', 'long', 'overabundant', 'plentiful', 'rampant', 'rank', 'superabundant', 'teeming', 'torrential', 'verdant', 'scarce', 'rare', 'tight', 'abused', 'battered', 'unabused', 'acceptable', 'bankable', 'unexceptionable', 'unobjectionable', 'unacceptable', 'exceptionable', 'accessible', 'approachable', 'come-at-able', 'handy', 'inaccessible', 'outback', 'pathless', 'unapproachable', 'un-come-at-able', 'accommodating', 'complaisant', 'unaccommodating', 'disobliging', 'accurate', 'close', 'dead-on', 'high-fidelity', 'surgical', 'straight', 'true', 'veracious', 'inaccurate', 'away', 'faulty', 'unfaithful', 'wide', 'accustomed', 'used_to', 'unaccustomed', 'new', 'unused', 'acidic', 'acid', 'acid-forming', 'alkaline', 'alkalescent', 'basic', 'base-forming', 'saltlike', 'amphoteric', 'acid-loving', 'acidophilic', 'alkaline-loving', 'acknowledged', 'accepted', 'self-confessed', 'assumptive', 'declarable', 'given', 'putative', 'unacknowledged', 'unappreciated', 'unavowed', 'unconfessed', 'unrecognized', 'acquisitive', 'accumulative', 'avaricious', 'possessive', 'plundering', 'predaceous', 'rapacious', 'sordid', 'unacquisitive', 'acropetal', 'basipetal', 'active', 'about', 'acrobatic', 'agile', 'hot', 'hyperactive', 'on_the_go', 'sporty', 'inactive', 'desk-bound', 'abeyant', 'hypoactive', 'inert', 'sedentary', 'active', 'activated', 'inactive', 'off', 'retired', 'active', 'brisk', 'bustling', 'busy', 'going', 'open', 'springy', 'inactive', 'dark', 'dead', 'dull', 'idle', 'strikebound', 'active', 'progressive', 'inactive', 'dead-end', 'flat', 'indolent', 'latent', 'quiescent', 'active', 'activist', 'hands-on', 'proactive', 'passive', 'hands-off', 'resistless', 'active', 'eruptive', 'dormant', 'quiescent', 'extinct', 'dead', 'active', 'alive', 'active', 'stative', 'active', 'passive', 'active', 'activated', 'counteractive', 'surface-active', 'inactive', 'quiescent', 'active', 'quiet', 'actual', 'effective', 'potential', 'latent', 'acute', 'subacute', 'chronic', 'degenerative', 'virulent', 'highly_infective', 'deadly', 'avirulent', 'adaptive', 'accommodative', 'adaptational', 'adjustive', 'maladaptive', 'dysfunctional', 'maladjustive', 'addicted', 'alcoholic', 'dependent', 'unaddicted', 'clean', 'addictive', 'nonaddictive', 'additive', 'accumulative', 'addable', 'extra', 'complemental', 'incremental', 'intercalary', 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'acrophobic', 'afeard', 'aghast', 'agoraphobic', 'alarmed', 'algophobic', 'apprehensive', 'hangdog', 'claustrophobic', 'fearful', 'frightened', 'horrified', 'hunted', 'hydrophobic', 'mysophobic', 'panicky', 'numb', 'shitless', 'terror-stricken', 'triskaidekaphobic', 'unnerved', 'white-lipped', 'xenophobic', 'unafraid', 'unapprehensive', 'unblinking', 'unfrightened', 'aggressive', 'battleful', 'competitive', 'hard-hitting', 'hostile', 'in-your-face', 'obstreperous', 'predatory', 'pugnacious', 'scrappy', 'truculent', 'unaggressive', 'low-pressure', 'agitated', 'aroused', 'distraught', 'jolted', 'feverish', 'frantic', 'hysterical', 'psychedelic', 'wild-eyed', 'unagitated', 'agitated', 'churning', 'churning', 'jolted', 'rippled', 'seething', 'stirred', 'unagitated', 'nonturbulent', 'unstirred', 'agreeable', 'disagreeable', 'annoying', 'harsh', 'nerve-racking', 'unsweet', 'air-to-surface', 'air-to-air', 'surface-to-air', 'alert', 'argus-eyed', 'fly', 'heads-up', 'lidless', 'unalert', 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'nameless', 'onymous', 'binomial', 'pseudonymous', 'antemortem', 'postmortem', 'antecedent', 'anterior', 'anticipatory', 'preexistent', 'subsequent', 'attendant', 'later', 'antrorse', 'retrorse', 'decurved', 'aquatic', 'marine', 'semiaquatic', 'subaqueous', 'terrestrial', 'onshore', 'overland', 'amphibious', 'amphibiotic', 'preceding', 'above', 'above-mentioned', 'foregoing', 'introductory', 'precedent', 'premedical', 'preparatory', 'previous', 'succeeding', 'back-to-back', 'ensuing', 'following', 'following', 'in_line', 'postmortem', 'precedented', 'unprecedented', 'new', 'prehensile', 'nonprehensile', 'prenatal', 'perinatal', 'postnatal', 'preprandial', 'postprandial', 'prewar', 'postwar', 'retrograde', 'anterograde', 'antemeridian', 'ante_meridiem', 'postmeridian', 'post_meridiem', 'anterior', 'frontal', 'frontal', 'prefrontal', 'posterior', 'back', 'caudal', 'retral', 'dorsal', 'ventral', 'dorsoventral', 'appealable', 'unappealable', 'appendaged', 'unappendaged', 'appetizing', 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'silent', 'silent', 'supersonic', 'unheard', 'sonic', 'subsonic', 'supersonic', 'auspicious', 'bright', 'fortunate', 'inauspicious', 'unpromising', 'propitious', 'golden', 'gracious', 'unpropitious', 'ill', 'thunderous', 'authorized', 'accredited', 'approved', 'canonized', 'empowered', 'unauthorized', 'self-appointed', 'unaccredited', 'constitutional', 'unconstitutional', 'autochthonous', 'allochthonous', 'autoecious', 'heteroecious', 'autogenous', 'self-generated', 'self-induced', 'heterogenous', 'automatic', 'autoloading', 'automated', 'self-acting', 'self-locking', 'self-winding', 'semiautomatic', 'smart', 'manual', 'hand-operated', 'available', 'accessible', 'acquirable', 'addressable', 'easy', 'forthcoming', 'gettable', 'in_stock', 'lendable', 'visible', 'on_hand', 'on_tap', 'on_tap', 'open', 'purchasable', 'ready', 'unavailable', 'inaccessible', 'out_of_stock', 'awake', 'astir', 'awakened', 'insomniac', 'unsleeping', 'waking', 'asleep', 'at_rest', 'dormant', 'drowsy', 'fast_asleep', 'hypnoid', 'sleepy', 'slumberous', 'unawakened', 'astringent', 'styptic', 'nonastringent', 'aware', 'alert', 'conscious', 'sensible', 'unaware', 'oblivious', 'unconscious', 'unsuspecting', 'witting', 'unwitting', 'alarming', 'appalling', 'atrocious', 'awful', 'baleful', 'bloodcurdling', 'chilling', 'creepy', 'formidable', 'ghastly', 'hairy', 'petrifying', 'stupefying', 'terrific', 'unalarming', 'anemophilous', 'entomophilous', 'reassuring', 'assuasive', 'assuring', 'comforting', 'unreassuring', 'back', 'backmost', 'rear', 'front', 'advance', 'foremost', 'frontal', 'leading', 'directing', 'guiding', 'following', 'pursuing', 'backed', 'hardbacked', 'high-backed', 'low-backed', 'razorback', 'spiny-backed', 'stiff-backed', 'straight-backed', 'backless', 'low-cut', 'backward', 'backswept', 'cacuminal', 'converse', 'inverse', 'rearward', 'receding', 'reflexive', 'regardant', 'retracted', 'retral', 'retroflex', 'returning', 'forward', 'guardant', 'headfirst', 'forward', 'reverse', 'backward', 'bashful', 'forward', 'brash', 'bumptious', 'overfamiliar', 'fresh', 'assumptive', 'balconied', 'unbalconied', 'barreled', 'unbarreled', 'beaked', 'beaklike', 'billed', 'duckbill', 'rostrate', 'short-beaked', 'stout-billed', 'straight-billed', 'thick-billed', 'beakless', 'bedded', 'double-bedded', 'single-bedded', 'twin-bedded', 'bedless', 'beneficed', 'unbeneficed', 'stratified', 'foliate', 'laminar', 'layered', 'sheetlike', 'unstratified', 'ferned', 'braky', 'fernlike', 'fernless', 'grassy', 'grass-covered', 'grasslike', 'rushlike', 'sedgy', 'grassless', 'gusseted', 'ungusseted', 'hairless', 'bald', 'balding', 'beardless', 'depilatory', 'depilous', 'glabrescent', 'glabrous', 'naked-muzzled', 'naked-tailed', 'nonhairy', 'tonsured', 'hairy', 'canescent', 'coarse-haired', 'comate', 'curly-haired', 'dark-haired', 'downy', 'floccose', 'furlike', 'furred', 'fuzzed', 'glossy-haired', 'hispid', 'lanate', 'long-haired', 'pappose', 'pilous', 'rough-haired', 'shock-headed', 'short-haired', 'silky-haired', 'silver-haired', 'smooth-haired', 'snake-haired', 'soft-haired', 'stiff-haired', 'thick-haired', 'tomentose', 'velvety-furred', 'wire-haired', 'wiry', 'wooly', 'awned', 'bearded', 'awnless', 'bearing', 'load-bearing', 'nonbearing', 'beautiful', 'beauteous', 'bonny', 'dishy', 'exquisite', 'fine-looking', 'glorious', 'gorgeous', 'lovely', 'picturesque', 'pretty', 'pretty-pretty', 'pulchritudinous', 'ravishing', 'scenic', 'stunning', 'ugly', 'disfigured', 'evil-looking', 'fugly', 'grotesque', 'hideous', 'ill-favored', 'scrofulous', 'unlovely', 'unsightly', 'bellied', 'big-bellied', 'bellyless', 'banded', 'unbanded', 'belted', 'banded', 'belt-fed', 'beltlike', 'unbelted', 'beneficent', 'benefic', 'maleficent', 'baleful', 'malefic', 'malicious', 'despiteful', 'leering', 'malevolent', 'beady-eyed', 'bitchy', 'poisonous', 'venomed', 'vixenish', 'unmalicious', 'benign', 'kindly', 'malign', 'cancerous', 'best', 'champion', 'high-grade', 'first', 'go-to-meeting', 'optimum', 'primo', 'record-breaking', 'second-best', 'superfine', 'unexcelled', 'unsurpassable', 'worst', 'bottom', 'last', 'pessimal', 'better', 'amended', 'finer', 'improved', 'worse', 'worsened', 'better', 'fitter', 'worse', 'bettering', 'ameliorating', 'amendatory', 'corrective', 'remedial', 'worsening', 'bicameral', 'unicameral', 'bidirectional', 'biface', 'duplex', 'two-way', 'unidirectional', 'one-way', 'simplex', 'unifacial', 'faced', 'baby-faced', 'bald-faced', 'featured', 'Janus-faced', 'long-faced', 'moon-faced', 'pale-faced', 'pug-faced', 'sad-faced', 'sweet-faced', 'visaged', 'faceless', 'anonymous', 'bibbed', 'bibless', 'unilateral', 'one-party', 'multilateral', 'bilateral', 'deep-lobed', 'two-lobed', 'bipartite', 'joint', 'multipartite', 'quadrilateral', 'five-sided', 'six-sided', 'seven-sided', 'eight-sided', 'nine-sided', 'ten-sided', 'eleven-sided', 'twelve-sided', 'quadripartite', 'tetramerous', 'three-cornered', 'three-lobed', 'four-lobed', 'five-lobed', 'many-lobed', 'palmately-lobed', 'trilateral', 'tripartite', 'bimodal', 'unimodal', 'binaural', 'two-eared', 'stereophonic', 'monaural', 'one-eared', 'mono', 'binucleate', 'mononuclear', 'trinucleate', 'bipedal', 'quadrupedal', 'black', 'African-American', 'colored', 'negro', 'negroid', 'white', 'Caucasian', 'light-skinned', 'blond', 'ash-blonde', 'fair', 'flaxen', 'nordic', 'redheaded', 'brunet', 'adust', 'bronzed', 'brown', 'dark', 'dark-haired', 'dark-skinned', 'grizzled', 'nutbrown', 'blemished', 'acned', 'blebbed', 'blotchy', 'flyblown', 'marred', 'pocked', 'unblemished', 'stainless', 'bloody', 'blood-filled', 'bloodstained', 'bloodsucking', 'bloodthirsty', 'crimson', 'homicidal', 'gory', 'internecine', 'bloodless', 'nonviolent', 'bold', 'audacious', 'daredevil', 'emboldened', 'foolhardy', 'heroic', 'nervy', 'overreaching', 'overvaliant', 'timid', 'bashful', 'coy', 'fearful', 'intimidated', 'mousy', 'bound', 'chained', 'fettered', 'furled', 'pinioned', 'tethered', 'trussed', 'wired', 'unbound', 'unchained', 'untethered', 'laced', 'unlaced', 'tied', 'knotted', 'untied', 'tangled', 'afoul', 'enmeshed', 'entangled', 'knotty', 'matted', 'rootbound', 'thrown', 'untangled', 'disentangled', 'bound', 'brassbound', 'cased', 'half-bound', 'paperback', 'well-bound', 'unbound', 'looseleaf', 'bordered', 'boxed', 'deckled', 'edged', 'fringed', 'lined', 'sawtoothed-edged', 'seagirt', 'spiny-edged', 'white-edged', 'unbordered', 'lotic', 'lentic', 'lower-class', 'non-U', 'proletarian', 'propertyless', 'upper-lower-class', 'middle-class', 'bourgeois', 'bourgeois', 'lower-middle-class', 'upper-middle-class', 'upper-class', 'quality', 'propertied', 'u', 'tweedy', 'wellborn', 'brachycephalic', 'broad-headed', 'bullet-headed', 'dolichocephalic', 'long-headed', 'brave', 'desperate', 'gallant', 'game', 'lionhearted', 'stalwart', 'undaunted', 'valiant', 'cowardly', 'caitiff', 'chicken', 'craven', 'dastard', 'faint', 'funky', 'poltroon', 'pusillanimous', 'gutsy', 'gutless', 'breast-fed', 'nursed', 'bottle-fed', 'breathing', 'sweet-breathed', 'breathless', 'asphyxiating', 'smothering', 'blown', 'crystalline', 'crystallized', 'microcrystalline', 'polycrystalline', 'noncrystalline', 'amorphous', 'landed', 'landless', 'light', 'ablaze', 'autofluorescent', 'bioluminescent', 'bright', 'candescent', 'floodlit', 'fluorescent', 'illuminated', 'incandescent', 'lamplit', 'lighting-up', 'livid', 'luminescent', 'phosphorescent', 'sunlit', 'white', 'dark', 'Acheronian', 'aphotic', 'black', 'caliginous', 'Cimmerian', 'crepuscular', 'darkened', 'darkening', 'darkling', 'darkling', 'dim', 'dusky', 'glooming', 'lightless', 'semidark', 'tenebrous', 'shaded', 'murky', 'shady', 'unshaded', 'unshadowed', 'shaded', 'hatched', 'unshaded', 'moonlit', 'moonless', 'bridgeable', 'unbridgeable', 'bright', 'agleam', 'aglow', 'aglitter', 'beady', 'beaming', 'blazing', 'bright_as_a_new_penny', 'brilliant', 'ardent', 'glimmery', 'glistening', 'iridescent', 'lurid', 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'algometric', 'Algonquian', 'alimentative', 'alkahestic', 'alkaloidal', 'alkalotic', 'alkylic', 'allantoic', 'allelic', 'allergenic', 'allergic', 'Allied', 'Allied', 'allogamous', 'allographic', 'allomerous', 'allometric', 'allomorphic', 'allophonic', 'allotropic', 'allylic', 'alopecic', 'alphabetic', 'analphabetic', 'alphanumeric', 'Altaic', 'altitudinal', 'alular', 'aluminous', 'alveolar', 'alveolar', 'amalgamative', 'amaranthine', 'amaurotic', 'amblyopic', 'Ambrosian', 'ambulacral', 'ambulatory', 'ameboid', 'amenorrheic', 'amethystine', 'Amharic', 'amino', 'amitotic', 'ammino', 'ammoniac', 'ammonitic', 'amnestic', 'amniotic', 'amoristic', 'amphitheatric', 'amphoric', 'ampullar', 'amygdaline', 'amylolytic', 'anabiotic', 'anabolic', 'anaclitic', 'anacoluthic', 'anaglyphic', 'anagogic', 'anagrammatic', 'anal', 'analytic', 'anamnestic', 'anamorphic', 'anamorphic', 'anaphasic', 'anaplastic', 'anarchistic', 'anasarcous', 'anastigmatic', 'Andalusian', 'androgenetic', 'androgenic', 'androgynous', 'anemographic', 'anemometric', 'anencephalic', 'anestrous', 'anginal', 'angiocarpic', 'angiomatous', 'angiospermous', 'Anglophilic', 'Anglophobic', 'anguine', 'anicteric', 'animalistic', 'animatistic', 'animist', 'aniseikonic', 'anisogamic', 'anisogametic', 'anisometropic', 'ankylotic', 'annalistic', 'Bayesian', 'Arminian', 'Armenian', 'Biedermeier', 'annelid', 'annexational', 'hermeneutic', 'Middle_Eastern', 'annunciatory', 'alliaceous', 'anodic', 'cathodic', 'anoperineal', 'anopheline', 'anorectal', 'anorthitic', 'anosmic', 'anoxemic', 'anoxic', 'anserine', 'antecubital', 'antennal', 'anthracitic', 'anthropic', 'anthropogenetic', 'anthropometric', 'anthropophagous', 'antibiotic', 'anticancer', 'anticlimactic', 'anticoagulative', 'anticyclonic', 'antigenic', 'antimonic', 'antinomian', 'antiphonary', 'antipodal', 'antistrophic', 'antitypic', 'anuran', 'anuretic', 'anxiolytic', 'aoristic', 'aortal', 'aphaeretic', 'aphakic', 'aphanitic', 'aphasic', 'aphetic', 'apian', 'apiarian', 'apicultural', 'aplitic', 'apneic', 'apocalyptic', 'Apocryphal', 'apocynaceous', 'apogamic', 'apogean', 'apomictic', 'aponeurotic', 'apophatic', 'apophyseal', 'apoplectic', 'apoplectiform', 'aposiopetic', 'apostrophic', 'apothecial', 'apothegmatic', 'Appalachian', 'appellative', 'appendicular', 'appointive', 'appositional', 'appropriative', 'apsidal', 'aptitudinal', 'aqueous', 'aquatic', 'aquiferous', 'arachnoid', 'Aramaic', 'Aramean', 'araneidal', 'Arawakan', 'arbitral', 'arbitrative', 'arborical', 'archaeological', 'archaistic', 'archangelic', 'arched', 'archdiocesan', 'archducal', 'archegonial', 'archesporial', 'archidiaconal', 'archiepiscopal', 'archipelagic', 'archival', 'archosaurian', 'areal', 'arenicolous', 'areolar', 'argentic', 'argentous', 'armillary', 'aroid', 'aromatic', 'arsenical', 'arsenious', 'arterial', 'venous', 'arteriovenous', 'arthralgic', 'arthromeric', 'arthropodal', 'arthrosporic', 'Arthurian', 'articular', 'articulatory', 'artiodactyl', 'arundinaceous', 'ascensional', 'ascetic', 'ascitic', 'asclepiadaceous', 'ascocarpous', 'ascosporic', 'associational', 'asteriated', 'asterismal', 'stoloniferous', 'stomatal', 'stomatal', 'astomatal', 'stored-program', 'astragalar', 'astrocytic', 'astronautic', 'astronomic', 'asynergic', 'ataxic', 'atherosclerotic', 'atonalistic', 'atonic', 'atrial', 'atrioventricular', 'attentional', 'attitudinal', 'attritional', 'audiometric', 'audiovisual', 'augitic', 'aural', 'aural', 'auricular', 'auricular', 'autoimmune', 'biauricular', 'auroral', 'auroral', 'aurous', 'auscultatory', 'austenitic', 'Australasian', 'australopithecine', 'autacoidal', 'autarchic', 'authorial', 'autobiographical', 'autobiographical', 'autocatalytic', 'autogenetic', 'autographic', 'autolytic', 'autoplastic', 'autoradiographic', 'autotelic', 'autotomic', 'autotrophic', 'heterotrophic', 'autotypic', 'auxetic', 'auxinic', 'axiomatic', 'axiomatic', 'avellan', 'avian', 'avifaunal', 'avionic', 'avitaminotic', 'avocational', 'avuncular', 'avuncular', 'award-winning', 'axial', 'axile', 'axillary', 'axiological', 'axonal', 'Azerbaijani', 'azido', 'azimuthal', 'azo', 'diazo', 'zoic', 'azotemic', 'baboonish', 'Babylonian', 'baccate', 'bacchantic', 'bacillar', 'back-channel', 'bacteremic', 'bacteriolytic', 'bacteriophagic', 'bacteriostatic', 'bacteroidal', 'Bahai', 'balletic', 'ballistic', 'balsamic', 'baric', 'barographic', 'barometric', 'barytic', 'basaltic', 'basidial', 'basidiomycetous', 'basidiosporous', 'basilar', 'basilican', 'basinal', 'batholithic', 'bathymetric', 'bauxitic', 'behavioristic', 'Belarusian', 'belemnitic', 'benedictory', 'beneficiary', 'benevolent', 'benthic', 'bentonitic', 'benzenoid', 'benzoic', 'benzylic', 'betulaceous', 'biaxial', 'bibliographic', 'bibliolatrous', 'bibliomaniacal', 'bibliophilic', 'bibliopolic', 'bibliothecal', 'bibliotic', 'bicapsular', 'bichromated', 'bicipital', 'bignoniaceous', 'biliary', 'bilious', 'billiard', 'bimetallistic', 'bimillenial', 'binary', 'biocatalytic', 'biochemical', 'bioclimatic', 'biogenetic', 'biogenous', 'biogenic', 'biogeographic', 'biological', 'biologistic', 'sociobiologic', 'neurobiological', 'bionic', 'biosynthetic', 'biosystematic', 'biotitic', 'biotypic', 'black-and-white', 'blastogenetic', 'bodily', 'Bohemian', 'bolographic', 'bolometric', 'Boolean', 'borated', 'boronic', 'boskopoid', 'botanic', 'botryoid', 'Botswanan', 'bottom-dwelling', 'bottom-feeding', 'boustrophedonic', 'brachial', 'brachiopod', 'brachyurous', 'bracteal', 'bracteate', 'bracteolate', 'brahminic', 'branchial', 'branchiopod', 'brassy', 'breech-loading', 'bregmatic', 'brimless', 'brisant', 'broadband', 'broadband', 'Brobdingnagian', 'bromic', 'bromidic', 'buccal', 'bulimic', 'burrlike', 'bursal', 'buteonine', 'butyraceous', 'butyric', 'cachectic', 'cacodemonic', 'cacodylic', 'cadastral', 'cadaverous', 'caducean', 'caecilian', 'caesural', 'caffeinic', 'cairned', 'calcaneal', 'calcareous', 'calceolate', 'calcic', 'calciferous', 'calcitic', 'calculous', 'calendric', 'calico', 'calisthenic', 'callithumpian', 'caloric', 'noncaloric', 'calorimetric', 'calyceal', 'calycular', 'calyculate', 'calyptrate', 'calyptrate', 'cambial', 'campanulate', 'camphoraceous', 'camphoric', 'canalicular', 'cancroid', 'canicular', 'canicular', 'canine', 'canine', 'capacitive', 'Capetian', 'capitular', 'Cappadocian', 'caprine', 'capsular', 'capsular', 'carangid', 'carbocyclic', 'carbolated', 'carbonyl', 'carboxyl', 'carcinogenic', 'carcinomatous', 'cardiographic', 'cardiopulmonary', 'carinal', 'carnivorous', 'Caroline', 'Carolingian', 'carotid', 'carpellary', 'carpetbag', 'carposporic', 'carposporous', 'cartilaginous', 'cartographic', 'Carthusian', 'caruncular', 'carunculate', 'caryophyllaceous', 'cash-and-carry', 'catabolic', 'catachrestic', 'catalatic', 'cataphatic', 'cataplastic', 'catapultic', 'catarrhal', 'categorial', 'categorical', 'cathectic', 'cathedral', 'catkinate', 'catoptric', 'cecal', 'celebratory', 'celestial', 'celestial', 'cellular', 'extracellular', 'integral', 'integumentary', 'intercellular', 'interest-bearing', 'intracellular', 'cellulosid', 'cementitious', 'cenobitic', 'eremitic', 'cenogenetic', 'Cenozoic', 'palingenetic', 'censorial', 'centesimal', 'centigrade', 'centralist', 'centroidal', 'centrosomic', 'cephalopod', 'cercarial', 'cereal', 'cerebellar', 'cerebral', 'cerebrospinal', 'cerebrovascular', 'cervical', 'ceric', 'cerous', 'ceruminous', 'cervine', 'cetacean', 'chaetal', 'chaetognathan', 'chaffy', 'Chaldean', 'chalybeate', 'chancroidal', 'chancrous', 'chaotic', 'charitable', 'chartaceous', 'chauvinistic', 'Chechen', 'chelate', 'cheliferous', 'chelate', 'cheliceral', 'chelicerous', 'chelonian', 'chemical', 'photochemical', 'chemical', 'physicochemical', 'chemiluminescent', 'chemoreceptive', 'chemotherapeutic', 'cherty', 'Chian', 'chiasmal', 'childbearing', 'chimeric', 'Chippendale', 'chirpy', 'chitinous', 'chlamydial', 'chlorophyllose', 'chlorotic', 'choleraic', 'choragic', 'chordal', 'chordate', 'Christological', 'chromatinic', 'Churchillian', 'Wilsonian', 'achromatinic', 'cinematic', 'civil', 'civil', 'civic', 'municipal', 'clamatorial', 'cleistogamous', 'clerical', 'clerical', 'classical', 'clonal', 'closed-circuit', 'cloven-hoofed', 'cloze', 'coastal', 'coccal', 'coccygeal', 'coin-operated', 'collagenous', 'collarless', 'collegiate', 'collegial', 'colonial', 'colonial', 'colonic', 'colorectal', 'colorimetric', 'commensal', 'communal', 'composite', 'conceptualistic', 'concretistic', 'condylar', 'configurational', 'confrontational', 'congregational', 'conjunctival', 'consonantal', 'constitutional', 'consubstantial', 'contractual', 'cosmic', 'cosmologic', 'cosmologic', 'cordless', 'coreferential', 'cormous', 'corneal', 'Cornish', 'correlational', 'corymbose', 'corinthian', 'costal', 'intercostal', 'intertidal', 'covalent', 'cross-ply', 'cross-pollinating', 'croupy', 'crural', 'crustal', 'crustaceous', 'crustaceous', 'crustose', 'cryogenic', 'cryonic', 'cryptanalytic', 'cryptogamic', 'cryptobiotic', 'ctenoid', 'cubital', 'cucurbitaceous', 'culinary', 'cuneiform', 'cupric', 'curricular', 'custard-like', 'cyclic', 'cytoarchitectural', 'cytolytic', 'cytophotometric', 'cytoplasmic', 'cytoplastic', 'bicylindrical', 'cystic', 'cystic', 'cytogenetic', 'cytokinetic', 'cytological', 'cytotoxic', 'czarist', 'deductive', 'deliverable', 'Democratic', 'Demotic', 'denominational', 'denominational', 'dental', 'dental', 'despotic', 'diagonalizable', 'diamagnetic', 'diamantine', 'diametral', 'diaphoretic', 'diastolic', 'dicarboxylic', 'Dickensian', 'dictatorial', 'differentiable', 'differential', 'digital', 'digital', 'dimorphic', 'Dionysian', 'diplomatic', 'dipterous', 'directional', 'omnidirectional', 'directional', 'discomycetous', 'distributional', 'dithyrambic', 'dramatic', 'drupaceous', 'dumpy', 'dural', 'dynastic', 'dysgenic', 'dysplastic', 'Ephesian', 'Eucharistic', 'eugenic', 'Eurocentric', 'eutrophic', 'Ebionite', 'ebracteate', 'economic', 'economic', 'socioeconomic', 'ectopic', 'editorial', 'editorial', 'electoral', 'electrocardiographic', 'electrochemical', 'electroencephalographic', 'electrolytic', 'electrolytic', 'electromechanical', 'electromotive', 'electronic', 'electronic', 'electrophoretic', 'electrostatic', 'elegiac', 'elemental', 'elemental', 'elementary', 'elfin', 'empyrean', 'emulous', 'eonian', 'epenthetic', 'epidural', 'epigastric', 'epigastric', 'epilithic', 'episcopal', 'equestrian', 'equestrian', 'equine', 'equine', 'equinoctial', 'equinoctial', 'ergonomic', 'ergotic', 'ergotropic', 'eruptive', 'erythematous', 'erythroid', 'erythropoietic', 'eschatological', 'esophageal', 'Essene', 'essential', 'Estonian', 'estrogenic', 'estuarine', 'ethical', 'evidentiary', 'excrescent', 'excretory', 'exegetic', 'exilic', 'existential', 'existential', 'existentialist', 'extropic', 'facial', 'factor_analytical', 'factorial', 'facultative', 'Fahrenheit', 'fanged', 'federal', 'femoral', 'fenestral', 'fenestral', 'fermentable', 'ferric', 'feudal', 'febrile', 'afebrile', 'fiber-optic', 'fibrillose', 'fibrinous', 'fibrocartilaginous', 'fictile', 'fictional', 'nonfictional', 'field-crop', 'filar', 'bifilar', 'unifilar', 'filarial', 'filariid', 'fisheye', 'fishy', 'fistulous', 'flaky', 'fleshy', 'flinty', 'floricultural', 'flowery', 'fluvial', 'foliate', 'foliaceous', 'forcipate', 'formalistic', 'formic', 'formic', 'formulary', 'fossil', 'fossiliferous', 'three-wheel', 'fourhanded', 'four-wheel', 'Frankish', 'fraternal', 'fretted', 'unfretted', 'frictional', 'frictionless', 'Frisian', 'Galilean', 'Galilean', 'Gallican', 'garlicky', 'gastric', 'gastroduodenal', 'gastroesophageal', 'pneumogastric', 'gemmiferous', 'generational', 'generic', 'genetic', 'genetic', 'genic', 'genial', 'mental', 'gentile', 'geometric', 'geophytic', 'geostrategic', 'geothermal', 'gingival', 'glabellar', 'glacial', 'glial', 'gluteal', 'glycogenic', 'granuliferous', 'granulomatous', 'grapelike', 'graphic', 'graphic', 'gravitational', 'grubby', 'guttural', 'hair-shirt', 'harmonic', 'nonharmonic', 'harmonic', 'harmonic', 'Hasidic', 'Hawaiian', 'heathlike', 'Hebridean', 'heliacal', 'hematopoietic', 'hemodynamic', 'hemispherical', 'hemorrhagic', 'hepatic', 'heroic', 'heterodyne', 'heterosporous', 'Hollywood', 'homeostatic', 'homonymic', 'homosporous', 'homostylous', 'horse-drawn', 'hexadecimal', 'hexangular', 'hidrotic', 'hieratic', 'hieroglyphic', 'hieroglyphic', 'high-energy', 'hircine', 'home', 'hooflike', 'horary', 'human', 'human', 'humanist', 'humanistic', 'humanist', 'humic', 'humified', 'hyaloplasmic', 'hydrocephalic', 'hydrographic', 'hydrolyzable', 'hydroxy', 'hymenopterous', 'hypnotic', 'ideal', 'ideographic', 'ideological', 'idiopathic', 'immune', 'immunochemical', 'immunocompromised', 'immunological', 'immunosuppressed', 'immunosuppressive', 'immunotherapeutic', 'imperial', 'imperial', 'imperial', 'impetiginous', 'impressionist', 'impressionistic', 'Incan', 'incendiary', 'incestuous', 'incestuous', 'inductive', 'indusial', 'industrial', 'inertial', 'infantile', 'inferential', 'informational', 'inguinal', 'inhalant', 'ink-jet', 'inscriptive', 'insecticidal', 'institutional', 'interlinear', 'intracerebral', 'intracranial', 'intraventricular', 'intervertebral', 'insular', 'intuitionist', 'ionic', 'Ionic', 'Ionic', 'Ionian', 'nonionic', 'iridaceous', 'iritic', 'ischemic', 'isentropic', 'Ismaili', 'isthmian', 'Jamesian', 'Jamesian', 'Jeffersonian', 'jet-propelled', 'jihadi', 'jittery', 'judicial', 'judicial', 'jumentous', 'Jurassic', 'pre-Jurassic', 'juridical', 'jurisprudential', 'leaden', 'legal', 'legal', 'labial', 'labial', 'lactogenic', 'large-capitalization', 'lathery', 'Latin-American', 'leguminous', 'leonine', 'Levitical', 'lexicalized', 'life-support', 'liliaceous', 'limacine', 'limnological', 'living', 'lobeliaceous', 'local', 'locker-room', 'logogrammatic', 'long-distance', 'loopy', 'lucifugous', 'lunar', 'sublunar', 'translunar', 'lung-like', 'lunisolar', 'lupine', 'luteal', 'macaronic', 'macroeconomic', 'Malayo-Polynesian', 'Mandaean', 'mandibulate', 'Manichaean', 'manual', 'Maoist', 'maternal', 'matutinal', 'paternal', 'patriarchal', 'mealy', 'mecopterous', 'medical', 'biomedical', 'premedical', 'medicolegal', 'medullary', 'medullary', 'medullary', 'medusoid', 'meningeal', 'menopausal', 'Merovingian', 'Prakritic', 'Procrustean', 'provencal', 'pre-Christian', 'prejudicial', 'premenopausal', 'presocratic', 'postdiluvian', 'postdoctoral', 'postexilic', 'postglacial', 'postmenopausal', 'postpositive', 'pouched', 'pteridological', 'meiotic', 'mercuric', 'meretricious', 'meridional', 'metrological', 'micaceous', 'microeconomic', 'military', 'paramilitary', 'minimalist', 'ministerial', 'ministerial', 'minty', 'Mishnaic', 'omissive', 'miotic', 'missionary', 'monocarboxylic', 'monoclonal', 'Monophysite', 'monotypic', 'moraceous', 'morbilliform', 'motivational', 'mousy', 'myalgic', 'myelinated', 'unmyelinated', 'myopathic', 'narcoleptic', 'nasopharyngeal', 'natal', 'natal', 'natriuretic', 'naval', 'Nazarene', 'Nazarene', 'neonatal', 'neoplastic', 'neotenic', 'Nestorian', 'New_Caledonian', 'Noachian', 'nominal', 'nominal', 'nominalistic', 'nominative', 'North_Vietnamese', 'nosocomial', 'numeral', 'numerological', 'Numidian', 'numinous', 'oleaceous', 'olfactory', 'oligarchic', 'one-humped', 'oneiric', 'onomastic', 'on-the-job', 'oral', 'orb-weaving', 'oropharyngeal', 'Orphic', 'Orwellian', 'pachydermatous', 'packable', 'palatoglossal', 'paleontological', 'Palladian', 'palmar', 'palpatory', 'palpebrate', 'panicled', 'papilliform', 'paradigmatic', 'paramedical', 'paranasal', 'parhelic', 'parliamentary', 'parous', 'parotid', 'paroxysmal', 'paschal', 'passerine', 'nonpasserine', 'Pauline', 'peacekeeping', 'peaty', 'perigonal', 'perithelial', 'monetary', 'pedal', 'pectineal', 'pemphigous', 'petaloid', 'phagocytic', 'phalangeal', 'Pharaonic', 'Phoenician', 'phonogramic', 'phonological', 'photomechanical', 'photometric', 'photosynthetic', 'nonphotosynthetic', 'phreatic', 'phrenological', 'pictographic', 'plagioclastic', 'pilar', 'pilosebaceous', 'planetal', 'planktonic', 'planographic', 'plantar', 'interplanetary', 'penal', 'penicillin-resistant', 'penumbral', 'physical', 'plane-polarized', 'planetary', 'extraterrestrial', 'Platonistic', 'Platonic', 'pleomorphic', 'plumbaginaceous', 'plumbic', 'plutocratic', 'polarographic', 'polemoniaceous', 'politically_correct', 'politically_incorrect', 'polydactyl', 'polyhedral', 'polymeric', 'pompous', 'popliteal', 'positionable', 'positional', 'positivist', 'pragmatic', 'prandial', 'preanal', 'preclinical', 'precancerous', 'precordial', 'predestinarian', 'prelapsarian', 'premenstrual', 'presentational', 'pressor', 'prodromal', 'professorial', 'prolusory', 'propagative', 'prostate', 'prosthetic', 'prosthetic', 'prosthodontic', 'proteinaceous', 'provincial', 'pubertal', 'pupillary', 'Puranic', 'putrid', 'rabid', 'radial-ply', 'radiological', 'radiotelephonic', 'rationalistic', 'ratty', 'realistic', 'real-time', 'recoilless', 'recombinant', 'recreational', 'refractive', 'refractory-lined', 'republican', 'resinlike', 'revenant', 'Rhodesian', 'rocket-propelled', 'Romansh', 'romantic', 'ropy', 'royal', 'royal', 'ruminant', 'nonruminant', 'agricultural', 'aquicultural', 'rural', 'Ruritanian', 'Sabine', 'saccadic', 'sacculated', 'sadomasochistic', 'Sadducean', 'Saharan', 'sapiens', 'sarcolemmic', 'sartorial', 'sartorial', 'scalene', 'scalene', 'scapular', 'scapulohumeral', 'scenic', 'scholastic', 'scholastic', 'scientific', 'sclerotic', 'sclerotic', 'scurfy', 'Scythian', 'secular', 'secretarial', 'secretory', 'sectarian', 'sectorial', 'self', 'self-aggrandizing', 'self-induced', 'self-limited', 'self-pollinating', 'self-renewing', 'self-service', 'semiautobiographical', 'seminal', 'seminiferous', 'semiotic', 'semiparasitic', 'senatorial', 'sensational', 'sepaloid', 'septal', 'sepulchral', 'serial', 'serial', 'sidereal', 'Sikh', 'siliceous', 'single-stranded', 'Siouan', 'Sisyphean', 'snow-capped', 'social', 'social', 'soft-finned', 'soft-nosed', 'solar', 'sociopathic', 'solanaceous', 'Solomonic', 'somatosensory', 'soteriological', 'squint-eyed', 'squinty', 'specialistic', 'spectral', 'spectrographic', 'spermicidal', 'spermous', 'spherical', 'nonspherical', 'sphingine', 'splashy', 'splenic', 'splintery', 'sporogenous', 'sportive', 'sporting', 'spousal', 'spring-loaded', 'stagflationary', 'stainable', 'Stalinist', 'stannic', 'staphylococcal', 'statutory', 'stellar', 'interstellar', 'stemmatic', 'stenographic', 'steroidal', 'nonsteroidal', 'stoichiometric', 'stovepiped', 'subarctic', 'subcortical', 'subdural', 'sublingual', 'suburban', 'sub-Saharan', 'suctorial', 'Sufi', 'sulfurous', 'Sumerian', 'superficial', 'suppurative', 'nonsuppurative', 'supraorbital', 'surficial', 'sustainable', 'sustentacular', 'syllabic', 'syllabic', 'symbolic', 'symbolic', 'symptomatic', 'syncretic', 'syncretic', 'synesthetic', 'synoptic', 'synovial', 'syntagmatic', 'tangential', 'Tasmanian', 'taurine', 'technical', 'technophilic', 'technophobic', 'technical', 'telemetered', 'tellurian', 'semiterrestrial', 'telluric', 'temperamental', 'temporal', 'temporal', 'spatiotemporal', 'tendinous', 'tendril-climbing', 'tensile', 'tensional', 'tentacular', 'tentacled', 'teratogenic', 'terminal', 'terminal', 'territorial', 'testaceous', 'testamentary', 'testimonial', 'testimonial', 'theatrical', 'Theban', 'Theban', 'thematic', 'unthematic', 'thematic', 'thenal', 'thermal', 'thermal', 'nonthermal', 'thermoelectric', 'threaded', 'tibial', 'tidal', 'tiered', 'time-release', 'Timorese', 'tinny', 'titular', 'titular', 'titular', 'titular', 'toll-free', 'tonic', 'tonic', 'clonic', 'topical', 'topological', 'toroidal', 'torrential', 'tortious', 'totalitarian', 'totipotent', 'tubercular', 'tubercular', 'tubercular', 'tuberculate', 'tuberculoid', 'turbinate', 'two-humped', 'two-wheel', 'umbelliform', 'umbelliferous', 'uncial', 'Uniate', 'unicellular', 'uniovular', 'unitary', 'unitary', 'unpigmented', 'urban', 'urceolate', 'urethral', 'urogenital', 'usufructuary', 'uveal', 'vacuolate', 'vagal', 'valedictory', 'apopemptic', 'valent', 'valetudinarian', 'valved', 'vanilla', 'variolar', 'Vedic', 'ventilatory', 'ventricular', 'verbal', 'verbal', 'vertical', 'viatical', 'vibrational', 'vicarial', 'vicennial', 'vigesimal', 'virginal', 'vitreous', 'vitreous', 'vocal', 'vocal', 'instrumental', 'vocalic', 'volcanic', 'atheist', 'electrical', 'electric', 'voltaic', 'photoconductive', 'photoemissive', 'photovoltaic', 'photoelectric', 'hydroelectric', 'hydrostatic', 'hydrokinetic', 'interlocutory', 'interstitial', 'isomeric', 'isometric', 'isomorphous', 'isotonic', 'lapidary', 'legislative', 'legislative', 'leprous', 'lingual', 'Linnaean', 'long-chain', 'longitudinal', 'literary', 'critical', 'lithic', 'lithic', 'lymphatic', 'lymphocytic', 'lymphoid', 'lysogenic', 'lysogenic', 'magisterial', 'atmospheric', 'amphibious', 'insectan', 'mammalian', 'piscine', 'reptilian', 'algal', 'fungal', 'fungicidal', 'fungoid', 'infectious', 'plantal', 'vegetative', 'bacterial', 'parasitic', 'antibacterial', 'cyanobacterial', 'moneran', 'triangulate', 'quadrangular', 'tetragonal', 'tetrametric', 'pentangular', 'octangular', 'neoclassicist', 'expressionist', 'postmodernist', 'revolutionary', 'residual', 'relativistic', 'relativistic', 'raptorial', 'radical', 'radial', 'radial', 'radial', 'ulnar', 'radiographic', 'birefringent', 'bisectional', 'bismuthal', 'bismuthic', 'bisontine', 'bistered', 'bistroic', 'polar', 'bipolar', 'bipolar', 'transpolar', 'photographic', 'photic', 'pneumatic', 'pneumococcal', 'phallic', 'feminist', 'professional', 'professional', 'vulpine', 'wolflike', 'vulvar', 'clitoral', 'vocational', 'ungual', 'succinic', 'umbilical', 'spatial', 'nonspatial', 'sigmoid', 'sigmoid', 'sciatic', 'sciatic', 'semantic', 'bovine', 'crinoid', 'linguistic', 'nonlinguistic', 'intralinguistic', 'sociolinguistic', 'cross-linguistic', 'linguistic', 'bridal', 'bridal', 'cardiac', 'caudal', 'Caucasian', 'cephalic', 'cranial', 'craniometric', 'comatose', 'conic', 'corinthian', 'corvine', 'ciliary', 'ciliary', 'ciliary', 'counterinsurgent', 'counterrevolutionary', 'counterterror', 'cyprinid', 'dietary', 'diluvian', 'antediluvian', 'dominical', 'dominical', 'Donatist', 'Dorian', 'doric', 'dot-com', 'floral', 'floral', 'fiscal', 'nonfinancial', 'fiducial', 'fiduciary', 'funicular', 'lactic', 'lacteal', 'galactic', 'extragalactic', 'intergalactic', 'gnomic', 'Gnostic', 'gymnastic', 'gyral', 'alvine', 'epistemic', 'hemal', 'hemic', 'hemiparasitic', 'haemophilic', 'humoral', 'chylaceous', 'chylific', 'chyliferous', 'iconic', 'ichorous', 'icosahedral', 'icterogenic', 'ictal', 'igneous', 'iridic', 'iridic', 'jugular', 'marital', 'resinated', 'sulphuretted', 'mastoid', 'mastoid', 'phocine', 'saurian', 'stearic', 'vinous', 'tegular', 'dyadic', 'algebraic', 'biblical', 'biblical', 'postbiblical', 'Koranic', 'polymorphic', 'polymorphous', 'polyphonic', 'contrapuntal', 'polyphonic', 'lyric', 'lyric', 'perianal', 'pericardial', 'perineal', 'peroneal', 'poetic', 'poetic', 'political', 'political', 'phonetic', 'phonetic', 'phonemic', 'philosophic', 'Rousseauan', 'personal', 'personal', 'intensive', 'infernal', 'litigious', 'acronymic', 'apostolic', 'phenomenal', 'eudemonic', 'eukaryotic', 'prokaryotic', 'pectoral', 'pastoral', 'particularistic', 'parturient', 'patellar', 'pathological', 'palatine', 'palatine', 'pictorial', 'optical', 'objective', 'possessive', 'nuclear', 'nuclear', 'nucleated', 'visceral', 'narcotic', 'mystic', 'mystic', 'carbonaceous', 'Melanesian', 'melodic', 'monumental', 'modal', 'modal', 'millenary', 'millennial', 'millenarian', 'metropolitan', 'meteoric', 'meteorologic', 'metaphysical', 'metastable', 'meridian', 'mercurial', 'Mercurial', 'Mercurial', 'Mesoamerican', 'mesoblastic', 'Mesozoic', 'messianic', 'muciferous', 'mucosal', 'murine', 'musical', 'musicological', 'exteroceptive', 'proprioceptive', 'interoceptive', 'perceptive', 'acoustic', 'auditory', 'gustatory', 'haptic', 'ocellated', 'octal', 'ocular', 'ocular', 'orbital', 'suborbital', 'kinesthetic', 'angelic', 'seraphic', 'ethereal', 'firmamental', 'elysian', 'diocesan', 'eparchial', 'parochial', 'regional', 'vicinal', 'conjugal', 'binocular', 'cultural', 'cultural', 'sociocultural', 'multicultural', 'cross-cultural', 'transcultural', 'transactinide', 'transcendental', 'transuranic', 'burlesque', 'vascular', 'avascular', 'cardiovascular', 'choral', 'choric', 'chorionic', 'communist', 'post-communist', 'Marxist', 'Marxist-Leninist', 'Bolshevik', 'cutaneous', 'dermal', 'cuticular', 'ectodermal', 'encysted', 'endermic', 'endogenous', 'hypodermal', 'hypodermic', 'hypoglycemic', 'hypovolemic', 'intradermal', 'facial', 'mandibular', 'mandibulofacial', 'maxillary', 'maxillodental', 'maxillofacial', 'maxillomandibular', 'interfacial', 'lacrimal', 'lacrimal', 'lacrimatory', 'menstrual', 'mural', 'extralinguistic', 'papal', 'Peloponnesian', 'pubic', 'viral', 'grammatical', 'syntactic', 'glossopharyngeal', 'glottal', 'glottochronological', 'lexicostatistic', 'focal', 'genital', 'genitourinary', 'feline', 'laryngeal', 'laryngopharyngeal', 'zygotic', 'uninucleate', 'multinucleate', 'muscular', 'musculoskeletal', 'intramuscular', 'neuroendocrine', 'neurogenic', 'neuroglial', 'neuromatous', 'neuromuscular', 'nephritic', 'nephritic', 'neurotoxic', 'neurotropic', 'parental', 'filial', 'spinal', 'atomic', 'monatomic', 'diatomic', 'polyatomic', 'subatomic', 'client-server', 'clinical', 'subclinical', 'postal', 'continental', 'Continental', 'continental', 'lexical', 'nonlexical', 'lexical', 'psychosexual', 'sexagesimal', 'sex-limited', 'sex-linked', 'sexual', 'coital', 'marine', 'marine', 'multilevel', 'multiphase', 'muzzle-loading', 'littoral', 'sublittoral', 'surgical', 'nonsurgical', 'open-hearth', 'ophthalmic', 'ophthalmic', 'physiotherapeutic', 'nautical', 'thalassic', 'oceanic', 'transoceanic', 'ursine', 'intravenous', 'montane', 'mechanical', 'mechanical', 'zoological', 'zoological', 'protozoological', 'protozoal', 'rental', 'rental', 'rickettsial', 'ritual', 'ritual', 'fetal', 'juvenile', 'herbal', 'doctoral', 'pediatric', 'kinetic', 'mammary', 'neural', 'sensorineural', 'sensorimotor', 'occupational', 'pelvic', 'frontal', 'bucolic', 'Masonic', 'masonic', 'Masoretic', 'masted', 'migrational', 'mnemonic', 'parietal', 'statuary', 'tubal', 'velar', 'documentary', 'iambic', 'structural', 'structural', 'anatomic', 'anatomic', 'architectural', 'tectonic', 'organizational', 'cogitative', 'cognitive', 'mental', 'cultural', 'factual', 'achondroplastic', 'ateleiotic', 'ecclesiastical', 'priestly', 'sacerdotal', 'molar', 'molar', 'molal', 'molar', 'molecular', 'bimolecular', 'intramolecular', 'intermolecular', 'macerative', 'macrencephalic', 'macrocephalic', 'microcephalic', 'microelectronic', 'machine_readable', 'macromolecular', 'isotopic', 'isothermic', 'microcosmic', 'micrometeoric', 'micropylar', 'macrocosmic', 'mucinous', 'mucinoid', 'mucocutaneous', 'mucopurulent', 'mucous', 'mucoid', 'colloidal', 'administrative', 'managerial', 'supervisory', 'nervous', 'latinate', 'latitudinal', 'Florentine', 'earthen', 'earthy', 'monometallic', 'brazen', 'geological', 'psychological', 'psychogenetic', 'psychogenetic', 'sociological', 'demographic', 'ecological', 'ecological', 'theological', 'anthropological', 'paleoanthropological', 'computational', 'athletic', 'astrophysical', 'geopolitical', 'thermodynamic', 'geophysical', 'seismological', 'peptic', 'duodenal', 'neuropsychological', 'neurophysiological', 'navigational', 'differential', 'deconstructionist', 'rationalist', 'calligraphic', 'lexicographic', 'orthographic', 'telegraphic', 'typographic', 'astrological', 'syllogistic', 'necromantic', 'lithomantic', 'mechanistic', 'chiromantic', 'parametric', 'nonparametric', 'statistical', 'nihilistic', 'spiritualistic', 'supernaturalist', 'operationalist', 'operatic', 'trigonometric', 'pharmacological', 'toxicological', 'psychiatric', 'oncological', 'psychoanalytical', 'psychometric', 'psychomotor', 'psychotherapeutic', 'therapeutic', 'neuroanatomic', 'virological', 'bacteriological', 'cardiologic', 'endocrine', 'enolic', 'exocrine', 'endodontic', 'endoparasitic', 'orthodontic', 'periodontic', 'dermatologic', 'exodontic', 'geriatric', 'geriatric', 'German-American', 'gynecological', 'gymnosophical', 'gymnospermous', 'hematologic', 'obstetric', 'neurological', 'spectrometric', 'spectroscopic', 'mass_spectroscopic', 'mass-spectrometric', 'electron_microscopic', 'microscopic', 'insurrectional', 'conspiratorial', 'domestic', 'econometric', 'criminological', 'classicistic', 'historical', 'ahistorical', 'ontological', 'pietistic', 'fascist', 'Catholic', 'Anglo-catholic', 'Anglo-Indian', 'Roman', 'Roman', 'Roman', 'Roman', 'Jewish', 'Judaic', 'Anglo-Jewish', 'evangelical', 'evangelical', 'evangelistic', 'Muslim', 'Hindu', 'Hmong', 'Buddhist', 'sculptural', 'evaporative', 'Confucian', 'Shinto', 'Kokka', 'Shuha', 'Rastafarian', 'Jain', 'Taoist', 'Taoist', 'textual', 'Tantric', 'magnetic', 'electromagnetic', 'Avestan', 'Zoroastrian', 'capillary', 'automotive', 'horticultural', 'cervical', 'American', 'American', 'anti-American', 'pro-American', 'Indian', 'Indian', 'North_American', 'South_American', 'South_African', 'asymptotic', 'subtropical', 'tropical', 'equatorial', 'equatorial', 'rational', 'irrational', 'anionic', 'cationic', 'Satanic', 'angular', 'rabbinical', 'arteriosclerotic', 'idolatrous', 'sacramental', 'theist', 'deist', 'pantheist', 'nocturnal', 'mensural', 'mensural', 'mensal', 'epicarpal', 'epithelial', 'epitheliod', 'pancreatic', 'ovarian', 'ovine', 'ovular', 'ovular', 'uterine', 'intrauterine', 'testicular', 'rectal', 'rectosigmoid', 'monozygotic', 'dizygotic', 'synaptic', 'dendritic', 'iliac', 'lobar', 'lobate', 'abdominal', 'hormonal', 'hemispheric', 'occipital', 'pneumonic', 'pneumonic', 'intrapulmonary', 'intestinal', 'skeletal', 'skinny', 'adjectival', 'adverbial', 'morphemic', 'bimorphemic', 'monomorphemic', 'polymorphemic', 'morphophonemic', 'clausal', 'phrasal', 'infinitival', 'pronominal', 'indexical', 'indexless', 'cruciferous', 'mathematical', 'choreographic', 'runic', 'scriptural', 'pentatonic', 'anaphoric', 'anapestic', 'rhetorical', 'tectonic', 'riparian', 'Martian', 'actuarial', 'psycholinguistic', 'robotic', 'rotatory', 'epicyclic', 'expansionist', 'experimental', 'expiatory', 'familial', 'etiological', 'etiological', 'exuvial', 'behavioral', 'African', 'East_African', 'East_Indian', 'Afro-Asian', 'phenotypical', 'genotypical', 'ontogenetic', 'phylogenetic', 'environmental', 'environmental', 'methodological', 'cross-sectional', 'sectional', 'trabecular', 'tracheal', 'tractive', 'transdermal', 'transitional', 'traumatic', 'trophic', 'tympanic', 'tympanic', 'tympanitic', 'perceptual', 'libidinal', 'epileptic', 'developmental', 'pedagogical', 'educational', 'prehistoric', 'Atlantic', 'Pacific', 'transatlantic', 'synergistic', 'monistic', 'dualistic', 'pluralistic', 'pleural', 'hilar', 'labyrinthine', 'lobular', 'interlobular', 'intralobular', 'anastomotic', 'bronchial', 'arteriolar', 'bronchiolar', 'rhombic', 'trapezoidal', 'physiological', 'morphologic', 'geomorphologic', 'morphologic', 'occlusive', 'ohmic', 'mortuary', 'mortuary', 'funerary', 'strategic', 'tactical', 'cinerary', 'circulatory', 'veinal', 'circulative', 'euphonic', 'metamorphic', 'sedimentary', 'Christian', 'Judeo-Christian', 'Protestant', 'universalistic', 'Calvinist', 'fundamentalist', 'Orthodox', 'Orthodox', 'radio', 'dipolar', 'deformational', 'totemic', 'Anglican', 'Baptistic', 'Congregational', 'Episcopal', 'revivalistic', 'Lutheran', 'Methodist', 'Mormon', 'Unitarian', 'orchestral', 'orchestrated', 'communicative', 'autosomal', 'chromatic', 'chromosomal', 'chronological', 'Italian', 'Russian', 'German', 'East_German', 'Celtic', 'Britannic', 'Teutonic', 'French', 'Spanish', 'Iberian', 'Lusitanian', 'Portuguese', 'Sicilian', 'Soviet', 'Finnish', 'Swedish', 'Norwegian', 'Scandinavian', 'Danish', 'Belgian', 'Dutch', 'Luxembourgian', 'Swiss', 'Austrian', 'Polish', 'Polynesian', 'Hungarian', 'Czech', 'Yugoslavian', 'Romanian', 'Baltic', 'Baltic', 'Latvian', 'Lithuanian', 'Moldovan', 'Kyrgyzstani', 'Tajikistani', 'Turkmen', 'Ukrainian', 'Uzbekistani', 'Serbian', 'Croatian', 'Slovenian', 'Slovakian', 'Bosnian', 'Chinese', 'Sinitic', 'Japanese', 'exponential', 'paradigmatic', 'paradigmatic', 'Tibetan', 'Himalayan', 'Chilean', 'Peruvian', 'Ecuadorian', 'Panamanian', 'Venezuelan', 'Brazilian', 'Argentine', 'Paraguayan', 'Uruguayan', 'Bolivian', 'Colombian', 'Korean', 'North_Korean', 'South_Korean', 'European', 'Asian', 'Cambodian', 'Manchurian', 'Honduran', 'Salvadoran', 'Cuban', 'Bavarian', 'Byzantine', 'Byzantine', 'Ottoman', 'Seljuk', 'Neapolitan', 'Milanese', 'Tuscan', 'Venetian', 'Tyrolean', 'Viennese', 'Glaswegian', 'Egyptian', 'Hindustani', 'Nepalese', 'Indonesian', 'Alsatian', 'Athenian', 'Spartan', 'Thracian', 'Israeli', 'Genoese', 'tragic', 'comic', 'tragicomic', 'abyssal', 'neritic', 'baroque', 'bathyal', 'hadal', 'operculate', 'Palestinian', 'infernal', 'cortical', 'metabolic', 'metastatic', 'gonadal', 'agonadal', 'diagnostic', 'gastrointestinal', 'gastronomic', 'carnal', 'cross-modal', 'functional', 'neurotic', 'epidemiologic', 'qualitative', 'quantal', 'quantitative', 'Quebecois', 'Assamese', 'Austronesian', 'Algerian', 'Andorran', 'Monacan', 'Galwegian', 'Calcuttan', 'circadian', 'rhinal', 'perinasal', 'otic', 'retinal', 'orbital', 'suborbital', 'reductionist', 'maturational', 'dynamic', 'hydrodynamic', 'aerodynamic', 'rheologic', 'meteoritic', 'micrometeoritic', 'cometary', 'asteroidal', 'piezoelectric', 'thyroid', 'thyrotoxic', 'thyroid', 'antithyroid', 'congressional', 'instructional', 'catechismal', 'catechetical', 'catechistic', 'Canadian', 'necrotic', 'hypothalamic', 'cortico-hypothalamic', 'thalamocortical', 'gestational', 'progestational', 'progestational', 'emotional', 'macrobiotic', 'biotic', 'gubernatorial', 'presidential', 'vice-presidential', 'copular', 'coronary', 'corporate', 'corporatist', 'corpuscular', 'dimensional', 'volumed', 'volumetric', 'hypothermic', 'hyperthermal', 'yogistic', 'botulinal', 'logistic', 'organicistic', 'organismal', 'artifactual', 'mutafacient', 'mutagenic', 'mutational', 'mutative', 'mutant', 'incident', 'serologic', 'chromatographic', 'national', 'national', 'national', 'nativist', 'nativist', 'naturistic', 'congeneric', 'specific', 'conspecific', 'experiential', 'medieval', 'mediatorial', 'mediatory', 'curatorial', 'proverbial', 'epiphyseal', 'diaphyseal', 'theocratic', 'comparative', 'artistic', 'aesthetic', 'official', 'teleological', 'sentential', 'intrasentential', 'cross-sentential', 'scopal', 'simian', 'bubaline', 'embolic', 'falconine', 'ferial', 'faucal', 'future', 'futuristic', 'gallinaceous', 'geodetic', 'heraldic', 'humanitarian', 'homophonous', 'hyperbolic', 'lacustrine', 'liturgical', 'locomotive', 'logarithmic', 'Markovian', 'marmorean', 'marly', 'mesonic', 'marsupial', 'mercantile', 'metric', 'non-metric', 'mythic', 'nacreous', 'normative', 'North_African', 'ordinal', 'palatal', 'Paleozoic', 'parabolic', 'pharyngeal', 'phrenic', 'prosodic', 'appetitive', 'aversive', 'promissory', 'quartan', 'quarterly', 'quartzose', 'quintessential', 'roentgenographic', 'rotary', 'septic', 'semicentennial', 'centennial', 'bicentennial', 'tricentenary', 'sophistic', 'national_socialist', 'Nazi', 'capitalist', 'zymotic', 'zymotic', 'osmotic', 'evolutionary', 'oracular', 'peritoneal', 'Epicurean', 'holographic', 'holographic', 'canonic', 'canonic', 'canonist', 'symphonic', 'contextual', 'nutritional', 'paramagnetic', 'motional', 'hydrometric', 'thermohydrometric', 'ferromagnetic', 'English', 'English', 'Irish', 'Afghani', 'Central_American', 'idiomatic', 'dialectal', 'percussive', 'waxen', 'enzymatic', 'nonenzymatic', 'iodinated', 'dramaturgic', 'autodidactic', 'aneuploid', 'aneurysmal', 'alluvial', 'doctrinal', 'dogmatic', 'providential', 'philanthropic', 'philatelic', 'aerophilatelic', 'pleochroic', 'sternal', 'congestive', 'hemolytic', 'sarcolemmal', 'sarcosomal', 'sternutatory', 'sympathetic', 'urinary', 'urinary', 'atheromatous', 'basophilic', 'intimal', 'coeliac', 'celiac', 'emphysematous', 'granulocytic', 'atrophic', 'mesenteric', 'glomerular', 'calcific', 'fibrocalcific', 'pyknotic', 'eosinophilic', 'papillary', 'papillate', 'vesicular', 'vestibular', 'vertebral', 'neocortical', 'paleocortical', 'limbic', 'fugal', 'parasympathetic', 'parasympathomimetic', 'hypophyseal', 'hyperemic', 'neuropsychiatric', 'psychopharmacological', 'salivary', 'prime', 'nilpotent', 'megakaryocytic', 'megaloblastic', 'myelic', 'myelinic', 'myeloid', 'myeloid', 'myocardial', 'myoid', 'myotonic', 'triumphal', 'Darwinian', 'neo-Darwinian', 'Lamarckian', 'neo-Lamarckian', 'larval', 'operational', 'microbial', 'cochlear', 'lumbar', 'lumbosacral', 'flagellate', 'biflagellate', 'ceramic', 'epic', 'Hellenic', 'Panhellenic', 'Greek', 'Syrian', 'Minoan', 'Mycenaean', 'Aegean', 'Aegean', 'Attic', 'Boeotian', 'Dipylon', 'Argive', 'executive', 'topographical', 'endothelial', 'taxonomic', 'classificatory', 'eutherian', 'proteolytic', 'microsomal', 'mithraic', 'mitotic', 'mitral', 'mitral', 'follicular', 'philological', 'dystopian', 'utopian', 'Stoic', 'patristic', 'sapphirine', 'saprophytic', 'saprobic', 'katharobic', 'cubist', 'tomentose', 'hyoid', 'geographic', 'shouldered', 'shrubby', 'etymological', 'British', 'epiphytic', 'lithophytic', 'budgetary', 'propagandist', 'isolationist', 'ascomycetous', 'pianistic', 'pianistic', 'Parisian', 'dialectic', 'Turkish', 'Eurafrican', 'Eurasian', 'Moroccan', 'Scots', 'Corsican', 'Sardinian', 'Alpine', 'alpine', 'Andean', 'myrmecophytic', 'tuberous', 'semi-tuberous', 'saponaceous', 'umbellate', 'narial', 'Cartesian', 'Mexican', 'Tudor', 'Shavian', 'Shakespearian', 'Skinnerian', 'Falstaffian', 'Victorian', 'Gaussian', 'Aeschylean', 'Alexandrian', 'Aristotelian', 'Audenesque', 'Balzacian', 'Beethovenian', 'Bismarckian', 'Bogartian', 'Caesarian', 'cesarean', 'Coleridgian', 'Columbian', 'pre-Columbian', 'Cromwellian', 'Dantean', 'Demosthenic', 'Deweyan', 'Donnean', 'Dostoevskian', 'Draconian', 'Einsteinian', 'Elizabethan', 'Erasmian', 'Freudian', 'Frostian', 'Gandhian', 'Gauguinesque', 'Goethean', 'Handelian', 'Hegelian', 'Hemingwayesque', 'Hitlerian', 'Hittite', 'Hugoesque', 'Huxleyan', 'Ibsenian', 'Proustian', 'Ptolemaic', 'Socratic', 'Jungian', 'Kantian', 'Keynesian', 'Kiplingesque', 'Leibnizian', 'Leonardesque', 'Lincolnesque', 'Lutheran', 'Marian', 'Michelangelesque', 'Muhammadan', 'Mosaic', 'most-favored-nation', 'Mozartian', 'Napoleonic', 'Newtonian', 'Pasteurian', 'Pavlovian', 'Piagetian', 'eponymous', 'Pythagorean', 'Wagnerian', 'Washingtonian', 'Washingtonian', 'Washingtonian', 'Washingtonian', 'Rembrandtesque', 'Riemannian', 'Rooseveltian', 'Senecan', 'Stravinskyan', 'Thoreauvian', 'Voltarian', 'Wordsworthian', 'Wittgensteinian', 'Yeatsian', 'Zolaesque', 'Hebraic', 'Hebraic', 'monocarpic', 'puerperal', 'acetic', 'actinic', 'aldermanic', 'alexic', 'dyslexic', 'monochromatic', 'Moravian', 'dichromatic', 'ambassadorial', 'amoebic', 'anemic', 'anaesthetic', 'ablative', 'accusatorial', 'inquisitorial', 'West_African', 'Afrikaans', 'aneroid', 'Angolan', 'Anguillan', 'prenuptial', 'postnuptial', 'anti-semitic', 'Antiguan', 'antiquarian', 'antiquarian', 'appellate', 'anecdotal', 'Arabian', 'Arabian', 'Arabic', 'arithmetical', 'armorial', 'aspectual', 'asphyxiated', 'audio-lingual', 'Augustan', 'Australian', 'Bahamian', 'Bahraini', 'Bangladeshi', 'Bantoid', 'Bantu', 'Bantu-speaking', 'baptismal', 'Barbadian', 'bardic', 'Benedictine', 'Benedictine', 'Bengali', 'Beninese', 'Bermudan', 'Bhutanese', 'bilabial', 'binomial', 'biographic', 'bituminous', 'bituminoid', 'bivalent', 'bivariate', 'bladdery', 'bladed', 'bladed', 'blastemal', 'blastocoelic', 'blastodermatic', 'blastomeric', 'blastomycotic', 'blastoporal', 'blastospheric', 'boric', 'Bruneian', 'bubonic', 'Bulgarian', 'bungaloid', 'bureaucratic', 'burglarious', 'Burmese', 'Burundi', 'Californian', 'Cameroonian', 'cannibalistic', 'cantonal', 'carboniferous', 'Carmelite', 'carpal', 'casuistic', 'casuistic', 'Catalan', 'Catalan', 'cataleptic', 'catalytic', 'catatonic', 'Chadian', 'citric', 'citrous', 'citrous', 'climatic', 'Cockney', 'cockney', 'commemorative', 'concessive', 'Congolese', 'consular', 'Coptic', 'Costa_Rican', 'creaseproof', 'creedal', 'Creole', 'Creole', 'Cretaceous', 'cretaceous', 'cybernetic', 'cyclonic', 'cyclonic', 'cyclopean', 'cyclothymic', 'Cyprian', 'Cyrillic', 'dacitic', 'dactylic', 'daisylike', 'Dalmatian', 'damascene', 'defervescent', 'departmental', 'interdepartmental', 'intradepartmental', 'digestive', 'Delphic', 'demagogic', 'diabetic', 'disciplinary', 'interdisciplinary', 'disciplinary', 'divisional', 'Djiboutian', 'dogmatic', 'dolomitic', 'domiciliary', 'Dominican', 'Dominican', 'ducal', 'ductless', 'Edwardian', 'elocutionary', 'empiric', 'endometrial', 'endoscopic', 'enteric', 'entomological', 'entozoan', 'epizoan', 'entrepreneurial', 'Eritrean', 'Ethiopian', 'ethnographic', 'ethnological', 'euclidian', 'Fabian', 'fatalist', 'faecal', 'feudatory', 'Fijian', 'Filipino', 'Flemish', 'Franciscan', 'Gabonese', 'Gallic', 'Gambian', 'genealogic', 'Georgian', 'Georgian', 'Georgian', 'Georgian', 'Germanic', 'Ghanaian', 'Gibraltarian', 'Gilbertian', 'gladiatorial', 'glandular', 'gonadotropic', 'Gothic', 'Gothic', 'Gothic', 'green', 'greenhouse', 'greenside', 'Gregorian', 'Gregorian', 'Grenadian', 'growing', 'Guatemalan', 'Guinean', 'Guyanese', 'gyroscopic', 'Haitian', 'Hanoverian', 'Hispaniolan', 'Hispanic', 'histological', 'Hertzian', 'hiplength', 'Hippocratic', 'homeopathic', 'allopathic', 'Homeric', 'homiletic', 'homiletic', 'hydraulic', 'hydraulic', 'hydropathic', 'Icelandic', 'imperialistic', 'Indo-European', 'Indo-European', 'tribal', 'intertribal', 'Iranian', 'Iraqi', 'Italic', 'italic', 'Jacksonian', 'Jacobean', 'Jacobinic', 'Jamaican', 'Javanese', 'Jesuitical', 'Jordanian', 'journalistic', 'Jovian', 'Jovian', 'Julian', 'karyokinetic', 'Kashmiri', 'Kazakhstani', 'Kenyan', 'knee-length', 'Kurdish', 'Kuwaiti', 'Kuwaiti', 'Lancastrian', 'Lancastrian', 'Laotian', 'Lao', 'Laputan', 'Latin', 'Latin', 'Romance', 'Latin', 'Lebanese', 'lenten', 'Levantine', 'Liberian', 'Libyan', 'Liechtensteiner', 'Lilliputian', 'lithographic', 'Liverpudlian', 'Luxemburger', 'Luxemburger', 'Macedonian', 'Machiavellian', 'Madagascan', 'malarial', 'Malawian', 'Malay', 'Malaysian', 'Malian', 'Maltese', 'Malthusian', 'Mancunian', 'manorial', 'Manx', 'Mauritanian', 'mayoral', 'Mediterranean', 'megalithic', 'membranous', 'Mendelian', 'mentholated', 'meritocratic', 'metacarpal', 'metallurgical', 'metatarsal', 'methylated', 'milch', 'millenary', 'mineral', 'Mongol', 'Mongolian', 'mongoloid', 'Mongoloid', 'mongoloid', 'Montserratian', 'Moorish', 'Mozambican', 'Mozambican', 'Muscovite', 'Namibian', 'Nauruan', 'Neanderthal', 'nebular', 'nectariferous', 'nectar-rich', 'eolithic', 'mesolithic', 'neolithic', 'paleolithic', 'neuralgic', 'neurasthenic', 'Nicaean', 'Nicaraguan', 'Nigerian', 'Nigerian', 'Nilotic', 'Nilotic', 'nitrogen-fixing', 'nitrogenous', 'azotic', 'nodular', 'nontranslational', 'Nordic', 'Nordic', 'Norman', 'Norman', 'Olympic', 'Olympian', 'Olympian', 'Omani', 'open-source', 'optative', 'optative', 'subjunctive', 'implicational', 'imperative', 'indicative', 'interrogative', 'ornithological', 'orthopedic', 'orthoptic', 'outdoor', 'Oxonian', 'Oxonian', 'Pakistani', 'palatial', 'Papuan', 'paralytic', 'parenteral', 'parenteral', 'Parthian', 'participial', 'partitive', 'partitive', 'patronymic', 'pectic', 'penile', 'scrotal', 'peninsular', 'pentavalent', 'pentecostal', 'pentecostal', 'pharmaceutical', 'pharmaceutical', 'philharmonic', 'Philistine', 'phonic', 'phonic', 'phosphorous', 'pineal', 'piratical', 'piratical', 'piscatorial', 'pituitary', 'polygonal', 'polynomial', 'porcine', 'porphyritic', 'postganglionic', 'postictal', 'postmillennial', 'postural', 'praetorian', 'Pre-Raphaelite', 'prepositional', 'primiparous', 'prismatic', 'prefectural', 'probabilistic', 'probabilistic', 'procedural', 'processional', 'processional', 'proconsular', 'promotional', 'promotional', 'propulsive', 'Prussian', 'pudendal', 'puerile', 'pugilistic', 'Carthaginian', 'purgatorial', 'purgatorial', 'puritanical', 'pyemic', 'pyloric', 'pyogenic', 'pyrectic', 'pyrochemical', 'pyroelectric', 'pyrogallic', 'pyrogenic', 'pyrographic', 'pyroligneous', 'pyrolytic', 'pyrotechnic', 'pyrrhic', 'pyrrhic', 'pyrrhic', 'Qatari', 'quadratic', 'biquadratic', 'quadratic', 'quadraphonic', 'quincentennial', 'Quechuan', 'Rabelaisian', 'rayless', 'recessionary', 'recessional', 'redemptive', 'regimental', 'residential', 'residuary', 'resistive', 'respiratory', 'inspiratory', 'expiratory', 'responsive', 'retentive', 'reversionary', 'Rhenish', 'rhizomatous', 'rhizoidal', 'rhomboid', 'ritualistic', 'romaic', 'Romany', 'rotational', 'Rwandan', 'Sabahan', 'Sabbatarian', 'sabbatical', 'sabbatical', 'sacral', 'sacrificial', 'Samoan', 'San_Marinese', 'Sarawakian', 'satyric', 'Saudi-Arabian', 'saxicolous', 'Saxon', 'Anglo-Saxon', 'schismatic', 'schizoid', 'scorbutic', 'scotomatous', 'Semite', 'Semitic', 'Senegalese', 'sericultural', 'serous', 'Seychellois', 'Thai', 'Thai', 'Thai', 'Siberian', 'Sierra_Leonean', 'Singaporean', 'Singaporean', 'Singhalese', 'Sinhala', 'Sri_Lankan', 'Slav', 'Slavonic', 'small-capitalization', 'Somalian', 'Sotho', 'spastic', 'spicate', 'spiny-finned', 'spondaic', 'stereoscopic', 'stereoscopic', 'stigmatic', 'stingless', 'stipendiary', 'substantival', 'gerundial', 'Sudanese', 'sulphuric', 'Sumatran', 'Swazi', 'syphilitic', 'systolic', 'extrasystolic', 'Tahitian', 'Taiwanese', 'tabular', 'Tamil', 'tannic', 'Tanzanian', 'tarsal', 'tartaric', 'telephonic', 'terminological', 'terpsichorean', 'tertian', 'tertian', 'tetanic', 'tetanic', 'tetravalent', 'Texan', 'textile', 'theosophical', 'thermionic', 'thermometric', 'thermostatic', 'thespian', 'Tobagonian', 'Togolese', 'Tongan', 'tonsorial', 'translational', 'Triassic', 'Trinidadian', 'trihydroxy', 'trivalent', 'trochaic', 'Trojan', 'trophoblastic', 'trophotropic', 'Tunisian', 'Tunisian', 'Turkic', 'tutorial', 'Ugandan', 'uric', 'uricosuric', 'uvular', 'vaginal', 'valvular', 'vehicular', 'vestal', 'vestiary', 'vestmental', 'veterinary', 'vibrionic', 'viceregal', 'Vietnamese', 'vocative', 'voyeuristic', 'weatherly', 'Welsh', 'wheaten', 'Wiccan', 'oaten', 'woolen', 'xerographic', 'Yemeni', 'Zairean', 'Zambian', 'New_Zealander', 'zenithal', 'Zimbabwean', 'Zionist', 'Zionist', 'zonal', 'bizonal', 'zodiacal', 'ammoniated', 'Briton', 'carroty', 'philhellenic', 'boreal', 'boreal', 'axillary', 'paniculate', 'phyllodial', 'rupestral', 'Kafkaesque', 'Faustian', 'invitational', 'involucrate', 'scalar', 'scalar', 'anthropocentric', 'ethnocentric', 'deictic', 'shallow-draft', 'shamanist', 'shambolic', 'shaped', 'sharp-pointed', 'shelflike', 'Shona', 'short-handled', 'short-order', 'side-to-side', 'striate', 'sulcate', 'hymenal', 'hymeneal', 'servomechanical', 'onomatopoeic', 'commercial', 'dictyopteran', 'isopteran', 'obligational', 'oscine', 'osseous', 'ossicular', 'ossiferous', 'osteal', 'abolitionary', 'abomasal', 'absolutist', 'accentual', 'accessional', 'accipitrine', 'accommodational', 'acculturational', 'centromeric', 'acentric', 'acrocentric', 'metacentric', 'metacentric', 'mud-brick', 'telocentric', 'anaphylactic', 'bronchoscopic', 'bryophytic', 'bulbaceous', 'bulbed', 'bulbar', 'racial', 'scalic', 'rosaceous', 'Rosicrucian', 'streptococcal', 'subclavian', 'thalloid', 'thallophytic', 'ulcerative', 'ultramicroscopic', 'ultramontane', 'undescended', 'undulatory', 'universalistic', 'point-of-sale', 'vasomotor', 'vesical', 'viscometric', 'viricidal', 'vitiliginous', 'ratlike', 'salamandriform', 'salvific', 'shakedown', 'sidearm', 'varicelliform', 'wedge-shaped', 'wiry', 'WYSIWYG', 'X-linked', 'yeasty', 'Yuman', 'Zapotec', 'zero', 'zoonotic', 'zygomatic', 'zymoid', '.22_caliber', '.38_caliber', '.45_caliber', 'nosohusial', 'avenged', 'unavenged', 'beaten', 'calibrated', 'cantering', 'collected', 'uncollected', 'contested', 'uncontested', 'corbelled', 'elapsed', 'forced', 'hammered', 'hand-held', 'held', 'streaming', 'surmounted', 'filled', 'unfilled', 'fitted', 'hypophysectomized', 'malted', 'unmalted', 'marched_upon', 'mercerized', 'mounded_over', 'operating', 'oxidized', 'parked', 'pasteurized', 'unpasteurized', 'penciled', 'pitched', 'played', 'plugged', 'posed', 'unposed', 'posted', 'preconceived', 'punishing', 'pursued', 'ranging', 're-created', 'regenerating', 'ridged', 'sanitized', 'shrieked', 'sintered', 'sluicing', 'spray-dried', 'squashed', 'stacked', 'strung', 'sublimed', 'thoriated', 'transpiring', 'sought', 'closed-captioned', 'saponified', 'unsaponified'];\r\n\r\nexport const adjective_definitions = {'able': 'having a strong healthy body; \"an able seaman\"; \"every able-bodied young man served in the army\"', 'unable': '(usually followed by `to\\') lacking necessary physical or mental ability; \"dyslexics are unable to learn to read adequately\"; \"the sun was unable to melt enough snow\"', 'abaxial': 'facing away from the axis of an organ or organism; \"the abaxial surface of a leaf is the underside or side facing away from the stem\"', 'adaxial': 'nearest to or facing toward the axis of an organ or organism; \"the upper side of a leaf is known as the adaxial surface\"', 'acroscopic': 'facing or on the side toward the apex', 'basiscopic': 'facing or on the side toward the base', 'abducent': 'especially of muscles; drawing away from the midline of the body or from an adjacent part', 'adducent': 'especially of muscles; bringing together or drawing toward the midline of the body or toward an adjacent part', 'nascent': ' being born or beginning; \"the nascent chicks\"; \"a nascent insurgency\"', 'emergent': 'occurring unexpectedly and requiring urgent action; \"emergent repair of an aorta\"', 'dissilient': 'bursting open with force, as do some ripe seed vessels', 'parturient': 'of or relating to or giving birth; \"parturient pangs\"; \"the parturient uterus\"', 'dying': 'in or associated with the process of passing from life or ceasing to be; \"a dying man\"; \"his dying wish\"; \"a dying fire\"; \"a dying civilization\"', 'moribund': 'being on the point of death; breathing your last; \"a moribund patient\"', 'last': 'immediately past; \"last Thursday\"; \"the last chapter we read\"', 'abridged': '(used of texts) shortened by condensing or rewriting; \"an abridged version\"', 'cut': '(of a male animal) having the testicles removed; \"a cut horse\"', 'half-length': 'representing only the upper half of the body; \"a half-length portrait\"', 'potted': 'of plants; planted or grown in a pot; \"potted geraniums\"', 'unabridged': '(used of texts) not shortened; \"an unabridged novel\"', 'full-length': 'representing or accommodating the entire length; \"a full-length portrait\"', 'absolute': 'expressing finality with no implication of possible change; \"an absolute guarantee to respect the nation\\'s authority\"', 'direct': 'being an immediate result or consequence; \"a direct result of the accident\"', 'implicit': 'implied though not directly expressed; inherent in the nature of something; \"an implicit agreement not to raise the subject\"; \"there was implicit criticism in his voice\"; \"anger was implicit in the argument\"; \"the oak is implicit in the acorn\"', 'infinite': 'of verbs; having neither person nor number nor mood (as a participle or gerund or infinitive); \"infinite verb form\"', 'living': 'pertaining to living persons; \"within living memory\"', 'relative': 'estimated by comparison; not absolute or complete; \"a relative stranger\"', 'relational': 'having a relation or being related', 'absorbent': 'having power or capacity or tendency to absorb or soak up something (liquids or energy etc.); \"as absorbent as a sponge\"', 'absorbefacient': 'inducing or promoting absorption', 'assimilating': 'capable of taking (gas, light, or liquids) into a solution; \"an assimilative substance', 'hygroscopic': 'absorbing moisture (as from the air)', 'receptive': 'ready or willing to receive favorably; \"receptive to the proposals\"', 'shock-absorbent': 'having the capacity to absorb the energy of an impact; \"the material absorbs shock and is used for shock-absorbent insoles\"', 'spongy': 'easily squashed; resembling a sponge in having soft porous texture and compressibility; \"spongy bread\"', 'thirsty': 'needing moisture; \"thirsty fields under a rainless sky\"', 'nonabsorbent': 'not capable of absorbing or soaking up (liquids)', 'repellent': 'incapable of absorbing or mixing with; \"a water-repellent fabric\"; \"plastic highly resistant to steam and water\"', 'adsorbent': 'having capacity or tendency to adsorb or cause to accumulate on a surface', 'chemisorptive': 'having the capacity to adsorb by chemical as contrasted with physical forces', 'nonadsorbent': 'lacking a capacity to adsorb or cause to accumulate on a surface', 'absorbable': 'capable of being absorbed or taken in through the pores of a surface', 'adsorbable': 'capable of being adsorbed or accumulated on a surface of a solid', 'abstemious': 'marked by temperance in indulgence; \"abstemious with the use of adverbs\"; \"a light eater\"; \"a light smoker\"; \"ate a light supper\"', 'abstinent': 'self-restraining; not indulging an appetite especially for food or drink; \"not totally abstinent but abstemious\"', 'ascetic': 'pertaining to or characteristic of an ascetic or the practice of rigorous self-discipline; \"ascetic practices\"', 'gluttonous': 'given to excess in consumption of especially food or drink; \"over-fed women and their gluttonous husbands\"; \"a gluttonous debauch\"; \"a gluttonous appetite for food and praise and pleasure\"', 'crapulous': 'given to gross intemperance in eating or drinking; \"a crapulous old reprobate\"', 'crapulent': 'suffering from excessive eating or drinking; \"crapulent sleep\"; \"a crapulous stomach\"', 'edacious': 'devouring or craving food in great quantities; \"edacious vultures\"; \"a rapacious appetite\"; \"ravenous as wolves\"; \"voracious sharks\"', 'greedy': 'wanting to eat or drink more than one can reasonably consume; \"don\\'t be greedy with the cookies\"', 'hoggish': 'resembling swine; coarsely gluttonous or greedy; \"piggish table manners\"; \"the piggy fat-cheeked little boy and his porcine pot-bellied father\"; \"swinish slavering over food\"', 'overgreedy': 'excessively gluttonous', 'abstract': 'not representing or imitating external reality or the objects of nature; \"a large abstract painting\"', 'conceptional': 'being of the nature of a notion or concept; \"a plan abstract and conceptional\"; \"to improve notional comprehension\"; \"a notional response to the question\"', 'conceptual': 'being or characterized by concepts or their formation; \"conceptual discussions\"; \"the schizophrenic loses ability to abstract or do conceptual thinking\"; \"sex is a notional category, gender is a grammatical category\"', 'ideal': 'of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of the reality of ideas', 'ideological': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation', 'concrete': 'formed by the coalescence of particles', 'objective': 'serving as or indicating the object of a verb or of certain prepositions and used for certain other purposes; \"objective case\"; \"accusative endings\"', 'real': '(of property) fixed or immovable; \"real property consists of land and buildings\"', 'abundant': 'present in great quantity; \"an abundant supply of water\"', 'abounding': 'existing in abundance; \"abounding confidence\"; \"whiskey galore\"', 'ample': 'fairly large; \"a sizable fortune\"; \"an ample waistline\"; \"of ample proportions\"', 'copious': 'large in number or quantity (especially of discourse); \"she took copious notes\"; \"a subject of voluminous legislation\"', 'easy': 'readily exploited or tricked; \"an easy victim\"; \"an easy mark\"', 'exuberant': 'produced or growing in extreme abundance; \"their riotous blooming\"', 'thick': 'relatively dense in consistency; \"thick cream\"; \"thick soup\"; \"thick smoke\"; \"thick fog\"', 'long': 'of relatively great height; \"a race of long gaunt men\"- Sherwood Anderson; \"looked out the long French windows\"', 'overabundant': 'excessively abundant', 'plentiful': 'existing in great number or quantity; \"rhinoceroses were once plentiful here\"', 'rampant': 'rearing on left hind leg with forelegs elevated and head usually in profile; \"a lion rampant\"', 'rank': 'very offensive in smell or taste; \"a rank cigar\"', 'superabundant': 'most excessively abundant', 'teeming': 'abundantly filled with especially living things; \"the Third World\\'s teeming millions\"; \"the teeming boulevard\"', 'torrential': 'relating to or resulting from the action of a torrent; \"torrential erosion\"; \"torrential adaptations seen in some aquatic forms\"', 'verdant': 'characterized by abundance of verdure', 'scarce': 'deficient in quantity or number compared with the demand; \"fresh vegetables were scarce during the drought\"', 'rare': 'having low density; \"rare gasses\"; \"lightheaded from the rarefied mountain air\"', 'tight': 'set so close together as to be invulnerable to penetration; \"in tight formation\"; \"a tight blockade\"', 'abused': 'used improperly or excessively especially drugs; \"an abused substance\"', 'battered': 'damaged especially by hard usage; \"his battered old hat\"', 'unabused': 'not physically abused; treated properly', 'acceptable': 'judged to be in conformity with approved usage; \"acceptable English usage\"', 'bankable': 'guaranteed to bring a profit; \"without bankable stars the film script aroused no interest\"', 'unexceptionable': 'completely acceptable; not open to exception or reproach; \"two unexceptionable witnesses\"; \"a judge\\'s ethics should be unexceptionable\"', 'unobjectionable': 'not objectionable; \"the ends are unobjectionable; it\\'s the means that one can\\'t accept\"', 'unacceptable': 'not conforming to standard usage; \"the following use of `access\\' was judged unacceptable by a panel of linguists; `You can access your cash at any of 300 automatic tellers\\'\"', 'exceptionable': 'liable to objection or debate; used of something one might take exception to; \"a thoroughly unpleasant highly exceptionable piece of writing\"; \"found the politician\\'s views objectionable\"', 'accessible': 'capable of being read with comprehension; \"readily accessible to the nonprofessional reader\"; \"the tales seem more approachable than his more difficult novels\"', 'approachable': 'easy to meet or converse or do business with; \"a friendly approachable person\"', 'come-at-able': 'capable of being reached or attained; \"a very getatable man\"; \"both oil and coal are there but not in getatable locations\"', 'handy': 'easy to use; \"a handy gadget\"', 'inaccessible': 'not capable of being obtained; \"a rare work, today almost inaccessible\"; \"timber is virtually unobtainable in the islands\"; \"untouchable resources buried deep within the earth\"', 'outback': 'inaccessible and sparsely populated;', 'pathless': 'lacking pathways; \"trackless wilderness\"; \"roadless areas\"', 'unapproachable': 'discouraging intimacies; reserved; \"an unapproachable executive\"', 'un-come-at-able': 'difficult to reach or attain', 'accommodating': 'obliging; willing to do favors; \"made a special effort to be accommodating\"', 'complaisant': 'showing a cheerful willingness to do favors for others; \"to close one\\'s eyes like a complaisant husband whose wife has taken a lover\"; \"the obliging waiter was in no hurry for us to leave\"', 'unaccommodating': 'offering no assistance; \"rudely unaccommodating to the customers\"; \"icily neutral, disagreeably unhelpful\"', 'disobliging': 'intentionally unaccommodating; \"the action was not offensive to him but proved somewhat disobliging\"', 'accurate': '(of ideas, images, representations, expressions) characterized by perfect conformity to fact or truth ; strictly correct; \"a precise image\"; \"a precise measurement\"', 'close': 'of textiles; \"a close weave\"; \"smooth percale with a very tight weave\"', 'dead-on': 'accurate and to the point; \"a dead-on feel for characterization\"; \"She avoids big scenes...preferring to rely on small gestures and dead-on dialogue\"- Peter S.Prescott', 'high-fidelity': 'characterized by minimal distortion in sound reproduction; \"a high-fidelity recording\"; \"a hi-fi system\"', 'surgical': 'of or relating to or involving or used in surgery; \"surgical instruments\"; \"surgical intervention\"', 'straight': 'neatly arranged; not disorderly; \"the room is straight now\"', 'true': 'conforming to definitive criteria; \"the horseshoe crab is not a true crab\"; \"Pythagoras was the first true mathematician\"', 'veracious': 'habitually speaking the truth; \"a veracious witness\"', 'inaccurate': 'not exact; \"an inaccurate translation\"; \"the thermometer is inaccurate\"', 'away': 'not present; having left; \"he\\'s away right now\"; \"you must not allow a stranger into the house when your mother is away\"', 'faulty': 'characterized by errors; not agreeing with a model or not following established rules; \"he submitted a faulty report\"; \"an incorrect transcription\"; the wrong side of the road\"', 'unfaithful': 'having sexual relations with someone other than your husband or wife, or your boyfriend or girlfriend; \"her husband was unfaithful\"', 'wide': 'great in degree; \"won by a wide margin\"', 'accustomed': 'commonly used or practiced; usual; \"his accustomed thoroughness\"; \"took his customary morning walk\"; \"his habitual comment\"; \"with her wonted candor\"', 'used_to': 'in the habit; \"I am used to hitchhiking\"; \"you\\'ll get used to the idea\"; \"...was wont to complain that this is a cold world\"- Henry David Thoreau', 'unaccustomed': 'not customary or usual; \"an unaccustomed pleasure\"; \"many varieties of unaccustomed foods\"; \"a new budget of unaccustomed austerity\"', 'new': 'unaffected by use or exposure; \"it looks like new\"', 'unused': 'not yet put into use; \"we bought an unused car for a change\"', 'acidic': 'being sour to the taste', 'acid': 'having the characteristics of an acid; \"an acid reaction\"', 'acid-forming': 'yielding an acid in aqueous solution', 'alkaline': 'relating to or containing an alkali; having a pH greater than 7; \"alkaline soils derived from chalk or limestone\"', 'alkalescent': 'tending to become alkaline; slightly alkaline', 'basic': 'reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality; \"a basic story line\"; \"a canonical syllable pattern\"', 'base-forming': 'yielding a base in aqueous solution', 'saltlike': 'resembling a compound formed by replacing hydrogen in an acid by a metal', 'amphoteric': 'having characteristics of both an acid and a base and capable of reacting as either', 'acid-loving': 'thriving in a relatively acidic environment (especially of plants requiring a pH well below 7)', 'acidophilic': 'especially of some bacteria; growing well in an acid medium', 'alkaline-loving': 'thriving in a relatively alkaline environment; (especially of plants requiring a pH above 7)', 'acknowledged': 'generally accepted', 'accepted': 'generally approved or compelling recognition; \"several accepted techniques for treating the condition\"; \"his recognized superiority in this kind of work\"', 'self-confessed': 'owned up to; \"his admitted doubts\"; \"the conceded error\"; \"a confessed murderer\"; \"a self-confessed plagiarist\"', 'assumptive': 'excessively forward; \"an assumptive person\"; \"on a subject like this it would be too assuming for me to decide\"; \"the duchess would not put up with presumptuous servants\"', 'declarable': 'that must be declared; \"declarable income\"', 'given': 'acknowledged as a supposition; \"given the engine\\'s condition, it is a wonder that it started\"', 'putative': 'purported; commonly put forth or accepted as true on inconclusive grounds; \"the foundling\\'s putative father\"; \"the putative author of the book\"', 'unacknowledged': 'not openly acknowledged; \"an unacknowledged emergency\"', 'unappreciated': 'having value that is not acknowledged', 'unavowed': 'not affirmed or mentioned or declared', 'unconfessed': 'not admitted; \"unconfessed sins\"', 'unrecognized': 'not having a secure reputation; \"short stories by unrecognized writers\"', 'acquisitive': 'eager to acquire and possess things especially material possessions or ideas; \"an acquisitive mind\"; \"an acquisitive society in which the craving for material things seems never satisfied\"', 'accumulative': 'increasing by successive addition; \"the benefits are cumulative\"; \"the eventual accumulative effect of these substances\"', 'avaricious': 'immoderately desirous of acquiring e.g. wealth; \"they are avaricious and will do anything for money\"; \"casting covetous eyes on his neighbor\\'s fields\"; \"a grasping old miser\"; \"grasping commercialism\"; \"greedy for money and power\"; \"grew richer and greedier\"; \"prehensile employers stingy with raises for their employees\"', 'possessive': 'serving to express or indicate possession; \"possessive pronouns\"; \"the genitive endings\"', 'plundering': 'given to taking by force what is desired', 'predaceous': 'living by or given to victimizing others for personal gain; \"predatory capitalists\"; \"a predatory, insensate society in which innocence and decency can prove fatal\"- Peter S. Prescott; \"a predacious kind of animal--the early geological gangster\"- W.E.Swinton', 'rapacious': 'excessively greedy and grasping; \"a rapacious divorcee on the prowl\"; \"ravening creditors\"; \"paying taxes to voracious governments\"', 'sordid': 'meanly avaricious and mercenary; \"sordid avarice\"; \"sordid material interests\"', 'unacquisitive': 'not acquisitive; not interested in acquiring or owning anything', 'acropetal': 'of leaves or flowers; developing or opening in succession from base to apex', 'basipetal': 'of leaves or flowers; developing or opening in succession from apex to base', 'active': 'engaged in or ready for military or naval operations; \"on active duty\"; \"the platoon is combat-ready\"; \"review the fighting forces\"', 'about': 'on the move; \"up and about\"; \"the whole town was astir over the incident\"', 'acrobatic': 'vigorously active; \"an acrobatic dance\"; \"an athletic child\"; \"athletic playing\"; \"gymnastic exercises\"', 'agile': 'mentally quick; \"an agile mind\"; \"nimble wits\"', 'hot': '(color) bold and intense; \"hot pink\"', 'hyperactive': 'more active than normal; \"a hyperactive child\"', 'on_the_go': '(of a person) very busy and active; \"is always on the go\"', 'sporty': 'appropriate for sport or engagement in a sport', 'inactive': '(chemistry) not participating in a chemical reaction; chemically inert; \"desired amounts of inactive chlorine\"', 'desk-bound': 'restricted to working in an office rather than in an active physical capacity', 'abeyant': 'inactive but capable of becoming active; \"her feelings of affection are dormant but easily awakened\"', 'hypoactive': 'abnormally inactive', 'inert': 'having only a limited ability to react chemically; chemically inactive; \"inert matter\"; \"an indifferent chemical in a reaction\"', 'sedentary': 'requiring sitting or little activity; \"forced by illness to lead a sedentary life\"', 'activated': '(of sewage) treated with aeration and bacteria to aid decomposition', 'off': 'in an unpalatable state; \"sour milk\"', 'retired': 'no longer active in your work or profession', 'brisk': 'very active; \"doing a brisk business\"', 'bustling': 'full of energetic and noisy activity; \"a bustling city\"', 'busy': 'overcrowded or cluttered with detail; \"a busy painting\"; \"a fussy design\"', 'going': 'in full operation; \"a going concern\"', 'open': 'not requiring union membership; \"an open shop employs nonunion workers\"', 'springy': '(of movements) light and confidently active; \"he walked away with a springy step\"', 'dark': 'secret; \"keep it dark\"', 'dead': '(followed by `to\\') not showing human feeling or sensitivity; unresponsive; \"passersby were dead to our plea for help\"; \"numb to the cries for mercy\"', 'dull': 'blunted in responsiveness or sensibility; \"a dull gaze\"; \"so exhausted she was dull to what went on about her\"- Willa Cather', 'idle': 'silly or trivial; \"idle pleasure\"; \"light banter\"; \"light idle chatter\"', 'strikebound': 'closed or immobilized by a strike; \"a strikebound airline\"', 'progressive': 'gradually advancing in extent', 'dead-end': 'lacking opportunities for development or advancement; \"stuck in a dead-end job\"', 'flat': 'having lost effervescence; \"flat beer\"; \"a flat cola\"', 'indolent': '(of tumors, e.g.) slow to heal or develop and usually painless; \"an indolent ulcer\"; \"leprosy is an indolent infectious disease\"', 'latent': 'potentially existing but not presently evident or realized; \"a latent fingerprint\"; \"latent talent\"', 'quiescent': 'marked by a state of tranquil repose; \"the quiescent melancholy of the town\"', 'activist': 'advocating or engaged in activism', 'hands-on': 'involving active participation; \"he\\'s a hands-on manager\"; \"hands-on operations\"', 'proactive': 'descriptive of any event or stimulus or process that has an effect on events or stimuli or processes that occur subsequently; \"proactive inhibition\"; \"proactive interference\"', 'passive': 'peacefully resistant in response to injustice; \"passive resistance\"', 'hands-off': 'not involving participation or intervention; \"a hands-off foreign policy\"', 'resistless': 'offering no resistance; \"resistless hostages\"; \"No other colony showed such supine, selfish helplessness in allowing her own border citizens to be mercilessly harried\"- Theodore Roosevelt', 'eruptive': 'producing or characterized by eruptions; \"an eruptive disease\"', 'dormant': 'lying with head on paws as if sleeping', 'extinct': 'no longer in existence; lost or especially having died out leaving no living representatives; \"an extinct species of fish\"; \"an extinct royal family\"; \"extinct laws and customs\"', 'alive': '(followed by `to\\' or `of\\') aware of; \"is alive to the moods of others\"', 'stative': \"( used of verbs (e.g. `be' or `own') and most participial adjectives) expressing existence or a state rather than an action\", 'counteractive': 'opposing or neutralizing or mitigating an effect by contrary action', 'surface-active': 'capable of lowering the surface tension of a liquid; used especially of detergents', 'quiet': 'characterized by an absence or near absence of agitation or activity; \"a quiet life\"; \"a quiet throng of onlookers\"; \"quiet peace-loving people\"; \"the factions remained quiet for almost 10 years\"', 'actual': 'being or reflecting the essential or genuine character of something; \"her actual motive\"; \"a literal solitude like a desert\"- G.K.Chesterton; \"a genuine dilemma\"', 'effective': 'ready for service; \"the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers\"', 'potential': 'existing in possibility; \"a potential problem\"; \"possible uses of nuclear power\"', 'acute': 'of an angle; less than 90 degrees', 'subacute': 'less than acute; relating to a disease present in a person with no symptoms of it', 'chronic': 'of long duration; \"chronic money problems\"', 'degenerative': '(of illness) marked by gradual deterioration of organs and cells along with loss of function; \"degenerative diseases of old age\"', 'virulent': 'infectious; having the ability to cause disease', 'highly_infective': '(of a microorganism) extremely infective; \"a highly infective organism\"', 'deadly': 'extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom; \"venomous snakes\"; \"a virulent insect bite\"', 'avirulent': 'not virulent; unable to produce disease', 'adaptive': 'having a capacity for adaptation; \"the adaptive coloring of a chameleon\"', 'accommodative': 'willing to adjust to differences in order to obtain agreement', 'adaptational': 'of or relating to adaptation', 'adjustive': 'conducive to adjustment', 'maladaptive': 'showing faulty adaptation', 'dysfunctional': 'impaired in function; especially of a bodily system or organ', 'maladjustive': 'poorly adjusted', 'addicted': 'compulsively or physiologically dependent on something habit-forming; \"she is addicted to chocolate\"; \"addicted to cocaine\"', 'alcoholic': 'characteristic of or containing alcohol; \"alcoholic drinks\"', 'dependent': '(of a clause) unable to stand alone syntactically as a complete sentence; \"a subordinate (or dependent) clause functions as a noun or adjective or adverb within a sentence\"', 'unaddicted': 'not addicted', 'clean': 'free of restrictions or qualifications; \"a clean bill of health\"; \"a clear winner\"', 'addictive': 'causing or characterized by addiction; \"addictive drugs\"; \"addictive behavior\"', 'nonaddictive': 'not causing or characterized by addiction; \"for years tobacco companies have contended that tobacco is nonaddictive\"', 'additive': 'characterized or produced by addition; \"an additive process\"', 'addable': 'capable of being added or added to', 'extra': 'added to a regular schedule; \"a special holiday flight\"; \"put on special buses for the big game\"', 'complemental': 'acting as or providing a complement (something that completes the whole)', 'incremental': 'increasing gradually by regular degrees or additions; \"lecturers enjoy...steady incremental growth in salary\"', 'intercalary': 'having a day or month inserted to make the calendar year correspond to the solar year: \"Feb. 29 is an intercalary day\"; \"a leap year is an intercalary year\"', 'summational': 'of or relating to a summation or produced by summation', 'supplementary': 'added to complete or make up a deficiency; \"produced supplementary volumes\"', 'subtractive': 'constituting or involving subtraction; \"a subtractive correction\"', 'ablative': 'relating to the ablative case', 'reductive': 'characterized by or causing diminution or curtailment; \"their views of life were reductive and depreciatory\" - R.H.Rovere', 'addressed': '(of mail) marked with a destination; \"I throw away all mail addressed to `resident\\'\"', 'self-addressed': 'addressed to yourself; \"enclose a stamped self-addressed envelope with all submissions\"', 'unaddressed': 'not addressed; \"an unaddressed envelope\"', 'adequate': 'sufficient for the purpose; \"an adequate income\"; \"the food was adequate\"; \"a decent wage\"; \"enough food\"; \"food enough\"', 'adequate_to': 'having the requisite qualities for; \"equal to the task\"; \"the work isn\\'t up to the standard I require\"', 'competent': 'legally qualified or sufficient; \"a competent court\"; \"competent testimony\"', 'inadequate': 'not sufficient to meet a need; \"an inadequate income\"; \"a poor salary\"; \"money is short\"; \"on short rations\"; \"food is in short supply\"; \"short on experience\"', 'deficient': 'falling short of some prescribed norm; \"substandard housing\"', 'incapable': 'not being susceptible to or admitting of something (usually followed by `of\\'); \"incapable of solution\"', 'short-handed': 'inadequate in number of workers or assistants etc.; \"they\\'re rather short-handed at the moment\"; \"overcrowded and understaffed hospitals\"', 'adhesive': 'tending to adhere', 'adherent': 'sticking fast', 'agglutinate': 'united as if by glue', 'bondable': 'capable of holding together or cohering; as particles in a mass', 'coherent': 'capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent manner; \"a lucid thinker\"; \"she was more coherent than she had been just after the accident\"', 'cohesive': 'cohering or tending to cohere; well integrated; \"a cohesive organization\"', 'gluey': 'having the sticky properties of an adhesive', 'gooey': 'soft and sticky', 'gum-like': 'resembling chewing gum', 'gummed': 'covered with adhesive gum', 'pitchy': 'having the characteristics of pitch or tar', 'self-sealing': 'capable of sealing itself as after being pierced; \"self-sealing tires\"', 'stick-on': 'of something (a paper label or postage stamp) gummed in advance; \"stick-on labels\"', 'sticky': 'moist as with undried perspiration and with clothing sticking to the body; \"felt sticky and chilly at the same time\"', 'nonadhesive': 'not tending to adhere', 'nonglutinous': 'not resembling glue in texture', 'nonresinous': 'not having resin', 'ungummed': 'not treated with adhesive gum', 'adjective': 'relating to court practice and procedure as opposed to the principles of law; \"adjective law\"', 'substantive': 'defining rights and duties as opposed to giving the rules by which rights and duties are established; \"substantive law\"', 'adoptable': 'suitable or eligible for adoption; \"a shortage of adoptable babies\"', 'unadoptable': 'difficult to place in an adoptive home', 'adorned': 'provided with something intended to increase its beauty or distinction', 'beady': 'small and round and shiny like a shiny bead or button; \"bright beady eyes\"; \"black buttony eyes\"', 'bedaubed': 'ornamented in a vulgar or showy fashion', 'bespectacled': 'wearing, or having the face adorned with, eyeglasses or an eyeglass; \"a bespectacled grandmother\"; \"the monocled gentleman\"', 'brocaded': 'embellished with a raised pattern created by pressure or embroidery; \"brocaded silk\"; \"an embossed satin\"; \"embossed leather\"; \"raised needlework\"; \"raised metalwork\"', 'buttony': 'ornamented with many buttons', 'carbuncled': 'afflicted with or resembling a carbuncle', 'champleve': '(for metals) having areas separated by metal and filled with colored enamel and fired', 'clinquant': 'glittering with gold or silver', 'crested': 'bearing an heraldic device', 'crocketed': '(of a gable or spire) furnished with a crocket (an ornament in the form of curved or bent foliage); \"a crocketed spire\"', 'feathery': 'characterized by a covering of feathers; \"the feathery congregation of jays\"', 'frilled': 'having decorative ruffles or frills', 'fringed': 'having edges irregularly and finely slashed; \"a laciniate leaf\"', 'gilt-edged': 'of the highest quality or value; \"gilt-edged securities\"; \"gilt-edged credentials\"', 'inflamed': 'resulting from inflammation; hot and swollen and reddened; \"eyes inflamed with crying\"', 'inlaid': 'adorned by inlays', 'inwrought': 'having a decorative pattern worked or woven in; \"an inwrought design\"', 'tessellated': 'having a checkered or mottled appearance', 'mounted': 'assembled for use; especially by being attached to a support', 'paneled': 'fitted or decorated with panels or wainscoting', 'studded': 'dotted or adorned with or as with studs or nailheads; usually used in combination; \"star-studded heavens\"; \"diamond-studded belt\"', 'tapestried': 'hung or decorated with tapestry', 'tasseled': 'fringed or adorned with tassels', 'tricked-out': 'decorated in a particular way; \"tricked-out cupboards looking like Georgian cabinets\"', 'tufted': 'having or adorned with tufts; \"a tufted bedspread\"', 'unadorned': 'not decorated with something to increase its beauty or distinction', 'plain': 'not mixed with extraneous elements; \"plain water\"; \"sheer wine\"; \"not an unmixed blessing\"', 'untufted': 'not adorned with tufts; \"untufted ears\"', 'cholinergic': 'releasing or activated by acetylcholine or a related compound', 'anticholinergic': 'inhibiting or blocking the action of acetylcholine at a receptor site; \"anticholinergic drugs\"', 'adroit': 'quick or skillful or adept in action or thought; \"an exceptionally adroit pianist\"; \"an adroit technician\"; \"his adroit replies to hecklers won him many followers\"; \"an adroit negotiator\"', 'clever': 'showing inventiveness and skill; \"a clever gadget\"; \"the cunning maneuvers leading to his success\"; \"an ingenious solution to the problem\"', 'coordinated': 'intentionally matched; \"curtains and walls were color coordinated\"', 'deft': 'skillful in physical movements; especially of the hands; \"a deft waiter\"; \"deft fingers massaged her face\"; \"dexterous of hand and inventive of mind\"', 'light-fingered': 'having nimble fingers literally or figuratively; especially for stealing or picking pockets; \"a light-fingered burglar who can crack the combination of a bank vault\"- Harry Hansen; \"the light-fingered thoughtfulness...of the most civilized playwright of the era\"- Time', 'quick-witted': 'mentally nimble and resourceful; \"quick-witted debater\"; \"saved an embarrassing situation with quick-witted tact\"', 'maladroit': 'not adroit; \"a maladroit movement of his hand caused the car to swerve\"; \"a maladroit translation\"; \"maladroit propaganda\"', 'bumbling': 'lacking physical movement skills, especially with the hands; \"a bumbling mechanic\"; \"a bungling performance\"; \"ham-handed governmental interference\"; \"could scarcely empty a scuttle of ashes, so handless was the poor creature\"- Mary H. Vorse', 'inept': 'revealing lack of perceptiveness or judgment or finesse; \"an inept remark\"; \"it was tactless to bring up those disagreeable\"', 'uncoordinated': 'lacking in cooperative planning and organization ; \"uncoordinated scheduling often resulted in conflicting games\"', 'unmechanical': '(of a person) lacking mechanical skills', 'advantageous': 'appropriate for achieving a particular end; implies a lack of concern for fairness', 'beneficial': 'promoting or enhancing well-being; \"an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries\"; \"the beneficial effects of a temperate climate\"; \"the experience was good for her\"', 'plus': 'on the positive side or higher end of a scale; \"a plus value\"; \"temperature of plus 5 degrees\"; \"a grade of C plus\"', 'discriminatory': 'containing or implying a slight or showing prejudice; \"discriminatory attitudes and practices\"; \"invidious comparisons\"', 'disadvantageous': 'constituting a disadvantage', 'minus': 'on the negative side or lower end of a scale; \"minus 5 degrees\"; \"a grade of B minus\"', 'adventurous': 'willing to undertake or seeking out new and daring enterprises; \"adventurous pioneers\"; \"the risks and gains of an adventuresome economy\"', 'audacious': 'invulnerable to fear or intimidation; \"audacious explorers\"; \"fearless reporters and photographers\"; \"intrepid pioneers\"', 'sporting': 'relating to or used in sports; \"sporting events\"; \"sporting equipment\"', 'swaggering': 'flamboyantly adventurous', 'unadventurous': 'lacking in boldness', 'safe': 'having reached a base without being put out; \"the runner was called safe when the baseman dropped the ball\"', 'advisable': 'worthy of being recommended or suggested; prudent or wise; \"such action is neither necessary nor advisable\"; \"extreme caution is advisable\"; \"it is advisable to telephone first\"', 'better': 'more than half; \"argued for the better part of an hour\"', 'well': 'in good health especially after having suffered illness or injury; \"appears to be entirely well\"; \"the wound is nearly well\"; \"a well man\"; \"I think I\\'m well; at least I feel well\"', 'inadvisable': 'not advisable; \"an unnecessary and inadvisable action\"', 'well-advised': 'having the benefit of careful prior consideration or counsel; \"a well-advised delay in carrying out the plan\"', 'considered': 'carefully weighed; \"a considered opinion\"', 'ill-advised': 'without careful prior deliberation or counsel; \"ill-advised efforts\"; \"it would be ill-advised to accept the offer\"; \"took the unadvised measure of going public with the accusations\"', 'aerobic': 'based on or using the principles of aerobics; enhancing respiratory and circulatory efficiency; \"aerobic dance\"; \"running is very aerobic\"', 'aerobiotic': 'living or active only in the presence of oxygen; \"aerobiotic bacteria\"', 'oxidative': 'taking place in the presence of oxygen; \"oxidative glycolysis\"; \"oxidative rancidity\"', 'anaerobic': 'not aerobic; \"isometric exercises are anaerobic\"', 'aesthetic': 'relating to or dealing with the subject of aesthetics; \"aesthetic values\"', 'artistic': 'relating to or characteristic of art or artists; \"his artistic background\"', 'cosmetic': 'serving an esthetic rather than a useful purpose; \"cosmetic fenders on cars\"; \"the buildings were utilitarian rather than decorative\"', 'painterly': 'having qualities unique to the art of painting', 'sensuous': 'taking delight in beauty; \"the sensuous joy from all things fair\"', 'inaesthetic': 'violating aesthetic canons or requirements; deficient in tastefulness or beauty; \"inaesthetic and quite unintellectual\"; \"peered through those inaesthetic spectacles\"', 'inartistic': 'lacking aesthetic sensibility;', 'affected': 'speaking or behaving in an artificial way to make an impression', 'impressed': 'deeply or markedly affected or influenced', 'smitten': '(used in combination) affected by something overwhelming; \"conscience-smitten\"; \"awe-struck\"', 'stage-struck': 'infatuated with or enthralled by the theater especially the desire to act', 'subject': 'being under the power or sovereignty of another or others; \"subject peoples\"; \"a dependent prince\"', 'taken': 'be affected with an indisposition; \"the child was taken ill\"; \"couldn\\'t tell when he would be taken drunk\"', 'wonder-struck': 'affected by or overcome with wonder', 'unaffected': 'free of artificiality; sincere and genuine; \"an unaffected grace\"', 'immune': 'relating to the condition of immunity; \"the immune system\"', 'superior': 'having an orbit farther from the sun than the Earth\\'s orbit; \"Mars and Jupiter are the closest in of the superior planets\"', 'unimpressed': 'not moved to serious regard; \"trying to appear unimpressed\"', 'uninfluenced': 'not influenced or affected; \"stewed in its petty provincialism untouched by the brisk debates that stirred the old world\"- V.L.Parrington; \"unswayed by personal considerations\"', 'agonistic': 'of or relating to the athletic contests held in ancient Greece', 'artificial': 'not arising from natural growth or characterized by vital processes', 'constrained': 'lacking spontaneity; not natural; \"a constrained smile\"; \"forced heartiness\"; \"a strained smile\"', 'elocutionary': 'of or relating to elocution; \"elocutionary recitals\"', 'mannered': 'having unnatural mannerisms; \"brief, mannered and unlifelike idiom\"', 'plummy': 'very desirable; \"a plummy leading role\"', 'lifelike': 'free from artificiality; \"a lifelike pose\"; \"a natural reaction\"', 'unmannered': 'without artificiality; natural; \"the doctor\\'s quiet unmannered entry\"', 'unselfconscious': 'not self-conscious; \"she grew up with him in unselfconscious friendship\"', 'unstilted': 'flowing naturally and continuously; \"unstilted conversation\"', 'affirmative': 'expecting the best; \"an affirmative outlook\"', 'assentient': 'expressing agreement or consent; \"an assenting nod\"', 'negative': 'not indicating the presence of microorganisms or disease or a specific condition; \"the HIV test was negative\"', 'dissentient': '(of Catholics) refusing to attend services of the Church of England', 'acceptive': 'accepting willingly; \"acceptive of every new idea\"; \"an acceptant type of mind\"', 'accepting': 'tolerating without protest; \"always more accepting of coaching suggestion than her teammates\"; \"the atmosphere was judged to be more supporting and accepting\"', 'rejective': 'rejecting or tending to reject; \"rejective or overcritical attitudes of disappointed parents\"', 'dismissive': 'showing indifference or disregard; \"a dismissive shrug\"; \"the firm is dismissive of the competitor\\'s product\"; \"\\'chronic fatigue syndrome\\' was known by the dismissive term \\'housewife syndrome\\'\"', 'repudiative': 'rejecting emphatically; e.g. refusing to pay or disowning; \"a veto is a repudiative act\"', 'afloat': 'covered with water; \"the main deck was afloat (or awash)\"; \"the monsoon left the whole place awash\"; \"a flooded bathroom\"; \"inundated farmlands\"; \"an overflowing tub\"', 'adrift': 'aimlessly drifting', 'floating': 'inclined to move or be moved about; \"a floating crap game\"', 'waterborne': 'transported by water; \"waterborne freight\"', 'aground': 'stuck in a place where a ship can no longer float; \"a ship aground offshore\"; \"a boat aground on the beach waiting for the tide to lift it\"', 'afraid': 'having feelings of aversion or unwillingness; \"afraid of hard work\"; \"afraid to show emotion\"', 'acrophobic': 'suffering from acrophobia; abnormally afraid of high places', 'afeard': 'a pronunciation of afraid', 'aghast': 'struck with fear, dread, or consternation', 'agoraphobic': 'suffering from agoraphobia; abnormally afraid of open or public places', 'alarmed': 'experiencing a sudden sense of danger', 'algophobic': 'suffering from algophobia; abnormally afraid of pain', 'apprehensive': 'quick to understand; \"a kind and apprehensive friend\"- Nathaniel Hawthorne', 'hangdog': 'frightened into submission or compliance', 'claustrophobic': 'uncomfortably closed or hemmed in; \"a claustrophobic little room\"', 'fearful': 'extremely distressing; \"fearful slum conditions\"; \"a frightful mistake\"', 'frightened': 'made afraid; \"the frightened child cowered in the corner\"; \"too shocked and scared to move\"', 'horrified': 'stricken with horror', 'hunted': 'reflecting the fear or terror of one who is hunted; \"the hopeless hunted look on the prisoner\\'s face\"; \"a glitter of apprehension in her hunted eyes\"', 'hydrophobic': 'lacking affinity for water; tending to repel and not absorb water; tending not to dissolve in or mix with or be wetted by water', 'mysophobic': 'suffering from mysophobia; abnormally afraid of dirt or contamination', 'panicky': 'thrown into a state of intense fear or desperation; \"became panicky as the snow deepened\"; \"felt panicked before each exam\"; \"trying to keep back the panic-stricken crowd\"; \"the terrified horse bolted\"', 'numb': 'so frightened as to be unable to move; stunned or paralyzed with terror; petrified; \"too numb with fear to move\"', 'shitless': 'extremely frightened; \"he was scared shitless\"', 'terror-stricken': 'struck or filled with terror', 'triskaidekaphobic': 'suffering from triskaidekaphobia (abnormal fear of the number 13)', 'unnerved': 'deprived of courage and strength; \"the steeplejack, exhausted and unnerved, couldn\\'t hold on to his dangerous perch much longer\"', 'white-lipped': 'having white lips from fear or terror', 'xenophobic': 'suffering from xenophobia; having abnormal fear or hatred of the strange or foreign', 'unafraid': 'oblivious of dangers or perils or calmly resolute in facing them', 'unapprehensive': 'not recognizing or slow to recognize danger', 'unblinking': 'showing no visible emotion; \"stood unblinking and accepted a sentence of a year\"', 'unfrightened': 'not affected by fright', 'aggressive': 'tending to spread quickly; \"an aggressive tumor\"', 'battleful': 'having or showing a ready disposition to fight; \"bellicose young officers\"; \"a combative impulse\"; \"a contentious nature\"', 'competitive': 'involving competition or competitiveness; \"competitive games\"; \"to improve one\\'s competitive position\"', 'hard-hitting': 'characterized by or full of force and vigor; \"a hard-hitting expose\"; \"a trenchant argument\"', 'hostile': 'impossible to bring into friendly accord; \"hostile factions\"', 'in-your-face': 'blatantly aggressive; \"on-line hard-boiled in-your-face pornography\"', 'obstreperous': 'noisily and stubbornly defiant; \"obstreperous boys\"', 'predatory': 'living by preying on other animals especially by catching living prey; \"a predatory bird\"; \"the rapacious wolf\"; \"raptorial birds\"; \"ravening wolves\"; \"a vulturine taste for offal\"', 'pugnacious': 'ready and able to resort to force or violence; \"pugnacious spirits...lamented that there was so little prospect of an exhilarating disturbance\"- Herman Melville; \"they were rough and determined fighting men\"', 'scrappy': 'full of fighting spirit; \"a scrappy admiral\"', 'truculent': 'defiantly aggressive; \"a truculent speech against the new government\"', 'unaggressive': 'not aggressive; not given to fighting or assertiveness', 'low-pressure': 'not forceful; \"a low-pressure salesman\"; \"a low-pressure campaign\"', 'agitated': 'physically disturbed or set in motion; \"the agitated mixture foamed and bubbled\"', 'aroused': 'brought to a state of great tension; \"all wound up for a fight\"', 'distraught': 'deeply agitated especially from emotion; \"distraught with grief\"', 'jolted': 'bumped or shaken jerkily; \"the jolted passengers\"', 'feverish': 'having or affected by a fever', 'frantic': 'excessively agitated; distraught with fear or other violent emotion; \"frantic with anger and frustration\"; \"frenetic screams followed the accident\"; \"a frenzied look in his eye\"', 'hysterical': 'marked by excessive or uncontrollable emotion; \"hysterical laughter\"; \"a mob of hysterical vigilantes\"', 'psychedelic': 'producing distorted sensory perceptions and feelings or altered states of awareness or sometimes states resembling psychosis; \"psychedelic drugs like psilocybin and mescaline\"', 'wild-eyed': 'appearing extremely agitated; \"crowded the wild-eyed animals into a truck\"', 'unagitated': 'not physically disturbed or set in motion', 'churning': 'moving with or producing or produced by vigorous agitation; \"winds whipped the piled leaves into churning masses\"; \"a car stuck in the churned-up mud\"', 'rippled': 'shaken into waves or undulations as by wind; \"the rippled surface of the pond\"; \"with ruffled flags flying\"', 'seething': 'in constant agitation; \"a seething flag-waving crowd filled the streets\"; \"a seething mass of maggots\"; \"lovers and madmen have such seething brains\"- Shakespeare', 'stirred': 'set into a usually circular motion in order to mix or blend', 'nonturbulent': '(of a liquid) not turbulent; \"nonturbulent flow\"', 'unstirred': 'not agitated by stirring; \"the ingredients sat in the bowl unstirred while she buttered the pan\"', 'agreeable': 'prepared to agree or consent; \"agreeable to the plan\"', 'disagreeable': 'unpleasant to interact with; \"a disagreeable old man\"', 'annoying': 'causing irritation or annoyance; \"tapping an annoying rhythm on his glass with his fork\"; \"aircraft noise is particularly bothersome near the airport\"; \"found it galling to have to ask permission\"; \"an irritating delay\"; \"nettlesome paperwork\"; \"a pesky mosquito\"; \"swarms of pestering gnats\"; \"a plaguey newfangled safety catch\"; \"a teasing and persistent thought annoyed him\"; \"a vexatious child\"; \"it is vexing to have to admit you are wrong\"', 'harsh': 'disagreeable to the senses; \"the harsh cry of a blue jay\"; \"harsh cognac\"; \"the harsh white light makes you screw up your eyes\"; \"harsh irritating smoke filled the hallway\"', 'nerve-racking': 'extremely irritating to the nerves; \"nerve-racking noise\"; \"the stressful days before a war\"; \"a trying day at the office\"', 'unsweet': 'distasteful; \"he found life unsweet\"', 'air-to-surface': 'operating from or designed to be fired from aircraft at targets on the ground; \"air-to-surface missiles\"', 'air-to-air': 'operating between or launched from or involving rockets or aircraft in flight; \"air-to-air missiles\"; \"air-to-air communications\"', 'surface-to-air': 'operating from or designed to be launched from the ground against an airborne target; \"surface-to-air missiles\"', 'alert': 'quick and energetic; \"a brisk walk in the park\"; \"a lively gait\"; \"a merry chase\"; \"traveling at a rattling rate\"; \"a snappy pace\"; \"a spanking breeze\"', 'argus-eyed': 'having very keen vision; \"quick-sighted as a cat\"', 'fly': '(British informal) not to be deceived or hoodwinked', 'heads-up': 'fully alert and watchful; \"played heads-up ball\"', 'lidless': 'having no lid; \"a lidless container\"', 'unalert': 'not alert to what is potentially dangerous', 'algorithmic': 'of or relating to or having the characteristics of an algorithm', 'recursive': 'of or relating to a recursion', 'heuristic': 'of or relating to or using a general formulation that serves to guide investigation', 'trial-and-error': 'trying out various means or theories until error is satisfactorily reduced or eliminated; \"he argued that all learning is a trial-and-error process that resembles biological evolution\"', 'alienable': 'transferable to another owner', 'appropriable': 'that can be appropriated; \"appropriable funds\"', 'assignable': 'legally transferable to the ownership of another; \"negotiable bonds\"', 'inalienable': 'incapable of being repudiated or transferred to another; \"endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights\"', 'non-negotiable': 'cannot be bought or sold', 'nontransferable': 'incapable of being transferred', 'liveborn': '(of newborn infant) showing signs of life after birth; not stillborn; \"a liveborn baby\"', 'viable': 'capable of life or normal growth and development; \"viable seeds\"; \"a viable fetus\"', 'vital': 'performing an essential function in the living body; \"vital organs\"; \"blood and other vital fluids\"; \"the loss of vital heat in shock\"; \"a vital spot\"; \"life-giving love and praise\"', 'asleep': 'lacking sensation; \"my foot is asleep\"; \"numb with cold\"', 'assassinated': 'murdered by surprise attack for political reasons; \"the 20th century has seen too many assassinated leaders\"', 'bloodless': 'without vigor or zest or energy; \"an insipid and bloodless young man\"', 'brain_dead': 'having irreversible loss of brain function as indicated by a persistent flat electroencephalogram; \"was declared brain dead\"', 'breathless': 'tending to cause suspension of regular breathing; \"a breathless flight\"; \"breathtaking adventure\"', 'cold': '(color) giving no sensation of warmth; \"a cold bluish grey\"', 'd.o.a.': \"abbreviation for `dead on arrival' at the emergency room\", 'deathlike': 'having the physical appearance of death; \"a deathly pallor\"', 'defunct': 'no longer in force or use; inactive; \"a defunct law\"; \"a defunct organization\"', 'doomed': 'marked by or promising bad fortune; \"their business venture was doomed from the start\"; \"an ill-fated business venture\"; \"an ill-starred romance\"; \"the unlucky prisoner was again put in irons\"- W.H.Prescott', 'executed': 'put to death as punishment; \"claimed the body of the executed traitor\"', 'fallen': 'having dropped by the force of gravity; \"fallen leaves covered the forest floor\"; \"sat on a fallen tree trunk\"', 'late': 'of the immediate past or just previous to the present time; \"a late development\"; \"their late quarrel\"; \"his recent trip to Africa\"; \"in recent months\"; \"a recent issue of the journal\"', 'lifeless': 'destitute or having been emptied of life or living beings; \"after the dance the littered and lifeless ballroom echoed hollowly\"', 'murdered': 'killed unlawfully; \"the murdered woman\"; \"lay a wreath on murdered Lincoln\\'s bier\"', 'nonviable': 'not capable of living or developing successfully', 'slain': 'killed; `slain\\' is formal or literary as in \"slain warriors\"; \"a picture of St. George and the slain dragon\"', 'stillborn': '(of newborn infant) showing no signs of life at birth; not liveborn; \"a stillborn baby\"', 'stone-dead': 'as lifeless as a stone', 'apocrine': '(of exocrine glands) producing a secretion in which part of the secreting cell is released with the secretion; \"mother\\'s milk is one apocrine secretion\"', 'eccrine': '(of exocrine glands) producing a clear aqueous secretion without releasing part of the secreting cell; important in regulating body temperature', 'artesian': '(of water) rising to the surface under internal hydrostatic pressure; \"an artesian well\"; \"artesian pressure\"', 'subartesian': '(of water) rising naturally in a well to a height appreciably above that of the surrounding water table but not flowing out of the well', 'live': 'highly reverberant; \"a live concert hall\"', 'in_play': 'of a ball; \"the ball is still in play\"', 'out_of_play': '(of a ball) \"a ball that is out of play is dead\"', 'alphabetic': 'relating to or expressed by a writing system that uses an alphabet; \"alphabetical writing system\"', 'abecedarian': 'alphabetically arranged (as for beginning readers)', 'alphabetized': 'having been put in alphabetical order; \"the cards are all alphabetized, as you requested\"', 'analphabetic': 'relating to or expressed by a writing system that is not alphabetic', 'altricial': '(of hatchlings) naked and blind and dependent on parents for food', 'precocial': '(of hatchlings) covered with down and having eyes open; capable of leaving the nest within a few days', 'altruistic': 'showing unselfish concern for the welfare of others', 'egoistic': 'limited to or caring only about yourself and your own needs', 'self-absorbed': 'absorbed in your own interests or thoughts etc', 'ambiguous': 'having no intrinsic or objective meaning; not organized in conventional patterns; \"an ambiguous situation with no frame of reference\"; \"ambiguous inkblots\"', 'double-barreled': 'having two barrels mounted side by side; \"a double-barreled shotgun\"', 'double-edged': 'capable of being interpreted in two usually contradictory ways; \"double-edged praise\"', 'enigmatic': 'not clear to the understanding; \"I didn\\'t grasp the meaning of that enigmatic comment until much later\"; \"prophetic texts so enigmatic that their meaning has been disputed for centuries\"', 'left-handed': 'using or intended for the left hand; \"left-handed golfers need left-handed clubs\"; \"left-handed scissors\"', 'multivalent': 'used of the association of three or more homologous chromosomes during the first division of meiosis', 'polysemous': 'of words; having many meanings', 'uncertain': 'not consistent or dependable; \"an uncertain recollection of events\"; \"a gun with a rather uncertain trigger\"', 'unambiguous': 'having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning; \"As a horror, apartheid...is absolutely unambiguous\"- Mario Vargas Llosa', 'monosemous': 'having only one meaning', 'ambitious': 'requiring full use of your abilities or resources; \"ambitious schedule\"; \"performed the most challenging task without a mistake\"', 'pushful': 'marked by aggressive ambition and energy and initiative; \"an aggressive young executive\"; \"a pushful insurance agent\"', 'aspirant': 'desiring or striving for recognition or advancement', 'compulsive': 'caused by or suggestive of psychological compulsion; \"compulsive drinking\"', 'manque': 'unfulfilled or frustrated in realizing an ambition', 'overambitious': 'excessively ambitious', 'unambitious': 'having little desire for success or achievement', 'shiftless': 'lacking or characterized by lack of ambition or initiative; lazy; \"a shiftless student\"; \"studied in a shiftless way\"', 'ametropic': 'of or relating to an abnormal condition of the eye in which visual images are not in focus on the retina', 'emmetropic': 'of or relating to the normal condition of the eye in which visual images are in clear focus on the retina', 'full': 'filled to satisfaction with food or drink; \"a full stomach\"', 'generous': 'not petty in character and mind; \"unusually generous in his judgment of people\"', 'meager': 'deficient in amount or quality or extent; \"meager resources\"; \"meager fare\"', 'bare': 'just barely adequate or within a lower limit; \"a bare majority\"; \"a marginal victory\"', 'exiguous': 'extremely scanty; \"an exiguous budget\"', 'hand-to-mouth': 'providing only bare essentials; \"a hand-to-mouth existence\"', 'hardscrabble': ' barely satisfying a lower standard; \"the sharecropper\\'s hardscrabble life\"', 'measly': 'contemptibly small in amount; \"a measly tip\"; \"the company donated a miserable $100 for flood relief\"; \"a paltry wage\"; \"almost depleted his miserable store of dried beans\"', 'anabolic': 'of or related to the synthetic phase of metabolism', 'constructive-metabolic': 'of or relating to anabolism', 'catabolic': 'relating to or characterized by catabolism', 'destructive-metabolic': 'of or relating to catabolism', 'anaclinal': 'of valleys and rivers; progressing in a direction opposite to the dip in surrounding rock strata', 'cataclinal': 'of valleys and rivers; running in the direction of the dip in surrounding rock strata', 'anastigmatic': 'pertaining to a lens or lens system free of astigmatism (able to form point images)', 'astigmatic': 'of or relating to a defect in the eye or in a lens caused by a deviation from spherical curvature which prevents light rays from meeting at a common focus and so results in distorted images', 'anticlinal': 'sloping downward away from a common crest', 'synclinal': 'sloping downward toward each other to create a trough', 'anadromous': 'migrating from the sea to fresh water to spawn', 'catadromous': 'migrating from fresh water to the sea to spawn', 'diadromous': '(used of fish) migratory between fresh and salt waters', 'anabatic': 'of an air current or wind; rising especially up a slope; \"an anabatic wind\"', 'katabatic': 'of an air current or wind; moving downward or down a slope because of cooling especially at night', 'anal': 'of or related to the anus; \"anal thermometer\"', 'oral': 'of or relating to or affecting or for use in the mouth; \"oral hygiene\"; \"an oral thermometer\"; \"an oral vaccine\"', 'analogue': 'of a circuit or device having an output that is proportional to the input; \"analogue device\"; \"linear amplifier\"', 'digital': 'displaying numbers rather than scale positions; \"digital clock\"; \"digital readout\"', 'analytic': 'using or subjected to a methodology using algebra and calculus; \"analytic statics\"', 'synthetic': 'not genuine or natural; \"counterfeit rhetoric that flourishes when passions are synthetic\"- George Will', 'isolating': 'relating to or being a language in which each word typically expresses a distinct idea and part of speech and syntactical relations are determined almost exclusively by word order and particles', 'agglutinative': 'forming derivative or compound words by putting together constituents each of which expresses a single definite meaning', 'inflectional': 'characterized by inflections indicating grammatical distinctions; \"inflectional morphology is used to indicate number and case and tense and person etc.\"', 'derivational': 'characterized by inflections indicating a semantic relation between a word and its base; \"the morphological relation between `sing\\' and `singer\\' and `song\\' is derivational\"', 'apocarpous': '(of ovaries of flowering plants) consisting of carpels that are free from one another as in buttercups or roses', 'syncarpous': '(of ovaries of flowering plants) consisting of united carpels', 'angry': 'severely inflamed and painful; \"an angry sore\"', 'aggravated': 'made more severe or intense especially in law; \"aggravated assault\"', 'angered': 'marked by extreme anger; \"the enraged bull attached\"; \"furious about the accident\"; \"a furious scowl\"; \"infuriated onlookers charged the police who were beating the boy\"; \"could not control the maddened crowd\"', 'black': 'harshly ironic or sinister; \"black humor\"; \"a grim joke\"; \"grim laughter\"; \"fun ranging from slapstick clowning ... to savage mordant wit\"', 'choleric': 'easily moved to anger; \"men of the choleric type take to kicking and smashing\"- H.G.Wells', 'hot_under_the_collar': 'very angry', 'huffy': 'quick to take offense', 'indignant': 'angered at something unjust or wrong; \"an indignant denial\"; \"incensed at the judges\\' unfairness\"; \"a look of outraged disbelief\"; \"umbrageous at the loss of their territory\"', 'irate': 'feeling or showing extreme anger; \"irate protesters\"; \"ireful words\"', 'livid': '(of a light) imparting a deathlike luminosity; \"livid lightning streaked the sky\"; \"a thousand flambeaux...turned all at once that deep gloom into a livid and preternatural day\"- E.A.Poe', 'smoldering': 'showing scarcely suppressed anger; \"her tone was...conversational although...her eyes were smoldering\"- James Hensel', 'wrathful': 'vehemently incensed and condemnatory; \"they trembled before the wrathful queen\"; \"but wroth as he was, a short struggle ended in reconciliation\"', 'unangry': 'not angry', 'resentful': 'full of or marked by resentment or indignant ill will; \"resentful at the way he was treated\"; \"a sullen resentful attitude\"', 'acrimonious': 'marked by strong resentment or cynicism; \"an acrimonious dispute\"; \"bitter about the divorce\"', 'rancorous': 'showing deep-seated resentment; \"preserve...from rancourous envy of the rich\"- Aldous Huxley', 'unresentful': 'not resentful; \"completely unresentful and forgiving\"', 'unbitter': 'having or showing no resentment or desire for revenge; \"remarkably unbitter toward her captors\"', 'sentient': 'consciously perceiving; \"sentient of the intolerable load\"; \"a boy so sentient of his surroundings\"- W.A.White', 'sensate': 'having physical sensation; \"sensate creatures\"', 'insentient': 'devoid of feeling and consciousness and animation; \"insentient (or insensate) stone\"', 'unfeeling': 'devoid of feeling or sensation; \"unfeeling trees\"', 'animate': 'belonging to the class of nouns that denote living beings; \"the word `dog\\' is animate\"', 'inanimate': 'belonging to the class of nouns denoting nonliving things; \"the word `car\\' is inanimate\"', 'nonconscious': 'concerning mental functioning that is not represented in consciousness; \"nonconscious psychic processes\"', 'animated': 'made to appear to move as living creatures do; \"an animated cartoon\"; \"animated puppets\"', 'enlivened': 'made sprightly or cheerful', 'full_of_life': 'full of spirit; \"a dynamic full of life woman\"; \"a vital and charismatic leader\"; \"this whole lively world\"', 'reanimated': 'given fresh life or vigor or spirit; \"stirred by revived hopes\"', 'unanimated': 'not animated or enlivened; dull', 'wan': 'lacking vitality as from weariness or illness or unhappiness; \"a wan smile\"', 'perked_up': 'made or become more cheerful or lively; \"his attention made her feel all perked up\"', 'unenlivened': 'not made lively or brightened; \"a life unenlivened by romance\"', 'anonymous': 'not known or lacking marked individuality; \"brown anonymous houses\"; \"anonymous bureaucrats in the Civil Service\"', 'nameless': 'being or having an unknown or unnamed source; \"a poem by an unknown author\"; \"corporations responsible to nameless owners\"; \"an unnamed donor\"', 'onymous': 'bearing a name; \"articles in magazines are usually onymous\"', 'binomial': 'of or relating to or consisting of two terms; \"binomial expression\"', 'pseudonymous': 'bearing or identified by an assumed (often pen) name; \"the writings of Mark Twain are pseudonymous\"', 'antemortem': 'preceding death; \"antemortem confession\"', 'postmortem': 'after death or after an event; \"a postmortem examination to determine the cause of death\"; \"the postmortem discussion of the President\\'s TV address\"', 'antecedent': 'preceding in time or order', 'anterior': 'of or near the head end or toward the front plane of a body', 'anticipatory': 'in anticipation', 'preexistent': 'existing previously or before something; \"variations on pre-existent musical themes\"', 'subsequent': 'following in time or order; \"subsequent developments\"', 'attendant': 'being present (at meeting or event etc.) \"attendant members of the congreation\"', 'later': 'coming at a subsequent time or stage; \"without ulterior argument\"; \"the mood posterior to\"', 'antrorse': 'bent or curved forward or upward; \"a plant having antrorse hairs on the stem\"', 'retrorse': 'bent or curved backward or downward; \"leaves with retrorse barbs\"', 'decurved': 'bent down or curved downward; \"the decurved bill of a curlew\"', 'aquatic': 'relating to or consisting of or being in water; \"an aquatic environment\"', 'marine': 'of or relating to military personnel who serve both on land and at sea (specifically the U.S. Marine Corps); \"marine barracks\"', 'semiaquatic': 'partially aquatic; living or growing partly on land and partly in water; \"a marginal subaquatic flora\"', 'subaqueous': 'growing or remaining under water; \"viewing subaqueous fauna from a glass-bottomed boat\"; \"submerged leaves\"', 'terrestrial': 'operating or living or growing on land', 'onshore': 'on the edge of the land; \"an onshore lighthouse\"', 'overland': 'traveling or passing over land; \"an overland journey\"; \"the overland route used by Marco Polo\"', 'amphibious': 'relating to or characteristic of animals of the class Amphibia', 'amphibiotic': 'having an aquatic early or larval form and a terrestrial adult form', 'preceding': 'existing or coming before', 'above': 'appearing earlier in the same text; \"flaws in the above interpretation\"', 'above-mentioned': 'mentioned or named earlier in the same text', 'foregoing': 'especially of writing or speech; going before', 'introductory': 'serving to open or begin; \"began the slide show with some introductory remarks\"', 'precedent': 'preceding in time, order, or significance', 'premedical': 'preparing for the study of medicine; \"premedical students\"', 'preparatory': 'preceding and preparing for something; \"preparatory steps\"', 'previous': 'too soon or too hasty; \"our condemnation of him was a bit previous\"; \"a premature judgment\"', 'succeeding': 'coming after or following', 'back-to-back': 'one after the other; \"back-to-back home runs\"', 'ensuing': 'following immediately and as a result of what went before; \"ensuing events confirmed the prediction\"', 'following': 'in the desired direction; \"a following wind\"', 'in_line': 'awaiting something; especially something due; \"people were in line at the checkout counter\"; \"she was in line for promotion\"', 'precedented': 'having or supported or justified by a precedent', 'unprecedented': 'having no precedent; novel; \"an unprecedented expansion in population and industry\"', 'prehensile': 'having a keen intellect; \"poets--those gifted strangely prehensile men\"- A.T.Quiller-Couch', 'nonprehensile': 'not prehensile', 'prenatal': 'occurring or existing before birth; \"the prenatal period\"; \"antenatal care\"', 'perinatal': 'occurring during the period around birth (5 months before and 1 month after); \"perinatal mortality\"; \"perinatal care\"', 'postnatal': 'occurring immediately after birth; \"postnatal development\"', 'preprandial': 'preceding a meal (especially dinner); \"a preprandial drink\"', 'postprandial': 'following a meal (especially dinner); \"his postprandial cigar\"; \"took a postprandial walk\"', 'prewar': 'existing or belonging to a time before a war; \"prewar levels of industrial production\"', 'postwar': 'belonging to the period after a war; \"postwar resettlement\"; \"postwar inflation\"', 'retrograde': 'going from better to worse', 'anterograde': 'of amnesia; affecting time immediately following trauma', 'antemeridian': 'before noon', 'ante_meridiem': 'before noon', 'postmeridian': 'after noon', 'post_meridiem': 'after noon', 'frontal': 'of or relating to the front of an advancing mass of air; \"frontal rainfall\"', 'prefrontal': 'anterior to a frontal structure; \"a prefrontal bone\"; \"prefrontal lobes\"', 'posterior': 'located at or near or behind a part or near the end of a structure', 'back': 'of an earlier date; \"back issues of the magazine\"', 'caudal': 'constituting or relating to a tail; \"caudal appendage\"', 'retral': 'moving or directed or tending in a backward direction or contrary to a previous direction', 'dorsal': 'belonging to or on or near the back or upper surface of an animal or organ or part; \"the dorsal fin is the vertical fin on the back of a fish and certain marine mammals\"', 'ventral': 'toward or on or near the belly (front of a primate or lower surface of a lower animal); \"the ventral aspect of the human body\"; \"the liver is somewhat ventral in position\"; \"ventral (or pelvic) fins correspond to the hind limbs of a quadruped\"', 'dorsoventral': 'extending from the back to the belly', 'appealable': 'capable of being appealed especially to a higher tribunal; \"decisions...appealable to the head of the agency\"- New Republic', 'unappealable': 'not subject to appeal; \"the judge\\'s ruling was handed down in a preliminary hearing rather than a trial and was therefore unappealable\"', 'appendaged': 'having an appendage', 'unappendaged': 'not having an appendage', 'appetizing': 'appealing to or stimulating the appetite especially in appearance or aroma', 'mouth-watering': 'pleasing to the sense of taste', 'unappetizing': 'not appetizing in appearance, aroma, or taste', 'offish': 'lacking cordiality; unfriendly; \"a standoffish manner\"', 'appropriate': 'suitable for a particular person or place or condition etc; \"a book not appropriate for children\"; \"a funeral conducted the appropriate solemnity\"; \"it seems that an apology is appropriate\"', 'befitting': 'appropriate to; \"behavior befitting a father\"', 'grade-appropriate': 'the quality of ability and work that is appropriate for students in a specified grade', 'pat': 'exactly suited to the occasion; \"a pat reply\"', 'proper': 'having all the qualities typical of the thing specified; \"wanted a proper dinner; not just a snack\"; \"he finally has a proper job\"', 'inappropriate': 'not in keeping with what is correct or proper; \"completely inappropriate behavior\"', 'unbefitting': 'not befitting; \"behavior unbefitting a father\"', 'improper': 'not conforming to legality, moral law, or social convention; \"an unconventional marriage\"; \"improper banking practices\"', 'due': 'scheduled to arrive; \"the train is due in 15 minutes\"', 'callable': 'subject to a demand for payment before due date; \"callable bonds\"', 'collect': 'payable by the recipient on delivery; \"a collect call\"; \"the letter came collect\"; \"a COD parcel\"', 'collectible': 'subject to or requiring payment especially as specified; \"a collectible bill\"; \"a note payable on demand\"; \"a check payable to John Doe\"', 'delinquent': 'guilty of a misdeed; \"delinquent minors\"', 'receivable': 'awaiting payment; \"accounts receivable\"', 'out-of-pocket': 'calling for the spending of cash; \"his out-of-pocket costs were $10\"', 'repayable': 'subject to repayment; \"business loans are usually repayable in regular installments\"', 'undue': 'lacking justification or authorization; \"desire for undue private profit\"; \"unwarranted limitations of personal freedom\"', 'apropos': 'of an appropriate or pertinent nature', 'apposite': 'being of striking appropriateness and pertinence; \"the successful copywriter is a master of apposite and evocative verbal images\"; \"an apt reply\"', 'malapropos': 'of an inappropriate or incorrectly applied nature', 'inapposite': 'of an inappropriate or misapplied nature', 'a_priori': 'based on hypothesis or theory rather than experiment', 'a_posteriori': 'requiring evidence for validation or support', 'apteral': 'having columns at one or both ends but not along the sides', 'amphiprostylar': 'marked by columniation having free columns in porticoes either at both ends or at both sides of a structure', 'prostyle': 'marked by columniation having free columns in a portico only across the opening to the structure', 'peripteral': 'having columns on all sides', 'monopteral': 'having circular columniation', 'peristylar': 'having columniation completely circling an area of the structure', 'arbitrable': 'appropriate for or subject to settlement by arbitration; \"an arbitrable wage and health benefits policy\"; \"an arbitrable dispute\"', 'nonarbitrable': 'not appropriate for or subject to arbitration', 'columned': 'having or resembling columns; having columns of a specified kind (often used as a combining form); \"a columned portico\"; \"trees with columned trunks\"; \"white-columned houses\"', 'amphistylar': 'having columns either at both ends or at both sides', 'columnar': 'characterized by columns; \"columnar construction\"', 'columniform': 'having the form of a column; \"trees with columniform trunks\"; \"columnar forms\"; \"a columnlike tree trunk\"', 'colonnaded': 'having a series of columns arranged at regular intervals', 'pillared': 'having pillars; \"the pillared portico\"', 'noncolumned': 'not having columns', 'astylar': 'lacking columns or pillars', 'unpillared': 'lacking pillars', 'arboreal': 'resembling a tree in form and branching structure; \"arborescent coral found off the coast of Bermuda\"; \"dendriform sponges\"', 'nonarboreal': 'not inhabiting or frequenting trees', 'arenaceous': 'resembling or containing or abounding in sand; or growing in sandy areas; \"arenaceous limestone\"; \"arenaceous grasses\"', 'argillaceous': 'resembling or containing clay; \"argillaceous rocks\"', 'armed': 'having arms or arms as specified; used especially in combination; \"the many-armed goddess Shiva\"', 'equipped': 'prepared with proper equipment; \"equipped for service in the Arctic\"', 'light-armed': 'armed with light weapons', 'militarized': 'issued military arms', 'unarmed': '(used of plants or animals) lacking barbs or stings or thorns', 'barehanded': 'with bare hands; \"fought barehanded\"', 'defenseless': 'lacking protection or support; \"a defenseless child\"', 'weaponless': 'without a weapon', 'armored': 'equipped with the complete arms and armor of a warrior', 'armor-clad': 'covered with heavy steel; \"armor-plated vehicles\"', 'bony-plated': 'covered with bony plates', 'bulletproof': 'not penetrable by bullets; \"bulletproof glass\"; \"bulletproof vest\"', 'lightly_armored': 'equipped with armor heavy enough to provide protection against fire from light arms', 'mail-cheeked': 'having bony plates on the sides of the head', 'mail-clad': 'wearing protective mail', 'scaled': '(used of armor) having overlapping metal plates attached to a leather backing', 'unarmored': 'used of animals; without protective covering', 'barbed': 'capable of wounding; \"a barbed compliment\"; \"a biting aphorism\"; \"pungent satire\"', 'bristlelike': 'resembling a bristle', 'brushlike': 'resembling a brush; \"brushlike blue blooms\"', 'thistlelike': 'resembling a thistle', 'clawed': 'having or resembling a claw or claws; often used as a combining form; \"sharp-clawed\"', 'thornless': 'lacking thorns', 'armlike': 'resembling an arm', 'brachiate': 'having widely spreading paired branches; \"maples are brachiate\"', 'long-armed': 'having relatively long arms', 'one-armed': 'having one arm; \"a one-armed veteran\"', 'armless': 'having no arms; \"the armless Venus de Milo\"', 'bone-covered': '(of animals) armored with bone', 'scaly': 'having the body covered or partially covered with thin horny plates, as some fish and reptiles', 'silver-scaled': 'having the body covered or partially covered with silver-colored scales', 'scaleless': 'destitute of scales', 'artful': 'marked by skill in achieving a desired end especially with cunning or craft; \"the artful dodger\"; \"an artful choice of metaphors\"', 'crafty': 'marked by skill in deception; \"cunning men often pass for wise\"; \"deep political machinations\"; \"a foxy scheme\"; \"a slick evasive answer\"; \"sly as a fox\"; \"tricky Dick\"; \"a wily old attorney\"', 'cute': 'obviously contrived to charm; \"an insufferably precious performance\"; \"a child with intolerably cute mannerisms\"', 'designing': 'concealing crafty designs for advancing your own interest; \"a selfish and designing nation obsessed with the dark schemes of European intrigue\"- W.Churchill; \"a scheming wife\"; \"a scheming gold digger\"', 'deep': 'extending relatively far inward; \"a deep border\"', 'elusive': ' difficult to detect or grasp by the mind or analyze; \"his whole attitude had undergone a subtle change\"; \"a subtle difference\"; \"that elusive thing the soul\"', 'manipulative': 'skillful in influencing or controlling others to your own advantage; \"the early manipulative techniques of a three-year-old child\"', 'pawky': 'cunning and sly; \"the pawky rich old lady who incessantly scores off her parasitical descendants\"- Punch', 'artless': 'showing lack of art; \"an artless translation\"', 'careless': '(usually followed by `of\\') without due thought or consideration; \"careless of the consequences\"; \"crushing the blooms with regardless tread\"', 'articulate': 'expressing yourself easily or characterized by clear expressive language; \"articulate speech\"; \"an articulate orator\"; \"articulate beings\"', 'eloquent': 'expressing yourself readily, clearly, effectively; \"able to dazzle with his facile tongue\"; \"silver speech\"', 'speech-endowed': 'capable of speech; \"the speaking animal\"', 'well-spoken': 'speaking or spoken fittingly or pleasingly; \"a well-spoken gentleman\"; \"a few well-spoken words on civic pride\"', 'inarticulate': 'without or deprived of the use of speech or words; \"inarticulate beasts\"; \"remained stupidly inarticulate and saying something noncommittal\"; \"inarticulate with rage\"; \"an inarticulate cry\"', 'aphasic': 'related to or affected by aphasia; \"aphasic speech\"', 'aphonic': 'being without sound through injury or illness and thus incapable of all but whispered speech', 'dumb': 'lacking the power of human speech; \"dumb animals\"', 'incoherent': 'without logical or meaningful connection; \"a turgid incoherent presentation\"', 'mute': 'expressed without speech; \"a mute appeal\"; \"a silent curse\"; \"best grief is tongueless\"- Emily Dickinson; \"the words stopped at her lips unsounded\"; \"unspoken grief\"; \"choking exasperation and wordless shame\"- Thomas Wolfe', 'speechless': 'temporarily incapable of speaking; \"struck dumb\"; \"speechless with shock\"', 'unarticulated': 'not consisting of segments that are held together by joints', 'speaking': 'capable of or involving speech or speaking; \"human beings--the speaking animals\"; \"a speaking part in the play\"', 'tongued': 'provided with or resembling a tongue; often used in combination; \"tongued shoes\"; \"tongued boards\"; \"toungued lightning\"; \"long-tongued\"', 'nonspeaking': 'not capable of or especially not involving speech or spoken lines; \"had a nonspeaking role in the play\"', 'articulated': 'consisting of segments held together by joints', 'jointed': 'having joints or jointed segments;', 'unjointed': 'without joints or jointed segments', 'ashamed': 'feeling shame or guilt or embarrassment or remorse; \"are you ashamed for having lied?\"; \"felt ashamed of my torn coat\"', 'discredited': 'being unjustly brought into disrepute; \"a discredited politician\"; \"her damaged reputation\"', 'embarrassed': 'made to feel uncomfortable because of shame or wounded pride; \"too embarrassed to say hello to his drunken father on the street\"; \"humiliated that his wife had to go out to work\"; \"felt mortified by the comparison with her sister\"', 'guilty': 'responsible for or chargeable with a reprehensible act; \"guilty of murder\"; \"the guilty person\"; \"secret guilty deeds\"', 'shamefaced': 'extremely modest or shy; \"cheerfully bearing reproaches but shamefaced at praise\"- H.O.Taylor', 'unashamed': 'used of persons or their behavior; feeling no shame', 'shameless': 'feeling no shame; \"a shameless imposter\"; \"an unblushing apologist for fascism\"', 'unabashed': 'not embarrassed; \"a tinseled charm and unabashed sentimentality\"- Jerome Stone; \"an unembarrassed greeting as if nothing untoward had happened\"', 'assertive': ' aggressively self-assured; \"an energetic assertive boy who was always ready to argue\"; \"pointing directly at a listener is an assertive act\"', 'cocky': 'overly self-confident or self-assertive; \"a very cocky young man\"', 'emphatic': 'spoken with emphasis; \"an emphatic word\"', 'unassertive': 'inclined to timidity or lack of self-confidence; \"a shy unassertive person\"', 'nonassertive': 'not aggressively self-assured, though not necessarily lacking in confidence; \"she was quiet and nonassertive as she took control\"', 'reticent': 'temperamentally disinclined to talk', 'associative': 'characterized by or causing or resulting from the process of bringing ideas or events together in memory or imagination ; \"associative learning\"', 'associable': 'capable of being associated; \"words associable with politics\"', 'nonassociative': 'not associative', 'attached': 'fond and affectionate; \"she was very attached to her father\"', 'bespoken': 'pledged to be married; \"the engaged couple\"', 'intended': 'resulting from one\\'s intentions; \"your intended trip abroad\"; \"an intended insult\"', 'involved': 'enveloped; \"a castle involved in mist\"; \"the difficulties in which the question is involved\"', 'unattached': 'not fastened together', 'unengaged': 'not busy or occupied; free; \"the cancellation left her unengaged a good part of the afternoon\"', 'affixed': 'firmly attached; \"the affixed labels\"', 'appendant': 'affixed as an appendage', 'basifixed': 'attached by its base (as certain anthers to their filaments or stalks)', 'glued': 'affixed or as if affixed with glue or paste; \"he stayed glued to one spot\"; \"pieces of pasted paper\"', 'unaffixed': 'not affixed; \"the stamp came loose\"', 'sessile': 'permanently attached to a substrate; not free to move about; \"sessile marine animals and plants\"', 'pedunculate': 'having or growing on or from a peduncle or stalk; \"a pedunculate flower\"; \"a pedunculate barnacle is attached to the substrate by a fleshy foot or stalk\"', 'vagile': 'having freedom to move about; \"vagile aquatic animals\"', 'free-swimming': '(of animals) able to swim about; not attached', 'detached': 'being or feeling set or kept apart from others; \"she felt detached from the group\"; \"could not remain the isolated figure he had been\"- Sherwood Anderson; \"thought of herself as alone and separated from the others\"; \"had a set-apart feeling\"', 'freestanding': 'standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything; \"a freestanding bell tower\"; \"a house with a separate garage\"', 'semidetached': 'attached on one side only; \"a semidetached house\"', 'stuck': 'baffled; \"this problem has me completely stuck\"', 'cragfast': 'stranded on or as if on a crag; \"cragfast climbers\"', 'unstuck': 'thrown into a state of disorganization or incoherence; \"price programs became unstuck because little grain was available\"', 'attachable': 'capable of being fastened or added to something else; \"a handle attachable by two bolts\"', 'bindable': 'capable of being fastened or secured with a rope or bond', 'clip-on': 'attachable by a clip; \"clip-on earrings\"; \"a clip-on bow tie\"', 'tie-on': 'fastened by tying on; \"tie-on labels\"', 'detachable': 'designed to be unfastened or disconnected without damage; \"shirts with detachable collars\"', 'clastic': 'of or belonging to or being a rock composed of fragments of older rocks (e.g., conglomerates or sandstone)', 'wary': 'marked by keen caution and watchful prudence; \"they were wary in their movements\"; \"a wary glance at the black clouds\"; \"taught to be wary of strangers\"', 'on_guard': 'vigilant; \"on guard against con artists\"; \"must remain on your guard in such a situation\"', 'shy': 'short; \"eleven is one shy of a dozen\"', 'unwary': 'not alert to danger or deception; \"the shrieks of unwary animals taken by surprise\"; \"some thieves prey especially on unwary travelers\"; \"seduce the unwary reader into easy acquiescence\"- O.J.Campbell', 'gullible': 'easily tricked because of being too trusting; \"gullible tourists taken in by the shell game\"', 'unguarded': 'lacking protection or a guard; \"an unguarded gate\"; \"his unguarded queen was open to attack\"', 'attentive': '(often followed by `to\\') giving care or attention; \"attentive to details\"; \"the nurse was attentive to her patient\"; \"an attentive suitor\"', 'captive': 'being in captivity', 'advertent': 'giving attention', 'observant': 'quick to notice; showing quick and keen perception', 'oversolicitous': 'excessively solicitous', 'solicitous': 'full of anxiety and concern; \"solicitous parents\"; \"solicitous about the future\"', 'inattentive': 'not showing due care or attention; \"inattentive students\"; \"an inattentive babysitter\"; \"neglectful parents\"', 'absent': 'not being in a specified place', 'distracted': 'having the attention diverted especially because of anxiety', 'dreamy': 'lacking spirit or liveliness; \"a lackadaisical attempt\"; \"a languid mood\"; \"a languid wave of the hand\"; \"a hot languorous afternoon\"', 'drowsy': 'half asleep; \"made drowsy by the long ride\"; \"it seemed a pity to disturb the drowsing (or dozing) professor\"; \"a tired dozy child\"; \"the nodding (or napping) grandmother in her rocking chair\"', 'forgetful': 'failing to keep in mind; \"forgetful of her responsibilities\"; \"oblivious old age\"', 'attractive': 'having power to arouse interest; \"an attractive opportunity\"; \"the job is attractive because of the pay\"', 'bewitching': 'capturing interest as if by a spell; \"bewitching smile\"; \"Roosevelt was a captivating speaker\"; \"enchanting music\"; \"an enthralling book\"; \"antique papers of entrancing design\"; \"a fascinating woman\"', 'charismatic': 'possessing an extraordinary ability to attract; \"a charismatic leader\"; \"a magnetic personality\"', 'cunning': 'attractive especially by means of smallness or prettiness or quaintness; \"a cute kid with pigtails\"; \"a cute little apartment\"; \"cunning kittens\"; \"a cunning baby\"', 'dinky': 'small and insignificant; \"we stayed in a dinky old hotel\"', 'engaging': 'attracting or delighting; \"an engaging frankness\"; \"a piquant face with large appealing eyes\"', 'fetching': 'very attractive; capturing interest; \"a fetching new hairstyle\"; \"something inexpressibly taking in his manner\"; \"a winning personality\"', 'glossy': '(of paper and fabric and leather) having a surface made smooth and glossy especially by pressing between rollers; \"calendered paper\"; \"glossy paper\"', 'hypnotic': 'of or relating to hypnosis', 'irresistible': 'impossible to resist; overpowering; \"irresistible (or resistless) impulses\"; \"what happens when an irresistible force meets an immovable object?\"', 'personable': '(of persons) pleasant in appearance and personality', 'photogenic': 'looking attractive in photographs', 'prepossessing': 'creating a favorable impression; \"strong and vigorous and of prepossessing appearance\"', 'winsome': 'charming in a childlike or naive way', 'unattractive': 'not appealing to the senses; \"untempting food\"', 'homely': 'plain and unpretentious; \"homely truths\"; \"letters to his son full of homely advice\"; \"homely fare\"', 'subfusc': 'devoid of brightness or appeal; \"a subfusc mining town\"; \"dark subfusc clothing\"', 'unprepossessing': 'creating an unfavorable or neutral first impression', 'repulsive': 'possessing the ability to repel; \"a repulsive force\"', 'appealing': 'able to attract interest or draw favorable attention; \"He added an appealing and memorable figure to popular American mythology\"- Vincent Starrett; \"an appealing sense of humor\"; \"the idea of having enough money to retire at fifty is very appealing\"', 'attention-getting': 'seizing the attention; \"eye-catching posters\"', 'unappealing': 'not able to attract favorable attention; \"they have made the place as unappealing as possible\"; \"was forced to talk to his singularly unappealing hostess\"', 'off-putting': 'causing annoyance or repugnance; \"an off-putting remark\"', 'attributable': 'capable of being attributed; \"the collapse of the movement was attributable to a lack of morale\"; \"an idea attributable to a Russian\"', 'ascribable': 'capable of being assigned or credited to; \"punctuation errors ascribable to careless proofreading\"; \"the cancellation of the concert was due to the rain\"; \"the oversight was not imputable to him\"', 'credited': '(usually followed by `to\\') given credit for; \"an invention credited to Edison\"', 'traceable': 'capable of being traced or tracked; \"a traceable riverbed\"; \"the traceable course of an ancient wall\"', 'unattributable': 'not attributable', 'attributive': 'of adjectives; placed before the nouns they modify; \"`red\\' is an attributive adjective in `a red apple\\'\"', 'attributive_genitive': 'a word in the genitive case used as an attributive adjective; \"an example of the attributive genitive is `John\\'s\\' in `John\\'s mother\\'\"', 'predicative': 'of adjectives; relating to or occurring within the predicate of a sentence; \"`red\\' is a predicative adjective in `the apple is red\\'\"', 'pregnant': 'carrying developing offspring within the body or being about to produce new life', 'big': 'prodigious; \"big spender\"; \"big eater\"; \"heavy investor\"', 'nonpregnant': 'not pregnant', 'audible': 'heard or perceptible by the ear; \"he spoke in an audible whisper\"', 'clunky': 'making a clunking sound', 'sonic': '(of speed) having or caused by speed approximately equal to that of sound in air at sea level; \"a sonic boom\"', 'sounding': 'having volume or deepness; \"sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal\"; \"the sounding cataract haunted me like a passion\"- Wordsworth', 'inaudible': 'impossible to hear; imperceptible by the ear; \"an inaudible conversation\"', 'breathed': 'uttered without voice; \"could hardly hear her breathed plea, `Help me\\'\"; \"voiceless whispers\"', 'infrasonic': 'having frequencies below those of audible sound', 'silent': 'marked by absence of sound; \"a silent house\"; \"soundless footsteps on the grass\"; \"the night was still\"', 'supersonic': '(of speed) greater than the speed of sound in a given medium (especially air); \"a supersonic bomber flies so fast that it must release its bombs while the target is still over the horizon\"', 'unheard': 'not necessarily inaudible but not heard', 'subsonic': '(of speed) less than that of sound in a designated medium; \"aircraft flying at subsonic speeds\"', 'auspicious': 'auguring favorable circumstances and good luck; \"an auspicious beginning for the campaign\"', 'bright': 'clear and sharp and ringing; \"the bright sound of the trumpet section\"; \"the brilliant sound of the trumpets\"', 'fortunate': 'having unexpected good fortune; \"other, less fortunate, children died\"; \"a fortunate choice\"', 'inauspicious': 'not auspicious; boding ill', 'unpromising': ' unlikely to bring about favorable results or enjoyment; \"faced an unpromising task\"; \"music for unpromising combinations of instruments\"', 'propitious': 'presenting favorable circumstances; likely to result in or show signs of success; \"propitious omens\"; \"propitious gales speeded us along\"; \"a propitious alignment of planets for space exploration\"', 'golden': 'marked by peace and prosperity; \"a golden era\"; \"the halcyon days of the clipper trade\"', 'gracious': 'characterized by charm, good taste, and generosity of spirit; \"gracious even to unexpected visitors\"; \"gracious living\"; \"he bears insult with gracious good humor\"', 'unpropitious': 'not propitious', 'ill': 'affected by an impairment of normal physical or mental function; \"ill from the monotony of his suffering\"', 'thunderous': 'extremely ominous; \"world events of thunderous import\"', 'authorized': 'endowed with authority', 'accredited': 'given official approval to act; \"an accredited college\"; \"commissioned broker\"; \"licensed pharmacist\"; \"authorized representative\"', 'approved': 'established by authority; given authoritative approval; \"a list of approved candidates\"', 'canonized': 'accorded sacrosanct or authoritative standing', 'empowered': 'invested with legal power or official authority especially as symbolized by having a scepter', 'unauthorized': 'without official authorization; \"an unauthorized strike\"; \"wildcat work stoppage\"', 'self-appointed': 'designated or chosen by yourself; \"a self-appointed guardian of public morals\"', 'unaccredited': 'lacking official approval', 'constitutional': 'of benefit to or intended to benefit your physical makeup; \"constitutional walk\"', 'unconstitutional': 'not consistent with or according to a constitution; contrary to the U.S. Constitution', 'autochthonous': 'of rocks, deposits, etc.; found where they and their constituents were formed', 'allochthonous': 'of rocks, deposits, etc.; found in a place other than where they and their constituents were formed', 'autoecious': 'of parasites especially rust fungi; completing the entire life cycle on a single host; \"autoecious rust fungi\"', 'heteroecious': 'of parasites; passing through different stages of the life cycle on different host species; \"heteroecious fungi\"; \"heteroecious insects\"', 'autogenous': 'originating within the body', 'self-generated': 'originating from the self', 'self-induced': 'produced by electrical self-induction', 'heterogenous': 'originating outside the body', 'automatic': 'without volition or conscious control; \"the automatic shrinking of the pupils of the eye in strong light\"; \"a reflex knee jerk\"; \"sneezing is reflexive\"', 'autoloading': '(of firearms) capable of automatic loading and firing continuously; \"an autoloading rifle\"', 'automated': 'operated by automation; \"an automated stoker\"', 'self-acting': 'designed to activate or move or regulate itself; \"a self-activating sprinkler system\"', 'self-locking': 'locking automatically when closed', 'self-winding': 'designed so that manual winding is unnecessary; \"a self-winding watch\"', 'semiautomatic': 'partially automatic', 'smart': 'painfully severe; \"he gave the dog a smart blow\"', 'manual': 'of or relating to the hands; \"manual dexterity\"', 'hand-operated': 'operated by hand', 'available': 'not busy; not otherwise committed; \"he was not available for comment\"; \"he was available and willing to accompany her\"', 'acquirable': 'capable of being acquired', 'addressable': 'capable of being addressed; \"addressable memory\"', 'forthcoming': 'available when required or as promised; \"federal funds were not forthcoming\"', 'gettable': 'capable of being obtained; \"savings of up to 50 percent are obtainable\"', 'in_stock': 'available for use or sale; \"they have plenty of stonewashed jeans in stock\"', 'lendable': 'available for lending; \"lendable resources\"', 'visible': ' capable of being seen; or open to easy view; \"a visible object\"; \"visible stars\"; \"mountains visible in the distance\"; \"a visible change of expression\"; \"visible files\"', 'on_hand': 'readily available; \"there will be a wealth of information on hand from the lawyers\"', 'on_tap': '(of liquids) available by turning a tap; \"ale on tap\"; \"hot and cold running water on tap\"', 'purchasable': 'available for purchase; \"purchasable goods\"; \"many houses in the area are for sale\"', 'ready': 'mentally disposed; \"he was ready to believe her\"', 'unavailable': 'not available or accessible or at hand; \"fresh milk was unavailable during the emergency\"; \"his secretary said he was unavailable for comment\"', 'out_of_stock': 'not available for sale or use; \"too many items are out of stock\"', 'awake': 'not in a state of sleep; completely conscious; \"lay awake thinking about his new job\"; \"still not fully awake\"', 'astir': 'out of bed; \"are they astir yet?\"; \"up by seven each morning\"', 'awakened': 'aroused or activated; \"an awakened interest in ballet\"', 'insomniac': 'experiencing or accompanied by sleeplessness; \"insomniac old people\"; \"insomniac nights\"; \"lay sleepless all night\"; \"twenty watchful, weary, tedious nights\"- Shakespeare', 'unsleeping': 'fully awake; \"the unsleeping city\"; \"so excited she was wide-awake all night\"', 'waking': 'marked by full consciousness or alertness; \"worked every moment of my waking hours\"', 'at_rest': 'in a state of repose or especially sleep', 'fast_asleep': 'sleeping deeply; \"lying fast asleep on the sofa\"; \"it would be cruel to wake him; he\\'s sound asleep\"', 'hypnoid': 'of or relating to a state of sleep or hypnosis', 'sleepy': 'ready to fall asleep; \"beginning to feel sleepy\"; \"a sleepy-eyed child with drooping eyelids\"; \"sleepyheaded students\"', 'slumberous': 'quiet and tranquil; \"a slumberous June morning\"', 'unawakened': 'not aroused or activated; \"unawakened emotions\"', 'astringent': 'tending to draw together or constrict soft organic tissue; \"astringent cosmetic lotions\"', 'styptic': 'tending to check bleeding by contracting the tissues or blood vessels', 'nonastringent': 'not astringent', 'aware': '(sometimes followed by `of\\') having or showing knowledge or understanding or realization or perception; \"was aware of his opponent\\'s hostility\"; \"became aware of her surroundings\"; \"aware that he had exceeded the speed limit\"', 'conscious': 'intentionally conceived; \"a conscious effort to speak more slowly\"; \"a conscious policy\"', 'sensible': 'able to feel or perceive; \"even amoeba are sensible creatures\"; \"the more sensible parts of the skin\"', 'unaware': '(often followed by `of\\') not aware; \"seemed unaware of the scrutiny\"; \"unaware of the danger they were in\"; \"unaware of the newborn hope\"; \"the most unaware person I\\'ve known\"', 'oblivious': '(followed by `to\\' or `of\\') lacking conscious awareness of; \"oblivious of the mounting pressures for political reform\"; \"oblivious to the risks she ran\"; \"not unmindful of the heavy responsibility\"', 'unconscious': 'without conscious volition', 'unsuspecting': 'not suspicious; \"deceiving the unsuspecting public\"', 'witting': 'aware or knowing; \"a witting tool of the Communists\"', 'unwitting': 'not aware or knowing; \"an unwitting subject in an experiment\"', 'alarming': 'frightening because of an awareness of danger', 'appalling': 'causing consternation; \"appalling conditions\"', 'atrocious': 'shockingly brutal or cruel; \"murder is an atrocious crime\"; \"a grievous offense against morality\"; \"a grievous crime\"; \"no excess was too monstrous for them to commit\"', 'awful': 'causing fear or dread or terror; \"the awful war\"; \"an awful risk\"; \"dire news\"; \"a career or vengeance so direful that London was shocked\"; \"the dread presence of the headmaster\"; \"polio is no longer the dreaded disease it once was\"; \"a dreadful storm\"; \"a fearful howling\"; \"horrendous explosions shook the city\"; \"a terrible curse\"', 'baleful': 'deadly or sinister; \"the Florida eagles have a fierce baleful look\"', 'bloodcurdling': 'extremely alarming', 'chilling': 'provoking fear terror; \"a scary movie\"; \"the most terrible and shuddery...tales of murder and revenge\"', 'creepy': 'annoying and unpleasant; \"some creepy kids were bothering her\"', 'formidable': 'extremely impressive in strength or excellence; \"a formidable opponent\"; \"the challenge was formidable\"; \"had a formidable array of compositions to his credit\"; \"the formidable army of brains at the Prime Minister\\'s disposal\"', 'ghastly': 'shockingly repellent; inspiring horror; \"ghastly wounds\"; \"the grim aftermath of the bombing\"; \"the grim task of burying the victims\"; \"a grisly murder\"; \"gruesome evidence of human sacrifice\"; \"macabre tales of war and plague in the Middle ages\"; \"macabre tortures conceived by madmen\"', 'hairy': 'having or covered with hair; \"Jacob was a hairy man\"; \"a hairy caterpillar\"', 'petrifying': 'paralyzing with terror', 'stupefying': 'making physically stupid or dull or insensible; \"a stupefying blow to the head\"; \"the stupefying effects of hemp\"', 'terrific': 'very great or intense; \"a terrific noise\"; \"a terrific thunderstorm storm\"; \"fought a terrific battle\"', 'unalarming': 'not alarming; assuaging alarm', 'anemophilous': 'of flowering plants (especially grasses etc) that are pollinated by the wind', 'entomophilous': 'of flowering plants (especially orchids etc) that are pollinated by insects', 'reassuring': 'restoring confidence and relieving anxiety; \"a very reassuring remark\"', 'assuasive': 'freeing from fear and anxiety', 'assuring': 'giving confidence', 'comforting': 'providing freedom from worry', 'unreassuring': 'not reassuring; tending to cause anxiety', 'backmost': 'located farthest to the rear', 'rear': 'located in or toward the back or rear; \"the chair\\'s rear legs\"; \"the rear door of the plane\"; \"on the rearward side\"', 'front': 'relating to or located in the front; \"the front lines\"; \"the front porch\"', 'advance': 'being ahead of time or need; \"gave advance warning\"; \"was beforehand with her report\"', 'foremost': 'situated closest to the bow; \"the foremost compartment of the ship\"', 'leading': 'greatest in importance or degree or significance or achievement; \"our greatest statesmen\"; \"the country\\'s leading poet\"; \"a preeminent archeologist\"', 'directing': 'showing the way by conducting or leading; imposing direction on; \"felt his mother\\'s directing arm around him\"; \"the directional role of science on industrial progress\"', 'guiding': 'exerting control or influence; \"a guiding principle\"', 'pursuing': 'following in order to overtake or capture or as accompaniment to such pursuit; \"the fox fled from the pursuing hounds\"; \"listened for the hounds\\' pursuing bark\"', 'backed': 'used of film that is coated on the side opposite the emulsion with a substance to absorb light', 'hardbacked': 'having a hard back or cover; \"hardback books\"', 'high-backed': 'having a high back; \"a high-backed sofa\"', 'low-backed': 'having a low back', 'razorback': 'having a sharp narrow back; \"a razor-backed horse\"; \"razorback hogs\"', 'spiny-backed': 'having the back covered with spines', 'stiff-backed': 'having a stiff back; \"the guards stood stiff-backed and unsmiling\"', 'straight-backed': 'having a straight back; \"a straight-backed wooden chair\"; \"a slim straight-backed dancer\"', 'backless': 'lacking a back; \"a stool is a backless and armless seat\"', 'low-cut': 'having a low-cut back; \"a backless dress\"', 'backward': 'retarded in intellectual development', 'backswept': 'used of hair', 'cacuminal': 'pronounced with the tip of the tongue turned back toward the hard palate', 'converse': 'of words so related that one reverses the relation denoted by the other; \"`parental\\' and `filial\\' are converse terms\"', 'inverse': 'opposite in nature or effect or relation to another quantity ; \"a term is in inverse proportion to another term if it increases (or decreases) as the other decreases (or increases)\"', 'rearward': 'directed or moving toward the rear; \"a rearward glance\"; \"a rearward movement\"', 'receding': '(of a hairline e.g.) moving slowly back', 'reflexive': 'referring back to itself', 'regardant': 'looking backward', 'retracted': 'drawn back and in; \"a cat with retracted claws\"', 'retroflex': 'bent or curved backward', 'returning': 'tending to return to an earlier state', 'forward': 'used of temperament or behavior; lacking restraint or modesty; \"a forward child badly in need of discipline\"', 'guardant': 'looking forward', 'headfirst': 'with the head foremost; \"a headfirst plunge down the stairs\"; \"a headlong dive into the pool\"', 'reverse': 'of the transmission gear causing backward movement in a motor vehicle; \"in reverse gear\"', 'bashful': 'self-consciously timid; \"I never laughed, being bashful; lowering my head, I looked at the wall\"- Ezra Pound', 'brash': 'offensively bold; \"a brash newcomer disputed the age-old rules for admission to the club\"; \"a nervy thing to say\"', 'bumptious': 'offensively self-assertive', 'overfamiliar': 'taking undue liberties; \"young women disliked the overfamiliar tone he took with them\"', 'fresh': 'having recently calved and therefore able to give milk; \"the cow is fresh\"', 'balconied': 'having balconies or a balcony; \"the balconied houses of New Orleans\"', 'unbalconied': 'not having balconies', 'barreled': '(of an arrow) tapered toward both ends', 'unbarreled': 'not in a barrel', 'beaked': 'having or resembling a beak', 'beaklike': 'resembling the beak of a bird; \"a grizzled man with a beaklike nose\"', 'billed': 'having a beak or bill as specified; \"a thick-billed bird\"; \"a long-billed cap\"', 'duckbill': 'having a beak resembling that of a duck; \"a duck-billed dinosaur\"', 'rostrate': 'having a beak or beaklike snout or proboscis', 'short-beaked': 'having a short beak', 'stout-billed': 'having a strong beak', 'straight-billed': 'having a straight beak', 'thick-billed': 'having a thick beak', 'beakless': 'not having a beak or bill', 'bedded': 'having a bed or beds as specified', 'double-bedded': 'having a double bed; \"a double-bedded room\"', 'single-bedded': 'having single beds', 'twin-bedded': 'having twin beds', 'bedless': 'without a bed; \"the cell was bedless\"', 'beneficed': 'having a benefice; \"a beneficed clergyman\"', 'unbeneficed': 'not having a benefice', 'stratified': 'deposited or arranged in horizontal layers; \"stratified rock\"', 'foliate': 'ornamented with foliage or foils; \"foliate tracery\"; \"a foliated capital\"', 'laminar': 'arranged in or consisting of laminae', 'layered': 'with one layer on top of another; \"superimposed rocks\"', 'sheetlike': 'resembling a sheet', 'unstratified': 'not deposited in layers; \"glacial till is unstratified\"', 'ferned': 'abounding in or covered with ferns; \"the ferny undergrowth\"', 'braky': 'covered with brambles and ferns and other undergrowth', 'fernlike': 'resembling ferns especially in leaf shape; \"the ferny shadows of locust leaves\"', 'fernless': 'devoid of ferns', 'grassy': 'abounding in grass', 'grass-covered': 'covered with grass; \"wide grass-covered plains as far as the eye could see\"', 'grasslike': 'resembling grass', 'rushlike': 'resembling rush or sedge', 'sedgy': 'covered with sedges (grasslike marsh plants)', 'grassless': 'lacking grass', 'gusseted': 'provided or reinforced with gussets', 'ungusseted': 'not having gussets', 'hairless': 'having no hair or fur; \"a Mexican Hairless is about the size of a fox terrier and hairless except for a tufts on the head and tail\"', 'bald': 'with no effort to conceal; \"a barefaced lie\"', 'balding': 'getting bald', 'beardless': 'having no beard', 'depilatory': 'able to remove hair or render hairless', 'depilous': 'completely hairless', 'glabrescent': 'lacking hair or a similar growth or tending to become hairless', 'glabrous': 'having no hair or similar growth; smooth; \"glabrous stems\"; \"glabrous leaves\"; \"a glabrous scalp\"', 'naked-muzzled': 'having a muzzle that is hairless', 'naked-tailed': 'having a tail that is hairless', 'nonhairy': 'without hair; \"tinea corporis is a fungal infection of the nonhairy parts of the skin\"', 'tonsured': 'having a bald spot either shaved or natural; \"tonsured monks\"', 'canescent': 'of greyish white; \"the canescent moon\"', 'coarse-haired': 'having coarse hair or fur', 'comate': 'bearing a coma; crowned with an assemblage of branches or leaves or bracts; \"comate royal palms\"; \"pineapples are comate\"', 'curly-haired': 'covered with curly hair; \"a curly-coated water spaniel\"', 'dark-haired': 'having hair of a dark color; \"a dark-haired beauty\"', 'downy': 'like down or as soft as down', 'floccose': '(of plants) having tufts of soft woolly hairs', 'furlike': 'resembling fur', 'furred': 'covered with a dense coat of fine silky hairs; \"furred animals\"; \"a furry teddy bear\"', 'fuzzed': 'covering with fine light hairs; \"his head fuzzed like a dandelion gone to seed\"', 'glossy-haired': 'having glossy hair; \"a glossy-coated foxhound\"', 'hispid': '(of animals or plants) having stiff coarse hairs or bristles; \"plants with hispid stems\"', 'lanate': 'covered with dense cottony hairs or hairlike filaments; \"the woolly aphid has a lanate coat resembling cotton\"', 'long-haired': 'with long hair; \"long-haired hippies\"', 'pappose': '(of plants such as dandelions and thistles) having pappi or tufts of featherlike hairs or delicate bristles', 'pilous': 'covered with hairs especially fine soft ones', 'rough-haired': 'having hair that feels rough', 'shock-headed': 'having a shock (or untidy mass) of hair; \"shock-headed teenagers\"', 'short-haired': 'with short hair; \"a short-haired dog\"', 'silky-haired': 'having hair that resembles silk', 'silver-haired': 'having hair the color of silver', 'smooth-haired': 'having hair that feels smooth', 'snake-haired': '(of monsters) having snakes for hair', 'soft-haired': 'having soft hair', 'stiff-haired': 'having stiff hair', 'thick-haired': 'having thick hair', 'tomentose': 'covered with densely matted filaments', 'velvety-furred': 'having hair that feels like velvet', 'wire-haired': '(especially of dogs) having stiff wiry hair; \"a wire-haired terrier\"', 'wiry': 'of or relating to wire', 'wooly': 'covered with dense often matted or curly hairs; \"woolly lambs\"', 'awned': 'having awns i.e. bristlelike or hairlike appendages on the flowering parts of some cereals and grasses; \"awned wheatgrass\"', 'bearded': 'having hair on the cheeks and chin', 'awnless': 'lacking or having only very short awns; \"awnless bromegrass\"', 'bearing': '(of a structural member) withstanding a weight or strain', 'load-bearing': 'capable of bearing a structural load; \"a supporting wall\"', 'nonbearing': '(of a structural member) supporting no vertical weight other than its own; \"they took out a nonbearing wall\"', 'beautiful': '(of weather) highly enjoyable; \"what a beautiful day\"', 'beauteous': '(poetic )beautiful, especially to the sight', 'bonny': 'very pleasing to the eye; \"my bonny lass\"; \"there\\'s a bonny bay beyond\"; \"a comely face\"; \"young fair maidens\"', 'dishy': '(informal British) sexually attractive; \"a dishy blonde\"', 'exquisite': 'intense or sharp; \"suffered exquisite pain\"; \"felt exquisite pleasure\"', 'fine-looking': 'pleasing in appearance especially by reason of conformity to ideals of form and proportion; \"a fine-looking woman\"; \"a good-looking man\"; \"better-looking than her sister\"; \"very pretty but not so extraordinarily handsome\"- Thackeray; \"our southern women are well-favored\"- Lillian Hellman', 'glorious': 'having or deserving or conferring glory; \"a long and glorious career\"; \"our glorious literature\"', 'gorgeous': 'dazzlingly beautiful; \"a gorgeous Victorian gown\"', 'lovely': 'appealing to the emotions as well as the eye', 'picturesque': 'strikingly expressive; \"a picturesque description of the rainforest\"', 'pretty': '(used ironically) unexpectedly bad; \"a pretty mess\"; \"a pretty kettle of fish\"', 'pretty-pretty': 'ostentatiously or inappropriately pretty', 'pulchritudinous': 'used of persons only; having great physical beauty; \"pulchritudinous movie stars\"', 'ravishing': 'stunningly beautiful; \"a ravishing blonde\"', 'scenic': 'of or relating to the stage or stage scenery; \"scenic design\"', 'stunning': 'causing great astonishment and consternation; \"the strike came as a stunning protest against management\"; \"a stunning defeat\"', 'ugly': 'displeasing to the senses; \"an ugly face\"; \"ugly furniture\"', 'disfigured': 'having the appearance spoiled; \"a disfigured face\"; \"strip mining left a disfigured landscape\"', 'evil-looking': 'having an evil appearance', 'fugly': '(slang) extremely ugly', 'grotesque': 'distorted and unnatural in shape or size; abnormal and hideous; \"tales of grotesque serpents eight fathoms long that churned the seas\"; \"twisted into monstrous shapes\"', 'hideous': 'grossly offensive to decency or morality; causing horror; \"subjected to outrageous cruelty\"; \"a hideous pattern of injustice\"; \"horrific conditions in the mining industry\"', 'ill-favored': 'usually used of a face; \"an ill-favored countenance\"', 'scrofulous': 'afflicted with scrofula', 'unlovely': 'without beauty or charm', 'unsightly': 'unpleasant to look at; \"unsightly billboards\"', 'bellied': 'curving outward', 'big-bellied': 'having a prominent belly', 'bellyless': 'lacking a prominent belly', 'banded': 'marked with bands or strips of contrasting color or texture; \"a banded rock\"', 'unbanded': 'not identified with a band; \"an unbanded bird\"', 'belted': 'having or provided with a belt; \"a belted dress\"', 'belt-fed': 'using belted ammunition', 'beltlike': 'resembling a belt around something', 'unbelted': 'lacking a belt; \"unbelted jackets are in this season\"', 'beneficent': 'generous in assistance to the poor; \"a benevolent contributor\"; \"eleemosynary relief\"; \"philanthropic contributions\"', 'benefic': 'exerting a favorable or beneficent influence; \"a benefic star\"; \"a benefic force\"', 'maleficent': 'harmful or evil in intent or effect', 'malefic': 'having or exerting a malignant influence; \"malevolent stars\"; \"a malefic force\"', 'malicious': 'having the nature of or resulting from malice; \"malicious gossip\"; \"took malicious pleasure in...watching me wince\"- Rudyard Kipling', 'despiteful': 'showing malicious ill will and a desire to hurt; motivated by spite; \"a despiteful fiend\"; \"a truly spiteful child\"; \"a vindictive man will look for occasions for resentment\"', 'leering': '(of a glance) sidelong and slyly lascivious; \"leering drugstore cowboys\"', 'malevolent': 'wishing or appearing to wish evil to others; arising from intense ill will or hatred; \"a gossipy malevolent old woman\"; \"failure made him malevolent toward those who were successful\"', 'beady-eyed': 'having eyes that gleam with malice', 'bitchy': 'marked by or arising from malice; \"a catty remark\"', 'poisonous': 'having the qualities or effects of a poison', 'venomed': 'full of malice or hate; \"venomed remarks\"', 'vixenish': 'shrewish and malicious; \"a vixenish old woman\"', 'unmalicious': 'not malicious or spiteful', 'benign': 'not dangerous to health; not recurrent or progressive (especially of a tumor)', 'kindly': 'pleasant and agreeable; \"a kindly climate\"; \"kindly breeze\"', 'malign': 'evil or harmful in nature or influence; \"prompted by malign motives\"; \"believed in witches and malign spirits\"; \"gave him a malign look\"; \"a malign lesion\"', 'cancerous': 'relating to or affected with cancer; \"a cancerous growth\"', 'best': '(superlative of `good\\') having the most positive qualities; \"the best film of the year\"; \"the best solution\"; \"the best time for planting\"; \"wore his best suit\"', 'champion': 'holding first place in a contest; \"a champion show dog\"; \"a prizewinning wine\"', 'high-grade': 'surpassing in quality; \"top-grade ore\"', 'first': 'indicating the beginning unit in a series', 'go-to-meeting': 'used of clothing; \"my good clothes\"; \"her Sunday-go-to-meeting clothes\"', 'optimum': 'most desirable possible under a restriction expressed or implied; \"an optimum return on capital\"; \"optimal concentration of a drug\"', 'primo': 'the best of its kind', 'record-breaking': 'surpassing any previously established record; \"a record-breaking high jump\"; \"record-breaking crowds\"', 'second-best': 'next to the best; \"his second-best bed\"', 'superfine': 'of extremely fine size or texture; \"superfine sugar\"; \"a superfine file\"', 'unexcelled': 'not capable of being improved on', 'unsurpassable': 'not to be exceeded; \"unsurpassable skill\"; \"unsurpassable standards of workmanship\"', 'worst': '(superlative of `bad\\') most wanting in quality or value or condition; \"the worst player on the team\"; \"the worst weather of the year\"', 'bottom': 'situated at the bottom or lowest position; \"the bottom drawer\"', 'pessimal': \"of an organism's environment; least favorable for survival\", 'amended': 'of legislation', 'finer': '(comparative of `fine\\') greater in quality or excellence; \"a finer wine\"; \"a finer musician\"', 'improved': '(of land) made ready for development or agriculture by clearing of trees and brush; \"improved farmlands\"', 'worse': 'changed for the worse in health or fitness; \"I feel worse today\"; \"her cold is worse\"', 'worsened': 'made or become worse; impaired; \"troubled by the worsened economic conditions\"; \"the worsened diplomatic relations\"', 'fitter': 'improved in health or physical condition', 'bettering': 'changing for the better', 'ameliorating': 'tending to ameliorate', 'amendatory': 'effecting amendment; \"added amendatory phrases to the text\"', 'corrective': 'designed to promote discipline; \"the teacher\\'s action was corrective rather than instructional\"; \"disciplinal measures\"; \"the mother was stern and disciplinary\"', 'remedial': 'tending or intended to rectify or improve; \"a remedial reading course\"; \"remedial education\"', 'worsening': 'changing for the worse; \"worried by the worsening storm\"', 'bicameral': 'consisting of two chambers; \"the bicameral heart of a fish\"', 'unicameral': 'composed of one legislative body', 'bidirectional': 'reactive or functioning or allowing movement in two usually opposite directions', 'biface': 'having two faces or fronts; \"the Roman Janus is bifacial\"', 'duplex': '(used technically of a device or process) having two parts; \"a duplex transaction\"', 'two-way': 'operating or permitting operation in either of two opposite directions; \"a two-way valve\"; \"two-way traffic\"; \"two-way streets\"', 'unidirectional': 'operating or moving or allowing movement in one direction only; \"a unidirectional flow\"; \"a unidirectional antenna\"; \"a unidirectional approach to a problem\"', 'one-way': 'moving or permitting movement in one direction only; \"one-way streets\"; \"a one-way ticket\"', 'simplex': 'having only one part or element; \"a simplex word has no affixes and is not part of a compound--like `boy\\' compared with `boyish\\' or `house\\' compared with `houseboat\\'\"', 'unifacial': 'having but one principal or specialized surface; \"a primitive unifacial flint tool\"', 'faced': 'having a face or facing especially of a specified kind or number; often used in combination; \"a neatly faced terrace\"', 'baby-faced': 'having a youthful-looking face', 'bald-faced': '(of animals) having white markings on the face', 'featured': 'made a feature or highlight; given prominence; \"a featured actor\"; \"a featured item at the sale\"', 'Janus-faced': 'having or concerned with polarities or contrasts; \"a Janus-faced view of history\"; \"a Janus-faced policy\"', 'long-faced': 'having a face longer than the usual', 'moon-faced': 'having a round face', 'pale-faced': 'having a pale face', 'pug-faced': 'having the flat wrinkled face of a pug dog', 'sad-faced': 'having a face with a sad expression; \"the sad-faced clown\"', 'sweet-faced': 'having a pleasing face or one showing a sweet disposition; \"a sweet-faced child\"', 'visaged': 'having a face or visage as specified; \"gloomy-visaged funeral directors\"', 'faceless': 'without a face or identity; \"a faceless apparition\"; \"the faceless accusers of the police state\"', 'bibbed': 'having a bib; \"a bibbed apron\"', 'bibless': 'lacking a bib', 'unilateral': 'tracing descent from either the paternal or the maternal line only', 'one-party': 'determined by a single party', 'multilateral': 'having many parts or sides', 'bilateral': 'having identical parts on each side of an axis', 'deep-lobed': 'having deep bilateral lobes', 'two-lobed': 'having two lobes', 'bipartite': 'divided into two portions almost to the base', 'joint': 'affecting or involving two or more; \"joint income-tax return\"; \"joint ownership\"', 'multipartite': 'involving more than two parties', 'quadrilateral': 'having four sides', 'five-sided': 'having five sides', 'six-sided': 'having six sides', 'seven-sided': 'having seven sides', 'eight-sided': 'having eight sides', 'nine-sided': 'having nine sides', 'ten-sided': 'having ten sides', 'eleven-sided': 'having eleven sides', 'twelve-sided': 'having twelve sides', 'quadripartite': 'involving four parties', 'tetramerous': 'having or consisting of four similar parts; tetramerous flowers', 'three-cornered': 'having three corners; \"a three-cornered hat\"', 'three-lobed': 'having three lobes', 'four-lobed': 'having four lobes', 'five-lobed': 'having five lobes', 'many-lobed': 'having many lobes', 'palmately-lobed': 'having lobes radiating from a central point', 'trilateral': 'involving three parties; \"trilateral talks\"', 'tripartite': 'involving three parties or elements; \"a tripartite treaty\"; \"a tripartite division\"; \"a three-way playoff\"', 'bimodal': 'of a distribution; having or occurring with two modes', 'unimodal': 'having a single mode', 'binaural': 'relating to or having or hearing with two ears; \"binaural hearing\"', 'two-eared': 'having two ears', 'stereophonic': 'designating sound transmission from two sources through two channels', 'monaural': 'relating to or having or hearing with only one ear; \"monaural deafness\"', 'one-eared': 'having a single ear', 'mono': 'designating sound transmission or recording or reproduction over a single channel', 'binucleate': 'having two nuclei', 'mononuclear': 'having only one nucleus', 'trinucleate': 'having three nuclei', 'bipedal': 'having two feet', 'quadrupedal': 'having four feet', 'African-American': 'pertaining to or characteristic of Americans of African ancestry; \"Afro-American culture\"; \"many black people preferred to be called African-American or Afro-American\"', 'colored': 'having color or a certain color; sometimes used in combination; \"colored crepe paper\"; \"the film was in color\"; \"amber-colored heads of grain\"', 'negro': 'relating to or characteristic of or being a member of the traditional racial division of mankind having brown to black pigmentation and tightly curled hair', 'negroid': 'characteristic of people traditionally classified as the Negro race; \"negroid features\"', 'white': 'free from moral blemish or impurity; unsullied; \"in shining white armor\"', 'Caucasian': 'of or relating to the geographical region of Caucasia; \"Caucasian languages\"', 'light-skinned': 'having little skin pigmentation', 'blond': 'being or having light colored skin and hair and usually blue or grey eyes; \"blond Scandinavians\"; \"a house full of light-haired children\"', 'ash-blonde': 'of hair color; whitish', 'fair': 'not excessive or extreme; \"a fairish income\"; \"reasonable prices\"', 'flaxen': 'of hair color; pale yellowish to yellowish brown; \"flaxen locks\"', 'nordic': 'resembling peoples of Scandinavia', 'redheaded': 'having red hair and usually fair skin', 'brunet': 'marked by dark or relatively dark pigmentation of hair or skin or eyes; \"a brunette beauty\"', 'adust': 'dried out by heat or excessive exposure to sunlight; \"a vast desert all adust\"; \"land lying baked in the heat\"; \"parched soil\"; \"the earth was scorched and bare\"; \"sunbaked salt flats\"', 'bronzed': '(of skin) having a tan color from exposure to the sun; \"a young bronzed Apollo\"', 'brown': 'of a color similar to that of wood or earth', 'dark-skinned': 'naturally having skin of a dark color; \"a dark-skinned beauty\"; \"gold earrings gleamed against her dusky cheeks\"; \"a smile on his swarthy face\"; \"`swart\\' is archaic\"', 'grizzled': 'having dark hairs mixed with grey or white', 'nutbrown': 'of the color of nuts; \"nutbrown hair\"', 'blemished': 'having a blemish or flaw; \"a flawed diamond\"; \"an irregular pair of jeans\"', 'acned': '(of complexion) blemished by imperfections of the skin', 'blebbed': '(of glass or quartzite) marred by small bubbles or small particles of foreign material', 'blotchy': 'marred by discolored spots or blotches; \"blotchy skin\"', 'flyblown': 'spoiled and covered with eggs and larvae of flies; \"flyblown meat\"; \"a sack of maggoty apricots\"', 'marred': 'blemished by injury or rough wear; \"the scarred piano bench\"; \"walls marred by graffiti\"', 'pocked': 'used of paved surfaces having holes or pits', 'unblemished': 'free from physical or moral spots or stains; \"an unblemished record\"; \"an unblemished complexion\"', 'stainless': '(of reputation) free from blemishes; \"his unsullied name\"; \"an untarnished reputation\"', 'bloody': 'having or covered with or accompanied by blood; \"a bloody nose\"; \"your scarf is all bloody\"; \"the effects will be violent and probably bloody\"; \"a bloody fight\"', 'blood-filled': 'containing blood; \"the blood-filled centers of arteries and veins\"', 'bloodstained': 'covered with blood; \"a bloodstained shirt\"; \"a gory dagger\"', 'bloodsucking': 'drawing blood from the body of another; \"a plague of bloodsucking insects\"', 'bloodthirsty': 'marked by eagerness to resort to violence and bloodshed; \"bloody-minded tyrants\"; \"bloodthirsty yells\"; \"went after the collaborators with a sanguinary fury that drenched the land with blood\"-G.W.Johnson', 'crimson': '(especially of the face) reddened or suffused with or as if with blood from emotion or exertion; \"crimson with fury\"; \"turned red from exertion\"; \"with puffy reddened eyes\"; \"red-faced and violent\"; \"flushed (or crimson) with embarrassment\"', 'homicidal': 'characteristic of or capable of or having a tendency toward killing another human being ; \"a homicidal rage\"; \"murderous thugs\"', 'gory': 'accompanied by bloodshed; \"this bitter and sanguinary war\"', 'internecine': '(of conflict) within a group or organization; \"an internecine feud among proxy holders\"', 'nonviolent': 'abstaining (on principle) from the use of violence', 'bold': 'clear and distinct; \"bold handwriting\"; \"a figure carved in bold relief\"; \"a bold design\"', 'daredevil': 'presumptuously daring; \"a daredevil test pilot having the right stuff\"', 'emboldened': 'made bold or courageous', 'foolhardy': 'marked by defiant disregard for danger or consequences; \"foolhardy enough to try to seize the gun from the hijacker\"; \"became the fiercest and most reckless of partisans\"-Macaulay; \"a reckless driver\"; \"a rash attempt to climb Mount Everest\"', 'heroic': 'relating to or characteristic of heroes of antiquity; \"heroic legends\"; \"the heroic age\"', 'nervy': 'showing or requiring courage and contempt of danger; \"the nervy feats of mountaineers\"', 'overreaching': 'revealing excessive self-confidence; reaching for the heights; \"vaulting ambition\"', 'overvaliant': 'having or showing undue valor or boldness; \"a foolish overvaliant act\"', 'timid': 'showing fear and lack of confidence', 'coy': 'affectedly modest or shy especially in a playful or provocative way', 'intimidated': 'made timid or fearful as by threats', 'mousy': 'infested with mice', 'bound': 'bound by an oath; \"a bound official\"', 'chained': 'bound with chains; \"enchained demons strained in anger to gnaw on his bones\"; \"prisoners in chains\"', 'fettered': 'bound by chains fastened around the ankles', 'furled': 'rolled up and secured; \"furled sails bound securely to the spar\"; \"a furled flag\"; \"his rolled umbrella hanging on his arm\"', 'pinioned': '(of birds) especially having the flight feathers', 'tethered': 'confined or restricted with or as if with a rope or chain', 'trussed': 'bound or secured closely; \"the guard was found trussed up with his arms and legs securely tied\"; \"a trussed chicken\"', 'wired': 'equipped with wire or wires especially for electric or telephone service; \"a well-wired house\"', 'unbound': 'not held in chemical or physical combination', 'unchained': 'not bound by shackles and chains', 'untethered': 'not confined or restricted with a tether', 'laced': 'edged or streaked with color; \"white blossoms with purple-laced petals\"', 'unlaced': 'with laces not tied; \"teenagers slopping around in unlaced sneakers\"', 'tied': 'bound together by or as if by a strong rope; especially as by a bond of affection; \"people tied by blood or marriage\"', 'knotted': 'tied with a knot; \"his carefully knotted necktie\"', 'untied': 'not tied', 'tangled': 'in a confused mass; \"pushed back her tangled hair\"; \"the tangled ropes\"', 'afoul': 'especially of a ship\\'s lines etc; \"with its sails afoul\"; \"a foul anchor\"', 'enmeshed': 'caught as if in a mesh; \"enmeshed in financial difficulties\"', 'entangled': 'involved in difficulties', 'knotty': 'tangled in knots or snarls; \"a mass of knotted string\"; \"snarled thread\"', 'matted': 'tangled in a dense mass; \"tried to push through the matted undergrowth\"', 'rootbound': 'having the roots matted or densely tangled; \"shaggy untended lawns of old trees and rootbound scented flowers and shrubs\"- William Faulkner', 'thrown': 'caused to fall to the ground; \"the thrown rider got back on his horse\"; \"a thrown wrestler\"; \"a ball player thrown for a loss\"', 'untangled': 'not tangled', 'disentangled': 'straightened out', 'brassbound': 'having trim or fittings of brass; \"a brassbound campaign chest\"; \"the heavy brassbound door\"', 'cased': 'covered or protected with or as if with a case; \"knights cased in steel\"; \"products encased in leatherette\"', 'half-bound': '(of books) having the back bound in one material and the sides in another', 'paperback': '(of books) having a flexible binding', 'well-bound': '(of books) having a sturdy and attractive binding', 'looseleaf': 'being or having leaves that can be easily removed or rearranged; \"loose-leaf paper\"; \"a looseleaf notebook\"', 'bordered': 'having a border especially of a specified kind; sometimes used as a combining term; \"black-bordered handkerchief\"', 'boxed': 'enclosed in or as if in a box; \"boxed cigars\"; \"a confining boxed-in space\"; \"felt boxed in by the traffic\"', 'deckled': 'having a rough edge; used of handmade paper or paper resembling handmade', 'edged': 'having a cutting edge or especially an edge or edges as specified; often used in combination; \"an edged knife\"; \"a two-edged sword\"', 'lined': '(used especially of skin) marked by lines or seams; \"their lined faces were immeasurably sad\"; \"a seamed face\"', 'sawtoothed-edged': '(of leaves) having an edged resembling a sawtooth', 'seagirt': 'surrounded or enclosed by the sea', 'spiny-edged': 'having a spiny border', 'white-edged': 'having a white border', 'unbordered': 'having no border', 'lotic': 'of or relating to or living in actively moving water', 'lentic': 'of or relating to or living in still waters (as lakes or ponds)', 'lower-class': 'occupying the lowest socioeconomic position in a society', 'non-U': 'not characteristic of the upper classes especially in language use', 'proletarian': 'belonging to or characteristic of the proletariat', 'propertyless': 'of those who work for wages especially manual or industrial laborers; \"party of the propertyless proletariat\"- G.B.Shaw', 'upper-lower-class': 'occupying the upper part of the lower class', 'middle-class': 'occupying a socioeconomic position intermediate between those of the lower classes and the wealthy', 'bourgeois': '(according to Marxist thought) being of the property-owning class and exploitive of the working class', 'lower-middle-class': 'occupying the lower part of the middle socioeconomic range in a society', 'upper-middle-class': 'occupying the upper part of the middle socioeconomic range in a society', 'upper-class': 'occupying the highest socioeconomic position in a society', 'quality': 'of high social status; \"people of quality\"; \"a quality family\"', 'propertied': 'owning land or securities as a principal source of revenue', 'u': '(chiefly British) of or appropriate to the upper classes especially in language use', 'tweedy': '(of country gentry) informal, clannish and outdoorsy', 'wellborn': 'of good or upper-class lineage; \"a rich and wellborn husband\"', 'brachycephalic': 'having a short broad head with a cephalic index of over 80', 'broad-headed': 'having a brachycephalic head', 'bullet-headed': 'having a small round head', 'dolichocephalic': 'having a relatively long head with a cephalic index of under 75', 'long-headed': 'having a dolichocephalic head', 'brave': 'brightly colored and showy; \"girls decked out in brave new dresses\"; \"brave banners flying\"; \"`braw\\' is a Scottish word\"; \"a dress a bit too gay for her years\"; \"birds with gay plumage\"', 'desperate': '(of persons) dangerously reckless or violent as from urgency or despair; \"a desperate criminal\"; \"taken hostage of desperate men\"', 'gallant': 'having or displaying great dignity or nobility; \"a gallant pageant\"; \"lofty ships\"; \"majestic cities\"; \"proud alpine peaks\"', 'game': 'willing to face danger', 'lionhearted': 'extraordinarily courageous', 'stalwart': 'dependable; \"the stalwart citizens at Lexington\"; \"a stalwart supporter of the UN\"; \"stout hearts\"', 'undaunted': 'unshaken in purpose; \"wholly undismayed by the commercial failure of the three movies he had made\"', 'valiant': 'having or showing valor; \"a valiant attempt to prevent the hijack\"; \"a valiant soldier\"', 'cowardly': 'lacking courage; ignobly timid and faint-hearted; \"cowardly dogs, ye will not aid me then\"- P.B.Shelley', 'caitiff': 'despicably mean and cowardly', 'chicken': 'easily frightened', 'craven': 'lacking even the rudiments of courage; abjectly fearful; \"the craven fellow turned and ran\"; \"a craven proposal to raise the white flag\"; \"this recreant knight\"- Spenser', 'dastard': 'despicably cowardly; \"the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on...December 7th\"- F.D. Roosevelt', 'faint': 'weak and likely to lose consciousness; \"suddenly felt faint from the pain\"; \"was sick and faint from hunger\"; \"felt light in the head\"; \"a swooning fit\"; \"light-headed with wine\"; \"light-headed from lack of sleep\"', 'funky': '(of jazz) having the soulful feeling of early blues', 'poltroon': 'characterized by complete cowardliness', 'pusillanimous': 'lacking in courage and manly strength and resolution; contemptibly fearful', 'gutsy': 'marked by courage and determination in the face of difficulties or danger; robust and uninhibited; \"you have to admire her; it was a gutsy thing to do\"; \"the gutsy...intensity of her musical involvement\"-Judith Crist; \"a gutsy red wine\"', 'gutless': 'lacking courage or vitality; \"he was a yellow gutless worm\"; \"a spineless craven fellow\"', 'breast-fed': \"(of an infant) fed milk from the mother's breast\", 'nursed': '(of an infant) breast-fed', 'bottle-fed': '(of an infant) given milk from a bottle', 'breathing': 'passing or able to pass air in and out of the lungs normally; sometimes used in combination; \"the boy was disappointed to find only skeletons instead of living breathing dinosaurs\"; \"the heavy-breathing person on the telephone\"', 'sweet-breathed': 'having breath or breath as specified', 'asphyxiating': 'tending to deprive of oxygen; \"asphyxiating gasses\"', 'smothering': 'causing difficulty in breathing especially through lack of fresh air and presence of heat; \"the choking June dust\"; \"the smothering soft voices\"; \"smothering heat\"; \"the room was suffocating--hot and airless\"', 'blown': 'being moved or acted upon by moving air or vapor; \"blown clouds of dust choked the riders\"; \"blown soil mounded on the window sill\"', 'crystalline': 'distinctly or sharply outlined; \"crystalline sharpness of outline\"- John Buchan', 'crystallized': 'having become fixed and definite in form; \"distinguish between crystallized and uncrystallized opinion\"- Psychological Abstracts', 'microcrystalline': 'containing crystals that are visible only under a microscope', 'polycrystalline': 'composed of aggregates of crystals; \"polycrystalline metals\"', 'noncrystalline': 'not crystalline', 'amorphous': 'having no definite form or distinct shape; \"amorphous clouds of insects\"; \"an aggregate of formless particles\"; \"a shapeless mass of protoplasm\"', 'landed': 'owning or consisting of land or real estate; \"the landed gentry\"; \"landed property\"', 'landless': 'owning no land; \"the landless peasantry\"', 'light': 'very thin and insubstantial; \"thin paper\"; \"light summer dresses\"', 'ablaze': 'keenly excited (especially sexually) or indicating excitement; \"his face all ablaze with excitement\"- Bram Stoker; \"he was aflame with desire\"', 'autofluorescent': 'emitting light via self-induced fluorescence', 'bioluminescent': '(of living organisms) emitting light; \"fireflies are bioluminescent\"', 'candescent': 'glowing from great heat', 'floodlit': 'illuminated by means of floodlights; \"the floodlit courtyard\"', 'fluorescent': 'brilliantly colored and apparently giving off light; \"fluorescent colors\"', 'illuminated': 'provided with artificial light; \"illuminated advertising\"; \"looked up at the lighted windows\"; \"a brightly lit room\"; \"a well-lighted stairwell\"', 'incandescent': 'characterized by ardent emotion or intensity or brilliance; \"an incandescent performance\"', 'lamplit': 'lighted by a lamp; \"our lamplit mountain retreat\"', 'lighting-up': 'turning lights on; \"it\\'s lighting-up time\"', 'luminescent': 'emitting light not caused by heat', 'phosphorescent': 'emitting light without appreciable heat as by slow oxidation of phosphorous; \"the phosphorescent glow of decaying wood\"', 'sunlit': 'lighted by sunlight; \"the sunlit slopes of the canyon\"; \"violet valleys and the sunstruck ridges\"- Wallace Stegner', 'Acheronian': 'dark and dismal as of the rivers Acheron and Styx in Hades; \"in the depths of an Acheronian forest\"; \"upon those roseate lips a Stygian hue\"-Wordsworth', 'aphotic': 'lacking light; especially not reached by sunlight; \"the aphotic depths of the sea where no photosynthesis occurs\"', 'caliginous': 'dark and misty and gloomy', 'Cimmerian': 'intensely dark and gloomy as with perpetual darkness; \"the Cimmerian gloom...a darkness that could be felt\"-Norman Douglas', 'crepuscular': 'like twilight; dim; \"the evening\\'s crepuscular charm\"', 'darkened': '(of fabrics and paper) grown dark in color over time; \"the darkened margins of the paper\"', 'darkening': 'becoming dark or darker as from waning light or clouding over; \"the darkening sky\"', 'darkling': 'uncannily or threateningly dark or obscure; \"a darkling glance\"; \"secret operatives and darkling conspiracies\"-Archibald MacLeish', 'dim': 'lacking clarity or distinctness; \"a dim figure in the distance\"; \"only a faint recollection\"; \"shadowy figures in the gloom\"; \"saw a vague outline of a building through the fog\"; \"a few wispy memories of childhood\"', 'dusky': 'lighted by or as if by twilight; \"The dusky night rides down the sky/And ushers in the morn\"-Henry Fielding; \"the twilight glow of the sky\"; \"a boat on a twilit river\"', 'glooming': 'depressingly dark; \"the gloomy forest\"; \"the glooming interior of an old inn\"; \"`gloomful\\' is archaic\"', 'lightless': 'giving no light; \"lightless stars `visible\\' only to radio antennae\"', 'semidark': 'partially devoid of light or brightness; \"semidark room\"', 'tenebrous': 'dark and gloomy; \"a tenebrous cave\"', 'shaded': '(of pictures or drawings) drawn or painted with degrees or gradations of shadow; \"the shaded areas of the face seemed to recede\"', 'murky': 'dark or gloomy; \"a murky dungeon\"; \"murky rooms lit by smoke-blackened lamps\"', 'shady': 'filled with shade; \"the shady side of the street\"; \"the surface of the pond is dark and shadowed\"; \"we sat on rocks in a shadowy cove\"; \"cool umbrageous woodlands\"', 'unshaded': '(of pictures) not having shadow represented; \"unshaded drawings resembling cartoons\"', 'unshadowed': 'not darkened or obscured by shadow; \"on the rough sea ice you may on an unshadowed day...fall over a chunk of ice that is kneehigh\"- Vilhjalmur Stefansson', 'hatched': 'emerged from an egg', 'moonlit': 'lighted by moonlight; \"the moonlit landscape\"', 'moonless': 'without a moon or a visible moon; \"the dark moonless night\"; \"a moonless planet\"', 'bridgeable': 'capable of being connected by a bridge or as if by a bridge', 'unbridgeable': 'not bridgeable; \"a wide unbridgeable river\"; \"unbridgeable generation gap\"', 'agleam': 'bright with a steady but subdued shining; \"from the plane we saw the city below agleam with lights\"; \"the gleaming brass on the altar\"; \"Nereids beneath the nitid moon\"', 'aglow': 'softly bright or radiant; \"a house aglow with lights\"; \"glowing embers\"; \"lambent tongues of flame\"; \"the lucent moon\"; \"a sky luminous with stars\"', 'aglitter': 'having brief brilliant points or flashes of light; \"bugle beads all aglitter\"; \"glinting eyes\"; \"glinting water\"; \"his glittering eyes were cold and malevolent\"; \"shop window full of glittering Christmas trees\"; \"glittery costume jewelry\"; \"scintillant mica\"; \"the scintillating stars\"; \"a dress with sparkly sequins\"; \"`glistering\\' is an archaic term\"', 'beaming': 'pleased and proud; \"beaming parents\"', 'blazing': 'shining intensely; \"the blazing sun\"; \"blinding headlights\"; \"dazzling snow\"; \"fulgent patterns of sunlight\"; \"the glaring sun\"', 'bright_as_a_new_penny': '(metaphor) shining brightly', 'brilliant': 'of surpassing excellence; \"a brilliant performance\"; \"a superb actor\"', 'ardent': 'characterized by intense emotion; \"ardent love\"; \"an ardent lover\"; \"a fervent desire to change society\"; \"a fervent admirer\"; \"fiery oratory\"; \"an impassioned appeal\"; \"a torrid love affair\"', 'glimmery': 'shining softly and intermittently; \"glimmery candlelight\"', 'glistening': 'reflecting light; \"glistening bodies of swimmers\"; \"the horse\\'s glossy coat\"; \"lustrous auburn hair\"; \"saw the moon like a shiny dime on a deep blue velvet carpet\"; \"shining white enamel\"', 'iridescent': 'having a play of lustrous rainbow colors; \"an iridescent oil slick\"; \"nacreous (or pearlescent) clouds looking like mother-of-pearl\"; \"a milky opalescent (or opaline) luster\"', 'lurid': 'horrible in fierceness or savagery; \"lurid crimes\"; \"a lurid life\"', 'noctilucent': 'shining or glowing by night; \"the noctilucent eyes of a cat\"', 'satiny': 'having a smooth, gleaming surface reflecting light; \"glossy auburn hair\"; \"satiny gardenia petals\"; \"sleek black fur\"; \"silken eyelashes\"; \"silky skin\"; \"a silklike fabric\"; \"slick seals and otters\"', 'self-luminous': 'having in itself the property of emitting light', 'shimmery': 'glistening tremulously; \"the shimmery surface of the lake\"; \"a dress of shimmery satin\"', 'silver': 'made from or largely consisting of silver; \"silver bracelets\"', 'twinkling': 'shining intermittently with a sparkling light; \"twinkling stars\"', 'lackluster': 'lacking brilliance or vitality; \"a dull lackluster life\"; \"a lusterless performance\"', 'soft': '(of a commodity or market or currency) falling or likely to fall in value; \"the market for computers is soft\"', 'dimmed': 'made dim or less bright; \"the dimmed houselights brought a hush of anticipation\"; \"dimmed headlights\"; \"we like dimmed lights when we have dinner\"', 'low-beam': 'used of headlights; \"following with low-beam headlights\"', 'undimmed': 'not made dim or less bright; \"undimmed headlights\"; \"surprisingly the curtain started to rise while the houselights were still undimmed\"', 'prejudiced': \"emanating from a person's emotions and prejudices\", 'homophobic': 'prejudiced against homosexual people', 'jaundiced': 'affected by jaundice which causes yellowing of skin etc', 'loaded': '(of weapons) charged with ammunition; \"a loaded gun\"', 'racist': 'based on racial intolerance; \"racist remarks\"', 'sexist': \"discriminatory on the basis of sex (usually said of men's attitude toward women)\", 'unprejudiced': 'free from undue bias or preconceived opinions; \"an unprejudiced appraisal of the pros and cons\"; \"the impartial eye of a scientist\"', 'color-blind': 'unable to distinguish one or more chromatic colors', 'broad-minded': 'inclined to respect views and beliefs that differ from your own; \"a judge who is broad-minded but even-handed\"', 'broad': 'very large in expanse or scope; \"a broad lawn\"; \"the wide plains\"; \"a spacious view\"; \"spacious skies\"', 'catholic': 'free from provincial prejudices or attachments; \"catholic in one\\'s tastes\"', 'free-thinking': 'unwilling to accept authority or dogma (especially in religion)', 'open-minded': 'ready to entertain new ideas; \"an open-minded curiosity\"; \"open-minded impartiality\"', 'narrow-minded': 'rigidly adhering to a particular sect or its doctrines', 'close-minded': 'not ready to receive to new ideas', 'dogmatic': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of a doctrine or code of beliefs accepted as authoritative', 'illiberal': 'narrow-minded about cherished opinions', 'opinionated': 'obstinate in your opinions', 'petty': 'contemptibly narrow in outlook; \"petty little comments\"; \"disgusted with their small-minded pettiness\"', 'reconstructed': 'adapted to social or economic change; \"a reconstructed feminist\"', 'unreconstructed': 'adhering to an attitude or position widely held to be outmoded; \"peasants are still unreconstructed small capitalists at heart\"; \"there are probably more unreconstructed Southerners than one would like to admit\"', 'broken': 'tamed or trained to obey; \"a horse broken to the saddle\"; \"this old nag is well broken in\"', 'unbroken': 'not subdued or trained for service or use; \"unbroken colts\"', 'broken-field': 'varying in direction suddenly and frequently; \"broken-field running\"', 'dashed': 'having gaps or spaces; \"sign on the dotted line\"', 'fitful': 'occurring in spells and often abruptly; \"fitful bursts of energy\"; \"spasmodic rifle fire\"', 'halting': 'fragmentary or halting from emotional strain; \"uttered a few halting words of sorrow\"', 'solid': 'of good quality and condition; solidly built; \"a solid foundation\"; \"several substantial timber buildings\"', 'uninterrupted': 'having undisturbed continuity; \"a convalescent needs uninterrupted sleep\"', 'brotherly': 'like or characteristic of or befitting a brother; \"brotherly feelings\"; \"close fraternal ties\"', 'sisterly': 'like or characteristic of or befitting a sister; \"sisterly kindness\"; \"sororal concern\"', 'exergonic': '(biochemistry) of a process accompanied by the release of energy; \"diffusion is an exergonic process\"', 'endergonic': '(biochemistry) of a process accompanied by or requiring the absorption of energy; the products of the process are of greater free energy than the reactants; \"photosynthesis is an endergonic process\"', 'fraternal': 'of or relating to a fraternity or society of usually men; \"a fraternal order\"', 'identical': 'being the exact same one; not any other:; \"this is the identical room we stayed in before\"; \"the themes of his stories are one and the same\"; \"saw the selfsame quotation in two newspapers\"; \"on this very spot\"; \"the very thing he said yesterday\"; \"the very man I want to see\"', 'buried': 'placed in a grave; \"the hastily buried corpses\"', 'belowground': 'under the level of the ground; \"belowground storage areas\"; \"underground caverns\"', 'unburied': 'not buried', 'at_work': 'on the job; \"had been at work for over an hour before her boss arrived\"', 'drudging': 'doing arduous or unpleasant work; \"drudging peasants\"; \"the bent backs of laboring slaves picking cotton\"; \"toiling coal miners in the black deeps\"', 'engaged': 'involved in military hostilities; \"the desperately engaged ships continued the fight\"', 'overbusy': 'too busy', 'tied_up': 'kept occupied or engaged; \"she\\'s tied up at the moment and can\\'t see you\"; \"the phone was tied up for almost an hour\"', 'up_to': 'busy or occupied with; \"what have you been up to?\"; \"up to no good\"', 'bone-idle': 'constitutionally lazy or idle', 'faineant': 'disinclined to work or exertion; \"faineant kings under whose rule the country languished\"; \"an indolent hanger-on\"; \"too lazy to wash the dishes\"; \"shiftless idle youth\"; \"slothful employees\"; \"the unemployed are not necessarily work-shy\"', 'lackadaisical': 'idle or indolent especially in a dreamy way; \"she was annoyingly lackadaisical and impractical\"; \"a...lackadaisical, spiritless young man-about-town\"- P.G.Wodehouse', 'leisured': 'free from duties or responsibilities; \"he writes in his leisure hours\"; \"life as it ought to be for the leisure classes\"- J.J.Chapman; \"even the artist and the sculptor were not regarded...as leisured men\"- Ida Craven', 'bony': 'very thin especially from disease or hunger or cold; \"emaciated bony hands\"; \"a nightmare population of gaunt men and skeletal boys\"; \"eyes were haggard and cavernous\"; \"small pinched faces\"; \"kept life in his wasted frame only by grim concentration\"', 'bone': 'consisting of or made up of bone; \"a bony substance\"; \"the bony framework of the body\"', 'boned': 'having had the bones removed; \"a boneless rib roast\"; \"a boned (or deboned) fish\"', 'bonelike': 'resembling bone; \"a bonelike tumor\"', 'strong-boned': 'having strong bones', 'boneless': 'being without a bone or bones; \"jellyfish are boneless\"', 'buttoned': 'furnished or closed with buttons or something buttonlike', 'botonee': '(of a heraldic cross) having a cluster of three buttons or knobs at the end of each arm', 'button-down': 'unimaginatively conventional; \"a colorful character in the buttoned-down, dull-grey world of business\"- Newsweek', 'unbuttoned': 'not under constraint in action or expression; \"this unbuttoned and disrespectful age\"- Curtis Bok; \"unlaced behavior in the neighborhood pub\"', 'open-collared': 'of a shirt; not buttoned at the neck; \"dressed casually in shorts and an open-collared shirt\"', 'capitalistic': 'favoring or practicing capitalism', 'individualistic': 'with minimally restricted freedom in commerce', 'socialistic': 'advocating or following the socialist principles; \"socialistic government\"', 'collective': 'forming a whole or aggregate', 'collectivist': 'subscribing to the socialistic doctrine of ownership by the people collectively', 'cacophonous': 'having an unpleasant sound; \"as cacophonous as a henyard\"- John McCarten', 'cackly': 'like the cackles or squawks a hen makes especially after laying an egg', 'croaky': 'like the sounds of frogs and crows; \"a guttural voice\"; \"acres of guttural frogs\"', 'grating': 'unpleasantly harsh or grating in sound; \"a gravelly voice\"', 'gruff': 'deep and harsh sounding as if from shouting or illness or emotion; \"gruff voices\"; \"the dog\\'s gruff barking\"; \"hoarse cries\"; \"makes all the instruments sound powerful but husky\"- Virgil Thomson', 'jangling': 'like the discordant ringing of nonmusical metallic objects striking together; \"cowboys with jangling spurs\"', 'jarring': 'making or causing a harsh and irritating sound; \"the jarring noise of the iron gate scraping on the sidewalk\"', 'raucous': 'disturbing the public peace; loud and rough; \"a raucous party\"; \"rowdy teenagers\"', 'rending': 'resembling a sound of violent tearing as of something ripped apart or lightning splitting a tree; \"the tree split with a great ripping sound\"; \"heard a rending roar as the crowd surged forward\"', 'euphonious': '(of speech or dialect) pleasing in sound; not harsh or strident; \"her euphonious Southern speech\"', 'silvern': 'resembling or reminiscent of silver; \"a soft silvern voice\"; \"singing in her silvery tones\"', 'calculable': 'capable of being calculated or estimated; \"a calculable risk\"; \"calculable odds\"', 'computable': 'may be computed or estimated; \"a calculable risk\"; \"computable odds\"; \"estimable assets\"', 'countable': 'that can be counted; \"countable sins\"; \"numerable assets\"', 'incalculable': 'not capable of being computed or enumerated', 'countless': 'too numerous to be counted; \"incalculable riches\"; \"countless hours\"; \"an infinite number of reasons\"; \"innumerable difficulties\"; \"the multitudinous seas\"; \"myriad stars\"; \"untold thousands\"', 'incomputable': 'beyond calculation or measure; \"of incalculable value\"; \"an incomputable amount\"; \"jewels of inestimable value\"; \"immeasurable wealth\"', 'indeterminable': 'not capable of being definitely decided or ascertained', 'calm': 'not agitated; without losing self-possession; \"spoke in a calm voice\"; \"remained calm throughout the uproar\"; \"he remained serene in the midst of turbulence\"; \"a serene expression on her face\"; \"she became more tranquil\"; \"tranquil life in the country\"', 'placid': '(of a body of water) free from disturbance by heavy waves; \"a ribbon of sand between the angry sea and the placid bay\"; \"the quiet waters of a lagoon\"; \"a lake of tranquil blue water reflecting a tranquil blue sky\"; \"a smooth channel crossing\"; \"scarcely a ripple on the still water\"; \"unruffled water\"', 'settled': 'established or decided beyond dispute or doubt; \"with details of the wedding settled she could now sleep at night\"', 'windless': 'without or almost without wind; \"he prefers windless days for playing golf\"', 'stormy': 'characterized by violent emotions or behavior; \"a stormy argument\"; \"a stormy marriage\"', 'billowy': 'characterized by great swelling waves or surges; \"billowy storm clouds\"; \"the restless billowing sea\"; \"surging waves\"', 'blustering': 'blowing in violent and abrupt bursts; \"blustering (or blusterous) winds of Patagonia\"; \"a cold blustery day\"; \"a gusty storm with strong sudden rushes of wind\"', 'boisterous': 'full of rough and exuberant animal spirits; \"boisterous practical jokes\"; \"knockabout comedy\"', 'blowy': 'abounding in or exposed to the wind or breezes; \"blowy weather\"; \"a windy bluff\"', 'choppy': 'marked by abrupt transitions; \"choppy prose\"', 'dirty': 'contaminated with infecting organisms; \"dirty wounds\"; \"obliged to go into infected rooms\"- Jane Austen', 'gusty': 'blowing in puffs or short intermittent blasts; \"puffy off-shore winds\"; \"gusty winds \"', 'squally': 'characterized by short periods of noisy commotion; \"a home life that has been extraordinarily squally\"', 'thundery': 'accompanied with thunder', 'camphorated': 'impregnated with camphor; \"camphorated oil\"', 'uncamphorated': 'not containing camphor', 'capable': ' possibly accepting or permitting; \"a passage capable of misinterpretation\"; \"open to interpretation\"; \"an issue open to question\"; \"the time is fixed by the director and players and therefore subject to much variation\"', 'confident': 'having or marked by confidence or assurance; \"a confident speaker\"; \"a confident reply\"; \"his manner is more confident these days\"; \"confident of fulfillment\"', 'resourceful': 'having inner resources; adroit or imaginative; \"someone who is resourceful is capable of dealing with difficult situations\"; \"an able and resourceful politician\"; \"the most resourceful cook in town\"', 'cared-for': 'having needed care and attention; \"well-cared-for children\"', 'attended': 'having a caretaker or other watcher', 'uncared-for': 'lacking needed care and attention', 'neglected': 'lacking a caretaker; \"a neglected child\"; \"many casualties were lying unattended\"', 'untended': 'lacking care and attention; \"untended garden was soon overgrown with weeds\"; \"untended children\"', 'careful': 'full of cares or anxiety; \"Thou art careful and troubled about many things\"-Luke 10.41', 'blow-by-blow': 'providing great detail; \"a blow-by-blow account of the movie\"', 'certain': 'reliable in operation or effect; \"a quick and certain remedy\"; \"a sure way to distinguish the two\"; \"wood dust is a sure sign of termites\"', 'conscientious': 'guided by or in accordance with conscience or sense of right and wrong; \"a conscientious decision to speak out about injustice\"', 'detailed': 'developed or executed with care and in minute detail; \"a detailed plan\"; \"the elaborate register of the inhabitants prevented tax evasion\"- John Buchan; \"the carefully elaborated theme\"', 'minute': 'characterized by painstaking care and detailed examination; \"a minute inspection of the grounds\"; \"a narrow scrutiny\"; \"an exact and minute report\"', 'overcareful': 'excessively or unduly careful', 'particular': 'first and most important; \"his special interest is music\"; \"she gets special (or particular) satisfaction from her volunteer work\"', 'protective': 'showing care; \"a protective mother\"', 'studious': 'marked by care and effort; \"made a studious attempt to fix the television set\"', 'thorough': 'painstakingly careful and accurate; \"our accountant is thorough\"; \"thorough research\"', 'casual': 'occurring from time to time; \"casual employment\"; \"a casual correspondence with a former teacher\"; \"an occasional worker\"', 'haphazard': 'dependent upon or characterized by chance; \"a haphazard plan of action\"; \"his judgment is rather hit-or-miss\"', 'heedless': 'marked by or paying little heed or attention; \"We have always known that heedless self-interest was bad morals; we know now that it is bad economics\"--Franklin D. Roosevelt; \"heedless of danger\"; \"heedless of the child\\'s crying\"', 'incautious': 'lacking in caution; \"an incautious remark\"; \"incautious talk\"', 'offhand': 'casually thoughtless or inconsiderate; \"an offhand manner\"; \"she treated most men with offhand contempt\"', 'carnivorous': 'relating to or characteristic of carnivores; \"the lion and other carnivorous animals\"', 'flesh-eating': '(of animals) carnivorous', 'piscivorous': 'feeding on fishes', 'predacious': 'hunting and killing other animals for food', 'herbivorous': 'feeding only on plants', 'anthophagous': 'feeding on flowers; \"some insects are anthophagous\"', 'baccivorous': 'feeding on berries', 'carpophagous': 'feeding on fruit', 'grass-eating': 'feeding on grasses', 'plant-eating': '(of animals) feeding on plants', 'saprophagous': '(of certain animals) feeding on dead or decaying animal matter', 'saprophytic': 'obtaining food osmotically from dissolved organic material', 'omnivorous': 'feeding on both plants and animals', 'all-devouring': '(of animals) both plant-eating and flesh-eating', 'insectivorous': '(of animals and plants) feeding on insects', 'apivorous': 'feeding on bees', 'myrmecophagous': 'feeding on ants; \"myrmecophagous squirrel\"', 'holozoic': 'obtaining nourishment as animals do by ingesting complex organic matter', 'holophytic': 'obtaining nourishment as green plants do', 'carpellate': 'bearing or consisting of carpels', 'acarpelous': 'having no carpels', 'carpeted': 'covered with or as if with carpeting or with carpeting as specified; often used in combination; \"the carpeted hallway\"; \"a flower-carpeted hillside\"', 'uncarpeted': 'not carpeted; \"bare uncarpeted floors\"', 'carvel-built': '(of ships) built with flush (rather than overlapping) hull planks', 'flush-seamed': 'laid edge to edge (not overlapping)', 'clinker-built': 'having overlapping hull planks', 'carved': 'made for or formed by carving (`carven\\' is archaic or literary); \"the carved fretwork\"; \"an intricately carved door\"; \"stood as if carven from stone\"', 'engraved': 'cut or impressed into a surface; \"an incised design\"; \"engraved invitations\"', 'graven': 'cut into a desired shape; \"graven images\"; \"sculptured representations\"', 'lapidarian': 'inscribed on stone; \"a lapidarian record\"', 'sliced': 'used of meat; cut into pieces for serving', 'uncarved': 'not carved', 'acatalectic': '(verse) metrically complete; especially having the full number of syllables in the final metrical foot', 'catalectic': '(verse) metrically incomplete; especially lacking one or more syllables in the final metrical foot', 'hypercatalectic': '(verse) having an extra syllable or syllables at the end of a metrically complete verse or in a metrical foot', 'cauline': 'especially of leaves; growing on a stem especially on the upper part of a stem; \"cauline leaves\"', 'radical': 'of or relating to or constituting a linguistic root; \"a radical verb form\"', 'censored': 'suppressed or subject to censorship; \"the censored press in some countries\"', 'expurgated': 'having material deleted; \"at that time even Shakespeare was considered dangerous except in the expurgated versions\"', 'uncensored': 'not subject to censorship; \"uncensored news reports\"', 'unexpurgated': 'not having material deleted; \"volumes of the best plays, unexpurgated\"- Havelock Ellis', 'caudate': '(of a leaf shape) tapering gradually into a long taillike tip', 'bobtail': 'having a short or shortened tail; \"bobtail mare\"', 'tailed': 'having a tail of a specified kind; often used in combination', 'scaly-tailed': 'having a scaly tail', 'scissor-tailed': '(of birds) having a deeply forked tail; \"scissor-tailed birds\"', 'short-tailed': 'having a short tail', 'square-tailed': 'having a square tail', 'stiff-tailed': 'having a stiff tail', 'swallow-tailed': '(especially of butterflies and birds) having a forked tail like that of a swallow', 'tail-shaped': 'shaped like the tail of an animal', 'acaudate': 'lacking a tail or taillike appendage', 'anurous': 'not having a tail; \"anurous toads and frogs\"', 'caulescent': '(of plants) producing a well-developed stem above ground', 'cylindrical-stemmed': 'having a cylindrical stem', 'leafy-stemmed': 'having a leafy stem', 'multi-stemmed': 'having many stems', 'short-stemmed': 'having a short stem', 'spiny-stemmed': 'having a spiny stem', 'stout-stemmed': 'having a stout stem', 'thick-stemmed': 'having a thick stem', 'weak-stemmed': 'having a weak stem', 'wiry-stemmed': 'having a wiry stem', 'woolly-stemmed': 'having a woolly stem', 'woody-stemmed': 'having a woody stem', 'acaulescent': '(of plants) having no apparent stem above ground', 'causative': 'producing an effect; \"poverty as a causative factor in crime\"', 'abortifacient': 'causing abortion', 'activating': 'causing motion or action or change', 'anorectic': 'causing loss of appetite; \"an anorectic (or anorexigenic) drug\"', 'causal': 'involving or constituting a cause; causing; \"a causal relationship between scarcity and higher prices\"', 'conducive': 'tending to bring about; being partly responsible for; \"working conditions are not conducive to productivity\"; \"the seaport was a contributing factor in the growth of the city\"; \"a contributory factor\"', 'errhine': 'causing nasal discharge', 'fast': '(of surfaces) conducive to rapid speeds; \"a fast road\"; \"grass courts are faster than clay\"', 'inductive': 'arising from inductance; \"inductive reactance\"', 'motivative': 'impelling to action; \"it may well be that ethical language has primarily a motivative function\"- Arthur Pap; \"motive pleas\"; \"motivating arguments\"', 'motive': 'causing or able to cause motion; \"a motive force\"; \"motive power\"; \"motor energy\"', 'precipitating': 'bringing on suddenly or abruptly; \"the completion of the railroad was the precipitating cause in the extinction of waterborne commerce\"', 'responsible': 'worthy of or requiring responsibility or trust; or held accountable; \"a responsible adult\"; \"responsible journalism\"; \"a responsible position\"; \"the captain is responsible for the ship\\'s safety\"; \"the cabinet is responsible to the parliament\"', 'sternutatory': 'tending to cause sneezing', 'noncausative': 'not causative', 'cautious': 'avoiding excess; \"a conservative estimate\"', 'cagey': 'showing self-interest and shrewdness in dealing with others; \"a cagey lawyer\"; \"too clever to be sound\"', 'fabian': 'using cautious slow strategy to wear down opposition; avoiding direct confrontation; \"a fabian policy\"', 'gingerly': 'with extreme care or delicacy; \"they proceeded with gingerly footwork over the jagged stones\"; \"the issue was handled only in a gingerly way\"- W.S.White', 'guarded': 'prudent; \"guarded optimism\"', 'overcautious': 'unnecessarily cautious; \"sometimes it doesn\\'t pay to be overcautious in business\"', 'hotheaded': 'characterized by undue haste and lack of thought or deliberation; \"a hotheaded decision\"; \"liable to such impulsive acts as hugging strangers\"; \"an impetuous display of spending and gambling\"; \"madcap escapades\"; (`brainish\\' is archaic)', 'cellular': 'relating to cells; \"cellular walls\"; \"cellular physiology\"', 'cancellate': 'having a latticelike structure pierced with holes or windows', 'alveolate': 'pitted with cell-like cavities (as a honeycomb)', 'cell-like': 'resembling a cell', 'lymphoblast-like': 'resembling a lymphoblast', 'multicellular': 'consisting of many cells; \"multicellular organisms\"', 'noncellular': 'not made up of or divided into cells', 'cell-free': 'lacking cells; \"cell-free systems\"; \"a cell-free homogenate of the thyroid\"', 'single-celled': 'having a single cell (and thus not divided into cells)', 'compartmented': 'divided up or separated into compartments or isolated units; \"a compartmented box\"; \"the protected and compartmented society of Beacon Hill\"- John Mason Brown', 'compartmental': 'divided up into compartments or categories; \"most sciences have become woefully compartmentalized\"', 'uncompartmented': 'not compartmented; not divided into compartments or isolated units', 'porous': 'able to absorb fluids; \"the partly porous walls of our digestive system\"; \"compacting the soil to make it less porous\"', 'porose': 'forming a continuous series of pores; \"a porose hymenium\"', 'nonporous': 'not porous; especially not having vessels that appear as pores; \"nonporous wood\"', 'central': 'in or near a center or constituting a center; the inner area; \"a central position\"', 'amidship': 'located in the middle part of a ship or aircraft', 'bicentric': 'having two centers', 'bifocal': 'having two foci; \"bifocal eyeglasses\"', 'center': 'of or belonging to neither the right nor the left politically or intellectually', 'centered': 'being or placed in the center', 'centric': 'having or situated at or near a center', 'focal': 'of or relating to a focus; \"focal length\"', 'median': 'relating to or constituting the middle value of an ordered set of values (or the average of the middle two in a set with an even number of values); \"the median value of 17, 20, and 36 is 20\"; \"the median income for the year was $15,000\"', 'middlemost': 'being in the exact middle', 'nuclear': 'of or relating to or constituting the nucleus of a cell; \"nuclear membrane\"; \"nuclear division\"', 'peripheral': 'related to the key issue but not of central importance; \"a peripheral interest\"; \"energy is far from a peripheral issue in the economy\"; \"peripheral issues\"', 'circumferential': 'lying around or just outside the edges or outskirts; \"circumferential highways around cities\"', 'fringy': 'at or constituting a border or edge; \"the marginal strip of beach\"', 'encircling': 'being all around the edges; enclosing; \"his encircling arms\"; \"the room\\'s skirting board needs painting\"', 'off-base': 'located outside a military base; \"off-base housing\"', 'centrifugal': 'tending away from centralization, as of authority; \"the division of Europe into warring blocs produces ever-increasing centrifugal stress\"', 'outward-developing': 'away from an axis, as in a flower cluster in which the oldest flowers are in the center, the youngest near the edge', 'outward-moving': 'moving or directed away from center, especially when spinning or traveling in a curve', 'centripetal': 'tending to unify', 'inward-developing': 'toward an axis, as in a sunflower; the oldest flowers are near the edge, the youngest in the center', 'inward-moving': 'moving or directed toward the center or axis, especially when spinning or traveling in a curve', 'afferent': 'of nerves and nerve impulses; conveying sensory information from the sense organs to the CNS; \"afferent nerves\"; \"afferent impulses\"', 'corticoafferent': 'of a nerve fiber or impulse originating outside and passing toward the cerebral cortex', 'efferent': 'of nerves and nerve impulses; conveying information away from the CNS; \"efferent nerves and impulses\"', 'corticoefferent': 'of a nerve fiber passing outward from the cerebral cortex; \"corticofugal discharges\"', 'neuromotor': 'relating to a nerve fiber or impulse passing toward motor effectors; \"neuromotor impulses\"', 'centralizing': 'tending to draw to a central point', 'consolidative': 'combining into a single unit', 'decentralizing': 'tending away from a central point', 'definite': 'precise; explicit and clearly defined; \"I want a definite answer\"; \"a definite statement of the terms of the will\"; \"a definite amount\"; \"definite restrictions on the sale of alcohol\"; \"the wedding date is now definite\"; \"a definite drop in attendance\"', 'indisputable': 'impossible to doubt or dispute; \"indisputable (or sure) proof\"', 'sure_as_shooting': 'absolutely certain; \"it is sure as shooting that they will come\"', 'indefinite': 'vague or not clearly defined or stated; \"must you be so indefinite?\"; \"amorphous blots of color having vague and indefinite edges\"; \"he would not answer so indefinite a proposal\"', 'up_in_the_air': 'not yet determined; \"plans are still up in the air\"', 'convinced': 'having a strong belief or conviction; \"a convinced and fanatical pacifist\"', 'ambivalent': 'uncertain or unable to decide about what course to follow; \"was ambivalent about having children\"', 'doubtful': 'unsettled in mind or opinion; \"drew a few tentative conclusions\"', 'groping': 'acting with uncertainty or hesitance or lack of confidence; \"a groping effort to understand\"', 'unconvinced': 'lacking conviction; \"I remain unconvinced\"', 'dubious': 'not convinced; \"they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious\"', 'assured': 'characterized by certainty or security; \"a tiny but assured income\"; \"we can never have completely assured lives\"', 'cocksure': 'marked by excessive confidence; \"an arrogant and cocksure materialist\"; \"so overconfident and impudent as to speak to the queen\"; \"the less he knows the more positive he gets\"', 'reassured': 'having confidence restored; freed from anxiety; \"reassured by her praise he pressed on\"', 'self-assured': 'showing poise and confidence in your own worth; \"hardly more than a boy but firm-knit and self-confident\"', 'diffident': 'showing modest reserve; \"she was diffident when offering a comment on the professor\\'s lecture\"', 'foreordained': 'established or prearranged unalterably; \"his place in history was foreordained\"; \"a sense of predestinate inevitability about it\"; \"it seemed predestined since the beginning of the world\"', 'in_for': 'certain to get or have; \"he knew he was in for a licking\"', 'chancy': 'of uncertain outcome; especially fraught with risk; \"an extremely dicey future on a brave new world of liquid nitrogen, tar, and smog\"- New Yorker', 'contingent': 'possible but not certain to occur; \"they had to plan for contingent expenses\"', 'certified': 'holding appropriate documentation and officially on record as qualified to perform a specified function or practice a specified skill; \"a registered pharmacist\"; \"a registered hospital\"', 'certifiable': 'fit to be certified as insane (and treated accordingly)', 'certificated': 'furnished with or authorized by a certificate: \"certificated teachers\"', 'credentialled': 'certified as professional by evidence or testimonials; \"credentialled day care workers\"', 'uncertified': 'lacking requisite official documentation or endorsement', 'inevitable': 'invariably occurring or appearing; \"the inevitable changes of the seasons\"', 'fatal': 'bringing death', 'ineluctable': 'impossible to avoid or evade:\"inescapable conclusion\"; \"an ineluctable destiny\"; \"an unavoidable accident\"', 'necessary': 'absolutely essential', 'evitable': 'capable of being avoided or warded off', 'preventable': 'capable of being prevented; \"conscious of preventable human suffering\"- A.L.Guerard', 'unpreventable': 'not preventable; \"unpreventable hysteria\"', 'changeable': 'subject to change; \"a changeable climate\"; \"the weather is uncertain\"; \"unsettled weather with rain and hail and sunshine coming one right after the other\"', 'adjustable': 'capable of being changed so as to match or fit; \"adjustable seat belts\"', 'astatic': 'not static or stable', 'checkered': 'marked by changeable fortune; \"a checkered business career\"', 'distortable': 'capable of having the meaning altered or twisted; \"our words are distortable things--as in a crooked mirror held up to nature\"', 'erratic': 'having no fixed course; \"an erratic comet\"; \"his life followed a wandering course\"; \"a planetary vagabond\"', 'fluid': 'characteristic of a fluid; capable of flowing and easily changing shape', 'jittering': 'undergoing small rapid variations', 'kaleidoscopic': 'continually shifting or rapidly changing', 'mobile': ' migratory; \"a restless mobile society\"; \"the nomadic habits of the Bedouins\"; \"believed the profession of a peregrine typist would have a happy future\"; \"wandering tribes\"', 'open-ended': 'without fixed limits or restrictions; \"an open-ended discussion\"', 'quick-change': 'adept at changing from one thing to another especially changing costumes; \"a quick-change artist\"', 'quick-drying': 'of a liquid substance that dries quickly', 'reversible': 'capable of being reversed; \"a reversible decision is one that can be appealed or vacated\"', 'volatile': 'evaporating readily at normal temperatures and pressures; \"volatile oils\"; \"volatile solvents\"', 'unchangeable': 'not changeable or subject to change; \"a fixed and unchangeable part of the germ plasm\"-Ashley Montagu; \"the unchangeable seasons\"; \"one of the unchangeable facts of life\"', 'changeless': 'unvarying in nature; \"maintained a constant temperature\"; \"principles of unvarying validity\"', 'confirmed': 'having been established or made firm or received the rite of confirmation; \"confirmed reservations\"; \"received confirmed reports of casualties\"; \"a confirmed Catholic\"', 'fixed': 'fixed and unmoving; \"with eyes set in a fixed glassy stare\"; \"his bearded face already has a set hollow look\"- Connor Cruise O\\'Brien; \"a face rigid with pain\"', 'set_in_stone': 'no longer changeable; \"the agreement is not yet set in stone\"', 'static': 'showing little if any change; \"a static population\"', 'commutable': 'capable of being exchanged for another or for something else that is equivalent', 'alterable': 'capable of being changed or altered in some characteristic; \"alterable clothing\"; \"alterable conditions of employment\"', 'convertible': 'designed to be changed from one use or form to another; \"a convertible sofa\"; \"a convertible coupe\"', 'incommutable': 'not interchangeable or able to substitute one for another; \"a rare incommutable skill\"', 'inconvertible': 'used especially of currencies; incapable of being exchanged for or replaced by another currency of equal value', 'unalterable': 'not capable of being changed or altered; \"unalterable resolve\"; \"an unalterable ground rule\"', 'incurable': 'incapable of being cured; \"an incurable disease\"; \"an incurable addiction to smoking\"', 'final': 'conclusive in a process or progression; \"the final answer\"; \"a last resort\"; \"the net result\"', 'modifiable': 'capable of being modified in form or character or strength (especially by making less extreme); \"the rhythm of physiological time is not modifiable except by interference with certain fundamental processes\" - Alexis Carrel', 'unmodifiable': 'incapable of being modified in form or character or strength (especially by making less extreme); \"these variations from custom are illogical, incomprehensible, and unmodifiable\"', 'adjusted': 'having achieved a comfortable relation with your environment', 'focused': 'being in focus or brought into focus', 'weighted': 'adjusted to reflect value or proportion; \"votes weighted according to the size of constituencies\"; \"a law weighted in favor of landlords\"; \"a weighted average\"', 'unadjusted': 'not altered to fit certain requirements; \"an unadjusted figure of 8.5 percent\"; \"the unadjusted clock is running fast\";', 'maladjusted': 'poorly adjusted to demands and stresses of daily living; \"a maladjusted child\"', 'well-adjusted': 'free from psychological disorder; \"a well-adjusted personality\"', 'unadapted': 'not changed in form or character for a purpose', 'altered': 'having testicles or ovaries removed', 'changed': 'changed in constitution or structure or composition by metamorphism; \"metamorphic rocks\"', 'emended': 'improved or corrected by critical editing; \"the emended text\"', 'paraphrastic': 'altered by paraphrasing', 'revised': 'altered or revised by rephrasing or by adding or deleting material; \"the amended bill passed easily\"', 'unaltered': 'remaining in an original state; \"persisting unaltered through time\"', 'dateless': 'having no known beginning and presumably no end; \"the dateless rise and fall of the tides\"; \"time is endless\"; \"sempiternal truth\"', 'in-situ': 'being in the original position; not having been moved; \"the archeologists could date the vase because it was in-situ\"; \"an in-situ investigator\"', 'unedited': 'not changed by editing', 'unreduced': 'not altered by reduction', 'unrevised': 'not improved or brought up to date; \"the book is still unrevised\"', 'unamended': '(of legislation) not amended', 'denatured': 'changed in nature or natural quality; \"denatured alcohol\"', 'exchanged': 'changed for (replaced by) something different', 'transformed': 'given a completely different form or appearance; \"shocked to see the transformed landscape\"', 'varied': 'characterized by variety; \"immigrants\\' varied ethnic and religious traditions\"; \"his work is interesting and varied\"', 'unchanged': 'not made or become different; \"the causes that produced them have remained unchanged\"', 'idempotent': 'unchanged in value following multiplication by itself; \"this matrix is idempotent\"', 'same': 'same in identity; \"the same man I saw yesterday\"; \"never wore the same dress twice\"; \"this road is the same one we were on yesterday\"; \"on the same side of the street\"', 'isometric': 'related by an isometry', 'isotonic': 'relating to or characterized by the equal intervals of a musical scale; \"isotonic tuning\"', 'ionized': 'converted totally or partly into ions', 'nonionized': 'not converted into ions', 'mutable': 'capable of or tending to change in form or quality or nature; \"a mutable substance\"; \"the mutable ways of fortune\"; \"mutable weather patterns\"; \"a mutable foreign policy\"', 'immutable': 'not subject or susceptible to change or variation in form or quality or nature; \"the view of that time was that all species were immutable, created by God\"', 'characteristic': 'typical or distinctive; \"heard my friend\\'s characteristic laugh\"; \"red and gold are the characteristic colors of autumn\"; \"stripes characteristic of the zebra\"', 'diagnostic': 'concerned with diagnosis; used for furthering diagnosis; \"a diagnostic reading test\"', 'distinctive': 'of a feature that helps to distinguish a person or thing; \"Jerusalem has a distinctive Middle East flavor\"- Curtis Wilkie; \"that is typical of you!\"', 'peculiar': 'markedly different from the usual; \"a peculiar hobby of stuffing and mounting bats\"; \"a man...feels it a peculiar insult to be taunted with cowardice by a woman\"-Virginia Woolf', 'uncharacteristic': 'distinctive and not typical; \"a book uncharacteristic of its author\"', 'charged': 'capable of producing violent emotion or arousing controversy; \"the highly charged issue of abortion\"', 'positive': 'indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen; \"a positive pregnancy test\"', 'polar': 'located at or near or coming from the earth\\'s poles; \"polar diameter\"; \"polar zone\"; \"a polar air mass\"; \"Antarctica is the only polar continent\"', 'uncharged': 'of a particle or body or system; having no charge; \"an uncharged particle\"; \"an uncharged battery\"', 'neutral': 'possessing no distinctive quality or characteristics', 'charitable': 'relating to or characterized by charity; \"a charitable foundation\"', 'uncharitable': 'lacking love and generosity; \"all pious words and uncharitable deeds\"- Charles Reade', 'chartered': 'hired for the exclusive temporary use of a group of travelers; \"a chartered plane\"; \"the chartered buses arrived on time\"', 'unchartered': 'not chartered', 'owned': 'having an owner; often used in combination; \"state-owned railways\"', 'closely-held': 'owned by a relatively few shareholders; \"a closely-held corporation\"', 'unowned': 'having no owner', 'chaste': 'pure and simple in design or style; \"a chaste border of conventionalized flowers\"', 'celibate': 'abstaining from sexual intercourse; \"celibate priests\"', 'pure': 'free of extraneous elements of any kind; \"pure air and water\"; \"pure gold\"; \"pure primary colors\"; \"the violin\\'s pure and lovely song\"; \"pure tones\"; \"pure oxygen\"', 'unchaste': 'not chaste; \"unchaste conduct\"', 'cyprian': 'resembling the ancient orgiastic worship of Aphrodite on Cyprus', 'licentious': 'lacking moral discipline; especially sexually unrestrained; \"coarse and licentious men\"', 'cheerful': 'pleasantly (even unrealistically) optimistic', 'beamish': 'smiling with happiness or optimism; \"Come to my arms, my beamish boy!\"- Lewis Carroll; \"a room of smiling faces\"; \"a round red twinkly Santa Claus\"', 'blithe': 'lacking or showing a lack of due concern; \"spoke with blithe ignorance of the true situation\"', 'buoyant': 'tending to float on a liquid or rise in air or gas; \"buoyant balloons\"; \"buoyant balsawood boats\"; \"a floaty scarf\"', 'cheery': 'bright and pleasant; promoting a feeling of cheer; \"a cheery hello\"; \"a gay sunny room\"; \"a sunny smile\"', 'chipper': 'having a cheerful, lively, and self-confident air; \"looking chipper, like a man...diverted by his own wit\"- Frances G. Patton; \"life that is gay, brisk, and debonair\"- H.M.Reynolds; \"walked with a jaunty step\"; \"a jaunty optimist\"', 'depressing': 'causing sad feelings of gloom and inadequacy; \"the economic outlook is depressing\"; \"something cheerless about the room\"; \"a moody and uncheerful person\"; \"an uncheerful place\"', 'blue': 'suggestive of sexual impropriety; \"a blue movie\"; \"blue jokes\"; \"he skips asterisks and gives you the gamy details\"; \"a juicy scandal\"; \"a naughty wink\"; \"naughty words\"; \"racy anecdotes\"; \"a risque story\"; \"spicy gossip\"', 'somber': 'grave or even gloomy in character; \"solemn and mournful music\"; \"a suit of somber black\"; \"a somber mood\"', 'chlamydeous': 'having a floral envelope or perianth consisting of a calyx and/or corolla', 'achlamydeous': 'not having a floral envelope or perianth', 'chondritic': 'having a granular structure like that of chondrites', 'achondritic': 'of or related to an achondrite', 'monoclinic': 'having three unequal crystal axes with one oblique intersection; \"monoclinic system\"', 'triclinic': 'having three unequal crystal axes intersecting at oblique angles; \"triclinic system\"', 'monochromatic': 'of or relating to monochromatism', 'polychromatic': 'having or exhibiting many colors', 'chromatic': 'able to refract light without spectral color separation; \"chromatic lens\"', 'amber': 'of a medium to dark brownish yellow color', 'amber-green': 'of green tinged with amber', 'amethyst': 'of a moderate purple color', 'auburn': '(of hair) colored a moderate reddish-brown; \"auburn hair\"', 'aureate': 'elaborately or excessively ornamented; \"flamboyant handwriting\"; \"the senator\\'s florid speech\"', 'avocado': 'of the dull yellowish green of the meat of an avocado', 'azure': 'of a deep somewhat purplish blue color similar to that of a clear October sky; \"October\\'s bright blue weather\"', 'beige': 'of a light greyish-brown color', 'blackish-brown': 'of brown tinged with black', 'blackish-red': 'of red tinged with black', 'blae': 'of bluish-black or grey-blue', 'bluish_green': 'of a bluish shade of green', 'blue-lilac': 'of lavender tinged with blue', 'blue-purple': 'of purple tinged with blue', 'blue-violet': 'of violet tinted with blue', 'blushful': 'having a red face from embarrassment or shame or agitation or emotional upset; \"the blushing boy was brought before the Principal\"; \"her blushful beau\"; \"was red-faced with anger\"', 'bottle-green': 'of a dark to moderate greyish green color', 'bright-red': 'of the red of fresh raspberries', 'bronze': 'made from or consisting of bronze', 'bronze-red': 'of red tinged with bronze', 'brown-green': 'of green tinged with brown', 'brown-purple': 'of dark purple tinted with brown', 'buff': 'of the yellowish-beige color of buff leather', 'buff-brown': 'of brown tinged with buff', 'canary': 'having the color of a canary; of a light to moderate yellow', 'caramel': 'having the color of caramel; of a moderate yellow-brown', 'carnation': 'pink or pinkish', 'chartreuse': 'of something having the yellowish green color of Chartreuse liqueur', 'chestnut': '(of hair or feathers) of a golden brown to reddish brown color; \"a chestnut horse\"; \"chestnut hair\"', 'chestnut-brown': '(of hair or feathers) of brown tinged with chestnut', 'coppery': 'of something having the color of copper', 'coral': 'of a strong pink to yellowish-pink color', 'coral-red': 'of red tinged with coral', 'creamy': 'thick like cream', 'creamy-yellow': 'yellow with a creamy tinge', 'cress_green': 'of a moderate yellow-green color that is greener and deeper than moss green and yellower and darker than pea green', 'crimson-magenta': 'magenta tinged with crimson', 'crimson-purple': 'purple tinged with crimson', 'crimson-yellow': 'yellow tinged with crimson', 'dark-blue': 'of a dark shade of blue', 'deep-pink': 'of a deep shade of pink', 'deep-yellow': 'of something having the color of a pumpkin', 'dull-purple': 'of a dull shade of purple', 'dun': 'of a dull greyish brown to brownish grey color; \"the dun and dreary prairie\"', 'earthlike': 'resembling or characteristic of earth; \"earthlike atmosphere\"', 'fuscous': 'of something having a dusky brownish grey color', 'golden-yellow': 'of yellow tinged with gold', 'golden-brown': 'of brown tinged with gold', 'golden-green': 'of green tinged with gold', 'grey-blue': 'of blue tinged with grey', 'grey-brown': 'of brown tinged with grey', 'grey-green': 'of green tinged with grey', 'grey-pink': 'of pink tinged with grey', 'green': 'concerned with or supporting or in conformity with the political principles of the Green Party', 'greenish-brown': 'of brown tinged with green', 'hazel': 'of a light brown or yellowish brown color', 'hazel-brown': 'of brown tinged with hazel', 'honey': 'of something having the color of honey', 'jade': 'of something having the color of jade; especially varying from bluish green to yellowish green', 'khaki': 'of a yellowish brown color', 'lavender': 'of a pale purple color', 'lavender-tinged': 'of something tinged with lavender', 'light-blue': 'of a light shade of blue', 'lilac-blue': 'of blue tinged with lavender', 'lilac-pink': 'of pink tinged with lavender', 'lilac-purple': 'of purple tinged with lilac', 'magenta': 'of deep purplish red', 'magenta_pink': 'of pink tinged with magenta', 'maroon': 'of dark brownish to purplish red', 'maroon-purple': 'of purple tinged with maroon', 'mauve': 'of a pale to moderate greyish violet color', 'mauve-blue': 'of blue tinged with mauve', 'mauve-pink': 'of pink tinged with mauve', 'moss_green': 'of a moderate somewhat dull yellow-green color', 'ocher': 'of a moderate orange-yellow color', 'olive-brown': 'of a brown color with a greenish tinge', 'olive-drab': 'of a light brownish green color', 'olive': 'of a yellow-green color similar to that of an unripe olive', 'orange': 'of the color between red and yellow; similar to the color of a ripe orange', 'orange-red': 'of red tinged with orange', 'orange-brown': 'of brown tinged with orange', 'peachy': 'of something resembling a peach in color', 'peacock-blue': 'of bright greenish blue', 'pea-green': 'of a moderate slightly yellowish-green color', 'pink': 'of a light shade of red', 'pink-lavender': 'of lavender tinged with pink', 'pink-orange': 'of orange tinged with pink', 'pink-red': 'of red tinged with pink', 'pink-tinged': 'of a color tinged with pink', 'pink-purple': 'of purple tinged with pink', 'powder_blue': 'of a moderate to pale blue or purplish blue', 'purple': 'of a color intermediate between red and blue', 'purple-blue': 'of blue tinged with purple', 'purple-brown': 'of brown tinged with purple', 'purple-green': 'of green tinged with purple', 'purple-lilac': 'of lavender tinged with purple', 'purple-red': 'of red tinged with purple', 'purple-tinged': 'of a color tinged with purple', 'red': 'of a color at the end of the color spectrum (next to orange); resembling the color of blood or cherries or tomatoes or rubies', 'red-brown': 'of brown tinged with red', 'red-lavender': 'of something having a lavender color tinged with red', 'reddish-pink': 'of a pink color that is close to red', 'red-orange': 'of orange tinged with red', 'red-purple': 'of purple tinged with red', 'red-violet': 'of violet tinged with red', 'rose': 'of something having a dusty purplish pink color; \"the roseate glow of dawn\"', 'rose-red': 'of a deep slightly bluish red color', 'rose-lilac': 'of lavender tinged with rose', 'rose-mauve': 'of mauve tinged with rose', 'rose-purple': 'of purple with a rose tinge', 'rose-tinted': 'of a color tinged with rose', 'russet': 'of brown with a reddish tinge', 'rust': 'of the brown color of rust', 'rust-red': 'of a red color tinged with rust', 'rusty-brown': 'of something having the brown color of rust', 'sage': 'having wisdom that comes with age and experience', 'sapphire': 'of something having the color of a blue sapphire; \"sapphire eyes\"', 'scarlet-crimson': 'of crimson tinged with scarlet', 'scarlet-pink': 'of pink tinged with scarlet', 'sea-green': 'of the color of the sea; bluish green', 'silver-blue': 'of something having a color that is a light shiny blue', 'silver-green': 'of something having a color that is a light shiny green', 'snuff': 'snuff colored; of a greyish to yellowish brown', 'sorrel': 'of a light brownish color', 'stone': 'of any of various dull tannish or grey colors', 'straw': 'of a pale yellow color like straw; straw-colored', 'sulfur-yellow': 'of something having the yellow color of sulfur', 'tan': 'of a light yellowish-brown color', 'tannish': 'of a color resembling tan', 'tangerine': 'of a strong reddish orange color', 'tawny': 'of a light brown to brownish orange color; the color of tanned leather', 'ultramarine': 'of a brilliant pure blue to purplish blue color', 'umber': 'of the color of any of various natural brown earth pigments', 'vermilion': 'of a vivid red to reddish-orange color', 'vinaceous': 'of the color of wine', 'violet-tinged': 'of something that is tinged with violet', 'white-pink': 'of pink tinged with white; a light tint of pink', 'wine-red': 'of something having the dark red color of red wine', 'yellow': 'changed to a yellowish color by age; \"yellowed parchment\"', 'yellow-beige': 'of beige tinged with yellow;', 'yellow-green': 'of a color midway between yellow and green', 'yellow-orange': 'of orange tinged with yellow', 'yellow-tinged': 'of a color tinged with yellow', 'achromatic': 'having no hue; \"neutral colors like black or white\"', 'argent': 'of lustrous grey; covered with or tinged with the color of silver; \"silvery hair\"', 'ash-grey': 'of a light grey', 'blackish': 'of something that is somewhat black; \"blackish clouds\"', 'black-grey': 'of dark grey', 'blue-white': 'of white tinged with blue', 'blue-grey': 'of grey tinged with blue', 'blue-black': 'of black tinged with blue', 'brown-black': 'of black tinged with brown', 'brown-grey': 'of grey tinged with brown', 'chalky': 'of something having the color of chalk; \"she turned chalky white\"', 'charcoal': 'of a very dark grey', 'coal-black': 'of the blackest black; similar to the color of jet or coal', 'cottony-white': 'of something as white as cotton; \"cottony-white clouds\"', 'dull-white': 'of a dull shade of white', 'ebon': 'of a very dark black', 'grey': 'showing characteristics of age, especially having grey or white hair; \"whose beard with age is hoar\"-Coleridge; \"nodded his hoary head\"', 'grey-black': 'of black tinged with grey', 'grey-white': 'of white tinged with grey', 'greenish-grey': 'of grey tinged with green', 'green-white': 'of white flowers tinged with green', 'hueless': 'of something totally lacking in saturation and therefore having no hue', 'ink-black': 'of the color of black ink', 'iron-grey': 'of the grey color of iron', 'lily-white': 'of a pure white color', 'milk-white': 'of a white the color of fresh milk', 'olive-grey': 'of grey tinged with olive', 'oxford-grey': 'of a dark shade of grey', 'pearl_grey': 'of a grey with a pearly tinge', 'pearly': 'of a white the color of pearls', 'pinkish-white': 'of white tinged with pink', 'purple-black': 'of black tinged with purple', 'purple-white': 'of white tinged with purple', 'red-grey': 'of grey tinged with red', 'sable': 'of a dark somewhat brownish black', 'silver-grey': 'of grey resembling silver', 'silver-white': 'of a white that resembles silver', 'slate-black': 'of a black tinged with slate-grey', 'slate-grey': 'of the color of slate or granite; \"the slaty sky of dawn\"', 'snow-white': 'of the white color of snow', 'soot-black': 'of the black color of soot', 'violet-black': 'of black tinged with violet', 'white-flowered': '(of plants) having white flowers', 'whitish': 'of something having a color tending toward white', 'yellow-grey': 'of grey tinged with yellow', 'yellow-white': 'of a white tinged with yellow', 'albescent': 'becoming or shading into white', 'saturated': 'being the most concentrated solution possible at a given temperature; unable to dissolve still more of a substance; \"a saturated solution\"', 'intense': 'possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree; \"intense heat\"; \"intense anxiety\"; \"intense desire\"; \"intense emotion\"; \"the skunk\\'s intense acrid odor\"; \"intense pain\"; \"enemy fire was intense\"', 'unsaturated': 'not saturated; capable of dissolving more of a substance at a given temperature; \"an unsaturated salt solution\"', 'color': 'having or capable of producing colors; \"color film\"; \"he rented a color television\"; \"marvelous color illustrations\"', 'black-and-white': 'lacking hue or shades of grey; part white and part black; \"a black-and-white cow\"; \"black-and-white blooms\"; \"black-and-white stripes\"', 'bay': '(used of animals especially a horse) of a moderate reddish-brown color', 'bicolor': 'having two colors; \"a bicolor flower\"; \"a bicolored postage stamp\"', 'blue-flowered': 'having blue flowers', 'brightly-colored': 'having a bright color', 'buff-colored': 'having a buff color', 'chestnut-colored': 'having the brown color of chestnuts', 'chocolate-colored': 'having the color of dark chocolate', 'cinnamon_colored': 'having the color of cinnamon', 'cinnamon-red': 'red tinged with cinnamon', 'cream-colored': 'having the color of fresh cream', 'dark-colored': 'having a dark color', 'dun-colored': 'having a dun color', 'fawn-colored': 'having the color of a fawn', 'flame-colored': 'having the brilliant orange-red color of flames', 'flesh-colored': 'having a bright red or pinkish color', 'garnet-colored': 'having the color of garnet', 'ginger': '(used especially of hair or fur) having a bright orange-brown color; \"a man with gingery hair and bright blue eyes\"; \"a ginger kitten\"', 'gold-colored': 'having the color of gold', 'honey-colored': 'having the color of honey', 'indigo': 'having a color between blue and violet; \"indigo flowers\"', 'lead-colored': 'having the color of lead', 'liver-colored': 'having a reddish-brown color', 'metal-colored': 'having a metallic color', 'motley': 'having sections or patches colored differently and usually brightly; \"a jester dressed in motley\"; \"the painted desert\"; \"a particolored dress\"; \"a piebald horse\"; \"pied daisies\"', 'neutral-colored': 'having a color that does not attract attention', 'olive-colored': 'having the color of green olives', 'orange-colored': 'having the color of ripe oranges', 'orange-flowered': 'having orange flowers', 'pale-colored': 'having a pale color', 'pastel-colored': 'having pale delicate colors', 'peach-colored': 'having the color of a ripe peach', 'purple-flowered': 'having purple flowers', 'red-flowered': 'having red flowers', 'roan': '(used of especially horses) having a brownish coat thickly sprinkled with white or grey; \"a roan horse\"', 'rose-colored': 'reflecting optimism; \"a rosy future\"; \"looked at the world through rose-colored glasses\"', 'rust-colored': 'having the brown color of rust', 'silver-colored': 'having the color of polished silver', 'straw-colored': 'having the color of dry straw', 'tawny-colored': 'having a tawny color', 'trichromatic': 'having or involving three colors; \"trichromatic vision\"; \"a trichromatic printing process\"; \"trichromatic staining is the staining of tissue samples differentially in three colors\"; \"tricolor plumage\"; \"a tricolor process in photography\"', 'violet-colored': 'having a violet color', 'violet-purple': 'light violet and dark purple', 'uncolored': 'without color; \"pure water is uncolored\"', 'achromatous': 'having little or inadequate color', 'achromic': 'having no color', 'stained': 'having a coating of stain or varnish', 'unstained': 'not having a coating of stain or varnish', 'untreated': 'not given medical care or treatment; \"an untreated disease\"; \"the untreated wounded lay on makeshift cots\"', 'colorful': 'striking in variety and interest; \"a colorful period of history\"; \"a colorful character\"; \"colorful language\"', 'prismatic': 'of or relating to or resembling or constituting a prism; \"prismatic form\"', 'shrill': 'having or emitting a high-pitched and sharp tone or tones ; \"a shrill whistle\"; \"a shrill gaiety\"', 'vibrant': 'vigorous and animated; \"a vibrant group that challenged the system\"; \"a charming and vivacious hostess\"; \"a vivacious folk dance\"', 'colorless': 'lacking in variety and interest; \"a colorless and unimaginative person\"; \"a colorless description of the parade\"', 'ashen': 'made of wood of the ash tree', 'bleached': '(used of color) artificially produced; not natural; \"a bleached blonde\"', 'drab': 'lacking in liveliness or charm or surprise; \"her drab personality\"; \"life was drab compared with the more exciting life style overseas\"; \"a series of dreary dinner parties\"', 'dulled': 'having lost or been caused to lose interest because of overexposure; \"the mind of the audience is becoming dulled\"; \"the benumbed intellectual faculties can no longer respond\"', 'etiolate': '(especially of plants) developed without chlorophyll by being deprived of light; \"etiolated celery\"', 'pale': '(of light) lacking in intensity or brightness; dim or feeble; \"the pale light of a half moon\"; \"a pale sun\"; \"the late afternoon light coming through the el tracks fell in pale oblongs on the street\"; \"a pallid sky\"; \"the pale (or wan) stars\"; \"the wan light of dawn\"', 'pasty': 'resembling paste in color; pallid; \"he looked pasty and red-eyed\"; \"a complexion that had been pastelike was now chalky white\"', 'prefaded': '(of fabric or clothing) having been given a faded (weathered) appearance by artificial means', 'waxen': 'made of or covered with wax; \"waxen candles\"; \"careful, the floor is waxy\"', 'flashy': '(used especially of clothes) marked by conspicuous display', 'many-sided': 'having many aspects; \"a many-sided subject\"; \"a multifaceted undertaking\"; \"multifarious interests\"; \"the multifarious noise of a great city\"; \"a miscellaneous crowd\"', 'noisy': 'full of or characterized by loud and nonmusical sounds; \"a noisy cafeteria\"; \"a small noisy dog\"', 'palish': 'slightly pale', 'pastel': 'lacking in body or vigor; \"faded pastel charms of the naive music\"', 'powdery': 'as if dulled in color with a sprinkling of powder; \"a powdery blue\"', 'darkish': 'slightly dark; \"darkish red\"', 'diatonic': 'based on or using the five tones and two semitones of the major or minor scales of western music', 'cismontane': 'on this (the speaker\\'s) side of the mountains; \"a contest in Virginia between a cismontane and a tramontane people\"', 'cisalpine': 'on the Italian or Roman side of the Alps; \"ancient cisalpine Gaul included an area south and east of the Alps\"', 'tramontane': 'being or coming from another country; \"tramontane influences\"', 'transalpine': 'on or relating to or characteristic of the region or peoples beyond the Alps from Italy (or north of the Alps); \"ancient transalpine Gaul was an area northwest of the Alps and included modern France and Belgium\"; \"Cracow was a transalpine university\"', 'christian': 'following the teachings or manifesting the qualities or spirit of Jesus Christ', 'christianly': 'becoming to or like a Christian; \"gentle christianly behavior\"', 'christlike': 'resembling or showing the spirit of Christ', 'unchristian': 'not of a Christian faith', 'christless': 'not believing in Christ', 'unchristianly': 'not becoming to or like a Christian; \"ashamed to have to recognize how unchristianly his assumptions and motives are\"', 'civilized': 'marked by refinement in taste and manners; \"cultivated speech\"; \"cultured Bostonians\"; \"cultured tastes\"; \"a genteel old lady\"; \"polite society\"', 'advanced': 'ahead of the times; \"the advanced teaching methods\"; \"had advanced views on the subject\"; \"a forward-looking corporation\"; \"is British industry innovative enough?\"', 'civil': 'of or occurring within the state or between or among citizens of the state; \"civil affairs\"; \"civil strife\"; \"civil disobedience\"; \"civil branches of government\"', 'humane': 'marked or motivated by concern with the alleviation of suffering', 'noncivilized': 'not having a high state of culture and social development', 'barbarian': 'without civilizing influences; \"barbarian invaders\"; \"barbaric practices\"; \"a savage people\"; \"fighting is crude and uncivilized especially if the weapons are efficient\"-Margaret Meade; \"wild tribes\"', 'barbarous': '(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering; \"a barbarous crime\"; \"brutal beatings\"; \"cruel tortures\"; \"Stalin\\'s roughshod treatment of the kulaks\"; \"a savage slap\"; \"vicious kicks\"', 'preliterate': 'not yet having acquired the ability to read and write', 'primitive': 'of or created by one without formal training; simple or naive in style; \"primitive art such as that by Grandma Moses is often colorful and striking\"', 'classical': 'of or relating to the study of the literary works of ancient Greece and Rome; \" a classical scholar\"', 'neoclassic': 'characteristic of a revival of an earlier classical style', 'nonclassical': 'not classical', 'modern': 'belonging to the modern era; since the Middle Ages; \"modern art\"; \"modern furniture\"; \"modern history\"; \"totem poles are modern rather than prehistoric\"', 'popular': 'regarded with great favor, approval, or affection especially by the general public; \"a popular tourist attraction\"; \"a popular girl\"; \"cabbage patch dolls are no longer popular\"', 'classified': 'official classification of information or documents; withheld from general circulation; \"thousands of classified documents have now been declassified\"', 'categorized': 'arranged into categories', 'grouped': 'arranged into groups', 'unclassified': 'not subject to a security classification', 'uncategorized': 'not categorized or sorted', 'eyes-only': 'official classification for documents; meant to be seen by only the person to whom it is directed', 'confidential': 'entrusted with private information and the confidence of another; \"a confidential secretary\"', 'restricted': 'subject to restriction or subjected to restriction; \"of restricted importance\"', 'secret': 'not open or public; kept private or not revealed; \"a secret formula\"; \"secret ingredients\"; \"secret talks\"', 'sensitive': 'being susceptible to the attitudes, feelings, or circumstances of others; \"sensitive to the local community and its needs\"', 'top-secret': 'the highest official level of classification of documents', 'declassified': 'having had security classification removed', 'nonsensitive': 'never having had security classification', 'analyzed': 'examined carefully and methodically; broken down for consideration of constituent parts; \"the analyzed data indicated surprising trends\"; \"a carefully analyzed poem can be like a dead butterfly pinned to a board\"', 'unanalyzed': 'not analyzed or broken down for detailed examination; \"an unanalyzed compound\"; \"unanalyzed data\"', 'crude': 'not carefully or expertly made; \"managed to make a crude splint\"; \"a crude cabin of logs with bark still on them\"; \"rough carpentry\"', 'cleanable': 'capable of being cleaned', 'cleanly': 'habitually clean; \"cleanly in their persons and habitations\"', 'dry-cleaned': 'cleaned with chemical solvents', 'immaculate': 'free from stain or blemish', 'pristine': 'completely free from dirt or contamination; \"pristine mountain snow\"', 'scrubbed': 'made clean by scrubbing; \"fresh-scrubbed floors\"; \"boys with scrubbed necks and faces\"', 'unsoiled': 'without soil or spot or stain', 'unsullied': 'spotlessly clean and fresh; \"the unsullied snow of mountains\"', 'washed': 'wet as from washing; sometimes used in combination; \"rain-washed\"', 'Augean': 'extremely filthy from long neglect', 'bedraggled': 'in deplorable condition; \"a street of bedraggled tenements\"; \"a broken-down fence\"; \"a ramshackle old pier\"; \"a tumble-down shack\"', 'befouled': 'made dirty or foul; \"a building befouled with soot\"; \"breathing air fouled and darkened with factory soot\"', 'begrimed': 'thickly covered with ingrained dirt or soot; \"a miner\\'s begrimed face\"; \"dingy linen\"; \"grimy hands\"; \"grubby little fingers\"; \"a grungy kitchen\"', 'buggy': 'infested with bugs', 'cobwebby': 'covered with cobwebs', 'dirty-faced': 'having a dirty face; \"a crowd of dirty-faced ragamuffins surrounded him\"', 'feculent': 'foul with waste matter', 'filthy': 'disgustingly dirty; filled or smeared with offensive matter; \"as filthy as a pigsty\"; \"a foul pond\"; \"a nasty pigsty of a room\"', 'greasy': 'containing an unusual amount of grease or oil; \"greasy hamburgers\"; \"oily fried potatoes\"; \"oleaginous seeds\"', 'lousy': 'infested with lice; \"burned their lousy clothes\"', 'maculate': 'spotted or blotched', 'mucky': 'dirty and messy; covered with mud or muck; \"muddy boots\"; \"a mucky stable\"', 'ratty': 'of or characteristic of rats', 'scummy': 'covered with scum; \"the scummy surface of the polluted pond\"', 'smudgy': 'smeared with something that soils or stains; these words are often used in combination; \"oil-smeared work clothes\"; \"hostile faces smirched by the grime and rust\"- Henry Roth; \"ink-smudged fingers\"', 'snotty': 'dirty with nasal discharge; \"a snotty nose\"; \"a house full of snot-nosed kids\"', 'sooty': 'covered with or as if with soot; \"a sooty chimney\"', 'travel-soiled': 'soiled from travel; \"travel-soiled clothes\"', 'uncleanly': 'habitually unclean', 'unswept': 'not swept or having sweep; \"a boxy little plane with square unswept wings\"', 'unwashed': 'not cleaned with or as if with soap and water; \"a sink full of unwashed dishes\"', 'antiseptic': 'freeing from error or corruption; \"the antiseptic effect of sturdy criticism\"', 'bawdy': 'humorously vulgar; \"bawdy songs\"; \"off-color jokes\"; \"ribald language\"', 'blasphemous': 'grossly irreverent toward what is held to be sacred; \"blasphemous rites of a witches\\' Sabbath\"; \"profane utterances against the Church\"; \"it is sacrilegious to enter with shoes on\"', 'dirty-minded': 'having lewd thoughts', 'cruddy': 'characterized by obscenity; \"had a filthy mouth\"; \"foul language\"; \"smutty jokes\"', 'foul-mouthed': 'using foul or obscene language; \"noisy foul-mouthed women all shouting at once\"', 'lewd': 'suggestive of or tending to moral looseness; \"lewd whisperings of a dirty old man\"; \"an indecent gesture\"; \"obscene telephone calls\"; \"salacious limericks\"', 'scabrous': 'dealing with salacious or indecent material; \"a scabrous novel\"', 'scatological': 'dealing pruriently with excrement and excretory functions; \"scatological literature\"', 'radioactive': 'exhibiting or caused by radioactivity; \"radioactive isotope\"; \"radioactive decay\"; \"radioactive fallout\"', 'nonradioactive': 'not radioactive', 'halal': 'proper or legitimate; \"the fund earns halal profits in full compliance with the Shari\\'a\"', 'kosher': 'proper or legitimate', 'unclean': 'having a physical or moral blemish so as to make impure according to dietary or ceremonial laws; \"unclean meat\"; \"and the swine...is unclean to you\"-Leviticus 11:3', 'nonkosher': 'not conforming to dietary laws', 'untouchable': 'beyond the reach of criticism or attack or impeachment; \"for the first time criticism was directed at a hitherto untouchable target\"- Newsweek', 'clear': 'characterized by freedom from troubling thoughts (especially guilt); \"a clear conscience\"; \"regarded her questioner with clear untroubled eyes\"', 'clear-cut': 'having had all the trees removed at one time; \"clear-cut hillsides are subject to erosion\"', 'limpid': '(of language) transparently clear; easily understandable; \"writes in a limpid style\"; \"lucid directions\"; \"a luculent oration\"- Robert Burton; \"pellucid prose\"; \"a crystal clear explanation\"; \"a perspicuous argument\"', 'prima_facie': 'as it seems at first sight; \"a prima facie case of murder\"', 'unmistakable': 'clearly evident to the mind; \"his opposition to slavery was unmistakable\"', 'vivid': 'having the clarity and freshness of immediate experience; \"a vivid recollection\"', 'unclear': 'not clear to the mind; \"the law itself was unclear on that point\"; \"the reason for their actions is unclear to this day\"', 'blurred': 'unclear in form or expression; \"the blurred aims of the group\"; \"sometimes one understood clearly and sometimes the meaning was clouded\"- H.G.Wells', 'confusing': 'causing confusion or disorientation; \"a confusing jumble of road signs\"; \"being hospitalized can be confusing and distressing for a small child\"', 'obscure': 'not famous or acclaimed; \"an obscure family\"; \"unsung heroes of the war\"', 'hyaline': 'resembling glass in transparency or translucency; \"the morning is as clear as diamond or as hyaline\"-Sacheverell Sitwell', 'liquid': 'filled or brimming with tears; \"swimming eyes\"; \"sorrow made the eyes of many grow liquid\"', 'translucent': ' allowing light to pass through diffusely; \"translucent amber\"; \"semitransparent curtains at the windows\"', 'unclouded': 'not mentally disordered; \"an unclouded mind\"', 'unfrosted': '(of glass) lacking a frosted coating; \"unfrosted light bulbs\"', 'opaque': 'not clearly understood or expressed', 'cloudy': 'lacking definite form or limits; \"gropes among cloudy issues toward a feeble conclusion\"- H.T.Moore; \"nebulous distinction between pride and conceit\"', 'fogged': 'obscured by fog; \"he could barely see through the fogged window\"', 'frosted': '(of glass) having a roughened coating resembling frost; \"frosted glass\"', 'glaucous': 'having a frosted look from a powdery coating, as on plants; \"glaucous stems\"; \"glaucous plums\"; \"glaucous grapes\"', 'lightproof': 'not penetrable by light; \"lightproof containers\"', 'milky': 'resembling milk in color not clear; \"milky glass\"', 'semiopaque': 'partially opaque', 'radiolucent': 'almost complete transparent to X-rays or other forms of radiation; \"radiolucent tissues\"', 'radiopaque': 'not transparent to X-rays or other forms of radiation; \"barium sulfate is radiopaque\"', 'clearheaded': 'not mentally confused; able to think clearly and act intelligently', 'confused': 'having lost your bearings; confused as to time or place or personal identity; \"I frequently find myself disoriented when I come up out of the subway\"; \"the anesthetic left her completely disoriented\"', 'addlebrained': 'stupid and confused; \"blathering like the addlepated nincompoop that you are\"; \"a confused puddingheaded, muddleheaded fellow\"- Isaac Sterne', 'addled': '(of eggs) no longer edible; \"an addled egg\"', 'befogged': 'stupefied by alcoholic drink; \"the wino\\'s poor befuddled mind\"; \"a mind befogged with drink\"', 'clouded': 'made troubled or apprehensive or distressed in appearance; \"his face was clouded with unhappiness\"', 'dazed': 'stunned or confused and slow to react (as from blows or drunkenness or exhaustion)', 'dazzled': 'having vision overcome temporarily by or as if by intense light; \"she shut her dazzled eyes against the sun\\'s brilliance\"', 'trancelike': 'as if in a trance', 'punch-drunk': 'dazed from or as if from repeated blows; \"knocked silly by the impact\"; \"slaphappy with exhaustion\"', 'spaced-out': 'stupefied by (or as if by) some narcotic drug', 'clement': '(of weather or climate) physically mild; \"clement weather\"', 'lenient': 'not strict; \"an easy teacher\"; \"easy standards\"; \"lenient rules\"; \"an easy penalty\"', 'inclement': '(of weather or climate) severe', 'unsparing': 'not forbearing; ruthless; \"an unsparing critic\"', 'balmy': 'informal or slang terms for mentally irregular; \"it used to drive my husband balmy\"', 'astute': 'marked by practical hardheaded intelligence; \"a smart businessman\"; \"an astute tenant always reads the small print in a lease\"; \"he was too shrewd to go along with them on a road that could lead only to their overthrow\"', 'streetwise': 'having the shrewd resourcefulness needed to survive in an urban environment', 'stupid': 'lacking or marked by lack of intellectual acuity', 'anserine': 'of or resembling a goose', 'blockheaded': '(used informally) stupid', 'cloddish': 'heavy and dull and stupid', 'dense': 'permitting little if any light to pass through because of denseness of matter; \"dense smoke\"; \"heavy fog\"; \"impenetrable gloom\"', 'gaumless': '(British informal) lacking intelligence and vitality', 'lumpish': 'mentally sluggish', 'nitwitted': '(of especially persons) lacking sense or understanding or judgment', 'weak': 'tending downward in price; \"a weak market for oil stocks\"', 'yokel-like': 'stupid and ignorant like proverbial rural inhabitants; \"the boy\\'s empty yokel-like expression\"', 'clockwise': 'in the same direction as the rotating hands of a clock', 'dextrorotary': 'rotating to the right', 'counterclockwise': 'in the direction opposite to the rotation of the hands of a clock', 'levorotary': 'rotating to the left', 'far': 'being the animal or vehicle on the right or being on the right side of an animal or vehicle; \"the horse on the right is the far horse\"; \"the right side is the far side of the horse\"', 'distant': 'far apart in relevance or relationship or kinship ; \"a distant cousin\"; \"a remote relative\"; \"a distant likeness\"; \"considerations entirely removed (or remote) from politics\"', 'faraway': 'far removed mentally; \"a faraway (or distant) look in her eyes\"', 'farther': 'more distant in especially space or time; \"they live in the farther house\"', 'farthermost': '(comparatives of `far\\') most remote in space or time or order; \"had traveled to the farthest frontier\"; \"don\\'t go beyond the farthermost (or furthermost) tree\"; \"explored the furthest reaches of space\"; \"the utmost tip of the peninsula\"', 'further': 'more distant in especially degree; \"nothing could be further from the truth\"; \"further from our expectations\"; \"farther from the truth\"; \"farther from our expectations\"', 'off_the_beaten_track': 'remote from populous or much-traveled regions; \"they found a quiet out-of-the-way resort\"', 'outlying': 'relatively far from a center or middle; \"outlying settlements\"', 'near': 'being on the left side; \"the near or nigh horse is the one on the left\"; \"the animal\\'s left side is its near or nigh side\"', 'adjacent': 'having a common boundary or edge; abutting; touching; \"Rhode Island has two bordering states; Massachusetts and Conncecticut\"; \"the side of Germany conterminous with France\"; \"Utah and the contiguous state of Idaho\"; \"neighboring cities\"', 'nearby': 'close at hand; \"the nearby towns\"; \"concentrated his study on the nearby planet Venus\"', 'warm': '(color) inducing the impression of warmth; used especially of reds and oranges and yellows; \"warm reds and yellows and orange\"', 'extreme': 'beyond a norm in views or actions; \"an extreme conservative\"; \"an extreme liberal\"; \"extreme views on integration\"; \"extreme opinions\"', 'far-flung': 'distributed over a considerable extent; \"far-flung trading operations\"; \"the West\\'s far-flung mountain ranges\"; \"widespread nuclear fallout\"', 'long-distance': 'of or relating to or being a long-distance telephone call; \"a long-distance call\"; \"a long-distance transmission line\"; \"a long-distance operator\"', 'nonadjacent': 'not adjacent; not next', 'out-of-town': 'happening in or being of another town or city; \"an out-of-town tryout\"; \"an out-of-town school\"', 'yonder': 'distant but within sight (`yon\\' is dialectal); \"yonder valley\"; \"the hills yonder\"; \"what is yon place?\"', 'ambient': 'completely enveloping; \"the ambient air\"; \"ambient sound\"; \"the ambient temperature\"', 'appressed': 'pressed close to or lying flat against something; \"adpressed hairs along the plant\\'s stem\"; \"igneous rocks...closely appressed by this force\"-L.V.Pirsson', 'approximate': 'not quite exact or correct; \"the approximate time was 10 o\\'clock\"; \"a rough guess\"; \"a ballpark estimate\"', 'at_hand': 'close in space; within reach; \"the town is close at hand\"', 'close-hauled': 'having the sails trimmed for sailing as close to the wind as possible', 'close-set': 'set close together; \"close-set eyes\"; \"close-set teeth\"; \"her eyes are close set\"', 'contiguous': 'very close or connected in space or time; \"contiguous events\"; \"immediate contact\"; \"the immediate vicinity\"; \"the immediate past\"', 'encompassing': 'closely encircling; \"encompassing mountain ranges\"; \"the surrounding countryside\"', 'enveloping': 'surrounding and closing in on or hemming in; \"the army\\'s enveloping maneuver\"', 'hand-to-hand': 'being at close quarters; \"hand-to-hand fighting\"', 'juxtaposed': 'placed side by side often for comparison; \"juxtaposed pictures\"', 'nestled': 'drawn or pressed close to someone or something for or as if for affection or protection; \"saw a number of small houses nestled against the hillside\"; \"like a baby snuggled in its mother\\'s arms\"', 'proximate': 'closest in degree or order (space or time) especially in a chain of causes and effects; \"news of his proximate arrival\"; \"interest in proximate rather than ultimate goals\"', 'scalelike': 'reduced to a small appressed thing that resembles a scale; \"scalelike leaves\"', 'walk-to': 'close enough to be walked to; \"walking distance\"; \"the factory with the big parking lot...is more convenient than the walk-to factory\"', 'loosely_knit': 'having only distant social or legal ties; \"a loosely knit group\"', 'removed': 'separated in relationship by a given degree of descent; \"a cousin once removed\"', 'ulterior': 'beyond or outside an area of immediate interest; remote; \"a suggestion ulterior to the present discussion\"; \"without...any purpose, immediate or ulterior\"- G.B.Shaw', 'boon': 'very close and convivial; \"boon companions\"', 'chummy': '(used colloquially) having the relationship of friends or pals', 'close-knit': 'held together as by social or cultural ties; \"a close-knit family\"; \"close-knit little villages\"; \"the group was closely knit\"', 'cozy': 'having or fostering a warm or friendly and informal atmosphere; \"had a cozy chat\"; \"a relaxed informal manner\"; \"an intimate cocktail lounge\"; \"the small room was cozy and intimate\"', 'dear': 'earnest; \"one\\'s dearest wish\"; \"devout wishes for their success\"; \"heartfelt condolences\"', 'familiar': 'within normal everyday experience; common and ordinary; not strange; \"familiar ordinary objects found in every home\"; \"a familiar everyday scene\"; \"a familiar excuse\"; \"a day like any other filled with familiar duties and experiences\"', 'intimate': 'involved in a sexual relationship; \"the intimate (or sexual) relations between husband and wife\"; \"she had been intimate with many men\"; \"he touched her intimate parts\"', 'cousinly': 'like or befitting a cousin; \"a cousinly kiss\"', 'uncousinly': 'not befitting a cousin', 'clothed': 'wearing or provided with clothing; sometimes used in combination; \"clothed and in his right mind\"- Bible; \"proud of her well-clothed family\"; \"nurses clad in white\"; \"white-clad nurses\"', 'appareled': 'dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination; \"the elegantly attired gentleman\"; \"neatly dressed workers\"; \"monks garbed in hooded robes\"; \"went about oddly garmented\"; \"professors robed in crimson\"; \"tuxedo-attired gentlemen\"; \"crimson-robed Harvard professors\"', 'arrayed': 'in ceremonial attire and paraphernalia; \"professors arrayed in robes\"', 'breeched': 'dressed in trousers', 'bundled-up': 'dressed warmly; \"bundled-up sailors and soldiers\"', 'caparisoned': 'clothed in finery (especially a horse in ornamental trappings)', 'cassocked': 'dressed in a cassock; \"cassocked monks\"', 'coated': 'having a coating; covered with an outer layer or film; often used in combination; \"coated paper has a smooth polished coating especially suitable for halftone printing\"; \"sugar-coated pills\"', 'costumed': 'dressed in clothing characteristic of a period, country, or class', 'cowled': 'having the head enclosed in a cowl or hood; \"a cowled monk\"', 'dighted': 'dressed or adorned (as for battle)', 'dressed': 'treated with medications and protective covering', 'gowned': 'wearing a gown; \"beautifully gowned women\"', 'habited': 'dressed in a habit; \"the habited men of the monastery\"', 'heavy-coated': 'wearing a heavy coat; \"heavy-coated policemen astride noble horses\"', 'overdressed': 'dressed too elaborately', 'petticoated': 'wearing or furnished with a petticoat; \"petticoated ladies\"; \"a petticoated table\"', 'red-coated': 'used of British soldiers during the American Revolutionary War because of their red coats', 'suited': 'outfitted or supplied with clothing; \"recruits suited in green\"', 'surpliced': 'wearing a surplice', 'togged': 'dressed especially in smart clothes', 'turned_out': 'dressed well or smartly; \"the girls were well turned out and smart\"', 'tuxedoed': 'dressed in a tuxedo; \"a tuxedoed gentleman\"', 'underdressed': 'inadequately or too informally clothed', 'uniformed': 'dressed in a uniform; \"uniformed policemen lined the President\\'s route\"', 'vestmented': 'dressed in ceremonial garments especially clerical vestment', 'unclothed': 'not wearing clothing', 'bare-assed': '(used informally) completely unclothed', 'bare-breasted': 'having the breasts uncovered or featuring such nudity; \"topless waitresses\"; \"a topless cabaret\"', 'bareheaded': 'having the head uncovered; \"caught bareheaded by the downpour\"; \"with bared head\"', 'barelegged': 'having the legs uncovered by clothing; \"barelegged children on the beach\"', 'bottomless': 'having no bottom; \"bottomless pajamas consisting simply of a long top opening down the front\"', 'clothesless': 'possessing no clothing', 'en_deshabille': 'partly dressed in a loose or careless manner', 'exposed': 'with no protection or shield; \"the exposed northeast frontier\"; \"open to the weather\"; \"an open wound\"', 'half-clothed': 'inadequately clothed', 'mother-naked': 'as naked as at birth', 'off-the-shoulder': 'not covering the shoulders (especially in the case of a blouse or dress)', 'seminude': 'partially clothed', 'starkers': '(British informal) stark naked', 'stripped': 'having only essential or minimal features; \"a stripped new car\"; \"a stripped-down budget\"', 'unappareled': 'having removed clothing', 'without_a_stitch': 'without any clothing at all', 'saddled': 'subject to an imposed burden; \"left me saddled with the bill\"; \"found himself saddled with more responsibility than power\"', 'unsaddled': 'with no saddle', 'bareback': 'riding without a saddle; \"a bareback rider\"', 'cloudless': 'free from clouds; \"under a cloudless sky\"', 'serene': 'completely clear and fine; \"serene skies and a bright blue sea\"', 'brumous': 'filled or abounding with fog or mist; \"a brumous October morning\"', 'fogbound': 'enveloped in fog; \"a fogbound fleet\"; \"the fogbound city\"', 'cloud-covered': 'filled or abounding with clouds', 'cloudlike': 'resembling a cloud', 'heavy': '(of an actor or role) being or playing the villain; \"Iago is the heavy role in `Othello\\'\"', 'miasmal': 'filled with vapor; \"miasmic jungles\"; \"a vaporous bog\"', 'smoggy': 'clouded with a mixture of smoke and fog; \"the smoggy atmosphere of Los Angeles\"', 'coastal': 'of or relating to a coast; \"coastal erosion\"', 'coastwise': 'along or following a coast; \"coastal shipping\"; \"coastwise winds contributed to the storm\"', 'inshore': '(of winds) coming from the sea toward the land; \"an inshore breeze\"; \"an onshore gale\"; \"sheltered from seaward winds\"', 'maritime': 'bordering on or living or characteristic of those near the sea; \"a maritime province\"; \"maritime farmers\"; \"maritime cultures\"', 'seaward': 'directed or situated away from inland regions and toward the sea or coast; \"from the hill he took a seaward course\"; \"on the seaward side of the road\"', 'inland': \"situated away from an area's coast or border\", 'interior': 'situated within or suitable for inside a building; \"an interior scene\"; \"interior decoration\"; \"an interior bathroom without windows\"', 'landlocked': 'surrounded entirely or almost entirely by land; \"a landlocked country\"', 'offshore': 'at some distance from the shore; \"offshore oil reserves\"; \"an offshore island\"', 'seamless': 'not having or joined by a seam or seams; \"seamless stockings\"', 'fuzzy': 'confused and not coherent; not clearly thought out; \"a vague and fuzzy idea of the world of finance\"', 'collapsible': 'capable of collapsing or being collapsed; \"a collapsible boat\"', 'foldable': 'capable of being folded up and stored; \"a foldaway bed\"', 'telescopic': 'visible only with a telescope; \"a bright star with a telescopic companion\"', 'tip-up': 'constructed so as to tip up or out of the way; \"the little tip-up seat of the taxi\"', 'noncollapsible': 'not capable of collapsing', 'nontelescopic': 'not telescopic', 'crannied': 'having small chinks or crannies (especially in or between rocks or stones); \"a crannied wall\"', 'uncrannied': 'without chinks or crannies', 'agglomerate': 'clustered together but not coherent; \"an agglomerated flower head\"', 'aggregate': 'composed of a dense cluster of separate units such as carpels or florets or drupelets; \"raspberries are aggregate fruits\"', 'collectivized': 'characterized by the principle of ownership by the state or the people of the means of production', 'knockdown': '(furniture) easily assembled and dismantled; \"I bought a knockdown chest at the do-it-yourself store\"', 'distributive': 'serving to distribute or allot or disperse', 'allocable': 'capable of being distributed', 'diffusing': 'spreading by diffusion', 'immanent': 'of a mental act performed entirely within the mind; \"a cognition is an immanent act of mind\"', 'permeant': 'spreading or spread throughout; \"armed with permeative irony...he punctures affectations\"; \"the pervasive odor of garlic\"; \"an error is pervasive if it is material to more than one conclusion\"', 'separative': '(used of an accent in Hebrew orthography) indicating that the word marked is separated to a greater or lesser degree rhythmically and grammatically from the word that follows it', 'suffusive': 'spreading through; \"suffusive purple light\"', 'publicized': 'made known; especially made widely known', 'advertised': 'called to public attention; \"these advertised products\"', 'heralded': 'publicly announced; \"the royal couple\\'s much heralded world tour\"', 'promulgated': 'formally made public; \"published accounts\"', 'suppressed': 'manifesting or subjected to suppression; \"a suppressed press\"', 'burked': 'suppressed quietly or indirectly', 'hushed-up': '(used of information or news) kept secret by using influence; \"hushed-up stories sometimes leak out\"', 'quelled': 'subdued or overcome; \"the quelled rebellion\"; \"an uprising quenched almost before it started\"; \"a squelched rumor\"', 'unreleased': 'not (or not yet) made available for distribution or publication; \"someone leaked the unreleased announcement\"; \"a film that remained unreleased for years\"', 'published': 'prepared and printed for distribution and sale; \"the complete published works Dickens\"', 'unpublished': 'not published; \"unpublished letters and diaries\"', 'publishable': 'suitable for publication', 'unpublishable': 'not suitable for publication', 'reported': 'made known or told about; especially presented in a formal account; \"his reported opinion\"; \"the reported findings\"', 'according': '(followed by `to\\') in agreement with or accordant with; \"according to instructions\"', 'notifiable': 'requiring that official notification be given; \"a notifiable disease\"', 'reportable': '(of income) required by law to be reported; \"reportable income\"', 'unreported': 'not reported; \"unreported results\"', 'unreportable': '(of income) not reportable; not required by law to be reported; \"very little income is unreportable\"', 'combinative': 'relating to or involving combinations', 'combinatorial': 'relating to the combination and arrangement of elements in sets', 'combinable': 'able to or tending to combine', 'noncombinative': 'not involving combination', 'noncombining': 'not able to combine', 'combustible': 'capable of igniting and burning', 'burnable': 'capable of burning', 'comburent': 'supporting combustion', 'flammable': 'easily ignited', 'ignescent': 'can emit sparks or burst into flame', 'incendiary': 'involving deliberate burning of property; \"an incendiary fire\"', 'noncombustible': 'not capable of igniting and burning', 'fireproof': 'impervious to damage by fire', 'fire-retardant': 'difficult to burn', 'flameproof': 'resistant to catching fire', 'nonflammable': 'impossible to ignite', 'explosive': 'liable to lead to sudden change or violence; \"an explosive issue\"; \"a volatile situation with troops and rioters eager for a confrontation\"', 'detonative': 'exploding almost instantaneously', 'nonexplosive': 'not explosive; \"nonexplosive gases\"; \"a nonexplosive fuel\"', 'lighted': 'set afire or burning; \"the lighted candles\"; \"a lighted cigarette\"; \"a lit firecracker\"', 'ignited': 'set afire; \"the ignited paper\"; \"a kindled fire\"', 'unlighted': 'not set afire or burning; \"the table was bare, the candles unlighted\"; \"held an unlit cigarette\"', 'unkindled': 'not set afire', 'commodious': 'large and roomy (`convenient\\' is archaic in this sense); \"a commodious harbor\"; \"a commodious building suitable for conventions\"', 'roomy': '(of buildings and rooms) having ample space; \"a roomy but sparsely furnished apartment\"; \"a spacious ballroom\"', 'incommodious': 'uncomfortably or inconveniently small; \"incommodious hotel accommodations\"', 'cramped': 'constricted in size; \"cramped quarters\"; \"trying to bring children up in cramped high-rise apartments\"', 'comfortable': 'more than adequate; \"the home team had a comfortable lead\"', 'homelike': 'having a feeling of home; cozy and comfortable; \"the homely everyday atmosphere\"; \"a homey little inn\"', 'soothing': 'affording physical relief; \"a soothing ointment for her sunburn\"', 'uncomfortable': 'conducive to or feeling mental discomfort; \"this kind of life can prove disruptive and uncomfortable\"; \"the uncomfortable truth\"; \"grew uncomfortable beneath his appraising eye\"; \"an uncomfortable way of surprising me just when I felt surest\"; \"the teacher\\'s presence at the conference made the child very uncomfortable\"', 'bad': 'not capable of being collected; \"a bad (or uncollectible) debt\"', 'comfortless': 'without comfort; \"a comfortless room\"', 'irritating': '(used of physical stimuli) serving to stimulate or excite; \"an irritative agent\"', 'miserable': 'very unhappy; full of misery; \"he felt depressed and miserable\"; \"a message of hope for suffering humanity\"; \"wretched prisoners huddled in stinking cages\"', 'uneasy': 'lacking a sense of security or affording no ease or reassurance; \"farmers were uneasy until rain finally came\"; \"uneasy about his health\"; \"gave an uneasy laugh\"; \"uneasy lies the head that wears the crown\"; \"an uneasy coalition government\"; \"an uneasy calm\"; \"an uneasy silence fell on the group\"', 'comforted': 'made comfortable or more comfortable in a time of distress; \"the news make her feel comforted\"', 'awkward': 'difficult to handle or manage especially because of shape; \"an awkward bundle to carry\"; \"a load of bunglesome paraphernalia\"; \"clumsy wooden shoes\"; \"the cello, a rather ungainly instrument for a girl\"', 'disquieting': 'causing mental discomfort; \"the disquieting sounds of nearby gunfire\"', 'ill-fitting': 'not the right size or shape', 'self-conscious': 'aware of yourself as an individual or of your own being and actions and thoughts; \"self-conscious awareness\"; \"self-conscious about their roles as guardians of the social values\"- D.M.Potter', 'commensurate': 'corresponding in size or degree or extent; \"pay should be commensurate with the time worked\"', 'coextensive': 'being of equal extent or scope or duration', 'commensurable': 'capable of being measured by a common standard; \"hours and minutes are commensurable\"', 'proportionate': 'being in due proportion; \"proportionate representation of a minority group\"', 'incommensurate': ' not corresponding in size or degree or extent; \"a reward incommensurate with his effort\"', 'disproportionate': 'out of proportion', 'incommensurable': 'impossible to measure or compare in value or size or excellence', 'per_capita': 'per person; \"among the states Connecticut has a high per capita income\"', 'proportionable': 'proportionate', 'proportional': 'having a constant ratio', 'commercial': 'of or relating to commercialism; \"a commercial attache\"; \"commercial paper\"; \"commercial law\"', 'commercialized': 'organized principally for financial gain; \"Christmas has become a commercialized spectacle\"', 'mercantile': 'of or relating to the economic system of mercantilism; \"mercantile theories\"; \"mercantile system\"', 'technical': 'of or relating to a practical subject that is organized according to scientific principles; \"technical college\"; \"technological development\"', 'noncommercial': 'not connected with or engaged in commercial enterprises', 'blue-sky': 'without immediate commercial value; \"the company cannot afford to do blue-sky research\"', 'nonprofit': 'not commercially motivated', 'uncommercial': 'not conducive to commercial success; \"might prove arty and hence uncommercial\"- H.E.Clurman', 'uncommercialized': 'not having been commercialized', 'residential': 'of or relating to or connected with residence; \"a residential requirement for the doctorate\"', 'nonresidential': 'not residential; \"the commercial or nonresidential areas of a town\"; \"community colleges are typically nonresidential\"', 'commissioned': '(of military officers) holding by virtue of a commission a rank of second lieutenant or ensign or above', 'noncommissioned': '(of military officers) appointed from enlisted personnel', 'common': 'common to or shared by two or more parties; \"a common friend\"; \"the mutual interests of management and labor\"', 'average': 'lacking exceptional quality or ability; \"a novel of average merit\"; \"only a fair performance of the sonata\"; \"in fair health\"; \"the caliber of the students has gone from mediocre to above average\"; \"the performance was middling at best\"', 'democratic': 'characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality; \"democratic government\"; \"a democratic country\"; \"a democratic scorn for bloated dukes and lords\"- George du Maurier', 'demotic': 'of or for the common people; \"demotic entertainments\"; \"demotic speech\"; \"a poet with a keen ear for demotic rhythms\"', 'frequent': 'coming at short intervals or habitually; \"a frequent guest\"; \"frequent complaints\"', 'general': 'somewhat indefinite; \"bearing a general resemblance to the original\"; \"a general description of the merchandise\"', 'grassroots': 'fundamental; \"the grassroots factor in making the decision\"', 'standard': 'conforming to the established language usage of educated native speakers; \"standard English\" (American); \"received standard English is sometimes called the King\\'s English\" (British)', 'uncommon': 'not common or ordinarily encountered; unusually great in amount or remarkable in character or kind; \"uncommon birds\"; \"frost and floods are uncommon during these months\"; \"doing an uncommon amount of business\"; \"an uncommon liking for money\"; \"he owed his greatest debt to his mother\\'s uncommon character and ability\"', 'especial': 'surpassing what is common or usual or expected; \"he paid especial attention to her\"; \"exceptional kindness\"; \"a matter of particular and unusual importance\"; \"a special occasion\"; \"a special reason to confide in her\"; \"what\\'s so special about the year 2000?\"', 'red_carpet': 'special treatment or hospitality; \"the maitre d\\' gave them the red-carpet treatment\"', 'unusual': 'not usual or common or ordinary; \"a scene of unusual beauty\"; \"a man of unusual ability\"; \"cruel and unusual punishment\"; \"an unusual meteorite\"', 'unwonted': 'out of the ordinary; \"an unwonted softness in her face\"', 'usual': 'occurring or encountered or experienced or observed frequently or in accordance with regular practice or procedure; \"grew the usual vegetables\"; \"the usual summer heat\"; \"came at the usual time\"; \"the child\\'s usual bedtime\"', 'regular': 'often used as intensifiers; \"a regular morass of details\"; \"a regular nincompoop\"; \"he\\'s a veritable swine\"', 'different': 'distinct or separate; \"each interviewed different members of the community\"', 'extraordinary': 'beyond what is ordinary or usual; highly unusual or exceptional or remarkable; \"extraordinary authority\"; \"an extraordinary achievement\"; \"her extraordinary beauty\"; \"enjoyed extraordinary popularity\"; \"an extraordinary capacity for work\"; \"an extraordinary session of the legislature\"', 'odd': 'of the remaining member of a pair, of socks e.g.', 'out-of-the-way': 'improper or even offensive; \"out-of-the-way remarks\"', 'unique': '(followed by `to\\') applying exclusively to a given category or condition or locality; \"a species unique to Australia\"', 'hydrophilic': 'having a strong affinity for water; tending to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted by water', 'deliquescent': '(especially of certain salts) becoming liquid by absorbing moisture from the air', 'oleophilic': 'having a strong affinity for oils rather than water', 'lipophilic': 'having an affinity for lipids', 'oleophobic': 'lacking affinity for oils', 'communal': 'relating to a small administrative district or community; \"communal elections in several European countries\"', 'public': 'not private; open to or concerning the people as a whole; \"the public good\"; \"public libraries\"; \"public funds\"; \"public parks\"; \"a public scandal\"; \"public gardens\"; \"performers and members of royal families are public figures\"', 'individual': 'characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing; \"an individual serving\"; \"single occupancy\"; \"a single bed\"', 'idiosyncratic': 'peculiar to the individual; \"we all have our own idiosyncratic gestures\"; \"Michelangelo\\'s highly idiosyncratic style of painting\"', 'individualist': 'marked by or expressing individuality; \"an individualistic way of dressing\"', 'one-on-one': 'directly between two individuals; \"one-on-one instruction\"', 'respective': 'considered individually; \"the respective club members\"; \"specialists in their several fields\"; \"the various reports all agreed\"', 'singular': 'the single one of its kind; \"a singular example\"; \"the unique existing example of Donne\\'s handwriting\"; \"a unique copy of an ancient manuscript\"; \"certain types of problems have unique solutions\"', 'communicative': 'of or relating to communication; \"communicative arts\"', 'anecdotic': 'characterized by or given to telling anecdotes; \"anecdotal conversation\"; \"an anecdotal history of jazz\"; \"he was at his anecdotic best\"', 'Bantu-speaking': 'of or relating to people who speak Bantu; \"the Bantu-speaking people of Africa\"', 'blabbermouthed': 'prone to communicate confidential information', 'chatty': 'full of trivial conversation; \"kept from her housework by gabby neighbors\"', 'communicable': 'readily communicated; \"communicable ideas\"', 'communicational': 'used in communication; \"he had few communicational grooves available for use\"', 'English-speaking': 'able to communicate in English', 'expansive': 'of behavior that is impressive and ambitious in scale or scope; \"an expansive lifestyle\"; \"in the grand manner\"; \"collecting on a grand scale\"; \"heroic undertakings\"', 'expressive': 'characterized by expression; \"a very expressive face\"', 'Finno-Ugric-speaking': 'able to communicate in a Finno-Ugric language', 'Flemish-speaking': 'able to communicate in Flemish', 'French-speaking': 'able to communicate in French', 'Gaelic-speaking': 'able to communicate in Gaelic', 'German-speaking': 'able to communicate in German', 'gesticulating': 'making gestures while speaking; \"her gesticulating hands and arms made words almost unnecessary\"', 'gestural': 'used of the language of the deaf', 'heraldic': 'of or relating to heraldry', 'Icelandic-speaking': 'able to communicate in Icelandic', 'Italian-speaking': 'able to communicate in Italian', 'Japanese-speaking': 'able to communicate in Japanese', 'Kannada-speaking': 'able to communicate in Kannada', 'Livonian-speaking': 'able to communicate in Livonian', 'narrative': 'consisting of or characterized by the telling of a story; \"narrative poetry\"', 'nonverbal': 'lacking verbal skill; \"rural students often come from nonverbal backgrounds\"', 'openhearted': 'freely communicative; candidly straightforward; \"openhearted advice\"', 'Oscan-speaking': 'able to communicate in Oscan', 'outspoken': 'given to expressing yourself freely or insistently; \"outspoken in their opposition to segregation\"; \"a vocal assembly\"', 'Russian-speaking': 'able to communicate in Russian', 'Samoyedic-speaking': 'able to communicate in Samoyedic', 'Semitic-speaking': 'able to communicate in a Semitic language', 'Siouan-speaking': 'able to communicate in a Siouan language', 'Spanish-speaking': 'able to communicate in Spanish', 'Turkic-speaking': 'able to communicate in Turkic', 'verbal': 'of or relating to or formed from words in general; \"verbal ability\"', 'yarn-spinning': 'inclined to tell long and involved stories (often of incredible happenings)', 'uncommunicative': 'not inclined to talk or give information or express opinions', 'blank': 'not charged with a bullet; \"a blank cartridge\"', 'deadpan': 'deliberately impassive in manner; \"deadpan humor\"; \"his face remained expressionless as the verdict was read\"', 'incommunicado': 'without the means or right to communicate; \"a prisoner held incommunicado\"; \"incommunicado political detainees\"', 'inexpressive': 'not expressive; \"an inexpressive face\"', 'mum': 'failing to speak or communicate etc when expected to; \"the witness remained silent\"', 'unpronounceable': 'impossible or difficult to pronounce correctly', 'compact': 'having a short and solid form or stature; \"a wrestler of compact build\"; \"he was tall and heavyset\"; \"stocky legs\"; \"a thickset young man\"', 'clayey': '(used of soil) compact and fine-grained; \"the clayey soil was heavy and easily saturated\"', 'close-packed': 'packed especially tightly', 'consolidated': 'forming a solid mass', 'impacted': 'wedged or packed in together; \"an impacted tooth\"', 'packed': 'pressed together or compressed; \"packed snow\"', 'serried': '(especially of rows as of troops or mountains) pressed together; \"in serried ranks\"', 'loose': 'not tense or taut; \"the old man\\'s skin hung loose and grey\"; \"slack and wrinkled skin\"; \"slack sails\"; \"a slack rope\"', 'shifting': 'continuously varying; \"taffeta with shifting colors\"', 'silty': 'full of silt; \"silty soil\"', 'unconsolidated': 'loose and unstratified; \"unconsolidated soil\"', 'comparable': 'conforming in every respect; \"boxes with corresponding dimensions\"; \"the like period of the preceding year\"', 'comparable_with': 'similar in some respect and so able to be compared in order to show differences and similarities; \"pianists of comparable ability\"; \"cars comparable with each other in terms of fuel consumption\"', 'comparable_to': 'worthy of comparison; as good as; \"at that moment nothing in the world seemed comparable to sleep\"', 'incomparable': 'such that comparison is impossible; unsuitable for comparison or lacking features that can be compared; \"an incomparable week of rest and pleasure\"; \"the computer proceeds with its incomparable logic and efficiency\"; \"this report is incomparable with the earlier ones because of different breakdowns of the data\"', 'all-time': 'unsurpassed in some respect up to the present; \"prices at an all-time high\"; \"morale at an all-time low\"; \"among the all-time great lefthanders\"', 'matchless': 'eminent beyond or above comparison; \"matchless beauty\"; \"the team\\'s nonpareil center fielder\"; \"she\\'s one girl in a million\"; \"the one and only Muhammad Ali\"; \"a peerless scholar\"; \"infamy unmatched in the Western world\"; \"wrote with unmatchable clarity\"; \"unrivaled mastery of her art\"', 'alone': 'lacking companions or companionship; \"he was alone when we met him\"; \"she is alone much of the time\"; \"the lone skier on the mountain\"; \"a lonely fisherman stood on a tuft of gravel\"; \"a lonely soul\"; \"a solitary traveler\"', 'compassionate': 'showing or having compassion; \"heard the soft and compassionate voices of women\"', 'caring': 'feeling and exhibiting concern and empathy for others; \"caring friends\"', 'nurturant': 'providing physical and emotional care and nourishment', 'tenderhearted': 'easily moved to love', 'uncompassionate': 'lacking compassion or feeling for others; \"nor silver-shedding tears could penetrate her uncompassionate sire\"- Shakespeare', 'hardhearted': 'lacking in feeling or pity or warmth', 'compatible': 'capable of forming a homogeneous mixture that neither separates nor is altered by chemical interaction', 'congenial': 'suitable to your needs; \"a congenial atmosphere to work in\"; \"two congenial spirits united...by mutual confidence and reciprocal virtues\"- T.L.Peacock', 'congruous': 'corresponding in character or kind', 'harmonious': 'musically pleasing', 'incompatible': 'used especially of solids or solutions; incapable of blending into a stable homogeneous mixture', 'antagonistic': 'indicating opposition or resistance', 'clashing': 'sharply and harshly discordant; \"clashing interests of loggers and conservationists\"; \"clashing colors\"', 'contradictory': 'of words or propositions so related that both cannot be true and both cannot be false; \"`perfect\\' and `imperfect\\' are contradictory terms\"', 'uncongenial': 'not suitable to your tastes or needs; \"the uncongenial roommates were always fighting\"; \"the task was uncongenial to one sensitive to rebuffs\"', 'miscible': '(chemistry, physics) capable of being mixed', 'immiscible': '(chemistry, physics) incapable of mixing', 'workmanlike': 'worthy of a good workman; \"a competent job\"; \"the book is a workmanlike job with chronology and bibliography and index\"', 'incompetent': 'not doing a good job; \"incompetent at chess\"', 'feckless': 'not fit to assume responsibility', 'ineffective': 'lacking in power or forcefulness; \"an ineffectual ruler\"; \"like an unable phoenix in hot ashes\"', 'unworkmanlike': 'not characteristic of or suitable for a good workman; \"an unworkmanlike result\"; \"an unworkmanlike tool\"', 'emulous': 'characterized by or arising from emulation or imitation', 'matched': 'going well together; possessing harmonizing qualities', 'noncompetitive': 'not involving competition or competitiveness; \"noncompetitive positions\"; \"noncompetitive interest in games\"', 'monopolistic': 'having exclusive control over a commercial activity by possession or legal grant', 'uncompetitive': 'not inclined to compete', 'complaining': 'expressing pain or dissatisfaction of resentment; \"a complaining boss\"', 'fretful': 'habitually complaining; \"a whiny child\"', 'protestant': 'protesting', 'uncomplaining': 'not complaining; \"uncomplaining courage\"', 'compressible': 'capable of being easily compressed', 'compressed': 'flattened laterally along the whole length (e.g., certain leafstalks or flatfishes)', 'incompressible': 'incapable of being compressed; resisting compression; \"mounds of incompressible garbage\"', 'whole': '(of siblings) having the same parents; \"whole brothers and sisters\"', 'entire': '(of leaves or petals) having a smooth edge; not broken up into teeth or lobes', 'full-page': 'occupying an entire page in a book or paper; \"a full-page ad\"', 'integral': 'of or denoted by an integer', 'livelong': '(of time) constituting the full extent or duration; \"all the livelong day\"', 'undivided': 'not parted by conflict of opinion; \"presented an undivided front\"', 'fractional': 'constituting or comprising a part or fraction of a possible whole or entirety; \"a fractional share of the vote\"; \"a partial dose\"', 'aliquot': 'signifying an exact divisor or factor of a quantity', 'divisional': 'of or relating to a military division; \"divisional artillery\"', 'fragmental': 'consisting of small disconnected parts; \"fragmentary remains\"', 'half': 'partial; \"gave me a half smile\"; \"he did only a half job\"', 'halfway': 'at a point midway between two extremes; \"at the halfway mark\"', 'waist-length': '(of clothing) extending only to the waist', 'committed': 'bound or obligated, as under a pledge to a particular cause, action, or attitude; \"committed church members\"; \"a committed Marxist\"', 'bound_up': 'closely or inseparably connected or associated with; \"his career is bound up with the fortunes of the enterprise\"', 'pledged': 'bound by or as if by an oath; \"according to an early tradition became his sworn brother\"; \"sworn enemies\"', 'uncommitted': 'not bound or pledged', 'fancy-free': 'having no commitments or responsibilities; carefree; \"a fancy-free bachelor\"', 'undecided': 'not yet having made a commitment; \"undecided voters\"', 'dedicated': 'devoted to a cause or ideal or purpose; \"a dedicated dancer\"; \"dedicated teachers\"; \"dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal\"- A.Lincoln', 'devoted': 'zealous in devotion or affection; \"a devoted husband and father\"; \"devoted friends\"', 'sacred': 'worthy of respect or dedication; \"saw motherhood as woman\\'s sacred calling\"', 'undedicated': 'not dedicated; \"the playground has been completed but is still undedicated\"', 'complete': 'perfect and complete in every respect; having all necessary qualities; \"a complete gentleman\"; \"consummate happiness\"; \"a consummate performance\"', 'accomplished': 'highly skilled; \"an accomplished pianist\"; \"a complete musician\"', 'all': 'quantifier; used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class; \"we sat up all night\"; \"ate all the food\"; \"all men are mortal\"; \"all parties are welcome\"', 'all-or-none': 'occurring completely or not occurring at all', 'all-out': 'using all available resources; \"all-out war\"; \"a full-scale campaign against nuclear power plants\"', 'allover': 'covering the entire surface; \"an allover pattern\"; \"got an allover tan\"', 'completed': '(of a marriage) completed by the first act of sexual intercourse after the ceremony', 'exhaustive': 'performed comprehensively and completely; \"an exhaustive study\"; \"made a thorough search\"; \"thoroughgoing research\"', 'fleshed_out': 'given substance or detail; completed; \"did not spring full-clad from his imagination\"; \"a plan fleshed out with statistics and details\"', 'full-blown': 'fully ripe; at the height of bloom; \"a full-blown rose\"', 'full-dress': 'suitable for formal occasions; \"formal wear\"; \"a full-dress uniform\"; \"dress shoes\"', 'good': 'of moral excellence; \"a genuinely good person\"; \"a just cause\"; \"an upright and respectable man\"', 'hearty': 'providing abundant nourishment; \"a hearty meal\"; \"good solid food\"; \"ate a substantial breakfast\"; \"four square meals a day\"', 'self-contained': 'constituting a complete and independent unit in and of itself; \"the university is like a self-contained city with shops and all amenities\"', 'sound': 'in good condition; free from defect or damage or decay; \"a sound timber\"; \"the wall is sound\"; \"a sound foundation\"', 'stand-alone': 'capable of operating independently', 'incomplete': 'not yet finished; \"his thesis is still incomplete\"; \"an uncompleted play\"', 'neither': 'not either; not one or the other', 'partial': 'showing favoritism', 'rudimentary': 'being in the earliest stages of development; \"rudimentary plans\"', 'sketchy': 'giving only major points; lacking completeness; \"a sketchy account\"; \"details of the plan remain sketchy\"', 'uncompleted': 'not caught or not caught within bounds; \"an uncompleted pass\"', 'comprehensive': 'broad in scope; \"a comprehensive survey of world affairs\"', 'across-the-board': 'broad in scope or content; \"across-the-board pay increases\"; \"an all-embracing definition\"; \"blanket sanctions against human-rights violators\"; \"an invention with broad applications\"; \"a panoptic study of Soviet nationality\"- T.G.Winner; \"granted him wide powers\"', 'all-around': ' many-sided; \"an all-around athlete\"; \"a well-rounded curriculum\"', 'citywide': 'occurring or extending throughout a city; \"citywide bussing\"; \"a citywide strike\"', 'countywide': 'occurring or extending throughout a county; \"a countywide war on drugs\"; \"countywide elections\"', 'countrywide': 'occurring or extending throughout a country or nation; \"the event aroused nationwide interest\"; \"a countrywide fund-raising campaign\"', 'cosmopolitan': 'growing or occurring in many parts of the world; \"a cosmopolitan herb\"; \"cosmopolitan in distribution\"', 'door-to-door': '(of e.g. journeys or deliveries) direct from point of origin to point of destination ; \"the limousine offers door-to-door service\"', 'encyclopedic': 'broad in scope or content; \"encyclopedic knowledge\"', 'large': 'fairly large or important in effect; influential; \"played a large role in the negotiations\"', 'omnibus': 'providing for many things at once; \"an omnibus law\"', 'plenary': 'full in all respects; \"a plenary session of the legislature\"; \"a diplomat with plenary powers\"', 'spatiotemporal': 'of or relating to space and time together (having both spatial extension and temporal duration); \"spatiotemporal coherence\"', 'schoolwide': 'occurring or extending throughout a school; \"schoolwide support for the team\"', 'statewide': 'occurring or extending throughout a state; \"the statewide recycling program\"', 'super': 'extremely large; \"another super skyscraper\"', 'umbrella': 'covering or applying simultaneously to a number of similar items or elements or groups; \"an umbrella organization\"; \"umbrella insurance coverage\"', 'noncomprehensive': 'not comprehensive', 'limited': 'mediocre', 'composed': 'serenely self-possessed and free from agitation especially in times of stress; \"the performer seemed completely composed as she stepped onto the stage\"; \"I felt calm and more composed than I had in a long time\"', 'imperturbable': 'not easily perturbed or excited or upset; marked by extreme calm and composure; \"hitherto imperturbable, he now showed signs of alarm\"; \"an imperturbable self-possession\"; \"unflappable in a crisis\"', 'collected': 'brought together in one place; \"the collected works of Milton\"; \"the gathered folds of the skirt\"', 'cool': '(color) inducing the impression of coolness; used especially of greens and blues and violets; \"cool greens and blues and violets\"', 'unflurried': 'free from emotional agitation or nervous tension; \"the waiters were unflurried and good natured\"; \"with contented mind and unruffled spirit\"- Anthony Trollope', 'discomposed': 'having your composure disturbed; \"looked about with a wandering and discomposed air\"', 'abashed': 'feeling or caused to feel uneasy and self-conscious; \"felt abashed at the extravagant praise\"; \"chagrined at the poor sales of his book\"; \"was embarrassed by her child\\'s tantrums\"', 'bothered': 'caused to show discomposure; \"refused to be fazed by the objections\"', 'discombobulated': 'having self-possession upset; thrown into confusion; \"the hecklers pelted the discombobulated speaker with anything that came to hand\"; \"looked at each other dumbly, quite disconcerted\"- G.B.Shaw', 'flustered': \"thrown into a state of agitated confusion; (`rattled' is an informal term)\", 'unstrung': 'emotionally upset; \"the incident left him unstrung and incapable of rational effort\"', 'comprehensible': 'capable of being comprehended or understood; \"an idea comprehensible to the average mind\"', 'apprehensible': 'capable of being apprehended or understood', 'fathomable': '(of depth) capable of being sounded or measured for depth', 'incomprehensible': 'difficult to understand; \"the most incomprehensible thing about the universe is that it is comprehensible\"- A. Einstein', 'unfathomable': 'of depth; not capable of being sounded or measured', 'impenetrable': 'not admitting of penetration or passage into or through; \"an impenetrable fortress\"; \"impenetrable rain forests\"', 'indecipherable': 'not easily deciphered; \"indecipherable handwriting\"', 'lost': 'incapable of being recovered or regained; \"his lost honor\"', 'concave': 'curving inward', 'acetabular': 'of the cup-shaped socket that receives the head of the thigh bone', 'biconcave': 'concave on both sides', 'boat-shaped': 'having a concave shape like a boat', 'bowl-shaped': 'having a concave shape with an open top like a bowl', 'bursiform': 'shaped like a pouch', 'concavo-convex': 'concave on one side and convex on the other with the concavity being greater than the convexity', 'cuplike': 'resembling the shape of a cup', 'cupular': 'shaped like (or supporting) a cupule', 'dished': 'shaped like a dish or pan', 'planoconcave': 'flat on one side and concave on the other', 'recessed': 'resembling an alcove', 'saucer-shaped': 'having a concave shape like a saucer', 'umbilicate': 'depressed like a navel', 'urn-shaped': 'having a concave shape like an urn', 'convex': 'curving or bulging outward', 'bell-shaped': 'having a convex shape that resembles a bell', 'biconvex': 'convex on both sides; shaped like a lentil', 'broken-backed': '(of a horse) having bones of the back united by a bony growth', 'convexo-concave': 'convex on one side and concave on the other with the convexity being greater than the concavity', 'gibbous': '(used of the moon) more than half full', 'helmet-shaped': 'having the convex shape of a helmet', 'planoconvex': 'flat on one side and convex on the other', 'umbellate': 'bearing or consisting of or resembling umbels', 'concentrated': 'intensely focused; \"her concentrated passion held them at bay\"', 'bunchy': 'occurring close together in bunches or clusters', 'cumulous': 'thrown together in a pile; \"a desk heaped with books\"; \"heaped-up ears of corn\"; \"ungraded papers piled high\"', 'single': 'used of flowers having usually only one row or whorl of petals; \"single chrysanthemums resemble daisies and may have more than one row of petals\"', 'thickset': 'planted or growing close together; \"thickset trees\"', 'distributed': 'spread out or scattered about or divided up', 'apportioned': 'given out in portions', 'diffuse': 'lacking conciseness; \"a diffuse historical novel\"', 'diffused': '(of light rays) subjected to scattering by reflection from a rough surface or transmission through a translucent material; \"diffused light\"', 'dispensed': 'distributed or weighted out in carefully determined portions; \"medicines dispensed to the sick\"', 'dispersed': 'distributed or spread over a considerable extent; \"has ties with many widely dispersed friends\"; \"eleven million Jews are spread throughout Europe\"', 'divided': 'separated into parts or pieces; \"opinions are divided\"', 'encyclical': 'intended for wide distribution; \"an encyclical letter\"', 'fanned': 'especially spread in a fan shape; \"the peacock\\'s fanned tail\"; \"the spread-out cards\"', 'low-density': 'having low relative density or specific gravity', 'rationed': 'distributed equitably in limited individual portions; \"got along as best we could on rationed meat and sugar\"', 'scattered': 'occurring or distributed over widely spaced and irregular intervals in time or space; \"scattered showers\"; \"scattered villages\"', 'separated': 'spaced apart', 'sparse': 'not dense; \"a thin beard\"; \"trees were sparse\"', 'splashed': '(of a fluid) having been propelled about in flying drops or masses; \"with clothes wet by splashed water\"', 'straggly': 'growing or spreading sparsely or irregularly; \"straggly ivy\"', 'unfocused': '(of an image) not being in or brought into focus; \"at their edges things were pretty much out of focus\"', 'concentric': 'having a common center; \"concentric rings\"', 'coaxial': 'having a common axis', 'eccentric': 'not having a common center; not concentric; \"eccentric circles\"', 'acentric': 'lacking a centromere; \"an acentric chromosome fragment\"', 'off-center': 'situated away from the center or axis', 'concerned': 'involved in or affected by or having a claim to or share in; \"a memorandum to those concerned\"; \"an enterprise in which three men are concerned\"; \"factors concerned in the rise and fall of epidemics\"; \"the interested parties met to discuss the business\"', 'haunted': 'showing emotional affliction or disquiet; \"her expression became progressively more haunted\"', 'unconcerned': 'easy in mind; not worried; \"the prisoner seems entirely unconcerned as to the outcome of the examination\"', 'blase': 'very sophisticated especially because of surfeit; versed in the ways of the world; \"the blase traveler refers to the ocean he has crossed as `the pond\\'\"; \"the benefits of his worldly wisdom\"', 'degage': 'free and relaxed in manner; \"rather degage after the nervousness he had shown at dinner\"- Edmund Wilson', 'indifferent': 'fairly poor to not very good; \"has an indifferent singing voice\"; \"has indifferent qualifications for the job\"', 'concise': 'expressing much in few words; \"a concise explanation\"', 'aphoristic': 'terse and witty and like a maxim; \"much given to apothegmatic instruction\"', 'brief': 'of short duration or distance; \"a brief stay in the country\"', 'compendious': 'briefly giving the gist of something; \"a short and compendious book\"; \"a compact style is brief and pithy\"; \"succinct comparisons\"; \"a summary formulation of a wide-ranging subject\"', 'crisp': 'tender and brittle; \"crisp potato chips\"', 'cryptic': 'of an obscure nature; \"the new insurance policy is written without cryptic or mysterious terms\"; \"a deep dark secret\"; \"the inscrutable workings of Providence\"; \"in its mysterious past it encompasses all the dim origins of life\"- Rachel Carson; \"rituals totally mystifying to visitors from other lands\"', 'elliptic': '(of a leaf shape) in the form of an ellipse', 'pithy': 'concise and full of meaning; \"welcomed her pithy comments\"; \"the peculiarly sardonic and sententious style in which Don Luis composed his epigrams\"- Hervey Allen', 'telegraphic': 'of or relating to or transmitted by telegraph; \"a telegraphic machine\"; \"telegraphic news reports\"', 'prolix': 'tediously prolonged or tending to speak or write at great length; \"editing a prolix manuscript\"; \"a prolix lecturer telling you more than you want to know\"', 'long-winded': 'using or containing too many words; \"long-winded (or windy) speakers\"; \"verbose and ineffective instructional methods\"; \"newspapers of the day printed long wordy editorials\"; \"proceedings were delayed by wordy disputes\"', 'pleonastic': 'repetition of same sense in different words; \"`a true fact\\' and `a free gift\\' are pleonastic expressions\"; \"the phrase `a beginner who has just started\\' is tautological\"; \"at the risk of being redundant I return to my original proposition\"- J.B.Conant', 'conclusive': 'forming an end or termination; especially putting an end to doubt or question; \"conclusive proof\"; \"the evidence is conclusive\"', 'definitive': 'clearly defined or formulated; \"the plain and unequivocal language of the laws\"- R.B.Taney', 'inconclusive': 'not conclusive; not putting an end to doubt or question; \"an inconclusive reply\"; \"inconclusive evidence\"; \"the inconclusive committee vote\"', 'equivocal': 'open to question; \"aliens of equivocal loyalty\"; \"his conscience reproached him with the equivocal character of the union into which he had forced his son\"-Anna Jameson', 'indeterminate': 'of uncertain or ambiguous nature; \"the equivocal (or indeterminate) objects painted by surrealists\"', 'neck_and_neck': 'inconclusive as to outcome; close or just even in a race or comparison or competition; \"as they approached the finish line they were neck and neck\"; \"the election was a nip and tuck affair\"', 'nisi': 'not final or absolute; \"the decree is nisi and not absolute\"', 'consummated': 'brought to completion; \"a consummated transaction\"', 'fulfilled': 'completed to perfection', 'unconsummated': 'not consummated (especially of a marriage); \"an unconsummated marriage can be annulled\"', 'coordinating': 'serving to connect two grammatical constituents of identical construction; \"`and\\' in `John and Mary\\' or in `John walked and Mary rode\\' is a coordinating conjunction; and so is `or\\' in `will you go or stay?\\'\"', 'subordinating': 'serving to connect a subordinate clause to a main clause; \"`when\\' in `I will come when I can\\' is a subordinating conjunction\"', 'accordant': 'in keeping; \"salaries agreeable with current trends\"; \"plans conformable with your wishes\"; \"expressed views concordant with his background\"', 'concordant': 'being of the same opinion', 'consensual': 'existing by consent; \"a consensual contract\"', 'consentaneous': 'in complete agreement; \"a unanimous decision\"', 'discordant': 'lacking in harmony', 'at_variance': 'not in accord; \"desires at variance with his duty\"; \"widely discrepant statements\"', 'dissentious': 'dissenting (especially dissenting with the majority opinion)', 'contracted': 'reduced in size or pulled together; \"the contracted pupils of her eyes\"', 'contractile': 'capable of contracting or being contracted; \"the contractile wings of an insect\"', 'expanded': 'increased in extent or size or bulk or scope', 'atrophied': '(of an organ or body part) diminished in size or strength as a result of disease or injury or lack of use; \"partial paralysis resulted in an atrophied left arm\"', 'hypertrophied': '(of an organ or body part) excessively enlarged as a result of increased size in the constituent cells; \"hypertrophied myocardial fibers\"', 'conditional': 'qualified by reservations', 'counterfactual': 'going counter to the facts (usually as a hypothesis)', 'probationary': 'under terms not final or fully worked out or agreed upon; \"probationary employees\"; \"a provisional government\"; \"just a tentative schedule\"', 'provisory': 'subject to a proviso; \"a provisory clause\"', 'unconditional': 'not contingent; not determined or influenced by someone or something else', 'blunt': 'having a broad or rounded end; \"thick marks made by a blunt pencil\"', 'vested': 'fixed and absolute and without contingency; \"a vested right\"', 'enforceable': 'capable of being enforced', 'unenforceable': 'not enforceable; not capable of being brought about by compulsion; \"an unenforceable law\"; \"unenforceable reforms\"', 'enforced': 'forced or compelled or put in force; \"a life of enforced inactivity\"; \"enforced obedience\"', 'unenforced': 'not enforced; not compelled especially by legal or police action; \"too many unenforced laws can breed contempt for law\"', 'conductive': 'having the quality or power of conducting heat or electricity or sound; exhibiting conductivity', 'semiconducting': 'having characteristics of a semiconductor; that is having electrical conductivity greater than insulators but less than good conductors', 'nonconductive': 'not able to conduct heat or electricity or sound', 'confined': 'not invading healthy tissue', 'homebound': 'confined usually by illness', 'pent': 'closely confined', 'snowbound': 'confined or shut in by heavy snow', 'stormbound': 'delayed or confined or cut off by a storm; \"the airport was filled with stormbound passengers\"', 'weather-bound': 'delayed or shut in by bad weather; \"weather-bound traffic\"; \"irritable weather-bound children\"', 'unconfined': 'free from confinement or physical restraint', 'free-range': 'of livestock and domestic poultry; permitted to graze or forage rather than being confined to a feedlot', 'crowded': 'overfilled or compacted or concentrated; \"a crowded theater\"; \"a crowded program\"; \"crowded trains\"; \"a young mother\\'s crowded days\"', 'huddled': 'crowded or massed together; \"give me...your huddled masses\"; \"the huddled sheep turned their backs against the wind\"', 'jammed': 'filled to capacity; \"a suitcase jammed with dirty clothes\"; \"stands jam-packed with fans\"; \"a packed theater\"', 'thronged': 'filled with great numbers crowded together; \"I try to avoid the thronged streets and stores just before Christmas\"', 'uncrowded': 'having or allowing sufficient room; \"an uncrowded train\"; \"an uncrowded view\"', 'sociable': 'inclined to or conducive to companionship with others; \"a sociable occasion\"; \"enjoyed a sociable chat\"; \"a sociable conversation\"; \"Americans are sociable and gregarious\"', 'congruent': 'coinciding when superimposed', 'coincident': 'occurring or operating at the same time; \"a series of coincident events\"', 'incongruent': 'not congruent', 'incongruous': 'lacking in harmony or compatibility or appropriateness; \"a plan incongruous with reason\"; \"incongruous behavior\"; \"a joke that was incongruous with polite conversation\"', 'discrepant': 'not compatible with other facts', 'inharmonious': 'not in harmony', 'ironic': 'characterized by often poignant difference or incongruity between what is expected and what actually is; \"madness, an ironic fate for such a clear thinker\"; \"it was ironical that the well-planned scheme failed so completely\"', 'conjunctive': 'serving or tending to connect', 'copulative': 'syntactically connecting sentences or elements of a sentence; \"`and\\' is a copulative conjunction\"', 'connective': 'connecting or tending to connect; \"connective remarks between chapters\"; \"connective tissue in animals\"; \"conjunctive tissue in plants\"', 'disjunctive': 'serving or tending to divide or separate', 'adversative': 'expressing antithesis or opposition; \"the adversative conjunction `but\\' in `poor but happy\\'\"', 'alternative': 'pertaining to unconventional choices; \"an alternative life style\"', 'contrastive': 'of words so related that one contrasts with the other; \"`rich\\' and `hard-up\\' are contrastive terms\"', 'partitive': '(Romance languages) relating to or denoting a part of a whole or a quantity that is less than the whole; \"a partitive construction\"', 'conjunct': 'bound in close association; \"conjunct influences\"; \"conjunct ideas\"', 'disjunct': 'having deep constrictions separating head, thorax, and abdomen, as in insects', 'connected': 'wired together to an alarm system; \"all the window alarms are connected\"', 'adjunctive': 'joining; forming an adjunct', 'affined': 'closely related; \"syllable to blessed syllable affined\"- Wallace Stevens', 'conterminous': 'connecting without a break; within a common boundary; \"the 48 conterminous states\"; \"the contiguous 48 states\"', 'coupled': 'connected by a link, as railway cars or trailer trucks', 'well-connected': 'connected by blood or close acquaintance with people of wealth or social position; \"a well-connected Edinburgh family\"', 'unconnected': 'not connected by birth or family', 'apart': 'having characteristics not shared by others; \"scientists felt they were a group apart\"- Vannever Bush', 'asternal': 'not connected to the sternum or breastbone; \"asternal ribs\"', 'disjoined': 'have the connection undone; having become separate', 'exploded': 'showing the parts of something separated but in positions that show their correct relation to one another; \"the manufacturer provided an exploded view of the apparatus\"', 'uncoupled': 'having the coupling undone; \"the uncoupled caboose rolled down the incline\"', 'conquerable': 'capable of being surmounted or excelled', 'beatable': 'susceptible to being defeated', 'subduable': 'susceptible to being subjugated', 'unconquerable': 'not capable of being conquered or vanquished or overcome; \"a tribute to his courage...and his unconquerable will\"- R.E.Danielson; \"faced unconquerable difficulties\"', 'impregnable': 'immune to attack; incapable of being tampered with; \"an impregnable fortress\"; \"fortifications that made the frontier inviolable\"; \"a secure telephone connection\"', 'indomitable': 'impossible to subdue', 'insuperable': 'incapable of being surmounted or excelled; \"insuperable odds\"; \"insuperable heroes\"', 'invincible': 'incapable of being overcome or subdued; \"an invincible army\"; \"her invincible spirit\"', 'all-victorious': 'never having lost', 'semiconscious': 'partially conscious; not completely aware of sensations', 'comatose': 'relating to or associated with a coma; \"comatose breathing\"; \"comatose state\"', 'innocent': 'lacking in sophistication or worldliness; \"a child\\'s innocent stare\"; \"his ingenuous explanation that he would not have burned the church if he had not thought the bishop was in it\"', 'insensible': 'unaware of or indifferent to; \"insensible to the suffering around him\"', 'knocked_out': 'knocked unconscious by a heavy blow', 'semicomatose': 'in a state of partial coma', 'subconscious': 'just below the level of consciousness', 'consecrated': 'made or declared or believed to be holy; devoted to a deity or some religious ceremony or use; \"a consecrated church\"; \"the sacred mosque\"; \"sacred elephants\"; \"sacred bread and wine\"; \"sanctified wine\"', 'ordained': 'invested with ministerial or priestly functions; \"an ordained priest\"', 'votive': 'dedicated in fulfillment of a vow; \"votive prayers\"', 'desecrated': 'treated with contempt; \"many desecrated shrines and cemeteries\"', 'deconsecrated': 'divested of consecration', 'profaned': 'treated irreverently or sacrilegiously', 'priestly': 'associated with the priesthood or priests; \"priestly (or sacerdotal) vestments\"; \"hieratic gestures\"', 'unpriestly': 'not priestly; unbefitting a priest; \"unpriestly behavior\"', 'conservative': 'having social or political views favoring conservatism', 'blimpish': 'pompously ultraconservative and nationalistic', 'buttoned-up': '(British colloquial) not inclined to conversation', 'fusty': 'stale and unclean smelling', 'hidebound': 'stubbornly conservative and narrow-minded', 'ultraconservative': 'extremely conservative', 'liberal': 'having political or social views favoring reform and progress', 'civil-libertarian': 'having or showing active concern for protection of civil liberties protected by law', 'liberalistic': 'having or demonstrating belief in the essential goodness of man and the autonomy of the individual; favoring civil and political liberties, government by law with the consent of the governed, and protection from arbitrary authority', 'neoliberal': 'having or showing belief in the need for economic growth in addition to traditional liberalistic values', 'socialized': 'under group or government control; \"socialized ownership\"; \"socialized medicine\"', 'welfarist': 'of or relating to a welfare state', 'consistent': 'the same throughout in structure or composition; \"bituminous coal is often treated as a consistent and homogeneous product\"', 'pursuant': '(followed by `to\\') in conformance to or agreement with; \"pursuant to our agreement\"; \"pursuant to the dictates of one\\'s conscience\"', 'reconciled': 'made compatible or consistent', 'self-consistent': 'not self-contradictory', 'unchanging': 'conforming to the same principles or course of action over time', 'inconsistent': 'not capable of being made consistent or harmonious; \"inconsistent accounts\"', 'at_odds': 'in disagreement; \"the figures are at odds with our findings\"; \"contradictory attributes of unjust justice and loving vindictiveness\"- John Morley', 'spotty': 'lacking consistency; \"the golfer hit the ball well but his putting was spotty\"', 'unconformable': 'not correspondent; \"a description unconformable to previous accounts\"', 'unreconciled': 'not made consistent or compatible; \"two unreconciled accountings\"', 'conspicuous': 'obvious to the eye or mind; \"a tower conspicuous at a great distance\"; \"wore conspicuous neckties\"; \"made herself conspicuous by her exhibitionistic preening\"', 'crying': 'conspicuously and outrageously bad or reprehensible; \"a crying shame\"; \"an egregious lie\"; \"flagrant violation of human rights\"; \"a glaring error\"; \"gross ineptitude\"; \"gross injustice\"; \"rank treachery\"', 'in_evidence': 'clearly to be seen; \"they were much in evidence during the fighting\"; \"she made certain that her engagement ring was in evidence\"', 'marked': 'having or as if having an identifying mark or a mark as specified; often used in combination; \"played with marked cards\"; \"a scar-marked face\"; \"well-marked roads\"', 'outstanding': 'distinguished from others in excellence; \"did outstanding work in human relations\"; \"an outstanding war record\"', 'inconspicuous': 'not prominent or readily noticeable; \"he pushed the string through an inconspicuous hole\"; \"the invisible man\"', 'discernible': 'capable of being perceived clearly; \"an essay with a meaning that was not always discernible\"', 'indiscernible': 'barely able to be perceived; \"the transition was almost indiscernible\"; \"an almost insensible change\"', 'distinguishable': 'capable of being perceived as different or distinct; \"only the shine of their metal was distinguishable in the gloom\"; \"a project distinguishable into four stages of progress\"; \"distinguishable differences between the twins\"', 'differentiable': 'possessing a differential coefficient or derivative', 'discriminable': 'capable of being discriminated; \"discriminable faults\"', 'indistinguishable': 'not capable of being distinguished or differentiated; \"the two specimens are actually different from each other but the differences are almost indistinguishable\"; \"the twins were indistinguishable\"; \"a colorless person quite indistinguishable from the colorless mass of humanity\"', 'constant': 'steadfast in purpose or devotion or affection; \"a man constant in adherence to his ideals\"; \"a constant lover\"; \"constant as the northern star\"', 'steadfast': 'firm and dependable especially in loyalty; \"a steadfast ally\"; \"a staunch defender of free speech\"; \"unswerving devotion\"; \"unswerving allegiance\"', 'unfailing': 'always able to supply more; \"an unfailing source of good stories\"; \"a subject of unfailing interest\"', 'inconstant': 'likely to change frequently often without apparent or cogent reason; variable; \"inconstant affections\"; \"an inconstant lover\"; \"swear not by...the inconstant moon\"- Shakespeare', 'false': 'erroneous and usually accidental; \"a false start\"; \"a false alarm\"', 'fickle': 'marked by erratic changeableness in affections or attachments; \"fickle friends\"; \"a flirt\\'s volatile affections\"', 'constructive': 'emphasizing what is laudable or hopeful or to the good; \"constructive criticism\"', 'creative': 'having the ability or power to create; \"a creative imagination\"', 'formative': 'capable of forming new cells and tissues; \"a formative zone in developing bone\"', 'inferential': 'relating to or having the nature of illation or inference; \"the illative faculty of the mind\"', 'reconstructive': 'helping to restore to good condition; \"reconstructive surgery\"; \"rehabilitative exercises\"', 'structural': 'relating to or caused by structure, especially political or economic structure; \"structural unemployment in a technological society\"', 'destructive': 'causing destruction or much damage; \"a policy that is destructive to the economy\"; \"destructive criticism\"', 'annihilative': 'wreaking or capable of wreaking complete destruction; \"possessing annihilative power\"; \"a devastating hurricane\"; \"the guns opened a withering fire\"', 'blasting': 'causing injury or blight; especially affecting with sudden violence or plague or ruin; \"the blasting effects of the intense cold on the budding fruit\"; \"the blasting force of the wind blowing sharp needles of sleet in our faces\"; \"a ruinous war\"', 'cataclysmal': 'severely destructive; \"cataclysmic nuclear war\"; \"a cataclysmic earthquake\"', 'caustic': 'of a substance, especially a strong acid; capable of destroying or eating away by chemical action', 'crushing': 'physically or spiritually devastating; often used in combination; \"a crushing blow\"; \"a crushing rejection\"; \"bone-crushing\"', 'damaging': '(sometimes followed by `to\\') causing harm or injury; \"damaging to career and reputation\"; \"the reporter\\'s coverage resulted in prejudicial publicity for the defendant\"', 'erosive': 'wearing away by friction; \"the erosive effects of waves on the shoreline\"', 'iconoclastic': 'characterized by attack on established beliefs or institutions', 'ravaging': 'ruinously destructive and wasting; \"a ravaging illness\"', 'soul-destroying': 'destructive to the spirit or soul; \"soul-destroying labor\"', 'wasteful': 'tending to squander and waste', 'contented': 'satisfied or showing satisfaction with things as they are; \"a contented smile\"', 'complacent': 'contented to a fault with oneself or one\\'s actions; \"he had become complacent after years of success\"; \"his self-satisfied dignity\"', 'satisfied': 'filled with satisfaction; \"a satisfied customer\"', 'smug': 'marked by excessive complacency or self-satisfaction; \"a smug glow of self-congratulation\"', 'discontented': 'showing or experiencing dissatisfaction or restless longing; \"saw many discontent faces in the room\"; \"was discontented with his position\"', 'disaffected': 'discontented as toward authority', 'disgruntled': 'in a state of sulky dissatisfaction', 'restless': 'lacking or not affording physical or mental rest; \"a restless night\"; \"she fell into an uneasy sleep\"', 'contestable': 'capable of being contested', 'challengeable': 'capable of being challenged', 'debatable': 'open to doubt or debate; \"If you ever get married, which seems to be extremely problematic\"', 'shakable': 'capable of being weakened; \"the crisis proved his confidence was shakable\"', 'incontestable': 'not open to question; obviously true; \"undeniable guilt\"; \"indisputable evidence of a witness\"', 'demonstrable': 'capable of being demonstrated or proved; \"obvious lies\"; \"a demonstrable lack of concern for the general welfare\"; \"practical truth provable to all men\"- Walter Bagehot', 'demonstrated': 'having been demonstrated or verified beyond doubt', 'inarguable': 'against which no argument can be made', 'unassailable': 'impossible to assail', 'unanswerable': 'impossible to answer; \"an unanswerable argument\"', 'continent': 'having control over urination and defecation', 'incontinent': 'not having control over urination and defecation', 'leaky': 'permitting the unwanted passage of fluids or gases ; \"a leaky roof\"; \"a leaky defense system\"', 'continual': \"`continual' (meaning seemingly uninterrupted) is often used interchangeably with `continuous' (meaning without interruption)\", 'insistent': 'repetitive and persistent; \"the bluejay\\'s insistent cry\"', 'running': 'of advancing the ball by running; \"the team\\'s running plays worked better than its pass plays\"', 'perennial': 'lasting an indefinitely long time; suggesting self-renewal; \"perennial happiness\"', 'persistent': 'retained; not shed; \"persistent leaves remain attached past maturity\"; \"the persistent gills of fishes\"', 'recurring': 'coming back; \"a revenant ghost\"', 'sporadic': 'recurring in scattered and irregular or unpredictable instances; \"a city subjected to sporadic bombing raids\"', 'intermittent': 'stopping and starting at irregular intervals; \"intermittent rain showers\"', 'periodic': 'happening or recurring at regular intervals; \"the periodic appearance of the seventeen-year locust\"', 'irregular': '(used of the military) not belonging to or engaged in by regular army forces; \"irregular troops\"; \"irregular warfare\"', 'isolated': 'cut off or left behind; \"an isolated pawn\"; \"several stranded fish in a tide pool\"; \"travelers marooned by the blizzard\"', 'continuous': 'of a function or curve; extending without break or irregularity', 'around-the-clock': 'at all times; \"around-the-clock nursing care\"', 'ceaseless': 'uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing; \"the ceaseless thunder of surf\"; \"in constant pain\"; \"night and day we live with the incessant noise of the city\"; \"the never-ending search for happiness\"; \"the perpetual struggle to maintain standards in a democracy\"; \"man\\'s unceasing warfare with drought and isolation\"; \"unremitting demands of hunger\"', 'dogging': 'relentless and indefatigable in pursuit or as if in pursuit; \"impossible to escape the dogging fears\"', 'endless': 'tiresomely long; seemingly without end; \"endless debates\"; \"an endless conversation\"; \"the wait seemed eternal\"; \"eternal quarreling\"; \"an interminable sermon\"', 'free_burning': '(of an electric arc) continuous; \"heat transfer to the anode in free burning arcs\"', 'sustained': 'maintained at length without interruption or weakening; \"sustained flight\"', 'discontinuous': 'of a function or curve; possessing one or more discontinuities', 'disrupted': 'marked by breaks or gaps; \"many routes are unsafe or disrupted\"', 'continued': 'without stop or interruption; \"to insure the continued success of the war\"; \"the continued existence of nationalism\"; \"the continued popularity of Westerns\"', 'continuing': 'remaining in force or being carried on without letup; \"the act provided a continuing annual appropriation\"; \"the continuing struggle to put food on the table\"', 'discontinued': 'stopped permanently or temporarily; \"discontinued models\"; \"a discontinued magazine\"; \"a discontinued conversation\"', 'interrupted': 'discontinued temporarily; \"we resumed the interrupted discussion\"', 'out_of_print': '(of books) no longer offered for sale by a publisher; \"that edition is out of print\"', 'controlled': 'restrained or managed or kept within certain bounds; \"controlled emotions\"; \"the controlled release of water from reservoirs\"', 'contained': 'gotten under control; \"the oil spill is contained\"', 'disciplined': 'trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise; \"the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles\"; \"a disciplined mind\"', 'dominated': 'harassed by persistent nagging', 'harnessed': 'brought under control and put to use; \"electricity from the harnessed Colorado River\"; \"the harnessed power of the atom\"', 'obsessed': 'influenced or controlled by a powerful force such as a strong emotion; \"by love possessed\"', 'price-controlled': 'having the price regulated or controlled by government', 'regimented': 'strictly controlled', 'uncontrolled': 'not being under control; out of control; \"the greatest uncontrolled health problem is AIDS\"; \"uncontrolled growth\"', 'anarchic': 'without law or control; \"the system is economically inefficient and politically anarchic\"', 'errant': 'straying from the right course or from accepted standards; \"errant youngsters\"', 'irrepressible': 'impossible to repress or control; \"an irrepressible chatterbox\"; \"uncontrollable laughter\"', 'lordless': 'having no lord or master; \"harsh punishments for sturdy vagabonds and masterless men\"', 'runaway': 'completely out of control; \"runaway inflation\"', 'undisciplined': 'not subjected to discipline; \"undisciplined talent\"', 'wild': 'marked by extreme lack of restraint or control; \"wild talk\"; \"wild parties\"', 'controversial': 'marked by or capable of arousing controversy; \"the issue of the death penalty is highly controversial\"; \"Rushdie\\'s controversial book\"; \"a controversial decision on affirmative action\"', 'arguable': 'capable of being supported by argument', 'contentious': 'inclined or showing an inclination to dispute or disagree, even to engage in law suits; \"a style described as abrasive and contentious\"; \"a disputatious lawyer\"; \"a litigious and acrimonious spirit\"', 'disputed': 'subject to disagreement and debate', 'polemic': 'of or involving dispute or controversy', 'uncontroversial': 'not likely to arouse controversy', 'unchallengeable': 'not open to challenge; \"unchallengeable facts\"; \"a position of unchallengeable supremacy\"', 'undisputed': 'generally agreed upon; not subject to dispute; \"the undisputed fact\"', 'agreed_upon': 'constituted or contracted by stipulation or agreement; \"stipulatory obligations\"', 'argumentative': 'given to or characterized by argument; \"an argumentative discourse\"; \"argumentative to the point of being cantankerous\"; \"an intelligent but argumentative child\"', 'quarrelsome': 'given to quarreling; \"arguing children\"; \"quarrelsome when drinking\"', 'eristic': 'given to disputation for its own sake and often employing specious arguments', 'unargumentative': 'not given to or characterized by argument', 'noncontentious': 'of persons; not given to controversy', 'convenient': 'suited to your comfort or purpose or needs; \"a convenient excuse for not going\"', 'favorable': 'encouraging or approving or pleasing; \"a favorable reply\"; \"he received a favorable rating\"; \"listened with a favorable ear\"; \"made a favorable impression\"', 'inconvenient': 'not conveniently timed; \"an early departure is inconvenient for us\"', 'conventional': 'represented in simplified or symbolic form', 'received': 'widely accepted as true or worthy; \"a received moral idea\"; \"Received political wisdom says not; surveys show otherwise\"- Economist', 'customary': 'in accordance with convention or custom; \"sealed the deal with the customary handshake\"', 'formulaic': 'characterized by or in accordance with some formula', 'stodgy': 'heavy and starchy and hard to digest; \"stodgy food\"; \"a stodgy pudding served up when everyone was already full\"', 'unconventional': 'not conventional or conformist; \"unconventional life styles\"', 'bohemian': 'unconventional in especially appearance and behavior; \"a bohemian life style\"', 'go-as-you-please': 'not bound by rule or law or convention; \"bewildered by the old go-as-you-please liberty of alliterative rhythm\"- George Saintsbury', 'square': 'having four equal sides and four right angles or forming a right angle; \"a square peg in a round hole\"; \"a square corner\"', 'stereotyped': 'lacking spontaneity or originality or individuality; \"stereotyped phrases of condolence\"; \"even his profanity was unimaginative\"', 'white-bread': 'of or belonging to or representative of the white middle class; \"white-bread America\"; \"a white-bread college student\"', 'bizarre': 'conspicuously or grossly unconventional or unusual; \"restaurants of bizarre design--one like a hat, another like a rabbit\"; \"famed for his eccentric spelling\"; \"a freakish combination of styles\"; \"his off-the-wall antics\"; \"the outlandish clothes of teenagers\"; \"outre and affected stage antics\"', 'devil-may-care': 'marked by a carefree unconventionality or disreputableness; \"a cocktail party given by some...raffish bachelors\"- Crary Moore', 'far-out': 'informal terms; strikingly unconventional', 'conformist': 'marked by convention and conformity to customs or rules or styles; \"underneath the radical image teenagers are surprisingly conformist\"', 'nonconformist': 'not conforming to some norm or socially approved pattern of behavior or thought; \"their rabidly nonconformist deportment has made them legendary\"; \"the old stubborn nonconformist spirit of the early settlers\"', 'thermonuclear': 'using nuclear weapons based on fusion as distinguished from fission', 'traditional': 'pertaining to time-honored orthodox doctrines; \"the simple security of traditional assumptions has vanished\"', 'handed-down': 'having been passed along from generation to generation; \"among Biblical critics a tralatitious interpretation is one received by expositor from expositor\"', 'traditionalistic': 'adhering to tradition especially in cultural or religious practices', 'nontraditional': 'not conforming to or in accord with tradition; \"nontraditional designs\"; \"nontraditional practices\"', 'convergent': 'tending to come together from different directions', 'confluent': 'flowing together', 'divergent': 'diverging from another or from a standard; \"a divergent opinion\"', 'branching': 'resembling the branches of a tree', 'radiating': 'diverging from a common point', 'branchy': 'having many branches; \"a branchy tree trunk\"', 'branched': 'having branches', 'bushy': 'used of hair; thick and poorly groomed; \"bushy locks\"; \"a shaggy beard\"', 'long-branched': 'having long branches', 'maplelike': 'resembling maple; \"maplelike leaves\"', 'mop-headed': '(of trees) having a bushy top without a leader; \"mop-headed cabbage palms\"', 'stiff-branched': 'having stiff branches', 'thick-branched': 'having thick branches', 'well-branched': 'having good branches', 'branchless': 'having no branches', 'palmlike': 'resembling a palm tree', 'unbranched': 'without branches; \"a tree with an unbranched trunk\"', 'convincing': 'causing one to believe the truth of something; \"a convincing story\"; \"a convincing manner\"', 'credible': '(a common but incorrect usage where `credulous\\' would be appropriate) credulous; \"she was not the...credible fool he expected\"', 'disenchanting': 'freeing from illusion or false belief', 'unconvincing': 'not convincing; \"unconvincing argument\"; \"as unconvincing as a forced smile\"', 'unpersuasive': 'not capable of persuading', 'cooked': 'having been prepared for eating by the application of heat', 'au_gratin': 'cooked while covered with browned breadcrumbs (and sometimes cheese)', 'baked': '(bread and pastries) cooked by dry heat (as in an oven); \"baked goods\"', 'barbecued': 'cooked over an outdoor grill', 'batter-fried': 'fried in batter', 'boiled': 'cooked in hot water', 'braised': 'cooked by browning in fat and then simmering in a closed container', 'broiled': 'cooked by radiant heat (as over a grill)', 'burned': 'treated by heating to a high temperature but below the melting or fusing point; \"burnt sienna\"', 'candy-like': 'resembling candy', 'done': 'having finished or arrived at completion; \"certain to make history before he\\'s done\"; \"it\\'s a done deed\"; \"after the treatment, the patient is through except for follow-up\"; \"almost through with his studies\"', 'fried': 'cooked by frying in fat', 'hard-baked': 'baked until hard', 'hard-boiled': '(eggs) cooked until the yolk is solid', 'lyonnaise': 'cooked with onions', 'medium': '(meat) cooked until there is just a little pink meat inside', 'overdone': 'cooked too long but still edible', 'pancake-style': 'cooked as pancakes are cooked', 'parched': 'toasted or roasted slightly; \"parched corn was a staple of the Indian diet\"', 'rare-roasted': '(meat) roasted with the meat inside still rare', 'ready-cooked': 'cooked in such a way as to be ready for sale', 'roast': '(meat) cooked by dry heat in an oven', 'saute': 'fried quickly in a little fat', 'seared': 'having the surface burned quickly with intense heat; \"the seared meat is then covered with hot liquid for braising\"', 'soft-boiled': '(eggs) having the yolk still liquid; \"soft-boiled eggs\"', 'souffle-like': 'resembling a souffle', 'steamed': 'cooked in steam; \"steamed clams\"', 'sunny-side_up': '(eggs) fried on only one side', 'toasted': 'browned over by exposure to heat; \"he liked toasted marshmallows\"', 'wafer-like': 'resembling a thin crisp wafer', 'well-done': '(meat) cooked until there is no pink meat left inside', 'raw': 'not processed or refined; \"raw sewage\"', 'half-baked': 'insufficiently cooked', 'uncooked': 'not cooked', 'untoasted': 'not having been browned by exposure to heat', 'cooperative': 'done with or working with others for a common purpose or benefit; \"a cooperative effort\"', 'collaborative': 'accomplished by collaboration; \"collaborative research\"', 'synergetic': 'working together; used especially of groups, as subsidiaries of a corporation, cooperating for an enhanced effect; \"a synergistic effect\"', 'uncooperative': 'unwilling to cooperate; \"an uncooperative witness\"', 'corrupt': 'containing errors or alterations; \"a corrupt text\"; \"spoke a corrupted version of the language\"', 'corrupted': 'ruined in character or quality', 'corruptible': 'capable of being corrupted; \"corruptible judges\"; \"dishonest politicians\"; \"a purchasable senator\"; \"a venal police officer\"', 'depraved': ' deviating from what is considered moral or right or proper or good; \"depraved criminals\"; \"a perverted sense of loyalty\"; \"the reprobate conduct of a gambling aristocrat\"', 'Praetorian': 'characteristic of or similar to the corruptible soldiers in the Praetorian Guard with respect to corruption or political venality; \"a large Praetorian bureaucracy filled with ambitious...and often sycophantic people makes work and makes trouble\"- Arthur M.Schlesinger Jr.', 'putrid': 'of or relating to or attended by putrefaction; \"putrid decomposition\"', 'sold-out': 'sold completely in advance; \"had a sold-out house for both performances\"', 'incorrupt': 'free of corruption or immorality', 'incorruptible': 'incapable of being morally corrupted; \"incorruptible judges are the backbone of the society\"', 'uncorrupted': '(of language) not having its purity or excellence debased; \"uncorrupted English\"; \"learn to speak pure English undefiled\"- Van Wyck Brooks', 'synergistic': 'of or relating to the theological doctrine of synergism', 'antacid': 'acting to neutralize acid (especially in the stomach)', 'antiphlogistic': 'counteracting inflammation', 'considerable': 'large or relatively large in number or amount or extent or degree; \"a considerable quantity\"; \"the economy was a considerable issue in the campaign\"; \"went to considerable trouble for us\"; \"spent a considerable amount of time on the problem\"', 'appreciable': 'enough to be estimated or measured; \"appreciable amounts of noxious wastes are dumped into the harbor\"', 'goodly': 'large in amount or extent or degree; \"it cost a considerable amount\"; \"a goodly amount\"; \"received a hefty bonus\"; \"a respectable sum\"; \"a tidy sum of money\"; \"a sizable fortune\"', 'right_smart': '(Southern or Midland) considerable; \"it\\'s a right smart distance\"', 'significant': 'too closely correlated to be attributed to chance and therefore indicating a systematic relation; \"the interaction effect is significant at the .01 level\"; \"no significant difference was found\"', 'inconsiderable': 'too small or unimportant to merit attention; \"passed his life in an inconsiderable village\"; \"their duties were inconsiderable\"; \"had no inconsiderable influence\"', 'substantial': 'having a firm basis in reality and being therefore important, meaningful, or considerable; \"substantial equivalents\"', 'insubstantial': 'lacking in nutritive value; \"the jejune diets of the very poor\"', 'aeriform': 'resembling air or having the form of air', 'shadowy': 'lacking in substance; \"strange fancies of unreal and shadowy worlds\"- W.A.Butler; \"dim shadowy forms\"; \"a wraithlike column of smoke\"', 'stringy': 'lean and sinewy', 'material': 'concerned with worldly rather than spiritual interests; \"material possessions\"; \"material wealth\"; \"material comforts\"', 'physical': 'relating to the sciences dealing with matter and energy; especially physics; \"physical sciences\"; \"physical laws\"', 'immaterial': 'of no importance or relevance especially to a law case; \"an objection that is immaterial after the fact\"', 'intangible': '(of especially business assets) not having physical substance or intrinsic productive value; \"intangible assets such as good will\"', 'bodied': 'possessing or existing in bodily form; \"what seemed corporal melted as breath into the wind\"- Shakespeare; \"an incarnate spirit\"; \"`corporate\\' is an archaic term\"', 'incarnate': 'invested with a bodily form especially of a human body; \"a monarch...regarded as a god incarnate\"', 'lithe-bodied': 'having a lithe body', 'long-bodied': 'having a relatively long body', 'narrow-bodied': 'having a relatively narrow body', 'oval-bodied': 'having an oval body', 'short-bodied': 'having a relatively short body', 'silver-bodied': 'having a silver-colored body', 'slim-bodied': 'having a slim body', 'smooth-bodied': 'having a smooth body', 'thick-bodied': 'having a thick body', 'unbodied': 'having no body', 'bodiless': 'having no trunk or main part; \"a bodiless head\"', 'formless': 'having no physical form; \"belief in a world filled with...formless but often malevolent beings\"', 'brainwashed': 'subjected to intensive forced indoctrination resulting in the rejection of old beliefs and acceptance of new ones; \"brainwashed prisoners of war\"; \"captive audiences for TV commercials can become brainwashed consumers\"', 'unbrainwashed': 'not successfully subjected to brainwashing; \"despite the torture and the psychological pressure some POWs remained unbrainwashed\"', 'corporeal': 'having material or physical form or substance; \"that which is created is of necessity corporeal and visible and tangible\" - Benjamin Jowett', 'bodily': 'of or relating to or belonging to the body; \"a bodily organ\"; \"bodily functions\"', 'reincarnate': 'having a new body', 'incorporeal': 'without material form or substance; \"an incorporeal spirit\"', 'discorporate': 'not having a material body; \"bodiless ghosts\"', 'spiritual': 'concerned with or affecting the spirit or soul; \"a spiritual approach to life\"; \"spiritual fulfillment\"; \"spiritual values\"; \"unearthly love\"', 'correct': 'in accord with accepted standards of usage or procedure; \"what\\'s the right word for this?\"; \"the right way to open oysters\"', 'letter-perfect': 'correct to the last detail; especially being in or following the exact words; \"a letter-perfect rendition of the soliloquy\"; \"she was word-perfect in her part\"', 'incorrect': '(of a word or expression) not agreeing with grammatical principles', 'erroneous': 'containing or characterized by error; \"erroneous conclusions\"', 'fallacious': 'containing or based on a fallacy; \"fallacious reasoning\"; \"an unsound argument\"', 'right': 'in or into a satisfactory condition; \"things are right again now\"; \"put things right\"', 'right-minded': 'disposed toward or having views based on what is right; \"respect for law which every right-minded citizen ought to have\"- Bertrand Russell', 'wrong': 'contrary to conscience or morality or law; \"it is wrong for the rich to take advantage of the poor\"; \"cheating is wrong\"; \"it is wrong to lie\"', 'wrongheaded': 'obstinately perverse in judgment or opinion; \"a wrongheaded policy\"', 'corrected': 'having something undesirable neutralized; \"with glasses her corrected vision was 20:20\"', 'aplanatic': 'free from or corrected for spherical aberration; \"an aplanatic mirror\"', 'apochromatic': 'corrected for both chromatic and spherical aberration; \"an apochromatic lens\"', 'rectified': 'having been put right', 'uncorrected': 'not subjected to correction or discipline; \"let her children grow up uncorrected\"', 'unremedied': 'not having been put right; \"unremedied errors\"', 'corrigible': 'capable of being corrected or set right; \"a corrigible defect\"; \"a corrigible prisoner\"', 'amendable': 'capable of being corrected by additions; \"an amendable flaw\"', 'improvable': 'susceptible of improvement', 'redeemable': 'recoverable upon payment or fulfilling a condition; \"redeemable goods in a pawnshop\"', 'incorrigible': 'impervious to correction by punishment', 'unreformable': 'unrepentant and incapable of being reformed; \"an unregenerate criminal\"', 'uncontrollable': 'difficult to solve or alleviate; \"uncontrollable pain\"', 'traveled': 'traveled over or through; sometimes used as a combining term', 'provincial': 'of or associated with a province; \"provincial government\"', 'bumpkinly': 'awkwardly simple and provincial; \"bumpkinly country boys\"; \"rustic farmers\"; \"a hick town\"; \"the nightlife of Montmartre awed the unsophisticated tourists\"', 'corn-fed': 'fed on corn; \"corn-fed livestock\"', 'insular': 'relating to or characteristic of or situated on an island; \"insular territories\"; \"Hawaii\\'s insular culture\"', 'jerkwater': 'small and remote and insignificant; \"a jerkwater college\"; \"passed a series of poky little one-horse towns\"', 'stay-at-home': 'not given to travel; \"a stay-at-home friend\"', 'costive': 'retarding evacuation of feces; binding; constipating', 'laxative': 'stimulating evacuation of feces', 'aperient': 'mildly laxative', 'cathartic': 'emotionally purging', 'constipated': 'have difficult or incomplete or infrequent evacuation of the bowels', 'unconstipated': 'not constipated', 'diarrheal': 'of or relating to diarrhea', 'lax': \"pronounced with muscles of the tongue and jaw relatively relaxed (e.g., the vowel sound in `bet')\", 'considerate': 'showing concern for the rights and feelings of others; \"friends considerate enough to leave us alone\"', 'thoughtful': 'exhibiting or characterized by careful thought; \"a thoughtful paper\"', 'inconsiderate': 'without proper consideration or reflection; \"slovenly inconsiderate reasoning\"; \"unconsidered words\"; \"prejudice is the holding of unconsidered opinions\"', 'thoughtless': 'showing lack of careful thought; \"the debate turned into thoughtless bickering\"', 'courteous': 'exhibiting courtesy and politeness; \"a nice gesture\"', 'chivalrous': 'being attentive to women like an ideal knight', 'discourteous': 'lacking social graces', 'abrupt': 'marked by sudden changes in subject and sharp transitions; \"abrupt prose\"', 'brusque': 'marked by rude or peremptory shortness; \"try to cultivate a less brusque manner\"; \"a curt reply\"; \"the salesgirl was very short with him\"', 'caddish': 'offensively discourteous', 'unceremonious': 'without ceremony or formality; \"an unceremonious speech\"', 'polite': 'showing regard for others in manners, speech, behavior, etc.', 'mannerly': 'socially correct in behavior', 'impolite': 'not polite', 'bratty': '(used of an ill-mannered child) impolitely unruly', 'ill-mannered': 'socially incorrect in behavior; \"resentment flared at such an unmannered intrusion\"', 'unparliamentary': 'so rude and abusive as to be unsuitable for parliament', 'uncivil': 'lacking civility or good manners; \"want nothing from you but to get away from your uncivil tongue\"- Willa Cather', 'sidereal': 'of or relating to the stars or constellations; \"sidereal bodies\"; \"the sidereal system\"', 'fanciful': 'not based on fact; unreal; \"the falsehood about some fanciful secret treaties\"- F.D.Roosevelt; \"a small child\\'s imaginary friends\"; \"to create a notional world for oneself\"', 'fictive': 'capable of imaginative creation; \"fictive talent\"', 'imaginative': '(used of persons or artifacts) marked by independence and creativity in thought or action; \"an imaginative use of material\"; \"the invention of the knitting frame by another ingenious English clergyman\"- Lewis Mumford; \"an ingenious device\"; \"had an inventive turn of mind\"; \"inventive ceramics\"', 'yeasty': 'of or resembling or containing yeast', 'uncreative': 'not creative; \"an uncreative imagination\"', 'sterile': 'incapable of reproducing; \"an infertile couple\"', 'likely': 'expected to become or be; in prospect; \"potential clients\"', 'presumptive': 'having a reasonable basis for belief or acceptance; \"the presumptive heir (or heir apparent)\"', 'incredible': 'beyond belief or understanding; \"at incredible speed\"; \"the book\\'s plot is simply incredible\"', 'astounding': 'bewildering or striking dumb with wonder', 'fabulous': 'based on or told of in traditional stories; lacking factual basis or historical validity; \"mythical centaurs\"; \"the fabulous unicorn\"', 'improbable': 'having a probability too low to inspire belief', 'undreamed': 'not imagined even in a dream', 'credulous': 'showing a lack of judgment or experience; \"so credulous he believes everything he reads\"', 'overcredulous': 'too credulous for your own good', 'unquestioning': 'not inclined to ask questions', 'incredulous': 'not disposed or willing to believe; unbelieving', 'disbelieving': 'denying or questioning the tenets of especially a religion; \"a skeptical approach to the nature of miracles\"', 'critical': 'of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism; \"critical acclaim\"', 'captious': 'tending to find and call attention to faults; \"a captious pedant\"; \"an excessively demanding and faultfinding tutor\"', 'censorious': 'harshly critical or expressing censure; \"was censorious of petty failings\"', 'deprecative': 'given to expressing disapproval', 'hypercritical': 'inclined to judge too severely; \"hypercritical of colloquial speech\"; \"the overcritical teacher can discourage originality\"', 'searing': 'severely critical', 'scathing': 'marked by harshly abusive criticism; \"his scathing remarks about silly lady novelists\"; \"her vituperative railing\"', 'uncritical': 'marked by disregard for critical standards or procedures; \"news sources reflected uncritical estimates of the number of juvenile addicts\"', 'judgmental': 'depending on judgment; \"a judgmental error\"; \"I think that she is too judgmental to be a good therapist\"', 'faultfinding': 'tending to make moral judgments or judgments based on personal opinions; \"a counselor tries not to be faultfinding\"', 'nonjudgmental': 'refraining from making judgments especially ones based on personal opinions or standards; \"sympathetic and nonjudgmental\"', 'appraising': 'exercising or involving careful evaluations; \"looked him over with an appraising eye\"; \"the literary judge uses many evaluative terms\"', 'discriminative': 'capable of making fine distinctions', 'dangerous': 'involving or causing danger or risk; liable to hurt or harm; \"a dangerous criminal\"; \"a dangerous bridge\"; \"unemployment reached dangerous proportions\"', 'noncritical': 'not critical; not at a point of abrupt change', 'acritical': 'without a crisis (as of some diseases)', 'supercritical': '(especially of fissionable material) able to sustain a chain reaction in such a manner that the rate of reaction increases', 'crossed': '(of a check) marked for deposit only as indicated by having two lines drawn across it', 'crosstown': 'going or extending across a town or city; \"the crosstown bus\"; \"crosstown traffic\"', 'decussate': 'crossed or intersected in the form of an X', 'uncrossed': '(of a check) not crossed', 'cross-eyed': 'having convergent strabismus', 'boss-eyed': '(British informal) cross-eyed', 'walleyed': 'having divergent strabismus', 'crowned': 'having an (artificial) crown on a tooth; \"had many crowned teeth\"', 'capped': 'used especially of front teeth having (artificial) crowns; \"capped teeth gave her a beautiful smile\"', 'chapleted': 'provided with a chaplet', 'high-crowned': '(of a hat) having a high crown', 'royal': 'established or chartered or authorized by royalty; \"the Royal Society\"', 'uncrowned': 'not having an (artificial) crown on a tooth; used especially of molars and bicuspids; \"uncrowned teeth badly in need of attention\"', 'quasi-royal': 'having the power but not the rank or title of a king; \"one of the quasi-royal rulers of Africa\"', 'uncapped': 'used especially of front teeth; \"natural uncapped teeth\"', 'crucial': 'having crucial relevance; \"crucial to the case\"; \"relevant testimony\"', 'life-and-death': 'vitally important; \"a life-and-death struggle\"', 'pivotal': 'being of crucial importance; \"a pivotal event\"; \"Its pivotal location has also exposed it to periodic invasions\"- Henry Kissinger; \"the polar events of this study\"; \"a polar principal\"', 'noncrucial': 'of little importance; not decisive', 'uncrystallized': 'not finally or definitely formed; \"uncrystallized ideas\"', 'cubic': 'having three dimensions', 'blockish': 'resembling a block in shape', 'boxlike': 'resembling a box in rectangularity', 'brick-shaped': 'shaped like a brick', 'cubelike': 'shaped like a cube', 'linear': '(of a leaf shape) long and narrow', 'collinear': 'lying on the same line', 'lineal': 'in a straight unbroken line of descent from parent to child; \"lineal ancestors\"; \"lineal heirs\"; \"a direct descendant of the king\"; \"direct heredity\"', 'linelike': 'resembling a line', 'rectilinear': 'characterized by a straight line or lines; \"rectilinear patterns in wallpaper\"; \"the rectilinear propagation of light\"', 'planar': 'involving two dimensions', 'coplanar': 'lying in the same plane', 'placoid': 'as the hard flattened scales of e.g. sharks', 'planate': 'having been flattened', 'tabular': 'of or pertaining to or arranged in table form', 'unidimensional': 'relating to a single dimension or aspect; having no depth or scope; \"a prose statement of fact is unidimensional, its value being measured wholly in terms of its truth\"- Mary Sheehan; \"a novel with one-dimensional characters\"', 'multidimensional': 'having or involving or marked by several dimensions or aspects; \"multidimensional problems\"; \"a multidimensional proposition\"; \"a multidimensional personality\"', 'dimensional': 'of or relating to dimensions', 'two-dimensional': 'lacking the expected range or depth; not designed to give an illusion or depth; \"a film with two-dimensional characters\"; \"a flat two-dimensional painting\"', 'three-dimensional': 'involving or relating to three dimensions or aspects; giving the illusion of depth; \"lifelike three-dimensional characters\"; \"a three-dimensional account of conditions under the new government\"; \"they shot the movie in three-D\"', 'four-dimensional': 'involving or relating to the fourth dimension or time', 'chopped': 'prepared by cutting; \"sliced tomatoes\"; \"sliced ham\"; \"chopped clams\"; \"chopped meat\"; \"shredded cabbage\"', 'cut_up': 'cut into pieces', 'incised': 'sharply and deeply indented', 'perforated': 'having a number or series of holes; \"a perforated steel plate\"; \"perforated cancellation\"; \"perforated stamp\"', 'pierced': 'having a hole cut through; \"pierced ears\"; \"a perforated eardrum\"; \"a punctured balloon\"', 'severed': 'detached by cutting; \"cut flowers\"; \"a severed head\"; \"an old tale of Anne Bolyn walking the castle walls with her poor cut-off head under her arm\"', 'split': '(especially of wood) cut or ripped longitudinally with the grain; \"we bought split logs for the fireplace\"', 'uncut': 'not cut; \"glad to get out of the house with my throat uncut\"- Tobias Smollett', 'imperforate': 'not perforated; having no opening', 'unpierced': 'not pierced; \"unpierced ears\"', 'cut_out': 'having been cut out; \"the cut-out pieces of the dress\"', 'hewn': 'cut or shaped with hard blows of a heavy cutting instrument like an ax or chisel; \"a house built of hewn logs\"; \"rough-hewn stone\"; \"a path hewn through the underbrush\"', 'sheared': 'having the hair or wool cut or clipped off as if with shears or clippers; \"picked up the baby\\'s shorn curls from the floor\"; \"naked as a sheared sheep\"', 'slashed': 'patterned by having color applied with sweeping strokes; \"brown iris...slashed with yellow\"- Willa Cather', 'unsheared': 'not sheared; \"a grizzly unshorn beard\"; \"unshorn sheep\"', 'curious': 'having curiosity aroused; eagerly interested in learning more; \"a trap door that made me curious\"', 'inquisitive': 'inquiring or appearing to inquire; \"an inquiring look\"; \"the police are proverbially inquisitive\"', 'nosy': 'offensively curious or inquisitive; \"curious about the neighbor\\'s doings\"; \"he flipped through my letters in his nosy way\"; \"prying eyes\"; \"the snoopy neighbor watched us all day\"', 'overcurious': 'showing excessive curiosity', 'incurious': 'showing absence of intellectual inquisitiveness or natural curiosity; \"strangely incurious about the cause of the political upheaval surrounding them\"', 'uninterested': 'not having or showing interest; \"an uninterested spectator\"', 'uninquiring': 'not inquiring', 'current': 'occurring in or belonging to the present time; \"current events\"; \"the current topic\"; \"current negotiations\"; \"current psychoanalytic theories\"; \"the ship\\'s current position\"', 'afoot': 'traveling by foot; \"she was afoot when I saw her this morning\"', 'circulating': 'passing from one to another; \"circulating bills and coins\"', 'contemporary': 'characteristic of the present; \"contemporary trends in design\"; \"the role of computers in modern-day medicine\"', 'incumbent': 'lying or leaning on something else; \"an incumbent geological formation\"', 'occurrent': 'presently occurring (either causally or incidentally); \"technical terms are rarely occurrent in literature\"', 'ongoing': 'currently happening; \"an ongoing economic crisis\"', 'on-line': 'on a regular route of a railroad or bus or airline system; \"on-line industries\"', 'topical': 'of or relating to or arranged by topics; \"a detailed record on both a chronological and a topical basis\"', 'up-to-date': 'in accord with the most fashionable ideas or style; \"wears only the latest style\"; \"the last thing in swimwear\"; \"cutting-edge technology\"; \"a with-it boutique\"', 'up-to-the-minute': 'up to the immediate present; most recent or most up-to-date; \"the news is up-to-the-minute\"; \"the very latest scientific discoveries\"', 'noncurrent': 'not current or belonging to the present time', 'disused': 'no longer in use; \"obsolete words\"', 'outdated': 'old; no longer valid or fashionable; \"obsolete words\"; \"an obsolete locomotive\"; \"outdated equipment\"; \"superannuated laws\"; \"out-of-date ideas\"', 'obsolescent': 'becoming obsolete', 'cursed': 'in danger of the eternal punishment of Hell; \"poor damned souls\"', 'accursed': 'under a curse', 'blasted': 'expletives used informally as intensifiers; \"he\\'s a blasted idiot\"; \"it\\'s a blamed shame\"; \"a blame cold winter\"; \"not a blessed dime\"; \"I\\'ll be damned (or blessed or darned or goddamned) if I\\'ll do any such thing\"; \"he\\'s a damn (or goddam or goddamned) fool\"; \"a deuced idiot\"; \"an infernal nuisance\"', 'cursed_with': 'burdened with; \"stuck with the tab\"', 'damn': 'used as expletives; \"oh, damn (or goddamn)!\"', 'damnable': 'deserving a curse; \"her damnable pride\"', 'blessed': 'enjoying the bliss of heaven', 'endowed': 'provided or supplied or equipped with (especially as by inheritance or nature); \"a well-endowed college\"; \"endowed with good eyesight\"; \"endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights\"', 'dowered': 'supplied with a dower or dowry', 'unendowed': 'not equipped or provided; \"unendowed with genius\"- J.L.Lowes', 'dowerless': 'lacking a dowry', 'unblessed': 'not provided with something desirable; \"a hovel unblessed with electricity or running water\"', 'curtained': 'furnished or concealed with curtains or draperies; \"a curtained alcove\"', 'draped': 'covered in folds of cloth; \"velvet-draped windows\"', 'curtainless': 'not provided with curtains; \"blank, curtainless windows stared back at her\"', 'custom-made': 'made according to the specifications of an individual', 'bespoke': '(of clothing) custom-made', 'custom-built': 'built for a particular individual', 'ready-made': 'commercially produced; not homemade; \"ready-made clothes\"', 'made': 'successful or assured of success; \"now I am a made man forever\"- Christopher Marlowe', 'off-the-rack': '(especially of clothing) made in standard sizes and available from merchandise in stock; \"a ready-made jacket\"; \"ready-to-wear clothes\"', 'prefab': 'manufactured in standard sizes to be shipped and assembled elsewhere; \"a pre structure\"', 'ready-to-eat': 'food products that are prepared in advance and can be eaten as sold', 'handmade': 'made by hand or a hand process; \"delicate handmade baby dresses\"', 'camp-made': 'made as part of the arts-and-crafts program at summer camp; \"my camp-made leather wallet\"', 'hand-loomed': 'made on a handloom; \"handwoven tablecloth\"', 'handsewn': 'sewn by hand rather than machine', 'overhand': 'with hand brought forward and down from above shoulder level; \"an overhand pitch\"; \"an overhand stroke\"', 'machine-made': 'made by machine', 'homemade': 'made or produced in the home or by yourself; \"homemade bread\"', 'do-it-yourself': 'done by yourself; \"their house was a do-it-yourself project\"; \"he opened a do-it-yourself store\"', 'home-baked': 'baked at home; \"home-baked cakes and pies\"', 'home-brewed': 'brewed at home; \"home-brewed beer\"', 'home-cured': 'cured at home; \"home-cured hams\"', 'homespun': 'of textiles; having a rough surface; \"a sweater knitted of nubbly homespun yarns\"', 'factory-made': 'produced in quantity at a factory', 'boughten': 'purchased; not homemade; \"my boughten clothes\"; \"a store-bought dress\"', 'manufactured': 'produced in a large-scale industrial operation', 'mass-produced': 'produced in quantity often by assembly-line techniques', 'cyclic': 'conforming to the Carnot cycle', 'alternate': 'serving or used in place of another; \"an alternative plan\"', 'circular': 'describing a circle; moving in a circle; \"the circular motion of the wheel\"', 'noncyclic': 'not having repeated cycles', 'bicyclic': 'having molecules consisting of two fused rings', 'closed-chain': 'having atoms linked by bonds represented in circular or triangular form', 'heterocyclic': 'containing a closed ring of atoms of which at least one is not a carbon atom', 'homocyclic': 'containing a closed ring of atoms of the same kind especially carbon atoms', 'acyclic': 'not cyclic; especially having parts arranged in spirals rather than whorls', 'aliphatic': 'having carbon atoms linked in open chains', 'verticillate': 'forming one or more whorls (especially a whorl of leaves around a stem)', 'annual': 'occurring or payable every year; \"an annual trip to Paris\"; \"yearly medical examinations\"; \"annual (or yearly) income\"', 'biennial': 'occurring every second year; \"they met at biennial conventions\"', 'diurnal': 'having a daily cycle or occurring every day; \"diurnal rotation of the heavens\"', 'nocturnal': 'of or relating to or occurring in the night; \"nocturnal darkness\"', 'damaged': 'harmed or injured or spoiled; \"I won\\'t buy damaged goods\"; \"the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings\"', 'bent': 'fixed in your purpose; \"bent on going to the theater\"; \"dead set against intervening\"; \"out to win every event\"', 'hurt': 'suffering from physical injury especially that suffered in battle; \"nursing his wounded arm\"; \"ambulances...for the hurt men and women\"', 'knocked-out': 'damaged; \"the gym has some of the most knocked-out equipment since Vic Tanny\"', 'riddled': 'spread throughout; \"cities riddled with corruption\"', 'storm-beaten': 'damaged by storm', 'undamaged': 'not harmed or spoiled; sound', 'intact': '(of a woman) having the hymen unbroken; \"she was intact, virginal\"', 'datable': 'that can be given a date; \"a concrete and datable happening\"- C.W.Shumaker', 'undatable': 'not capable of being given a date', 'deaf': '(usually followed by `to\\') unwilling or refusing to pay heed; \"deaf to her warnings\"', 'deaf-and-dumb': 'lacking the sense of hearing and the ability to speak', 'deafened': 'caused to hear poorly or not at all', 'hard-of-hearing': 'having a hearing loss', 'profoundly_deaf': 'totally deaf; unable to hear anything', 'tone-deaf': 'unable to appreciate music', 'hearing': 'able to perceive sound', 'sharp-eared': 'having keen hearing', 'decent': 'socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous; \"from a decent family\"; \"a nice girl\"', 'indecent': 'not in keeping with accepted standards of what is right or proper in polite society; \"was buried with indecent haste\"; \"indecorous behavior\"; \"language unbecoming to a lady\"; \"unseemly to use profanity\"; \"moved to curb their untoward ribaldry\"', 'Hollywood': 'of or relating to the film industry in the United States; \"a Hollywood actor\"', 'indelicate': 'in violation of good taste even verging on the indecent; \"an indelicate remark\"; \"an off-color joke\"', 'obscene': 'designed to incite to indecency or lust; \"the dance often becomes flagrantly obscene\"-Margaret Mead', 'suggestive': 'tending to suggest something improper or indecent; \"a suggestive nod\"; \"suggestive poses\"', 'decisive': 'unmistakable; \"had a decisive lead in the polls\"', 'deciding': 'having the power or quality of deciding; \"the crucial experiment\"; \"cast the deciding vote\"; \"the determinative (or determinant) battle\"', 'fateful': 'ominously prophetic', 'peremptory': 'not allowing contradiction or refusal; \"spoke in peremptory tones\"; \"peremptory commands\"', 'indecisive': 'not clearly defined; \"indecisive boundaries running through mountains\"', 'unhesitating': 'characterized by quickness and firmness; \"his reply was unhesitating\"', 'on_the_fence': 'characterized by indecision; \"some who had been on the fence came out in favor of the plan\"; \"too many voters still declare they are undecided\"', 'hesitant': 'lacking decisiveness of character; unable to act or decide quickly or firmly', 'suspensive': 'undecided or characterized by indecisiveness', 'declarative': 'relating to the use of or having the nature of a declaration', 'interrogative': 'relating to verbs in the so-called interrogative mood; \"not all questions have an interrogative construction\"', 'declared': 'declared as fact; explicitly stated', 'alleged': 'doubtful or suspect; \"these so-called experts are no help\"', 'announced': 'declared publicly; made widely known; \"their announced intentions\"; \"the newspaper\\'s proclaimed adherence to the government\\'s policy\"', 'asserted': 'confidently declared to be so; \"the asserted value of the painting\"', 'avowed': 'openly declared as such; \"an avowed enemy\"; \"her professed love of everything about that country\"; \"McKinley was assassinated by a professed anarchist\"', 'professed': 'professing to be qualified; \"a professed philosopher\"', 'self-proclaimed': 'proclaimed to be or described as such by oneself, without endorsement by others; \"self-proclaimed experts\"', 'undeclared': 'not announced or openly acknowledged; \"fighting an undeclared war\"', 'decorous': 'characterized by propriety and dignity and good taste in manners and conduct; \"the tete-a-tete was decorous in the extreme\"', 'in_good_taste': 'satisfying generally accepted social or esthetic standards', 'sedate': 'characterized by dignity and propriety', 'indecorous': 'lacking propriety and good taste in manners and conduct; \"indecorous behavior\"', 'deductible': 'acceptable as a deduction (especially as a tax deduction)', 'allowable': 'deserving to be allowed or considered', 'nondeductible': 'not allowable as a deduction', 'abysmal': 'very great; limitless; \"abysmal misery\"; \"abysmal stupidity\"', 'deep-water': 'of or carried on in waters of great depth; \"a deep-water port\"', 'profound': 'showing intellectual penetration or emotional depth; \"the differences are profound\"; \"a profound insight\"; \"a profound book\"; \"a profound mind\"; \"profound contempt\"; \"profound regret\"', 'walk-in': '(of e.g. closets or refrigerators) extending very far enough back to allow a person to enter; \"a deep walk-in refrigerator\"; \"walk-in closets\"', 'shallow': 'lacking depth of intellect or knowledge; concerned only with what is obvious; \"shallow people\"; \"his arguments seemed shallow and tedious\"', 'ankle-deep': 'coming only to the ankle or knee', 'fordable': 'shallow enough to be crossed by walking or riding on an animal or in a vehicle; \"the stream was fordable\"', 'neritic': 'of or relating to the region of the sea over the continental shelf which is less than 200 meters deep; \"neritic fauna\"; \"neritic oil\"', 'reefy': 'full of submerged reefs or sandbanks or shoals; \"reefy shallows\"; \"shoaly waters\"', 'de_facto': 'existing in fact whether with lawful authority or not; \"de facto segregation is as real as segregation imposed by law\"; \"a de facto state of war\"', 'de_jure': 'by right; according to law; \"de jure recognition of the new government\"', 'defeasible': 'capable of being annulled or voided or terminated; \"a claim to an estate may be defeasible so long as the claimant is under 21 and unmarried\"', 'indefeasible': 'not liable to being annulled or voided or undone; \"an indefeasible right to freedom\"; \"an indefeasible claim to the title\"', 'unforfeitable': 'not subject to forfeiture; \"an unforfeitable right\"', 'defeated': 'disappointingly unsuccessful; \"disappointed expectations and thwarted ambitions\"; \"their foiled attempt to capture Calais\"; \"many frustrated poets end as pipe-smoking teachers\"; \"his best efforts were thwarted\"', 'licked': 'having been got the better of; \"I\\'m pretty beat up but I don\\'t feel licked yet\"', 'subjugated': 'reduced to submission; \"subjugated peoples\"', 'undefeated': 'victorious; \"undefeated in battle\"; \"an undefeated team\"', 'triumphant': 'experiencing triumph', 'unbeaten': 'not conquered', 'unbowed': 'not forced to bow down to a conqueror', 'defiant': 'boldly resisting authority or an opposing force; \"brought up to be aggressive and defiant\"; \"a defiant attitude\"', 'insubordinate': 'not submissive to authority; \"a history of insubordinate behavior\"; \"insubordinate boys\"', 'recalcitrant': 'marked by stubborn resistance to authority; \"the University suspended the most recalcitrant demonstrators\"', 'compliant': 'disposed or willing to comply; \"children compliant with the parental will\"', 'amenable': 'readily reacting to suggestions and influences; \"a responsive student\"', 'lamblike': 'like a lamb in meekness and gentleness', 'nonresistant': 'offering no resistance', 'defined': 'showing clearly the outline or profile or boundary; \"hills defined against the evening sky\"; \"the setting sun showed the outlined figure of a man standing on the hill\"', 'undefined': 'not precisely limited, determined, or distinguished; \"an undefined term\"; \"undefined authority\"; \"some undefined sense of excitement\"; \"vague feelings of sadness\"; \"a vague uneasiness\"', 'indefinable': 'defying expression or description; \"indefinable yearnings\"; \"indescribable beauty\"; \"ineffable ecstasy\"; \"inexpressible anguish\"; \"unspeakable happiness\"; \"unutterable contempt\"; \"a thing of untellable splendor\"', 'well-defined': 'accurately stated or described; \"a set of well-defined values\"', 'ill-defined': 'poorly stated or described; \"he confuses the reader with ill-defined terms and concepts\"', 'derived': 'formed or developed from something else; not original; \"the belief that classes and organizations are secondary and derived\"- John Dewey', 'derivable': 'capable of being derived', 'derivative': 'resulting from or employing derivation; \"a derivative process\"; \"a highly derivative prose style\"', 'plagiaristic': 'copied and passed off as your own; \"used plagiarized data in his thesis\"; \"a work dotted with plagiarized phrases\"', 'underived': 'not derived; primary or simple', 'original': '(of e.g. information) not secondhand or by way of something intermediary; \"his work is based on only original, not secondary, sources\"', 'primary': 'of first rank or importance or value; direct and immediate rather than secondary; \"primary goals\"; \"a primary effect\"; \"primary sources\"; \"a primary interest\"', 'inflected': '(of the voice) altered in tone or pitch; \"his southern Yorkshire voice was less inflected and singing than her northern one\"', 'uninflected': '(of the voice) not inflected; \"uninflected words\"; \"monotonic uninflected speech\"', 'modulated': 'changed or adjusted in pitch, tone, or volume', 'distinct': '(often followed by `from\\') not alike; different in nature or quality; \"plants of several distinct types\"; \"the word `nationalism\\' is used in at least two distinct senses\"; \"gold is distinct from iron\"; \"a tree related to but quite distinct from the European beech\"; \"management had interests quite distinct from those of their employees\"', 'nebulous': 'lacking definition or definite content; \"nebulous reasons\"; \"unfixed as were her general notions of what men ought to be\"- Jane Austen', 'noncommittal': 'refusing to bind oneself to a particular course of action or view or the like; \"her boyfriend was noncommittal about their future together\"', 'one': 'having the indivisible character of a unit; \"a unitary action\"; \"spoke with one voice\"', 'dehiscent': '(of e.g. fruits and anthers) opening spontaneously at maturity to release seeds', 'indehiscent': '(of e.g. fruits) not opening spontaneously at maturity to release seeds', 'dejected': 'affected or marked by low spirits; \"is dejected but trying to look cheerful\"', 'amort': 'utterly cast down', 'chapfallen': 'brought low in spirit; \"left us fatigued and deflated spiritually\"', 'gloomy': 'filled with melancholy and despondency ; \"gloomy at the thought of what he had to face\"; \"gloomy predictions\"; \"a gloomy silence\"; \"took a grim view of the economy\"; \"the darkening mood\"; \"lonely and blue in a strange city\"; \"depressed by the loss of his job\"; \"a dispirited and resigned expression on her face\"; \"downcast after his defeat\"; \"feeling discouraged and downhearted\"', 'glum': 'moody and melancholic', 'lonely': 'devoid of creatures; \"a lonely crossroads\"; \"a solitary retreat\"; \"a trail leading to an unfrequented lake\"', 'elated': 'full of high-spirited delight; \"a joyful heart\"', 'exultant': 'joyful and proud especially because of triumph or success; \"rejoicing crowds filled the streets on VJ Day\"; \"a triumphal success\"; \"a triumphant shout\"', 'gladdened': 'made joyful; \"the sun and the wind on his back made him feel exhilarated--happy to be alive\"', 'high': 'used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency', 'sublime': 'lifted up or set high; \"their hearts were jocund and sublime\"- Milton', 'uplifted': 'exalted emotionally especially with pride', 'delicate': 'easily hurt; \"soft hands\"; \"a baby\\'s delicate skin\"', 'dainty': 'especially pleasing to the taste; \"a dainty dish to set before a kind\";', 'ethereal': 'of or containing or dissolved in ether; \"ethereal solution\"', 'fragile': 'vulnerably delicate; \"she has the fragile beauty of youth\"', 'light-handed': 'having a metaphorically delicate touch; \"the translation is...light-handed...and generally unobtrusive\"- New Yorker', 'overdelicate': 'extremely delicate; \"an overdelicate digestive system\"', 'tender': 'given to sympathy or gentleness or sentimentality; \"a tender heart\"; \"a tender smile\"; \"tender loving care\"; \"tender memories\"; \"a tender mother\"', 'rugged': 'very difficult; severely testing stamina or resolution; \"a rugged competitive examination\"; \"the rugged conditions of frontier life\"; \"the competition was tough\"; \"it\\'s a tough life\"; \"it was a tough job\"', 'knockabout': 'suitable for rough use; \"a knockabout overcoat\"; \"a knockabout old car\"', 'sturdy': 'substantially made or constructed; \"sturdy steel shelves\"; \"sturdy canvas\"; \"a tough all-weather fabric\"; \"some plastics are as tough as metal\"', 'breakable': 'capable of being broken or damaged; \"earthenware pottery is breakable\"; \"breakable articles should be packed carefully\"', 'brittle': 'lacking warmth and generosity of spirit; \"a brittle and calculating woman\"', 'crumbly': 'easily broken into small fragments or reduced to powder; \"friable sandstone\"; \"friable carcinomatous tissue\"; \"friable curds formed in the stomach\";\"crumbly cookies\"', 'short': 'low in stature; not tall; \"he was short and stocky\"; \"short in stature\"; \"a short smokestack\"; \"a little man\"', 'frangible': 'capable of being broken; \"the museum stored all frangible articles in locked showcases\"', 'splintery': 'resembling or consisting of or embedded with long slender fragments of (especially) wood having sharp points; \"a rough splintery floor of old pine boards\"', 'unbreakable': 'impossible to break especially under ordinary usage; \"unbreakable plastic dinnerwear\"', 'infrangible': 'difficult or impossible to break or separate into parts; \"an infrangible series\"', 'shatterproof': 'resistant to shattering or splintering; \"shatterproof automobile windows\"', 'demanding': 'requiring more than usually expected or thought due; especially great patience and effort and skill; \"found the job very demanding\"; \"a baby can be so demanding\"', 'exigent': 'requiring precise accuracy; \"an exacting job\"; \"became more exigent over his pronunciation\"', 'hard-to-please': '(of persons) \"his father was a hard-to-please taskmaster\"; \"was very hard to please\"', 'needy': 'demanding or needing attention, affection, or reassurance to an excessive degree', 'rigorous': 'rigidly accurate; allowing no deviation from a standard; \"rigorous application of the law\"; \"a strict vegetarian\"', 'stern': 'severe and unremitting in making demands; \"an exacting instructor\"; \"a stern disciplinarian\"; \"strict standards\"', 'undemanding': ' requiring little if any patience or effort or skill; \"the pay was adequate and the job undemanding\"; \"simple undemanding affection\"; \"an undemanding boss\"', 'easygoing': 'relaxed and informal in attitude or standards; \"an easygoing teacher who allowed extra time for assignments\"', 'unexacting': 'not rigorous; \"relaxed and unexacting standards\"', 'imperative': 'relating to verbs in the imperative mood', 'adjuratory': 'earnestly or solemnly entreating; \"in adjuratory terms\"', 'clamant': 'demanding attention; \"clamant needs\"; \"a crying need\"; \"regarded literary questions as exigent and momentous\"- H.L.Mencken; \"insistent hunger\"; \"an instant need\"', 'pressing': 'compelling immediate action; \"too pressing to permit of longer delay\"; \"the urgent words `Hurry! Hurry!\\'\"; \"bridges in urgent need of repair\"', 'strident': 'being sharply insistent on being heard; \"strident demands\"; \"shrill criticism\"', 'beseeching': 'begging', 'importunate': 'expressing earnest entreaty; \"an importunate job applicant\"', 'mendicant': 'practicing beggary; \"mendicant friars\"', 'petitionary': 'of the nature of or expressing a petition; \"the petitionary procedure had a quality of indecisiveness\"', 'precatory': 'expressing entreaty or supplication; \"precatory overtures\"', 'suppliant': 'humbly entreating; \"a suppliant sinner seeking forgiveness\"', 'antiauthoritarian': 'opposed to authoritarianism', 'classless': 'favoring social equality; \"a classless society\"', 'parliamentary': 'relating to or having the nature of a parliament; \"parliamentary reform\"; \"a parliamentary body\"', 'participatory': 'affording the opportunity for individual participation; \"participatory democracy\"', 'representative': 'serving to represent or typify; \"representative moviegoers\"; \"a representative modern play\"', 'republican': 'relating to or belonging to the Republican Party; \"a Republican senator\"; \"Republican party politics\"', 'undemocratic': 'not in agreement with or according to democratic doctrine or practice or ideals; \"the union broke with its past undemocratic procedures\"', 'authoritarian': 'expecting unquestioning obedience; \"the timid child of authoritarian parents\"; \"insufferably overbearing behavior toward the waiter\"', 'despotic': 'belonging to or having the characteristics of a despot', 'monarchal': 'having the characteristics of or befitting or worthy of a monarch; \"monarchical gestures\"; \"monarchal pomp\"', 'totalitarian': 'of or relating to the principles of totalitarianism according to which the state regulates every realm of life; \"totalitarian theory and practice\"; \"operating in a totalistic fashion\"', 'arbitrary': 'based on or subject to individual discretion or preference or sometimes impulse or caprice; \"an arbitrary decision\"; \"the arbitrary rule of a dictator\"; \"an arbitrary penalty\"; \"of arbitrary size and shape\"; \"an arbitrary choice\"; \"arbitrary division of the group into halves\"', 'capricious': 'changeable; \"a capricious summer breeze\"; \"freakish weather\"', 'discretionary': '(especially of funds) not earmarked; available for use as needed; \"discretionary funds\"; \"discretionary income\"', 'nonarbitrary': 'not subject to individual determination', 'prescribed': 'set down as a rule or guide', 'demonstrative': 'serving to demonstrate', 'effusive': 'extravagantly demonstrative; \"insincere and effusive demonstrations of sentimental friendship\"; \"a large gushing female\"; \"write unrestrained and gushy poetry\"', 'epideictic': 'designed primarily for rhetorical display; \"epideictic orations\"', 'undemonstrative': 'not given to open expression of emotion', 'restrained': 'under restraint', 'deniable': 'capable of being denied or contradicted', 'disavowable': 'capable of being disavowed', 'questionable': 'subject to question; \"questionable motives\"; \"a questionable reputation\"; \"a fire of questionable origin\"', 'undeniable': 'not possible to deny', 'incontrovertible': 'impossible to deny or disprove; \"incontrovertible proof of the defendant\\'s innocence\"; \"proof positive\"; \"an irrefutable argument\"', 'denotative': 'in accordance with fact or the primary meaning of a term', 'appellative': 'pertaining to or dealing with or used as a common noun', 'designative': 'serving to designate', 'extensional': 'defining a word by listing the class of entities to which the word correctly applies', 'referent': 'having reference; \"judgments referent to the indictment\"', 'referential': 'referring or pointing to something; \"symbols are inherently referential\"', 'connotative': 'having the power of implying or suggesting something in addition to what is explicit', 'connotational': 'of or relating to a connotation', 'implicative': 'tending to suggest or imply; \"artifacts suggestive of an ancient society\"; \"an implicative statement\"', 'intensional': 'used of the set of attributes that distinguish the referents of a given word', 'reliable': 'worthy of reliance or trust; \"a reliable source of information\"; \"a dependable worker\"', 'tested': 'tested and proved useful or correct; \"a tested method\"', 'undeviating': 'going directly ahead from one point to another without veering or turning aside; \"some people see evolution as an undeviating upward march from simple organisms to the very complex\"; \"a straight and narrow tree-lined road unswerving across the lowlands\"', 'unreliable': 'lacking a sense of responsibility', 'unsound': 'not in good condition; damaged or decayed; \"an unsound foundation\"', 'babelike': 'like a baby especially in dependence; \"babelike innocence and dependence\"', 'helpless': 'lacking in or deprived of strength or power; \"lying ill and helpless\"; \"helpless with laughter\"', 'interdependent': 'mutually dependent', 'myrmecophilous': 'living symbiotically with ants', 'parasitic': 'relating to or caused by parasites; \"parasitic infection\"', 'reliant': 'relying on another for support; \"dependent on Middle Eastern oil\"', 'symbiotic': 'used of organisms (especially of different species) living together but not necessarily in a relation beneficial to each', 'underage': 'dependent by virtue of youth', 'independent': 'not controlled by a party or interest group', 'autarkic': 'of countries; not relying on imports', 'autonomous': '(of political bodies) not controlled by outside forces; \"an autonomous judiciary\"; \"a sovereign state\"', 'breakaway': 'having separated or advocating separation from another entity or policy or attitude; \"a breakaway faction\"', 'commutative': '(of a binary operation) independent of order; as in e.g. \"a x b = b x a\"', 'free-living': 'not parasitic on another organism', 'indie': '(of pop groups) not affiliated with a major recording company', 'self-sufficient': 'able to provide for your own needs without help from others; \"a self-sufficing economic unit\"', 'self-supporting': 'financially independent; \"now that my children are self-supporting\"', 'single-handed': 'unsupported by other people', 'strong-minded': 'having a determined will', 'unaffiliated': 'not affiliated', 'partisan': 'devoted to a cause or party', 'party-spirited': 'devoted to a political party', 'tendentious': 'having or marked by a strong tendency especially a controversial one; \"a tendentious account of recent elections\"; \"distinguishing between verifiable fact and tendentious assertion\"', 'nonpartisan': 'free from party affiliation or bias', 'bipartisan': 'supported by both sides; \"a two-way treaty\"', 'unbiased': 'without bias', 'aligned': 'in a straight line; \"pearly teeth evenly aligned\"', 'allied': 'united in a confederacy or league', 'nonaligned': 'not affiliated with any faction, party, or cause', 'descriptive': 'serving to describe or inform or characterized by description; \"the descriptive variable\"; \"a descriptive passage\"', 'prescriptive': 'pertaining to giving directives or rules; \"prescriptive grammar is concerned with norms of or rules for correct usage\"', 'undescriptive': 'not successful in describing', 'desirable': 'worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse; \"the parents found the girl suitable for their son\"', 'coveted': 'greatly desired', 'delectable': 'extremely pleasing to the sense of taste', 'enviable': 'causing envy; \"an enviable position\"', 'preferable': 'more desirable than another; \"coffee is preferable to tea\"; \"Danny\\'s preferred name is `Dan\\'\"', 'undesirable': 'not worthy of being chosen (especially as a spouse)', 'unenviable': 'so undesirable as to be incapable of arousing envy; \"unenviable notoriety\"', 'destroyed': 'destroyed physically or morally', 'annihilated': 'destroyed completely', 'blighted': 'affected by blight; anything that mars or prevents growth or prosperity; \"a blighted rose\"; \"blighted urban districts\"', 'blotted_out': 'reduced to nothingness', 'demolished': 'torn down and broken up', 'despoiled': 'having been robbed and destroyed by force and violence; \"the raped countryside\"', 'done_for': 'doomed to extinction', 'extinguished': 'of a conditioned response; caused to die out because of the absence or withdrawal of reinforcement', 'finished': '(of skills or the products of skills) brought to or having the greatest excellence; perfected; \"a dazzling and finished piece of writing\"; \"a finished violinist\"', 'scorched': 'having everything destroyed so nothing is left salvageable by an enemy; \"Sherman\\'s scorched earth policy\"', 'shattered': 'ruined or disrupted; \"our shattered dreams of peace and prosperity\"; \"a tattered remnant of its former strength\"; \"my torn and tattered past\"', 'totaled': 'used of automobiles; completely demolished; \"the insurance adjuster declared the automobile totaled\"', 'war-torn': 'laid waste by war', 'wrecked': 'destroyed in an accident; \"a wrecked ship\"; \"a highway full of wrecked cars\"', 'preserved': 'prevented from decaying or spoiling and prepared for future use', 'conserved': 'protected from harm or loss', 'kept_up': 'kept in good condition', 'preservable': 'capable of being preserved', 'protected': 'kept safe or defended from danger or injury or loss; \"the most protected spot I could find\"', 'retained': 'continued in your keeping or use or memory; \"in...the retained pattern of dancers and guests remembered\"', 'destructible': 'easily destroyed; \"destructible glassware\"', 'abolishable': 'capable of being abolished', 'destroyable': 'capable of being destroyed', 'indestructible': 'not easily destroyed', 'undestroyable': 'not capable of being destroyed', 'determinable': 'capable of being determined or limited or fixed; \"determinable velocities\"; \"matters determinable by law\"', 'ascertainable': 'capable of being ascertained or found out; \"ascertainable facts\"', 'definable': 'capable of being defined, limited, or explained; \"definable terms\"; \"definable rules\"', 'judicable': 'capable of being judged or decided; \"judicable issues\"', 'unascertainable': 'not able to be ascertained; resisting discovery', 'unpredictable': 'not capable of being foretold', 'determinate': 'not continuing to grow indefinitely at the apex; \"determinate growth\"', 'cost-plus': 'determining payment based on the actual cost of production plus an agreed-upon fee or rate of profit; \"a cost-plus government contract\"', 'cymose': 'having a usually flat-topped flower cluster in which the main and branch stems each end in a flower that opens before those below it or to its side', 'racemose': 'having stalked flowers along an elongated stem that continue to open in succession from below as the stem continues to grow; \"lilies of the valley are racemose\"', 'developed': '(used of societies) having high industrial development; \"developed countries\"', 'formulated': 'devised; developed according to an orderly plan; \"he had well formulated opinions on schooling\"', 'mature': 'characteristic of maturity; \"mature for her age\"', 'undeveloped': 'not developed; \"courses in interior design were rare and undeveloped\"; \"undeveloped social awareness\"', 'budding': 'beginning to develop; \"a budding genius\"', 'vestigial': 'not fully developed in mature animals; \"rudimentary wings\"', 'dextral': 'preferring to use right foot or hand or eye; \"dextral individuals exhibit dominance of the right hand and eye\"', 'dexter': \"on or starting from the wearer's right\", 'dextrorse': 'spiraling upward from left to right; \"dextrorse vines\"', 'sinistral': 'preferring to use left foot or hand or eye; \"sinistral individuals exhibit dominance of the left hand and eye\"', 'sinister': 'on or starting from the wearer\\'s left; \"bar sinister\"', 'sinistrorse': 'spiraling upward from right to left; \"sinistrorse vines\"', 'diabatic': 'involving a transfer of heat; \"a diabatic process\"', 'adiabatic': 'occurring without loss or gain of heat; \"adiabatic expansion\"', 'differentiated': 'exhibiting biological specialization; adapted during development to a specific function or environment', 'undifferentiated': 'not differentiated', 'dedifferentiated': 'having experienced or undergone dedifferentiation or the loss of specialization in form or function; \"the hebephrenic--the most severely dedifferentiated of all schizophrenic patients\"', 'difficult': 'not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure; \"a difficult task\"; \"nesting places on the cliffs are difficult of access\"; \"difficult times\"; \"why is it so hard for you to keep a secret?\"', 'arduous': 'taxing to the utmost; testing powers of endurance; \"his final, straining burst of speed\"; \"a strenuous task\"; \"your willingness after these six arduous days to remain here\"- F.D.Roosevelt', 'baffling': 'making great mental demands; hard to comprehend or solve or believe; \"a baffling problem\"; \"I faced the knotty problem of what to have for breakfast\"; \"a problematic situation at home\"', 'catchy': 'having concealed difficulty; \"a catchy question\"; \"a tricky recipe to follow\"', 'fractious': 'stubbornly resistant to authority or control; \"a fractious animal that would not submit to the harness\"; \"a refractory child\"', 'hard-fought': 'requiring great effort; \"a hard-fought primary\"', 'herculean': 'displaying superhuman strength or power; \"herculean exertions\"', 'nasty': 'offensive or even (of persons) malicious; \"in a nasty mood\"; \"a nasty accident\"; \"a nasty shock\"; \"a nasty smell\"; \"a nasty trick to pull\"; \"Will he say nasty things at my funeral?\"- Ezra Pound', 'rocky': 'liable to rock; \"on high rocky heels\"', 'serious': 'concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities; \"a serious student of history\"; \"a serious attempt to learn to ski\"; \"gave me a serious look\"; \"a serious young man\"; \"are you serious or joking?\"; \"Don\\'t be so serious!\"', 'tall': 'great in vertical dimension; high in stature; \"tall people\"; \"tall buildings\"; \"tall trees\"; \"tall ships\"', 'thorny': 'bristling with perplexities; \"the thorny question of states\\' rights\"', 'troublesome': 'difficult to deal with; \"a troublesome infection\"; \"a troublesome situation\"', 'trying': 'hard to endure; \"fell upon trying times\"', 'vexed': 'causing difficulty in finding an answer or solution; much disputed; \"the vexed issue of priorities\"; \"we live in vexed and troubled times\"', 'cushy': 'not burdensome or demanding; borne or done easily and without hardship; \"what a cushy job!\"; \"the easygoing life of a parttime consultant\"; \"a soft job\"', 'elementary': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of elementary school or elementary education; \"the elementary grades\"; \"elementary teachers\"', 'hands-down': 'achieved without great effort; \"a hands-down victory\"', 'painless': 'not causing physical or psychological pain; \"painless dentistry\"', 'simplified': 'made easy or uncomplicated', 'smooth': 'of the margin of a leaf shape; not broken up into teeth', 'user-friendly': 'easy to use', 'digitigrade': '(of mammals) walking on the toes with the posterior part of the foot raised (as cats, dogs, and horses do)', 'plantigrade': '(of mammals) walking on the whole sole of the foot (as rabbits, raccoons, bears, and humans do)', 'dignified': 'having or showing self-esteem', 'courtly': 'refined or imposing in manner or appearance; befitting a royal court; \"a courtly gentleman\"', 'distinguished': '(used of persons) standing above others in character or attainment or reputation; \"our distinguished professor\"', 'undignified': 'lacking dignity', 'demeaning': 'causing awareness of your shortcomings; \"golf is a humbling game\"', 'infra_dig': 'beneath your dignity; \"considered helping with the dishes to be infra dig\"', 'pathetic': 'inspiring mixed contempt and pity; \"their efforts were pathetic\"; \"pitiable lack of character\"; \"pitiful exhibition of cowardice\"', 'statesmanlike': 'marked by the qualities of or befitting a statesman; \"a man of statesmanlike judgment\"; \"a statesmanlike solution of the present perplexities\"-V.L.Parrington', 'unstatesmanlike': 'not statesmanlike; \"unstatesmanlike procedure\"', 'presidential': 'relating to a president or presidency; \"presidential aides\"; \"presidential veto\"', 'unpresidential': 'not presidential; \"very unpresidential behavior\"', 'dicotyledonous': '(of a flowering plant) having two cotyledons in the seed', 'monocotyledonous': '(of a flowering plant) having a single cotyledon in the seed as in grasses and lilies', 'diligent': 'quietly and steadily persevering especially in detail or exactness; \"a diligent (or patient) worker\"; \"with persevering (or patient) industry she revived the failing business\"', 'assiduous': 'marked by care and persistent effort; \"her assiduous attempts to learn French\"; \"assiduous research\"; \"sedulous pursuit of legal and moral principles\"', 'hardworking': 'characterized by hard work and perseverance', 'negligent': 'characterized by neglect and undue lack of concern; \"negligent parents\"; \"negligent of detail\"; \"negligent in his correspondence\"', 'derelict': 'failing in what duty requires; \"derelict (or delinquent) in his duty\"; \"neglectful of his duties\"; \"remiss of you not to pay your bills\"', 'hit-and-run': 'designed for or consisting of a brief attack followed by a quick escape; \"hit-and-run units\"; \"tip-and-run assaults\"', 'diluted': 'reduced in strength or concentration or quality or purity; \"diluted alcohol\"; \"a dilute solution\"; \"dilute acetic acid\"', 'watery': 'filled with water; \"watery soil\"', 'undiluted': 'not diluted; \"undiluted milk\"; \"an undiluted racial strain\"', 'neat': 'showing care in execution; \"neat homework\"; \"neat handwriting\"', 'monounsaturated': '(of long-chain carbon compounds especially fats) saturated except for one multiple bond', 'polyunsaturated': '(of long-chain carbon compounds especially fats) having many unsaturated bonds', 'supersaturated': 'being more concentrated than normally possible and therefore not in equilibrium', 'diplomatic': 'relating to or characteristic of diplomacy; \"diplomatic immunity\"', 'politic': 'marked by artful prudence, expedience, and shrewdness; \"it is neither polite nor politic to get into other people\\'s quarrels\"; \"a politic decision\"; \"a politic manager\"; \"a politic old scoundrel\"; \"a shrewd and politic reply\"', 'tactful': 'having or showing a sense of what is fitting and considerate in dealing with others; \"she was tactful enough not to shatter his illusion\"; \"a tactful remark eased her embarrassment\"', 'undiplomatic': 'not skilled in dealing with others', 'conciliatory': 'intended to placate; \"spoke in a conciliating tone\"; \"a conciliatory visit\"', 'appeasing': ' intended to pacify by acceding to demands or granting concessions; \"the appeasing concessions to the Nazis at Munich\"; \"placating (or placative) gestures\"; \"an astonishingly placatory speech\"', 'pacific': 'disposed to peace or of a peaceful nature; \"the pacific temper seeks to settle disputes on grounds of justice rather than by force\"; \"a quiet and peaceable person\"; \"in a peaceable and orderly manner\"', 'propitiative': 'intended to reconcile or appease; \"sent flowers as a propitiatory gesture\"', 'alienating': 'causing hostility or loss of friendliness; \"her sudden alienating aloofness\"', 'nonstop': '(of a journey especially a flight) occurring without stops; \"a nonstop flight to Atlanta\"', 'point-blank': 'close enough to go straight to the target; \"point-blank range\"; \"a point-blank shot\"', 'straightforward': 'free from ambiguity; \"a straightforward set of instructions\"', 'through': '(of a route or journey etc.) continuing without requiring stops or changes; \"a through street\"; \"a through bus\"; \"through traffic\"', 'indirect': 'not as a direct effect or consequence; \"indirect benefits\"; \"an indirect advantage\"', 'askance': '(used especially of glances) directed to one side with or as if with doubt or suspicion or envy; \"her eyes with their misted askance look\"- Elizabeth Bowen; \"sidelong glances\"', 'devious': 'characterized by insincerity or deceit; evasive; \"a devious character\"; \"shifty eyes\"', 'diversionary': '(of tactics e.g.) likely or designed to confuse or deceive', 'meandering': 'of a path e.g.; \"meandering streams\"; \"rambling forest paths\"; \"the river followed its wandering course\"; \"a winding country road\"', 'alternating': '(of a current) reversing direction; \"alternating current\"', 'bluff': 'very steep; having a prominent and almost vertical front; \"a bluff headland\"; \"where the bold chalk cliffs of England rise\"; \"a sheer descent of rock\"', 'brutal': 'harsh; \"the brutal summer sun\"; \"a brutal winter\"', 'flat-footed': 'unprepared and unable to react quickly; \"the new product caught their competitors flat-footed\"', 'man-to-man': 'forthright and honest; \"had a man-to-man talk about the facts of life\"', 'no-nonsense': 'not tolerating irrelevancies; \"the no-nonsense tones of a stern parent\"', 'pointed': 'having a point', 'upfront': 'frank and honest; \"he was upfront about his intentions\"', 'allusive': 'characterized by indirect references; \"allusive speech is characterized by allusions\"', 'backhanded': 'roundabout or ambiguous; \"attacks from that source amounted to a backhanded compliment to his integrity\"; \"a backhanded and dishonest way of reaching his goal\"', 'circuitous': 'marked by obliqueness or indirection in speech or conduct; \"the explanation was circuitous and puzzling\"; \"a roundabout paragraph\"; \"hear in a roundabout way that her ex-husband was marrying her best friend\"', 'circumlocutious': 'roundabout and unnecessarily wordy; \"had a preference for circumlocutious (or circumlocutory) rather than forthright expression\"; \"A periphrastic study in a worn-out poetical fashion,/ Leaving one still with the intolerable wrestle/ With words and meanings.\"-T.S.Eliot; (`ambagious\\' is archaic)', 'digressive': 'of superficial relevance if any; \"a digressive allusion to the day of the week\"; \"a tangential remark\"', 'hearsay': 'heard through another rather than directly; \"hearsay information\"', 'mealymouthed': 'hesitant to state facts or opinions simply and directly as from e.g. timidity or hypocrisy; \"a mealymouthed politician\"', 'tortuous': 'marked by repeated turns and bends; \"a tortuous road up the mountain\"; \"winding roads are full of surprises\"; \"had to steer the car down a twisty track\"', 'reciprocal': 'concerning each of two or more persons or things; especially given or done in return; \"reciprocal aid\"; \"reciprocal trade\"; \"mutual respect\"; \"reciprocal privileges at other clubs\"', 'immediate': 'of the present time and place; \"the immediate revisions\"', 'mediate': 'acting through or dependent on an intervening agency; \"the disease spread by mediate as well as direct contact\"', 'mediated': 'acting or brought about through an intervening agency; \"the mediated settlement brought satisfaction to both sides\"', 'discerning': 'unobtrusively perceptive and sympathetic; \"a discerning editor\"; \"a discreet silence\"', 'clear-eyed': 'mentally acute or penetratingly discerning; \"too clear-eyed not to see what problems would follow\"; \"chaos could be prevented only by clear-sighted leadership\"; \"much too perspicacious to be taken in by so spurious an argument\"', 'prescient': 'perceiving the significance of events before they occur; \"extraordinarily prescient memoranda on the probable course of postwar relations\"-R.H.Rovere', 'undiscerning': 'lacking discernment', 'obtuse': '(of a leaf shape) rounded at the apex', 'uncomprehending': 'lacking understanding; \"tried to explain to her uncomprehending husband\"', 'discreet': 'marked by prudence or modesty and wise self-restraint; \"his trusted discreet aide\"; \"a discreet, finely wrought gold necklace\"', 'indiscreet': 'lacking discretion; injudicious; \"her behavior was indiscreet at the very best\"', 'bigmouthed': 'unwisely talking too much', 'imprudent': 'not prudent or wise; \"very imprudent of her mother to encourage her in such silly romantic ideas\"; \"would be imprudent for a noneconomist to talk about the details of economic policy\"- A.M.Schlesinger', 'discriminate': 'marked by the ability to see or make fine distinctions; \"discriminate judgments\"; \"discriminate people\"', 'indiscriminate': 'failing to make or recognize distinctions', 'promiscuous': 'not selective of a single class or person; \"Clinton was criticized for his promiscuous solicitation of campaign money\"', 'sweeping': 'taking in or moving over (or as if over) a wide area; often used in combination; \"a sweeping glance\"; \"a wide-sweeping view of the river\"', 'discriminating': 'showing or indicating careful judgment and discernment especially in matters of taste; \"the discriminating eye of the connoisseur\"', 'appreciative': 'feeling or expressive of gratitude; \"was appreciative of his efforts\"; \"an appreciative word\"', 'diacritic': 'capable of distinguishing; \"students having superior diacritic powers\"; \"the diacritic elements in culture\"- S.F.Nadel', 'eclectic': 'selecting what seems best of various styles or ideas', 'selective': 'characterized by very careful or fastidious selection; \"the school was very selective in its admissions\"', 'undiscriminating': 'not discriminating', 'scattershot': 'covering a wide range in a haphazard way', 'unperceptive': 'lacking perception; \"as unperceptive as a boulder\"', 'unselective': 'not selective or discriminating; \"unselective in her reading habits; her choices seemed completely random\"', 'disposable': 'free or available for use or disposition; \"every disposable piece of equipment was sent to the fire\"; \"disposable assets\"', 'throwaway': 'intended to be thrown away after use; \"throwaway diapers\"', 'nondisposable': '(of assets) unavailable for use', 'returnable': 'that may be returned; \"returnable bottles and cans\"; \"this merchandise is returnable if you save the receipt\"', 'revertible': \"to be returned to the former owner or that owner's heirs\", 'nonreturnable': 'that may not be returned; \"nonreturnable bottles cannot be exchanged for a deposit\"; \"sale merchandise is nonreturnable\"', 'expendable': 'suitable to be expended', 'frozen': 'absolutely still; \"frozen with horror\"; \"they stood rooted in astonishment\"', 'distal': 'directed away from the midline or mesial plane of the body', 'proximal': 'situated nearest to point of attachment or origin; \"the proximal end of a bone\"', 'lateral': 'situated at or extending to the side; \"the lateral branches of a tree\"; \"shot out sidelong boughs\"- Tennyson', 'mesial': 'being in or directed toward the midline or mesial plane of the body', 'medial': 'dividing an animal into right and left halves', 'sagittal': 'located in a plane that is parallel to the central plane of the sagittal suture', 'chiseled': 'having a clean and distinct outline as if precisely cut along the edges; \"a finely chiseled nose\"; \"well-defined features\"', 'knifelike': 'cutting or able to cut as if with a knife', 'razor-sharp': 'as sharp as a razor', 'indistinct': 'not clearly defined or easy to perceive or understand; \"indistinct shapes in the gloom\"; \"an indistinct memory\"; \"only indistinct notions of what to do\"', 'bedimmed': 'made dim or indistinct; \"a sun bedimmed by clouds\"', 'bleary': 'tired to the point of exhaustion', 'veiled': 'having or as if having a veil or concealing cover; \"a veiled dancer\"; \"a veiled hat\"; \"veiled threats\"; \"veiled insults\"', 'diversified': 'having variety of character or form or components; or having increased variety; \"a diversified musical program ranging from classical to modern\"; \"diversified farming\"; \"diversified manufacturing\"; \"diversified scenery\"; \"diversified investments\"', 'undiversified': 'not diversified', 'monolithic': 'characterized by massiveness and rigidity and total uniformity; \"a monolithic society\"; \"a monolithic worldwide movement\"', 'undistributed': '(of investments) not distributed among a variety of securities', 'divisible': 'capable of being or liable to be divided or separated; \"even numbers are divisible by two\"; \"the Americans fought a bloody war to prove that their nation is not divisible\"', 'cleavable': 'capable of being cleaved', 'dissociable': 'capable of being divided or dissociated; \"often drugs and crime are not dissociable\"; \"the siamese twins were not considered separable\"; \"a song...never conceived of as severable from the melody\";', 'dissociative': 'tending to produce dissociation', 'dividable': 'can be divided usually without leaving a remainder; \"15 is dividable by 3\"', 'partible': '(of e.g. property) capable of being parted or divided; \"a partible estate\"', 'indivisible': 'impossible of undergoing division; \"an indivisible union of states\"; \"one nation indivisible\"', 'indiscrete': 'not divided or divisible into parts; \"layers that were fused into an indiscrete mass\"', 'undividable': 'cannot be divided without leaving a remainder', 'inseparable': 'not capable of being separated; \"inseparable pieces of rock\"', 'documented': 'furnished with or supported by documents; \"the first documented case of shark attack in those waters\"', 'referenced': 'supported with written references or citations; \"a carefully referenced biography\"', 'registered': '(of animals) officially recorded with or certified by a recognized breed association; especially in a stud book; \"a registered Percheron\"', 'undocumented': 'lacking necessary documents (as for e.g. permission to live or work in a country); \"undocumented aliens\"; \"undocumented tax deductions\"', 'unregistered': '(of animals) not recorded with or certified by an official breed association; \"unregistered dairy cattle\"', 'domineering': 'tending to domineer', 'autocratic': 'offensively self-assured or given to exercising usually unwarranted power; \"an autocratic person\"; \"autocratic behavior\"; \"a bossy way of ordering others around\"; \"a rather aggressive and dominating character\"; \"managed the employees in an aloof magisterial way\"; \"a swaggering peremptory manner\"', 'blustery': 'noisily domineering; tending to browbeat others', 'cavalier': 'given to haughty disregard of others', 'heavy-handed': 'unjustly domineering; \"incensed at the government\\'s heavy-handed economic policies\"; \"a manager who rode roughshod over all opposition\"', 'oppressive': 'weighing heavily on the senses or spirit; \"the atmosphere was oppressive\"; \"oppressive sorrows\"', 'submissive': 'inclined or willing to submit to orders or wishes of others or showing such inclination; \"submissive servants\"; \"a submissive reply\"; \"replacing troublemakers with more submissive people\"', 'abject': 'showing utter resignation or hopelessness; \"abject surrender\"', 'bowed': 'of a stringed instrument; sounded by stroking with a bow', 'meek': 'very docile; \"tame obedience\"; \"meek as a mouse\"- Langston Hughes', 'cringing': 'totally submissive', 'servile': 'relating to or involving slaves or appropriate for slaves or servants; \"Brown\\'s attempt at servile insurrection\"; \"the servile wars of Sicily\"; \"servile work\"', 'bootlicking': 'attempting to win favor from influential people by flattery', 'obsequious': 'attentive in an ingratiating or servile manner; \"obsequious shop assistants\"', 'slavish': 'blindly imitative; \"a slavish copy of the original\"', 'slavelike': 'suitable for a slave or servant', 'unservile': 'not servile or submissive', 'dominant': '(of genes) producing the same phenotype whether its allele is identical or dissimilar', 'ascendant': 'tending or directed upward; \"rooted and ascendant strength like that of foliage\"- John Ruskin', 'controlling': 'able to control or determine policy; \"a controlling interest in the firm\"', 'governing': 'responsible for making and enforcing rules and laws; \"governing bodies\"', 'overriding': 'having superior power and influence; \"the predominant mood among policy-makers is optimism\"', 'sovereign': 'greatest in status or authority or power; \"a supreme tribunal\"', 'subordinate': 'subject or submissive to authority or the control of another; \"a subordinate kingdom\"', 'adjunct': 'of or relating to a person who is subordinate to another', 'associate': 'having partial rights and privileges or subordinate status; \"an associate member\"; \"an associate professor\"', 'secondary': 'depending on or incidental to what is original or primary; \"a secondary infection\"', 'under': 'lower in rank, power, or authority; \"an under secretary\"', 'recessive': '(of genes) producing its characteristic phenotype only when its allele is identical', 'single-barreled': 'having one barrel; \"most guns are single-barreled\"', 'double-breasted': '(of clothing) fastened by lapping one edge of the front well over the other usually with a double row of buttons; \"double-breasted jacket\"; \"double-breasted suit\"', 'single-breasted': '(of clothing) closing with a narrow overlap and fastened with a single row of buttons; \"a single-breasted jacket\"', 'dramatic': 'pertaining to or characteristic of drama; \"dramatic arts\"', 'melodramatic': 'having the excitement and emotional appeal of melodrama; \"a melodramatic account of two perilous days at sea\"', 'spectacular': 'characteristic of spectacles or drama; \"spectacular dives from the cliff\"', 'hammy': 'affectedly dramatic; overacted', 'undramatic': 'lacking dramatic force and quality; \"moved with quiet force and undramatic bearing\"', 'unspectacular': 'not spectacular; \"an unspectacular but necessary task\"', 'actable': 'capable of being acted; suitable for the stage; \"an actable scene\"', 'unactable': 'not actable; \"an unactable play\"', 'theatrical': 'of or relating to the theater', 'histrionic': 'characteristic of acting or a stage performance; often affected; \"histrionic gestures\"; \"an attitude of melodramatic despair\"; \"a theatrical pose\"', 'showy': 'displaying brilliance and virtuosity', 'stagy': 'having characteristics of the stage especially an artificial and mannered quality; \"stagy heroics\"', 'untheatrical': 'not suited to or characteristic of the stage or theater; \"a well-written but untheatrical play\"; \"an untheatrical personality\"', 'drinkable': 'suitable for drinking', 'undrinkable': 'unsuitable for drinking', 'intoxicated': 'as if under the influence of alcohol; \"felt intoxicated by her success\"; \"drunk with excitement\"', 'bacchanalian': 'used of riotously drunken merrymaking; \"a night of bacchanalian revelry\"; \"carousing bands of drunken soldiers\"; \"orgiastic festivity\"', 'beery': 'smelling of beer', 'besotted': 'very drunk', 'potty': '(British informal) trivial; \"potty little details\"', 'bibulous': 'given to or marked by the consumption of alcohol; \"a bibulous fellow\"; \"a bibulous evening\"; \"his boozy drinking companions\"; \"thick boozy singing\"; \"a drunken binge\"; \"two drunken gentlemen holding each other up\"; \"sottish behavior\"', 'doped': 'treated or impregnated with a foreign substance', 'half-seas-over': \"British informal for `intoxicated'\", 'hopped-up': '(of an automobile) having the engine modified to give extra power; \"a hopped-up jalopy\"', 'sober': 'not affected by a chemical substance (especially alcohol)', 'cold_sober': 'totally sober', 'drug-free': 'characteristic of a person not taking illegal drugs or of a place where no illegal drugs are used', 'dry': 'lacking moisture or volatile components; \"dry paint\"', 'uninebriated': 'not inebriated', 'blunted': 'made dull or blunt', 'edgeless': 'lacking a cutting edge', 'unsharpened': 'not sharpened', 'sharp': 'harsh; \"sharp criticism\"; \"a sharp-worded exchange\"; \"a tart remark\"', 'carnassial': '(of a tooth) adapted for shearing flesh; \"the carnassial teeth of carnivores\"', 'chisel-like': 'resembling a chisel', 'dagger-like': 'resembling a dagger', 'drill-like': 'resembling a drill', 'fang-like': 'resembling a fang', 'file-like': 'resembling a file', 'incisive': 'suitable for cutting or piercing; \"incisive teeth\"', 'keen': 'having a sharp cutting edge or point; \"a keen blade\"', 'metal-cutting': 'hard and sharp enough to cut metal; \"metal-cutting tools\"', 'penetrative': 'tending to penetrate; having the power of entering or piercing; \"a toxic penetrative spray applied to the surface\"; \"a cold penetrating wind\"; \"a penetrating odor\"', 'sharpened': 'having the point made sharp; \"a sharpened pencil\"', 'sharp-toothed': 'having sharp teeth', 'cutting': '(of speech) harsh or hurtful in tone or character; \"cutting remarks\"; \"edged satire\"; \"a stinging comment\"', 'fulgurating': 'sharp and piercing', 'salt': '(of speech) painful or bitter; \"salt scorn\"- Shakespeare; \"a salt apology\"', 'deadened': 'made or become less intense; \"the deadened pangs of hunger\"', 'eventful': 'full of events or incidents; \"the most exhausting and eventful day of my life\"', 'lively': 'full of zest or vigor; \"a racy literary style\"', 'uneventful': 'marked by no noteworthy or significant events; \"an uneventful life\"; \"the voyage was pleasant and uneventful\"; \"recovery was uneventful\"', 'bouncing': 'vigorously healthy; \"a bouncing baby\"', 'breezy': 'fresh and animated; \"her breezy nature\"', 'bubbly': 'full of or showing high spirits; \"bright bubbly children\"; \"a bubbly personality\"', 'bubbling': 'emitting or filled with bubbles as from carbonation or fermentation; \"bubbling champagne\"; \"foamy (or frothy) beer\"', 'burbling': 'uttered with unrestrained enthusiasm; \"a novel told in burbly panting tones\"', 'arid': 'lacking sufficient water or rainfall; \"an arid climate\"; \"a waterless well\"; \"miles of waterless country to cross\"', 'bovine': 'of or relating to or belonging to the genus Bos (cattle)', 'humdrum': 'tediously repetitious or lacking in variety; \"a humdrum existence; all work and no play\"; \"nothing is so monotonous as the sea\"', 'dynamic': 'of or relating to dynamics', 'can-do': ' marked by a willingness to tackle a job and get it done; \"a can-do kind of person\"; \"the city\\'s indomitable optimism and can-do spirit\"', 'changing': 'marked by continuous change or effective action', 'driving': 'acting with vigor; \"responsibility turned the spoiled playboy into a driving young executive\"', 'energizing': 'supplying motive force; \"the complex civilization of which Rome was the kinetic center\"- H.O.Taylor', 'high-octane': 'used of gasoline; having a high octane number', 'projectile': 'impelling or impelled forward; \"a projectile force\"; \"a projectile missile\"', 'propellant': 'tending to or capable of propelling; \"propellant fuel for submarines\"; \"the faster a jet plane goes the greater its propulsive efficiency\"; \"universities...the seats of propulsive thought\"', 'self-propelled': 'moved forward by its own force or momentum; \"a self-propelled egotist\"; \"the arms program is now self-propelled\"', 'slashing': 'as if striking with slashing blows; \"his slashing demon-ridden cadenza\"', 'undynamic': 'characterized by an absence of force or forcefulness', 'stagnant': 'not growing or changing; without force or vitality', 'eager': 'having or showing keen interest or intense desire or impatient expectancy; \"eager to learn\"; \"eager to travel abroad\"; \"eager for success\"; \"eager helpers\"; \"an eager look\"', 'anxious': 'causing or fraught with or showing anxiety; \"spent an anxious night waiting for the test results\"; \"cast anxious glances behind her\"; \"those nervous moments before takeoff\"; \"an unquiet mind\"', 'impatient': 'restless or short-tempered under delay or opposition; \"impatient with the slower students\"; \"impatient of criticism\"', 'overeager': 'excessively eager; \"overeager in his pursuit of the girl\"', 'uneager': 'lacking interest or spirit or animation; \"decrepit, colorless uneager things\"', 'reluctant': 'disinclined to become involved; \"they were usually reluctant to socialize\"; \"reluctant to help\"', 'eared': 'having ears (or appendages resembling ears) or having ears of a specified kind; often used in combination', 'auriculate': 'having auricles', 'lop-eared': 'having bent or drooping ears; \"a lop-eared hound\"', 'mouse-eared': \"having ears like a mouse's\", 'short-eared': 'having short ears', 'small-eared': 'having small ears', 'earless': 'lacking external ears; \"earless seals\"', 'early': 'expected in the near future; \"look for an early end to the negotiations\"', 'aboriginal': 'having existed from the beginning; in an earliest or original stage or state; \"aboriginal forests\"; \"primal eras before the appearance of life on earth\"; \"the forest primeval\"; \"primordial matter\"; \"primordial forms of life\"', 'archean': 'of or relating to the earliest known rocks formed during the Precambrian Eon', 'archeozoic': 'of or belonging to earlier of two divisions of the Precambrian era; \"archeozoic life forms\"', 'azoic': 'before the appearance of life; \"azoic rocks contain not organic remains\"', 'earlier': '(comparative and superlative of `early\\') more early than; most early; \"a fashion popular in earlier times\"; \"his earlier work reflects the influence of his teacher\"; \"Verdi\\'s earliest and most raucous opera\"', 'earlyish': 'being somewhat early; \"at an earlyish hour\"', 'premature': 'born after a gestation period of less than the normal time; \"a premature infant\"', 'proterozoic': 'formed in the later of two divisions of the Precambrian era; \"proterozoic life forms\"', 'proto': 'indicating the first or earliest or original; \"`proto\\' is a combining form in a word like `protolanguage\\' that refers to the hypothetical ancestor of another language or group of languages\"', 'wee': 'very early; \"the wee hours of the morning\"', 'middle': 'of a stage in the development of a language or literature between earlier and later stages; \"Middle English is the English language from about 1100 to 1500\"; \"Middle Gaelic\"', 'intervening': 'occurring or falling between events or points in time; \"so much had happened during the intervening years\"', 'mid': 'used in combination to denote the middle; \"midmorning\"; \"midsummer\"; \"in mid-1958\"; \"a mid-June wedding\"', 'after-hours': 'after closing time especially a legally established closing time; \"after-hours socializing\"; \"an after-hours club\"', 'latish': 'somewhat late', 'posthumous': 'occurring or coming into existence after a person\\'s death; \"a posthumous award\"; \"a posthumous book\"; \"a posthumous daughter\"', 'archaic': 'little evolved from or characteristic of an earlier ancestral type; \"archaic forms of life\"; \"primitive mammals\"; \"the okapi is a short-necked primitive cousin of the giraffe\"', 'embryonic': 'of an organism prior to birth or hatching; \"in the embryonic stage\"; \"embryologic development\"', 'incipient': 'only partly in existence; imperfectly formed; \"incipient civil disorder\"; \"an incipient tumor\"; \"a vague inchoate idea\"', 'precocious': 'characterized by or characteristic of exceptionally early development or maturity (especially in mental aptitude); \"a precocious child\"; \"a precocious achievement\"', 'tardive': 'late-occurring (especially with reference to symptoms of a disease); \"tardive dyskinesia\"', 'Old': 'of a very early stage in development; \"Old English is also called Anglo Saxon\"; \"Old High German is High German from the middle of the 9th to the end of the 11th century\"', 'Modern': 'used of a living language; being the current stage in its development; \"Modern English\"; \"New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew\"', 'New': 'in use after medieval times; \"New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties\"', 'earned': 'gained or acquired; especially through merit or as a result of effort or action; \"a well-earned reputation for honesty\"; \"earned income\"; \"an earned run in baseball\"', 'attained': 'achieved or reached; \"the actual attained achievement test score\"', 'unearned': 'not gained by merit or labor or service; \"accepted the unearned rewards that came his ways as well as the unearned criticism\"; \"unearned income\"; \"an unearned run\"', 'honorary': 'given as an honor without the normal duties; \"an honorary degree\"', 'precarious': 'not secure; beset with difficulties; \"a shaky marriage\"', 'east': 'situated in or facing or moving toward the east', 'eastbound': 'moving toward the east; \"eastbound trains\"', 'easterly': 'lying in or toward the east; \"the east side of New York\"; \"eastern cities\"', 'eastern': 'of or characteristic of eastern regions of the United States; \"the Eastern establishment\"', 'easternmost': 'farthest to the east', 'eastside': 'of the eastern part of a city e.g. Manhattan; \"the eastside silk-stocking district\"', 'west': 'situated in or facing or moving toward the west', 'westbound': 'moving toward the west; \"westbound pioneers\"', 'western': 'of or characteristic of regions of the United States west of the Mississippi River; \"a Western ranch\"', 'westerly': 'of wind; from the west', 'westernmost': 'farthest to the west', 'westside': 'of the western part of a city; \"he lives in upper westside Manhattan\"', 'occidental': 'denoting or characteristic of countries of Europe and the western hemisphere; \"occidental civilization\"; \"Hesperian culture\"', 'oriental': 'denoting or characteristic of countries of Asia; \"oriental civilization\"', 'southwestern': 'of a region of the United States generally including New Mexico; Arizona; Texas; California; and sometimes Nevada; Utah; Colorado', 'midwestern': 'of a region of the United States generally including Ohio; Indiana; Illinois; Iowa; Missouri; Kansas; Nebraska; and sometimes Michigan; Wisconsin; Minnesota; \"a midwestern city\"; \"midwestern accent\"', 'northwestern': 'situated in or oriented toward the northwest', 'west-central': 'of a region of the United States usually including Colorado; Nevada; Utah', 'east-central': 'of a region of the United States generally including Kentucky, West Virginia', 'middle_Atlantic': 'of a region of the United States generally including Delaware; Maryland; Virginia; and usually New York; Pennsylvania; New Jersey; \"mid-Atlantic states\"', 'northeastern': 'situated in or oriented toward the northeast; \"the northeasterly part of the island\"', 'southeastern': 'of a region of the United States generally including Alabama; Georgia; Florida; Tennessee; South Carolina; North Carolina', 'ectomorphic': 'having a build with little fat or muscle but with long limbs', 'asthenic': 'having a slender physique', 'endomorphic': 'having a squat and fleshy build; \"a pyknic practical joke\"', 'mesomorphic': 'having a robust muscular body-build characterized by predominance of structures (bone and muscle and connective tissue) developed from the embryonic mesodermal layer', 'athletic': 'relating to or befitting athletics or athletes; \"athletic facilities\"', 'edible': 'suitable for use as food', 'killable': 'fit to kill, especially for food', 'nonpoisonous': 'not producing poison', 'pareve': 'containing no meat or milk (or their derivatives) and thus eatable with both meat and dairy dishes according to the dietary laws of Judaism; \"pareve margarine\"; \"parvebread\"', 'inedible': 'not suitable for food', 'educated': 'characterized by full comprehension of the problem involved; \"an educated guess\"; \"an enlightened electorate\"', 'knowing': 'evidencing the possession of inside information', 'literate': 'able to read and write', 'self-educated': 'educated by your own efforts rather than by formal instruction', 'semiliterate': 'able to read but not to write', 'uneducated': 'not having a good education', 'ignorant': 'unaware because of a lack of relevant information or knowledge; \"he was completely ignorant of the circumstances\"; \"an unknowledgeable assistant\"; \"his rudeness was unwitting\"', 'undereducated': 'poorly or insufficiently educated', 'unschooled': 'lacking in schooling; \"untaught people whose verbal skills are grossly deficient\"; \"an untutored genius\"; \"uneducated children\"', 'unstudied': 'not by design or artifice; unforced and impromptu; \"an air of unstudied spontaneous utterance is apt to be painstakingly achieved\"; \"simple unstudied charm\"', 'numerate': 'able to understand and use numbers', 'innumerate': 'lacking knowledge and understanding of mathematical concepts and methods', 'operative': 'effective; producing a desired effect; \"the operative word\"', 'operant': 'having influence or producing an effect; \"many emotional determinants at work\"; \"an operant conscience\"', 'operational': 'pertaining to a process or series of actions for achieving a result; \"operational difficulties\"; \"they assumed their operational positions\"', 'working': 'adequate for practical use; especially sufficient in strength or numbers to accomplish something; \"the party has a working majority in the House\"; \"a working knowledge of Spanish\"', 'inoperative': 'not working or taking effect; \"an inoperative law\"', 'down': 'being or moving lower in position or less in some value; \"lay face down\"; \"the moon is down\"; \"our team is down by a run\"; \"down by a pawn\"; \"the stock market is down today\"', 'impelling': 'markedly effective as if by emotional pressure; \"impelling skill as a teller of tales\"; \"an impelling personality\"', 'impressive': 'making a strong or vivid impression; \"an impressive ceremony\"', 'rough-and-ready': 'crude but effective for the purpose at hand', 'toothless': 'lacking teeth; \"most birds are toothless\"; \"a toothless old crone\"', 'unproductive': 'not producing or capable of producing; \"elimination of high-cost or unproductive industries\"', 'effortful': 'requiring great physical effort', 'dragging': 'marked by a painfully slow and effortful manner; \"it was a strange dragging approach\"; \"years of dragging war\"', 'exhausting': 'producing exhaustion; \"an exhausting march\"; \"the visit was especially wearing\"', 'labor-intensive': 'requiring a large expenditure of labor but not much capital; \"cottage industries are labor intensive\"', 'leaden': 'made of lead; \"a leaden weight\"', 'Sisyphean': 'of or relating to Sisyphus', 'effortless': 'requiring or apparently requiring no effort; \"the swallows glided in an effortless way through the busy air\"', 'facile': 'arrived at without due care or effort; lacking depth; \"too facile a solution for so complex a problem\"', 'unforced': 'not resulting from undue effort; not forced; \"a voice with a pleasingly unforced quality\"; \"his playing is facile and unstrained\"', 'efficacious': 'marked by qualities giving the power to produce an intended effect; \"written propaganda is less efficacious than the habits and prejudices...of the readers\"-Aldous Huxley; \"the medicine is efficacious in stopping a cough\"', 'inefficacious': 'lacking the power to produce a desired effect; \"laws that are inefficacious in stopping crime\"', 'efficient': 'being effective without wasting time or effort or expense; \"an efficient production manager\"; \"efficient engines save gas\"', 'businesslike': 'not distracted by anything unrelated to the goal', 'cost-efficient': 'productive relative to the cost', 'economic': 'of or relating to an economy, the system of production and management of material wealth; \"economic growth\"; \"aspects of social, political, and economical life\"', 'expeditious': 'marked by speed and efficiency', 'streamlined': 'designed or arranged to offer the least resistant to fluid flow; \"a streamlined convertible\"', 'inefficient': 'not producing desired results; wasteful; \"an inefficient campaign against drugs\"; \"outdated and inefficient design and methods\"', 'uneconomical': 'wasteful of resources', 'forceful': 'characterized by or full of force or strength (often but not necessarily physical); \"a forceful speaker\"; \"a forceful personality\"; \"forceful measures\"; \"a forceful plan for peace\"', 'bruising': 'causing mental or emotional injury; \"a bruising experience\"; \"protected from the bruising facts of battle\"- John Mason Brown', 'drastic': 'forceful and extreme and rigorous; \"drastic measures\"', 'firm': '(of especially a person\\'s physical features) not shaking or trembling; \"his voice was firm and confident\"; \"a firm step\"', 'forcible': 'impelled by physical force especially against resistance; \"forcible entry\"; \"a real cop would get physical\"; \"strong-arm tactics\"', 'impellent': 'forcing forward or onward; impelling; \"an impellent power\"; \"an impellent cause\"', 'impetuous': 'marked by violent force; \"impetuous heaving waves\"', 'forceless': 'lacking force; feeble; \"a forceless argument\"', 'wimpish': 'weak and ineffectual', 'elastic': 'able to adjust readily to different conditions; \"an adaptable person\"; \"a flexible personality\"; \"an elastic clause in a contract\"', 'bouncy': 'elastic; rebounds readily; \"clean bouncy hair\"; \"a lively tennis ball\"; \"as resilient as seasoned hickory\"; \"springy turf\"', 'chewy': 'requiring much chewing', 'elasticized': 'made with strands or inserts of elastic; \"slacks with an elasticized waistband\"', 'expandable': 'able to expand or be expanded', 'fictile': 'of or relating to the craft of pottery; \"the fictile art\"; \"fictile ware\"', 'flexible': 'capable of being changed; \"flexible schedules\"', 'rubbery': 'having an elastic texture resembling rubber in flexibility or toughness', 'springlike': 'resembling a spring or the action of a spring', 'stretch': 'having an elongated seating area; \"a stretch limousine\"', 'stretchable': 'capable of being easily stretched and resuming former size or shape', 'viscoelastic': 'having viscous as well as elastic properties', 'inelastic': 'not elastic; \"economists speak of an inelastic price structure\"', 'nonresilient': 'not resilient', 'springless': 'lacking in elasticity or vitality; \"went off with springless steps\"', 'elective': 'not compulsory; \"elective surgery\"; \"an elective course of study\"', 'electoral': 'of or relating to elections; \"electoral process\"', 'nonappointive': 'filled by popular election rather than by appointment', 'appointive': 'relating to the act of appointing; \"appointive powers\"', 'nominated': 'appointed by nomination', 'nonelective': 'filled by appointment rather than by election; \"a nonelective office\"', 'assigned': 'appointed to a post or duty; \"assigned personnel\"; \"assigned duties\"', 'allotted': 'given as a task; \"her allotted chores\"', 'appointed': 'fixed or established especially by order or command; \"at the time appointed (or the appointed time\")', 'unassigned': 'not assigned; \"unassigned personnel\"', 'optional': 'possible but not necessary; left to personal choice', 'ex_gratia': 'as a favor; not compelled by legal right; \"ex gratia payments made to nonstriking workers\"', 'facultative': 'of or relating to the mental faculties', 'nonmandatory': 'not required by rule or law', 'obligatory': 'required by obligation or compulsion or convention; \"he made all the obligatory apologies\"', 'bounden': 'morally obligatory; \"my bounden duty\"', 'compulsory': 'required by rule; \"in most schools physical education is compulsory\"; \"attendance is mandatory\"; \"required reading\"', 'de_rigueur': 'required by etiquette or usage or fashion; \"instruction as to when and where a silk hat is de rigueur\"', 'imposed': 'set forth authoritatively as obligatory; \"the imposed taxation\"; \"rules imposed by society\"', 'incumbent_on': 'morally binding or necessary; \"it is incumbent on me to attend\"', 'indispensable': 'not to be dispensed with; essential; \"foods indispensable to good nutrition\"', 'prerequisite': 'required as a prior condition or course of study', 'elegant': 'suggesting taste, ease, and wealth', 'dandified': 'affecting extreme elegance in dress and manner', 'deluxe': 'rich and superior in quality; \"a princely sum\"; \"gilded dining rooms\"', 'fine': 'thin in thickness or diameter; \"a fine film of oil\"; \"fine hairs\"; \"read the fine print\"', 'high-class': 'pretentiously elegant; \"a high-toned restaurant\"', 'ritzy': 'luxuriously elegant', 'soigne': 'polished and well-groomed; showing sophisticated elegance', 'inelegant': 'lacking in refinement or grace or good taste', 'gauche': 'lacking social polish; \"too gauche to leave the room when the conversation became intimate\"; \"their excellent manners always made me feel gauche\"', 'eligible': 'qualified for or allowed or worthy of being chosen; \"eligible to run for office\"; \"eligible for retirement benefits\"; \"an eligible bachelor\"', 'bailable': 'admitting of bail; \"a bailable offense\"', 'entitled': 'qualified for by right according to law; \"we are all entitled to equal protection under the law\"', 'legal': 'relating to or characteristic of the profession of law; \"the legal profession\"', 'pensionable': 'entitled to receive a pension; \"a pensionable employee\"', 'ineligible': 'prohibited by official rules; \"an ineligible pass receiver\"', 'disqualified': 'barred from competition for violation of rules; \"a disqualified player\"', 'unentitled': 'having no right or entitlement; \"a distinction to which he was unentitled\"', 'emotional': 'of or pertaining to emotion; \"emotional health\"; \"an emotional crisis\"', 'affectional': 'characterized by emotion', 'bathetic': 'effusively or insincerely emotional; \"a bathetic novel\"; \"maudlin expressions of sympathy\"; \"mushy effusiveness\"; \"a schmaltzy song\"; \"sentimental soap operas\"; \"slushy poetry\"', 'het_up': 'worked up emotionally by anger or excitement; \"was terribly het up over the killing of the eagle\"; \"got really het up over the new taxes\"; \"he was suddenly het up about racing cars\"', 'hot-blooded': 'prone to emotion; \"hot-blooded Latin-Americans\"', 'little': '(of children and animals) young, immature; \"what a big little boy you are\"; \"small children\"', 'lyric': 'relating to or being musical drama; \"the lyric stage\"', 'mind-blowing': 'intensely affecting the mind or emotions; \"spending a week in the jungle was a mind-blowing experience\"; \"a mind-blowing horror story\"', 'moody': 'subject to sharply varying moods; \"a temperamental opera singer\"', 'overemotional': 'excessively or abnormally emotional', 'soulful': 'full of or expressing deep emotion; \"soulful eyes\"; \"soulful music\"', 'warm-toned': 'used of music', 'unemotional': 'unsusceptible to or destitute of or showing no emotion', 'chilly': 'appreciably or disagreeably cold', 'impassive': 'having or revealing little emotion or sensibility; not easily aroused or excited; \"her impassive remoteness\"; \"he remained impassive, showing neither interest in nor concern for our plight\"- Nordhoff & Hall; \"a silent stolid creature who took it all as a matter of course\"-Virginia Woolf; \"her face showed nothing but stolid indifference\"', 'philosophical': 'characterized by the attitude of a philosopher; meeting trouble with level-headed detachment; \"philosophical resignation\"; \"a philosophic attitude toward life\"', 'phlegmatic': 'showing little emotion; \"a phlegmatic...and certainly undemonstrative man\"', 'stoic': 'seeming unaffected by pleasure or pain; impassive; \"stoic courage\"; \"stoic patience\"; \"a stoical sufferer\"', 'empirical': 'derived from experiment and observation rather than theory; \"an empirical basis for an ethical theory\"; \"empirical laws\"; \"empirical data\"; \"an empirical treatment of a disease about which little is known\"', 'confirmable': 'capable of being tested (verified or falsified) by experiment or observation', 'experiential': 'relating to or resulting from experience; \"a personal, experiential reality\"', 'experimental': 'relating to or based on experiment; \"experimental physics\"', 'semiempirical': 'relying to some extent on observation or experiment', 'theoretical': 'concerned with theories rather than their practical applications; \"theoretical physics\"', 'abstractive': 'of an abstracting nature or having the power of abstracting; \"abstractive analysis\"', 'conjectural': 'based primarily on surmise rather than adequate evidence; \"theories about the extinction of dinosaurs are still highly conjectural\"; \"the supposed reason for his absence\"; \"suppositious reconstructions of dead languages\"; \"hypothetical situation\"', 'notional': 'not based on fact or investigation; \"a notional figure of cost helps in determining production costs\"; \"speculative knowledge\"', 'metaphysical': 'pertaining to or of the nature of metaphysics; \"metaphysical philosophy\"', 'theory-based': 'based in theory rather than experiment; \"theory-based arguments and positions\"', 'academic': 'associated with academia or an academy; \"the academic curriculum\"; \"academic gowns\"', 'applied': 'concerned with concrete problems or data rather than with fundamental principles; \"applied physics\"; \"applied psychology\"; \"technical problems in medicine, engineering, economics and other applied disciplines\"- Sidney Hook', 'forensic': 'of, relating to, or used in public debate or argument', 'practical': 'concerned with actual use or practice; \"he is a very practical person\"; \"the idea had no practical application\"; \"a practical knowledge of Japanese\"; \"woodworking is a practical art\"', 'salaried': 'receiving a salary; \"salaried members of the staff\"', 'freelance': 'working for yourself', 'employed': 'put to use', 'hired': 'having services engaged for a fee; \"hired hands\"; \"a hired gun\"', 'unemployed': 'not engaged in a gainful occupation; \"unemployed workers marched on the capital\"', 'discharged': 'having lost your job', 'employable': 'physically and mentally capable of working at a regular job and available', 'unemployable': 'not acceptable for employment as a worker; \"his illiteracy made him unemployable\"', 'enchanted': 'influenced as by charms or incantations', 'beguiled': 'filled with wonder and delight', 'bewitched': 'under a spell', 'fascinated': 'having your attention fixated as though by a spell', 'disenchanted': 'freed from enchantment', 'disabused': 'freed of a mistaken or misguided notion; \"some people are still not disabused of the old idea that the universe revolves around the Earth\"', 'disillusioned': 'freed from illusion', 'encouraging': 'furnishing support and encouragement; \"the anxious child needs supporting and accepting treatment from the teacher\"', 'exhortative': 'giving strong encouragement', 'heartening': 'cheerfully encouraging', 'promotive': 'tending to further or encourage', 'rallying': 'rousing or recalling to unity and renewed effort; \"a rallying cry\"', 'discouraging': 'expressing disapproval', 'daunting': 'discouraging through fear', 'demoralizing': 'destructive of morale and self-reliance', 'frustrating': 'preventing realization or attainment of a desire', 'unencouraging': 'not encouraging', 'encumbered': 'loaded to excess or impeded by a heavy load; \"a summer resort...encumbered with great clapboard-and-stucco hotels\"- A.J.Liebling; \"a hiker encumbered with a heavy backpack\"; \"an encumbered estate\"', 'burdened': 'bearing a heavy burden of work or difficulties or responsibilities; \"she always felt burdened by the load of paper work\"', 'clogged': 'thickened or coalesced in soft thick lumps (such as clogs or clots); \"clotted blood\"; \"seeds clogged together\"', 'mortgaged': 'burdened with legal or financial obligations; \"his house, his business, indeed, his whole life was heavily mortgaged\"', 'unencumbered': 'not burdened with cares or responsibilities; \"living an unencumbered life\"', 'burdenless': 'not encumbered with a physical burden or load', 'bowed_down': 'heavily burdened with work or cares; \"bowed down with troubles\"; \"found himself loaded down with responsibilities\"; \"overburdened social workers\"; \"weighed down with cares\"', 'laden': 'filled with a great quantity; \"a tray loaded with dishes\"; \"table laden with food\"; \"`ladened\\' is not current usage\"', 'unburdened': 'not burdened with difficulties or responsibilities; \"unburdened by an overarching theory\"- Alex Inkeles', 'endocentric': 'fulfilling the grammatical role of one of its constituents; \"when `three blind mice\\' serves as a noun it is an endocentric construction\"', 'exocentric': 'not fulfilling the same grammatical role of any of its constituents; \"when `until last Easter\\' serves as an adverb it is an exocentric construction\"', 'endogamous': 'characterized by or fit for fertilization by pollen from another flower of the same kind', 'exogamous': 'characterized by or fit for fertilization by a flower that is not closely related', 'autogamous': 'characterized by or fit for autogamy', 'self-fertilized': 'fertilized by its own pollen', 'endoergic': '(of a nuclear reaction) occurring with absorption of energy', 'exoergic': '(of a nuclear reaction) occurring with evolution or releasing of energy', 'endothermic': '(of a chemical reaction or compound) occurring or formed with absorption of heat', 'decalescent': 'absorbing heat without increase in temperature when heated beyond a certain point; \"the decalescent point of steel\"', 'exothermic': '(of a chemical reaction or compound) occurring or formed with the liberation of heat', 'endogenous': 'of or resembling an endogen', 'exogenous': 'derived or originating externally', 'end-stopped': '(verse) having a rhetorical pause at the end of each line', 'run-on': '(verse) without a rhetorical pause between lines', 'energetic': 'working hard to promote an enterprise', 'canty': 'lively and brisk', 'high-energy': 'of or relating to elementary particles having energies of hundreds of thousands of electron volts', 'indefatigable': 'showing sustained enthusiastic action with unflagging vitality; \"an indefatigable advocate of equal rights\"; \"a tireless worker\"; \"unflagging pursuit of excellence\"', 'strenuous': 'characterized by or performed with much energy or force; \"strenuous exercise\"', 'vigorous': 'strong and active physically or mentally; \"a vigorous old man who spent half of his day on horseback\"- W.H.Hudson', 'lethargic': 'deficient in alertness or activity; \"bullfrogs became lethargic with the first cold nights\"', 'listless': 'lacking zest or vivacity; \"he was listless and bored\"', 'enfranchised': 'endowed with the rights of citizenship especially the right to vote', 'disenfranchised': 'deprived of the rights of citizenship especially the right to vote; \"labor was voiceless\"; \"disenfrenchised masses took to the streets\"', 'exportable': 'suitable for export; \"exportable cultural achievements\"', 'marketable': 'fit to be offered for sale; \"marketable produce\"', 'unexportable': 'not suitable for export', 'exploratory': 'serving in or intended for exploration or discovery; \"an exploratory operation\"; \"exploratory reconnaissance\"; \"digging an exploratory well in the Gulf of Mexico\"; \"exploratory talks between diplomats\"', 'alpha': 'first in order of importance; \"the alpha male in the group of chimpanzees\"; \"the alpha star in a constellation is the brightest or main star\"', 'beta': 'second in order of importance; \"the candidate, considered a beta male, was perceived to be unable to lead his party to victory\"', 'preliminary': 'denoting an action or event preceding or in preparation for something more important; designed to orient or acquaint with a situation before proceeding; \"a preliminary investigation\"', 'searching': 'having keenness and forcefulness and penetration in thought, expression, or intellect; \"searching insights\"; \"trenchant criticism\"', 'wildcat': 'outside the bounds of legitimate or ethical business practices; \"wildcat currency issued by irresponsible banks\"; \"wildcat stock speculation\"; \"a wildcat airline\"; \"wildcat life insurance schemes\"', 'nonexploratory': 'not exploratory', 'inquiring': 'given to inquiry; \"an inquiring mind\"', 'fact-finding': 'designed to find information or ascertain facts; \"a fact-finding committee\"; \"investigative reporting\"', 'inquisitorial': 'especially indicating a form of prosecution in which proceedings are secret and the accused is questioned by a prosecutor who acts also as the judge', 'inquisitory': 'diligent and thorough in inquiry or investigation; \"a probing inquiry\"; \"a searching investigation of their past dealings\"', 'increased': 'made greater in size or amount or degree', 'accrued': 'periodically accumulated over time; \"accrued interest\"; \"accrued leave\"', 'augmented': 'added to or made greater in amount or number or strength; \"his augmented renown\"; \"a greatly augmented collection of books\"', 'enhanced': 'increased or intensified in value or beauty or quality; \"her enhanced beauty was the result of a good night\\'s sleep rather than makeup\"; \"careful cleaning was responsible for the enhanced value of the painting\"', 'hyperbolic': 'of or relating to a hyperbola; \"hyperbolic functions\"', 'exaggerated': 'represented as greater than is true or reasonable; \"an exaggerated opinion of oneself\"', 'multiplied': 'greatly increased as by multiplication', 'raised': 'located or moved above the surround or above the normal position; \"a raised design\"; \"raised eyebrows\"', 'redoubled': 'become much greater in intensity or size or amount; \"we faced redoubled attacks from the enemy\"; \"despite our redoubled efforts\"', 'decreased': 'made less in size or amount or degree', 'ablated': 'made smaller or less by melting or erosion or vaporization; \"the rocket\\'s ablated head shield\"', 'attenuate': 'reduced in strength; \"the faded tones of an old recording\"', 'attenuated': 'of an electrical signal; reduced in amplitude with little or no distortion', 'bated': 'diminished or moderated; \"our bated enthusiasm\"; \"his bated hopes\"', 'belittled': 'made to seem smaller or less (especially in worth); \"her comments made me feel small\"', 'diminished': 'impaired by diminution', 'minimized': 'reduced to the smallest possible size or amount or degree', 'remittent': '(of a disease) characterized by periods of diminished severity; \"a remittent fever\"', 'shriveled': 'lean and wrinkled by shrinkage as from age or illness; \"the old woman\\'s shriveled skin\"; \"he looked shriveled and ill\"; \"a shrunken old man\"; \"a lanky scarecrow of a man with withered face and lantern jaws\"-W.F.Starkie; \"he did well despite his withered arm\"; \"a wizened little man with frizzy grey hair\"', 'reducible': 'capable of being reduced; \"reducible to a set of principles of human nature\"- Edmund Wilson', 'irreducible': 'incapable of being made smaller or simpler; \"an irreducible minimum\"; \"an irreducible formula\"; \"an irreducible hernia\"', 'enlightened': 'having knowledge and spiritual insight', 'edified': 'instructed and encouraged in moral, intellectual, and spiritual improvement', 'unenlightened': 'not enlightened; ignorant; \"the devices by which unenlightened men preserved the unjust social order\"', 'benighted': 'overtaken by night or darkness; \"benighted (or nighted) travelers hurrying toward home\"', 'enterprising': 'marked by imagination, initiative, and readiness to undertake new projects; \"an enterprising foreign policy\"; \"an enterprising young man likely to go far\"', 'entrepreneurial': 'of or relating to an entrepreneur; \"entrepreneurial risks\"', 'unenterprising': 'lacking in enterprise; not bold or venturesome', 'slowgoing': 'not inclined to be enterprising', 'enthusiastic': 'having or showing great excitement and interest; \"enthusiastic crowds filled the streets\"; \"an enthusiastic response\"; \"was enthusiastic about taking ballet lessons\"', 'avid': '(often followed by `for\\') ardently or excessively desirous; \"avid for adventure\"; \"an avid ambition to succeed\"; \"fierce devouring affection\"; \"the esurient eyes of an avid curiosity\"; \"greedy for fame\"', 'crazy': 'foolish; totally unsound; \"a crazy scheme\"; \"half-baked ideas\"; \"a screwball proposal without a prayer of working\"', 'evangelical': 'relating to or being a Christian church believing in personal conversion and the inerrancy of the Bible especially the 4 Gospels; \"evangelical Christianity\"; \"an ultraconservative evangelical message\"', 'glowing': 'highly enthusiastic; \"glowing praise\"', 'gung_ho': 'very enthusiastic and dedicated', 'overenthusiastic': 'unduly enthusiastic', 'unenthusiastic': 'not enthusiastic; lacking excitement or ardor; \"an unenthusiastic performance by the orchestra\"; \"unenthusiastic applause\"', 'halfhearted': 'feeling or showing little interest or enthusiasm; \"a halfhearted effort\"; \"gave only lukewarm support to the candidate\"', 'desirous': 'having or expressing desire for something; \"desirous of high office\"; \"desirous of finding a quick solution to the problem\"', 'appetent': 'marked by eager desire; \"a big rich appetent Western city\"', 'athirst': '(usually followed by `for\\') extremely desirous; \"athirst for knowledge\"; \"hungry for recognition\"; \"thirsty for informaton\"', 'covetous': 'showing extreme cupidity; painfully desirous of another\\'s advantages; \"he was never covetous before he met her\"; \"jealous of his success and covetous of his possessions\"; \"envious of their art collection\"', 'nostalgic': 'unhappy about being away and longing for familiar things or persons', 'homesick': 'longing to return home', 'undesirous': 'having or feeling no desire; \"a very private man, totally undesirous of public office\"', 'entozoic': 'living within a living animal usually as a parasite; \"entozoic worms\"', 'epizoic': 'living or growing on the exterior surface of an animal usually as a parasite; \"an epizoic plant parasite\"', 'equal': 'having the same quantity, value, or measure as another; \"on equal terms\"; \"all men are equal before the law\"', 'equivalent': 'being essentially equal to something; \"it was as good as gold\"; \"a wish that was equivalent to a command\"; \"his statement was tantamount to an admission of guilt\"', 'coequal': 'having the same standing before the law', 'coordinate': 'of equal importance, rank, or degree', 'equidistant': 'the same distance apart at every point', 'equilateral': 'having all sides or faces equal', 'even': 'symmetrically arranged; \"even features\"; \"regular features\"; \"a regular polygon\"', 'half-and-half': 'in equal parts; \"a half-and-half mixture\"', 'isochronal': 'equal in duration or interval; \"the oscillations were isochronal\"', 'isoclinal': 'having equal magnetic inclinations', 'isothermal': 'of a process or change taking place at constant temperature', 'quits': 'on equal terms by payment or requital; \"we\\'re now quits\"; \"finally quits with the loan\"', 'unequal': 'poorly balanced or matched in quantity or value or measure', 'anisometric': 'having unsymmetrical parts or unequal dimensions or measurements', 'mismatched': 'either not matched or unsuitably matched', 'nonequivalent': 'not equal or interchangeable in value, quantity, or significance', 'odds-on': 'having a better than even chance of success; \"the odds-on favorite\"', 'unbalanced': 'being or thrown out of equilibrium', 'unequalized': 'not caused to be equal', 'balanced': 'being in a state of proper equilibrium; \"the carefully balanced seesaw\"; \"a properly balanced symphony orchestra\"; \"a balanced assessment of intellectual and cultural history\"; \"a balanced blend of whiskeys\"; \"the educated man shows a balanced development of all his powers\"', 'counterbalanced': 'brought into equipoise by means of a weight or force that offsets another', 'poised': 'marked by balance or equilibrium and readiness for action; \"a gull in poised flight\"; \"George\\'s poised hammer\"', 'self-balancing': 'of someone or something that balances himself or itself', 'stable': 'resistant to change of position or condition; \"a stable ladder\"; \"a stable peace\"; \"a stable relationship\"; \"stable prices\"', 'well-balanced': 'in an optimal state of balance or equilibrium; \"a well-balanced wheel\"', 'labile': '(chemistry, physics, biology) readily undergoing change or breakdown', 'hypertonic': '(of living tissue) in a state of abnormally high tension; \"hypertonic muscle tissue\"', 'hypotonic': '(of living tissue) lacking normal tone or tension', 'double': 'used of flowers having more than the usual number of petals in crowded or overlapping arrangements; \"double chrysanthemums have many rows of petals and are usually spherical or hemispherical\"', 'evasive': 'avoiding or escaping from difficulty or danger especially enemy fire; \"pilots are taught to take evasive action\"', 'unequivocal': 'admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion; \"unequivocal evidence\"; \"took an unequivocal position\"; \"an unequivocal success\"; \"an unequivocal promise\"; \"an unequivocal (or univocal) statement\"', 'unquestionable': 'incapable of being questioned; \"unquestionable authority\"', 'eradicable': 'able to be eradicated or rooted out', 'delible': 'capable of being deleted', 'effaceable': 'capable of being effaced; \"the fire\\'s worst scars were effaceable by a comprehensive program of reforestation\"; \"a signal too loud to be erasable in a single pass through the erase head\"', 'exterminable': 'capable of being totally destroyed or wiped out', 'obliterable': 'able to be obliterated completely', 'ineradicable': 'not able to be destroyed or rooted out; \"ineradicable superstitions\"', 'indelible': 'cannot be removed or erased; \"an indelible stain\"; \"indelible memories\"', 'inexpungible': 'not capable of being expunged; \"the inexpungible scent of a bottle of perfume he had broken\"- Louis Auchincloss', 'inexterminable': 'incapable of extermination or extirpation; \"some weeds seem inextirpable\"', 'esoteric': 'confined to and understandable by only an enlightened inner circle; \"a compilation of esoteric philosophical theories\"', 'abstruse': 'difficult to penetrate; incomprehensible to one of ordinary understanding or knowledge; \"the professor\\'s lectures were so abstruse that students tended to avoid them\"; \"a deep metaphysical theory\"; \"some recondite problem in historiography\"', 'arcane': 'requiring secret or mysterious knowledge; \"the arcane science of dowsing\"', 'cabalistic': 'having a secret or hidden meaning; \"cabalistic symbols engraved in stone\"; \"cryptic writings\"; \"thoroughly sibylline in most of his pronouncements\"- John Gunther', 'mysterious': 'having an import not apparent to the senses nor obvious to the intelligence; beyond ordinary understanding; \"mysterious symbols\"; \"the mystical style of Blake\"; \"occult lore\"; \"the secret learning of the ancients\"', 'exoteric': 'suitable for the general public; \"writings of an exoteric nature\"', 'essential': 'being or relating to or containing the essence of a plant etc; \"essential oil\"', 'basal': 'serving as or forming a base; \"the painter applied a base coat followed by two finishing coats\"', 'biogenic': 'produced by living organisms or biological processes; \"fermentation is a biogenic process\"', 'constituent': 'constitutional in the structure of something (especially your physical makeup)', 'must': 'highly recommended; \"a book that is must reading\"', 'no-frills': 'characterized by the absence of inessential features; \"he got a no-frills introduction to the job\"', 'staple': 'necessary or important, especially regarding food or commodities; \"wheat is a staple crop\"', 'virtual': 'being actually such in almost every respect; \"a practical failure\"; \"the once elegant temple lay in virtual ruin\"', 'inessential': 'not absolutely necessary', 'accessorial': 'nonessential but helpful; \"accessorial services included sorting and packing\"', 'adscititious': 'added or derived from something outside; not inherent; \"an adscititious habit rather than an inherent taste\"', 'incidental': '(sometimes followed by `to\\') minor or casual or subordinate in significance or nature or occurring as a chance concomitant or consequence; \"incidental expenses\"; \"the road will bring other incidental advantages\"; \"extra duties incidental to the job\"; \"labor problems incidental to a rapid expansion\"; \"confusion incidental to a quick change\"', 'dispensable': 'capable of being dispensed with or done without; \"dispensable items of personal property\"', 'estimable': 'deserving of esteem and respect; \"all respectable companies give guarantees\"; \"ruined the family\\'s good name\"', 'admirable': 'inspiring admiration or approval; \"among her many admirable qualities are generosity and graciousness\"', 'contemptible': 'deserving of contempt or scorn', 'bastardly': 'born out of wedlock; \"the dominions of both rulers passed away to their spurious or doubtful offspring\"- E.A.Freeman', 'ethical': 'of or relating to the philosophical study of ethics; \"ethical codes\"; \"ethical theories\"', 'unethical': 'not conforming to approved standards of social or professional behavior; \"unethical business practices\"', 'complimentary': 'costing nothing; \"complimentary tickets\"; \"free admission\"', 'encomiastic': 'formally expressing praise', 'laudatory': 'full of or giving praise; \"a laudatory remark\"', 'uncomplimentary': 'tending to (or intended to) detract or disparage', 'belittling': 'tending to diminish or disparage; \"belittling comments\"; \"managed a deprecating smile at the compliment\"; \"deprecatory remarks about the book\"; \"a slighting remark\"', 'derogative': 'expressive of low opinion; \"derogatory comments\"; \"disparaging remarks about the new house\"', 'dyslogistic': 'expressing disapproval; \"dyslogistic terms like `nitwit\\' and `scalawag\\'\"', 'supercilious': 'expressive of contempt; \"curled his lip in a supercilious smile\"; \"spoke in a sneering jeering manner\"; \"makes many a sharp comparison but never a mean or snide one\"', 'flattering': 'showing or representing to advantage; \"a flattering color\"', 'adulatory': 'obsequiously complimentary; \"they listened with flattering interest\"', 'becoming': 'according with custom or propriety; \"her becoming modesty\"; \"comely behavior\"; \"it is not comme il faut for a gentleman to be constantly asking for money\"; \"a decent burial\"; \"seemly behavior\"', 'ingratiating': 'capable of winning favor; \"with open arms and an ingratiating smile\"', 'unflattering': 'showing or representing unfavorably; \"an unflattering portrait\"; \"an uncomplimentary dress\"', 'euphemistic': ' substituting a mild term for a harsher or distasteful one; \"`peepee\\' is a common euphemistic term\"', 'dysphemistic': 'substitute a harsher or distasteful term for a mild one ; \"`nigger\\' is a dysphemistic term for `African-American\\'\"', 'euphoric': 'exaggerated feeling of well-being or elation', 'euphoriant': 'tending to produce euphoria', 'dysphoric': 'generalized feeling of distress', 'flatbottom': 'having a flat bottom; \"a flatbottom kettle\"; \"a flatbottomed boat\"', 'flush': 'of a surface exactly even with an adjoining one, forming the same plane; \"a door flush with the wall\"; \"the bottom of the window is flush with the floor\"', 'justified': 'having words so spaced that lines have straight even margins', 'lap-jointed': 'jointed so as to produce a flush surface', 'straight-grained': 'of timber; having fibers that run in parallel', 'level': 'not showing abrupt variations; \"spoke in a level voice\"; \"she gave him a level look\"- Louis Auchincloss', 'uneven': 'variable and recurring at irregular intervals ; \"an uneven gait\"; \"uneven spacing\"', 'crinkled': 'uneven by virtue of having wrinkles or waves', 'curly-grained': 'of timber; having fibers running irregularly rather than in parallel', 'jagged': 'having a sharply uneven surface or outline; \"the jagged outline of the crags\"; \"scraggy cliffs\"', 'lumpy': 'having lumps; not smooth and even in texture; \"lumpy gravy\"', 'out_of_true': 'not accurately fitted; not level; \"the frame was out of true\"; \"off-level floors and untrue doors and windows\"', 'patchy': 'irregular or uneven in quality, texture, etc.; \"a patchy essay\"; \"patchy fog\"', 'pebble-grained': '(of leather) having a rough surface as the result of being treated with a patterned roller', 'ragged': 'being or dressed in clothes that are worn or torn; \"clothes as ragged as a scarecrow\\'s\"; \"a ragged tramp\"', 'unparallel': 'not straight or parallel', 'evergreen': '(of plants and shrubs) bearing foliage throughout the year', 'coniferous': 'of or relating to or part of trees or shrubs bearing cones and evergreen leaves', 'semi-evergreen': 'of a plant that is incompletely evergreen; \"it was evergreen where the weather was mild but deciduous in the rigorous parts of the range\"', 'deciduous': '(of teeth, antlers, etc.) being shed at the end of a period of growth; \"deciduous teeth\"', 'broadleaf': 'having relatively broad rather than needlelike or scalelike leaves', 'exact': 'marked by strict and particular and complete accordance with fact; \"an exact mind\"; \"an exact copy\"; \"hit the exact center of the target\"', 'literal': 'avoiding embellishment or exaggeration (used for emphasis); \"it\\'s the literal truth\"', 'mathematical': 'of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics; \"a mathematical textbook\"; \"slide rules and other mathematical instruments\"; \"a mathematical solution to a problem\"; \"mathematical proof\"', 'perfect': 'being complete of its kind and without defect or blemish; \"a perfect circle\"; \"a perfect reproduction\"; \"perfect happiness\"; \"perfect manners\"; \"a perfect specimen\"; \"a perfect day\"', 'photographic': 'relating to photography or obtained by using photography; \"photographic equipment\"', 'inexact': 'not exact', 'free': 'not occupied or in use; \"a free locker\"; \"a free lane\"', 'round': 'having a circular shape', 'cashable': 'able to be converted into ready money or the equivalent; \"a cashable check\"; \"cashable gambling chips\"; \"redeemable stocks and bonds\"; \"a redeemable coupon\"', 'irredeemable': '(of paper money) not convertible into coin at the pleasure of the holder', 'exchangeable': 'capable of replacing or changing places with something else; permitting mutual substitution without loss of function or suitability; \"interchangeable electric outlets\" \"interchangeable parts\"', 'fungible': 'of goods or commodities; freely exchangeable for or replaceable by another of like nature or kind in the satisfaction of an obligation', 'transposable': 'capable of changing sequence', 'vicarious': 'experienced at secondhand; \"read about mountain climbing and felt vicarious excitement\"', 'unexchangeable': 'not suitable to be exchanged', 'excitable': 'capable of responding to stimuli', 'high-keyed': '(of persons) excitable', 'quick': 'apprehending and responding with speed and sensitivity; \"a quick mind\"; \"a ready wit\"', 'skittish': 'unpredictably excitable (especially of horses)', 'unexcitable': 'not easily excited; \"an unexcitable temperament\"', 'steady': 'not subject to change or variation especially in behavior; \"a steady beat\"; \"a steady job\"; \"a steady breeze\"; \"a steady increase\"; \"a good steady ballplayer\"', 'excited': 'in an aroused state', 'aflutter': 'excited in anticipation', 'agog': 'highly excited', 'fevered': 'highly excited; \"a fevered imagination\"', 'overexcited': 'unduly excited', 'stimulated': 'emotionally aroused', 'teased': 'feeling mild pleasurable excitement', 'thrilled': 'feeling intense pleasurable excitement', 'thrillful': 'full of excitement; thrilled', 'unexcited': 'not excited; \"made an unexcited appraisal of the situation\"', 'exciting': 'stimulating interest and discussion; \"an exciting novel\"', 'elating': 'making lively and joyful', 'electric': 'using or providing or producing or transmitting or operated by electricity; \"electric current\"; \"electric wiring\"; \"electrical appliances\"; \"an electrical storm\"', 'electrifying': 'causing a surge of emotion or excitement; \"she gave an electrifying performance\"; \"a thrilling performer to watch\"', 'glamorous': 'having an air of allure, romance and excitement; \"glamorous movie stars\"', 'heady': 'extremely exciting as if by alcohol or a narcotic', 'titillating': 'pleasantly and superficially exciting', 'tickling': 'exciting by touching lightly so as to cause laughter or twitching movements', 'unexciting': 'not exciting; \"an unexciting novel\"; \"lived an unexciting life\"', 'commonplace': 'completely ordinary and unremarkable; \"air travel has now become commonplace\"; \"commonplace everyday activities\"', 'uninspired': 'having no intellectual or emotional or spiritual excitement; \"the production was professional but uninspired\"', 'tame': 'very restrained or quiet; \"a tame Christmas party\"; \"she was one of the tamest and most abject creatures imaginable with no will or power to act but as directed\"', 'exculpatory': 'clearing of guilt or blame', 'absolvitory': 'providing absolution', 'extenuating': 'partially excusing or justifying; \"extenuating circumstances\"', 'justificative': 'providing justification', 'inculpatory': 'causing blame to be imputed to', 'accusative': 'containing or expressing accusation; \"an accusitive forefinger\"; \"black accusatory looks\"; \"accusive shoes and telltale trousers\"- O.Henry; \"his accusing glare\"', 'comminatory': 'containing warning of punishment', 'condemnatory': 'containing or imposing condemnation or censure; \"a condemnatory decree\"', 'criminative': 'charging or suggestive of guilt or blame; \"incriminatory testimony\"', 'damnatory': 'threatening with damnation', 'recriminative': 'countering one charge with another; \"recriminatory arguments\"', 'exhaustible': 'capable of being used up; capable of being exhausted; \"our exhaustible reserves of fossil fuel\"', 'depletable': 'capable of being depleted', 'inexhaustible': 'that cannot be entirely consumed or used up; \"an inexhaustible supply of coal\"', 'renewable': 'that can be renewed or extended; \"a renewable lease\"; \"renewable subscriptions\"', 'exhausted': 'drained of energy or effectiveness; extremely tired; completely exhausted; \"the day\\'s shopping left her exhausted\"; \"he went to bed dog-tired\"; \"was fagged and sweaty\"; \"the trembling of his played out limbs\"; \"felt completely washed-out\"; \"only worn-out horses and cattle\"; \"you look worn out\"', 'unexhausted': 'not used up completely; \"an unexhausted well\"', 'leftover': 'not used up; \"leftover meatloaf\"; \"she had a little money left over so she went to a movie\"; \"some odd dollars left\"; \"saved the remaining sandwiches for supper\"; \"unexpended provisions\"', 'unconsumed': 'not consumed', 'unspent': '(of financial resources) not spent; \"unexpended funds\"; \"his unspent allowance\"', 'existent': 'having existence or being or actuality; \"an attempt to refine the existent machinery to make it more efficient\"; \"much of the beluga caviar existing in the world is found in the Soviet Union and Iran\"', 'nonexistent': 'not having existence or being or actuality; \"chimeras are nonexistent\"', 'lacking': 'nonexistent; \"the thumb is absent\"; \"her appetite was lacking\"', 'barren': 'not bearing offspring; \"a barren woman\"; \"learned early in his marriage that he was sterile\"', 'nonextant': 'no longer existing or inaccessible through loss or destruction; \"its nonextant original was written on vellum\"- G.B.Saul', 'vanished': 'having passed out of existence; \"vanished civilizations\"', 'extant': 'still in existence; not extinct or destroyed or lost; \"extant manuscripts\"; \"specimens of graphic art found among extant barbaric folk\"- Edward Clodd', 'surviving': 'still in existence; \"the Wollemi pine found in Australia is a surviving specimen of a conifer thought to have been long extinct and therefore known as a living fossil\"; \"the only surviving frontier blockhouse in Pennsylvania\"', 'expected': 'considered likely or probable to happen or arrive; \"prepared for the expected attack\"', 'anticipated': 'expected hopefully', 'expectable': 'to be expected; \"differences of opinion are quite expectable given the present information\"', 'matter-of-course': 'expected or depended upon as a natural or logical outcome', 'unexpected': 'not expected or anticipated; \"unexpected guests\"; \"unexpected news\"', 'unannounced': 'without warning or announcement; \"they arrived unannounced\"; \"a totally unheralded telegram that his daughter...died last night\"- M.A.D.Howe', 'unanticipated': 'not anticipated; \"unanticipated and disconcerting lines of development\"- H.W.Glidden; \"unforeseen circumstances\"; \"a virtue unlooked-for in people so full of energy\"; \"like a bolt out of the blue\"', 'unhoped': 'so unexpected as to have not been imagined; \"an unhoped-for piece of luck\"; \"an unthought advantage\"; \"an unthought-of place to find the key\"', 'unprovided_for': 'without income or means; \"left his family unprovided for\"', 'upset': 'mildly physically distressed; \"an upset stomach\"', 'expedient': 'appropriate to a purpose; practical; \"in the circumstances it was expedient to express loyalty\"', 'opportunist': 'taking immediate advantage, often unethically, of any circumstance of possible benefit', 'carpetbag': 'following the practices or characteristic of carpetbaggers; \"carpetbag adventurers\"; \"a carpetbag government\"', 'inexpedient': 'not appropriate to the purpose', 'consumable': 'may be used up', 'sacrificeable': 'may be deliberately sacrificed to achieve an objective', 'unexpendable': 'not suitable to be expended', 'expensive': 'high in price or charging high prices; \"expensive clothes\"; \"an expensive shop\"', 'big-ticket': 'very expensive; \"big-ticket items like cars and furs\"; \"a big-ticket government program\"', 'costly': 'having a high price; \"costly jewelry\"; \"high-priced merchandise\"; \"much too dear for my pocketbook\"; \"a pricey restaurant\"', 'dearly-won': 'entailing great loss or sacrifice; \"a dearly-won victory\"', 'overpriced': 'too costly for the value; \"overpriced items at resort shops\"', 'cheap': 'embarrassingly stingy', 'bargain-priced': 'costing less than standard price; \"buying bargain-priced clothes for the children\"; \"cut-rate goods\"', 'catchpenny': 'designed to sell quickly without concern for quality; \"catchpenny ornaments\"', 'dirt_cheap': 'very cheap; \"a dirt cheap property\"', 'low-budget': 'made on or suited to a limited budget; \"a low-budget movie\"; \"a low-budget menu\"', 'low-cost': 'that you have the financial means for; \"low-cost housing\"', 'nickel-and-dime': 'of minor importance; \"a nickel-and-dime operation run out of a single rented room\"; \"a small-time actor\"', 'sixpenny': 'of trifling worth', 'experienced': 'having experience; having knowledge or skill from observation or participation', 'full-fledged': '(of a bird) having reached full development with fully grown adult plumage; ready to fly', 'old': '(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age; \"his mother is very old\"; \"a ripe old age\"; \"how old are you?\"', 'practiced': 'skillful after much practice', 'seasoned': 'aged or processed; \"seasoned wood\"', 'inexperienced': 'lacking practical experience or training', 'fledgling': '(of a young bird) having acquired its flight feathers; \"a fledgling robin\"', 'uninitiate': 'not initiated; deficient in relevant experience; \"it seemed a bizarre ceremony to uninitiated western eyes\"; \"he took part in the experiment as a naive subject\"', 'unpracticed': 'not having had extensive practice', 'unseasoned': 'not aged or processed; \"unseasoned timber\"', 'expired': 'having come to an end or become void after passage of a period of time; \"an expired passport\"; \"caught driving with an expired license\"', 'invalid': 'having no cogency or legal force; \"invalid reasoning\"; \"an invalid driver\\'s license\"', 'terminated': '(of e.g. a contract or term of office) having come to an end', 'unexpired': 'not having come to an end or been terminated by passage of time; \"elected to fill the senator\\'s unexpired term\"; \"an unexpired driver\\'s license\"', 'valid': 'well grounded in logic or truth or having legal force; \"a valid inference\"; \"a valid argument\"; \"a valid contract\"', 'explicable': 'capable of being explicated or accounted for; \"explicable behavior\"', 'explainable': 'capable of being understood; \"explainable phenomena\"', 'inexplicable': 'incapable of being explained or accounted for; \"inexplicable errors\"; \"left the house at three in the morning for inexplicable reasons\"', 'paradoxical': 'seemingly contradictory but nonetheless possibly true; \"it is paradoxical that standing is more tiring than walking\"', 'unaccountable': 'free from control or responsibility', 'unexplained': 'not explained; \"accomplished by some unexplained process\"', 'explicit': 'precisely and clearly expressed or readily observable; leaving nothing to implication; \"explicit instructions\"; \"she made her wishes explicit\"; \"explicit sexual scenes\"', 'express': 'without unnecessary stops; \"an express train\"; \"an express shipment\"', 'graphic': 'of or relating to the graphic arts; \"the etchings, drypoints, lithographs, and engravings which together form his graphic work\"- British Book News', 'hard-core': 'stubbornly resistant to change or improvement; \"hard-core addicts\"', 'implicit_in': 'in the nature of something though not readily apparent; \"shortcomings inherent in our approach\"; \"an underlying meaning\"', 'unexpressed': 'not made explicit; \"the unexpressed terms of the agreement\"; \"things left unsaid\"; \"some kind of unspoken agreement\"; \"his action is clear but his reason remains unstated\"', 'exploited': 'of persons; taken advantage of; \"after going out of his way to help his friend get the job he felt not appreciated but used\"', 'unexploited': 'undeveloped or unused; \"vast unexploited (or undeveloped) natural resources\"; \"taxes on undeveloped lots are low\"', 'fallow': 'left unplowed and unseeded during a growing season; \"fallow farmland\"', 'untapped': 'not subjected to tapping; \"an untapped keg\"; \"an untapped sugar maple\"', 'expressible': 'capable of being expressed; \"an expressible emotion\"', 'describable': 'capable of being described', 'representable': 'expressible in symbolic form; \"uniquely representable in the form...\"', 'speakable': 'capable of being uttered in words or sentences', 'inexpressible': 'defying expression', 'extensile': 'capable of being protruded or stretched or opened out; \"an extensile tongue\"; \"an extensible measuring rule\"', 'protractile': 'able to be extended; \"protractile muscle\"', 'protrusile': 'capable of being thrust forward, as the tongue', 'nonextensile': 'not extensile', 'extricable': 'capable of being extricated', 'inextricable': 'not permitting extrication; incapable of being disentangled or untied; \"an inextricable knot\"; \"inextricable unity\"', 'unresolvable': 'not capable of being resolved; \"unresolvable confusion\"', 'arco': '(of instruments in the violin family) to be played with the bow', 'plucked': 'having the feathers removed, as from a pelt or a fowl; \"a plucked chicken\"; \"an unfeathered goose\"', 'pizzicato': '(of instruments in the violin family) to be plucked with the finger', 'fingered': 'having or resembling a finger or fingers; often used in combination; \"the fingered roots of giant trees\"; \"rosy-fingered\"; \"three-fingered cartoon characters\"', 'digitate': 'resembling a finger; \"digitate leaves of the horse chestnut\"', 'fingerless': 'not having or having lost fingers', 'distensible': 'capable of being distended; able to stretch and expand; \"the stomach is a distensible organ\"', 'erectile': 'capable of being raised to an upright position; \"erectile feathers\"', 'inflatable': 'designed to be filled with air or gas; \"an inflatable mattress\"; \"an inflatable boat\"', 'unexpansive': 'not given to high spirits or effusiveness; \"an unexpansive man\"', 'extinguishable': 'capable of being extinguished or killed; \"an extinguishable fire\"; \"hope too is extinguishable\"', 'inextinguishable': 'difficult or impossible to extinguish; \"an inextinguishable flame\"; \"an inextinguishable faith\"', 'external': 'coming from the outside; \"extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph\"; \"relying upon an extraneous income\"; \"disdaining outside pressure groups\"', 'outer': 'located outside; \"outer reality\"', 'outside': 'relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit; \"an outside margin\"', 'internal': 'occurring within an institution or community; \"intragroup squabbling within the corporation\"', 'inner': 'exclusive to a center; especially a center of influence; \"inner regions of the organization\"; \"inner circles of government\"', 'intrinsic': 'belonging to a thing by its very nature; \"form was treated as something intrinsic, as the very essence of the thing\"- John Dewey', 'out': 'out of power; especially having been unsuccessful in an election; \"now the Democrats are out\"', 'outermost': 'situated at the farthest possible point from a center', 'satellite': 'surrounding and dominated by a central authority or power; \"a city and its satellite communities\"', 'inmost': 'being deepest within the self; \"one\\'s innermost feelings\"', 'inside': 'confined to an exclusive group; \"privy to inner knowledge\"; \"inside information\"; \"privileged information\"', 'outward': 'relating to physical reality rather than with thoughts or the mind; \"a concern with outward beauty rather than with inward reflections\"', 'inward': 'relating to or existing in the mind or thoughts; \"a concern with inward reflections\"', 'indwelling': 'existing or residing as an inner activating spirit or force or principle; \"an indwelling divinity\"; \"an indwelling goodness\"', 'self-whispered': 'as if whispered to yourself', 'exterior': 'situated in or suitable for the outdoors or outside of a building; \"an exterior scene\"; \"exterior grade plywood\"; \"exterior paints\"', 'indoor': 'located, suited for, or taking place within a building; \"indoor activities for a rainy day\"; \"an indoor pool\"', 'eyed': 'having an eye or eyes or eyelike feature especially as specified; often used in combination; \"a peacock\\'s eyed feathers\"; \"red-eyed\"', 'almond-eyed': 'having almond-shaped eyes', 'blue-eyed': 'favorite; \"the fair-haired boy of the literary set\"', 'eyelike': 'suggesting an eye or eyes; \"eyelike markings on a butterfly\\'s wings\"; \"the eyelike gleam of two distant windows in the dark\"', 'keen-eyed': 'having keen eyesight', 'left-eyed': 'having only the left eye', 'one-eyed': 'having or showing only one eye; \"one-eyed Jacks are wild\"; \"the three one-eyed Cyclopes of Greek myth\"', 'ox-eyed': 'having large round eyes like those of an ox; \"ox-eyed Juno\"', 'popeyed': 'having bulging eyes', 'purple-eyed': '(of flowers) having a purple eyelike marking', 'right-eyed': 'having only the right eye', 'saucer-eyed': 'having large round wide-open eyes', 'skew-eyed': 'having eyes that look in different directions', 'eyeless': 'lacking sight; \"blind as an eyeless beggar\"', 'playable': 'capable of or suitable for being played or played on; \"a playable lie in golf\"; \"the baseball fan reached out and caught a foul that was judged playable\"; \"the ball field was playable\"; \"harpsichord music is readily playable\"- P.H.Lang', 'unplayable': 'not capable of or suitable for being played or played on; \"the golf ball was in an unplayable lie\"; \"the field was unplayable\"; \"some music seems almost unplayable\"', 'in-bounds': 'between the first and third base lines', 'foul': '(of a baseball) not hit between the foul lines', 'out-of-bounds': 'outside the foul lines', 'antimonopoly': 'of laws and regulations; designed to protect trade and commerce from unfair business practices', 'fair-minded': 'of a person; just and impartial; not prejudiced', 'fair-and-square': 'just and honest', 'unfair': 'not fair; marked by injustice or partiality or deception; \"used unfair methods\"; \"it was an unfair trial\"; \"took an unfair advantage\"', 'below_the_belt': 'disregarding the rules (from the notion of an illegal low blow in boxing); \"her accusations were below the belt\"', 'cheating': 'violating accepted standards or rules; \"a dirty fighter\"; \"used foul means to gain power\"; \"a nasty unsporting serve\"; \"fined for unsportsmanlike behavior\"', 'equitable': ' fair to all parties as dictated by reason and conscience; \"equitable treatment of all citizens\"; \"an equitable distribution of gifts among the children\"', 'honest': 'without dissimulation; frank; \"my honest opinion\"', 'evenhanded': 'without partiality; \"evenhanded justice\"', 'inequitable': 'not equitable or fair; \"the inequitable division of wealth\"; \"inequitable taxation\"', 'faithful': 'not having sexual relations with anyone except your husband or wife, or your boyfriend or girlfriend; \"he remained faithful to his wife\"', 'apostate': 'not faithful to religion or party or cause', 'punic': 'tending to betray; especially having a treacherous character as attributed to the Carthaginians by the Romans; \"Punic faith\"; \"the perfidious Judas\"; \"the fiercest and most treacherous of foes\"; \"treacherous intrigues\"', 'untrue': 'not according with the facts; \"unfortunately the statement was simply untrue\"', 'true_to': 'sexually faithful; \"she was true to her significant other\"', 'adulterous': 'characterized by adultery; \"an adulterous relationship\"; \"extramarital affairs\"; \"the extracurricular activities of a philandering husband\"', 'loyal': 'steadfast in allegiance or duty; \"loyal subjects\"; \"loyal friends stood by him\"', 'allegiant': 'steadfast in devotion (especially to your lawful monarch or government); \"it is impossible to be allegiant to two opposing forces\"', 'doglike': 'resembling a dog; especially in devotion; \"a doglike affection\"', 'leal': 'faithful and true; \"leal to the core of her intrepid Scottish heart\"- Harry Lauder', 'liege': 'owing or owed feudal allegiance and service; \"one\\'s liege lord\"; \"a liege subject\"', 'true-blue': 'marked by unswerving loyalty; \"a true-blue American\"; \"a reliable true-blue country club conservative\"', 'disloyal': 'deserting your allegiance or duty to leader or cause or principle; \"disloyal aides revealed his indiscretions to the papers\"', 'faithless': 'having the character of, or characteristic of, a traitor; \"the faithless Benedict Arnold\"; \"a lying traitorous insurrectionist\"', 'insurgent': 'in opposition to a civil authority or government', 'mutinous': 'disposed to or in a state of mutiny; \"the men became mutinous and insubordinate\"', 'rebellious': 'resisting control or authority; \"temperamentally rebellious\"; \"a rebellious crew\"', 'recreant': 'having deserted a cause or principle; \"some provinces had proved recreant\"; \"renegade supporters of the usurper\"', 'fallible': 'wanting in moral strength, courage, or will; having the attributes of man as opposed to e.g. divine beings; \"I\\'m only a fallible human\"; \"frail humanity\"', 'erring': 'capable of making an error; \"all men are error-prone\"', 'undependable': 'liable to be erroneous or misleading; \"an undependable generalization\"', 'infallible': 'incapable of failure or error; \"an infallible antidote\"; \"an infallible memory\"; \"the Catholic Church considers the Pope infallible\"; \"no doctor is infallible\"', 'foolproof': 'not liable to failure; \"a foolproof identification system\"; \"the unfailing sign of an amateur\"; \"an unfailing test\"', 'inerrable': 'not liable to error; \"the Church was...theoretically inerrant and omnicompetent\"-G.G.Coulton; \"lack an inerrant literary sense\"; \"an unerring marksman\"', 'acquainted': 'having fair knowledge of; \"they were acquainted\"; \"fully acquainted with the facts\"', 'beaten': 'formed or made thin by hammering; \"beaten gold\"', 'long-familiar': 'frequently experienced; known closely or intimately; \"a long-familiar face\"; \"a well-known voice reached her ears\"', 'unfamiliar': 'not known or well known; \"a name unfamiliar to most\"; \"be alert at night especially in unfamiliar surroundings\"', 'strange': 'being definitely out of the ordinary and unexpected; slightly odd or even a bit weird; \"a strange exaltation that was indefinable\"; \"a strange fantastical mind\"; \"what a strange sense of humor she has\"', 'unacquainted': 'having little or no knowledge of; \"unacquainted with city ways\"', 'antic': 'ludicrously odd; \"Hamlet\\'s assumed antic disposition\"; \"fantastic Halloween costumes\"; \"a grotesque reflection in the mirror\"', 'eerie': 'suggestive of the supernatural; mysterious; \"an eerie feeling of deja vu\"', 'exotic': 'strikingly strange or unusual; \"an exotic hair style\"; \"protons, neutrons, electrons and all their exotic variants\"; \"the exotic landscape of a dead planet\"', 'freaky': 'strange and somewhat frightening; \"the whole experience was really freaky\"', 'gothic': 'characterized by gloom and mystery and the grotesque; \"gothic novels like `Frankenstein\\'\"', 'oddish': 'somewhat strange', 'other': 'not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; \"today isn\\'t any other day\"- the White Queen; \"the construction of highways and other public works\"; \"he asked for other employment\"; \"any other person would tell the truth\"; \"his other books are still in storage\"; \"then we looked at the other house\"; \"hearing was good in his other ear\"; \"the other sex\"; \"she lived on the other side of the street from me\"; \"went in the other direction\"', 'quaint': 'very strange or unusual; odd or even incongruous in character or appearance; \"the head terminating in the quaint duck bill which gives the animal its vernacular name\"- Bill Beatty; \"came forth a quaint and fearful sight\"- Sir Walter Scott; \"a quaint sense of humor\"', 'weird': 'strikingly odd or unusual; \"some trick of the moonlight; some weird effect of shadow\"- Bram Stoker', 'common_or_garden': 'the usual or familiar type; \"it is a common or garden sparrow\"', 'everyday': 'found in the ordinary course of events; \"a placid everyday scene\"; \"it was a routine day\"; \"there\\'s nothing quite like a real...train conductor to add color to a quotidian commute\"- Anita Diamant', 'fashionable': 'patronized by', 'latest': 'in the current fashion or style', 'dapper': 'marked by up-to-dateness in dress and manners; \"a dapper young man\"; \"a jaunty red hat\"', 'faddish': 'intensely fashionable for a short time', 'groovy': '(British informal) very chic; \"groovy clothes\"', 'in': 'holding office; \"the in party\"', 'mod': 'relating to a recently developed fashion or style; \"their offices are in a modern skyscraper\"; \"tables in modernistic designs\";', 'old-time': 'attractively old-fashioned (but not necessarily authentic); \"houses with quaint thatched roofs\"; \"a vaulted roof supporting old-time chimney pots\"', 'swank': 'imposingly fashionable and elegant; \"a swank apartment\"', 'trendsetting': 'initiating or popularizing a trend', 'trendy': 'in accord with the latest fad; \"trendy ideas\"; \"trendy clothes\"; \"voguish terminology\"', 'unfashionable': 'not in accord with or not following current fashion; \"unfashionable clothes\"; \"melodrama of a now unfashionable kind\"', 'antique': 'made in or typical of earlier times and valued for its age; \"the beautiful antique French furniture\"', 'dated': 'marked by features of the immediate and usually discounted past', 'dowdy': 'lacking in smartness or taste; \"a dowdy grey outfit\"; \"a clean and sunny but completely dowdy room\"', 'fogyish': '(used pejoratively) out of fashion; old fashioned; \"moss-grown ideas about family life\"', 'prehistoric': 'of or relating to times before written history; \"prehistoric archeology\"', 'stylish': 'having elegance or taste or refinement in manners or dress; \"a little less posh but every bit as stylish as Lord Peter Wimsey\"; \"the stylish resort of Gstadd\"', 'chic': 'elegant and stylish; \"chic elegance\"; \"a smart new dress\"; \"a suit of voguish cut\"', 'chichi': 'affectedly trendy and fashionable', 'classy': 'elegant and fashionable; \"classy clothes\"; \"a classy dame\"; \"a posh restaurant\"; \"a swish pastry shop on the Rue du Bac\"- Julia Child', 'snazzy': 'flashily stylish; \"a snazzy outfit\"', 'styleless': 'lacking in style or elegance; \"a styleless way of dressing\"; \"expensive but styleless country tweeds\"; \"wearing unstylish clothes\"', 'accelerated': 'speeded up, as of an academic course; \"in an accelerated program in school\"', 'alacritous': 'quick and eager; \"an alacritous response to the invitation\"', 'blistering': 'hot enough to raise (or as if to raise) blisters; \"blistering sun\"', 'double-quick': '(of a marching cadence) very quick', 'fast-breaking': 'occurring rapidly as a series of events in rapid succession; \"the broadcast was interrupted by a fast-breaking news story about the invasion\"', 'fast-paced': 'of communication that proceeds rapidly; \"a fast-paced talker\"; \"fast-paced fiction\"', 'fleet': 'moving very fast; \"fleet of foot\"; \"the fleet scurrying of squirrels\"; \"a swift current\"; \"swift flight of an arrow\"; \"a swift runner\"', 'high-speed': 'operating at high speed; \"a high-speed food processor\"; \"a high-velocity shell\"', 'hurrying': 'moving with great haste; \"affection for this hurrying driving...little man\"; \"lashed the scurrying horses\"', 'instantaneous': 'occurring with no delay; \"relief was instantaneous\"; \"instant gratification\"', 'meteoric': 'pertaining to or consisting of meteors or meteoroids; \"meteoric shower\"; \"meteoric impacts\"', 'rapid': 'characterized by speed; moving with or capable of moving with high speed; \"a rapid movement\"; \"a speedy car\"; \"a speedy errand boy\"', 'winged': 'having wings or as if having wings of a specified kind; \"the winged feet of Mercury\";', 'windy': 'resembling the wind in speed, force, or variability; \"a windy dash home\"', 'slow': '(used of timepieces) indicating a time earlier than the correct time; \"the clock is slow\"', 'bumper-to-bumper': 'used of traffic; \"bumper-to-bumper traffic\"', 'dilatory': 'wasting time', 'drawn-out': 'relatively long in duration; tediously protracted; \"a drawn-out argument\"; \"an extended discussion\"; \"a lengthy visit from her mother-in-law\"; \"a prolonged and bitter struggle\"; \"protracted negotiations\"', 'lazy': 'moving slowly and gently; \"up a lazy river\"; \"lazy white clouds\"; \"at a lazy pace\"', 'long-play': '(used of records) playing at a slower speed and for a longer time than earlier records', 'slow-moving': 'moving slowly; \"slow-moving cars\"', 'sluggish': 'moving slowly; \"a sluggish stream\"', 'allegro': '(of tempo) fast', 'allegretto': '(of tempo) faster than allegro', 'andantino': '(of tempo) moderately fast', 'presto': '(of tempo) very fast', 'prestissimo': '(of tempo) as fast as possible', 'vivace': '(of tempo) very fast and lively', 'adagio': '(of tempo) leisurely', 'andante': '(of tempo) moderately slow', 'lento': '(of tempo) slow', 'lentissimo': '(of tempo) very slow', 'largo': 'very slow in tempo and broad in manner', 'larghetto': '(of tempo) less slow and broad than largo', 'larghissimo': '(of tempo) as slow and broad as possible', 'moderato': '(of tempo) moderate', 'fastidious': 'having complicated nutritional requirements; especially growing only in special artificial cultures; \"fastidious microorganisms\"; \"certain highly specialized xerophytes are extremely exacting in their requirements\"', 'choosy': 'difficult to please', 'finical': 'exacting especially about details; \"a finicky eater\"; \"fussy about clothes\"; \"very particular about how her food was prepared\"', 'meticulous': 'marked by precise accordance with details; \"meticulous research\"; \"punctilious in his attention to rules of etiquette\"', 'pernickety': 'characterized by excessive precision and attention to trivial details; \"a persnickety job\"; \"a persnickety school teacher\"', 'old-maidish': 'primly fastidious', 'unfastidious': 'not exacting in nutritional requirements', 'fat': 'having a relatively large diameter; \"a fat rope\"', 'abdominous': 'having a large belly', 'blubbery': 'swollen with fat; \"blubber cheeks\"; \"blubber lips\"; \"a coarse blubbery individual\"', 'chubby': 'sufficiently fat so as to have a pleasing fullness of figure; \"a chubby child\"; \"pleasingly plump\";', 'buxom': '(of a female body) healthily plump and vigorous ; \"a generation ago...buxom actresses were popular\"- Robt.A.Hamilton;', 'corpulent': 'excessively fat; \"a weighty man\"', 'double-chinned': 'having sagging folds of flesh beneath the chin or lower jaw', 'dumpy': 'resembling a garbage dump', 'fattish': 'somewhat fat', 'fleshy': 'of or relating to or resembling flesh', 'gross': 'before any deductions; \"gross income\"', 'portly': 'euphemisms for `fat\\'; \"men are portly and women are stout\"', 'thin': 'relatively thin in consistency or low in density; not viscous; \"air is thin at high altitudes\"; \"a thin soup\"; \"skimmed milk is much thinner than whole milk\"; \"thin oil\"', 'anorexic': 'suffering from anorexia nervosa; pathologically thin', 'deep-eyed': 'characteristic of the bony face of a cadaver', 'gangling': 'tall and thin and having long slender limbs; \"a gangling teenager\"; \"a lanky kid transformed almost overnight into a handsome young man\"', 'lank': 'long and thin and often limp; \"grown lank with fasting\"; \"lank mousy hair\"', 'rawboned': 'having a lean and bony physique; \"a rawboned cow hand\"', 'reedy': 'having a tone of a reed instrument', 'twiggy': 'thin as a twig', 'scarecrowish': 'resembling a scarecrow in being thin and ragged; \"a forlorn scarecrowish figure\"', 'scraggy': 'being very thin; \"a child with skinny freckled legs\"; \"a long scrawny neck\"', 'slender': 'very narrow; \"a thin line across the page\"', 'slender-waisted': 'having a small waist', 'spare': 'not taken up by scheduled activities; \"a free hour between classes\"; \"spare time on my hands\"', 'spindle-legged': 'having long slender legs', 'wisplike': 'thin and weak; \"a wispy little fellow with small hands and feet\"- Edmund Wilson', 'fatty': 'containing or composed of fat; \"fatty food\"; \"fat tissue\"', 'adipose': 'composed of animal fat; \"adipose tissue constitutes the fat of meat\"', 'buttery': 'unpleasantly and excessively suave or ingratiating in manner or speech; \"buttery praise\"; \"gave him a fulsome introduction\"; \"an oily sycophantic press agent\"; \"oleaginous hypocrisy\"; \"smarmy self-importance\"; \"the unctuous Uriah Heep\"; \"soapy compliments\"', 'suety': 'like or full of suet; \"suety lamb chops\"', 'superfatted': '(of soap) containing extra unsaponified fat; \"superfatted toilet soaps\"', 'nonfat': 'without fat or fat solids; \"nonfat or fat-free milk\"', 'skim': 'used of milk and milk products from which the cream has been removed; \"yogurt made with skim milk\"; \"she can drink skimmed milk but should avoid butter\"', 'terminal': 'of or relating to or situated at the ends of a delivery route; \"freight pickup is a terminal service\"; \"terminal charges\"', 'nonfatal': 'not bringing death; \"nonfatal heart attack\"', 'nonlethal': 'not capable of causing death', 'curable': 'capable of being hardened by some additive or other agent', 'unsoundable': 'too deep to determine the depth of', 'unfavorable': 'not favorable; \"made an unfavorable impression\"; \"unfavorable reviews\"', 'adverse': 'contrary to your interests or welfare; \"adverse circumstances\"; \"made a place for themselves under the most untoward conditions\"', 'approving': 'expressing or manifesting praise or approval; \"approbative criticism\"; \"an affirmative nod\"', 'indulgent': 'tolerant or lenient; \"indulgent parents risk spoiling their children\"; \"too soft on the children\"; \"they are soft on crime\"', 'admonitory': 'serving to warn; \"shook a monitory finger at him\"; \"an exemplary jail sentence\"', 'disapproving': 'expressing or manifesting disapproval', 'feathered': 'having or covered with feathers; \"our feathered friends\"', 'aftershafted': 'having an aftershaft (a small feather at the base of some feathers)', 'featherlike': 'resembling or suggesting a feather or feathers; \"feathery palm trees\"', 'fledged': '(of birds) having developed feathers or plumage; often used in combination', 'flighted': 'having feathers; \"arrows flighted argent\"', 'pennate': 'having feathered wings', 'plumaged': 'having or covered in plumage; often used as a combining form; \"fully plumaged young bird\"; \"brilliantly plumaged parrots\"', 'plumate': 'having an ornamental plume or feathery tuft', 'plumed': 'having or covered with or abounding in plumes; \"the plumed serpent\"; \"white-plumed egrets\"', 'plumelike': 'resembling a plume; \"the dog\\'s plumy tail\"', 'velvety-plumaged': 'plumage resembling velvet', 'unfeathered': 'not having feathers; \"the unfeathered brood\"', 'unfledged': '(of birds) not yet having developed feathers; \"a small unfledged sparrow on the window sill\"', 'felicitous': 'marked by good fortune; \"a felicitous life\"; \"a happy outcome\"', 'congratulatory': 'expressive of sympathetic pleasure or joy on account of someone\\'s success or good fortune; \"a congratulatory telegram\"; \"the usual congratulatory crowd was conspicuously absent\"; \"a gratulatory address\"', 'happy': 'enjoying or showing or marked by joy or pleasure; \"a happy smile\"; \"spent many happy days on the beach\"; \"a happy marriage\"', 'well-turned': 'of a pleasing shape; \"a well-turned ankle\"', 'well-wishing': 'extending good wishes for success; \"his well-wishing supporters\"', 'infelicitous': 'marked by or producing unhappiness; \"infelicitous circumstances\"; \"unhappy caravans, straggling afoot through swamps and canebrakes\"- American Guide Series', 'unfortunate': 'not favored by fortune; marked or accompanied by or resulting in ill fortune; \"an unfortunate turn of events\"; \"an unfortunate decision\"; \"unfortunate investments\"; \"an unfortunate night for all concerned\"', 'fertile': 'capable of reproducing', 'conceptive': 'capable of conceiving', 'fecund': 'intellectually productive; \"a prolific writer\"; \"a fecund imagination\"', 'fertilizable': 'capable of being fertilized', 'sterilized': 'made infertile', 'unfertilized': 'not having been fertilized; \"an unfertilized egg\"', 'done_with': 'having no further concern with; \"he was through with school and he was through with family\"- John Dos Passos; \"done with gambling\"; \"done with drinking\"', 'fin_de_siecle': 'relating to or characteristic of the end of a century (especially the end of the 19th century); \"fin de siecle art\"', 'up': 'being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level; \"the anchor is up\"; \"the sun is up\"; \"he lay face up\"; \"he is up by a pawn\"; \"the market is up\"; \"the corn is up\"', 'unfinished': 'not brought to the desired final state', 'pending': 'awaiting conclusion or confirmation; \"business still pending\"', 'undone': 'not fastened or tied or secured; \"her blouse had come undone at the neck\"; \"his shoelaces were undone\"', 'unended': 'not ended; lacking an end or conclusion; \"he did with the book still unended\"', 'fattened': '(of market animals) made ready for market', 'fattening': 'subject to or used in the process of finishing or fattening up for slaughter; \"a fattening hog\"; \"fattening pens\"', 'roughhewn': 'of stone or timber; shaped roughly without finishing', 'undressed': 'of lumber or stone or hides; not finished or dressed; \"undressed granite\"; \"undressed hides\"', 'unfattened': '(of market animals) not optimal for marketing', 'unhewn': '(of stone especially) not given a finished form by or as if by hewing; \"a house of unhewn grey stone roughly cemented together\"', 'finite': 'of verbs; relating to forms of the verb that are limited in time by a tense and (usually) show agreement with number and person', 'bounded': 'having the limits or boundaries established; \"a delimited frontier through the disputed region\"', 'impermanent': 'not permanent; not lasting; \"politics is an impermanent factor of life\"- James Thurber; \"impermanent palm cottages\"; \"a temperary arrangement\"; \"temporary housing\"', 'boundless': 'seemingly boundless in amount, number, degree, or especially extent; \"unbounded enthusiasm\"; \"children with boundless energy\"; \"a limitless supply of money\"', 'tensed': 'having inflections to indicate tense', 'opening': 'first or beginning; \"the memorable opening bars of Beethoven\\'s Fifth\"; \"the play\\'s opening scene\"', 'beginning': 'serving to begin; \"the beginning canto of the poem\"; \"the first verse\"', 'inaugural': 'occurring at or characteristic of a formal investiture or induction; \"the President\\'s inaugural address\"; \"an inaugural ball\"', 'starting': '(especially of eyes) bulging or protruding as with fear; \"with eyes starting from their sockets\"', 'closing': 'final or ending; \"the closing stages of the election\"; \"the closing weeks of the year\"; \"the closing scene of the film\"; \"closing remarks\"', 'concluding': 'occurring at or forming an end or termination; \"his concluding words came as a surprise\"; \"the final chapter\"; \"the last days of the dinosaurs\"; \"terminal leave\"', 'terminative': 'coming to an end; \"a contract terminative with the end of the war\"', 'year-end': 'taking place at the close of a fiscal year; \"year-end audit\"', 'archetypal': 'representing or constituting an original type after which other similar things are patterned; \"archetypal patterns\"; \"she was the prototypal student activist\"', 'initial': 'occurring at the beginning; \"took the initial step toward reconciliation\"', 'firstborn': 'first in order of birth; \"the firstborn child\"', 'freshman': 'used of a person in the first year of an experience (especially in United States high school or college); \"a freshman senator\"; \"freshman year in high school or college\"', 'premier': 'first in rank or degree; \"an architect of premier rank\"; \"the prime minister\"', 'prime': 'of or relating to or being an integer that cannot be factored into other integers; \"prime number\"', 'senior': 'older; higher in rank; longer in length of tenure or service; \"senior officer\"', 'sunset': 'of a declining industry or technology; \"sunset industries\"', 'ultimate': 'furthest or highest in degree or order; utmost or extreme; \"the ultimate achievement\"; \"the ultimate question\"; \"man\\'s ultimate destiny\"; \"the ultimate insult\"; \"one\\'s ultimate goal in life\"', 'intermediate': 'lying between two extremes in time or space or state; \"going from sitting to standing without intermediate pushes with the hands\"; \"intermediate stages in a process\"; \"intermediate stops on the route\"; \"an intermediate range plane\"', 'in-between': 'being neither at the beginning nor at the end in a series; \"adolescence is an awkward in-between age\"; \"in a mediate position\"; \"the middle point on a line\"', 'junior': 'younger; lower in rank; shorter in length of tenure or service', 'penultimate': 'next to the last; \"the author inadvertently reveals the murderer in the penultimate chapter\"; \"the figures in the next-to-last column\"', 'sophomore': 'used of the second year in United States high school or college; \"the sophomore class\"; \"his sophomore year\"', 'subterminal': 'near but not precisely at an end; \"a subterminal band of color on the tail feathers\"', 'antepenultimate': 'third from last', 'second': 'coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude', 'fissile': 'capable of being split or cleft or divided in the direction of the grain; \"fissile crystals\"; \"fissile wood\"', 'nonfissile': 'not fissile', 'fissionable': 'capable of undergoing nuclear fission; \"a fissionable nucleous\"; \"fissionable material\"', 'nonfissionable': 'not capable of undergoing fission', 'fit': '(usually followed by `to\\' or `for\\') on the point of or strongly disposed; \"in no fit state to continue\"; \"fit to drop\"; \"laughing fit to burst\"; \"she was fit to scream\"; \"primed for a fight\"; \"we are set to go at any time\"', 'conditioned': 'established by conditioning or learning; \"a conditioned response\"', 'unfit': 'below the required standards for a purpose; \"an unfit parent\"; \"unfit for human consumption\"', 'afflicted': 'grievously affected especially by disease', 'apractic': 'having uncoordinated muscular movements, symptomatic of a CNS disorder', 'bandy': 'have legs that curve outward at the knees', 'crippled': 'disabled in the feet or legs; \"a crippled soldier\"; \"a game leg\"', 'crookback': 'characteristic of or suffering from kyphosis, an abnormality of the vertebral column', 'disabled': 'incapable of functioning as a consequence of injury or illness', 'gammy': '(British informal) sore or lame; \"a gammy foot\"', 'knock-kneed': 'having the knees abnormally close together and the ankles wide apart', 'spavined': '(of horses) afflicted with a swelling of the hock-joint', 'dipped': 'having abnormal sagging of the spine (especially in horses)', 'maimed': 'having a part of the body crippled or disabled', 'suitable': 'meant or adapted for an occasion or use; \"a tractor suitable (or fit) for heavy duty\"; \"not an appropriate (or fit) time for flippancy\"', 'worthy': 'having worth or merit or value; being honorable or admirable; \"a worthy fellow\"; \"a worthy cause\"', 'subhuman': 'less than human or not worthy of a human being; \"treated natives as subhuman\"; \"a subhuman spectacle\"; \"the subhuman primates\"', 'unsuitable': 'not conducive to good moral development; \"the movie is unsuitable for children\"', 'contrasty': 'having sharp differences between black and white', 'bendable': 'capable of being bent or flexed or twisted without breaking; \"a flexible wire\"; \"a pliant young tree\"', 'double-jointed': 'having unusually flexible joints especially of the limbs or fingers', 'limber': '(used of e.g. personality traits) readily adaptable; \"a supple mind\"; \"a limber imagination\"', 'spinnable': 'capable or susceptible to being influenced by biased information', 'stretched': 'extended or spread over a wide area or distance; \"broad fields lay stretched on both sides of us\"', 'inflexible': 'incapable of adapting or changing to meet circumstances; \"a rigid disciplinarian\"; \"an inflexible law\"; \"an unbending will to dominate\"', 'muscle-bound': 'having stiff muscles as the result of excessive exercise; \"he arrived accompanied by two muscle-bound body guards\"', 'rigid': 'incapable of compromise or flexibility', 'semirigid': 'having a form maintained by a rigid internal structure as well as by internal gas pressure', 'negotiable': 'capable of being passed or negotiated; \"a negotiable road\"', 'adamant': 'impervious to pleas, persuasion, requests, reason; \"he is adamant in his refusal to change his mind\"; \"Cynthia was inexorable; she would have none of him\"- W.Churchill; \"an intransigent conservative opposed to every liberal tendency\"', 'die-hard': 'tradition-bound and obstinately opinionated; \"an inflexible (or die-hard) conservative\"; \"rock-ribbed republican\"', 'fossilized': 'set in a rigidly conventional pattern of behavior, habits, or beliefs; \"obsolete fossilized ways\"; \"an ossified bureaucratic system\"', 'ironclad': 'sheathed in iron plates for protection', 'uncompromising': 'not making concessions; \"took an uncompromising stance in the peace talks\"; \"uncompromising honesty\"', 'hard-line': 'firm and uncompromising; \"a hard-line policy\"', 'compromising': 'vulnerable to danger especially of discredit or suspicion; \"she found herself in a compromising situation\"', 'yielding': 'inclined to yield to argument or influence or control; \"a timid yielding person\"', 'nonrigid': 'designating an airship having a shape maintained only by internal gas pressure and without a supporting structure', 'adaptable': 'capable of adapting (of becoming or being made suitable) to a particular situation or use; \"to succeed one must be adaptable\"; \"the frame was adaptable to cloth bolts of different widths\"', 'all-mains': 'used of a radio receiver that is adaptable to all voltages; \"an all-mains set\"', 'filmable': '(used of a story or literary work) capable of being adapted to motion picture form', 'universal': 'applicable to or common to all members of a group or set; \"the play opened to universal acclaim\"; \"rap enjoys universal appeal among teenage boys\"', 'variable': 'liable to or capable of change; \"rainfall in the tropics is notoriously variable\"; \"variable winds\"; \"variable expenses\"', 'unadaptable': 'not adaptable', 'campylotropous': '(of a plant ovule) curved with the micropyle near the base almost touching its stalk', 'orthotropous': '(of a plant ovule) completely straight with the micropyle at the apex', 'anatropous': '(of a plant ovule) completely inverted; turned back 180 degrees on its stalk', 'amphitropous': '(of a plant ovule) partly inverted; turned back 90 degrees on its stalk', 'curly': '(of hair) having curls or waves; \"they envied her naturally curly hair\"', 'curled': 'of hair having curls', 'permed': 'styled with permanent waves', 'ringleted': '(of hair) shaped into ringlets', 'wavy': '(of hair) having waves; \"she had long wavy hair\"', 'uncurled': 'not curled; \"lay uncurled on the bed\"', 'unpermed': 'not having had a permanent wave; \"smooth glossy unpermed hair\"', 'footed': 'having feet; \"footed creatures\"; \"a footed sofa\"', 'pedate': 'of a leaf shape; having radiating lobes, each deeply cleft or divided', 'swift-footed': 'having rapidly moving feet', 'web-footed': 'having feet with webbed toes', 'footless': 'having no feet or analogous appendages', 'apodal': '(of snakes and eels) naturally footless; \"eels are apodal\"', 'toed': 'having a toe or toes of a specified kind; often used in combination; \"long-toed; \"five-toed\"', 'pointy-toed': 'having a pointed toe; \"pointy-toed shoes\"', 'square-toed': 'having a square toe; \"square-toed shoes\"', 'two-toed': 'having two toes', 'toeless': 'lacking a toe or toes; \"a toeless shoe\"', 'pigeon-toed': 'having feet that turn inward', 'splayfooted': 'having feet that turn outward', 'splay': 'turned outward in an ungainly manner; \"splay knees\"', 'fore': 'situated at or toward the bow of a vessel', 'aft': '(nautical, aeronautical) situated at or toward the stern or tail', 'after': 'located farther aft', 'aftermost': 'located closest to the stern or tail', 'forehand': '(of racket strokes) made with palm facing direction of stroke', 'backhand': '(of handwriting) having the letters slanting backward', 'native': 'as found in nature in the elemental form; \"native copper\"', 'connatural': 'similar in nature; \"and mix with our connatural dust\"- John Milton', 'adopted': 'acquired as your own by free choice; \"my adopted state\"; \"an adoptive country\"', 'foreign': 'of concern to or concerning the affairs of other nations (other than your own); \"foreign trade\"; \"a foreign office\"', 'adventive': 'not native and not fully established; locally or temporarily naturalized; \"an adventive weed\"', 'alien': 'not contained in or deriving from the essential nature of something; \"an economic theory alien to the spirit of capitalism\"; \"the mysticism so foreign to the French mind and temper\"; \"jealousy is foreign to her nature\"', 'nonnative': 'not being or composed of aborigines; \"the nonnative population of South Africa\"', 'established': 'shown to be valid beyond a reasonable doubt; \"the established facts in the case\"', 'foreign-born': 'of persons born in another area or country than that lived in; \"our large nonnative population\"', 'imported': 'used of especially merchandise brought from a foreign source; \"imported wines\"', 'unnaturalized': 'not having acquired citizenship', 'autochthonal': 'originating where it is found; \"the autochthonal fauna of Australia includes the kangaroo\"; \"autochthonous rocks and people and folktales\"; \"endemic folkways\"; \"the Ainu are indigenous to the northernmost islands of Japan\"', 'domestic': 'of or relating to the home; \"domestic servant\"; \"domestic science\"', 'homegrown': 'grown or originating in a particular place; \"stands selling homegrown fruits and vegetables\"', 'native-born': 'belonging to a place by birth; \"a native-born Scot\"; \"a native Scot\"', 'abroad': 'in a foreign country; \"markets abroad\"; \"overseas markets\"', 'home': 'relating to or being where one lives or where one\\'s roots are; \"my home town\"', 'municipal': 'relating or belonging to or characteristic of a municipality; \"municipal government\"; \"municipal bonds\"; \"a municipal park\"; \"municipal transportation\"', 'domesticated': 'accustomed to home life; \"some men think it unmanly to be domesticated; others find gratification in it\"', 'home-loving': 'devoted to home duties and pleasures', 'home-style': 'as if in the home; \"home-style cooking\"', 'housewifely': 'related or suited to a housewife; \"housewifely virtues\"', 'husbandly': 'befitting or characteristic of a husband', 'undomestic': 'not domestic or related to home; \"had established herself in her career at the price of being so undomestic she didn\\'t even know how to light the oven\"', 'undomesticated': 'not domesticated; \"a few undomesticated horses left\"', 'forgettable': 'easily forgotten', 'unmemorable': 'not worth remembering', 'unforgettable': 'impossible to forget', 'haunting': 'having a deeply disquieting or disturbing effect; \"from two handsome and talented young men to two haunting horrors of disintegration\"-Charles Lee', 'memorable': 'worth remembering', 'red-letter': 'memorable for being a special occasion; \"on red-letter nights a large gathering greeted the celebrity\"', 'forgiving': 'inclined or able to forgive and show mercy; \"a kindly forgiving nature\"; \"a forgiving embrace to the naughty child\"', 'kind': 'having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior; \"kind to sick patients\"; \"a kind master\"; \"kind words showing understanding and sympathy\"; \"thanked her for her kind letter\"', 'unvindictive': 'not vindictive', 'unforgiving': 'unwilling or unable to forgive or show mercy; \"a surly unforgiving old woman\"', 'revengeful': 'disposed to seek revenge or intended for revenge; \"more vindictive than jealous love\"- Shakespeare; \"punishments...essentially vindictive in their nature\"- M.R.Cohen', 'formal': 'characteristic of or befitting a person in authority; \"formal duties\"; \"an official banquet\"', 'ceremonial': 'marked by pomp or ceremony or formality; \"a ceremonial occasion\"; \"ceremonial garb\"', 'ceremonious': 'rigidly formal or bound by convention; \"their ceremonious greetings did not seem heartfelt\"', 'dress': '(of an occasion) requiring formal clothes; \"a dress dinner\"; \"a full-dress ceremony\"', 'form-only': 'being a matter of form only; lacking substance; \"a form-only requirement that is usually ignored\"', 'nominal': 'relating to or constituting or bearing or giving a name; \"the Russian system of nominal brevity\"; \"a nominal lists of priests\"; \"taxable males as revealed by the nominal rolls\"', 'pro_forma': 'as a formality only; \"a one-candidate pro forma election\"', 'semiformal': 'moderately formal; requiring a dinner jacket; \"he wore semiformal attire\"; \"a black-tie dinner\"', 'starchy': 'consisting of or containing starch; \"starchy foods\"', 'white-tie': 'requiring white ties and tailcoats for men; \"a white-tie occasion\"', 'informal': 'not officially recognized or controlled; \"an informal agreement\"; \"a loose organization of the local farmers\"', 'free-and-easy': 'natural and unstudied; \"using their Christian names in a casual way\"; \"lectured in a free-and-easy style\"', 'folksy': 'very informal and familiar; \"a folksy radio commentator\"; \"a folksy style\"', 'literary': 'of or relating to or characteristic of literature; \"literary criticism\"', 'colloquial': 'characteristic of informal spoken language or conversation; \"wrote her letters in a colloquial style\"; \"the broken syntax and casual enunciation of conversational English\"', 'epistolary': 'written in the form of or carried on by letters or correspondence; \"an endless sequence of epistolary love affairs\"; \"the epistolatory novel\"', 'slangy': 'constituting or expressed in slang or given to the use of slang; \"a slangy expression\"; \"slangy speech\"', 'subliterary': 'not written as or intended to be literature; \"subliterary works such as letters and diaries\"', 'unliterary': 'marked by lack of affectation or pedantry; \"her talk was very unliterary\"- W.D.Howells', 'former': '(used especially of persons) of the immediate past; \"the former president\"; \"our late President is still very active\"; \"the previous occupant of the White House\"', 'latter': 'referring to the second of two things or persons mentioned (or the last one or ones of several); \"in the latter case\"', 'last_mentioned': 'the one most recently mentioned; \"the last mentioned pianist\"', 'better_off': 'in a more fortunate or prosperous condition; \"she would have been better off if she had stuck with teaching\"; \"is better off than his classmate\"', 'fortuitous': 'occurring by happy chance; \"profits were enhanced by a fortuitous drop in the cost of raw materials\"', 'heaven-sent': 'peculiarly fortunate or appropriate; as if by divine intervention; \"a heaven-sent rain saved the crops\"; \"a providential recovery\"', 'lucky': 'having or bringing good fortune; \"my lucky day\"; \"a lucky man\"', 'well-off': 'fortunately situated; \"doesn\\'t know when he\\'s well-off\"', 'dispossessed': 'physically or spiritually homeless or deprived of security; \"made a living out of shepherding dispossed people from one country to another\"- James Stern', 'hapless': 'deserving or inciting pity; \"a hapless victim\"; \"miserable victims of war\"; \"the shabby room struck her as extraordinarily pathetic\"- Galsworthy; \"piteous appeals for help\"; \"pitiable homeless children\"; \"a pitiful fate\"; \"Oh, you poor thing\"; \"his poor distorted limbs\"; \"a wretched life\"', 'downtrodden': 'abused or oppressed by people in power', 'regrettable': 'deserving regret; \"regrettable remarks\"; \"it\\'s regrettable that she didn\\'t go to college\"; \"it\\'s too bad he had no feeling himself for church\"', 'fragrant': 'pleasant-smelling', 'aromatic': '(chemistry) of or relating to or containing one or more benzene rings; \"an aromatic organic compound\"', 'odoriferous': 'morally offensive; \"odoriferous legislation\"', 'perfumed': 'filled or impregnated with perfume; \"perfumed boudoir\"; \"perfumed stationery\"; \"scented soap\"', 'musky': 'resembling the smell of musk', 'malodorous': 'having an unpleasant smell', 'bilgy': 'smelling like bilge water', 'fetid': 'offensively malodorous; \"a foul odor\"; \"the kitchen smelled really funky\"', 'gamey': '(used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted', 'miasmic': 'of noxious stench from atmospheric pollution', 'niffy': '(British informal) malodorous', 'putrid-smelling': 'having the putrid odor of decaying organic matter', 'rank-smelling': 'having an offensive rancid odor', 'reeking': 'wet with secreted or exuded moisture such as sweat or tears; \"wiped his reeking neck\"', 'sour': 'one of the four basic taste sensations; like the taste of vinegar or lemons', 'odorous': 'having odor or a characteristic odor; \"odorous jasmine flowers\"; \"odorous garbage\"; \"fresh odorous bread\"', 'alliaceous': 'of or pertaining to the botanical genus Allium; \"onions, leeks, garlic, chives are alliaceous plants\"', 'almond-scented': 'smelling of almond', 'anise-scented': 'smelling of anise', 'apple-scented': 'smelling of apples', 'balsam-scented': 'smelling of balsam resin', 'candy-scented': 'smelling of candy', 'cedar-scented': 'smelling like cedar', 'cinnamon-scented': 'smelling of cinnamon', 'clove-scented': 'smelling of clove', 'ginger-scented': 'smelling of ginger', 'honey-scented': 'smelling of honey', 'lemon-scented': 'smelling of lemons', 'mint-scented': 'smelling of mint', 'musk-scented': 'smelling of musk', 'pleasant-smelling': 'having an odor that is pleasing', 'redolent': '(used with `of\\' or `with\\') noticeably odorous; \"the hall was redolent of floor wax\"; \"air redolent with the fumes of beer and whiskey\"', 'scented': 'having the sense of smell; \"keen-scented hounds\"', 'spice-scented': 'smelling of spices', 'strong-smelling': 'having a strong odor', 'tansy-scented': 'smelling of tansy', 'tea-scented': 'smelling of tea', 'vanilla-scented': 'smelling of vanilla', 'violet-scented': 'smelling of violets', 'odorless': 'having no odor; \"odorless gas\"; \"odorless flowers\"', 'non-aromatic': 'not aromatic', 'scentless': 'lacking the sense of smell', 'liberated': '(of a gas e.g.) released from chemical combination', 'conjugate': 'joined together especially in a pair or pairs', 'geostationary': 'of or having a geosynchronous orbit such that the position in such an orbit is fixed with respect to the earth; \"a geostationary satellite\"', 'geosynchronous': 'of or having an orbit with a fixed period of 24 hours (although the position in the orbit may not be fixed with respect to the earth)', 'leaded': 'having thin strips of lead between the lines of type', 'stationary': 'standing still; \"the car remained stationary with the engine running\"', 'taped': 'recorded on tape', 'unadjustable': 'not adjustable', 'unfixed': 'not firmly placed or set or fastened', 'unfirm': 'not firmly or solidly positioned; \"climbing carefully up the unsteady ladder\"; \"an unfirm stance\"', 'at_large': 'having escaped, especially from confinement; \"a convict still at large\"; \"searching for two escaped prisoners\"; \"dogs loose on the streets\"; \"criminals on the loose in the neighborhood\"', 'aweigh': '(used of an anchor) hanging clear of the bottom; \"anchors aweigh\"', 'emancipated': 'free from traditional social restraints; \"an emancipated young woman pursuing her career\"; \"a liberated lifestyle\"', 'footloose': 'free to go or do as one pleases; \"Americans have always been a footloose people always moving on\"; \"a footloose young man eager to see the big city\"', 'out-of-school': 'not attending school and therefore free to work; \"opportunities for out-of-school youth\"', 'unconstrained': 'free from constraint; \"he was unconstrained by any of the sanctions of polite society\"; \"the dog was unconstrained\"; \"idle, unconstrained gossip\"', 'unhampered': 'not slowed or blocked or interfered with; \"an outlet for healthy and unhampered action\"; \"a priest unhampered by scruple\"; \"the new stock market was unhampered by tradition\"', 'unrestricted': 'not subject to or subjected to restriction', 'unfree': 'held in servitude; \"he was born of slave parents\"', 'adscript': 'written or printed immediately following another character and aligned with it', 'apprenticed': 'bound by contract', 'at_bay': 'forced to turn and face attackers; \"a stag at bay\"; \"she had me cornered between the porch and her car\"; \"like a trapped animal\"', 'nonautonomous': '(of peoples and political bodies) controlled by outside forces', 'prisonlike': 'resembling a prison', 'serflike': 'like someone in servitude', 'freeborn': 'born free of free parents', 'free-soil': 'where slavery was prohibited; \"a free-soil state\"', 'slaveholding': 'allowing slavery; \"the slaveholding South\"', 'prevailing': 'most frequent or common; \"prevailing winds\"', 'infrequent': 'not frequent; not occurring regularly or at short intervals; \"infrequent outbursts of temper\"', 'occasional': 'occurring from time to time; \"took an occasional glass of wine\"', 'caller': 'providing coolness; \"a cooling breeze\"; \"`caller\\' is a Scottish term as in `a caller breeze\\'\"', 'fresh-cut': 'cut recently; \"fresh-cut flowers\"', 'new-made': 'newly made; \"the aroma of new-made bread\"', 'strong': 'having strength or power greater than average or expected; \"a strong radio signal\"; \"strong medicine\"; \"a strong man\"', 'stale': 'lacking freshness, palatability, or showing deterioration from age; \"stale bread\"; \"the beer was stale\"', 'day-old': 'not fresh today; \"day-old bread is cheaper than fresh\"', 'hard': 'very strong or vigorous; \"strong winds\"; \"a hard left to the chin\"; \"a knockout punch\"; \"a severe blow\"', 'limp': 'lacking in strength or firmness or resilience; \"gave a limp handshake\"; \"a limp gesture as if waving away all desire to know\" G.K.Chesterton; \"a slack grip\"', 'moldy': 'covered with or smelling of mold; \"moldy bread\"; \"a moldy (or musty) odor\"', 'rancid': '(used of decomposing oils or fats) having a rank smell or taste usually due to a chemical change or decomposition; \"rancid butter\"; \"rancid bacon\"', 'rotten': 'having decayed or disintegrated; usually implies foulness; \"dead and rotten in his grave\"', 'putrescent': 'becoming putrid; \"a trail lined by putrescent carcasses\"', 'unprocessed': 'not altered from an original or natural state; \"unprocessed commodities\"', 'aged': 'at an advanced stage of erosion (pronounced as one syllable); \"aged rocks\"', 'candied': 'encrusted with sugar or syrup; \"candied grapefruit peel\"', 'canned': 'recorded for broadcast; \"a transcribed announcement\"; \"canned laughter\"', 'corned': '(used especially of meat) cured in brine', 'cured': 'freed from illness or injury; \"the patient appears cured\"; \"the incision is healed\"; \"appears to be entirely recovered\"; \"when the recovered patient tries to remember what occurred during his delirium\"- Normon Cameron', 'dried': 'not still wet; \"the ink has dried\"; \"a face marked with dried tears\"', 'flash-frozen': '(used of foods) preserved by freezing sufficiently rapidly to retain flavor and nutritional value; \"frozen foods\"', 'freeze-dried': 'preserved by freezing and drying in a vacuum; \"freeze-dried coffee\"', 'lyophilized': 'used of tissue or blood or serum or other biological substances; dried by freezing in a high vacuum', 'pickled': '(used of foods) preserved in a pickling liquid', 'salted': '(used especially of meats) preserved in salt', 'smoked': '(used especially of meats and fish) dried and cured by hanging in wood smoke', 'sun-dried': 'dried naturally by the sun; \"sun-dried apricots\"', 'salty': 'one of the four basic taste sensations; like the taste of sea water', 'brackish': 'distasteful and unpleasant; spoiled by mixture; \"a thin brackish gruel\"', 'saliferous': 'containing or yielding salt; \"saliferous formations\"; \"salt domes\"', 'saline': 'containing salt; \"a saline substance \"; \"salty tears\"', 'saltish': 'somewhat salty', 'friendly': 'inclined to help or support; not antagonistic or hostile; \"a government friendly to our interests\"; \"an amicable agreement\"', 'affable': 'diffusing warmth and friendliness; \"an affable smile\"; \"an amiable gathering\"; \"cordial relations\"; \"a cordial greeting\"; \"a genial host\"', 'companionate': 'like a companion; \"companionate marriage\"; \"a companionate dog\"', 'comradely': 'heartily friendly and congenial', 'couthie': '(chiefly Scottish) agreeable and genial', 'neighborly': 'exhibiting the qualities expected in a friendly neighbor', 'social': 'relating to or belonging to or characteristic of high society; \"made fun of her being so social and high-toned\"; \"a social gossip colum\"; \"the society page\"', 'unfriendly': 'not friendly; \"an unfriendly act of aggression\"; \"an inimical critic\"', 'beetle-browed': 'sullen or unfriendly in appearance', 'uncordial': 'lacking warmth or friendliness; \"looked uncordial as we approached\"', 'unneighborly': 'not exhibiting the qualities expected in a friendly neighbor', 'frostbitten': 'injured by freezing or partial freezing; \"frostbitten fingers\"; \"frostbitten grapes unsalable as fresh fruit\"', 'frost-bound': '(of the ground) made hard by frost', 'glaciated': 'covered with ice (as by a glacier) or affected by glacial action', 'icebound': 'locked in by ice; \"icebound harbors\"', 'ice-clogged': 'obstructed by ice; \"ice-clogged rivers\"', 'icy': 'shiny and slick as with a thin coating of ice; \"roads and trees glazed with an icy film\"', 'sleety': 'consisting of or of the nature of frozen or partially frozen rain', 'unthawed': 'still frozen; \"there wasn\\'t time to cook the unthawed turkey, so they had to settle for hotdogs\"', 'unfrozen': 'not frozen; \"unfrozen ground\"', 'ice-free': 'free of ice and open to travel; \"an ice-free channel in the river\"', 'liquescent': 'becoming liquid', 'slushy': 'being or resembling melting snow; \"slushy snow\"; \"deep slushy mud\"', 'thawed': 'no longer frozen solid; \"the thawed ice was treacherous\"', 'fruitful': 'productive or conducive to producing in abundance; \"be fruitful and multiply\"', 'berried': 'producing or bearing berries', 'blue-fruited': 'bearing blue fruit', 'bountiful': 'producing in abundance; \"the bountiful earth\"; \"a plentiful year\"; \"fruitful soil\"', 'breeding': 'producing offspring or set aside especially for producing offspring; \"the breeding population\"; \"retained a few bulls for breeding purposes\"', 'dark-fruited': 'bearing dark fruit', 'generative': 'having the ability to produce or originate; \"generative power\"; \"generative forces\"', 'high-yield': 'yielding a large amount of agricultural or industrial production', 'oval-fruited': 'bearing oval fruit', 'prolific': 'bearing in abundance especially offspring; \"flying foxes are extremely prolific\"; \"a prolific pear tree\"', 'red-fruited': 'bearing red fruit', 'round-fruited': 'bearing round fruit', 'small-fruited': 'bearing small fruit', 'unfruitful': 'not fruitful; not conducive to abundant production', 'abortive': 'failing to accomplish an intended result; \"an abortive revolt\"; \"a stillborn plot to assassinate the President\"', 'acarpous': 'producing no fruit', 'childless': 'without offspring; \"in some societies a childless woman is rejected by her tribesmen\"', 'air-filled': 'full of air', 'brimful': 'filled to capacity; \"a brimful cup\"; \"I am brimful of chowder\"; \"a child brimming over with curiosity\"; \"eyes brimming with tears\"', 'chockablock': 'packed full to capacity; \"chowder chockablock with pieces of fish\"', 'congested': 'overfull as with blood', 'egg-filled': 'full of eggs', 'filled': 'of purchase orders that have been filled', 'fraught': 'marked by distress; \"a fraught mother-daughter relationship\"', 'gas-filled': 'full of a gas', 'glutted': 'exceeding demand; \"a glutted market\"', 'instinct': '(followed by `with\\')deeply filled or permeated; \"imbued with the spirit of the Reformation\"; \"words instinct with love\"; \"it is replete with misery\"', 'overladen': 'loaded past capacity', 'sperm-filled': 'filled with sperm', 'stuffed': 'crammed with food; \"a full stomach\"; \"I feel stuffed\"', 'untouched': 'not having come in contact', 'well-lined': 'full of money; \"a well-lined purse\"', 'empty': 'devoid of significance or point; \"empty promises\"; \"a hollow victory\"; \"vacuous comments\"', 'empty-handed': 'having acquired or gained nothing; \"the returned from the negotiations empty-handed\"', 'glassy': 'resembling glass in smoothness and shininess and slickness; \"the glassy surface of the lake\"; \"the pavement was...glassy with water\"- Willa Cather', 'looted': 'wrongfully emptied or stripped of anything of value; \"the robbers left the looted train\"; \"people returned to the plundered village\"', 'vacant': 'void of thought or knowledge; \"a vacant mind\"', 'vacuous': 'devoid of matter; \"a vacuous space\"', 'void': 'containing nothing; \"the earth was without form, and void\"', 'drained': 'emptied or exhausted of (as by drawing off e.g. water or other liquid); \"a drained marsh\"; \"a drained tank\"; \"a drained and apathetic old man...not caring any longer about anything\"', 'undrained': 'not drained; \"preserve wetlands; keep them undrained\"', 'full-time': 'for the entire time appropriate to an activity; \"a full-time job\"', 'part-time': 'involving less than the standard or customary time for an activity; \"part-time employees\"; \"a part-time job\"', 'half-time': 'involving half the standard or customary time for an activity; \"he had two years of half-time training\"', 'odd-job': 'not regular or skilled; \"found only odd-job employment\"', 'underemployed': 'employed only part-time when one needs full-time employment or not making full use of your skills; \"migrants are likely to be poor and underemployed\"; \"able people are kept underemployed\"', 'functional': 'relating to or based on function especially as opposed to structure; \"the problem now is not a constitutional one; it is a functional one\"; \"delegates elected on a functional rather than a geographical basis\"', 'utilitarian': 'having utility often to the exclusion of values; \"plain utilitarian kitchenware\"', 'nonfunctional': 'not having or performing a function', 'nonstructural': 'not structural', 'functioning': 'performing or able to perform its regular function; \"a functioning flashlight\"', 'malfunctioning': 'not performing or able to perform its regular function; \"a malfunctioning valve\"', 'amiss': 'not functioning properly; \"something is amiss\"; \"has gone completely haywire\"; \"something is wrong with the engine\"', 'out_of_whack': 'out of balance or out of adjustment; \"the front wheel of my bicycle is out of whack\"', 'run-down': 'having the spring unwound; \"a run-down watch\"', 'organic': 'of or relating to foodstuff grown or raised without synthetic fertilizers or pesticides or hormones; \"organic eggs\"; \"organic vegetables\"; \"organic chicken\"', 'rigged': 'fitted or equipped with necessary rigging (sails and shrouds and stays etc)', 'lateen': 'rigged with a triangular (lateen) sail', 'outrigged': 'rigged with a structure projecting from or over the side of a boat for various purposes; to prevent capsizing or to support an oarlock or to help secure a mast etc', 'square-rigged': 'rigged with square sails as the principal ones', 'unrigged': 'stripped of rigging', 'accoutered': 'provided with necessary articles of equipment for a specialized purpose (especially military); \"troops accoutered for battle\"; \"properly accoutered for the trip\"', 'helmeted': 'equipped with or wearing a helmet', 'outfitted': 'equipped with appropriate wearing apparel and accessories; \"children properly outfitted for school\"; \"equipt in the...national dress of the Scottish people\"- Sir Walter Scott', 'prepared': 'made ready or fit or suitable beforehand; \"a prepared statement\"; \"be prepared for emergencies\"', 'transistorized': '(of an electronic device) equipped with transistors', 'visored': 'having or provided with a visor or a visor of a particular kind; \"their spic, red-visored caps\"', 'unequipped': 'without necessary physical or intellectual equipment; \"guerrillas unequipped for a pitched battle\"; \"unequipped for jobs in a modern technological society\"', 'ill-equipped': 'poorly supplied with physical equipment; \"the school was ill-equipped\"', 'framed': 'provided with a frame; \"there were framed snapshots of family and friends on her desk\"', 'unframed': 'not provided with a frame; \"unframed pictures\"', 'furnished': 'provided with whatever is necessary for a purpose (as furniture or equipment or authority); \"a furnished apartment\"; \"a completely furnished toolbox\"', 'fitted_out': 'furnished with essential equipment for a particular occupation or undertaking occupation; \"a well outfitted expedition to the South Pole\"', 'stocked': 'furnished with more than enough; \"rivers well stocked with fish\"; \"a well-stocked store\"', 'volumed': '(often used in combination) consisting of or having a given number or kind of volumes; \"the poet\\'s volumed works\"; \"a two-volumed history\"; \"multi-volumed encyclopedias\"; \"large-volumed editions\"', 'well-appointed': 'having a full array of suitable equipment or furnishings; \"a well-appointed kitchen\"; \"a well-appointed apartment\"', 'unfurnished': 'not equipped with what is needed especially furniture; \"an unfurnished apartment\"', 'funded': 'furnished with funds; \"well-funded research\"', 'unfunded': 'not furnished with funds; \"an unfunded project\"', 'fueled': 'heated, driven, or produced by burning fuel', 'clean-burning': 'leaving little contamination while consuming fuel; \"natural gas is a clean-burning fuel\"', 'coal-fired': 'fueled by burning coal; \"a coal-fired ship\"', 'wood-fired': 'fueled by wood; \"a wood-burning stove\\'', 'liquid-fueled': 'fueled by a liquid fuel', 'oil-fired': 'fueled by burning oil; \"an oil-fired furnace\"', 'unfueled': 'not provided with fuel', 'self-sustained': 'needing no outside support', 'unfed': 'not fed', 'specified': 'clearly and explicitly stated; \"meals are at specified times\"', 'mere': 'being nothing more than specified; \"a mere child\"', 'nominative': 'serving as or indicating the subject of a verb and words identified with the subject of a copular verb; \"nominative noun endings\"; \"predicate nominative\"', 'specific': 'relating to or distinguishing or constituting a taxonomic species; \"specific characters\"', 'unspecified': 'not stated explicitly or in detail; \"threatened unspecified reprisals\"', 'geared': 'equipped with or connected by gears or having gears engaged', 'back-geared': '(of a lathe) equipped with gearing for reducing the speed of the spindle from that of the driving pulley; \"a back-geared lathe\"', 'double-geared': 'equipped with compound gearing consisting of 2 pinions and 2 wheels in mesh to increase the mechanical advantage; \"the double-geared lifting mechanism of a crane\"', 'in_gear': 'having gears engaged; \"the car is in gear\"', 'ungeared': 'having gears not engaged or disconnected; \"the machine\\'s ungeared pinion\"', 'out_of_gear': 'not having gears engaged; \"threw the machine\\'s pinion out of gear\"', 'general-purpose': 'not limited in use or function', 'generic': 'relating to or common to or descriptive of all members of a genus; \"the generic name\"', 'overall': 'including everything; \"the overall cost\"', 'pandemic': 'epidemic over a wide geographical area; \"a pandemic outbreak of malaria\"', 'widespread': 'widely circulated or diffused; \"a widespread doctrine\"; \"widespread fear of nuclear war\"', 'ad_hoc': 'often improvised or impromptu; \"an ad hoc committee meeting\"', 'circumstantial': 'fully detailed and specific about particulars; \"a circumstantial report about the debate\"', 'particularized': 'directed toward a specific object; \"particularized thinking as distinct from stereotyped sloganeering\"', 'nonspecific': 'not caused by a specific agent; used also of staining in making microscope slides; \"nonspecific enteritis\"', 'national': 'characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation; \"a national trait\"', 'federal': 'of or relating to the central government of a federation; \"a federal district is one set aside as the seat of the national government\"', 'local': 'of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood; \"local customs\"; \"local schools\"; \"the local citizens\"; \"a local point of view\"; \"local outbreaks of flu\"; \"a local bus line\"', 'endemic': 'of or relating to a disease (or anything resembling a disease) constantly present to greater or lesser extent in a particular locality; \"diseases endemic to the tropics\"; \"endemic malaria\"; \"food shortages and starvation are endemic in certain parts of the world\"', 'branchiate': 'provided with gills; \"a gilled tadpole\"', 'abranchiate': 'having no gills', 'unitary': 'relating to or characterized by or aiming toward unity; \"the unitary principles of nationalism\"; \"a unitary movement in politics\"', 'centralized': 'drawn toward a center or brought under the control of a central authority; \"centralized control of emergency relief efforts\"; \"centralized government\"', 'decentralized': 'withdrawn from a center or place of concentration; especially having power or function dispersed from a central to local authorities; \"a decentralized school administration\"', 'localized': 'confined or restricted to a particular location; \"the localized infection formed a definite abscess\"', 'redistributed': 'having population and industries relocated from urban to outlying areas; \"redistributed industries\"', 'suburbanized': 'surrounded by many suburbs; \"a highly suburbanized city\"', 'nontechnical': 'not characteristic of or skilled in applied arts and sciences; \"nontechnical aspects of the job\"; \"nontechnical training\"; \"an untechnical reader\"; \"in clear effective nontechnical language\"', 'nonproprietary': 'not protected by trademark or patent or copyright; \"nonproprietary products are in the public domain and anyone can produce or distribute them\"', 'unpatented': '(of devices and processes) not protected by patent; \"unpatented inventions\"', 'proprietary': 'protected by trademark or patent or copyright; made or produced or distributed by one having exclusive rights; \"`Tylenol\\' is a proprietary drug of which `acetaminophen\\' is the generic form\"', 'branded': 'marked with a brand; \"branded cattle\"; \"branded criminal\"', 'copyrighted': '(of literary or musical or dramatic or artistic work) protected by copyright; \"permission to publish copyright material\"', 'patented': '(of devices and processes) protected by patent; \"they are patented inventions\"', 'trademarked': '(of goods and merchandise) labeled with proprietary (and legally registered) identification guaranteeing exclusive use; \"trademarked goods\"', 'benevolent': 'intending or showing kindness; \"a benevolent society\"', 'lavish': 'characterized by extravagance and profusion; \"a lavish buffet\"; \"a lucullan feast\"', 'unselfish': 'disregarding your own advantages and welfare over those of others', 'stingy': 'unwilling to spend; \"she practices economy without being stingy\"; \"an ungenerous response to the appeal for funds\"', 'beggarly': 'marked by poverty befitting a beggar; \"a beggarly existence in the slums\"; \"a mean hut\"', 'cheeseparing': 'giving or spending with reluctance; \"our cheeseparing administration\"; \"very close (or near) with his money\"; \"a penny-pinching miserly old man\"', 'closefisted': 'unwilling to part with money', 'grudging': 'of especially an attitude; \"gave grudging consent\"; \"grudging acceptance of his opponent\\'s victory\"', 'mean': 'excellent; \"famous for a mean backhand\"', 'parsimonious': 'excessively unwilling to spend; \"parsimonious thrift relieved by few generous impulses\"; \"lived in a most penurious manner--denying himself every indulgence\"', 'ungrudging': 'without envy or reluctance; \"ungrudging admiration\"', 'ungenerous': 'lacking in magnanimity; \"it seems ungenerous to end this review of a splendid work of scholarship on a critical note\"- Times Litt. Sup.; \"a meanspirited man unwilling to forgive\"', 'genuine': 'not pretended; sincerely felt or expressed; \"genuine emotion\"; \"her interest in people was unfeigned\"; \"true grief\"', 'authentic': 'conforming to fact and therefore worthy of belief; \"an authentic account by an eyewitness\"; \"reliable information\"', 'attested': 'established as genuine', 'honest-to-god': '(used informally especially for emphasis); \"a real honest-to-god live cowboy\"; \"had us a high old time\"; \"went upriver to look at a sure-enough fish wheel\"', 'counterfeit': 'not genuine; imitating something superior; \"counterfeit emotion\"; \"counterfeit money\"; \"counterfeit works of art\"; \"a counterfeit prince\"', 'assumed': 'adopted in order to deceive; \"an assumed name\"; \"an assumed cheerfulness\"; \"a fictitious address\"; \"fictive sympathy\"; \"a pretended interest\"; \"a put-on childish voice\"; \"sham modesty\"', 'base': '(used of metals) consisting of or alloyed with inferior metal; \"base coins of aluminum\"; \"a base metal\"', 'bogus': 'fraudulent; having a misleading appearance', 'inauthentic': 'intended to deceive; \"a spurious work of art\"', 'mock': 'constituting a copy or imitation of something; \"boys in mock battle\"', 'ostensible': 'represented or appearing as such; pretended; \"His ostensible purpose was charity, his real goal popularity\"', 'pinchbeck': 'serving as an imitation or substitute; \"pinchbeck heroism\"', 'pseudo': '(often used in combination) not genuine but having the appearance of; \"a pseudo esthete\"; \"pseudoclassic\"', 'geocentric': 'having the earth as the center', 'Ptolemaic': 'of or relating to the astronomer Ptolemy', 'heliocentric': 'having the sun as the center', 'Copernican': 'of radical or major importance; \"a Copernican revolution in modern art\"', 'talented': 'endowed with talent or talents; \"a gifted writer\"', 'untalented': 'devoid of talent; not gifted', 'glazed': '(of foods) covered with a shiny coating by applying e.g. beaten egg or a sugar or gelatin mixture; \"glazed doughnuts\"; \"a glazed ham\"', 'glass-like': 'resembling glass', 'unglazed': 'not furnished with glass; \"windows were unglazed to admit as much light and air as possible\"', 'unvitrified': '(of ceramics) lacking a vitreous finish; \"unvitrified pottery\"', 'celebrated': 'widely known and esteemed; \"a famous actor\"; \"a celebrated musician\"; \"a famed scientist\"; \"an illustrious judge\"; \"a notable historian\"; \"a renowned painter\"', 'divine': 'devoted to or in the service or worship of a deity; \"divine worship\"; \"divine liturgy\"', 'empyreal': 'inspiring awe; \"well-meaning ineptitude that rises to empyreal absurdity\"- M.S.Dworkin; \"empyrean aplomb\"- Hamilton Basso; \"the sublime beauty of the night\"', 'illustrious': 'having or conferring glory; \"an illustrious achievement\"', 'lustrous': 'brilliant; \"set a lustrous example for others to follow\"; \"lustrous actors of the time\"', 'inglorious': 'not bringing honor and glory; \"some mute inglorious Milton here may rest\"', 'go': 'functioning correctly and ready for action; \"all systems are go\"', 'a-ok': 'in perfect condition or order', 'no-go': 'not functioning properly or in suitable condition for proceeding; \"the space launch was no-go\"', 'bang-up': 'very good; \"he did a bully job\"; \"a neat sports car\"; \"had a great time at the party\"; \"you look simply smashing\"', 'good_enough': 'adequately good for the circumstances; \"if it\\'s good enough for you it\\'s good enough for me\"', 'goodish': 'moderately good of its kind; \"a goodish wine\"', 'redeeming': 'compensating for some fault or defect; \"the redeeming feature of the plan is its simplicity\"; \"his saving grace was his sense of humor\"', 'satisfactory': 'giving satisfaction; \"satisfactory living conditions\"; \"his grades were satisfactory\"', 'superb': 'surpassingly good; \"a superb meal\"', 'well-behaved': '(usually of children) someone who behaves in a manner that the speaker believes is correct; \"a well-behaved child\"', 'corked': '(of wine) tainted in flavor by a cork containing excess tannin; \"a corked port\"', 'deplorable': 'of very poor quality or condition; \"deplorable housing conditions in the inner city\"; \"woeful treatment of the accused\"; \"woeful errors of judgment\"', 'hopeless': 'of a person unable to do something skillfully; \"I\\'m hopeless at mathematics\"', 'horrid': 'exceedingly bad; \"when she was bad she was horrid\"', 'icky': 'very bad; \"a lousy play\"; \"it\\'s a stinking world\"', 'mediocre': 'moderate to inferior in quality; \"they improved the quality from mediocre to above average\"', 'naughty': 'badly behaved; \"a naughty boy\"', 'poor': 'characterized by or indicating poverty; \"the country had a poor economy\"; \"they lived in the poor section of town\"', 'rubber': 'returned for lack of funds; \"a rubber check\"; \"a no-good check\"', 'severe': 'intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality; \"severe pain\"; \"a severe case of flu\"; \"a terrible cough\"; \"under wicked fire from the enemy\\'s guns\"; \"a wicked cough\"', 'swingeing': 'severe; punishingly bad; \"swingeing taxation\"; \"swingeing damages awarded by the judge\"', 'uncool': '(spoken slang) unfashionable and boring', 'angelic': 'of or relating to angels; \"angelic messenger\"', 'goody-goody': 'affectedly or smugly good or self-righteous', 'redemptive': 'of or relating to or resulting in redemption; \"a redemptive theory about life\"- E.K.Brown', 'evil': 'having the nature of vice', 'corruptive': 'tending to corrupt or pervert', 'demonic': 'extremely evil or cruel; expressive of cruelty or befitting hell; \"something demonic in him--something that could be cruel\"; \"fires lit up a diabolic scene\"; \"diabolical sorcerers under the influence of devils\"; \"a fiendish despot\"; \"hellish torture\"; \"infernal instruments of war\"; \"satanic cruelty\"; \"unholy grimaces\"', 'despicable': 'morally reprehensible; \"would do something as despicable as murder\"; \"ugly crimes\"; \"the vile development of slavery appalled them\"; \"a slimy little liar\"', 'devilish': 'playful in an appealingly bold way; \"a roguish grin\"', 'evil-minded': 'having evil thoughts or intentions', 'good-natured': 'having an easygoing and cheerful disposition; \"too good-natured to resent a little criticism\"; \"the good-natured policeman on our block\"; \"the sounds of good-natured play\"', 'amiable': 'disposed to please; \"an amiable villain with a cocky sidelong grin\"- Hal Hinson', 'equable': 'not varying; \"an equable climate\"', 'ill-natured': 'having an irritable and unpleasant disposition', 'atrabilious': 'irritable as if suffering from indigestion', 'bristly': 'very irritable; \"bristly exchanges between the White House and the press\"; \"he became prickly and spiteful\"; \"witty and waspish about his colleagues\"', 'cantankerous': 'having a difficult and contrary disposition; \"a cantankerous and venomous-tongued old lady\"- Dorothy Sayers', 'churlish': 'rude and boorish', 'crabbed': 'annoyed and irritable', 'cranky': 'easily irritated or annoyed; \"an incorrigibly fractious young man\"; \"not the least nettlesome of his countrymen\"', 'crusty': 'brusque and surly and forbidding; \"crusty remarks\"; \"a crusty old man\"; \"his curmudgeonly temper\"; \"gruff manner\"; \"a gruff reply\"', 'currish': 'base and cowardly', 'huffish': 'sullen or moody', 'misanthropic': 'hating mankind in general', 'misogynous': 'hating women in particular', 'shirty': '(British informal) ill-tempered or annoyed', 'shrewish': 'continually complaining or faultfinding; \"a shrewish wife\"; \"nagging parents\"', 'snappish': 'apt to speak irritably; \"a snappish tone of voice\"', 'spoiled': 'having the character or disposition harmed by pampering or oversolicitous attention; \"a spoiled child\"', 'surly': 'inclined to anger or bad feelings with overtones of menace; \"a surly waiter\"; \"an ugly frame of mind\"', 'vinegary': 'having a sour disposition; ill-tempered', 'graceful': 'characterized by beauty of movement, style, form, or execution', 'fluent': 'smooth and unconstrained in movement; \"a long, smooth stride\"; \"the fluid motion of a cat\"; \"the liquid grace of a ballerina\"', 'gainly': 'graceful and pleasing; \"gainly conduct\"; \"a gainly youth with dark hair and eyes\"', 'gracile': 'slender and graceful', 'lissome': ' moving and bending with ease', 'gawky': 'lacking grace in movement or posture; \"a gawky lad with long ungainly legs\"; \"clumsy fingers\"; \"what an ungainly creature a giraffe is\"; \"heaved his unwieldy figure out of his chair\"', 'graceless': 'lacking graciousness; \"a totally graceless hostess\"', 'labored': 'lacking natural ease; \"a labored style of debating\"', 'wooden': 'made or consisting of (entirely or in part) or employing wood; \"a wooden box\"; \"an ancient cart with wooden wheels\"', 'merciful': 'showing or giving mercy; \"sought merciful treatment for the captives\"; \"a merciful god\"', 'ungracious': 'lacking charm and good taste; \"an ungracious industrial city\"; \"this curt summary is not meant to be ungracious\"; \"ungracious behavior\"', 'gradual': '(of a topographical gradient) not steep or abrupt; \"a gradual slope\"', 'bit-by-bit': 'one thing at a time', 'gradational': 'taking place by degrees', 'sudden': 'happening without warning or in a short space of time; \"a sudden storm\"; \"a sudden decision\"; \"a sudden cure\"', 'fulminant': 'sudden and severe; \"fulminant pain\"; \"fulminant fever\"', 'sloping': 'having a slanting form or direction; \"an area of gently sloping hills\"; \"a room with a sloping ceiling\"', 'steep': 'of a slope; set at a high angle; \"note the steep incline\"; \"a steep roof sheds snow\"', 'perpendicular': 'intersecting at or forming right angles; \"the axes are perpendicular to each other\"', 'steepish': 'somewhat steep', 'steep-sided': 'having very steep sides', 'grammatical': 'of or pertaining to grammar; \"the grammatic structure of a sentence\"; \"grammatical rules\"; \"grammatical gender\"', 'ungrammatical': 'not grammatical; not conforming to the rules of grammar or accepted usage', 'grateful': 'affording comfort or pleasure; \"the grateful warmth of the fire\"', 'glad': 'eagerly disposed to act or to be of service; \"glad to help\"', 'ungrateful': 'disagreeable; \"I will not perform the ungrateful task of comparing cases of failure\"- Abraham Lincoln', 'unappreciative': 'not feeling or expressing gratitude; \"unappreciative of nature\\'s bounty\"', 'haploid': 'of a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes', 'diploid': 'of a cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number; \"diploid somatic cells\"', 'polyploid': 'of a cell or organism having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes; \"a polyploid cell\"; \"a polyploid species\"', 'triploid': 'of a cell or organism having three complete sets of chromosomes; \"human triploid fetuses are usually spontaneously aborted\"', 'blissful': 'completely happy and contented; \"blissful young lovers\"; \"in blissful ignorance\"', 'laughing': 'showing or feeling mirth or pleasure or happiness; \"laughing children\"', 'unhappy': 'causing discomfort; \"the unhappy truth\"', 'lovesick': 'languishing because of love; \"strong men behaving like lovesick boys\"', 'regretful': 'feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone; \"felt regretful over his vanished youth\"; \"regretful over mistakes she had made\"; \"he felt bad about breaking the vase\"', 'unregretful': 'feeling no regret; \"was completely unregretful about what had happened\"', 'adamantine': 'consisting of or having the hardness of adamant', 'al_dente': 'of pasta cooked so as to be firm when eaten', 'corneous': 'made of horn (or of a substance resembling horn)', 'tumid': 'of sexual organs; stiff and rigid', 'granitic': 'hard as granite; \"a granitic fist\"', 'hardened': 'protected against attack (especially by nuclear weapons); \"hardened missile silos\"', 'woody': 'made of or containing or resembling wood; \"woody plants\"; \"perennial herbs with woody stems\"; \"a woody taste\"', 'petrous': '(of bone especially the temporal bone) resembling stone in hardness', 'semihard': 'somewhat hard', 'steely': 'resembling steel as in hardness; \"steely eyes\"; \"steely nerves like those of a steeplejack\"', 'unyielding': 'resistant to physical force or pressure; \"an unyielding head support\"', 'brushed': 'touched lightly in passing; grazed against; \"of all the people brushed against in a normal day on a city street I remember not a one\"', 'cheeselike': 'having the consistency of cheese', 'cottony': 'resembling cotton; as soft as cotton', 'cushioned': 'softened by the addition of cushions or padding', 'demulcent': 'having a softening or soothing effect especially to the skin', 'flaccid': 'drooping without elasticity; wanting in stiffness; \"a flaccid penis\"', 'flocculent': 'having a fluffy character or appearance', 'mushy': 'having the consistency of mush', 'overstuffed': 'upholstered thickly and deeply; \"an overstuffed sofa\"', 'softish': 'somewhat soft', 'velvet': 'smooth and soft to sight or hearing or touch or taste', 'calculating': 'used of persons; \"the most calculating and selfish men in the community\"', 'case-hardened': 'used of persons; emotionally hardened; \"faced a case-hardened judge\"', 'mellow': 'having a full and pleasing flavor through proper aging; \"a mellow port\"; \"mellowed fruit\"', 'velar': 'of or relating to the velum', 'fricative': \"of speech sounds produced by forcing air through a constricted passage (as `f', `s', `z', or `th' in both `thin' and `then')\", 'palatal': 'relating to or lying near the palate; \"palatal index\"; \"the palatine tonsils\"', 'flinty': 'containing flint', 'softhearted': 'easily moved to pity or sorrow; \"a softhearted judge\"', 'intoxicant': 'causing', 'spirituous': 'containing or of the nature of alcohol; \"spiritous beverages\"; \"spirituous liquors\"', 'wet': 'containing moisture or volatile components; \"wet paint\"', 'nonalcoholic': 'characterized by the absence of alcohol; \"nonalcoholic beverages\"', 'harmless': 'not causing or capable of causing harm; \"harmless bacteria\"; \"rendered the bomb harmless\"', 'harmful': 'causing or capable of causing harm; \"too much sun is harmful to the skin\"; \"harmful effects of smoking\"', 'abusive': 'expressing offensive reproach', 'deleterious': 'harmful to living things; \"deleterious chemical additives\"', 'calumniatory': '(used of statements) harmful and often untrue; tending to discredit or malign', 'catastrophic': 'extremely harmful; bringing physical or financial ruin; \"a catastrophic depression\"; \"catastrophic illness\"; \"a ruinous course of action\"', 'counterproductive': 'tending to hinder the achievement of a goal', 'insidious': 'beguiling but harmful; \"insidious pleasures\"', 'mischievous': 'deliberately causing harm or damage; \"mischievous rumors and falsehoods\"', 'nocent': 'having a tendency to cause harm', 'stabbing': 'causing physical or especially psychological injury; \"a stabbing remark\"; \"wounding and false charges of disloyalty\"', 'consonant': 'involving or characterized by harmony', 'harmonic': 'of or relating to harmonics', 'on-key': 'in tune; accurate in pitch; \"a true note\"', 'symphonic': 'relating to or characteristic or suggestive of a symphony; \"symphonic choir\"', 'unresolved': 'characterized by musical dissonance; harmonically unresolved', 'healthful': 'conducive to good health of body or mind; \"a healthful climate\"; \"a healthful environment\"; \"healthful nutrition\"; \"healthful sleep\"; \"Dickens\\'s relatively healthful exuberance\"', 'anthelmintic': 'capable of expelling or destroying parasitic worms', 'antimicrobial': 'capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of disease-causing microorganisms', 'carminative': 'relieving gas in the alimentary tract (colic or flatulence or griping)', 'curative': 'tending to cure or restore to health; \"curative powers of herbal remedies\"; \"her gentle healing hand\"; \"remedial surgery\"; \"a sanative environment of mountains and fresh air\"; \"a therapeutic agent\"; \"therapeutic diets\"', 'drugless': 'without the use of drugs; \"drugless therapy\"', 'medicative': 'having the properties of medicine; \"medicative drugs\"; \"medicinal herbs\"; \"medicinal properties\"', 'orthomolecular': 'designating or relating to a form of treatment of mental disorders that seeks to restore biochemical balance in the body with large doses of vitamins and minerals; \"orthomolecular medicine\"; \"orthomolecular therapy\"', 'preventive': 'tending to prevent or hinder', 'recuperative': 'promoting recuperation; \"recuperative powers\"; \"strongly recuperative remedies\"; \"restorative effects of exercise\"', 'unhealthful': 'detrimental to good health; \"unhealthful air pollution\"; \"unhealthful conditions in old apartments with peeling lead-based paint\"', 'crippling': 'that cripples or disables or incapacitates; \"a crippling injury\"', 'cytopathogenic': 'of or relating to or causing pathological changes in cells', 'infective': 'able to cause disease; \"infective agents\"; \"pathogenic bacteria\"', 'unmedicinal': 'not having a medicinal effect or not medically prescribed; \"he took mind-altering drugs for nonmedicinal reasons\"', 'unhealthy': 'not in or exhibiting good health in body or mind; \"unhealthy ulcers\"', 'medical': 'relating to the study or practice of medicine; \"the medical profession\"; \"a medical student\"; \"medical school\"', 'preoperative': 'happening or done before and in preparation for a surgical operation', 'postoperative': 'happening or done after a surgical operation; \"postoperative complications\"; \"postoperative care\"', 'operable': 'usable for a specific purpose; \"an operable plan\"; \"a practicable solution\"', 'inoperable': 'not able to perform its normal function', 'pyretic': 'causing fever', 'antipyretic': 'preventing or alleviating fever', 'healthy': 'promoting health; healthful; \"a healthy diet\"; \"clean healthy air\"; \"plenty of healthy sleep\"; \"healthy and normal outlets for youthful energy\"; \"the salubrious mountain air and water\"- C.B.Davis; \"carrots are good for you\"', 'flushed': 'having the pinkish flush of health', 'hale': 'exhibiting or restored to vigorous good health; \"hale and hearty\"; \"whole in mind and body\"; \"a whole person again\"', 'anicteric': 'without jaundice; \"anicteric hepatitis\"', 'rock-loving': 'of plants that flourish in a rocky environment', 'rubicund': 'inclined to a healthy reddish color often associated with outdoor life; \"a ruddy complexion\"; \"Santa\\'s rubicund cheeks\"; \"a fresh and sanguine complexion\"', 'sun-loving': '(of plants) flourishing in strong sunlight', 'water-loving': '(of plants) flourishing with lots of water', 'well-preserved': 'used of older persons who are healthy', 'wholesome': 'conducive to or characteristic of physical or moral well-being; \"wholesome attitude\"; \"wholesome appearance\"; \"wholesome food\"', 'arthritic': 'of or pertaining to arthritis; \"my creaky old joints\"; \"rheumy with age and grief\"', 'asthmatic': 'relating to breathing with a whistling sound', 'blebby': 'covered with small blisters', 'puffy': 'abnormally distended especially by fluids or gas; \"hungry children with bloated stomachs\"; \"he had a grossly distended stomach\"; \"eyes with puffed (or puffy) lids\"; \"swollen hands\"; \"tumescent tissue\"; \"puffy tumid flesh\"', 'bloodshot': '(of an eye) reddened as a result of locally congested blood vessels; inflamed; \"bloodshot eyes\"', 'cankerous': 'having an ulcer or canker', 'carious': '(of teeth) affected with cavities or decay', 'caseous': 'of damaged or necrotic tissue; cheeselike', 'chilblained': 'having chilblains; \"her poor chilblained hands\"', 'colicky': 'suffering from excessive gas in the alimentary canal', 'cytomegalic': 'of or relating to or characterized by greatly enlarged cells', 'dehydrated': 'suffering from excessive loss of water from the body; \"fever resulted from becoming dehydrated\"; \"was dehydrated after the marathon\"', 'diseased': 'caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology; \"diseased tonsils\"; \"a morbid growth\"; \"pathologic tissue\"; \"pathological bodily processes\"', 'edematous': 'swollen with an excessive accumulation of fluid', 'enlarged': 'larger than normal; \"enlarged joints\"', 'foaming': 'producing or covered with lathery sweat or saliva from exhaustion or disease; \"the rabid animal\\'s frothing mouth\"', 'gangrenous': 'suffering from tissue death', 'inflammatory': 'characterized or caused by inflammation; \"an inflammatory process\"; \"an inflammatory response\"', 'ingrowing': 'growing abnormally into the flesh; \"an ingrown toenail\"', 'membranous': 'relating to or made of or similar to a membrane; \"membranous lining\"', 'mental': 'of or relating to the mind; \"mental powers\"; \"mental development\"; \"mental hygiene\"', 'proinflammatory': 'tending to cause inflammation', 'sallow': 'unhealthy looking', 'sore-eyed': 'having sore eyes; suffering from pinkeye or conjunctivitis', 'sunburned': 'suffering from overexposure to direct sunlight', 'varicose': 'abnormally swollen or knotty; \"varicose veins\"', 'windburned': 'suffering from windburn', 'phlegmy': 'characterized by phlegm; \"a phlegmy discharge\"', 'heavenly': 'of or belonging to heaven or god', 'ambrosial': 'extremely pleasing to the taste; sweet and fragrant; \"a nectarous drink\"; \"ambrosial food\"', 'celestial': 'of or relating to the sky; \"celestial map\"; \"a heavenly body\"', 'paradisiacal': 'relating to or befitting Paradise; \"together in that paradisal place\"; \"paradisiacal innocence\"', 'providential': 'relating to or characteristic of providence; \"assumption that nature operates only according to a providential plan\"- M.R.Cohen', 'translunar': 'situated beyond the moon or its orbit around the earth; \"who can imagine a translunary visitor in Times Square?\"', 'earthly': 'of or belonging to or characteristic of this earth as distinguished from heaven; \"earthly beings\"; \"believed that our earthly life is all that matters\"; \"earthly love\"; \"our earthly home\"', 'earthborn': 'of earthly origin (as mortals are); \"earthborn existence\"', 'earthbound': 'confined to the earth', 'mundane': 'concerned with the world or worldly matters; \"mundane affairs\"; \"he developed an immense terrestrial practicality\"', 'sublunar': 'situated between the earth and the moon', 'temporal': 'of or relating to or limited by time; \"temporal processing\"; \"temporal dimensions\"; \"temporal and spacial boundaries\"; \"music is a temporal art\"', 'digestible': 'capable of being converted into assimilable condition in the alimentary canal', 'assimilable': 'able to be absorbed and incorporated into body tissues', 'predigested': 'artificially partially digested as by enzymatic action; \"predigested foods are a boon for those who are ill or have impaired digestion\"', 'indigestible': 'digested with difficulty', 'flatulent': 'generating excessive gas in the alimentary canal', 'nondigestible': 'not digestible', 'undigested': 'not thought over and arranged systematically in the mind; not absorbed or assimilated mentally; \"an undigested mass of facts gathered at random\"', 'headed': 'having a heading or course in a certain direction; \"westward headed wagons\"', 'bicephalous': 'having two heads', 'burr-headed': 'having a head of straight hair cut very short (hence bristly)', 'headlike': 'having a protuberance that resembles a head', 'large-headed': 'having a large head', 'headless': 'not having a head or formed without a head ; \"the headless horseman\"; \"brads are headless nails\"', 'acephalous': 'lacking a head or a clearly defined head; \"acephalous worms\"', 'beheaded': 'having had the head cut off; \"the beheaded prisoners\"', 'unheaded': 'not having a heading or caption; \"unheaded sections\"', 'doughy': 'having the consistency of dough because of insufficient leavening or improper cooking; \"the cake fell; it\\'s a doughy mess\"', 'heavier-than-air': 'relating to an aircraft heavier than the air it displaces', 'hefty': 'of considerable weight and size; \"a hefty dictionary\"', 'massive': 'being the same substance throughout; \"massive silver\"', 'non-buoyant': 'tending to sink in a liquid or fall in air', 'ponderous': 'labored and dull; \"a ponderous speech\"', 'lightweight': 'having no importance or influence; \"a lightweight intellect\"', 'airy': 'not practical or realizable; speculative; \"airy theories about socioeconomic improvement\"; \"visionary schemes for getting rich\"', 'lighter-than-air': 'relating to a balloon or other aircraft that flies because it weighs less than the air it displaces', 'weighty': 'weighing heavily on the spirit; causing anxiety or worry; \"weighty problems\"', 'weightless': 'having little or no weight or apparent gravitational pull; light; \"floating freely in a weightless condition\"; \"a baby bat...fluffy and weightless as a moth\"; \"jackets made of a weightless polyester fabric\"', 'light-duty': 'not designed for heavy work; \"a light-duty detergent\"', 'heavy-duty': 'designed for heavy work; \"a heavy-duty detergent\"; \"heavy-duty gloves\"', 'industrial': 'of or relating to or resulting from industry; \"industrial output\"', 'burdensome': 'not easily borne; wearing; \"the burdensome task of preparing the income tax return\"; \"my duties weren\\'t onerous; I only had to greet the guests\"; \"a taxing schedule\"', 'distressing': 'causing distress or worry or anxiety; \"distressing (or disturbing) news\"; \"lived in heroic if something distressful isolation\"; \"a disturbing amount of crime\"; \"a revelation that was most perturbing\"; \"a new and troubling thought\"; \"in a particularly worrisome predicament\"; \"a worrying situation\"; \"a worrying time\"', 'fooling': 'characterized by a feeling of irresponsibility; \"a broken back is nothing to be casual about; it is no fooling matter\"', 'light-footed': '(of movement) having a light and springy step; \"a light-footed girl\"', 'heavy-footed': '(of movement) lacking ease or lightness; \"his tired heavy-footed walk\"', 'heedful': 'taking heed; giving close and thoughtful attention; \"heedful of the warnings\"; \"so heedful a writer\"; \"heedful of what they were doing\"', 'enabling': 'providing legal power or sanction; \"an enabling resolution\"; \"enabling power\"', 'sanctionative': 'implying sanction or serving to sanction; \"the guardian\\'s duties were primarily sanctionative rather than administrative\"', 'disabling': 'depriving of legal right; rendering legally disqualified; \"certain disabling restrictions disqualified him for citizenship\"', 'helpful': 'providing assistance or serving a useful function', 'adjuvant': 'enhancing the action of a medical treatment; \"the adjuvant action of certain bacteria\"', 'assistive': 'giving assistance', 'face-saving': 'maintaining dignity or prestige; \"a face-saving compromise\"', 'facilitative': 'freeing from difficulty or impediment; \"facilitative changes in the economic structure\"', 'facilitatory': 'inducing or aiding in facilitating neural activity', 'implemental': 'serving or acting as a means or aid; \"instrumental in solving the crime\"', 'laborsaving': 'designed to replace or conserve human and especially manual labor; \"laborsaving devices like washing machines\"', 'ministrant': 'giving practical help to; \"a ministering angel\"; \"the angels ministrant sang\"; \"the attending physician\"', 'reformative': 'tending to reform; \"reformative and rehabilitative agencies\"; \"reformatory punishment\"', 'right-hand': 'located on or directed toward the right; \"a right-hand turn\"', 'stabilizing': 'causing to become stable; \"the family is one of the great stabilizing elements in society\"', 'steadying': 'causing to become steady; \"had a steadying effect on her nerves\"', 'unhelpful': 'providing no assistance', 'unconstructive': 'not constructive', 'heterodactyl': '(of bird feet) having the first and second toes directed backward the third and fourth forward', 'zygodactyl': '(of bird feet) having the first and fourth toes directed backward the second and third forward', 'heterogeneous': 'consisting of elements that are not of the same kind or nature; \"the population of the United States is vast and heterogeneous\"', 'assorted': 'of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity; \"assorted sizes\"; \"his disguises are many and various\"; \"various experiments have failed to disprove the theory\"; \"cited various reasons for his behavior\"', 'disparate': 'fundamentally different or distinct in quality or kind; \"such disparate attractions as grand opera and game fishing\"; \"disparate ideas\"', 'inhomogeneous': 'not homogeneous', 'homogeneous': 'all of the same or similar kind or nature; \"a close-knit homogeneous group\"', 'homogenized': 'formed by blending unlike elements especially by reducing one element to particles and dispersing them throughout another substance', 'homozygous': 'having identical alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci; \"these two fruit flies are homozygous for red eye color\"', 'heterozygous': 'having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci; \"heterozygous for eye color\"', 'heterosexual': 'sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex', 'homosexual': 'sexually attracted to members of your own sex', 'butch': 'used of men; markedly masculine in appearance or manner', 'gay': 'full of or showing high-spirited merriment; \"when hearts were young and gay\"; \"a poet could not but be gay, in such a jocund company\"- Wordsworth; \"the jolly crowd at the reunion\"; \"jolly old Saint Nick\"; \"a jovial old gentleman\"; \"have a merry Christmas\"; \"peals of merry laughter\"; \"a mirthful laugh\"', 'homoerotic': 'of or concerning homosexual love', 'lesbian': ' of or relating to or characterized by homosexual relations between woman', 'pederastic': 'of homosexuality between a man and a boy', 'transgender': 'involving a partial or full reversal of gender', 'transsexual': 'overwhelmingly desirous of being, or completely identifying with, the opposite sex', 'transvestic': 'receiving sexual gratification from wearing clothing of the opposite sex', 'tribadistic': 'of female homosexual behavior that attempts to simulate heterosexual behavior', 'bisexual': 'having an ambiguous sexual identity', 'hierarchical': 'classified according to various criteria into successive levels or layers; \"it has been said that only a hierarchical society with a leisure class at the top can produce works of art\"; \"in her hierarchical set of values honesty comes first\"', 'class-conscious': '(used of society) socially hierarchical; \"American society is becoming increasingly stratified\"', 'gradable': 'capable of being graded (for quality or rank or size etc.)', 'graded': 'arranged in a sequence of grades or ranks; \"stratified areas of the distribution\"', 'vertical': 'relating to or involving all stages of a business from production to distribution', 'nonhierarchical': 'not classified hierarchically', 'ungraded': 'not arranged in order hierarchically', 'altitudinous': 'indefinitely high; lofty', 'commanding': 'used of a height or viewpoint; \"a commanding view of the ocean\"; \"looked up at the castle dominating the countryside\"; \"the balcony overlooking the ballroom\"', 'eminent': 'standing above others in quality or position; \"people in high places\"; \"the high priest\"; \"eminent members of the community\"', 'high-level': 'at an elevated level in rank or importance; \"a high-level official\"; \"a high-level corporate briefing\"; \"upper-level management\"', 'high-stepped': 'having or moving with a high step; \"his high-stepped stride\"; \"a high-stepping horse\"', 'high-top': '(of shoes or boots) having relatively high uppers', 'upper': 'the topmost one of two', 'low': 'unrefined in character; \"low comedy\"', 'low-growing': 'of plants that grow relatively low to the ground', 'low-level': 'at a low level in rank or importance; \"a low-level job\"; \"low-level discussions\"', 'low-lying': 'lying below the normal level; \"a low-lying desert\"', 'lowset': 'lower than average; \"lowset ears\"; \"a stocky low-set animal\"', 'nether': 'lower; \"gnawed his nether lip\"', 'squat': 'having a low center of gravity; built low to the ground', 'elevated': 'raised above the ground; \"an elevated platform\"', 'upraised': 'held up in the air; \"stood with arms upraised\"; \"her upraised flag\"', 'lowered': 'below the surround or below the normal position; \"with lowered eyes\"', 'high-tech': 'resembling or making use of highly advanced technology or devices', 'low-tech': 'not involving high technology', 'necked': 'having a neck or having a neck especially as specified (often used in combination)', 'decollete': '(of a garment) having a low-cut neckline; \"a low-cut neckline\"', 'high-necked': '(of a garment) having a high neckline; \"a high-necked blouse\"', 'necklike': 'resembling a neck', 'throated': 'having a throat as specified; \"deep-throated\"; \"white-throated\"', 'neckless': 'lacking or apparently lacking a neck', 'ceilinged': 'provided with a ceiling especially the overhead interior surface; \"the large beam-ceilinged living room\"', 'high-ceilinged': 'having a higher than normal ceiling', 'low-ceilinged': 'having a lower than normal ceiling', 'raftered': 'having the rafters especially having them visible; \"a raftered ceiling\"', 'floored': 'provided with a floor', 'low-sudsing': '(used of e.g. detergents) producing few suds', 'high-sudsing': '(used of e.g. detergents) producing many suds', 'low-interest': '(used of loans) charging a relatively small percentage of the amount borrowed', 'high-interest': '(used of loans) charging a relatively large percentage of the amount borrowed', 'graduate': 'of or relating to studies beyond a bachelor\\'s degree; \"graduate courses\"', 'higher': 'advanced in complexity or elaboration; \"higher finance\"; \"higher mathematics\"', 'soaring': 'ascending to a level markedly higher than the usual; \"soaring prices\"', 'debased': 'lowered in value; \"the dollar is low\"; \"a debased currency\"', 'depressed': 'flattened downward as if pressed from above or flattened along the dorsal and ventral surfaces', 'reduced': 'well below normal (especially in price)', 'adenoidal': 'of or pertaining to the adenoids', 'altissimo': 'very high', 'alto': 'of or being the lowest female voice', 'countertenor': 'of or being the highest male voice; having a range above that of tenor', 'falsetto': 'artificially high; above the normal voice range; \"a falsetto voice\"', 'peaky': 'having or as if having especially high-pitched spots; \"absence of peaky highs and beefed-up bass\"', 'screaky': 'having or making a high-pitched sound such as that made by a mouse or a rusty hinge', 'soprano': 'having or denoting a high range; \"soprano voice\"; \"soprano sax\"; \"the boy still had a fine treble voice\"; \"the treble clef\"', 'sopranino': 'higher in range than soprano; \"a sopranino recorder\"', 'tenor': '(of a musical instrument) intermediate between alto and baritone or bass; \"a tenor sax\"', 'baritone': 'lower in range than tenor and higher than bass; \"a baritone voice\"; \"baritone oboe\"', 'bass': 'having or denoting a low vocal or instrumental range; \"a deep voice\"; \"a bass voice is lower than a baritone voice\"; \"a bass clarinet\"', 'contrabass': 'pitched an octave below normal bass instrumental or vocal range; \"contrabass or double-bass clarinet\"', 'throaty': 'sounding as if pronounced low in the throat; \"a rich throaty voice\"', 'imitative': 'marked by or given to imitation; \"acting is an imitative art\"; \"man is an imitative being\"', 'apish': 'being or given to servile imitation', 'mimetic': 'characterized by or of the nature of or using mimesis; \"a mimetic dance\"; \"the mimetic presentation of images\"', 'mimic': 'constituting an imitation; \"the mimic warfare of the opera stage\"- Archibald Alison', 'parrotlike': 'mechanically imitated or repeated without thought or understanding; \"a mere parrotlike word-calling process\"; \"a voice quality sounding parrotlike\"', 'simulated': 'reproduced or made to resemble; imitative in character; \"under simulated combat conditions\"', 'nonimitative': 'not marked by or given to imitation', 'echoic': 'like or characteristic of an echo', 'nonechoic': 'not echoic or imitative of sound', 'high-resolution': 'producing images that are sharp and finely detailed; \"high-resolution photography\"; \"a high-resolution lens\"; \"high-resolution television\"', 'low-resolution': 'of computer output devices; producing images that are not sharply defined', 'high-rise': 'used of buildings of many stories equipped with elevators; tall; \"avenues lined with high-rise apartment buildings\"', 'multistory': 'having more than one story', 'storied': 'having stories as indicated; \"a six-storied building\"', 'low-rise': 'used of buildings of one or only a few stories and usually no elevator; low; \"looking out over the roofs of low-rise apartment buildings\"', 'walk-up': 'a building with no elevator; \"a walk-up apartment\"', 'upland': 'used of high or hilly country', 'alpestrine': 'growing at high altitudes', 'alpine': 'relating to or characteristic of alps; \"alpine sports\"', 'mountainous': 'like a mountain in size and impressiveness; \"mountainous waves\"; \"a mountainous dark man\"', 'lowland': 'of relatively low or level country', 'homologous': 'having the same evolutionary origin but not necessarily the same function; \"the wing of a bat and the arm of a man are homologous\"', 'heterologous': 'not corresponding in structure or evolutionary origin', 'autologous': 'derived from organisms of the selfsame individual; \"autologous blood donation\"', 'homologic': 'similar in evolutionary origin but not in function', 'analogous': 'similar or equivalent in some respects though otherwise dissimilar; \"brains and computers are often considered analogous\"; \"salmon roe is marketed as analogous to caviar\"', 'gabled': '(of a roof) constructed with a single slope on each side of the ridge supported at the end by a gable or vertical triangular portion of an end wall; \"a gabled roof\"', 'hipped': 'having hips; or having hips as specified (usually in combination); \"broad-hipped\"', 'mansard': '(of a roof) having two slopes on all sides with the lower slope steeper than the upper; \"the story formed by a mansard roof is usually called the garret\"', 'hipless': 'having or seeming to have no hips; \"slim and hipless\"', 'downright': 'characterized by plain blunt honesty; \"a downright answer\"; \"a downright kind of person\"', 'dishonest': 'deceptive or fraudulent; disposed to cheat or defraud or deceive', 'ambidextrous': 'equally skillful with each hand; \"an ambidextrous surgeon\"', 'beguiling': 'misleading by means of pleasant or alluring methods; \"taken in by beguiling tales of overnight fortunes\"', 'deceitful': 'intended to deceive; \"deceitful advertising\"; \"fallacious testimony\"; \"smooth, shining, and deceitful as thin ice\" - S.T.Coleridge; \"a fraudulent scheme to escape paying taxes\"', 'deceptive': 'causing one to believe what is not true or fail to believe what is true; \"deceptive calm\"; \"a delusory pleasure\"', 'picaresque': 'involving clever rogues or adventurers especially as in a type of fiction; \"picaresque novels\"; \"waifs of the picaresque tradition\"; \"a picaresque hero\"', 'rascally': 'lacking principles or scruples; \"the rascally rabble\"; \"the tyranny of a scoundrelly aristocracy\" - W.M. Thackaray; \"the captain was set adrift by his roguish crew\"', 'thieving': 'given to thievery', 'truthful': 'conforming to truth; \"I wouldn\\'t have told you this if it weren\\'t so\"; \"a truthful statement\"', 'untruthful': 'not expressing or given to expressing the truth; \"the statement given under oath was untruthful\"; \"an untruthful person\"', 'mendacious': 'intentionally untrue; \"a mendacious statement\"', 'honorable': 'worthy of being honored; entitled to honor and respect; \"an honorable man\"; \"led an honorable life\"; \"honorable service to his country\"', 'august': 'of or befitting a lord; \"heir to a lordly fortune\"; \"of august lineage\"', 'laureate': 'worthy of the greatest honor or distinction; \"The nation\\'s pediatrician laureate is preparing to lay down his black bag\"- James Traub', 'time-honored': 'acceptable for a long time; \"time-honored customs\"', 'dishonorable': 'lacking honor or integrity; deserving dishonor; \"dishonorable in thought and deed\"', 'debasing': 'used of conduct; characterized by dishonor', 'shabby': 'mean and unworthy and despicable; \"shabby treatment\"', 'unprincipled': 'lacking principles or moral scruples; \"freedom from coarse unprincipled calumny\"- A.E.Stevenson', 'hopeful': 'having or manifesting hope; \"a line of people hopeful of obtaining tickets\"; \"found a hopeful way of attacking the problem\"', 'anticipant': 'marked by eager anticipation; \"an expectant hush\"', 'despairing': 'arising from or marked by despair or loss of hope; \"a despairing view of the world situation\"; \"the last despairing plea of the condemned criminal\"; \"a desperate cry for help\"; \"helpless and desperate--as if at the end of his tether\"; \"her desperate screams\"', 'despondent': 'without or almost without hope; \"despondent about his failure\"; \"too heartsick to fight back\"', 'forlorn': 'marked by or showing hopelessness; \"the last forlorn attempt\"; \"a forlorn cause\"', 'futureless': 'having no prospect or hope of a future', 'insoluble': 'admitting of no solution or explanation; \"an insoluble doubt\"', 'institutionalized': 'given the character of an institution or incorporated into a structured and usually well-established system; \"institutionalized graft\"; \"institutionalized suicide as practiced in Japan\"', 'noninstitutionalized': 'not committed to an institution', 'institutional': 'relating to or constituting or involving an institution; \"institutional policy\"', 'uninteresting': 'arousing no interest or attention or curiosity or excitement; \"a very uninteresting account of her trip\"', 'noninstitutional': 'not institutional', 'iodinating': 'combining or causing to combine with iodine; \"the active iodinating species\"; \"the in vivo iodinating mechanism\"', 'de-iodinating': 'removing iodine from', 'consolable': 'able to be consoled', 'inconsolable': 'sad beyond comforting; incapable of being consoled; \"inconsolable when her son died\"', 'desolate': 'crushed by grief; \"depressed and desolate of soul\"; \"a low desolate wail\"', 'horizontal': 'parallel to or in the plane of the horizon or a base line; \"a horizontal surface\"', 'crosswise': 'lying or extending across the length of a thing or in a cross direction; \"a crosswise street\"; \"the crosswise dimension\"', 'naiant': 'applied to a fish depicted horizontally', 'plumb': 'exactly vertical; \"the tower of Pisa is far out of plumb\"', 'upended': 'turned up on end', 'upright': 'in a vertical position; not sloping; \"an upright post\"', 'inclined': '(often followed by `to\\') having a preference, disposition, or tendency; \"wasn\\'t inclined to believe the excuse\"; \"inclined to be moody\"', 'atilt': 'departing or being caused to depart from the true vertical or horizontal; \"the leaning tower of Pisa\"; \"the headstones were tilted\"', 'aslant': 'having an oblique or slanted direction', 'high-pitched': 'set at a sharp or high angle or slant; \"a high-pitched roof\"', 'low-pitched': 'set at a low angle or slant; \"a low-pitched roof\"', 'monoclinal': 'of a geological structure in which all strata are inclined in the same direction', 'pitched': '(of sound) set to a certain pitch or key; usually used as a combining form; \"high-pitched\"', 'salient': '(of angles) pointing outward at an angle of less than 180 degrees', 'sidelong': 'inclining or directed to one side; \"moved downward in a sidelong way\" - Bram Stoker', 'skew': 'having an oblique or slanting direction or position; \"the picture was skew\"', 'erect': 'upright in position or posture; \"an erect stature\"; \"erect flower stalks\"; \"for a dog, an erect tail indicates aggression\"; \"a column still vertical amid the ruins\"; \"he sat bolt upright\"', 'fastigiate': 'having clusters of erect branches (often appearing to form a single column)', 'orthostatic': 'pertaining to an upright standing posture; \"orthostatic hypotension\"', 'passant': 'in walking position with right foreleg raised', 'semi-climbing': 'of plants that are semi-climbers', 'semi-erect': 'of plants that are partly erect', 'semi-upright': 'of animals that are partly erect', 'standing': 'permanent; \"a standing army\"', 'stand-up': 'requiring a standing position; \"a stand-up bar\"; \"a stand-up comic\"', 'statant': 'standing on four feet', 'unerect': 'not upright in position or posture', 'accumbent': 'lying down; in a position of comfort or rest', 'bended': 'used of the back and knees; stooped; \"on bended knee\"; \"with bent (or bended) back\"', 'cernuous': 'having branches or flower heads that bend downward; \"nodding daffodils\"; \"the pendulous branches of a weeping willow\"; \"lilacs with drooping panicles of fragrant flowers\"', 'couchant': 'lying on the stomach with head raised with legs pointed forward', 'hunched': 'having the back and shoulders rounded; not erect; \"a little oldish misshapen stooping woman\"', 'procumbent': 'having stems that trail along the ground without putting down roots', 'prone': 'having a tendency (to); often used in combination; \"a child prone to mischief\"; \"failure-prone\"', 'semi-prostrate': 'imperfectly prostrate; prostrate for part of its length; \"the semi-prostrate evergreen, purple heather\"', 'supine': 'lying face upward', 'seated': '(of persons) having the torso erect and legs bent with the body supported on the buttocks; \"the seated Madonna\"; \"the audience remained seated\"', 'gushing': 'flowing profusely; \"a gushing hydrant\"; \"pouring flood waters\"', 'jetting': 'propelled violently in a usually narrow stream', 'slack': 'flowing with little speed as e.g. at the turning of the tide; \"slack water\"', 'still': 'not sparkling; \"a still wine\"; \"still mineral water\"', 'passing': 'allowing you to pass (e.g., an examination or inspection) satisfactorily; \"a passing grade\"', 'hospitable': 'having an open mind; \"hospitable to new ideas\"; \"open to suggestions\"', 'inhospitable': 'not hospitable; \"they are extremely inhospitable these days\"; \"her greeting was cold and inhospitable\"', 'godforsaken': 'located in a dismal or remote area; desolate; \"a desert island\"; \"a godforsaken wilderness crossroads\"; \"a wild stretch of land\"; \"waste places\"', 'water-washed': 'washed or swept with water especially waves of the sea', 'windswept': 'open to or swept by wind; \"windswept headlands\"', 'welcoming': 'very cordial; \"a welcoming smile\"', 'at_loggerheads': 'in a dispute or confrontation; \"Sam and his parents were at loggerheads over the question of car privileges\"', 'bitter': 'very difficult to accept or bear; \"the bitter truth\"; \"a bitter sorrow\"', 'head-on': 'characterized by direct opposition; \"a head-on confrontation\"', 'opponent': 'characterized by active hostility; \"opponent (or opposing) armies\"', 'amicable': 'characterized by friendship and good will', 'well-meaning': 'not unfriendly or threatening; \"her well-meaning words were received in silence\"; \"the exasperation of a...well-meaning cow worried by dogs\"', 'baking': 'as hot as if in an oven', 'calefacient': 'producing the sensation of heat when applied to the body; \"a mustard plaster is calefacient\"', 'calefactory': 'serving to heat; \"a heating pad is calefactory\"', 'calorifacient': 'producing heat; usually used of foods; \"calorifacient chili peppers\"', 'calorific': 'heat-generating; \"the calorific properties of fuels\"', 'fervent': 'extremely hot; \"the fervent heat...merely communicated a genial warmth to their half-torpid systems\"- Nathaniel Hawthorne; \"set out...when the fervid heat subsides\"- Frances Trollope', 'fiery': 'very intense; \"a fiery temper\"; \"flaming passions\"', 'heatable': 'capable of becoming hot; \"the heatable tip of a soldering iron\"', 'heated': 'marked by emotional heat; vehement; \"a heated argument\"', 'hottish': 'somewhat hot', 'overheated': 'heated beyond a safe or desirable point; \"the child became overheated\"; \"overheated metal\"', 'red-hot': 'characterized by intense emotion or interest or excitement; \"a red-hot speech\"; \"sizzling political issues\"', 'scorching': 'hot and dry enough to burn or parch a surface; \"scorching heat\"', 'sizzling': 'hot enough to burn with or as if with a hissing sound; \"a sizzling steak\"; \"a sizzling spell of weather\"', 'sultry': 'characterized by oppressive heat and humidity; \"the summer was sultry and oppressive\"; \"the stifling atmosphere\"; \"the sulfurous atmosphere preceding a thunderstorm\"', 'sweltering': 'excessively hot and humid or marked by sweating and faintness; \"a sweltering room\"; \"sweltering athletes\"', 'thermal': 'relating to or associated with heat; \"thermal movements of molecules\"; \"thermal capacity\"; \"thermic energy\"; \"the caloric effect of sunlight\"', 'torrid': 'emotionally charged and vigorously energetic; \"a torrid dance\"; \"torrid jazz bands\"; \"hot trumpets and torrid rhythms\"', 'tropical': 'of or relating to the tropics, or either tropic; \"tropical year\"', 'acold': 'of persons; feeling cold; \"Poor Tom\\'s acold\"- Shakespeare', 'algid': 'chilly; \"a person who is algid is marked by prostration and has cold clammy skin and low blood pressure\"', 'arctic': 'extremely cold; \"an arctic climate\"; \"a frigid day\"; \"gelid waters of the North Atlantic\"; \"glacial winds\"; \"icy hands\"; \"polar weather\"', 'bleak': 'unpleasantly cold and damp; \"bleak winds of the North Atlantic\"', 'frigorific': 'causing cold; cooling or chilling', 'frore': 'very cold; \"whatever the evenings be--frosty and frore or warm and wet\"', 'frosty': 'covered with frost; \"a frosty glass\"; \"hedgerows were rimed and stiff with frost\"-Wm.Faulkner', 'heatless': 'without generating heat; \"luminescent organisms emit heatless light\"', 'ice-cold': 'as cold as ice', 'refrigerant': 'causing cooling or freezing; \"a refrigerant substance such as ice or solid carbon dioxide\"', 'refrigerated': 'made or kept cold by refrigeration; \"keep the milk refrigerated\"; \"a refrigerated truck\"', 'shivery': 'cold enough to cause shivers; \"felt all shivery\"; \"shivery weather\"', 'stone-cold': 'completely cold; \"by the time he got back to his coffee it was stone-cold\"', 'unheated': 'not having been heated or warmed; \"an unheated room\"; \"unwarmed rolls\"', 'vernal': 'of or characteristic of or occurring in spring; \"the vernal equinox\"', 'spring-flowering': 'of plants that bloom during the spring', 'summery': 'belonging to or characteristic of or occurring in summer; \"summery weather\"; \"summery dresses\"', 'aestival': '(rare) of or occurring in summer; \"the sky was a burnished aestival blue\"; \"estival winds\"', 'summer-flowering': 'of plants that bloom during the summer', 'autumnal': 'characteristic of late maturity verging on decline; \"a serene autumnal mood\"', 'autumn-flowering': 'of plants that bloom during the autumn', 'late-ripening': 'of plants that ripen in the fall', 'wintry': 'characteristic of or occurring in winter; \"suffered severe wintry weather\"; \"brown wintry grasses\"', 'brumal': 'characteristic of or relating to winter; \"bears in brumal sleep\"', 'winter-blooming': 'of plants that bloom during the winter', 'sensual': 'sexually exciting or gratifying; \"sensual excesses\"; \"a sultry look\"; \"a sultry dance\"', 'white-hot': 'intensely zealous or fervid; \"fierce white-hot loyalty\"', 'emotionless': 'unmoved by feeling; \"he kept his emotionless objectivity and faith in the cause he served\"; \"this passionless girl was like an icicle in the sunshine\"-Margaret Deland', 'frigid': 'devoid of warmth and cordiality; expressive of unfriendliness or disdain; \"a frigid greeting\"; \"got a frosty reception\"; \"a frozen look on their faces\"; \"a glacial handshake\"; \"icy stare\"; \"wintry smile\"', 'human': 'relating to a person; \"the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects\"', 'anthropoid': 'resembling apes', 'anthropomorphic': 'suggesting human characteristics for animals or inanimate things', 'hominal': 'of humankind as a species; \"the hominal kingdom\"', 'hominian': 'characterizing the family Hominidae, which includes Homo sapiens as well as extinct species of manlike creatures', 'hominine': 'characteristic of humankind', 'nonhuman': 'not human; not belonging to or produced by or appropriate to human beings; \"nonhuman primates such as chimpanzees\"', 'dehumanized': 'divested of human qualities or attributes', 'inhuman': 'belonging to or resembling something nonhuman; \"something dark and inhuman in form\"; \"a babel of inhuman noises\"', 'superhuman': 'above or beyond the human or demanding more than human power or endurance; \"superhuman beings\"; \"superhuman strength\"; \"soldiers driven mad by superhuman misery\"', 'infrahuman': 'belonging to a group below humans in evolutionary development; \"infrahuman animals\"', 'child-centered': \"designed to promote a child's personal qualities rather than to provide training or information\", 'human-centered': 'marked by humanistic values and devotion to human welfare; \"a humane physician\"; \"released the prisoner for humanitarian reasons\"; \"respect and humanistic regard for all members of our species\"', 'inhumane': 'lacking and reflecting lack of pity or compassion; \"humans are innately inhumane; this explains much of the misery and suffering in the world\"; \"biological weapons are considered too inhumane to be used\"', 'beastly': 'very unpleasant; \"hellish weather\"; \"stop that god-awful racket\"', 'cannibalic': 'marked by barbarity suggestive of a cannibal; rapaciously savage', 'pitiless': 'without mercy or pity; \"an act of ruthless ferocity\"; \"a monster of remorseless cruelty\"', 'humorous': 'full of or characterized by humor; \"humorous stories\"; \"humorous cartoons\"; \"in a humorous vein\"', 'bantering': 'cleverly amusing in tone; \"a bantering tone\"; \"facetious remarks\"; \"tongue-in-cheek advice\"', 'buffoonish': 'like a clown; \"a buffoonish walk\"; \"a clownish face\"; \"a zany sense of humor\"', 'amusing': 'providing enjoyment; pleasantly entertaining; \"an amusing speaker\"; \"a diverting story\"', 'droll': 'comical in an odd or whimsical manner; \"a droll little man with a quiet tongue-in-cheek kind of humor\"', 'farcical': 'broadly or extravagantly humorous; resembling farce; \"the wild farcical exuberance of a clown\"; \"ludicrous green hair\"', 'Gilbertian': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of the style of William S. Gilbert; \"Gilbertian libretti\"', 'hilarious': 'marked by or causing boisterous merriment or convulsive laughter; \"hilarious broad comedy\"; \"a screaming farce\"; \"uproarious stories\"', 'jesting': 'characterized by jokes and good humor', 'killing': 'very funny; \"a killing joke\"; \"sidesplitting antics\"', 'seriocomic': 'mixing the serious with the comic with comic predominating; \"a seriocomic novel\"', 'slapstick': 'characterized by horseplay and physical action; \"slapstick style of humor\"', 'tragicomic': 'of or relating to or characteristic of tragicomedy; \"a playwright specializing in tragicomic drama\"', 'waggish': 'witty or joking; \"Muskrat Castle as the house has been facetiously named by some waggish officer\"- James Fenimore Cooper', 'witty': 'combining clever conception and facetious expression; \"his sermons were unpredictably witty and satirical as well as eloquent\"', 'humorless': 'lacking humor; \"it was a humorless wink; a wink of warning\"- Truman Capote', 'sobersided': 'completely lacking in humor or lightness of touch; \"choreography that was sobersided and sententious\"; \"a play with a sobersided social message\"', 'po-faced': 'humorless and disapproving', 'unfunny': 'not funny; especially failing to achieve the intended humor; \"a very unfunny joke\"', 'hungry': 'feeling hunger; feeling a need or desire to eat food; \"a world full of hungry people\"', 'famished': 'extremely hungry; \"they were tired and famished for food and sleep\"; \"a ravenous boy\"; \"the family was starved and ragged\"; \"fell into the esurient embrance of a predatory enemy\"', 'peckish': 'somewhat hungry', 'supperless': 'without supper; \"went to bed supperless\"', 'hurried': 'moving rapidly or performed quickly or in great haste; \"a hurried trip to the store\"; \"the hurried life of a city\"; \"a hurried job\"', 'flying': 'hurried and brief; \"paid a flying visit\"; \"took a flying glance at the book\"; \"a quick inspection\"; \"a fast visit\"', 'hasty': 'done with very great haste and without due deliberation; \"hasty marriage seldom proveth well\"- Shakespeare; \"hasty makeshifts take the place of planning\"- Arthur Geddes; \"rejected what was regarded as an overhasty plan for reconversion\"; \"wondered whether they had been rather precipitate in deposing the king\"', 'helter-skelter': 'with undue hurry and confusion; \"a helter-skelter kind of existence with never a pause\"; \"a pell-mell dash for the train\"', 'rush': 'done under pressure; \"a rush job\"', 'unhurried': 'capable of accepting delay with equanimity; \"was unhurried with the small children\"', 'identifiable': 'capable of being identified', 'acknowledgeable': 'capable of being acknowledged', 'classifiable': 'capable of being classified', 'diagnosable': 'capable of being diagnosed', 'recognizable': 'easily perceived; easy to become aware of; \"this situation produces recognizable stress symptoms\"', 'specifiable': 'capable of being specified; \"specifiable complaints\"', 'unidentifiable': 'impossible to identify', 'unclassifiable': 'not possible to classify', 'undiagnosable': 'not possible to diagnose', 'unrecognizable': 'defying recognition as e.g. because of damage or alteration', 'transeunt': 'of a mental act; causing effects outside the mind', 'impaired': 'diminished in strength, quality, or utility; \"impaired eyesight\"', 'anosmic': 'relating to an impairment or loss of the sense of smell', 'dicky': '(British informal) faulty; \"I\\'ve got this dicky heart\"- John le Carre', 'dyslectic': 'having impaired ability to comprehend written words usually associated with a neurologic disorder', 'unimpaired': 'not damaged or diminished in any respect; \"his speech remained unimpaired\"', 'important': 'having or suggesting a consciousness of high position; \"recited the decree with an important air\"; \"took long important strides in the direction of his office\"', 'all-important': 'of the greatest importance; \"the all-important subject of disarmament\"; \"crucial information\"; \"in chess cool nerves are of the essence\"', 'burning': 'of immediate import; \"burning issues of the day\"', 'cardinal': 'being or denoting a numerical quantity but not order; \"cardinal numbers\"', 'chief': 'most important element; \"the chief aim of living\"; \"the main doors were of solid glass\"; \"the principal rivers of America\"; \"the principal example\"; \"policemen were primary targets\"; \"the master bedroom\"; \"a master switch\"', 'consequential': 'having important issues or results; \"the year\\'s only really consequential legislation\"; \"an eventful decision\"', 'grand': 'large and impressive in physical size or extent; \"the bridge is a grand structure\"', 'grave': 'dignified and somber in manner or character and committed to keeping promises; \"a grave God-fearing man\"; \"a quiet sedate nature\"; \"as sober as a judge\"; \"a solemn promise\"; \"the judge was solemn as he pronounced sentence\"', 'great': 'remarkable or out of the ordinary in degree or magnitude or effect; \"a great crisis\"; \"had a great stake in the outcome\"', 'historic': 'belonging to the past; of what is important or famous in the past; \"historic victories\"; \"historical (or historic) times\"; \"a historical character\"', 'in-chief': 'indicating the head of a staff; \"editor-in-chief\"', 'measurable': 'capable of being measured; \"measurable depths\"', 'most-valuable': 'designating the player judged to be the most important to the sport; \"the most-valuable player award\"', 'strategic': 'relating to or concerned with strategy; \"strategic weapon\"; \"the islands are of strategic importance\"; \"strategic considerations\"', 'unimportant': 'not important; \"a relatively unimportant feature of the system\"; \"the question seems unimportant\"', 'inconsequent': 'lacking worth or importance; \"his work seems trivial and inconsequential\"; \"the quite inconsequent fellow was managed like a puppet\"', 'fiddling': '(informal) small and of little importance; \"a fiddling sum of money\"; \"a footling gesture\"; \"our worries are lilliputian compared with those of countries that are at war\"; \"a little (or small) matter\"; \"a dispute over niggling details\"; \"limited to petty enterprises\"; \"piffling efforts\"; \"giving a police officer a free meal may be against the law, but it seems to be a picayune infraction\"', 'amazing': 'surprising greatly; \"she does an amazing amount of work\"; \"the dog was capable of astonishing tricks\"', 'arresting': 'commanding attention; \"an arresting drawing of people turning into animals\"; \"a sensational concert--one never to be forgotten\"; \"a stunning performance\"', 'astonishing': 'so surprisingly impressive as to stun or overwhelm; \"such an enormous response was astonishing\"; \"an astounding achievement\"; \"the amount of money required was staggering\"; \"suffered a staggering defeat\"; \"the figure inside the boucle dress was stupefying\"', 'baronial': 'impressive in appearance; \"a baronial mansion\"; \"an imposing residence\"; \"a noble tree\"; \"severe-looking policemen sat astride noble horses\"; \"stately columns\"', 'dazzling': 'amazingly impressive; suggestive of the flashing of lightning; \"the skater\\'s dazzling virtuosic leaps\"; \"these great best canvases still look as astonishing and as invitingly new as they did...when...his fulgurant popularity was in full growth\"- Janet Flanner; \"adventures related...in a style both vivid and fulgurous\"- Idwal Jones', 'grandiose': 'affectedly genteel', 'important-looking': 'impressive in appearance', 'mind-boggling': 'intellectually or emotionally overwhelming; \"a mind-boggling display\"; \"a mind-boggling puzzle\"', 'palatial': 'relating to or being a palace; \"the palatial residence\"', 'signal': 'notably out of the ordinary; \"the year saw one signal triumph for the Labour party\"', 'thundering': 'sounding like thunder; \"the thundering herd\"', 'unimpressive': 'not capable of impressing', 'unimposing': 'lacking in impressiveness; \"on the whole the results of this system are unimposing\"', 'noticeable': 'readily noticed; \"a noticeable resemblance\"', 'detectable': 'capable of being detected; \"after a noticeable pause the lecturer continued\"', 'noted': 'worthy of notice or attention; \"a noted increase in the crime rate\"', 'unnoticeable': 'not noticeable; not drawing attention; \"her clothes were simple and unnoticeable\"- J.G.Cozzens', 'insignificant': 'devoid of importance, meaning, or force', 'built': '(used of soaps or cleaning agents) having a substance (an abrasive or filler) added to increase effectiveness; \"the built liquid detergents\"', 'landscaped': '(of land) improved by gardening or landscape architecture; \"carefully landscaped gardens\"', 'unimproved': '(of land) not cleared of trees and brush; in the wild or natural state; \"a farm with 50 acres of unimproved and 68 acres of improved land\"; \"unimproved woodlands\"', 'dirt': '(of roads) not leveled or drained; unsuitable for all year travel', 'scrub': '(of domestic animals) not selectively bred', 'cleared': 'rid of objects or obstructions such as e.g. trees and brush; \"cleared land\"; \"cleared streets free of fallen trees and debris\"; \"a cleared passage through the underbrush\"; \"played poker on the cleared dining room table\"', 'uncleared': 'not cleared; not rid of objects or obstructions; \"uncleared land\"; \"many cars were stuck in the snow on uncleared streets\"', 'exaugural': 'occurring at or marking the close of a term of office; \"an exaugural message\"', 'valedictory': 'of or relating to an occasion or expression of farewell; \"a valedictory address\"; \"valedictory praise for his uniformly manly course\"; \"a suitable valedictory gesture\"', 'inboard': 'located within the hull or nearest the midline of a vessel or aircraft; \"the inboard flaps on the wing\"', 'outboard': 'located away from the midline of a vessel or aircraft; \"the outboard section of a wing\"; \"outboard rigging\"', 'portable': 'easily or conveniently transported; \"a portable television set\"', 'inbred': 'produced by inbreeding', 'interbred': 'bred of closely related parents', 'outbred': 'bred of parents not closely related; having parents of different classes or tribes', 'apt': 'at risk of or subject to experiencing something usually unpleasant; \"he is apt to lose\"; \"she is liable to forget\"', 'fond': 'absurd or silly because unlikely; \"fond hopes of becoming President\"; \"fond fancies\"', 'accident-prone': 'having more than the average number of accidents', 'disinclined': 'unwilling because of mild dislike or disapproval; \"disinclined to say anything to anybody\"', 'antipathetic': '(usually followed by `to\\') strongly opposed; \"antipathetic to new ideas\"; \"averse to taking risks\"; \"loath to go on such short notice\"; \"clearly indisposed to grant their request\"', 'incoming': 'arriving at a place or position; \"incoming class\"; \"incoming mail\"', 'outgoing': 'leaving a place or a position; \"an outgoing steamship\"', 'inbound': 'directed or moving inward or toward a center; \"the inbound train\"; \"inward flood of capital\"', 'designate': 'appointed but not yet installed in office', 'elect': 'selected as the best; \"an elect circle of artists\"; \"elite colleges\"', 'future': 'a verb tense or other formation referring to events or states that have not yet happened; \"future auxiliary\"', 'inflowing': ' flowing inward', 'inpouring': ' pouring inward; \"inpouring throngs of immigrants\"', 'outbound': 'that is going out or leaving; \"the departing train\"; \"an outward journey\"; \"outward-bound ships\"', 'effluent': 'that is flowing outward', 'past': 'earlier than the present time; no longer current; \"time past\"; \"his youth is past\"; \"this past Thursday\"; \"the past year\"', 'deductive': 'relating to logical deduction; \"deductive reasoning\"', 'deducible': 'capable of being deduced', 'illative': 'resembling or dependent on or arrived at by inference; \"an illative conclusion\"; \"inferential reasoning\"', 'decadent': 'marked by excessive self-indulgence and moral decay; \"a decadent life of excessive money and no sense of responsibility\"; \"a group of effete self-professed intellectuals\"', 'dissipated': 'preoccupied with the pursuit of pleasure and especially games of chance; \"led a dissipated life\"; \"a betting man\"; \"a card-playing son of a bitch\"; \"a gambling fool\"; \"sporting gents and their ladies\"', 'epicurean': 'displaying luxury and furnishing gratification to the senses; \"an epicurean banquet\"; \"enjoyed a luxurious suite with a crystal chandelier and thick oriental rugs\"; \"Lucullus spent the remainder of his days in voluptuous magnificence\"; \"a chinchilla robe of sybaritic lavishness\"', 'hedonic': 'devoted to pleasure; \"a hedonic thrill\"; \"lives of unending hedonistic delight\"; \"epicurean pleasures\"', 'intemperate': '(of weather or climate) not mild; subject to extremes; \"an intemperate climate\"; \"intemperate zones\"', 'overindulgent': 'excessively indulgent', 'pampering': 'gratifying tastes, appetites, or desires; \"pampering parents often have spoilt children\"; \"a very pampering cruise experience\"', 'self-indulgent': 'indulgent of your own appetites and desires; \"a self-indulgent...way of looking at life\"- Havelock Ellis', 'nonindulgent': 'characterized by strictness, severity, or restraint', 'austere': 'severely simple; \"a stark interior\"', 'monkish': 'befitting a monk; inclined to self-denial', 'renunciant': 'used especially of behavior', 'self-disciplined': 'used of nonindulgent persons', 'industrialized': 'made industrial; converted to industrialism; \"industrialized areas\"', 'postindustrial': 'of or relating to a society or economy marked by a lessened importance of manufacturing and an increase of services, information, and research; \"postindustrial countries\"', 'nonindustrial': 'not having highly developed manufacturing enterprises; \"a nonindustrial society\"', 'developing': 'relating to societies in which capital needed to industrialize is in short supply', 'unindustrialized': 'not converted to industrialism', 'infectious': 'of or relating to infection; \"infectious hospital\"; \"infectious disease\"', 'catching': '(of disease) capable of being transmitted by infection', 'contagious': 'easily diffused or spread as from one person to another; \"a contagious grin\"', 'corrupting': 'seducing into corrupt practices', 'noninfectious': 'not infectious', 'noncommunicable': '(of disease) not capable of being passed on', 'infernal': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of a very uncontrolled and intense fire; \"infernal heat\"', 'chthonian': 'dwelling beneath the surface of the earth; \"nether regions\"', 'Hadean': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Hades or Tartarus', 'Stygian': 'hellish; \"Hence loathed Melancholy.../In Stygian cave forlorn\"- Milton', 'supernal': 'being or coming from on high; \"interpret the plague as a visitation from heaven, a supernal punishment for the sins of men\"', 'informative': 'providing or conveying information', 'advisory': 'giving advice; \"an advisory memorandum\", \"his function was purely consultative\"', 'exemplifying': 'clarifying by use of examples', 'newsy': 'full of news; \"a newsy letter\"', 'revealing': 'showing or making known; \"her dress was scanty and revealing\"', 'uninformative': 'lacking information', 'newsless': 'not having or receiving news or information', 'gnostic': 'possessing intellectual or esoteric knowledge of spiritual things', 'agnostic': 'of or pertaining to an agnostic or agnosticism', 'nescient': 'holding that only material phenomena can be known and knowledge of spiritual matters or ultimate causes is impossible', 'informed': 'having much knowledge or education; \"an informed public\"; \"informed opinion\"; \"the informed customer\"', 'abreast': 'being up to particular standard or level especially in being up to date in knowledge; \"kept abreast of the latest developments\"; \"constant revision keeps the book au courant\"; \"always au fait on the latest events\"; \"up on the news\"', 'advised': 'having received information; \"be kept advised\"', 'conversant': '(usually followed by `with\\') well informed about or knowing thoroughly; \"conversant with business trends\"; \"familiar with the complex machinery\"; \"he was familiar with those roads\"', 'hep': 'informed about the latest trends', 'knowledgeable': 'alert and fully informed; \"a knowing collector of rare books\"; \"surprisingly knowledgeable about what was going on\"', 'privy': 'hidden from general view or use; \"a privy place to rest and think\"; \"a secluded romantic spot\"; \"a secret garden\"', 'well-read': 'well informed or deeply versed through reading; \"respect for a well-read man\"; \"well-read in medieval history\"', 'uninformed': 'not informed; lacking in knowledge or information; \"the uninformed public\"', 'clueless': 'totally uninformed about what is going on; not having even a clue from which to infer what is occurring', 'unadvised': 'having received no information; \"a defendant unadvised of her legal rights\"', 'uninstructed': 'lacking information or instruction; \"lamentably unenlightened as to the laws\"', 'unread': 'not informed through reading; \"he seems to have been wholly unread in political theory\"- V.L.Parrington', 'ingenuous': 'characterized by an inability to mask your feelings; not devious; \"an ingenuous admission of responsibility\"', 'candid': 'informal or natural; especially caught off guard or unprepared; \"a candid photograph\"; \"a candid interview\"', 'undistorted': 'without alteration or misrepresentation; \"his judgment was undistorted by emotion\"', 'disingenuous': 'not straightforward or candid; giving a false appearance of frankness; \"an ambitious, disingenuous, philistine, and hypocritical operator, who...exemplified...the most disagreeable traits of his time\"- David Cannadine; \"a disingenuous excuse\"', 'distorted': 'having an intended meaning altered or misrepresented; \"many of the facts seemed twisted out of any semblance to reality\"; \"a perverted translation of the poem\"', 'inhabited': 'having inhabitants; lived in; \"the inhabited regions of the earth\"', 'colonized': 'inhabited by colonists', 'occupied': 'seized and controlled as by military invasion; \"the occupied countries of Europe\"', 'owner-occupied': 'lived in by the owner; \"one owner-occupied and three rental apartments\"', 'peopled': 'furnished with people; \"sparsely peopled arctic regions\"', 'populated': 'furnished with inhabitants; \"the area is well populated\"; \"forests populated with all kinds of wild life\"', 'populous': 'densely populated', 'rock-inhabiting': 'of ferns and lichens that grow on rocks', 'underpopulated': 'having a lower population density than normal or desirable; \"the richly endowed but underpopulated Ivory Coast\"', 'uninhabited': 'not having inhabitants; not lived in; \"an uninhabited island\"; \"gaping doors of uninhabited houses\"', 'abandoned': 'free from constraint; \"an abandoned sadness born of grief\"- Liam O\\'Flaherty', 'depopulated': 'having lost inhabitants as by war or disease; \"the 15th century plagues left vast areas of Europe depopulated\"', 'unoccupied': 'not seized and controlled; \"unoccupied areas of France\"', 'unpeopled': 'with no people living there; \"vast unpopulated plains\"', 'unsettled': 'still in doubt; \"an unsettled issue\"; \"an unsettled state of mind\"', 'inheritable': 'capable of being inherited; \"inheritable traits such as eye color\"; \"an inheritable title\"', 'ancestral': 'of or belonging to or inherited from an ancestor', 'familial': 'relating to or having the characteristics of a family; \"children of the same familial background\"; \"familial aggregation\"', 'monogenic': 'of or relating to an inheritable character that is controlled by a single pair of genes', 'polygenic': 'of or relating to an inheritable character that is controlled by several genes at once; of or related to or determined by polygenes', 'inheriting': 'having the legal right to inherit', 'nee': '(meaning literally `born\\') used to indicate the maiden or family name of a married woman; \"Hillary Clinton nee Rodham\"', 'noninheritable': 'not inheritable', 'acquired': 'gotten through environmental forces; \"acquired characteristics (such as a suntan or a broken nose) cannot be passed on\"', 'congenital': 'present at birth but not necessarily hereditary; acquired during fetal development', 'nonhereditary': 'not acquirable by inheritance', 'nurtural': 'resulting from nurture', 'inhibited': 'held back or restrained or prevented; \"in certain conditions previously inhibited conditioned reactions can reappear\"', 'pent-up': 'characterized by or showing the suppression of impulses or emotions; \"her severe upbringing had left her inhibited\"; \"a very inhibited young man, anxious and ill at ease\"; \"their reactions were partly the product of pent-up emotions\"; \"repressed rage turned his face scarlet\"', 'smothered': 'completely covered; \"bonnets smothered with flowers\"; \"smothered chicken is chicken cooked in a seasoned gravy\"', 'uninhibited': 'not inhibited or restrained; \"uninhibited exuberance\"', 'earthy': 'of or consisting of or resembling earth; \"it had an earthy smell\"; \"only a little earthy bank separates me from the edge of the ocean\"', 'unrepressed': 'not repressed; \"unrepressed hostilities\"', 'unsuppressed': 'given vent to; \"unsuppressed rage\"; \"unsuppressed feelings\"', 'injectable': '(used of drugs) capable of being injected', 'uninjectable': '(used of drugs) not capable of being injected', 'injured': 'harmed; \"injured soldiers\"; \"injured feelings\"', 'battle-scarred': 'scarred by battle', 'black-and-blue': 'discolored by coagulation of blood beneath the skin; \"beaten black and blue\"; \"livid bruises\"', 'disjointed': 'taken apart at the joints; \"a disjointed fowl\"', 'eviscerate': 'having been disembowelled', 'lacerate': 'irregularly slashed and jagged as if torn; \"lacerate leaves\"', 'uninjured': 'not injured physically or mentally', 'unharmed': 'not injured', 'unwounded': 'not wounded', 'absolved': 'freed from any question of guilt; \"is absolved from all blame\"; \"was now clear of the charge of cowardice\"; \"his official honor is vindicated\"', 'acquitted': 'declared not guilty of a specific offense or crime; legally blameless; \"he stands acquitted on all charges\"; \"the jury found him not guilty by reason of insanity\"', 'blameless': 'free of guilt; not subject to blame; \"has lived a blameless life\"; \"of irreproachable character\"; \"an unimpeachable reputation\"', 'at_fault': 'deserving blame; \"admitted to being at fault\"', 'blameworthy': 'deserving blame or censure as being wrong or evil or injurious; \"blameworthy if not criminal behavior\"; \"censurable misconduct\"; \"culpable negligence\"', 'bloodguilty': 'guilty of murder or bloodshed', 'chargeable': 'liable to be accused, or cause for such liability; \"the suspect was chargeable\"; \"an indictable offense\"', 'conscience-smitten': 'affected by conscience', 'criminal': 'involving or being or having the nature of a crime; \"a criminal offense\"; \"criminal abuse\"; \"felonious intent\"', 'finable': 'liable to a fine', 'guilt-ridden': 'feeling or revealing a sense of guilt; \"so guilt-ridden he could not face his father\"', 'punishable': 'liable to or deserving punishment; \"punishable offenses\"', 'red-handed': 'in the act of committing a crime or other reprehensible act; \"caught red-handed\"', 'inspiring': 'stimulating or exalting to the spirit', 'ennobling': 'tending to exalt; \"an exalting eulogy\"; \"ennobling thoughts\"', 'uninspiring': 'depressing to the spirit; \"a villa of uninspiring design\"', 'instructive': 'serving to instruct or enlighten or inform', 'clarifying': 'that makes clear; \"a clarifying example\"', 'didactic': 'instructive (especially excessively)', 'doctrinaire': 'stubbornly insistent on theory without regard for practicality or suitability', 'educative': 'resulting in education; \"an educative experience\"', 'educational': 'relating to the process of education; \"educational psychology\"', 'explanatory': 'serving or intended to explain or make clear; \"explanatory notes\"; \"an explanatory paragraph\"', 'expository': 'serving to expound or set forth; \"clean expository writing\"', 'interpretative': 'that provides interpretation', 'ostensive': 'manifestly demonstrative', 'preachy': 'inclined to or marked by tedious moralization', 'uninstructive': 'failing to instruct', 'edifying': 'enlightening or uplifting so as to encourage intellectual or moral improvement; \"the paintings in the church served an edifying purpose even for those who could not read\"', 'unedifying': 'not edifying', 'enlightening': 'tending to increase knowledge or dissipate ignorance; \"an enlightening glimpse of government in action\"; \"an illuminating lecture\"', 'unenlightening': 'failing to inform or clarify; \"an unenlightening comment\"', 'integrated': 'resembling a living organism in organization or development; \"society as an integrated whole\"', 'co-ed': 'attended by members of both sexes', 'desegrated': 'rid of segregation; having had segregation ended', 'interracial': 'between races; \"interracial conflict\"', 'mainstreamed': '(of the handicapped) placed in regular school classes', 'segregated': 'separated or isolated from others or a main group; \"a segregated school system\"; \"a segregated neighborhood\"', 'separate': 'independent; not united or joint; \"a problem consisting of two separate issues\"; \"they went their separate ways\"; \"formed a separate church\"', 'sequestered': 'kept separate and secluded; \"a sequestered jury\"', 'embedded': 'enclosed firmly in a surrounding mass; \"found pebbles embedded in the silt\"; \"stone containing many embedded fossils\"; \"peach and plum seeds embedded in a sweet edible pulp\"', 'incorporated': 'introduced into as a part of the whole; \"the ideas incorporated in his revised manuscript\"', 'introjected': 'incorporated unconsciously into your own psyche', 'tight-knit': 'closely and firmly integrated; \"a tight-knit organization\"', 'nonintegrated': 'not integrated; not taken into or made a part of a whole', 'blended': 'combined or mixed together so that the constituent parts are indistinguishable', 'alloyed': '(used of metals) debased by mixture with an inferior element', 'unblended': 'not blended or mixed together', 'unhomogenized': 'not having undergone homogenization', 'combined': 'made or joined or united into one', 'compounded': 'combined into or constituting a chemical compound', 'conglomerate': 'composed of heterogeneous elements gathered into a mass; \"the conglomerate peoples of New England\"', 'occluded': 'closed off; \"an occluded artery\"', 'rolled_into_one': 'made up of several components combined into a single entity', 'uncombined': 'not joined or united into one', 'uncompounded': 'not constituting a compound', 'integrative': 'combining and coordinating diverse elements into a whole', 'compositional': 'arranging or grouping', 'endogenic': 'of rocks formed or occurring beneath the surface of the earth; \"endogenic rocks are not clastic\"', 'disintegrative': 'tending to cause breakup into constituent elements or parts', 'decompositional': 'causing organic decay', 'intellectual': 'of or associated with or requiring the use of the mind; \"intellectual problems\"; \"the triumph of the rational over the animal side of man\"', 'highbrow': 'highly cultured or educated; \"highbrow events such as the ballet or opera\"; \"a highbrowed literary critic\"', 'rational': 'capable of being expressed as a quotient of integers; \"rational numbers\"', 'reflective': 'capable of physically reflecting light or sound; \"a reflective surface\"', 'sophisticated': 'having or appealing to those having worldly knowledge and refinement and savoir-faire; \"sophisticated young socialites\"; \"a sophisticated audience\"; \"a sophisticated lifestyle\"; \"a sophisticated book\"', 'nonintellectual': 'not intellectual', 'anti-intellectual': 'smug and ignorant and indifferent or hostile to artistic and cultural values', 'lowbrow': 'characteristic of a person who is not cultivated or does not have intellectual tastes; \"lowbrow tastes\"', 'mindless': 'not marked by the use of reason; \"mindless violence\"; \"reasonless hostility\"; \"a senseless act\"', 'intelligent': 'possessing sound knowledge; \"well-informed readers\"', 'brainy': 'having or marked by unusual and impressive intelligence; \"some men dislike brainy women\"; \"a brilliant mind\"; \"a brilliant solution to the problem\"', 'natural': 'unthinking; prompted by (or as if by) instinct; \"a cat\\'s natural aversion to water\"; \"offering to help was as instinctive as breathing\"', 'scintillating': 'brilliantly clever; \"scintillating wit\"; \"a play full of scintillating dialogue\"', 'unintelligent': 'lacking intelligence; \"a dull job with lazy and unintelligent co-workers\"', 'brainless': 'not using intelligence', 'intelligible': 'well articulated or enunciated, and loud enough to be heard distinctly; \"intelligible pronunciation\"', 'unintelligible': 'poorly articulated or enunciated, or drowned by noise; \"unintelligible speech\"', 'slurred': 'spoken as if with a thick tongue; \"the thick speech of a drunkard\"; \"his words were slurred\"', 'deliberate': 'carefully thought out in advance; \"a calculated insult\"; \"with measured irony\"', 'intentional': 'characterized by conscious design or purpose; \"intentional damage\"; \"a knowing attempt to defraud\"; \"a willful waste of time\"', 'well-intentioned': 'marked by good intentions though often producing unfortunate results; \"a well-intentioned but clumsy waiter\"; \"a well-meaning but tactless fellow\"; \"the son\\'s well-meaning efforts threw a singular chill upon the father\\'s admirers\"- S.W.Maughm; \"blunt but well-meant criticism\"', 'unintended': 'not deliberate', 'accidental': 'happening by chance or unexpectedly or unintentionally ; \"with an inadvertent gesture she swept the vase off the table\"; \"accidental poisoning\"; \"an accidental shooting\"', 'causeless': 'having no justifying cause or reason; \"a senseless, causeless murder\"; \"a causeless war that never had an aim\"; \"an apparently arbitrary and reasonless change\"', 'unintentional': 'without deliberate intent; \"my heart with unwilled love grew warm\"- George Macdonald', 'designed': 'done or made or performed with purpose and intent; \"style...is more than the deliberate and designed creation\"- Havelock Ellis; \"games designed for all ages\"; \"well-designed houses\"', 'fashioned': 'planned and made or fashioned artistically; \"beautifully fashioned dresses\"', 'undesigned': 'not done or made or performed with purpose or intent', 'intensifying': 'increasing in strength or intensity', 'aggravating': 'making worse', 'augmentative': 'increasing or having the power to increase especially in size or amount or degree; \"`up\\' is an augmentative word in `hurry up\\'\"', 'deepening': 'accumulating and becoming more intense; \"the deepening gloom\"; \"felt a deepening love\"; \"the thickening dusk\"', 'heightening': 'reaching a higher intensity; \"their heightening fears\"', 'moderating': 'lessening in intensity or strength', 'alleviative': 'moderating pain or sorrow by making it easier to bear', 'analgesic': 'capable of relieving pain; \"the anodyne properties of certain drugs\"; \"an analgesic effect\"', 'tempering': 'moderating by making more temperate', 'weakening': 'moderating by making pain or sorrow weaker', 'interspecies': 'arising or occurring between species; \"an interspecific hybrid\"', 'intraspecies': 'arising or occurring within a species; involving the members of one species; \"intraspecific competition\"', 'interested': 'having or showing interest; especially curiosity or fascination or concern; \"an interested audience\"; \"interested in sports\"; \"was interested to hear about her family\"; \"interested in knowing who was on the telephone\"; \"interested spectators\"', 'apathetic': 'showing little or no emotion or animation; \"a woman who became active rather than apathetic as she grew older\"', 'interesting': 'arousing or holding the attention', 'absorbing': 'capable of arousing and holding the attention; \"a fascinating story\"', 'entertaining': 'agreeably diverting; \"an entertaining puppet show\"; \"films should be entertaining\"', 'intriguing': 'capable of arousing interest or curiosity; \"our team came up with some most intriguing finds\"', 'newsworthy': 'sufficiently interesting to be reported in a newspaper', 'boring': 'so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness; \"a boring evening with uninteresting people\"; \"the deadening effect of some routine tasks\"; \"a dull play\"; \"his competent but dull performance\"; \"a ho-hum speaker who couldn\\'t capture their attention\"; \"what an irksome task the writing of long letters is\"- Edmund Burke; \"tedious days on the train\"; \"the tiresome chirping of a cricket\"- Mark Twain; \"other people\\'s dreams are dreadfully wearisome\"', 'insipid': 'lacking interest or significance or impact; \"an insipid personality\"; \"jejune novel\"', 'narcotic': 'of or relating to or designating narcotics; \"narcotic addicts\"; \"narcotic stupor\"', 'pedestrian': 'lacking wit or imagination; \"a pedestrian movie plot\"', 'putdownable': '(of a book) poorly written and not entertaining', 'intramural': 'carried on within the bounds of an institution or community; \"most of the students participated actively in the college\\'s intramural sports program\"', 'extramural': 'carried on outside the bounds of an institution or community; \"extramural sports\"', 'intercollegiate': 'used of competition between colleges or universities; \"intercollegiate basketball\"', 'intermural': 'between two or more institutions etc; \"an intermural track meet\"', 'interscholastic': 'used of competition or cooperation between secondary schools', 'intra_vires': 'within the legal power or authority or a person or official or body etc', 'ultra_vires': 'beyond the legal power or authority of a person or official or body etc; \"an ultra vires contract\"', 'built-in': 'existing as an essential constituent or characteristic; \"the Ptolemaic system with its built-in concept of periodicity\"; \"a constitutional inability to tell the truth\"', 'extrinsic': 'not forming an essential part of a thing or arising or originating from the outside; \"extrinsic evidence\"; \"an extrinsic feature of the new building\"; \"that style is something extrinsic to the subject\"; \"looking for extrinsic aid\"', 'adventitious': 'associated by chance and not an integral part; \"poetry is something to which words are the accidental, not by any means the essential form\"- Frederick W. Robertson; \"they had to decide whether his misconduct was adventitious or the result of a flaw in his character\"', 'extraneous': 'not belonging to that in which it is contained; introduced from an outside source; \"water free of extraneous matter\"; \"foreign particles in milk\"', 'introspective': 'given to examining own sensory and perceptual experiences', 'extrospective': 'not introspective; examining what is outside yourself', 'introversive': 'directed inward; marked by interest in yourself or concerned with inner feelings', 'introvertish': 'somewhat introverted', 'extroversive': 'directed outward; marked by interest in others or concerned with external reality', 'extrovert': 'being concerned with the social and physical environment', 'extrovertish': 'being somewhat extroverted', 'ambiversive': 'intermediate between introversive and extroversive', 'intrusive': 'of rock material; forced while molten into cracks between layers of other rock', 'encroaching': 'gradually intrusive without right or permission; \"we moved back from the encroaching tide\"; \"invasive tourists\"; \"trespassing hunters\"', 'interfering': 'intrusive in a meddling or offensive manner; \"an interfering old woman\"; \"bustling about self-importantly making an officious nuisance of himself\"; \"busy about other people\\'s business\"', 'unintrusive': 'not interfering or meddling', 'intruding': 'projecting inward', 'protrusive': 'thrusting outward', 'beetle': 'jutting or overhanging; \"beetle brows\"', 'obtrusive': 'undesirably noticeable; \"the obtrusive behavior of a spoiled child\"; \"equally obtrusive was the graffiti\"', 'jutting': 'extending out above or beyond a surface or boundary; \"the jutting limb of a tree\"; \"massive projected buttresses\"; \"his protruding ribs\"; \"a pile of boards sticking over the end of his truck\"', 'overshot': 'having an upper part projecting beyond the lower; \"an overshot jaw\"', 'underhung': 'supported from below especially resting on a track instead of suspended from above; \"underhung sliding doors\"', 'ventricose': 'having a swelling on one side; \"the ventricose gullet of an insect\"', 'igneous': 'produced under conditions involving intense heat; \"igneous rock is rock formed by solidification from a molten state; especially from molten magma\"; \"igneous fusion is fusion by heat alone\"; \"pyrogenic strata\"', 'aqueous': 'similar to or containing or dissolved in water; \"aqueous solutions\"', 'irruptive': \"of igneous rock that has solidified beneath the earth's surface; granite or diorite or gabbro\", 'extrusive': \"of rock material; forced out while molten through cracks in the earth's surface\", 'volcanic': 'relating to or produced by or consisting of volcanoes; \"volcanic steam\"; \"volcanic islands such as Iceland\"; \"a volcanic cone is a conical mountain or hill built up of material from volcanic eruptions\"', 'invasive': 'relating to a technique in which the body is entered by puncture or incision', 'noninvasive': 'relating to a technique that does not involve puncturing the skin or entering a body cavity', 'invigorating': 'imparting strength and vitality; \"the invigorating mountain air\"', 'animating': 'giving spirit and vivacity', 'bracing': 'imparting vitality and energy; \"the bracing mountain air\"', 'corroborant': 'used of a medicine that is strengthening', 'exhilarating': 'making lively and cheerful; \"the exhilarating effect of mountain air\"', 'life-giving': 'giving or having the power to give life and spirit; \"returning the life-giving humus to the land\"- Louis Bromfield; \"life-giving love and praise\"; \"the vitalizing rays of the warming sun\"', 'renewing': 'tending to impart new life and vigor to; \"the renewing warmth of the sunshine\"', 'debilitating': 'impairing the strength and vitality', 'debilitative': 'causing debilitation', 'draining': 'having a debilitating effect; \"an exhausting job in the hot sun\"', 'inviting': 'attractive and tempting; \"an inviting offer\"', 'invitatory': 'conveying an invitation; \"a brief invitatory note\"', 'tantalizing': 'arousing desire or expectation for something unattainable or mockingly out of reach; \"a tantalizing taste of success\"', 'uninviting': 'not tempting', 'in_vitro': 'in an artificial environment outside the living organism; \"in vitro fertilization\"', 'in_vivo': 'within a living organism; \"in vivo techniques\"', 'ironed': '(of linens or clothes) smoothed with a hot iron', 'pressed': 'compacted by ironing', 'smoothed': 'made smooth by ironing', 'unironed': '(of linens or clothes) not ironed; \"a pile of unironed laundry\"; \"wore unironed jeans\"', 'drip-dry': 'used of fabrics that do not require ironing; \"drip-dry shirts for travel\"', 'roughdried': '(of laundry) dried but not ironed', 'unpressed': '(of clothing) not smoothed with heat', 'wrinkled': 'marked by wrinkles; \"tired travelers in wrinkled clothes\"', 'unsmoothed': 'not having been made smooth by having hands run over the surface', 'unwrinkled': 'not wrinkled or creased', 'isotropic': 'invariant with respect to direction', 'anisotropic': 'not invariant with respect to direction; \"anisotropic crystals\"', 'aeolotropic': 'having properties with different values along different axes', 'gladsome': 'experiencing or expressing gladness or joy; \"a gladsome smile\"; \"a gladsome occasion\"', 'sad': 'of things that make you feel sad; \"sad news\"; \"she doesn\\'t like sad movies\"; \"it was a very sad story\"; \"When I am dead, my dearest, / Sing no sad songs for me\"- Christina Rossetti', 'bittersweet': 'having a taste that is a mixture of bitterness and sweetness', 'doleful': 'filled with or evoking sadness; \"the child\\'s doleful expression\"; \"stared with mournful eyes\"; \"mournful news\"', 'heavyhearted': 'depressed', 'melancholy': 'characterized by or causing or expressing sadness; \"growing more melancholy every hour\"; \"her melancholic smile\"; \"we acquainted him with the melancholy truth\"', 'pensive': 'showing pensive sadness; \"the sensitive and wistful response of a poet to the gentler phases of beauty\"', 'tragic': 'of or relating to or characteristic of tragedy; \"tragic hero\"', 'joyful': 'full of or producing joy; \"make a joyful noise\"; \"a joyful occasion\"', 'beatific': 'experiencing or bestowing celestial joy; \"beatific peace\"', 'overjoyed': 'extremely joyful', 'sorrowful': 'experiencing or marked by or expressing sorrow especially that associated with irreparable loss; \"sorrowful widows\"; \"a sorrowful tale of death and despair\"; \"sorrowful news\"; \"even in laughter the heart is sorrowful\"- Proverbs 14:13', 'anguished': 'experiencing intense pain especially mental pain; \"an anguished conscience\"; \"a small tormented schoolboy\"; \"a tortured witness to another\\'s humiliation\"', 'bereaved': 'sorrowful through loss or deprivation; \"bereft of hope\"', 'brokenhearted': 'full of sorrow', 'dolorous': 'showing sorrow', 'elegiac': 'resembling or characteristic of or appropriate to an elegy; \"an elegiac poem on a friend\\'s death\"', 'grievous': 'causing or marked by grief or anguish; \"a grievous loss\"; \"a grievous cry\"; \"her sigh was heartbreaking\"; \"the heartrending words of Rabin\\'s granddaughter\"', 'lamenting': 'vocally expressing grief or sorrow or resembling such expression; \"lamenting sinners\"; \"wailing mourners\"; \"the wailing wind\"; \"wailful bagpipes\"; \"tangle her desires with wailful sonnets\"- Shakespeare', 'lugubrious': 'excessively mournful', 'mournful': 'expressing sorrow', 'woebegone': 'affected by or full of grief or woe; \"his sorrow...made him look...haggard and...woebegone\"- George du Maurier', 'joyous': 'full of or characterized by joy; \"felt a joyous abandon\"; \"joyous laughter\"', 'ecstatic': 'feeling great rapture or delight', 'joyless': 'not experiencing or inspiring joy; \"a joyless man\"; \"a joyless occasion\"; \"joyless evenings\"', 'funereal': 'suited to or suggestive of a grave or burial; \"funereal gloom\"; \"hollow sepulchral tones\"', 'mirthless': 'lacking mirth', 'unsmiling': 'not smiling', 'juicy': 'having strong sexual appeal; \"juicy barmaids\"; \"a red-hot mama\"; \"a voluptuous woman\"; \"a toothsome blonde in a tight dress\"', 'au_jus': 'served in its natural juices or gravy; \"roast beef au jus\"', 'lush': 'full of juice; \"lush fruits\"; \"succulent roast beef\"; \"succulent plants with thick fleshy leaves\"', 'sappy': 'abounding in sap; \"sappy maple trees\"; \"sappy kindling wood\"', 'juiceless': 'lacking juice', 'sapless': 'destitute of sap and other vital juices; dry; \"the rats and roaches scurrying along the sapless planks\"- Norman Mailer', 'just': 'used especially of what is legally or ethically right or proper or fitting; \"a just and lasting peace\"- A.Lincoln; \"a kind and just man\"; \"a just reward\"; \"his just inheritance\"', 'conscionable': 'acceptable to your conscience', 'fitting': 'in harmony with the spirit of particular persons or occasion; \"We have come to dedicate a portion of that field...It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this\"', 'retributive': 'given or inflicted in requital according to merits or deserts; \"retributive justice\"', 'rightful': 'legally valid; \"a rightful inheritance\"', 'unjust': 'violating principles of justice; \"unjust punishment\"; \"an unjust judge\"; \"an unjust accusation\"', 'actionable': 'affording grounds for legal action; \"slander is an actionable offense\"', 'wrongful': 'unlawfully violating the rights of others; \"wrongful death\"; \"a wrongful diversion of trust income\"', 'merited': 'properly deserved; \"a merited success\"', 'condign': 'fitting or appropriate and deserved; used especially of punishment; \"condign censure\"', 'unmerited': 'not merited; \"unmerited treatment of a potentially fine subject\"', 'gratuitous': 'unnecessary and unwarranted; \"a strikers\\' tent camp...was burned with needless loss of life\"', 'undeserved': 'not deserved or earned; \"has an undeserved reputation as a coward\"', 'keyed': 'set to a key or tone', 'keyless': 'lacking or not requiring a key; \"a keyless lock operated by a series of pushbuttons\"', 'benignant': 'characterized by kindness and warm courtesy especially of a king to his subjects; \"our benignant king\"', 'gentle': 'soft and mild; not harsh or stern or severe; \"a gentle reprimand\"; \"a vein of gentle irony\"; \"poked gentle fun at him\"', 'kindhearted': 'having or proceeding from an innately kind disposition; \"a generous and kindhearted teacher\"', 'unkind': 'lacking kindness; \"a thoughtless and unkind remark\"; \"the unkindest cut of all\"', 'hurtful': 'causing hurt; \"her hurtful unconsidered words\"', 'unkindly': 'lacking in sympathy and kindness; \"unkindly ancts\"', 'knowable': 'capable of being known', 'unknowable': 'not knowable; \"the unknowable mysteries of life\"', 'transcendent': 'exceeding or surpassing usual limits especially in excellence', 'known': 'apprehended with certainty; \"a known quantity\"; \"the limits of the known world\"; \"a musician known throughout the world\"; \"a known criminal\"', 'best-known': 'most familiar or renowned; \"Stevenson\\'s best-known work is probably `Treasure Island\\'\"', 'better-known': 'more familiar or renowned than the other of two; \"the better-known book of the two\"', 'identified': 'having the identity known or established; \"the identified bodies were released for burial\"', 'legendary': 'so celebrated as to having taken on the nature of a legend; \"the legendary exploits of the arctic trailblazers\"', 'proverbial': 'of or relating to or resembling or expressed in a proverb; \"he kicked the proverbial bucket\"; \"the proverbial grasshopper\"', 'well-known': 'widely or fully known; \"a well-known politician\"; \"well-known facts\"; \"a politician who is well known\"; \"these facts are well known\"', 'unknown': 'not known to exist; \"things obscurely felt surged up from unknown depths\"', 'chartless': '(of unknown regions) not yet surveyed or investigated; \"uncharted seas\"', 'little-known': 'unknown to most people', 'unbeknown': '(usually used with `to\\') occurring or existing without the knowledge of; \"a crisis unbeknown to me\"; \"she had been ill for months, unbeknownst to the family\"', 'undiagnosed': 'eluding diagnosis; \"undiagnosed disease\"', 'undiscovered': 'not discovered; \"with earth-based telescopes many stars remain undiscovered\"', 'unheard-of': 'previously unknown; \"a first novel by an unheard of writer\"; \"developments on an unheard-of scale\"', 'unidentified': 'not yet identified; \"an unidentified species\"; \"an unidentified witness\"', 'understood': 'fully apprehended as to purport or meaning or explanation; \"the understood conditions of troop withdrawal were clear\"', 'appreciated': 'fully understood or grasped; \"dangers not yet appreciated\"; \"these apprehended truths\"; \"a thing comprehended is a thing known as fully as it can be known\"', 'interpreted': 'understood in a certain way; made sense of; \"a word taken literally\"; \"a smile taken as consent\"; \"an open door interpreted as an invitation\"', 'ununderstood': 'not understood; \"should not tamely submit to the unpredictable and ununderstood cycles of wars\"- Psychiatry', 'misunderstood': 'wrongly understood; \"a misunderstood criticism\"; \"a misunderstood question\"', 'uncomprehended': 'not fully understood; \"an uncomprehended mystery\"', 'ungrasped': 'not fully apprehended; \"the ungrasped infinite ground of all being\"- Philip Wheelwright', 'labeled': 'bearing or marked with a label or tag; \"properly labeled luggage\"', 'unlabeled': 'lacking a label or tag; \"unlabeled luggage is liable to be lost\"', 'lamented': 'mourned or grieved for; \"the imprint of our wise and lamented friend\"- A.E.Stevenson', 'unlamented': 'not grieved for; causing no mourning; \"interred in an unlamented grave\"', 'aerial': 'existing or living or growing or operating in the air; \"aerial roots of a philodendron\"; \"aerial particles\"; \"small aerial creatures such as butterflies\"; \"aerial warfare\"; \"aerial photography\"; \"aerial cable cars\"', 'free-flying': 'able to fly through the air (as a bird); \"three chicks were raised to the free-flying stage\"', 'deep-sea': 'of or taking place in the deeper parts of the sea; \"deep-sea fishing\"; \"deep-sea exploration\"', 'oceangoing': 'used on the high seas; \"seafaring vessels\"', 'oceanic': 'relating to or occurring or living in or frequenting the open ocean; \"oceanic islands like Bermuda\"; \"oceanic currents\"; \"oceanic birds\"; \"pelagic organisms\"; \"pelagic whaling\"', 'oversea': 'being or passing over or across the sea; \"some overseas trade in grain arose\"', 'suboceanic': 'formed or situated or occurring beneath the ocean or the ocean bed; \"suboceanic oil resources\"', 'laureled': 'crowned with or as if with laurel symbolizing victory', 'unlaureled': 'not crowned with laurel; having no acclaim or reward; \"the unlaureled heroism of endurance\"- Francis Parkman', 'astronomic': 'relating or belonging to the science of astronomy; \"astronomic telescope\"', 'bear-sized': 'large as a bear', 'bigger': 'large or big relative to something else', 'biggish': 'somewhat large', 'blown-up': 'as of a photograph; made larger; \"the enlarged photograph revealed many details\"', 'bouffant': 'being puffed out; used of hair style or clothing; \"a bouffant skirt\"', 'bulky': 'of large size for its weight', 'capacious': 'large in capacity; \"she carried a capacious bag\"', 'colossal': 'so great in size or force or extent as to elicit awe; \"colossal crumbling ruins of an ancient temple\"; \"has a colossal nerve\"; \"a prodigious storm\"; \"a stupendous field of grass\"; \"stupendous demand\"', 'enormous': 'extraordinarily large in size or extent or amount or power or degree; \"an enormous boulder\"; \"enormous expenses\"; \"tremendous sweeping plains\"; \"a tremendous fact in human experience; that a whole civilization should be dependent on technology\"- Walter Lippman; \"a plane took off with a tremendous noise\"', 'cosmic': 'of or from or pertaining to or characteristic of the cosmos or universe; \"cosmic laws\"; \"cosmic catastrophe\"; \"cosmic rays\"', 'elephantine': 'of great mass; huge and bulky; \"a jumbo jet\"; \"jumbo shrimp\"', 'epic': 'constituting or having to do with or suggestive of a literary epic; \"epic tradition\"', 'extensive': 'of agriculture; increasing productivity by using large areas with minimal outlay and labor; \"producing wheat under extensive conditions\"; \"agriculture of the extensive type\"', 'gigantic': 'so exceedingly large or extensive as to suggest a giant or mammoth; \"a gigantic redwood\"; \"gigantic disappointment\"; \"a mammoth ship\"; \"a mammoth multinational corporation\"', 'huge': 'unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope; \"huge government spending\"; \"huge country estates\"; \"huge popular demand for higher education\"; \"a huge wave\"; \"the Los Angeles aqueduct winds like an immense snake along the base of the mountains\"; \"immense numbers of birds\"; \"at vast (or immense) expense\"; \"the vast reaches of outer space\"; \"the vast accumulation of knowledge...which we call civilization\"- W.R.Inge', 'hulking': 'of great size and bulk; \"a hulking figure of a man\"; \"three hulking battleships\"', 'humongous': '(used informally) very large; \"a thumping loss\"', 'king-size': 'extra large; \"a king-size bed\"', 'large-mouthed': 'having a relatively large mouth', 'large-scale': 'constructed or drawn to a big scale; \"large-scale maps\"', 'life-size': 'being of the same size as an original; \"a life-size sculpture\"', 'macroscopic': 'visible to the naked eye; using the naked eye', 'macro': 'very large in scale or scope or capability', 'man-sized': 'calling for the strength of a man; \"a man-sized job\"', 'medium-large': 'of anything that is large but not the largest', 'monstrous': 'abnormally large', 'outsize': 'larger than normal for its kind', 'overlarge': 'excessively large', 'plumping': 'very large; of exceptional size for its kind; \"won by a plumping majority\"', 'queen-size': '(used especially of beds) not as large as king-size; \"a queen-sized bed\"', 'rangy': 'adapted to wandering or roaming', 'titanic': 'of great force or power', 'voluminous': 'large in volume or bulk; \"a voluminous skirt\"', 'whacking': '(British informal) enormous; \"a whacking phone bill\"; \"a whacking lie\"', 'wide-ranging': 'including much; \"the pianist\\'s wide-ranging repertoire\"', 'small': 'have fine or very small constituent particles; \"a small misty rain\"', 'atomic': 'of or relating to or comprising atoms; \"atomic structure\"; \"atomic hydrogen\"', 'subatomic': 'of or relating to constituents of the atom or forces within the atom; \"subatomic particles\"; \"harnessing subatomic energy\"', 'bantam': 'very small; \"diminutive in stature\"; \"a lilliputian chest of drawers\"; \"her petite figure\"; \"tiny feet\"; \"the flyspeck nation of Bahrain moved toward democracy\"', 'bitty': '(used informally) very small; \"a wee tot\"', 'dwarfish': 'atypically small; \"dwarf tree\"; \"dwarf star\"', 'elfin': 'relating to or made or done by or as if by an elf; \"elfin bells\"; \"all the little creatures joined in the elfin dance\"', 'gnomish': 'used of small deformed creatures', 'half-size': 'half the usual or regular size', 'infinitesimal': 'infinitely or immeasurably small; \"two minute whiplike threads of protoplasm\"; \"reduced to a microscopic scale\"', 'lesser': 'of less size or importance; \"the lesser anteater\"; \"the lesser of two evils\"', 'microscopic': 'of or relating to or used in microscopy; \"microscopic analysis\"; \"microscopical examination\"', 'micro': 'extremely small in scale or scope or capability', 'miniature': 'being on a very small scale; \"a miniature camera\"', 'minuscule': 'of or relating to a small cursive script developed from uncial; 7th to 9th centuries', 'olive-sized': 'about the size of an olive', 'pocket-size': 'small enough to be carried in a garment pocket; \"pocket-size paperbacks\"', 'puny': 'inferior in strength or significance; \"a puny physique\"; \"puny excuses\"', 'smaller': 'small or little relative to something else', 'smallish': 'rather small', 'small-scale': 'created or drawn on a small scale; \"small-scale maps\"; \"a small-scale model\"', 'undersize': 'smaller than normal for its kind', 'greater': 'greater in size or importance or degree; \"for the greater good of the community\"; \"the greater Antilles\"', 'lawful': 'according to custom or rule or natural law', 'law-abiding': '(of individuals) adhering strictly to laws and rules and customs; \"law-abiding citizens\"; \"observant of the speed limit\"', 'unlawful': 'not morally right or permissible; \"unlawful love\"', 'lawless': 'disobedient to or defiant of law; \"lawless bands roaming the plains\"', 'wide-open': 'open wide; \"left the doors wide-open\"', 'antiknock': 'suppressing or eliminating engine knock in combustion engines; \"antiknock properties\"; \"antiknock rating\"', 'unleaded': 'not having leads between the lines', 'lead-free': '(of gasoline) not containing tetraethyl lead; \"lead-free gasoline\"', 'drafty': 'not airtight', 'drippy': 'wet with light rain; \"a sad drizzly day\"; \"a wet drippy day\"', 'oozing': 'leaking out slowly', 'holey': 'allowing passage in and out; \"our unfenced and largely unpoliced border inevitably has been very porous\"', 'airtight': 'having no weak points; \"an airtight defense\"; \"an airtight argument\"', 'dripless': 'designed to prevent dripping; \"a dripless faucet\"; \"dripless candles\"', 'hermetic': 'completely sealed; completely airtight', 'leakproof': 'not subject to leaks', 'rainproof': 'not permitting the passage of water', 'snug': 'offering safety; well protected or concealed; \"a snug harbor\"; \"a snug hideout\"', 'watertight': 'not allowing water to pass in or out', 'caulked': 'having cracks and crevices stopped up with a filler', 'chinked': 'having narrow opening filled', 'weather-stripped': 'having cracks blocked with weather stripping', 'uncaulked': 'not caulked or sealed', 'leavened': 'made light by aerating, as with yeast or baking powder; often used as a combining form; \"leavened bread\"; \"well-leavened\"; \"yeast-leavened breads\"', 'unleavened': 'made without leavening; \"unleavened bread is often simply flour mixed with water\"', 'leeward': 'on the side away from the wind; \"on the leeward side of the island\"', 'downwind': 'towards the side away from the wind', 'windward': 'on the side exposed to the wind; \"the windward islands\"', 'upwind': 'towards the side exposed to wind', 'court-ordered': 'ordered by a court of law', 'judicial': 'belonging or appropriate to the office of a judge; \"judicial robes\"', 'jural': 'of or relating to law or to legal rights and obligations', 'ratified': 'formally approved and invested with legal authority', 'statutory': 'relating to or created by statutes; \"statutory matters\"; \"statutory law\"', 'sub_judice': 'before a judge or court of law; awaiting judicial determination', 'illegal': 'prohibited by law or by official or accepted rules; \"an illegal chess move\"', 'amerciable': 'of a crime or misdemeanor; punishable by a fine set by a judge', 'banned': 'forbidden by law', 'bootleg': 'distributed or sold illicitly; \"the black economy pays no taxes\"', 'embezzled': 'taken for your own use in violation of a trust; \"the banker absconded with embezzled funds\"', 'extrajudicial': 'beyond the usual course of legal proceedings; legally unwarranted; \"an extrajudicial penalty\"', 'extralegal': 'not regulated or sanctioned by law; \"there were only extralegal recourses for their grievances\"', 'illegitimate': 'of marriages and offspring; not recognized as lawful', 'misbranded': 'branded or labeled falsely and in violation of statutory requirements; \"confiscated the misbranded drugs\"', 'penal': 'of or relating to punishment; \"penal reform\"; \"penal code\"', 'under-the-counter': 'done or sold illicitly and secretly;', 'unratified': 'lacking legal authority; \"the unratified Equal Right Amendment\"', 'legible': '(of handwriting, print, etc.) capable of being read or deciphered; \"legible handwriting\"', 'illegible': '(of handwriting, print, etc.) not legible; \"illegible handwriting\"', 'deciphered': 'converted from cryptic to intelligible language', 'undeciphered': 'not deciphered; \"Linear A is still undeciphered\"', 'biological': 'pertaining to biology or to life and living things', 'begotten': '(of offspring) generated by procreation; \"naturally begotten child\"', 'adoptive': 'of parents and children; related by adoption; \"adoptive parents\"', 'foster': 'providing or receiving nurture or parental care though not related by blood or legal ties; \"foster parent\"; \"foster child\"; \"foster home\"; \"surrogate father\"', 'legitimate': 'based on known statements or events or conditions; \"rain was a logical expectation, given the time of year\"', 'lawfully-begotten': 'born in wedlock; enjoying full filial rights', 'morganatic': '(of marriages) of a marriage between one of royal or noble birth and one of lower rank; valid but with the understanding that the rank of the inferior remains unchanged and offspring do not succeed to titles or property of the superior', 'adulterine': 'conceived in adultery', 'fatherless': 'having no living father', 'leptorrhine': 'having a long narrow nose', 'catarrhine': 'of or related to Old World monkeys that have nostrils together and opening downward', 'platyrrhine': 'of or related to New World monkeys having nostrils far apart or to people with broad noses', 'leptosporangiate': '(of ferns) having each sporangium formed from a single epidermal cell; \"leptosporangiate ferns\"', 'eusporangiate': '(of ferns) having sporangia that arise from a group of epidermal cells; \"eusporangiate ferns of the families Ophioglossaceae and Marattiaceae\"', 'like': 'equal in amount or value; \"like amounts\"; \"equivalent amounts\"; \"the same amount\"; \"gave one six blows and the other a like number\"; \"the same number\"', 'like-minded': 'of the same turn of mind', 'look-alike': 'resembling closely; \"they have look-alike cars\"', 'suchlike': 'of the same kind; \"a locker that usually contained paper, ink, and suchlike equipment\"', 'unlike': 'not equal in amount; \"they distributed unlike (or unequal) sums to the various charities\"', 'alike': 'having the same or similar characteristics; \"all politicians are alike\"; \"they looked utterly alike\"; \"friends are generally alike in background and taste\"', 'unalike': 'not alike or similar; \"as unalike as two people could be\"', 'probable': 'likely but not certain to be or become true or real; \"a likely result\"; \"he foresaw a probable loss\"', 'promising': 'showing possibility of achievement or excellence; \"a promising young man\"', 'unlikely': 'has little chance of being the case or coming about; \"an unlikely story\"; \"an unlikely candidate for reelection\"; \"a butcher is unlikely to preach vegetarianism\"', 'farfetched': 'highly imaginative but unlikely; \"a farfetched excuse\"; \"an implausible explanation\"', 'equiprobable': 'equally probable', 'verisimilar': 'appearing to be true or real; \"a verisimilar tale\"', 'supposed': 'required or under orders; \"I\\'m supposed to be there at ten\"; \"he was supposed to go to the store\"', 'limbed': 'having or as if having limbs, especially limbs of a specified kind (usually used in combination); \"strong-limbed\"', 'boughed': 'having boughs (of trees)', 'flipper-like': 'having limbs that are used as flippers', 'heavy-limbed': 'having heavy limbs', 'sharp-limbed': 'having sharp limbs', 'limbless': 'having no limbs; \"a snake is a limbless reptile\"', 'boughless': 'having no boughs (of trees)', 'minor': 'of the younger of two boys with the same family name; \"Jones minor\"', 'narrow': 'very limited in degree; \"won by a narrow margin\"; \"a narrow escape\"', 'unlimited': 'having no limits in range or scope; \"to start with a theory of unlimited freedom is to end up with unlimited despotism\"- Philip Rahv; \"the limitless reaches of outer space\"', 'untrammeled': 'not confined or limited; \"the gift of a fresh eye and an untrammeled curiosity\"- Russell Lord; \"the untrammeled rush that the snows had shown in the first spring sun\"- Farley Mowat', 'matrilineal': 'based on or tracing descent through the female line; \"matrilineal inheritance\"', 'patrilineal': 'based on or tracing descent through the male line; \"a patrilineal society\"', 'collateral': 'serving to support or corroborate; \"collateral evidence\"', 'bilinear': 'linear with respect to each of two variables or positions', 'nonlinear': 'designating or involving an equation whose terms are not of the first degree', 'silk-lined': 'having a silk lining', 'unlined': 'not having a lining or liner; \"a thin unlined jacket\"', 'listed': 'on a list', 'unlisted': 'not having your name entered on a voting list; \"an unlisted voter\"', 'ex-directory': '(of telephone numbers) not listed in the telephone directory; \"an ex-directory number\" (British usage)', 'over-the-counter': '(of securities) not traded on a stock exchange; \"over-the-counter stocks\"', 'figurative': '(used of the meanings of words or text) not literal; using figures of speech; \"figurative language\"', 'analogical': 'expressing, composed of, or based on an analogy; \"the analogical use of a metaphor\"', 'extended': 'fully extended or stretched forth; \"an extended telescope\"; \"his extended legs reached almost across the small room\"; \"refused to accept the extended hand\"', 'metaphorical': 'expressing one thing in terms normally denoting another; \"a metaphorical expression\"; \"metaphoric language\"', 'metonymic': 'using the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated; \"to say `he spent the evening reading Shakespeare\\' is metonymic because it substitutes the author himself for the author\\'s works\"', 'poetic': 'of or relating to poets; \"poetic insight\"', 'synecdochic': 'using the name of a part for that of the whole or the whole for the part; or the special for the general or the general for the special; or the material for the thing made of it; \"to use `hand\\' for `worker\\' or `ten sail\\' for `ten ships\\' or `steel\\' for `sword\\' is to use a synecdochic figure of speech\"', 'belletristic': 'written and regarded for aesthetic value rather than content', 'illiterate': 'not able to read or write', 'functionally_illiterate': 'having reading and writing skills insufficient for ordinary practical needs', 'unfilmed': 'not recorded on film or tape', 'recorded': '(of securities) having the owner\\'s name entered in a register; \"recorded holders of a stock\"', 'filmed': 'recorded on film; made into a movie; \"a filmed documentary\"; \"the filmed version of the novel\"', 'prerecorded': 'recorded at one time for transmission later', 'livable': 'fit or suitable to live in or with; \"livable conditions\"', 'habitable': 'fit for habitation; \"the habitable world\"', 'unlivable': 'unfit or unsuitable to live in or with; \"unlivable substandard housing\"', 'uninhabitable': 'not fit for habitation', 'liveried': 'wearing livery; \"liveried footmen stood on the palace steps\"', 'unliveried': 'not wearing livery; \"an unliveried chauffeur\"', 'undischarged': 'still capable of exploding or being fired; \"undischarged ammunition\"; \"an unexploded bomb\"', 'unloaded': '(of weapons) not charged with ammunition; \"many people are killed by guns thought to be unloaded\"', 'dud': 'failing to detonate; especially not charged with an active explosive; \"he stepped on a dud mine\"', 'loamy': 'consisting of or having the character of loam; \"richy loamy soil\"', 'loamless': 'having no loam; \"a stony loamless yard\"', 'systemic': 'affecting an entire system; \"a systemic poison\"', 'epidemic': '(especially of medicine) of disease or anything resembling a disease; attacking or affecting many individuals in a community or a population simultaneously; \"an epidemic outbreak of influenza\"', 'epiphytotic': '(of plants) epidemic among plants of a single kind especially over a wide area; \"an epiphytotic blight of potatoes\"; \"epiphytotic conditions associated with a single-plant agriculture\"', 'epizootic': '(of animals) epidemic among animals of a single kind within a particular region; \"an epizootic disease\"', 'pestilent': 'likely to spread and cause an epidemic disease; \"a pestilential malignancy in the air\"- Jonathan Swift; \"plaguey fevers\"', 'ecdemic': 'of or relating to a disease that originates outside the locality in which it occurs', 'enzootic': 'of a disease that is constantly present in an animal community but only occurs in a small number of cases', 'gloved': 'having the hands covered with gloves', 'gauntleted': 'wearing a protective glove; \"gestured with his gauntleted hand\"', 'gloveless': 'devoid of gloves', 'hatted': 'wearing a hat or a hat of a particular kind; \"two old ladies, neatly hatted and gloved\"; \"a bearskin-hatted sentry\"', 'turbaned': 'wearing a turban', 'hatless': 'not wearing a hat; \"stood hatless in the rain with water dripping down his neck\"', 'guided': 'subject to guidance or control especially after launching; \"a guided missile\"', 'radio-controlled': 'operated and guided by radio; \"a radio-controlled airplane\"', 'target-hunting': 'guided automatically toward the target', 'unguided': 'not subject to guidance or control after launching; \"unguided missiles\"', 'legged': 'having legs of a specified kind or number; \"four-legged animals\"; \"a peg-legged man\"', 'leglike': 'resembling or functioning like a leg; \"leglike appendages\"', 'straight-legged': 'having straight legs', 'three-legged': 'having or as if having three legs; \"a three-legged stool\"; \"a three-legged race\"', 'legless': 'not having legs; \"a legless man in a wheelchair\"', 'logical': 'capable of or reflecting the capability for correct and valid reasoning; \"a logical mind\"', 'dianoetic': 'proceeding to a conclusion by reason or argument rather than intuition', 'ratiocinative': 'based on exact thinking; \"one\\'s ratiocinative powers\"', 'illogical': 'lacking in correct logical relation', 'absurd': 'incongruous;inviting ridicule; \"the absurd excuse that the dog ate his homework\"; \"that\\'s a cockeyed idea\"; \"ask a nonsensical question and get a nonsensical answer\"; \"a contribution so small as to be laughable\"; \"it is ludicrous to call a cottage a mansion\"; \"a preposterous attempt to turn back the pages of history\"; \"her conceited assumption of universal interest in her rather dull children was ridiculous\"', 'inconsequential': 'not following logically as a consequence', 'intuitive': 'spontaneously derived from or prompted by a natural tendency; \"an intuitive revulsion\"', 'outspread': 'fully extended in width; \"outspread wings\"; \"with arms spread wide\"', 'outstretched': 'fully extended especially in length; \"a kitten with one paw outstretched\"', 'sprawly': 'spread out irregularly; \"a big sprawly city\"', 'spread-eagle': 'with arms and legs stretched out and apart; \"lay spread-eagle on the floor\"', 'unextended': 'not extended or stretched out; \"an unextended arm\"', 'mini': 'used of women\\'s clothing; very short with hemline above the knee; \"a mini dress\"; \"miniskirts\"', 'midi': 'used of women\\'s clothing having a hemline at mid-calf; \"midiskirts\"; \"wore her dresses midi length\"', 'maxi': 'used of women\\'s clothing having a hemline at the ankle; \"wanted a maxi-length coat\"; \"a maxidress\"', 'lossy': 'characterized by or causing dissipation of energy', 'lossless': 'characterized by or causing no dissipation of energy', 'elongate': 'having notably more length than width; being long and slender; \"an elongate tail tapering to a point\"; \"the old man\\'s gaunt and elongated frame\"', 'elongated': 'drawn out or made longer spatially; \"Picasso\\'s elongated Don Quixote\"; \"lengthened skirts are fashionable this year\"; \"the extended airport runways can accommodate larger planes\"; \"a prolonged black line across the page\"', 'extendible': 'capable of being lengthened', 'long-handled': 'having a long handle', 'long-range': 'involving an extended span of time; \"long-range goals\"', 'long-snouted': 'having a snout that is longer than average', 'long-staple': 'having relatively long fibers; \"long-staple cotton\"', 'long-wool': '(of sheep) having relatively long wool', 'oblong': '(of a leaf shape) having a somewhat elongated form with approximately parallel sides', 'polysyllabic': 'having or characterized by words of more than three syllables', 'abbreviated': 'cut short in duration; \"the abbreviated speech\"; \"her shortened life was clearly the result of smoking\"; \"an unsatisfactory truncated conversation\"', 'curtal': '(obsolete) cut short; \"a dog with a curtal tail\"', 'sawed-off': 'cut short; \"a sawed-off shotgun\"; \"a sawed-off broomstick\"; \"the shortened rope was easier to use\"', 'shortish': 'somewhat short', 'short-range': 'relating to the near future; \"a short-range policy\"', 'short-snouted': 'having a snout that is shorter than average', 'snub': 'unusually short; \"a snub nose\"', 'stubby': 'short and blunt; \"stubby fingers\"; \"a stubby pencil\"', 'telescoped': 'shortened by or as if by means of parts that slide one within another or are crushed one into another; \"a miracle that anyone survived in the telescoped cars\"; \"years that seemed telescoped like time in a dream\"', 'truncate': 'terminating abruptly by having or as if having an end or point cut off; \"a truncate leaf\"; \"truncated volcanic mountains\"; \"a truncated pyramid\"', 'agelong': 'lasting through all time; \"agelong struggle for freedom\"', 'bimestrial': 'two months long; lasting two months', 'daylong': 'lasting through an entire day', 'durable': 'capable of withstanding wear and tear and decay; \"durable denim jeans\"', 'eight-day': 'lasting for eight days', 'hourlong': 'lasting for an hour; \"an hourlong examination\"', 'lifelong': 'continuing through life; \"a lifelong friend\"; \"from lifelong habit\"; \"his lifelong study of Greek art\"', 'long-acting': 'active over a long period of time', 'long-dated': 'of a gilt-edged security; having more than 15 years to run before redemption', 'longish': 'somewhat long', 'long-life': '(of perishable goods) treated to stay fresh longer than usual; \"long-life milk\"', 'longitudinal': 'of or relating to lines of longitude; \"longitudinal reckoning by the navigator\"', 'long-run': 'relating to or extending over a relatively long time; \"the long-run significance of the elections\"; \"the long-term reconstruction of countries damaged by the war\"; \"a long-term investment\"', 'longstanding': 'having existed for a long time; \"a longstanding friendship\"; \"the longstanding conflict\"', 'monthlong': 'last through a month; \"a monthlong stay in the hospital\"', 'nightlong': 'lasting, open, or operating through the whole night; \"a nightlong vigil\"; \"an all-night drugstore\"; \"an overnight trip\"', 'time-consuming': 'of a task that takes time and patience', 'weeklong': 'lasting through a week; \"her weeklong vacation\"', 'yearlong': 'lasting through a year; \"attending yearlong courses\"', 'clipped': 'cut or trimmed by clipping; \"a handsome man with a clipped moustache\"; \"clipped hedges\"; \"close-clipped lawns\"; \"a clipped poodle\"', 'fleeting': 'lasting for a markedly brief time; \"a fleeting glance\"; \"fugitive hours\"; \"rapid momentaneous association of things that meet and pass\"; \"a momentary glimpse\"', 'short_and_sweet': 'dealt with very quickly; to the point; \"the conference was short and sweet\"; \"make your statement short and sweet\"', 'short-dated': 'of a gilt-edged security; having less than 5 years to run before redemption', 'short-run': 'relating to or extending over a limited period; \"short-run planning\"; \"a short-term lease\"; \"short-term credit\"', 'lengthwise': 'running or extending in the direction of the length of a thing; \"the lengthwise dimension\"', 'axial': 'of or relating to or resembling an axis of rotation', 'end-to-end': 'with the end of one object in contact lengthwise with the end of another object', 'fore-and-aft': 'parallel with the keel of a boat or ship', 'cross': 'extending or lying across; in a crosswise direction; at right angles to the long axis; \"cross members should be all steel\"; \"from the transverse hall the stairway ascends gracefully\"; \"transversal vibrations\"; \"transverse colon\"', 'cross-section': 'representing a plane made by cutting across something at right angles to its length; \"cross-section views of the neck\"', 'lidded': 'having a lid; \"milk in a heavy lidded mug\"', 'baggy': 'not fitting closely; hanging loosely; \"baggy trousers\"; \"a loose-fitting blouse is comfortable in hot weather\"', 'flyaway': '(of hair or clothing) worn loose; \"her flyaway hair\"; \"a flyaway coat\"', 'choky': 'so tight as to tend to choke; \"a choky collar\"', 'clenched': 'closed or squeezed together tightly; \"a clenched fist\"; \"his clenched (or clinched) teeth\"', 'skintight': 'so tight as to cling to the skin; \"skintight jeans\"', 'tight-fitting': 'fitting snugly; \"a tightly-fitting cover\"; \"tight-fitting clothes\"', 'viselike': 'clamped as in a vise; \"a viselike grip\"', 'constricted': 'especially tense; especially in some dialects', 'narrowed': 'reduced in size as by squeezing together; \"his narrowed eyes\"', 'pinched': 'as if squeezed uncomfortably tight; \"her pinched toes in her pointed shoes were killing her\"', 'stenosed': 'abnormally constricted body canal or passage; \"a stenosed coronary artery\"', 'unconstricted': 'not constricted physically or by extension psychologically; \"healthy unconstricted arteries\"', 'mislaid': 'lost temporarily; as especially put in an unaccustomed or forgotten place; \"the mislaid hat turned up eventually\"; \"misplaced tickets\"', 'gone': 'no longer retained; \"gone with the wind\"', 'missing': 'not able to be found; \"missing in action\"; \"a missing person\"', 'squandered': 'not used to good advantage; \"squandered money cannot be replaced\"; \"a wasted effort\"', 'stray': '(of an animal) having no home or having wandered away from home; \"a stray calf\"; \"a stray dog\"', 'straying': 'unable to find your way; \"found the straying sheep\"', 'found': 'come upon unexpectedly or after searching; \"found art\"; \"the lost-and-found department\"', 'recovered': 'found after being lost', 'saved': 'rescued; especially from the power and consequences of sin; \"a saved soul\"', 'ransomed': 'saved from the bondage of sin', 'rescued': 'delivered from danger', 'salvageable': 'capable of being saved from ruin; \"their marriage was not salvageable\"', 'confiscate': 'surrendered as a penalty', 'won': 'not subject to defeat; \"with that move it\\'s a won game\"', 'loud': 'characterized by or producing sound of great volume or intensity; \"a group of loud children\"; \"loud thunder\"; \"her voice was too loud\"; \"loud trombones\"', 'blaring': 'unpleasantly loud and penetrating; \"the blaring noise of trumpets\"; \"shut our ears against the blasting music from his car radio\"', 'clarion': 'loud and clear; \"a clarion call\"', 'deafening': 'loud enough to cause (temporary) hearing loss', 'earthshaking': 'sufficiently significant to affect the whole world; \"earthshaking proposals\"; \"the contest was no world-shaking affair\"; \"the conversation...could hardly be called world-shattering\"', 'harsh-voiced': 'having an unusually harsh sound', 'loud-mouthed': 'given to loud offensive talk', 'loud-voiced': 'having an unusually loud voice', 'shattering': 'seemingly loud enough to break something; violently rattling or clattering; \"shattering rain striking the windowpanes\"; \"the shattering tones of the enormous carillon\"; \"the shattering peal of artillery\"', 'shouted': 'in a vehement outcry; \"his shouted words of encouragement could be heard over the crowd noises\"', 'trumpet-like': 'resembling the sound of a trumpet', 'vocal': 'relating to or designed for or using the singing voice; \"vocal technique\"; \"the vocal repertoire\"; \"organized a vocal group to sing his compositions\"', 'hushed': 'in a softened tone; \"hushed voices\"; \"muted trumpets\"; \"a subdued whisper\"; \"a quiet reprimand\"', 'murmuring': 'making a low continuous indistinct sound; \"like murmuring waves\"; \"susurrant voices\"', 'murmurous': 'characterized by soft sounds; \"a murmurous brook\"; \"a soughing wind in the pines\"; \"a slow sad susurrous rustle like the wind fingering the pines\"- R.P.Warren', 'soft-footed': 'sound of quiet gentle steps', 'soft-spoken': 'having a speaking manner that is not loud or harsh; \"she was always soft-spoken\"', 'booming': 'very lively and profitable; \"flourishing businesses\"; \"a palmy time for stockbrokers\"; \"a prosperous new business\"; \"doing a roaring trade\"; \"a thriving tourist center\"; \"did a thriving business in orchids\"', 'grumbling': 'continuous full and low-pitched throbbing sound; \"the rumbling rolling sound of thunder\"', 'plangent': 'loud and resounding; \"plangent bells\"; \"the plangent minority\"', 'rich': 'containing plenty of fat, or eggs, or sugar; \"rich desserts\"; \"they kept gorging on rich foods\"', 'orotund': '(of sounds) full and rich; \"orotund tones\"; \"the rotund and reverberating phrase\"; \"pear-shaped vowels\"', 'piano': 'used chiefly as a direction or description in music; \"the piano passages in the composition\"', 'pianissimo': 'chiefly a direction or description in music; very soft', 'pianissimo_assai': 'chiefly a direction or description in music; very soft', 'forte': 'used chiefly as a direction or description in music; \"the forte passages in the composition\"', 'fortemente': 'chiefly a direction or description in music; loud and strong', 'fortissimo': 'chiefly a direction or description in music', 'lovable': 'having characteristics that attract love or affection; \"a mischievous but lovable child\"', 'adorable': 'lovable especially in a childlike or naive way', 'cuddlesome': 'inviting cuddling or hugging; \"a cuddlesome baby\"; \"a cuddly teddybear\"', 'hateful': 'characterized by malice; \"a hateful thing to do\"; \"in a mean mood\"', 'abominable': 'unequivocally detestable; \"abominable treatment of prisoners\"; \"detestable vices\"; \"execrable crimes\"; \"consequences odious to those you govern\"- Edmund Burke', 'unlovable': 'incapable of inspiring love or affection; \"she was in some mysterious way...unlovable\"-Joseph Conrad', 'liked': 'found pleasant or attractive; often used as a combining form; \"a well-liked teacher\"', 'likable': 'easy to like; agreeable; \"an attractive and likable young man\"', 'disliked': 'regarded with aversion; \"he was intensely disliked\"', 'dislikable': 'such as to provoke dislike', 'unlikable': 'difficult or impossible to like; \"a disagreeable and unlikable old woman\"', 'loved': 'held dear; \"his loved companion of many years\"', 'admired': 'regarded with admiration', 'adored': 'regarded with deep or rapturous love (especially as if for a god); \"adored grandchildren\"; \"an idolized wife\"', 'beloved': 'dearly loved', 'cherished': 'characterized by feeling or showing fond affection for; \"a cherished friend\"; \"children are precious\"; \"a treasured heirloom\"; \"so good to feel wanted\"', 'favored': 'preferred above all others and treated with partiality; \"the favored child\"', 'unloved': 'not loved', 'alienated': 'socially disoriented; \"anomic loners musing over their fate\"; \"we live in an age of rootless alienated people\"', 'bereft': 'unhappy in love; suffering from unrequited love', 'despised': 'treated with contempt', 'disinherited': 'deprived of your rightful heritage', 'jilted': 'rebuffed (by a lover) without warning; \"jilted at the altar\"', 'loveless': 'without love; \"a loveless marriage\"', 'loving': 'feeling or showing love and affection; \"loving parents\"; \"loving glances\"', 'adoring': 'showing adoration', 'affectionate': 'having or displaying warmth or affection; \"affectionate children\"; \"a fond embrace\"; \"fond of his nephew\"; \"a tender glance\"; \"a warm embrace\"', 'amative': 'inclined toward or displaying love; \"feeling amorous\"', 'amatory': 'expressive of or exciting sexual love or romance; \"her amatory affairs\"; \"amorous glances\"; \"a romantic adventure\"; \"a romantic moonlight ride\"', 'captivated': 'strongly attracted', 'enamored': 'marked by foolish or unreasoning fondness; \"gaga over the rock group\\'s new album\"; \"he was infatuated with her\"', 'idolatrous': 'relating to or practicing idolatry; \"idolatrous worship\"', 'loverlike': 'like or in the manner of a lover', 'overfond': 'excessively fond', 'touchy-feely': '(often derogatory) openly expressing love and affection (especially through physical contact)', 'uxorious': 'foolishly fond of or submissive to your wife', 'unloving': 'not giving or reciprocating affection', 'unromantic': 'neither expressive of nor exciting sexual love or romance', 'lowercase': 'relating to small (not capitalized) letters that were kept in the lower half of a compositor\\'s type case; \"lowercase letters; a and b and c etc\"', 'uppercase': 'relating to capital letters which were kept in the top half of a compositor\\'s type case; \"uppercase letters; X and Y and Z etc\"', 'capital': 'first-rate; \"a capital fellow\"; \"a capital idea\"', 'apotropaic': 'having the power to prevent evil or bad luck', 'serendipitous': 'lucky in making unexpected and fortunate discoveries', 'unlucky': 'having or bringing misfortune; \"Friday the 13th is an unlucky date\"', 'hexed': '(usually used colloquially) causing or accompanied by misfortune', 'unmade': '(of a bed) not having the sheets and blankets set in order; \"an unmade bed with tangled sheets and blankets\"', 'magnetic': 'of or relating to or caused by magnetism; \"magnetic forces\"', 'attractable': 'capable of being magnetized or attracted by a magnet; \"the magnetic chips of steel produced by a cutting tool are attractable by a magnet\"', 'antimagnetic': 'impervious to the effects of a magnetic field; resistant to magnetization; \"an antimagnetic watch\"', 'geographic': 'of or relating to the science of geography', 'nonmagnetic': 'not capable of being magnetized', 'major': 'of the elder of two boys with the same family name; \"Jones major\"', 'majuscule': 'of or relating to a style of writing characterized by somewhat rounded capital letters; 4th to 8th centuries', 'majuscular': 'of the nature of a majuscule or written in majuscules', 'manageable': 'capable of being managed or controlled', 'administrable': 'capable of being administered or managed', 'controllable': 'capable of being controlled', 'directed': '(often used in combination) having a specified direction; \"a positively directed vector\"; \"goal-directed\"', 'steerable': 'capable of being steered or directed', 'unmanageable': 'hard to control; \"a difficult child\", \"an unmanageable situation\"', 'indocile': 'of persons; \"the little boy\\'s parents think he is spirited, but his teacher finds him unruly\"', 'uncheckable': 'incapable of being checked or restrained', 'manly': 'possessing qualities befitting a man', 'unmanly': 'not possessing qualities befitting a man', 'effeminate': 'having unsuitable feminine qualities', 'womanish': 'having characteristics associated with women and considered undesirable in men; \"womanish tears\"', 'male': 'characteristic of a man; \"a deep male voice\"; \"manly sports\"', 'antheral': 'capable of fertilizing female organs', 'phallic': 'relating to a phallus especially as an embodiment of generative power; \"a phallic cult\"; \"phallic worship\"', 'priapic': 'overly concerned with masculinity and male sexuality; \"priapic episodes\"; \"priapic victories\"', 'young-begetting': 'capable of fathering offspring', 'female': 'characteristic of or peculiar to a woman; \"female sensitiveness\"; \"female suffrage\"', 'egg-producing': 'capable of producing eggs and bearing offspring', 'pistillate': 'having gynoecia, or pistils, the ovule-bearing organ of a seed plant', 'androgynous': 'relating to or exhibiting both female and male sex organs but with a predominantly female appearance', 'gynandromorphic': 'having both male and female morphological characteristics', 'hermaphroditic': 'of or relating to monoclinous plants', 'intersexual': 'existing or occurring between the sexes', 'pseudohermaphroditic': 'having internal reproductive organs of one sex and external sexual characteristics of the other sex', 'unisex': 'not distinguished on the basis of sex', 'manned': 'having a crew; \"a manned earth satellite was considered a necessary research step\"', 'unmanned': 'lacking a crew; \"an unmanned satellite to Mars\"', 'pilotless': 'lacking a pilot; \"a drone is a pilotless aircraft\"', 'asterisked': 'marked with an asterisk; \"the starred items\"', 'barred': 'marked with stripes or bands', 'scarred': 'deeply affected or marked by mental or physical pain or injury; \"Could her scarred mind ever be free of fear?\"; \"a face scarred by anxiety\"; \"the fire left her arm badly scarred\"', 'well-marked': 'clearly indicated; \"a well-marked route\"', 'masked': 'having markings suggestive of a mask; \"the masked face of a raccoon\"', 'unmarked': 'not having an identifying mark; \"unmarked cards\"; \"an unmarked police car\"', 'unasterisked': 'not marked with an asterisk; \"unasterisked items\"', 'unbranded': 'not marked with a brand; \"unbranded cattle\"', 'married': 'joined in matrimony; \"a married man\"; \"a married couple\"', 'joined': 'of or relating to two people who are married to each other', 'mated': 'used of gloves, socks, etc.', 'ringed': 'having colored rings around the body', 'wed': 'having been taken in marriage', 'unmarried': 'not married or related to the unmarried state; \"unmarried men and women\"; \"unmarried life\"; \"sex and the single girl\"; \"single parenthood\"; \"are you married or single?\"', 'divorced': 'of someone whose marriage has been legally dissolved', 'mateless': 'not mated sexually', 'unwed': 'of someone who has not been married; \"unwed mother\"', 'widowed': 'single because of death of the spouse', 'paired': 'mated sexually', 'unmated': 'not mated sexually', 'masculine': '(music or poetry) ending on an accented beat or syllable; \"a masculine cadence\"; \"the masculine rhyme of `annoy, enjoy\\'\"', 'mannish': 'resembling or imitative of or suggestive of a man rather than a woman; \"a mannish stride\"', 'feminine': '(music or poetry) ending on an unaccented beat or syllable; \"a feminine ending\"', 'maidenlike': 'befitting or characteristic of a maiden; \"a maidenly blush\"', 'powder-puff': 'used of competitive activities in which only women take part; \"powder-puff baseball\"; \"a powder-puff football game\"', 'womanly': 'befitting or characteristic of a woman especially a mature woman; \"womanly virtues of gentleness and compassion\"', 'matronly': 'befitting or characteristic of a fully mature woman; \"her matronly figure\"', 'womanlike': 'resembling a woman; \"a womanlike stone image\"', 'unwomanly': 'not womanly; \"the logical clearness of her arguments...condemned her as eccentric and unwomanly\"', 'hoydenish': 'used of girls; wild and boisterous', 'unfeminine': 'not suitable for a woman; \"an unfeminine depth of voice\"', 'neuter': 'having no or imperfectly developed or nonfunctional sex organs', 'duplicate': 'identically copied from an original; \"a duplicate key\"', 'one-to-one': 'used of relations such that each member of one set is associated with one member of a second set', 'ill-sorted': 'not easy to combine harmoniously', 'adult': '(of animals) fully developed; \"an adult animal\"; \"a grown woman\"', 'abloom': 'bursting into flower; \"flowering spring trees\"', 'fruiting': 'capable of bearing fruit', 'marriageable': 'of girls or women who are eligible to marry', 'overblown': 'past the stage of full bloom; \"overblown roses\"', 'immature': 'characteristic of a lack of maturity; \"immature behavior\"', 'adolescent': 'relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent; \"adolescent problems\"', 'inchoative': 'beginning to develop; \"inchoative stages\"', 'larval': 'relating to or typical of a larva; \"the larval eye\"', 'prepubescent': '(especially of human beings) at the age immediately before puberty; often marked by accelerated growth', 'prepupal': 'of an inactive stage in the development of some insects, between the larval and the pupal stages; \"the prepupal stage\"', 'pubescent': '(of animals especially human beings) having arrived at the onset of puberty (the age at which sex glands become functional) but not yet fully mature; \"the budding breasts of a pubescent girl and the downy chin of pubescent boy\"', 'pupal': 'of the insects in the chrysalis (cocoon) or post larval stage; \"the pupal stage\"', 'underdeveloped': 'not yet fully developed', 'ripe': 'fully prepared or eager; \"the colonists were ripe for revolution\"', 'babyish': 'characteristic of a baby; \"babyish tears and petulance\"', 'childish': 'indicating a lack of maturity; \"childish tantrums\"; \"infantile behavior\"', 'overripe': 'too ripe and beginning to turn soft', 'unaged': 'not subjected to an aging process; \"vodka is an unaged liquor from Russia\"', 'seasonal': 'occurring at or dependent on a particular season; \"seasonal labor\"; \"a seasonal rise in unemployment\"', 'year-round': 'operating or continuing throughout the year; \"a year-round resort\"; \"a year-round job\"', 'seasonable': 'in keeping with the season; \"a hard but seasonable frost\"; \"seasonable clothes\"', 'unseasonable': 'not in keeping with (and usually undesirable for) the season; \"a sudden unseasonable blizzard\"; \"unseasonable bright blue weather in November\"', 'uncured': 'not seasoned; \"uncured pelts\"', 'full-term': 'gestated for the entire duration of normal pregnancy; \"a healthy full-term baby\"', 'maximal': 'the greatest or most complete or best possible; \"maximal expansion\"; \"maximum pressure\"', 'supreme': 'highest in excellence or achievement; \"supreme among musicians\"; \"a supreme endxxeavor\"; \"supreme courage\"', 'minimal': 'the least possible; \"needed to enforce minimal standards\"; \"her grades were minimal\"; \"minimum wage\"; \"a minimal charge for the service\"', 'borderline': 'of questionable or minimal quality; \"borderline grades\"; \"marginal writing ability\"', 'negligible': 'not worth considering; \"he considered the prize too paltry for the lives it must cost\"; \"piffling efforts\"; \"a trifling matter\"', 'meaningful': 'having a meaning or purpose; \"a meaningful explanation\"; \"a meaningful discussion\"; \"a meaningful pause\"', 'meaty': 'like or containing meat; \"enough of vegetarianism; let\\'s have a meaty meal\"', 'meaning': 'rich in significance or implication; \"a meaning look\"', 'purposeful': 'serving as or indicating the existence of a purpose or goal', 'meaningless': 'having no meaning or direction or purpose; \"a meaningless endeavor\"; \"a meaningless life\"; \"a verbose but meaningless explanation\"', 'nonsense': 'having no intelligible meaning; \"nonsense syllables\"; \"a nonsensical jumble of words\"', 'immeasurable': 'impossible to measure; \"unmeasurable reaches of outer space\"', 'illimitable': 'without limits in extent or size or quantity; \"limitless vastness of our solar system\"', 'meatless': 'lacking meat; \"meatless days\"', 'mechanical': 'relating to or concerned with machinery or tools; \"mechanical arts\"; \"mechanical design\"; \"mechanical skills\"', 'mechanic': 'resembling the action of a machine; \"from blank to blank a threadless way I pushed mechanic feet\"- Emily Dickenson', 'mechanistic': 'of or relating to the philosophical theory of mechanism', 'mechanized': 'using vehicles; \"motorized warfare\"', 'windup': 'operated by a mechanism; \"windup toys\"', 'nonmechanical': 'not mechanical', 'nonmechanistic': 'not mechanistic', 'unmechanized': 'not mechanized; \"production of furniture remained largely unmechanized\"- Gordon Russell', 'melodious': 'containing or constituting or characterized by pleasing melody; \"the melodious song of a meadowlark\"', 'ariose': 'having a melody (as distinguished from recitative)', 'canorous': 'richly melodious', 'cantabile': 'smooth and flowing', 'dulcet': 'extremely pleasant in a gentle way; \"the most dulcet swimming on the most beautiful and remote beaches\"', 'lyrical': 'suitable for or suggestive of singing', 'unmelodious': 'lacking melody', 'tuneful': 'having a musical sound; especially a pleasing tune', 'tuneless': 'not having a musical sound or pleasing tune', 'membered': 'having members; normally used in chemistry in combination with a number', 'three-membered': 'of a chemical compound having a ring with three members', 'four-membered': 'of a chemical compound having a ring with four members', 'five-membered': 'of a chemical compound having a ring with five members', 'six-membered': 'of a chemical compound having a ring with six members; \"having three carbon and three nitrogen atoms in a six-membered ring\"', 'seven-membered': 'of a chemical compound having a ring with seven members', 'eight-membered': 'of a chemical compound having a ring with eight members', 'nine-membered': 'of a chemical compound having a ring with nine members', 'ten-membered': 'of a chemical compound having a ring with ten members', 'memberless': 'of a group or set having no members', 'mined': 'extracted from a source of supply as of minerals from the earth', 'deep-mined': 'of coal, as contrasted with coal obtained from a strip mine; \"deep-mined coal\"', 'well-mined': 'well known and commonly used; \"Shakespeare exploited many well-mined sources for his plays\"', 'strip-mined': \"mined near the earth's surface by stripping\", 'unmined': 'not mined; \"deposits of unmined uranium\"', 'musical': 'characterized by or capable of producing music; \"a musical evening\"; \"musical instruments\"', 'chanted': 'sung or uttered rhythmically in a monotone; \"a chanted psalm\"', 'singable': 'suitable for singing; \"singable melody is the essence of music\"- Winthrop Sargeant', 'unmusical': 'lacking interest in or talent for music; \"too unmusical to care for concerts\"; \"it is unfortunate that her children were all nonmusical\"', 'philharmonic': 'composing or characteristic of an orchestral group; \"philharmonic players\"', 'melted': 'changed from a solid to a liquid state; \"rivers filled to overflowing by melted snow\"', 'dissolved': '(of solid matter) reduced to a liquid form; \"add the dissolved gelatin\"', 'fusible': 'capable of being melted and fused', 'molten': 'reduced to liquid form by heating; \"a mass of molten rock\"', 'unmelted': 'not melted; \"streets unpassable because of piles of unmelted snow\"', 'undissolved': 'retaining a solid form; \"undissolved sugar in the bottom of the cup\"', 'merciless': 'having or showing no mercy; \"the merciless enemy\"; \"a merciless critic\"; \"gave him a merciless beating\"', 'cutthroat': 'ruthless in competition; \"cutthroat competition\"; \"bowelless readiness to take advantage\"', 'mortal': 'subject to death; \"mortal beings\"', 'tigerish': 'resembling a tiger in fierceness and lack of mercy; \"a tigerish fury\"', 'metabolic': 'of or relating to metabolism; \"metabolic rate\"', 'ametabolic': 'undergoing no (or only slight) metamorphosis', 'mild': 'moderate in type or degree or effect or force; far from extreme; \"a mild winter storm\"; \"a mild fever\"; \"fortunately the pain was mild\"; \"a mild rebuke\"; \"mild criticism\"', 'mild-mannered': 'behaving in or having a mild or gentle manner', 'moderate': 'marked by avoidance of extravagance or extremes; \"moderate in his demands\"; \"restrained in his response\"', 'blood-and-guts': 'marked by great zeal or violence; \"real blood-and-guts fiction\"; \"blood-and-guts football\"', 'consuming': 'very intense; \"politics is his consuming passion\"; \"overwhelming joy\"', 'fierce': 'marked by extreme intensity of emotions or convictions; inclined to react violently; fervid; \"fierce loyalty\"; \"in a tearing rage\"; \"vehement dislike\"; \"violent passions\"', 'intensified': 'made more intense; \"the intensified scrutiny of the candidate\\'s background\"', 'intensive': 'tending to give force or emphasis; \"an intensive adverb\"', 'main': 'of force; of the greatest possible intensity; \"by main strength\"', 'raging': 'very severe; \"a raging thirst\"; \"a raging toothache\"', 'screaming': 'resembling a scream in effect; \"screaming headlines\"; \"screaming colors and designs\"', 'unabated': 'continuing at full strength or intensity; \"the winds are unabated\"; \"the popularity of his books among young people continued unabated\"', 'violent': 'acting with or marked by or resulting from great force or energy or emotional intensity; \"a violent attack\"; \"a violent person\"; \"violent feelings\"; \"a violent rage\"; \"felt a violent dislike\"', 'caught_up': 'having become involved involuntarily; \"caught up in the excitement of the crowd\"; \"caught up in the scandal\"', 'embroiled': 'deeply involved especially in something complicated; \"embroiled in the conflict\"; \"felt unwilling entangled in their affairs\"', 'implicated': 'culpably involved; \"all those concerned in the bribery case have been identified\"; \"named three officials implicated in the plot\"; \"an innocent person implicated by circumstances in a crime\"', 'neck-deep': 'deeply involved; \"neck-deep in work\"; \"up to their necks in debt\"', 'uninvolved': 'not involved; \"being uninvolved he remained objective\"', 'military': 'of or relating to the study of the principles of warfare; \"military law\"', 'expeditionary': '(used of military forces) designed for military operations abroad; \"the French expeditionary force in Indochina\"', 'martial': 'of or relating to the armed forces; \"martial law\"', 'combatant': 'engaging in or ready for combat', 'noncombatant': 'used of civilians in time of war', 'civilian': 'associated with civil life or performed by persons who are not active members of the military; \"civilian clothing\"; \"civilian life\"', 'militaristic': 'imbued with militarism', 'soldierly': '(of persons) befitting a warrior; \"a military bearing\"', 'warlike': 'suggesting war or military life', 'unmilitary': 'not associated with soldiers or the military; \"unmilitary circles of government\"; \"fatigue duty involves nonmilitary labor\"', 'unsoldierly': 'not conforming to military standards; \"unsoldierly posture\"', 'mitigated': 'made less severe or intense; \"he gladly accepted the mitigated penalty\"', 'alleviated': '(of pain or sorrow) made easier to bear', 'lessened': 'decreased in severity; made less harsh', 'quenched': 'allayed; \"his thirst quenched he was able to continue\"', 'unmitigated': 'not diminished or moderated in intensity or severity; sometimes used as an intensifier; \"unmitigated suffering\"; \"an unmitigated horror\"; \"an unmitigated lie\"', 'arrant': 'without qualification; used informally as (often pejorative) intensifiers; \"an arrant fool\"; \"a complete coward\"; \"a consummate fool\"; \"a double-dyed villain\"; \"gross negligence\"; \"a perfect idiot\"; \"pure folly\"; \"what a sodding mess\"; \"stark staring mad\"; \"a thoroughgoing villain\"; \"utter nonsense\"; \"the unadulterated truth\"', 'bally': ' informal intensifiers; \"what a bally (or blinking) nuisance\"; \"a bloody fool\"; \"a crashing bore\"; \"you flaming idiot\"', 'bodacious': 'incorrigible; \"a bodacious gossip\"', 'undiminished': 'not lessened or diminished; \"unrelieved suffering\"', 'tempered': 'made hard or flexible or resilient especially by heat treatment; \"a sword of tempered steel\"; \"tempered glass\"', 'untempered': 'not brought to a proper consistency or hardness; \"untempered mortar\"; \"untempered steel\"', 'unmoderated': 'not made less extreme; \"spoke with unmoderated harshness\"', 'sunbaked': 'baked or hardened by exposure to sunlight; not burned; \"sunbaked adobe bricks\"', 'airborne': 'moved or conveyed by or through air', 'ambulant': 'able to walk about; \"the patient is ambulatory\"', 'maneuverable': 'capable of maneuvering or changing position; \"a highly maneuverable ship\"', 'motile': '(of spores or microorganisms) capable of movement', 'movable': '(of personal property as opposed to real estate) can be moved from place to place (especially carried by hand)', 'perambulating': 'strolling or walking around; \"perambulating nursemaids with their charges\"', 'racy': 'designed or suitable for competing in a race', 'raisable': 'capable of being raised; \"the roadster had a raisable sunroof\"', 'rotatable': 'capable of being rotated; \"the theater had a rotatable stage\"', 'seaborne': 'conveyed by sea', 'transplantable': 'capable of being transplanted', 'versatile': 'having great diversity or variety; \"his various achievements are impressive\"; \"his vast and versatile erudition\"', 'immobile': 'not capable of movement or of being moved', 'immovable': 'not able or intended to be moved; \"the immovable hills\"', 'nonmotile': '(of spores or microorganisms) not capable of movement', 'stiff': 'powerful; \"a stiff current\"; \"a stiff breeze\"', 'man-portable': 'portable by one man', 'takeout': 'of or involving food to be taken and eaten off the premises; \"takeout pizza\"; \"the takeout counter\"; \"`take-away\\' is chiefly British\"', 'unportable': 'not portable; not easily moved or transported', 'removable': 'capable of being removed or taken away or dismissed; \"a removable cord\"; \"removable partitions\"', 'dismissible': 'subject to dismissal; \"appointed and removable by the mayor\"', 'extractable': 'capable of being extracted', 'irremovable': 'incapable of being removed or away or dismiss; \"irremovable boulders\"; \"irremovable obstacles\"', 'tenured': 'appointed for life and not subject to dismissal except for a grave crime; \"an irremovable officer\"; \"a tenured professor\"', 'metallic': 'containing or made of or resembling or characteristic of a metal; \"a metallic compound\"; \"metallic luster\"; \"the strange metallic note of the meadow lark, suggesting the clash of vibrant blades\"- Ambrose Bierce', 'all-metal': 'consisting completely of metal; \"all-metal airplanes\"', 'aluminiferous': 'containing alum or aluminum', 'antimonial': 'containing antimony; \"antimonial lead\"', 'argentiferous': 'containing or yielding silver; \"argentiferous ore\"', 'auriferous': 'containing gold; \"auriferous quartz veins\"', 'bimetal': 'formed of two different metals or alloys; especially in sheets bonded together', 'gold': 'made from or covered with gold; \"gold coins\"; \"the gold dome of the Capitol\"; \"the golden calf\"; \"gilded icons\"', 'metallike': 'resembling metal', 'tinny': 'of or containing tin', 'nonmetallic': 'not containing or resembling or characteristic of a metal; \"nonmetallic elements\"', 'metalloid': 'of or being a nonmetallic element that has some of the properties of metal; \"arsenic is a metalloid element\"', 'metamorphic': 'of or relating to metamorphosis (especially of rocks); \"metamorphic stage\"; \"marble is a metamorphic rock that takes a high polish\"', 'epimorphic': 'characterized by incomplete metamorphosis; having the same number of body segments in successive stages', 'hemimetabolous': '(of an insect with aquatic young) undergoing incomplete metamorphosis in which the young does not resemble the adult', 'heterometabolous': '(of an insect) undergoing incomplete metamorphosis in which the nymph is essentially like the adult and there is no pupal stage', 'holometabolic': '(of an insect) undergoing complete metamorphosis', 'metamorphous': 'produced by metamorphosis; \"most insects are metamorphic as witness the stages as a butterfly develops from a caterpillar\"', 'nonmetamorphic': 'not metamorphic', 'middle-of-the-road': 'not extreme, especially in political views', 'minimalist': 'of or relating to artistic minimalism', 'modest': 'free from pomp or affectation; \"comfortable but modest cottages\"; \"a simple rectangular brick building\"; \"a simple man with simple tastes\"', 'immoderate': 'beyond reasonable limits; \"immoderate laughter\"; \"immoderate spending\"', 'abnormal': 'departing from the normal in e.g. intelligence and development; \"they were heartbroken when they learned their child was abnormal\"; \"an abnormal personality\"', 'all-fired': 'extreme; used as an intensifier; \"why is he in such an all-fired hurry?\"', 'excessive': 'unrestrained, especially with regard to feelings; \"extravagant praise\"; \"exuberant compliments\"; \"overweening ambition\"; \"overweening greed\"', 'exorbitant': 'greatly exceeding bounds of reason or moderation; \"exorbitant rent\"; \"extortionate prices\"; \"spends an outrageous amount on entertainment\"; \"usurious interest rate\"; \"unconscionable spending\"', 'extremist': '(used of opinions and actions) far beyond the norm; \"extremist political views\"; \"radical opinions on education\"; \"an ultra conservative\"', 'stark': 'complete or extreme; \"stark poverty\"; \"a stark contrast\"', 'neo': '(used as a combining form) recent or new; \"`neo\\' is a combining form in words like `neocolonialism\\'\"', 'red-brick': 'of or relating to British universities founded in the late 19th century or the 20th century', 'ultramodern': 'extremely modern; \"Dadism and ultramodern art\"', 'moderne': 'of or relating to a popularization of art deco that used bright colors and rectangular shapes', 'nonmodern': 'not modern; of or characteristic of an earlier time', 'antebellum': 'belonging to a period before a war especially the American Civil War', 'horse-and-buggy': 'relating to the time before automobiles (and other inventions) changed the way people lived in industrialized nations', 'medieval': 'relating to or belonging to the Middle Ages; \"Medieval scholars\"; \"Medieval times\"', 'old-world': 'characteristic of former times especially in Europe; \"an old-world cottage\"', 'Victorian': 'of or relating to Queen Victoria of Great Britain or to the age in which she ruled; \"Victorian morals\"', 'immodest': 'having or showing an exaggerated opinion of your importance, ability, etc; \"brash immodest boasting\"', 'retiring': 'not arrogant or presuming; \"unassuming to a fault, skeptical about the value of his work\"; \"a shy retiring girl\"', 'overweening': 'presumptuously arrogant; \"had a witty but overweening manner\"; \"no idea how overweening he would be\"- S.V.Benet; \"getting a little uppity and needed to be slapped down\"- NY Times', 'modified': 'changed in form or character; \"their modified stand made the issue more acceptable\"; \"the performance of the modified aircraft was much improved\"', 'adapted': 'changed in order to improve or made more fit for a particular purpose; \"seeds precisely adapted to the area\"; \"instructions altered to suit the children\\'s different ages\"', 'unmodified': 'not changed in form or character', 'softened': 'toned down', 'unmodulated': ' characterized by lack of variation in pitch, tone, or volume; \"he lectured in an unmodulated voice edged with hysteria\"', 'molar': 'of or pertaining to the grinding teeth in the back of a mammal\\'s mouth; \"molar teeth\"', 'molecular': 'relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules; \"molecular structure\"; \"molecular oxygen\"; \"molecular weight is the sum of all the atoms in a molecule\"', 'monoclinous': 'having pistils and stamens in the same flower', 'diclinous': 'having pistils and stamens in separate flowers', 'monoecious': 'having male and female reproductive organs in the same plant or animal', 'autoicous': 'having male and female reproductive organs in separate clusters on the same plant', 'heteroicous': 'having several forms of gametoecia on the same plant', 'synoicous': 'having male and female reproductive organs mixed in the same gametoecium', 'paroicous': 'having male and female reproductive organs separate in a single gametoecium', 'dioecious': 'having male and female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals', 'monophonic': 'consisting of a single melodic line', 'homophonic': 'having the same sound', 'monodic': 'having a single vocal part', 'polyphonic': 'having two or more phonetic values; \"polyphonic letters such as `a\\'\"', 'monogamous': '(used of relationships and of individuals) having one mate; \"monogamous marriage\"; \"monogamous for life\"', 'monandrous': 'having only one husband at a time', 'monogynous': 'having one head or chief wife at a time (along with concubines)', 'polygamous': 'having more than one mate at a time; used of relationships and individuals', 'bigamous': 'of illegal marriage to a second person while legally married to a first', 'polyandrous': 'having more than one husband at a time', 'polygynous': 'having more than one wife at a time', 'monolingual': 'using or knowing only one language; \"monolingual speakers\"; \"a monolingual dictionary\"', 'multilingual': 'using or knowing more than one language; \"a multilingual translator\"; \"a multilingual nation\"', 'bilingual': 'using or knowing two languages; \"bilingual education\"', 'polyglot': 'having a command of or composed in many languages; \"a polyglot traveler\"; \"a polyglot Bible contains versions in different languages\"', 'trilingual': 'using or knowing three languages; \"trilingual speakers\"', 'monovalent': 'containing only one kind of antibody', 'polyvalent': 'containing several antibodies each capable of counteracting a specific antigen; \"a polyvalent vaccine\"', 'univalent': 'used of a chromosome that is not paired or united with its homologous chromosome during synapsis; \"a univalent chromosome\"', 'bivalent': 'having a valence of two or having two valences', 'monotonic': 'of a sequence or function; consistently increasing and never decreasing or consistently decreasing and never increasing in value', 'decreasing_monotonic': 'consistently decreasing; \"a decreasing monotonic function\"', 'increasing_monotonic': 'consistently increasing; \"an increasing monotonic function\"', 'nonmonotonic': 'not monotonic', 'moral': 'psychological rather than physical or tangible in effect; \"a moral victory\"; \"moral support\"', 'moralistic': 'narrowly and conventionally moral', 'righteous': 'characterized by or proceeding from accepted standards of morality or justice; \"the...prayer of a righteous man availeth much\"- James 5:16', 'immoral': 'deliberately violating accepted principles of right and wrong', 'debauched': 'unrestrained by convention or morality; \"Congreve draws a debauched aristocratic society\"; \"deplorably dissipated and degraded\"; \"riotous living\"; \"fast women\"', 'disgraceful': 'giving offense to moral sensibilities and injurious to reputation; \"scandalous behavior\"; \"the wicked rascally shameful conduct of the bankrupt\"- Thackeray; \"the most shocking book of its time\"', 'licit': 'sanctioned by custom or morality especially sexual morality; \"a wife\\'s licit love\"', 'illicit': 'contrary to accepted morality (especially sexual morality) or convention; \"an illicit association with his secretary\"', 'principled': 'based on or manifesting objectively defined standards of rightness or morality; \"principled pragmatism and unprincipled expediency\"; \"a principled person\"', 'high-principled': 'having high principles', 'many': 'a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by `as\\' or `too\\' or `so\\' or `that\\'; amounting to a large but indefinite number; \"many temptations\"; \"the temptations are many\"; \"a good many\"; \"a great many\"; \"many directions\"; \"take as many apples as you like\"; \"too many clouds to see\"; \"never saw so many people\"', 'galore': 'in great numbers; \"daffodils galore\"', 'many_a': 'each of a large indefinite number; \"many a man\"; \"many another day will come\"', 'numerous': 'amounting to a large indefinite number; \"numerous times\"; \"the family was numerous\"; \"Palomar\\'s fans are legion\"', 'some': 'quantifier; used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity; \"have some milk\"; \"some roses were still blooming\"; \"having some friends over\"; \"some apples\"; \"some paper\"', 'umpteen': 'innumerable but many', 'few': 'a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by `a\\'; a small but indefinite number; \"a few weeks ago\"; \"a few more wagons than usual\"; \"an invalid\\'s pleasures are few and far between\"; \"few roses were still blooming\"; \"few women have led troops in battle\"', 'a_few': 'more than one but indefinitely small in number; \"a few roses\"; \"a couple of roses\"', 'hardly_a': 'very few; \"hardly a man is now alive who remembers that famous date and year\"', 'much': '(quantifier used with mass nouns) great in quantity or degree or extent; \"not much rain\"; \"much affection\"; \"much grain is in storage\"', 'overmuch': 'very great in quantity; overabundant; \"showed overmuch affection\"', 'such': 'of so extreme a degree or extent; \"such weeping\"; \"so much weeping\"; \"such a help\"; \"such grief\"; \"never dreamed of such beauty\"', 'untold': 'of an incalculable amount; \"untold suffering\"', 'more': '(comparative of `many\\' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number; \"a hall with more seats\"; \"we have no more bananas\"; \"more than one\"', 'less': '(usually preceded by `no\\') lower in quality; \"no less than perfect\"', 'most': '(superlative of `many\\' used with count nouns and often preceded by `the\\') quantifier meaning the greatest in number; \"who has the most apples?\"; \"most people like eggs\"; \"most fishes have fins\"', 'least': 'the superlative of `little\\' that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by `the\\'; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree; \"didn\\'t care the least bit\"; \"he has the least talent of anyone\"', 'fewer': '(comparative of `few\\' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning a smaller number of; \"fewer birds came this year\"; \"the birds are fewer this year\"; \"fewer trains were late\"', 'fewest': '(superlative of `few\\' used with count nouns and usually preceded by `the\\') quantifier meaning the smallest in number; \"the fewest birds in recent memory\"', 'immortal': 'not subject to death', 'amaranthine': 'of or related to the amaranth plant', 'deathless': 'never dying; \"his undying fame\"', 'deific': 'characterized by divine or godlike nature', 'motivated': 'provided with a motive or given incentive for action; \"a highly motivated child can learn almost anything\"; \"a group of politically motivated men\"', 'actuated': 'moved to action; \"a man actuated by unworthy desired\"', 'driven': 'compelled forcibly by an outside agency; \"mobs goaded by blind hatred\"', 'unmotivated': 'without motivation', 'motiveless': 'occurring without motivation or provocation; \"motiveless malignity\"; \"unprovoked and dastardly attack\"- F.D.Roosevelt', 'motorized': 'equipped with a motor or motors; \"a motorized wheelchair\"', 'bimotored': 'having two motors', 'trimotored': 'having three motors', 'unmotorized': 'having no motor', 'moved': 'being excited or provoked to the expression of an emotion; \"too moved to speak\"; \"very touched by the stranger\\'s kindness\"', 'sick': 'deeply affected by a strong feeling; \"sat completely still, sick with envy\"; \"she was sick with longing\"', 'unmoved': 'emotionally unmoved; \"always appeared completely unmoved and imperturbable\"', 'moving': 'used of a series of photographs presented so as to create the illusion of motion; \"Her ambition was to be in moving pictures or `the movies\\'\"', 'affecting': 'arousing affect; \"the homecoming of the released hostages was an affecting scene\"; \"poignant grief cannot endure forever\"; \"his gratitude was simple and touching\"', 'heartwarming': 'causing gladness and pleasure; \"Is there a sight more heartwarming than a family reunion?\"', 'stirring': 'exciting strong but not unpleasant emotions; \"a stirring speech\"', 'unmoving': 'not arousing emotions', 'unaffecting': 'not arousing affect', 'ahorse': 'traveling on horseback; \"a file of men ahorseback passed by\"', 'oncoming': 'moving toward one', 'automotive': 'of or relating to motor vehicles; \"automotive supplies\"', 'awheel': 'traveling by wheeled vehicle such as bicycle or automobile e.g.; \"the public was awheel\"', 'fast-flying': 'moving swiftly; \"fast-flying planes\"; \"played the difficult passage with flying fingers\"', 'aflare': 'streaming or flapping or spreading wide as if in a current of air; \"ran quickly, her flaring coat behind her\"; \"flags aflare in the breeze\"', 'kinetic': 'relating to the motion of material bodies and the forces associated therewith; \"kinetic energy\"', 'wiggly': 'moving in a twisting or snake-like or wormlike fashion; \"wiggly worms\"', 'vibratory': 'moving very rapidly to and fro or up and down; \"the vibrating piano strings\"', 'nonmoving': 'not in motion', 'becalmed': 'rendered motionless for lack of wind', 'sitting': 'not moving and therefore easy to attack; \"a sitting target\"', 'mown': '(used of grass or vegetation) cut down with a hand implement or machine; \"the smell of newly mown hay\"', 'new-mown': 'newly mown', 'unmown': '(used of grass or vegetation) not cut down with a hand implement or machine; \"uncut grass\"; \"an unmown lawn\"', 'seamanlike': 'characteristic of or befitting a seaman; indicating competent seamanship', 'unseamanlike': 'not seamanlike', 'lubberly': 'clumsy and unskilled; \"a big stupid lubberly fellow\"', 'continental': 'of or relating to or concerning the American colonies during and immediately after the American Revolutionary War; \"the Continental Army\"; \"the Continental Congress\"', 'continent-wide': 'involving the entire continent', 'transcontinental': 'spanning or crossing or on the farther side of a continent; \"transcontinental railway\"; \"transcontinental travelers\"; \"a transcontinental city\"', 'intercontinental': 'extending or taking place between or among continents; \"intercontinental exploration\"; \"intercontinental flights\"', 'worldwide': 'spanning or extending throughout the entire world; \"worldwide distribution\"; \"a worldwide epidemic\"', 'nationalist': 'devotion to the interests or culture of a particular nation including promoting the interests of one country over those of others; \"nationalist aspirations\"; \"minor nationalistic differences\"', 'international': 'concerning or belonging to all or at least two or more nations; \"international affairs\"; \"an international agreement\"; \"international waters\"', 'global': 'involving the entire earth; not limited or provincial in scope; \"global war\"; \"global monetary policy\"; \"neither national nor continental but planetary\"; \"a world crisis\"; \"of worldwide significance\"', 'internationalist': 'influenced by or advocating internationalism', 'multinational': 'involving or operating in several nations or nationalities; \"multinational corporations\"; \"transnational terrorist networks\"', 'supranational': 'transcending established national boundaries or spheres of interest; \"a supranational economy\"; \"supranational federations\"', 'interstate': 'involving and relating to the mutual relations of states especially of the United States; \"Interstate Highway Commission\"; \"interstate highways\"; \"Interstate Commerce Commission\"; \"interstate commerce\"', 'intrastate': 'relating to or existing within the boundaries of a state; \"intrastate as well as interstate commerce\"', 'unnatural': 'not in accordance with or determined by nature; contrary to nature; \"an unnatural death\"; \"the child\\'s unnatural interest in death\"', 'unbleached': 'not artificially colored or bleached; \"unbleached blonde hair\"; \"her hair is uncolored\"; \"undyed cotton\"', 'arranged': 'disposed or placed in a particular kind of order; \"the carefully arranged chessmen\"; \"haphazardly arranged interlobular septa\"; \"comfortable chairs arranged around the fireplace\"', 'bionic': 'of or relating to bionics', 'cardboard': 'without substance; \"cardboard caricatures of historical figures\"', 'celluloid': 'artificial as if portrayed in a film; \"a novel with flat celluloid characters\"', 'conventionalized': 'using artistic forms and conventions to create effects; not natural or spontaneous; \"a stylized mode of theater production\"', 'dummy': 'having the appearance of being real but lacking capacity to function; \"a dummy corporation\"', 'ersatz': 'artificial and inferior; \"ersatz coffee\"; \"substitute coffee\"', 'factitious': 'not produced by natural forces; \"brokers created a factitious demand for stocks\"', 'fake': 'not genuine or real; being an imitation of the genuine article; \"it isn\\'t fake anything; it\\'s real synthetic fur\"; \"faux pearls\"; \"false teeth\"; \"decorated with imitation palm leaves\"; \"a purse of simulated alligator hide\"', 'man-made': 'not of natural origin; prepared or made artificially; \"man-made fibers\"; \"synthetic leather\"', 'painted': 'having makeup applied; \"brazen painted faces\"', 'supernatural': 'not existing in nature or subject to explanation according to natural laws; not physical or material; \"supernatural forces and occurrences and beings\"', 'apparitional': 'resembling or characteristic of a phantom; \"a ghostly face at the window\"; \"a phantasmal presence in the room\"; \"spectral emanations\"; \"spiritual tappings at a seance\"', 'eldritch': 'suggesting the operation of supernatural influences; \"an eldritch screech\"; \"the three weird sisters\"; \"stumps...had uncanny shapes as of monstrous creatures\"- John Galsworthy; \"an unearthly light\"; \"he could hear the unearthly scream of some curlew piercing the din\"- Henry Kingsley', 'charming': 'pleasing or delighting; \"endowed with charming manners\"; \"a charming little cottage\"; \"a charming personality\"', 'marvelous': 'being or having the character of a miracle', 'necromantic': 'relating to or associated with necromancy; \"mysterious necromantic rites\"', 'nonnatural': 'existing outside of or not in accordance with nature; \"find transcendental motives for sublunary action\"-Aldous Huxley', 'talismanic': 'possessing or believed to possess magic power especially protective power; \"a talismanic amulet\"', 'transmundane': 'existing or extending beyond the physical world; \"whatever of transmundane...insight...we may carry\"- William James', 'witchlike': 'being or having the character of witchcraft', 'crowning': 'forming or providing a crown or summit; \"the crowning star on a Christmas tree\"; \"her hair was her crowning glory\"', 'eventual': 'expected to follow in the indefinite future from causes already operating; \"hope of eventual (or ultimate) rescue\"; \"if this trend continues it is not reasonable to expect the eventual collapse of the stock market\"', 'last-ditch': 'of something done as a final recourse (especially to prevent a crisis or disaster); \"a last-ditch attempt\"', 'needed': 'necessary for relief or supply; \"provided them with all things needful\"', 'unnecessary': 'not necessary', 'excess': 'more than is needed, desired, or required; \"trying to lose excess weight\"; \"found some extra change lying on the dresser\"; \"yet another book on heraldry might be thought redundant\"; \"skills made redundant by technological advance\"; \"sleeping in the spare room\"; \"supernumerary ornamentation\"; \"it was supererogatory of her to gloat\"; \"delete superfluous (or unnecessary) words\"; \"extra ribs as well as other supernumerary internal parts\"; \"surplus cheese distributed to the needy\"', 'net': 'remaining after all deductions; \"net profit\"', 'take-home': '(of salary or wages) remaining after all deductions including taxes', 'neurotic': 'characteristic of or affected by neurosis; \"neurotic disorder\"; \"neurotic symptoms\"', 'abulic': 'suffering from abulia; showing abnormal inability to act or make decisions', 'delusional': 'suffering from or characterized by delusions', 'disturbed': 'having the place or position changed; \"the disturbed books and papers on her desk\"; \"disturbed grass showed where the horse had passed\"', 'hypochondriac': 'suffering from hypochondria', 'hysteric': 'characterized by or arising from psychoneurotic hysteria; \"during hysterical conditions various functions of the human body are disordered\"- Morris Fishbein; \"hysterical amnesia\"', 'megalomaniacal': 'suffering from megalomania', 'monomaniacal': 'obsessed with a single subject or idea', 'nymphomaniacal': '(used of women) affected with excessive sexual desire', 'obsessional': 'characterized by or constituting an obsession; \"the obsessional character of his response\"; \"obsessive gambling\"', 'obsessive-compulsive': 'characterized by obsessions and compulsions; \"obsessive-compulsive neurosis\"', 'pathological': 'of or relating to the practice of pathology; \"pathological laboratory\"', 'phobic': 'suffering from irrational fears', 'psychosomatic': 'used of illness or symptoms resulting from neurosis', 'schizoid': 'of or relating to or characteristic of schizophrenia', 'unneurotic': 'not neurotic; \"successful mothers--mothers with unneurotic children\"; \"he\\'s the most unneurotic person I know\"', 'together': 'mentally and emotionally stable; \"she\\'s really together\"', 'nice': 'done with delicacy and skill; \"a nice bit of craft\"; \"a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer\"; \"a nice shot\"', 'pleasant': 'affording pleasure; being in harmony with your taste or likings; \"we had a pleasant evening together\"; \"a pleasant scene\"; \"pleasant sensations\"', 'grotty': 'very unpleasant or offensive ; \"a grotty little play\"', 'nidicolous': '(of birds) remaining in the nest for a time after hatching', 'nidifugous': '(of birds) leaving the nest shortly after hatching', 'noble': 'inert especially toward oxygen; \"a noble gas such as helium or neon\"; \"noble metals include gold and silver and platinum\"', 'dignifying': 'investing with dignity or honor; \"the dignifying effect of his presence\"; \"the ennobling influence of cultural surroundings\"', 'exalted': 'of high moral or intellectual value; elevated in nature or style; \"an exalted ideal\"; \"argue in terms of high-flown ideals\"- Oliver Franks; \"a noble and lofty concept\"; \"a grand purpose\"', 'greathearted': 'noble and generous in spirit; \"a greathearted general\"; \"a magnanimous conqueror\"', 'ignoble': 'not of the nobility; \"of ignoble (or ungentle) birth\"; \"untitled civilians\"', 'aristocratic': 'belonging to or characteristic of the nobility or aristocracy; \"an aristocratic family\"; \"aristocratic Bostonians\"; \"aristocratic government\"; \"a blue family\"; \"blue blood\"; \"the blue-blooded aristocracy\"; \"of gentle blood\"; \"patrician landholders of the American South\"; \"aristocratic bearing\"; \"aristocratic features\"; \"patrician tastes\"', 'coroneted': 'belonging to the peerage; \"the princess and her coroneted companions\"; \"the titled classes\"', 'imperial': 'of or belonging to the British Imperial System of weights and measures', 'kingly': 'having the rank of or resembling or befitting a king; \"symbolizing kingly power\"; \"the murder of his kingly guest\"', 'princely': 'having the rank of or befitting a prince; \"a princely bearing\"; \"princely manner\"', 'queenly': 'having the rank of or resembling or befitting a queen; \"queenly propriety\"; \"clad in her queenly raiment\"; \"Rosetti\\'s queenly portraits of women\"', 'lowborn': 'of humble birth or origins; \"a topsy-turvy society of lowborn rich and blue-blooded poor\"', 'normal': 'forming a right angle', 'modal': 'of or relating to a musical mode; especially written in an ecclesiastical mode', 'typical': 'exhibiting the qualities or characteristics that identify a group or kind or category; \"a typical American girl\"; \"a typical suburban community\"; \"the typical car owner drives 10,000 miles a year\"; \"a painting typical of the Impressionist school\"; \"a typical romantic poem\"; \"a typical case of arteritis\"', 'aberrant': 'markedly different from an accepted norm; \"aberrant behavior\"; \"deviant ideas\"', 'anomalous': 'deviating from the general or common order or type; \"advanced forms of life may be anomalous in the universe\"', 'antidromic': 'conducting nerve impulses in a direction opposite to normal', 'atypical': 'not representative of a group, class, or type; \"a group that is atypical of the target audience\"; \"a class of atypical mosses\"; \"atypical behavior is not the accepted type of response that we expect from children\"', 'brachydactylic': 'having abnormally short finger or toes', 'defective': 'having a defect; \"I returned the appliance because it was defective\"', 'freakish': 'characteristic of a freak; \"a freakish extra toe\"', 'kinky': '(used of sexual behavior) showing or appealing to bizarre or deviant tastes; \"kinky sex\"; \"perverted practices\"', 'subnormal': 'below normal or average; \"after the floods the harvests were subnormal\"; \"subnormal intelligence\"', 'supernormal': 'beyond the range of the normal or scientifically explainable; \"supernormal intimations\"', 'exceptional': 'deviating widely from a norm of physical or mental ability; used especially of children below normal in intelligence; \"special educational provisions for exceptional children\"', 'hypertensive': 'having abnormally high blood pressure', 'hypotensive': 'having abnormally low blood pressure', 'normotensive': 'having normal blood pressure', 'paranormal': 'not in accordance with scientific laws; \"what seemed to be paranormal manifestations\"', 'parapsychological': 'beyond normal physical explanation', 'psychic': 'affecting or influenced by the human mind; \"psychic energy\"; \"psychic trauma\"', 'psychokinetic': 'moving an object without apparent use of physical means', 'north': 'situated in or facing or moving toward or coming from the north; \"artists like north light\"; \"the north portico\"', 'northbound': 'moving toward the north; \"the northbound lane\"; \"we took the north train\"; \"the northward flow of traffic\"', 'north-central': 'being in or of a region of the United States generally including states of the upper Mississippi valley and Great Lakes region lying north of the Ohio River and the southern boundaries of Kansas and Missouri and between the western boundary of Pennsylvania and the eastern boundaries of Montana and Wyoming and Colorado', 'northerly': 'situated in or oriented toward the north; \"the northern suburbs\"; \"going in a northerly direction\"', 'northernmost': 'situated farthest north; \"Alaska is our northernmost state\"', 'northeasterly': 'coming from the northeast; \"northeasterly winds\"', 'northeastward': 'toward the northeast', 'northwesterly': 'coming from the northwest; \"northwesterly winds\"', 'northwestward': 'toward the northwest', 'south': 'situated in or facing or moving toward or coming from the south; \"the south entrance\"', 'southbound': 'moving toward the south; \"a southbound train\"', 'south-central': 'being in or of a region of the United States including the states of the lower Mississippi valley and east of the Rio Grande', 'southerly': 'situated in or oriented toward the south; \"a southern exposure\"; \"took a southerly course\"', 'southernmost': 'situated farthest south; \"Key West is the southernmost city in the continental United States\"', 'southeast': 'situated in or oriented toward the southeast', 'southeasterly': 'coming from the southeast; \"southeasterly breezes\"', 'southeastward': 'toward the southeast', 'southwest': 'situated in or oriented toward the southwest', 'southwesterly': 'coming from the southwest; \"the winds are southwesterly\"', 'southwestward': 'toward the southwest', 'northern': 'in or characteristic of a region of the United States north of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line; \"Northern liberals\"; \"northern industry\"; \"northern cities\"', 'boreal': 'relating to or marked by qualities associated with the north wind', 'septrional': 'of northern regions; from the seven stars (or seven plowing oxen) of Ursa Major', 'southern': 'in or characteristic of a region of the United States south of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line; \"southern hospitality\"; \"southern cooking\"; \"southern plantations\"', 'austral': 'of the south or coming from the south; \"sailed the austral seas\"', 'meridional': 'of or relating to a meridian', 'Union': 'being of or having to do with the northern United States and those loyal to the Union during the American Civil War; \"Union soldiers\"; \"Federal forces\"; \"a Federal infantryman\"', 'Yankee': 'used by Southerners for an inhabitant of a northern state in the United States (especially a Union soldier)', 'Confederate': 'of or having to do with the southern Confederacy during the American Civil War; \"Confederate soldiers\"', 'nosed': 'having a nose (either literal or metaphoric) especially of a specified kind', 'hook-nosed': 'having an aquiline nose', 'pug-nosed': 'having a blunt nose; \"a pug-nosed boy with freckles\"; \"a snub-nosed automatic\"', 'sharp-nosed': 'having a sharply pointed nose', 'tube-nosed': 'having a tubular nose', 'noseless': 'having no nose', 'noticed': 'being perceived or observed; \"an easily noticed effect on the rate of growth\"', 'detected': 'perceived or discerned; \"the detected micrometeoritic material\"', 'unnoticed': 'not noticed; \"hoped his departure had passed unnoticed\"', 'disregarded': 'not noticed inadvertently; \"her aching muscles forgotten she danced all night\"; \"he was scolded for his forgotten chores\"', 'ignored': 'disregarded; \"his cries were unheeded\"; \"Shaw\\'s neglected one-act comedy, `A Village Wooing\\'\"; \"her ignored advice\"', 'overlooked': 'not taken into account; \"his retirement was not allowed to go unmarked\"', 'unobserved': 'not observed', 'unperceived': 'not perceived or commented on', 'perceived': 'detected by means of the senses; \"a perceived difference in temperature\"', 'sensed': 'detected by instinct or inference rather than by recognized perceptual cues; \"the felt presence of an intruder\"; \"a sensed presence in the room raised goosebumps on her arms\"; \"a perceived threat\"', 'heard': 'detected or perceived by the sense of hearing; \"a conversation heard through the wall\"', 'undetected': 'not perceived or discerned; \"they feared some undetected trace of poison\"; \"she looked around to be sure her faux pas was undetected\"', 'determined': 'devoting full strength and concentrated attention to; \"made continued and determined efforts to find and destroy enemy headquarters\"', 'ascertained': 'discovered or determined by scientific observation; \"variation in the ascertained flux depends on a number of factors\"; \"the discovered behavior norms\"; \"discovered differences in achievement\"; \"no explanation for the observed phenomena\"', 'undetermined': 'not yet having been ascertained or determined; \"of undetermined species\"', 'noxious': 'injurious to physical or mental health; \"noxious chemical wastes\"; \"noxious ideas\"', 'baneful': 'exceedingly harmful', 'vesicatory': 'causing blisters', 'innocuous': 'not causing disapproval; \"it was an innocuous remark\"; \"confined himself to innocuous generalities\"; \"unobjectionable behavior\"', 'innoxious': 'having no adverse effect', 'obedient': 'dutifully complying with the commands or instructions of those in authority; \"an obedient soldier\"; \"obedient children\"; \"a little man obedient to his wife\"; \"the obedient colonies...are heavily taxed; the refractory remain unburdened\"- Edmund Burke', 'acquiescent': 'willing to carry out the orders or wishes of another without protest; \"too acquiescent to challenge authority\"', 'conformable': 'quick to comply; \"I have been to you a true and humble wife, at all times to your will conformable\"-Shakespeare', 'dutiful': 'willingly obedient out of a sense of duty and respect; \"a dutiful child\"; \"a dutiful citizen\"; \"Patient Griselda was a chaste and duteous wife\";', 'Y2K_compliant': 'prepared to accurately process date and time data between and into the 20th and 21st centuries', 'disobedient': 'unwilling to submit to authority; \"unruly teenagers\"', 'contrary': 'of words or propositions so related that both cannot be true but both may be false; \"`hot\\' and `cold\\' are contrary terms\"', 'froward': 'habitually disposed to disobedience and opposition', 'recusant': 'refusing to submit to authority; \"the recusant electors...cooperated in electing a new Senate\"- Mary W.Williams', 'unobtrusive': 'not obtrusive or undesirably noticeable; \"a quiet, unobtrusive life of self-denial\"', 'clinical': 'relating to a clinic or conducted in or as if in a clinic and depending on direct observation of patients; \"clinical observation\"; \"clinical case study\"', 'impersonal': 'not relating to or responsive to individual persons; \"an impersonal corporation\"; \"an impersonal remark\"', 'verifiable': 'capable of being verified; \"a verifiable account of the incident\"', 'subjective': 'taking place within the mind and modified by individual bias; \"a subjective judgment\"', 'personal': 'of or arising from personality; \"personal magnetism\"', 'unobjective': '(of e.g. evidence) not objective or easily verified', 'obligated': 'caused by law or conscience to follow a certain course; \"felt obligated to repay the kindness\"; \"was obligated to pay off the student loan\"', 'beholden': 'under a moral obligation to someone', 'duty-bound': 'under a moral obligation to do something', 'indebted': 'under a legal obligation to someone', 'tributary': '(of a stream) flowing into a larger stream', 'unobligated': 'not obligated', 'unbeholden': 'free of moral obligation', 'obligate': 'restricted to a particular condition of life; \"an obligate anaerobe can survive only in the absence of oxygen\"', 'obvious': 'easily perceived by the senses or grasped by the mind; \"obvious errors\"', 'apparent': 'appearing as such but not necessarily so; \"for all his apparent wealth he had no money to pay the rent\"; \"the committee investigated some apparent discrepancies\"; \"the ostensible truth of their theories\"; \"his seeming honesty\"', 'axiomatic': 'containing aphorisms or maxims; \"axiomatic wisdom\"', 'frank': 'clearly manifest; evident; \"frank enjoyment\"', 'open-and-shut': 'so obvious as to be easily solved or decided; \"an open-and-shut case\"', 'self-explanatory': 'needing no explanation', 'transparent': 'easily understood or seen through (because of a lack of subtlety); \"a transparent explanation\"; \"a transparent lie\"', 'writ_large': 'made more obvious or prominent; \"the effect of...his irregular life could be seen writ large on his gaunt features\"', 'unobvious': 'not immediately apparent; \"in mathematical science connections are exhibited which...are extremely unobvious\"- A.N.Whitehead', 'unapparent': 'not readily apparent; \"the answer was at first unapparent\"', 'unprovable': 'not provable; \"it was both unproved and unprovable\"', 'obstructed': 'shut off to passage or view or hindered from action; \"a partially obstructed passageway\"; \"an obstructed view\"; \"justice obstructed is not justice\"', 'barricaded': 'preventing entry or exit or a course of action; \"a barricaded street\"; \"barred doors\"; \"the blockaded harbor\"', 'blocked': 'closed to traffic; \"the repaving results in many blocked streets\"', 'choked': 'stopped up; clogged up; \"clogged pipes\"; \"clogged up freeways\"; \"streets choked with traffic\"', 'deadlocked': 'at a complete standstill because of opposition of two unrelenting forces or factions; \"the chess game ended with white stalemated\"; \"the two factions are deadlocked over fringe benefits\"', 'impeded': 'made difficult or slow; \"we blamed our impeded progress on lack of money\"', 'stopped': '(of a nose) blocked; \"a stopped (or stopped-up) nose\"', 'stuffy': 'affected with a sensation of stoppage or obstruction; \"a stuffy feeling in my chest\"', 'thrombosed': 'affected with or obstructed by a clot of coagulated blood', 'unobstructed': 'free from impediment or obstruction or hindrance; \"an unobstructed view\"', 'patent': '(of a bodily tube or passageway) open; affording free passage; \"patent ductus arteriosus\"', 'unimpeded': 'not slowed or prevented; \"a time of unimpeded growth\"; \"an unimpeded sweep of meadows and hills afforded a peaceful setting\"', 'unclogged': 'freed of obstructions; \"an unclogged drain\"', 'relinquished': 'that has been withdrawn or retreated from', 'offensive': 'violating or tending to violate or offend against; \"violative of the principles of liberty\"; \"considered such depravity offensive against all laws of humanity\"', 'abhorrent': 'offensive to the mind; \"an abhorrent deed\"; \"the obscene massacre at Wounded Knee\"; \"morally repugnant customs\"; \"repulsive behavior\"; \"the most repulsive character in recent novels\"', 'charnel': 'gruesomely indicative of death or the dead; \"a charnel smell came from the chest filled with dead men\\'s bones\"; \"ghastly shrieks\"; \"the sepulchral darkness of the catacombs\"', 'disgusting': 'highly offensive; arousing aversion or disgust; \"a disgusting smell\"; \"distasteful language\"; \"a loathsome disease\"; \"the idea of eating meat is repellent to me\"; \"revolting food\"; \"a wicked stench\"', 'ghoulish': 'suggesting the horror of death and decay; \"morbid details\"', 'objectionable': 'causing disapproval or protest; \"a vulgar and objectionable person\"', 'scrimy': 'dirty and disgusting; \"worry about the gossip and secretiveness and other scrimy sides\"- Al Hine', 'verminous': 'of the nature of vermin; very offensive or repulsive', 'inoffensive': 'not causing anger or annoyance; \"inoffensive behavior\"', 'savory': 'morally wholesome or acceptable; \"a past that was scarcely savory\"', 'unsavory': 'morally offensive; \"an unsavory reputation\"; \"an unsavory scandal\"', 'offenseless': 'incapable of offending or attacking', 'antipersonnel': 'designed to inflict death or personal injury rather than material destruction', 'assaultive': 'disposed to attack', 'incursive': 'involving invasion or aggressive attack; \"invasive war\"', 'marauding': 'characterized by plundering or pillaging or marauding; \"bands of marauding Indians\"; \"predatory warfare\"; \"a raiding party\"', 'on_the_offensive': 'actively attacking', 'defensive': 'attempting to justify or defend in speech or writing', 'antiaircraft': 'designed for defense from a surface position against air attack', 'antisubmarine': 'defensive against enemy submarines', 'antitank': 'designed for defense against armored vehicles', 'defending': 'attempting to or designed to prevent an opponent from winning or scoring', 'en_garde': '(fencing) in a defensive stance', 'offending': 'offending against or breaking a law or rule; \"contracts offending against the statute were canceled\"', 'sinning': 'transgressing a moral or divine law; \"if it be a sin to covet honor, I am the most sinning soul alive\"- Shakespeare', 'unoffending': 'not offending; \"an unoffending motorist should not have been stopped\"', 'apologetic': 'offering or expressing apology; \"an apologetic note\"; \"an apologetic manner\"', 'self-deprecating': 'conscious of your own shortcomings', 'unapologetic': 'unwilling to make or express an apology; \"an unapologetic believer\"', 'official': 'of or relating to an office; \"official privileges\"', 'authoritative': 'of recognized authority or excellence; \"the definitive work on Greece\"; \"classical methods of navigation\"', 'ex_officio': 'by virtue of an office or position; \"the head of the department serves as an ex officio member of the board\"', 'formalized': 'given formal standing or endorsement; made official or legitimate by the observance of proper procedures', 'semiofficial': 'having some official authority or sanction', 'unofficial': 'not officially established; \"the early election returns are unofficial\"', 'drumhead': 'performed speedily and without formality; \"a summary execution\"; \"summary justice\"', 'unsanctioned': 'without explicit official permission; \"unsanctioned use of company cars\"', 'unconfirmed': 'not finally established or settled; \"an unconfirmed letter of credit\"; \"unconfirmed rumors\"', 'deep-rooted': '(used especially of ideas or principles) deeply rooted; firmly fixed or held; \"deep-rooted prejudice\"; \"deep-seated differences of opinion\"; \"implanted convictions\"; \"ingrained habits of a lifetime\"; \"a deeply planted need\"', 'entrenched': 'dug in', 'grooved': 'established as if settled into a groove or rut', 'recognized': 'provided with a secure reputation; \"a recognized authority\"', 'self-constituted': 'constituted by or established by itself', 'unestablished': 'not established; \"a reputation as yet unestablished\"', 'unconditioned': 'not established by conditioning or learning; \"an unconditioned reflex\"', 'naive': 'marked by or showing unaffected simplicity and lack of guile or worldly experience; \"a teenager\\'s naive ignorance of life\"; \"the naive assumption that things can only get better\"; \"this naive simple creature with wide friendly eyes so eager to believe appearances\"', 'on-site': 'taking place or located at the site; \"on-site inspection\"', 'on-the-spot': 'at the scene of action; \"an on-the-spot reporter\"; \"on-the-spot inspections\"; \"an on-the scene newscast\"', 'off-site': 'taking place or located away from the site; \"an off-site waste treatment operation\"', 'offstage': 'concealed from public view or attention; \"offstage political meetings\"', 'onstage': 'situated or taking place on the area of a stage visible to the audience', 'off-street': 'not on the streets; \"off-street parking\"; \"off-street unloading of vehicles\"', 'on-street': 'at the sides of streets; \"on-street parking is prohibited at rush hour\"', 'age-old': 'belonging to or lasting from times long ago; \"age-old customs\"; \"the antique fear that days would dwindle away to complete darkness\"', 'antediluvian': 'of or relating to the period before the biblical flood; \"antediluvian man\"', 'auld': 'a Scottish word; \"auld lang syne\"', 'hand-me-down': 'passed on from one person to another; \"not too proud to wear hand-me-down clothes\"', 'hoary': 'ancient; \"hoary jokes\"', 'immemorial': 'long past; beyond the limits of memory or tradition or recorded history; \"time immemorial\"', 'long-ago': 'belonging to time long gone; \"those long-ago dresses that swished along the floor\"', 'longtime': 'of long duration; \"a longtime friend\"', 'patched': 'having spots or patches (small areas of contrasting color or texture); \"a field patched with ice and snow\"; \"the wall had a spotty speckled effect\"; \"a black-and-white spotted cow\"', 'secondhand': 'derived from what is primary or original; not firsthand; \"a secondhand report\"; \"a secondhand account of a memory of something once read\"; \"most of our knowledge is secondhand\"', 'brand-new': 'conspicuously new; \"shiny brand-new shoes\"; \"a spick-and-span novelty\"', 'newborn': 'recently born; \"a newborn infant\"', 'newfound': 'newly discovered; \"his newfound aggressiveness\"; \"Hudson pointed his ship down the coast of the newfound sea\"', 'novel': 'pleasantly new or different; \"common sense of a most refreshing sort\"', 'parvenu': 'of or characteristic of a parvenu', 'recent': 'new; \"recent graduates\"; \"a recent addition to the house\"; \"recent buds on the apple trees\"', 'revolutionary': 'relating to or having the nature of a revolution; \"revolutionary wars\"; \"the Revolutionary era\"', 'rising': 'advancing or becoming higher or greater in degree or value or status; \"a rising trend\"; \"a rising market\"', 'sunrise': 'of an industry or technology; new and developing; \"high-technology sunrise industries\"', 'untested': 'not yet proved or subjected to testing; \"an untested drug\"; \"untested theory\"; \"an untried procedure\"', 'virgin': 'being used or worked for the first time; \"virgin wool\"', 'young': '(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth; \"young people\"', 'aging': 'growing old', 'ancient': 'belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire; \"ancient history\"; \"ancient civilizations such as those of the Etruscans and Sumerians\"; \"ancient Greece\"', 'anile': 'of or like a feeble old woman', 'centenarian': 'being at least 100 years old', 'doddering': 'mentally or physically infirm with age; \"his mother was doddering and frail\"', 'emeritus': \"honorably retired from assigned duties and retaining your title along with the additional title `emeritus' as in `professor emeritus'\", 'middle-aged': 'being roughly between 45 and 65 years old', 'nonagenarian': 'being from 90 to 99 years old; \"the nonagenarian inhabitants of the nursing home\"', 'octogenarian': 'being from 80 to 89 years old', 'oldish': 'somewhat elderly', 'overage': 'too old to be useful; \"He left the house...for the support of twelve superannuated wool carders\"- Anthony Trollope', 'sexagenarian': 'being from 60 to 69 years old; \"the sexagenarian population is growing\"', 'venerable': 'impressive by reason of age; \"a venerable sage with white hair and beard\"', 'one-year-old': 'one year of age', 'two-year-old': 'two years of age', 'three-year-old': 'three years of age', 'four-year-old': 'four years of age', 'five-year-old': 'five years of age', 'infantile': 'of or relating to infants or infancy; \"infantile paralysis\"', 'boyish': 'befitting or characteristic of a young boy; \"a boyish grin\"; \"schoolboyish pranks\"', 'childlike': 'exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity; \"childlike trust\"; \"dewy-eyed innocence\"; \"listened in round-eyed wonder\"', 'girlish': 'befitting or characteristic of a young girl; \"girlish charm\"; \"a dress too schoolgirlish for office wear\"', 'preteen': 'of or relating to or designed for children between the ages of 9 and 12; \"a preteen party\"; \"preteen clothing\"', 'puppyish': 'characteristic of a puppy', 'youngish': 'somewhat young', 'youthful': 'suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh; \"he is young for his age\"', 'one-piece': '(of clothing) consisting of or fashioned in a single whole piece; \"a one-piece garment\"', 'two-piece': '(of clothing) made in or consisting of two parts or pieces; \"a two-piece swimsuit\"', 'three-piece': '(of clothing) made in or consisting of three parts or pieces; \"the standard three-piece business suit; jacket and trousers and vest\"', 'machine-accessible': 'stored in, controlled by, or in direct communication with a central computer', 'off-line': 'not on a regular route of a transportation system; \"an off-line ticket office\"', 'on': '(of events) planned or scheduled; \"the picnic is on, rain or shine\"; \"we have nothing on for Friday night\"', 'disconnected': 'having been divided; having the unity destroyed; \"Congress...gave the impression of...a confusing sum of disconnected local forces\"-Samuel Lubell; \"a league of disunited nations\"- E.B.White; \"a fragmented coalition\"; \"a split group\"', 'onside': 'not offside; being within the prescribed area of play', 'offside': 'illegally beyond a prescribed line or area or ahead of the ball or puck; \"the touchdown was nullified because the left tackle was offside\"', 'ajar': 'slightly open; \"the door was ajar\"', 'shut': 'not open; \"the door slammed shut\"', 'opened': 'made open or clear; \"the newly opened road\"', 'unstoppered': '(of a container) having the stopper removed; \"whiskey spilled from the unstoppered bottle\"', 'yawning': 'with the mouth wide open indicating boredom or sleepiness; \"a yawning congregation\"', 'closed': 'requiring union membership; \"a closed shop\"', 'drawn': 'having the curtains or draperies closed or pulled shut; \"the drawn draperies kept direct sunlight from fading the rug\"', 'stoppered': '(of a container) having a stopper in the opening; \"the tightly stoppered bottles\"', 'nonopening': 'not open; not opening', 'agape': 'with the mouth wide open as in wonder or awe; \"the gaping audience\"; \"we stood there agape with wonder\"; \"with mouth agape\"', 'agaze': '(used of eyes) open and fixed as if in fear or wonder; \"staring eyes\"', 'wide-eyed': '(used of eyes) fully open or extended; \"stared with wide eyes\"', 'blinking': 'closing the eyes intermittently and rapidly; \"he stood blinking in the bright sunlight\"', 'squinched': 'having eyes half closed in order to see better; \"squinched eyes\"', 'spaced': 'arranged with spaces between; often used as a combining form; \"widely spaced eyes\"', 'double-spaced': '(of type or print) having a blank line between lines of type; \"manuscripts must be double-spaced\"', 'single-spaced': '(of type or print) not having a blank space between lines; \"business letters are usually single-spaced\"', 'unspaced': 'arranged without spaces between', 'enclosed': 'closed in or surrounded or included within; \"an enclosed porch\"; \"an enclosed yard\"; \"the enclosed check is to cover shipping and handling\"', 'basined': 'enclosed in a basin', 'besieged': 'surrounded by hostile forces; \"the besieged town\"', 'capsulate': 'used of seeds or spores that are enclosed in a capsule', 'clathrate': 'designating or relating to a compound in which one component is physically enclosed within the crystal structure of another', 'coarctate': '(of an insect pupa) enclosed in a rigid case', 'fencelike': 'resembling a fence', 'included': 'enclosed in the same envelope or package; \"the included check\"', 'self-enclosed': 'of self-imposed enclosure or confinement; \"a self-enclosed Jewish cosmos\"', 'surrounded': 'confined on all sides; \"a camp surrounded by enemies\"; \"the encircled pioneers\"', 'unenclosed': 'not closed in our surrounded or included; \"an unenclosed porch\"; \"unenclosed common land\"', 'hypaethral': 'partly or entirely open to the sky', 'unfenced': 'not enclosed by a fence', 'tanned': 'converted to leather by a tanning agent', 'untanned': 'not converted to leather by a tanning agent; \"a whip made of untanned hide\"', 'tapped': 'in a condition for letting out liquid drawn out as by piercing or drawing a plug; \"latex from tapped rubber trees\"', 'abroach': 'of a cask or barrel; \"the cask was set abroach\"', 'nonoperational': '(military) not involved in military operations', 'opportune': 'suitable or at a time that is suitable or advantageous especially for a particular purpose; \"an opportune place to make camp\"; \"an opportune arrival\"', 'timely': 'before a time limit expires; \"the timely filing of his income tax return\"', 'inopportune': 'not opportune; \"arrived at a most inopportune hour\"; \"an inopportune visit\"', 'ill-timed': 'badly timed; \"an ill-timed intervention\"; \"you think my intrusion unseasonable\"; \"an untimely remark\"; \"it was the wrong moment for a joke\"', 'opposable': 'capable of being placed opposite to something; \"the thumb is opposable to the forefinger\"', 'unopposable': 'not opposable', 'opposed': 'being in opposition or having an opponent; \"two bitterly opposed schools of thought\"', 'conflicting': 'on bad terms; \"they were usually at odds over politics\"; \"conflicting opinions\"', 'unopposed': 'not having opposition or an opponent; \"unopposed military forces\"; \"the candidate was unopposed\"', 'opposite': 'moving or facing away from each other; \"looking in opposite directions\"; \"they went in opposite directions\"', 'optimistic': 'expecting the best in this best of all possible worlds; \"in an optimistic mood\"; \"optimistic plans\"; \"took an optimistic view\"', 'bullish': 'expecting a rise in prices', 'starry-eyed': 'unrealistically or naively optimistic; \"a starry-eyed reformer\"; \"starry-eyed idealism\"', 'sanguine': 'confidently optimistic and cheerful', 'pessimistic': 'expecting the worst possible outcome', 'bearish': 'expecting prices to fall', 'demoralized': 'made less hopeful or enthusiastic; \"desperate demoralized people looking for work\"; \"felt discouraged by the magnitude of the problem\"; \"the disheartened instructor tried vainly to arouse their interest\"', 'buccal': 'of or relating to or toward the cheek', 'aboral': 'opposite to or away from the mouth; \"the aboral surface of a starfish\"', 'actinal': '(of radiate organisms) located on the surface or end on which the mouth is situated', 'abactinal': '(of radiate animals) located on the surface or end opposite to that on which the mouth is situated', 'orderly': 'devoid of violence or disruption; \"an orderly crowd confronted the president\"', 'disorderly': 'in utter disorder; \"a disorderly pile of clothes\"', 'mobbish': 'characteristic of a mob; disorderly or lawless; \"fanned mounting tension into mobbish terrorizing\"; \"moblike mentality\"', 'rough-and-tumble': 'characterized by disorderly action and disregard for rules; \"a rough-and-tumble fight\"; \"rough-and-tumble politics\"; \"undisguised bare-knuckle capitalism\"', 'ordered': 'having a systematic arrangement; especially having elements succeeding in order according to rule; \"an ordered sequence\"', 'consecutive': 'in regular succession without gaps; \"serial concerts\"', 'disordered': 'not arranged in order', 'organized': 'being a member of or formed into a labor union; \"organized labor\"; \"unionized workers\"; \"a unionized shop\"', 'methodical': 'characterized by method and orderliness; \"a methodical scholar\"', 'well-conducted': 'characterized by good organization and control; \"a well-conducted meeting\"', 'disorganized': 'lacking order or methodical arrangement or function; \"a disorganized enterprise\"; \"a thousand pages of muddy and disorganized prose\"; \"she was too disorganized to be an agreeable roommate\"', 'chaotic': 'of or relating to a sensitive dependence on initial conditions', 'fucked-up': 'snarled or stalled in complete confusion; \"situation normal--all fucked-up\"', 'scrambled': 'thrown together in a disorderly fashion; \"a scrambled plan of action\"', 'unmethodical': 'not efficient or methodical; \"the project failed through unmethodical planning\"', 'configured': 'organized so as to give configuration to; \"a magnet is surrounded by a configured field\"', 'corporate': 'of or belonging to a corporation; \"corporate rates\"; \"corporate structure\"', 're-formed': 'formed again or anew; \"the re-formed scout troop has been very active\"', 'reorganized': 'organized again; \"a reorganized business\"', 'unorganized': 'not affiliated in a trade union; \"the workers in the plant were unorganized\"', 'unformed': 'not having form or shape; \"unformed clay\"', 'unincorporated': 'not organized and maintained as a legal corporation', 'structured': 'having definite and highly organized structure; \"a structured environment\"', 'unstructured': 'lacking definite structure or organization; \"an unstructured situation with no one in authority\"; \"a neighborhood gang with a relatively unstructured system\"; \"children in an unstructured environment often feel insecure\"; \"unstructured inkblots\"', 'unregulated': 'not regulated; not subject to rule or discipline; \"unregulated off-shore fishing\"', 'ordinary': 'not exceptional in any way especially in quality or ability or size or degree; \"ordinary everyday objects\"; \"ordinary decency\"; \"an ordinary day\"; \"an ordinary wine\"', 'banausic': '(formal) ordinary and not refined; \"he felt contempt for all banausic occupations\"', 'characterless': 'lacking distinct or individual characteristics; dull and uninteresting; \"women dressed in nondescript clothes\"; \"a nondescript novel\"', 'cut-and-dried': 'according to ordinary expectations', 'run-of-the-mill': 'not special in any way; \"run-of-the-mill boxing\"; \"your run-of-the-mine college graduate\"; \"a unexceptional an incident as can be found in a lawyer\\'s career\"', 'bonzer': 'remarkable or wonderful', 'exceeding': 'far beyond what is usual in magnitude or degree; \"a night of exceeding darkness\"; \"an exceptional memory\"; \"olympian efforts to save the city from bankruptcy\"; \"the young Mozart\\'s prodigious talents\"', 'extraordinaire': 'extraordinary in a particular capacity; \"a woodworker extraordinaire\"; \"a self-starter extraordinaire\"', 'fantastic': 'fanciful and unrealistic; foolish; \"a fantastic idea of his own importance\"', 'phenomenal': 'of or relating to a phenomenon; \"phenomenal science\"', 'frightful': 'extreme in degree or extent or amount or impact; \"in a frightful hurry\"; \"spent a frightful amount of money\"', 'preternatural': 'surpassing the ordinary or normal; \"Beyond his preternatural affability there is some acid and some steel\" - George Will; \"his uncanny sense of direction\"', 'pyrotechnic': 'of or relating to the craft of making fireworks; \"pyrotechnic smokes\"', 'remarkable': 'unusual or striking; \"a remarkable sight\"; \"such poise is singular in one so young\"', 'special': 'adapted to or reserved for a particular purpose; \"a special kind of paint\"; \"a special medication for arthritis\"', 'wonderworking': 'performing or able to perform wonders or miracles', 'inorganic': 'lacking the properties characteristic of living organisms', 'nonsynthetic': 'involving or derived from living organisms; free from chemical treatments or additives; \"organic gardening is more natural\"; \"nonsynthetic fertilizer\"', 'mineral': 'relating to minerals; \"mineral elements\"; \"mineral deposits\"', 'holistic': 'emphasizing the organic or functional relation between parts and the whole', 'atomistic': 'divided into separate and often disparate elements', 'laid': 'set down according to a plan:\"a carefully laid table with places set for four people\"; \"stones laid in a pattern\"', 'placed': 'put in position in relation to other things; \"end tables placed conveniently\"', 'disarranged': 'having the arrangement disturbed; not in order; \"her disarranged hair\"', 'disarrayed': 'in disarray; \"disarrayed bedclothes\"', 'misplaced': 'put in the wrong place or position; \"She was penalized for a spelling mistake or a misplaced accent\"', 'oriented': 'adjusted or located in relation to surroundings or circumstances; sometimes used in combination; \"the house had its large windows oriented toward the ocean view\"; \"helping freshmen become oriented to college life\"; \"the book is value-oriented throughout\"', 'homeward': 'oriented toward home; \"in a homeward direction\"; \"homeward-bound commuters\"', 'minded': '(used in combination) mentally oriented toward something specified; \"civic-minded\"; \"career-minded\"', 'unoriented': 'not having position or goal definitely set or ascertained; \"engaged in unoriented study\"; \"unoriented until she looked at the map\"', 'orienting': 'positioning with respect to a reference system or determining your bearings physically or intellectually; \"noticed the bee\\'s momentary orienting pause before heading back to the hive\"; \"an orienting program for new employees\"', 'aligning': 'causing to fall into line or into position', 'dimensioning': 'indicating or determining size and position in space; \"the ultrasonic dimensioning measurement\"; \"an ultrasonic dimensioning arrangement of the heart\"', 'familiarizing': 'serving to make familiar', 'homing': 'orienting or directing homeward or to a destination; \"the homing instinct\"; \"a homing beacon\"', 'disorienting': 'causing loss of physical or intellectual bearings; \"making so many turns to the right and then the left was completely disorienting\"; \"a sharp blow to the head can be disorienting\"', 'estranging': 'making one feel out of place or alienated; \"the landscape was estranging\"', 'avant-garde': 'radically new or original; \"an avant-garde theater piece\"', 'freehand': 'done by hand without mechanical aids or devices; \"a freehand drawing\"', 'germinal': 'containing seeds of later development; \"seminal ideas of one discipline can influence the growth of another\"', 'innovative': 'being or producing something like nothing done or experienced or created before; \"stylistically innovative works\"; \"innovative members of the artistic community\"; \"a mind so innovational, so original\"', 'newfangled': '(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new; \"newfangled ideas\"; \"she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them\"', 'underivative': 'not derivative or imitative; \"a natural underivative poet\"', 'unoriginal': 'not original; not being or productive of something fresh and unusual; \"the manuscript contained unoriginal emendations\"; \"his life had been unoriginal, conforming completely to the given pattern\"- Gwethalyn Graham', 'banal': 'repeated too often; overfamiliar through overuse; \"bromidic sermons\"; \"his remarks were trite and commonplace\"; \"hackneyed phrases\"; \"a stock answer\"; \"repeating threadbare jokes\"; \"parroting some timeworn axiom\"; \"the trite metaphor `hard as nails\\'\"', 'bromidic': 'given to uttering bromides', 'cliched': 'repeated regularly without thought or originality; \"ready-made phrases\"', 'orthodox': 'adhering to what is commonly accepted; \"an orthodox view of the world\"', 'antiheretical': 'opposed to heresy', 'canonic': 'appearing in a biblical canon; \"a canonical book of the Christian New Testament\"', 'conforming': 'adhering to established customs or doctrines (especially in religion)', 'unreformed': 'unaffected by the Reformation', 'unorthodox': 'breaking with convention or tradition; \"an unorthodox lifestyle\"', 'dissident': 'characterized by departure from accepted beliefs or standards', 'nonconforming': 'not conforming to established customs or doctrines especially in religion', 'Reformed': 'of or relating to the body of Protestant Christianity arising during the Reformation; used of some Protestant churches especially Calvinist as distinct from Lutheran; \"Dutch Reformed theology\"', 'outdoor': 'pertaining to or concerning the outdoors or outdoor activities; \"outdoor education is the area of teacher training concerned with training for outdoor activities\"', 'alfresco': 'in the open air; \"an alfresco lunch\"; \"an open-air theater\"', 'outdoorsy': 'characteristic of or suitable to outdoor life; \"a rugged outdoorsy life\"', 'after-school': 'outside regular school hours; \"a special after-school class\"', 'extracurricular': 'outside the regular academic curriculum; \"sports and drama are popular extracurricular activities\"', 'covered': 'overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form; \"women with covered faces\"; \"covered wagons\"; \"a covered balcony\"', 'ariled': '(of some seeds) having a fleshy and usually brightly colored cover', 'awninged': 'covered with an awning; \"with awninged windows on the west side\"', 'beaded': 'covered with beads of liquid; \"a face beaded with sweat\"', 'blanketed': 'covered with (or as if with) a blanket', 'canopied': 'covered with or as with a canopy; \"a canopied bed\"; \"streets canopied by stately trees\"', 'cloaked': 'having its true character concealed with the intent of misleading; \"hidden agenda\"; \"masked threat\"', 'crusted': 'having a hardened crust as a covering', 'dabbled': 'covered with bright patches (often used in combination); \"waves dabbled with moonlight\"; \"a blood-spattered room\"; \"gardens splashed with color\"; \"kitchen walls splattered with grease\"', 'drenched': 'abundantly covered or supplied with; often used in combination; \"drenched in moonlight\"; \"moon-drenched meadows\"', 'dusty': 'covered with a layer of dust; \"a dusty pile of books\"', 'moon-splashed': 'splashed or covered patchily with moonlight; \"the moon-splashed world\"', 'moss-grown': 'overgrown with moss', 'mud-beplastered': 'covered with or as if with mud; \"mud-beplastered arguments\"', 'muffled': 'wrapped up especially for protection or secrecy; \"children muffled almost to the eyebrows\"', 'peritrichous': 'covered all over with uniformly distributed flagella', 'plastered': '(of hair) made smooth by applying a sticky or glossy substance; \"black hair plastered with pomade\"', 'overgrown': 'abounding in usually unwanted vegetation', 'sealed': 'undisclosed for the time being; \"sealed orders\"; \"a sealed move in chess\"', 'snow-clad': 'covered with snow; \"snow-clad hills\"; \"snow-covered roads\"; \"a long snowy winter\"', 'splashy': 'characterized by water flying about haphazardly', 'sun-drenched': 'covered with sunlight; \"sun-drenched beaches along the Riviera\"', 'thickspread': 'covered thickly; \"toast thickspread with jam\"', 'tiled': 'covered or furnished with tiles; \"baths with tiled walls\"; \"a tiled kitchen\"', 'naked': '(of the eye or ear e.g.) without the aid of an optical or acoustical device or instrument; \"visible to the naked eye\"', 'undraped': 'stripped of drapery; \"the undraped statue\"', 'unroofed': 'having no roof; \"an unroofed shed\"', 'black-coated': 'coated with black', 'oily': 'coated or covered with oil; \"oily puddles in the streets\"', 'uncoated': 'not having a coating; \"uncoated paper\"', 'roofed': 'covered with a roof; having a roof as specified (often used in combination); \"roofed picnic areas\"; \"a slate-roofed house\"; \"palmleaf-roofed huts\"', 'roofless': 'not having a roof; \"the hurricane left hundreds of house roofless\"', 'leafy': 'having or covered with leaves; \"leafy trees\"; \"leafy vegetables\"', 'bifoliate': 'having two leaves', 'bowery': 'like a bower; leafy and shady; \"a bowery lane\"', 'curly-leaved': 'having curly leaves', 'fan-leaved': 'having fan-shaped leaves', 'fine-leaved': 'having fine leaves', 'foliaceous': 'of or pertaining to or resembling the leaf of a plant', 'foliolate': '(often used as a combining form) having leaflets (compound leaves) or a specified kind or number of leaflets; \"`foliolate\\' is combined with the prefix `bi\\' to form the word `bifoliolate\\'\"', 'grassy-leaved': 'having leaves that resemble grass', 'ivied': 'overgrown with ivy; \"Harvard\\'s ivied buildings\"', 'large-leaved': 'having relatively large leaves', 'leafed': 'having leaves or leaves as specified; often used in combination; \"a fully leafed tree\"; \"broad-leafed\"; \"four-leaved clover\"', 'leaflike': 'resembling a leaf', 'leather-leaved': 'having leathery leaves', 'petallike': 'resembling a petal', 'pinnate-leaved': 'having pinnate leaves', 'prickly-leaved': 'having prickly leaves', 'silky-leaved': 'having glossy leaves', 'silver-leaved': 'having silvery leaves', 'spiny-leaved': 'having spiny leaves', 'two-leaved': 'having two leaves', 'unifoliate': 'having a single leaf', 'leafless': 'having no leaves', 'aphyllous': 'having no leaves', 'defoliate': 'deprived of leaves', 'scapose': 'resembling or consisting of a scape; having a bare leafless stalk growing directly from the ground; \"tulips are scapose flowers\"; \"a scapose stalk\"; \"a scapose column\"; \"the scapose portion of a feather\"', 'lipped': 'having a lip or lips; \"a lipped bowl\"; \"a virgin purest lipped\"- John Keats', 'bilabiate': 'having two lips; \"the corolla of a snapdragon is bilabiate\"', 'labiate': 'having lips or parts that resemble lips', 'thick-lipped': 'having thick lips', 'three-lipped': 'having three lips', 'lipless': 'without a lip or lips', 'overt': 'open and observable; not secret or hidden; \"an overt lie\"; \"overt hostility\"; \"overt intelligence gathering\"; \"open ballots\"', 'undisguised': 'plain to see; \"undisguised curiosity\"', 'covert': '(of a wife) being under the protection of her husband; \"a woman covert\"', 'backstair': 'secret and sly or sordid; \"backstairs gossip\"; \"his low backstairs cunning\"- A.L.Guerard; \"backstairs intimacies\"; \"furtive behavior\"', 'clandestine': 'conducted with or marked by hidden aims or methods; \"clandestine intelligence operations\"; \"cloak-and-dagger activities behind enemy lines\"; \"hole-and-corner intrigue\"; \"secret missions\"; \"a secret agent\"; \"secret sales of arms\"; \"surreptitious mobilization of troops\"; \"an undercover investigation\"; \"underground resistance\"', 'collusive': 'acting together in secret toward a fraudulent or illegal end', 'sub-rosa': 'designed and carried out secretly or confidentially; \"a sub-rosa report\"; \"has their under-the-table backing\"', 'subterranean': 'being or operating under the surface of the earth; \"subterranean passages\"; \"a subsurface flow of water\"', 'under_wraps': 'kept secret; \"the plan was kept carefully under wraps\"', 'undisclosed': 'not made known', 'paid': 'marked by the reception of pay; \"paid work\"; \"a paid official\"; \"a paid announcement\"; \"a paid check\"', 'cashed': 'for which money has been paid; \"a cashed check\"', 'compensable': 'for which money is paid; \"a paying job\"; \"remunerative work\"; \"salaried employment\"; \"stipendiary services\"', 'compensated': 'receiving or eligible for compensation; \"salaried workers\"; \"a stipendiary magistrate\"', 'mercenary': 'serving for wages in a foreign army; \"mercenary killers\"', 'paid-up': 'paid in advance; \"paid-up insurance\"; \"paid-up members\"', 'post-free': 'postpaid', 'postpaid': 'used especially of mail; paid in advance', 'reply-paid': 'with cost of reply prepaid by sender; \"reply-paid postcard\"; \"reply-paid envelope\"', 'unpaid': 'without payment; \"the soup kitchen was run primarily by unpaid helpers\"; \"a volunteer fire department\"', 'buckshee': 'free of charge; \"if they deposit these shares in the scheme they will get further buckshee shares on a one-for-one basis\"- Economist', 'non-paying': 'paying nothing; \"non-paying guests\"; \"non-paying bidders on eBay\"', 'pro_bono': 'done for the public good without compensation', 'rent-free': 'complimentary; without payment of rent; \"with the job came a rent-free apartment\"', 'uncompensated': 'not paying a salary; \"an uncompensated federal post\"', 'painful': 'causing physical or psychological pain; \"worked with painful slowness\"', 'aching': 'causing a dull and steady pain; \"my aching head\"; \"her old achy joints\"', 'agonized': 'expressing pain or agony; \"agonized screams\"', 'agonizing': 'extremely painful', 'biting': 'causing a sharply painful or stinging sensation; used especially of cold; \"bitter cold\"; \"a biting wind\"', 'chafed': 'painful from having the skin abraded', 'poignant': 'keenly distressing to the mind or feelings; \"poignant anxiety\"', 'itchy': 'causing an irritating cutaneous sensation; being affect with an itch; \"he had an itchy toe from the mosquito bite\"', 'racking': 'causing great physical or mental suffering; \"a wrenching pain\"', 'saddle-sore': '(of a rider) sore after riding a horse', 'traumatic': 'of or relating to a physical injury or wound to the body', 'pain-free': 'not accompanied by pain sensations; \"pain-free surgery\"', 'whitewashed': 'coated with whitewash; \"miles of whitewashed fences\"', 'unpainted': 'not having makeup on; \"her sweet unpainted face\"', 'unoiled': 'in need of oil treatment; \"dusty unoiled roads\"; \"a dull unoiled table\"', 'rouged': 'marked by the use of various kinds of red makeup; \"freshly rouged lips\"; \"rouged cheeks\"', 'unrouged': 'not wearing rouge; \"unrouged lips\"', 'delineated': 'represented accurately or precisely', 'depicted': 'represented graphically by sketch or design or lines', 'described': 'represented in words especially with sharpness and detail; \"the vividly described wars\"', 'diagrammatic': 'shown or represented by diagrams', 'undelineated': 'not represented accurately or precisely', 'undepicted': 'not pictured', 'undrawn': 'not represented in a drawing', 'paintable': 'lending itself to being painted; \"a highly paintable landscape\"; \"made of sturdy eminently paintable wood\"', 'unpaintable': 'not paintable especially not suitable for artistic representation on canvas; \"the inexpressible, unpaintable `tick\\' in the unconscious\"', 'palatable': 'acceptable to the taste or mind; \"palatable food\"; \"a palatable solution to the problem\"', 'unpalatable': 'not pleasant or acceptable to the taste or mind; \"an unpalatable meal\"; \"unpalatable truths\"; \"unpalatable behavior\"', 'distasteful': 'not pleasing in odor or taste', 'palpable': 'can be felt by palpation; \"a palpable tumor\"', 'perceptible': 'capable of being perceived by the mind or senses; \"a perceptible limp\"; \"easily perceptible sounds\"; \"perceptible changes in behavior\"', 'impalpable': 'not perceptible to the touch; \"an impalpable pulse\"', 'parallel': 'of or relating to the simultaneous performance of multiple operations; \"parallel processing\"', 'antiparallel': '(especially of vectors) parallel but oppositely directed; \"antiparallel vectors\"', 'nonconvergent': '(of lines, planes, or surfaces) never meeting or crossing', 'oblique': 'slanting or inclined in direction or course or position--neither parallel nor perpendicular nor right-angled; \"the oblique rays of the winter sun\"; \"acute and obtuse angles are oblique angles\"; \"the axis of an oblique cone is not perpendicular to its base\"', 'bias': 'slanting diagonally across the grain of a fabric; \"a bias fold\"', 'catacorner': 'slanted across a polygon on a diagonal line; \"set off in a catty-corner direction across the vacant lot\"', 'crabwise': '(of movement) at an angle', 'diagonal': ' connecting two nonadjacent corners of a plane figure or any two corners of a solid that are not in the same face; \"a diagonal line across the page\"', 'nonparallel': '(of e.g. lines or paths) not parallel; converging', 'oblique-angled': 'having oblique angles', 'orthogonal': 'statistically unrelated', 'pardonable': 'admitting of being pardoned', 'excusable': 'capable of being overlooked', 'expiable': 'capable of being atoned for', 'unpardonable': 'not admitting of pardon; \"unpardonable behavior\"', 'inexcusable': 'without excuse or justification', 'inexpiable': 'incapable of being atoned for', 'justifiable': 'capable of being justified', 'indefensible': 'not able to be protected against attack', 'parental': 'designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced', 'filial': 'designating the generation or the sequence of generations following the parental generation', 'daughterly': 'befitting a daughter; \"daughterly affection\"', 'biased': 'favoring one person or side over another; \"a biased account of the trial\"; \"a decision that was partial to the defendant\"', 'impartial': 'showing lack of favoritism; \"the cold neutrality of an impartial judge\"', 'disinterested': 'unaffected by self-interest', 'dispassionate': 'unaffected by strong emotion or prejudice; \"a journalist should be a dispassionate reporter of fact\"', 'particulate': 'composed of distinct particles', 'nonparticulate': 'not composed of distinct particles', 'passable': 'able to be passed or traversed or crossed; \"the road is passable\"', 'navigable': 'able to be sailed on or through safely; \"navigable waters\"; \"a navigable channel\"', 'surmountable': 'capable of being surmounted or overcome; \"situations of measurable and surmountable danger\"', 'traversable': 'capable of being traversed; \"highway crews soon had the roads travelable\"', 'impassable': 'incapable of being passed', 'unsurmountable': 'incapable of being surmounted or climbed', 'unnavigable': 'incapable of being navigated', 'untraversable': 'incapable of being traversed', 'passionate': 'having or expressing strong emotions', 'demon-ridden': 'as if possessed by demons', 'fanatic': 'marked by excessive enthusiasm for and intense devotion to a cause or idea; \"rabid isolationist\"', 'lustful': 'vigorously passionate', 'passionless': 'not passionate; \"passionless observation of human nature\"', 'platonic': 'free from physical desire; \"platonic love\"', 'unimpassioned': 'free from emotional appeal; marked by reasonableness; \"answered with an unimpassioned defense\"; \"the unimpassioned intellect\"', 'ago': 'gone by; or in the past; \"two years ago\"; \"`agone\\' is an archaic word for `ago\\'\"', 'bygone': 'well in the past; former; \"bygone days\"; \"dreams of foregone times\"; \"sweet memories of gone summers\"; \"relics of a departed era\"', 'chivalric': 'characteristic of the time of chivalry and knighthood in the Middle Ages; \"chivalric rites\"; \"the knightly years\"', 'erstwhile': 'belonging to some prior time; \"erstwhile friend\"; \"our former glory\"; \"the once capital of the state\"; \"her quondam lover\"', 'olden': 'long past; \"olden days\"', 'then': 'at a specific prior time; \"the then president\"', 'ultimo': 'in or of the month preceding the present one; \"your letter received on the 29th ult\"', 'present': ' being or existing in a specified place; \"the murderer is present in this room\"; \"present at the wedding\"; \"present at the creation\"', 'existing': 'existing in something specified; \"depletion of the oxygen existing in the bloodstream\"', 'instant': 'in or of the present month; \"your letter of the 10th inst\"', 'latter-day': 'belonging to the present or recent times; \"the latter-day problems of our society\"', 'approaching': 'of the relatively near future; \"the approaching election\"; \"this coming Thursday\"; \"the forthcoming holidays\"; \"the upcoming spring fashions\"', 'future_day': 'yet to come; \"a future-day Gibbon of Macaulay\"', 'emerging': 'coming to maturity; \"the rising generation\"', 'in_store': 'in readiness; awaiting; \"gave us a hint of the excitement that was in store for us\"', 'proximo': 'in or of the next month after the present; \"scheduled for the 6th prox\"', 'born': 'brought into existence; \"he was a child born of adultery\"', 'unborn': 'not yet brought into existence; \"unborn generations\"', 'unhatched': 'not yet emerged from an egg', 'parented': 'having a parent or parents or cared for by parent surrogates', 'unparented': 'having no parent or parents or not cared for by parent surrogates', 'orphaned': 'deprived of parents by death or desertion', 'motherless': 'having no living or known mother', 'paternal': 'belonging to or inherited from one\\'s father; \"spent his childhood on the paternal farm\"; \"paternal traits\"', 'fatherly': 'like or befitting a father or fatherhood; kind and protective', 'paternalistic': 'benevolent but sometimes intrusive', 'maternal': 'relating to or derived from one\\'s mother; \"maternal genes\"', 'maternalistic': 'showing maternal instincts', 'motherlike': 'suggestive of or acting like a mother', 'motherly': 'befitting a mother; warm and nurturing', 'wifely': 'befitting or characteristic of a wife', 'patient': 'enduring trying circumstances with even temper or characterized by such endurance; \"a patient smile\"; \"was patient with the children\"; \"an exact and patient scientist\"; \"please be patient\"', 'enduring': 'patiently bearing continual wrongs or trouble; \"an enduring disposition\"; \"a long-suffering and uncomplaining wife\"', 'forbearing': 'showing patient and unruffled self-control and restraint under adversity; slow to retaliate or express resentment; \"seemly and forbearing...yet strong enough to resist aggression\"; \"was longanimous in the face of suffering\"', 'tolerant': 'showing respect for the rights or opinions or practices of others', 'restive': 'impatient especially under restriction or delay; \"the government has done nothing to ease restrictions and manufacturers are growing restive\"', 'unforbearing': 'unwilling to endure; \"she was unforbearing with the slower students\"', 'patriarchal': 'relating to or characteristic of a man who is older or higher in rank', 'patriarchic': '(of societies) being ruled by or having descent traced through the male line', 'patricentric': 'centered upon the father', 'matriarchal': 'characteristic of a matriarchy', 'matriarchic': '(of societies or families) having a female as the family head or having descent traced through the female line', 'matricentric': 'centered upon the mother', 'patronized': 'having patronage or clients; \"street full of flourishing well-patronized shops\"', 'unpatronized': 'having little patronage or few clients; \"a restaurant unpatronized by the elite\"', 'briefless': '(of lawyers or barristers) lacking clients', 'packaged': 'enclosed in a package or protective covering; \"packaged cereals\"', 'prepackaged': 'prepared and wrapped beforehand and ready for sale; \"prepackaged foods\"', 'unpackaged': 'not packaged or put into packets; \"unpackaged nuts\"', 'paved': 'covered with a firm surface', 'made-up': 'having been paved', 'unpaved': 'not having a paved surface', 'caliche-topped': 'covered with caliche, a hard calcium-carbonate encrusted soil', 'patriotic': 'inspired by love for your country', 'chauvinistic': 'of or relating to persons convinced of the superiority of their own gender or kind', 'unpatriotic': 'showing lack of love for your country', 'un-American': 'considered contrary to the best interests of the United States', 'peaceful': 'not disturbed by strife or turmoil or war; \"a peaceful nation\"; \"peaceful times\"; \"a far from peaceful Christmas\"; \"peaceful sleep\"', 'halcyon': 'idyllically calm and peaceful; suggesting happy tranquillity; \"a halcyon atmosphere\"', 'irenic': 'conducive to peace; \"irenic without being namby-pamby\"; \"an irenic attitude toward former antagonists\"', 'nonbelligerent': 'not directly at war; \"nonbelligerent nations\"', 'pacifist': 'opposed to war', 'peaceable': 'inclined or disposed to peace; \"they met in a peaceable spirit\"; \"peace-loving citizens\"', 'unpeaceful': 'not peaceful; \"unpeaceful times\"; \"an unpeaceful marriage\"', 'belligerent': 'engaged in war; \"belligerent (or warring) nations\"', 'militant': 'disposed to warfare or hard-line policies; \"militant nations\"; \"hawkish congressman\"; \"warlike policies\"', 'unpeaceable': 'not disposed to peace', 'penitent': 'feeling or expressing remorse for misdeeds', 'contrite': 'feeling or expressing pain or sorrow for sins or offenses', 'penitential': 'showing or constituting penance; \"penitential tears\"; \"wrote a penitential letter apologizing for her hasty words\"', 'impenitent': 'impervious to moral persuasion', 'perceptive': 'of or relating to perception; \"perceptive faculties\"', 'apperceptive': 'able to relate new percepts to past experience', 'insightful': 'exhibiting insight or clear and deep perception; \"an insightful parent\"; \"the chapter is insightful and suggestive of new perspectives\"-R.C.Angell', 'quick-sighted': 'keenly perceptive or alert; \"quick-sighted into the faults of the time\"- Leonard Bacon', 'subtle': 'able to make fine distinctions; \"a subtle mind\"', 'understanding': 'characterized by understanding based on comprehension and discernment and empathy; \"an understanding friend\"', 'blind': 'unable to see; \"a person is blind to the extent that he must devise alternative techniques to do efficiently those things he would do with sight if he had normal vision\"--Kenneth Jernigan', 'unobservant': 'not consciously observing; \"looked through him with blank unseeing eyes\"', 'perceivable': 'capable of being perceived especially by sight or hearing; \"perceivable through the mist\"', 'imperceptible': 'impossible or difficult to perceive by the mind or senses; \"an imperceptible drop in temperature\"; \"an imperceptible nod\"; \"color is unperceivable to the touch\"', 'incognizable': 'incapable of being perceived or known', 'subliminal': 'below the threshold of conscious perception', 'unobservable': 'not accessible to direct observation', 'errorless': 'free from error; \"an errorless baseball game\"', 'faultless': 'without fault or error; \"faultless logic\"; \"speaks impeccable French\"; \"timing and technique were immaculate\"; \"an immaculate record\"', 'flawless': 'without a flaw; \"a flawless gemstone\"', 'idealized': 'exalted to an ideal perfection or excellence', 'idyllic': 'suggestive of an idyll; charmingly simple and serene; \"his idyllic life in Tahiti\"', 'mint': 'as if new; \"in mint condition\"', 'perfectible': 'capable of becoming or being made perfect', 'pluperfect': 'more than perfect; \"he spoke with pluperfect precision\"', 'imperfect': 'not perfect; defective or inadequate; \"had only an imperfect understanding of his responsibilities\"; \"imperfect mortals\"; \"drainage here is imperfect\"', 'imperfectible': 'capable of being made imperfect', 'perishable': 'liable to perish; subject to destruction or death or decay; \"this minute and perishable planet\"; \"perishable foods such as butter and fruit\"', 'biodegradable': 'capable of being decomposed by e.g. bacteria; \"a biodegradable detergent\"', 'decayable': 'liable to decay or spoil or become putrid', 'imperishable': 'not perishable', 'imputrescible': 'not subject to decay', 'permanent': 'not capable of being reversed or returned to the original condition; \"permanent brain damage\"', 'abiding': 'unceasing; \"an abiding belief\"; \"imperishable truths\"', 'ageless': 'continuing forever or indefinitely; \"the ageless themes of love and revenge\"; \"eternal truths\"; \"life everlasting\"; \"hell\\'s perpetual fires\"; \"the unending bliss of heaven\"', 'indissoluble': 'used of decisions and contracts', 'acting': 'serving temporarily especially as a substitute; \"the acting president\"', 'ephemeral': 'lasting a very short time; \"the ephemeral joys of childhood\"; \"a passing fancy\"; \"youth\\'s transient beauty\"; \"love is transitory but it is eternal\"; \"fugacious blossoms\"', 'episodic': 'of writing or narration; divided into or composed of episodes; \"the book is episodic and the incidents don\\'t always hang together\"', 'evanescent': 'tending to vanish like vapor; \"evanescent beauty\"', 'fly-by-night': '(of businesses and businessmen) unscrupulous; \"a shady operation\"', 'improvised': 'done or made using whatever is available; \"crossed the river on improvised bridges\"; \"the survivors used jury-rigged fishing gear\"; \"the rock served as a makeshift hammer\"', 'interim': 'serving during an intermediate interval of time; \"an interim agreement\"', 'pro_tem': 'for the time being; \"he is the president pro tem\"; \"designated him to act as consul protempore\"- H.H.Fiske', 'shipboard': 'casual or ephemeral as if taking place on board a ship; \"shipboard romances\"', 'terminable': 'capable of being terminated after a designated time; \"terminable employees\"; \"a terminable annuity\"', 'caducous': 'shed at an early stage of development; \"most amphibians have caducous gills\"; \"the caducous calyx of a poppy\"', 'correctable': 'capable of being returned to the original condition; not necessarily permanent; \"a correctable image\"', 'rechargeable': 'capable of being recharged; \"a rechargeable battery\"', 'irreversible': 'incapable of being reversed; \"irreversible momentum toward revolution\"', 'double-faced': '(of fabrics) having faces on both sides; \"damask is a double-faced fabric\"', 'nonreversible': 'not reversible or capable of having either side out', 'revocable': 'capable of being revoked or annulled; \"a revocable order\"', 'rescindable': 'capable of being rescinded or voided; \"the judgment was rescindable\"; \"voidable contracts\"', 'irrevocable': 'incapable of being retracted or revoked; \"firm and irrevocable is my doom\"- Shakespeare', 'permissible': 'that may be accepted or conceded; \"a kind of speculation that was permissible in cosmology but inadmissible in medicine\"', 'impermissible': 'not allowable', 'forbidden': 'excluded from use or mention; \"forbidden fruit\"; \"in our house dancing and playing cards were out\"; \"a taboo subject\"', 'unmentionable': 'unsuitable or forbidden as a topic of conversation; \"unmentionable words\"', 'admissible': 'deserving to be admitted; \"admissible evidence\"', 'admittable': 'deserving to be allowed to enter', 'inadmissible': 'not deserving to be admitted; \"inadmissible evidence\"', 'permissive': 'not preventive', 'unpermissive': 'not inclined to grant permission; severe in discipline', 'blockading': 'blocking entrance to and exit from seaports and harbors; \"the blockading ships prevented delivery of munitions\"', 'clogging': 'preventing movement; \"the clogging crowds of revelers overflowing into the street\"', 'deterrent': 'tending to deter; \"the deterrent effects of high prices\"', 'precautionary': 'taken in advance to protect against possible danger or failure; \"gave precautionary advice\"; \"I would take precautionary steps to keep him away\"', 'preclusive': 'made impossible', 'preemptive': 'designed or having the power to deter or prevent an anticipated situation or occurrence; \"a preemptive business offer\"', 'prohibitive': 'tending to discourage (especially of prices); \"the price was prohibitive\"', 'perplexed': 'full of difficulty or confusion or bewilderment; \"perplexed language\"; \"perplexed state of the world\"', 'at_a_loss': 'filled with bewilderment; \"at a loss to understand those remarks\"; \"puzzled that she left without saying goodbye\"', 'baffled': 'perplexed by many conflicting situations or statements; filled with bewilderment; \"obviously bemused by his questions\"; \"bewildered and confused\"; \"a cloudy and confounded philosopher\"; \"just a mixed-up kid\"; \"she felt lost on the first day of school\"', 'metagrobolized': 'totally perplexed and mixed up; \"all this duncical nonsense has my brains metagrobolized\"- Wall Street Journal', 'questioning': 'perplexed (as if being expected to know something that you do not know); \"he had a quizzical expression\"', 'unperplexed': 'experiencing no difficulty or confusion or bewilderment', 'unbaffled': 'not perplexed by conflicting situations or statements', 'ad_hominem': 'appealing to personal considerations (rather than to fact or reason); \"ad hominem arguments\"', 'face-to-face': 'in each other\\'s presence; \"a face-to-face encounter\"', 'individualized': 'made for or directed or adjusted to a particular individual; \"personalized luggage\"; \"personalized advice\"', 'in-person': 'an appearance carried out personally in someone else\\'s physical presence; \"he carried out the negotiations in person\"; \"a personal appearance is an appearance by a person in the flesh\"', 'own': 'belonging to or on behalf of a specified person (especially yourself); preceded by a possessive; \"for your own use\"; \"do your own thing\"; \"she makes her own clothes\"; \"`ain\\' is Scottish\"', 'personalized': 'pointedly referring to or concerning a person\\'s individual personality or intimate affairs especially offensively; \"unnecessarily personalized remarks\"', 'person-to-person': 'involving direct communication or contact between persons or parties; \"a person-to-person interview\"; \"person-to-person telephone calls\"', 'private': 'confined to particular persons or groups or providing privacy; \"a private place\"; \"private discussions\"; \"private lessons\"; \"a private club\"; \"a private secretary\"; \"private property\"; \"the former President is now a private citizen\"; \"public figures struggle to maintain a private life\"', 'nonpersonal': 'lacking personality; \"nonpersonal forces\"', 'persuasive': 'intended or having the power to induce action or belief; \"persuasive eloquence\"; \"a most persuasive speaker\"; \"a persuasive argument\"', 'coaxing': 'pleasingly persuasive or intended to persuade; \"a coaxing and obsequious voice\"; \"her manner is quiet and ingratiatory and a little too agreeable\"', 'cogent': 'powerfully persuasive; \"a cogent argument\"; \"a telling presentation\"; \"a weighty argument\"', 'compelling': 'driving or forcing; \"compelling ambition\"', 'glib': 'marked by lack of intellectual depth; \"glib generalizations\"; \"a glib response to a complex question\"', 'dissuasive': 'deterring from action; \"dissuasive advice\"; \"made a slight dissuasive gesture with her hand\"', 'penetrable': 'capable of being penetrated; \"penetrable defenses\"', 'permeable': 'allowing fluids or gases to pass or diffuse through; \"permeable membranes\"; \"rock that is permeable by water\"', 'semipermeable': '(of a membrane) selectively permeable', 'impermeable': 'preventing especially liquids to pass or diffuse through; \"impermeable stone\"; \"an impermeable layer of scum\"; \"a coat impermeable to rain\"', 'retentive': 'having the capacity to retain something', 'water-repellent': 'hindering the penetration of water; \"a water-repellent coat\"', 'pervious': 'admitting of passage or entrance; \"pervious soil\"; \"a metal pervious to heat\"', 'impervious': 'not admitting of passage or capable of being affected; \"a material impervious to water\"; \"someone impervious to argument\"', 'acid-fast': 'not easily decolorized by acid solutions; pertains to micro-organisms (especially the tubercle bacillus that causes tuberculosis)', 'colorfast': 'having color that is resistant to fading or running', 'greaseproof': 'resistant to penetration by grease or oil or wax; \"greaseproof wrapping paper\"', 'mothproof': 'resistant to damage by moths', 'proof': '(used in combination or as a suffix) able to withstand; \"temptation-proof\"; \"childproof locks\"', 'resistant': 'impervious to being affected; \"resistant to the effects of heat\"; \"resistant to persuasion\"', 'corrosion-resistant': 'impervious to corrosion; \"he was a great believer in the corrosion-resistant qualities of cast iron\"', 'rot-resistant': 'resistant to rotting', 'runproof': '(of hosiery) resistant to runs or (in Britain) ladders', 'soundproof': 'impervious to, or not penetrable by, sound; \"a soundproof room\"', 'petalous': '(of flowers) having petals', 'four-petaled': '(of flowers) having four petals', 'five-petaled': '(of flowers) having five petals', 'gamopetalous': 'having a corolla composed of partially or wholly fused petals forming a corolla shaped like a tube or funnel', 'polypetalous': 'having a corolla composed of many separated or distinct petals', 'salverform': 'of or concerning a gamopetalous that has a slender tube and an abruptly expanded tip', 'three-petaled': '(of flowers) having three petals', 'apetalous': '(of flowers) having no petals', 'puncturable': 'capable of being punctured', 'punctureless': 'being without punctures or incapable of being punctured', 'psychoactive': 'affecting the mind or mood or other mental processes; \"psychoactive drugs\"', 'hallucinogenic': 'capable of producing hallucinations; \"LSD is a powerful hallucinogenic drug\"', 'mind-altering': 'producing mood changes or distorted perception; \"hallucinogenic drugs are mind-altering substances\"', 'mind-expanding': '(of hallucinogenic drugs) giving a sense of heightened or broader awareness', 'mind-bending': 'intensely affecting the mind especially in producing hallucinations', 'nonpsychoactive': 'not affecting the mind or mental processes; \"a nonpsychoactive pain reliever\"', 'animal': 'marked by the appetites and passions of the body; \"animal instincts\"; \"carnal knowledge\"; \"fleshly desire\"; \"a sensual delight in eating\"; \"music is the only sensual pleasure without vice\"', 'physiologic': 'of or consistent with an organism\\'s normal functioning; \"physiologic functions\"; \"physiological processes\"', 'somatogenic': 'of or arising from physiological causes rather than being psychogenic in origin; \"somatogenic theories of schizophrenia\"', 'psychogenic': 'mental or emotional rather than physiological in origin; \"a psychogenic disorder\"', 'psychological': 'of or relating to or determined by psychology; \"psychological theories\"', 'monotheistic': 'believing that there is only one god', 'polytheistic': 'worshipping or believing in more than one god', 'pious': 'having or showing or expressing reverence for a deity; \"pious readings\"', 'devotional': 'relating to worship; \"a devotional exercise\"', 'godly': 'showing great reverence for god; \"a godly man\"; \"leading a godly life\"', 'holier-than-thou': 'excessively or hypocritically pious; \"a sickening sanctimonious smile\"', 'prayerful': 'disposed to pray or appearing to pray', 'impious': 'lacking due respect or dutifulness; \"impious toward one\\'s parents\"; \"an undutiful son\"', 'godless': 'not revering god', 'secular': 'of or relating to the doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations', 'religious': 'extremely scrupulous and conscientious; \"religious in observing the rules of health\"', 'churchgoing': 'actively practicing a religion', 'churchly': 'resembling or suggesting or appropriate to a church; \"churchlike silence\"; \"the pure fragrance of churchly incense\"', 'devout': 'deeply religious; \"a god-fearing and law-abiding people\" H.L.Mencken', 'interfaith': 'involving persons of different religious faiths; \"an interfaith marriage\"; \"interfaith good will\"', 'irreligious': 'hostile or indifferent to religion', 'atheistic': 'rejecting any belief in gods', 'heathen': 'not acknowledging the God of Christianity and Judaism and Islam', 'lapsed': 'no longer active or practicing; \"a lapsed Catholic\"', 'nonobservant': 'failing or refusing to observe religious customs', 'placable': 'easily calmed or pacified', 'appeasable': 'capable of being pacified', 'mitigable': 'capable of being alleviated', 'implacable': 'incapable of being placated; \"an implacable enemy\"', 'grim': 'not to be placated or appeased or moved by entreaty; \"grim determination\"; \"grim necessity\"; \"Russia\\'s final hour, it seemed, approached with inexorable certainty\"; \"relentless persecution\"; \"the stern demands of parenthood\"', 'unmitigable': 'incapable of being mitigated; \"stern and unmitigable accusations\"', 'solid-colored': 'having the same color all over', 'patterned': 'having patterns (especially colorful patterns)', 'black-and-tan': 'having a pattern of black and tan', 'black-barred': 'having a pattern consisting of black bars', 'black-marked': 'having black marks', 'blotched': 'marked with irregularly shaped spots or blots', 'brindled': 'having a grey or brown streak or a pattern or a patchy coloring; used especially of the patterned fur of cats', 'brown-speckled': 'having brown speckles', 'brown-striped': 'having brown stripes', 'burled': '(of wood) have a pattern from the grain of a tree burl', 'checked': 'patterned with alternating squares of color', 'cross-banded': '(of snakes) having crossing bands on the back', 'dappled': 'having spots or patches of color', 'dark-spotted': 'having dark spots', 'dotted': 'having a pattern of dots', 'figured': '(of e.g. fabric design) adorned with patterns; \"my dress is richly figured\"- Amy Lowell', 'floral': 'relating to or associated with flowers; \"floral organs\"', 'freckled': 'relating to or covered with or resembling freckles', 'marbled': 'patterned with veins or streaks or color resembling marble; \"marbleized pink skin\"', 'maroon-spotted': 'having maroon spots', 'moire': '(of silk fabric) having a wavelike pattern', 'pointillist': 'of or relating to pointillism', 'pinstriped': 'having very thin stripes', 'purple-veined': '(of flowers) showing purple markings that resemble veins', 'purple-spotted': 'having purple spots', 'red-striped': 'having red stripes', 'sprigged': 'decorated with designs of sprigs; \"sprigged muslin\"', 'streaked': 'marked with or as if with stripes or linear discolorations; \"streaked hair\"; \"fat legs and dirty streaky faces\"', 'striped': 'marked or decorated with stripes', 'tiger-striped': 'having stripes resembling those of a tiger', 'veined': 'having or showing markings that resemble veins', 'violet-streaked': 'having streaks of violet color', 'white-blotched': 'having blotches of white', 'white-ribbed': 'having white ribs', 'white-streaked': 'having white streaks', 'yellow-banded': 'having yellow bands', 'yellow-marked': 'having yellow marks', 'yellow-spotted': 'having yellow spots', 'yellow-striped': 'having yellow stripes', 'featureless': 'lacking distinguishing characteristics or features; \"the featureless landscape of the steppe\"', 'inelaborate': 'not elaborate; lacking rich or complex detail', 'simple': 'having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved; \"a simple problem\"; \"simple mechanisms\"; \"a simple design\"; \"a simple substance\"', 'tailored': 'severely simple in line or design; \"a neat tailored suit\"; \"tailored curtains\"', 'vanilla': 'flavored with vanilla extract; \"he liked vanilla ice cream\"', 'fancy': 'not plain; decorative or ornamented; \"fancy handwriting\"; \"fancy clothes\"', 'baroque': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the elaborately ornamented style of architecture, art, and music popular in Europe between 1600 and 1750', 'dressy': 'in fancy clothing', 'crackle': 'having the surface decorated with a network of fine cracks, as in crackleware; \"a crackle glaze\"', 'damascene': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Damascus or its people; \"damascene city gates\"', 'damask': 'having a woven pattern; \"damask table linens\"', 'elaborate': 'marked by complexity and richness of detail; \"an elaborate lace pattern\"', 'embattled': 'prepared for battle; \"an embattled city\"', 'lacy': 'having open interstices or resembling a web', 'puff': 'gathered for protruding fullness; \"puff sleeves\"', 'rococo': 'having excessive asymmetrical ornamentation; \"an exquisite gilded rococo mirror\"', 'vermicular': 'decorated with wormlike tracery or markings; \"vermicular (or vermiculated) stonework\"', 'planned': 'designed or carried out according to a plan; \"the planned outlays for new equipment\"', 'contrived': 'showing effects of planning or manipulation; \"a novel with a contrived ending\"', 'deep-laid': 'secretly and carefully planned; \"deep-laid plans\"', 'preset': 'set in advance; \"a preset plan of action\"; \"at a predetermined time\"', 'put-up': 'planned secretly; \"it was a put-up job\"', 'unplanned': 'without apparent forethought or prompting or planning; \"an unplanned economy\"; \"accepts an unplanned order\"; \"an unplanned pregnancy\"; \"unplanned remarks\"', 'unpremeditated': 'not premeditated', 'studied': 'produced or marked by conscious design or premeditation; \"a studied smile\"; \"a note of biting irony and studied insult\"- V.L.Parrington', 'plausible': 'given to or characterized by presenting specious arguments; \"a plausible liar\"', 'implausible': 'having a quality that provokes disbelief; \"gave the teacher an implausible excuse\"', 'enjoyable': 'affording satisfaction or pleasure; \"the company was enjoyable\"; \"found her praise gratifying\"; \"full of happiness and pleasurable excitement\"; \"good printing makes a book more pleasurable to read\"', 'unpleasant': 'disagreeable to the senses, to the mind, or feelings ; \"an unpleasant personality\"; \"unpleasant repercussions\"; \"unpleasant odors\"', 'acerb': 'sour or bitter in taste', 'dour': 'harshly uninviting or formidable in manner or appearance; \"a dour, self-sacrificing life\"; \"a forbidding scowl\"; \"a grim man loving duty more than humanity\"; \"undoubtedly the grimmest part of him was his iron claw\"- J.M.Barrie', 'dreadful': 'very unpleasant', 'embarrassing': 'causing to feel shame or chagrin or vexation; \"the embarrassing moment when she found her petticoat down around her ankles\"; \"it was mortifying to know he had heard every word\"', 'afflictive': 'causing misery or pain or distress; \"it was a sore trial to him\"; \"the painful process of growing up\"', 'rebarbative': 'serving or tending to repel; \"he became rebarbative and prickly and spiteful\"; \"I find his obsequiousness repellent\"', 'pleased': 'feeling pleasurable satisfaction over something by which you measures your self-worth; \"proud of their child\"', 'amused': 'pleasantly occupied; \"We are not amused\" -Queen Victoria', 'bucked_up': 'inspired with confidence; \"felt bucked up by his success\"', 'chuffed': 'very pleased; \"I\\'m chuffed to have won\"', 'delighted': 'greatly pleased', 'gratified': 'having received what was desired', 'displeased': 'not pleased; experiencing or manifesting displeasure', 'annoyed': 'troubled persistently especially with petty annoyances; \"harassed working mothers\"; \"a harried expression\"; \"her poor pestered father had to endure her constant interruptions\"; \"the vexed parents of an unruly teenager\"', 'exasperated': 'greatly annoyed; out of patience; \"had an exasperated look on his face\"; \"felt exasperated beyond endurance\"', 'disgusted': 'having a strong distaste from surfeit; \"grew more and more disgusted\"; \"fed up with their complaints\"; \"sick of it all\"; \"sick to death of flattery\"; \"gossip that makes one sick\"; \"tired of the noise and smoke\"', 'frowning': 'showing displeasure or anger', 'offended': 'hurt or upset; \"she looked offended\"; \"face had a pained and puzzled expression\"', 'pleasing': 'giving pleasure and satisfaction; \"a pleasing piece of news\"; \"pleasing in manner and appearance\"', 'delightful': 'greatly pleasing or entertaining; \"a delightful surprise\"; \"the comedy was delightful\"; \"a delicious joke\"', 'gratifying': 'pleasing to the mind or feeling; \"sweet revenge\"', 'sweet': 'having or denoting the characteristic taste of sugar', 'displeasing': 'causing displeasure or lacking pleasing qualities', 'disconcerting': 'causing an emotional disturbance; \"his disconcerting habit of greeting friends ferociously and strangers charmingly\"- Herb Caen; \"an upsetting experience\"', 'exasperating': 'extremely annoying or displeasing; \"his cavelier curtness of manner was exasperating\"; \"I\\'ve had an exasperating day\"; \"her infuriating indifference\"; \"the ceaseless tumult of the jukebox was maddening\"', 'acanthoid': 'shaped like a spine or thorn', 'acuate': 'ending in a sharp point', 'bristle-pointed': 'pointed like bristles', 'five-pointed': 'having five points', 'fusiform': 'tapering at each end', 'nibbed': '(used of pens) having a writing point or nib especially of a certain kind; \"a broad-nibbed pen\"', 'peaked': 'having or rising to a peak; \"the peaked ceiling\"; \"the island\\'s peaked hills\"', 'pyramidal': 'resembling a pyramid', 'six-pointed': 'having six points', 'spiked': 'having a long sharp point', 'spikelike': 'resembling a spike', 'pointless': 'not having a point especially a sharp point; \"my pencils are all pointless\"', 'polished': 'showing a high degree of refinement and the assurance that comes from wide social experience; \"his polished manner\"; \"maintained an urbane tone in his letters\"', 'unpolished': 'not carefully reworked or perfected or made smooth by polishing; \"dull unpolished shoes\"', 'rough': 'of the margin of a leaf shape; having the edge cut or fringed or scalloped', 'unburnished': 'of metals e.g.; not made shiny and smooth by friction', 'sagacious': 'skillful in statecraft or management; \"an astute and sagacious statesman\"', 'impolitic': 'not politic; \"an impolitic approach to a sensitive issue\"', 'political': 'of or relating to the profession of governing; \"political career\"', 'governmental': 'relating to or dealing with the affairs or structure of government or politics or the state; \"governmental policy\"; \"public confidence and governmental morale\"', 'policy-making': 'concerned with policy, not administration', 'semipolitical': 'political in some (but not all) aspects', 'nonpolitical': 'not political', 'apolitical': 'politically neutral', 'ponderable': 'capable of being weighed or considered; \"something ponderable from the outer world--something of which we can say that its weight is so and so\"- James Jeans', 'assessable': 'capable of being assessed especially for the purpose of taxation', 'imponderable': 'difficult or impossible to evaluate with precision; \"such imponderable human factors as aesthetic sensibility\"', 'best-selling': 'selling in great numbers; \"a best-selling novel\"', 'favorite': 'appealing to the general public; \"a favorite tourist attraction\"', 'touristed': 'visited by throngs of tourists; \"of the three American Virgin islands St. Thomas is the most touristed\"; \"tourists descend in busloads...so the whole place is rather touristy\"', 'unpopular': 'regarded with disfavor or lacking general approval; \"unpopular ideas\"; \"an unpopular war\"', 'less-traveled': 'not visited by many travelers; \"the tourist\\'s desire to visit less-traveled countries\"', 'pro': 'in favor of (an action or proposal etc.); \"a pro vote\"', 'anti': 'not in favor of (an action or proposal etc.)', 'perverse': 'marked by a disposition to oppose and contradict; \"took perverse satisfaction in foiling her plans\"', 'neutralized': 'made neutral in some respect; deprived of distinctive characteristics', 'viewless': 'not having or expressing opinions or views', 'nonnegative': 'either positive or zero', 'Gram-positive': \"(of bacteria) being or relating to a bacterium that retains the violet stain used in Gram's method\", 'Gram-negative': \"(of bacteria) being of or relating to a bacterium that does not retain the violet stain used in Gram's method\", 'possible': 'capable of happening or existing; \"a breakthrough may be possible next year\"; \"anything is possible\"; \"warned of possible consequences\"', 'accomplishable': 'capable of existing or taking place or proving true; possible to do', 'affirmable': 'capable of being affirmed or asserted; \"a quality affirmable of every member of the family\"', 'attainable': 'capable of being attained or accomplished; \"choose an attainable goal\"; \"art is not something that is come-at-able by dint of study\"', 'feasible': 'capable of being done with means at hand and circumstances as they are', 'impossible': 'used of persons or their behavior; \"impossible behavior\"; \"insufferable insolence\"', 'impracticable': 'not capable of being carried out or put into practice; \"refloating the sunken ship proved impracticable because of its fragility\"; \"a suggested reform that was unfeasible in the prevailing circumstances\"', 'unachievable': 'impossible to achieve; \"an unattainable goal\"', 'potent': 'having great influence', 'equipotent': 'having equal strength or efficacy', 'multipotent': 'able to many things; \"multipotent drugs\"', 'impotent': '(of a male) unable to copulate', 'impuissant': 'lacking physical strength or vigor', 'powerful': 'having great power or force or potency or effect; \"the most powerful government in western Europe\"; \"his powerful arms\"; \"a powerful bomb\"; \"the horse\\'s powerful kick\"; \"powerful drugs\"; \"a powerful argument\"', 'almighty': 'having unlimited power', 'coercive': 'serving or intended to coerce; \"authority is directional instead of coercive\"', 'mighty': 'having or showing great strength or force or intensity; \"struck a mighty blow\"; \"the mighty logger Paul Bunyan\"; \"the pen is mightier than the sword\"- Bulwer-Lytton', 'muscular': 'of or relating to or consisting of muscle; \"muscular contraction\"', 'puissant': 'powerful', 'regent': 'acting or functioning as a regent or ruler; \"prince-regent\"', 'regnant': 'exercising power or authority', 'powerless': 'lacking power', 'feeble': 'pathetically lacking in force or effectiveness; \"a feeble excuse\"; \"a lame argument\"', 'low-powered': 'having little power to do work; \"a low-powered engine\"', 'powered': '(often used in combination) having or using or propelled by means of power or power of a specified kind; \"powered flight\"; \"kerosine-powered jet engines\"', 'battery-powered': 'powered by one or more electric batteries; \"a battery-powered radio\"', 'high-powered': '(used of microscopes) capable of a high degree of magnification; \"a high-powered microscope\"', 'power-driven': 'powered by a motor; \"a power-driven hand tool\"', 'steam-powered': 'powered by a steam engine; \"a steam-powered locomotive\"', 'supercharged': '(of e.g. an engine) having the power increased by fitting with a supercharger', 'unpowered': 'not having or using power; \"an autogiro is supported in flight by unpowered rotating wings\"', 'high-tension': 'subjected to or capable of operating under relatively high voltage; \"high-tension wire\"', 'high-voltage': 'operating on or powered by a high voltage; \"a high-voltage generator\"', 'low-tension': 'subjected to or capable of operating under relative low voltage', 'influential': 'having or exercising influence or power; \"an influential newspaper\"; \"influential leadership for peace\"', 'prestigious': 'exerting influence by reason of high status or prestige; \"a prestigious professor at a prestigious university\"', 'uninfluential': 'not influential', 'placental': 'pertaining to or having or occurring by means of a placenta; \"all mammals except monotremes and marsupials are placental mammals\"', 'transplacental': 'occurring through or by way of the placenta; \"transplacental passage of nutrients\"', 'aplacental': 'having no placenta; \"monotremes and marsupials are aplacental mammals\"', 'planted': 'set in the soil for growth', 'cropped': '(of land or soil) used for growing crops; \"cropped soil\"', 'naturalized': 'planted so as to give an effect of wild growth; \"drifts of naturalized daffodils\"', 'potbound': '(of a potted plant) grown too large for its container resulting in matting or tangling of the roots', 'quickset': 'grown from cuttings planted directly in the ground; \"a quickset hawthorn hedge\"', 'seeded': 'having the seeds extracted; \"seeded raisins\"', 'self-seeded': 'growing from seed dispersed by natural agency such as wind or birds', 'soil-building': '(of crops) planted to improve the quality of the soil', 'unplanted': 'not planted', 'uncropped': 'not used for growing crops; \"uncropped soil\"', 'unseeded': 'not seeded; used of players of lesser skill', 'plowed': '(of farmland) broken and turned over with a plow; \"plowed fields\"', 'tilled': 'turned or stirred by plowing or harrowing or hoeing; \"tilled land ready for seed\"', 'unplowed': '(of farmland) not plowed; \"unplowed fields\"; \"unbroken land\"', 'untilled': 'not plowed or harrowed or hoed; \"untilled land\"', 'cultivated': 'no longer in the natural state; developed by human care and for human use; \"cultivated roses\"; \"cultivated blackberries\"', 'uncultivated': '(of land or fields) not prepared for raising crops; \"uncultivated land\"', 'uncultivable': 'not suitable for cultivation or tilling; \"thickets of indigenous trees...on uncultivable land\"- C.B.Palmer', 'unpotted': 'not planted in pots', 'applicative': 'readily applicable or practical', 'interoperable': 'able to exchange and use information', 'matter-of-fact': 'not fanciful or imaginative; \"local guides describe the history of various places in matter-of-fact tones\"; \"a prosaic and unimaginative essay\"', 'serviceable': 'capable of being put to good use; \"a serviceable kitchen gadget\"', 'unimaginative': 'dealing only with concrete facts', 'impractical': 'not practical; not workable or not given to practical matters; \"refloating the ship proved impractical because of the expense\"; \"he is intelligent but too impractical for commercial work\"; \"an impractical solution\"', 'meshugge': 'senseless; crazy', 'quixotic': 'not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic; \"as quixotic as a restoration of medieval knighthood\"; \"a romantic disregard for money\"; \"a wild-eyed dream of a world state\"', 'unfunctional': 'not related to or suitable for everyday needs or activities', 'unwieldy': 'difficult to use or handle or manage because of size or weight or shape; \"we set about towing the unwieldy structure into the shelter\"; \"almost dropped the unwieldy parcel\"', 'precise': 'sharply exact or accurate or delimited; \"a precise mind\"; \"specified a precise amount\"; \"arrived at the precise moment\"', 'finespun': 'developed with extreme delicacy and subtlety; \"the satire touches with finespun ridicule every kind of human pretense\"', 'on_the_nose': 'being precise with regard to a prescribed or specified criterion; \"his guess was on the nose\"; \"the prediction for snow was right on the button\"', 'very': 'precisely as stated; \"the very center of town\"', 'imprecise': 'not precise; \"imprecise astronomical observations\"; \"the terms he used were imprecise and emotional\"', 'retarded': 'relatively slow in mental or emotional or physical development; \"providing a secure and sometimes happy life for the retarded\"', 'imbecile': 'having a mental age of three to seven years', 'moronic': 'having a mental age of between eight and twelve years', 'cretinous': 'afflicted with cretinism', 'delayed': 'not as far along as normal in development', 'dim-witted': 'lacking mental capacity and subtlety', 'predictable': 'capable of being foretold', 'foreseeable': 'capable of being anticipated; \"foreseeable costs were well within the budget\"', 'aleatory': 'dependent on chance; \"the aleatory element in life\"', 'unforeseeable': 'incapable of being anticipated; \"unforeseeable consequences\"', 'premeditated': 'characterized by deliberate purpose and some degree of planning; \"a premeditated crime\"', 'aforethought': 'planned in advance; \"with malice aforethought\"', 'impulsive': 'proceeding from natural feeling or impulse without external stimulus; \"an impulsive gesture of affection\"', 'braced': 'held up by braces or buttresses', 'oven-ready': 'prepared before sale and ready to be cooked', 'preconditioned': 'having already been put into a suitable condition; \"a surface preconditioned to receive paint\"; \"customers preconditioned to buy a product\"', 'precooked': 'cooked partially or completely beforehand; \"frozen precooked meals from the supermarket\"', 'processed': 'prepared or converted from a natural state by subjecting to a special process; \"processed ores\"', 'spread': 'prepared or arranged for a meal; especially having food set out; \"a table spread with food\"', 'unprepared': 'without preparation; not prepared for; \"unprepared remarks\"; \"the shock was unprepared\"; \"our treaty makers approached their immensely difficult problems unprepared\"- R.E.Danielson', 'ad-lib': 'said or done without having been planned or written in advance; \"he made a few ad-lib remarks\"', 'spur-of-the-moment': 'in response to an unforeseen need; \"a spur-of-the-moment party\"', 'prescription': 'available only with a doctor\\'s written prescription; \"a prescription drug\"', 'nonprescription': 'purchasable without a doctor\\'s prescription; \"nonprescription drugs\"; \"an over-the-counter cold remedy\"', 'ever-present': 'being always present', 'here': 'being here now; \"is everyone here?\"', 'naturally_occurring': 'existing by nature and without artificial aid; \"one of the 93 naturally occurring chemical elements\"', 'omnipresent': 'being present everywhere at once', 'introuvable': 'impossible to find; \"the book is practically introuvable\"', 'truant': 'absent without permission; \"truant schoolboys\"; \"the soldier was AWOL for almost a week\"', 'ostentatious': '(of a display) tawdry or vulgar', 'flaunty': 'inclined to flaunt', 'flamboyant': 'marked by ostentation but often tasteless; \"a cheap showy rhinestone bracelet\"; \"a splashy half-page ad\"', 'unostentatious': 'not ostentatious; \"his unostentatious office\"; \"unostentatious elegance\"', 'pretentious': 'making claim to or creating an appearance of (often undeserved) importance or distinction; \"a pretentious country house\"; \"a pretentious fraud\"; \"a pretentious scholarly edition\"', 'arty': 'showily imitative of art or artists', 'artsy-craftsy': 'pretentiously artistic; cloyingly charming', 'grandiloquent': 'lofty in style; \"he engages in so much tall talk, one never really realizes what he is saying\"', 'high-flown': 'pretentious (especially with regard to language or ideals); \"high-flown talk of preserving the moral tone of the school\"; \"a high-sounding dissertation on the means to attain social revolution\"', 'jumped-up': '(British informal) upstart', 'nouveau-riche': 'characteristic of someone who has risen economically or socially but lacks the social skills appropriate for this new position', 'sententious': 'abounding in or given to pompous or aphoristic moralizing; \"too often the significant episode deteriorates into sententious conversation\"- Kathleen Barnes', 'sesquipedalian': 'given to the overuse of long words; \"sesquipedalian orators\"; \"this sesquipedalian way of saying one has no money\"', 'unpretentious': 'lacking pretension or affectation; \"an unpretentious country church\"; \"her quiet unpretentious demeanor\"', 'unpompous': 'not pompous', 'firsthand': 'received directly from a source; \"firsthand information\"', 'first-string': 'of members of a team; not substitutes', 'auxiliary': 'functioning in a supporting capacity; \"the main library and its auxiliary branches\"', 'second-string': 'being a replacement or substitute for a regular member of a team; \"a second-string pitcher\"', 'standby': 'ready for emergency use; \"a standby generator\"; \"a standby crew\"', 'thirdhand': 'derived from what is primary or original by two intermediate steps; \"a thirdhand report\"', 'utility': 'used of beef; usable but inferior', 'fundamental': 'far-reaching and thoroughgoing in effect especially on the nature of something; \"the fundamental revolution in human values that has occurred\"; \"the book underwent fundamental changes\"; \"committed the fundamental error of confusing spending with extravagance\"; \"profound social changes\"', 'omissible': 'capable of being left out', 'parenthetic': 'qualifying or explaining; placed or as if placed in parentheses; \"parenthetical remarks\"', 'clannish': 'characteristic of a clan especially in being unified; \"clannish loyalty\"', 'cloistered': 'of communal life sequestered from the world under religious vows', 'closed-door': 'not open to the public; \"a closed-door meeting\"', 'nonpublic': 'not invested with or related to prominent position or status etc.', 'semiprivate': 'confined to a small number of hospital patients; \"semiprivate room\"', 'tete-a-tete': 'involving two persons; intimately private; \"a tete-a-tete supper\"; \"a head-to-head conversation\"', 'toffee-nosed': 'snobbish; pretentiously superior', 'in_the_public_eye': 'of great interest to the public; \"a person in the public eye\"', 'semipublic': 'having some of the features of public institution', 'state-supported': 'supported and operated by the government of a state; \"a state university\"', 'unexclusive': 'accessible to all', 'exclusive': 'not divided or shared with others; \"they have exclusive use of the machine\"; \"sole rights of publication\"', 'white-shoe': 'denoting a company or law firm owned and run by members of the WASP elite who are generally conservative; \"the politician tried to hide his white-shoe background\"', 'inclusive': 'including much or everything; and especially including stated limits; \"an inclusive art form\"; \"an inclusive fee\"; \"his concept of history is modern and inclusive\"; \"from Monday to Friday inclusive\"', 'privileged': 'not subject to usual rules or penalties; \"a privileged statement\"', 'sweetheart': 'privileged treatment of a favored person or corporation (sometimes unethically); \"another sweetheart deal based on political influence\"', 'underprivileged': 'lacking the rights and advantages of other members of society', 'deprived': 'marked by deprivation especially of the necessities of life or healthful environmental influences; \"a childhood that was unhappy and deprived, the family living off charity\"; \"boys from a deprived environment, wherein the family life revealed a pattern of neglect, moral degradation, and disregard for law\"', 'underclass': 'belonging to the lowest and least privileged social stratum; \"underclass mothers and children\"', 'productive': 'yielding positive results', 'amentiferous': '(of plants) bearing or characterized by aments or catkins', 'arable': '(of farmland) capable of being farmed productively', 'fur-bearing': 'of animals having fur (especially of commercial quality)', 'nut-bearing': '(of shrubs or trees) producing nuts', 'oil-bearing': 'containing oil; \"oil-bearing shale\"', 'bootless': 'unproductive of success; \"a fruitless search\"; \"futile years after her artistic peak\"; \"a sleeveless errand\"; \"a vain attempt\"', 'nonproductive': 'not directly productive; \"nonproductive labor\"', 'consumptive': 'afflicted with or associated with pulmonary tuberculosis; \"a consumptive patient\"; \"a consumptive cough\"', 'exploitative': 'tending to exploit or make use of', 'reproducible': 'capable of being reproduced; \"astonishingly reproducible results can be obtained\"', 'duplicable': 'capable of being duplicated', 'unreproducible': 'impossible to reproduce or duplicate', 'inimitable': 'defying imitation; matchless; \"an inimitable style\"', 'unrepeatable': 'not able or fit to be repeated or quoted; \"what he said was funny but unquotable\"', 'professional': 'of or relating to or suitable as a profession; \"professional organizations\"; \"a professional field such as law\"', 'nonrecreational': 'involving gainful employment in something often done as a hobby', 'nonprofessional': 'not professional; not engaged in a profession or engaging in as a profession or for gain; \"the nonprofessional wives of his male colleagues\"; \"nonprofessional actors\"', 'amateur': 'engaged in as a pastime; \"an amateur painter\"; \"gained valuable experience in amateur theatricals\"; \"recreational golfers\"; \"reading matter that is both recreational and mentally stimulating\"; \"unpaid extras in the documentary\"', 'lay': 'not of or from a profession; \"a lay opinion as to the cause of the disease\"', 'unprofessional': 'not characteristic of or befitting a profession or one engaged in a profession; \"described in unprofessional language so that high school students could understand it\"; \"was censured for unprofessional conduct\"; \"unprofessional repairs\"', 'amateurish': 'lacking professional skill or expertise; \"a very amateurish job\"; \"inexpert but conscientious efforts\"; \"an unskilled painting\"', 'profitable': 'yielding material gain or profit; \"profitable speculation on the stock market\"', 'gainful': 'yielding a fair profit', 'lucrative': 'producing a sizeable profit; \"a remunerative business\"', 'unprofitable': 'producing little or no profit or gain; \"deposits abandoned by mining companies as unprofitable\"', 'lean': 'containing little excess; \"a lean budget\"; \"a skimpy allowance\"', 'marginal': 'producing at a rate that barely covers production costs; \"marginal industries\"', 'unremunerative': 'not yielding profit or recompense; \"an unremunerative occupation\"', 'superficial': 'of, affecting, or being on or near the surface; \"superficial measurements\"; \"the superficial area of the wall\"; \"a superficial wound\"', 'dilettante': 'showing frivolous or superficial interest; amateurish; \"his dilettantish efforts at painting\"', 'looking': 'appearing to be as specified; usually used as combining forms; \"left their clothes dirty looking\"; \"a most disagreeable looking character\"; \"angry-looking\"; \"liquid-looking\"; \"severe-looking policemen on noble horses\"; \"fine-sounding phrases\"; \"taken in by high-sounding talk\"', 'skin-deep': 'penetrating no deeper than the skin: \"her beauty is only skin-deep\"', 'prognathous': 'having a projecting lower jaw', 'lantern-jawed': 'having a protruding jaw giving the face a gaunt appearance', 'opisthognathous': 'having receding jaws', 'chinless': 'having a receding chin', 'advancing': 'moving forward', 'modernized': 'brought up to date; \"modernized methods\"', 'state-of-the-art': 'the highest level of development at a particular time (especially the present time); \"state-of-the-art technology\"', 'regressive': '(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate decreases as the amount of income increases', 'atavistic': 'characteristic of an atavist', 'unmodernized': 'not brought up to date', 'degressive': 'going down by steps', 'pronounceable': 'capable of being uttered or pronounced; \"a pronounceable group of letters\"', 'rolled': 'uttered with a trill; \"she used rolling r\\'s as in Spanish\"', 'priggish': 'exaggeratedly proper; \"my straitlaced Aunt Anna doesn\\'t approve of my miniskirts\"', 'prophetic': 'foretelling events as if by supernatural intervention; \"prophetic writings\"; \"prophetic powers\"; \"words that proved prophetic\"', 'adumbrative': 'indistinctly prophetic', 'apocalyptic': 'of or relating to an apocalypse', 'clairvoyant': 'perceiving things beyond the natural range of the senses', 'Delphic': 'of or relating to Delphi or to the oracles of Apollo at Delphi; \"Delphic oracle\"', 'divinatory': 'resembling or characteristic of a prophet or prophecy; \"the high priest\\'s divinatory pronouncement\"; \"mantic powers\"; \"a kind of sibylline book with ready and infallible answers to questions\"', 'precursory': 'warning of future misfortune', 'predictive': 'of or relating to prediction; having value for making predictions', 'unprophetic': 'not prophetic; not foreseeing correctly', 'nonprognosticative': 'not offering prognostications', 'unpredictive': 'having no predictive value', 'prospective': 'of or concerned with or related to the future; \"prospective earnings\"; \"a prospective mother\"; \"a prospective bride\"; \"the statute is solely prospective in operation\"', 'retrospective': 'concerned with or related to the past; \"retrospective self-justification\"', 'ex_post_facto': 'affecting things past; \"retroactive tax increase\"; \"an ex-post-facto law\"; \"retro pay\"', 'bastioned': 'secured with bastions or fortifications', 'battlemented': 'protected with battlements or parapets with indentations or embrasures for shooting through', 'burglarproof': 'secure against burglary', 'moated': 'protected by a deep wide ditch usually filled with water', 'shielded': '(used especially of machinery) protected by a shield to prevent injury', 'stormproof': 'protected against or able to withstand storms', 'weatherproof': 'able to withstand exposure to weather without damage; \"weatherproof electric wiring\"; \"a weatherproof coat\"', 'unprotected': 'lacking protection or defense', 'unshielded': '(used especially of machinery) not protected by a shield', 'cautionary': 'warding off; \"the swastika...a very ancient prophylactic symbol occurring among all peoples\"- Victor Schultze', 'contraceptive': 'capable of preventing conception or impregnation; \"contraceptive devices and medications\"', 'custodial': 'providing protective supervision; watching over or safeguarding; \"daycare that is educational and not just custodial\"; \"a guardian angel\"; \"tutelary gods\"', 'overprotective': 'overly protective; \"overprotective parents\"', 'preservative': 'tending or having the power to preserve; \"timbers should be treated with a preservative substance\"', 'protecting': 'shielding (or designed to shield) against harm or discomfort; \"the protecting blanket of snow\"; \"a protecting alibi\"', 'restrictive': 'serving to restrict; \"teenagers eager to escape restrictive home environments\"', 'safety-related': 'providing or ensuring safety', 'unprotective': 'not affording protection', 'proud': 'feeling self-respect or pleasure in something by which you measure your self-worth; or being a reason for pride; \"proud parents\"; \"proud of his accomplishments\"; \"a proud moment\"; \"proud to serve his country\"; \"a proud name\"; \"proud princes\"', 'arrogant': 'having or showing feelings of unwarranted importance out of overbearing pride; \"an arrogant official\"; \"arrogant claims\"; \"chesty as a peacock\"', 'bigheaded': '(used colloquially) overly conceited or arrogant; \"a snotty little scion of a degenerate family\"-Laurent Le Sage; \"they\\'re snobs--stuck-up and uppity and persnickety\"', 'boastful': 'exhibiting self-importance; \"big talk\"', 'disdainful': 'having or showing arrogant superiority to and disdain of those one views as unworthy; \"some economists are disdainful of their colleagues in other social disciplines\"; \"haughty aristocrats\"; \"his lordly manners were offensive\"; \"walked with a prideful swagger\"; \"very sniffy about breaches of etiquette\"; \"his mother eyed my clothes with a supercilious air\"; \"a more swaggering mood than usual\"- W.L.Shirer', 'conceited': 'characteristic of false pride; having an exaggerated sense of self-importance; \"a conceited fool\"; \"an attitude of self-conceited arrogance\"; \"an egotistical disregard of others\"; \"so swollen by victory that he was unfit for normal duty\"; \"growing ever more swollen-headed and arbitrary\"; \"vain about her clothes\"', 'house-proud': 'proud of your house or its furnishings or upkeep', 'overproud': 'excessively proud', 'purse-proud': 'proud or arrogant because of your wealth (especially in the absence of other distinction)', 'shabby-genteel': 'trying to maintain dignity and self respect despite shabbiness', 'humble': 'low or inferior in station or quality; \"a humble cottage\"; \"a lowly parish priest\"; \"a modest man of the people\"; \"small beginnings\"', 'proved': 'established beyond doubt; \"a proven liar\"; \"a Soviet leader of proven shrewdness\"', 'evidenced': 'supported by evidence; \"their evidenced friendliness to the US\"', 'verified': 'proved to be true; \"a verified claim\"', 'unproved': 'not proved; \"unproved allegations\"; \"unproved assumptions\"', 'on_trial': 'in the process of being tested or tried', 'unverified': 'lacking proof or substantiation', 'provident': 'careful in regard to your own interests; \"the prudent use and development of resources\"; \"wild squirrels are provident\"', 'farseeing': 'planning prudently for the future; \"large goals that required farsighted policies\"; \"took a long view of the geopolitical issues\"', 'forehanded': 'having provided for the future', 'forethoughtful': 'thoughtful of the future; \"careful forethoughtful planning\"', 'improvident': 'not provident; not providing for the future', 'thriftless': 'careless of the future', 'unforethoughtful': 'lacking forethought', 'provocative': 'exciting sexual desire; \"her gestures and postures became more wanton and provocative\"', 'agitative': 'causing or tending to cause anger or resentment; \"a provoking delay at the airport\"', 'challenging': 'stimulating interest or thought; \"a challenging hypothesis\"; \"a thought-provoking book\"', 'rousing': 'capable of arousing enthusiasm or excitement; \"a rousing sermon\"; \"stirring events such as wars and rescues\"', 'unprovocative': 'not provocative', 'disarming': 'capable of allaying hostility', 'noninflammatory': 'not inflammatory', 'prudent': 'careful and sensible; marked by sound judgment; \"a prudent manager\"; \"prudent rulers\"; \"prudent hesitation\"; \"more prudent to hide than to fight\"', 'circumspect': 'heedful of potential consequences; \"circumspect actions\"; \"physicians are now more circumspect about recommending its use\"; \"a discreet investor\"', 'judicious': 'marked by the exercise of good judgment or common sense in practical matters; \"judicious use of one\\'s money\"; \"a wise decision\"', 'prudential': 'arising from or characterized by prudence especially in business matters; \"he abstained partly for prudential reasons\"', 'ill-considered': 'not given careful consideration; \"ill-considered actions often result in disaster\"; \"an ill-judged attempt\"', 'injudicious': 'lacking or showing lack of judgment or discretion; unwise; \"an injudicious measure\"; \"the result of an injudicious decision\"', 'rash': 'imprudently incurring risk; \"do something rash that he will forever repent\"- George Meredith', 'punctual': 'acting or arriving or performed exactly at the time appointed; \"she expected guests to be punctual at meals\"; \"he is not a particularly punctual person\"; \"punctual payment\"', 'prompt': 'ready and willing or quick to act; \"she is always prompt to help her friends\";', 'unpunctual': 'not punctual; after the appointed time', 'behindhand': 'behind schedule; \"was behindhand with the rent\"', 'belated': 'after the expected or usual time; delayed; \"a belated birthday card\"; \"I\\'m late for the plane\"; \"the train is late\"; \"tardy children are sent to the principal\"; \"always tardy in making dental appointments\"', 'last-minute': 'just before a deadline; at the last minute; \"last-minute arrangements\"', 'punished': 'subjected to a penalty (as pain or shame or restraint or loss) for an offense or fault or in order to coerce some behavior (as a confession or obedience)', 'tarred-and-feathered': 'smeared with tar and covered with feathers as a punishment; \"the poor tarred-and-feathered wretch\"', 'unpunished': 'not punished; \"would he forget the crime and let it go unpunished?\"', 'punitive': 'inflicting punishment; \"punitive justice\"; \"punitive damages\"', 'correctional': 'concerned with or providing correction; \"a correctional institution\"', 'penitentiary': 'used for punishment or reform of criminals or wrongdoers; \"penitentiary institutions\"', 'retaliatory': 'of or relating to or having the nature of retribution; \"retributive justice demands an eye for an eye\"', 'rehabilitative': 'designed to accomplish rehabilitation; \"from a penal to a rehabilitative philosophy\"- J.B.Costello; \"rehabilitative treatment\"', 'purebred': 'bred for many generations from member of a recognized breed or strain', 'full-blooded': 'of unmixed ancestry; \"full-blooded Native American\"; \"blooded Jersies\"', 'pedigree': 'having a list of ancestors as proof of being a purebred animal', 'crossbred': 'bred from parents of different varieties or species', 'bigeneric': 'resulting from a cross between species of different genera', 'hybrid': 'produced by crossbreeding', 'underbred': 'of inferior or mixed breed; \"an underbred dog\"', 'half-blooded': '(of animals) having only one purebred parent', 'impure': 'combined with extraneous elements', 'defiled': 'morally blemished; stained or impure', 'axenic': '(of experimental animals) raised under sterile conditions; \"axenic conditions\"; \"germfree animals\"', 'sublimate': 'made pure', 'unadulterated': 'not mixed with impurities; \"unadulterated maple syrup\"', 'unalloyed': 'free from admixture; \"unalloyed metal\"; \"unalloyed pleasure\"', 'uncontaminated': 'not corrupted by contact or association; \"there is no culture uncontaminated by contact with the outside world\"', 'virginal': 'characteristic of a virgin or virginity; \"virginal white dresses\"', 'technical-grade': 'containing small amounts of other chemicals, hence slightly impure; \"technical-grade sulfuric acid\"', 'adulterate': 'mixed with impurities', 'bastardized': 'deriving from more than one source or style', 'contaminated': 'corrupted by contact or association; \"contaminated evidence\"', 'unpurified': 'not made pure', 'mercury-contaminated': 'contaminated by mercury', 'goal-directed': 'having a purpose; \"purposive behavior\"', 'purpose-built': 'designed and constructed to serve a particular purpose', 'purposeless': 'not evidencing any purpose or goal', 'desultory': 'marked by lack of definite plan or regularity or purpose; jumping from one thing to another; \"desultory thoughts\"; \"the desultory conversation characteristic of cocktail parties\"', 'qualified': 'limited or restricted; not absolute; \"gave only qualified approval\"', 'well-qualified': 'more than adequately qualified; \"a well-qualified officer\"', 'unqualified': 'not limited or restricted; \"an unqualified denial\"', 'quack': 'medically unqualified; \"a quack doctor\"', 'trained': 'shaped or conditioned or disciplined by training; often used as a combining form; \"a trained mind\"; \"trained pigeons\"; \"well-trained servants\"', 'drilled': 'trained in a skill by repetitious practice; \"well-drilled in military procedures\"', 'housebroken': '(of pets) trained to urinate and defecate outside or in a special place; \"housebroken pets\"; \"`house-trained\\' is chiefly British\"', 'potty-trained': '(of children) trained to use the toilet', 'untrained': 'not disciplined or conditioned or made adept by training; \"an untrained voice\"; \"untrained troops\"; \"young minds untrained in the habit of concentration\"', 'hedged': 'evasively worded in order to avoid an unqualified statement', 'categoric': 'not modified or restricted by reservations; \"a categorical denial\"; \"a flat refusal\"', 'outright': 'without reservation or exception', 'qualitative': 'relating to or involving comparisons based on qualities', 'quantitative': 'relating to the measurement of quantity; \"quantitative studies\"', 'decimal': 'numbered or proceeding by tens; based on ten; \"the decimal system\"', 'duodecimal': 'based on twelve; \"the duodecimal number system\"', 'numeric': 'measured or expressed in numbers; \"numerical value\"; \"the numerical superiority of the enemy\"', 'quantifiable': 'capable of being quantified', 'three-figure': '(of numbers) written with three figures; \"100 through 999 are three-figure numbers\"', 'valued': 'held in great esteem for admirable qualities especially of an intrinsic nature; \"a valued friend\"; \"precious memories\"', 'vicenary': 'of or relating to or based on 20', 'apocryphal': 'being of questionable authenticity', 'fishy': 'of or relating to or resembling fish; \"the soup had a fishy smell\"', 'impugnable': 'subject to being discredited', 'self-styled': 'as claimed by and for yourself often without justification; \"the self-styled `doctor\\' has no degree of any kind\"', 'beyond_doubt': 'too obvious to be doubted', 'for_sure': 'not open to doubt; \"she wanted to go; that was for sure\"', 'unimpeachable': 'beyond doubt or reproach; \"an unimpeachable source\"', 'noiseless': 'making no sound; \"th\\' inaudible and noiseless foot of time\"- Shakespeare', 'stilly': '(poetic) still or calm; \"in the stilly night\"', 'tiptoe': 'walking on the tips of ones\\'s toes so as to make no noise; \"moving with tiptoe steps\"', 'blatant': 'without any attempt at concealment; completely obvious; \"blatant disregard of the law\"; \"a blatant appeal to vanity\"; \"a blazing indiscretion\"', 'abuzz': 'noisy like the sound of a bee; \"the room was abuzz over the latest scandal\"', 'clangorous': 'having a loud resonant metallic sound; \"the clangorous locomotive works\"; \"a clanging gong\"', 'clanking': 'having a hard nonresonant metallic sound; \"clanking chains\"; \"the clanking arms of the soldiers near him\"', 'clattery': 'a rattling sound as of hard things striking together; \"a clattery typewriter\"; \"the clattery sound of dishes\"', 'creaky': 'worn and broken down by hard use; \"a creaky shack\"; \"a decrepit bus...its seats held together with friction tape\"; \"a flea-bitten sofa\"; \"a run-down neighborhood\"; \"a woebegone old shack\"', 'rackety': 'uncontrollably noisy', 'stertorous': 'of breathing having a heavy snoring sound', 'swishy': 'resembling a sustained `sh\\' or soft whistle; \"swishing windshield wipers\"; \"a swishy skirt\"', 'whirring': 'like the sound of rapidly vibrating wings', 'restful': 'affording physical or mental rest; \"she spent a restful night at home\"', 'untroubled': 'not beset by troubles or disturbance or distress; \"seemed untroubled by doubts of any kind\"; \"untroubled sleep\"; \"a kind untroubled face\"', 'unquiet': 'characterized by unrest or disorder; \"unquiet days of riots\"; \"following the assassination of Martin Luter King ours was an unquiet nation\"; \"spent an unquiet night tossing and turning\"', 'disruptive': 'characterized by unrest or disorder or insubordination; \"effects of the struggle will be violent and disruptive\"; \"riotous times\"; \"these troubled areas\"; \"the tumultuous years of his administration\"; \"a turbulent and unruly childhood\"', 'random': 'lacking any definite plan or order or purpose; governed by or depending on chance; \"a random choice\"; \"bombs fell at random\"; \"random movements\"', 'ergodic': 'positive recurrent aperiodic state of stochastic systems; tending in probability to a limiting form that is independent of the initial conditions', 'stochastic': 'being or having a random variable; \"a stochastic variable\"; \"stochastic processes\"', 'nonrandom': 'not random', 'purposive': 'having or showing or acting with a purpose or design; \"purposive behavior\"', 'demythologized': 'having mythical elements removed', 'reasonable': 'showing reason or sound judgment; \"a sensible choice\"; \"a sensible person\"', 'irrational': 'real but not expressible as the quotient of two integers; \"irrational numbers\"', 'reasonless': 'not endowed with the capacity to reason; \"a reasonless brute\"', 'nonrational': 'not based on reason; \"there is a great deal that is nonrational in modern culture\"', 'superstitious': 'showing ignorance of the laws of nature and faith in magic or chance; \"finally realized that the horror he felt was superstitious in origin\"', 'cerebral': 'of or relating to the cerebrum or brain; \"cerebral hemisphere\"; \"cerebral activity\"', 'racial': 'of or related to genetically distinguished groups of people; \"racial groups\"', 'biracial': 'consisting of or combining two races; \"a biracial committee\"', 'multiracial': 'made up of or involving or acting on behalf of various races; \"a multiracial society\"; \"multiracial government\"', 'nonracial': 'not racial; having nothing to do with race or races; \"his remarks were intended to be completely nonracial\"; \"a nonracial reason for the peremptory challenge of the juror\"', 'reactive': 'reacting to a stimulus; \"the skin of old persons is less reactive than that of younger persons\"', 'oxidizable': 'capable of undergoing a chemical reaction with oxygen', 'thermolabile': '(chemistry, physics, biology) readily changed or destroyed by heat', 'unstable': 'lacking stability or fixity or firmness; \"unstable political conditions\"; \"the tower proved to be unstable in the high wind\"; \"an unstable world economy\"', 'unreactive': 'not tending to react to stimulation', 'at_the_ready': 'ready for immediate use; \"soldiers with guns at the ready\"; \"students with pens and notebooks at the ready\"', 'in_order': 'in a state of proper readiness or preparation or arrangement; \"everything is in order for their arrival\"', 'waiting': 'being and remaining ready and available for use; \"waiting cars and limousines lined the curb\"; \"found her mother waiting for them\"; \"an impressive array of food ready and waiting for the guests\"; \"military forces ready and waiting\"', 'unready': 'not prepared or in a state of readiness; slow to understand or respond; \"she cursed her unready tongue\"', 'napping': 'not prepared or vigilant; \"the blow caught him napping\"; \"caught in an off-guard moment\"; \"found him off his guard\"', 'unripe': 'not fully prepared', 'historical': 'of or relating to the study of history; \"historical scholars\"; \"a historical perspective\"', 'unreal': 'not actually such; being or seeming fanciful or imaginary; \"this conversation is getting more and more unreal\"; \"the fantastically unreal world of government bureaucracy\"; \"the unreal world of advertising art\"', 'dreamed': 'conceived of or imagined or hoped for; \"his dreamed symphony that would take the world of music by storm\"', 'envisioned': 'seen in the mind as a mental image; \"the glory of his envisioned future\"; \"the snow-covered Alps pictured in her imagination\"; \"the visualized scene lacked the ugly details of real life\"', 'eye-deceiving': 'creating the illusion of seeing reality; \"the visual deception of trompe-l\\'oeil art\"', 'fabled': 'celebrated in fable or legend; \"the fabled Paul Bunyan and his blue ox\"; \"legendary exploits of Jesse James\"', 'fabricated': 'formed or conceived by the imagination; \"a fabricated excuse for his absence\"; \"a fancied wrong\"; \"a fictional character\"', 'hallucinatory': 'characterized by or characteristic of hallucination ; \"the bizarre hallucinatory dreams of fever\"- Jean Stafford', 'illusional': 'marked by or producing illusion; \"illusionary stage effects\"', 'illusive': 'based on or having the nature of an illusion; \"illusive hopes of finding a better job\"; \"Secret activities offer presidents the alluring but often illusory promise that they can achieve foreign policy goals without the bothersome debate and open decision that are staples of democracy\"', 'make-believe': 'imagined as in a play; \"the make-believe world of theater\"; \"play money\"; \"dangling their legs in the water to catch pretend fish\"', 'dreamlike': 'resembling a dream; \"night invested the lake with a dreamlike quality\"; \"as irrational and surreal as a dream\"', 'phantom': 'something apparently sensed but having no physical reality; \"seemed to hear faint phantom bells\"; \"the amputee\\'s illusion of a phantom limb\"', 'realistic': 'of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of realism; \"a realistic system of thought\"', 'down-to-earth': 'sensible and practical; \"has a straightforward down-to-earth approach to a problem\"; \"her earthy common sense\"', 'hardheaded': 'unreasonably rigid in the face of argument or entreaty or attack', 'true-to-life': 'representing things or actions or conditions as they actually are; \"the novel about ghetto life was true to life\"; \"true-to-life duck decoys\"', 'veridical': 'coinciding with reality; \"perceptual error...has a surprising resemblance to veridical perception\"- F.A.Olafson', 'unrealistic': 'not realistic; \"unrealistic expectations\"; \"prices at unrealistic high levels\"', 'chimerical': 'produced by a wildly fanciful imagination; \"his Utopia is not a chimerical commonwealth but a practical improvement on what already exists\"- Douglas Bush', 'delusive': 'inappropriate to reality or facts; \"delusive faith in a wonder drug\"; \"delusive expectations\"; \"false hopes\"', 'kafkaesque': 'characterized by surreal distortion and a sense of impending danger; \"the kafkaesque terror of the endless interrogations\"', 'phantasmagoric': 'characterized by fantastic imagery and incongruous juxtapositions; \"a great concourse of phantasmagoric shadows\"--J.C.Powys; \"the incongruous imagery in surreal art and literature\"', 'commonsense': 'exhibiting native good judgment; \"arrive home at a reasonable hour\"; \"commonsense scholarship on the foibles of a genius\"; \"unlearned and commonsensical countryfolk were capable of solving problems that beset the more sophisticated\"', 'tenable': 'based on sound reasoning or evidence; \"well-founded suspicions\"', 'unreasonable': 'not reasonable; not showing good judgment', 'counterintuitive': 'contrary to what common sense would suggest', 'correlative': 'mutually related', 'interactional': 'capable of acting on or influencing each other', 'reciprocative': 'given or done or owed to each other', 'nonreciprocal': 'not reciprocal', 'nonreciprocating': 'not moving alternately forward and backward', 'unanswered': 'not returned in kind; \"unrequited (unanswered) love\"', 'refined': 'freed from impurities by processing; \"refined sugar\"; \"refined oil\"; \"to gild refined gold\"- Shakespeare', 'couth': '(used facetiously) refined', 'debonair': 'having a sophisticated charm; \"a debonair gentleman\"', 'gentlemanlike': 'befitting a man of good breeding; \"gentlemanly behavior\"', 'ladylike': 'befitting a woman of good breeding; \"ladylike manners\"', 'patrician': 'befitting a person of noble origin; \"a patrician nose\"', 'overrefined': 'excessively delicate or refined', 'well-bred': 'of good upbringing', 'unrefined': 'not refined or processed; \"unrefined ore\"; \"crude oil\"', 'agrestic': 'characteristic of the fields or country; \"agrestic simplicity\"; \"rustic stone walls\"', 'boorish': 'ill-mannered and coarse and contemptible in behavior or appearance; \"was boorish and insensitive\"; \"the loutish manners of a bully\"; \"her stupid oafish husband\"; \"aristocratic contempt for the swinish multitude\"', 'coarse': 'of low or inferior quality or value; \"of what coarse metal ye are molded\"- Shakespeare; \"produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population\"', 'crass': '(of persons) so unrefined as to be lacking in discrimination and sensibility', 'ill-bred': '(of persons) lacking in refinement or grace', 'robust': 'strong enough to withstand or overcome intellectual challenges or adversity; \"the experiment yielded robust results\"; \"a robust faith\"', 'rough-spoken': 'rude or uncouth in speech', 'ungentlemanly': 'not befitting a gentleman', 'unladylike': 'lacking the behavior or manner or style considered proper for a lady', 'milled': '(of grains especially rice) having the husk or outer layers removed; \"polished rice\"', 'semi-processed': 'having been subjected to partial processing', 'streaming': 'exuding a bodily fluid in profuse amounts; \"his streaming face\"; \"her streaming eyes\"', 'unvulcanized': '(used of rubber) not subjected to the process of vulcanization', 'treated': 'given medical care or treatment; \"a treated cold is usually gone in 14 days; if left untreated it lasts two weeks\"', 'aerated': 'supplied with carbon dioxide', 'fumed': '(of wood) darkened or colored by exposure to ammonia fumes; \"fumed oak\"', 'proofed': 'treated so as to become resistant; \"rust-proofed automobiles\"; \"shrink-proofed fabrics\"', 'oiled': 'treated with oil; \"oiled country roads\"; \"an oiled walnut table\"', 'bandaged': 'covered or wrapped with a bandage; \"the bandaged wound on the back of his head\"; \"an injury bound in fresh gauze\"', 'dosed': 'treated with some kind of application; \"a mustache dosed with bear grease\"', 'recoverable': 'capable of being recovered or regained; \"recoverable truth of a past event\"', 'retrievable': 'capable of being regained especially with effort; \"he believed the information was retrievable\"', 'unrecoverable': 'incapable of being recovered or regained', 'irretrievable': 'impossible to recover or recoup or overcome; \"an irretrievable loss\"; \"irretrievable errors in judgment\"', 'regenerate': 'reformed spiritually or morally; \"a regenerate sinner\"; \"regenerate by redemption from error or decay\"', 'born-again': 'spiritually reborn or converted; \"a born-again Christian\"', 'reformed': 'caused to abandon an evil manner of living and follow a good one; \"a reformed drunkard\"', 'unregenerate': 'not reformed morally or spiritually; \"unregenerate human nature\"; \"unregenerate conservatism\"', 'cussed': 'stubbornly persistent in wrongdoing', 'unconverted': 'not converted', 'timed': 'regularly spaced in time; \"closely timed intervals\"', 'uniform': 'always the same; showing a single form or character in all occurrences; \"a street of uniform tall white buildings\"', 'well-ordered': 'ordered well; \"well-ordered work habits\"', 'asymmetrical': 'characterized by asymmetry in the spatial arrangement or placement of parts or components', 'randomized': 'set up or distributed in a deliberately random way', 'regulated': 'controlled or governed according to rule or principle or law; \"well regulated industries\"; \"houses with regulated temperature\"', 'remediable': 'capable of being remedied or redressed ; \"remediable problems\"; \"a remediable setback\"; \"not a crime but only a remediable blunder\"', 'irremediable': 'impossible to remedy or correct or redress; \"an irremediable error\"; \"irremediable defects of character\"', 'unrenewable': 'that can not be renewed; \"books on that shelf are unrenewable\"; \"gas and oil are nonrenewable resources\"', 'rentable': 'that is able or fit be rented', 'unrentable': 'not able or fit to be rented; \"the house was unrentable in that condition\"', 'reparable': 'capable of being repaired or rectified; \"reparable damage to the car\"; \"rectifiable wrongs\"', 'maintainable': 'capable of being maintained', 'irreparable': 'impossible to repair, rectify, or amend; \"irreparable harm\"; \"an irreparable mistake\"; \"irreparable damages\"', 'repeatable': 'able or fit to be repeated or quoted; \"what he said was not repeatable in polite company\"; \"he comes up with so many quotable phrases\"', 'repetitive': 'characterized by repetition; \"repetitive movement\"', 'iterative': 'marked by iteration', 'nonrepetitive': 'marked by the absence of repetition; \"nonrepetitive DNA sequence\"; \"nonrepetitive dance movements\"', 'printable': 'fit for publication because free of material that is morally or legally objectionable; \"printable language\"', 'unprintable': 'unfit for print because morally or legally objectionable or offensive to good taste; \"an unprintable epithet\"; \"unprintable pictures\"', 'requested': 'asked for; \"the requested aid is forthcoming\"', 'unrequested': 'not requested; \"the merchandise was unrequested\"', 'unasked': 'not asked for; \"unasked advice\"; \"unsolicited junk mail\"', 'rhymed': 'having corresponding sounds especially terminal sounds; \"rhymed verse\"; \"rhyming words\"', 'alliterative': 'having the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable; \"alliterative verse\"', 'assonant': 'having the same sound (especially the same vowel sound) occurring in successive stressed syllables; \"note the assonant words and syllables in `tilting at windmills\\'\"', 'end-rhymed': 'rhymed on the terminal syllables of the verses', 'unrhymed': 'not having rhyme; \"writing unrhymed blank verse is like playing tennis without a net\"', 'multiform': 'occurring in or having many forms or shapes or appearances; \"the multiform universe of nature and man\"- John Dewey', 'polymorphic': 'relating to the occurrence of more than one kind of individual (independent of sexual differences) in an interbreeding population; \"a polymorphic species\"', 'oscillatory': 'having periodic vibrations', 'daily': 'of or belonging to or occurring every day; \"daily routine\"; \"a daily paper\"', 'nightly': 'happening every night; \"nightly television now goes on until 3:00 or 4:00 a.m.\"', 'weekly': 'of or occurring every seven days; \"a weekly visit\"; \"weekly paper\"', 'semiweekly': 'occurring twice a week', 'hourly': 'occurring every hour or payable by the hour; \"hourly chimes\"; \"hourly pay\"', 'half-hourly': 'occurring ever half hour', 'fortnightly': 'occurring every two weeks', 'semiannual': 'occurring or payable twice each year', 'triennial': 'occurring every third year or lasting 3 years', 'monthly': 'of or occurring or payable every month; \"monthly payments\"; \"the monthly newsletter\"', 'bimonthly': 'occurring every two months; \"bimonthly visits\"', 'semimonthly': 'occurring twice a month; \"a semimonthly publication\"', 'semestral': 'occurring every six months or during every period of six months', 'midweekly': 'occurring during the middle of the week; \"midweekly prayer meetings\"', 'aperiodic': 'not recurring at regular intervals', 'nonoscillatory': 'not having periodic vibrations', 'related': 'being connected either logically or causally or by shared characteristics ; \"painting and the related arts\"; \"school-related activities\"; \"related to micelle formation is the...ability of detergent actives to congregate at oil-water interfaces\"', 'affinal': '(anthropology) related by marriage', 'agnate': 'related on the father\\'s side; \"a paternal aunt\"', 'akin': 'similar in quality or character; \"a feeling akin to terror\"; \"kindred souls\"; \"the amateur is closely related to the collector\"', 'descendant': 'going or coming down', 'enate': 'related on the mother\\'s side; \"my maternal grandmother\"', 'kindred': 'related by blood or marriage; \"kindred clans\"', 'unrelated': 'lacking a logical or causal relation', 'affiliated': 'being joined in close association; \"affiliated clubs\"; \"all art schools whether independent or attached to universities\"', 'age-related': \"changing (increasing or decreasing) as an individual's age increases\", 'cognate': 'having the same ancestral language; \"cognate languages\"', 'connate': 'of similar parts or organs; closely joined or united; \"a connate tomato flower\"', 'coreferent': 'related by sharing a symbolic link to a concrete object or an abstraction; \"two expressions are coreferent if they denote the same object or individual\"', 'corresponding': 'similar especially in position or purpose; \"a number of corresponding diagonal points\"', 'side_by_side': 'closely related or associated; \"a city in which communism and democracy had to live side by side\"', 'misrelated': 'mistakenly related', 'uncorrelated': 'not varying together', 'relevant': 'having a bearing on or connection with the subject at issue; \"the scientist corresponds with colleagues in order to learn about matters relevant to her own research\"', 'applicable': 'capable of being applied; having relevance; \"gave applicable examples to support her argument\"', 'germane': 'relevant and appropriate; \"he asks questions that are germane and central to the issue\"', 'pertinent': 'having precise or logical relevance to the matter at hand; \"a list of articles pertinent to the discussion\"; \"remarks that were to the point\"', 'irrelevant': 'having no bearing on or connection with the subject at issue; \"an irrelevant comment\"; \"irrelevant allegations\"', 'inapplicable': 'not capable of being applied; \"rules inapplicable to day students\"', 'moot': 'of no legal significance (as having been previously decided)', 'mindful': 'bearing in mind; attentive to; \"ever mindful of her health\"; \"mindful of his responsibilities\"; \"mindful of these criticisms, I shall attempt to justify my action\"', 'evocative': 'serving to bring to mind; \"cannot forbear to close on this redolent literary note\"- Wilder Hobson; \"a campaign redolent of machine politics\"', 'unmindful': 'not mindful or attentive; \"while thus unmindful of his steps he stumbled\"- G.B.Shaw', 'amnesic': 'suffering from a partial loss of memory', 'replaceable': 'capable of being replaced', 'irreplaceable': 'impossible to replace; \"irreplaceable antiques\"', 'representational': '(used especially of art) depicting objects, figures,or scenes as seen; \"representational art\"; \"representational images\"', 'delineative': 'depicted in a recognizable manner', 'eidetic': 'of visual imagery of almost photographic accuracy', 'figural': 'consisting of or forming human or animal figures; \"a figural design\"; \"the figurative art of the humanistic tradition\"- Herbert Read', 'naturalistic': 'representing what is real; not abstract or ideal; \"realistic portraiture\"; \"a realistic novel\"; \"in naturalistic colors\"; \"the school of naturalistic writers\"', 'nonrepresentational': 'of or relating to a style of art in which objects do not resemble those known in physical nature', 'geometric': 'of or relating to or determined by geometry', 'hieratic': 'written or belonging to a cursive form of ancient Egyptian writing; \"hieratic Egyptian script\"', 'protogeometric': 'characteristic of the earliest phase of geometric art especially in Greece', 'semiabstract': 'characterized by stylized but recognizable subject matter', 'allegorical': 'used in or characteristic of or containing allegory; \"allegorical stories\"; \"an allegorical painting of Victory leading an army\"', 'emblematic': 'being or serving as an illustration of a type; \"the free discussion that is emblematic of democracy\"; \"an action exemplary of his conduct\";', 'nonrepresentative': 'not standing for something else', 'reputable': 'having a good reputation; \"a reputable business\"; \"a reputable scientist\"; \"a reputable wine\"', 'esteemed': 'having an illustrious reputation; respected; \"our esteemed leader\"; \"a prestigious author\"', 'redoubtable': 'worthy of respect or honor; \"born of a redoubtable family\"', 'respected': 'receiving deferential regard; \"a respected family\"', 'disreputable': 'lacking respectability in character or behavior or appearance', 'discreditable': 'tending to bring discredit or disrepute; blameworthy; \"his marks were not at all discreditable\"', 'ill-famed': 'known widely and usually unfavorably; \"a notorious gangster\"; \"the tenderloin district was notorious for vice\"; \"the infamous Benedict Arnold\";', 'louche': 'of questionable taste or morality; \"a louche nightclub\"; \"a louche painting\"', 'seamy': 'showing a seam', 'admissive': 'characterized by or allowing admission; \"an Elizabethan tragedy admissive of comic scenes\"', 'assimilative': 'capable of mentally absorbing ; \"assimilative processes\", \"assimilative capacity of the human mind\"', 'unreceptive': 'not receptive', 'reconcilable': 'capable of being reconciled; \"her way of thinking is reconcilable with mine\"', 'harmonizable': 'capable of being made harmonious or consistent', 'resolvable': 'capable of being settled or resolved; \"all disputed points are potentially resolvable\"; \"a resolvable quarrel\"', 'irreconcilable': 'impossible to reconcile; \"irreconcilable differences\"', 'reserved': 'set aside for the use of a particular person or party', 'aloof': 'remote in manner; \"stood apart with aloof dignity\"; \"a distant smile\"; \"he was upstage with strangers\"', 'indrawn': 'tending to reserve or introspection; \"a quiet indrawn man\"', 'unreserved': 'not reserved', 'booked': 'reserved in advance', 'bookable': 'subject to being reserved or booked; \"all seats bookable in advance\"', 'first-come-first-serve': 'not accepting reservations', 'unbooked': 'not reserved in advance', 'resistible': 'capable of being resisted or withstood or frustrated; \"a resistible attack\"; \"such resistible temptations\"', 'overpowering': 'so strong as to be irresistible; \"an overpowering need for solitude\"; \"the temptation to despair may become overwhelming\"; \"an overwhelming majority\"', 'resolute': 'firm in purpose or belief; characterized by firmness and determination; \"stood resolute against the enemy\"; \"faced with a resolute opposition\"; \"a resolute and unshakeable faith\"', 'foursquare': 'characterized by firm and unwavering conviction; \"a foursquare refusal to yield\"', 'hell-bent': 'recklessly determined; \"hell-bent on winning\"', 'single-minded': 'determined; \"she was firmly resolved to be a doctor\"; \"single-minded in his determination to stop smoking\"', 'spartan': 'resolute in the face of pain or danger or adversity; \"spartan courage\"', 'undeterred': 'not deterred; \"pursued his own path...undeterred by lack of popular appreciation and understanding\"- Osbert Sitwell', 'irresolute': 'uncertain how to act or proceed; \"the committee was timid and mediocre and irresolute\"', 'discouraged': 'lacking in resolution; \"the accident left others discouraged about going there\"', 'infirm': 'lacking firmness of will or character or purpose; \"infirm of purpose; give me the daggers\" - Shakespeare', 'vacillant': 'uncertain in purpose or action', 'weak-kneed': 'lacking will power or resolution; \"the role of the dissenter is not for the weak-kneed\"', 'respectable': 'characterized by socially or conventionally acceptable morals; \"a respectable woman\"', 'presentable': 'fit to be seen; \"presentable clothes\"', 'upstanding': 'meriting respect or esteem; \"an upstanding member of the community\"', 'unrespectable': 'unworthy of respect', 'respectful': 'feeling or manifesting veneration', 'deferent': 'showing deference', 'honorific': 'conferring or showing honor or respect; \"honorific social status commonly attaches to membership in a recognized profession\"', 'disrespectful': 'exhibiting lack of respect; rude and discourteous; \"remarks disrespectful of the law\"; \"disrespectful in the presence of his parents\"; \"disrespectful toward his teacher\"', 'annihilating': 'making light of; \"afire with annihilating invective\"; \"a devastating portrait of human folly\"; \"to compliments inflated I\\'ve a withering reply\"- W.S.Gilbert', 'contemptuous': 'expressing extreme contempt', 'contumelious': 'arrogantly insolent', 'derisive': 'abusing vocally; expressing contempt or ridicule; \"derisive laughter\"; \"a jeering crowd\"; \"her mocking smile\"; \"taunting shouts of `coward\\' and `sissy\\'\"', 'impudent': 'marked by casual disrespect; \"a flip answer to serious question\"; \"the student was kept in for impudent behavior\"', 'undeferential': 'not showing courteous respect', 'accountable': 'liable to account for one\\'s actions; \"governments must be accountable to someone beside themselves\"; \"fully accountable for what they did\"; \"the court held the parents answerable for their minor child\\'s acts of vandalism\"; \"he was answerable to no one\"', 'answerable': 'capable of being answered', 'liable': 'subject to legal action; \"liable to criminal charges\"', 'trustworthy': 'worthy of trust or belief; \"a trustworthy report\"; \"an experienced and trustworthy traveling companion\"', 'irresponsible': 'showing lack of care for consequences; \"behaved like an irresponsible idiot\"; \"hasty and irresponsible action\"', 'carefree': 'free of trouble and worry and care; \"the carefree joys of childhood\"; \"carefree millionaires, untroubled financially\"', 'do-nothing': 'characterized by inability or unwillingness to work toward a goal or assume responsibility; \"a do-nothing government\"', 'trigger-happy': 'irresponsible in the use of firearms', 'responsive': 'containing or using responses; alternating; \"responsive reading\"; \"antiphonal laughter\"', 'answering': 'replying; \"an answering glance\"; \"an answering smile\"', 'unresponsive': 'aloof or indifferent; \"was unresponsive to her passionate advances\"', 'refractory': 'not responding to treatment; \"a stubborn infection\"; \"a refractory case of acne\"; \"stubborn rust stains\"', 'low-key': 'restrained in style or quality; \"a little masterpiece of low-keyed eloquence\"', 'unrestrained': 'not subject to restraint; \"unrestrained laughter\"', 'freewheeling': 'free of restraints or rules; \"freewheeling foolishness\"; \"the versatility of his poetic freewheeling style\"', 'highflying': 'moving upward or along at a considerable height; \"some highflying fighter pilot fired a cannon shell into it\"', 'unbridled': 'not restrained or controlled; \"unbridled rage\"; \"an unchecked temper\"; \"ungoverned rage\"', 'circumscribed': 'subject to limits or subjected to limits', 'off-limits': 'barred to a designated group; \"that area is off-limits\"', 'all-weather': 'usable or operative or practiced in all kinds of weather; \"a good all-weather road\"; \"all-weather flying\"', 'open-plan': '(of rooms or buildings) having large rooms with few dividing partitions', 'confining': 'restricting the scope or freedom of action', 'inhibitory': 'restrictive of action; \"a repressive regime\"; \"an overly strict and inhibiting discipline\"', 'limiting': 'strictly limiting the reference of a modified word or phrase; \"the restrictive clause in `Each made a list of the books that had influenced him\\' limits the books on the list to only those particular ones defined by the clause\"', 'regulative': 'restricting according to rules or principles; \"a regulatory gene\"', 'sumptuary': 'regulating or controlling expenditure or personal behavior; \"sumptuary laws discouraging construction of large houses on small plots\"; \"sumptuary laws forbidding gambling\"', 'suppressive': 'tending to suppress; \"the government used suppressive measures to control the protest\"', 'unrestrictive': 'not tending to restrict', 'emancipative': 'tending to set free', 'nonrestrictive': 'not limiting the reference of a modified word or phrase; \"the nonrestrictive clause in `I always buy his books, which have influenced me greatly,\\' refers to his books generally and adds an additional fact about them\"', 'unretentive': '(of memory) deficient in retentiveness or range; \"a short memory\"', 'reticulate': 'resembling or forming a network; \"the reticulate veins of a leaf\"; \"a reticulated highway system\"', 'crisscross': 'marked with crossing lines', 'fretted': 'having frets', 'interconnected': 'reciprocally connected', 'meshed': 'resembling a network; \"a meshed road system\"', 'networklike': 'having a network of veins or ribs', 'nonreticulate': 'not resembling or forming a network', 'retractile': 'capable of retraction; capable of being drawn back; \"cats have retractile claws\"', 'retractable': 'capable of being retracted; \"retractable landing gear\"', 'nonretractile': 'not capable of being retracted', 'mirrorlike': 'capable of reflecting light like a mirror; \"mirrorlike surface of the lake\"; \"a specular metal\"', 'reflecting': 'causing reflection or having a device that reflects; \"a reflecting microscope\"', 'nonreflective': 'not capable of physical reflection', 'echoless': 'having or producing no echo; \"the echoless darkness\"', 'reflected': '(especially of incident sound or light) bent or sent back; \"reflected light\"; \"reflected heat\"; \"reflected glory\"', 'mirrored': 'like or characteristic of a mirror image', 'unreflected': '(especially of incident sound or light) not turned back by physical reflection', 'absorbed': 'retained without reflection; \"the absorbed light intensity\"', 'reverberant': 'having a tendency to reverberate or be repeatedly reflected; \"a reverberant room\"; \"the reverberant booms of cannon\"', 'clinking': 'like the light sharp ringing sound of glasses being tapped', 'echoing': '(of sounds) repeating by reflection; \"a hotel with echoing halls\"', 'hollow': 'not solid; having a space or gap or cavity; \"a hollow wall\"; \"a hollow tree\"; \"hollow cheeks\"; \"his face became gaunter and more hollow with each year\"', 'jingling': 'having a series of high-pitched ringing sounds like many small bells; \"jingling sleigh bells\"', 'resonant': 'characterized by resonance; \"a resonant voice\"; \"hear the rolling thunder\"', 'tinkling': 'like the short high ringing sound of a small bell; \"sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal\"', 'unreverberant': 'not reverberant; lacking a tendency to reverberate', 'anechoic': 'not having or producing echoes; sound-absorbent; \"an anechoic chamber\"', 'reverent': 'feeling or showing profound respect or veneration; \"maintained a reverent silence\"', 'awed': 'having or showing a feeling of mixed reverence and respect and wonder and dread; \"stood in awed silence before the shrine\"; \"in grim despair and awestruck wonder\"', 'irreverent': 'showing lack of due respect or veneration; \"irreverent scholars mocking sacred things\"; \"noisy irreverent tourists\"', 'aweless': 'devoid of any feeling of awe or reverence', 'revived': 'restored to consciousness or life or vigor; \"felt revived hope\"', 'recrudescent': 'the revival of an unfortunate situation after a period of abatement; \"the patient presented with a case of recrudescent gastralgia\"', 'redux': 'brought back; \"the Victorian era redux\"; \"`Rabbit Redux\\' by John Updike\"', 'renewed': 'restored to a new condition; \"felt renewed strength\"', 'resurgent': 'rising again as to new life and vigor; \"resurgent nationalism\"', 'resuscitated': 'restored to life or consciousness', 'revitalized': 'restored to new life and vigor; \"a revitalized economy\"; \"a revitalized inner-city neighborhood\"', 'unrevived': 'not revived', 'overawed': 'overcome by a feeling of awe', 'unawed': 'not awed', 'counterrevolutionary': 'relating to or being a counterrevolution', 'rewarding': 'providing personal satisfaction; \"a rewarding career as a paramedic\"', 'bountied': 'rewarded or able to be rewarded by a bounty; \"a bountied animal pelt\"', 'rewardful': 'offering or productive of reward; \"rewardful pursuits\"', 'unrewarding': 'not rewarding; not providing personal satisfaction', 'thankless': 'not likely to be rewarded; \"grading papers is a thankless task\"', 'profitless': 'without profit or reward; \"let us have no part in profitless quarrels\"- D.D.Eisenhower; \"How weary, flat, stale, and unprofitable / Seem to me all the uses of this world\"- Shakespeare', 'rhetorical': 'of or relating to rhetoric; \"accepted two or three verbal and rhetorical changes I suggested\"- W.A.White; \"the rhetorical sin of the meaningless variation\"- Lewis Mumford', 'bombastic': 'ostentatiously lofty in style; \"a man given to large talk\"; \"tumid political prose\"', 'flowery': 'of or relating to or suggestive of flowers; \"a flowery hat\"; \"flowery wine\"', 'empurpled': 'excessively elaborate or showily expressed; \"a writer of empurpled literature\"; \"many purple passages\"; \"an over-embellished story of the fish that got away\"', 'oratorical': 'characteristic of an orator or oratory; \"oratorical prose\"; \"harangued his men in an oratorical way\"- Robert Graves', 'stylistic': 'of or relating to style (especially in the use of language); \"stylistic devices\"', 'unrhetorical': 'not rhetorical', 'plainspoken': 'using simple and direct language; \"a plainspoken country doctor\"', 'rhythmical': 'recurring with measured regularity; \"the rhythmic chiming of church bells\"- John Galsworthy; \"rhythmical prose\"', 'Adonic': 'or relating to or like Adonis', 'cadenced': 'marked by a rhythmical cadence; \"the cadenced crunch of marching feet\"', 'danceable': 'suitable for dancing', 'jazzy': 'resembling jazz (especially in its rhythm)', 'lilting': 'characterized by a buoyant rhythm; \"an easy lilting stride\"; \"the flute broke into a light lilting air\"; \"a swinging pace\"; \"a graceful swingy walk\"; \"a tripping singing measure\"', 'measured': 'the rhythmic arrangement of syllables', 'Sapphic': 'a meter used by Sappho and named after her', 'chantlike': 'uttered in a monotonous cadence or rhythm as in chanting; \"their chantlike intoned prayers\"; \"a singsong manner of speaking\"', 'syncopated': 'stressing a normally weak beat', 'throbbing': 'pounding or beating strongly or violently; \"a throbbing pain\"; \"the throbbing engine of the boat\"', 'unrhythmical': 'not rhythmic; irregular in beat or accent', 'arrhythmic': 'lacking a steady rhythm; \"an arrhythmic heartbeat\"', 'nonrhythmic': 'deliberately not rhythmic', 'unmeasured': 'not composed of measured syllables; not metrical; \"unmeasured prose\"', 'ribbed': 'furnished or strengthened with ribs', 'costate': '(of the surface) having a rough, riblike texture', 'riblike': 'resembling a rib', 'ribless': 'having no ribs or no visible ribs', 'affluent': 'having an abundant supply of money or possessions of value; \"an affluent banker\"; \"a speculator flush with cash\"; \"not merely rich but loaded\"; \"moneyed aristocrats\"; \"wealthy corporations\"', 'broke': 'lacking funds; \"`skint\\' is a British slang term\"', 'destitute': 'poor enough to need help from others', 'hard_up': 'not having enough money to pay for necessities', 'moneyless': 'not based on the possession of money; \"a moneyless economy\"', 'resourceless': 'lacking or deficient in natural resources', 'slummy': '(of housing or residential areas) indicative of poverty; \"a slummy part of town\"; \"slum conditions\"', 'moneyed': 'based on or arising from the possession of money or wealth; \"moneyed interests\"', 'solvent': 'capable of meeting financial obligations', 'insolvent': 'unable to meet or discharge financial obligations; \"an insolvent person\"; \"an insolvent estate\"', 'bankrupt': 'financially ruined; \"a bankrupt company\"; \"the company went belly-up\"', 'rimmed': 'having a rim or a rim of a specified kind; \"do you wear rimmed or rimless glasses?\"', 'horn-rimmed': 'having the frame made of horn or tortoise shell or plastic that simulates either; \"horn-rimmed glasses\"', 'red-rimmed': 'rimmed with red; \"your red-rimmed eyes reveal that you have been crying\"', 'rimless': 'lacking a rim or frame; \"rimless glasses\"', 'handed': 'having or involving the use of hands; \"a handed, tree-living animal\"; \"a four-handed card game\"', 'one-handed': 'having or using a single hand; \"one-handed golfers\"; \"a one-handed backetball shot\"', 'two-handed': 'requiring two hands or designed for two people; \"a two-handed sledgehammer\"; \"a two-handed crosscut saw\"; \"a machine designed for bimanual operation\"', 'handless': 'without a hand or hands; \"a handless war veteran\"', 'handled': 'having a usually specified type of handle; \"pearl-handled revolver\"', 'handleless': 'having no handle; \"sleek cabinets with apparently handleless doors\"', 'right-handed': 'using or intended for the right hand; \"a right-handed batter\"; \"right-handed scissors\"', 'left': 'being or located on or directed toward the side of the body to the west when facing north; \"my left hand\"; \"left center field\"; \"the left bank of a river is bank on your left side when you are facing downstream\"', 'equipoised': 'lacking lateral dominance; being neither right-handed nor left-handed', 'oldline': 'adhering to conservative or reactionary principles; \"an oldline senator\"', 'reactionary': 'extremely conservative', 'rightish': 'tending toward the political right', 'rightist': 'believing in or supporting tenets of the political right', 'far_left': 'radical or extremely liberal', 'leftish': 'tending toward the political left', 'leftist': 'believing in or supporting tenets of the political left', 'centrist': 'supporting or pursuing a course of action that is neither liberal nor conservative', 'rightmost': 'farthest to the right; \"in the rightmost line of traffic\"', 'starboard': 'located on the right side of a ship or aircraft', 'left-hand': 'located on or directed toward the left; \"a car with left-hand drive\"', 'leftmost': 'farthest to the left; \"the leftmost non-zero digit\"', 'port': 'located on the left side of a ship or aircraft', 'horned': 'having a horn or horns or hornlike parts or horns of a particular kind; \"horned viper\"; \"great horned owl\"; \"the unicorn--a mythical horned beast\"; \"long-horned cattle\"', 'antlered': 'having antlers', 'antler-like': 'resembling antlers', 'bicorn': 'having two horns or horn-shaped parts; \"a bicornuate uterus\"', 'hollow-horned': 'having horns that are hollow', 'horny': 'having horns or hornlike projections; \"horny coral\"; \"horny (or horned) frog\"', 'hornless': 'having no horns; \"hornless cattle\"', 'condemnable': 'bringing or deserving severe rebuke or censure; \"a criminal waste of talent\"; \"a deplorable act of violence\"; \"adultery is as reprehensible for a husband as for a wife\"', 'misguided': 'wrong in e.g. opinion or judgment; \"well-meaning but misguided teachers\"; \"a mistaken belief\"; \"mistaken identity\"', 'unrighteous': 'not righteous; \"an unrighteous man\"; \"an unrighteous law\"', 'sinful': 'having committed unrighteous acts; \"a sinful person\"', 'beefy': 'muscular and heavily built; \"a beefy wrestler\"; \"had a tall burly frame\"; \"clothing sizes for husky boys\"; \"a strapping boy of eighteen\"; \"`buirdly\\' is a Scottish term\"', 'big-boned': 'having a bone structure that is massive in contrast with the surrounding flesh', 'big-chested': 'marked by a large or well-developed chest; \"he was big-chested, big-shouldered and heavy-armed\"', 'big-shouldered': 'having broad shoulders; \"big-shouldered and heavy-armed\"', 'cast-iron': 'extremely robust; \"an iron constitution\"', 'hardy': 'able to survive under unfavorable weather conditions; \"strawberries are hardy and easy to grow\"; \"camels are tough and hardy creatures\"', 'half-hardy': '(of plants) requiring protection from frost; \"half-hardy annuals\"', 'heavy-armed': 'having massive arms; \"he was big-chested, big-shouldered and heavy-armed\"', 'square-built': 'broad and solidly built', 'frail': 'physically weak; \"an invalid\\'s frail body\"', 'decrepit': 'lacking bodily or muscular strength or vitality; \"a feeble old woman\"; \"her body looked sapless\"', 'light-boned': 'having a bone structure that is light with respect to the surrounding flesh', 'apple-shaped': 'having the general shape of an apple', 'ball-shaped': 'having the shape of a sphere or ball; \"a spherical object\"; \"nearly orbicular in shape\"; \"little globular houses like mud-wasp nests\"- Zane Grey', 'barrel-shaped': 'having the general shape of a barrel', 'bulblike': 'shaped like a bulb', 'capitate': 'being abruptly enlarged and globose at the tip', 'coccoid': 'spherical; like a coccus; \"a coccoid microorganism\"', 'cumuliform': 'shaped like a cumulus cloud', 'discoid': 'having a flat circular shape', 'goblet-shaped': 'resembling the shape of a goblet', 'moonlike': 'resembling the moon in shape', 'nutlike': 'resembling a nut in shape and size', 'pancake-like': 'resembling a pancake in shape', 'pear-shaped': 'having a round shape tapered at one end', 'pinwheel-shaped': 'having the round shape of a pinwheel', 'ringlike': 'having the shape of a ring', 'roundish': 'somewhat round in appearance or form', 'wheel-like': 'round like a wheel', 'quadrate': 'having four sides and four angles', 'right-angled': 'forming a right angle or containing one or more right angles; \"a right-angled bend\"', 'squared': 'having been made square', 'squarish': 'somewhat square in appearance or form', 'rounded': 'curving and somewhat round in shape rather than jagged; \"low rounded hills\"; \"rounded shoulders\"', 'allantoid': 'shaped like a sausage', 'almond-shaped': 'shaped like an almond', 'annular': 'shaped like a ring', 'aspheric': 'varying slightly from a perfectly spherical shape', 'auriform': 'having a shape resembling an ear', 'bean-shaped': 'having a shape resembling a bean', 'bowfront': 'having an outward curving front; \"a bowfront dresser\"; \"a bowfront house\"', 'crescent': 'resembling the new moon in shape', 'cycloid': 'resembling a circle', 'cylindrical': 'having the form of a cylinder', 'disciform': 'having a round or oval shape like a disc; \"a disciform skin lesion\"', 'domed': 'having a hemispherical vault or dome', 'dome-shaped': 'having the shape of a dome', 'egg-shaped': 'rounded like an egg', 'ellipsoid': 'having the nature or shape of an ellipsoid', 'hyperboloidal': 'having the shape of a hyperboloid', 'lingulate': 'shaped like a tongue', 'olivelike': 'resembling an olive', 'parabolic': 'resembling or expressed by parables', 'paraboloidal': 'having the shape of a paraboloid', 'pillar-shaped': 'shaped like a cylindrical pillar', 'pineal': 'relating to the pineal body; \"pineal hormone\"', 'plumlike': 'resembling a plum fruit', 'rod-shaped': 'resembling a rod', 'rotund': 'spherical in shape', 'terete': 'especially of plant parts; cylindrical and tapering', 'umbrellalike': 'resembling an umbrella', 'angular': 'measured by an angle or by the rate of change of an angle; \"angular momentum\"', 'angled': 'forming or set at an angle; \"angled parking\"', 'asteroid': 'shaped like a star', 'bicuspid': 'having two cusps or points (especially a molar tooth); \"bicuspid teeth\"; \"bicuspid leaves\"', 'cuspate': 'having cusps or points', 'equiangular': 'having all angles equal', 'isogonic': 'having or making equal angles', 'rectangular': 'having four right angles; \"a rectangular figure twice as long as it is wide\"', 'sharp-cornered': 'having sharp corners', 'square-shaped': 'shaped like a square', 'triangular': 'having three angles; forming or shaped like a triangle; \"a triangular figure\"; \"a triangular pyrimid has a triangle for a base\"', 'tricuspid': 'having three cusps or points (especially a molar tooth); \"tricuspid molar\"; \"tricuspid valve\"', 'unicuspid': 'having a single cusp or point; \"a unicuspid tooth\"', 'oblate': 'having the equatorial diameter greater than the polar diameter; being flattened at the poles', 'prolate': 'having the polar diameter greater than the equatorial diameter; \"a prolate spheroid is generated by revolving an ellipse about its major axis\"', 'cucumber-shaped': 'shaped like a cucumber', 'rural': 'of or relating to the countryside as opposed to the city; \"rural electrification\"; \"rural free delivery\"', 'agrarian': 'relating to rural matters; \"an agrarian (or agricultural) society\"; \"farming communities\"', 'arcadian': '(used with regard to idealized country life) idyllically rustic; \"a country life of arcadian contentment\"; \"a pleasant bucolic scene\"; \"charming in its pastoral setting\"; \"rustic tranquility\"', 'campestral': 'of fields or open country; \"living in campestral seclusion\"', 'countrified': 'characteristic of rural life; \"countrified clothes\"; \"rustic awkwardness\"', 'country-bred': 'rough and uncouth; \"a country boy\"', 'country-style': 'typical of the country; \"country-style sausage\"; \"country music\"', 'cracker-barrel': 'characteristic of country life; \"cracker-barrel philosophy\"; \"folksy humor\"; \"the air of homespun country boys\"', 'hobnailed': 'marked by the wearing of heavy boots studded with hobnails; \"hobnailed laborers\"', 'urban': 'relating to or concerned with a city or densely populated area; \"urban sociology\"; \"urban development\"', 'citified': 'being or having the customs or manners or dress of a city person', 'city-like': 'resembling a city', 'urbanized': 'made urban in nature; taking on urban characteristics; \"the urbanized Eastern states\"', 'rusted': 'having accumulated rust; \"rusted hinges\"', 'rusty': 'covered with or consisting of rust; \"a rusty machine\"; \"rusty deposits\"', 'rustless': 'without rust', 'rust-free': 'free of rust', 'rustproof': 'treated against rusting', 'rust-resistant': 'resistant to rust', 'undercoated': '(of motor vehicles) having a coating of tar or other rustproof material applied to the underside', 'holy': 'belonging to or derived from or associated with a divine power', 'beatified': 'Roman Catholic; proclaimed one of the blessed and thus worthy of veneration', 'Blessed': 'worthy of worship; \"the Blessed Trinity\"', 'hallowed': 'worthy of religious veneration; \"the sacred name of Jesus\"; \"Jerusalem\\'s hallowed soil\"', 'unholy': 'not hallowed or consecrated', 'profane': 'not concerned with or devoted to religion; \"sacred and profane music\"; \"secular drama\"; \"secular architecture\", \"children being brought up in an entirely profane environment\"', 'ineffable': 'too sacred to be uttered; \"the ineffable name of the Deity\"', 'inspirational': 'imparting a divine influence on the mind and soul', 'inviolable': 'incapable of being transgressed or dishonored; \"the person of the king is inviolable\"; \"an inviolable oath\"', 'numinous': 'of or relating to or characteristic of a numen', 'quasi-religious': 'resembling something that is religious', 'reverend': 'worthy of adoration or reverence', 'sacral': 'of or relating to or near the sacrum', 'taboo': 'forbidden to profane use especially in South Pacific islands', 'laic': 'characteristic of those who are not members of the clergy; \"set his collar in laic rather than clerical position\"; \"the lay ministry\"', 'profanatory': 'profaning or tending to desecrate', 'sadistic': 'deriving pleasure or sexual gratification from inflicting pain on another', 'masochistic': 'deriving pleasure or sexual gratification from being abused or dominated', 'fail-safe': 'guaranteed not to fail; \"a fail-safe recipe for cheese souffle\"', 'off_the_hook': 'freed from danger or blame or obligation; \"I let him off the hook with a mild reprimand\"', 'risk-free': 'thought to be devoid of risk', 'safe_and_sound': 'free from danger or injury; \"the children were found safe and sound\"', 'breakneck': 'moving at very high speed; \"a breakneck pace\"', 'hazardous': 'involving risk or danger; \"skydiving is a hazardous sport\"; \"extremely risky going out in the tide and fog\"; \"a wild financial scheme\"', 'mordacious': 'biting or given to biting; \"they deliberately gave me a skittish and mordacious mount\"', 'on_the_hook': 'caught in a difficult or dangerous situation; \"there I was back on the hook\"', 'parlous': 'fraught with danger; \"dangerous waters\"; \"a parlous journey on stormy seas\"; \"a perilous voyage across the Atlantic in a small boat\"; \"the precarious life of an undersea diver\"; \"dangerous surgery followed by a touch-and-go recovery\"', 'self-destructive': 'dangerous to yourself or your interests; \"suicidal impulses\"; \"a suicidal corporate takeover strategy\"; \"a kamikaze pilot\"', 'treacherous': 'dangerously unstable and unpredictable; \"treacherous winding roads\"; \"an unreliable trestle\"', 'salable': 'capable of being sold; fit for sale; \"saleable at a low price\"', 'unsalable': 'impossible to sell', 'unmarketable': 'not fit for sale', 'cookie-cutter': 'having the same appearance (as if mass-produced); \"a suburb of cookie-cutter houses\"', 'synoptic': 'presenting a summary or general view of a whole; \"a synoptic presentation of a physical theory\"', 'antithetic': 'sharply contrasted in character or purpose; \"practices entirely antithetical to her professed beliefs\"; \"hope is antithetic to despair\"', 'contrasting': 'strikingly different; tending to contrast; \"contrasting (or contrastive) colors\"', 'diametric': 'characterized by opposite extremes; completely opposed; \"in diametric contradiction to his claims\"; \"diametrical (or opposite) points of view\"; \"opposite meanings\"; \"extreme and indefensible polar positions\"', 'diverse': 'distinctly dissimilar or unlike; \"celebrities as diverse as Bob Hope and Bob Dylan\"; \"animals as various as the jaguar and the cavy and the sloth\"', 'divers': 'many and different; \"tourist offices of divers nationalities\"; \"a person of diverse talents\"', 'several': '(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many; \"several letters came in the mail\"; \"several people were injured in the accident\"', 'variant': 'exhibiting variation and change; \"letters variant in size\"', 'aforesaid': 'being the one previously mentioned or spoken of; \"works of all the aforementioned authors\"; \"said party has denied the charges\"', 'another': 'any of various alternatives; some other; \"put it off to another (or some other) day\"', 'otherwise': 'other than as supposed or expected; \"the outcome was otherwise\"', 'similar': '(of words) expressing closely related meanings', 'confusable': 'so similar as to be easily identified for another thing; \"potentially confusable senses of words\"; \"easily mistakable signals\"', 'quasi': 'having some resemblance; \"a quasi success\"; \"a quasi contract\"', 'sympathetic': 'of or relating to the sympathetic nervous system; \"sympathetic neurons\"; \"sympathetic stimulation\"', 'dissimilar': 'not similar; \"a group of very dissimilar people\"; \"a pump not dissimilar to those once found on every farm\"; \"their understanding of the world is not so dissimilar from our own\"; \"took different (or dissimilar) approaches to the problem\"', 'sane': 'mentally healthy; free from mental disorder; \"appears to be completely sane\"', 'compos_mentis': 'of sound mind, memory, and understanding; in law, competent to go to trial', 'in_his_right_mind': 'behaving responsibly', 'lucid': 'having a clear mind; \"a lucid moment in his madness\"', 'insane': 'afflicted with or characteristic of mental derangement; \"was declared insane\"; \"insane laughter\"', 'amuck': 'frenzied as if possessed by a demon; \"the soldier was completely amuck\"; \"berserk with grief\"; \"a berserk worker smashing windows\"', 'brainsick': 'affected with madness or insanity; \"a man who had gone mad\"', 'crackbrained': 'insanely irresponsible; \"an idiotic idea\"', 'crazed': 'driven insane', 'fey': 'slightly insane', 'hebephrenic': 'suffering from a form of schizophrenia characterized by foolish mannerisms and senseless laughter along with delusions and regressive behavior', 'lunatic': 'insane and believed to be affected by the phases of the moon', 'maniacal': 'wildly disordered; \"a maniacal frenzy\"', 'manic-depressive': 'suffering from a disorder characterized by alternating mania and depression', 'maniclike': 'resembling the mania of manic-depressive illness', 'mentally_ill': 'suffering from severe mental illness; \"of unsound mind\"', 'non_compos_mentis': 'not of sound mind, memory, or understanding; in law, not competent to go to trial', 'paranoid': 'suffering from paranoia', 'psychopathic': 'suffering from an undiagnosed mental disorder', 'psychotic': 'characteristic of or suffering from psychosis', 'raving_mad': 'talking or behaving irrationally; \"a raving lunatic\"', 'schizophrenic': 'suffering from some form of schizophrenia; \"schizophrenic patients\"', 'screw-loose': 'not behaving normally', 'satiate': 'supplied (especially fed) to satisfaction', 'jaded': 'exhausted; \"my father\\'s words had left me jaded and depressed\"- William Styron', 'satiable': 'capable of being sated; \"a satiable thirst\"; \"a satiable appetite\"', 'insatiate': 'impossible to satisfy; \"an insatiate appetite\"; \"an insatiable demand for old buildings to restore\"; \"his passion for work was unsatiable\"', 'quenchless': 'impossible to quench; \"unquenchable thirst\"', 'unsated': 'not having been satisfied', 'unsatisfiable': 'not capable of being satisfied; \"he knew the trap of unsatisfiable longing\"', 'sarcastic': 'expressing or expressive of ridicule that wounds', 'corrosive': 'spitefully sarcastic; \"corrosive cristism\"', 'sardonic': 'disdainfully or ironically humorous; scornful and mocking; \"his rebellion is the bitter, sardonic laughter of all great satirists\"- Frank Schoenberner; \"a wry pleasure to be...reminded of all that one is missing\"- Irwin Edman', 'satirical': 'exposing human folly to ridicule; \"a persistent campaign of mockery by the satirical fortnightly magazine\"', 'saturnine': 'bitter or scornful; \"the face was saturnine and swarthy, and the sensual lips...twisted with disdain\"- Oscar Wilde', 'unsarcastic': 'not sarcastic', 'all_right': 'being satisfactory or in satisfactory condition; \"an all-right movie\"; \"the passengers were shaken up but are all right\"; \"is everything all right?\"; \"everything\\'s fine\"; \"things are okay\"; \"dinner and the movies had been fine\"; \"another minute I\\'d have been fine\"', 'alright': 'nonstandard usage', 'copacetic': 'completely satisfactory; \"his smile said that everything was copacetic\"; \"You had to be a good judge of what a man was like, and the English was copacetic\"- John O\\'Hara', 'unsatisfactory': 'not giving satisfaction; \"shops should take back unsatisfactory goods\"; \"her performance proved to be unsatisfactory\"; \"life is becoming increasingly unsatifactory\"; \"our discussion was very unsatisfactory\"', 'disappointing': 'not up to expectations; \"a disappointing performance from one who had seemed so promising\"', 'failing': 'below acceptable in performance; \"received failing grades\"', 'scalable': 'capable of being scaled; possible to scale; \"the scalable slope of a mountain\"', 'ascendable': 'capable of being ascended', 'unscalable': 'incapable of being ascended', 'scholarly': 'characteristic of scholars or scholarship; \"scholarly pursuits\"; \"a scholarly treatise\"; \"a scholarly attitude\"', 'bookish': 'characterized by diligent study and fondness for reading; \"a bookish farmer who always had a book in his pocket\"; \"a quiet studious child\"', 'erudite': 'having or showing profound knowledge; \"a learned jurist\"; \"an erudite professor\"', 'unscholarly': 'not scholarly', 'unlearned': 'not well learned', 'unstudious': 'not studious', 'scientific': 'of or relating to the practice of science; \"scientific journals\"', 'technological': 'based in scientific and industrial progress; \"a technological civilization\"', 'unscientific': 'not consistent with the methods or principles of science; \"an unscientific lack of objectivity\"', 'pseudoscientific': 'based on theories and methods erroneously regarded as scientific', 'scrupulous': 'having scruples; arising from a sense of right and wrong; principled; \"less scrupulous producers sent bundles that were deceptive in appearance\"', 'unscrupulous': 'without scruples or principles; \"unscrupulous politicos who would be happy to sell...their country in order to gain power\"', 'unconscientious': 'not conscientious;', 'conscienceless': 'lacking a conscience; \"a conscienceless villain\"; \"brash, unprincipled, and conscienceless\"; \"an unconscionable liar\"', 'unopened': 'not yet opened or unsealed; \"unopened Christmas presents\"', 'unsealed': 'not established or confirmed; \"his doom is as yet unsealed\"', 'wrapped': 'enclosed securely in a covering of paper or the like; \"gaily wrapped gifts\"', 'unwrapped': 'not yet wrapped or having the wrapping removed; \"she faced a mountainous pile of presents still unwrapped\"; \"the floor around the tree was littered with gifts already unwrapped\"', 'seaworthy': 'fit for a sea voyage', 'unseaworthy': 'unfit for a voyage', 'airworthy': '(of aircraft) fit to fly', 'unairworthy': 'not fit to fly', 'concealed': 'not accessible to view; \"concealed (or hidden) damage\"; \"in stormy weather the stars are out of sight\"', 'bushwhacking': 'lying in ambush; \"bushwhacking guerrillas attacking from ambush\"', 'furtive': 'marked by quiet and caution and secrecy; taking pains to avoid being observed; \"a furtive manner\"; \"a sneak attack\"; \"stealthy footsteps\"; \"a surreptitious glance at his watch\"', 'hidden': 'designed to elude detection; \"a hidden room or place of concealment such as a priest hole\"; \"a secret passage\"; \"the secret compartment in the desk\"', 'incognito': 'with your identity concealed', 'lying_in_wait': 'waiting in concealment; in ambush; \"an army lying in wait in the forest\"', 'sneaking': 'not openly expressed; \"a sneaking suspicion\"', 'unconcealed': 'not concealed or hidden; \"her unconcealed hostility poisoned the atmosphere\"; \"watched with unconcealed curiosity\"', 'exhibitionistic': 'compulsively attracting attention to yourself especially by public exposure or exaggerated behavior', 'concealing': 'covering or hiding; \"the concealing darkness\"; \"concealing curtains prevented discovery\"', 'indicative': 'relating to the mood of verbs that is used simple in declarative statements; \"indicative mood\"', 'sectarian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of a sect or sects; \"sectarian differences\"', 'denominational': 'relating to the face value of a banknote, coin, or stamp', 'nonsectarian': 'not restricted to one sect or school or party; \"religious training in a nonsectarian atmosphere\"; \"nonsectarian colleges\"; \"a wide and unsectarian interest in religion\"- Bertrand Russell', 'ecumenic': 'concerned with promoting unity among churches or religions; \"ecumenical thinking\"; \"ecumenical activities\"; \"the ecumenical movement\"', 'interchurch': 'occurring between or among or common to different churches or denominations; \"interchurch aid\"; \"interdenominational cooperation between Methodists and Presbyterians\"', 'nondenominational': 'not restricted to a particular religious denomination; \"a nondenominational church\"', 'undenominational': 'not bound or devoted to the promotion of a particular denomination; \"undenominational religious instruction\"', 'secure': 'not likely to fail or give way; \"the lock was secure\"; \"a secure foundation\"; \"a secure hold on her wrist\"', 'insecure': 'not safe from attack', 'overanxious': 'anxious or nervous to an excessive degree', 'unassured': 'lacking boldness or confidence', 'sure': '(of persons) worthy of trust or confidence; \"a sure (or trusted) friend\"', 'unguaranteed': 'without financial security; \"an unsecured note\"', 'fastened': 'firmly closed or secured; \"found the gate fastened\"; \"a fastened seatbelt\"', 'pegged-down': 'fastened by pegs; \"the pegged-down branches of the plant will take root\"', 'unfastened': 'not closed or secured; \"the car door was unfastened\"; \"unfastened seatbelts\"', 'unbarred': 'not firmly fastened or secured; \"an unbarred door\"; \"went through the unlatched gate into the street\"; \"an unlocked room\"', 'insured': 'covered by insurance; \"an insured risk\"; \"all members of the film cast and crew are insured\"', 'insurable': 'capable of being insured or eligible to be insured', 'uninsured': 'not covered by insurance; \"an uninsured motorist\"', 'uninsurable': 'not capable of being insured or not eligible to be insured', 'seductive': 'tending to entice into a desired action or state', 'alluring': 'highly attractive and able to arouse hope or desire; \"an alluring prospect\"; \"her alluring smile\"; \"the voice was low and beguiling\"; \"difficult to say no to an enticing advertisement\"; \"a tempting invitation\"', 'teasing': 'arousing sexual desire without intending to satisfy it; \"her lazy teasing smile\"', 'unseductive': 'not seductive', 'selfish': 'concerned chiefly or only with yourself and your advantage to the exclusion of others; \"Selfish men were...trying to make capital for themselves out of the sacred cause of civil rights\"- Maria Weston Chapman', 'egotistic': 'characteristic of those having an inflated idea of their own importance', 'self-serving': 'interested only in yourself', 'public-spirited': 'showing unselfish interest in the public welfare; \"a public-spirited citizen\"', 'self-denying': 'willing to deprive yourself', 'self-forgetful': 'showing lack of self-interest', 'sharing': 'unselfishly willing to share with others; \"a warm and sharing friend\"', 'elder': 'used of the older of two persons of the same name especially used to distinguish a father from his son; \"Bill Adams, Sr.\"', 'precedential': 'having precedence (especially because of longer service); \"precedential treatment for senior members of the firm\"', 'ranking': 'having a higher rank; \"superior officer\"', 'junior-grade': 'inferior in rank or status; \"the junior faculty\"; \"a lowly corporal\"; \"petty officialdom\"; \"a subordinate functionary\"', 'younger': 'used of the younger of two persons of the same name especially used to distinguish a son from his father; \"John Junior\"; \"John Smith, Jr.\"', 'sensational': 'relating to or concerned in sensation; \"the sensory cortex\"; \"sensory organs\"', 'scandalmongering': 'typical of tabloids; \"sensational journalistic reportage of the scandal\"; \"yellow press\"', 'unsensational': 'not of such character as to arouse intense interest, curiosity, or emotional reaction', 'anesthetic': 'characterized by insensibility; \"the young girls are in a state of possession--blind and deaf and anesthetic\"; \"an anesthetic state\"', 'erogenous': 'sensitive to sexual stimulation', 'highly_sensitive': 'readily affected by various agents; \"a highly sensitive explosive is easily exploded by a shock\"; \"a sensitive colloid is readily coagulated\"', 'irritable': 'abnormally sensitive to a stimulus', 'light-sensitive': 'sensitive to visible light; \"photographic film is light-sensitive\"', 'radiosensitive': 'sensitive to radiation; \"radiosensitive cancer cells can be treated with radiotherapy\"', 'nociceptive': 'caused by or in response to pain; \"a nociceptive spinal reflex\"', 'insensitive': 'deficient in human sensibility; not mentally or morally sensitive; \"insensitive to the needs of the patients\"', 'oversensitive': 'unduly sensitive or thin-skinned', 'callous': 'emotionally hardened; \"a callous indifference to suffering\"; \"cold-blooded and indurate to public opinion\"', 'soulless': 'lacking sensitivity or the capacity for deep feeling', 'thick-skinned': 'insensitive to criticism', 'sensitizing': 'making susceptible or sensitive to either physical or emotional stimuli', 'desensitizing': 'making less susceptible or sensitive to either physical or emotional stimuli', 'numbing': 'causing numbness or insensitivity; \"the numbing effect of grief\"', 'sensory': 'involving or derived from the senses; \"sensory experience\"; \"sensory channels\"', 'extrasensory': 'seemingly outside normal sensory channels', 'telegnostic': 'obtaining knowledge of distant events allegedly without use of normal sensory mechanisms', 'telepathic': 'communicating without apparent physical signals', 'sent': 'caused or enabled to go or be conveyed or transmitted', 'unsent': 'not dispatched or transmitted; \"the letter remained unwritten and unsent\"', 'asunder': 'widely separated especially in space; \"as wide asunder as pole from pole\"', 'discrete': 'constituting a separate entity or part; \"a government with three discrete divisions\"; \"on two distinct occasions\"', 'disjoint': 'having no elements in common', 'isolable': 'capable of being isolated or disjoined', 'unaccompanied': 'playing or singing without accompaniment; \"the soloist sang unaccompanied\"', 'concerted': 'involving the joint activity of two or more; \"concerted action\"; \"the conjunct influence of fire and strong wind\"; \"the conjunctive focus of political opposition\"; \"a cooperative effort\"; \"a united effort\"; \"joint military activities\"', 'conjoined': 'consisting of two or more associated entities; \"the interplay of these conjoined yet opposed factors\"; \"social order and prosperity, the conjoint aims of government\"- J.K.Fairbank', 'cosignatory': 'signing jointly with others', 'sanitary': 'free from filth and pathogens; \"sanitary conditions for preparing food\"; \"a sanitary washroom\"', 'hygienic': 'tending to promote or preserve health; \"hygienic habits like using disposable tissues\"; \"hygienic surroundings with plenty of fresh air\"', 'unsanitary': 'not sanitary or healthful; \"unsanitary open sewers\"; \"grim and unsanitary conditions\"', 'unhygienic': 'unclean and constituting a likely cause of disease; \"pathetic dogs kept in small unhygienic cages\"', 'septic': 'of or relating to or caused by putrefaction; \"the septic action occurs at the bottom of the septic tank\"', 'abscessed': 'infected and filled with pus; \"an abscessed tooth\"', 'contaminative': 'making impure by contact or mixing', 'purulent': 'containing pus; \"a purulent wound\"', 'putrefactive': 'causing or promoting bacterial putrefaction', 'septicemic': 'characteristic of septicemia; \"a septicemic temperature curve\"', 'aseptic': 'free of or using methods to keep free of pathological microorganisms; \"a sterile operating area\"; \"aseptic surgical instruments\"; \"aseptic surgical techniques\"', 'bactericidal': 'preventing infection by inhibiting the growth or action of microorganisms', 'cleansing': 'acting like an antiseptic', 'nonpurulent': 'not containing pus', 'uninfected': 'free from sepsis or infection; \"a clean (or uninfected) wound\"', 'germfree': 'free from germs or pathogenic organisms; sterile; \"a germfree environment\"', 'germy': 'full of germs or pathological microorganisms; \"the water in New York harbor is oily and dirty and germy\"', 'unsterilized': 'not sterilized', 'adulterating': 'making impure or corrupt by adding extraneous materials; \"the adulterating effect of extraneous materials\"', 'purifying': 'freeing from noxious matter; \"filtration is a purifying agent\"', 'ablutionary': 'cleansing the body by washing; especially ritual washing of e.g. hands; \"ablutionary rituals\"', 'detergent': 'having cleansing power', 'earnest': 'characterized by a firm and humorless belief in the validity of your opinions; \"both sides were deeply in earnest, even passionate\"; \"an entirely sincere and cruel tyrant\"; \"a film with a solemn social message\"', 'overserious': 'excessively serious', 'sobering': 'tending to make sober or more serious; \"the news had a sobering effect\"', 'frivolous': 'not serious in content or attitude or behavior; \"a frivolous novel\"; \"a frivolous remark\"; \"a frivolous young woman\"', 'airheaded': 'lacking seriousness; given to frivolity; \"a dizzy blonde\"; \"light-headed teenagers\"; \"silly giggles\"', 'flighty': 'guided by whim and fancy; \"flighty young girls\"', 'flippant': 'showing inappropriate levity', 'trivial': 'concerned with trivialities; \"a trivial young woman\"; \"a trivial mind\"', 'playful': 'full of fun and high spirits; \"playful children just let loose from school\"', 'coltish': 'given to merry frolicking; \"frolicsome students celebrated their graduation with parties and practical jokes\"', 'arch': '(used of behavior or attitude) characteristic of those who treat others with condescension', 'kittenish': 'playful like a lively kitten', 'mocking': 'playfully vexing (especially by ridicule); \"his face wore a somewhat quizzical almost impertinent air\"- Lawrence Durrell', 'unplayful': 'completely lacking in playfulness', 'selected': 'chosen in preference to another', 'unselected': 'not selected', 'unserviceable': 'not capable of being used', 'broken-down': 'not in working order; \"had to push the broken-down car\"; \"a broken-down tractor fit only for children to play on\"', 'burned-out': 'exhausted as a result of longtime stress; \"she was burned-out before she was 30\"', 'unrepaired': 'unserviceable because necessary repairs have not been made', 'resident': 'living in a particular place; \"resident aliens\"', 'nonresident': 'not living in a particular place or owned by permanent residents; \"nonresident students who commute to classes\"; \"nonresident real estate\"', 'based': 'having a base; \"firmly based ice\"', 'built-up': 'peopled with settlers; \"the built-up areas\"', 'located': 'situated in a particular spot or position; \"valuable centrally located urban land\"; \"strategically placed artillery\"; \"a house set on a hilltop\"; \"nicely situated on a quiet riverbank\"', 'nonnomadic': 'not nomadic or wandering; \"nonnomadic people\"', 'relocated': 'settled in a new location', 'aimless': 'continually changing especially as from one abode or occupation to another; \"a drifting double-dealer\"; \"the floating population\"; \"vagrant hippies of the sixties\"', 'homeless': 'without nationality or citizenship; \"stateless persons\"', 'migrant': 'habitually moving from place to place especially in search of seasonal work; \"appalled by the social conditions of migrant life\"; \"migratory workers\"', 'peripatetic': 'traveling especially on foot; \"peripatetic country preachers\"; \"a poor wayfaring stranger\"', 'itinerant': 'traveling from place to place to work; \"itinerant labor\"; \"an itinerant judge\"', 'rootless': 'wandering aimlessly without ties to a place or community; \"led a vagabond life\"; \"a rootless wanderer\"', 'unlocated': 'lacking a particular location', 'migratory': 'used of animals that move seasonally; \"migratory birds\"', 'nonmigratory': 'used of animals that do not migrate', 'deterministic': 'an inevitable consequence of antecedent sufficient causes', 'preconcerted': 'previously arranged or agreed on; \"following preconcerted plans\"', 'sexy': 'marked by or tending to arouse sexual desire or interest; \"feeling sexy\"; \"sexy clothes\"; \"sexy poses\"; \"a sexy book\"; \"sexy jokes\"', 'autoerotic': 'sexually satisfying yourself (as by masturbation)', 'coquettish': 'like a coquette', 'erotic': 'giving sexual pleasure; sexually arousing', 'lascivious': 'driven by lust; preoccupied with or exhibiting lustful desires; \"libidinous orgies\"', 'lecherous': 'given to excessive indulgence in sexual activity; \"a lecherous gleam in his eye\"; \"a lecherous good-for-nothing\"', 'lubricious': 'having a smooth or slippery quality; \"the skin of cephalopods is thin and lubricious\"', 'orgiastic': 'used of frenzied sexual activity', 'oversexed': 'having excessive sexual desire or appeal', 'pornographic': 'designed to arouse lust; \"pornographic films and magazines\"; \"adult movies\"', 'raunchy': 'earthy and sexually explicit; \"a raunchy novel\"', 'sexed': 'having sexual differentiation', 'sex-starved': 'desiring but deprived of sexual gratification', 'unsexy': 'not sexually aroused or arousing', 'sexless': 'having no sexual desire', 'undersexed': 'having a subnormal degree of sexual desire', 'sexual': 'of or relating to or characterized by sexuality; \"sexual orientation\"; \"sexual distinctions\"', 'unisexual': 'relating to only one sex or having only one type of sexual organ; not hermaphroditic', 'asexual': 'not having or involving sex; \"an asexual spore\"; \"asexual reproduction\"', 'agamic': '(of reproduction) not involving the fusion of male and female gametes in reproduction', 'fissiparous': 'reproducing by fission', 'vegetal': 'composed of vegetation or plants; \"regions rich in vegetal products\"; \"vegetational cover\"; \"the decaying vegetative layer covering a forest floor\"', 'castrated': 'deprived of sexual capacity or sexual attributes', 'spayed': '(of a female animal) having the ovaries removed', 'uncastrated': 'not castrated', 'aphrodisiac': 'exciting sexual desire', 'anaphrodisiac': 'tending to diminish sexual desire', 'estrous': '(of lower mammals) showing or in a state of estrus; in heat; \"the estrous state\"; \"the estrous cycle\"', 'monestrous': 'having one estrous cycle per year', 'polyestrous': 'having more than one period of estrus per year', 'anestrous': 'of or relating to anestrus', 'diestrous': '(of animals that have several estrous cycles in one breeding season) in a period of sexual inactivity', 'shapely': 'having a well-proportioned and pleasing shape; \"a slim waist and shapely legs\"', 'bosomy': '(of a woman\\'s body) having a large bosom and pleasing curves; \"Hollywood seems full of curvaceous blondes\"; \"a curvy young woman in a tight dress\"', 'callipygian': 'pertaining to or having finely developed buttocks; \"the quest for the callipygian ideal\"', 'clean-limbed': 'having well-proportioned limbs', 'full-fashioned': 'knitted to fit the shape of the body; \"full-fashioned hosiery\"', 'Junoesque': 'suggestive of a statue', 'modeled': 'resembling sculpture; \"her finely modeled features\"; \"rendered with...vivid sculptural effect\"; \"the sculpturesque beauty of the athletes\\' bodies\"', 'retrousse': '(used of noses) turned up at the end; \"a retrousse nose\"; \"a small upturned nose\"', 'well-proportioned': 'of pleasing proportions', 'unshapely': 'not well-proportioned and pleasing in shape; \"a stout unshapely woman\"', 'acromegalic': 'marked or affected by enlargement or hypertrophy of the extremities or the face; \"a protruding acromegalic jaw\"', 'chunky': 'short and thick; as e.g. having short legs and heavy musculature; \"some people seem born to be square and chunky\"; \"a dumpy little dumpling of a woman\"; \"dachshunds are long lowset dogs with drooping ears\"; \"a little church with a squat tower\"; \"a squatty red smokestack\"; \"a stumpy ungainly figure\"', 'clubfooted': 'having a deformed foot', 'deformed': 'so badly formed or out of shape as to be ugly; \"deformed thalidomide babies\"; \"his poor distorted limbs\"; \"an ill-shapen vase\"; \"a limp caused by a malformed foot\"; \"misshapen old fingers\"', 'ill-proportioned': 'lacking pleasing proportions', 'knobby': 'having knobs; \"had knobbly knees\"', 'nodular': 'relating to or characterized by or having nodules; \"Nodular vaginitis\"', 'nodulose': 'having minute nodules', 'pigeon-breasted': 'having a chest deformity marked by a projecting breastbone caused by infantile rickets', 'shapeless': 'lacking symmetry or attractive form; \"a shapeless hat on his head\"', 'torulose': 'of a cylindrical or ellipsoid body; swollen and constricted at intervals', 'breasted': 'having a breast or breasts; or breasts as specified; used chiefly in compounds; \"small-breasted\"; \"red-breasted sandpiper\"', 'bosomed': 'having a bosom as specified or having something likened to a bosom; usually used in compounds; \"full-bosomed women\"; \"the green-bosomed earth\"', 'breastless': 'without a breast', 'formed': 'having or given a form or shape', 'ductile': 'easily influenced', 'acorn-shaped': 'shaped like an acorn', 'awl-shaped': 'shaped like an awl', 'bacillar': 'relating to or produced by or containing bacilli', 'bag-shaped': 'shaped like a bag', 'bar-shaped': 'shaped like a rigid strip of metal or wood', 'basket-shaped': 'shaped like a basket', 'belt-shaped': 'shaped like a belt', 'biform': 'having or combining two forms; \"a biform crystal\"; \"the biform body of a mermaid\"', 'boot-shaped': 'shaped like a boot', 'bottle-shaped': 'shaped like a bottle', 'botuliform': 'shaped like a sausage', 'butterfly-shaped': 'shaped like a butterfly', 'button-shaped': 'shaped like a button; \"button-shaped white flowers\"', 'catenulate': 'having a chainlike form; \"catenulate bacterial cell colonies\"', 'claw-shaped': 'shaped like a claw', 'club-shaped': 'shaped in the form of the black trefoil or clover leaf on some playing cards', 'cowl-shaped': 'shaped like a cowl', 'cross-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a cross', 'die-cast': 'formed by forcing molten metal into a die; \"a die-cast seal\"', 'drum-shaped': 'shaped in a form resembling a drum', 'eel-shaped': 'shaped in the form of an eel', 'fan-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a fan', 'fig-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a fig', 'foot-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a foot', 'football-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a football', 'funnel-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a funnel', 'guitar-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a guitar', 'hammer-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a hammer', 'harp-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a harp', 'hook-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a hook', 'horn-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a horn', 'hourglass-shaped': 'shaped in the form of an hourglass', 'H-shaped': 'shaped in the form of the letter H', 'keel-shaped': 'shaped in the form of the keel of a boat', 'lance-shaped': 'shaped like a lance', 'lancet-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a lancet', 'lip-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a lip', 'L-shaped': 'shaped in the form of the letter L', 'lyre-shaped': 'shaped like a lyre', 'navicular': 'shaped like a boat', 'nutmeg-shaped': 'shaped like a nutmeg', 'oven-shaped': 'shaped like an oven', 'paddle-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a paddle; \"paddle-shaped fins\"', 'perfected': '(of plans, ideas, etc.) perfectly formed; \"a graceful but not yet fully perfected literary style\"', 'phylliform': 'having the shape of a leaf', 'pitcher-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a pitcher', 'precast': 'of structural members especially of concrete; cast into form before being transported to the site of installation', 'ribbon-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a ribbon', 'rudder-like': 'formed like and serving like a rudder', 'saddle-shaped': \"shaped in the form of a horse's saddle\", 'slipper-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a slipper', 'shaped': 'having the shape of; \"a square shaped playing field\"', 'spade-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a spade', 'spider-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a spider', 'spoon-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a spoon', 's-shaped': 'shaped in the form of the letter S', 'stirrup-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a stirrup', 'tassel-shaped': 'shaped like a tassel', 'T-shaped': 'shaped in the form of the letter T', 'tadpole-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a tadpole', 'thimble-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a thimble', 'trumpet-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a trumpet; \"trumpet-shaped flowers\"', 'turnip-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a turnip', 'umbrella-shaped': 'shaped in the form of an umbrella', 'U-shaped': 'shaped in the form of the letter U', 'vase-shaped': 'shaped in the form of a vase', 'vermiform': 'resembling a worm; long and thin and cylindrical', 'v-shaped': 'shaped in the form of the letter V', 'W-shaped': 'shaped in the form of the letter W', 'Y-shaped': 'shaped in the form of the letter Y', 'unshaped': 'incompletely or imperfectly shaped; \"unshaped dough\"; \"unshaped timbers\"', 'shared': 'have in common; held or experienced in common; \"two shared valence electrons forming a bond between adjacent nuclei\"; \"a shared interest in philately\"', 'unshared': 'not shared', 'shaven': 'having the beard or hair cut off close to the skin', 'clean-shaven': 'closely shaved recently', 'unshaven': 'not shaved', 'bestubbled': 'having a short growth of beard; \"his stubbled chin\"', 'goateed': 'having a small pointed chin beard', 'mustachioed': 'having a moustache', 'sheathed': 'enclosed in a protective covering; sometimes used in combination; \"his sheathed sword\"; \"the cat\\'s sheathed claws\"; \"a ship\\'s bottom sheathed in copper\"; \"copper-sheathed\"', 'clad': 'having an outer covering especially of thin metal; \"steel-clad\"; \"armor-clad\"', 'podlike': 'resembling a pod', 'unsheathed': 'not having a protective covering; \"unsheathed cables\"; \"a bare blade\"', 'shockable': 'capable of being shocked', 'unshockable': 'incapable of being shocked; \"he was warmhearted, sensible and unshockable\"', 'shod': 'wearing footgear', 'booted': 'wearing boots', 'ironshod': 'shod or cased with iron; \"ironshod hooves\"; \"ironshod wheels\"', 'roughshod': '(of a horse) having horseshoes with projecting nails to prevent slipping', 'sandaled': 'shod with sandals', 'slippered': 'shod with slippers', 'unshod': 'not shod', 'barefoot': 'without shoes; \"the barefoot boy\"; \"shoeless Joe Jackson\"', 'stockinged': 'wearing stockings; \"walks about in his stockinged feet\"', 'calced': 'used of certain religious orders who wear shoes', 'discalced': '(used of certain religious orders) barefoot or wearing only sandals; \"discalced friars\"', 'nearsighted': 'unable to see distant objects clearly', 'farsighted': 'able to see distant objects clearly', 'eagle-eyed': 'capable of seeing to a great distance', 'hyperopic': 'abnormal ability to focus of distant objects', 'shrinkable': 'capable of being shrunk; \"a shrinkable fabric\"', 'unshrinkable': 'incapable of being shrunk or diminished or reduced', 'sighted': 'able to see', 'clear-sighted': 'having sharp clear vision', 'seeing': 'having vision, not blind', 'blinded': 'deprived of sight', 'blindfold': 'wearing a blindfold', 'deuteranopic': 'inability to see the color green or to distinguish green and purplish-red', 'dim-sighted': 'having greatly reduced vision', 'protanopic': 'inability to see the color red or to distinguish red and bluish-green', 'snow-blind': 'temporarily blinded by exposure to light reflected from snow or ice', 'stone-blind': 'completely blind', 'tritanopic': 'inability to see the color blue or to distinguish the colors blue and yellow', 'signed': 'having a handwritten signature; \"a signed letter\"', 'autographed': 'bearing an autograph; \"an autographed copy of his latest book\"', 'subscribed': '(of a contract or will or other document) having a signature written at the end; \"the subscribed will\"', 'unsigned': 'lacking a signature; \"the message was typewritten and unsigned\"', 'momentous': 'of very great significance; \"deciding to drop the atom bomb was a very big decision\"; \"a momentous event\"', 'epochal': 'highly significant or important especially bringing about or marking the beginning of a new development or era; \"epochal decisions made by Roosevelt and Churchill\"; \"an epoch-making discovery\"', 'evidential': 'serving as or based on evidence; \"evidential signs of a forced entry\"; \"its evidentiary value\"', 'monumental': 'relating or belonging to or serving as a monument; \"the use of the arch in monumental architecture\"; \"monumental sculptures\"', 'noteworthy': 'worthy of notice; \"a noteworthy advance in cancer research\"', 'probative': 'tending to prove a particular proposition or to persuade you of the truth of an allegation; \"evidence should only be excluded if its probative value was outweighed by its prejudicial effect\"', 'portentous': 'of momentous or ominous significance; \"such a portentous...monster raised all my curiosity\"- Herman Melville; \"a prodigious vision\"', 'hole-and-corner': 'relating to the peripheral and unimportant aspects of life; \"a hole-and-corner life in some obscure community\"- H.G.Wells', 'flimsy': 'lacking solidity or strength; \"a flimsy table\"; \"flimsy construction\"', 'inappreciable': 'too small to make a significant difference; \"inappreciable fluctuations in temperature\"', 'nonsignificant': 'attributable to chance', 'silenced': 'reduced to silence; \"the silenced crowd waited expectantly\"', 'unsilenced': 'not silenced', 'acerate': 'narrow and long and pointed; as pine leaves', 'acuminate': '(of a leaf shape) narrowing to a slender point', 'apiculate': '(of a leaf shape) having a short sharply pointed tip', 'cordate': '(of a leaf) shaped like a heart', 'cuneate': '(of a leaf shape) narrowly triangular, wider at the apex and tapering toward the base', 'deltoid': 'triangular or suggesting a capital delta, with a point at the apex', 'dolabriform': 'having the shape of the head of an ax or cleaver', 'ensiform': 'shaped like a sword blade; \"the iris has an ensiform leaf\"', 'hastate': '(of a leaf shape) like a spear point, with flaring pointed lobes at the base', 'lanceolate': '(of a leaf shape) shaped like a lance head; narrow and tapering to a pointed apex', 'lyrate': '(of a leaf shape) having curvature suggestive of a lyre', 'needled': 'of trees whose leaves are acerate', 'two-needled': '(of conifers) having two needles', 'three-needled': '(of conifers) having three needles', 'four-needled': '(of conifers) having four needles', 'five-needled': '(of conifers) having five needles', 'oblanceolate': '(of a leaf shape) having a broad rounded apex and a tapering base', 'obovate': '(of a leaf shape) egg-shaped with the narrower end at the base', 'orbiculate': 'circular or nearly circular', 'ovate': 'of a leaf shape; egg-shaped with the broader end at the base', 'pandurate': '(of a leaf shape) having rounded ends and a contracted center', 'peltate': '(of a leaf shape) round, with the stem attached near the center of the lower surface rather than the margin (as a nasturtium leaf for example)', 'perfoliate': '(of a leaf) having the base united around (and apparently pierced by) the stem', 'reniform': '(of a leaf or bean shape) resembling the shape of kidney', 'sagittate': '(of a leaf shape) like an arrow head without flaring base lobes', 'spatulate': '(of a leaf shape) having a broad rounded apex and a narrow base', 'unlobed': 'without lobes', 'compound': 'consisting of two or more substances or ingredients or elements or parts; \"soap is a compound substance\"; \"housetop is a compound word\"; \"a blackberry is a compound fruit\"', 'bilobate': 'having two lobes; \"a bilobate leaf\"', 'binate': 'growing in two parts or in pairs; \"binate leaves\"', 'bipinnate': 'of a leaf shape; having doubly pinnate leaflets (as ferns)', 'bipinnatifid': 'pinnatifid with the segments also pinnatifid', 'cleft': 'having one or more incisions reaching nearly to the midrib', 'decompound': 'of a compound leaf; consisting of divisions that are themselves compound', 'even-pinnate': '(of a leaf shape) pinnate with a pair of leaflets at the apex', 'lobed': 'having deeply indented margins but with lobes not entirely separate from each other', 'odd-pinnate': '(a leaf shape) pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex', 'palmate': '(of the feet of water birds) having three toes connected by a thin fold of skin', 'palmatifid': 'of a leaf shape; palmately cleft rather than lobed', 'parted': 'having a margin incised almost to the base so as to create distinct divisions or lobes', 'pinnate': '(of a leaf shape) featherlike; having leaflets on each side of a common axis', 'pinnatifid': '(of a leaf shape) cleft nearly to the midrib in broad divisions not separated into distinct leaflets', 'pinnatisect': '(of a leaf shape) cleft nearly to the midrib in narrow divisions not separated into distinct leaflets', 'quinquefoliate': '(of a leaf shape) having five leaflets', 'radiate': 'having rays or ray-like parts as in the flower heads of daisies', 'ternate': '(of a leaf shape) consisting of three leaflets or sections', 'trifoliate': '(of a leaf shape) having three leaflets', 'trilobate': '(of a leaf shape) divided into three lobes', 'tripinnate': '(of a leaf shape) thrice pinnate', 'tripinnatifid': '(of a leaf shape) bipinnatifid with segments pinnatifid', 'simplistic': 'characterized by extreme and often misleading simplicity; \"a simplistic theory of the universe\"; \"simplistic arguments of the ruling party\"', 'unanalyzable': 'representing the furthest possible extent of analysis or division into parts; \"a feeling is a simple and undecomposable mental state\"- G.S.Brett; \"this weight of evidence is something mystical and unanalyzable\"-M.R.Cohen', 'uncomplicated': 'lacking complexity; \"small and uncomplicated cars for those really interested in motoring\"; \"an unsophisticated machine\"', 'complex': 'complicated in structure; consisting of interconnected parts; \"a complex set of variations based on a simple folk melody\"; \"a complex mass of diverse laws and customs\"', 'analyzable': 'capable of being partitioned', 'Byzantine': 'of or relating to the Eastern Orthodox Church or the rites performed in it; \"Byzantine monks\"; \"Byzantine rites\"', 'colonial': 'of animals who live in colonies, such as ants', 'complicated': 'difficult to analyze or understand; \"a complicated problem\"; \"complicated Middle East politics\"', 'composite': 'of or relating to or belonging to the plant family Compositae', 'daedal': 'complex and ingenious in design or function; \"the daedal hand of nature\"', 'Gordian': \"extremely intricate; usually in phrase `Gordian knot'\", 'interlacing': 'linked or locked closely together as by dovetailing', 'intricate': 'having many complexly arranged elements; elaborate; \"intricate lacework\"', 'labyrinthine': 'relating to or affecting or originating in the inner ear; \"labyrinthine deafness\"', 'multifactorial': 'involving or depending on several factors or causes (especially pertaining to a condition or disease resulting from the interaction of many genes)', 'multiplex': 'having many parts or aspects; \"the multiplex problem of drug abuse\"', 'thickening': 'becoming more intricate or complex; \"a thickening plot\"', 'sincere': 'open and genuine; not deceitful; \"he was a good man, decent and sincere\"; \"felt sincere regret that they were leaving\"; \"sincere friendship\"', 'bona_fide': 'undertaken in good faith; \"a bona fide offer\"', 'cordial': 'politely warm and friendly; \"a cordial handshake\"', 'heart-whole': 'with unconditional and enthusiastic devotion; \"heart-whole friendship\"; \"gave wholehearted support to her candidacy\"; \"wholehearted commitment\"; \"demonstrated his whole-souled allegiance\"', 'insincere': 'lacking sincerity; \"a charming but thoroughly insincere woman\"; \"their praise was extravagant and insincere\"', 'dissimulative': 'concealing under a false appearance with the intent to deceive; \"dissimulative arts\"', 'feigned': 'not genuine; \"feigned sympathy\"', 'gilded': 'based on pretense; deceptively pleasing; \"the gilded and perfumed but inwardly rotten nobility\"; \"meretricious praise\"; \"a meretricious argument\"', 'hypocritical': 'professing feelings or virtues one does not have; \"hypocritical praise\"', 'plural': 'composed of more than one member, set, or kind', 'dual': 'a grammatical number category referring to two items or units as opposed to one item (singular) or more than two items (plural); \"ancient Greek had the dual form but it has merged with the plural form in modern Greek\"', 'zero': 'of or relating to the null set (a set with no members)', 'non-zero': 'not involving zero', 'two': 'being one more than one; \"he received two messages\"', 'three': 'being one more than two', 'four': 'being one more than three', 'five': 'being one more than four', 'six': 'denoting a quantity consisting of six items or units', 'seven': 'being one more than six', 'eight': 'being one more than seven', 'nine': 'denoting a quantity consisting of one more than eight and one less than ten', 'ten': 'being one more than nine', 'eleven': 'being one more than ten', 'twelve': 'denoting a quantity consisting of 12 items or units', 'thirteen': 'being one more than twelve', 'fourteen': 'being one more than thirteen', 'fifteen': 'being one more than fourteen', 'sixteen': 'being one more than fifteen', 'seventeen': 'being one more than sixteen', 'eighteen': 'being one more than seventeen', 'nineteen': 'being one more than eighteen', 'twenty': 'denoting a quantity consisting of 20 items or units', 'twenty-one': 'being one more than twenty', 'twenty-two': 'being two more than twenty', 'twenty-three': 'being three more than twenty', 'twenty-four': 'being four more than twenty', 'twenty-five': 'being five more than twenty', 'twenty-six': 'being six more than twenty', 'twenty-seven': 'being seven more than twenty', 'twenty-eight': 'being eight more than twenty', 'twenty-nine': 'being nine more than twenty', 'thirty': 'being ten more than twenty', 'thirty-one': 'being one more than thirty', 'thirty-two': 'being two more than thirty', 'thirty-three': 'being three more than thirty', 'thirty-four': 'being four more than thirty', 'thirty-five': 'being five more than thirty', 'thirty-six': 'being six more than thirty', 'thirty-seven': 'being seven more than thirty', 'thirty-eight': 'being eight more than thirty', 'thirty-nine': 'being nine more than thirty', 'forty': 'being ten more than thirty', 'forty-one': 'being one more than forty', 'forty-two': 'being two more than forty', 'forty-three': 'being three more than forty', 'forty-four': 'being four more than forty', 'forty-five': 'being five more than forty', 'forty-six': 'being six more than forty', 'forty-seven': 'being seven more than forty', 'forty-eight': 'being eight more than forty', 'forty-nine': 'being nine more than forty', 'fifty': 'being ten more than forty', 'fifty-one': 'being one more than fifty', 'fifty-two': 'being two more than fifty', 'fifty-three': 'being three more than fifty', 'fifty-four': 'being four more than fifty', 'fifty-five': 'being five more than fifty', 'fifty-six': 'being six more than fifty', 'fifty-seven': 'being seven more than fifty', 'fifty-eight': 'being eight more than fifty', 'fifty-nine': 'being nine more than fifty', 'sixty': 'being ten more than fifty', 'sixty-one': 'being one more than sixty', 'sixty-two': 'being two more than sixty', 'sixty-three': 'being three more than sixty', 'sixty-four': 'being four more than sixty', 'sixty-five': 'being five more than sixty', 'sixty-six': 'being six more than sixty', 'sixty-seven': 'being seven more than sixty', 'sixty-eight': 'being eight more than sixty', 'sixty-nine': 'being nine more than sixty', 'seventy': 'being ten more than sixty', 'seventy-one': 'being one more than seventy', 'seventy-two': 'being two more than seventy', 'seventy-three': 'being three more than seventy', 'seventy-four': 'being four more than seventy', 'seventy-five': 'being five more than seventy', 'seventy-six': 'being six more than seventy', 'seventy-seven': 'being seven more than seventy', 'seventy-eight': 'being eight more than seventy', 'seventy-nine': 'being nine more than seventy', 'eighty': 'being ten more than seventy', 'eighty-one': 'being one more than eighty', 'eighty-two': 'being two more than eighty', 'eighty-three': 'being three more than eighty', 'eighty-four': 'being four more than eighty', 'eighty-five': 'being five more than eighty', 'eighty-six': 'being six more than eighty', 'eighty-seven': 'being seven more than eighty', 'eighty-eight': 'being eight more than eighty', 'eighty-nine': 'being nine more than eighty', 'ninety': 'being ten more than eighty', 'ninety-one': 'being one more than ninety', 'ninety-two': 'being two more than ninety', 'ninety-three': 'being three more than ninety', 'ninety-four': 'being four more than ninety', 'ninety-five': 'being five more than ninety', 'ninety-six': 'being six more than ninety', 'ninety-seven': 'being seven more than ninety', 'ninety-eight': 'being eight more than ninety', 'ninety-nine': 'being nine more than ninety', 'hundred': 'being ten more than ninety', 'hundred_and_one': 'being one more than one hundred', 'one_hundred_five': 'being five more than one hundred', 'one_hundred_ten': 'being ten more than one hundred', 'one_hundred_fifteen': 'being five more than one hundred ten', 'one_hundred_twenty': 'being ten more than one hundred ten', 'one_hundred_twenty-five': 'being five more than one hundred twenty', 'one_hundred_thirty': 'being ten more than one hundred twenty', 'one_hundred_thirty-five': 'being five more than one hundred thirty', 'one_hundred_forty': 'being ten more than one hundred thirty', 'one_hundred_forty-five': 'being five more than one hundred forty', 'one_hundred_fifty': 'being ten more than one hundred forty', 'one_hundred_fifty-five': 'being five more than one hundred fifty', 'one_hundred_sixty': 'being ten more than one hundred fifty', 'one_hundred_sixty-five': 'being five more than one hundred sixty', 'one_hundred_seventy': 'being ten more than one hundred sixty', 'one_hundred_seventy-five': 'being five more than one hundred seventy', 'one_hundred_eighty': 'being ten more than one hundred seventy', 'one_hundred_ninety': 'being ten more than one hundred eighty', 'two_hundred': 'being ten more than one hundred ninety', 'three_hundred': 'being one hundred more than two hundred', 'four_hundred': 'being one hundred more than three hundred', 'five_hundred': 'denoting a quantity consisting of 500 items or units', 'thousand': 'denoting a quantity consisting of 1,000 items or units', 'ten_thousand': 'denoting a quantity consisting of 10,000 items or units', 'hundred_thousand': '(in Roman numerals, C written with a macron over it) denoting a quantity consisting of 100,000 items or units', 'million': '(in Roman numerals, M written with a macron over it) denoting a quantity consisting of 1,000,000 items or units', 'billion': 'denoting a quantity consisting of one million million items or units in Great Britain', 'trillion': 'one quintillion in Great Britain', 'zillion': 'very large indeterminate number; \"a zillion people were there\"', 'ordinal': 'of or relating to a taxonomic order; \"family and ordinal names of animals and plants\"', 'zeroth': 'preceding even the first', 'third': 'coming next after the second and just before the fourth in position', 'fourth': 'coming next after the third and just before the fifth in position or time or degree or magnitude; \"the quaternary period of geologic time extends from the end of the tertiary period to the present\"', 'fifth': 'coming next after the fourth and just before the sixth in position', 'sixth': 'coming next after the fifth and just before the seventh in position', 'seventh': 'coming next after the sixth and just before the eighth in position', 'eighth': 'coming next after the seventh and just before the ninth in position', 'ninth': 'coming next after the eighth and just before the tenth in position', 'tenth': 'coming next after the ninth and just before the eleventh in position', 'eleventh': 'coming next after the tenth and just before the twelfth in position', 'twelfth': 'coming next after the eleventh and just before the thirteenth in position', 'thirteenth': 'coming next after the twelfth in position', 'fourteenth': 'coming next after the thirteenth in position', 'fifteenth': 'coming next after the fourteenth and just before the sixteenth in position', 'sixteenth': 'coming next after the fifteenth in position', 'seventeenth': 'coming next after the sixteenth in position', 'eighteenth': 'coming next after the seventeenth in position', 'nineteenth': 'coming next after the eighteenth in position', 'umpteenth': 'last in an indefinitely numerous series', 'twentieth': 'coming next after the nineteenth in position', 'twenty-first': 'coming next after the twentieth in position', 'twenty-second': 'coming next after the twenty-first in position', 'twenty-third': 'coming next after the twenty-second in position', 'twenty-fourth': 'coming next after the twenty-third in position', 'twenty-fifth': 'coming next after the twenty-fourth in position', 'twenty-sixth': 'coming next after the twenty-fifth in position', 'twenty-seventh': 'coming next after the twenty-sixth in position', 'twenty-eighth': 'coming next after the twenty-seventh in position', 'twenty-ninth': 'coming next after the twenty-eighth in position', 'thirtieth': 'coming next after the twenty-ninth in position', 'thirty-first': 'coming next after the thirtieth in position', 'thirty-second': 'the ordinal number of thirty-two in counting order', 'thirty-third': 'the ordinal number of thirty-three in counting order', 'thirty-fourth': 'the ordinal number of thirty-four in counting order', 'thirty-fifth': 'the ordinal number of thirty-five in counting order', 'thirty-sixth': 'the ordinal number of thirty-six in counting order', 'thirty-seventh': 'the ordinal number of thirty-seven in counting order', 'thirty-eighth': 'the ordinal number of thirty-eight in counting order', 'thirty-ninth': 'the ordinal number of thirty-nine in counting order', 'fortieth': 'the ordinal number of forty in counting order', 'forty-first': 'the ordinal number of forty-one in counting order', 'forty-second': 'the ordinal number of forty-two in counting order', 'forty-third': 'the ordinal number of forty-three in counting order', 'forty-fourth': 'the ordinal number of forty-four in counting order', 'forty-fifth': 'the ordinal number of forty-five in counting order', 'forty-sixth': 'the ordinal number of forty-six in counting order', 'forty-seventh': 'the ordinal number of forty-seven in counting order', 'forty-eighth': 'the ordinal number of forty-eight in counting order', 'forty-ninth': 'the ordinal number of forty-nine in counting order', 'fiftieth': 'the ordinal number of fifty in counting order', 'fifty-fifth': 'the ordinal number of fifty-five in counting order', 'sixtieth': 'the ordinal number of sixty in counting order', 'sixty-fourth': 'the ordinal number of sixty-four in counting order', 'sixty-fifth': 'the ordinal number of sixty-five in counting order', 'seventieth': 'the ordinal number of seventy in counting order', 'seventy-fifth': 'the ordinal number of seventy-five in counting order', 'eightieth': 'the ordinal number of eighty in counting order', 'eighty-fifth': 'the ordinal number of eighty-five in counting order', 'ninetieth': 'the ordinal number of ninety in counting order', 'ninety-fifth': 'the ordinal number of ninety-five in counting order', 'hundredth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred in counting order', 'hundred-and-first': 'the ordinal number of one hundred one in counting order', 'hundred-and-fifth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred five in counting order', 'hundred-and-tenth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred ten in counting order', 'hundred-and-fifteenth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred fifteen in counting order', 'hundred-and-twentieth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred twenty in counting order', 'hundred-and-twenty-fifth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred twenty-five in counting order', 'hundred-and-thirtieth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred thirty in counting order', 'hundred-and-thirty-fifth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred thirty-five in counting order', 'hundred-and-fortieth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred forty in counting order', 'hundred-and-forty-fifth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred forty-five in counting order', 'hundred-and-fiftieth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred fifty in counting order', 'hundred-and-fifty-fifth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred fifty-five in counting order', 'hundred-and-sixtieth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred sixty in counting order', 'hundred-and-sixty-fifth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred sixty-five in counting order', 'hundred-and-seventieth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred seventy in counting order', 'hundred-and-seventy-fifth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred seventy-five in counting order', 'hundred-and-eightieth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred eighty in counting order', 'hundred-and-ninetieth': 'the ordinal number of one hundred eighty-five in counting order', 'two-hundredth': 'the ordinal number of two hundred in counting order', 'three-hundredth': 'the ordinal number of three hundred in counting order', 'four-hundredth': 'the ordinal number of four hundred in counting order', 'five-hundredth': 'the ordinal number of five hundred in counting order', 'thousandth': 'the ordinal number of one thousand in counting order', 'millionth': 'the ordinal number of one million in counting order', 'billionth': 'the ordinal number of one billion in counting order', 'trillionth': 'the ordinal number of one trillion in counting order', 'quadrillionth': 'the ordinal number of one quadrillion in counting order', 'quintillionth': 'the ordinal number of one quintillion in counting order', 'nth': 'last or greatest in an indefinitely large series; \"to the nth degree\"', 'scripted': 'written as for a film or play or broadcast', 'unscripted': 'not furnished with or using a script; \"unrehearsed and unscript spot interviews\"; \"unscripted talk shows\"', 'sinkable': 'capable of being sunk', 'unsinkable': 'incapable of being sunk; \"they thought the Titanic was unsinkable\"', 'azygous': 'occurring singly; not one of a pair; \"the azygous muscle of the uvula\"', 'one-man': 'designed for or restricted to a single person; \"a one-man show\"; \"a one-person tent\"; \"Sarah Silverman\\'s hilarious one-woman show\"', 'lone': 'characterized by or preferring solitude; \"a lone wolf\"; \"a lonely existence\"; \"a man of a solitary disposition\"; \"a solitary walk\"', 'sui_generis': 'constituting a class of its own; unique; \"a history book sui generis\"; \"sui generis works like Mary Chestnut\\'s Civil War diary\"', 'unary': 'consisting of or involving a single element or component; \"in a unary operation in a mathematical system one element is used to yield a single result\"', 'uninominal': 'based on the system of having only one member from each district (as of a legislature); \"a uninominal electoral system\"', 'multiple': 'having or involving or consisting of more than one part or entity or individual; \"multiple birth\"; \"multiple ownership\"; \"made multiple copies of the speech\"; \"his multiple achievements in public life\"; \"her multiple personalities\"; \"a pineapple is a multiple fruit\"', 'bigeminal': 'occurring in pairs; \"a bigeminal pulse\"', 'binary': 'of or pertaining to a number system have 2 as its base; \"a binary digit\"', 'manifold': 'many and varied; having many features or forms; \"manifold reasons\"; \"our manifold failings\"; \"manifold intelligence\"; \"the multiplex opportunities in high technology\"', 'ternary': 'having three units or components or elements; \"a ternary operation\"; \"a treble row of red beads\"; \"overcrowding made triple sessions necessary\"; \"triple time has three beats per measure\"; \"triplex windows\"', 'treble': 'three times as great or many; \"a claim for treble (or triple) damages\"; \"a threefold increase\"', 'triune': 'being three in one; used especially of the Christian Trinity; \"a triune God\"', 'quadruple': 'having four units or components; \"quadruple rhythm has four beats per measure\"; \"quadruplex wire\"', 'quaternate': 'consisting of or especially arranged in sets of four; \"quaternate leaves\"; \"a quaternary compound\"', 'quintuple': 'having five units or components', 'sextuple': 'having six units or components', 'septuple': 'having seven units or components', 'octuple': 'having eight units or components', 'nonuple': 'having nine units or components', 'tenfold': 'containing ten or ten parts', 'multiple-choice': 'offering several alternative answers from which the correct one is to be chosen; or consisting of such questions; \"multiple-choice questions\"; \"a multiple-choice test\"', 'true-false': 'offering a series of statements each of which is to be judged as true or false; \"a true-false test\"', 'single-lane': '(of roads) having a single lane for traffic in both directions; when vehicles meet one must pull off the road to let the other pass', 'multilane': '(of roads and highways) having two or more lanes for traffic', 'two-lane': 'having a lane for traffic in each direction', 'three-lane': 'having a lane for traffic in each direction and a center lane for passing', 'four-lane': 'having two lanes for traffic in each direction', 'sized': 'having the surface treated or coated with sizing', 'apple-sized': 'having the approximate size of an apple', 'cherry-sized': 'having the approximate size of a cherry', 'cookie-sized': 'having the approximate size of a cookie', 'crow-sized': 'having the approximate size of a crow', 'dog-sized': 'having the approximate size of an average dog', 'eightpenny': 'used of nail size; 2 1/2 in or 6.4 cm long', 'ferret-sized': 'having the approximate size of a ferret', 'fourpenny': 'used of nail size; 1 3/8 in or 3.8 cm long', 'grape-sized': 'having the approximate size of a grape', 'human-sized': 'having the approximate size of a human being', 'kiwi-sized': 'having the approximate size of a kiwi fruit', 'medium-sized': 'intermediate in size', 'mouse-sized': 'having the approximate size of a mouse', 'ninepenny': 'used of nail size; 2 3/4 in or 7 cm long', 'orange-sized': 'having the approximate size of an orange', 'pig-sized': 'having the approximate size of a pig', 'rabbit-sized': 'having the approximate size of a rabbit', 'shrew-sized': 'having the approximate size of a shrew', 'size': '(used in combination) sized; \"the economy-size package\"; \"average-size house\"', 'sorted': 'arranged according to size', 'sparrow-sized': 'having the approximate size of a sparrow', 'squirrel-sized': 'having the approximate size of a squirrel', 'threepenny': 'used of nail size; 1 1/8 in long', 'turkey-sized': 'having the approximate size of a turkey', 'wolf-sized': 'having the approximate size of a wolf', 'unsized': 'not having the surface treated or coated with sizing; \"unsized paper\"', 'unsorted': 'not arranged according to size', 'skilled': 'having or showing or requiring special skill; \"only the most skilled gymnasts make an Olympic team\"; \"a skilled surgeon has many years of training and experience\"; \"a skilled reconstruction of her damaged elbow\"; \"a skilled trade\"', 'adept': 'having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude; \"adept in handicrafts\"; \"an adept juggler\"; \"an expert job\"; \"a good mechanic\"; \"a practiced marksman\"; \"a proficient engineer\"; \"a lesser-known but no less skillful composer\"; \"the effect was achieved by skillful retouching\"', 'ball-hawking': 'used of a player skilled in stealing the ball or robbing a batter of a hit; \"a ball-hawking center fielder\"', 'consummate': 'having or revealing supreme mastery or skill; \"a consummate artist\"; \"consummate skill\"; \"a masterful speaker\"; \"masterful technique\"; \"a masterly performance of the sonata\"; \"a virtuoso performance\"', 'sure-handed': 'proficient and confident in performance; \"promising playwrights...sure-handed enough to turn out top-drawer scripts\"', 'unskilled': 'not having or showing or requiring special skill or proficiency; \"unskilled in the art of rhetoric\"; \"an enthusiastic but unskillful mountain climber\"; \"unskilled labor\"; \"workers in unskilled occupations are finding fewer and fewer job opportunities\"; \"unskilled workmanship\"', 'botchy': 'poorly done; \"a botchy piece of work\"; \"it was an unskillful attempt\"', 'bungled': 'spoiled through incompetence or clumsiness; \"a bungled job\"', 'bungling': 'showing lack of skill or aptitude; \"a bungling workman\"; \"did a clumsy job\"; \"his fumbling attempt to put up a shelf\"', 'out_of_practice': 'impaired in skill by neglect', 'semiskilled': 'possessing or requiring limited skills; \"semiskilled dockworkers\"; \"a semiskilled job\"', 'numerical': 'relating to or having ability to think in or work with numbers; \"tests for rating numerical aptitude\"; \"a mathematical whiz\"', 'coarse-grained': 'not having a fine texture; \"coarse-grained wood\"; \"large-grained sand\"', 'farinaceous': 'composed of or covered with particles resembling meal in texture or consistency; \"granular sugar\"; \"the photographs were grainy and indistinct\"; \"it left a mealy residue\"', 'granulated': 'made grainy or formed into granules; \"granulated sugar\"', 'plushy': '(of textures) resembling plush', 'close-grained': 'dense or compact in structure or texture, as a wood composed of small-diameter cells; \"close-grained birch\"; \"fine-grained rock\"', 'dustlike': 'as fine and powdery as dust', 'floury': 'resembling flour in fine powdery texture; \"a floury clay\"', 'nongranular': 'not having granules; \"clear nongranular cytoplasm\"', 'powdered': 'consisting of fine particles; \"powdered cellulose\"; \"powdery snow\"; \"pulverized sugar is prepared from granulated sugar by grinding\"', 'smoky': 'tasting of smoke; \"smoky sausages\"', 'blackened': 'darkened by smoke; \"blackened rafters\"', 'smoking': 'emitting smoke in great volume; \"a smoking fireplace\"', 'smoke-filled': 'containing smoke; \"smoke-filled rooms\"', 'smokeless': 'emitting or containing little or no smoke; \"smokeless factory stacks\"; \"smokeless fuel\"; \"a smokeless environment\"', 'smoke-free': 'free of smoke; \"smoke-free offices and restaurants\"', 'slippery': 'not to be trusted; \"how extraordinarily slippery a liar the camera is\"- James Agee', 'nonstick': '(of surfaces especially of cooking utensils) permitting easy removal of adherent food particles; \"a frying pan with a nonstick surface\"', 'slick': 'made slick by e.g. ice or grease; \"sidewalks slick with ice\"; \"roads are slickest when rain has just started and hasn\\'t had time to wash away the oil\"', 'sliding': 'being a smooth continuous motion', 'slimed': 'covered with or resembling slime; \"a slimy substance covered the rocks\"', 'slipping': 'moving as on a slippery surface; \"his slipping and slithering progress over the ice\"', 'slithery': 'having a slippery surface or quality ; \"slithery mud\"; \"slithery eels\"', 'nonslippery': 'not slippery; not likely to slip or skid', 'nonskid': 'designed to reduce or prevent skidding; \"nonskid tires\"', 'nonslip': 'designed to reduce or prevent slipping; \"a nonslip surface\"', 'lubricated': 'smeared with oil or grease to reduce friction', 'unlubricated': 'not lubricated', 'creaseless': 'used especially of fabrics; \"uncreased trousers\"', 'even-textured': 'having an even texture', 'fine-textured': 'having a smooth, fine-grained structure', 'abrasive': 'causing abrasion', 'alligatored': 'of paint or varnish; having the appearance of alligator hide', 'barky': 'resembling the rough bark of a tree; \"the rattlesnake\\'s barky scales\"', 'bullate': 'of leaves; appearing puckered as if blistered', 'bumpy': 'covered with or full of bumps; \"a bumpy country road\"', 'chapped': 'used of skin roughened as a result of cold or exposure; \"chapped lips\"', 'corded': 'of textiles; having parallel raised lines', 'cragged': 'having hills and crags; \"hilly terrain\"', 'crushed': 'treated so as to have a permanently wrinkled appearance; \"crushed velvet\"', 'imbricate': 'used especially of leaves or bracts; overlapping or layered as scales or shingles', 'lepidote': 'rough to the touch; covered with scales or scurf', 'squamulose': 'covered with tiny scales', 'rock-ribbed': 'abounding in or bordered by rocky cliffs or scarps; \"the rock-ribbed coast of Maine\"', 'gravelly': 'abounding in small stones; \"landed at a shingly little beach\"', 'roughish': 'somewhat rough', 'rugose': 'of leaves; ridged or wrinkled', 'sandpapery': 'having the abrasive texture of sandpaper', 'saw-like': 'having rough edges that can be used for sawing', 'scabby': 'covered with scabs', 'shagged': 'having a very rough nap or covered with hanging shags; \"junipers with shagged trunks\"; \"shaggy rugs\"', 'textured': 'having surface roughness; \"a textured wall of stucco\"; \"a rough-textured tweed\"', 'verrucose': '(of skin) covered with warts or projections that resemble warts', 'furrowed': 'having long narrow shallow depressions (as grooves or wrinkles) in the surface; \"furrowed fields\"; \"his furrowed face lit by a warming smile\"', 'canaliculate': 'having thin parallel channels; \"canaliculate leafstalks of certain plants\"', 'corrugated': 'shaped into alternating parallel grooves and ridges; \"the surface of the ocean was rippled and corrugated\"', 'rutted': 'full of ruts; \"rutty farm roads\"', 'unfurrowed': 'not marked with shallow depressions or furrows; \"an unfurrowed field\"; \"unfurrowed cheeks\"', 'repand': 'having a slightly undulating margin', 'sinuate': 'curved or curving in and out; \"wiggly lines\"', 'undulate': 'having a wavy margin and rippled surface', 'unnotched': 'having no notches', 'bidentate': 'having toothlike projections that are themselves toothed', 'biserrate': 'having saw-like notches with the notches themselves similarly notched', 'ciliate': 'having a margin or fringe of hairlike projections', 'crenate': 'having a margin with rounded scallops', 'crenulate': 'having a margin with small rounded teeth; \"a crenulate leaf\"', 'crispate': 'wavy or notched and curled very irregularly', 'dentate': 'having toothlike projections in the margin', 'denticulate': 'having a very finely toothed margin', 'emarginate': 'having a notched tip', 'erose': 'having an irregularly notched or toothed margin as though gnawed', 'fimbriate': 'having a fringe of slender processes', 'pectinate': 'like a comb', 'rimose': 'having a surface covered with a network of cracks and small crevices; \"a tree with rimose bark\"', 'runcinate': 'having incised margins with the lobes or teeth pointing toward the base; as dandelion leaves', 'serrate': 'notched like a saw with teeth pointing toward the apex', 'serrulate': 'minutely serrated', 'spinose': 'having spines', 'rifled': 'of a firearm; having rifling or internal spiral grooves inside the barrel', 'unrifled': 'of a firearm; not having rifling or internal spiral grooves inside the barrel', 'cultural': 'of or relating to the arts and manners that a group favors; \"cultural events\"; \"a person of broad cultural interests\"', 'gregarious': '(of plants) growing in groups that are close together', 'interpersonal': 'occurring among or involving several people; \"interpersonal situations in which speech occurs\"', 'multiethnic': 'involving several ethnic groups', 'unsocial': 'not seeking or given to association; being or living without companions; \"the unsocial disposition to neglect one\\'s neighbors\"', 'antisocial': 'shunning contact with others; \"standoffish and antisocial\"; \"he\\'s not antisocial; just shy\"', 'asocial': 'given to avoiding association with others; \"bears are asocial secretive animals\"; \"are you asocial or do you just enjoy living in the Antarctic?\"', 'recluse': 'withdrawn from society; seeking solitude; \"lived an unsocial reclusive life\"', 'accompanied': 'playing or singing with instrumental or vocal accompaniment', 'tod': 'alone and on your own; \"don\\'t just sit there on your tod\"', 'unattended': 'not watched; \"she dashed out leaving the bar unattended\"; \"a fire left unattended\"', 'a_cappella': 'sung without instrumental accompaniment; \"they sang an a cappella Mass\"', 'solo': 'composed or performed by a single voice or instrument; \"a passage for solo clarinet\"', 'ungregarious': 'not disposed to seek company; \"a lonely ungregarious person\"', 'nongregarious': 'of plants and animals; not growing or living in groups or colonies; \"solitary bees\"', 'clustered': 'growing close together but not in dense mats', 'caespitose': '(of plants) growing in small dense clumps or tufts', 'seamed': 'having or joined by a seam or seams', 'sewed': 'fastened with stitches', 'broadloom': '(of rugs or carpets) woven full width; \"a broadloom rug\"', 'circular-knit': 'knitted in tubular form; \"circular-knit sweaters without seams\"', 'unseamed': 'having no seams; \"an unseamed garment made of plastic\"', 'seedy': 'full of seeds; \"as seedy as a fig\"', 'black-seeded': 'having black seeds', 'multi-seeded': 'having many seeds', 'single-seeded': 'having a single seed', 'small-seeded': 'having relatively small seeds', 'three-seeded': 'having three seeds', 'white-seeded': 'having white seeds', 'seedless': 'lacking seeds; \"seedless grapefruit\"', 'stoneless': '(of fruits having stones) having the stone removed; \"stoneless dried dates\"', 'shuttered': 'provided with shutters or shutters as specified; often used in combination; \"a church with a shuttered belfry and spire\"; \"green-shuttered cottages\"', 'unshuttered': 'not provided with shutters or having the shuttered open; \"unshuttered windows\"', 'sleeved': 'made with sleeves or sleeves especially as specified; often used in combination; \"sleeved garments\"; \"short-sleeved\"', 'sleeveless': 'having no sleeves; \"sleeveless summer dresses\"', 'clubbable': 'inclined to club together; \"a clubbable man\"', 'clubbish': 'effusively sociable; \"a clubbish set\"; \"we got rather clubby\"', 'companionable': 'suggestive of companionship; \"a companionable pet\"', 'convivial': 'occupied with or fond of the pleasures of good company; \"a convivial atmosphere at the reunion\"; \"a woman of convivial nature\"; \"he was a real good-time Charlie\"', 'extroverted': 'at ease in talking to others', 'unsociable': 'not inclined to society or companionship; \"an unsociable nature...shy and reserved\"; \"generally unsociable except with intimate friends\"; \"unsociable behavior\"; \"an unsociable neighborhood\"', 'sold': 'disposed of to a purchaser; \"this merchandise is sold\"', 'oversubscribed': 'sold in excess of available supply especially season tickets; \"the opera season was oversubscribed\"', 'unsold': 'not disposed of by purchase; \"the house has been on the market almost a year and is still unsold\"', 'soled': 'having a sole or soles especially as specified; used in combination; \"half-soled\"; \"rubber-soled\"', 'soleless': 'having no sole', 'coagulated': 'changed into a solid mass', 'congealed': 'congealed into jelly; solidified by cooling; \"in Georgia they serve congealed salads\"', 'semisolid': 'partly solid; having a rigidity and viscosity intermediate between a solid and a liquid; \"a semisolid mixture\"', 'solid-state': 'characteristic of or relating to the physical properties of solid materials especially electromagnetic or thermodynamic or structural properties of crystalline solids', 'liquefiable': 'capable of being liquefied', 'liquefied': 'reduced to a liquid state; \"liquefied petroleum gas\"', 'semiliquid': 'somewhat liquid', 'gaseous': 'existing as or having characteristics of a gas; \"steam is water is the gaseous state\"', 'aerosolized': 'in the form of ultramicroscopic solid or liquid particles dispersed or suspended in air or gas', 'evaporated': 'drawn off in the form of vapor; \"evaporated molecules boil off\"', 'gasified': 'converted into a gas or vapor', 'gassy': 'resembling gas', 'vaporific': 'resembling or characteristic of vapor; \"vaporous clouds\"', 'cavernous': 'being or suggesting a cavern; \"vast cavernous chambers hollowed out of limestone\"', 'deep-set': 'having a sunken area; \"hunger gave their faces a sunken look\"', 'fistular': 'hollow and tube-shaped like a reed', 'tubular': 'constituting a tube; having hollow tubes (as for the passage of fluids)', 'soluble': 'susceptible of solution or of being solved or explained; \"the puzzle is soluble\"', 'alcohol-soluble': 'soluble in alcohol', 'dissolvable': 'capable of dissolving', 'fat-soluble': 'soluble in fats; \"fat-soluble vitamin A\"', 'meltable': 'capable of melting', 'oil-soluble': 'soluble in oil; \"oil-soluble pigments\"', 'water-soluble': 'soluble in water', 'water-insoluble': 'not soluble in water', 'solvable': 'capable of being solved; \"such problems are perfectly solvable\"', 'insolvable': 'not easily solved; \"an apparantly insolvable problem\"; \"public finance...had long presented problems unsolvable or at least unsolved\"- C.L.Jones', 'solved': 'explained or answered; \"mysteries solved and unsolved; problems resolved and unresolved\"', 'unsolved': 'not solved; \"many crimes remain unsolved\"; \"many problems remain unresolved\"', 'any': 'one or some or every or all without specification; \"give me any peaches you don\\'t want\"; \"not any milk is left\"; \"any child would know that\"; \"pick any card\"; \"any day now\"; \"cars can be rented at almost any airport\"; \"at twilight or any other time\"; \"beyond any doubt\"; \"need any help we can get\"; \"give me whatever peaches you don\\'t want\"; \"no milk whatsoever is left\"', 'both': '(used with count nouns) two considered together; the two; \"both girls are pretty\"', 'no': 'quantifier; used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns for indicating a complete or almost complete lack or zero quantity of; \"we have no bananas\"; \"no eggs left and no money to buy any\"; \"have you no decency?\"; \"did it with no help\"; \"I\\'ll get you there in no time\"', 'nary': '(used with singular count nouns) colloquial for `not a\\' or `not one\\' or `never a\\'; \"heard nary a sound\"', 'none': 'not any; \"thou shalt have none other gods before me\"', 'each': '(used of count nouns) every one considered individually; \"each person is mortal\"; \"each party is welcome\"', 'every': 'each and all of a series of entities or intervals as specified; \"every third seat\"; \"every two hours\"', 'every_last': '(used as intensive) every; \"every last one of you\"', 'worldly-wise': 'experienced in and wise to the ways of the world', 'fleeceable': 'naive and easily deceived or tricked; \"at that early age she had been gullible and in love\"', 'simple-minded': 'lacking subtlety and insight; \"a simple-minded argument\"', 'unsophisticated': 'not wise in the ways of the world; \"either too unsophisticated or too honest to promise more than he could deliver\"; \"this helplessly unworldly woman\"- Kate O\\'Brien', 'dependable': 'worthy of being depended on; \"a dependable worker\"; \"an honest working stiff\"; \"a reliable sourcSFLe of information\"; \"he was true to his word\"; \"I would be true for there are those who trust me\"', 'corroded': 'eaten away as by acid or oxidation', 'decayed': 'damaged by decay; hence unsound and useless; \"rotten floor boards\"; \"rotted beams\"; \"a decayed foundation\"', 'effervescent': '(of a liquid) giving off bubbles', 'fizzing': 'hissing and bubbling', 'carbonated': 'having carbonation (especially artificially carbonated)', 'noneffervescent': 'not effervescent', 'noncarbonated': 'not having carbonation', 'sparkling': 'shining with brilliant points of light like stars; \"sparkling snow\"; \"sparkling eyes\"', 'specialized': 'developed or designed for a special activity or function; \"a specialized tool\"', 'specialistic': 'of or related to or characteristic of specialists', 'unspecialized': 'not specialized or modified for a particular purpose or function', 'generalized': 'not biologically differentiated or adapted to a specific function or environment; \"the hedgehog is a primitive and generalized mammal\"', 'spinous': 'having spines; \"the dorsal fin is spinous\"', 'spineless': 'lacking spiny processes; \"spineless fins\"', 'spirited': 'displaying animation, vigor, or liveliness', 'con_brio': 'with liveliness or spirit', 'dashing': 'lively and spirited; \"a dashing hero\"', 'ebullient': 'joyously unrestrained', 'feisty': 'showing courage; \"the champion is faced with a feisty challenger\"', 'impertinent': 'characterized by a lightly pert and exuberant quality; \"a certain irreverent gaiety and ease of manner\"', 'mettlesome': 'having a proud and unbroken spirit', 'resilient': 'recovering readily from adversity, depression, or the like', 'snappy': 'smart and fashionable; \"snappy conversation\"; \"some sharp and whipping lines\"', 'sprightly': 'full of spirit and vitality; \"a sprightly young girl\"; \"a sprightly dance\"', 'zestful': 'marked by spirited enjoyment', 'spiritless': 'lacking ardor or vigor or energy; \"a spiritless reply to criticism\"', 'dispirited': 'marked by low spirits; showing no enthusiasm; \"a dispirited and divided Party\"; \"reacted to the crisis with listless resignation\"', 'heartless': 'devoid of courage or enthusiasm', 'spontaneous': 'happening or arising without apparent external cause; \"spontaneous laughter\"; \"spontaneous combustion\"; \"a spontaneous abortion\"', 'induced': 'brought about or caused; not spontaneous; \"a case of steroid-induced weakness\"', 'elicited': 'called forth from a latent or potential state by stimulation; \"evoked potentials\"; \"an elicited response\"', 'iatrogenic': \"induced by a physician's words or therapy (used especially of a complication resulting from treatment)\", 'spoken': 'uttered through the medium of speech or characterized by speech; sometimes used in combination; \"a spoken message\"; \"the spoken language\"; \"a soft-spoken person\"; \"sharp-spoken\"', 'expressed': 'communicated in words; \"frequently uttered sentiments\"', 'viva-voce': 'expressed orally; \"a viva-voce report\"; \"the film had good word-of-mouth publicity\"', 'written': 'systematically collected and written down; \"written laws\"', 'cursive': 'having successive letter joined together; \"cursive script\"', 'engrossed': 'written formally in a large clear script, as a deed or other legal document', 'handwritten': 'written by hand', 'holographic': 'of or relating to holography or holograms', 'inscribed': 'written (by handwriting, printing, engraving, or carving) on or in a surface', 'longhand': 'having words written out in full by hand; \"longhand writing\"', 'scrivened': 'copied in handwriting', 'shorthand': 'written in abbreviated or symbolic form; \"shorthand notes\"', 'voiced': 'produced with vibration of the vocal cords; \"a frequently voiced opinion\"; \"voiced consonants such as `b\\' and `g\\' and `z\\'\";', 'unvoiced': 'produced without vibration of the vocal cords; \"unvoiced consonants such as `p\\' and `k\\' and `s\\'\"', 'whispered': 'spoken in soft hushed tones without vibrations of the vocal cords; \"a long whispered conversation\"', 'codified': 'enacted by a legislative body; \"statute law\"; \"codified written laws\"', 'unwritten': 'based on custom rather than documentation; \"an unwritten law\"; \"rites...so ancient that they well might have had their unwritten origins in Aurignacian times\"- J.L.T.C.Spence', 'common-law': 'based on common law; \"a common-law right\"', 'vocalic': 'relating to or associated with or containing a vowel; \"vocalic segments\"; \"the vocalic ablaut\"', 'vowellike': 'having characteristics of a vowel sound; \"the vowellike nature of `r\\'\"', 'consonantal': 'relating to or having the nature of a consonant', 'stoppable': 'capable of being stopped; \"if we pick up our pace he may be stoppable\"', 'abatable': 'capable of being abated', 'unstoppable': 'not capable of being stopped; \"as unstoppable as the wind\"', 'unbeatable': 'hard to defeat; \"an unbeatable ball team\"', 'syllabic': 'of or relating to syllables; \"syllabic accent\"; \"syllabic characters each represent a syllable\"', 'nonsyllabic': 'not forming a syllable or the nucleus of a syllable; consisting of a consonant sound accompanied in the same syllable by a vowel sound or consisting of a vowel sound dominated by other vowel sounds in a syllable (as the second vowel in a falling diphthong); \"the nonsyllabic `n\\' in `botany\\' when it is pronounced `botny\\'\"; \"the nonsyllabic `i\\' in `oi\\'\"', 'disyllabic': 'having or characterized by or consisting of two syllables', 'monosyllabic': 'having or characterized by or consisting of one syllable', 'octosyllabic': 'having or characterized by or consisting of eight syllables', 'pentasyllabic': 'having or characterized by or consisting of five syllables', 'decasyllabic': 'having or characterized by or consisting of ten syllables', 'syllabled': 'pronounced in syllables', 'unsyllabled': 'not articulated in syllables', 'accentual': 'of or pertaining to accent or stress', 'lasting': 'lasting a long time without change; \"a lasting relationship\"', 'stabile': '(chemistry, physics, biology) resistant to change', 'stabilized': 'made stable or firm', 'coseismic': 'being where earthquake waves arrive simultaneously', 'crank': '(used of boats) inclined to heel over easily under sail', 'rickety': 'affected with, suffering from, or characteristic of rickets; \"rickety limbs and joints\"; \"a rachitic patient\"', 'seismic': 'subject to or caused by an earthquake or earth vibration', 'tipsy': 'unstable and prone to tip as if intoxicated; \"a tipsy boat\"', 'top-heavy': 'unstable by being overloaded at the top', 'tottering': 'unsteady in gait as from infirmity or old age; \"a tottering skeleton of a horse\"; \"a tottery old man\"', 'staccato': '(music) marked by or composed of disconnected parts or sounds; cut short crisply; \"staccato applause\"; \"a staccato command\"; \"staccato notes\"', 'legato': '(music) without breaks between notes; smooth and connected; \"a legato passage\"', 'staged': 'written for or performed on the stage; \"a staged version of the novel\"', 'unstaged': 'not performed on the stage', 'unperformed': 'not performed; \"the author of numerous unperformed plays\"', 'casebook': 'according to or characteristic of a casebook or textbook; typical; \"a casebook schizophrenic\"; \"a textbook example\"', 'criterial': 'serving as a basis for evaluation', 'nonstandard': 'not conforming to the language usage of a prestige group within a community; \"a nonstandard dialect is one used by uneducated speakers or socially disfavored groups\"; \"the common core of nonstandard words and phrases in folk speech\"- A.R.Dunlap', 'modular': 'constructed with standardized units or dimensions allowing flexibility and variety in use; \"modular furniture\"; \"modular homes\"', 'regulation': 'prescribed by or according to regulation; \"regulation army equipment\"', 'standardized': 'brought into conformity with a standard; \"standardized education\"', 'stock': 'routine; \"a stock answer\"', 'nonnormative': 'not based on a norm', 'starchlike': 'resembling starch', 'starchless': 'lacking starch', 'starry': 'abounding with or resembling stars; \"a starry night\"; \"starry illumination\"', 'comet-like': 'resembling a comet', 'starlike': 'resembling a star; \"they saw a starlike object in the sky\"', 'starlit': 'lighted only by stars; \"the starlit darkness\"', 'starless': 'not starry; having no stars or starlike objects; \"dark starless nights\"', 'nourished': 'being provided with adequate nourishment', 'well-fed': 'properly nourished', 'overfed': 'too well nourished', 'stall-fed': '(of livestock) kept and fed in a stall in order to fatten for the market', 'malnourished': 'not being provided with adequate nourishment', 'foodless': 'being without food', 'ill-fed': 'not getting adequate food; \"gaunt underfed children\"; \"badly undernourished\"', 'starved': 'suffering from lack of food', 'unnourished': 'not nourished', 'steadied': 'made steady or constant; \"the noise became a steadied roaring\"', 'surefooted': 'not liable to stumble or fall; \"on surefooted donkeys\"', 'unsteady': 'subject to change or variation; \"her unsteady walk\"; \"his hand was unsteady as he poured the wine\"; \"an unsteady voice\"', 'convulsive': 'resembling a convulsion in being sudden and violent; \"a convulsive rage\"; \"convulsive laughter\"', 'faltering': 'unsteady in speech or action', 'flickering': 'shining unsteadily', 'fluctuating': 'having unpredictable ups and downs; \"fluctuating prices\"', 'palpitant': 'having a slight and rapid trembling motion; \"palpitant movements rather than violent eruptions\"; \"my palpitating heart\"', 'shaky': 'vibrating slightly and irregularly; as e.g. with fear or cold or like the leaves of an aspen in a breeze; \"a quaking bog\"; \"the quaking child asked for more\"; \"quivering leaves of a poplar tree\"; \"with shaking knees\"; \"seemed shaky on her feet\"; \"sparkling light from the shivering crystals of the chandelier\"; \"trembling hands\"', 'quavering': '(of the voice) quivering as from weakness or fear; \"the old lady\\'s quavering voice\"; \"spoke timidly in a tremulous voice\"', 'shuddering': 'shaking convulsively or violently', 'wobbling': '(of sound) fluctuating unsteadily; \"a low-pitched wobbling sound\"', 'stemmed': 'having the stem removed; \"stemmed berries\"', 'stemless': 'not having a stem; \"stemless glassware\"', 'stimulating': 'rousing or quickening activity or the senses; \"a stimulating discussion\"', 'piquant': 'having an agreeably pungent taste', 'thrilling': 'causing quivering or shivering as by cold or fear or electric shock; \"a thrilling wind blew off the frozen lake\"', 'unstimulating': 'not stimulating', 'bland': 'lacking taste or flavor or tang; \"a bland diet\"; \"insipid hospital food\"; \"flavorless supermarket tomatoes\"; \"vapid beer\"; \"vapid tea\"', 'vapid': 'lacking significance or liveliness or spirit or zest; \"a vapid conversation\"; \"a vapid smile\"; \"a bunch of vapid schoolgirls\"', 'depressant': 'capable of depressing physiological or psychological activity or response by a chemical agent', 'ataractic': 'tending to soothe or tranquilize; \"valium has a tranquilizing effect\"; \"took a hot drink with sedative properties before going to bed\"', 'relaxant': 'tending to relax or relieve muscular or nervous tension; \"a relaxant drug\"', 'soporific': 'sleep inducing', 'stimulative': 'capable of arousing or accelerating physiological or psychological activity or response by a chemical agent', 'adrenocorticotropic': 'stimulating or acting on the adrenal cortex', 'analeptic': 'stimulating the central nervous system; \"an analeptic drug stimulates the central nervous system\"', 'excitant': '(of drugs e.g.) able to excite or stimulate', 'stimulant': 'that stimulates; \"stimulant phenomena\"', 'stomatous': 'having a mouth or mouthlike opening', 'mouthlike': 'of an opening that resembles a mouth', 'astomatous': 'having no mouth or mouthlike opening', 'unbent': 'not bent; \"looking for an unbent nail\"; \"trees with straight unbent trunks make the best lumber\"', 'untwisted': 'not twisted; formerly twisted but now straight', 'crooked': 'not straight; dishonest or immoral or evasive', 'akimbo': '(used of arms and legs) bent outward with the joint away from the body; \"a tailor sitting with legs akimbo\"; \"stood with arms akimbo\"', 'anfractuous': 'full of twists and turns; \"anfractuous cliffs\"', 'aquiline': \"curved down like an eagle's beak\", 'askew': 'turned or twisted toward one side; \"a...youth with a gorgeous red necktie all awry\"- G.K.Chesterton; \"his wig was, as the British say, skew-whiff\"', 'contorted': 'twisted (especially as in pain or struggle); \"his mad contorted smile\"; \"writhed lips\"; \"my writhen features\"- Walter scott', 'deflective': 'capable of changing the direction (of a light or sound wave)', 'geniculate': 'bent at a sharp angle', 'gnarled': 'used of old persons or old trees; covered with knobs or knots; \"gnarled and knotted hands\"; \"a knobbed stick\"', 'malposed': 'characterized by malposition; \"crooked malposed teeth\"', 'reflexed': '(of leaves) bent downward and outward more than 90 degrees', 'squiggly': 'wavy and twisting', 'warped': 'used especially of timbers or boards; bent out of shape usually by moisture; \"the floors were warped and cracked\"', 'windblown': 'used especially of trees; growing in a shape determined by the prevailing winds', 'wry': 'bent to one side; \"a wry neck\"', 'zigzag': 'having short sharp turns or angles', 'trabeated': 'not arcuate; having straight horizontal beams or lintels (rather than arches)', 'uncurved': 'having no curves', 'curved': 'having or marked by a curve or smoothly rounded bend; \"the curved tusks of a walrus\"; \"his curved lips suggested a smile but his eyes were hard\"', 'arced': 'forming or resembling an arch; \"an arched ceiling\"', 'curvilineal': 'characterized by or following a curved line; \"curvilinear tracery\"; \"curvilinear motion\"', 'eellike': 'resembling an eel in being long and thin and sinuous', 'falcate': 'curved like a sickle; \"a falcate leaf\"; \"falcate claws\"; \"the falcate moon\"', 'curvy': 'having curves; \"a settee with only one curvy end\"', 'flexuous': 'having turns or windings; \"the flexuous bed of the stream\"', 'hooklike': 'having or resembling a hook (especially in the ability to grasp and hold); \"hooklike thorns\";', 'incurvate': 'bent into or having an inward curve', 'recurved': 'curved backward or inward', 'semicircular': 'curved into a half circle', 'serpentine': 'resembling a serpent in form; \"a serpentine wall\"; \"snaky ridges in the sand\"', 'sinusoidal': 'having a succession of waves or curves', 'upcurved': 'curving upward', 'coiled': 'curled or wound (especially in concentric rings or spirals); \"a coiled snake ready to strike\"; \"the rope lay coiled on the deck\"', 'coiling': 'in the shape of a coil', 'convolute': 'rolled longitudinally upon itself; \"a convolute petal\"', 'involute': 'especially of petals or leaves in bud; having margins rolled inward', 'wound': 'put in a coil', 'uncoiled': 'no longer coiled', 'aboveboard': 'without concealment or deception; honest; \"their business was open and aboveboard\"; \"straightforward in all his business affairs\"', 'guileless': 'free of deceit', 'straightarrow': 'conventionally moral and upright', 'sneaky': 'marked by deception; \"achieved success in business only by underhand methods\"', 'stressed': 'suffering severe physical strain or distress; \"he dropped out of the race, clearly distressed and having difficulty breathing\"', 'unstressed': 'not bearing a stress or accent; \"short vowels are unstressed\"', 'unaccented': '(used of vowels or syllables) pronounced with little or no stress; \"a syllable that ends in a short vowel is a light syllable\"; \"a weak stress on the second syllable\"', 'unemphatic': 'not emphasized', 'tonic': 'of or relating to or producing normal tone or tonus in muscles or tissue; \"a tonic reflex\"; \"tonic muscle contraction\"', 'atonic': 'characterized by a lack of tonus', 'beardown': 'with full strength; \"his beardown performance in the exhibition game\"', 'beefed-up': 'made greater or stronger; \"beefed-up sales efforts\"', 'brawny': '(of a person) possessing physical strength and weight; rugged and powerful; \"a hefty athlete\"; \"a muscular boxer\"; \"powerful arms\"', 'bullnecked': 'having a thick short powerful neck', 'bullocky': 'resembling a bullock in strength and power; \"thick bullocky shoulders\"', 'fortified': 'having something added to increase the strength; \"fortified wine\"', 'industrial-strength': 'extremely strong or concentrated or durable; \"industrial-strength detergent\"; \"weapons-grade salsa\"', 'ironlike': 'exhibiting strength or hardness like that of iron; \"ironlike determination\"; \"ironlike nerves\"; \"ironlike discipline of the Marines\"', 'knock-down': 'strong enough to knock down or overwhelm; \"a knock-down blow\"', 'reinforced': 'given added strength or support; \"reinforced concrete contains steel bars or metal netting\"', 'vehement': 'characterized by great force or energy; \"vehement deluges of rain\"; \"vehement clapping\"; \"a vehement defense\"', 'virile': 'characterized by energy and vigor; \"a virile and ever stronger free society\"; \"a new and virile leadership\"', 'well-knit': 'strongly and firmly constructed; \"a well-knit argument\"; \"a well-knit theatrical production\"; \"well-knit athletes\"; \"a sailor short but well-set\"- Alexander Hamilton', 'anemic': 'relating to anemia or suffering from anemia', 'adynamic': 'lacking strength or vigor', 'jerry-built': 'of inferior workmanship and materials; \"mean little jerry-built houses\"', 'namby-pamby': 'weak in willpower, courage or vitality', 'vulnerable': 'susceptible to attack; \"a vulnerable bridge\"', 'weakened': 'made weak or weaker', 'stubborn': 'tenaciously unwilling or marked by tenacious unwillingness to yield', 'bloody-minded': 'stubbornly obstructive and unwilling to cooperate; \"unions...have never been as bloody-minded about demarcation as the shipbuilders\"- Spectator', 'bolshy': 'obstreperous', 'bullheaded': 'obstinate and stupid', 'dogged': 'stubbornly unyielding; \"dogged persistence\"; \"dour determination\"; \"the most vocal and pertinacious of all the critics\"; \"a mind not gifted to discover truth but tenacious to hold it\"- T.S.Eliot; \"men tenacious of opinion\"', 'contrarious': 'difficult to deal with', 'stiff-necked': 'haughtily stubborn; \"a stiff-necked old Boston brahmin\"', 'docile': 'ready and willing to be taught; \"docile pupils eager for instruction\"; \"teachable youngsters\"', 'sheeplike': 'like or suggestive of a sheep in docility or stupidity or meekness or timidity', 'feudatory': 'of or pertaining to the relation of a feudal vassal to his lord; \"a feudatory relationship\"', 'ruled': 'subject to a ruling authority; \"the ruled mass\"', 'subservient': 'compliant and obedient to authority; \"editors and journalists who express opinions in print that are opposed to the interests of the rich are dismissed and replaced by subservient ones\"-G. B. Shaw', 'contumacious': 'wilfully obstinate; stubbornly disobedient; \"a contumaceous witness is subject to punishment\"', 'successful': 'having succeeded or being marked by a favorable outcome; \"a successful architect\"; \"a successful business venture\"', 'boffo': 'resoundingly successful and popular; \"for years he was a boffo box office certainty\"', 'no-hit': 'of a game (or the pitching) in which a pitcher allows the opponent no hits; \"a no-hit pitcher\"; \"a no-hit game\"', 'self-made': 'having achieved success or recognition by your own efforts; \"a self-made millionaire\"', 'sure-fire': 'certain to be successful; \"a sure-fire way to get rich\"', 'triple-crown': 'of a horse that has won the Kentucky Derby and the Belmont Stakes and the Preakness races', 'victorious': 'having won; \"the victorious entry\"; \"the winning team\"', 'unsuccessful': 'not successful; having failed or having an unfavorable outcome', 'attempted': 'tried unsuccessfully; \"attempted murder\"', 'down-and-out': 'lacking resources (or any prospect of resources)', 'hitless': '(of a batter) without a hit; \"he went hitless for three innings\"', 'no-win': 'certain to end in failure and disappointment; \"a no-win situation\"', 'scoreless': 'having no points scores; \"a scoreless inning\"', 'self-defeating': 'acting to defeat its own purpose; \"it is self-defeating...to ignore the progress of events\"', 'unfulfilled': 'of persons; marked by failure to realize full potentialities; \"unfulfilled and uneasy men\"; \"unrealized dreams and ambitions\"', 'unplaced': 'not one of the first three in a race or competition', 'winless': 'having no wins; \"the team had a very disappointing winless season\"', 'sufficient': 'of a quantity that can fulfill a need or requirement but without being abundant; \"sufficient food\"', 'insufficient': 'of a quantity not able to fulfill a need or requirement; \"insufficient funds\"', 'depleted': 'no longer sufficient; \"supplies are low\"; \"our funds are depleted\"', 'sugary': 'containing sugar; \"he eats too much sugary food\"', 'honeyed': 'with honey added', 'honeylike': 'resembling honey', 'sugared': 'with sweetening added', 'sugarless': 'not containing sugar', 'unsugared': 'with no sugar added', 'unsweetened': 'not made sweet', 'majestic': 'majestic in manner or bearing; superior to mundane matters; \"his majestic presence\"; \"olympian detachment\"; \"olympian beauty and serene composure\"', 'superordinate': 'of higher rank or status or value', 'inferior': 'lower than a given reference point; \"inferior alveolar artery\"', 'middle-level': 'intermediate in rank or position; \"middle-level management\"', 'outclassed': 'decisively surpassed by something else so as to appear to be of a lower class', 'ace': 'of the highest quality; \"an ace reporter\"; \"a crack shot\"; \"a first-rate golfer\"; \"a super party\"; \"played top-notch tennis\"; \"an athlete in tiptop condition\"; \"she is absolutely tops\"', 'banner': 'unusually good; outstanding; \"a banner year for the company\"', 'blue-ribbon': 'selected or chosen for special qualifications; \"the blue-ribbon event of the season\"', 'boss': 'exceptionally good; \"a boss hand at carpentry\"; \"his brag cornfield\"', 'choice': 'appealing to refined taste; \"choice wine\"', 'excellent': 'very good;of the highest quality; \"made an excellent speech\"; \"the school has excellent teachers\"; \"a first-class mind\"', 'greatest': 'highest in quality', 'high-performance': 'modified to give superior performance; \"a high-performance car\"', 'premium': 'having or reflecting superior quality or value; \"premium gasoline at a premium price\"', 'pukka': 'absolutely first class and genuine; \"pukka sahib\"; \"pukka quarters with a swarm of servants\"', 'shining': 'marked by exceptional merit; \"had shining virtues and few faults\"; \"a shining example\"', 'spiffing': 'excellent or splendid; \"that\\'s a perfectly spiffing idea\"', 'top-flight': 'excellent; best possible', 'weapons-grade': 'of a quality adequate for use in weapons (especially in weapons of mass destruction); \"weapons-grade plutonium\"; \"weapons-grade anthrax\"', 'well-made': 'skillfully constructed', 'bum': 'of very poor quality; flimsy', 'bush-league': 'not of the highest quality or sophistication', 'cheapjack': 'cheap and shoddy; \"cheapjack moviemaking...that feeds on the low taste of the mob\"- Judith Crist', 'coarsened': 'made coarse or crude by lack of skill', 'low-grade': 'of inferior quality', 'ropey': '(British informal) very poor in quality; \"ropey food\"; \"a ropey performance\"', 'scrawny': 'inferior in size or quality; \"scrawny cattle\"; \"scrubby cut-over pine\"; \"old stunted thorn trees\"', 'second-class': 'of inferior status or quality; \"a second-class citizen\"; \"second-class accommodations\"', 'third-rate': 'of lesser quality than second-rate', 'superjacent': 'lying immediately above or on something else', 'overlying': 'placed on or over something else; \"an overlying image\"', 'superincumbent': 'lying or resting on and exerting pressure on something else; \"superincumbent layers of dead plants cut off the air and arrested decomposition\"', 'subjacent': 'lying nearby but lower; \"hills and subjacent valleys\"', 'underlying': 'located beneath or below', 'superscript': 'written or printed above and to one side of another character', 'subscript': 'written or printed below and to one side of another character', 'supervised': 'under observation or under the direction of a superintendent or overseer; \"supervised play\"', 'unsupervised': 'not supervised or under constant observation; \"the school maintains unsupervised study halls during free periods\"; \"reliable workers are generally unsupervised\"', 'supported': 'sustained or maintained by aid (as distinct from physical support); \"a club entirely supported by membership dues\"; \"well-supported allegations\"', 'gimbaled': 'supported on gimbals and remaining steady or level when the base tips', 'pendent': 'held from above; \"a pendant bunch of grapes\"', 'supernatant': 'of a liquid; floating on the surface above a sediment or precipitate; \"the supernatant fat was skimmed off\"', 'suspended': '(of undissolved particles in a fluid) supported or kept from sinking or falling by buoyancy and without apparent attachment; \"suspended matter such as silt or mud...\"; \"dust particles suspended in the air\"; \"droplets in suspension in a gas\"', 'underslung': 'supported from above especially in a vehicle having springs attached to the axle from below', 'unsupported': 'not sustained or maintained by nonmaterial aid; \"unsupported accusations\"', 'strapless': 'having no straps; \"a strapless evening gown\"', 'unbraced': 'without braces or props', 'subsidized': 'having partial financial support from public funds; \"lived in subsidized public housing\"', 'baseless': 'without a basis in reason or fact; \"baseless gossip\"; \"the allegations proved groundless\"; \"idle fears\"; \"unfounded suspicions\"; \"unwarranted jealousy\"', 'uncorroborated': 'unsupported by other evidence', 'assisted': 'having help; often used as a combining form', 'motor-assisted': 'relying on an engine for propulsion in addition to muscle power; \"a motor-assisted bicycle\"', 'power-assisted': 'supplementing or replacing manual effort; \"power-assisted steering\"', 'unassisted': 'lacking help', 'unaided': 'carried out without aid or assistance; \"his first unaided walk through the park\"', 'supportive': 'furnishing support or assistance; \"a supportive family network\"; \"his family was supportive of his attempts to be a writer\"', 'accessory': 'furnishing added support; \"an ancillary pump\"; \"an adjuvant discipline to forms of mysticism\"; \"The mind and emotions are auxiliary to each other\"', 'accessary': 'aiding and abetting in a crime; \"he was charged with being accessory to the crime\"', 'certificatory': 'serving to certify or endorse authoritatively', 'demonstrative_of': 'serving to prove or demonstrate; \"the oath of office is...demonstrative of the legislative opinion on this subject\"- John Marshall', 'unsupportive': 'not furnishing support or assistance', 'confounding': 'that confounds or contradicts or confuses', 'disconfirming': 'establishing as invalid or untrue', 'insurmountable': 'not capable of being surmounted or overcome; \"insurmountable disadvantages\"', 'surprised': 'taken unawares or suddenly and feeling wonder or astonishment; \"surprised by her student\\'s ingenuity\"; \"surprised that he remembered my name\"; \"a surprised expression\"', 'amazed': 'filled with the emotional impact of overwhelming surprise or shock; \"an amazed audience gave the magician a standing ovation\"; \"I stood enthralled, astonished by the vastness and majesty of the cathedral\"; \"astounded viewers wept at the pictures from the Oklahoma City bombing\"; \"stood in stunned silence\"; \"stunned scientists found not one but at least three viruses\"', 'dumbfounded': 'as if struck dumb with astonishment and surprise; \"a circle of policement stood dumbfounded by her denial of having seen the accident\"; \"the flabbergasted aldermen were speechless\"; \"was thunderstruck by the news of his promotion\"', 'gobsmacked': 'utterly astounded', 'goggle-eyed': 'with eyes or mouth open in surprise', 'jiggered': '(British informal expletive) surprised; \"Well I\\'m jiggered!\"', 'startled': 'excited by sudden surprise or alarm and making a quick involuntary movement; \"students startled by the teacher\\'s quiet return\"; \"the sudden fluttering of the startled pigeons\"; \"her startled expression\"', 'unsurprised': 'not surprised or expressing surprise; \"that unsuprised obstinate look on his face\"', 'surprising': 'causing surprise or wonder or amazement; \"the report shows a surprising lack of hard factual data\"; \"leaped up with surprising agility\"; \"she earned a surprising amount of money\"', 'startling': 'so remarkably different or sudden as to cause momentary shock or alarm; \"Sydney\\'s startling new Opera House\"; \"startling news\"; \"startling earthquake shocks\"', 'unsurprising': 'not causing surprise', 'susceptible': 'easily impressed emotionally', 'allergic': 'characterized by or caused by allergy; \"an allergic reaction\"', 'convincible': 'being susceptible to persuasion', 'predisposed': 'made susceptible; \"because of conditions in the mine, miners are predisposed to lung disease\"', 'suggestible': 'susceptible or responsive to suggestion; \"suggestible young minds\"', 'temptable': 'susceptible to temptation', 'unvaccinated': 'not vaccinated', 'unsusceptible': 'not susceptible to', 'immunized': 'having been rendered unsusceptible to a disease', 'immunogenic': 'possessing the ability to elicit an immune response', 'unpersuadable': 'not susceptible to persuasion', 'impressionable': 'easily impressed or influenced; \"an impressionable youngster\"; \"an impressionable age\"; \"a waxy mind\"', 'plastic': 'capable of being influenced or formed; \"the plastic minds of children\"; \"a pliant nature\"', 'unimpressionable': 'not sensitive or susceptible to impression; \"an unimpressionable mind\"', 'exempt': '(of persons) freed from or not subject to an obligation or liability (as e.g. taxes) to which others or other things are subject; \"a beauty somehow exempt from the aging process\"; \"exempt from jury duty\"; \"only the very poorest citizens should be exempt from income taxes\"', 'excused': 'granted exemption; \"one of the excused jurors planned to write a book\"', 'nonexempt': '(of persons) not exempt from an obligation or liability', 'taxpaying': 'not exempt from paying taxes; \"after training they became productive taxpaying citizens\"', 'unexcused': 'not excused; \"too many unexcused absences\"', 'scheduled': 'planned or scheduled for some certain time or times; \"the scheduled meeting\"; \"the scheduled flights had to be cancelled because of snow\"', 'unscheduled': 'not scheduled or not on a regular schedule; \"an unscheduled meeting\"; \"the plane made an unscheduled stop at Gander for refueling\"', 'forced': 'produced by or subjected to forcing; \"forced-air heating\"; \"furnaces of the forced-convection type\"; \"forced convection in plasma generators\"', 'brut': '(of champagne) extremely dry', 'medium-dry': 'of a wine that is dry but not extremely dry', 'sec': '(of champagne) moderately dry', 'cloying': 'overly sweet', 'sweetish': 'somewhat sweet', 'acetose': 'tasting or smelling like vinegar', 'lemony': 'tasting sour like a lemon', 'subacid': 'slightly sour to the taste', 'soured': 'having turned bad', 'unsoured': 'not having turned bad', 'suspected': 'believed likely; \"a suspected thief\"; \"a suspected infection\"', 'unsuspected': 'not suspected or believed likely; \"remained unsuspected as the head of the spy ring\"; \"he was able to get into the building unspotted and unsuspected\"; \"unsuspected difficulties arose\"; \"unsuspected turnings in the road\"', 'swept': 'possessing sweep; \"the sleek swept wings of the plane\"', 'sweptback': '(especially of aircraft wings) angled rearward from the point of attachment; \"aircraft with sweptback wings\"', 'sweptwing': '(of an aircraft) having sweptback wings; \"a sweptwing aircraft\"', 'sworn': 'bound by or stated on oath; \"now my sworn friend and then mine enemy\"- Shakespeare', 'unsworn': 'not bound by or stated on oath; \"the witness stands unsworn\"; \"unsworn testimony\"', 'symmetrical': 'having similarity in size, shape, and relative position of corresponding parts', 'biradial': 'showing both bilateral and radial symmetry; \"some sea anemones are biradial\"', 'cruciate': 'shaped like a cross', 'interchangeable': '(mathematics, logic) such that the arguments or roles can be interchanged; \"the arguments of the symmetric relation, `is a sister of,\\' are interchangeable\"', 'isosceles': '(of a triangle) having two sides of equal length', 'radial': 'relating to or near the radius; \"the radial aspect of the forearm\"', 'radially_symmetrical': 'having a symmetrical arrangement of radiating parts about a central point', 'rhombohedral': 'having threefold symmetry', 'lopsided': 'having one side lower or smaller or lighter than the other', 'noninterchangeable': 'such that the terms of an expression cannot be interchanged without changing the meaning; \"the arguments of the symmetric relation, `is the father of\\', are noninterchangeable\"', 'unsymmetric': 'lacking symmetry', 'actinomorphic': 'capable of division into symmetrical halves by any longitudinal plane passing through the axis', 'actinoid': 'having a radial form; \"starfish are actinoid--that is, they are radially symmetrical\"', 'zygomorphic': 'capable of division into symmetrical halves by only one longitudinal plane passing through the axis', 'commiserative': 'feeling or expressing sympathy; \"made commiserative clicking sounds with his tongue\"- Kenneth Roberts', 'condolent': 'expressing sympathy with a person who experienced the death of a loved one', 'empathic': 'showing empathy or ready comprehension of others\\' states; \"a sensitive and empathetic school counselor\"', 'unsympathetic': '(of characters in literature or drama) tending to evoke antipathetic feelings; \"all the characters were peculiarly unsympathetic\"', 'unsympathizing': 'not showing or expressing sympathy; \"an uncharitable and unsympathizing attitude\"', 'sympatric': '(of biological species or speciation) occurring in the same or overlapping geographical areas', 'allopatric': '(of biological species or speciation) occurring in areas isolated geographically from one another', 'synchronic': '(of taxa) occurring in the same period of geological time', 'diachronic': 'used of the study of a phenomenon (especially language) as it changes through time; \"diachronic linguistics\"', 'synchronous': '(digital communication) pertaining to a transmission technique that requires a common clock signal (a timing reference) between the communicating devices in order to coordinate their transmissions', 'coetaneous': 'of the same period', 'coexistent': 'existing at the same time', 'contemporaneous': 'occurring in the same period of time; \"a rise in interest rates is often contemporaneous with an increase in inflation\"; \"the composer Salieri was contemporary with Mozart\"', 'synchronized': 'operating in unison; \"the synchronized flapping of a bird\\'s wings\"', 'asynchronous': '(digital communication) pertaining to a transmission technique that does not require a common clock between the communicating devices; timing signals are derived from special characters in the data stream itself', 'allochronic': '(of taxa) occurring in different geologic times', 'anachronic': 'chronologically misplaced; \"English public schools are anachronistic\"', 'nonsynchronous': 'not occurring together', 'serial': 'pertaining to or composed in serial technique; \"serial music\"', 'syndetic': 'connected by a conjunction', 'asyndetic': 'lacking conjunctions', 'synonymous': '(of words) meaning the same or nearly the same', 'substitutable': '(of words) interchangeable in a given context without changing the import of the expression', 'antonymous': 'of words: having opposite meanings', 'complementary': 'of words or propositions so related that each is the negation of the other; \"`male\\' and `female\\' are complementary terms\"', 'systematic': 'characterized by order and planning; \"the investigation was very systematic\"; \"a systematic administrator\"', 'unsystematic': 'lacking systematic arrangement or method or organization; \"unsystematic and fragmentary records\"; \"he works in an unsystematic manner\"', 'taciturn': 'habitually reserved and uncommunicative', 'voluble': 'marked by a ready flow of speech; \"she is an extremely voluble young woman who engages in soliloquies not conversations\"', 'tactless': 'lacking or showing a lack of what is fitting and considerate in dealing with others; \"in the circumstances it was tactless to ask her age\"', 'in_height': 'having a specified height; \"five feet tall\"; \"five feet in height\"', 'leggy': '(of plants) having tall spindly stems', 'long-stalked': 'of plants having relatively long stalks', 'stately': 'of size and dignity suggestive of a statue', 'tallish': 'somewhat tall', 'pint-size': 'well below average height', 'short-stalked': 'of plants having relatively short stalks', 'squab': 'short and fat', 'tamed': 'brought from wildness; \"the once inhospitable landscape is now tamed\"', 'feral': 'wild and menacing; \"a pack of feral dogs\"', 'semi-wild': 'partially wild', 'subdued': 'quieted and brought under control; \"children were subdued and silent\"', 'delirious': 'experiencing delirium', 'frenzied': 'affected with or marked by frenzy or mania uncontrolled by reason; \"a frenzied attack\"; \"a frenzied mob\"; \"the prosecutor\\'s frenzied denunciation of the accused\"- H.W.Carter; \"outbursts of drunken violence and manic activity and creativity\"', 'unsubdued': 'not brought under control; \"the horse remained unsubdued\"', 'tangible': '(of especially business assets) having physical substance and intrinsic monetary value ; \"tangible property like real estate\"; \"tangible assets such as machinery\"', 'tactile': 'producing a sensation of touch; \"tactile qualities\"; \"the tactual luxury of stroking silky human hair\"', 'realizable': 'capable of being realized; \"realizable benefits of the plan\"', 'tasteful': 'having or showing or conforming to good taste', 'understated': 'exhibiting restrained good taste; \"the room is pleasant and understated\"', 'tasteless': 'lacking flavor', 'barbaric': 'unrestrained and crudely rich; \"barbaric use of color or ornament\"', 'brassy': 'resembling the sound of a brass instrument', 'Brummagem': 'cheap and showy; \"a cheap Brummagem imitation\"', 'camp': 'providing sophisticated amusement by virtue of having artificially (and vulgarly) mannered or banal or sentimental qualities; \"they played up the silliness of their roles for camp effect\"; \"campy Hollywood musicals of the 1940\\'s\"', 'tasty': 'pleasing to the sense of taste; \"a tasty morsel\"', 'acid-tasting': 'having a sour acidic taste', 'bitterish': 'somewhat bitter', 'flavorful': 'full of flavor', 'fruity': 'tasting or smelling richly of or as of fruit', 'full-bodied': 'marked by richness and fullness of flavor; \"a rich ruby port\"; \"full-bodied wines\"; \"a robust claret\"; \"the robust flavor of fresh-brewed coffee\"', 'peppery': 'having the piquant burning taste of peppers; \"corn chips with peppery salsa\"', 'gingery': 'having a taste like that of ginger', 'grapey': 'having a taste like that of grapes; \"a grapey wine\"', 'mild-tasting': 'having a mild taste', 'nippy': 'a sharp biting taste; \"a nippy cheese\"', 'nutty': 'having the flavor of nuts; \"a nutty sherry\"', 'pungent': 'strong and sharp;\"the pungent taste of radishes\"; \"the acrid smell of burning rubber\"', 'strong-flavored': 'having a strong taste', 'winy': 'having the taste of wine; \"a rich winy taste\"', 'unflavored': 'without flavoring added', 'unsalted': 'without salt or seasoning', 'taxable': '(of goods or funds) subject to taxation; \"taxable income\"; \"nonexempt property\"', 'dutiable': 'subject to import tax; \"dutiable imports\"', 'ratable': 'liable to payment of locally assessed property taxes; \"the ratable value of property\"', 'nontaxable': '(of goods or funds) not subject to taxation; \"the funds of nonprofit organizations are nontaxable\"; \"income exempt from taxation\"', 'duty-free': 'exempt from duty; \"duty-free liquor\"', 'tax-exempt': '(of goods or funds) not taxed; \"tax-exempt bonds\"; \"an untaxed expense account\"', 'unratable': 'not subject to locally assessed property taxes; \"unratable properties\"', 'temperate': '(of weather or climate) free from extremes; mild; or characteristic of such weather or climate; \"a temperate region\"; \"the temperate zones\"; \"temperate plants\"', 'cold-temperate': 'the colder parts of temperate waters', 'tense': 'in or of a state of physical or nervous tension', 'overstrung': 'too tightly strung; \"an overstrung archery bow\"', 'taut': 'subjected to great tension; stretched tight; \"the skin of his face looked drawn and tight\"; \"her nerves were taut as the strings of a bow\"', 'drooping': 'weak from exhaustion', 'floppy': 'hanging limply; \"a spaniel with floppy ears\"', 'loose-jointed': 'loosely articulated or constructed; \"a loose-jointed paragraph\"', 'tensionless': 'free from tension', 'cliff-hanging': '(of a situation) characterized by or causing suspense', 'antsy': 'nervous and unable to relax; \"a constant fretful stamping of hooves\"; \"a restless child\"', 'edgy': 'being in a tense state', 'nervous': 'of or relating to the nervous system; \"nervous disease\"; \"neural disorder\"', 'strained': 'showing signs of mental and emotional tension; \"her voice was strained as she asked the question\"', 'unrelaxed': 'nor relaxed; \"his life was drawing to a close in baffled zeal and unrelaxed strain\"- U.B.Phillips', 'pumped-up': 'tense with excitement and enthusiasm as from a rush of adrenaline; \"we were really pumped up for the race\"; \"he was so pumped he couldn\\'t sleep\"', 'relaxed': 'without strain or anxiety; \"gave the impression of being quite relaxed\"; \"a relaxed and informal discussion\"', 'laid-back': 'unhurried and relaxed; \"a mellow conversation\"', 'unstrained': 'not placed under psychological stress; \"the campaign would not leave party loyalties unstrained\"', 'territorial': 'of or relating to a territory; \"the territorial government of the Virgin Islands\"; \"territorial claims made by a country\"', 'jurisdictional': 'restricted to the geographic area under a particular jurisdiction; \"the jurisdictional limits of a state\"', 'regional': 'characteristic of a region; \"regional flora\"', 'sectional': 'relating to or based upon a section (i.e. as if cut through by an intersecting plane); \"a sectional view\"; \"sectional drawings\"', 'extraterritorial': 'outside territorial limits or jurisdiction; \"fishing in extraterritorial waters\"; \"enjoying exterritorial privileges and rights\"', 'nonterritorial': 'not displaying territoriality; \"a nonterritorial species\"', 'thermoplastic': 'having the property of softening or fusing when heated and of hardening and becoming rigid again when cooled; \"thermoplastic materials can be remelted and cooled time after time without undergoing any appreciable chemical change\"', 'thermosetting': 'having the property of becoming permanently hard and rigid when heated or cured; \"the phenol resins and plastics were the original synthetic thermosetting materials\"', 'deep-chested': 'thick in the chest; \"a deep-chested breed of dog\"', 'four-ply': 'having a thickness made up of four layers or strands; \"four-ply yarns\"', 'quilted': 'made of layers of fabric held together by patterned stitching', 'thickened': 'made thick in consistency; \"flour-thickened gravy\"; \"dust-thickened saliva\"', 'three-ply': 'having a thickness made up of three layers or strands; \"three-ply cloth\"; \"three-ply yarn\"', 'two-ply': 'having a thickness made up of two layers or strands', 'bladed': 'having a blade or blades; often used in combination; \"a single-bladed leaf\"; \"narrow-bladed grass\"', 'capillary': 'of or relating to hair', 'diaphanous': 'so thin as to transmit light; \"a hat with a diaphanous veil\"; \"filmy wings of a moth\"; \"gauzy clouds of dandelion down\"; \"gossamer cobwebs\"; \"sheer silk stockings\"; \"transparent chiffon\"; \"vaporous silks\"', 'filamentous': 'thin in diameter; resembling a thread', 'hyperfine': 'extremely fine or thin, as in a spectral line split into two or more components; \"hyperfine structure\"', 'paper_thin': 'thin as paper; \"her blouse was paper thin\"', 'papery': 'thin and paperlike; \"papery leaves\"; \"wasps that make nests of papery material\"', 'ribbonlike': 'long and thin; resembling a ribbon; \"ribbonlike noodles\"', 'sleazy': 'of cloth; thin and loosely woven; \"the coat has a sleazy lining\"', 'tenuous': 'having thin consistency; \"a tenuous fluid\"', 'wafer-thin': 'very thin; \"wafer-thin sheets of metal\"', 'coagulable': 'capable of coagulating and becoming thick', 'coagulate': 'transformed from a liquid into a soft semisolid or solid mass; \"coagulated blood\"; \"curdled milk\"; \"grumous blood\"', 'gelatinous': 'thick like gelatin', 'ropy': 'of or resembling rope (or ropes) in being long and strong', 'soupy': 'having the consistency and appearance of soup; \"a soupy fog\"', 'syrupy': 'having a relatively high resistance to flow', 'thinkable': 'capable of being conceived or imagined or considered', 'cogitable': 'capable of being thought about; \"space flight to other galaxies becomes more cogitable\"', 'conceivable': 'capable of being imagined; \"that is one possible answer\"', 'presumable': 'capable of being inferred on slight grounds', 'unthinkable': 'incapable of being conceived or considered', 'bemused': 'deeply absorbed in thought; \"as distant and bemused as a professor listening to the prattling of his freshman class\"; \"lost in thought\"; \"a preoccupied frown\"', 'brooding': 'deeply or seriously thoughtful; \"Byron lives on not only in his poetry, but also in his creation of the \\'Byronic hero\\' - the persona of a brooding melancholy young man\";', 'cogitative': 'of or relating to having capacities for cogitation; \"the cogitative faculty\"', 'well_thought_out': 'resulting from careful thought; \"the paper was well thought out\"', 'deliberative': 'involved in or characterized by deliberation and discussion and examination; \"a deliberative body\"', 'excogitative': 'concerned with excogitating or having the power of excogitation', 'unreflective': 'not exhibiting or characterized by careful thought', 'thrifty': 'careful and diligent in the use of resources', 'economical': 'avoiding waste; \"an economical meal\"; \"an economical shopper\"; \"a frugal farmer\"; \"a frugal lunch\"; \"a sparing father and a spending son\"; \"sparing in their use of heat and light\"; \"stinting in bestowing gifts\"; \"thrifty because they remember the great Depression\"; \"`scotch\\' is used only informally\"', 'penny-wise': 'thrifty in small matters only', 'saving': 'characterized by thriftiness; \"wealthy by inheritance but saving by constitution\"- Ellen Glasgow', 'extravagant': 'recklessly wasteful; \"prodigal in their expenditures\"', 'pound-foolish': 'unwise in dealing with large sums', 'tidy': 'marked by order and cleanliness in appearance or habits; \"a tidy person\"; \"a tidy house\"; \"a tidy mind\"', 'clean-cut': ' neat and smart in appearance; \"a clean-cut and well-bred young man\"; \"the trig corporal in his jaunty cap\"; \"a trim beard\"', 'ruly': 'neat and tidy; \"a small ruly beard\"', 'shipshape': 'of places; characterized by order and neatness; free from disorder; \"even the barn was shipshape\"; \"a trim little sailboat\"', 'slicked_up': 'having been made especially tidy; \"slicked up for visitors\"', 'uncluttered': 'having nothing extraneous; \"an uncluttered room\"; \"the unlittered shoulders of the road\"', 'untidy': 'not neat and tidy; \"careless and untidy in her personal habits\"; \"an untidy living room\"; \"untidy and casual about money\"', 'blowsy': 'characteristic of or befitting a slut or slattern; used especially of women', 'cluttered': 'filled or scattered with a disorderly accumulation of objects or rubbish; \"the storm left the drivewaylittered with sticks nd debris\"; \"his library was a cluttered room with piles of books on every chair\"', 'disheveled': 'in disarray; extremely disorderly; \"her clothing was disheveled\"; \"powder-smeared and frowzled\"; \"a rumpled unmade bed\"; \"a bed with tousled sheets\"; \"his brown hair was tousled, thick, and curly\"- Al Spiers', 'frowsy': 'negligent of neatness especially in dress and person; habitually dirty and unkempt; \"filled the door with her frowzy bulk\"; \"frowzy white hair\"; \"slovenly appearance\"', 'messy': 'dirty and disorderly; \"a mussy fussy bedroom\"; \"a child\\'s messy eating habits\"', 'scraggly': 'lacking neatness or order; \"the old man\\'s scraggly beard\"; \"a scraggly little path to the door\"', 'sloppy': 'wet or smeared with a spilled liquid or moist material; \"a sloppy floor\"; \"a sloppy saucer\"', 'slouchy': 'lacking stiffness in form or posture; \"a slouchy sweater\"', 'sprawling': 'spreading out in different directions; \"sprawling handwriting\"; \"straggling branches\"; \"straggly hair\"', 'unkempt': 'not neatly combed; \"wild unkempt hair\"', 'groomed': 'neat and smart in appearance; well cared for; \"the manager was a beautifully groomed young man\"; \"his horse was always groomed\"', 'kempt': '(of hair) neat and tidy; \"a nicely kempt beard\"', 'pomaded': '(of hair) groomed with pomade; \"pomaded hair\"', 'sleek': 'well-groomed and neatly tailored; especially too well-groomed; \"sleek figures in expensive clothes\"', 'well-groomed': 'having tasteful clothing and being scrupulously neat', 'ungroomed': 'not neat and smart in appearance; \"he was wrinkled and ungroomed, with a two-day beard\"; \"ungroomed hair\"', 'ill-dressed': 'not well dressed', 'unbrushed': '(of hair or clothing) not brushed; \"snarled unbrushed hair\"; \"the suit was wrinkled and unbrushed, as if it had been slept in\"', 'combed': '(of hair) made tidy with a comb; \"with hair combed to the side\"', 'uncombed': '(of hair) not combed; \"he was unwashed and uncombed with his clothes half buttoned\"; \"wild unkempt hair\"', 'uncombable': 'not capable of being combed', 'timbered': 'covered with growing timber; \"thickly timbered ridges clothed with loblolly pine and holly\"; \"hills timbered up to their summits\"', 'half-timber': 'having exposed wood framing with spaces filled with masonry, as in Tudor architecture', 'timber-framed': 'framed by exposed timbers; \"a magnificently timbered old barn\"', 'untimbered': 'without trees; \"an untimbered area\"', 'toned': 'having or characterized or distinguished by tone or a specific tone; often used in combination; \"full-toned\"; \"shrill-toned\"; \"deep-toned\"', 'toneless': 'lacking in tone or expression; \"his toneless mechanical voice\"', 'tonguelike': 'resembling a tongue in form or function', 'tongueless': 'lacking a tongue; \"tongueless moccasins\"', 'tipped': 'having a tip; or having a tip as specified (used in combination); \"a rubber-tipped cane\"', 'filter-tipped': 'of a cigar or cigarette; having a tip designed to filter the smoke; \"filter-tipped cigarettes\"', 'pink-tipped': 'of a leaf tipped with pink', 'plume-tipped': 'of a plant tipped with a plume', 'spine-tipped': 'of a plant tipped with a spine', 'thorn-tipped': 'of a plant tipped with a thorn', 'yellow-tipped': 'of a flower tipped with yellow', 'untipped': 'not provided with a special tip; \"untipped cigarettes\"', 'tired': 'depleted of strength or energy; \"tired mothers with crying babies\"; \"too tired to eat\"', 'all_in': 'very tired; \"was all in at the end of the day\"; \"so beat I could flop down and go to sleep anywhere\"; \"bushed after all that exercise\"; \"I\\'m dead after that long trip\"', 'aweary': 'physically and mentally fatigued; \"`aweary\\' is archaic\"', 'bored': 'tired of the world; \"bored with life\"; \"strolled through the museum with a bored air\"', 'careworn': 'showing the wearing effects of overwork or care or suffering; \"looking careworn as she bent over her mending\"; \"her face was drawn and haggard from sleeplessness\"; \"that raddled but still noble face\"; \"shocked to see the worn look of his handsome young face\"- Charles Dickens', 'footsore': 'having sore or tired feet', 'knackered': 'very tired', 'travel-worn': 'tired by travel', 'unrefreshed': 'not rested or refreshed;', 'whacked': '(British informal) exhausted or worn out', 'rested': 'not tired; refreshed as by sleeping or relaxing; \"came back rested from her vacation\"', 'untired': 'with unreduced energy', 'tolerable': 'capable of being borne or endured; \"the climate is at least tolerable\"', 'bearable': 'capable of being borne though unpleasant; \"sufferable punishment\"', 'intolerable': 'incapable of being put up with; \"an intolerable degree of sentimentality\"', 'unsupportable': 'not able to be supported or defended', 'unbigoted': 'not opinionated', 'intolerant': 'unwilling to tolerate difference of opinion', 'bigoted': 'blindly and obstinately attached to some creed or opinion and intolerant toward others; \"a bigoted person\"; \"an outrageously bigoted point of view\"', 'tonal': 'having tonality; i.e. tones and chords organized in relation to one tone such as a keynote or tonic', 'polytonal': 'using more than one key or tonality simultaneously; \"exciting rhythms and polytonal harmonies\"', 'atonal': 'characterized by avoidance of traditional western tonality', 'toothed': 'having teeth especially of a certain number or type; often used in combination; \"saw-toothed\"', 'buck-toothed': 'having protruding upper front teeth', 'cogged': 'having cogs; \"a cogged wheel\"', 'fine-toothed': 'having fine teeth set close together; \"a fine-toothed comb\"', 'gap-toothed': 'having widely spaced teeth; \"his gap-toothed grin\"', 'saber-toothed': 'having teeth that resemble sabers; \"a saber-toothed tiger\"', 'small-toothed': 'having small teeth', 'toothlike': 'resembling a tooth', 'toothy': 'having or showing prominent teeth; \"a toothy smile\"', 'tusked': 'having tusks', 'edental': 'having few if any teeth; \"anteaters are edentate animals\"', 'edentulous': 'having lost teeth', 'top': 'situated at the top or highest position; \"the top shelf\"', 'apical': 'situated at an apex', 'topmost': 'at or nearest to the top; \"the uppermost book in the pile\"; \"on the topmost step\"', 'bottommost': 'farthest down; \"bottommost shelf\"', 'side': 'located on a side; \"side fences\"; \"the side porch\"', 'broadside': 'toward a full side; \"a broadside attack\"', 'topped': 'having a top of a specified character', 'flat-topped': 'having a flat or flattened upper surface', 'screw-topped': 'having a lid with a spiral groove', 'topless': 'having no top; \"a topless jar\"', 'bottomed': 'having a bottom of a specified character', 'bell-bottomed': '(of trousers) having legs that flare at the bottom; \"bell-bottomed trousers\"', 'copper-bottomed': 'having a bottom of copper or sheathed with copper; \"copper-bottomed pots\"; \"a copper-bottomed ship\"', 'flat-bottomed': 'having a flat bottom; \"a flat-bottomed boat\"', 'round-bottomed': 'having a rounded bottom; \"round-bottom flasks\"', 'top-down': 'of an approach to a problem that begins at the highest conceptual level and works down to the details; \"a top-down analysis might begin by looking at macro-economic trends\"; \"top-down programming\"', 'bottom-up': 'of an approach to a problem that begins with details and works up to the highest conceptual level; \"bottom-up parser\"; \"a bottom-up model of the reading process\"', 'equatorial': 'of or relating to or at an equator; \"equatorial diameter\"', 'pantropical': 'distributed throughout the tropics', 'circumpolar': '(of a celestial body) continually visible above the horizon during the entire 360 degrees of daily travel; \"a circumpolar star\"', 'north-polar': 'of or relating to the Arctic; \"the Arctic summer\"', 'south-polar': 'at or near the south pole', 'testate': 'having made a legally valid will before death', 'intestate': 'having made no legally valid will before death or not disposed of by a legal will; \"he died intestate\"; \"intestate property\"', 'touched': 'having come into contact', 'grazed': 'scraped or touched lightly in passing; \"his grazed and bleeding arm proved he had been in the line of fire\"', 'tough': 'not given to gentleness or sentimentality; \"a tough character\"', 'cartilaginous': 'of or relating to cartilage', 'coriaceous': 'resembling or made to resemble leather; tough but pliable', 'fibrous': '(of meat) full of sinews; especially impossible to chew', 'hempen': 'having or resembling fibers especially fibers used in making cordage such as those of jute', 'tough-skinned': 'having a relatively tough outer covering', 'chewable': 'easy to cut or chew', 'flaky': 'made of or resembling flakes; \"flaky soap\"', 'tenderized': 'made tender as by marinating or pounding; \"tenderized meat\"', 'calloused': 'having calluses; having skin made tough and thick through wear; \"calloused skin\"; \"with a workman\\'s callous hands\"', 'enured': 'made tough by habitual exposure; \"hardened fishermen\"; \"a peasant, dark, lean-faced, wind-inured\"- Robert Lynd; \"our successors...may be graver, more inured and equable men\"- V.S.Pritchett', 'weather-beaten': 'worn by exposure to the weather; \"a house of weathered shingles\"', 'hard-bitten': 'tough and callous by virtue of experience', 'tough-minded': 'facing facts or difficulties realistically and with determination', 'sentimental': 'given to or marked by sentiment or sentimentality', 'toxic': 'of or relating to or caused by a toxin or poison; \"suffering from exposure to toxic substances\"', 'cyanogenetic': 'capable of producing cyanide; \"amygdalin is a cyanogenetic glucoside\"', 'hepatotoxic': 'toxic to the liver', 'nephrotoxic': 'toxic to the kidney', 'ototoxic': 'toxic to the organs of hearing or balance or to the auditory nerve; \"some drugs are ototoxic\"', 'nontoxic': 'not producing or resulting from poison', 'antitoxic': 'counteracting a toxin or poison', 'nonvenomous': 'not producing venom; \"nonvenomous snakes\"', 'tractable': 'easily managed (controlled or taught or molded); \"tractable young minds\"; \"the natives...being...of an intelligent tractable disposition\"- Samuel Butler', 'tamable': 'capable of being tamed', 'intractable': 'not tractable; difficult to manage or mold; \"an intractable disposition\"; \"intractable pain\"; \"the most intractable issue of our era\"; \"intractable metal\"', 'balking': 'stopping short and refusing to go on; \"a balking\"; \"a balky mule\"; \"a balky customer\"', 'unmalleable': 'difficult or impossible to shape or work', \"table_d'hote\": '(of a restaurant meal) complete but with limited choices and at a fixed price', 'a_la_carte': '(of a restaurant meal) having unlimited choices with a separate price for each item', 'untraceable': 'incapable of being traced or tracked down; \"an untraceable source\"', 'tracked': 'having tracks; \"new snow tracked by rabbits\"; \"tracked vehicles\"', 'caterpillar-tracked': 'having caterpillar treads or tracks on the wheels; \"a caterpillar-tracked earthmover\"', 'half-track': 'having caterpillar treads on the rear and wheels in front; \"half-track armored vehicles\"', 'trackless': 'having no tracks; \"a trackless trolley\"; \"the trackless snowy meadow\"', 'heavily_traveled': 'subject to much traffic or travel; \"the region\\'s most heavily traveled highways\"', 'untraveled': 'not traveled over or through; \"untraveled roads\"', 'untraversed': 'not traveled over or through; \"untraveled roads\"; \"an untraversed region\"', 'trimmed': 'made neat and tidy by trimming; \"his neatly trimmed hair\"', 'untrimmed': 'not trimmed; \"shaggy untrimmed locks\"', 'unclipped': 'not clipped; \"unclipped rosebushes\"; \"unclipped hair\"', 'troubled': 'characterized by or indicative of distress or affliction or danger or need; \"troubled areas\"; \"fell into a troubled sleep\"; \"a troubled expression\"; \"troubled teenagers\"', 'buffeted': 'pounded or hit repeatedly by storms or adversities', 'care-laden': 'burdened by cares; \"all ye that labor and are heavy-laden\"-Matt.11:28', 'disquieted': 'afflicted with or marked by anxious uneasiness or trouble or grief; \"too upset to say anything\"; \"spent many disquieted moments\"; \"distressed about her son\\'s leaving home\"; \"lapsed into disturbed sleep\"; \"worried parents\"; \"a worried frown\"; \"one last worried check of the sleeping children\"', 'distressed': 'facing or experiencing financial trouble or difficulty; \"distressed companies need loans and technical advice\"; \"financially hard-pressed Mexican hotels are lowering their prices\"; \"we were hard put to meet the mortgage payment\"; \"found themselves in a bad way financially\"', 'hag-ridden': 'tormented or harassed by nightmares or unreasonable fears; \"hagridden...by visions of an imminent heaven or hell upon earth\"- C.S.Lewis', 'mothy': 'infested with moths', 'struggling': 'engaged in a struggle to overcome especially poverty or obscurity; \"a financially struggling theater\"; \"struggling artists\"', 'suffering': 'troubled by pain or loss; \"suffering refugees\"', 'troublous': 'full of trouble; \"these are troublous times\"', 'dreamless': 'untroubled by dreams; \"a sound and dreamless sleep\"', 'trouble-free': 'without problems or difficulties; \"NASA reported a trouble-free launch\"', 'undisturbed': 'untroubled by interference or disturbance; \"he could pursue his studies undisturbed\"', 'unmolested': 'not interfered with, disturbed, or harmed', 'apodictic': 'of a proposition; necessarily true or logically certain', 'specious': 'plausible but false; \"a specious claim\"; \"spurious inferences\"', 'trumped-up': 'concocted with intent to deceive; \"trumped-up charges\"', 'trustful': 'inclined to believe or confide readily; full of trust; \"great brown eye, true and trustful\"- Nordhoff & Hall', 'confiding': 'willing to entrust personal matters; \"first she was suspicious, then she became confiding\"', 'distrustful': 'having or showing distrust; \"a man of distrustful nature\"; \"my experience...in other fields of law has made me distrustful of rules of thumb generally\"- B.N.Cardozo; \"vigilant and distrustful superintendence\"- Thomas Jefferson', 'cynical': 'believing the worst of human nature and motives; having a sneering disbelief in e.g. selflessness of others', 'doubting': 'marked by or given to doubt; \"a skeptical attitude\"; \"a skeptical listener\"', 'jealous': 'suspicious or unduly suspicious or fearful of being displaced by a rival; \"a jealous lover\"', 'leery': 'openly distrustful and unwilling to confide', 'misogynic': '(used of men) having deep-seated distrust of women', 'oversuspicious': 'unduly suspicious', 'creditworthy': 'having an acceptable credit rating; \"a responsible borrower\"', 'fiducial': 'used as a fixed standard of reference for comparison or measurement; \"a fiducial point\"', 'untrustworthy': 'not worthy of trust or belief; \"an untrustworthy person\"', 'tubed': 'of a tire; having an inner tube', 'tubeless': 'of a tire; not needing an inner tube', 'tucked': 'having tucked or being tucked; \"tightly tucked blankets\"; \"a fancy tucked shirt\"', 'untucked': 'lacking tucks or not being tucked; \"the sheet came untucked\"; \"plain untucked shirt front\"', 'turned': 'moved around an axis or center', 'inverted': 'being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed; \"a quotation mark is sometimes called an inverted comma\"; \"an upside-down cake\"', 'overturned': 'having been turned so that the bottom is no longer the bottom; \"an overturned car\"; \"the upset pitcher of milk\"; \"sat on an upturned bucket\"', 'reversed': 'turned inside out and resewn; \"the reversed collar looked as good as new\"', 'rotated': 'turned in a circle around an axis', 'wrong-side-out': 'with the inside surface on the outside', 'unturned': 'not turned; \"left no stone unturned\"', 'right-side-out': 'of fabric or clothing', 'right-side-up': 'of objects having a top and bottom', 'unrepresentative': 'not exemplifying a class; \"I soon tumbled to the fact that my weekends were atypical\"; \"behavior quite unrepresentative (or atypical) of the profession\"', 'underhand': 'with hand brought forward and up from below shoulder level; \"an underhand pitch\"; \"an underhand stroke\"', 'round-arm': 'with the arm swung round at shoulder height; \"round-arm bowling\"', 'surface': 'on the surface; \"surface materials of the moon\"', 'aboveground': 'on or above the surface of the ground; \"aboveground nuclear testing\"; \"surface instruments for detecting oil deposits\"; \"surface transportation\"', 'grade-constructed': 'constructed at ground level; \"grade-constructed accesses to the freeway\"', 'opencast': '(of mines and mining) worked from the exposed surface; \"opencast mining\"; \"an opencut iron mine\"', 'subsurface': 'beneath the surface; \"subsurface materials of the moon\"', 'submarine': 'beneath the surface of the sea', 'submerged': 'beneath the surface of the water; \"submerged rocks\"', 'overhead': 'located or originating from above; \"an overhead crossing\"', 'submersible': 'capable of being immersed in water or functioning while submerged; \"a submersible pump\"; \"a submergible electric frying pan\"', 'nonsubmersible': 'not submersible or submergible', 'tearful': 'filled with or marked by tears; \"tearful eyes\"; \"tearful entreaties\"', 'misty-eyed': 'having eyes blurred as with tears; \"sad and misty-eyed\"', 'teary': 'with eyes full of tears', 'sniffly': 'liable to sniffle', 'weepy': 'liable to weep easily', 'tearless': 'free from tears', 'union': 'of trade unions; \"the union movement\"; \"union negotiations\"; \"a union-shop clause in the contract\"', 'nonunion': 'not belonging to or not allowing affiliation with a trade union; \"nonunion carpenters\"; \"a nonunion contractor\"', 'uniparous': 'producing only one offspring at a time', 'multiparous': 'producing more than one offspring at a time', 'biparous': 'producing two offspring at a time', 'unipolar': 'having a single pole', 'bipolar': 'of or relating to manic depressive illness', 'united': 'characterized by unity; being or joined into a single entity; \"presented a united front\"', 'agreed': 'united by being of the same opinion; \"agreed in their distrust of authority\"', 'amalgamate': 'joined together into a whole; \"United Industries\"; \"the amalgamated colleges constituted a university\"; \"a consolidated school\"', 'coalescent': 'growing together, fusing; \"coalescent tradititions\"; \"coalescent bones\"', 'federate': 'united under a central government', 'incorporate': 'formed or united into a whole', 'in_league': '(usually followed by `with\\') united in effort as if in a league; \"they found out that some policemen were in league with the criminals\"', 'suprasegmental': 'pertaining to a feature of speech that extends over more than a single speech sound', 'unpartitioned': 'not divided by partitions', 'unsegmented': 'having a body that is not divided into segments; \"unsegmented worms\"', 'bifid': 'divided into two lobes; \"a bifid petal\"', 'bifurcate': 'resembling a fork; divided or separated into two branches; \"the biramous appendages of an arthropod\"; \"long branched hairs on its legson which pollen collects\"; \"a forked river\"; \"a forked tail\"; \"forked lightning\"; \"horseradish grown in poor soil may develop prongy roots\"', 'bifurcated': 'divided into or made up of two parts; \"socially bifurcated populations\"', 'bilocular': 'divided into or containing two cells or chambers; \"having a bilocular capsule\"', 'chambered': 'having compartmental chambers; \"a spiral chambered seashell\"', 'cloven': '(used of hooves) split, divided; \"bisulcate hoof\"', 'dichotomous': 'divided or dividing into two sharply distinguished parts or classifications', 'four-pronged': 'having four prongs', 'many-chambered': 'having many chambers', 'metameric': 'having the body divided into successive metameres or segments, as in earthworms or lobsters', 'mullioned': 'of windows; divided by vertical bars or piers usually of stone; \"mullioned windows\"', 'pentamerous': 'divided into five parts; specifically, having each floral whorl consist of five (or a multiple of five) members; \"pentamerous flowers\"', 'pronged': 'having prongs or tines; usually used in combination; \"a three-tined fork\"', 'segmental': 'divided or organized into speech segments or isolable speech sounds', 'three-pronged': 'having three prongs', 'torn': 'disrupted by the pull of contrary forces; \"torn between love and hate\"; \"torn by conflicting loyalties\"; \"torn by religious dissensions\"', 'trifid': 'divided into three lobes; \"trifid petals\"', 'two-pronged': 'having two prongs', 'adnate': 'of unlike parts or organs; growing closely attached; \"a calyx adnate to the ovary\"', 'univalve': 'used of mollusks, especially gastropods, as snails etc.', 'single-shelled': 'univalve', 'bivalve': 'used of mollusks having two shells (as clams etc.)', 'lamellibranch': 'bivalve', 'ascending': 'moving or going or growing upward; \"the ascending plane\"; \"the ascending staircase\"; \"the ascending stems of chickweed\"', 'acclivitous': 'sloping upward', 'assurgent': 'rising from the sea; \"a seahorse assurgent\"', 'scandent': 'used especially of plants; having a tendency to climb; \"plants of a creeping or scandent nature\"', 'descending': 'coming down or downward', 'declivitous': 'sloping down rather steeply', 'downward-arching': 'curving downward', 'drizzling': '(of rain) falling lightly in very small drops; \"a raw drizzing rain\"', 'dropping': 'coming down freely under the influence of gravity; \"the eerie whistle of dropping bombs\"; \"falling rain\"', 'raining': 'falling in drops or as if falling like rain; \"watched the raining apple blossoms\"', 'improving': 'getting higher or more vigorous; \"its an up market\"; \"an improving economy\"', 'falling': 'decreasing in amount or degree; \"falling temperature\"', 'climactic': 'consisting of or causing a climax; \"a climactic development\"', 'anticlimactic': 'of or relating to a sudden change from an impressive to a ludicrous style', 'upmarket': 'designed for consumers with high incomes; \"he turned up in well-cut clothes...and upmarket felt hats\"- New Yorker', 'upscale': 'appropriate for people with good incomes; \"an upscale neighborhood\"; \"an upscale motel\"', 'downmarket': 'designed for low-income consumers', 'downscale': 'intended for people with low incomes; \"mass-produced downscale versions of high-priced fashions\"', 'transitive': 'designating a verb that requires a direct object to complete the meaning', 'intransitive': 'designating a verb that does not require or cannot take a direct object', 'translatable': 'capable of being put into another form or style or language; \"substances readily translatable to the American home table\"; \"his books are eminently translatable\"', 'untranslatable': 'not capable of being put into another form or style or language; \"an untranslatable idiom\"; \"untranslatable art\"', 'ungulate': 'having or resembling hoofs; \"horses and other hoofed animals\"', 'solid-hoofed': 'having solid hooves', 'unguiculate': 'having or resembling claws or nails; \"unguiculate animals\"; \"an unguiculate flower petal\"', 'clawlike': 'resembling a claw', 'ahead': 'having the leading position or higher score in a contest; \"he is ahead by a pawn\"; \"the leading team in the pennant race\"', 'dormie': 'in match play a side that stands as many holes ahead as there are holes remaining to be played; \"he was dormie three and still lost the match\"', 'heavenward': 'directed toward heaven or the sky; \"the soul in its heavenward flight\"', 'risen': '(of e.g. celestial bodies) above the horizon; \"the risen sun\"', 'sprouted': '(of growing vegetation) having just emerged from the ground; \"the corn is sprouted\"', 'upbound': 'heading in any direction that is conventionally up; \"upbound shipping lanes\"', 'upfield': \"away from the defending teams' end of the playing field\", 'upward': 'directed up; \"the cards were face upward\"; \"an upward stroke of the pen\"', 'behind': 'having the lower score or lagging position in a contest; \"behind by two points\"; \"the 8th inning found the home team trailing\"', 'downbound': 'heading in any direction that is conventionally down; \"a downbound channel\"; \"the downbound train\"', 'downcast': 'directed downward; \"a downcast glance\"', 'downfield': 'toward or in the defending team\\'s end of the playing field; \"he threw to a downfield receiver\"', 'downward': 'on or toward a surface regarded as a base; \"he lay face downward\"; \"the downward pull of gravity\"', 'set': 'being below the horizon; \"the moon is set\"', 'upstage': 'of the back half of a stage; \"she crossed to the upstage chair forcing the lead to turn his back to the audience\"', 'downstage': 'of the front half of a stage', 'upstairs': 'on or of upper floors of a building; \"the upstairs maid\"; \"an upstairs room\"', 'downstairs': 'on or of lower floors of a building; \"the downstairs (or downstair) phone\"', 'ground-floor': 'on the floor closest to level with the ground; \"the ground-floor entrance is kept locked\"', 'upstream': \"in the direction against a stream's current\", 'downstream': \"in the direction of a stream's current\", 'uptown': 'of or located in the upper part of a town; \"uptown residential areas\"', 'downtown': 'of or located in the lower part of a town, or in the business center; \"downtown Manhattan\"; \"delinquents roaming the downtown streets\"', 'used': 'employed in accomplishing something; \"the principle of surprise is the most used and misused of all the principles of war\"- H.H.Arnold & I.C.Eaker', 'in_use': 'currently being used; \"robots are in use throughout industry\"', 'utilized': 'put to use', 'misused': 'used incorrectly or carelessly or for an improper purpose; \"misused words are often laughable but one weeps for misused talents\"', 'useful': 'being of use or service; \"the girl felt motherly and useful\"; \"a useful job\"; \"a useful member of society\"', 'multipurpose': 'having multiple uses; \"a multipurpose tool\"', 'reclaimable': 'capable of being used again', 'useable': 'capable of being put to use; \"usable byproducts\"', 'utilizable': 'capable of being put to a profitable or practical use', 'useless': 'having no beneficial use or incapable of functioning usefully; \"a kitchen full of useless gadgets\"; \"she is useless in an emergency\"', 'futile': 'producing no result or effect; \"a futile effort\"; \"the therapy was ineffectual\"; \"an otiose undertaking\"; \"an unavailing attempt\"', 'inutile': 'not worth using', 'utopian': 'of or pertaining to or resembling a utopia; \"a Utopian novel\"', 'dystopian': 'of or pertaining to or resembling a dystopia', 'binding': 'executed with proper legal authority; \"a binding contract\"', 'reasoned': 'logically valid; \"a sound argument\"', 'validated': 'declared or made legally valid; \"a validated claim\"', 'invalidated': 'deprived of legal force', 'null': 'lacking any legal or binding force; \"null and void\"', 'sophistic': 'of or pertaining to sophists', 'valuable': 'having worth or merit or value; \"a valuable friend\"; \"a good and worthful man\"', 'blue-chip': 'extremely valuable; \"Rembrandt is considered a blue-chip artist\"', 'invaluable': 'having incalculable monetary, intellectual, or spiritual worth', 'precious': 'of high worth or cost; \"diamonds, sapphires, rubies, and emeralds are precious stones\"', 'semiprecious': 'used of gemstones having less commercial value than precious stones; \"such semiprecious stones as amethyst, garnet, jade, and tourmaline\"', 'worth': 'having a specified value; \"not worth his salt\"; \"worth her weight in gold\"', 'worthless': 'lacking in usefulness or value; \"a worthless idler\"', 'chaffy': 'abounding in or covered with or resembling or consisting of chaff', 'good-for-nothing': 'without merit; \"a sorry horse\"; \"a sorry excuse\"; \"a lazy no-count, good-for-nothing goldbrick\"; \"the car was a no-good piece of junk\"', 'manky': 'inferior and worthless', 'nugatory': 'of no real value; \"a nugatory law\"', 'otiose': 'serving no useful purpose; having no excuse for being; \"otiose lines in a play\"; \"advice is wasted words\"; \"a pointless remark\"; \"a life essentially purposeless\"; \"senseless violence\"', 'rubbishy': 'cheap and inferior; of no value; \"rubbishy newspapers that form almost the sole reading of the majority\"; \"trashy merchandise\"', 'tinpot': 'inferior (especially of a country\\'s leadership); \"he\\'s a tinpot Hitler\"', 'valueless': 'of no value', 'covariant': 'changing so that interrelations with another variable quantity or set of quantities remain unchanged', 'multivariate': 'pertaining to any procedure involving two or more variables', 'protean': 'taking on different forms; \"eyes...of that baffling protean grey which is never twice the same\"', 'invariable': 'not liable to or capable of change; \"an invariable temperature\"; \"an invariable rule\"; \"his invariable courtesy\"', 'hard-and-fast': '(of rules) stringently enforced; \"hard-and-fast rules\"', 'invariant': 'unaffected by a designated operation or transformation', 'omnifarious': 'of all varieties or forms or kinds; \"omnifarious reading\"', 'varicolored': 'having a variety of colors', 'variform': 'varying in form or shape', 'varying': 'marked by diversity or difference; \"the varying angles of roof slope\"; \"nature is infinitely variable\"', 'unvaried': 'lacking variety', 'unveiled': 'revealed; especially by having a veil removed; \"a new generation of unveiled women in Iran\"; \"applauding the unveiled statue of Winston Churchill\"', 'disclosed': 'made known (especially something secret or concealed); \"the disclosed purpose of their wicked plan\"', 'ventilated': 'exposed to air; \"a well ventilated room\"', 'aired': 'open to or abounding in fresh air; \"airy rooms\"', 'louvered': 'supplied with louvers for ventilation; \"a louvered door\"', 'vented': 'supplied with a vent or vents for intake of air or discharge of gases', 'unventilated': 'not ventilated; \"stuffy unventilated rooms\"', 'airless': 'lacking fresh air; \"a dusty airless attic\"; \"the dreadfully close atmosphere\"; \"hot and stuffy and the air was blue with smoke\"', 'fuggy': '(British informal) poorly ventilated', 'unaerated': '(used of blood) not supplied with oxygen', 'unvented': 'not provided with vents', 'vertebrate': 'having a backbone or spinal column; \"fishes and amphibians and reptiles and birds and mammals are verbetrate animals\"', 'invertebrate': 'lacking a backbone or spinal column; \"worms are an example of invertebrate animals\"', 'violable': 'capable of being violated; \"a violable rule\"; \"a violable contract\"', 'ferocious': 'marked by extreme and violent energy; \"a ferocious beating\"; \"fierce fighting\"; \"a furious battle\"', 'knockdown-dragout': 'extremely violent; \"a knock-down-and-drag-out fight\"', 'lashing': 'violently urging on by whipping or flogging; \"looked at the lashing riders\"', 'rampageous': 'displaying raging violence; often destructive; \"the hot rampageous horses of my will\"- W.H.Auden', 'ruffianly': 'violent and lawless; \"the more ruffianly element\"; \"tough street gangs\"', 'slam-bang': 'violent and sudden and noisy; \"a slam-bang collision\"', 'virtuous': 'morally excellent', 'impeccable': 'not capable of sin', 'impeccant': 'free from sin', 'wicked': 'morally bad in principle or practice', 'flagitious': 'extremely wicked, deeply criminal; \"a flagitious crime\"; \"heinous accusations\"', 'iniquitous': 'characterized by iniquity; wicked because it is believed to be a sin; \"iniquitous deeds\"; \"he said it was sinful to wear lipstick\"; \"ungodly acts\"', 'irreclaimable': 'insusceptible of reform; \"vicious irreclaimable boys\"; \"irredeemable sinners\"', 'nefarious': 'extremely wicked; \"nefarious schemes\"; \"a villainous plot\"; \"a villainous band of thieves\"', 'peccable': 'liable to sin; \"a frail and peccable mortal\"- Sir Walter Scott', 'in_sight': 'at or within a reasonable distance for seeing; \"not a policeman in sight\"; \"kept the monkey in view\"', 'ocular': 'of or relating to or resembling the eye; \"ocular muscles\"; \"an ocular organ\"; \"ocular diseases\"; \"the optic (or optical) axis of the eye\"; \"an ocular spot is a pigmented organ or part believed to be sensitive to light\"', 'megascopic': 'visible to the naked eye (especially of rocks and anatomical features)', 'subgross': 'too small to be visible to the naked eye', 'panoptic': 'including everything visible in one view; \"a panoptic aerial photograph of the missile base\"; \"a panoptic stain used in microscopy\"', 'viewable': 'capable of being viewed', 'invisible': 'impossible or nearly impossible to see; imperceptible by the eye; \"the invisible man\"; \"invisible rays\"; \"an invisible hinge\"; \"invisible mending\"', 'camouflaged': 'made invisible by means of protective coloring', 'infrared': 'having or employing wavelengths longer than light but shorter than radio waves; lying outside the visible spectrum at its red end; \"infrared radiation\"; \"infrared photography\"', 'nonvisual': 'not resulting in vision; \"nonvisual stimuli\"', 'occult': 'hidden and difficult to see; \"an occult fracture\"; \"occult blood in the stool\"', 'ultraviolet': 'having or employing wavelengths shorter than light but longer than X-rays; lying outside the visible spectrum at its violet end; \"ultraviolet radiation\"; \"an ultraviolet lamp\"', 'undetectable': 'not easily seen', 'unseeyn': 'not seen or perceived; \"unseen natural resources\"', 'viviparous': 'producing living young (not eggs)', 'oviparous': 'egg-laying', 'broody': 'physiologically ready to incubate eggs; \"a broody hen\"', 'ovoviviparous': 'producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body', 'evaporable': '(used of substances) capable of being volatilized', 'nonvolatile': 'not volatilizing readily; \"a nonvolatile acid\"', 'voluntary': 'controlled by individual volition; \"voluntary motions\"; \"voluntary muscles\"', 'willful': 'done by design; \"the insult was intentional\"; \"willful disobedience\"', 'freewill': 'done of your own accord; \"a freewill offering\"', 'self-imposed': 'voluntarily assumed or endured; \"self-imposed exile\"', 'uncoerced': 'not brought about by coercion or force; \"the confession was uncoerced\"', 'involuntary': 'controlled by the autonomic nervous system; without conscious control; \"involuntary muscles\"; \"gave an involuntary start\"', 'unwilled': 'without deliberate volition', 'unwilling': 'not disposed or inclined toward; \"an unwilling assistant\"; \"unwilling to face facts\"', 'autonomic': 'relating to or controlled by the autonomic nervous system; \"autonomic reflexes\"', 'vegetative': 'of or relating to an activity that is passive and monotonous; \"a dull vegetative lifestyle\"', 'assailable': 'not defended or capable of being defended; \"an open city\"; \"open to attack\"', 'endangered': '(of flora or fauna) in imminent danger of extinction; \"an endangered species\"', 'threatened': '(of flora or fauna) likely in the near future to become endangered; \"the spotted owl is a threatened species, not yet an endangered one\"', 'under_attack': 'subjected to enemy attack or censure; \"an official under fire for mismanagement\"', 'invulnerable': 'immune to attack; impregnable; \"gunners raked the beach from invulnerable positions on the cliffs\"', 'bombproof': 'able to resist the explosive force of bombs and shells; \"bombproof shelter\"', 'defendable': 'capable of being defended', 'sheltered': 'protected from danger or bad weather; \"a sheltered harbor\"', 'wanted': 'desired or wished for or sought; \"couldn\\'t keep her eyes off the wanted toy\"; \"a wanted criminal\"; \"a wanted poster\"', 'craved': 'wanted intensely; \"the child could no longer resist taking one of the craved cookies\"; \"it produced the desired effect\"', 'longed-for': 'greatly desired', 'sought': 'that is looked for; \"the long sought relatives\"', 'unwanted': 'not wanted; not needed; \"tried to give away unwanted kittens\"', 'abdicable': 'capable of being discarded or renounced or relinquished; \"abdicable responsibilites\"', 'cast-off': 'thrown away; \"wearing someone\\'s cast-off clothes\"; \"throwaway children living on the streets\"; \"salvaged some thrown-away furniture\"', 'friendless': 'excluded from a society', 'outcaste': 'not belonging to or having been expelled from a caste and thus having no place or status in society; \"the foreigner was a casteless person\"', 'uncalled-for': 'not required or requested; \"uncalled-for suggestions\"', 'unclaimed': 'not claimed or called for by an owner or assignee; \"unclaimed luggage\"', 'undesired': 'not desired; \"an undesired result\"', 'unwelcome': 'not welcome; not giving pleasure or received with pleasure; \"unwelcome publicity\"; \"unwelcome interruptions\"; \"unwelcome visitors\"', 'lukewarm': 'moderately warm; \"he hates lukewarm coffee\"; \"tepid bath water\"', 'warmed': 'having been warmed up; \"a cup of warmed milk\"', 'warming': 'imparting heat; \"a warming fire\"', 'air-conditioned': 'cooled by air conditioning', 'air-cooled': 'cooled by a flow of air; \"an air-cooled engine\"', 'precooled': 'cooled in advance', 'water-cooled': 'kept cool or designed to be kept cool by means of water especially circulating water; \"a water-cooled engine\"', 'warm-blooded': 'having warm blood (in animals whose body temperature is internally regulated)', 'homoiothermic': 'of birds and mammals; having constant and relatively high body temperature', 'cold-blooded': 'having cold blood (in animals whose body temperature is not internally regulated)', 'poikilothermic': 'of animals except birds and mammals; having body temperature that varies with the environment', 'warmhearted': 'marked by warmth of feeling like kindness and sympathy and generosity; \"gave a warmhearted welcome to the stranger\"', 'coldhearted': 'lacking in sympathy or feeling', 'washable': 'capable of being washed without injury; \"washable woolens\"; \"acrylic blankets are both warm and washable\"', 'wash-and-wear': 'treated so as to be easily or quickly washed and dried and requiring little or no ironing; \"a wash-and-wear shirt\"', 'nonwashable': 'not washable', 'waxed': 'treated with wax; \"waxed floors\"; \"waxed mustache\"', 'unwaxed': 'not waxed; \"the unwaxed floor\"', 'waxing': '(of the moon) pertaining to the period during which the visible surface of the moon increases; \"the waxing moon passes from new to full\"', 'waning': '(of the Moon) pertaining to the period during which the visible surface of the moon decreases; \"after full moon comes the waning moon\"', 'increasing': 'music', 'accelerative': 'tending to increase velocity', 'accretionary': 'marked or produced by accretion', 'accretive': 'growing by accretion', 'incorporative': 'growing by taking over and incorporating adjacent territories; \"the Russian Empire was a typical incorporative state\"', 'maximizing': 'making as great as possible', 'multiplicative': 'tending or having the power to multiply or increase in number or quantity or degree; \"the multiplicative tendency of proportional representation\"', 'profit-maximizing': 'making the profit as great as possible; \"the profit-maximizing price\"', 'raising': 'increasing in quantity or value; \"a cost-raising increase in the basic wage rate\"', 'decreasing': 'music', 'depreciating': 'tending to decrease or cause a decrease in value; \"a depreciating currency\"; \"depreciatory effects on prices\"', 'detractive': 'causing to decrease in importance or value; \"detractive influences on the volume of investment\"', 'diminishing': 'becoming smaller or less or appearing to do so; \"diminishing returns\"; \"his diminishing respect for her\"', 'dwindling': 'gradually decreasing until little remains', 'accelerando': 'gradually increasing in tempo', 'crescendo': 'gradually increasing in volume', 'allargando': 'gradually decreasing in tempo and broadening in manner', 'calando': 'gradually decreasing in tempo and volume', 'decrescendo': 'gradually decreasing in volume', 'rallentando': 'gradually decreasing in tempo', 'inflationary': 'associated with or tending to cause increases in inflation; \"inflationary prices\"', 'deflationary': 'associated with or tending to cause decreases in consumer prices or increases in the purchasing power of money; \"deflationary measures\"', 'weaned': 'freed of dependence on something especially (for mammals) mother\\'s milk; \"the just-weaned calf bawled for its mother\"', 'unweaned': 'not weaned; \"some children remain unweaned until their second or third birthdays\"', 'wearable': 'suitable for wear or able to be worn; \"wearable evening clothes\"; \"a wearable hearing aid\"', 'unwearable': 'not suitable for wear or able to be worn; \"shoes so dilapidated as to be unwearable\"', 'weedy': 'abounding with or resembling weeds; \"a weedy path\"; \"weedy plants that take over a garden\"', 'weedless': 'free from weeds; \"a weedless garden\"', 'welcome': 'giving pleasure or satisfaction or received with pleasure or freely granted; \"a welcome relief\"; \"a welcome guest\"; \"made the children feel welcome\"; \"you are welcome to join us\"', 'uninvited': 'unwelcome and unwanted; \"uninvited guests\"; \"uninvited thoughts\"', 'asymptomatic': 'having no symptoms of illness or disease', 'aguish': 'affected by ague', 'ailing': 'somewhat ill or prone to illness; \"my poor ailing grandmother\"; \"feeling a bit indisposed today\"; \"you look a little peaked\"; \"feeling poorly\"; \"a sickly child\"; \"is unwell and can\\'t come to work\"', 'airsick': 'experiencing motion sickness', 'autistic': 'characteristic of or affected with autism; \"autistic behavior\"; \"autistic children\"', 'bedfast': 'confined to bed (by illness)', 'bilious': 'relating to or containing bile', 'bronchitic': 'suffering from or prone to bronchitis', 'convalescent': 'returning to health after illness or debility; \"convalescent children are difficult to keep in bed\"', 'diabetic': 'of or relating to or causing diabetes', 'dizzy': 'having or causing a whirling sensation; liable to falling; \"had a dizzy spell\"; \"a dizzy pinnacle\"; \"had a headache and felt giddy\"; \"a giddy precipice\"; \"feeling woozy from the blow on his head\"; \"a vertiginous climb up the face of the cliff\"', 'dyspeptic': 'suffering from dyspepsia', 'funny': 'experiencing odd bodily sensations; \"told the doctor about the funny sensations in her chest\"', 'gouty': 'suffering from gout', 'laid_low': 'put out of action (by illness)', 'laid_up': 'ill and usually confined; \"laid up with a bad cold\"', 'milk-sick': 'affected with or related to milk sickness', 'nauseated': 'feeling nausea; feeling about to vomit', 'palsied': 'affected with palsy or uncontrollable tremor; \"palsied hands\"', 'paralytic': 'relating to or of the nature of paralysis; \"paralytic symptoms\"', 'paraplegic': 'suffering complete paralysis of the lower half of the body usually resulting from damage to the spinal cord', 'sneezy': 'inclined to sneeze', 'spastic': 'relating to or characterized by spasm; \"a spastic colon\"; \"spastic paralysis is a spastic form of cerebral palsy\"', 'tubercular': 'characterized by the presence of tuberculosis lesions or tubercles; \"tubercular leprosy\"', 'unhealed': 'not healed; \"an unhealed wound\"', 'bedewed': 'wet with dew', 'besprent': 'sprinkled over; \"glistening grass besprent with raindrops\"', 'boggy': '(of soil) soft and watery; \"the ground was boggy under foot\"; \"a marshy coastline\"; \"miry roads\"; \"wet mucky lowland\"; \"muddy barnyard\"; \"quaggy terrain\"; \"the sloughy edge of the pond\"; \"swampy bayous\"', 'clammy': 'unpleasantly cool and humid; \"a clammy handshake\"; \"clammy weather\"; \"a dank cellar\"; \"dank rain forests\"', 'damp': 'slightly wet; \"clothes damp with perspiration\"; \"a moist breeze\"; \"eyes moist with tears\"', 'sodden': 'wet through and through; thoroughly wet; \"stood at the door drenched (or soaked) by the rain\"; \"the speaker\\'s sodden collar\"; \"soppy clothes\"', 'humid': 'containing or characterized by a great deal of water vapor; \"humid air\"; \"humid weather\"', 'misty': 'wet with mist; \"the misty evening\"', 'muggy': 'hot or warm and humid; \"muggy weather\"; \"the steamy tropics\"; \"sticky weather\"', 'rheumy': 'moist, damp, wet (especially of air); \"the raw and theumy damp of night air\"', 'showery': '(of weather) wet by periods of rain; \"showery weather\"; \"rainy days\"', 'steaming': 'filled with steam or emitting moisture in the form of vapor or mist; \"a steaming kettle\"; \"steamy towels\"', 'tacky': '(of a glutinous liquid such as paint) not completely dried and slightly sticky to the touch; \"tacky varnish\"', 'undried': 'still wet or moist', 'air-dried': 'made dry by contact with unheated air', 'air-dry': 'not giving off moisture on exposure to the air', 'bone-dry': 'without a trace of moisture; as dry as a weathered bone; \"bone-dry leaves are a fire hazard\"; \"a drier to get the clothes bone dry\"', 'desiccated': 'thoroughly dried out; \"old boxes of desiccated Cuban cigars\"; \"dried-out boards beginning to split\"', 'dried-up': '(used especially of vegetation) having lost all moisture; \"dried-up grass\"; \"the desert was edged with sere vegetation\"; \"shriveled leaves on the unwatered seedlings\"; \"withered vines\"', 'dry-shod': 'having or keeping the feet or shoes dry; \"a land bridge over which man and beasts could have crossed dry-shod\"', 'kiln-dried': 'dried in a kiln', 'rainless': 'lacking rain; \"a rainless month\"; \"rainless skies\"', 'semiarid': 'somewhat arid; \"a semiarid region with little annual rainfall\"', 'semi-dry': 'somewhat dry; \"swabbing left the deck semi-dry but still slippery\"', 'milkless': 'having no milk; \"milkless breasts\"', 'hydrous': 'containing combined water (especially water of crystallization as in a hydrate)', 'anhydrous': 'without water; especially without water of crystallization', 'wheeled': 'having wheels; often used in combination', 'wheelless': 'having no wheels or having no wheeled vehicles; \"dragging a wheelless stoneboat filled with rocks\"; \"wheelless societies\"', 'white-collar': 'of or designating salaried professional or clerical work or workers; \"the coal miner\\'s son aspired to a white-collar occupation as a bookkeeper\"', 'clerical': 'of or relating to clerks; \"clerical work\"', 'pink-collar': 'of or relating to a class of jobs once traditionally filled by women; \"a pink-collar employee\"', 'blue-collar': 'of or designating manual industrial work or workers', 'wage-earning': 'working for hourly wages rather than fixed (e.g. annual) salaries; \"working-class occupations include manual as well as industrial labor\"', 'alimentary': 'of or providing nourishment; \"good nourishing stew\"', 'heart-healthy': 'of foods that are low in fats and sodium and other ingredients that may foster heart disease', 'salubrious': 'favorable to health of mind or body; \"not the most salubrious campsite\"; \"one of the less salubrious suburbs\"', 'unwholesome': 'detrimental to physical or moral well-being; \"unwholesome food\"; \"unwholesome habits like smoking\"', 'insalubrious': 'detrimental to health', 'morbid': 'suggesting an unhealthy mental state; \"morbid interest in death\"; \"morbid curiosity\"', 'nauseating': 'causing or able to cause nausea; \"a nauseating smell\"; \"nauseous offal\"; \"a sickening stench\"', 'beamy': 'broad in the beam; \"a beamy cargo ship\"', \"bird's-eye\": 'as from an altitude or distance; \"a bird\\'s-eye survey\"; \"a panoramic view\"', 'broad-brimmed': '(of hats) having a broad brim', 'fanlike': 'resembling a fan', 'wide-screen': '(motion pictures) projected on a screen with much greater width than height', 'constricting': '(of circumstances) tending to constrict freedom', 'narrow-mouthed': 'having a narrow mouth', 'strait': 'narrow; \"strait is the gate\"', 'straplike': 'long and narrow like a strap; \"straplike leaves\"', 'tapered': 'becoming gradually narrower; \"long tapering fingers\"; \"trousers with tapered legs\"', 'wieldy': 'easy to handle or use or manage; \"a large but wieldy book\"', 'cumbersome': 'difficult to handle or use especially because of size or weight; \"a cumbersome piece of machinery\"; \"cumbrous protective clothing\"', 'wigged': 'wearing a wig; \"the judges all wigged and robed\"', 'peruked': 'wearing a wig popular for men in the 17th and 18th centuries', 'toupeed': 'wearing a small hairpiece to cover partial baldness', 'wigless': 'not wearing a wig', 'willing': 'disposed or inclined toward; \"a willing participant\"; \"willing helpers\"', 'consenting': 'having given consent; \"consenting adults\"', 'disposed': 'having made preparations; \"prepared to take risks\"', 'volitional': 'with deliberate intention; \"a volitional act\"', 'willing_and_able': 'not reluctant', 'loath': 'unwillingness to do something contrary to your custom; \"a reluctant smile\"; \"loath to admit a mistake\"', 'alar': 'having or resembling wings', 'alate': '(of seeds or insects) having winglike extensions; \"alate leaves\"; \"alate seeds of a maple tree\"', 'batwing': 'formed or shaped like a bat\\'s wing; \"a dress with batwing sleeves\"', 'brachypterous': '(especially of certain insects) having very short or rudimentary wings', 'one-winged': 'having a single wing', 'slender-winged': 'having slender wings', 'small-winged': 'having small wings', 'volant': 'with wings extended in a flying position', 'winglike': 'resembling a wing in shape or position', 'wingless': 'lacking wings', 'apterous': '(of insects) without wings', 'flightless': 'incapable of flying', 'bugged': 'having hidden electronic eavesdropping devices; \"wired hotel rooms\"; \"even the car is bugged\"', 'wireless': 'having no wires; \"a wireless security system\"', 'wise': 'having or prompted by wisdom or discernment; \"a wise leader\"; \"a wise and perceptive comment\"', 'all-knowing': 'infinitely wise', 'perspicacious': 'acutely insightful and wise; \"much too perspicacious to be taken in by such a spurious argument\"; \"observant and thoughtful, he was given to asking sagacious questions\"; \"a source of valuable insights and sapient advice to educators\"', 'owlish': 'resembling an owl; solemn and wise in appearance', 'sapiential': 'characterized by wisdom, especially the wisdom of God; \"a sapiential government\"', 'foolish': 'devoid of good sense or judgment; \"foolish remarks\"; \"a foolish decision\"', 'asinine': 'devoid of intelligence', 'cockamamie': 'ludicrous, foolish; \"gave me a cockamamie reason for not going\"; \"wore a goofy hat\"; \"a silly idea\"; \"some wacky plan for selling more books\"', 'harebrained': 'very foolish; \"harebrained ideas\"; \"took insane risks behind the wheel\"; \"a completely mad scheme to build a bridge between two mountains\"', 'ill-conceived': 'poorly conceived or thought out; \"an ill-conceived plan to take over the company\"', 'rattlebrained': 'lacking sense or discretion; \"his rattlebrained crackpot ideas\"; \"how rattlepated I am! I\\'ve forgotten what I came for\"- Glenway Westcott', 'unwise': 'showing or resulting from lack of judgment or wisdom; \"an unwise investor is soon impoverished\"', 'wooded': 'covered with growing trees and bushes etc; \"wooded land\"; \"a heavily wooded tract\"', 'arboraceous': 'abounding in trees; \"an arboreous landscape\"; \"violets in woodsy shady spots\"; \"a woody area near the highway\"', 'bosky': 'covered with or consisting of bushes or thickets; \"brushy undergrowth\"; \"`bosky\\' is a literary term\"; \"a bosky park leading to a modest yet majestic plaza\"- Jack Beatty', 'forested': 'covered with forest; \"efforts to protect forested lands of the northwest\"', 'jungly': 'overgrown with tropical vegetation', 'rushy': 'abounding in rushes; \"a rushy marsh\"', 'scrabbly': 'sparsely covered with stunted trees or vegetation and underbrush; \"open scrubby woods\"', 'sylvan': 'relating to or characteristic of wooded regions; \"a shady sylvan glade\"', 'thicket-forming': 'tending to form dense thickets', 'woodsy': 'characteristic or suggestive of woods; \"a fresh woodsy fragrance\"', 'unwooded': 'not wooded', 'unforested': 'not covered with forest; \"unforested lands\"', 'beechen': 'consisting of or made of wood of the beech tree', 'birch': 'consisting of or made of wood of the birch tree', 'cedarn': 'consisting of or made of cedar; \"carved cedarn doors\"', 'ligneous': 'consisting of or containing lignin or xylem; \"ligneous (or woody) tissue\"', 'oaken': 'consisting of or made of wood of the oak tree; \"a solid oak table\"; \"the old oaken bucket\"', 'suffrutescent': 'of a plant; having a woody base that does not die down each year', 'nonwoody': 'not woody; not consisting of or resembling wood', 'herbaceous': 'characteristic of a nonwoody herb or plant part', 'pulpy': 'like a pulp or overripe; not having stiffness', 'worldly': 'characteristic of or devoted to the temporal world as opposed to the spiritual world; \"worldly goods and advancement\"; \"temporal possessions of the church\"', 'materialistic': 'marked by materialism', 'unworldly': 'not concerned with the temporal world or swayed by mundane considerations; \"was unworldly and did not greatly miss worldly rewards\"- Sheldon Cheney', 'anchoritic': 'characterized by ascetic solitude; \"the eremitic element in the life of a religious colony\"; \"his hermitic existence\"', 'unmercenary': 'not mercenary; not influenced by financial gains', 'woven': 'made or constructed by interlacing threads or strips of material or other elements into a whole; \"woven fabrics\"; \"woven baskets\"; \"the incidents woven into the story\"; \"folk songs woven into a symphony\"', 'braided': 'woven by (or as if by) braiding; \"braided cordage\"', 'plain-woven': '(of cloth) made in plain weave', 'unwoven': 'not woven; \"tapa cloth is an unwoven fabric made by pounding bark into a thin sheet\"', 'felted': 'made by combining fibers with a binder using heat and pressure; \"felt is a felted cloth\"', 'knitted': 'made by intertwining threads in a series of connected loops rather than by weaving; \"knitted garments\"; \"a hand-knitted sweater\"', 'worn': 'affected by wear; damaged by long use; \"worn threads on the screw\"; \"a worn suit\"; \"the worn pockets on the jacket\"', 'attrited': 'worn by rubbing or friction', 'clapped_out': 'worn from age or heavy use and no longer able to operate (of cars or machines or people)', 'dog-eared': 'worn or shabby from overuse or (of pages) from having corners turned down; \"a somewhat dog-eared duke...a bit run down\"-Clifton Fadiman; \"an old book with dog-eared pages\"', 'eroded': 'worn away as by water or ice or wind', 'frayed': 'worn away or tattered along the edges; \"frayed cuffs\"', 'mangy': 'having many worn or threadbare spots in the nap; \"a mangy carpet\"; \"a mangy old fur coat\"', 'moth-eaten': 'showing signs of wear and tear; \"a ratty old overcoat\"; \"shabby furniture\"; \"an old house with dirty windows and tatty curtains\"', 'played_out': 'worn out; \"a played out deck of cards\"', 'raddled': 'used until no longer useful; \"battered trumpets and raddled radios\"; \"worn-out shoes with flapping soles\"', 'scruffy': 'shabby and untidy; \"a surge of ragged scruffy children\"; \"he was soiled and seedy and fragrant with gin\"- Mark Twain', 'shopworn': 'worn or faded from being on display in a store; \"shopworn merchandise at half price\"', 'tattered': 'worn to shreds; or wearing torn or ragged clothing; \"a man in a tattered shirt\"; \"the tattered flag\"; \"tied up in tattered brown paper\"; \"a tattered barefoot boy\"; \"a tatterdemalion prince\"', 'threadbare': 'having the nap worn away so that the threads show through; \"threadbare rugs\"', 'thumbed': '(of pages) worn or soiled by thumb and fingers by frequent handling or turning; \"well-thumbed pages of the dictionary\"', 'vermiculate': 'infested with or damaged (as if eaten) by worms', 'waterworn': '(of rocks especially) worn smooth by the action of water', 'well-worn': 'showing signs of much wear or use', 'unweathered': 'not worn by exposure to the weather; \"chemical weathering was beginning to attack the unweathered bedrock\"', 'applaudable': 'worthy of high praise; \"applaudable efforts to save the environment\"; \"a commendable sense of purpose\"; \"laudable motives of improving housing conditions\"; \"a significant and praiseworthy increase in computer intelligence\"', 'creditable': 'worthy of often limited commendation; \"the student\\'s effort on the essay--though not outstanding--was creditable\"', 'cum_laude': 'with honor; with academic distinction; \"a cum laude graduate\"', 'deserving': 'worthy of being treated in a particular way; \"an idea worth considering\"; \"the deserving poor\" (often used ironically)', 'exemplary': 'worthy of imitation; \"exemplary behavior\"; \"model citizens\"', 'magna_cum_laude': 'with high honor; with high academic distinction; \"a magna cum laude graduate\"', 'meritorious': 'deserving reward or praise; \"a lifetime of meritorious service\"; \"meritorious conduct\"', 'quotable': 'suitable for or worthy of quotation; \"a quotable slogan\"; \"his remarks are not quotable in mixed company\"', 'summa_cum_laude': 'with highest honor; with the highest academic distinction; \"a summa cum laude graduate\"', 'worthwhile': 'sufficiently valuable to justify the investment of time or interest; \"a worthwhile book\"', 'unworthy': 'lacking in value or merit; \"dispel a student whose conduct is deemed unworthy\"; \"unworthy of forgiveness\"', 'undeserving': 'not deserving; \"the undeserving poor\"', 'unmeritorious': 'without merit; \"protect...from unmeritorious criticism\"', 'xeric': 'being deficient in moisture; \"deserts provide xeric environments\"', 'xerophytic': 'adapted to a xeric (or dry) environment; \"cacti are xerophytic plants\"; \"xerophytic adaptations\"', 'hydric': 'having or characterized by excessive moisture; \"a hydric habitat\"', 'hydrophytic': 'growing wholly or partially in water; \"water lilies are hydrophytic\"', 'hygrophytic': 'requiring an abundance of moisture; \"some tropical ferns are hygrophytic\"', 'mesic': 'having or characterized by moderate or a well-balanced supply of moisture; \"mesic habitats\"', 'mesophytic': 'being or growing in or adapted to a moderately moist environment; \"mesophytic habitats\"; \"mesophytic plants\"', 'zonal': 'relating to or of the nature of a zone; \"the zonal frontier\"', 'azonal': 'not divided into zones; \"azonal heating\"', 'azonic': 'not restricted to any particular zone or region', 'acrocarpous': '(of mosses) having the archegonia at the top of the stem', 'pleurocarpous': '(of mosses) having the archegonia on short lateral branches', 'cursorial': '(of limbs and feet) adapted for running', 'fossorial': '(of limbs and feet) adapted for digging', 'homocercal': 'possessing a symmetrical tail that extends beyond the end of the vertebral column (as in most bony fishes)', 'heterocercal': 'possessing a tail with the upper lobe larger than the lower and with the vertebral column prolonged into the upper lobe', 'webbed': '(of the feet of some animals) having the digits connected by a thin fold of skin', 'unwebbed': '(of the feet of some animals) not webbed; \"a primitive frog with unwebbed toes\"', 'faceted': 'having facets; \"a faceted diamond\"', 'unfaceted': 'lacking facets; \"an unfaceted gem\"', 'ipsilateral': 'on or relating to the same side (of the body)', 'contralateral': 'on or relating to the opposite side (of the body)', 're-entrant': '(of angles) pointing inward; \"a polygon with re-entrant angles\"', 'retroactive': 'descriptive of any event or stimulus or process that has an effect on the effects of events or stimuli or process that occurred previously', 'rh-positive': 'of persons (or their blood) having the Rh factor present in their red blood cells', 'rh-negative': 'of persons (or their blood) lacking the Rh factor present in their red blood cells', 'categorematic': 'of a term or phrase capable of standing as the subject or (especially) the predicate of a proposition', 'autosemantic': 'of a word or phrase meaningful in isolation, independent of context', 'syncategorematic': 'of a term that cannot stand as the subject or (especially) the predicate of a proposition but must be used in conjunction with other terms; \"`or\\' is a syncategorematic term\"', 'synsemantic': 'of a word or phrase meaningful only when it occurs in the company of other words', 'idiographic': 'relating to or involving the study of individuals', 'nomothetic': 'relating to or involving the search for abstract universal principles', 'pro-choice': \"advocating a woman's right to control her own body (especially her right to an induced abortion)\", 'pro-life': 'advocating full legal protection of embryos and fetuses (especially opposing the legalization of induced abortions)', 'baptized': 'having undergone the Christian ritual of baptism', 'unbaptized': 'not having undergone the Christian ritual of baptism', 'malignant': 'dangerous to health; characterized by progressive and uncontrolled growth (especially of a tumor)', 'calcicolous': 'growing or living in soil rich in lime', 'calcifugous': 'growing or living in acid soil', 'invertible': 'having an additive or multiplicative inverse', 'non-invertible': 'not admitting an additive or multiplicative inverse', 'immunocompetent': 'capable of developing an immune response following exposure to an antigen; \"immunocompetent cells\"', 'immunodeficient': 'incapable of developing an immune response following exposure to an antigen; \"immunodeficient rodents\"', 'allogeneic': 'denoting or relating to cells or tissues from individuals belonging to the same species but genetically dissimilar (and hence immunologically incompatible)', 'xenogeneic': 'denoting or relating to cells or tissues from individuals belonging to different species', 'long-spurred': 'of flowers having a long extension at the base of the corolla', 'short-spurred': 'of flowers have a short extension at the base of the corolla', 'shelled': 'of animals or fruits that have a shell', 'hard-shelled': 'of animals or plants that have a hard shell', 'smooth-shelled': 'having a smooth shell', 'spiral-shelled': 'having a shell that forms a spiral', 'thin-shelled': 'of animals or plants that have a thin shell', 'unshelled': 'of animals or fruits that have no shell', 'jawed': 'of animals having jaws of a specified type', 'long-jawed': 'having relatively long jaws', 'square-jawed': 'having a relatively square jaw', 'jawless': 'of animals having no jaw', 'skinned': 'having skin of a specified kind', 'smooth-skinned': 'having smooth skin', 'velvety-skinned': 'having skin like velvet', 'skinless': 'having no skin', 'flowering': 'having a flower or bloom; \"a flowering plant\"', 'flowerless': 'without flower or bloom and not producing seeds; \"a flowerless plant\"', 'spore-bearing': 'bearing spores instead of producing seeds', 'asphaltic': 'containing asphalt; \"asphaltic residues\"', 'abasic': 'of or relating to abasia (inability to walk)', 'abbatial': 'of or having to do with or belonging to an abbey or abbot, or abbess', 'abdominovesical': 'of or relating to the abdomen and the urinary bladder', 'Aberdonian': 'of or relating to Aberdeen', 'Abkhaz': 'of or relating to Abkazia or its people or their language', 'Abnaki': 'of or relating to the Abnakis or their language', 'Aboriginal': 'of or pertaining to members of the indigenous people of Australia; \"an Aboriginal rite\"', 'abient': 'characterized by avoidance or withdrawal', 'abiogenetic': 'originating by abiogenesis', 'acanthotic': 'of or relating to or having acanthosis', 'acapnic': 'relating to or demonstrating acapnia', 'acervate': 'pertaining to a growth of fungi that forms a heaped-up mass; \"acervate fungous sporophores\"', 'acetonic': 'of or relating to acetone', 'acetylenic': 'of or related to acetylene', 'acetylic': 'of or related to acetic acid', 'Achaean': 'of or relating to Achaea or its ancient Greek people', 'Aeolian': 'of or pertaining to Aeolus, the Greek god of the winds; relating to or caused by the wind', 'achenial': 'pertaining to dry one-seeded indehiscent fruit', 'achlorhydric': 'lacking hydrochloric acid', 'aciculate': 'related to plants or animals or crystals having aciculae or needlelike parts', 'acidimetric': 'involving or related to acidimetry', 'acidotic': 'having or being characterized by acidosis', 'acinar': 'pertaining to one of the small sacs (as in a compound gland)', 'acneiform': 'resembling acne', 'acrogenic': 'pertaining to flowerless plants (ferns or mosses) in which growth occurs only at the tip of the main stem', 'actinometric': 'of or related to actinometry', 'actinomycetal': 'of or belonging to the actinomycetes', 'actinomycotic': 'of or related to actinomycosis infection', 'aculeate': 'having or resembling a stinger or barb; \"aculeate insects such as bees and wasps\"', 'adactylous': 'without fingers and/or toes', 'adenocarcinomatous': 'of or pertaining to adenocarcinoma', 'adenoid': 'relating to or resembling lymphatic glands or lymphoid tissue', 'adient': 'characterized by acceptance or approach', 'adjudicative': 'concerned with adjudicating', 'adnexal': 'of or pertaining to adnexa', 'adrenal': 'near the kidneys', 'adrenergic': 'relating to epinephrine (its release or action)', 'Aleutian': 'of or relating to the Aleut or their language or culture', 'antheridial': 'relating to or characterized by an antheridium', 'antiadrenergic': 'relating to blocking or reducing adrenergic effects in the body', 'antiapartheid': 'opposing the policy of apartheid in South Africa; \"an antiapartheid leader\"', 'antidotal': 'counteracting the effects of a poison', 'antiferromagnetic': 'relating to antiferromagnetism', 'antipollution': 'intended to reduce pollution; \"antipollution laws\"; \"antipollution devices on automobile exhaust systems\"', 'antisatellite': 'of or relating to a system to destroy satellites in orbit; \"antisatellite weapons\"', 'antiviral': 'inhibiting or stopping the growth and reproduction of viruses', 'adrenocortical': 'of or derived from the cortex of the adrenal glands', 'advective': 'of or relating to advection', 'adventitial': 'of or pertaining to the adventitia', 'adventuristic': 'of or pertaining to adventurism', 'aecial': 'of or belonging to an aecium', 'aeriferous': 'conveying air; as the bronchial tubes', 'aerological': 'of or pertaining to aerology', 'aerolitic': 'of or pertaining to certain stony meteorites', 'aeromechanic': 'of or pertaining to aerodynamics', 'aeromedical': 'of or relating to aviation medicine', 'aeronautical': 'of or pertaining to aeronautics', 'aesculapian': 'of or belonging to Aesculapius or the healing art', 'affine': '(mathematics) of or pertaining to the geometry of affine transformations', 'affixal': 'of or pertaining to a linguistic affix', 'agential': 'of or relating to an agent or agency', 'agonal': 'pertaining to or associated with agony (especially death agonies)', 'agranulocytic': 'relating to the blood disorder of agranulocytosis', 'agraphic': 'relating to or having agraphia', 'agrobiologic': 'of or pertaining to agrobiology', 'agrologic': 'of or related to agrology', 'agronomic': 'of or relating to or promoting agronomy', 'agrypnotic': 'of or pertaining to agrypnia', 'air-breathing': 'deriving oxygen from the air; \"he studied respiration in marine air-breathing vertebrates\"; \"large air-breathing ichthyosaurs had hydrofoils\"', 'alabaster': 'of or resembling alabaster; \"alabaster statue\"', 'Alaskan': 'relating to or characteristic of the state or people of Alaska', 'Albigensian': 'of or relating to Albigenses or Albigensianism', 'Albanian': 'of or relating to Albania or its people or language or culture', 'albinal': 'of or pertaining to or affected by albinism', 'albitic': 'of or related to albite feldspar', 'albuminous': 'relating to or containing or resembling albumin', 'albuminuric': 'of or related to the state of albuminuria', 'alchemic': 'related to or concerned with alchemy', 'alchemistic': 'of or relating to alchemists', 'aldehydic': 'of or related to or containing aldehydes', 'aleuronic': 'of or related to aleurone', 'algoid': 'of or resembling algae', 'algolagnic': 'of or relating to algolagnia', 'algometric': 'of or related to algometry', 'Algonquian': 'of or relating to an Algonquian tribe or its people or language', 'alimentative': 'related to the supply of aliment', 'alkahestic': 'of or pertaining to the alkahest that alchemists assumed to exist', 'alkaloidal': 'pertaining to or consisting of alkaloids', 'alkalotic': 'marked by alkalosis (or a tendency toward alkalosis)', 'alkylic': 'of or related to an alkyl', 'allantoic': 'relating to or characterized by an allantois', 'allelic': 'of or relating to alleles', 'allergenic': 'relating to or having the effect of an allergen', 'Allied': 'of or relating to or denoting the Allies in World War II; \"an Allied victory\"; \"the Allied armies\"', 'allogamous': 'relating to cross-fertilization in plants', 'allographic': 'of or relating to an allograph', 'allomerous': 'pertaining to allomerism', 'allometric': 'relating to or marked by allometry', 'allomorphic': 'pertaining to allomorphs', 'allophonic': 'pertaining to allophones', 'allotropic': 'of or related to or exhibiting allotropism; \"carbon and sulfur and phosphorus are allotropic elements\"', 'allylic': 'of or pertaining to the allyl radical', 'alopecic': 'pertaining to loss of hair or wool or feathers', 'alphanumeric': 'of or pertaining to alphanumeric characters', 'Altaic': 'of or pertaining to or written in Altaic', 'altitudinal': 'pertaining to altitude', 'alular': 'pertaining to alulae', 'aluminous': 'pertaining to or containing aluminum or alum', 'alveolar': 'pertaining to the sockets of the teeth or that part of the upper jaw; \"alveolar processes\"', 'amalgamative': 'characterized by or tending toward amalgamation', 'amaurotic': 'pertaining to blindness caused by amaurosis', 'amblyopic': 'pertaining to a kind of visual impairment without apparent organic pathology', 'Ambrosian': 'of or by or relating to Saint Ambrose; \"Ambrosian chants\"', 'ambulacral': 'pertaining to the ambulacra of radial echinoderms', 'ambulatory': 'relating to or adapted for walking; \"an ambulatory corridor\"', 'ameboid': 'like an amoeba (especially in having a variable irregular shape)', 'amenorrheic': 'related to the suppression of normal menstrual flow for any reason other than pregnancy', 'amethystine': 'containing or resembling amethyst', 'Amharic': 'related to or characteristic of or written in Amharic; \"the Amharic language\"', 'amino': 'pertaining to or containing any of a group of organic compounds of nitrogen derived from ammonia', 'amitotic': 'pertaining to a simple method of cell division', 'ammino': 'pertaining to or characteristic of an ammine (an inorganic coordination compound of ammonia and a metallic salt)', 'ammoniac': 'pertaining to or containing or similar to ammonia', 'ammonitic': 'of or related to an order of fossil cephalopods', 'amnestic': 'of or relating to or caused by amnesia', 'amniotic': 'of or related to the amnion or characterized by developing an amnion; \"amniotic membrane\"', 'amoristic': 'of or pertaining to romantic love', 'amphitheatric': 'of or related to an amphitheater', 'amphoric': 'the sound heard in auscultation resembling the hollow sound made by blowing across the mouth of a bottle; \"amphoric breathing indicates a cavity in the lung\"', 'ampullar': 'of or related to an ampulla', 'amygdaline': 'related to or resembling an almond', 'amylolytic': 'of or related to the process of amylolysis', 'anabiotic': 'of or related to the state of anabiosis', 'anaclitic': 'of or related to relationships that are characterized by the strong dependence of one person on another', 'anacoluthic': 'of or related to syntactic inconsistencies of the sort known as anacoluthons', 'anaglyphic': 'related to anaglyphs or anaglyphy', 'anagogic': 'based on or exemplifying anagoge', 'anagrammatic': 'related to anagrams or containing or making an anagram', 'anamnestic': 'of or relating to anamnesis; aiding the memory', 'anamorphic': 'pertaining to gradual evolution from one type of organism to another', 'anaphasic': 'of or related to the stage of mitosis known as anaphase', 'anaplastic': 'of or relating to anaplasia', 'anarchistic': 'of or related to anarchism or tending toward anarchism', 'anasarcous': 'characterized by or affected by dropsy', 'Andalusian': 'in or relating to Andalusia', 'androgenetic': 'of or related to androgenesis', 'androgenic': 'of or related to the male hormone androgen', 'anemographic': 'pertaining to the recording of wind measurements', 'anemometric': 'pertaining to the measurement of wind speed and direction', 'anencephalic': 'characterized by partial or total absence of a brain', 'anginal': 'of or related to the pain of angina pectoris', 'angiocarpic': 'having or being fruit enclosed in a shell or husk', 'angiomatous': 'of or related to or having a tumor of the kind known as an angioma', 'angiospermous': 'of or related to or characteristic of plants that are angiosperms', 'Anglophilic': 'characterized by Anglophilia', 'Anglophobic': 'characterized by Anglophobia', 'anguine': 'of or related to or resembling a snake', 'animalistic': 'of or pertaining to animalism', 'animatistic': 'of or pertaining to animatism', 'animist': 'of or pertaining to the doctrine of animism', 'aniseikonic': 'relating to or characteristic of the visual defect aniseikonia', 'anisogamic': 'relating to a type of sexual reproduction in which the gametes are dissimilar in some respect (as size or shape)', 'anisogametic': 'relating to either of a pair of dissimilar (anisogamic) gametes combining in sexual reproduction', 'anisometropic': 'relating to a difference in the refractive power of the two eyes', 'ankylotic': 'relating to or characteristic of the abnormality ankylosis', 'annalistic': 'relating to annals; \"a book with an annalistic approach\"', 'Bayesian': \"of or relating to statistical methods based on Bayes' theorem\", 'Arminian': 'of or relating to Arminianism', 'Armenian': 'of or pertaining to Armenia or the people or culture of Armenia', 'Biedermeier': 'of or relating to a style of furniture developed in Germany in the 19th century', 'annelid': 'relating to or belonging to or characteristic of any worms of the phylum Annelida', 'annexational': 'relating to annexation', 'hermeneutic': 'interpretive or explanatory', 'Middle_Eastern': 'of or relating to or located in the Middle East', 'annunciatory': 'relating to the act of announcing or being announced', 'anodic': 'of or at or relating to an anode', 'cathodic': 'of or at or pertaining to a cathode; \"cathodic deposition of metals\"', 'anoperineal': 'relating to the anus and surrounding perineum', 'anopheline': 'relating to or characteristic of malaria mosquitoes', 'anorectal': 'pertaining to the anus and rectum considered together', 'anorthitic': 'characteristic of anorthite', 'anoxemic': 'relating to or marked by abnormally little oxygen in arterial blood', 'anoxic': 'relating to or marked by a severe deficiency of oxygen in tissues or organs', 'antecubital': 'of or relating to the region of the arm in front of the elbow; \"blood was drawn from the antecubital region\"', 'antennal': 'of or relating to antennae; \"antennal senses of insects\"', 'anthracitic': 'relating to or resembling anthracite coal', 'anthropic': \"relating to mankind or the period of mankind's existence\", 'anthropogenetic': 'of or relating to the study of the origins and development of human beings', 'anthropometric': 'of or relating to anthropometry', 'anthropophagous': 'of or relating to eaters of human flesh', 'antibiotic': 'of or relating to antibiotic drugs', 'anticancer': 'used in the treatment of cancer; \"anticancer drug\"; \"an antineoplastic effect\"', 'anticoagulative': 'of or relating to an anticoagulant', 'anticyclonic': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the atmosphere around a high pressure center', 'antigenic': 'of or relating to antigens', 'antimonic': 'relating to or derived from antimony; \"antimonious oxide\"', 'antinomian': 'relating to or influenced by antinomianism', 'antiphonary': 'relating to or resembling an antiphon or antiphony', 'antipodal': 'relating to the antipodes or situated at opposite sides of the earth; \"antipodean latitudes\"; \"antipodal regions of the earth\"; \"antipodal points on a sphere\"', 'antistrophic': 'of or relating to an antistrophe', 'antitypic': 'of or relating to an antitype', 'anuran': 'relating to frogs and toads', 'anuretic': 'of or relating to an inability to urinate', 'anxiolytic': 'anxiety relieving', 'aoristic': 'of or relating to the aorist tense', 'aortal': 'of or relating to the aorta', 'aphaeretic': 'relating to or formed by or consisting of aphaeresis', 'aphakic': 'of or relating to or afflicted with aphakia', 'aphanitic': 'of or relating to aphanite', 'aphetic': 'produced by aphesis', 'apian': 'relating to or having the characteristics of bees', 'apiarian': 'relating to bees or beekeeping', 'apicultural': 'relating to the care and breeding of bees', 'aplitic': 'of or related to aplite', 'apneic': 'of or relating to apnea', 'Apocryphal': 'of or belonging to the Apocrypha', 'apocynaceous': 'of or relating to tropical plants of the family Apocynaceae', 'apogamic': 'of or relating to the development of an embryo in the absence of fertilization', 'apogean': 'relating to or characteristic of an apogee; \"apogean tides occur when the moon is at the apogee of its orbit\"', 'apomictic': 'of or relating to a plant that reproduces by apomixis', 'aponeurotic': 'of or relating to an aponeurosis; \"muscles attached by a flat aponeurotic membrane\"', 'apophatic': \"of or relating to the belief that God can be known to humans only in terms of what He is not (such as `God is unknowable')\", 'apophyseal': 'of or relating to an apophysis', 'apoplectic': 'pertaining to or characteristic of apoplexy; \"apoplectic seizure\"', 'apoplectiform': 'resembling apoplexy', 'aposiopetic': 'relating to or characteristic of aposiopesis', 'apostrophic': 'of or characteristic of apostrophe; \"a passage of apostrophic grandeur\"', 'apothecial': 'of or relating to the apothecium of some lichens and fungi', 'apothegmatic': 'given to or characterized by terse apothegms', 'Appalachian': 'in or relating to Appalachia', 'appendicular': 'relating to or consisting of an appendage or appendages; especially the limbs; \"the appendicular skeleton\"', 'appositional': 'relating to or being in apposition; \"an appositive noun\"', 'appropriative': 'of or relating to or given to the act of taking for yourself', 'apsidal': 'of or relating to an apse', 'aptitudinal': 'of or relating to aptitudes', 'aquiferous': 'of or relating to an aquifer', 'arachnoid': 'relating to or resembling a member of the class Arachnida', 'Aramaic': 'of or relating to the ancient Aramaic languages', 'Aramean': 'of or relating to Aram or to its inhabitants or their culture or their language', 'araneidal': 'relating to or resembling a spider', 'Arawakan': 'of or relating to the peoples who speak the language of the Arawak', 'arbitral': 'relating to or resulting from arbitration; \"the arbitral adjustment of the controversy\"; \"an arbitrational settlement\"', 'arbitrative': 'relating to or having the authority to arbitrate; \"an arbitrative board\"', 'arborical': 'of or relating to or formed by trees; \"an arborous roof\"', 'archaeological': 'related to or dealing with or devoted to archaeology; \"an archaeological dig\"; \"a dramatic archaeological discovery\"', 'archaistic': 'imitative of an archaic style or manner; \"archaistic writing\"', 'archangelic': 'of or relating to or resembling archangels', 'arched': 'constructed with or in the form of an arch or arches; \"an arched passageway\"', 'archdiocesan': 'of or relating to an archdiocese', 'archducal': 'belonging to or befitting an archduke or his archduchy', 'archegonial': 'of or relating to an archegonium', 'archesporial': 'of or relating to the cells in a sporangium that give rise to spores', 'archidiaconal': 'of or relating to an archdeacon or his office', 'archiepiscopal': 'of or associated with an archbishop; \"an archiepiscopal see\"', 'archipelagic': 'relating to or part of an archipelago; \"an archipelagic war\"', 'archival': 'of or relating to or contained in or serving as an archive', 'archosaurian': 'of or relating to reptiles of the subclass Archosauria', 'areal': 'of or relating to or involving an area', 'arenicolous': 'growing or living or burrowing in sand; \"arenicolous worms\"', 'areolar': 'relating to or like or divided into areolae; \"areolar tissue\"', 'argentic': 'relating to compounds in which silver is bivalent', 'argentous': 'relating to compounds in which silver is univalent', 'armillary': 'of or relating to bracelets', 'aroid': 'relating to a plant of the family Araceae', 'arsenical': 'relating to or containing arsenic; \"arsenic vapor\"', 'arsenious': 'relating to compounds in which arsenic is trivalent', 'arterial': 'of or involving or contained in the arteries; \"arterial disease\"; \"the arterial system\"; \"arterial blood\"', 'venous': 'of or contained in or performing the function of the veins; \"venous inflammation\"; \"venous blood as contrasted with arterial blood\"; \"venous circulation\"', 'arteriovenous': 'connecting an artery to a vein; \"an arteriovenous fistula\"', 'arthralgic': 'of or relating to arthralgia', 'arthromeric': 'of or relating to one of the body segments of jointed animals', 'arthropodal': 'of or relating to invertebrates of the phylum Arthropoda', 'arthrosporic': 'of or relating to arthrospores', 'Arthurian': 'of or relating to King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table', 'articular': 'relating to or affecting the joints of the body; \"the articular surfaces of bones\"; \"articular disease\"', 'articulatory': 'of or relating to articulation; \"articulatory features\"; \"articulatory phonetics\"', 'artiodactyl': 'of or relating to or belonging to mammals of the order Artiodactyla', 'arundinaceous': 'of or relating to or resembling reedlike plants of the genus Arundinaria', 'ascensional': 'tending to rise', 'ascitic': 'of or relating to or resulting from an abnormal accumulation of protein and electrolyte rich fluid in the peritoneal cavity', 'asclepiadaceous': 'of or relating to plants of the milkweed family', 'ascocarpous': 'of or relating to ascocarps', 'ascosporic': 'of or relating to ascospores', 'associational': 'of or relating to associations or associationism', 'asteriated': '(of some crystals especially gemstones) exhibiting asterism', 'asterismal': 'relating to asterisms or constellations', 'stoloniferous': 'producing stolons', 'stomatal': 'relating to or of the nature of or having a mouth or mouthlike opening', 'astomatal': 'lacking a stoma or stomata', 'stored-program': \"of or concerning programs stored in the computer's own memory\", 'astragalar': 'of or relating to the anklebone', 'astrocytic': 'of or relating to or containing large star-shaped cells in the neuroglia', 'astronautic': 'of or belonging to astronauts or the science of astronautics', 'asynergic': 'of or relating to the state of asynergy; lacking synergy', 'ataxic': 'lacking motor coordination; marked or caused by ataxia', 'atherosclerotic': 'of or relating to atherosclerosis', 'atonalistic': 'of or relating to atonalism', 'atrial': 'of or relating to a cavity or chamber in the body (especially one of the upper chambers of the heart)', 'atrioventricular': 'relating to or affecting the atria and ventricles of the heart; \"atrioventricular disease\"', 'attentional': 'of or relating to attention', 'attitudinal': 'of or relating to attitudes', 'attritional': 'relating to or caused by attrition', 'audiometric': 'of or relating to audiometry', 'audiovisual': 'involving both hearing and seeing (usually relating to teaching aids); \"the school\\'s audiovisual department\"', 'augitic': 'of or relating to or containing the mineral augite', 'aural': 'of or pertaining to hearing or the ear; \"an animal with a very sensitive aural apparatus\"', 'auricular': 'relating to or perceived by or shaped like the organ of hearing; \"my apprehension of words is auricular; I must hear what I read\"- George Santayana; \"an auricular confession\"; \"an auricular appendage\"', 'autoimmune': 'of or relating to the immune response of the body against substance normally present in the body', 'biauricular': 'relating to the two auditory openings; \"the biauricular diameter of the skull\"', 'auroral': 'of or relating to the atmospheric phenomenon auroras; \"a prominent green line in the spectrum of the auroras is called the `auroral line\\'\"', 'aurous': 'of or relating to or containing or derived from gold', 'auscultatory': 'of or relating to auscultation', 'austenitic': 'composed of austenite; \"austenitic alloy steel\"', 'Australasian': 'relating to or found in Australasia', 'australopithecine': 'of or belonging to the hominid genus Australopithecus', 'autacoidal': 'of or relating to an autacoid', 'autarchic': 'of or relating to or characterized by autarchy', 'authorial': 'of or by or typical of an author; \"authorial comments\"; \"auctorial flights of imagination\"', 'autobiographical': 'of or relating to or characteristic of an autobiographer; \"he seldom suppressed his autobiographical tendencies\"', 'autocatalytic': 'relating to or proceeding by autocatalysis', 'autogenetic': 'of or relating to autogenesis', 'autographic': \"written in the author's own handwriting\", 'autolytic': 'of or relating to self-digestion', 'autoplastic': 'of or relating to or involved in autoplasty', 'autoradiographic': 'of or relating to or produced by autoradiography', 'autotelic': 'of or relating to or believing in autotelism', 'autotomic': 'of or relating to autotomy', 'autotrophic': 'of or relating to organisms (as green plants) that can make complex organic nutritive compounds from simple inorganic sources by photosynthesis', 'heterotrophic': 'requiring organic compounds of carbon and nitrogen for nourishment; \"most animals are heterotrophic\"', 'autotypic': 'of or relating to autotypy', 'auxetic': 'of or relating to growth by auxesis', 'auxinic': 'relating to or containing auxins', 'avellan': 'pertaining to filberts or hazelnuts', 'avian': 'pertaining to or characteristic of birds', 'avifaunal': 'of or relating to birds of a particular region or period', 'avionic': 'of or relating to avionics', 'avitaminotic': 'of or relating to or characteristic of avitaminosis', 'avocational': 'of or involved in an avocation', 'avuncular': 'resembling a uncle in kindness or indulgence', 'award-winning': 'having received awards; \"this award-winning bridge spans a distance of five miles\"', 'axile': 'relating to or attached to the axis; \"axial angle\"', 'axillary': 'of or relating to the axil', 'axiological': 'of or relating to the study of values', 'axonal': 'of or relating to or resembling an axon', 'Azerbaijani': 'of or pertaining to Azerbaijan or the people or culture of Azerbaijan', 'azido': 'relating to or containing the azido group N3', 'azimuthal': 'of or relating to or in azimuth', 'azo': 'relating to or containing the azo radical', 'diazo': 'relating to or containing diazonium', 'zoic': 'pertaining to animals or animal life or action', 'azotemic': 'of or involving excess nitrogenous waste products in the urine (usually due to kidney insufficiency)', 'baboonish': 'resembling a baboon', 'Babylonian': 'of or relating to the city of Babylon or its people or culture; \"Babylonian religion\"', 'baccate': 'resembling a berry', 'bacchantic': 'of or relating to or resembling a bacchanalian reveler', 'back-channel': 'via a back channel; \"the failure of back-channel negotiations\"', 'bacteremic': 'of or relating to or having bacteremia', 'bacteriolytic': 'of or relating to or causing bacteriolysis', 'bacteriophagic': 'of or relating to bacteriophages', 'bacteriostatic': 'of or relating to or causing bacteriostasis', 'bacteroidal': 'resembling bacteria', 'Bahai': 'of or relating to Bahaism', 'balletic': 'characteristic of or resembling or suitable for ballet', 'ballistic': 'relating to or characteristic of the motion of objects moving under their own momentum and the force of gravity; \"ballistic missile\"', 'balsamic': 'of or relating to or containing balsam; \"a balsamic fragrance\"', 'baric': 'of or relating to or containing barium', 'barographic': 'relating to or registered by a barograph', 'barometric': 'relating to atmospheric pressure or indicated by a barometer; \"barometric pressure\"', 'barytic': 'of or relating to or containing baryta', 'basaltic': 'of or relating to or containing basalt; \"basaltic magma is fluid\"', 'basidial': 'relating to or characterized by basidia', 'basidiomycetous': 'pertaining to or characteristic of fungi of the class Basidiomycetes', 'basidiosporous': 'of or relating to or characterized by spores produced by basidia', 'basilar': 'of or relating to or located at the base; \"the basilar membrane of the cochlea\"', 'basilican': 'of or relating to or resembling a basilica', 'basinal': 'of or relating to a basin; \"basinal deposits\"', 'batholithic': 'of or relating to a batholith', 'bathymetric': 'of or relating to measurements of the depths of oceans or lakes', 'bauxitic': 'resembling or containing bauxite', 'behavioristic': 'of or relating to behaviorism; \"behavioristic psychology\"', 'Belarusian': 'of or pertaining to Belarus or to the people or culture of Belarus', 'belemnitic': 'of or relating to belemnites', 'benedictory': 'expressing benediction', 'beneficiary': 'having or arising from a benefice; \"a beneficiary baron\"', 'benthic': 'of or relating to or happening on the bottom under a body of water', 'bentonitic': 'of or relating to or containing bentonite', 'benzenoid': 'similar to benzene in structure or linkage', 'benzoic': 'containing or derived from benzoic acid or benzoin', 'benzylic': 'relating to benzyl', 'betulaceous': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of trees of the birch family', 'biaxial': 'having two axes; \"biaxial crystals\"', 'bibliographic': 'relating to or dealing with bibliography', 'bibliolatrous': 'given to Bible-worship', 'bibliomaniacal': 'characteristic of or characterized by or noted for bibliomania', 'bibliophilic': 'of or relating to bibliophiles', 'bibliopolic': 'of or relating to bibliopoles', 'bibliothecal': 'of or relating to a library or bibliotheca or a librarian', 'bibliotic': 'of or relating to bibliotics', 'bicapsular': 'divided into two capsules or having a two-part capsule', 'bichromated': 'treated or combined with bichromate', 'bicipital': 'having two heads or points of origin as a biceps', 'bignoniaceous': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of plants of the family Bignoniaceae', 'biliary': 'relating to the bile ducts or the gallbladder', 'billiard': 'of or relating to billiards; \"a billiard ball\"; \"a billiard cue\"; \"a billiard table\"', 'bimetallistic': 'pertaining to a monetary system based on two metals; \"in a bimetallistic system both gold and silver can constitute legal tender\"', 'bimillenial': 'of or relating to a bimillennium', 'biocatalytic': 'of or relating to biocatalysts', 'biochemical': 'of or relating to biochemistry; involving chemical processes in living organisms', 'bioclimatic': 'of or concerned with the relations of climate and living organisms', 'biogenetic': 'of or relating to the production of living organisms from other living organisms', 'biogenous': 'producing or produced by living things', 'biogeographic': 'of or relating to or involved with biogeography', 'biologistic': 'of or relating to biologism', 'sociobiologic': 'of or relating to sociobiology', 'neurobiological': 'of or relating to the biological study of the nervous system', 'biosynthetic': 'of or relating to biosynthesis', 'biosystematic': 'of or relating to biosystematics', 'biotitic': 'relating to or involving biotite', 'biotypic': 'of or relating to a biotype', 'blastogenetic': 'of or relating to blastogenesis', 'Bohemian': 'of or relating to Bohemia or its language or people', 'bolographic': 'of or relating to a bolograph', 'bolometric': 'of or relating to a bolometer', 'Boolean': 'of or relating to a combinatorial system devised by George Boole that combines propositions with the logical operators AND and OR and IF THEN and EXCEPT and NOT', 'borated': 'mixed or impregnated with borax', 'boronic': 'of or relating to boron', 'boskopoid': 'belonging or relating to or resembling Boskop man', 'botanic': 'of or relating to plants or botany; \"botanical garden\"', 'botryoid': 'resembling a cluster of grapes in form', 'Botswanan': 'of or pertaining to Botswana or the people of Botswana', 'bottom-dwelling': 'of or relating to fish and marine life that dwell on the bottom of a body of water', 'bottom-feeding': 'of or relating to fish and marine life that feed on the bottom of a body of water', 'boustrophedonic': 'of or relating to writing alternate lines in opposite directions', 'brachial': 'of or relating to an arm; \"brachial artery\"', 'brachiopod': 'of or belonging to the phylum Brachiopoda', 'brachyurous': 'of or belonging to the suborder Brachyura', 'bracteal': 'pertaining to or resembling or functioning as a bract', 'bracteate': 'having bracts', 'bracteolate': 'having bracteoles', 'brahminic': 'of or relating to or characteristic of a brahmin', 'branchial': 'of or relating to gills (or to parts of the body derived from embryonic gills)', 'branchiopod': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the subclass Branchiopoda', 'breech-loading': '(of guns) designed to be loaded at the breech', 'bregmatic': 'of or relating to the bregma of the skull', 'brimless': 'without a brim; \"a brimless hat\"', 'brisant': 'of or relating to the power (the shattering effect) of an explosive', 'broadband': 'of or relating to or being a communications network in which the bandwidth can be divided and shared by multiple simultaneous signals (as for voice or data or video)', 'Brobdingnagian': 'huge; relating to or characteristic of the imaginary country of Brobdingnag', 'bromic': 'relating to or containing bromine (especially pentavalent bromine)', 'bulimic': 'suffering from bulimia', 'burrlike': 'resembling a burr; especially in being prickly', 'bursal': 'relating to or affecting a bursa', 'buteonine': 'relating to or resembling a hawk of the genus Buteo', 'butyraceous': 'having the qualities of butter or yielding or containing a substance like butter', 'butyric': 'relating to or producing butyric acid', 'cachectic': 'relating to or having the symptoms of cachexia', 'cacodemonic': 'of or relating to evil spirits', 'cacodylic': 'of or relating to cacodyl', 'cadastral': 'of or relating to the records of a cadastre', 'cadaverous': 'of or relating to a cadaver or corpse; \"we had long anticipated his cadaverous end\"', 'caducean': 'of or relating to a caduceus', 'caecilian': 'of or relating to or belonging to the family Caeciliidae', 'caesural': 'of or relating to a caesura', 'caffeinic': 'of or containing caffein', 'cairned': 'marked by cairns', 'calcaneal': 'relating to the heel bone or heel', 'calcareous': 'composed of or containing or resembling calcium carbonate or calcite or chalk', 'calceolate': 'of slipper-shaped blossoms; \"the calceiform lip of certain orchids\"', 'calcic': 'derived from or containing calcium or lime', 'calciferous': 'bearing or producing or containing calcium or calcium carbonate or calcite', 'calcitic': 'of or relating to or containing calcite', 'calculous': 'relating to or caused by or having a calculus or calculi', 'calendric': 'relating to or characteristic of or used in a calendar or time measurement; \"calendric systems\"; \"solstice is a time of calendric importance\"', 'calico': 'made of calico or resembling calico in being patterned; \"calico dresses\"; \"a calico cat\"', 'calisthenic': 'of or relating to calisthenics', 'callithumpian': 'of or relating to a callithump', 'caloric': 'of or relating to calories in food; \"comparison of foods on a caloric basis\"; \"the caloric content of foods\"', 'noncaloric': 'of food have no (or few) calories; \"a noncaloric drink\"', 'calorimetric': 'of or relating to the measurement of heat', 'calyceal': 'of or relating to or resembling a calyx', 'calycular': 'relating to or resembling a calyculus', 'calyculate': 'having a calyculus', 'calyptrate': 'having calypters', 'cambial': 'of or relating to or functioning as a cambium', 'campanulate': 'shaped like a bell or campana; \"campanulate flowers of the genus Campanula\"', 'camphoraceous': 'being or having the properties of camphor; \"camphoraceous odor\"', 'camphoric': 'relating to or derived from or containing camphor; \"camphoric liniments\"', 'canalicular': 'relating to or like or having a canaliculus', 'cancroid': 'of or relating to a cancroid', 'canicular': 'of or relating to the dog days of summer; \"the canicular heat of the Deep South\"', 'canine': 'of or relating to a pointed conical tooth', 'capacitive': 'of or relating to capacitance', 'Capetian': 'of or relating to the French dynasty founded by Hugh Capet', 'capitular': 'of or pertaining to an ecclesiastical chapter; \"capitular estates\"', 'Cappadocian': 'of or pertaining to Cappadocia or its people or culture', 'caprine': 'being or pertaining to or resembling a goat or goats; \"caprine creatures\"; \"a caprine strain of virus\"; \"a caprine voice\"', 'capsular': 'resembling a capsule; \"the capsular ligament is a sac surrounding the articular cavity of a freely movable joint and attached to the bones\"', 'carangid': 'of or relating to fish of the family Carangidae', 'carbocyclic': 'having or relating to or characterized by a ring composed of carbon atoms', 'carbolated': 'containing or treated with carbolic acid', 'carbonyl': 'relating to or containing the carbonyl group', 'carboxyl': 'relating to or containing the carboxyl group or carboxyl radical', 'carcinogenic': 'causing or tending to cause cancer; \"the carcinogenic action of certain chemicals\"', 'carcinomatous': 'being or relating to carcinoma; \"a carcinomatous lesion\"', 'cardiographic': 'of or relating to a cardiograph', 'cardiopulmonary': 'of or pertaining to or affecting both the heart and the lungs and their functions; \"cardiopulmonary resuscitation\"', 'carinal': 'relating to or resembling a carina', 'Caroline': 'of or relating to the life and times of kings Charles I or Charles II of England', 'Carolingian': \"of or relating to the Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne's father\", 'carotid': 'of or relating to either of the two major arteries supplying blood to the head and neck', 'carpellary': 'belonging to or forming or containing carpels', 'carposporic': 'relating to or resembling a carpospore', 'carposporous': 'having carpospores', 'cartographic': 'of or relating to the making of maps or charts', 'Carthusian': 'of or relating to the Carthusian order', 'caruncular': 'resembling a caruncle', 'carunculate': 'having a caruncle', 'caryophyllaceous': 'of or pertaining to plants of the family Caryophyllaceae', 'cash-and-carry': 'sold for cash and the customer carries it away (no delivery service); \"cash-and-carry business\"', 'catachrestic': 'constituting or characterized by or given to catachresis', 'catalatic': 'of or relating to the enzyme catalase', 'cataphatic': 'of or relating to the religious belief that God can be known to humans positively or affirmatively', 'cataplastic': 'of or relating to cataplasia', 'catapultic': 'of or like a catapult; \"a catapultic kind of action\"', 'catarrhal': 'of or relating to a catarrh; \"catarrhal fever is any of several respiratory or oral diseases of livestock such as bluetongue in horses and sheep\"', 'categorial': 'of or relating to the concept of categories', 'categorical': 'relating to or included in a category or categories', 'cathectic': 'of or relating to cathexis', 'cathedral': 'relating to or containing or issuing from a bishop\\'s office or throne; \"a cathedral church\"', 'catkinate': 'resembling a catkin', 'catoptric': 'of or relating to catoptrics; produced by or based on mirrors', 'cecal': 'of or like a cecum', 'celebratory': 'used for celebrating', 'extracellular': 'located or occurring outside a cell or cells; \"extracellular fluid\"', 'integumentary': 'of or relating to the integument', 'intercellular': 'located between cells', 'interest-bearing': 'of financial obligations on which interest is paid', 'intracellular': 'located or occurring within a cell or cells; \"intracellular fluid\"', 'cellulosid': 'of or containing or made from cellulose; \"cellulosic fibers\"', 'cementitious': 'like or relevant to or having the properties of cement; \"the adhesion of cementitious materials\"', 'cenobitic': 'of or relating to or befitting cenobites or their practices of communal living', 'eremitic': 'of or relating to or befitting eremites or their practices of hermitic living; \"eremitic austerities\"', 'cenogenetic': 'of or relating to cenogenesis', 'Cenozoic': 'of or relating to or denoting the Cenozoic era', 'palingenetic': 'of or relating to palingenesis', 'censorial': \"belonging or relating to a censor or a censor's functions\", 'centesimal': 'relating to or divided into hundredths', 'centigrade': 'of or relating to a temperature scale on which the freezing point of water is 0 degrees and the boiling point of water is 100 degrees', 'centralist': 'advocating centralization', 'centroidal': 'of or relating to (especially passing through) a centroid', 'centrosomic': 'of or relating to a centrosome', 'cephalopod': 'relating or belonging to the class Cephalopoda', 'cercarial': 'of or relating to cercaria', 'cereal': 'made of grain or relating to grain or the plants that produce it; \"a cereal beverage\"; \"cereal grasses\"', 'cerebellar': 'relating to or associated with the cerebellum; \"cerebellar artery\"', 'cerebrospinal': 'of or relating to the brain and spinal cord; \"cerebrospinal fluid\"', 'cerebrovascular': 'of or relating to the brain and the blood vessels that supply it; \"a cerebrovascular accident\"', 'cervical': 'of or relating to the cervix of the uterus; \"cervical cancer\"', 'ceric': 'of or relating to or containing cerium especially with valence 4', 'cerous': 'of or relating to or containing cerium with valence 3', 'ceruminous': 'relating to or secreting cerumen', 'cervine': 'relating to or resembling deer', 'cetacean': 'of or relating to whales and dolphins etc', 'chaetal': 'of or relating to chaetae (setae or bristles)', 'chaetognathan': 'of or relating to arrowworms', 'Chaldean': 'of or relating to ancient Chaldea or its people or language or culture', 'chalybeate': 'containing or impregnated with or tasting of iron', 'chancroidal': 'of or relating to or having chancroids', 'chancrous': 'of or having chancres', 'chartaceous': 'of or like paper', 'Chechen': 'of or relating to Chechnya or its people or culture', 'chelate': 'relating to or characterized by chelation', 'cheliferous': 'having chelae', 'cheliceral': 'of or relating to or resembling chelicerae', 'chelicerous': 'having chelicerae', 'chelonian': 'of or relating to or resembling or being a turtle or tortoise', 'chemical': 'of or made from or using substances produced by or used in reactions involving atomic or molecular changes; \"chemical fertilizer\"', 'photochemical': 'of or relating to or produced by the effects of light on chemical systems', 'physicochemical': 'relating to physical chemistry', 'chemiluminescent': 'relating to the phenomenon of chemiluminescence; \"fireflies are chemiluminescent\"', 'chemoreceptive': 'of or relating to chemoreceptors', 'chemotherapeutic': 'of or relating to chemotherapy', 'cherty': 'resembling or containing chert', 'Chian': 'of or relating to Chios', 'chiasmal': 'of or relating to a chiasm', 'childbearing': 'relating to or suitable for childbirth; \"of childbearing age\"', 'chimeric': 'being or relating to or like a chimera; \"his Utopia is not as chimeric commonwealth but a practical improvement on what already exists\"- Douglas Bush', 'Chippendale': 'of or relating to an 18th-century style of furniture made by Thomas Chippendale; graceful outlines and Greek motifs and massive rococo carvings', 'chirpy': '(birds or insects) characterized by or tending to chirp', 'chitinous': 'of or resembling chitin', 'chlamydial': 'of or pertaining to the sexually transmitted infection or to the parasite', 'chlorophyllose': 'relating to or being or containing chlorophyll', 'chlorotic': 'of or pertaining to or suffering from chlorosis', 'choleraic': 'relating to or resulting from or resembling cholera', 'choragic': 'pertaining to or characteristic of a choragus', 'chordal': 'relating to or consisting of or emphasizing chords; \"chordal assonance in modern music\"; \"chordal rather than contrapuntal music\"', 'chordate': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the Chordata', 'Christological': 'of or relating to Christology', 'chromatinic': '(of substance of a cell nucleus) readily colored by stains', 'Churchillian': 'of or relating to or suggestive of Winston Churchill', 'Wilsonian': 'of or relating to or suggestive of Woodrow Wilson', 'achromatinic': '(of substance of a cell nucleus) not readily colored by stains', 'cinematic': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of the cinema', 'civic': 'of or relating or belonging to a city; \"civic center\"; \"civic problems\"', 'clamatorial': 'of or relating to Clamatores', 'cleistogamous': 'exhibiting or relating to cleistogamy', 'clonal': 'of or relating to a clone', 'closed-circuit': 'relating to or consisting of a closed circuit; \"closed-circuit television\"', 'cloven-hoofed': 'of or relating to the cloven feet of ruminants or swine', 'cloze': 'based on or being a test of reading skill using the cloze procedure', 'coccal': 'of or pertaining to or resembling a coccus', 'coccygeal': 'of or relating to or near the coccyx', 'coin-operated': 'of devices that do not operate without the prior insertion of one or more coins; \"a coin-operated telephone\"', 'collagenous': 'relating to or consisting of collagen', 'collarless': 'without a collar', 'collegiate': 'of or resembling or typical of a college or college students; \"collegiate living\"; \"collegiate attitudes\"; \"collegiate clothes\"', 'collegial': 'characterized by or having authority vested equally among colleagues; \"collegial harmony\"; \"a tendency to turn from collegial to one-man management\"- Merle Fainsod', 'colonic': 'of or relating to the colon', 'colorectal': 'relating to or affecting the colon and the rectum; \"most colorectal cancers arise from adenomatous polyps\"', 'colorimetric': 'of or relating to colorimetry', 'commensal': 'living in a state of commensalism', 'conceptualistic': 'involving or characteristic of conceptualism', 'concretistic': 'of or relating to concrete representations of abstractions; \"a concretistic-seeming statement\"', 'condylar': 'of or relating to or resembling a condyle', 'configurational': 'of or relating to or characterized by configuration', 'confrontational': 'of or relating to confrontation', 'congregational': 'relating to or conducted or participated in by a congregation; \"congregational membership\"; \"congregational singing\"', 'conjunctival': 'of or relating to the conjunctiva', 'consubstantial': 'regarded as the same in substance or essence (as of the three persons of the Trinity)', 'contractual': 'relating to or part of a binding legal agreement; \"contractual obligations\"', 'cosmologic': 'pertaining to the branch of astronomy dealing with the origin and history and structure and dynamics of the universe; \"cosmologic science\"; \"cosmological redshift\"; \"cosmogonic theories of the origin of the universe\"', 'cordless': 'not having a cord; \"cordless telephone\"', 'coreferential': 'relating to coreference', 'cormous': 'having or producing corms', 'corneal': 'of or related to the cornea', 'Cornish': 'of or related to Cornwall or its people or the Cornish language', 'correlational': 'relating to or employing correlation', 'corymbose': 'resembling a corymb', 'corinthian': 'or pertaining to the Corinthian style of architecture', 'costal': 'of or relating to or near a rib', 'intercostal': 'located or occurring between the ribs; \"intercostal muscles\"', 'intertidal': 'of or relating to the littoral area above the low-tide mark', 'covalent': 'of or relating to or characterized by covalence; \"covalent bond\"', 'cross-ply': 'of or relating to an older kind of automobile tire that had a flexible tread and relatively stiff sidewalls', 'cross-pollinating': 'of or relating to or characteristic of cross-pollination', 'croupy': 'resembling or arising from or indicating croup', 'crural': 'of or relating the leg from the knee to the foot', 'crustal': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the crust of the earth or moon', 'crustaceous': 'of or belonging to the class Crustacea', 'crustose': '(of lichens) having a thin crusty thallus that adheres closely to the surface on which it is growing; \"crustose lichens\"', 'cryogenic': 'of or relating to very low temperatures', 'cryonic': 'of or relating to cryonics', 'cryptanalytic': 'of or relating to cryptanalysis', 'cryptogamic': 'of or relating to a cryptogam', 'cryptobiotic': 'of or related to the state of cryptobiosis', 'ctenoid': 'resembling a comb; having projections like the teeth of a comb', 'cubital': 'of or relating to the elbow', 'cucurbitaceous': 'of or relating to plants of the family Cucurbitaceae', 'culinary': 'of or relating to or used in cooking', 'cuneiform': 'of or relating to the tarsal bones (or other wedge-shaped bones)', 'cupric': 'of or containing divalent copper', 'curricular': 'of or relating to an academic course of study', 'custard-like': 'resembling custard in consistency', 'cytoarchitectural': 'of or relating to cytoarchitecture', 'cytolytic': 'of or relating to cytolysis, the dissolution or destruction of a cell', 'cytophotometric': 'of or relating to the study of cells by means of a cytophotometer', 'cytoplasmic': 'of or relating to cytoplasm', 'cytoplastic': 'of or relating to a cytoplast', 'bicylindrical': 'having two cylindrical surfaces usually with parallel axes; \"certain lenses are bicylindrical\"', 'cystic': 'of or relating to a normal cyst (as the gallbladder or urinary bladder)', 'cytogenetic': 'of or relating to cytogenetics', 'cytokinetic': 'of or relating to the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following the division of the nucleus', 'cytological': 'of or relating to the science of cytology', 'cytotoxic': 'of or relating to substances that are toxic to cells', 'czarist': 'of or relating to or characteristic of a czar', 'deliverable': 'suitable for or ready for delivery', 'Democratic': 'belong to or relating to the Democratic Party; \"Democratic senator\"', 'Demotic': 'of or written in or belonging to the form of modern Greek based on colloquial use', 'dental': 'of or relating to dentistry; \"dental student\"', 'diagonalizable': 'capable of being transformed into a diagonal matrix', 'diamagnetic': 'relating to or exhibiting diamagnetism; slightly repelled by a magnet', 'diamantine': 'consisting of diamonds or resembling diamonds', 'diametral': 'related to or along a diameter; \"the diametral plane\"', 'diaphoretic': 'inducing perspiration', 'diastolic': 'of or relating to a diastole or happening during a diastole', 'dicarboxylic': 'containing two carboxyls per molecule', 'Dickensian': 'of or like the novels of Charles Dickens (especially with regard to poor social and economic conditions)', 'dictatorial': 'of or characteristic of a dictator; \"dictatorial powers\"', 'differential': 'involving or containing one or more derivatives; \"differential equation\"', 'dimorphic': 'occurring or existing in two different forms; \"dimorphic crystals\"; \"dimorphous organisms\"', 'Dionysian': 'of or relating to or worshipping Dionysus', 'dipterous': 'of or relating to or belonging to the Diptera', 'directional': 'relating to direction toward a (nonspatial) goal; \"he tried to explain the directional trends of modern science\"', 'omnidirectional': 'not directional; \"omnidirectional antenna\"', 'discomycetous': 'relating to or characteristic of fungi of the subclass Discomycetes', 'distributional': 'of or relating to spatial distribution; \"distributional requirements\"', 'dithyrambic': 'of or in the manner of a dithyramb', 'drupaceous': 'of or related to a drupe', 'dural': 'of or relating to the dura mater', 'dynastic': 'of or relating to or characteristic of a dynasty', 'dysgenic': 'pertaining to or causing degeneration in the offspring produced', 'dysplastic': 'relating to or evidencing dysplasia', 'Ephesian': 'of or relating to ancient Ephesus or its people or language or culture', 'Eucharistic': 'of or relating to the sacrament of the Eucharist; \"the Eucharistic cup\"', 'eugenic': 'pertaining to or causing improvement in the offspring produced', 'Eurocentric': 'focussed on Europe and the Europeans', 'eutrophic': '(ecology) of a lake or other body of water rich in nutrients and subject to eutrophication', 'Ebionite': 'of or relating to the Ebionites or their religion', 'ebracteate': 'without bracts', 'socioeconomic': 'involving social as well as economic factors; \"socioeconomic status\"', 'ectopic': 'exhibiting ectopia', 'editorial': 'relating to or characteristic of an editor; \"editorial duties\"', 'electrocardiographic': 'of or relating to an electrocardiograph', 'electrochemical': 'of or involving electrochemistry', 'electroencephalographic': 'of or relating to an electroencephalograph', 'electrolytic': 'of or concerned with or produced by electrolysis', 'electromechanical': 'of or relating to or involving an electrically operated mechanical device', 'electromotive': 'concerned with or producing electric current', 'electronic': 'of or concerned with electrons; \"electronic energy\"', 'electrophoretic': 'of or relating to electrophoresis', 'electrostatic': 'concerned with or producing or caused by static electricity; \"an electrostatic generator produces high-voltage static electricity\"', 'elemental': 'relating to severe atmospheric conditions; \"a race against hail or cold rains or some other elemental catastrophe\"- J.K.Howard', 'empyrean': 'of or relating to the sky or heavens; \"the empyrean sphere\"', 'eonian': 'of or relating to a geological eon (longer than an era)', 'epenthetic': 'of or pertaining to epenthesis', 'epidural': 'on or outside the dura mater', 'epigastric': 'of or relating to the anterior walls of the abdomen; \"epigastric artery\"', 'epilithic': 'growing on stone; \"epilithic mosses\"', 'episcopal': 'denoting or governed by or relating to a bishop or bishops', 'equestrian': 'of or relating to or composed of knights', 'equine': 'resembling a horse', 'equinoctial': 'relating to the vicinity of the equator', 'ergonomic': 'of or relating to ergonomics', 'ergotic': 'relating to or produced by ergot', 'ergotropic': 'of or relating to ergotropism', 'erythematous': 'relating to or characterized by erythema', 'erythroid': 'relating to erythrocytes', 'erythropoietic': 'of or relating to the formation of red blood cells', 'eschatological': 'of or relating to or dealing with or regarding the ultimate destiny of mankind and the world', 'esophageal': 'relating to the esophagus', 'Essene': 'said of or relating to the Essenes', 'Estonian': 'of or pertaining to Estonia or the people or culture of Estonia', 'estrogenic': 'relating to or caused by estrogen', 'estuarine': 'of or relating to or found in estuaries', 'evidentiary': 'pertaining to or constituting evidence; \"evidentiary technique\"; \"an evidentiary fact\"', 'excrescent': 'forming an outgrowth (usually an excessive outgrowth)', 'excretory': 'of or relating to the process of excretion', 'exegetic': 'relating to exegesis', 'exilic': 'of or relating to a period of exile (especially the exile of the Jews known as the Babylonian Captivity)', 'existential': 'of or as conceived by existentialism; \"an existential moment of choice\"', 'existentialist': 'relating to or involving existentialism; \"existentialist movement\"; \"existentialist philosophy\"; \"the existentialist character of his ideas\"', 'extropic': 'of or relating to extropy', 'facial': 'of or concerning the face; \"a facial massage\"; \"facial hair\"; \"facial expression\"', 'factor_analytical': 'of or relating to or the product of factor analysis', 'factorial': 'of or relating to factorials', 'Fahrenheit': 'of or relating to a temperature scale proposed by the inventor of the mercury thermometer; \"water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit under normal conditions\"', 'fanged': 'having fangs', 'femoral': 'of or relating to or near the femur or thigh', 'fenestral': 'of or relating to or having a fenestra', 'fermentable': 'capable of being fermented', 'ferric': 'of or relating to or containing iron', 'feudal': 'of or relating to or characteristic of feudalism', 'febrile': 'of or relating to or characterized by fever; \"a febrile reaction caused by an allergen\"', 'afebrile': 'having no fever', 'fiber-optic': 'of or relating to fiber optics', 'fibrillose': 'covered with fibrils more or less evenly disposed', 'fibrinous': 'characterized by the presence of fibrin', 'fibrocartilaginous': 'of or relating to fibrocartilage', 'fictional': 'related to or involving literary fiction; \"clever fictional devices\"; \"a fictional treatment of the train robbery\"', 'nonfictional': 'not fictional', 'field-crop': 'of or relating to field crops; \"field-crop management\"', 'filar': 'related to or having filaments (especially across a field of view as in the eyepiece of a telescope); \"a filar eyepiece\"', 'bifilar': 'having or using two filaments; \"a bifilar suspension of a waving part of an instrument\"', 'unifilar': 'having or using only one filament', 'filarial': 'related to or infested with or transmitting parasitic worms especially filaria', 'filariid': 'of or relating to or belonging to the family Filariidae', 'fisheye': 'of or relating to a fisheye lens', 'fistulous': 'of or pertaining to or resembling a fistula', 'floricultural': 'of or relating to or involving floriculture', 'fluvial': 'of or relating to or happening in a river; \"fluvial deposits\"', 'forcipate': 'shaped like a forceps; deeply forked', 'formalistic': 'concerned with or characterized by rigorous adherence to recognized forms (especially in religion or art); \"highly formalized plays like `Waiting for Godot\\'\"', 'formic': 'of or relating to or derived from ants', 'formulary': 'of or relating to or of the nature of a formula', 'fossil': 'characteristic of a fossil', 'fossiliferous': 'bearing or containing fossils; \"fossiliferous strata\"', 'three-wheel': 'of or relating to vehicles having three wheels; \"a three-wheel bike\"', 'fourhanded': '(of card games) involving or requiring four players', 'four-wheel': 'of or relating to vehicles with four wheels; \"a four-wheel drive\"', 'Frankish': 'of or relating to the Franks', 'unfretted': 'without frets', 'frictional': 'pertaining to or worked or produced by friction; \"frictional electricity\"; \"frictional heat\"; \"frictional gearing\"', 'frictionless': 'lacking all friction; \"a perpetual motion machine would have to be frictionless\"', 'Frisian': 'of or relating to the people or culture or language of Friesland or Frisia', 'Galilean': 'of or relating to Galileo or his works', 'Gallican': 'relating to or characteristic of Gallicanism', 'garlicky': 'relating to or tasting or smelling of garlic; \"garlicky sauce\"', 'gastric': 'relating to or involving the stomach; \"gastric ulcer\"', 'gastroduodenal': 'of or relating to the stomach and the duodenum', 'gastroesophageal': 'of or relating to or involving the stomach and esophagus', 'pneumogastric': 'of or relating to or involving the lungs and stomach', 'gemmiferous': 'bearing or reproducing by a gemma', 'generational': 'of or relating to a generation', 'genetic': 'pertaining to or referring to origin; \"genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work\"', 'genic': 'of or relating to or produced by or being a gene; \"genic combinations\"; \"genetic code\"', 'genial': 'of or relating to the chin or median part of the lower jaw', 'gentile': 'belonging to or characteristic of non-Jewish peoples', 'geophytic': 'of or relating to geophytes', 'geostrategic': 'of or relating to geostrategy; \"Pakistan became a country of paramount geostrategic importance to the United States\"', 'geothermal': 'of or relating to the heat in the interior of the earth', 'gingival': 'of or relating to the gums', 'glabellar': 'of or relating to the glabella', 'glacial': 'relating to or derived from a glacier; \"glacial deposit\"', 'glial': 'of or relating to neuroglia', 'gluteal': 'of or relating to or near the gluteus muscles', 'glycogenic': 'of or relating to or involving glycogen', 'granuliferous': 'producing or full of granules', 'granulomatous': 'relating to or characterized by granulomas', 'grapelike': 'resembling the fruit of a grape vine', 'gravitational': 'of or relating to or caused by gravitation', 'grubby': 'infested with grubs', 'guttural': 'relating to or articulated in the throat; \"the glottal stop and uvular `r\\' and `ch\\' in German `Bach\\' are guttural sounds\"', 'hair-shirt': 'self-sacrificing or austere', 'nonharmonic': 'not harmonic; \"a nonharmonic note\"', 'Hasidic': 'of or relating to the Jewish Hasidim or its members or their beliefs and practices', 'Hawaiian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the state or island of Hawaii or to the people or culture or language', 'heathlike': 'resembling heath', 'Hebridean': 'of or relating to the Hebrides', 'heliacal': 'pertaining to or near the sun; especially the first rising of a star after and last setting before its invisibility owing to its conjunction with the sun; \"the heliacal rising of the Dog Star\"; \"the heliacal or Sothic year is determined by the heliacal rising of Sothis (the Egyptian name for the Dog Star)\"', 'hematopoietic': 'pertaining to the formation of blood or blood cells; \"hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow\"', 'hemodynamic': 'or of relating to or involved in hemodynamics', 'hemispherical': 'of or relating to or being a hemisphere', 'hemorrhagic': 'of or relating to a hemorrhage', 'hepatic': 'pertaining to or affecting the liver; \"hepatic ducts\"; \"hepatic cirrhosis\"', 'heterodyne': 'of or relating to the beat produced by heterodyning two oscillations', 'heterosporous': 'characterized by heterospory', 'homeostatic': 'related to or characterized by homeostasis', 'homonymic': 'of or related to or being homonyms', 'homosporous': 'characterized by homospory', 'homostylous': '(botany) having styles all of the same length', 'horse-drawn': 'pulled by a horse; \"a horse-drawn carriage\"', 'hexadecimal': 'of or pertaining to a number system having 16 as its base', 'hexangular': 'having six sides or divided into hexagons', 'hidrotic': 'of or relating to sweat', 'hieroglyphic': 'resembling hieroglyphic writing', 'hircine': 'of or pertaining to or suggestive of a goat (especially in strong odor)', 'hooflike': 'resembling a hoof; especially having the horny texture of a hoof; \"hooflike calluses\"', 'horary': 'relating to the hours; \"the horary cycle\"', 'humanist': 'of or pertaining to a philosophy asserting human dignity and man\\'s capacity for fulfillment through reason and scientific method and often rejecting religion; \"the humanist belief in continuous emergent evolution\"- Wendell Thomas', 'humanistic': 'of or pertaining to Renaissance humanism; \"the humanistic revival of learning\"', 'humic': 'of or relating to or derived from humus; \"humic acid\"', 'humified': 'converted to humus; \"humified soil\"', 'hyaloplasmic': 'of or relating to hyaloplasm', 'hydrocephalic': 'relating to or characterized by or evidencing hydrocephalus', 'hydrographic': 'of or relating to the science of hydrography', 'hydrolyzable': 'capable of undergoing hydrolysis', 'hydroxy': 'being or containing a hydroxyl group', 'hymenopterous': 'of or relating to insects of the order Hymenoptera', 'ideographic': 'of or relating to or consisting of ideograms', 'idiopathic': '(of diseases) arising from an unknown cause; \"idiopathic epilepsy\"', 'immunochemical': 'of or relating to immunochemistry', 'immunocompromised': 'unable to develop a normal immune response usually because of malnutrition or immunodeficiency or immunosuppressive therapy', 'immunological': 'of or relating to immunology', 'immunosuppressed': 'of persons whose immune response is inadequate', 'immunosuppressive': \"of or relating to a substance that lowers the body's normal immune response and induces immunosuppression\", 'immunotherapeutic': 'of or relating to immunotherapy; \"various immunotherapeutic techniques have been employed with AIDS patients\"', 'impetiginous': 'of or relating to or having impetigo', 'impressionist': 'relating to or characteristic of Impressionism; \"impressionist music\"', 'impressionistic': 'of or relating to or based on an impression rather than on facts or reasoning; \"a surprisingly impressionistic review bearing marks of hasty composition\"; \"she had impressionistic memories of her childhood\"', 'Incan': 'of or pertaining to the Incas or their culture or empire', 'incestuous': 'resembling incest as by excessive intimacy', 'indusial': 'of or relating to or being an indusium', 'inertial': 'of or relating to inertia', 'informational': 'relating to or having the nature of information', 'inguinal': 'of or relating to or near the groin', 'inhalant': 'inhaling or serving for inhalation; \"an inhalant pore\"', 'ink-jet': 'of or relating to an ink-jet printer', 'inscriptive': 'of or relating to an inscription', 'insecticidal': 'of or relating to insecticide', 'interlinear': 'written between lines of text', 'intracerebral': 'within the brain', 'intracranial': 'within the skull', 'intraventricular': 'within the system of ventricles in the brain; \"intraventricular pressure\"', 'intervertebral': 'pertaining to the space between two vertebrae', 'intuitionist': 'of or relating to intuitionism', 'ionic': 'containing or involving or occurring in the form of ions; \"ionic charge\"; \"ionic crystals\"; \"ionic hydrogen\"', 'Ionic': 'of or pertaining to the Ionic order of classical Greek architecture', 'Ionian': 'of or pertaining to the ancient Ionians who lived in Attica and related territories, to their Ionic dialect of Greek, or to their culture', 'nonionic': 'not ionic; \"a nonionic substance\"', 'iridaceous': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of plants of the family Iridaceae', 'iritic': 'of or relating to located near the iris of the eye', 'ischemic': 'relating to or affected by ischemia', 'isentropic': 'with unchanging entropy; at constant entropy', 'Ismaili': 'of or relating to a branch of Shiism that is noted for its esoteric philosophy', 'isthmian': 'of or relating to or forming an isthmus', 'Jamesian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of William James or his philosophy or his teachings', 'Jeffersonian': 'relating to or characteristic of Thomas Jefferson or his principles or theories; \"Jeffersonian democracy\"', 'jet-propelled': 'propelled by (or as if propelled by) a jet engine', 'jihadi': 'of or relating to a jihad', 'jittery': 'characterized by jerky movements; \"a jittery ride\"', 'jumentous': 'smelling strongly like a beast of burden; \"jumentous urine\"', 'Jurassic': 'of or relating to or denoting the second period of the Mesozoic era', 'pre-Jurassic': 'of or relating to or denoting the time before the Jurassic period', 'juridical': 'of or relating to the law or jurisprudence; \"juridical days\"', 'jurisprudential': 'relating to the science or philosophy of law or a system of laws', 'labial': 'of or relating to the lips of the mouth; \"labial stops\"', 'lactogenic': 'inducing lactation', 'large-capitalization': 'of stocks of companies with a market capitalization of five billion dollars or more', 'lathery': 'resembling lather or covered with lather', 'Latin-American': 'of or relating to the countries of Latin America or their people; \"Latin-American countries\"; \"Latin-American music\"', 'leguminous': 'relating to or consisting of legumes', 'leonine': 'of or characteristic of or resembling a lion', 'Levitical': 'of or relating to the book of Leviticus in the Bible', 'lexicalized': 'expressed by a word', 'life-support': 'of or pertaining to equipment or methods used to sustain life', 'liliaceous': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of plants of the family Liliaceae', 'limacine': 'of or resembling a slug', 'limnological': 'of or relating to limnology', 'lobeliaceous': 'belonging to the family Lobeliaceae', 'locker-room': 'relating to or appropriate for a locker room; \"locker-room humor\"', 'logogrammatic': 'of or relating to logograms or logographs', 'loopy': 'consisting of or covered with or having loops', 'lucifugous': 'light-avoiding', 'lunar': 'of or relating to or associated with the moon; \"lunar surface\"; \"lunar module\"', 'lung-like': 'performing functions similar to those performed by lungs', 'lunisolar': 'relating to or attributed to the moon and the sun or their mutual relations', 'lupine': 'of or relating to or characteristic of wolves', 'luteal': 'of or relating to the corpus luteum', 'macaronic': 'of or containing a mixture of Latin words and vernacular words jumbled together; \"macaronic verse\"', 'macroeconomic': 'of or relating to macroeconomics', 'Malayo-Polynesian': 'of or relating to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian languages', 'Mandaean': 'of or relating to the Mandaean people or their language or culture', 'mandibulate': 'having mandibles', 'Manichaean': 'of or relating to Manichaeism', 'Maoist': 'of or relating to Maoism', 'matutinal': 'pertaining to or occurring in the morning; \"took his matutinal walk\"', 'mealy': 'containing meal or made of meal', 'mecopterous': 'of or relating to mecopterans', 'biomedical': 'relating to the activities and applications of science to clinical medicine; \"biomedical research laboratory\"', 'medicolegal': 'pertaining to legal aspects of the practice of medicine (as malpractice or patient consent for operations or patient information)', 'medullary': 'containing or consisting of or resembling bone marrow', 'medusoid': 'relating to or resembling a medusa', 'meningeal': 'relating to the meninges', 'menopausal': 'of or relating to the menopause', 'Merovingian': 'of or relating to the Merovingian dynasty or its members', 'Prakritic': 'of or relating to Prakrit', 'Procrustean': 'of or relating to the mythical giant Procrustes or the mode of torture practiced by him', 'provencal': 'of or relating to Provence or its people or their culture', 'pre-Christian': 'of or relating to or being the time before the beginning of the Christian era', 'prejudicial': 'tending to favor preconceived ideas; \"the presence of discriminatory or prejudicial attitudes in the white population\"', 'premenopausal': 'prior to menopause', 'presocratic': 'before the time of Socrates', 'postdiluvian': \"existing or occurring after Noah's flood\", 'postdoctoral': 'of or relating to study or research that is done after work for the doctoral degree has been completed', 'postexilic': 'of or relating to the period in Jewish history after 539 BC (after the Babylonian Captivity)', 'postglacial': 'relating to or occurring during the time following a glacial period', 'postmenopausal': 'subsequent to menopause', 'postpositive': '(of a modifier) placed after another word', 'pouched': 'having a pouch', 'pteridological': 'of or relating to the study of ferns', 'meiotic': 'of or relating to meiosis', 'mercuric': 'of or containing mercury', 'meretricious': 'like or relating to a prostitute; \"meretricious relationships\"', 'metrological': 'of or relating to metrology', 'micaceous': 'hydrous silicates of or relating to or resembling mica', 'microeconomic': 'of or relating to microeconomics', 'paramilitary': 'of or relating to a group of civilians organized to function like or to assist a military unit', 'ministerial': 'of or relating to a minister of religion or the minister\\'s office; \"ministerial duties\"', 'minty': 'relating to or suggestive of mint', 'Mishnaic': 'of or relating to the Mishna (the first part of the Talmud)', 'omissive': 'characterized by omissions; \"omissive crimes\"', 'miotic': 'of or relating to or causing constriction of the pupil of the eye; \"a miotic drug\"', 'missionary': 'relating to or connected to a religious mission', 'monocarboxylic': 'containing one carboxyl group', 'monoclonal': 'forming or derived from a single clone', 'Monophysite': 'of or relating to Monophysitism', 'monotypic': 'consisting of only one type', 'moraceous': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of plants of the family Moraceae', 'morbilliform': 'of a rash that resembles that of measles', 'motivational': 'of or relating to motivation', 'myalgic': 'of or relating to myalgia', 'myelinated': '(of neurons) covered with a layer of myelin', 'unmyelinated': '(of neurons) not myelinated', 'myopathic': 'of or relating to any disease of the muscles that is not caused by nerve dysfunction', 'narcoleptic': 'of or relating to narcolepsy', 'nasopharyngeal': 'of or relating to or located near the nasopharynx', 'natal': 'of or relating to the buttocks', 'natriuretic': 'of or relating to natriuresis', 'naval': 'connected with or belonging to or used in a navy; \"naval history\"; \"naval commander\"; \"naval vessels\"', 'Nazarene': 'of or relating to the Nazarenes or their religion', 'neonatal': 'relating to or affecting the infant during the first month after birth; \"neonatal care\"; \"the neonatal period\"', 'neoplastic': 'of or related to or having the properties of a neoplasm; \"neoplastic cells\"', 'neotenic': 'of or relating to or characterized by neoteny; \"neotenic development\"', 'Nestorian': 'relating to Nestorius or Nestorianism', 'New_Caledonian': 'of or relating to New Caledonia', 'Noachian': 'of or relating to Noah or his time; \"Noachian deluge\"', 'nominalistic': 'of or relating to nominalism', 'North_Vietnamese': 'of or relating to North Vietnam or its people or culture', 'nosocomial': 'taking place or originating in a hospital; \"nosocomial infection\"', 'numeral': 'of or relating to or denoting numbers; \"a numeral adjective\"', 'numerological': 'of or relating to numerology', 'Numidian': 'of or relating to ancient Numidia or its people or culture', 'oleaceous': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of trees or shrubs of the olive family', 'olfactory': 'of or relating to olfaction', 'oligarchic': 'of or relating to or supporting or characteristic of an oligarchy', 'one-humped': 'having one hump; \"a one-humped camel\"', 'oneiric': 'of or relating to or suggestive of dreams', 'onomastic': 'of or related to onomastics; \"he published a collection of his onomastic essays\"', 'on-the-job': 'relating to or associated with a job or employment; \"on-the-job training\"; \"on-the-job requirements\"', 'orb-weaving': 'of spiders who weave circular webs', 'oropharyngeal': 'of or relating to or located near the oropharynx', 'Orphic': 'ascribed to Orpheus or characteristic of ideas in works ascribed to Orpheus', 'Orwellian': 'of or relating to the works of George Orwell (especially his picture of a future totalitarian state)', 'pachydermatous': 'of or relating to or characteristic of pachyderms', 'packable': 'capable of being packed', 'palatoglossal': 'relating to the palate and tongue', 'paleontological': 'of or relating to paleontology', 'Palladian': 'referring to or relating to or having the style of architecture created by Andrea Palladio; \"the much imitated arch and column compositions known as the Palladian motif\"', 'palmar': 'relating to the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot; \"the volar surface\"; \"the palmar muscle\"', 'palpatory': 'relating to or involving palpation', 'palpebrate': 'having eyelids', 'panicled': 'having panicles; occurring in panicles; \"a panicled inflorescence\"', 'papilliform': 'shaped like a papilla', 'paradigmatic': 'of or relating to a grammatical paradigm; \"paradigmatic inflection\"', 'paramedical': 'of or denoting a person who assists physicians and nurses or is trained physicians and nurses in their activities; \"ambulance drivers are paramedical to give emergency medical aid; \"ambulance drivers are paramedical personnel\"', 'paranasal': 'adjacent to the nasal cavities; \"paranasal sinus\"', 'parhelic': 'relating to or resembling a parhelion', 'parous': 'having given birth to one or more viable children', 'parotid': 'relating to or located near the parotid gland', 'paroxysmal': 'accompanied by or of the nature of paroxysms', 'paschal': 'of or relating to Passover or Easter; \"paschal lamb\"', 'passerine': 'relating to or characteristic of the passeriform birds', 'nonpasserine': 'relating to or characteristic of birds that are not perching birds', 'Pauline': 'relating to Paul the Apostle or his doctrines', 'peacekeeping': 'of or relating to the preservation of peace between hostile groups by international military forces; \"a peacekeeping force\"', 'peaty': 'of or pertaining to or of the nature of peat', 'perigonal': 'of or relating to a perigone', 'perithelial': 'of or relating to the tissue layer around small blood vessels', 'monetary': 'relating to or involving money; \"monetary rewards\"; \"he received thanks but no pecuniary compensation for his services\"', 'pedal': 'of or relating to the feet; \"the word for a pedal extremity is `foot\\'\"', 'pectineal': 'of or relating to the pubis', 'pemphigous': 'of or relating to or manifesting pemphigus', 'petaloid': 'resembling a flower petal', 'phagocytic': 'capable of functioning as a phagocyte', 'phalangeal': 'of or relating to the bones of the fingers or toes', 'Pharaonic': 'of or relating to the ancient Egyptian kings', 'Phoenician': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Phoenicia or its inhabitants', 'phonogramic': 'of or relating to a phonogram', 'phonological': 'of or relating to phonology; \"the phonological component of language\"', 'photomechanical': 'of or relating to or involving various methods of using photography to make plates for printing', 'photometric': 'of or relating to photometry', 'photosynthetic': 'relating to or using or formed by photosynthesis', 'nonphotosynthetic': 'not photosynthetic', 'phreatic': 'of or relating to ground water', 'phrenological': 'of or relating to phrenology', 'pictographic': 'consisting of or characterized by the use of pictographs; \"a pictographic script\"; \"pictographic stage in the development of writing\"', 'plagioclastic': 'of or relating to plagioclase', 'pilar': 'of or relating to a hair', 'pilosebaceous': 'of or relating to a hair follicle and its sebaceous gland', 'planetal': 'of or relating to or resembling the physical or orbital characteristics of a planet or the planets; \"planetary motion\"; \"planetary year\"', 'planktonic': 'of or relating to plankton', 'planographic': 'of or relating to or involving planography', 'plantar': 'relating to or occurring on the undersurface of the foot; \"plantar warts can be very painful\"', 'interplanetary': 'between or among planets; \"interplanetary travel\"', 'penicillin-resistant': 'unaffected by penicillin; \"penicillin-resistant bacteria\"', 'penumbral': 'of or pertaining to the region of partial shadow around an umbra', 'plane-polarized': '(of a moving wave) vibrating in a single plane; \"plane-polarized light\"', 'planetary': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the planet Earth or its inhabitants; \"planetary rumblings and eructations\"- L.C.Eiseley ; \"the planetary tilt\"; \"this terrestrial ball\"', 'extraterrestrial': 'originating or located or occurring outside Earth or its atmosphere; \"is there extraterrestrial life?\"', 'Platonistic': 'pertaining to or characteristic of or in accordance with Platonism', 'Platonic': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Plato or his philosophy; \"Platonic dialogues\"', 'pleomorphic': 'relating to or characterized by pleomorphism', 'plumbaginaceous': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of plants of the family Plumbaginaceae', 'plumbic': 'relating to or consisting of lead', 'plutocratic': 'of or relating to or characteristic of a plutocrat', 'polarographic': 'of or involving polarography', 'polemoniaceous': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of plants of the family Polemoniaceae', 'politically_correct': 'exhibiting political correctness', 'politically_incorrect': 'exhibiting political incorrectness', 'polydactyl': 'of or relating to a person (or other vertebrate) having more than the normal number of digits', 'polyhedral': 'of or relating to or resembling a polyhedron', 'polymeric': 'of or relating to or consisting of a polymer; \"a polymeric compound\"', 'pompous': 'characterized by pomp and ceremony and stately display', 'popliteal': 'of or relating to the area behind the knee joint', 'positionable': 'capable of being positioned', 'positional': 'of or relating to or determined by position', 'positivist': 'of or relating to positivism; \"positivist thinkers\"; \"positivist doctrine\"; \"positive philosophy\"', 'pragmatic': 'of or concerning the theory of pragmatism', 'prandial': 'of or relating to a meal', 'preanal': 'situated in front of the anus', 'preclinical': 'of or relating to the early phases of a disease when accurate diagnosis is not possible because symptoms of the disease have not yet appeared', 'precancerous': 'of or relating to a growth that is not malignant but is likely to become so if not treated', 'precordial': 'in front of the heart; involving the precordium', 'predestinarian': 'of or relating to predestination; holding the doctrine of predestination', 'prelapsarian': 'of or relating to the time before the Fall of Adam and Eve', 'premenstrual': 'of or relating to or occurring during the period just before menstruation', 'presentational': 'of or relating to a presentation (especially in psychology or philosophy); \"what Whitehead calls `perception in the presentational immediacy\\'\"', 'pressor': 'increasing (or tending to increase) blood pressure; \"pressor reflexes\"', 'prodromal': 'symptomatic of the onset of an attack or a disease', 'professorial': 'relating to or characteristic of professors; \"professorial demeanor\"', 'prolusory': 'of or relating to or having the character of a prolusion', 'propagative': 'characterized by propagation or relating to propagation', 'prostate': 'relating to the prostate gland', 'prosthetic': 'of or relating to prosthetics', 'prosthodontic': 'of or relating to prosthodontics', 'proteinaceous': 'relating to or of the nature of protein', 'pubertal': 'of or related to puberty', 'pupillary': 'of or relating to the pupil of the eye', 'Puranic': 'of or relating to the Purana', 'rabid': 'of or infected by rabies', 'radial-ply': 'of or relating to automobile tires that have a strip under the tread and relatively little stiffening in the sidewalls; \"radial-ply tires\"', 'radiological': 'of or relating to radiology', 'radiotelephonic': 'relating to or by means of radiotelephony', 'rationalistic': 'of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of rationalism', 'real-time': 'of or relating to computer systems that update information at the same rate they receive information', 'recoilless': 'of or being a weapon that is designed to minimize recoil', 'recombinant': 'of or relating to recombinant DNA', 'recreational': 'of or relating to recreation; \"a recreational area with a pool and ball fields\"', 'refractive': 'of or relating to or capable of refraction; \"the refractive characteristics of the eye\"', 'refractory-lined': '(of furnaces) lined with material that has a high melting point', 'resinlike': 'resembling resin in properties or texture', 'revenant': 'of or relating to or typical of a revenant; \"revenant shrieks and groans\"', 'Rhodesian': 'of or relating to the former country of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)', 'rocket-propelled': 'propelled by (or as if propelled by) a rocket engine', 'Romansh': 'of or relating to the Romansh language', 'romantic': 'belonging to or characteristic of Romanticism or the Romantic Movement in the arts; \"romantic poetry\"', 'ruminant': 'related to or characteristic of animals of the suborder Ruminantia or any other animal that chews a cud; \"ruminant mammals\"', 'nonruminant': 'not ruminant', 'agricultural': 'relating to or used in or promoting agriculture or farming; \"agricultural engineering\"; \"modern agricultural (or farming) methods\"; \"agricultural (or farm) equipment\"; \"an agricultural college\"', 'aquicultural': 'of or relating to aquiculture; \"aquacultural methods\"; \"hydroponic lettuce\"', 'Ruritanian': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of Ruritania (or any other imaginary country)', 'Sabine': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the Sabines', 'saccadic': 'of or related to the rapid movement of the eyes between points of fixation', 'sacculated': 'formed with or having saclike expansions; \"the alimentary tract is partially sacculated\"', 'sadomasochistic': 'of or relating to sadomasochism; \"sadomasochistic sexual practices\"', 'Sadducean': 'of or relating to the Sadducees', 'Saharan': 'of or relating to or located in the Sahara Desert', 'sapiens': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Homo sapiens', 'sarcolemmic': 'of or relating to sarcolemma', 'sartorial': 'of or relating to the sartorius muscle', 'scalene': 'of a triangle having three sides of different lengths', 'scapular': 'relating to or near the shoulder blade', 'scapulohumeral': 'relating to the shoulder blade and upper arm bone', 'scholastic': 'of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of scholasticism; \"scholastic philosophy\"', 'sclerotic': 'relating to or having sclerosis; hardened; \"a sclerotic patient\"', 'scurfy': 'having or producing or covered with scurf', 'Scythian': 'of or relating to the ancient Scythians or their culture or language', 'secretarial': \"of or relating to a secretary or to a secretary's work\", 'secretory': 'of or relating to or producing a secretion; \" a secretory cell\"', 'sectorial': 'relating to or resembling a sector; \"a sectorial box\"', 'self': '(used as a combining form) relating to--of or by or to or from or for--the self; \"self-knowledge\"; \"self-proclaimed\"; \"self-induced\"', 'self-aggrandizing': 'of or relating to or characteristic of self-aggrandizement', 'self-limited': 'relating to a disease that tends to run a definite course without treatment', 'self-pollinating': 'of or relating to or characteristic of self-pollination', 'self-renewing': 'of or relating to self-renewal', 'self-service': 'of or denoting an establishment (a restaurant or shop etc.) where customers serve themselves', 'semiautobiographical': 'of or relating to a work that combines autobiography and fiction; \"a semiautobiographical novel\"', 'seminal': 'pertaining to or containing or consisting of semen; \"seminal fluid\"', 'seminiferous': 'bearing or producing seed or semen; \"seminiferous tubules\"', 'semiotic': 'of or relating to semiotics; \"semiotic analysis\"', 'semiparasitic': 'of or relating to plants that are semiparasites', 'senatorial': 'of or relating to senators; \"senatorial election\"', 'sepaloid': 'resembling or characteristic of a sepal', 'septal': 'of or relating to a septum', 'sepulchral': 'of or relating to a sepulchre; \"sepulchral inscriptions\"; \"sepulchral monuments in churches\"', 'Sikh': 'of or relating to the Sikhs or their religious beliefs and customs', 'siliceous': 'relating to or containing or resembling silica; \"gritrock is siliceous sandstone\"', 'single-stranded': 'having a single strand; \"single-stranded RNA\"', 'Siouan': 'of or relating to the Sioux people or their language and culture', 'snow-capped': '(of mountains) capped with a covering of snow', 'soft-finned': 'of or relating to fish with soft fins', 'soft-nosed': '(of a bullet) made of soft material that expands on impact', 'solar': 'relating to or derived from the sun or utilizing the energies of the sun; \"solar eclipse\"; \"solar energy\"', 'sociopathic': 'of or relating to a sociopathic personality disorder', 'solanaceous': 'of or relating to plants of the family Solanaceae (the potato family)', 'Solomonic': 'exhibiting or requiring the wisdom of Solomon in making difficult decisions', 'somatosensory': 'of or relating to the somatosenses', 'soteriological': 'of or relating to soteriology', 'squint-eyed': 'affected by strabismus', 'squinty': 'characterized by squinting; \"he looked with squinty eyes\"', 'spectral': 'of or relating to a spectrum; \"spectral colors\"; \"spectral analysis\"', 'spectrographic': 'relating to or employing a spectrograph', 'spermicidal': 'destructive to spermatozoa', 'spermous': 'consisting of or resembling spermatozoa', 'spherical': 'of or relating to spheres or resembling a sphere; \"spherical geometry\"', 'nonspherical': 'not spherical', 'sphingine': 'resembling a sphinx; \"a sphingine smile\"', 'splenic': 'of or relating to the spleen', 'sporogenous': 'producing spores or reproducing by means of spores', 'sportive': 'relating to or interested in sports', 'spousal': 'relating to a spouse; \"a fitting symbol of spousal love\"', 'spring-loaded': 'containing a compressed spring that presses one part against another', 'stagflationary': 'characteristic of or promoting stagflation', 'stainable': 'capable of being stained (especially of cells and cell parts)', 'Stalinist': 'of or relating to Joseph Stalin or his times', 'stannic': 'of or relating to or containing tin', 'staphylococcal': 'of or relating to the staphylococcus bacteria; \"a staphylococcal infection\"', 'stellar': 'being or relating to or resembling or emanating from stars; \"an astral body\"; \"stellar light\"', 'interstellar': 'between or among stars; \"the density of hydrogen in interplanetary and interstellar space\"', 'stemmatic': 'of or relating to a textual stemma', 'stenographic': 'of or relating to or employing stenography', 'steroidal': 'of or relating to steroid hormones or their effects', 'nonsteroidal': 'not steroidal or not having the effects of steroid hormones', 'stoichiometric': 'of or relating to stoichiometry', 'stovepiped': 'of or relating to data stored in separate databases; \"stovepiped information\"', 'subarctic': 'of or relating to latitudes just south of the Arctic Circle', 'subcortical': 'of or relating to or being or involving nerve centers below the cerebral cortex', 'subdural': 'below the dura mater but above the arachnoid membrane of the meninges', 'sublingual': 'beneath the tongue', 'suburban': 'relating to or characteristic of or situated in suburbs; \"suburban population\"', 'sub-Saharan': 'of or relating to or situated in the region south of the Sahara Desert', 'suctorial': 'adapted for sucking or clinging by suction', 'Sufi': 'of or relating to the Sufis or to Sufism', 'sulfurous': 'of or related to or containing sulfur or derived from sulfur', 'Sumerian': 'of or relating to ancient Sumer or its inhabitants', 'suppurative': 'relating to or characterized by suppuration', 'nonsuppurative': 'not suppurative', 'supraorbital': 'located or occurring above the eye socket', 'surficial': 'pertaining to or occurring on or near the earth\\'s surface; \"a surficial geologic deposit\"', 'sustainable': 'capable of being sustained', 'sustentacular': 'serving to sustain or support; \"sustentacular cells\"', 'symbolic': 'using symbolism; \"symbolic art\"', 'symptomatic': 'relating to or according to or affecting a symptom or symptoms; \"symptomatic relief\"; \"symptomatic treatment\"; \"a symptomatic classification of diseases\"', 'syncretic': 'relating to a historical tendency for a language to reduce its use of inflections; \"modern English is a syncretic language\"', 'synesthetic': 'relating to or experiencing synesthesia; involving more than one sense; \"synesthetic response to music\"; \"synesthetic metaphor\"', 'synovial': 'relating to or secreting synovia', 'syntagmatic': 'related as members of a syntagma; \"syntagmatic word associations\"', 'tangential': 'of or relating to or acting along or in the direction of a tangent; \"tangential forces\"', 'Tasmanian': 'of or relating to Tasmania', 'taurine': 'of or relating to or resembling a bull', 'technophilic': 'of or relating to or showing technophilia', 'technophobic': 'of or relating to or showing technophobia', 'telemetered': 'of or pertaining to telemetry; \"the telemetered information was recorded and analyzed\"', 'tellurian': 'of or relating to or inhabiting the land as opposed to the sea or air', 'semiterrestrial': 'chiefly but not exclusively terrestrial', 'telluric': 'of or relating to or containing the chemical element tellurium', 'temperamental': 'relating to or caused by temperament; \"temperamental indifference to neatness\"; \"temperamental peculiarities\"', 'tendinous': 'consisting of tendons or resembling a tendon', 'tendril-climbing': 'of or relating to plants that climb by means of tendrils', 'tensile': 'of or relating to tension; \"tensile stress\"; \"tensile pull\"', 'tensional': 'of or relating to or produced by tension', 'tentacular': 'of or relating to or resembling tentacles', 'tentacled': 'having tentacles', 'teratogenic': 'of or relating to substances or agents that can interfere with normal embryonic development', 'testaceous': 'relating to or possessing a testa or hard shell; \"testaceous fish\"', 'testamentary': 'of or relating to a will or testament or bequeathed by a will or testament', 'testimonial': 'expressing admiration or appreciation; \"testimonial dinner\"', 'Theban': 'of or relating to the Egyptian city of Thebes or its people or culture', 'thematic': 'of or relating to a melodic subject', 'unthematic': 'not relating to a melodic subject; \"there is nothing unthematic in this composition\"', 'thenal': 'of or relating to the palm of the hand or to the area at the base of the thumb', 'nonthermal': 'not involving heat; \"nonthermal luminescence\"', 'thermoelectric': 'involving or resulting from thermoelectricity', 'threaded': '(of bolts or screws) having screw threads', 'tibial': 'relating to or located near a tibia', 'tidal': 'of or relating to or caused by tides; \"tidal wave\"', 'tiered': 'having or arranged in tiers; \"a tiered mound\"', 'time-release': 'of or relating to a preparation that gradually releases an active substance (especially a drug) over a period of time', 'Timorese': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Timor or its inhabitants', 'titular': 'of or relating to a legal title to something; \"titulary rights\"', 'toll-free': 'having no toll levied for its use; \"a toll-free road\"; \"a toll-free telephone number\"', 'clonic': 'of or relating to abnormal neuromuscular activity characterized by rapidly alternating muscle contraction and relaxation; \"clonic spasm\"', 'topological': 'of or relating to topology', 'toroidal': 'of or relating to or shaped like a toroid; doughnut shaped', 'tortious': 'of or pertaining to the nature of a tort; \"tortious acts\"', 'totipotent': 'having the ability to give rise to unlike cells; \"embryonic stem cells are totipotent\"', 'tuberculate': 'covered with tubercles', 'tuberculoid': 'resembling tuberculosis; \"tuberculoid lesions\"; \"tuberculoid leprosy\"', 'turbinate': 'of or relating to the scroll-shaped turbinate bones in the nasal passages', 'two-humped': 'having two humps', 'two-wheel': 'of or relating to vehicles with two wheels; \"a two-wheeled cart\"', 'umbelliform': 'resembling or in the form of an umbel', 'umbelliferous': 'relating to or belonging to plants of the family Umbelliferae', 'uncial': 'relating to or written in majuscule letters (which resemble modern capitals); \"uncial letters\"', 'Uniate': 'of or relating to former Eastern Christian or Orthodox churches that have been received under the jurisdiction of the Church of Rome but retain their own rituals and practices and canon law', 'unicellular': 'having or consisting of a single cell', 'uniovular': 'having a single ovule', 'unpigmented': 'having no pigmentation', 'urceolate': 'urn-shaped; large below and contracted toward the mouth', 'urethral': 'of or relating to the urethra', 'urogenital': 'of or relating to the urinary and reproductive systems', 'usufructuary': 'of or relating to the nature of a usufruct', 'uveal': 'of or relating to the uvea of the eye', 'vacuolate': 'formed into or containing one or more vacuoles or small membrane-bound cavities within a cell', 'vagal': 'of or relating to the vagus nerve', 'apopemptic': 'addressed to one who is departing; \"apopemptic hymns\"', 'valent': '(chemistry) having valence; usually used in combination', 'valetudinarian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of a person who is a valetudinarian', 'valved': '(of brass instruments) having valves', 'variolar': 'relating to small pox', 'Vedic': 'of or relating to the Vedas or to the ancient Sanskrit in which they were written; \"the Vedic literature\"', 'ventilatory': 'provided with ventilation or involving pulmonary ventilation', 'ventricular': 'of or relating to a ventricle (of the heart or brain)', 'viatical': 'pertaining to the purchase of insurance policies from terminally ill policy holders; \"viatical business\"; \"viatical companies\"; \"National Viatical Association\"', 'vibrational': 'of or relating to or characterized by vibration', 'vicarial': 'of or relating to or characteristic of a vicar', 'vicennial': 'occurring once every 20 years', 'vigesimal': 'relating to or based on the number twenty', 'vitreous': 'of or relating to or constituting the vitreous humor of the eye; \"the vitreous chamber\"', 'instrumental': 'relating to or designed for or performed on musical instruments; \"instrumental compositions\"; \"an instrumental ensemble\"', 'atheist': 'related to or characterized by or given to atheism; \"atheist leanings\"', 'electrical': 'relating to or concerned with electricity; \"an electrical engineer\"; \"electrical and mechanical engineering industries\"', 'voltaic': 'pertaining to or producing electric current by chemical action; \"a galvanic cell\"; \"a voltaic (or galvanic) couple\"', 'photoconductive': 'of or relating to photoconductivity; \"selenium is a photoconductive substance\"', 'photoemissive': 'of or relating to photoemission', 'photovoltaic': 'producing a voltage when exposed to radiant energy (especially light)', 'photoelectric': 'of or pertaining to photoelectricity; \"the photoelectric effect\"', 'hydroelectric': 'of or relating to or used in the production of electricity by waterpower; \"hydroelectric power\"', 'hydrostatic': 'relating to fluids at rest or to the pressures they exert or transmit; \"hydrostatic pressure\"', 'hydrokinetic': 'relating to fluids in motion or the forces that produce or affect such motion', 'interlocutory': 'consisting of dialogue', 'interstitial': 'of or relating to interstices', 'isomeric': 'of or relating to or exhibiting isomerism', 'isomorphous': 'having similar appearance but genetically different', 'lapidary': 'of or relating to precious stones or the art of working with them; \"the ring is of no lapidary value\"- Lord Byron; \"lapidary art\"', 'legislative': 'relating to a legislature or composed of members of a legislature; \"legislative council\"', 'leprous': 'relating to or resembling or having leprosy', 'lingual': 'pertaining to or resembling or lying near the tongue; \"lingual inflammation\"; \"the lingual surface of the teeth\"', 'Linnaean': 'of or relating to Linnaeus or to the system of taxonomic classification that Linnaeus proposed', 'long-chain': 'of molecules having relatively long chains of atoms in a molecule', 'lithic': 'of or containing lithium', 'lymphatic': 'of or relating to or produced by lymph', 'lymphocytic': 'of or relating to lymphocytes; \"lymphocytic leukemia\"', 'lymphoid': 'resembling lymph or lymphatic tissues', 'lysogenic': 'of or relating to lysogeny', 'magisterial': 'of or relating to a magistrate; \"official magisterial functions\"', 'atmospheric': 'relating to or located in the atmosphere; \"atmospheric tests\"', 'insectan': 'of or relating to the class Insecta', 'mammalian': 'of or relating to the class Mammalia', 'piscine': 'of or relating to fish', 'reptilian': 'of or relating to the class Reptilia', 'algal': 'of or relating to alga', 'fungal': 'of or relating to fungi', 'fungicidal': 'capable of destroying fungi', 'fungoid': 'resembling fungi', 'plantal': 'of or relating to plants', 'bacterial': 'relating to or caused by bacteria; \"bacterial infection\"', 'antibacterial': 'destroying bacteria or inhibiting their growth', 'cyanobacterial': 'relating to or caused by photosynthetic bacteria of the class Cyanobacteria', 'moneran': 'of or relating to the Monera', 'triangulate': 'composed of or marked with triangles', 'quadrangular': 'of or relating to or shaped like a quadrangle', 'tetragonal': 'of or relating to or shaped like a quadrilateral', 'tetrametric': 'of or relating to verse lines written in tetrameter', 'pentangular': 'of or relating to or shaped like a pentagon', 'octangular': 'of or relating to or shaped like an octagon', 'neoclassicist': 'relating to or advocating neoclassicism', 'expressionist': 'of or relating to expressionism; \"expressionist art\"', 'postmodernist': 'of or relating to postmodernism; \"postmodernist architecture\"', 'residual': 'relating to or indicating a remainder; \"residual quantity\"', 'relativistic': 'of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of relativism', 'raptorial': 'relating to or characteristic of birds of prey; \"raptorial claws and bill for seizing prey\"', 'ulnar': 'relating to or near the ulna', 'radiographic': 'relating to or produced by radiography', 'birefringent': 'relating to or characterized by double refraction', 'bisectional': 'of or relating to bisection', 'bismuthal': 'of or relating to bismuth', 'bismuthic': 'containing bismuth (especially in the pentavalent state)', 'bisontine': 'relating to or characteristic of bison', 'bistered': 'colored with or as if with bister', 'bistroic': 'of or relating to or resembling a bistro', 'transpolar': 'extending across or crossing either pole; \"transpolar air routes\"', 'photic': 'of or relating to or caused by light', 'pneumatic': 'of or relating to or using air (or a similar gas); \"pneumatic drill\"; \"pneumatic tire\"', 'pneumococcal': 'of or derived from or caused by bacteria of the genus pneumococcus', 'feminist': 'of or relating to or advocating equal rights for women; \"feminist critique\"', 'vulpine': 'resembling or characteristic of a fox; \"vulpine cunning\"', 'wolflike': 'resembling or characteristic (or considered characteristic) of a wolf; \"ran in wolflike packs\"; \"wolfish rapacity\"', 'vulvar': 'of or relating to the vulva', 'clitoral': 'of or relating to the clitoris', 'vocational': 'of or relating to a vocation or occupation; especially providing or undergoing training in special skills; \"vocational school\"; \"vocational students learning to repair a motor\"', 'ungual': 'of or relating to a nail or claw or hoof', 'succinic': 'of or relating to or obtained from amber', 'umbilical': 'relating to or resembling the umbilicus; \"umbilical cord\"', 'spatial': 'pertaining to or involving or having the nature of space; \"the first dimension to concentrate on is the spatial one\"; \"spatial ability\"; \"spatial awareness\"; \"the spatial distribution of the population\"', 'nonspatial': 'not spatial; \"a nonspatial continuum\"', 'sigmoid': 'curved in two directions (like the letter S)', 'sciatic': 'relating to or caused by or afflicted with sciatica', 'semantic': 'of or relating to meaning or the study of meaning; \"semantic analysis\"', 'crinoid': 'of or relating to or belonging to the class Crinoidea', 'linguistic': 'of or relating to the scientific study of language; \"linguistic theory\"', 'nonlinguistic': 'not consisting of or related to language; \"depended on his nonlinguistic skills\"', 'intralinguistic': 'within a particular language; \"intralinguistic variation\"', 'sociolinguistic': 'of or relating to sociolinguistics', 'cross-linguistic': 'relating to different languages; \"cross-linguistic evidence\"', 'bridal': 'of or relating to a wedding; \"bridal procession\"; \"nuptial day\"; \"spousal rites\"; \"wedding cake\"; \"marriage vows\"', 'cardiac': 'of or relating to the heart; \"cardiac arrest\"', 'cephalic': 'of or relating to the head', 'cranial': 'of or relating to the cranium which encloses the brain; \"cranial pressure\"', 'craniometric': 'of or relating to craniometry', 'conic': 'relating to or resembling a cone; \"conical mountains\"; \"conelike fruit\"', 'corvine': 'relating to or resembling a crow', 'ciliary': 'relating to the ciliary body and associated structures of the eye', 'counterinsurgent': 'of or relating or characteristic of actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency', 'counterterror': 'intended to prevent terrorism; \"the government took counterterror measures\"', 'cyprinid': 'of or relating to members of fish family Cyprinidae', 'dietary': 'of or relating to the diet; \"dietary restrictions\"', 'diluvian': 'of or connected with a deluge', 'dominical': 'of or relating to or coming from Jesus Christ', 'Donatist': 'of or relating to Donatism', 'Dorian': 'of or relating to the ancient Greek inhabitants of Doris, to their Doric dialect of Greek, or to their culture', 'doric': 'of or pertaining to the Doric style of architecture', 'dot-com': 'of or relating to an internet company; \"a dot-com outfit in San Francisco\"', 'fiscal': 'involving financial matters; \"fiscal responsibility\"', 'nonfinancial': 'not involving financial matters', 'fiduciary': 'relating to or of the nature of a legal trust (i.e. the holding of something in trust for another); \"a fiduciary contract\"; \"in a fiduciary capacity\"; \"fiducial power\"', 'funicular': 'relating to or operated by a cable; \"funicular railway\"', 'lactic': 'of or relating to or obtained from milk (especially sour milk or whey); \"lactic acid\"; \"lactic fermentation\"', 'lacteal': 'relating to or consisting of or producing or resembling milk; \"lacteal fluids\"; \"lacteal organs\"', 'galactic': 'of or relating to a galaxy (especially our galaxy the Milky Way); \"the galactic plane\"', 'extragalactic': 'outside or beyond a galaxy; \"extragalactic nebula\"', 'intergalactic': 'between or among galaxies; \"intergalactic space\"', 'gnomic': 'relating to or containing gnomes; \"gnomic verse\"', 'Gnostic': 'of or relating to Gnosticism; \"Gnostic writings\"', 'gymnastic': 'of or relating to or used in exercises intended to develop strength and agility; \"gymnastic horse\"', 'gyral': 'relating to or associated with or comprising a convolution of the brain; \"the gyral sulcus\"', 'alvine': 'of or relating to the intestines', 'epistemic': 'of or relating to epistemology; \"epistemic modal\"', 'hemal': 'relating to the blood vessels or blood', 'hemic': 'relating to or containing or affecting blood; \"a hematic cyst\"; \"a hematic crisis\"', 'hemiparasitic': 'of or relating to plants that are hemiparasites', 'haemophilic': 'relating to or having hemophilia', 'humoral': 'of or relating to bodily fluids', 'chylaceous': 'consisting of chyle or having the properties of chyle', 'chylific': 'producing or converting into chyle', 'chyliferous': 'transmitting chyle; \"chyliferous vessels\"', 'iconic': 'relating to or having the characteristics on an icon', 'ichorous': 'of or resembling or characterized by ichor or sanies; \"an ichorous discharge\"; \"the sanious discharge from an ulcer\"', 'icosahedral': 'of or relating to an icosahedron', 'icterogenic': 'producing jaundice', 'ictal': 'of or relating to a seizure or convulsion', 'iridic': 'of or containing iridium', 'jugular': 'relating to or located in the region of the neck or throat; \"jugular vein\"', 'marital': 'of or relating to the state of marriage; \"marital status\"; \"marital fidelity\"; \"married bliss\"', 'resinated': 'impregnated or flavored with resin; \"resinated wine\"', 'sulphuretted': 'treated or impregnated with sulfur; \"sulfuretted hydrogen\"', 'mastoid': 'of or relating to or in the region of the mastoid process', 'phocine': 'of or relating to seals', 'saurian': 'of or relating to lizards', 'stearic': 'of or relating to or composed of fat', 'vinous': 'of or relating to wine', 'tegular': 'of or relating to or resembling a series of tiles', 'dyadic': 'of or relating to a dyad or based on two', 'algebraic': 'of or relating to algebra; \"algebraic geometry\"', 'biblical': 'in keeping with the nature of the Bible or its times or people; \"biblical styles in writing\"; \"a beard of biblical proportions\"; \"biblical costumes\"', 'postbiblical': 'subsequent to biblical times', 'Koranic': 'of or related to the sacred texts of Islam; \"Koranic laws\"', 'polymorphous': 'relating to the crystallization of a compound in two or more different forms; \"polymorphous crystallization\"', 'contrapuntal': 'relating to or characteristic of or according to the rules of counterpoint; \"contrapuntal base\"', 'perianal': 'around the anus', 'pericardial': 'located around the heart or relating to or affecting the pericardium; \"pericardial space\"', 'perineal': 'of or relating to the perineum; \"perineal pains\"', 'peroneal': 'of or relating to the fibula or the outer part of the leg below the knee', 'phonetic': 'of or relating to speech sounds; \"phonetic transcription\"', 'phonemic': 'of or relating to phonemes of a particular language; \"phonemic analysis\"', 'philosophic': 'of or relating to philosophy or philosophers; \"philosophical writing\"; \"a considerable knowledge of philosophical terminology\"', 'Rousseauan': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)', 'litigious': 'of or relating to litigation', 'acronymic': 'characterized by the use of acronyms', 'apostolic': 'of or relating to or deriving from the Apostles or their teachings', 'eudemonic': 'producing happiness and well-being', 'eukaryotic': \"having cells with `good' or membrane-bound nuclei\", 'prokaryotic': 'having cells that lack membrane-bound nuclei', 'pectoral': 'of or relating to the chest or thorax; \"pectoral organ\"', 'pastoral': 'of or relating to a pastor; \"pastoral work\"; \"a pastoral letter\"', 'particularistic': 'relating to particularism (exclusive interest in one group or class or sect etc.); \"a particularistic-seeming statement\"', 'patellar': 'near or relating to the patella or kneecap; \"patellar tendon\"', 'palatine': 'of or relating to a count palatine and his royal prerogatives', 'pictorial': 'pertaining to or consisting of pictures; \"pictorial perspective\"; \"pictorial records\"', 'optical': 'of or relating to or involving light or optics; \"optical supplies\"', 'nucleated': 'having a nucleus or occurring in the nucleus; \"nucleated cells\"', 'visceral': 'relating to or affecting the viscera; \"visceral bleeding\"; \"a splanchnic nerve\"', 'mystic': 'relating to or resembling mysticism; \"mystical intuition\"; \"mystical theories about the securities market\"', 'carbonaceous': 'relating to or consisting of or yielding carbon', 'Melanesian': 'of or relating to Melanesia or its people or culture', 'melodic': 'of or relating to melody; \"melodic harmony\"', 'millenary': 'of or relating to the doctrine of the millennium', 'millennial': 'relating to a millennium or span of a thousand years', 'millenarian': 'relating to or believing in the millennium of peace and happiness', 'metropolitan': 'relating to or characteristic of a metropolis; \"metropolitan area\"', 'meteorologic': 'of or pertaining to atmospheric phenomena, especially weather and weather conditions; \"meteorological factors\"; \"meteorological chart\"; \"meteoric (or meteorological) phenomena\"', 'metastable': '(of physical systems) continuing in its present state of equilibrium unless sufficiently disturbed to pass to a more stable state of equilibrium', 'meridian': 'of or happening at noon; \"meridian hour\"', 'mercurial': 'relating to or containing or caused by mercury; \"mercurial preparations\"; \"mercurial sore mouth\"', 'Mercurial': 'relating to or under the (astrological) influence of the planet Mercury; \"the Mercurial canals\"', 'Mesoamerican': 'of or relating to the people of Mesoamerica or their languages or cultures', 'mesoblastic': 'relating to or derived from the mesoderm', 'Mesozoic': 'of or relating to or denoting the Mesozoic era', 'messianic': 'of or relating to a messiah promising deliverance; \"messianic cult\"', 'muciferous': 'containing or secreting mucus', 'mucosal': 'of or relating to mucous membranes', 'murine': 'of or relating to or transmitted by a member of the family Muridae (rats and mice); \"a murine plague\"', 'musicological': 'of or relating to musicology', 'exteroceptive': 'of or relating to exteroception', 'proprioceptive': 'of or relating to proprioception', 'interoceptive': 'of or relating to interoception', 'acoustic': 'of or relating to the science of acoustics; \"acoustic properties of a hall\"', 'auditory': 'of or relating to the process of hearing; \"auditory processing\"; \"an audile person\"', 'gustatory': 'of or relating to gustation', 'haptic': 'of or relating to or proceeding from the sense of touch; \"haptic data\"; \"a tactile reflex\"', 'ocellated': 'having ocelli', 'octal': 'of or pertaining to a number system having 8 as its base; \"an octal digit\"', 'orbital': 'of or relating to an orbit; \"orbital revolution\"; \"orbital velocity\"', 'suborbital': 'having or involving a trajectory of less than one orbit; \"the first manned suborbital flight\"', 'kinesthetic': 'of or relating to kinesthesis', 'seraphic': 'of or relating to an angel of the first order; \"he imagined a seraphic presence in the room\"', 'firmamental': 'relating to the firmament or upper regions', 'elysian': 'relating to the Elysian Fields', 'diocesan': 'belonging to or governing a diocese', 'eparchial': 'of or relating to an eparchy', 'parochial': 'relating to or supported by or located in a parish; \"parochial schools\"', 'vicinal': 'belonging to or limited to a vicinity', 'conjugal': 'of or relating to marriage or to the relationship between a wife and husband; \"connubial bliss\"; \"conjugal visits\"', 'binocular': 'relating to both eyes; \"binocular vision\"', 'sociocultural': 'relating to both social and cultural matters', 'multicultural': 'of or relating to or including several cultures; \"a multicultural event\"', 'cross-cultural': 'dealing with or comparing two or more cultures; \"a cross-cultural survey\"', 'transcultural': 'extending through all human cultures; \"a transcultural ideal of freedom embracing all the peoples of the world\"', 'transactinide': 'of or belonging to the elements with atomic numbers greater than 103', 'transcendental': 'of or characteristic of a system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material', 'transuranic': 'having an atomic number greater than 92', 'burlesque': 'relating to or characteristic of a burlesque; \"burlesque theater\"', 'vascular': 'of or relating to or having vessels that conduct and circulate fluids; \"vascular constriction\"; \"a vascular bundle\"', 'avascular': 'without blood vessels', 'cardiovascular': 'of or pertaining to or involving the heart and blood vessels; \"cardiovascular conditioning\"', 'choral': 'related to or written for or performed by a chorus or choir; \"choral composition\"; \"choral ensemble\"', 'choric': 'relating to or written for or in the style of a Greek chorus; \"a choric Greek tragedy\"', 'chorionic': 'of or relating to a chorion; \"a chorionic villus is a minute vascular projection on the fetal chorion\"', 'communist': 'relating to or marked by communism; \"Communist Party\"; \"communist governments\"; \"communistic propaganda\"', 'post-communist': 'no longer communist; subsequent to being communistic; \"the bank announced its first loan to a post-communist country\"', 'Marxist': 'following the ideas of Marx and Engels', 'Marxist-Leninist': 'following the ideas of Marx expanded to include those of Lenin', 'Bolshevik': 'of or relating to Bolshevism; \"Bolshevik Revolution\"', 'cutaneous': 'relating to or existing on or affecting the skin; \"cutaneous nerves\"; \"a cutaneous infection\"', 'dermal': 'of or relating to or located in the dermis', 'cuticular': 'of or relating to a cuticle or cuticula', 'ectodermal': 'of or relating to the ectoderm', 'encysted': 'enclosed in (or as if in) a cyst', 'endermic': 'acting by absorption through the skin; \"endermic ointment\"', 'hypodermal': 'of or relating to the hypodermis', 'hypodermic': 'relating to or located below the epidermis; \"hypodermic needle\"; \"subcutaneous implant\"', 'hypoglycemic': 'of or relating to hypoglycemia; \"hypoglycemic agents\"', 'hypovolemic': 'of or relating to a decrease in the volume of circulating blood', 'intradermal': 'relating to areas between the layers of the skin; \"an intradermal injection\"', 'mandibular': 'relating to the lower jaw', 'mandibulofacial': 'of or relating to the lower jaw and face', 'maxillary': 'of or relating to the upper jaw', 'maxillodental': 'of or relating to the upper jaw and its associated teeth', 'maxillofacial': 'of or relating to the upper jaw and face (particularly with reference to specialized surgery of the maxilla); \"maxillofacial surgery\"', 'maxillomandibular': 'relating to the upper and lower jaws', 'interfacial': 'relating to or situated at an interface; \"an interfacial layer\"; \"interfacial tension is the surface tension at the interface between two liquids\"', 'lacrimal': 'of or relating to tears', 'lacrimatory': 'relating to or prompting tears', 'menstrual': 'of or relating to menstruation or the menses; \"menstrual period\"', 'mural': 'of or relating to walls; \"mural painting\"', 'extralinguistic': 'not included within the realm of language', 'papal': 'proceeding from or ordered by or subject to a pope or the papacy regarded as the successor of the Apostles; \"papal dispensation\"', 'Peloponnesian': 'of or relating to Peloponnesus; \"Peloponnesian War\"', 'pubic': 'relating or near the pubis; \"pubic bones\"; \"pubic hair\"', 'viral': 'relating to or caused by a virus; \"viral infection\"', 'syntactic': 'of or relating to or conforming to the rules of syntax; \"the syntactic rules of a language\"', 'glossopharyngeal': 'pertaining to the tongue and throat', 'glottal': 'of or relating to or produced by the glottis; \"glottal stops\"', 'glottochronological': 'pertaining to the study of the evolution of languages from a common source; \"glottochronological studies\"', 'lexicostatistic': 'pertaining to statistical methods used in studying the relations between languages; \"lexicostatistic techniques\"', 'genital': 'of or relating to the external sex organs; \"genital herpes\"; \"venereal disease\"', 'genitourinary': 'of or related to the genital and urinary organs or their functions; \"genitourinary infections\"', 'feline': 'of or relating to cats; \"feline fur\"', 'laryngeal': 'of or relating to or situated in the larynx; \"laryngeal infection\"', 'laryngopharyngeal': 'of or relating to the larynx and pharynx', 'zygotic': 'of or relating to a zygote', 'uninucleate': 'having one nucleus', 'multinucleate': 'having two or more nuclei', 'musculoskeletal': 'relating to muscles and skeleton', 'intramuscular': 'within a muscle; \"an intramuscular injection\"', 'neuroendocrine': 'of or relating to the nervous and endocrine systems (especially as they function together)', 'neurogenic': 'arising in or stimulated by nerve tissues', 'neuroglial': 'relating to or consisting of neuroglia; \"neuroglial tissue\"', 'neuromatous': 'of or relating to or caused by neuromas', 'neuromuscular': 'affecting or characteristic of both neural and muscular tissue', 'nephritic': 'affected by nephritis', 'neurotoxic': 'poisonous to nerves or nerve cells', 'neurotropic': '(of a virus, toxin, or chemical) tending to attack or affect the nervous system preferentially', 'spinal': 'of or relating to the spine or spinal cord; \"spinal cord\"; \"spinal injury\"', 'monatomic': 'of or relating to an element consisting of a single atom; \"helium and argon are monatomic gases\"', 'diatomic': 'of or relating to a molecule made up of two atoms; \"a diatomic molecule\"', 'polyatomic': 'of or relating to a molecule made up of more than two atoms', 'client-server': 'relating to a computer system in which a central server supports a number of networked workstations', 'subclinical': 'relating to the stage in the development of a disease before the symptoms are observed', 'postal': 'of or relating to the system for delivering mail; \"postal delivery\"', 'Continental': 'of or pertaining to or typical of Europe; \"a Continental breakfast\"', 'lexical': 'of or relating to dictionaries', 'nonlexical': 'not relating to words; \"nonlexical morphemes\"', 'psychosexual': 'of or relating to the mental or emotional attitudes about sexuality', 'sexagesimal': 'of or relating to or reckoning in sixtieths; \"the sexagesimal divisions of hours and degrees\"', 'sex-limited': 'relating to characteristics that are expressed differently in the two sexes', 'sex-linked': 'concerning characteristics that are determined by genes carried on the sex chromosomes (on the X chromosome in particular)', 'coital': 'of or relating to coitus or copulation', 'multilevel': 'of a building having more than one level', 'multiphase': 'of an electrical system that uses or generates two or more alternating voltages of the same frequency but differing in phase angle', 'muzzle-loading': '(of firearms) taking the projectile or cartridge through the muzzle', 'littoral': 'of or relating to a coastal or shore region', 'sublittoral': 'of or relating to the region of the continental shelf (between the seashore and the edge of the continental shelf) or the marine organisms situated there', 'nonsurgical': 'not surgical; \"nonsurgical techniques\"', 'open-hearth': 'of or relating to or produced by the open-hearth process; \"open-hearth steel\"', 'ophthalmic': 'of or relating to the eye; \"ophthalmic defect\"', 'physiotherapeutic': 'of or relating to or used in physical therapy', 'nautical': 'relating to or involving ships or shipping or navigation or seamen; \"nautical charts\"; \"maritime law\"; \"marine insurance\"', 'thalassic': 'relating to the seas, especially smaller or inland seas; \"deposits of sediment in gulfs and seas rather than in the ocean proper are known as thalassic deposits\"- Scientific American', 'transoceanic': 'on or from the other side of an ocean; \"transoceanic crossing\"', 'ursine': 'of or relating to or similar to bears', 'intravenous': 'within or by means of a vein; \"an intravenous inflammation\"; \"intravenous feeding\"', 'montane': 'of or inhabiting mountainous regions; \"montane flowers\"', 'zoological': 'concerning the study of animals and their classification and properties; \"zoological research\"', 'protozoological': 'concerning the branch of zoology that studies protozoans', 'protozoal': 'of or relating to the Protozoa', 'rental': 'available to rent or lease; \"a rental car\"', 'rickettsial': 'relating to or caused by rickettsias', 'ritual': 'of or relating to or characteristic of religious rituals; \"ritual killing\"', 'fetal': 'of or relating to a fetus; \"fetal development\"', 'juvenile': 'of or relating to or characteristic of or appropriate for children or young people; \"juvenile diabetes\"; \"juvenile fashions\"', 'herbal': 'of or relating to herbs; \"herbal tea, herbal medicine\"', 'doctoral': 'of or relating to a doctor or doctorate; \"doctoral dissertation\"; \"doctorial candidates\"', 'pediatric': 'of or relating to the medical care of children; \"pediatric dentist\"', 'mammary': 'of or relating to the milk-giving gland of the female', 'neural': 'of or relating to neurons; \"neural network\"', 'sensorineural': 'of or relating to the neural process of sensation', 'sensorimotor': 'of or relating to the sensory and motor coordination of an organism or to the controlling nerves', 'occupational': 'of or relating to the activity or business for which you are trained; \"occupational hazard\"', 'pelvic': 'of or relating to the pelvis; \"pelvic exam\"; \"pelvic inflammation\"', 'bucolic': 'relating to shepherds or herdsmen or devoted to raising sheep or cattle; \"pastoral seminomadic people\"; \"pastoral land\"; \"a pastoral economy\"', 'Masonic': 'of or relating to Freemasons or Freemasonry; \"Masonic lodge\"', 'masonic': 'of or relating to stonemasons or masonry; \"masonic tools\"', 'Masoretic': 'of or relating to the Masorah', 'masted': 'having or furnished with a mast; often used in combination; \"probably was so masted when she set forth\"- S.E.Morrison; \"a three-masted bark\"', 'migrational': 'of or related to migration', 'mnemonic': 'of or relating to or involved the practice of aiding the memory; \"mnemonic device\"', 'parietal': 'of or relating to or associated with the parietal bones in the cranium; \"parietal lobe\"', 'statuary': 'of or relating to or suitable for statues', 'tubal': 'of or relating to occurring in a tube such as e.g. the Fallopian tube or Eustachian tube; \"tubal ligation\"; \"tubal pregnancy\"', 'documentary': 'relating to or consisting of or derived from documents', 'iambic': 'of or consisting of iambs; \"iambic pentameter\"', 'anatomic': 'of or relating to the branch of morphology that studies the structure of organisms; \"anatomical research\"', 'architectural': 'of or pertaining to the art and science of architecture; \"architectural history\"; \"architectural design\"', 'tectonic': 'pertaining to the structure or movement of the earth\\'s crust; \"tectonic plates\"; \"tectonic valleys\"', 'organizational': 'of or relating to an organization; \"organizational structure\"', 'cognitive': 'of or being or relating to or involving cognition; \"cognitive psychology\"; \"cognitive style\"', 'factual': 'of or relating to or characterized by facts; \"factual considerations\"', 'achondroplastic': 'of or relating to achondroplasia', 'ateleiotic': 'of or relating to ateleiosis', 'ecclesiastical': 'of or associated with a church (especially a Christian Church); \"ecclesiastic history\"', 'sacerdotal': 'of or relating to a belief in sacerdotalism; \"sacerdotal emphasis on the authority of priests\"', 'molal': 'designating a solution containing one mole of solute per kilogram of solvent', 'bimolecular': 'relating to or affecting two molecules', 'intramolecular': 'within the molecule; occurring by a reaction between different parts of the same molecule', 'intermolecular': 'existing or acting between molecules; \"intermolecular forces\"; \"intermolecular condensation\"', 'macerative': 'accompanied by or characterized by maceration; \"macerative degeneration of the liver\"', 'macrencephalic': 'having a large brain case', 'macrocephalic': 'having an exceptionally large head and brain', 'microcephalic': 'having an abnormally small head and underdeveloped brain; \"a nanocephalic dwarf\"', 'microelectronic': 'of or relating to or consisting of miniature electronic components', 'machine_readable': 'suitable for feeding directly into a computer', 'macromolecular': 'relating to or consisting of or characterized by macromolecules; \"macromolecular compounds\"', 'isotopic': 'of or relating to or having the relation of an isotope', 'isothermic': 'of or relating to an isotherm', 'microcosmic': 'relating to or characteristic of a microcosm; \"the microcosmic world of business\"', 'micrometeoric': 'of or relating to micrometeorites', 'micropylar': 'of or relating to a micropyle', 'macrocosmic': 'relating to or constituting a macrocosm', 'mucinous': 'relating to or containing mucin', 'mucinoid': 'resembling mucin', 'mucocutaneous': 'of or relating to the mucous membranes and skin', 'mucopurulent': 'containing or composed of mucus and pus', 'mucous': 'of or secreting or covered with or resembling mucus; \"mucous tissue\"; \"mucous glands of the intestine\"', 'mucoid': 'relating to or resembling mucus; \"a mucoid substance\"', 'colloidal': 'of or relating to or having the properties of a colloid', 'administrative': 'of or relating to or responsible for administration', 'managerial': 'of or relating to the function or responsibility or activity of management', 'supervisory': 'of or limited to or involving supervision; \"in a supervisory capacity\"', 'latinate': 'derived from or imitative of Latin', 'latitudinal': 'of or relating to latitudes north or south', 'Florentine': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the city of Florence; \"Florentine art\"', 'earthen': 'made of earth (or baked clay); \"an earthen pot\"', 'monometallic': 'containing one atom of metal in the molecule; \"monometallic carbonyls\"', 'brazen': 'made of or resembling brass (as in color or hardness)', 'geological': 'of or relating to or based on geology; \"geological formations\"; \"geologic forces\"', 'psychogenetic': 'of or relating to the psychological cause of a disorder', 'sociological': 'of or relating to or determined by sociology; \"sociological studies\"', 'demographic': 'of or relating to demography; \"demographic surveys\"', 'ecological': 'characterized by the interdependence of living organisms in an environment; \"an ecological disaster\"', 'theological': 'of or relating to or concerning theology; \"theological seminar\"', 'anthropological': 'of or concerned with the science of anthropology; \"anthropological studies\"', 'paleoanthropological': 'of or concerned with the scientific study of human fossils', 'computational': 'of or involving computation or computers; \"computational linguistics\"', 'astrophysical': 'of or concerned with astrophysics; \"astrophysical sciences\"', 'geopolitical': 'of or relating to geopolitics', 'thermodynamic': 'of or concerned with thermodynamics; \"the thermodynamic limit\"', 'geophysical': 'of or concerned with geophysics; \"geophysical sciences\"', 'seismological': 'of or concerned with seismology', 'peptic': 'relating to or promoting digestion; \"peptic juices\"', 'duodenal': 'in or relating to the duodenum; \"duodenal ulcer\"', 'neuropsychological': 'of or concerned with neuropsychology', 'neurophysiological': 'of or concerned with neurophysiology', 'navigational': 'of or relating to navigation; \"navigational aids\"', 'deconstructionist': 'of or concerned with the philosophical theory of literature known as deconstructionism; \"deconstructionist criticism\"', 'rationalist': 'of or relating to or characteristic of rationalism; \"rationalist philosophy\"', 'calligraphic': 'of or relating to or expressed in calligraphy', 'lexicographic': 'of or relating to lexicography', 'orthographic': 'of or relating to or expressed in orthography', 'typographic': 'relating to or occurring or used in typography; \"the typographic art\"; \"a typographical error\"', 'astrological': 'relating to or concerned with astrology; \"astrological chart\"', 'syllogistic': 'of or relating to or consisting of syllogism; \"syllogistic reasoning\"', 'lithomantic': 'of or relating to lithomancy', 'chiromantic': 'of or relating to palmistry', 'parametric': 'of or relating to or in terms of a parameter; \"parametric equation\"', 'nonparametric': 'not involving an estimation of the parameters of a statistic', 'statistical': 'of or relating to statistics; \"statistical population\"', 'nihilistic': 'of or relating to nihilism', 'spiritualistic': 'of or relating to or connected with spiritualism', 'supernaturalist': 'of or relating to supernaturalism; \"supernaturalist beliefs\"', 'operationalist': 'of or relating to or espousing operationalism; \"operationalist doctrine\"', 'operatic': 'of or relating to or characteristic of opera', 'trigonometric': 'of or relating to or according to the principles of trigonometry; \"trigonometric function\"', 'pharmacological': 'of or relating to pharmacology', 'toxicological': 'of or relating to toxicology', 'psychiatric': 'relating to or used in or engaged in the practice of psychiatry; \"psychiatric disorder\"; \"psychiatric hospital\"', 'oncological': 'of or relating to or practicing oncology; \"oncological nurse\"', 'psychoanalytical': 'of or relating to or incorporating the methods and theory of psychiatric treatment originated by Sigmund Freud; \"Freud\\'s psychoanalytical theories\"; \"psychoanalytic treatment\"', 'psychometric': 'of or relating to psychometrics; \"psychometric journals\"', 'psychomotor': 'of or relating to or characterizing mental events that have motor consequences or vice versa', 'psychotherapeutic': 'of or relating to or practicing psychotherapy; \"psychotherapeutic sessions\"', 'therapeutic': 'relating to or involved in therapy; \"therapeutic approach to criminality\"', 'neuroanatomic': 'of or relating to neural tissue or the nervous system', 'virological': 'of or relating to the science of virology; \"virological research\"', 'bacteriological': 'of or relating to bacteriology', 'cardiologic': 'of or relating to or used in or practicing cardiology; \"cardiologic evidence\"', 'endocrine': 'of or belonging to endocrine glands or their secretions; \"endocrine system\"', 'enolic': 'of or relating to or consisting of enol', 'exocrine': 'of or relating to exocrine glands or their secretions', 'endodontic': 'of or relating to or involving or practicing endodontics; \"an endodontic specialist\"', 'endoparasitic': 'of or relating to parasites that live in the internal organs of animals', 'orthodontic': 'of or relating to or involving or practicing orthodontics; \"orthodontic braces\"', 'periodontic': 'of or relating to or involving or practicing periodontics; \"periodontal disease\"', 'dermatologic': 'of or relating to or practicing dermatology', 'exodontic': 'of or relating to or involving exodontics; \"exodontic surgeon\"', 'geriatric': 'of or relating to the aged; \"geriatric disorder\"', 'German-American': 'of or relating to or characteristic of German Americans', 'gynecological': 'of or relating to or practicing gynecology; \"gynecological examination\"', 'gymnosophical': 'of or relating to gymnosophy', 'gymnospermous': 'relating to or characteristic of plants of the class Gymnospermae', 'hematologic': 'of or relating to or involved in hematology', 'obstetric': 'of or relating to or used in or practicing obstetrics; \"obstetric hospital\"', 'neurological': 'of or relating to or used in or practicing neurology; \"neurological evidence\"', 'spectrometric': 'of or relating to or involving spectrometry', 'spectroscopic': 'of or relating to or involving spectroscopy; \"spectroscopic analysis\"', 'mass_spectroscopic': 'relating to or involving mass spectroscopy', 'mass-spectrometric': 'relating to or involving a mass spectrometer', 'electron_microscopic': 'of or relating to or involving an electron microscope', 'insurrectional': 'of or relating to or given to insurrection', 'conspiratorial': 'relating to or characteristic of conspiracy or conspirators; \"a conspiratorial whisper\"; \"the discovery of possible conspirative codes\"', 'econometric': 'of or relating to econometrics; \"econometric theories\"', 'criminological': 'of or relating to or involved in criminology', 'classicistic': 'of or relating to classicism; \"the classicistic tradition\"', 'ahistorical': 'unconcerned with or unrelated to history or to historical development or to tradition', 'ontological': 'of or relating to ontology; \"ontological speculations\"', 'pietistic': 'of or relating to Pietism; \"the Pietistic movement\"', 'fascist': 'relating to or characteristic of fascism; \"fascist propaganda\"', 'Catholic': 'of or relating to or supporting Catholicism; \"the Catholic Church\"', 'Anglo-catholic': 'supporting the Anglican Church', 'Anglo-Indian': 'relating to British India or the English in India', 'Roman': 'characteristic of the modern type that most directly represents the type used in ancient Roman inscriptions', 'Jewish': 'of or relating to Jews or their culture or religion; \"He is Jewish\"; \"a Jewish wedding\"', 'Judaic': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the Jews or their culture or religion; \"the Judaic idea of justice\"', 'Anglo-Jewish': 'of English-speaking Jews and their culture; \"Anglo-Jewish papers\"', 'evangelistic': 'relating to or promoting the preaching and dissemination of the Christian gospel; \"evangelistic fervor\"; \"the evangelistic concerns of the early church\"', 'Muslim': 'of or relating to or supporting Islamism; \"Islamic art\"', 'Hindu': 'of or relating to or supporting Hinduism; \"the Hindu faith\"', 'Hmong': ' of or related to the Hmong people or their language or their culture', 'Buddhist': 'of or relating to or supporting Buddhism; \"Buddhist sculpture\"', 'sculptural': 'relating to or consisting of sculpture; \"sculptural embellishments\"', 'evaporative': 'relating to or causing or being caused by evaporation; \"an evaporative cooler\"', 'Confucian': 'relating to or characteristic of Confucianism; \"Confucian ethics\"', 'Shinto': 'relating to or characteristic of Shintoism; \"Shinto temples\"', 'Kokka': 'of or pertaining to the branch of Shinto recognized as the state religion of Japan', 'Shuha': 'of or pertaining to any Shinto sect other than Kokka Shinto', 'Rastafarian': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of Rastafarianism or Rastafarians', 'Jain': 'relating to or characteristic of Jainism; \"Jain gods\"', 'Taoist': 'of or relating to the popular Chinese religious system based on the teachings of Lao-tzu but including a pantheon of gods along with divination and magic; \"Taoist temples\"', 'textual': 'of or relating to or based on a text; \"textual analysis\"', 'Tantric': 'of or relating to Tantrism; \"Tantric rituals\"', 'electromagnetic': 'pertaining to or exhibiting magnetism produced by electric charge in motion; \"electromagnetic energy\"', 'Avestan': 'of or pertaining to the Avesta (sacred text of Zoroastrianism)', 'Zoroastrian': 'of or pertaining to Zoroaster or the religion he founded', 'horticultural': 'of or relating to the cultivation of plants', 'American': 'of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture; \"American citizens\"; \"American English\"; \"the American dream\"', 'anti-American': 'opposed to the United States and its policies', 'pro-American': 'supporting the United States and its policies', 'Indian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of India or the East Indies or their peoples or languages or cultures; \"the Indian subcontinent\"; \"Indian saris\"', 'North_American': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of the continent or countries of North America or their peoples', 'South_American': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of the continent or countries of South America or their peoples', 'South_African': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of South Africa or its people', 'asymptotic': 'relating to or of the nature of an asymptote; \"an asymptotic function\"', 'subtropical': 'of or relating to or characteristic of conditions in the subtropics; \"even near the equator vegetation at 5000 ft is subtropical rather than tropical\"', 'anionic': 'of or relating to anions', 'cationic': 'of or relating to cations', 'Satanic': 'of or relating to Satan; \"Satanic verses\"', 'rabbinical': 'of or relating to rabbis or their teachings; \"rabbinical school\"', 'arteriosclerotic': 'affected by arteriosclerosis', 'sacramental': 'of or relating to or involving a sacrament', 'theist': 'of or relating to theism', 'deist': 'of or relating to deism', 'pantheist': 'of or relating to pantheism', 'mensural': 'of or relating to measure', 'mensal': ' the dining table', 'epicarpal': 'of or relating to the epicarp', 'epithelial': 'of or belonging to the epithelium; \"epithelial layer\"', 'epitheliod': 'resembling epithelium; \"epithelial tissue\"', 'pancreatic': 'of or involving the pancreas; \"pancreatic cancer\"', 'ovarian': 'of or involving the ovaries; \"ovarian cancer\"', 'ovine': 'of or pertaining to or of the nature of or characteristic of a sheep or sheep', 'ovular': 'being or of the nature of an ovule', 'uterine': 'of or involving the uterus; \"uterine cancer\"', 'intrauterine': 'within the womb', 'testicular': 'of or involving the testes; \"testicular cancer\"', 'rectal': 'of or involving the rectum; \"rectal cancer\"', 'rectosigmoid': 'of or related to or near the sigmoid colon and the upper part of the rectum', 'monozygotic': 'derived from a single fertilized egg; \"monozygotic twins\"', 'dizygotic': 'derived from two separately fertilized eggs; \"dizygotic twins\"', 'synaptic': '(neuroscience) of or involving synapses', 'dendritic': '(neuroscience) of or relating to or resembling a dendrite; \"dendritic fiber\"', 'iliac': 'of or relating to the ilium', 'lobar': 'of or relating to or affecting a lobe; \"lobar pneumonia\"', 'lobate': 'having or resembling a lobe or lobes; \"a lobate tongue\"', 'abdominal': 'of or relating to or near the abdomen; \"abdominal muscles\"', 'hormonal': 'of or relating to or caused by hormones; \"hormonal changes\"', 'hemispheric': 'of or relating to the cerebral hemispheres', 'occipital': 'of or relating to the occiput; \"occipital bone\"', 'pneumonic': 'pertaining to or characterized by or affected by pneumonia; \"pneumonic plague\"', 'intrapulmonary': 'being or occurring within a lung', 'intestinal': 'of or relating to or inside the intestines; \"intestinal disease\"', 'skeletal': 'of or relating to or forming or attached to a skeleton; \"the skeletal system\"; \"skeletal bones\"; \"skeletal muscles\"', 'skinny': 'of or relating to or resembling skin', 'adjectival': 'of or relating to or functioning as an adjective; \"adjectival syntax\"; \"an adjective clause\"', 'adverbial': 'of or relating to or functioning as an adverb; \"adverbial syntax\"', 'morphemic': 'of or relating to morphemes', 'bimorphemic': 'consisting of two morphemes; \"the bimorphemic word `rays\\'\"', 'monomorphemic': 'consisting of only one morpheme; \"`raise\\' is monomorphemic but `rays\\' is not\"', 'polymorphemic': 'consisting of two or more morphemes', 'morphophonemic': 'of or relating to morphophonemics', 'clausal': 'of or relating to or functioning as a clause; \"clausal structure\"', 'phrasal': 'of or relating to or functioning as a phrase; \"phrasal verb\"', 'infinitival': 'relating to or formed with the infinitive; \"infinitival clause\"', 'pronominal': 'relating to pronouns; \"pronominal reference\"', 'indexical': 'of or relating to or serving as an index', 'indexless': 'lacking an index', 'cruciferous': 'of or relating to or belonging to the plant family Cruciferae', 'choreographic': 'of or concerned with choreography', 'runic': 'relating to or consisting of runes; \"runic inscription\"', 'scriptural': 'written or relating to writing', 'pentatonic': 'relating to a pentatonic scale', 'anaphoric': 'relating to anaphora; \"anaphoric reference\"', 'anapestic': '(of a metric foot) characterized by two short syllables followed by a long one', 'riparian': 'of or relating to or located on the banks of a river or stream; \"riparian land\"', 'Martian': 'of or relating to the planet Mars (or its fictional inhabitants)', 'actuarial': 'of or relating to the work of an actuary', 'psycholinguistic': 'of or relating to the psychology of language', 'robotic': 'of or relating to mechanical robots; \"among our robotic devices is a vacuum cleaner\"', 'rotatory': 'of or relating to or characteristic or causing an axial or orbital turn', 'epicyclic': 'of or relating to an epicycle; \"epicyclic gear train\"', 'expansionist': 'of or involving or guided by expansionism', 'expiatory': 'having power to atone for or offered by way of expiation or propitiation; \"expiatory (or propitiatory) sacrifice\"', 'etiological': 'of or relating to the philosophical study of causation', 'exuvial': 'of or relating to the cast-off skins or cuticles of various animals', 'behavioral': 'of or relating to behavior; \"behavioral sciences\"', 'African': 'of or relating to the nations of Africa or their peoples; \"African languages\"', 'East_African': 'of or relating to or located in East Africa', 'East_Indian': 'of or relating to or located in the East Indies', 'Afro-Asian': 'of or relating to the nations of Africa and Asia or their peoples; \"Afro-Asian population\"', 'phenotypical': 'of or relating to or constituting a phenotype; \"phenotypical profile\"', 'genotypical': 'of or relating to or constituting a genotype; \"genotypical pattern\"', 'ontogenetic': 'of or relating to the origin and development of individual organisms; \"ontogenetic development\"', 'phylogenetic': 'of or relating to the evolutionary development of organisms; \"phylogenetic development\"', 'environmental': 'of or relating to the external conditions or surroundings; \"environmental factors\"', 'methodological': 'relating to the methodology of some discipline; \"methodological errors\"', 'cross-sectional': 'of or relating to a cross section; \"a cross-sectional slice\"', 'trabecular': 'of or relating to trabeculae', 'tracheal': 'relating to or resembling or functioning like a trachea', 'tractive': 'exerting traction and serving to pull', 'transdermal': 'through the unbroken skin; refers to medications applied directly to the skin (creams or ointments) or in time-release forms (skin patches); \"transdermal estrogen\"; \"percutaneous absorption\"', 'transitional': 'of or relating to or characterized by transition; \"adolescence is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood\"', 'trophic': 'of or relating to nutrition; \"a trophic level on the food chain\"', 'tympanic': 'resembling a drum', 'tympanitic': 'of or relating to tympanites', 'perceptual': 'of or relating to the act of perceiving; \"perceptual stimulus\"', 'libidinal': 'belonging to the libido; \"libidinal impulses\"; \"libidinal gratification\"', 'epileptic': 'of or relating to or characteristic of epilepsy; \"epileptic seizure\"', 'developmental': 'of or relating to or constituting development; \"developmental psychology\"', 'pedagogical': 'of or relating to pedagogy; \"pedagogical significance\"', 'Atlantic': 'relating to or bordering the Atlantic Ocean; \"Atlantic currents\"', 'Pacific': 'relating to or bordering the Pacific Ocean; \"Pacific islands\"', 'transatlantic': 'crossing the Atlantic Ocean; \"transatlantic flight\"', 'monistic': 'of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of monism; \"the monistic school would regard national law and international law as an integrated whole\"- J.S.Roucek', 'dualistic': 'of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of dualism; \"a Manichaean conflict between good and evil\"', 'pluralistic': 'of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of pluralism; \"a pluralistic culture\"', 'pleural': 'of or relating to the pleura or the walls of the thorax; \"pleural muscles\"', 'hilar': 'of or relating to or located near a hilum', 'lobular': 'of or relating to or resembling a lobule', 'interlobular': 'between lobes or lobules', 'intralobular': 'inside lobes or lobules', 'anastomotic': 'of or relating to or exhibiting anastomosis', 'bronchial': 'relating to or associated with the bronchi; \"bronchial tubes\"; \"bronchial pneumonia\"', 'arteriolar': 'of or relating to or involving arterioles', 'bronchiolar': 'of or relating to or involving bronchioles', 'rhombic': 'resembling a rhombus', 'trapezoidal': 'resembling a trapezoid', 'physiological': 'of or relating to the biological study of physiology; \"physiological psychology\"; \"Pavlov\\'s physiological theories\"', 'morphologic': 'relating to or concerned with the formation of admissible words in a language', 'geomorphologic': 'pertaining to geological structure; \"geomorphological features of the Black Hills\"; \"morphological features of granite\"; \"structural effects of folding and faulting of the earth\\'s surface\"', 'occlusive': 'tending to occlude', 'ohmic': 'of or relating to or measured in ohms', 'mortuary': 'of or relating to or characteristic of death', 'funerary': 'of or for or relating to a funeral; \"funerary urn\"', 'tactical': 'of or pertaining to tactic or tactics; \"a tactical error\"', 'cinerary': 'containing or used for ashes of the cremated dead; \"a cinerary urn\"', 'circulatory': 'relating to circulatory system or to circulation of the blood', 'veinal': 'relating to the veins of plants; \"leaves affected with veinal mosaic\"', 'circulative': 'of or relating to circulation', 'euphonic': 'of or relating to or characterized by euphony', 'sedimentary': 'resembling or containing or formed by the accumulation of sediment; \"sedimentary deposits\"', 'Christian': 'relating to or characteristic of Christianity; \"Christian rites\"', 'Judeo-Christian': 'being historically related to both Judaism and Christianity; \"the Judeo-Christian tradition\"', 'Protestant': 'of or relating to Protestants or Protestantism; \"Protestant churches\"; \"a Protestant denomination\"', 'universalistic': 'of or relating to the whole', 'Calvinist': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Calvinism or its adherents', 'fundamentalist': 'of or relating to or tending toward fundamentalism', 'Orthodox': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the Eastern Orthodox Church', 'radio': 'indicating radiation or radioactivity; \"radiochemistry\"', 'dipolar': 'having equal and opposite electric charges or magnetic poles having opposite signs and separated by a small distance', 'deformational': 'relating to or causing change in either shape or size of a material body or geometric figure', 'totemic': 'relating to totemism; \"totemic object\"', 'Anglican': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of the Anglican church; \"an Anglican bishop\"', 'Baptistic': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of the Baptist church; \"Baptistis baptismal practices\"', 'Congregational': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of a Congregational church', 'Episcopal': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of the Episcopal church; \"the Episcopal hierarchy\"; \"married by an Episcopalian minister\"', 'revivalistic': 'of or relating to or characterizing revivalism', 'Lutheran': 'of or pertaining to Martin Luther or his teachings; \"the Lutheran doctrine of justification by faith alone\"', 'Methodist': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of the branch of Protestantism adhering to the views of Wesley; \"Methodist theology\"', 'Mormon': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of the Mormon Church; \"Mormon leaders\"; \"the former Mormon practice of polygamy\"', 'Unitarian': 'of or relating to or characterizing Unitarianism', 'orchestral': 'relating to or composed for an orchestra; \"orchestral score\"', 'orchestrated': 'arranged for performance by an orchestra', 'autosomal': 'of or relating to an autosome; \"autosomal gene\"', 'chromosomal': 'of or relating to a chromosome; \"chromosomal defect\"', 'chronological': 'relating to or arranged according to temporal order; \"chronological age\"', 'Italian': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of Italy or its people or culture or language; \"Italian cooking\"', 'Russian': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of Russia or its people or culture or language; \"Russian dancing\"', 'German': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of Germany or its people or language; \"German philosophers\"; \"German universities\"; \"German literature\"', 'East_German': 'relating to or characteristic of East Germany; \"East German spies\"', 'Celtic': 'relating to or characteristic of the Celts', 'Britannic': 'of Britain; \"Her Britannic Majesty\"', 'Teutonic': 'of or pertaining to the ancient Teutons or their languages; \"Teutonic peoples such as Germans and Scandinavians and British\"; \"Germanic mythology\"', 'French': 'of or pertaining to France or the people of France; \"French cooking\"; \"a Gallic shrug\"', 'Spanish': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Spain or the people of Spain; \"Spanish music\"', 'Iberian': 'of or relating to the Iberian Peninsula or its inhabitants', 'Lusitanian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the region of Lusitania or its people or language', 'Portuguese': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Portugal or the people of Portugal or their language; \"Portuguese wines\"', 'Sicilian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Sicily or the people of Sicily; \"the Sicilian Mafia\"', 'Soviet': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the former Soviet Union or its people; \"Soviet leaders\"', 'Finnish': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Finland or the people of Finland; \"Finnish architecture\"', 'Swedish': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Sweden or its people or culture or language; \"the Swedish King\"; \"Swedish punch\"; \"Swedish umlauts\"', 'Norwegian': 'of or relating to Norway or its people or culture or language; \"Norwegian herring\"', 'Scandinavian': 'of or relating to Scandinavia or its peoples or cultures; \"Norse sagas\"; \"Norse nomads\"', 'Danish': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Denmark or the Danes or their language ; \"Danish furniture\"', 'Belgian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Belgium or the Belgian people; \"the Belgian Queen\"', 'Dutch': 'of or relating to the Netherlands or its people or culture; \"Dutch painting\"; \"Dutch painters\"', 'Luxembourgian': 'relating to or characteristic of Luxembourg; \"Luxembourgian food\"', 'Swiss': 'of or relating to Switzerland or its people or culture; \"the Swiss army\"', 'Austrian': 'of or relating to Austria or its people or culture; \"Austrian music\"', 'Polish': 'of or relating to Poland or its people or culture; \"Polish sausage\"', 'Polynesian': 'of or relating to Polynesia or its people or culture', 'Hungarian': 'relating to or characteristic of Hungary; \"Hungarian folk music\"', 'Czech': 'of or relating to Czechoslovakia or its people or their language; \"The Czech border\"; \"Czechoslovak nationalists\"; \"The Czechoslovakian population\"', 'Yugoslavian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the former country of Yugoslavia or its people or languages; \"Yugoslavian wine\"', 'Romanian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the country of Romania or its people or languages; \"Romanian folk music\"', 'Baltic': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of the Baltic States or their peoples or languages', 'Latvian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Latvia or its people or language', 'Lithuanian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Lithuania or its people or language', 'Moldovan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Moldova or its people or culture', 'Kyrgyzstani': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Kyrgyzstan or its people or culture', 'Tajikistani': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Tajikistan or it people or culture', 'Turkmen': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Turkmenistan or its people or culture', 'Ukrainian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Ukraine or its people or culture', 'Uzbekistani': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Uzbekistan or its people or culture', 'Serbian': 'of or relating to the people or language or culture of the region of Serbia', 'Croatian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Croatia or its people or language; \"Croatian villages\"', 'Slovenian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Slovenia or its people or language; \"Slovenian independence\"', 'Slovakian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Slovakia or its people or language', 'Bosnian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Bosnia-Herzegovina or the people of Bosnia', 'Chinese': 'of or pertaining to China or its peoples or cultures; \"Chinese food\"', 'Sinitic': 'of or relating to the Chinese people or their language or culture; \"Sinitic dialects\"', 'Japanese': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Japan or its people or their culture or language; \"the Japanese Emperor\"; \"Japanese cars\"', 'exponential': 'of or involving exponents; \"exponential growth\"', 'Tibetan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Tibet or its people or their language; \"Tibetan monks\"', 'Himalayan': 'of or relating to the Himalayas; \"Himalayan peaks\"', 'Chilean': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Chile or its people; \"Chilean volcanoes\"', 'Peruvian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Peru or its people; \"Peruvian artifacts\"', 'Ecuadorian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Ecuador or its people; \"Ecuadorian folklore\"', 'Panamanian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Panama or its people; \"Panamanian economy\"', 'Venezuelan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Venezuela or its people; \"Venezuelan oil\"', 'Brazilian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Brazil or the people of Brazil', 'Argentine': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Argentina or its people; \"Argentinian tango\"', 'Paraguayan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Paraguay or its people', 'Uruguayan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Uruguay or its people', 'Bolivian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Bolivia or its people', 'Colombian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Colombia or its people; \"Colombian coffee\"', 'Korean': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Korea or its people or language; \"Korean handicrafts\"', 'North_Korean': 'of or relating to or characteristic of North Korea or its people or their culture', 'South_Korean': 'of or relating to or characteristic of South Korea or its people', 'European': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Europe or the people of Europe; \"European Community\"', 'Asian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Asia or the peoples of Asia or their languages or culture; \"Asian countries\"', 'Cambodian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Cambodia or its people or language', 'Manchurian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Manchuria or its people or their culture; \"the Manchurian invasion\"', 'Honduran': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Honduras or its people', 'Salvadoran': 'of or relating to or characteristic of El Salvador or its people; \"Salvadoran coffee\"; \"Salvadoran guerillas\"', 'Cuban': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Cuba or the people of Cuba; \"Cuban rum\"', 'Bavarian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Bavaria or its people; \"Bavarian beer\"', 'Ottoman': 'of or relating to the Ottoman Empire or its people or its culture', 'Seljuk': 'of or relating to the Seljuks', 'Neapolitan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Naples or its people', 'Milanese': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Milan or its people', 'Tuscan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Tuscany or its people', 'Venetian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Venice or its people; \"Venetian glass\"; \"Venetian canals\"', 'Tyrolean': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the Tyrol or its people; \"Tyrolean yodeling\"', 'Viennese': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Vienna or its inhabitants', 'Glaswegian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Glasgow or its inhabitants', 'Egyptian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Egypt or its people or their language', 'Hindustani': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Hindustan or its people or language', 'Nepalese': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of Nepal or its people or language or culture; \"Nepalese troops massed at the border\"; \"Nepali mountains are among the highest in the world\"; \"the different Nepali words for `rice\\'\"', 'Indonesian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Indonesia or its people or languages', 'Alsatian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Alsace or its inhabitants', 'Athenian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Athens or its inhabitants', 'Spartan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Sparta or its people', 'Thracian': 'of or relating to Thrace or its people or culture', 'Israeli': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Israel or its people', 'Genoese': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Genoa or its inhabitants; \"the Genoese sailor we call Columbus\"', 'comic': 'of or relating to or characteristic of comedy; \"comic hero\"', 'abyssal': 'relating to ocean depths from 2000 to 5000 meters', 'bathyal': 'relating to ocean depths between 200 and 2000 meters (corresponds to the continental slope)', 'hadal': 'relating to the deepest parts of the ocean (below 6000 meters)', 'operculate': 'having an operculum', 'Palestinian': 'of or relating to the area of Palestine and its inhabitants; \"Palestinian guerrillas\"', 'cortical': 'of or relating to a cortex', 'metastatic': 'relating to or affected by metastasis; \"metastatic growth\"', 'gonadal': 'of or relating to the gonads; \"gonadal hormones\"', 'agonadal': 'lacking gonads', 'gastrointestinal': 'of or relating to the stomach and intestines; \"a gastrointestinal disorder\"', 'gastronomic': 'of or relating to gastronomy; \"gastronomic adventures\"', 'carnal': 'of or relating to the body or flesh; \"carnal remains\"', 'cross-modal': 'relating to different sense modalities', 'epidemiologic': 'of or relating to epidemiology; \"epidemiological studies\"', 'quantal': 'of or relating to a quantum or capable of existing in only one of two states', 'Quebecois': 'of or relating to Quebec (especially to the French speaking inhabitants or their culture)', 'Assamese': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Assam or its people or culture or language', 'Austronesian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Austronesia or its people or culture', 'Algerian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Algeria or its inhabitants; \"Algerian towns\"', 'Andorran': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Andorra or its people; \"the Andorran hills\"', 'Monacan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Monaco or its people', 'Galwegian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the Scottish district of Galloway or its people', 'Calcuttan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Calcutta or its inhabitants', 'circadian': 'of or relating to biological processes occurring at 24-hour intervals; \"circadian rhythms\"', 'rhinal': 'of or in or relating to the nose; \"nasal passages\"', 'perinasal': 'near the nose', 'otic': 'of or relating to near the ear', 'retinal': 'in or relating to the retina of the eye; \"retinal cells\"', 'reductionist': 'of or relating to the theory of reductionism; \"reductionist arguments\"', 'maturational': 'relating to or involved in maturation; \"maturational process\"', 'hydrodynamic': 'of or relating to hydrodynamics', 'aerodynamic': 'of or relating to aerodynamics', 'rheologic': 'of or relating to rheology', 'meteoritic': 'of or relating to or caused by meteorites', 'micrometeoritic': 'of or relating to micrometeorites', 'cometary': 'of or relating to or resembling a comet', 'asteroidal': 'of or relating to or resembling an asteroid', 'piezoelectric': 'relating to or involving piezoelectricity; \"piezoelectric plates\"', 'thyroid': 'of or relating to the thyroid gland; \"thyroid deficiency\"; \"thyroidal uptake\"', 'thyrotoxic': 'of or relating to or affected by hyperthyroidism', 'antithyroid': 'having the effect of counteracting excessive thyroid activity; \"antithyroid drugs\"', 'congressional': 'of or relating to congress; \"congressional hearing\"', 'instructional': 'of or relating to or used in instruction; \"instructional aids\"', 'catechismal': 'of or relating to a catechism summarizing the principles of Christianity', 'catechetical': 'of or relating to or involving catechesis', 'catechistic': 'of or relating to or resembling a rigorous catechism; \"the catechistic method\"', 'Canadian': 'of or relating to Canada or its people', 'necrotic': 'relating to or affected by necrosis; \"necrotic tissue\"', 'hypothalamic': 'of or relating to the hypothalamus', 'cortico-hypothalamic': 'of or relating to the cortex and the hypothalamus', 'thalamocortical': 'relating to or connecting the cortex and thalamus; \"the thalamocortical system\"', 'gestational': 'of or relating to gestation', 'progestational': 'of or relating to progesterone (or to a drug with effects like those of progesterone)', 'macrobiotic': 'of or relating to the theory or practice of macrobiotics; \"macrobiotic diet\"', 'biotic': 'of or relating to living organisms', 'gubernatorial': 'relating to a governor; \"gubernatorial election\"', 'vice-presidential': 'relating to a vice president or vice-presidency; \"Vice-presidential debates\"', 'copular': 'of or relating to a copula; \"a copular verb\"', 'coronary': 'surrounding like a crown (especially of the blood vessels surrounding the heart); \"coronary arteries\"', 'corporatist': 'of or relating to corporatism', 'corpuscular': 'of or relating to corpuscles', 'volumetric': 'of or relating to measurement by volume; \"volumetric analysis\"', 'hypothermic': 'of or relating to or affected by hypothermia', 'hyperthermal': 'of or relating to or affected by hyperthermia', 'yogistic': 'of or relating to yoga; \"yogic exercises\"', 'botulinal': 'of or relating to or produced by the botulinus', 'logistic': 'of or relating to logistics; \"logistic requirements\"', 'organicistic': 'relating to or tending toward organicism', 'organismal': 'of or relating to or belonging to an organism (considered as a whole); \"the organismic theory of the state\"', 'artifactual': 'of or relating to artifacts', 'mutafacient': 'capable of inducing mutation (used mainly of intracellular agents)', 'mutagenic': 'capable of inducing mutation (used mainly of extracellular factors such as X-rays or chemical pollution)', 'mutational': 'of or relating to or resulting from mutation', 'mutative': 'of or pertaining to or marked by genetic mutation', 'mutant': 'tending to undergo or resulting from mutation; \"a mutant gene\"', 'incident': 'falling or striking of light rays on something; \"incident light\"', 'serologic': 'of or relating to serology', 'chromatographic': 'of or relating to chromatography', 'nativist': 'advocating the perpetuation of native societies; \"the old nativist prejudice against the foreign businessman\"; \"the nativistic faith preaches the old values\"- C.K.Kluckhohn', 'naturistic': 'in accord with naturism', 'congeneric': 'belonging to the same genus', 'conspecific': 'belonging to the same species; \"cultivated cabbage and wild cabbage are conspecific\"', 'mediatorial': 'of or relating to a mediator or the duties of a mediator', 'mediatory': 'of or related to or directed toward mediation', 'curatorial': 'of or relating to a curator or the duties of a curator; \"curatorial duties\"', 'epiphyseal': 'relating to the epiphysis of a bone', 'diaphyseal': 'relating to the diaphysis of a bone', 'theocratic': 'of or relating to or being a theocracy; \"a theocratic state\"', 'comparative': 'relating to or based on or involving comparison; \"comparative linguistics\"', 'teleological': 'of or relating to teleology', 'sentential': 'of or relating to a sentence; \"the sentential subject\"', 'intrasentential': 'of or relating to constituents within a sentence; \"intrasentential co-occurrence\"', 'cross-sentential': 'of or relating to relations between sentences', 'scopal': 'of or relating to scope; \"scopal dependency\"', 'simian': 'relating to or resembling an ape; \"simian features\"', 'bubaline': 'relating to or resembling a buffalo', 'embolic': 'of or relating to an embolism or embolus', 'falconine': 'relating to or resembling a falcon', 'ferial': 'of or relating to or being a feria', 'faucal': 'of or relating to the fauces', 'futuristic': 'of or relating to futurism; \"futurist art\"', 'gallinaceous': 'of or relating to or resembling a gallinacean', 'geodetic': 'of or relating to or determined by geodesy', 'humanitarian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of humanitarianism; \"humanitarian aid\"', 'homophonous': 'characteristic of the phenomenon of words of different origins that are pronounced the same way; \"\\'horse\\' and \\'hoarse\\' are homophonous words\"', 'lacustrine': 'of or relating to or living near lakes', 'liturgical': 'of or relating to or in accord with liturgy', 'locomotive': 'of or relating to locomotion', 'logarithmic': 'of or relating to or using logarithms; \"logarithmic function\"', 'Markovian': 'relating to or generated by a Markov process', 'marmorean': 'of or relating to or characteristic of marble', 'marly': 'of or relating to or resembling or abounding in marl', 'mesonic': 'of or pertaining to a meson; \"the radii of the mesic orbits\"- Lawrence Wilets', 'marsupial': 'of or relating to the marsupials; \"marsupial animals\"', 'metric': 'based on the meter as a standard of measurement; \"the metric system\"; \"metrical equivalents\"', 'non-metric': 'not based on the meter as a standard of measurement', 'mythic': 'relating to or having the nature of myth; \"a novel of almost mythic consequence\"', 'nacreous': 'consisting of or resembling mother-of-pearl', 'normative': 'relating to or dealing with norms; \"normative discipline\"; \"normative samples\"', 'North_African': 'of or relating to northern Africa', 'Paleozoic': 'of or relating to or denoting the Paleozoic era', 'pharyngeal': 'of or relating to the throat; \"pharyngeal fricatives\"', 'phrenic': 'of or relating to the diaphragm; \"phrenic nerve\"', 'prosodic': 'of or relating to the rhythmic aspect of language or to the suprasegmental phonemes of pitch and stress and juncture and nasalization and voicing', 'appetitive': 'of or relating to appetite; \"appetitive needs\"', 'aversive': 'tending to repel or dissuade; \"aversive conditioning\"', 'promissory': 'relating to or having the character of a promise; \"promissory note\"', 'quartan': 'occurring every fourth day (especially the fever and weakness of malaria); \"quartan malaria\"', 'quarterly': 'of or relating to or consisting of a quarter; \"quarterly report\"', 'quartzose': 'relating to or made of quartz', 'quintessential': 'representing the perfect example of a class or quality', 'roentgenographic': 'relating to or produced by roentgenography', 'rotary': 'relating to or characterized by rotation; \"rotary dial\"', 'semicentennial': 'of or relating to or marking the 50th anniversary', 'centennial': 'of or relating to or completing a period of 100 years; \"centennial celebration\"', 'bicentennial': 'of or relating to or completing a period of 200 years; \"bicentennial celebration\"', 'tricentenary': 'of or relating to or completing a period of 300 years', 'national_socialist': 'relating to a form of socialism; \"the national socialist party came to power in Germany in 1933\"', 'Nazi': 'relating to or consistent with or typical of the ideology and practice of Nazism or the Nazis; \"the total Nazi crime\"; \"the Nazi interpretation of history\"', 'capitalist': 'of or relating to capitalism or capitalists; \"a capitalist nation\"; \"capitalistic methods and incentives\"', 'zymotic': 'of or relating to or causing fermentation', 'osmotic': 'of or relating to osmosis; \"osmotic pressure\"', 'evolutionary': 'of or relating to or produced by evolution; \"evolutionary biology\"', 'oracular': 'of or relating to an oracle; \"able by oracular means to expose a witch\"', 'peritoneal': 'of or relating to or affecting the peritoneum; \"peritoneal cancer\"', 'Epicurean': 'of Epicurus or epicureanism; \"Epicurean philosophy\"', 'canonist': 'pertaining to or characteristic of a body of rules and principles accepted as axiomatic; e.g. \"canonist communism\"', 'contextual': 'relating to or determined by or in context; \"contextual information\"', 'nutritional': 'of or relating to or providing nutrition; \"nutritional information\"', 'paramagnetic': 'of or relating to a paramagnet', 'motional': 'of or relating to or characterized by motion', 'hydrometric': 'of or relating to hydrometry', 'thermohydrometric': 'of or relating to thermal hydrometry', 'ferromagnetic': 'relating to or demonstrating ferromagnetism', 'English': 'of or relating to the English language', 'Irish': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Ireland or its people', 'Afghani': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Afghanistan or its people', 'Central_American': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Central America or its people or languages', 'idiomatic': 'of or relating to or conforming to idiom; \"idiomatic English\"', 'dialectal': 'belonging to or characteristic of a dialect; \"dialectal variation\"', 'percussive': 'involving percussion or featuring percussive instruments; \"percussive music\"', 'enzymatic': 'of or relating to or produced by an enzyme', 'nonenzymatic': 'not relating to or produced by enzymes; \"nonenzymatic systems\"', 'iodinated': 'treated with iodine; \"iodized salt\"', 'dramaturgic': 'relating to the technical aspects of drama', 'autodidactic': 'relating to or having the characteristics of an autodidact', 'aneuploid': 'having a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number', 'aneurysmal': 'relating to or affected by an aneurysm', 'alluvial': 'of or relating to alluvium', 'doctrinal': 'relating to or involving or preoccupied with doctrine; \"quibbling over doctrinal minutiae\"', 'philanthropic': 'of or relating to or characterized by philanthropy; \"a philanthropic society\"', 'philatelic': 'of or relating to philately or of interest to philatelists', 'aerophilatelic': 'of or relating to airmail stamps', 'pleochroic': 'of or relating to or having pleochroism', 'sternal': 'of or relating to or near the sternum', 'congestive': 'relating to or affected by an abnormal collection of blood or other fluid; \"congestive heart disease\"', 'hemolytic': 'relating to or involving or causing hemolysis; \"hemolytic anemia\"', 'sarcolemmal': 'of or relating to the sarcolemma', 'sarcosomal': 'of or relating to sarcosomes', 'urinary': 'of or relating to the urinary system of the body', 'atheromatous': 'of or relating to or resembling atheroma; \"atheromatous degeneration of the arteries\"', 'basophilic': 'staining readily with basic dyes', 'intimal': 'of or relating to the intima', 'coeliac': 'of or in or belonging to the cavity of the abdomen', 'celiac': 'belonging to or prescribed for celiac disease; \"a celiac diet\"', 'emphysematous': 'relating to or resembling or being emphysema', 'granulocytic': 'of or relating to granulocytes', 'atrophic': 'relating to or characterized by atrophy; \"atrophic arthritis\"', 'mesenteric': 'of or relating to or located in a mesentery', 'glomerular': 'of or relating to glomeruli', 'calcific': 'involving or resulting from calcification', 'fibrocalcific': 'involving or resulting from calcification of fibrous tissue', 'pyknotic': 'of or relating to or exhibiting pyknosis', 'eosinophilic': 'of or relating to eosinophil', 'papillary': 'of or relating to or resembling papilla', 'papillate': 'resembling or covered with papillae', 'vesicular': 'of or relating to or involving vesicles; \"normal vesicular breathing\"', 'vestibular': 'relating to the sense of equilibrium', 'vertebral': 'of or relating to or constituting vertebrae', 'neocortical': 'of or relating to the neocortex of the cerebrum', 'paleocortical': 'of or relating to the olfactory cortex of the cerebrum', 'limbic': 'of or relating to or forming a limbus', 'fugal': 'of or relating to or in the style of a musical fugue', 'parasympathetic': 'of or relating to the parasympathetic nervous system', 'parasympathomimetic': 'having an effect similar to that resulting from stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system; \"parasympathomimetic drugs slow the heart rate\"', 'hypophyseal': 'of or relating to the hypophysis', 'hyperemic': 'relating to or caused by hyperemia', 'neuropsychiatric': 'of or relating to neuropsychiatry', 'psychopharmacological': 'of or relating to psychopharmacology', 'salivary': 'of or relating to saliva; \"salivary gland\"', 'nilpotent': 'equal to zero when raised to a certain power', 'megakaryocytic': 'of or pertaining to large bone marrow cells', 'megaloblastic': 'of or relating to megaloblasts', 'myelic': 'of or relating to the spinal cord', 'myelinic': 'of or relating to the substance that forms a sheath around the axon of some nerve fibers', 'myeloid': 'of or relating to the spinal cord', 'myocardial': 'of or relating to the myocardium', 'myoid': 'resembling muscle', 'myotonic': 'of or relating to or caused by myotonia', 'triumphal': 'relating to or celebrating a triumph; \"a triumphal procession\"; \"a triumphal arch\"', 'Darwinian': 'of or relating to Charles Darwin\\'s theory of organic evolution; \"Darwinian theories\"', 'neo-Darwinian': 'of or relating to Darwin\\'s theories as modified by modern genetic findings; \"Neo-Darwinian theories\"', 'Lamarckian': 'of or relating to Lamarckism; \"Lamarckian theories\"', 'neo-Lamarckian': 'of or relating to a modern version of Lamarckism; \"Neo-Lamarckian theories\"', 'microbial': 'of or involving or caused by or being microbes; \"microbial warfare\"', 'cochlear': 'of or relating to the cochlea of the ear; \"cochlear implant\"', 'lumbar': 'of or relating to or near the part of the back between the ribs and the hipbones; \"lumbar vertebrae\"', 'lumbosacral': 'of or relating to or near the small of the back and the back part of the pelvis between the hips', 'flagellate': 'having or resembling a lash or whip (as does a flagellum)', 'biflagellate': 'having two flagella; \"a biflagellate zoospore\"', 'ceramic': 'of or relating to or made from a ceramic; \"a ceramic dish\"', 'Hellenic': 'relating to or characteristic of the classical Greek civilization', 'Panhellenic': 'of or relating to all the Greeks; \"the Olympic Games were a Panhellenic celebration\"', 'Greek': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Greece or the Greeks or the Greek language; \"Greek mythology\"; \"a Grecian robe\"', 'Syrian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Syria or its people or culture; \"the Syrian government\"', 'Minoan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the Bronze Age culture of Crete; \"the Minoan palace at Knossos\"', 'Mycenaean': 'of or relating to or characteristic of ancient Mycenae or its inhabitants; \"Mycenaean bronzes\"', 'Aegean': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the prehistoric Aegean civilization', 'Attic': 'of or relating to Attica or its inhabitants or to the dialect spoken in Athens in classical times; \"Attic Greek\"', 'Boeotian': 'of or relating to ancient Boeotia or its people or to the dialect spoken there in classical times; \"Boeotian dialects\"', 'Dipylon': 'of or relating to a gateway on the west of ancient Athens', 'Argive': 'of or relating to the ancient Greek city of Argos or its people', 'executive': 'having the function of carrying out plans or orders etc.; \"the executive branch\"', 'topographical': 'concerned with topography; \"a topographical engineer\"; \"a topographical survey\"; \"topographic maps\"', 'endothelial': 'of or relating to or located in the endothelium', 'taxonomic': 'of or relating to taxonomy; \"taxonomic relations\"; \"a taxonomic designation\"', 'classificatory': 'relating to or involving classification:\"classificatory criteria\"', 'eutherian': 'of or relating to or belonging to the subclass Eutheria; \"eutherian mammals\"', 'proteolytic': 'of or relating to proteolysis', 'microsomal': 'of or relating to microsomes', 'mithraic': 'of or relating to Mithraism or its god', 'mitotic': 'of or relating to or undergoing mitosis', 'mitral': 'relating to or resembling the miter worn by some clerics', 'follicular': 'of or relating to or constituting a follicle', 'philological': 'of or relating to or dealing with philology', 'Stoic': 'pertaining to Stoicism or its followers', 'patristic': 'of or relating to the writings of the early church fathers', 'sapphirine': 'made of or resembling sapphire', 'saprobic': 'living in or being an environment rich in organic matter but lacking oxygen', 'katharobic': 'of living being in an oxygenated environment lacking organic matter', 'cubist': 'relating to or characteristic of cubism; \"cubist art\"', 'hyoid': 'of or relating to the hyoid bone', 'shouldered': 'having shoulders or shoulders as specified; usually used as a combining form; \"stoop-shouldered\"; \"broad-shouldered\"', 'shrubby': 'of or relating to or resembling a shrub', 'etymological': 'based on or belonging to etymology; \"I merely drew an etymological distinction\"', 'British': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Great Britain or its people or culture; \"his wife is British\"', 'epiphytic': 'of or relating to epiphytes', 'lithophytic': 'of or relating to lithophytes', 'budgetary': 'of or relating to a budget; \"budgetary considerations\"', 'propagandist': 'of or relating to or characterized by propaganda', 'isolationist': 'of or relating to isolationism', 'ascomycetous': 'related to or characteristic of fungi of the class Ascomycetes', 'pianistic': 'of or relating to the piano', 'Parisian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Paris or its inhabitants; \"Parisian restaurants can be expensive\"', 'dialectic': 'of or relating to or employing dialectic; \"the dialectical method\"', 'Turkish': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Turkey or its people or language; \"Turkish towels\"', 'Eurafrican': 'relating to or coming from Europe and Africa', 'Eurasian': 'relating to, or coming from, Europe and Asia; \"His mother was Eurasian, and his father Chinese\"; \"the Eurasian landmass is the largest in the world\"', 'Moroccan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Morocco or its people; \"Moroccan mosques cannot be entered by infidels\"', 'Scots': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Scotland or its people or culture or its English dialect or Gaelic language; \"Scots Gaelic\"; \"the Scots community in New York\"; \"`Scottish\\' tends to be the more formal term as in `The Scottish Symphony\\' or `Scottish authors\\' or `Scottish mountains\\'\"; \"`Scotch\\' is in disfavor with Scottish people and is used primarily outside Scotland except in such frozen phrases as `Scotch broth\\' or `Scotch whiskey\\' or `Scotch plaid\\'\"', 'Corsican': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Corsica or its people', 'Sardinian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Sardinia or its people or its language', 'Alpine': 'relating to the Alps and their inhabitants; \"Alpine countries, Switzerland, Italy, France, and Germany\"', 'Andean': 'relating to the Andes and their inhabitants', 'myrmecophytic': 'of or relating to myrmecophytes', 'tuberous': 'of or relating to or resembling a tuber; \"a tuberous root\"', 'semi-tuberous': 'partly tuberous', 'saponaceous': 'resembling or having the qualities of soap; \"a soapy consistency\"', 'narial': 'of or relating to or near the nares', 'Cartesian': 'of or relating to Rene Descartes or his works; \"Cartesian linguistics\"', 'Mexican': 'of or relating to Mexico or its inhabitants; \"Mexican food is hot\"', 'Tudor': 'of or relating to a style of architecture in England in the 15th century; \"half-timbered Tudor houses\"; \"Tudor furniture\"', 'Shavian': 'of or relating to George Bernard Shaw or his works', 'Shakespearian': 'of or relating to William Shakespeare or his works; \"Shakespearean plays\"', 'Skinnerian': 'of or relating to B. F. Skinner or his behaviorist psychology', 'Falstaffian': 'of or resembling Falstaff', 'Gaussian': 'of or relating to Karl Gauss or his mathematical theories of magnetics or electricity or astronomy or probability; \"Gaussian distribution\"', 'Aeschylean': 'of or relating to or in the manner of Aeschylus', 'Alexandrian': 'of or relating to Alexander the Great or his empire', 'Aristotelian': 'of or relating to Aristotle or his philosophy; \"Aristotelean logic\"', 'Audenesque': 'in the manner of W. H. Auden', 'Balzacian': 'of or relating to Honore de Balzac or his writings', 'Beethovenian': 'of or relating to Ludwig van Beethoven or his music', 'Bismarckian': 'of or relating to Prince Otto von Bismarck or his accomplishments', 'Bogartian': 'of or relating to or in the style of Humphrey Bogart', 'Caesarian': 'of or relating to or in the manner of Julius Caesar', 'cesarean': 'relating to abdominal delivery', 'Coleridgian': 'of or relating to Samuel Taylor Coleridge or his writings', 'Columbian': 'of or relating to Christopher Columbus', 'pre-Columbian': 'of or relating to or originating in the Americas before the arrival of Columbus', 'Cromwellian': 'of or relating to or in the manner of Oliver Cromwell', 'Dantean': 'of or relating to Dante Alighieri or his writings', 'Demosthenic': 'of or relating to Demosthenes or his oratory', 'Deweyan': 'of or relating to John Dewey or his philosophy', 'Donnean': 'of or relating to or in the manner of John Donne', 'Dostoevskian': 'of or relating to or in the style of Feodor Dostoevski', 'Draconian': 'of or relating to Draco or his harsh code of laws; \"Draconian measures\"', 'Einsteinian': 'of or relating to Albert Einstein or his theories; \"the Einsteinian universe\"', 'Elizabethan': 'of or relating to Elizabeth I of England or to the age in which she ruled as queen; \"Elizabethan music\"', 'Erasmian': 'of or relating to or in the manner of Erasmus', 'Freudian': 'of or relating to Sigmund Freud or his psychoanalytic ideas; \"Freudian theories\"', 'Frostian': 'of or relating to or in the manner of Robert Frost', 'Gandhian': 'of or relating to Mahatma Gandhi or his teachings', 'Gauguinesque': 'in the manner of Paul Gauguin', 'Goethean': 'of or relating to or in the manner of Goethe', 'Handelian': 'of or relating to or in the manner of George Frederick Handel', 'Hegelian': 'of or relating to Hegel or his dialectic philosophy', 'Hemingwayesque': 'in the manner of Ernest Hemingway', 'Hitlerian': 'of or relating to or suggestive of Adolf Hitler or his Nazi regime in Germany', 'Hittite': 'of or relating to the Hittite people or their language or culture', 'Hugoesque': 'in the manner of Victor Hugo', 'Huxleyan': 'of or relating to Thomas Huxley', 'Ibsenian': 'of or relating to or in the manner of the playwright Henrik Ibsen', 'Proustian': 'of or relating to or in the manner of Marcel Proust', 'Socratic': 'of or relating to Socrates or to his method of teaching; \"Socratic teaching\"', 'Jungian': 'of or relating to Carl Jung or his psychological theories', 'Kantian': 'of or relating to Immanuel Kant or his philosophy', 'Keynesian': 'of or relating to John Maynard Keynes or to his economic theories', 'Kiplingesque': 'in the manner of Rudyard Kipling', 'Leibnizian': 'of or relating to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz or to his mathematics or philosophy', 'Leonardesque': 'in the manner of Leonardo da Vinci', 'Lincolnesque': 'of or relating to or in the manner of Abraham Lincoln', 'Marian': 'of or relating to or venerating the Virgin Mary', 'Michelangelesque': 'in the manner of Michelangelo', 'Muhammadan': 'of or relating to the Arabian prophet Muhammad or to the religion he founded', 'Mosaic': 'of or relating to Moses or the laws and writings attributed to him; \"Mosaic Law\"', 'most-favored-nation': 'of or relating to a commercial treaty where two nations agree to accord each other the same favorable terms that would be offered in treaties with any other nation', 'Mozartian': 'of or relating to or in the manner of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart', 'Napoleonic': 'of or relating to or like Napoleon Bonaparte; \"Napoleonic Wars\"', 'Newtonian': 'of or relating to or inspired by Sir Isaac Newton or his science; \"Newtonian physics\"', 'Pasteurian': 'of or relating to Louis Pasteur or his experiments', 'Pavlovian': 'of or relating to Ivan Pavlov or his experiments; \"Pavlovian conditioning\"', 'Piagetian': 'of or relating to or like or in the manner of Jean Piaget', 'eponymous': 'being or relating to or bearing the name of an eponym', 'Pythagorean': 'of or relating to Pythagoras or his geometry; \"Pythagorean philosophy\"; \"Pythagorean theorem\"', 'Wagnerian': 'of or relating to Richard Wagner or his music', 'Washingtonian': 'of or relating to or in the manner of George Washington', 'Rembrandtesque': 'in the manner of Rembrandt', 'Riemannian': \"of or relating to Riemann's non-Euclidean geometry\", 'Rooseveltian': 'of or relating to or like or in the manner of Franklin Roosevelt', 'Senecan': 'of or relating to or like or in the manner of the Roman Seneca', 'Stravinskyan': 'of or relating to or like or in the manner of Stravinsky', 'Thoreauvian': 'relating to or like or in the manner of Henry David Thoreau', 'Voltarian': 'in the manner of Voltaire', 'Wordsworthian': 'in the manner of William Wordsworth', 'Wittgensteinian': 'in the manner of Ludwig Wittgenstein', 'Yeatsian': 'in the manner of William Butler Yeats', 'Zolaesque': 'in the manner of Emile Zola', 'Hebraic': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the Hebrews; \"the old Hebrew prophets\"', 'monocarpic': 'dying after bearing fruit only once', 'puerperal': 'relating to or connected with or occurring at the time of childbirth or shortly following, or to the woman who has just given birth', 'acetic': 'relating to or containing acetic acid', 'actinic': 'relating to or exhibiting actinism', 'aldermanic': 'of or relating to or like an alderman', 'alexic': 'of or relating to or symptomatic of alexia', 'dyslexic': 'of or relating to or symptomatic of dyslexia', 'Moravian': 'of or relating to the people or culture of Moravia', 'dichromatic': 'of or relating to dichromatism', 'ambassadorial': 'of or relating to or characteristic of ambassadors', 'amoebic': 'pertaining to or resembling amoebae; \"amoebic dysentery\"', 'anaesthetic': 'relating to or producing insensibility', 'accusatorial': 'specifically indicating a form of prosecution in which one is publicly accused of and tried for a crime and in which the judge is not also the prosecutor', 'West_African': 'of or relating to the countries or cultures or people of West Africa', 'Afrikaans': 'belonging or relating to white people of South Africa whose ancestors were Dutch or to their language; \"an Afrikaans couple\"; \"Afrikaner support\"', 'aneroid': 'containing no liquid or actuated without the use of liquid; \"aneroid barometer\"', 'Angolan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Angola or its people; \"the Angolan Civil War\"', 'Anguillan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Anguilla or its people; \"Anguillan sea food specialties\"', 'prenuptial': 'relating to events before a marriage; \"prenuptial agreement\"', 'postnuptial': 'relating to events after a marriage', 'anti-semitic': 'relating to or characterized by anti-Semitism; hating Jews', 'Antiguan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Antigua or its people; \"Antiguan islands\"', 'antiquarian': 'of or relating to persons who study or deal in antiques or antiquities', 'appellate': 'of or relating to or taking account of appeals (usually legal appeals); \"appellate court\"', 'anecdotal': 'having the character of an anecdote; \"anecdotal evidence\"', 'Arabian': 'relating to or associated with Arabia or its people; \"Arabian Nights\"; \"Arabian Sea\"', 'Arabic': 'relating to or characteristic of Arabs; \"Arabic languages\"', 'arithmetical': 'relating to or involving arithmetic; \"arithmetical computations\"', 'armorial': 'of or relating to heraldry or heraldic arms; \"armorial bearing\"', 'aspectual': 'of or belonging to an aspect (as an aspect of the verb); \"the aspectual system of Greek\"', 'asphyxiated': 'in a state of asphyxia', 'audio-lingual': 'of or relating to a method of teaching language that focuses on listening and speaking', 'Augustan': 'relating to or characteristic of the times of the Roman Emperor Augustus; \"the Augustan Age\"', 'Australian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Australia or its inhabitants or its languages; \"Australian deserts\"; \"Australian aborigines\"', 'Bahamian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the Bahama Islands or their inhabitants; \"Bahamian population\"', 'Bahraini': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Bahrain or its people or language; \"Bahraini beaches\"', 'Bangladeshi': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Bangladesh or its people or language; \"Bangladeshi dialects\"', 'Bantoid': 'relating to or designating languages that possess characteristics of Bantu; \"Bantoid languages\"', 'Bantu': 'of or relating to the African people who speak one of the Bantoid languages or to their culture; \"the Bantu population of Sierra Leone\"', 'baptismal': 'of or relating to baptism; \"baptismal font\"', 'Barbadian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Barbados or its inhabitants; \"a Barbadian vacation\"', 'bardic': 'being a bard or relating to a bard\\'s poetry; \"bardic poetry\"', 'Benedictine': 'of or relating to Saint Benedict or his works', 'Bengali': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Bengal or its people; \"Bengali hills\"', 'Beninese': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Benin or its people; \"Benin bronzes\"', 'Bermudan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Bermuda or its inhabitants; \"Bermudan beaches\"', 'Bhutanese': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of Bhutan or its people or culture or language; \"Bhutanese Buddhists\"', 'bilabial': 'of or relating to or being a speech sound that is articulated using both lips; \"bilabial fricatives\"', 'biographic': 'of or relating to or being biography; \"biographical data\"', 'bituminous': 'resembling or containing bitumen; \"bituminous coal\"', 'bituminoid': 'like bitumen', 'bivariate': 'having two variables; \"bivariate binomial distribution\"', 'bladdery': 'resembling a bladder', 'blastemal': 'of or relating to blastemata', 'blastocoelic': 'of or relating to a segmentation cavity', 'blastodermatic': 'of or relating to a blastoderm', 'blastomeric': 'of or relating to a blastomere', 'blastomycotic': 'of or relating to or characteristic of blastomycosis', 'blastoporal': 'of or relating to a blastopore', 'blastospheric': 'of or relating to a blastula', 'boric': 'of or relating to or derived from or containing boron; \"boric acid\"', 'Bruneian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Brunei or its people; \"Bruneian oil production\"', 'bubonic': 'of or evidencing buboes; \"bubonic plague\"', 'Bulgarian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Bulgaria or its people; \"the Bulgarian capital is Sofia\"', 'bungaloid': 'characterized by bungalows; \"the bungaloid suburbs\"', 'bureaucratic': 'of or relating to or resembling a bureaucrat or bureaucracy; \"his bureaucratic behavior annoyed his colleagues\"; \"a bureaucratic nightmare\"', 'burglarious': 'involving or resembling burglary; \"burglarious tools\"', 'Burmese': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Myanmar or its people; \"the Burmese capital\"; \"Burmese tonal languages\"', 'Burundi': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Burundi or its people; \"the Burundi capital\"', 'Californian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of California or its inhabitants; \"Californian beaches\"', 'Cameroonian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Cameroon or its people; \"the Cameroonian capital\"', 'cannibalistic': 'characteristic of cannibals or exhibiting cannibalism; \"cannibalistic behavior\"', 'cantonal': 'of or relating to a canton', 'carboniferous': 'of or relating to the Carboniferous geologic era; \"carboniferous rock system\"', 'Carmelite': 'of or relating to the Carmelite friars; \"Carmelite monasteries\"', 'carpal': 'of or relating to the wrist; \"Carpal tunnel syndrome\"', 'casuistic': 'of or relating to or practicing casuistry; \"overly subtle casuistic reasoning\"', 'Catalan': 'relating to or denoting or characteristic of Catalonia or its inhabitants; \"Catalan independence movement\"', 'cataleptic': 'of or having characteristics of or affected with catalepsy; \"cataleptic persons\"; \"cataleptic state\"', 'catalytic': 'relating to or causing or involving catalysis; \"catalytic reactions\"', 'catatonic': 'characterized by catatonia especially either rigidity or extreme laxness of limbs', 'Chadian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the Republic of Chad or its people or language; \"the Chadian desert\"; \"Chad soldiers\"; \"Chadian folktales\"', 'citric': 'of or related to citric acid', 'citrous': 'of or relating to plants of the genus Citrus; \"a citrous disease\"', 'climatic': 'of or relating to a climate; \"climatic changes\"', 'Cockney': 'relating to or resembling a cockney; \"Cockney street urchins\"', 'cockney': 'characteristic of Cockneys or their dialect; \"cockney vowels\"', 'commemorative': 'intended as a commemoration; \"a commemorative plaque\"', 'concessive': 'of or pertaining to concession', 'Congolese': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the Congo region or its people; \"Congolese rulers\"; \"the Congolese republic\"', 'consular': 'having to do with a consul or his office or duties', 'Coptic': 'of or relating to the Copts or their church or language or art; \"the distinctive Coptic art of 6th-century Christian Egypt\"', 'Costa_Rican': 'of or relating to Costa Rica or its people; \"the Costa Rican rain forest\"; \"our Costa Rican neighbors\"', 'creaseproof': 'of fabric that does not wrinkle easily', 'creedal': 'of or relating to a creed', 'Creole': 'of or relating to a language that arises from contact between two other languages and has features of both; \"Creole grammars\"', 'Cretaceous': 'of or relating to or denoting the third period of the Mesozoic era', 'cretaceous': 'abounding in chalk', 'cybernetic': 'of or relating the principles of cybernetics; \"cybernetic research\"', 'cyclonic': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the atmosphere around a low pressure center; \"cyclonic cloud pattern\"', 'cyclopean': 'of or relating to or resembling the Cyclops; \"Cyclopean eye\"', 'cyclothymic': 'of or relating to or exhibiting cyclothymia', 'Cyprian': 'of or relating to Cyprus or its people or culture; \"Cypriot expatriates\"; \"Cypriote monasteries\"', 'Cyrillic': 'relating to or written in the alphabet used for writing Slavic languages; \"Cyrillic writing\"', 'dacitic': 'relating to or consisting of dacite; \"dacitic magma is highly viscous\"', 'dactylic': 'of or consisting of dactyls; \"dactylic meter\"', 'daisylike': 'resembling a daisy', 'Dalmatian': 'of or relating to Dalmatia or its inhabitants', 'defervescent': 'of or relating to the reduction of a fever', 'departmental': 'of or relating to a department; \"departmental policy\"', 'interdepartmental': 'between or among departments; \"interdepartmental competition\"', 'intradepartmental': 'within a department; \"intradepartmental memos\"', 'digestive': 'relating to or having the power to cause or promote digestion; \"digestive juices\"; \"a digestive enzyme\"; \"digestive ferment\"', 'demagogic': 'characteristic of or resembling a demagogue; \"demagogic speeches\"', 'disciplinary': 'relating to discipline in behavior; \"disciplinary problems in the classroom\"', 'interdisciplinary': 'drawing from or characterized by participation of two or more fields of study; \"interdisciplinary studies\"; \"an interdisciplinary conference\"', 'Djiboutian': 'of or relating to Djibouti or its people or culture; \"Djiboutian landscape\"; \"Djiboutian merchants\"; \"a Djiboutian storyteller\"', 'dolomitic': 'relating to or consisting of dolomite', 'domiciliary': 'of or relating to or provided in a domicile; \"domiciliary medical care\"; \"domiciliary caves\"', 'Dominican': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the Dominican Republic or its people; \"the Dominican population\"', 'ducal': 'of or belonging to or suitable for a duke; \"ducal palace\"', 'ductless': 'not having a duct; \"ductless glands\"', 'Edwardian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the era of Edward VII in England; \"Edwardian furniture\"', 'empiric': 'relying on medical quackery; \"empiric treatment\"', 'endometrial': 'of or relating to the endometrium', 'endoscopic': 'of or relating to endoscopy', 'enteric': 'of or relating to the enteron', 'entomological': 'of or relating to the biological science of entomology; \"entomological research\"', 'entozoan': 'of or relating to entozoa', 'epizoan': 'of or relating to epizoa', 'Eritrean': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Eritrea or its people; \"Eritrean civil war\"', 'Ethiopian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Ethiopia or its people or languages; \"Ethiopian immigrants\"', 'ethnographic': 'of or relating to ethnography; \"ethnographical data\"', 'ethnological': 'of or relating to ethnology; \"ethnological field work\"', 'euclidian': 'relating to geometry as developed by Euclid; \"Euclidian geometry\"', 'Fabian': 'of or relating to Fabianism; \"the Fabian society\"', 'fatalist': 'of or relating to fatalism; \"a fatalist person\"', 'faecal': ' of or relating to feces; \"fecal matter\"', 'Fijian': 'of or relating to Fiji or its people or language or culture; \"the Fijian population\"; \"Fijian folktales\"', 'Filipino': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the Philippines or its people or customs; \"the Philippine President\"; \"our Filipino cook\"', 'Flemish': 'of or relating to Flanders or its people or language or culture; \"the Flemish population of Belgium\"; \"Flemish painters\"', 'Franciscan': 'of or relating to Saint Francis of Assisi or to the order founded by him; \"Franciscan monks\"', 'Gabonese': 'of or relating to Gabon or its inhabitants; \"Gabonese hills\"; \"Gabonese writers\"', 'Gallic': 'of or pertaining to Gaul or the Gauls; \"Ancient Gallic dialects\"; \"Gallic migrations\"; \"the Gallic Wars\"', 'Gambian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Gambia or its inhabitants; \"Gambian game parks\"', 'genealogic': 'of or relating to genealogy; \"genealogical records\"', 'Georgian': 'of or relating to the former British colony of Georgia; \"the Georgian colony\"', 'Germanic': 'of or relating to the language of Germans; \"the Germanic sound shifts\"', 'Ghanaian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Ghana or its people or language; \"Ghanaian cocoa production\"', 'Gibraltarian': 'of or relating to Gibraltar or its inhabitants; \"Gibraltarian customs office\"', 'gladiatorial': 'of or relating to or resembling gladiators or their combat; \"gladiatorial combats\"', 'glandular': 'relating to or affecting or functioning as a gland; \"glandular malfunctions\"', 'gonadotropic': 'of or relating to or involving gonadotropin', 'Gothic': 'characteristic of the style of type commonly used for printing German', 'greenhouse': 'of or relating to or caused by the greenhouse effect; \"greenhouse gases\"', 'greenside': 'adjacent to a putting green; \"greenside bunker\"', 'Gregorian': 'of or relating to Pope Gregory I or to the plainsong chants of the Roman Catholic Church', 'Grenadian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Grenada or its inhabitants; \"the Grenadian capital\"', 'growing': 'relating to or suitable for growth; \"the growing season for corn\"; \"good growing weather\"', 'Guatemalan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Guatemala or its residents; \"Guatemalan coffee\"', 'Guinean': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Guinea or its inhabitants; \"Guinean borders\"', 'Guyanese': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Guyana or its inhabitants; \"the Guyanese capital\"', 'gyroscopic': 'having the characteristics of a gyroscope', 'Haitian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the republic of Haiti or its people; \"Haitian shantytowns\"', 'Hanoverian': 'of or relating to the former English royal House of Hanover or their supporters', 'Hispaniolan': 'of or relating to the West Indian island of Hispaniola', 'Hispanic': 'related to a Spanish-speaking people or culture; \"the Hispanic population of California is growing rapidly\"', 'histological': 'of or relating to histology', 'Hertzian': 'of or relating to the physicist Heinrich Hertz or his work; \"Hertzian discoveries\"', 'hiplength': 'extending to or just over the hips; \"a hiplength jacket\"', 'Hippocratic': 'of or relating to Hippocrates or the school of medicine that took his name', 'homeopathic': 'of or relating to the practice of homeopathy; \"homeopathic medicine\"', 'allopathic': 'of or relating to the practice of allopathy; \"allopathic remedies\"', 'Homeric': 'relating to or characteristic of Homer or his age or the works attributed to him; \"Homeric Greek\"', 'homiletic': 'of the nature of a homily or sermon', 'hydraulic': 'moved or operated or effected by liquid (water or oil); \"hydraulic erosion\"; \"hydraulic brakes\"', 'hydropathic': 'of or relating to hydropathy or its administration; \"hydropathic treatments\"', 'Icelandic': 'of or relating to Iceland or its people or culture and language; \"Icelandic ports\"; \"the Icelandic president is a woman\"; \"Icelandic sagas\"', 'imperialistic': 'of or relating to imperialism; \"imperialistic wars\"', 'Indo-European': 'of or relating to the Indo-European language family', 'tribal': 'relating to or characteristic of a tribe; \"tribal customs\"', 'intertribal': 'between or among tribes; \"intertribal warfare\"', 'Iranian': 'of or relating to Iran or its people or language or culture; \"Iranian mountains\"; \"Iranian security police\"', 'Iraqi': 'of or relating to Iraq or its people or culture; \"Iraqi oil\"; \"Iraqi refugees\"', 'Italic': 'of or relating to the Italic languages; \"ancient Italic dialects\"', 'italic': 'characterized by slanting characters; \"italic characters\"', 'Jacksonian': 'of or pertaining to Andrew Jackson or his presidency or his concepts of popular democracy', 'Jacobean': 'of or relating to James I or his reign or times; \"Jacobean writers\"', 'Jacobinic': 'of or relating to the Jacobins of the French Revolution; \"Jacobinic terrorism\"', 'Jamaican': 'of or relating to Jamaica (the island or the country) or to its inhabitants; \"Jamaican rum\"; \"the Jamaican Prime Minister\"', 'Javanese': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Java or its inhabitants or its language; \"Javanese temples\"; \"Javanese dialects\"', 'Jesuitical': 'having qualities characteristic of Jesuits or Jesuitism; \"Jesuitical education\"', 'Jordanian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Jordan or its people; \"Jordanian archeological sites\"', 'journalistic': 'of or relating to or having the characteristics of journalism; \"journalistic writing\"', 'Jovian': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of or resembling the planet Jupiter; \"Jovian satellites\"', 'Julian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Julius Caesar; \"the Julian calendar\"', 'karyokinetic': 'of or relating to the division of the nucleus of a cell during mitosis or meiosis', 'Kashmiri': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Kashmir or its people or culture; \"the Kashmiri mountains\"; \"Kashmiri love poems\"', 'Kazakhstani': 'of or pertaining to Kazakhstan or to the Kazakhs or their culture', 'Kenyan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Kenya or its people; \"Kenyan mountains\"', 'knee-length': 'extending to the knee', 'Kurdish': 'of or relating to Kurdistan or the Kurds or their language and culture; \"Kurdish Moslems\"', 'Kuwaiti': 'of or relating to the kingdom of Kuwait or its people; \"Kuwaiti ports\"', 'Lancastrian': 'of or relating to the former English royal house or their supporters; \"Lancastrian royalty\"', 'Laotian': 'of or relating to Laos or its people; \"the Laotian Prime Minister\"; \"Laotian refugees\"', 'Lao': 'of or relating to a member of the Buddhist people inhabiting the Mekong river in Laos and Thailand', 'Laputan': 'relating to or characteristic of the imaginary country of Laputa or its people', 'Latin': 'relating to people or countries speaking Romance languages; \"Latin America\"', 'Romance': 'relating to languages derived from Latin; \"Romance languages\"', 'Lebanese': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Lebanon or its people; \"Lebanese mountains\"', 'lenten': 'of or relating to or suitable for Lent; \"lenten food\"', 'Levantine': 'of or relating to the Levant or its inhabitants; \"the Levantine coast\"', 'Liberian': 'of or relating to Liberia or its people; \"Liberian ship owners\"', 'Libyan': 'of or relating to Libya or its people; \"the Libyan desert\"; \"Libyan terrorists\"', 'Liechtensteiner': 'of or relating to Liechtenstein or its inhabitants; \"Liechtensteiner castles\"', 'Lilliputian': 'tiny; relating to or characteristic of the imaginary country of Lilliput; \"the Lilliputian population\"', 'lithographic': 'of or produced by or involved in lithography; \"lithographic reproduction\"', 'Liverpudlian': 'of or relating to Liverpool or its people; \"Liverpudlian streets\"; \"Liverpudlian street urchins\"', 'Luxemburger': 'of or relating to the capital city of Luxemburg; \"Luxemburger streets\"', 'Macedonian': 'of or relating to Macedonia or its inhabitants; \"Macedonian hills\"', 'Machiavellian': 'of or relating to Machiavelli or the principles of conduct he recommended; \"Machiavellian thinking\"', 'Madagascan': 'of or relating to Madagascar or its people; \"Madagascan pepper\"', 'malarial': 'of or infected by or resembling malaria; \"malarial fever\"', 'Malawian': 'relating to or characteristic of Malawi or its people or culture; \"Malawian hills\"; \"Malawian soldiers\"', 'Malay': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the people or language of Malaysia and the northern Malay Peninsula and parts of the western Malay Archipelago; \"Malay peoples\"; \"Malayan syllable structure\"', 'Malaysian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Malaysia; \"Malaysian police crack down hard on drug smugglers\"; \"Malayan crocodiles\"', 'Malian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Mali or its people; \"Malian deserts\"', 'Maltese': 'of or relating to the island or republic of Malta or its inhabitants; \"Maltese customs officers\"', 'Malthusian': 'of or relating to Thomas Malthus or to Malthusianism; \"Malthusian theories\"', 'Mancunian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the English city of Manchester or its residents; \"Mancunian merchants\"', 'manorial': 'of or relating to or based on the manor; \"manorial accounts\"', 'Manx': 'of or relating to the Isle of Man or its inhabitants or their language; \"the Manx fishing industry\"; \"there are few Manx speakers alive today\"', 'Mauritanian': 'of or related to the island or country of Mauritius or its inhabitants; \"Mauritanian tropical fish\"', 'mayoral': 'of or relating to a mayor or the office of mayor; \"mayoral elections\"', 'Mediterranean': 'of or relating to or characteristic of or located near the Mediterranean Sea; \"Mediterranean countries\"', 'megalithic': 'of or relating to megaliths or the people who erected megaliths; \"megalithic monuments like Stonehenge\"', 'Mendelian': 'of or relating to Gregor Mendel or in accord with Mendel\\'s laws; \"Mendelian inheritance\"', 'mentholated': 'containing, or impregnated with, menthol; \"mentholated cough syrup\"', 'meritocratic': 'relating to or characteristic of a meritocracy; \"meritocratic society\"', 'metacarpal': 'of or relating to the metacarpus; \"metacarpal bones\"', 'metallurgical': 'of or relating to metallurgy; \"metallurgical engineer\"', 'metatarsal': 'of or relating to the metatarsus; \"metatarsal bones\"', 'methylated': 'having received a methyl group; \"methylated alcohol\"', 'milch': 'giving milk; bred or suitable primarily for milk production; \"milch goats, milch camels\"', 'Mongol': 'of or relating to the region of Mongolia or its people or their languages or cultures; \"the Mongol invaders\"; \"a Mongolian pony\"; \"Mongolian syntax strongly resembles Korean syntax\"', 'Mongolian': 'of or relating to the modern Mongolian People\\'s Republic; \"the Mongolian embassy\"', 'mongoloid': 'characteristic of or resembling a Mongol; \"the mongoloid epicanthic fold\"', 'Mongoloid': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of one of the traditional racial division of humankind including especially peoples of central and eastern Asia', 'Montserratian': 'of or relating to Montserrat or the inhabitants of Montserrat; \"Montserratian natives\"', 'Moorish': 'relating to or characteristic of the Moors; \"Moorish courtyard\"', 'Mozambican': 'of or relating to or located in Mozambique; \"Mozambican towns\"', 'Muscovite': 'of or relating to the residents of Moscow; \"Muscovite street dealers\"', 'Namibian': 'of or relating to Namibia or its people', 'Nauruan': 'of or relating to the island republic of Nauru or its residents', 'Neanderthal': 'relating to or belonging to or resembling Neanderthal man; \"Neanderthal skull\"', 'nebular': 'of or relating to or resembling a nebula; \"the nebular hypothesis of the origin of the solar system\"', 'nectariferous': 'possessing nectaries', 'nectar-rich': 'of plants that are rich in nectar', 'eolithic': 'of or relating to the earliest period of the Stone Age (characterized by the use of eoliths)', 'mesolithic': 'of or relating to a middle period of the Stone Age (following the paleolithic)', 'neolithic': 'of or relating to the most recent period of the Stone Age (following the mesolithic); \"evidence of neolithic settlements\"', 'paleolithic': 'of or relating to the second period of the Stone Age (following the eolithic); \"paleolithic artifacts\"', 'neuralgic': 'of or relating to or suffering from neuralgia; \"neuralgic pains\"', 'neurasthenic': 'of or relating to or suffering from neurasthenia; \"neurasthenic tendencies\"', 'Nicaean': 'of or relating to the ancient city of Nicaea in Asia Minor', 'Nicaraguan': 'of or relating to Nicaragua or is people; \"Nicaraguan earthquakes\"', 'Nigerian': 'of or relating to Nigeria; \"the Nigerian capital used to be Lagos\"', 'Nilotic': 'of or relating to the Nile River or the people living near it', 'nitrogen-fixing': 'contributing to the process of nitrogen fixation', 'nitrogenous': 'of or relating to or containing nitrogen', 'azotic': 'of or containing nitrogen; \"nitric acid\"', 'nontranslational': 'of or relating to movement that is not uniform or not without rotation', 'Nordic': 'of or relating to or constituting the Scandinavian group of languages; \"Nordic languages have a gender system\"', 'Norman': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Normandy; \"Norman beaches\"', 'Olympic': 'of or relating to the Olympic Games; \"Olympic winners\"', 'Olympian': 'of the region of Olympia in Greece or its inhabitants; \"Olympian plain\"', 'Omani': 'of or relating to Oman or its people; \"Omani oil producers\"; \"Omani ports\"', 'open-source': 'of or relating to or being computer software for which the source code is freely available', 'optative': 'indicating an option or wish', 'subjunctive': 'relating to a mood of verbs; \"subjunctive verb endings\"', 'implicational': 'relating to or concerned with logical implication; \" implicational language universals\"', 'ornithological': 'of or relating to ornithology; \"her ornithological interests\"', 'orthopedic': 'of or relating to orthopedics; \"orthopedic shoes\"', 'orthoptic': 'of or relating to normal binocular vision', 'Oxonian': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of Oxford University; \"Oxonian education\"', 'Pakistani': 'of or relating to Pakistan or its people or language; \"Pakistani mountain passes\"; \"Pakistani soldiers\"', 'Papuan': 'of or relating to Papua or its people or language; \"Papuan native crafts\"; \"Papuan vowels\"', 'parenteral': 'administered by means other than through the alimentary tract (as by intramuscular or intravenous injection)', 'Parthian': 'pertaining to Parthia or its people or language or culture; \"Parthian archeology\"', 'participial': 'of or relating to or consisting of participles; \"participial inflections\"', 'patronymic': 'of or derived from a personal or family name', 'pectic': 'of or relating to or derived from pectin; \"pectic acid\"', 'penile': 'of or relating to the penis; \"penile erection\"', 'scrotal': 'relating to or having or lying within a scrotum; \"scrotal mammals\"; \"scrotal testes\"', 'peninsular': 'of or forming or resembling a peninsula; \"peninsular isolation\"', 'pentavalent': 'having a valence of five', 'pentecostal': 'of or relating to or characteristic of any of various Pentecostal religious bodies or their members', 'pharmaceutical': 'of or relating to drugs used in medical treatment', 'Philistine': 'of or relating to ancient Philistia or its culture or its people', 'phonic': 'pertaining to the phonic method of teaching reading', 'phosphorous': 'containing or characteristic of phosphorus; \"phosphoric acid\"', 'piratical': 'characteristic of piracy; \"piratical editions of my book\"', 'piscatorial': 'relating to or characteristic of the activity of fishing; \"a piscatory life\"', 'pituitary': 'of or relating to the pituitary gland; \"pituitary hormone\"', 'polygonal': 'having many sides or relating to a surface marked by polygons; \"polygonal structure\"', 'polynomial': 'having the character of a polynomial; \"a polynomial expression\"', 'porcine': 'relating to or suggesting swine; \"comparison between human and porcine pleasures\"', 'porphyritic': '(of rocks) consisting of porphyry or containing large crystals in a fine groundmass of minerals', 'postganglionic': 'beyond or distal to a ganglion (referring especially to the unmyelinated fibers that originate from cells in autonomic ganglia)', 'postictal': 'pertaining to the period following a seizure or convulsion; \"postictal drowsiness\"', 'postmillennial': 'of or relating to the period following the millennium', 'postural': 'of or relating to or involving posture; \"postural exercises\"', 'praetorian': 'of or relating to a Roman praetor; \"praetorial powers\"', 'Pre-Raphaelite': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the Pre-Raphaelites; \"the Pre-Raphaelite painters\"', 'prepositional': 'of or relating to or formed with a preposition; \"prepositional phrase\"', 'primiparous': 'of or relating to a woman who has given birth only once', 'prefectural': 'of or relating to a prefecture; \"a prefectural museum\"', 'probabilistic': 'of or relating to the Roman Catholic philosophy of probabilism', 'procedural': 'of or relating to procedure; \"a procedural violation\"', 'processional': 'intended for use in a procession; \"processional music\"; \"processional cross\"', 'proconsular': 'of or relating to or typical of a proconsul; \"proconsular offices\"', 'promotional': 'of or relating to advancement; \"promotional exams\"', 'propulsive': 'having the power to propel; \"propulsive coefficient\"', 'Prussian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Prussia or its inhabitants; \"Prussian officers\"; \"Prussian aristocracy\"', 'pudendal': 'of or relating to or near the pudendum; \"pudendal nerve\"', 'puerile': 'of or characteristic of a child; \"puerile breathing\"', 'pugilistic': 'of or relating to pugilism or pugilists; \"a pugilistic career\"', 'Carthaginian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of ancient Carthage or its people or their language; \"the Punic Wars\"; \"Carthaginian peace\"', 'purgatorial': 'serving to purge or rid of sin; \"purgatorial rites\"', 'puritanical': 'of or relating to Puritans or Puritanism', 'pyemic': 'of or relating to pyemia', 'pyloric': 'relating to or near the pylorus', 'pyogenic': 'producing pus', 'pyrectic': 'having or causing fever', 'pyrochemical': 'of or relating to or produced by chemical reactions at high temperatures', 'pyroelectric': 'relating to or exhibiting pyroelectricity', 'pyrogallic': 'of or relating to pyrogallol', 'pyrogenic': 'produced by or producing fever', 'pyrographic': 'of or relating to or produced by pyrography', 'pyroligneous': 'of a substance produced by the effect of heat on wood, especially by destructive distillation', 'pyrolytic': 'resulting from pyrolysis', 'pyrrhic': 'of or relating to a war dance of ancient Greece; \"pyrrhic dance movements\"', 'Qatari': 'of or concerning Qatar or its inhabitants; \"the Qatari ruling family\"; \"Qatari oil wells\"', 'quadratic': 'of or relating to or resembling a square; \"quadratic shapes\"', 'biquadratic': 'of or relating to the fourth power', 'quadraphonic': 'of or relating to quadraphony; \"his quadraphonic sound system\"', 'quincentennial': 'of or relating to a 500th anniversary; \"the quincentennial celebration of the founding of the city\"', 'Quechuan': 'of or relating to the Quechua or their language', 'Rabelaisian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Francois Rabelais or his works; \"Rabelaisian characters\"', 'rayless': 'having no parts resembling rays; not having ray flowers', 'recessionary': 'of or pertaining to a recession', 'recessional': 'of or relating to receding', 'regimental': 'belonging to or concerning a regiment; \"regimental units\"', 'residuary': 'entitled to the residue of an estate (after payment of debts and specific gifts); \"the residuary part of the estate\"; \"the residuary beneficiary\"', 'resistive': 'exhibiting or relating to electrical resistance; \"resistive load\"', 'respiratory': 'pertaining to respiration; \"respiratory assistance\"', 'inspiratory': 'pertaining to the drawing in phase of respiration', 'expiratory': 'of or relating to the breathing out phase of respiration', 'reversionary': 'of or relating to or involving a reversion (especially a legal reversion); \"reversionary annuity\"; \"reversionary interest\"', 'Rhenish': 'of or relating to the Rhine River and the lands adjacent to it; \"Rhenish wines tend to be sweet\"', 'rhizomatous': 'producing or possessing or resembling rhizomes', 'rhizoidal': 'of or relating to a rhizoid', 'rhomboid': 'shaped like a rhombus or rhomboid; \"rhomboidal shapes\"', 'ritualistic': 'of or characterized by or adhering to ritualism; \"a feudal or ritualistic society\"; \"the ritualistic killing of a sheep\"', 'romaic': 'relating to modern Greece or its inhabitants or its language', 'Romany': 'of or relating to the Gypsies or their language or culture; \"Romani nomads\"; \"Romany folk songs\"; \"a Gypsy fortune-teller\"', 'rotational': 'of or pertaining to rotation; \"rotational inertia\"', 'Rwandan': 'of or pertaining to Rwanda; \"Rwandan mountains\"', 'Sabahan': 'of or pertaining to Sabah or its people; \"Sabahan tribesmen\"', 'Sabbatarian': 'pertaining to the Sabbath and its observance', 'sabbatical': 'of or relating to the Sabbath; \"Friday is a sabbatical day for Muslims\"', 'sacrificial': 'used in or connected with a sacrifice; \"sacrificial lamb\"', 'Samoan': 'of or relating to Samoa or its people or language or culture; \"Samoan fishing industry\"', 'San_Marinese': 'of or relating to San Marino or its people; \"San Marinese castles\"', 'Sarawakian': 'of or relating to Sarawak or its people; \"Sarawakian beaches\"; \"Sarawakian natives\"', 'satyric': 'of or relating to or having the characteristics of a satyr; \"this satyric old man pursues young girls\"', 'Saudi-Arabian': 'of or relating to Saudi Arabia or its people; \"the Saudi-Arabian desert\"; \"the Saudi royal family\"', 'saxicolous': 'growing on or living among rocks', 'Saxon': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the early Saxons or Anglo-Saxons and their descendents (especially the English or Lowland Scots) and their language; \"Saxon princes\"; \"for greater clarity choose a plain Saxon term instead of a latinate one\"', 'Anglo-Saxon': 'of or relating to the Anglo-Saxons or their language; \"Anglo-Saxon poetry\"; \"The Anglo-Saxon population of Scotland\"', 'schismatic': 'of or relating to or involved in or characteristic of schism; \"schismatic sects\"', 'scorbutic': 'of or relating to or having or resembling scurvy; \"scorbutic symptoms\"', 'scotomatous': 'relating to scotoma', 'Semite': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Semites; \"Semite peoples\"', 'Semitic': 'of or relating to the group of Semitic languages; \"Semitic tongues have a complicated morphology\"', 'Senegalese': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Senegal or its people; \"Senegalese villages\"; \"Senegalese herdsmen\"', 'sericultural': 'of or relating to sericulture; \"sericultural industry\"', 'serous': 'of or producing or containing serum; \"a serous exudate\"', 'Seychellois': 'of the Seychelles or their people; \"Seychellois fishermen\"', 'Thai': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Thailand or its people; \"Siamese kings\"; \"different Thai tribes live in the north\"', 'Siberian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Siberia or the Siberians; \"Siberian natural resources\"; \"Siberian coal miners\"; \"the Siberian tundra\"', 'Sierra_Leonean': 'of or relating to Sierra Leone or its people; \"Sierra Leonean politics\"', 'Singaporean': 'of or relating to the island nation of Singapore and its people; \"Singaporean rubber\"', 'Singhalese': 'of or relating to the Sinhalese people; \"Sinhalese rebels fighting the Tamils\"', 'Sinhala': 'of or relating to the Sinhalese languages; \"the Sinhalese versions of the Ramayana\"', 'Sri_Lankan': 'of or relating to Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) or its people or culture; \"Sri Lankan beaches\"; \"Sri Lankan forces fighting the Sinhalese rebels\"', 'Slav': 'speaking a Slavic language; \"the Slav population of Georgia\"', 'Slavonic': 'of or relating to Slavic languages', 'small-capitalization': 'of stocks of companies with a market capitalization of less than one billion dollars', 'Somalian': 'of or relating to the African republic of Somalia or its people or their language and culture; \"Somali coffee is excellent\"', 'Sotho': 'of or relating to any of the group of Sotho languages; \"Sotho noun classifiers\"', 'spicate': 'having or relating to spikes; \"spicate inflorescence\"', 'spiny-finned': 'of or relating to fish with spiny fins', 'spondaic': 'of or consisting of spondees; \"spondaic hexameter\"', 'stereoscopic': 'of or relating to a stereoscope; \"stereoscopic lenses\"', 'stigmatic': 'pertaining to or resembling or having stigmata', 'stingless': 'without a sting', 'stipendiary': 'pertaining to or of the nature of a stipend or allowance; \"stipendiary funds\"', 'substantival': 'of or relating to or having the nature or function of a substantive (i.e. a noun or noun equivalent); \"a substantival constituent\"', 'gerundial': 'relating to or like a gerund; \"the gerundial suffix `-ing\\'\"', 'Sudanese': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the African Republic of the Sudan or its people; \"the Sudanese desert\"', 'sulphuric': 'of or relating to or containing sulfur; \"sulphuric esters\"', 'Sumatran': 'of or relating to the island of Sumatra or its inhabitants; \"Sumatran cigars\"', 'Swazi': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Swaziland or its people or their language', 'syphilitic': 'of or relating to or infected with syphilis; \"syphilitic symptoms\"', 'systolic': 'of or relating to a systole or happening during a systole', 'extrasystolic': 'of or relating to or happening during an extrasystole', 'Tahitian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the island of Tahiti or its residents or their language and culture', 'Taiwanese': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the island republic on Taiwan or its residents or their language; \"the Taiwanese capital is Taipeh\"', 'Tamil': 'of or relating to a speaker of the Tamil language or the language itself; \"Tamil agglutinative phrases\"', 'tannic': 'derived from tannin', 'Tanzanian': 'of or relating to the republic of Tanzania or its people', 'tarsal': 'of or relating to or near the tarsus of the foot; \"tarsal bones\"', 'tartaric': 'relating to or derived from or resembling tartar; \"tartaric acid\"', 'telephonic': 'of or relating to telephony; \"telephonic connection\"', 'terminological': 'of or concerning terminology; \"terminological disputes\"', 'terpsichorean': 'of or relating to dancing; \"her terpsichorean activities\"', 'tertian': 'relating to symptoms (especially malarial fever) that appear every other day; \"tertian fever\"', 'tetanic': 'of or relating to or causing tetany', 'tetravalent': 'haveing a valence of four', 'Texan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Texas or its residents', 'textile': 'of or relating to fabrics or fabric making; \"textile research\"', 'theosophical': 'of or relating to theosophy; \"theosophical writings\"', 'thermionic': 'of or relating to or characteristic of thermions; \"thermionic cathode\"', 'thermometric': 'of or relating to thermometry; \"helium gas was the thermometric fluid\"', 'thermostatic': 'of or relating to a thermostat; \"thermostatic control\"', 'thespian': 'of or relating to drama; \"the movie director had thespian cooperation\"', 'Tobagonian': 'of or relating to Tobago or its people; \"Tobagonian beaches\"', 'Togolese': 'of or relating to the African country of Togo or its people; \"the Togolese capital\"', 'Tongan': 'of or relating to the island monarchy of Tonga or its people; \"Tongan beaches\"', 'tonsorial': 'of or relating to barbers and barbering; \"tonsorial work\"; \"tonsorial parlor\"', 'translational': 'of or relating to uniform movement without rotation', 'Triassic': 'of or relating to or denoting the first period of the Mesozoic era', 'Trinidadian': 'of or relating to the island of Trinidad; \"Trinidadian rum\"', 'trihydroxy': 'containing three hydroxyl groups', 'trivalent': 'having a valence of three', 'trochaic': 'of or consisting of trochees; \"trochaic dactyl\"', 'Trojan': 'of or relating to the ancient city of Troy or its inhabitants; \"Trojan cities\"', 'trophoblastic': 'of or relating to the trophoblast; \"trophoblastic cancer\"', 'trophotropic': 'of or relating to trophotropism', 'Tunisian': 'of or relating to the city of Tunis or its residents; \"Tunisian markets\"', 'Turkic': 'of or relating to the people who speak the Turkic language', 'tutorial': 'of or relating to tutors or tutoring; \"tutorial sessions\"', 'Ugandan': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Uganda or its people; \"Ugandan game parks\"', 'uric': 'in or relating to or obtained from urine; \"uric acid\"', 'uricosuric': 'acting to increase the excretion of uric acid in the urine', 'uvular': 'of or relating to or associated with the uvula; \"the uvular r\"', 'vaginal': 'of or relating to the vagina; \"vaginal suppository\"', 'valvular': 'relating to or operating by means of valves', 'vehicular': 'of or relating to or intended for (motor) vehicles; \"vehicular traffic\"', 'vestal': 'of or relating to Vesta; \"vestal virgin\"', 'vestiary': 'relating to clothing (especially vestments)', 'vestmental': 'of or relating to or resembling a vestment', 'veterinary': 'of or relating to veterinarians or veterinary medicine', 'vibrionic': 'caused by bacteria of the genus Vibrio; \"vibrionic dysentery\"', 'viceregal': 'of or relating to a viceroy; \"the viceregal visit\"', 'Vietnamese': ' of or relating to or characteristic of Vietnam or its people or its language ; \"the Vietnamese countryside\"; the Vietnamese tones\"; \"Vietnamese boat people\"', 'vocative': 'relating to a case used in some languages; \"vocative verb endings\"', 'voyeuristic': 'of or relating to voyeurs or voyeurism; \"his voyeuristic pleasures\"', 'weatherly': '(of a sailing vessel) making very little leeway when close-hauled', 'Welsh': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Wales or its people or their language; \"the Welsh coast\"; \"Welsh syntax\"', 'wheaten': 'of or relating to or derived from wheat; \"wheaten bread\"', 'Wiccan': 'of or relating to Wicca', 'oaten': 'of or related to or derived from oats; \"oaten bread\"', 'woolen': 'of or related to or made of wool; \"a woolen sweater\"', 'xerographic': 'of or relating to xerography', 'Yemeni': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Yemen or its inhabitants; \"Yemeni mountains\"', 'Zairean': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Zaire or its people; \"Zairean elections\"', 'Zambian': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Zambia or its people', 'New_Zealander': 'of or relating to or characteristic of New Zealand or its people; \"New Zealander sheep farms\"', 'zenithal': 'relating to or located at or near the zenith', 'Zimbabwean': 'of or relating to or characteristic of Zimbabwe or its people', 'Zionist': 'relating to or characteristic of Zionism; \"the Zionist movement\"', 'bizonal': 'relating to or concerned with the combined affairs of two administrative zones; \"Bizonal currency was used in occupied Germany after World War II\"', 'zodiacal': 'relating to or included in the zodiac; \"zodiacal constellations\"', 'ammoniated': 'combined or treated with ammonia; \"ammoniated mercury\"', 'Briton': 'characteristic of or associated with the Britons; \"the Briton inhabitants of England\"', 'carroty': 'resembling the bright orange of the root of the carrot plant; \"a boy with carroty hair\"', 'philhellenic': 'characterized by a love of Greece and Grecian things; \"the Philhellenic Society\"', 'paniculate': 'having a panicle', 'phyllodial': 'having a phyllode', 'rupestral': 'composed of or inscribed on rock; \"rupestral drawings in the caves of Northern Spain\"', 'Kafkaesque': 'relating to or in the manner of Franz Kafka or his writings', 'Faustian': 'pertaining to or resembling or befitting Faust or Faustus especially in insatiably striving for worldly knowledge and power even at the price of spiritual values; \"a Faustian pact with the Devil\"', 'invitational': 'pertaining to or characteristic of an invitation', 'involucrate': 'having an involucre', 'scalar': 'of or relating to a musical scale; \"he played some basic scalar patterns on his guitar\"', 'anthropocentric': 'human-centered; \"our anthropocentric view of the world\"', 'ethnocentric': \"centered on a specific ethnic group, usually one's own\", 'deictic': 'relating to or characteristic of a word whose reference depends on the circumstances of its use; \"deictic pronouns\"', 'shallow-draft': 'of vessels whose keel is not far below the waterline; \"a shallow-draft river boat\"', 'shamanist': 'of or relating to shamanism', 'shambolic': '(British slang) disorderly or chaotic; \"it\\'s a shambolic system\"', 'sharp-pointed': 'having a sharp point', 'shelflike': 'resembling a shelf (or considered to resemble a shelf); \"shelflike table\"', 'Shona': 'of or relating to or characteristic of the culture of the Shonas', 'short-handled': 'having a short handle', 'short-order': 'of or relating to food that can be prepared quickly; \"a short-order cook\"', 'side-to-side': 'alternately left and right with respect to a central point; \"the side-to-side motion of the boat\"', 'striate': 'marked with stria or striations', 'sulcate': 'having deep narrow furrows or grooves', 'hymenal': 'of or relating to the hymen', 'hymeneal': 'of or relating to a wedding or marriage; \"hymeneal rites\"', 'servomechanical': 'of or involving servomechanisms', 'onomatopoeic': 'of or relating to or characterized by onomatopoeia', 'dictyopteran': 'of or relating to or belonging to the order Dictyoptera', 'isopteran': 'relating to or characteristic of insects of the order Isoptera', 'obligational': 'relating or constituting or qualified to create a legal or financial obligation; \"obligational authority\"', 'oscine': 'of or relating to the songbirds', 'osseous': 'composed of or containing bone; \"osseous tissue\"', 'ossicular': 'pertaining to the ossicles in the middle ear', 'ossiferous': 'containing bones (especially fossil bones); \"ossiferous caves\"', 'osteal': 'relating to bone or to the skeleton', 'abolitionary': 'relating to or favoring abolition, especially abolition of slavery', 'abomasal': 'relating to the abomasum (the fourth compartment of the stomach of ruminants)', 'absolutist': 'pertaining to the principle of totalitarianism', 'accessional': 'of or constituting an accession', 'accipitrine': 'of or relating to or belonging to the genus Accipiter (or to typical hawks)', 'accommodational': 'of or relating to the accommodation of the lens of the eye; \"accommodational strain\"', 'acculturational': 'of or relating to acculturation', 'centromeric': 'pertaining to the dense specialized portion of a chromosome to which the spindle attaches during mitosis', 'acrocentric': 'having a subterminal centromere; \"an acrocentric chromosome\"', 'metacentric': 'of or relating to the metacenter', 'mud-brick': 'of or incorporating mud bricks', 'telocentric': 'having the form of a straight rod because the centromere is in a terminal position; \"a telocentric chromosome\"', 'anaphylactic': 'related to the hypersensitivity known as anaphylaxis; \"anaphylactic shock\"', 'bronchoscopic': 'of or relating to an instrument for examining the interior of the bronchi', 'bryophytic': 'relating to plants of the division Bryophyta', 'bulbaceous': 'producing or growing from bulbs', 'bulbed': 'having a bulb', 'bulbar': 'involving the medulla oblongata; \"bulbar paralysis\"', 'scalic': 'of or related to a musical scale; \"scalic patterns\"', 'rosaceous': 'of or pertaining to or characteristic of plants of the family Rosaceae', 'Rosicrucian': 'of or relating to the Rosicrucians', 'streptococcal': 'of or relating to or caused by streptococci', 'subclavian': 'situated beneath the clavicle', 'thalloid': 'of or relating to or resembling or consisting of a thallus', 'thallophytic': 'pertaining to or characteristic of thallophytes', 'ulcerative': 'of or relating to or characterized by ulceration; \"ulcerative colitis\"', 'ultramicroscopic': 'too small to be seen without an ultramicroscope', 'ultramontane': 'of or relating to ultramontanism', 'undescended': '(of the testis) remaining in the abdomen instead of descending into the scrotum', 'undulatory': 'resembling waves in form or outline or motion', 'point-of-sale': 'of or relating to or being the location where something is purchased', 'vasomotor': 'relating to the nerves and muscles that cause the blood vessels to constrict or dilate', 'vesical': 'of or relating to a bladder (especially the urinary bladder)', 'viscometric': 'of or relating to the measurement of viscosity', 'viricidal': 'tending to destroy viruses', 'vitiliginous': 'of or relating to or having vitiligo', 'ratlike': 'resembling or characteristic of a rat', 'salamandriform': 'shaped like a salamander', 'salvific': 'pertaining to the power of salvation or redemption', 'shakedown': 'intended to test a new system under operating conditions and to familiarize the operators with the system; \"a shakedown cruise\"', 'sidearm': '(of pitches) made with the arm moving parallel to the ground; \"a sidearm pitch\"', 'varicelliform': 'resembling the rash of chickenpox', 'wedge-shaped': 'shaped like a wedge', 'WYSIWYG': 'relating to or being a word processing system that prints the text exactly as it appears on the computer screen', 'X-linked': 'relating to genes or characteristics or conditions carried on the X chromosome; \"an X-linked mutation\"', 'Yuman': 'of or relating to the language or culture of the Yuma people', 'Zapotec': 'of or relating to the language or culture of the Zapotec people', 'zoonotic': 'of or relating to or constituting zoonosis; \"the Ebola virus is believed to be zoonotic\"', 'zygomatic': 'of or relating to the cheek region of the face', 'zymoid': 'resembling an enzyme', '.22_caliber': 'of or relating to the bore of a gun (or its ammunition) that measures twenty-two hundredths of an inch in diameter; \"a .22 caliber pistol\"', '.38_caliber': 'of or relating to the bore of a gun (or its ammunition) that measures thirty-eight hundredths of an inch in diameter; \"a .38 caliber shell\"', '.45_caliber': 'of or relating to the bore of a gun (or its ammunition) that measures forty-five hundredths of an inch in diameter', 'nosohusial': 'taking place related or acquired under home healthcare; \"nosohusial infections\"', 'avenged': 'for which vengeance has been taken; \"an avenged injury\"', 'unavenged': 'for which vengeance has not been taken; \"an unavenged murder\"', 'calibrated': 'marked with or divided into degrees; \"a calibrated thermometer\"', 'cantering': 'riding at a gait between a trot and a gallop; \"the cantering soldiers\"', 'uncollected': 'not brought together in one place; \"uncollected garbage in the streets\"', 'contested': 'disputed or made the object of contention or competition; \"a contested election\"', 'uncontested': 'not disputed and not made the object of contention or competition; \"uncontested authority\"', 'corbelled': 'having a corbel', 'elapsed': '(of time) having passed or slipped by; \"elapsed time\"', 'hammered': 'shaped or worked with a hammer and often showing hammer marks; \"a bowl of hammered brass\"', 'hand-held': 'small and light enough to be operated while you hold it in your hands; \"a hand-held computer\"', 'held': 'occupied or in the control of; often used in combination; \"enemy-held territory\"', 'surmounted': 'having something on top; \"columns surmounted by statues\"', 'unfilled': 'of purchase orders that have not been filled', 'fitted': 'being the right size and shape to fit as desired; \"a fitted overcoat\"; \"he quickly assembled the fitted pieces\"', 'hypophysectomized': 'having the pituitary gland removed by surgery; \"hypophysectomized tadpoles\"', 'malted': 'of grain that has been converted into malt; \"malted barley\"', 'unmalted': 'of grain that has not been converted into malt; \"unmalted barley\"', 'marched_upon': 'being or having been trodden or marched on', 'mercerized': 'of cotton thread that has been treated with sodium hydroxide to shrink it and increase its luster and affinity for dye; \"mercerized cotton\"', 'mounded_over': 'having a wound formed over it', 'operating': 'involved in a kind of operation; \"the operating conditions of the oxidation pond\"', 'oxidized': 'combined with or having undergone a chemical reaction with oxygen; \"the oxidized form of iodine\"', 'parked': 'that have been left; \"there were four parked cars across the street\"', 'pasteurized': 'having been subjected to pasteurization in order to halt fermentation', 'unpasteurized': 'not having undergone pasteurization', 'penciled': 'drawn or written with a pencil; \"a penciled sketch\"; \"the penciled message\"', 'played': '(of games) engaged in; \"the loosely played game\"', 'plugged': '(of a coin) altered by the insertion of a plug of base metal', 'posed': 'arranged for pictorial purposes', 'unposed': 'not arranged for pictorial purposes; \"unposed photographs\"', 'posted': 'publicly announced; \"the posted speed limit\"', 'preconceived': '(of an idea or opinion) formed beforehand; especially without evidence or through prejudice; \"certain preconceived notions\"', 'punishing': 'resulting in punishment; \"the king imposed a punishing tax\"', 'pursued': 'followed with enmity as if to harm; \"running and leaping like a herd of pursued antelopes\"', 'ranging': 'wandering freely; \"at night in bed...his slowly ranging thoughts...encountered her\"', 're-created': 'created anew; \"this re-created literalness\"', 'regenerating': 'that are generating anew; \"regenerating fibers\"', 'ridged': 'having a ridge or shaped like a ridge or suggesting the keel of a ship; \"a carinate sepal\"', 'sanitized': 'made sanitary', 'shrieked': 'uttered in a shrill scream as of pain or terror', 'sintered': 'formed into a mass by heat and pressure', 'sluicing': 'pouring from or as if from a sluice; \"the sluicing rain\"', 'spray-dried': 'dried by bringing a sprayed substance (e.g. milk or soap) into contact with hot air and recovering it in the form of a powder', 'squashed': 'that has been violently compressed; \"the squashed looking nakedness of the fledgling birds\"', 'stacked': 'arranged in a stack', 'strung': 'that is on a string; \"keys strung on a red cord\"', 'sublimed': 'passing or having passed from the solid to the gaseous state (or vice versa) without becoming liquid', 'thoriated': 'being or sounding of nervous or suppressed laughter', 'transpiring': 'that is passing through; \"transpiring gas\"', 'closed-captioned': 'broadcast with captions that are seen only on receivers having special equipment; can be provided for hard-of-hearing viewers', 'saponified': 'converted into soap; \"saponified oils\"', 'unsaponified': 'not converted into soap; \"unsaponified fat\"'};","import * as noun from './nouns';\r\nimport * as adjective from './adjectives';\r\n\r\nexport const getPortent = () => {\r\n    return { adjective: getAdjective(), noun: getNoun() }\r\n};\r\n\r\nexport const getAdjective = () => {\r\n    let a = Math.floor(Math.random() * adjective.adjectives.length);\r\n    return { word: adjective.adjectives[a], definition: adjective.adjective_definitions[adjective.adjectives[a]] };\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport const getNoun = () => {\r\n    let n = Math.floor(Math.random() * noun.nouns.length);\r\n    return { word: noun.nouns[n], definition: noun.noun_definitions[noun.nouns[n]] };\r\n}","// extracted by mini-css-extract-plugin\nexport default {\"PortentContainer\":\"Portent_PortentContainer__nvxeB\",\"PortentText\":\"Portent_PortentText__Fch17\"};","import React, { useState } from 'react';\r\nimport * as portentService from '../../services/portentService';\r\nimport classes from './Portent.module.css';\r\nimport faders from '../Fader.module.css';\r\n\r\nconst Portent = () => {\r\n    const [textClasses, setTextClasses] = useState([ faders.FadeIn ]);\r\n    const [portent, setPortent] = useState({ adjective: {}, noun: {}});\r\n\r\n    const readPortent = () => {\r\n        setTextClasses([ classes.PortentText, faders.FadeOut ]);\r\n        setTimeout(() => {\r\n            setPortent('')\r\n            setPortent(portentService.getPortent());\r\n            setTextClasses([ classes.PortentText, faders.FadeIn ]);\r\n        }, 250);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return (\r\n        <div title=\"Portents\" className={classes.PortentContainer} onClick={readPortent}>\r\n            <div className={textClasses.join(' ')} title={portent.adjective.word + ': ' + portent.adjective.definition}>{portent.adjective.word}</div> &nbsp; \r\n            <div className={textClasses.join(' ')} title={portent.noun.word + ': ' + portent.noun.definition}>{portent.noun.word}</div>\r\n        </div>\r\n    )\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport default Portent;\r\n","export const JournalType = {\r\n    ENTITY: { type: 'entity', icon: '👤' },\r\n    LOCATION: { type: 'location', icon: '🗺' },\r\n    NOTE: { type: 'note', icon: '📝' },\r\n}","// extracted by mini-css-extract-plugin\nexport default {\"Journal\":\"Journal_Journal__RHETr\",\"JournalEntry\":\"Journal_JournalEntry__sir7C\",\"StatEntry\":\"Journal_StatEntry__FYyj3\",\"JournalTitle\":\"Journal_JournalTitle__zbeDw\",\"JournalControls\":\"Journal_JournalControls__XgpQ6\",\"ReadButton\":\"Journal_ReadButton__a+5xY\"};","import React from 'react';\r\nimport { JournalType } from './journalHelper';\r\nimport classes from './Journal.module.css';\r\n\r\nconst JournalEntry = (props) => {\r\n    if(props.entry.type === JournalType.ENTITY.type) {\r\n        return (\r\n            <div className={classes.JournalEntry}>\r\n                <div>{props.entry.icon} {props.entry.name} ({props.entry.race} {props.entry.class})\r\n                    <span className={classes.ReadButton} title=\"Read entry\" onClick={() => props.click(props.entry)}>📖</span>\r\n                    {/* <span className={classes.NoteButton} title=\"Add a note\" onClick={props.showNoteDialog}>📝</span>\r\n                    <span className={classes.AskButton} title=\"Ask about\" onClick={props.showAskDialog}>💬</span> */}\r\n                </div>\r\n            </div>\r\n        );\r\n    }\r\n    if(props.entry.type === JournalType.NOTE.type) {\r\n        return (\r\n            <div className={classes.JournalEntry}>\r\n                <div>{props.entry.icon} {props.entry.name}\r\n                    <span className={classes.ReadButton} title=\"Read entry\" onClick={() => props.click(props.entry)}>📖</span>\r\n                    {/* <span className={classes.NoteButton} title=\"Add a note\" onClick={props.showNoteDialog}>📝</span>\r\n                    <span className={classes.AskButton} title=\"Ask about\" onClick={props.showAskDialog}>💬</span> */}\r\n                </div>\r\n            </div>\r\n        )\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport default JournalEntry;","export default !!(typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.document && window.document.createElement);","/* eslint-disable no-return-assign */\nimport canUseDOM from './canUseDOM';\nexport var optionsSupported = false;\nexport var onceSupported = false;\n\ntry {\n  var options = {\n    get passive() {\n      return optionsSupported = true;\n    },\n\n    get once() {\n      // eslint-disable-next-line no-multi-assign\n      return onceSupported = optionsSupported = true;\n    }\n\n  };\n\n  if (canUseDOM) {\n    window.addEventListener('test', options, options);\n    window.removeEventListener('test', options, true);\n  }\n} catch (e) {\n  /* */\n}\n\n/**\n * An `addEventListener` ponyfill, supports the `once` option\n * \n * @param node the element\n * @param eventName the event name\n * @param handle the handler\n * @param options event options\n */\nfunction addEventListener(node, eventName, handler, options) {\n  if (options && typeof options !== 'boolean' && !onceSupported) {\n    var once = options.once,\n        capture = options.capture;\n    var wrappedHandler = handler;\n\n    if (!onceSupported && once) {\n      wrappedHandler = handler.__once || function onceHandler(event) {\n        this.removeEventListener(eventName, onceHandler, capture);\n        handler.call(this, event);\n      };\n\n      handler.__once = wrappedHandler;\n    }\n\n    node.addEventListener(eventName, wrappedHandler, optionsSupported ? options : capture);\n  }\n\n  node.addEventListener(eventName, handler, options);\n}\n\nexport default addEventListener;","/**\n * Returns the owner document of a given element.\n * \n * @param node the element\n */\nexport default function ownerDocument(node) {\n  return node && node.ownerDocument || document;\n}","/**\n * A `removeEventListener` ponyfill\n * \n * @param node the element\n * @param eventName the event name\n * @param handle the handler\n * @param options event options\n */\nfunction removeEventListener(node, eventName, handler, options) {\n  var capture = options && typeof options !== 'boolean' ? options.capture : options;\n  node.removeEventListener(eventName, handler, capture);\n\n  if (handler.__once) {\n    node.removeEventListener(eventName, handler.__once, capture);\n  }\n}\n\nexport default removeEventListener;","import canUseDOM from './canUseDOM';\nvar size;\nexport default function scrollbarSize(recalc) {\n  if (!size && size !== 0 || recalc) {\n    if (canUseDOM) {\n      var scrollDiv = document.createElement('div');\n      scrollDiv.style.position = 'absolute';\n      scrollDiv.style.top = '-9999px';\n      scrollDiv.style.width = '50px';\n      scrollDiv.style.height = '50px';\n      scrollDiv.style.overflow = 'scroll';\n      document.body.appendChild(scrollDiv);\n      size = scrollDiv.offsetWidth - scrollDiv.clientWidth;\n      document.body.removeChild(scrollDiv);\n    }\n  }\n\n  return size;\n}","import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react';\n/**\n * Creates a `Ref` whose value is updated in an effect, ensuring the most recent\n * value is the one rendered with. Generally only required for Concurrent mode usage\n * where previous work in `render()` may be discarded before being used.\n *\n * This is safe to access in an event handler.\n *\n * @param value The `Ref` value\n */\n\nfunction useCommittedRef(value) {\n  var ref = useRef(value);\n  useEffect(function () {\n    ref.current = value;\n  }, [value]);\n  return ref;\n}\n\nexport default useCommittedRef;","import { useCallback } from 'react';\nimport useCommittedRef from './useCommittedRef';\nexport default function useEventCallback(fn) {\n  var ref = useCommittedRef(fn);\n  return useCallback(function () {\n    return ref.current && ref.current.apply(ref, arguments);\n  }, [ref]);\n}","import { useMemo } from 'react';\n\nvar toFnRef = function toFnRef(ref) {\n  return !ref || typeof ref === 'function' ? ref : function (value) {\n    ref.current = value;\n  };\n};\n\nexport function mergeRefs(refA, refB) {\n  var a = toFnRef(refA);\n  var b = toFnRef(refB);\n  return function (value) {\n    if (a) a(value);\n    if (b) b(value);\n  };\n}\n/**\n * Create and returns a single callback ref composed from two other Refs.\n *\n * ```tsx\n * const Button = React.forwardRef((props, ref) => {\n *   const [element, attachRef] = useCallbackRef<HTMLButtonElement>();\n *   const mergedRef = useMergedRefs(ref, attachRef);\n *\n *   return <button ref={mergedRef} {...props}/>\n * })\n * ```\n *\n * @param refA A Callback or mutable Ref\n * @param refB A Callback or mutable Ref\n * @category refs\n */\n\nfunction useMergedRefs(refA, refB) {\n  return useMemo(function () {\n    return mergeRefs(refA, refB);\n  }, [refA, refB]);\n}\n\nexport default useMergedRefs;","import useUpdatedRef from './useUpdatedRef';\nimport { useEffect } from 'react';\n/**\n * Attach a callback that fires when a component unmounts\n *\n * @param fn Handler to run when the component unmounts\n * @category effects\n */\n\nexport default function useWillUnmount(fn) {\n  var onUnmount = useUpdatedRef(fn);\n  useEffect(function () {\n    return function () {\n      return onUnmount.current();\n    };\n  }, []);\n}","import { useRef } from 'react';\n/**\n * Returns a ref that is immediately updated with the new value\n *\n * @param value The Ref value\n * @category refs\n */\n\nexport default function useUpdatedRef(value) {\n  var valueRef = useRef(value);\n  valueRef.current = value;\n  return valueRef;\n}","import ownerWindow from './ownerWindow';\n/**\n * Returns one or all computed style properties of an element.\n * \n * @param node the element\n * @param psuedoElement the style property\n */\n\nexport default function getComputedStyle(node, psuedoElement) {\n  return ownerWindow(node).getComputedStyle(node, psuedoElement);\n}","import ownerDocument from './ownerDocument';\n/**\n * Returns the owner window of a given element.\n * \n * @param node the element\n */\n\nexport default function ownerWindow(node) {\n  var doc = ownerDocument(node);\n  return doc && doc.defaultView || window;\n}","var rUpper = /([A-Z])/g;\nexport default function hyphenate(string) {\n  return string.replace(rUpper, '-$1').toLowerCase();\n}","/**\n * Copyright 2013-2014, Facebook, Inc.\n * All rights reserved.\n * https://github.com/facebook/react/blob/2aeb8a2a6beb00617a4217f7f8284924fa2ad819/src/vendor/core/hyphenateStyleName.js\n */\nimport hyphenate from './hyphenate';\nvar msPattern = /^ms-/;\nexport default function hyphenateStyleName(string) {\n  return hyphenate(string).replace(msPattern, '-ms-');\n}","var supportedTransforms = /^((translate|rotate|scale)(X|Y|Z|3d)?|matrix(3d)?|perspective|skew(X|Y)?)$/i;\nexport default function isTransform(value) {\n  return !!(value && supportedTransforms.test(value));\n}","import getComputedStyle from './getComputedStyle';\nimport hyphenate from './hyphenateStyle';\nimport isTransform from './isTransform';\n\nfunction style(node, property) {\n  var css = '';\n  var transforms = '';\n\n  if (typeof property === 'string') {\n    return node.style.getPropertyValue(hyphenate(property)) || getComputedStyle(node).getPropertyValue(hyphenate(property));\n  }\n\n  Object.keys(property).forEach(function (key) {\n    var value = property[key];\n\n    if (!value && value !== 0) {\n      node.style.removeProperty(hyphenate(key));\n    } else if (isTransform(key)) {\n      transforms += key + \"(\" + value + \") \";\n    } else {\n      css += hyphenate(key) + \": \" + value + \";\";\n    }\n  });\n\n  if (transforms) {\n    css += \"transform: \" + transforms + \";\";\n  }\n\n  node.style.cssText += \";\" + css;\n}\n\nexport default style;","import addEventListener from './addEventListener';\nimport removeEventListener from './removeEventListener';\n\nfunction listen(node, eventName, handler, options) {\n  addEventListener(node, eventName, handler, options);\n  return function () {\n    removeEventListener(node, eventName, handler, options);\n  };\n}\n\nexport default listen;","import css from './css';\nimport listen from './listen';\nimport triggerEvent from './triggerEvent';\n\nfunction parseDuration(node) {\n  var str = css(node, 'transitionDuration') || '';\n  var mult = str.indexOf('ms') === -1 ? 1000 : 1;\n  return parseFloat(str) * mult;\n}\n\nfunction emulateTransitionEnd(element, duration, padding) {\n  if (padding === void 0) {\n    padding = 5;\n  }\n\n  var called = false;\n  var handle = setTimeout(function () {\n    if (!called) triggerEvent(element, 'transitionend', true);\n  }, duration + padding);\n  var remove = listen(element, 'transitionend', function () {\n    called = true;\n  }, {\n    once: true\n  });\n  return function () {\n    clearTimeout(handle);\n    remove();\n  };\n}\n\nexport default function transitionEnd(element, handler, duration, padding) {\n  if (duration == null) duration = parseDuration(element) || 0;\n  var removeEmulate = emulateTransitionEnd(element, duration, padding);\n  var remove = listen(element, 'transitionend', handler);\n  return function () {\n    removeEmulate();\n    remove();\n  };\n}","/**\n * Triggers an event on a given element.\n * \n * @param node the element\n * @param eventName the event name to trigger\n * @param bubbles whether the event should bubble up\n * @param cancelable whether the event should be cancelable\n */\nexport default function triggerEvent(node, eventName, bubbles, cancelable) {\n  if (bubbles === void 0) {\n    bubbles = false;\n  }\n\n  if (cancelable === void 0) {\n    cancelable = true;\n  }\n\n  if (node) {\n    var event = document.createEvent('HTMLEvents');\n    event.initEvent(eventName, bubbles, cancelable);\n    node.dispatchEvent(event);\n  }\n}","import ownerDocument from './ownerDocument';\n/**\n * Returns the actively focused element safely.\n *\n * @param doc the document to check\n */\n\nexport default function activeElement(doc) {\n  if (doc === void 0) {\n    doc = ownerDocument();\n  }\n\n  // Support: IE 9 only\n  // IE9 throws an \"Unspecified error\" accessing document.activeElement from an <iframe>\n  try {\n    var active = doc.activeElement; // IE11 returns a seemingly empty object in some cases when accessing\n    // document.activeElement from an <iframe>\n\n    if (!active || !active.nodeName) return null;\n    return active;\n  } catch (e) {\n    /* ie throws if no active element */\n    return doc.body;\n  }\n}","/* eslint-disable no-bitwise, no-cond-assign */\n\n/**\n * Checks if an element contains another given element.\n * \n * @param context the context element\n * @param node the element to check\n */\nexport default function contains(context, node) {\n  // HTML DOM and SVG DOM may have different support levels,\n  // so we need to check on context instead of a document root element.\n  if (context.contains) return context.contains(node);\n  if (context.compareDocumentPosition) return context === node || !!(context.compareDocumentPosition(node) & 16);\n}","export default function _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) {\n  if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) {\n    throw new TypeError(\"Cannot call a class as a function\");\n  }\n}","function _defineProperties(target, props) {\n  for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) {\n    var descriptor = props[i];\n    descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false;\n    descriptor.configurable = true;\n    if (\"value\" in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true;\n    Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor);\n  }\n}\n\nexport default function _createClass(Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) {\n  if (protoProps) _defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps);\n  if (staticProps) _defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps);\n  Object.defineProperty(Constructor, \"prototype\", {\n    writable: false\n  });\n  return Constructor;\n}","import css from 'dom-helpers/css';\nimport { dataAttr } from './DataKey';\nimport getBodyScrollbarWidth from './getScrollbarWidth';\nexport const OPEN_DATA_ATTRIBUTE = dataAttr('modal-open');\n/**\n * Manages a stack of Modals as well as ensuring\n * body scrolling is is disabled and padding accounted for\n */\n\nclass ModalManager {\n  constructor({\n    ownerDocument,\n    handleContainerOverflow = true,\n    isRTL = false\n  } = {}) {\n    this.handleContainerOverflow = handleContainerOverflow;\n    this.isRTL = isRTL;\n    this.modals = [];\n    this.ownerDocument = ownerDocument;\n  }\n\n  getScrollbarWidth() {\n    return getBodyScrollbarWidth(this.ownerDocument);\n  }\n\n  getElement() {\n    return (this.ownerDocument || document).body;\n  }\n\n  setModalAttributes(_modal) {// For overriding\n  }\n\n  removeModalAttributes(_modal) {// For overriding\n  }\n\n  setContainerStyle(containerState) {\n    const style = {\n      overflow: 'hidden'\n    }; // we are only interested in the actual `style` here\n    // because we will override it\n\n    const paddingProp = this.isRTL ? 'paddingLeft' : 'paddingRight';\n    const container = this.getElement();\n    containerState.style = {\n      overflow: container.style.overflow,\n      [paddingProp]: container.style[paddingProp]\n    };\n\n    if (containerState.scrollBarWidth) {\n      // use computed style, here to get the real padding\n      // to add our scrollbar width\n      style[paddingProp] = `${parseInt(css(container, paddingProp) || '0', 10) + containerState.scrollBarWidth}px`;\n    }\n\n    container.setAttribute(OPEN_DATA_ATTRIBUTE, '');\n    css(container, style);\n  }\n\n  reset() {\n    [...this.modals].forEach(m => this.remove(m));\n  }\n\n  removeContainerStyle(containerState) {\n    const container = this.getElement();\n    container.removeAttribute(OPEN_DATA_ATTRIBUTE);\n    Object.assign(container.style, containerState.style);\n  }\n\n  add(modal) {\n    let modalIdx = this.modals.indexOf(modal);\n\n    if (modalIdx !== -1) {\n      return modalIdx;\n    }\n\n    modalIdx = this.modals.length;\n    this.modals.push(modal);\n    this.setModalAttributes(modal);\n\n    if (modalIdx !== 0) {\n      return modalIdx;\n    }\n\n    this.state = {\n      scrollBarWidth: this.getScrollbarWidth(),\n      style: {}\n    };\n\n    if (this.handleContainerOverflow) {\n      this.setContainerStyle(this.state);\n    }\n\n    return modalIdx;\n  }\n\n  remove(modal) {\n    const modalIdx = this.modals.indexOf(modal);\n\n    if (modalIdx === -1) {\n      return;\n    }\n\n    this.modals.splice(modalIdx, 1); // if that was the last modal in a container,\n    // clean up the container\n\n    if (!this.modals.length && this.handleContainerOverflow) {\n      this.removeContainerStyle(this.state);\n    }\n\n    this.removeModalAttributes(modal);\n  }\n\n  isTopModal(modal) {\n    return !!this.modals.length && this.modals[this.modals.length - 1] === modal;\n  }\n\n}\n\nexport default ModalManager;","export const ATTRIBUTE_PREFIX = `data-rr-ui-`;\nexport const PROPERTY_PREFIX = `rrUi`;\nexport function dataAttr(property) {\n  return `${ATTRIBUTE_PREFIX}${property}`;\n}\nexport function dataProp(property) {\n  return `${PROPERTY_PREFIX}${property}`;\n}","/**\n * Get the width of the vertical window scrollbar if it's visible\n */\nexport default function getBodyScrollbarWidth(ownerDocument = document) {\n  const window = ownerDocument.defaultView;\n  return Math.abs(window.innerWidth - ownerDocument.documentElement.clientWidth);\n}","import { createContext, useContext } from 'react';\nimport canUseDOM from 'dom-helpers/canUseDOM';\nconst Context = /*#__PURE__*/createContext(canUseDOM ? window : undefined);\nexport const WindowProvider = Context.Provider;\n/**\n * The document \"window\" placed in React context. Helpful for determining\n * SSR context, or when rendering into an iframe.\n *\n * @returns the current window\n */\n\nexport default function useWindow() {\n  return useContext(Context);\n}","import ownerDocument from 'dom-helpers/ownerDocument';\nimport canUseDOM from 'dom-helpers/canUseDOM';\nimport { useState, useEffect } from 'react';\nimport useWindow from './useWindow';\nexport const resolveContainerRef = (ref, document) => {\n  if (!canUseDOM) return null;\n  if (ref == null) return (document || ownerDocument()).body;\n  if (typeof ref === 'function') ref = ref();\n  if (ref && 'current' in ref) ref = ref.current;\n  if (ref && ('nodeType' in ref || ref.getBoundingClientRect)) return ref;\n  return null;\n};\nexport default function useWaitForDOMRef(ref, onResolved) {\n  const window = useWindow();\n  const [resolvedRef, setRef] = useState(() => resolveContainerRef(ref, window == null ? void 0 : window.document));\n\n  if (!resolvedRef) {\n    const earlyRef = resolveContainerRef(ref);\n    if (earlyRef) setRef(earlyRef);\n  }\n\n  useEffect(() => {\n    if (onResolved && resolvedRef) {\n      onResolved(resolvedRef);\n    }\n  }, [onResolved, resolvedRef]);\n  useEffect(() => {\n    const nextRef = resolveContainerRef(ref);\n\n    if (nextRef !== resolvedRef) {\n      setRef(nextRef);\n    }\n  }, [ref, resolvedRef]);\n  return resolvedRef;\n}","const _excluded = [\"show\", \"role\", \"className\", \"style\", \"children\", \"backdrop\", \"keyboard\", \"onBackdropClick\", \"onEscapeKeyDown\", \"transition\", \"backdropTransition\", \"autoFocus\", \"enforceFocus\", \"restoreFocus\", \"restoreFocusOptions\", \"renderDialog\", \"renderBackdrop\", \"manager\", \"container\", \"onShow\", \"onHide\", \"onExit\", \"onExited\", \"onExiting\", \"onEnter\", \"onEntering\", \"onEntered\"];\n\nfunction _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = {}; var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source); var key, i; for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } return target; }\n\n/* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-use-before-define, react/prop-types */\nimport activeElement from 'dom-helpers/activeElement';\nimport contains from 'dom-helpers/contains';\nimport canUseDOM from 'dom-helpers/canUseDOM';\nimport listen from 'dom-helpers/listen';\nimport { useState, useRef, useCallback, useImperativeHandle, forwardRef, useEffect } from 'react';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport ReactDOM from 'react-dom';\nimport useMounted from '@restart/hooks/useMounted';\nimport useWillUnmount from '@restart/hooks/useWillUnmount';\nimport usePrevious from '@restart/hooks/usePrevious';\nimport useEventCallback from '@restart/hooks/useEventCallback';\nimport ModalManager from './ModalManager';\nimport useWaitForDOMRef from './useWaitForDOMRef';\nimport useWindow from './useWindow';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nimport { Fragment as _Fragment } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nimport { jsxs as _jsxs } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nlet manager;\n\nfunction getManager(window) {\n  if (!manager) manager = new ModalManager({\n    ownerDocument: window == null ? void 0 : window.document\n  });\n  return manager;\n}\n\nfunction useModalManager(provided) {\n  const window = useWindow();\n  const modalManager = provided || getManager(window);\n  const modal = useRef({\n    dialog: null,\n    backdrop: null\n  });\n  return Object.assign(modal.current, {\n    add: () => modalManager.add(modal.current),\n    remove: () => modalManager.remove(modal.current),\n    isTopModal: () => modalManager.isTopModal(modal.current),\n    setDialogRef: useCallback(ref => {\n      modal.current.dialog = ref;\n    }, []),\n    setBackdropRef: useCallback(ref => {\n      modal.current.backdrop = ref;\n    }, [])\n  });\n}\n\nconst Modal = /*#__PURE__*/forwardRef((_ref, ref) => {\n  let {\n    show = false,\n    role = 'dialog',\n    className,\n    style,\n    children,\n    backdrop = true,\n    keyboard = true,\n    onBackdropClick,\n    onEscapeKeyDown,\n    transition,\n    backdropTransition,\n    autoFocus = true,\n    enforceFocus = true,\n    restoreFocus = true,\n    restoreFocusOptions,\n    renderDialog,\n    renderBackdrop = props => /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(\"div\", Object.assign({}, props)),\n    manager: providedManager,\n    container: containerRef,\n    onShow,\n    onHide = () => {},\n    onExit,\n    onExited,\n    onExiting,\n    onEnter,\n    onEntering,\n    onEntered\n  } = _ref,\n      rest = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(_ref, _excluded);\n\n  const container = useWaitForDOMRef(containerRef);\n  const modal = useModalManager(providedManager);\n  const isMounted = useMounted();\n  const prevShow = usePrevious(show);\n  const [exited, setExited] = useState(!show);\n  const lastFocusRef = useRef(null);\n  useImperativeHandle(ref, () => modal, [modal]);\n\n  if (canUseDOM && !prevShow && show) {\n    lastFocusRef.current = activeElement();\n  }\n\n  if (!transition && !show && !exited) {\n    setExited(true);\n  } else if (show && exited) {\n    setExited(false);\n  }\n\n  const handleShow = useEventCallback(() => {\n    modal.add();\n    removeKeydownListenerRef.current = listen(document, 'keydown', handleDocumentKeyDown);\n    removeFocusListenerRef.current = listen(document, 'focus', // the timeout is necessary b/c this will run before the new modal is mounted\n    // and so steals focus from it\n    () => setTimeout(handleEnforceFocus), true);\n\n    if (onShow) {\n      onShow();\n    } // autofocus after onShow to not trigger a focus event for previous\n    // modals before this one is shown.\n\n\n    if (autoFocus) {\n      const currentActiveElement = activeElement(document);\n\n      if (modal.dialog && currentActiveElement && !contains(modal.dialog, currentActiveElement)) {\n        lastFocusRef.current = currentActiveElement;\n        modal.dialog.focus();\n      }\n    }\n  });\n  const handleHide = useEventCallback(() => {\n    modal.remove();\n    removeKeydownListenerRef.current == null ? void 0 : removeKeydownListenerRef.current();\n    removeFocusListenerRef.current == null ? void 0 : removeFocusListenerRef.current();\n\n    if (restoreFocus) {\n      var _lastFocusRef$current;\n\n      // Support: <=IE11 doesn't support `focus()` on svg elements (RB: #917)\n      (_lastFocusRef$current = lastFocusRef.current) == null ? void 0 : _lastFocusRef$current.focus == null ? void 0 : _lastFocusRef$current.focus(restoreFocusOptions);\n      lastFocusRef.current = null;\n    }\n  }); // TODO: try and combine these effects: https://github.com/react-bootstrap/react-overlays/pull/794#discussion_r409954120\n  // Show logic when:\n  //  - show is `true` _and_ `container` has resolved\n\n  useEffect(() => {\n    if (!show || !container) return;\n    handleShow();\n  }, [show, container,\n  /* should never change: */\n  handleShow]); // Hide cleanup logic when:\n  //  - `exited` switches to true\n  //  - component unmounts;\n\n  useEffect(() => {\n    if (!exited) return;\n    handleHide();\n  }, [exited, handleHide]);\n  useWillUnmount(() => {\n    handleHide();\n  }); // --------------------------------\n\n  const handleEnforceFocus = useEventCallback(() => {\n    if (!enforceFocus || !isMounted() || !modal.isTopModal()) {\n      return;\n    }\n\n    const currentActiveElement = activeElement();\n\n    if (modal.dialog && currentActiveElement && !contains(modal.dialog, currentActiveElement)) {\n      modal.dialog.focus();\n    }\n  });\n  const handleBackdropClick = useEventCallback(e => {\n    if (e.target !== e.currentTarget) {\n      return;\n    }\n\n    onBackdropClick == null ? void 0 : onBackdropClick(e);\n\n    if (backdrop === true) {\n      onHide();\n    }\n  });\n  const handleDocumentKeyDown = useEventCallback(e => {\n    if (keyboard && e.keyCode === 27 && modal.isTopModal()) {\n      onEscapeKeyDown == null ? void 0 : onEscapeKeyDown(e);\n\n      if (!e.defaultPrevented) {\n        onHide();\n      }\n    }\n  });\n  const removeFocusListenerRef = useRef();\n  const removeKeydownListenerRef = useRef();\n\n  const handleHidden = (...args) => {\n    setExited(true);\n    onExited == null ? void 0 : onExited(...args);\n  };\n\n  const Transition = transition;\n\n  if (!container || !(show || Transition && !exited)) {\n    return null;\n  }\n\n  const dialogProps = Object.assign({\n    role,\n    ref: modal.setDialogRef,\n    // apparently only works on the dialog role element\n    'aria-modal': role === 'dialog' ? true : undefined\n  }, rest, {\n    style,\n    className,\n    tabIndex: -1\n  });\n  let dialog = renderDialog ? renderDialog(dialogProps) : /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(\"div\", Object.assign({}, dialogProps, {\n    children: /*#__PURE__*/React.cloneElement(children, {\n      role: 'document'\n    })\n  }));\n\n  if (Transition) {\n    dialog = /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Transition, {\n      appear: true,\n      unmountOnExit: true,\n      in: !!show,\n      onExit: onExit,\n      onExiting: onExiting,\n      onExited: handleHidden,\n      onEnter: onEnter,\n      onEntering: onEntering,\n      onEntered: onEntered,\n      children: dialog\n    });\n  }\n\n  let backdropElement = null;\n\n  if (backdrop) {\n    const BackdropTransition = backdropTransition;\n    backdropElement = renderBackdrop({\n      ref: modal.setBackdropRef,\n      onClick: handleBackdropClick\n    });\n\n    if (BackdropTransition) {\n      backdropElement = /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(BackdropTransition, {\n        appear: true,\n        in: !!show,\n        children: backdropElement\n      });\n    }\n  }\n\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(_Fragment, {\n    children: /*#__PURE__*/ReactDOM.createPortal( /*#__PURE__*/_jsxs(_Fragment, {\n      children: [backdropElement, dialog]\n    }), container)\n  });\n});\nModal.displayName = 'Modal';\nexport default Object.assign(Modal, {\n  Manager: ModalManager\n});","import { useRef, useEffect } from 'react';\n/**\n * Track whether a component is current mounted. Generally less preferable than\n * properlly canceling effects so they don't run after a component is unmounted,\n * but helpful in cases where that isn't feasible, such as a `Promise` resolution.\n *\n * @returns a function that returns the current isMounted state of the component\n *\n * ```ts\n * const [data, setData] = useState(null)\n * const isMounted = useMounted()\n *\n * useEffect(() => {\n *   fetchdata().then((newData) => {\n *      if (isMounted()) {\n *        setData(newData);\n *      }\n *   })\n * })\n * ```\n */\n\nexport default function useMounted() {\n  var mounted = useRef(true);\n  var isMounted = useRef(function () {\n    return mounted.current;\n  });\n  useEffect(function () {\n    mounted.current = true;\n    return function () {\n      mounted.current = false;\n    };\n  }, []);\n  return isMounted.current;\n}","import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react';\n/**\n * Store the last of some value. Tracked via a `Ref` only updating it\n * after the component renders.\n *\n * Helpful if you need to compare a prop value to it's previous value during render.\n *\n * ```ts\n * function Component(props) {\n *   const lastProps = usePrevious(props)\n *\n *   if (lastProps.foo !== props.foo)\n *     resetValueFromProps(props.foo)\n * }\n * ```\n *\n * @param value the value to track\n */\n\nexport default function usePrevious(value) {\n  var ref = useRef(null);\n  useEffect(function () {\n    ref.current = value;\n  });\n  return ref.current;\n}","export default function _getPrototypeOf(o) {\n  _getPrototypeOf = Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.getPrototypeOf.bind() : function _getPrototypeOf(o) {\n    return o.__proto__ || Object.getPrototypeOf(o);\n  };\n  return _getPrototypeOf(o);\n}","import getPrototypeOf from \"./getPrototypeOf.js\";\nexport default function _superPropBase(object, property) {\n  while (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(object, property)) {\n    object = getPrototypeOf(object);\n    if (object === null) break;\n  }\n\n  return object;\n}","import superPropBase from \"./superPropBase.js\";\nexport default function _get() {\n  if (typeof Reflect !== \"undefined\" && Reflect.get) {\n    _get = Reflect.get.bind();\n  } else {\n    _get = function _get(target, property, receiver) {\n      var base = superPropBase(target, property);\n      if (!base) return;\n      var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(base, property);\n\n      if (desc.get) {\n        return desc.get.call(arguments.length < 3 ? target : receiver);\n      }\n\n      return desc.value;\n    };\n  }\n\n  return _get.apply(this, arguments);\n}","export default function _setPrototypeOf(o, p) {\n  _setPrototypeOf = Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.setPrototypeOf.bind() : function _setPrototypeOf(o, p) {\n    o.__proto__ = p;\n    return o;\n  };\n  return _setPrototypeOf(o, p);\n}","import setPrototypeOf from \"./setPrototypeOf.js\";\nexport default function _inherits(subClass, superClass) {\n  if (typeof superClass !== \"function\" && superClass !== null) {\n    throw new TypeError(\"Super expression must either be null or a function\");\n  }\n\n  subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, {\n    constructor: {\n      value: subClass,\n      writable: true,\n      configurable: true\n    }\n  });\n  Object.defineProperty(subClass, \"prototype\", {\n    writable: false\n  });\n  if (superClass) setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass);\n}","export default function _typeof(obj) {\n  \"@babel/helpers - typeof\";\n\n  return _typeof = \"function\" == typeof Symbol && \"symbol\" == typeof Symbol.iterator ? function (obj) {\n    return typeof obj;\n  } : function (obj) {\n    return obj && \"function\" == typeof Symbol && obj.constructor === Symbol && obj !== Symbol.prototype ? \"symbol\" : typeof obj;\n  }, _typeof(obj);\n}","import _typeof from \"./typeof.js\";\nimport assertThisInitialized from \"./assertThisInitialized.js\";\nexport default function _possibleConstructorReturn(self, call) {\n  if (call && (_typeof(call) === \"object\" || typeof call === \"function\")) {\n    return call;\n  } else if (call !== void 0) {\n    throw new TypeError(\"Derived constructors may only return object or undefined\");\n  }\n\n  return assertThisInitialized(self);\n}","export default function _assertThisInitialized(self) {\n  if (self === void 0) {\n    throw new ReferenceError(\"this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called\");\n  }\n\n  return self;\n}","import getPrototypeOf from \"./getPrototypeOf.js\";\nimport isNativeReflectConstruct from \"./isNativeReflectConstruct.js\";\nimport possibleConstructorReturn from \"./possibleConstructorReturn.js\";\nexport default function _createSuper(Derived) {\n  var hasNativeReflectConstruct = isNativeReflectConstruct();\n  return function _createSuperInternal() {\n    var Super = getPrototypeOf(Derived),\n        result;\n\n    if (hasNativeReflectConstruct) {\n      var NewTarget = getPrototypeOf(this).constructor;\n      result = Reflect.construct(Super, arguments, NewTarget);\n    } else {\n      result = Super.apply(this, arguments);\n    }\n\n    return possibleConstructorReturn(this, result);\n  };\n}","export default function _isNativeReflectConstruct() {\n  if (typeof Reflect === \"undefined\" || !Reflect.construct) return false;\n  if (Reflect.construct.sham) return false;\n  if (typeof Proxy === \"function\") return true;\n\n  try {\n    Boolean.prototype.valueOf.call(Reflect.construct(Boolean, [], function () {}));\n    return true;\n  } catch (e) {\n    return false;\n  }\n}","var toArray = Function.prototype.bind.call(Function.prototype.call, [].slice);\n/**\n * Runs `querySelectorAll` on a given element.\n * \n * @param element the element\n * @param selector the selector\n */\n\nexport default function qsa(element, selector) {\n  return toArray(element.querySelectorAll(selector));\n}","function replaceClassName(origClass, classToRemove) {\n  return origClass.replace(new RegExp(\"(^|\\\\s)\" + classToRemove + \"(?:\\\\s|$)\", 'g'), '$1').replace(/\\s+/g, ' ').replace(/^\\s*|\\s*$/g, '');\n}\n/**\n * Removes a CSS class from a given element.\n * \n * @param element the element\n * @param className the CSS class name\n */\n\n\nexport default function removeClass(element, className) {\n  if (element.classList) {\n    element.classList.remove(className);\n  } else if (typeof element.className === 'string') {\n    element.className = replaceClassName(element.className, className);\n  } else {\n    element.setAttribute('class', replaceClassName(element.className && element.className.baseVal || '', className));\n  }\n}","import addClass from 'dom-helpers/addClass';\nimport css from 'dom-helpers/css';\nimport qsa from 'dom-helpers/querySelectorAll';\nimport removeClass from 'dom-helpers/removeClass';\nimport ModalManager from '@restart/ui/ModalManager';\nconst Selector = {\n  FIXED_CONTENT: '.fixed-top, .fixed-bottom, .is-fixed, .sticky-top',\n  STICKY_CONTENT: '.sticky-top',\n  NAVBAR_TOGGLER: '.navbar-toggler'\n};\n\nclass BootstrapModalManager extends ModalManager {\n  adjustAndStore(prop, element, adjust) {\n    const actual = element.style[prop]; // TODO: DOMStringMap and CSSStyleDeclaration aren't strictly compatible\n    // @ts-ignore\n\n    element.dataset[prop] = actual;\n    css(element, {\n      [prop]: `${parseFloat(css(element, prop)) + adjust}px`\n    });\n  }\n\n  restore(prop, element) {\n    const value = element.dataset[prop];\n\n    if (value !== undefined) {\n      delete element.dataset[prop];\n      css(element, {\n        [prop]: value\n      });\n    }\n  }\n\n  setContainerStyle(containerState) {\n    super.setContainerStyle(containerState);\n    const container = this.getElement();\n    addClass(container, 'modal-open');\n    if (!containerState.scrollBarWidth) return;\n    const paddingProp = this.isRTL ? 'paddingLeft' : 'paddingRight';\n    const marginProp = this.isRTL ? 'marginLeft' : 'marginRight';\n    qsa(container, Selector.FIXED_CONTENT).forEach(el => this.adjustAndStore(paddingProp, el, containerState.scrollBarWidth));\n    qsa(container, Selector.STICKY_CONTENT).forEach(el => this.adjustAndStore(marginProp, el, -containerState.scrollBarWidth));\n    qsa(container, Selector.NAVBAR_TOGGLER).forEach(el => this.adjustAndStore(marginProp, el, containerState.scrollBarWidth));\n  }\n\n  removeContainerStyle(containerState) {\n    super.removeContainerStyle(containerState);\n    const container = this.getElement();\n    removeClass(container, 'modal-open');\n    const paddingProp = this.isRTL ? 'paddingLeft' : 'paddingRight';\n    const marginProp = this.isRTL ? 'marginLeft' : 'marginRight';\n    qsa(container, Selector.FIXED_CONTENT).forEach(el => this.restore(paddingProp, el));\n    qsa(container, Selector.STICKY_CONTENT).forEach(el => this.restore(marginProp, el));\n    qsa(container, Selector.NAVBAR_TOGGLER).forEach(el => this.restore(marginProp, el));\n  }\n\n}\n\nlet sharedManager;\nexport function getSharedManager(options) {\n  if (!sharedManager) sharedManager = new BootstrapModalManager(options);\n  return sharedManager;\n}\nexport default BootstrapModalManager;","import hasClass from './hasClass';\n/**\n * Adds a CSS class to a given element.\n * \n * @param element the element\n * @param className the CSS class name\n */\n\nexport default function addClass(element, className) {\n  if (element.classList) element.classList.add(className);else if (!hasClass(element, className)) if (typeof element.className === 'string') element.className = element.className + \" \" + className;else element.setAttribute('class', (element.className && element.className.baseVal || '') + \" \" + className);\n}","/**\n * Checks if a given element has a CSS class.\n * \n * @param element the element\n * @param className the CSS class name\n */\nexport default function hasClass(element, className) {\n  if (element.classList) return !!className && element.classList.contains(className);\n  return (\" \" + (element.className.baseVal || element.className) + \" \").indexOf(\" \" + className + \" \") !== -1;\n}","export default {\n  disabled: false\n};","import React from 'react';\nexport default React.createContext(null);","import _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose from \"@babel/runtime/helpers/esm/objectWithoutPropertiesLoose\";\nimport _inheritsLoose from \"@babel/runtime/helpers/esm/inheritsLoose\";\nimport PropTypes from 'prop-types';\nimport React from 'react';\nimport ReactDOM from 'react-dom';\nimport config from './config';\nimport { timeoutsShape } from './utils/PropTypes';\nimport TransitionGroupContext from './TransitionGroupContext';\nimport { forceReflow } from './utils/reflow';\nexport var UNMOUNTED = 'unmounted';\nexport var EXITED = 'exited';\nexport var ENTERING = 'entering';\nexport var ENTERED = 'entered';\nexport var EXITING = 'exiting';\n/**\n * The Transition component lets you describe a transition from one component\n * state to another _over time_ with a simple declarative API. Most commonly\n * it's used to animate the mounting and unmounting of a component, but can also\n * be used to describe in-place transition states as well.\n *\n * ---\n *\n * **Note**: `Transition` is a platform-agnostic base component. If you're using\n * transitions in CSS, you'll probably want to use\n * [`CSSTransition`](https://reactcommunity.org/react-transition-group/css-transition)\n * instead. It inherits all the features of `Transition`, but contains\n * additional features necessary to play nice with CSS transitions (hence the\n * name of the component).\n *\n * ---\n *\n * By default the `Transition` component does not alter the behavior of the\n * component it renders, it only tracks \"enter\" and \"exit\" states for the\n * components. It's up to you to give meaning and effect to those states. For\n * example we can add styles to a component when it enters or exits:\n *\n * ```jsx\n * import { Transition } from 'react-transition-group';\n *\n * const duration = 300;\n *\n * const defaultStyle = {\n *   transition: `opacity ${duration}ms ease-in-out`,\n *   opacity: 0,\n * }\n *\n * const transitionStyles = {\n *   entering: { opacity: 1 },\n *   entered:  { opacity: 1 },\n *   exiting:  { opacity: 0 },\n *   exited:  { opacity: 0 },\n * };\n *\n * const Fade = ({ in: inProp }) => (\n *   <Transition in={inProp} timeout={duration}>\n *     {state => (\n *       <div style={{\n *         ...defaultStyle,\n *         ...transitionStyles[state]\n *       }}>\n *         I'm a fade Transition!\n *       </div>\n *     )}\n *   </Transition>\n * );\n * ```\n *\n * There are 4 main states a Transition can be in:\n *  - `'entering'`\n *  - `'entered'`\n *  - `'exiting'`\n *  - `'exited'`\n *\n * Transition state is toggled via the `in` prop. When `true` the component\n * begins the \"Enter\" stage. During this stage, the component will shift from\n * its current transition state, to `'entering'` for the duration of the\n * transition and then to the `'entered'` stage once it's complete. Let's take\n * the following example (we'll use the\n * [useState](https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-reference.html#usestate) hook):\n *\n * ```jsx\n * function App() {\n *   const [inProp, setInProp] = useState(false);\n *   return (\n *     <div>\n *       <Transition in={inProp} timeout={500}>\n *         {state => (\n *           // ...\n *         )}\n *       </Transition>\n *       <button onClick={() => setInProp(true)}>\n *         Click to Enter\n *       </button>\n *     </div>\n *   );\n * }\n * ```\n *\n * When the button is clicked the component will shift to the `'entering'` state\n * and stay there for 500ms (the value of `timeout`) before it finally switches\n * to `'entered'`.\n *\n * When `in` is `false` the same thing happens except the state moves from\n * `'exiting'` to `'exited'`.\n */\n\nvar Transition = /*#__PURE__*/function (_React$Component) {\n  _inheritsLoose(Transition, _React$Component);\n\n  function Transition(props, context) {\n    var _this;\n\n    _this = _React$Component.call(this, props, context) || this;\n    var parentGroup = context; // In the context of a TransitionGroup all enters are really appears\n\n    var appear = parentGroup && !parentGroup.isMounting ? props.enter : props.appear;\n    var initialStatus;\n    _this.appearStatus = null;\n\n    if (props.in) {\n      if (appear) {\n        initialStatus = EXITED;\n        _this.appearStatus = ENTERING;\n      } else {\n        initialStatus = ENTERED;\n      }\n    } else {\n      if (props.unmountOnExit || props.mountOnEnter) {\n        initialStatus = UNMOUNTED;\n      } else {\n        initialStatus = EXITED;\n      }\n    }\n\n    _this.state = {\n      status: initialStatus\n    };\n    _this.nextCallback = null;\n    return _this;\n  }\n\n  Transition.getDerivedStateFromProps = function getDerivedStateFromProps(_ref, prevState) {\n    var nextIn = _ref.in;\n\n    if (nextIn && prevState.status === UNMOUNTED) {\n      return {\n        status: EXITED\n      };\n    }\n\n    return null;\n  } // getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(prevProps) {\n  //   let nextStatus = null\n  //   if (prevProps !== this.props) {\n  //     const { status } = this.state\n  //     if (this.props.in) {\n  //       if (status !== ENTERING && status !== ENTERED) {\n  //         nextStatus = ENTERING\n  //       }\n  //     } else {\n  //       if (status === ENTERING || status === ENTERED) {\n  //         nextStatus = EXITING\n  //       }\n  //     }\n  //   }\n  //   return { nextStatus }\n  // }\n  ;\n\n  var _proto = Transition.prototype;\n\n  _proto.componentDidMount = function componentDidMount() {\n    this.updateStatus(true, this.appearStatus);\n  };\n\n  _proto.componentDidUpdate = function componentDidUpdate(prevProps) {\n    var nextStatus = null;\n\n    if (prevProps !== this.props) {\n      var status = this.state.status;\n\n      if (this.props.in) {\n        if (status !== ENTERING && status !== ENTERED) {\n          nextStatus = ENTERING;\n        }\n      } else {\n        if (status === ENTERING || status === ENTERED) {\n          nextStatus = EXITING;\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    this.updateStatus(false, nextStatus);\n  };\n\n  _proto.componentWillUnmount = function componentWillUnmount() {\n    this.cancelNextCallback();\n  };\n\n  _proto.getTimeouts = function getTimeouts() {\n    var timeout = this.props.timeout;\n    var exit, enter, appear;\n    exit = enter = appear = timeout;\n\n    if (timeout != null && typeof timeout !== 'number') {\n      exit = timeout.exit;\n      enter = timeout.enter; // TODO: remove fallback for next major\n\n      appear = timeout.appear !== undefined ? timeout.appear : enter;\n    }\n\n    return {\n      exit: exit,\n      enter: enter,\n      appear: appear\n    };\n  };\n\n  _proto.updateStatus = function updateStatus(mounting, nextStatus) {\n    if (mounting === void 0) {\n      mounting = false;\n    }\n\n    if (nextStatus !== null) {\n      // nextStatus will always be ENTERING or EXITING.\n      this.cancelNextCallback();\n\n      if (nextStatus === ENTERING) {\n        if (this.props.unmountOnExit || this.props.mountOnEnter) {\n          var node = this.props.nodeRef ? this.props.nodeRef.current : ReactDOM.findDOMNode(this); // https://github.com/reactjs/react-transition-group/pull/749\n          // With unmountOnExit or mountOnEnter, the enter animation should happen at the transition between `exited` and `entering`.\n          // To make the animation happen,  we have to separate each rendering and avoid being processed as batched.\n\n          if (node) forceReflow(node);\n        }\n\n        this.performEnter(mounting);\n      } else {\n        this.performExit();\n      }\n    } else if (this.props.unmountOnExit && this.state.status === EXITED) {\n      this.setState({\n        status: UNMOUNTED\n      });\n    }\n  };\n\n  _proto.performEnter = function performEnter(mounting) {\n    var _this2 = this;\n\n    var enter = this.props.enter;\n    var appearing = this.context ? this.context.isMounting : mounting;\n\n    var _ref2 = this.props.nodeRef ? [appearing] : [ReactDOM.findDOMNode(this), appearing],\n        maybeNode = _ref2[0],\n        maybeAppearing = _ref2[1];\n\n    var timeouts = this.getTimeouts();\n    var enterTimeout = appearing ? timeouts.appear : timeouts.enter; // no enter animation skip right to ENTERED\n    // if we are mounting and running this it means appear _must_ be set\n\n    if (!mounting && !enter || config.disabled) {\n      this.safeSetState({\n        status: ENTERED\n      }, function () {\n        _this2.props.onEntered(maybeNode);\n      });\n      return;\n    }\n\n    this.props.onEnter(maybeNode, maybeAppearing);\n    this.safeSetState({\n      status: ENTERING\n    }, function () {\n      _this2.props.onEntering(maybeNode, maybeAppearing);\n\n      _this2.onTransitionEnd(enterTimeout, function () {\n        _this2.safeSetState({\n          status: ENTERED\n        }, function () {\n          _this2.props.onEntered(maybeNode, maybeAppearing);\n        });\n      });\n    });\n  };\n\n  _proto.performExit = function performExit() {\n    var _this3 = this;\n\n    var exit = this.props.exit;\n    var timeouts = this.getTimeouts();\n    var maybeNode = this.props.nodeRef ? undefined : ReactDOM.findDOMNode(this); // no exit animation skip right to EXITED\n\n    if (!exit || config.disabled) {\n      this.safeSetState({\n        status: EXITED\n      }, function () {\n        _this3.props.onExited(maybeNode);\n      });\n      return;\n    }\n\n    this.props.onExit(maybeNode);\n    this.safeSetState({\n      status: EXITING\n    }, function () {\n      _this3.props.onExiting(maybeNode);\n\n      _this3.onTransitionEnd(timeouts.exit, function () {\n        _this3.safeSetState({\n          status: EXITED\n        }, function () {\n          _this3.props.onExited(maybeNode);\n        });\n      });\n    });\n  };\n\n  _proto.cancelNextCallback = function cancelNextCallback() {\n    if (this.nextCallback !== null) {\n      this.nextCallback.cancel();\n      this.nextCallback = null;\n    }\n  };\n\n  _proto.safeSetState = function safeSetState(nextState, callback) {\n    // This shouldn't be necessary, but there are weird race conditions with\n    // setState callbacks and unmounting in testing, so always make sure that\n    // we can cancel any pending setState callbacks after we unmount.\n    callback = this.setNextCallback(callback);\n    this.setState(nextState, callback);\n  };\n\n  _proto.setNextCallback = function setNextCallback(callback) {\n    var _this4 = this;\n\n    var active = true;\n\n    this.nextCallback = function (event) {\n      if (active) {\n        active = false;\n        _this4.nextCallback = null;\n        callback(event);\n      }\n    };\n\n    this.nextCallback.cancel = function () {\n      active = false;\n    };\n\n    return this.nextCallback;\n  };\n\n  _proto.onTransitionEnd = function onTransitionEnd(timeout, handler) {\n    this.setNextCallback(handler);\n    var node = this.props.nodeRef ? this.props.nodeRef.current : ReactDOM.findDOMNode(this);\n    var doesNotHaveTimeoutOrListener = timeout == null && !this.props.addEndListener;\n\n    if (!node || doesNotHaveTimeoutOrListener) {\n      setTimeout(this.nextCallback, 0);\n      return;\n    }\n\n    if (this.props.addEndListener) {\n      var _ref3 = this.props.nodeRef ? [this.nextCallback] : [node, this.nextCallback],\n          maybeNode = _ref3[0],\n          maybeNextCallback = _ref3[1];\n\n      this.props.addEndListener(maybeNode, maybeNextCallback);\n    }\n\n    if (timeout != null) {\n      setTimeout(this.nextCallback, timeout);\n    }\n  };\n\n  _proto.render = function render() {\n    var status = this.state.status;\n\n    if (status === UNMOUNTED) {\n      return null;\n    }\n\n    var _this$props = this.props,\n        children = _this$props.children,\n        _in = _this$props.in,\n        _mountOnEnter = _this$props.mountOnEnter,\n        _unmountOnExit = _this$props.unmountOnExit,\n        _appear = _this$props.appear,\n        _enter = _this$props.enter,\n        _exit = _this$props.exit,\n        _timeout = _this$props.timeout,\n        _addEndListener = _this$props.addEndListener,\n        _onEnter = _this$props.onEnter,\n        _onEntering = _this$props.onEntering,\n        _onEntered = _this$props.onEntered,\n        _onExit = _this$props.onExit,\n        _onExiting = _this$props.onExiting,\n        _onExited = _this$props.onExited,\n        _nodeRef = _this$props.nodeRef,\n        childProps = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(_this$props, [\"children\", \"in\", \"mountOnEnter\", \"unmountOnExit\", \"appear\", \"enter\", \"exit\", \"timeout\", \"addEndListener\", \"onEnter\", \"onEntering\", \"onEntered\", \"onExit\", \"onExiting\", \"onExited\", \"nodeRef\"]);\n\n    return (\n      /*#__PURE__*/\n      // allows for nested Transitions\n      React.createElement(TransitionGroupContext.Provider, {\n        value: null\n      }, typeof children === 'function' ? children(status, childProps) : React.cloneElement(React.Children.only(children), childProps))\n    );\n  };\n\n  return Transition;\n}(React.Component);\n\nTransition.contextType = TransitionGroupContext;\nTransition.propTypes = process.env.NODE_ENV !== \"production\" ? {\n  /**\n   * A React reference to DOM element that need to transition:\n   * https://stackoverflow.com/a/51127130/4671932\n   *\n   *   - When `nodeRef` prop is used, `node` is not passed to callback functions\n   *      (e.g. `onEnter`) because user already has direct access to the node.\n   *   - When changing `key` prop of `Transition` in a `TransitionGroup` a new\n   *     `nodeRef` need to be provided to `Transition` with changed `key` prop\n   *     (see\n   *     [test/CSSTransition-test.js](https://github.com/reactjs/react-transition-group/blob/13435f897b3ab71f6e19d724f145596f5910581c/test/CSSTransition-test.js#L362-L437)).\n   */\n  nodeRef: PropTypes.shape({\n    current: typeof Element === 'undefined' ? PropTypes.any : function (propValue, key, componentName, location, propFullName, secret) {\n      var value = propValue[key];\n      return PropTypes.instanceOf(value && 'ownerDocument' in value ? value.ownerDocument.defaultView.Element : Element)(propValue, key, componentName, location, propFullName, secret);\n    }\n  }),\n\n  /**\n   * A `function` child can be used instead of a React element. This function is\n   * called with the current transition status (`'entering'`, `'entered'`,\n   * `'exiting'`, `'exited'`), which can be used to apply context\n   * specific props to a component.\n   *\n   * ```jsx\n   * <Transition in={this.state.in} timeout={150}>\n   *   {state => (\n   *     <MyComponent className={`fade fade-${state}`} />\n   *   )}\n   * </Transition>\n   * ```\n   */\n  children: PropTypes.oneOfType([PropTypes.func.isRequired, PropTypes.element.isRequired]).isRequired,\n\n  /**\n   * Show the component; triggers the enter or exit states\n   */\n  in: PropTypes.bool,\n\n  /**\n   * By default the child component is mounted immediately along with\n   * the parent `Transition` component. If you want to \"lazy mount\" the component on the\n   * first `in={true}` you can set `mountOnEnter`. After the first enter transition the component will stay\n   * mounted, even on \"exited\", unless you also specify `unmountOnExit`.\n   */\n  mountOnEnter: PropTypes.bool,\n\n  /**\n   * By default the child component stays mounted after it reaches the `'exited'` state.\n   * Set `unmountOnExit` if you'd prefer to unmount the component after it finishes exiting.\n   */\n  unmountOnExit: PropTypes.bool,\n\n  /**\n   * By default the child component does not perform the enter transition when\n   * it first mounts, regardless of the value of `in`. If you want this\n   * behavior, set both `appear` and `in` to `true`.\n   *\n   * > **Note**: there are no special appear states like `appearing`/`appeared`, this prop\n   * > only adds an additional enter transition. However, in the\n   * > `<CSSTransition>` component that first enter transition does result in\n   * > additional `.appear-*` classes, that way you can choose to style it\n   * > differently.\n   */\n  appear: PropTypes.bool,\n\n  /**\n   * Enable or disable enter transitions.\n   */\n  enter: PropTypes.bool,\n\n  /**\n   * Enable or disable exit transitions.\n   */\n  exit: PropTypes.bool,\n\n  /**\n   * The duration of the transition, in milliseconds.\n   * Required unless `addEndListener` is provided.\n   *\n   * You may specify a single timeout for all transitions:\n   *\n   * ```jsx\n   * timeout={500}\n   * ```\n   *\n   * or individually:\n   *\n   * ```jsx\n   * timeout={{\n   *  appear: 500,\n   *  enter: 300,\n   *  exit: 500,\n   * }}\n   * ```\n   *\n   * - `appear` defaults to the value of `enter`\n   * - `enter` defaults to `0`\n   * - `exit` defaults to `0`\n   *\n   * @type {number | { enter?: number, exit?: number, appear?: number }}\n   */\n  timeout: function timeout(props) {\n    var pt = timeoutsShape;\n    if (!props.addEndListener) pt = pt.isRequired;\n\n    for (var _len = arguments.length, args = new Array(_len > 1 ? _len - 1 : 0), _key = 1; _key < _len; _key++) {\n      args[_key - 1] = arguments[_key];\n    }\n\n    return pt.apply(void 0, [props].concat(args));\n  },\n\n  /**\n   * Add a custom transition end trigger. Called with the transitioning\n   * DOM node and a `done` callback. Allows for more fine grained transition end\n   * logic. Timeouts are still used as a fallback if provided.\n   *\n   * **Note**: when `nodeRef` prop is passed, `node` is not passed.\n   *\n   * ```jsx\n   * addEndListener={(node, done) => {\n   *   // use the css transitionend event to mark the finish of a transition\n   *   node.addEventListener('transitionend', done, false);\n   * }}\n   * ```\n   */\n  addEndListener: PropTypes.func,\n\n  /**\n   * Callback fired before the \"entering\" status is applied. An extra parameter\n   * `isAppearing` is supplied to indicate if the enter stage is occurring on the initial mount\n   *\n   * **Note**: when `nodeRef` prop is passed, `node` is not passed.\n   *\n   * @type Function(node: HtmlElement, isAppearing: bool) -> void\n   */\n  onEnter: PropTypes.func,\n\n  /**\n   * Callback fired after the \"entering\" status is applied. An extra parameter\n   * `isAppearing` is supplied to indicate if the enter stage is occurring on the initial mount\n   *\n   * **Note**: when `nodeRef` prop is passed, `node` is not passed.\n   *\n   * @type Function(node: HtmlElement, isAppearing: bool)\n   */\n  onEntering: PropTypes.func,\n\n  /**\n   * Callback fired after the \"entered\" status is applied. An extra parameter\n   * `isAppearing` is supplied to indicate if the enter stage is occurring on the initial mount\n   *\n   * **Note**: when `nodeRef` prop is passed, `node` is not passed.\n   *\n   * @type Function(node: HtmlElement, isAppearing: bool) -> void\n   */\n  onEntered: PropTypes.func,\n\n  /**\n   * Callback fired before the \"exiting\" status is applied.\n   *\n   * **Note**: when `nodeRef` prop is passed, `node` is not passed.\n   *\n   * @type Function(node: HtmlElement) -> void\n   */\n  onExit: PropTypes.func,\n\n  /**\n   * Callback fired after the \"exiting\" status is applied.\n   *\n   * **Note**: when `nodeRef` prop is passed, `node` is not passed.\n   *\n   * @type Function(node: HtmlElement) -> void\n   */\n  onExiting: PropTypes.func,\n\n  /**\n   * Callback fired after the \"exited\" status is applied.\n   *\n   * **Note**: when `nodeRef` prop is passed, `node` is not passed\n   *\n   * @type Function(node: HtmlElement) -> void\n   */\n  onExited: PropTypes.func\n} : {}; // Name the function so it is clearer in the documentation\n\nfunction noop() {}\n\nTransition.defaultProps = {\n  in: false,\n  mountOnEnter: false,\n  unmountOnExit: false,\n  appear: false,\n  enter: true,\n  exit: true,\n  onEnter: noop,\n  onEntering: noop,\n  onEntered: noop,\n  onExit: noop,\n  onExiting: noop,\n  onExited: noop\n};\nTransition.UNMOUNTED = UNMOUNTED;\nTransition.EXITED = EXITED;\nTransition.ENTERING = ENTERING;\nTransition.ENTERED = ENTERED;\nTransition.EXITING = EXITING;\nexport default Transition;","import setPrototypeOf from \"./setPrototypeOf.js\";\nexport default function _inheritsLoose(subClass, superClass) {\n  subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass.prototype);\n  subClass.prototype.constructor = subClass;\n  setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass);\n}","export var forceReflow = function forceReflow(node) {\n  return node.scrollTop;\n};","import css from 'dom-helpers/css';\nimport transitionEnd from 'dom-helpers/transitionEnd';\n\nfunction parseDuration(node, property) {\n  const str = css(node, property) || '';\n  const mult = str.indexOf('ms') === -1 ? 1000 : 1;\n  return parseFloat(str) * mult;\n}\n\nexport default function transitionEndListener(element, handler) {\n  const duration = parseDuration(element, 'transitionDuration');\n  const delay = parseDuration(element, 'transitionDelay');\n  const remove = transitionEnd(element, e => {\n    if (e.target === element) {\n      remove();\n      handler(e);\n    }\n  }, duration + delay);\n}","import React, { useCallback, useRef } from 'react';\nimport Transition from 'react-transition-group/Transition';\nimport useMergedRefs from '@restart/hooks/useMergedRefs';\nimport safeFindDOMNode from './safeFindDOMNode';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\n// Normalizes Transition callbacks when nodeRef is used.\nconst TransitionWrapper = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  onEnter,\n  onEntering,\n  onEntered,\n  onExit,\n  onExiting,\n  onExited,\n  addEndListener,\n  children,\n  childRef,\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  const nodeRef = useRef(null);\n  const mergedRef = useMergedRefs(nodeRef, childRef);\n\n  const attachRef = r => {\n    mergedRef(safeFindDOMNode(r));\n  };\n\n  const normalize = callback => param => {\n    if (callback && nodeRef.current) {\n      callback(nodeRef.current, param);\n    }\n  };\n  /* eslint-disable react-hooks/exhaustive-deps */\n\n\n  const handleEnter = useCallback(normalize(onEnter), [onEnter]);\n  const handleEntering = useCallback(normalize(onEntering), [onEntering]);\n  const handleEntered = useCallback(normalize(onEntered), [onEntered]);\n  const handleExit = useCallback(normalize(onExit), [onExit]);\n  const handleExiting = useCallback(normalize(onExiting), [onExiting]);\n  const handleExited = useCallback(normalize(onExited), [onExited]);\n  const handleAddEndListener = useCallback(normalize(addEndListener), [addEndListener]);\n  /* eslint-enable react-hooks/exhaustive-deps */\n\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Transition, {\n    ref: ref,\n    ...props,\n    onEnter: handleEnter,\n    onEntered: handleEntered,\n    onEntering: handleEntering,\n    onExit: handleExit,\n    onExited: handleExited,\n    onExiting: handleExiting,\n    addEndListener: handleAddEndListener,\n    nodeRef: nodeRef,\n    children: typeof children === 'function' ? (status, innerProps) => children(status, { ...innerProps,\n      ref: attachRef\n    }) : /*#__PURE__*/React.cloneElement(children, {\n      ref: attachRef\n    })\n  });\n});\nexport default TransitionWrapper;","import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';\nexport default function safeFindDOMNode(componentOrElement) {\n  if (componentOrElement && 'setState' in componentOrElement) {\n    return ReactDOM.findDOMNode(componentOrElement);\n  }\n\n  return componentOrElement != null ? componentOrElement : null;\n}","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { useCallback } from 'react';\nimport { ENTERED, ENTERING } from 'react-transition-group/Transition';\nimport transitionEndListener from './transitionEndListener';\nimport triggerBrowserReflow from './triggerBrowserReflow';\nimport TransitionWrapper from './TransitionWrapper';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst defaultProps = {\n  in: false,\n  timeout: 300,\n  mountOnEnter: false,\n  unmountOnExit: false,\n  appear: false\n};\nconst fadeStyles = {\n  [ENTERING]: 'show',\n  [ENTERED]: 'show'\n};\nconst Fade = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  className,\n  children,\n  transitionClasses = {},\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  const handleEnter = useCallback((node, isAppearing) => {\n    triggerBrowserReflow(node);\n    props.onEnter == null ? void 0 : props.onEnter(node, isAppearing);\n  }, [props]);\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(TransitionWrapper, {\n    ref: ref,\n    addEndListener: transitionEndListener,\n    ...props,\n    onEnter: handleEnter,\n    childRef: children.ref,\n    children: (status, innerProps) => /*#__PURE__*/React.cloneElement(children, { ...innerProps,\n      className: classNames('fade', className, children.props.className, fadeStyles[status], transitionClasses[status])\n    })\n  });\n});\nFade.defaultProps = defaultProps;\nFade.displayName = 'Fade';\nexport default Fade;","// reading a dimension prop will cause the browser to recalculate,\n// which will let our animations work\nexport default function triggerBrowserReflow(node) {\n  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unused-expressions\n  node.offsetHeight;\n}","var rHyphen = /-(.)/g;\nexport default function camelize(string) {\n  return string.replace(rHyphen, function (_, chr) {\n    return chr.toUpperCase();\n  });\n}","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport camelize from 'dom-helpers/camelize';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { useBootstrapPrefix } from './ThemeProvider';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\n\nconst pascalCase = str => str[0].toUpperCase() + camelize(str).slice(1);\n\n// TODO: emstricten & fix the typing here! `createWithBsPrefix<TElementType>...`\nexport default function createWithBsPrefix(prefix, {\n  displayName = pascalCase(prefix),\n  Component,\n  defaultProps\n} = {}) {\n  const BsComponent = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n    className,\n    bsPrefix,\n    as: Tag = Component || 'div',\n    ...props\n  }, ref) => {\n    const resolvedPrefix = useBootstrapPrefix(bsPrefix, prefix);\n    return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Tag, {\n      ref: ref,\n      className: classNames(className, resolvedPrefix),\n      ...props\n    });\n  });\n  BsComponent.defaultProps = defaultProps;\n  BsComponent.displayName = displayName;\n  return BsComponent;\n}","import createWithBsPrefix from './createWithBsPrefix';\nexport default createWithBsPrefix('modal-body');","import * as React from 'react';\nconst ModalContext = /*#__PURE__*/React.createContext({\n  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-empty-function\n  onHide() {}\n\n});\nexport default ModalContext;","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { useBootstrapPrefix } from './ThemeProvider';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst ModalDialog = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  bsPrefix,\n  className,\n  contentClassName,\n  centered,\n  size,\n  fullscreen,\n  children,\n  scrollable,\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  bsPrefix = useBootstrapPrefix(bsPrefix, 'modal');\n  const dialogClass = `${bsPrefix}-dialog`;\n  const fullScreenClass = typeof fullscreen === 'string' ? `${bsPrefix}-fullscreen-${fullscreen}` : `${bsPrefix}-fullscreen`;\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(\"div\", { ...props,\n    ref: ref,\n    className: classNames(dialogClass, className, size && `${bsPrefix}-${size}`, centered && `${dialogClass}-centered`, scrollable && `${dialogClass}-scrollable`, fullscreen && fullScreenClass),\n    children: /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(\"div\", {\n      className: classNames(`${bsPrefix}-content`, contentClassName),\n      children: children\n    })\n  });\n});\nModalDialog.displayName = 'ModalDialog';\nexport default ModalDialog;","import createWithBsPrefix from './createWithBsPrefix';\nexport default createWithBsPrefix('modal-footer');","import PropTypes from 'prop-types';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport classNames from 'classnames';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst propTypes = {\n  'aria-label': PropTypes.string,\n  onClick: PropTypes.func,\n\n  /**\n   * Render different color variant for the button.\n   *\n   * Omitting this will render the default dark color.\n   */\n  variant: PropTypes.oneOf(['white'])\n};\nconst defaultProps = {\n  'aria-label': 'Close'\n};\nconst CloseButton = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  className,\n  variant,\n  ...props\n}, ref) => /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(\"button\", {\n  ref: ref,\n  type: \"button\",\n  className: classNames('btn-close', variant && `btn-close-${variant}`, className),\n  ...props\n}));\nCloseButton.displayName = 'CloseButton';\nCloseButton.propTypes = propTypes;\nCloseButton.defaultProps = defaultProps;\nexport default CloseButton;","import * as React from 'react';\nimport { useContext } from 'react';\nimport useEventCallback from '@restart/hooks/useEventCallback';\nimport CloseButton from './CloseButton';\nimport ModalContext from './ModalContext';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nimport { jsxs as _jsxs } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst defaultProps = {\n  closeLabel: 'Close',\n  closeButton: false\n};\nconst AbstractModalHeader = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  closeLabel,\n  closeVariant,\n  closeButton,\n  onHide,\n  children,\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  const context = useContext(ModalContext);\n  const handleClick = useEventCallback(() => {\n    context == null ? void 0 : context.onHide();\n    onHide == null ? void 0 : onHide();\n  });\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsxs(\"div\", {\n    ref: ref,\n    ...props,\n    children: [children, closeButton && /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(CloseButton, {\n      \"aria-label\": closeLabel,\n      variant: closeVariant,\n      onClick: handleClick\n    })]\n  });\n});\nAbstractModalHeader.defaultProps = defaultProps;\nexport default AbstractModalHeader;","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { useBootstrapPrefix } from './ThemeProvider';\nimport AbstractModalHeader from './AbstractModalHeader';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst defaultProps = {\n  closeLabel: 'Close',\n  closeButton: false\n};\nconst ModalHeader = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  bsPrefix,\n  className,\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  bsPrefix = useBootstrapPrefix(bsPrefix, 'modal-header');\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(AbstractModalHeader, {\n    ref: ref,\n    ...props,\n    className: classNames(className, bsPrefix)\n  });\n});\nModalHeader.displayName = 'ModalHeader';\nModalHeader.defaultProps = defaultProps;\nexport default ModalHeader;","import * as React from 'react';\nimport classNames from 'classnames';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nexport default (className => /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef((p, ref) => /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(\"div\", { ...p,\n  ref: ref,\n  className: classNames(p.className, className)\n})));","import createWithBsPrefix from './createWithBsPrefix';\nimport divWithClassName from './divWithClassName';\nconst DivStyledAsH4 = divWithClassName('h4');\nexport default createWithBsPrefix('modal-title', {\n  Component: DivStyledAsH4\n});","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport addEventListener from 'dom-helpers/addEventListener';\nimport canUseDOM from 'dom-helpers/canUseDOM';\nimport ownerDocument from 'dom-helpers/ownerDocument';\nimport removeEventListener from 'dom-helpers/removeEventListener';\nimport getScrollbarSize from 'dom-helpers/scrollbarSize';\nimport useCallbackRef from '@restart/hooks/useCallbackRef';\nimport useEventCallback from '@restart/hooks/useEventCallback';\nimport useMergedRefs from '@restart/hooks/useMergedRefs';\nimport useWillUnmount from '@restart/hooks/useWillUnmount';\nimport transitionEnd from 'dom-helpers/transitionEnd';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { useCallback, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';\nimport BaseModal from '@restart/ui/Modal';\nimport { getSharedManager } from './BootstrapModalManager';\nimport Fade from './Fade';\nimport ModalBody from './ModalBody';\nimport ModalContext from './ModalContext';\nimport ModalDialog from './ModalDialog';\nimport ModalFooter from './ModalFooter';\nimport ModalHeader from './ModalHeader';\nimport ModalTitle from './ModalTitle';\nimport { useBootstrapPrefix, useIsRTL } from './ThemeProvider';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst defaultProps = {\n  show: false,\n  backdrop: true,\n  keyboard: true,\n  autoFocus: true,\n  enforceFocus: true,\n  restoreFocus: true,\n  animation: true,\n  dialogAs: ModalDialog\n};\n/* eslint-disable no-use-before-define, react/no-multi-comp */\n\nfunction DialogTransition(props) {\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Fade, { ...props,\n    timeout: null\n  });\n}\n\nfunction BackdropTransition(props) {\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Fade, { ...props,\n    timeout: null\n  });\n}\n/* eslint-enable no-use-before-define */\n\n\nconst Modal = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  bsPrefix,\n  className,\n  style,\n  dialogClassName,\n  contentClassName,\n  children,\n  dialogAs: Dialog,\n  'aria-labelledby': ariaLabelledby,\n  'aria-describedby': ariaDescribedby,\n  'aria-label': ariaLabel,\n\n  /* BaseModal props */\n  show,\n  animation,\n  backdrop,\n  keyboard,\n  onEscapeKeyDown,\n  onShow,\n  onHide,\n  container,\n  autoFocus,\n  enforceFocus,\n  restoreFocus,\n  restoreFocusOptions,\n  onEntered,\n  onExit,\n  onExiting,\n  onEnter,\n  onEntering,\n  onExited,\n  backdropClassName,\n  manager: propsManager,\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  const [modalStyle, setStyle] = useState({});\n  const [animateStaticModal, setAnimateStaticModal] = useState(false);\n  const waitingForMouseUpRef = useRef(false);\n  const ignoreBackdropClickRef = useRef(false);\n  const removeStaticModalAnimationRef = useRef(null);\n  const [modal, setModalRef] = useCallbackRef();\n  const mergedRef = useMergedRefs(ref, setModalRef);\n  const handleHide = useEventCallback(onHide);\n  const isRTL = useIsRTL();\n  bsPrefix = useBootstrapPrefix(bsPrefix, 'modal');\n  const modalContext = useMemo(() => ({\n    onHide: handleHide\n  }), [handleHide]);\n\n  function getModalManager() {\n    if (propsManager) return propsManager;\n    return getSharedManager({\n      isRTL\n    });\n  }\n\n  function updateDialogStyle(node) {\n    if (!canUseDOM) return;\n    const containerIsOverflowing = getModalManager().getScrollbarWidth() > 0;\n    const modalIsOverflowing = node.scrollHeight > ownerDocument(node).documentElement.clientHeight;\n    setStyle({\n      paddingRight: containerIsOverflowing && !modalIsOverflowing ? getScrollbarSize() : undefined,\n      paddingLeft: !containerIsOverflowing && modalIsOverflowing ? getScrollbarSize() : undefined\n    });\n  }\n\n  const handleWindowResize = useEventCallback(() => {\n    if (modal) {\n      updateDialogStyle(modal.dialog);\n    }\n  });\n  useWillUnmount(() => {\n    removeEventListener(window, 'resize', handleWindowResize);\n    removeStaticModalAnimationRef.current == null ? void 0 : removeStaticModalAnimationRef.current();\n  }); // We prevent the modal from closing during a drag by detecting where the\n  // the click originates from. If it starts in the modal and then ends outside\n  // don't close.\n\n  const handleDialogMouseDown = () => {\n    waitingForMouseUpRef.current = true;\n  };\n\n  const handleMouseUp = e => {\n    if (waitingForMouseUpRef.current && modal && e.target === modal.dialog) {\n      ignoreBackdropClickRef.current = true;\n    }\n\n    waitingForMouseUpRef.current = false;\n  };\n\n  const handleStaticModalAnimation = () => {\n    setAnimateStaticModal(true);\n    removeStaticModalAnimationRef.current = transitionEnd(modal.dialog, () => {\n      setAnimateStaticModal(false);\n    });\n  };\n\n  const handleStaticBackdropClick = e => {\n    if (e.target !== e.currentTarget) {\n      return;\n    }\n\n    handleStaticModalAnimation();\n  };\n\n  const handleClick = e => {\n    if (backdrop === 'static') {\n      handleStaticBackdropClick(e);\n      return;\n    }\n\n    if (ignoreBackdropClickRef.current || e.target !== e.currentTarget) {\n      ignoreBackdropClickRef.current = false;\n      return;\n    }\n\n    onHide == null ? void 0 : onHide();\n  };\n\n  const handleEscapeKeyDown = e => {\n    if (!keyboard && backdrop === 'static') {\n      // Call preventDefault to stop modal from closing in restart ui,\n      // then play our animation.\n      e.preventDefault();\n      handleStaticModalAnimation();\n    } else if (keyboard && onEscapeKeyDown) {\n      onEscapeKeyDown(e);\n    }\n  };\n\n  const handleEnter = (node, isAppearing) => {\n    if (node) {\n      updateDialogStyle(node);\n    }\n\n    onEnter == null ? void 0 : onEnter(node, isAppearing);\n  };\n\n  const handleExit = node => {\n    removeStaticModalAnimationRef.current == null ? void 0 : removeStaticModalAnimationRef.current();\n    onExit == null ? void 0 : onExit(node);\n  };\n\n  const handleEntering = (node, isAppearing) => {\n    onEntering == null ? void 0 : onEntering(node, isAppearing); // FIXME: This should work even when animation is disabled.\n\n    addEventListener(window, 'resize', handleWindowResize);\n  };\n\n  const handleExited = node => {\n    if (node) node.style.display = ''; // RHL removes it sometimes\n\n    onExited == null ? void 0 : onExited(node); // FIXME: This should work even when animation is disabled.\n\n    removeEventListener(window, 'resize', handleWindowResize);\n  };\n\n  const renderBackdrop = useCallback(backdropProps => /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(\"div\", { ...backdropProps,\n    className: classNames(`${bsPrefix}-backdrop`, backdropClassName, !animation && 'show')\n  }), [animation, backdropClassName, bsPrefix]);\n  const baseModalStyle = { ...style,\n    ...modalStyle\n  }; // If `display` is not set to block, autoFocus inside the modal fails\n  // https://github.com/react-bootstrap/react-bootstrap/issues/5102\n\n  baseModalStyle.display = 'block';\n\n  const renderDialog = dialogProps => /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(\"div\", {\n    role: \"dialog\",\n    ...dialogProps,\n    style: baseModalStyle,\n    className: classNames(className, bsPrefix, animateStaticModal && `${bsPrefix}-static`),\n    onClick: backdrop ? handleClick : undefined,\n    onMouseUp: handleMouseUp,\n    \"aria-label\": ariaLabel,\n    \"aria-labelledby\": ariaLabelledby,\n    \"aria-describedby\": ariaDescribedby,\n    children: /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Dialog, { ...props,\n      onMouseDown: handleDialogMouseDown,\n      className: dialogClassName,\n      contentClassName: contentClassName,\n      children: children\n    })\n  });\n\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(ModalContext.Provider, {\n    value: modalContext,\n    children: /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(BaseModal, {\n      show: show,\n      ref: mergedRef,\n      backdrop: backdrop,\n      container: container,\n      keyboard: true // Always set true - see handleEscapeKeyDown\n      ,\n      autoFocus: autoFocus,\n      enforceFocus: enforceFocus,\n      restoreFocus: restoreFocus,\n      restoreFocusOptions: restoreFocusOptions,\n      onEscapeKeyDown: handleEscapeKeyDown,\n      onShow: onShow,\n      onHide: onHide,\n      onEnter: handleEnter,\n      onEntering: handleEntering,\n      onEntered: onEntered,\n      onExit: handleExit,\n      onExiting: onExiting,\n      onExited: handleExited,\n      manager: getModalManager(),\n      transition: animation ? DialogTransition : undefined,\n      backdropTransition: animation ? BackdropTransition : undefined,\n      renderBackdrop: renderBackdrop,\n      renderDialog: renderDialog\n    })\n  });\n});\nModal.displayName = 'Modal';\nModal.defaultProps = defaultProps;\nexport default Object.assign(Modal, {\n  Body: ModalBody,\n  Header: ModalHeader,\n  Title: ModalTitle,\n  Footer: ModalFooter,\n  Dialog: ModalDialog,\n  TRANSITION_DURATION: 300,\n  BACKDROP_TRANSITION_DURATION: 150\n});","import { useState } from 'react';\n/**\n * A convenience hook around `useState` designed to be paired with\n * the component [callback ref](https://reactjs.org/docs/refs-and-the-dom.html#callback-refs) api.\n * Callback refs are useful over `useRef()` when you need to respond to the ref being set\n * instead of lazily accessing it in an effect.\n *\n * ```ts\n * const [element, attachRef] = useCallbackRef<HTMLDivElement>()\n *\n * useEffect(() => {\n *   if (!element) return\n *\n *   const calendar = new FullCalendar.Calendar(element)\n *\n *   return () => {\n *     calendar.destroy()\n *   }\n * }, [element])\n *\n * return <div ref={attachRef} />\n * ```\n *\n * @category refs\n */\n\nexport default function useCallbackRef() {\n  return useState(null);\n}","import * as React from 'react'; // TODO\n\nconst FormContext = /*#__PURE__*/React.createContext({});\nexport default FormContext;","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { useContext } from 'react';\nimport FormContext from './FormContext';\nimport { useBootstrapPrefix } from './ThemeProvider';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst FormCheckInput = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  id,\n  bsPrefix,\n  className,\n  type = 'checkbox',\n  isValid = false,\n  isInvalid = false,\n  // Need to define the default \"as\" during prop destructuring to be compatible with styled-components github.com/react-bootstrap/react-bootstrap/issues/3595\n  as: Component = 'input',\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  const {\n    controlId\n  } = useContext(FormContext);\n  bsPrefix = useBootstrapPrefix(bsPrefix, 'form-check-input');\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Component, { ...props,\n    ref: ref,\n    type: type,\n    id: id || controlId,\n    className: classNames(className, bsPrefix, isValid && 'is-valid', isInvalid && 'is-invalid')\n  });\n});\nFormCheckInput.displayName = 'FormCheckInput';\nexport default FormCheckInput;","import * as React from 'react';\nconst context = /*#__PURE__*/React.createContext(null);\ncontext.displayName = 'InputGroupContext';\nexport default context;","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { useMemo } from 'react';\nimport createWithBsPrefix from './createWithBsPrefix';\nimport { useBootstrapPrefix } from './ThemeProvider';\nimport FormCheckInput from './FormCheckInput';\nimport InputGroupContext from './InputGroupContext';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst InputGroupText = createWithBsPrefix('input-group-text', {\n  Component: 'span'\n});\n\nconst InputGroupCheckbox = props => /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(InputGroupText, {\n  children: /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(FormCheckInput, {\n    type: \"checkbox\",\n    ...props\n  })\n});\n\nconst InputGroupRadio = props => /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(InputGroupText, {\n  children: /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(FormCheckInput, {\n    type: \"radio\",\n    ...props\n  })\n});\n\n/**\n *\n * @property {InputGroupText} Text\n * @property {InputGroupRadio} Radio\n * @property {InputGroupCheckbox} Checkbox\n */\nconst InputGroup = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  bsPrefix,\n  size,\n  hasValidation,\n  className,\n  // Need to define the default \"as\" during prop destructuring to be compatible with styled-components github.com/react-bootstrap/react-bootstrap/issues/3595\n  as: Component = 'div',\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  bsPrefix = useBootstrapPrefix(bsPrefix, 'input-group'); // Intentionally an empty object. Used in detecting if a dropdown\n  // exists under an input group.\n\n  const contextValue = useMemo(() => ({}), []);\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(InputGroupContext.Provider, {\n    value: contextValue,\n    children: /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Component, {\n      ref: ref,\n      ...props,\n      className: classNames(className, bsPrefix, size && `${bsPrefix}-${size}`, hasValidation && 'has-validation')\n    })\n  });\n});\nInputGroup.displayName = 'InputGroup';\nexport default Object.assign(InputGroup, {\n  Text: InputGroupText,\n  Radio: InputGroupRadio,\n  Checkbox: InputGroupCheckbox\n});","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport PropTypes from 'prop-types';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst propTypes = {\n  /**\n   * Specify whether the feedback is for valid or invalid fields\n   *\n   * @type {('valid'|'invalid')}\n   */\n  type: PropTypes.string,\n\n  /** Display feedback as a tooltip. */\n  tooltip: PropTypes.bool,\n  as: PropTypes.elementType\n};\nconst Feedback = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef( // Need to define the default \"as\" during prop destructuring to be compatible with styled-components github.com/react-bootstrap/react-bootstrap/issues/3595\n({\n  as: Component = 'div',\n  className,\n  type = 'valid',\n  tooltip = false,\n  ...props\n}, ref) => /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Component, { ...props,\n  ref: ref,\n  className: classNames(className, `${type}-${tooltip ? 'tooltip' : 'feedback'}`)\n}));\nFeedback.displayName = 'Feedback';\nFeedback.propTypes = propTypes;\nexport default Feedback;","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { useContext } from 'react';\nimport FormContext from './FormContext';\nimport { useBootstrapPrefix } from './ThemeProvider';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst FormCheckLabel = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  bsPrefix,\n  className,\n  htmlFor,\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  const {\n    controlId\n  } = useContext(FormContext);\n  bsPrefix = useBootstrapPrefix(bsPrefix, 'form-check-label');\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(\"label\", { ...props,\n    ref: ref,\n    htmlFor: htmlFor || controlId,\n    className: classNames(className, bsPrefix)\n  });\n});\nFormCheckLabel.displayName = 'FormCheckLabel';\nexport default FormCheckLabel;","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { useContext, useMemo } from 'react';\nimport Feedback from './Feedback';\nimport FormCheckInput from './FormCheckInput';\nimport FormCheckLabel from './FormCheckLabel';\nimport FormContext from './FormContext';\nimport { useBootstrapPrefix } from './ThemeProvider';\nimport { hasChildOfType } from './ElementChildren';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nimport { Fragment as _Fragment } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nimport { jsxs as _jsxs } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst FormCheck = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  id,\n  bsPrefix,\n  bsSwitchPrefix,\n  inline = false,\n  reverse = false,\n  disabled = false,\n  isValid = false,\n  isInvalid = false,\n  feedbackTooltip = false,\n  feedback,\n  feedbackType,\n  className,\n  style,\n  title = '',\n  type = 'checkbox',\n  label,\n  children,\n  // Need to define the default \"as\" during prop destructuring to be compatible with styled-components github.com/react-bootstrap/react-bootstrap/issues/3595\n  as = 'input',\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  bsPrefix = useBootstrapPrefix(bsPrefix, 'form-check');\n  bsSwitchPrefix = useBootstrapPrefix(bsSwitchPrefix, 'form-switch');\n  const {\n    controlId\n  } = useContext(FormContext);\n  const innerFormContext = useMemo(() => ({\n    controlId: id || controlId\n  }), [controlId, id]);\n  const hasLabel = !children && label != null && label !== false || hasChildOfType(children, FormCheckLabel);\n\n  const input = /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(FormCheckInput, { ...props,\n    type: type === 'switch' ? 'checkbox' : type,\n    ref: ref,\n    isValid: isValid,\n    isInvalid: isInvalid,\n    disabled: disabled,\n    as: as\n  });\n\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(FormContext.Provider, {\n    value: innerFormContext,\n    children: /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(\"div\", {\n      style: style,\n      className: classNames(className, hasLabel && bsPrefix, inline && `${bsPrefix}-inline`, reverse && `${bsPrefix}-reverse`, type === 'switch' && bsSwitchPrefix),\n      children: children || /*#__PURE__*/_jsxs(_Fragment, {\n        children: [input, hasLabel && /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(FormCheckLabel, {\n          title: title,\n          children: label\n        }), feedback && /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Feedback, {\n          type: feedbackType,\n          tooltip: feedbackTooltip,\n          children: feedback\n        })]\n      })\n    })\n  });\n});\nFormCheck.displayName = 'FormCheck';\nexport default Object.assign(FormCheck, {\n  Input: FormCheckInput,\n  Label: FormCheckLabel\n});","import * as React from 'react';\n/**\n * Iterates through children that are typically specified as `props.children`,\n * but only maps over children that are \"valid elements\".\n *\n * The mapFunction provided index will be normalised to the components mapped,\n * so an invalid component would not increase the index.\n *\n */\n\nfunction map(children, func) {\n  let index = 0;\n  return React.Children.map(children, child => /*#__PURE__*/React.isValidElement(child) ? func(child, index++) : child);\n}\n/**\n * Iterates through children that are \"valid elements\".\n *\n * The provided forEachFunc(child, index) will be called for each\n * leaf child with the index reflecting the position relative to \"valid components\".\n */\n\n\nfunction forEach(children, func) {\n  let index = 0;\n  React.Children.forEach(children, child => {\n    if ( /*#__PURE__*/React.isValidElement(child)) func(child, index++);\n  });\n}\n/**\n * Finds whether a component's `children` prop includes a React element of the\n * specified type.\n */\n\n\nfunction hasChildOfType(children, type) {\n  return React.Children.toArray(children).some(child => /*#__PURE__*/React.isValidElement(child) && child.type === type);\n}\n\nexport { map, forEach, hasChildOfType };","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { useContext } from 'react';\nimport warning from 'warning';\nimport Feedback from './Feedback';\nimport FormContext from './FormContext';\nimport { useBootstrapPrefix } from './ThemeProvider';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst FormControl = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  bsPrefix,\n  type,\n  size,\n  htmlSize,\n  id,\n  className,\n  isValid = false,\n  isInvalid = false,\n  plaintext,\n  readOnly,\n  // Need to define the default \"as\" during prop destructuring to be compatible with styled-components github.com/react-bootstrap/react-bootstrap/issues/3595\n  as: Component = 'input',\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  const {\n    controlId\n  } = useContext(FormContext);\n  bsPrefix = useBootstrapPrefix(bsPrefix, 'form-control');\n  let classes;\n\n  if (plaintext) {\n    classes = {\n      [`${bsPrefix}-plaintext`]: true\n    };\n  } else {\n    classes = {\n      [bsPrefix]: true,\n      [`${bsPrefix}-${size}`]: size\n    };\n  }\n\n  process.env.NODE_ENV !== \"production\" ? warning(controlId == null || !id, '`controlId` is ignored on `<FormControl>` when `id` is specified.') : void 0;\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Component, { ...props,\n    type: type,\n    size: htmlSize,\n    ref: ref,\n    readOnly: readOnly,\n    id: id || controlId,\n    className: classNames(className, classes, isValid && `is-valid`, isInvalid && `is-invalid`, type === 'color' && `${bsPrefix}-color`)\n  });\n});\nFormControl.displayName = 'FormControl';\nexport default Object.assign(FormControl, {\n  Feedback\n});","import createWithBsPrefix from './createWithBsPrefix';\nexport default createWithBsPrefix('form-floating');","import * as React from 'react';\nimport { useMemo } from 'react';\nimport FormContext from './FormContext';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst FormGroup = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  controlId,\n  // Need to define the default \"as\" during prop destructuring to be compatible with styled-components github.com/react-bootstrap/react-bootstrap/issues/3595\n  as: Component = 'div',\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  const context = useMemo(() => ({\n    controlId\n  }), [controlId]);\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(FormContext.Provider, {\n    value: context,\n    children: /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Component, { ...props,\n      ref: ref\n    })\n  });\n});\nFormGroup.displayName = 'FormGroup';\nexport default FormGroup;","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { useBootstrapPrefix, useBootstrapBreakpoints, useBootstrapMinBreakpoint } from './ThemeProvider';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nexport function useCol({\n  as,\n  bsPrefix,\n  className,\n  ...props\n}) {\n  bsPrefix = useBootstrapPrefix(bsPrefix, 'col');\n  const breakpoints = useBootstrapBreakpoints();\n  const minBreakpoint = useBootstrapMinBreakpoint();\n  const spans = [];\n  const classes = [];\n  breakpoints.forEach(brkPoint => {\n    const propValue = props[brkPoint];\n    delete props[brkPoint];\n    let span;\n    let offset;\n    let order;\n\n    if (typeof propValue === 'object' && propValue != null) {\n      ({\n        span,\n        offset,\n        order\n      } = propValue);\n    } else {\n      span = propValue;\n    }\n\n    const infix = brkPoint !== minBreakpoint ? `-${brkPoint}` : '';\n    if (span) spans.push(span === true ? `${bsPrefix}${infix}` : `${bsPrefix}${infix}-${span}`);\n    if (order != null) classes.push(`order${infix}-${order}`);\n    if (offset != null) classes.push(`offset${infix}-${offset}`);\n  });\n  return [{ ...props,\n    className: classNames(className, ...spans, ...classes)\n  }, {\n    as,\n    bsPrefix,\n    spans\n  }];\n}\nconst Col = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef( // Need to define the default \"as\" during prop destructuring to be compatible with styled-components github.com/react-bootstrap/react-bootstrap/issues/3595\n(props, ref) => {\n  const [{\n    className,\n    ...colProps\n  }, {\n    as: Component = 'div',\n    bsPrefix,\n    spans\n  }] = useCol(props);\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Component, { ...colProps,\n    ref: ref,\n    className: classNames(className, !spans.length && bsPrefix)\n  });\n});\nCol.displayName = 'Col';\nexport default Col;","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { useContext } from 'react';\nimport warning from 'warning';\nimport Col from './Col';\nimport FormContext from './FormContext';\nimport { useBootstrapPrefix } from './ThemeProvider';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst defaultProps = {\n  column: false,\n  visuallyHidden: false\n};\nconst FormLabel = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  // Need to define the default \"as\" during prop destructuring to be compatible with styled-components github.com/react-bootstrap/react-bootstrap/issues/3595\n  as: Component = 'label',\n  bsPrefix,\n  column,\n  visuallyHidden,\n  className,\n  htmlFor,\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  const {\n    controlId\n  } = useContext(FormContext);\n  bsPrefix = useBootstrapPrefix(bsPrefix, 'form-label');\n  let columnClass = 'col-form-label';\n  if (typeof column === 'string') columnClass = `${columnClass} ${columnClass}-${column}`;\n  const classes = classNames(className, bsPrefix, visuallyHidden && 'visually-hidden', column && columnClass);\n  process.env.NODE_ENV !== \"production\" ? warning(controlId == null || !htmlFor, '`controlId` is ignored on `<FormLabel>` when `htmlFor` is specified.') : void 0;\n  htmlFor = htmlFor || controlId;\n  if (column) return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Col, {\n    ref: ref,\n    as: \"label\",\n    className: classes,\n    htmlFor: htmlFor,\n    ...props\n  });\n  return (\n    /*#__PURE__*/\n    // eslint-disable-next-line jsx-a11y/label-has-for, jsx-a11y/label-has-associated-control\n    _jsx(Component, {\n      ref: ref,\n      className: classes,\n      htmlFor: htmlFor,\n      ...props\n    })\n  );\n});\nFormLabel.displayName = 'FormLabel';\nFormLabel.defaultProps = defaultProps;\nexport default FormLabel;","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { useContext } from 'react';\nimport { useBootstrapPrefix } from './ThemeProvider';\nimport FormContext from './FormContext';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst FormRange = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  bsPrefix,\n  className,\n  id,\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  const {\n    controlId\n  } = useContext(FormContext);\n  bsPrefix = useBootstrapPrefix(bsPrefix, 'form-range');\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(\"input\", { ...props,\n    type: \"range\",\n    ref: ref,\n    className: classNames(className, bsPrefix),\n    id: id || controlId\n  });\n});\nFormRange.displayName = 'FormRange';\nexport default FormRange;","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { useContext } from 'react';\nimport { useBootstrapPrefix } from './ThemeProvider';\nimport FormContext from './FormContext';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst FormSelect = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  bsPrefix,\n  size,\n  htmlSize,\n  className,\n  isValid = false,\n  isInvalid = false,\n  id,\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  const {\n    controlId\n  } = useContext(FormContext);\n  bsPrefix = useBootstrapPrefix(bsPrefix, 'form-select');\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(\"select\", { ...props,\n    size: htmlSize,\n    ref: ref,\n    className: classNames(className, bsPrefix, size && `${bsPrefix}-${size}`, isValid && `is-valid`, isInvalid && `is-invalid`),\n    id: id || controlId\n  });\n});\nFormSelect.displayName = 'FormSelect';\nexport default FormSelect;","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport { useBootstrapPrefix } from './ThemeProvider';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst FormText = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef( // Need to define the default \"as\" during prop destructuring to be compatible with styled-components github.com/react-bootstrap/react-bootstrap/issues/3595\n({\n  bsPrefix,\n  className,\n  as: Component = 'small',\n  muted,\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  bsPrefix = useBootstrapPrefix(bsPrefix, 'form-text');\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Component, { ...props,\n    ref: ref,\n    className: classNames(className, bsPrefix, muted && 'text-muted')\n  });\n});\nFormText.displayName = 'FormText';\nexport default FormText;","import * as React from 'react';\nimport FormCheck from './FormCheck';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst Switch = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef((props, ref) => /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(FormCheck, { ...props,\n  ref: ref,\n  type: \"switch\"\n}));\nSwitch.displayName = 'Switch';\nexport default Object.assign(Switch, {\n  Input: FormCheck.Input,\n  Label: FormCheck.Label\n});","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport FormGroup from './FormGroup';\nimport { useBootstrapPrefix } from './ThemeProvider';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nimport { jsxs as _jsxs } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst FloatingLabel = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  bsPrefix,\n  className,\n  children,\n  controlId,\n  label,\n  ...props\n}, ref) => {\n  bsPrefix = useBootstrapPrefix(bsPrefix, 'form-floating');\n  return /*#__PURE__*/_jsxs(FormGroup, {\n    ref: ref,\n    className: classNames(className, bsPrefix),\n    controlId: controlId,\n    ...props,\n    children: [children, /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(\"label\", {\n      htmlFor: controlId,\n      children: label\n    })]\n  });\n});\nFloatingLabel.displayName = 'FloatingLabel';\nexport default FloatingLabel;","import classNames from 'classnames';\nimport PropTypes from 'prop-types';\nimport * as React from 'react';\nimport FormCheck from './FormCheck';\nimport FormControl from './FormControl';\nimport FormFloating from './FormFloating';\nimport FormGroup from './FormGroup';\nimport FormLabel from './FormLabel';\nimport FormRange from './FormRange';\nimport FormSelect from './FormSelect';\nimport FormText from './FormText';\nimport Switch from './Switch';\nimport FloatingLabel from './FloatingLabel';\nimport { jsx as _jsx } from \"react/jsx-runtime\";\nconst propTypes = {\n  /**\n   * The Form `ref` will be forwarded to the underlying element,\n   * which means, unless it's rendered `as` a composite component,\n   * it will be a DOM node, when resolved.\n   *\n   * @type {ReactRef}\n   * @alias ref\n   */\n  _ref: PropTypes.any,\n\n  /**\n   * Mark a form as having been validated. Setting it to `true` will\n   * toggle any validation styles on the forms elements.\n   */\n  validated: PropTypes.bool,\n  as: PropTypes.elementType\n};\nconst Form = /*#__PURE__*/React.forwardRef(({\n  className,\n  validated,\n  // Need to define the default \"as\" during prop destructuring to be compatible with styled-components github.com/react-bootstrap/react-bootstrap/issues/3595\n  as: Component = 'form',\n  ...props\n}, ref) => /*#__PURE__*/_jsx(Component, { ...props,\n  ref: ref,\n  className: classNames(className, validated && 'was-validated')\n}));\nForm.displayName = 'Form';\nForm.propTypes = propTypes;\nexport default Object.assign(Form, {\n  Group: FormGroup,\n  Control: FormControl,\n  Floating: FormFloating,\n  Check: FormCheck,\n  Switch,\n  Label: FormLabel,\n  Text: FormText,\n  Range: FormRange,\n  Select: FormSelect,\n  FloatingLabel\n});","import React from 'react';\r\nimport classes from '../Journal.module.css';\r\n\r\nconst EntityTemplate = (props) => {\r\n    let statBlock = [];\r\n    for(const property in props.entry.stats) {\r\n        statBlock.push(<div key={property} className={classes.StatEntry}>{property.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + property.slice(1)}: {props.entry.stats[property]}</div>)\r\n    }\r\n    \r\n    return (\r\n        <React.Fragment>\r\n            <div>Name: {props.entry.name}</div>\r\n            <div>Race: {props.entry.race}</div>\r\n            <div>Class: {props.entry.class}</div>\r\n            <div>Stats:\r\n                {statBlock}\r\n            </div>\r\n            {/* <div>Background: {props.entry.background}</div>\r\n            <div>Description: {props.entry.physical_description}</div> */}\r\n        </React.Fragment>\r\n    )\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport default EntityTemplate;","import React from 'react';\r\n\r\nconst NoteTemplate = (props) => {\r\n    console.info(props.entry)\r\n    return (\r\n        <React.Fragment>\r\n            {/* Note entries require no special template since it can simply show the notes properties */}\r\n        </React.Fragment>\r\n    )\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport default NoteTemplate;","import React from 'react';\r\nimport { JournalType } from '../journalHelper';\r\nimport EntityTemplate from './EntityTemplate';\r\nimport NoteTemplate from './NoteTemplate';\r\n\r\nconst withTemplate = (wrappedEntry) => {\r\n    class Template extends React.Component {\r\n        render() {\r\n            if(wrappedEntry.type === JournalType.ENTITY.type) {\r\n                return <EntityTemplate entry={wrappedEntry} />\r\n            }\r\n            else if(wrappedEntry.type === JournalType.NOTE.type) {\r\n                return <NoteTemplate entry={wrappedEntry} />\r\n            }\r\n            else {\r\n                return <div>{wrappedEntry.type}</div>\r\n            }\r\n        }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return Template;\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport default withTemplate;","import React, { useState } from 'react';\r\nimport { Button, Form, InputGroup, Modal } from 'react-bootstrap';\r\nimport withTemplate from './JournalTemplates/withTemplate';\r\n\r\nconst JournalEntryViewer = (props) => {\r\n    const [question, setQuestion] = useState('');\r\n    if(!props.entry) {\r\n        return null;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    const Template = withTemplate(props.entry);\r\n\r\n    const noteList = props.entry.notes.map((item, index) => <p key={index}>{item.content}</p>);\r\n\r\n    return (\r\n        <Modal show={props.entry} onHide={props.close} size=\"xl\">\r\n            <Modal.Header closeButton><Modal.Title>{props.entry.name}</Modal.Title></Modal.Header>\r\n            <Modal.Body>\r\n                <Template />\r\n                {noteList}\r\n            </Modal.Body>\r\n            <Modal.Footer>\r\n                <InputGroup>\r\n                    <Form.Control type=\"text\" value={question} onChange={(event) => setQuestion(event.target.value)} />\r\n                    <Button variant=\"secondary\" disabled={!question.trim() || props.pending} onClick={() => { props.addNote(props.entry.name, question); setQuestion(''); }}>📝 Add Note</Button>\r\n                    <Button disabled={!question.trim() || props.pending} onClick={() => { props.askAbout(props.entry.name, question); setQuestion(''); }}>💬 Ask Question</Button>\r\n                </InputGroup>\r\n            </Modal.Footer>\r\n        </Modal>\r\n    );\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport default JournalEntryViewer;","import React, { useState } from 'react';\r\nimport { Button, Modal } from 'react-bootstrap';\r\n\r\nconst AddNoteDialog = (props) => {\r\n    const [note, setNote] = useState('');\r\n\r\n    if(!props.entry) {\r\n        return null;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return (\r\n        <Modal show={props.show} onHide={() => { setNote(''); props.close(); }} size=\"xl\">\r\n            <Modal.Header closeButton><Modal.Title>{props.entry.name}: Add a Note</Modal.Title></Modal.Header>\r\n            <Modal.Body>\r\n                Note: <br />\r\n                <textarea value={note} onChange={(event) => { setNote(event.target.value) }}></textarea>\r\n            </Modal.Body>\r\n            <Modal.Footer>\r\n                <Button onClick={() => { props.addNote(props.entry.name, note); props.close(); }}>Add</Button>\r\n            </Modal.Footer>\r\n        </Modal>\r\n    );\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport default AddNoteDialog;","import React, { useState } from 'react';\r\nimport { Button, Modal } from 'react-bootstrap';\r\n\r\nconst AskAboutDialog = (props) => {\r\n    const [question, setQuestion] = useState('');\r\n\r\n    if(!props.entry) {\r\n        return null;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return (\r\n        <Modal show={props.show} onHide={() => { setQuestion(''); props.close(); }} size=\"xl\">\r\n            <Modal.Header closeButton><Modal.Title>{props.entry.name}: Ask a Question</Modal.Title></Modal.Header>\r\n            <Modal.Body>\r\n                Question: <br />\r\n                <textarea value={question} onChange={(event) => { setQuestion(event.target.value) }}></textarea>\r\n            </Modal.Body>\r\n            <Modal.Footer>\r\n                <Button onClick={() => { props.askAbout(props.entry.name, question); setQuestion(''); props.close(); }}>Ask</Button>\r\n            </Modal.Footer>\r\n        </Modal>\r\n    )\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport default AskAboutDialog;","import _typeof from \"./typeof.js\";\nexport default function _regeneratorRuntime() {\n  \"use strict\";\n  /*! regenerator-runtime -- Copyright (c) 2014-present, Facebook, Inc. -- license (MIT): https://github.com/facebook/regenerator/blob/main/LICENSE */\n\n  _regeneratorRuntime = function _regeneratorRuntime() {\n    return exports;\n  };\n\n  var exports = {},\n      Op = Object.prototype,\n      hasOwn = Op.hasOwnProperty,\n      $Symbol = \"function\" == typeof Symbol ? Symbol : {},\n      iteratorSymbol = $Symbol.iterator || \"@@iterator\",\n      asyncIteratorSymbol = $Symbol.asyncIterator || \"@@asyncIterator\",\n      toStringTagSymbol = $Symbol.toStringTag || \"@@toStringTag\";\n\n  function define(obj, key, value) {\n    return Object.defineProperty(obj, key, {\n      value: value,\n      enumerable: !0,\n      configurable: !0,\n      writable: !0\n    }), obj[key];\n  }\n\n  try {\n    define({}, \"\");\n  } catch (err) {\n    define = function define(obj, key, value) {\n      return obj[key] = value;\n    };\n  }\n\n  function wrap(innerFn, outerFn, self, tryLocsList) {\n    var protoGenerator = outerFn && outerFn.prototype instanceof Generator ? outerFn : Generator,\n        generator = Object.create(protoGenerator.prototype),\n        context = new Context(tryLocsList || []);\n    return generator._invoke = function (innerFn, self, context) {\n      var state = \"suspendedStart\";\n      return function (method, arg) {\n        if (\"executing\" === state) throw new Error(\"Generator is already running\");\n\n        if (\"completed\" === state) {\n          if (\"throw\" === method) throw arg;\n          return doneResult();\n        }\n\n        for (context.method = method, context.arg = arg;;) {\n          var delegate = context.delegate;\n\n          if (delegate) {\n            var delegateResult = maybeInvokeDelegate(delegate, context);\n\n            if (delegateResult) {\n              if (delegateResult === ContinueSentinel) continue;\n              return delegateResult;\n            }\n          }\n\n          if (\"next\" === context.method) context.sent = context._sent = context.arg;else if (\"throw\" === context.method) {\n            if (\"suspendedStart\" === state) throw state = \"completed\", context.arg;\n            context.dispatchException(context.arg);\n          } else \"return\" === context.method && context.abrupt(\"return\", context.arg);\n          state = \"executing\";\n          var record = tryCatch(innerFn, self, context);\n\n          if (\"normal\" === record.type) {\n            if (state = context.done ? \"completed\" : \"suspendedYield\", record.arg === ContinueSentinel) continue;\n            return {\n              value: record.arg,\n              done: context.done\n            };\n          }\n\n          \"throw\" === record.type && (state = \"completed\", context.method = \"throw\", context.arg = record.arg);\n        }\n      };\n    }(innerFn, self, context), generator;\n  }\n\n  function tryCatch(fn, obj, arg) {\n    try {\n      return {\n        type: \"normal\",\n        arg: fn.call(obj, arg)\n      };\n    } catch (err) {\n      return {\n        type: \"throw\",\n        arg: err\n      };\n    }\n  }\n\n  exports.wrap = wrap;\n  var ContinueSentinel = {};\n\n  function Generator() {}\n\n  function GeneratorFunction() {}\n\n  function GeneratorFunctionPrototype() {}\n\n  var IteratorPrototype = {};\n  define(IteratorPrototype, iteratorSymbol, function () {\n    return this;\n  });\n  var getProto = Object.getPrototypeOf,\n      NativeIteratorPrototype = getProto && getProto(getProto(values([])));\n  NativeIteratorPrototype && NativeIteratorPrototype !== Op && hasOwn.call(NativeIteratorPrototype, iteratorSymbol) && (IteratorPrototype = NativeIteratorPrototype);\n  var Gp = GeneratorFunctionPrototype.prototype = Generator.prototype = Object.create(IteratorPrototype);\n\n  function defineIteratorMethods(prototype) {\n    [\"next\", \"throw\", \"return\"].forEach(function (method) {\n      define(prototype, method, function (arg) {\n        return this._invoke(method, arg);\n      });\n    });\n  }\n\n  function AsyncIterator(generator, PromiseImpl) {\n    function invoke(method, arg, resolve, reject) {\n      var record = tryCatch(generator[method], generator, arg);\n\n      if (\"throw\" !== record.type) {\n        var result = record.arg,\n            value = result.value;\n        return value && \"object\" == _typeof(value) && hasOwn.call(value, \"__await\") ? PromiseImpl.resolve(value.__await).then(function (value) {\n          invoke(\"next\", value, resolve, reject);\n        }, function (err) {\n          invoke(\"throw\", err, resolve, reject);\n        }) : PromiseImpl.resolve(value).then(function (unwrapped) {\n          result.value = unwrapped, resolve(result);\n        }, function (error) {\n          return invoke(\"throw\", error, resolve, reject);\n        });\n      }\n\n      reject(record.arg);\n    }\n\n    var previousPromise;\n\n    this._invoke = function (method, arg) {\n      function callInvokeWithMethodAndArg() {\n        return new PromiseImpl(function (resolve, reject) {\n          invoke(method, arg, resolve, reject);\n        });\n      }\n\n      return previousPromise = previousPromise ? previousPromise.then(callInvokeWithMethodAndArg, callInvokeWithMethodAndArg) : callInvokeWithMethodAndArg();\n    };\n  }\n\n  function maybeInvokeDelegate(delegate, context) {\n    var method = delegate.iterator[context.method];\n\n    if (undefined === method) {\n      if (context.delegate = null, \"throw\" === context.method) {\n        if (delegate.iterator[\"return\"] && (context.method = \"return\", context.arg = undefined, maybeInvokeDelegate(delegate, context), \"throw\" === context.method)) return ContinueSentinel;\n        context.method = \"throw\", context.arg = new TypeError(\"The iterator does not provide a 'throw' method\");\n      }\n\n      return ContinueSentinel;\n    }\n\n    var record = tryCatch(method, delegate.iterator, context.arg);\n    if (\"throw\" === record.type) return context.method = \"throw\", context.arg = record.arg, context.delegate = null, ContinueSentinel;\n    var info = record.arg;\n    return info ? info.done ? (context[delegate.resultName] = info.value, context.next = delegate.nextLoc, \"return\" !== context.method && (context.method = \"next\", context.arg = undefined), context.delegate = null, ContinueSentinel) : info : (context.method = \"throw\", context.arg = new TypeError(\"iterator result is not an object\"), context.delegate = null, ContinueSentinel);\n  }\n\n  function pushTryEntry(locs) {\n    var entry = {\n      tryLoc: locs[0]\n    };\n    1 in locs && (entry.catchLoc = locs[1]), 2 in locs && (entry.finallyLoc = locs[2], entry.afterLoc = locs[3]), this.tryEntries.push(entry);\n  }\n\n  function resetTryEntry(entry) {\n    var record = entry.completion || {};\n    record.type = \"normal\", delete record.arg, entry.completion = record;\n  }\n\n  function Context(tryLocsList) {\n    this.tryEntries = [{\n      tryLoc: \"root\"\n    }], tryLocsList.forEach(pushTryEntry, this), this.reset(!0);\n  }\n\n  function values(iterable) {\n    if (iterable) {\n      var iteratorMethod = iterable[iteratorSymbol];\n      if (iteratorMethod) return iteratorMethod.call(iterable);\n      if (\"function\" == typeof iterable.next) return iterable;\n\n      if (!isNaN(iterable.length)) {\n        var i = -1,\n            next = function next() {\n          for (; ++i < iterable.length;) {\n            if (hasOwn.call(iterable, i)) return next.value = iterable[i], next.done = !1, next;\n          }\n\n          return next.value = undefined, next.done = !0, next;\n        };\n\n        return next.next = next;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return {\n      next: doneResult\n    };\n  }\n\n  function doneResult() {\n    return {\n      value: undefined,\n      done: !0\n    };\n  }\n\n  return GeneratorFunction.prototype = GeneratorFunctionPrototype, define(Gp, \"constructor\", GeneratorFunctionPrototype), define(GeneratorFunctionPrototype, \"constructor\", GeneratorFunction), GeneratorFunction.displayName = define(GeneratorFunctionPrototype, toStringTagSymbol, \"GeneratorFunction\"), exports.isGeneratorFunction = function (genFun) {\n    var ctor = \"function\" == typeof genFun && genFun.constructor;\n    return !!ctor && (ctor === GeneratorFunction || \"GeneratorFunction\" === (ctor.displayName || ctor.name));\n  }, exports.mark = function (genFun) {\n    return Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.setPrototypeOf(genFun, GeneratorFunctionPrototype) : (genFun.__proto__ = GeneratorFunctionPrototype, define(genFun, toStringTagSymbol, \"GeneratorFunction\")), genFun.prototype = Object.create(Gp), genFun;\n  }, exports.awrap = function (arg) {\n    return {\n      __await: arg\n    };\n  }, defineIteratorMethods(AsyncIterator.prototype), define(AsyncIterator.prototype, asyncIteratorSymbol, function () {\n    return this;\n  }), exports.AsyncIterator = AsyncIterator, exports.async = function (innerFn, outerFn, self, tryLocsList, PromiseImpl) {\n    void 0 === PromiseImpl && (PromiseImpl = Promise);\n    var iter = new AsyncIterator(wrap(innerFn, outerFn, self, tryLocsList), PromiseImpl);\n    return exports.isGeneratorFunction(outerFn) ? iter : iter.next().then(function (result) {\n      return result.done ? result.value : iter.next();\n    });\n  }, defineIteratorMethods(Gp), define(Gp, toStringTagSymbol, \"Generator\"), define(Gp, iteratorSymbol, function () {\n    return this;\n  }), define(Gp, \"toString\", function () {\n    return \"[object Generator]\";\n  }), exports.keys = function (object) {\n    var keys = [];\n\n    for (var key in object) {\n      keys.push(key);\n    }\n\n    return keys.reverse(), function next() {\n      for (; keys.length;) {\n        var key = keys.pop();\n        if (key in object) return next.value = key, next.done = !1, next;\n      }\n\n      return next.done = !0, next;\n    };\n  }, exports.values = values, Context.prototype = {\n    constructor: Context,\n    reset: function reset(skipTempReset) {\n      if (this.prev = 0, this.next = 0, this.sent = this._sent = undefined, this.done = !1, this.delegate = null, this.method = \"next\", this.arg = undefined, this.tryEntries.forEach(resetTryEntry), !skipTempReset) for (var name in this) {\n        \"t\" === name.charAt(0) && hasOwn.call(this, name) && !isNaN(+name.slice(1)) && (this[name] = undefined);\n      }\n    },\n    stop: function stop() {\n      this.done = !0;\n      var rootRecord = this.tryEntries[0].completion;\n      if (\"throw\" === rootRecord.type) throw rootRecord.arg;\n      return this.rval;\n    },\n    dispatchException: function dispatchException(exception) {\n      if (this.done) throw exception;\n      var context = this;\n\n      function handle(loc, caught) {\n        return record.type = \"throw\", record.arg = exception, context.next = loc, caught && (context.method = \"next\", context.arg = undefined), !!caught;\n      }\n\n      for (var i = this.tryEntries.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {\n        var entry = this.tryEntries[i],\n            record = entry.completion;\n        if (\"root\" === entry.tryLoc) return handle(\"end\");\n\n        if (entry.tryLoc <= this.prev) {\n          var hasCatch = hasOwn.call(entry, \"catchLoc\"),\n              hasFinally = hasOwn.call(entry, \"finallyLoc\");\n\n          if (hasCatch && hasFinally) {\n            if (this.prev < entry.catchLoc) return handle(entry.catchLoc, !0);\n            if (this.prev < entry.finallyLoc) return handle(entry.finallyLoc);\n          } else if (hasCatch) {\n            if (this.prev < entry.catchLoc) return handle(entry.catchLoc, !0);\n          } else {\n            if (!hasFinally) throw new Error(\"try statement without catch or finally\");\n            if (this.prev < entry.finallyLoc) return handle(entry.finallyLoc);\n          }\n        }\n      }\n    },\n    abrupt: function abrupt(type, arg) {\n      for (var i = this.tryEntries.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {\n        var entry = this.tryEntries[i];\n\n        if (entry.tryLoc <= this.prev && hasOwn.call(entry, \"finallyLoc\") && this.prev < entry.finallyLoc) {\n          var finallyEntry = entry;\n          break;\n        }\n      }\n\n      finallyEntry && (\"break\" === type || \"continue\" === type) && finallyEntry.tryLoc <= arg && arg <= finallyEntry.finallyLoc && (finallyEntry = null);\n      var record = finallyEntry ? finallyEntry.completion : {};\n      return record.type = type, record.arg = arg, finallyEntry ? (this.method = \"next\", this.next = finallyEntry.finallyLoc, ContinueSentinel) : this.complete(record);\n    },\n    complete: function complete(record, afterLoc) {\n      if (\"throw\" === record.type) throw record.arg;\n      return \"break\" === record.type || \"continue\" === record.type ? this.next = record.arg : \"return\" === record.type ? (this.rval = this.arg = record.arg, this.method = \"return\", this.next = \"end\") : \"normal\" === record.type && afterLoc && (this.next = afterLoc), ContinueSentinel;\n    },\n    finish: function finish(finallyLoc) {\n      for (var i = this.tryEntries.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {\n        var entry = this.tryEntries[i];\n        if (entry.finallyLoc === finallyLoc) return this.complete(entry.completion, entry.afterLoc), resetTryEntry(entry), ContinueSentinel;\n      }\n    },\n    \"catch\": function _catch(tryLoc) {\n      for (var i = this.tryEntries.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {\n        var entry = this.tryEntries[i];\n\n        if (entry.tryLoc === tryLoc) {\n          var record = entry.completion;\n\n          if (\"throw\" === record.type) {\n            var thrown = record.arg;\n            resetTryEntry(entry);\n          }\n\n          return thrown;\n        }\n      }\n\n      throw new Error(\"illegal catch attempt\");\n    },\n    delegateYield: function delegateYield(iterable, resultName, nextLoc) {\n      return this.delegate = {\n        iterator: values(iterable),\n        resultName: resultName,\n        nextLoc: nextLoc\n      }, \"next\" === this.method && (this.arg = undefined), ContinueSentinel;\n    }\n  }, exports;\n}","function asyncGeneratorStep(gen, resolve, reject, _next, _throw, key, arg) {\n  try {\n    var info = gen[key](arg);\n    var value = info.value;\n  } catch (error) {\n    reject(error);\n    return;\n  }\n\n  if (info.done) {\n    resolve(value);\n  } else {\n    Promise.resolve(value).then(_next, _throw);\n  }\n}\n\nexport default function _asyncToGenerator(fn) {\n  return function () {\n    var self = this,\n        args = arguments;\n    return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {\n      var gen = fn.apply(self, args);\n\n      function _next(value) {\n        asyncGeneratorStep(gen, resolve, reject, _next, _throw, \"next\", value);\n      }\n\n      function _throw(err) {\n        asyncGeneratorStep(gen, resolve, reject, _next, _throw, \"throw\", err);\n      }\n\n      _next(undefined);\n    });\n  };\n}","'use strict';\n\nexport default function bind(fn, thisArg) {\n  return function wrap() {\n    return fn.apply(thisArg, arguments);\n  };\n}\n","'use strict';\n\nimport bind from './helpers/bind.js';\n\n// utils is a library of generic helper functions non-specific to axios\n\nconst {toString} = Object.prototype;\nconst {getPrototypeOf} = Object;\n\nconst kindOf = (cache => thing => {\n    const str = toString.call(thing);\n    return cache[str] || (cache[str] = str.slice(8, -1).toLowerCase());\n})(Object.create(null));\n\nconst kindOfTest = (type) => {\n  type = type.toLowerCase();\n  return (thing) => kindOf(thing) === type\n}\n\nconst typeOfTest = type => thing => typeof thing === type;\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is an Array\n *\n * @param {Object} val The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is an Array, otherwise false\n */\nconst {isArray} = Array;\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is undefined\n *\n * @param {*} val The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if the value is undefined, otherwise false\n */\nconst isUndefined = typeOfTest('undefined');\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is a Buffer\n *\n * @param {*} val The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is a Buffer, otherwise false\n */\nfunction isBuffer(val) {\n  return val !== null && !isUndefined(val) && val.constructor !== null && !isUndefined(val.constructor)\n    && isFunction(val.constructor.isBuffer) && val.constructor.isBuffer(val);\n}\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is an ArrayBuffer\n *\n * @param {*} val The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is an ArrayBuffer, otherwise false\n */\nconst isArrayBuffer = kindOfTest('ArrayBuffer');\n\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is a view on an ArrayBuffer\n *\n * @param {*} val The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is a view on an ArrayBuffer, otherwise false\n */\nfunction isArrayBufferView(val) {\n  let result;\n  if ((typeof ArrayBuffer !== 'undefined') && (ArrayBuffer.isView)) {\n    result = ArrayBuffer.isView(val);\n  } else {\n    result = (val) && (val.buffer) && (isArrayBuffer(val.buffer));\n  }\n  return result;\n}\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is a String\n *\n * @param {*} val The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is a String, otherwise false\n */\nconst isString = typeOfTest('string');\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is a Function\n *\n * @param {*} val The value to test\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is a Function, otherwise false\n */\nconst isFunction = typeOfTest('function');\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is a Number\n *\n * @param {*} val The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is a Number, otherwise false\n */\nconst isNumber = typeOfTest('number');\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is an Object\n *\n * @param {*} thing The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is an Object, otherwise false\n */\nconst isObject = (thing) => thing !== null && typeof thing === 'object';\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is a Boolean\n *\n * @param {*} thing The value to test\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is a Boolean, otherwise false\n */\nconst isBoolean = thing => thing === true || thing === false;\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is a plain Object\n *\n * @param {*} val The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is a plain Object, otherwise false\n */\nconst isPlainObject = (val) => {\n  if (kindOf(val) !== 'object') {\n    return false;\n  }\n\n  const prototype = getPrototypeOf(val);\n  return (prototype === null || prototype === Object.prototype || Object.getPrototypeOf(prototype) === null) && !(Symbol.toStringTag in val) && !(Symbol.iterator in val);\n}\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is a Date\n *\n * @param {*} val The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is a Date, otherwise false\n */\nconst isDate = kindOfTest('Date');\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is a File\n *\n * @param {*} val The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is a File, otherwise false\n */\nconst isFile = kindOfTest('File');\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is a Blob\n *\n * @param {*} val The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is a Blob, otherwise false\n */\nconst isBlob = kindOfTest('Blob');\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is a FileList\n *\n * @param {*} val The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is a File, otherwise false\n */\nconst isFileList = kindOfTest('FileList');\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is a Stream\n *\n * @param {*} val The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is a Stream, otherwise false\n */\nconst isStream = (val) => isObject(val) && isFunction(val.pipe);\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is a FormData\n *\n * @param {*} thing The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is an FormData, otherwise false\n */\nconst isFormData = (thing) => {\n  const pattern = '[object FormData]';\n  return thing && (\n    (typeof FormData === 'function' && thing instanceof FormData) ||\n    toString.call(thing) === pattern ||\n    (isFunction(thing.toString) && thing.toString() === pattern)\n  );\n}\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is a URLSearchParams object\n *\n * @param {*} val The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is a URLSearchParams object, otherwise false\n */\nconst isURLSearchParams = kindOfTest('URLSearchParams');\n\n/**\n * Trim excess whitespace off the beginning and end of a string\n *\n * @param {String} str The String to trim\n *\n * @returns {String} The String freed of excess whitespace\n */\nconst trim = (str) => str.trim ?\n  str.trim() : str.replace(/^[\\s\\uFEFF\\xA0]+|[\\s\\uFEFF\\xA0]+$/g, '');\n\n/**\n * Iterate over an Array or an Object invoking a function for each item.\n *\n * If `obj` is an Array callback will be called passing\n * the value, index, and complete array for each item.\n *\n * If 'obj' is an Object callback will be called passing\n * the value, key, and complete object for each property.\n *\n * @param {Object|Array} obj The object to iterate\n * @param {Function} fn The callback to invoke for each item\n *\n * @param {Boolean} [allOwnKeys = false]\n * @returns {any}\n */\nfunction forEach(obj, fn, {allOwnKeys = false} = {}) {\n  // Don't bother if no value provided\n  if (obj === null || typeof obj === 'undefined') {\n    return;\n  }\n\n  let i;\n  let l;\n\n  // Force an array if not already something iterable\n  if (typeof obj !== 'object') {\n    /*eslint no-param-reassign:0*/\n    obj = [obj];\n  }\n\n  if (isArray(obj)) {\n    // Iterate over array values\n    for (i = 0, l = obj.length; i < l; i++) {\n      fn.call(null, obj[i], i, obj);\n    }\n  } else {\n    // Iterate over object keys\n    const keys = allOwnKeys ? Object.getOwnPropertyNames(obj) : Object.keys(obj);\n    const len = keys.length;\n    let key;\n\n    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {\n      key = keys[i];\n      fn.call(null, obj[key], key, obj);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction findKey(obj, key) {\n  key = key.toLowerCase();\n  const keys = Object.keys(obj);\n  let i = keys.length;\n  let _key;\n  while (i-- > 0) {\n    _key = keys[i];\n    if (key === _key.toLowerCase()) {\n      return _key;\n    }\n  }\n  return null;\n}\n\nconst _global = (() => {\n  /*eslint no-undef:0*/\n  if (typeof globalThis !== \"undefined\") return globalThis;\n  return typeof self !== \"undefined\" ? self : (typeof window !== 'undefined' ? window : global)\n})();\n\nconst isContextDefined = (context) => !isUndefined(context) && context !== _global;\n\n/**\n * Accepts varargs expecting each argument to be an object, then\n * immutably merges the properties of each object and returns result.\n *\n * When multiple objects contain the same key the later object in\n * the arguments list will take precedence.\n *\n * Example:\n *\n * ```js\n * var result = merge({foo: 123}, {foo: 456});\n * console.log(result.foo); // outputs 456\n * ```\n *\n * @param {Object} obj1 Object to merge\n *\n * @returns {Object} Result of all merge properties\n */\nfunction merge(/* obj1, obj2, obj3, ... */) {\n  const {caseless} = isContextDefined(this) && this || {};\n  const result = {};\n  const assignValue = (val, key) => {\n    const targetKey = caseless && findKey(result, key) || key;\n    if (isPlainObject(result[targetKey]) && isPlainObject(val)) {\n      result[targetKey] = merge(result[targetKey], val);\n    } else if (isPlainObject(val)) {\n      result[targetKey] = merge({}, val);\n    } else if (isArray(val)) {\n      result[targetKey] = val.slice();\n    } else {\n      result[targetKey] = val;\n    }\n  }\n\n  for (let i = 0, l = arguments.length; i < l; i++) {\n    arguments[i] && forEach(arguments[i], assignValue);\n  }\n  return result;\n}\n\n/**\n * Extends object a by mutably adding to it the properties of object b.\n *\n * @param {Object} a The object to be extended\n * @param {Object} b The object to copy properties from\n * @param {Object} thisArg The object to bind function to\n *\n * @param {Boolean} [allOwnKeys]\n * @returns {Object} The resulting value of object a\n */\nconst extend = (a, b, thisArg, {allOwnKeys}= {}) => {\n  forEach(b, (val, key) => {\n    if (thisArg && isFunction(val)) {\n      a[key] = bind(val, thisArg);\n    } else {\n      a[key] = val;\n    }\n  }, {allOwnKeys});\n  return a;\n}\n\n/**\n * Remove byte order marker. This catches EF BB BF (the UTF-8 BOM)\n *\n * @param {string} content with BOM\n *\n * @returns {string} content value without BOM\n */\nconst stripBOM = (content) => {\n  if (content.charCodeAt(0) === 0xFEFF) {\n    content = content.slice(1);\n  }\n  return content;\n}\n\n/**\n * Inherit the prototype methods from one constructor into another\n * @param {function} constructor\n * @param {function} superConstructor\n * @param {object} [props]\n * @param {object} [descriptors]\n *\n * @returns {void}\n */\nconst inherits = (constructor, superConstructor, props, descriptors) => {\n  constructor.prototype = Object.create(superConstructor.prototype, descriptors);\n  constructor.prototype.constructor = constructor;\n  Object.defineProperty(constructor, 'super', {\n    value: superConstructor.prototype\n  });\n  props && Object.assign(constructor.prototype, props);\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolve object with deep prototype chain to a flat object\n * @param {Object} sourceObj source object\n * @param {Object} [destObj]\n * @param {Function|Boolean} [filter]\n * @param {Function} [propFilter]\n *\n * @returns {Object}\n */\nconst toFlatObject = (sourceObj, destObj, filter, propFilter) => {\n  let props;\n  let i;\n  let prop;\n  const merged = {};\n\n  destObj = destObj || {};\n  // eslint-disable-next-line no-eq-null,eqeqeq\n  if (sourceObj == null) return destObj;\n\n  do {\n    props = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(sourceObj);\n    i = props.length;\n    while (i-- > 0) {\n      prop = props[i];\n      if ((!propFilter || propFilter(prop, sourceObj, destObj)) && !merged[prop]) {\n        destObj[prop] = sourceObj[prop];\n        merged[prop] = true;\n      }\n    }\n    sourceObj = filter !== false && getPrototypeOf(sourceObj);\n  } while (sourceObj && (!filter || filter(sourceObj, destObj)) && sourceObj !== Object.prototype);\n\n  return destObj;\n}\n\n/**\n * Determines whether a string ends with the characters of a specified string\n *\n * @param {String} str\n * @param {String} searchString\n * @param {Number} [position= 0]\n *\n * @returns {boolean}\n */\nconst endsWith = (str, searchString, position) => {\n  str = String(str);\n  if (position === undefined || position > str.length) {\n    position = str.length;\n  }\n  position -= searchString.length;\n  const lastIndex = str.indexOf(searchString, position);\n  return lastIndex !== -1 && lastIndex === position;\n}\n\n\n/**\n * Returns new array from array like object or null if failed\n *\n * @param {*} [thing]\n *\n * @returns {?Array}\n */\nconst toArray = (thing) => {\n  if (!thing) return null;\n  if (isArray(thing)) return thing;\n  let i = thing.length;\n  if (!isNumber(i)) return null;\n  const arr = new Array(i);\n  while (i-- > 0) {\n    arr[i] = thing[i];\n  }\n  return arr;\n}\n\n/**\n * Checking if the Uint8Array exists and if it does, it returns a function that checks if the\n * thing passed in is an instance of Uint8Array\n *\n * @param {TypedArray}\n *\n * @returns {Array}\n */\n// eslint-disable-next-line func-names\nconst isTypedArray = (TypedArray => {\n  // eslint-disable-next-line func-names\n  return thing => {\n    return TypedArray && thing instanceof TypedArray;\n  };\n})(typeof Uint8Array !== 'undefined' && getPrototypeOf(Uint8Array));\n\n/**\n * For each entry in the object, call the function with the key and value.\n *\n * @param {Object<any, any>} obj - The object to iterate over.\n * @param {Function} fn - The function to call for each entry.\n *\n * @returns {void}\n */\nconst forEachEntry = (obj, fn) => {\n  const generator = obj && obj[Symbol.iterator];\n\n  const iterator = generator.call(obj);\n\n  let result;\n\n  while ((result = iterator.next()) && !result.done) {\n    const pair = result.value;\n    fn.call(obj, pair[0], pair[1]);\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * It takes a regular expression and a string, and returns an array of all the matches\n *\n * @param {string} regExp - The regular expression to match against.\n * @param {string} str - The string to search.\n *\n * @returns {Array<boolean>}\n */\nconst matchAll = (regExp, str) => {\n  let matches;\n  const arr = [];\n\n  while ((matches = regExp.exec(str)) !== null) {\n    arr.push(matches);\n  }\n\n  return arr;\n}\n\n/* Checking if the kindOfTest function returns true when passed an HTMLFormElement. */\nconst isHTMLForm = kindOfTest('HTMLFormElement');\n\nconst toCamelCase = str => {\n  return str.toLowerCase().replace(/[-_\\s]([a-z\\d])(\\w*)/g,\n    function replacer(m, p1, p2) {\n      return p1.toUpperCase() + p2;\n    }\n  );\n};\n\n/* Creating a function that will check if an object has a property. */\nconst hasOwnProperty = (({hasOwnProperty}) => (obj, prop) => hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop))(Object.prototype);\n\n/**\n * Determine if a value is a RegExp object\n *\n * @param {*} val The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if value is a RegExp object, otherwise false\n */\nconst isRegExp = kindOfTest('RegExp');\n\nconst reduceDescriptors = (obj, reducer) => {\n  const descriptors = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(obj);\n  const reducedDescriptors = {};\n\n  forEach(descriptors, (descriptor, name) => {\n    if (reducer(descriptor, name, obj) !== false) {\n      reducedDescriptors[name] = descriptor;\n    }\n  });\n\n  Object.defineProperties(obj, reducedDescriptors);\n}\n\n/**\n * Makes all methods read-only\n * @param {Object} obj\n */\n\nconst freezeMethods = (obj) => {\n  reduceDescriptors(obj, (descriptor, name) => {\n    // skip restricted props in strict mode\n    if (isFunction(obj) && ['arguments', 'caller', 'callee'].indexOf(name) !== -1) {\n      return false;\n    }\n\n    const value = obj[name];\n\n    if (!isFunction(value)) return;\n\n    descriptor.enumerable = false;\n\n    if ('writable' in descriptor) {\n      descriptor.writable = false;\n      return;\n    }\n\n    if (!descriptor.set) {\n      descriptor.set = () => {\n        throw Error('Can not rewrite read-only method \\'' + name + '\\'');\n      };\n    }\n  });\n}\n\nconst toObjectSet = (arrayOrString, delimiter) => {\n  const obj = {};\n\n  const define = (arr) => {\n    arr.forEach(value => {\n      obj[value] = true;\n    });\n  }\n\n  isArray(arrayOrString) ? define(arrayOrString) : define(String(arrayOrString).split(delimiter));\n\n  return obj;\n}\n\nconst noop = () => {}\n\nconst toFiniteNumber = (value, defaultValue) => {\n  value = +value;\n  return Number.isFinite(value) ? value : defaultValue;\n}\n\nconst ALPHA = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'\n\nconst DIGIT = '0123456789';\n\nconst ALPHABET = {\n  DIGIT,\n  ALPHA,\n  ALPHA_DIGIT: ALPHA + ALPHA.toUpperCase() + DIGIT\n}\n\nconst generateString = (size = 16, alphabet = ALPHABET.ALPHA_DIGIT) => {\n  let str = '';\n  const {length} = alphabet;\n  while (size--) {\n    str += alphabet[Math.random() * length|0]\n  }\n\n  return str;\n}\n\n/**\n * If the thing is a FormData object, return true, otherwise return false.\n *\n * @param {unknown} thing - The thing to check.\n *\n * @returns {boolean}\n */\nfunction isSpecCompliantForm(thing) {\n  return !!(thing && isFunction(thing.append) && thing[Symbol.toStringTag] === 'FormData' && thing[Symbol.iterator]);\n}\n\nconst toJSONObject = (obj) => {\n  const stack = new Array(10);\n\n  const visit = (source, i) => {\n\n    if (isObject(source)) {\n      if (stack.indexOf(source) >= 0) {\n        return;\n      }\n\n      if(!('toJSON' in source)) {\n        stack[i] = source;\n        const target = isArray(source) ? [] : {};\n\n        forEach(source, (value, key) => {\n          const reducedValue = visit(value, i + 1);\n          !isUndefined(reducedValue) && (target[key] = reducedValue);\n        });\n\n        stack[i] = undefined;\n\n        return target;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return source;\n  }\n\n  return visit(obj, 0);\n}\n\nexport default {\n  isArray,\n  isArrayBuffer,\n  isBuffer,\n  isFormData,\n  isArrayBufferView,\n  isString,\n  isNumber,\n  isBoolean,\n  isObject,\n  isPlainObject,\n  isUndefined,\n  isDate,\n  isFile,\n  isBlob,\n  isRegExp,\n  isFunction,\n  isStream,\n  isURLSearchParams,\n  isTypedArray,\n  isFileList,\n  forEach,\n  merge,\n  extend,\n  trim,\n  stripBOM,\n  inherits,\n  toFlatObject,\n  kindOf,\n  kindOfTest,\n  endsWith,\n  toArray,\n  forEachEntry,\n  matchAll,\n  isHTMLForm,\n  hasOwnProperty,\n  hasOwnProp: hasOwnProperty, // an alias to avoid ESLint no-prototype-builtins detection\n  reduceDescriptors,\n  freezeMethods,\n  toObjectSet,\n  toCamelCase,\n  noop,\n  toFiniteNumber,\n  findKey,\n  global: _global,\n  isContextDefined,\n  ALPHABET,\n  generateString,\n  isSpecCompliantForm,\n  toJSONObject\n};\n","'use strict';\n\nimport utils from '../utils.js';\n\n/**\n * Create an Error with the specified message, config, error code, request and response.\n *\n * @param {string} message The error message.\n * @param {string} [code] The error code (for example, 'ECONNABORTED').\n * @param {Object} [config] The config.\n * @param {Object} [request] The request.\n * @param {Object} [response] The response.\n *\n * @returns {Error} The created error.\n */\nfunction AxiosError(message, code, config, request, response) {\n  Error.call(this);\n\n  if (Error.captureStackTrace) {\n    Error.captureStackTrace(this, this.constructor);\n  } else {\n    this.stack = (new Error()).stack;\n  }\n\n  this.message = message;\n  this.name = 'AxiosError';\n  code && (this.code = code);\n  config && (this.config = config);\n  request && (this.request = request);\n  response && (this.response = response);\n}\n\nutils.inherits(AxiosError, Error, {\n  toJSON: function toJSON() {\n    return {\n      // Standard\n      message: this.message,\n      name: this.name,\n      // Microsoft\n      description: this.description,\n      number: this.number,\n      // Mozilla\n      fileName: this.fileName,\n      lineNumber: this.lineNumber,\n      columnNumber: this.columnNumber,\n      stack: this.stack,\n      // Axios\n      config: utils.toJSONObject(this.config),\n      code: this.code,\n      status: this.response && this.response.status ? this.response.status : null\n    };\n  }\n});\n\nconst prototype = AxiosError.prototype;\nconst descriptors = {};\n\n[\n  'ERR_BAD_OPTION_VALUE',\n  'ERR_BAD_OPTION',\n  'ECONNABORTED',\n  'ETIMEDOUT',\n  'ERR_NETWORK',\n  'ERR_FR_TOO_MANY_REDIRECTS',\n  'ERR_DEPRECATED',\n  'ERR_BAD_RESPONSE',\n  'ERR_BAD_REQUEST',\n  'ERR_CANCELED',\n  'ERR_NOT_SUPPORT',\n  'ERR_INVALID_URL'\n// eslint-disable-next-line func-names\n].forEach(code => {\n  descriptors[code] = {value: code};\n});\n\nObject.defineProperties(AxiosError, descriptors);\nObject.defineProperty(prototype, 'isAxiosError', {value: true});\n\n// eslint-disable-next-line func-names\nAxiosError.from = (error, code, config, request, response, customProps) => {\n  const axiosError = Object.create(prototype);\n\n  utils.toFlatObject(error, axiosError, function filter(obj) {\n    return obj !== Error.prototype;\n  }, prop => {\n    return prop !== 'isAxiosError';\n  });\n\n  AxiosError.call(axiosError, error.message, code, config, request, response);\n\n  axiosError.cause = error;\n\n  axiosError.name = error.name;\n\n  customProps && Object.assign(axiosError, customProps);\n\n  return axiosError;\n};\n\nexport default AxiosError;\n","'use strict';\n\nimport utils from '../utils.js';\nimport AxiosError from '../core/AxiosError.js';\n// temporary hotfix to avoid circular references until AxiosURLSearchParams is refactored\nimport PlatformFormData from '../platform/node/classes/FormData.js';\n\n/**\n * Determines if the given thing is a array or js object.\n *\n * @param {string} thing - The object or array to be visited.\n *\n * @returns {boolean}\n */\nfunction isVisitable(thing) {\n  return utils.isPlainObject(thing) || utils.isArray(thing);\n}\n\n/**\n * It removes the brackets from the end of a string\n *\n * @param {string} key - The key of the parameter.\n *\n * @returns {string} the key without the brackets.\n */\nfunction removeBrackets(key) {\n  return utils.endsWith(key, '[]') ? key.slice(0, -2) : key;\n}\n\n/**\n * It takes a path, a key, and a boolean, and returns a string\n *\n * @param {string} path - The path to the current key.\n * @param {string} key - The key of the current object being iterated over.\n * @param {string} dots - If true, the key will be rendered with dots instead of brackets.\n *\n * @returns {string} The path to the current key.\n */\nfunction renderKey(path, key, dots) {\n  if (!path) return key;\n  return path.concat(key).map(function each(token, i) {\n    // eslint-disable-next-line no-param-reassign\n    token = removeBrackets(token);\n    return !dots && i ? '[' + token + ']' : token;\n  }).join(dots ? '.' : '');\n}\n\n/**\n * If the array is an array and none of its elements are visitable, then it's a flat array.\n *\n * @param {Array<any>} arr - The array to check\n *\n * @returns {boolean}\n */\nfunction isFlatArray(arr) {\n  return utils.isArray(arr) && !arr.some(isVisitable);\n}\n\nconst predicates = utils.toFlatObject(utils, {}, null, function filter(prop) {\n  return /^is[A-Z]/.test(prop);\n});\n\n/**\n * Convert a data object to FormData\n *\n * @param {Object} obj\n * @param {?Object} [formData]\n * @param {?Object} [options]\n * @param {Function} [options.visitor]\n * @param {Boolean} [options.metaTokens = true]\n * @param {Boolean} [options.dots = false]\n * @param {?Boolean} [options.indexes = false]\n *\n * @returns {Object}\n **/\n\n/**\n * It converts an object into a FormData object\n *\n * @param {Object<any, any>} obj - The object to convert to form data.\n * @param {string} formData - The FormData object to append to.\n * @param {Object<string, any>} options\n *\n * @returns\n */\nfunction toFormData(obj, formData, options) {\n  if (!utils.isObject(obj)) {\n    throw new TypeError('target must be an object');\n  }\n\n  // eslint-disable-next-line no-param-reassign\n  formData = formData || new (PlatformFormData || FormData)();\n\n  // eslint-disable-next-line no-param-reassign\n  options = utils.toFlatObject(options, {\n    metaTokens: true,\n    dots: false,\n    indexes: false\n  }, false, function defined(option, source) {\n    // eslint-disable-next-line no-eq-null,eqeqeq\n    return !utils.isUndefined(source[option]);\n  });\n\n  const metaTokens = options.metaTokens;\n  // eslint-disable-next-line no-use-before-define\n  const visitor = options.visitor || defaultVisitor;\n  const dots = options.dots;\n  const indexes = options.indexes;\n  const _Blob = options.Blob || typeof Blob !== 'undefined' && Blob;\n  const useBlob = _Blob && utils.isSpecCompliantForm(formData);\n\n  if (!utils.isFunction(visitor)) {\n    throw new TypeError('visitor must be a function');\n  }\n\n  function convertValue(value) {\n    if (value === null) return '';\n\n    if (utils.isDate(value)) {\n      return value.toISOString();\n    }\n\n    if (!useBlob && utils.isBlob(value)) {\n      throw new AxiosError('Blob is not supported. Use a Buffer instead.');\n    }\n\n    if (utils.isArrayBuffer(value) || utils.isTypedArray(value)) {\n      return useBlob && typeof Blob === 'function' ? new Blob([value]) : Buffer.from(value);\n    }\n\n    return value;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Default visitor.\n   *\n   * @param {*} value\n   * @param {String|Number} key\n   * @param {Array<String|Number>} path\n   * @this {FormData}\n   *\n   * @returns {boolean} return true to visit the each prop of the value recursively\n   */\n  function defaultVisitor(value, key, path) {\n    let arr = value;\n\n    if (value && !path && typeof value === 'object') {\n      if (utils.endsWith(key, '{}')) {\n        // eslint-disable-next-line no-param-reassign\n        key = metaTokens ? key : key.slice(0, -2);\n        // eslint-disable-next-line no-param-reassign\n        value = JSON.stringify(value);\n      } else if (\n        (utils.isArray(value) && isFlatArray(value)) ||\n        ((utils.isFileList(value) || utils.endsWith(key, '[]')) && (arr = utils.toArray(value))\n        )) {\n        // eslint-disable-next-line no-param-reassign\n        key = removeBrackets(key);\n\n        arr.forEach(function each(el, index) {\n          !(utils.isUndefined(el) || el === null) && formData.append(\n            // eslint-disable-next-line no-nested-ternary\n            indexes === true ? renderKey([key], index, dots) : (indexes === null ? key : key + '[]'),\n            convertValue(el)\n          );\n        });\n        return false;\n      }\n    }\n\n    if (isVisitable(value)) {\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    formData.append(renderKey(path, key, dots), convertValue(value));\n\n    return false;\n  }\n\n  const stack = [];\n\n  const exposedHelpers = Object.assign(predicates, {\n    defaultVisitor,\n    convertValue,\n    isVisitable\n  });\n\n  function build(value, path) {\n    if (utils.isUndefined(value)) return;\n\n    if (stack.indexOf(value) !== -1) {\n      throw Error('Circular reference detected in ' + path.join('.'));\n    }\n\n    stack.push(value);\n\n    utils.forEach(value, function each(el, key) {\n      const result = !(utils.isUndefined(el) || el === null) && visitor.call(\n        formData, el, utils.isString(key) ? key.trim() : key, path, exposedHelpers\n      );\n\n      if (result === true) {\n        build(el, path ? path.concat(key) : [key]);\n      }\n    });\n\n    stack.pop();\n  }\n\n  if (!utils.isObject(obj)) {\n    throw new TypeError('data must be an object');\n  }\n\n  build(obj);\n\n  return formData;\n}\n\nexport default toFormData;\n","'use strict';\n\nimport toFormData from './toFormData.js';\n\n/**\n * It encodes a string by replacing all characters that are not in the unreserved set with\n * their percent-encoded equivalents\n *\n * @param {string} str - The string to encode.\n *\n * @returns {string} The encoded string.\n */\nfunction encode(str) {\n  const charMap = {\n    '!': '%21',\n    \"'\": '%27',\n    '(': '%28',\n    ')': '%29',\n    '~': '%7E',\n    '%20': '+',\n    '%00': '\\x00'\n  };\n  return encodeURIComponent(str).replace(/[!'()~]|%20|%00/g, function replacer(match) {\n    return charMap[match];\n  });\n}\n\n/**\n * It takes a params object and converts it to a FormData object\n *\n * @param {Object<string, any>} params - The parameters to be converted to a FormData object.\n * @param {Object<string, any>} options - The options object passed to the Axios constructor.\n *\n * @returns {void}\n */\nfunction AxiosURLSearchParams(params, options) {\n  this._pairs = [];\n\n  params && toFormData(params, this, options);\n}\n\nconst prototype = AxiosURLSearchParams.prototype;\n\nprototype.append = function append(name, value) {\n  this._pairs.push([name, value]);\n};\n\nprototype.toString = function toString(encoder) {\n  const _encode = encoder ? function(value) {\n    return encoder.call(this, value, encode);\n  } : encode;\n\n  return this._pairs.map(function each(pair) {\n    return _encode(pair[0]) + '=' + _encode(pair[1]);\n  }, '').join('&');\n};\n\nexport default AxiosURLSearchParams;\n","'use strict';\n\nimport utils from '../utils.js';\nimport AxiosURLSearchParams from '../helpers/AxiosURLSearchParams.js';\n\n/**\n * It replaces all instances of the characters `:`, `$`, `,`, `+`, `[`, and `]` with their\n * URI encoded counterparts\n *\n * @param {string} val The value to be encoded.\n *\n * @returns {string} The encoded value.\n */\nfunction encode(val) {\n  return encodeURIComponent(val).\n    replace(/%3A/gi, ':').\n    replace(/%24/g, '$').\n    replace(/%2C/gi, ',').\n    replace(/%20/g, '+').\n    replace(/%5B/gi, '[').\n    replace(/%5D/gi, ']');\n}\n\n/**\n * Build a URL by appending params to the end\n *\n * @param {string} url The base of the url (e.g., http://www.google.com)\n * @param {object} [params] The params to be appended\n * @param {?object} options\n *\n * @returns {string} The formatted url\n */\nexport default function buildURL(url, params, options) {\n  /*eslint no-param-reassign:0*/\n  if (!params) {\n    return url;\n  }\n  \n  const _encode = options && options.encode || encode;\n\n  const serializeFn = options && options.serialize;\n\n  let serializedParams;\n\n  if (serializeFn) {\n    serializedParams = serializeFn(params, options);\n  } else {\n    serializedParams = utils.isURLSearchParams(params) ?\n      params.toString() :\n      new AxiosURLSearchParams(params, options).toString(_encode);\n  }\n\n  if (serializedParams) {\n    const hashmarkIndex = url.indexOf(\"#\");\n\n    if (hashmarkIndex !== -1) {\n      url = url.slice(0, hashmarkIndex);\n    }\n    url += (url.indexOf('?') === -1 ? '?' : '&') + serializedParams;\n  }\n\n  return url;\n}\n","'use strict';\n\nimport utils from './../utils.js';\n\nclass InterceptorManager {\n  constructor() {\n    this.handlers = [];\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Add a new interceptor to the stack\n   *\n   * @param {Function} fulfilled The function to handle `then` for a `Promise`\n   * @param {Function} rejected The function to handle `reject` for a `Promise`\n   *\n   * @return {Number} An ID used to remove interceptor later\n   */\n  use(fulfilled, rejected, options) {\n    this.handlers.push({\n      fulfilled,\n      rejected,\n      synchronous: options ? options.synchronous : false,\n      runWhen: options ? options.runWhen : null\n    });\n    return this.handlers.length - 1;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Remove an interceptor from the stack\n   *\n   * @param {Number} id The ID that was returned by `use`\n   *\n   * @returns {Boolean} `true` if the interceptor was removed, `false` otherwise\n   */\n  eject(id) {\n    if (this.handlers[id]) {\n      this.handlers[id] = null;\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Clear all interceptors from the stack\n   *\n   * @returns {void}\n   */\n  clear() {\n    if (this.handlers) {\n      this.handlers = [];\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Iterate over all the registered interceptors\n   *\n   * This method is particularly useful for skipping over any\n   * interceptors that may have become `null` calling `eject`.\n   *\n   * @param {Function} fn The function to call for each interceptor\n   *\n   * @returns {void}\n   */\n  forEach(fn) {\n    utils.forEach(this.handlers, function forEachHandler(h) {\n      if (h !== null) {\n        fn(h);\n      }\n    });\n  }\n}\n\nexport default InterceptorManager;\n","'use strict';\n\nexport default {\n  silentJSONParsing: true,\n  forcedJSONParsing: true,\n  clarifyTimeoutError: false\n};\n","import URLSearchParams from './classes/URLSearchParams.js'\nimport FormData from './classes/FormData.js'\nimport Blob from './classes/Blob.js'\n\n/**\n * Determine if we're running in a standard browser environment\n *\n * This allows axios to run in a web worker, and react-native.\n * Both environments support XMLHttpRequest, but not fully standard globals.\n *\n * web workers:\n *  typeof window -> undefined\n *  typeof document -> undefined\n *\n * react-native:\n *  navigator.product -> 'ReactNative'\n * nativescript\n *  navigator.product -> 'NativeScript' or 'NS'\n *\n * @returns {boolean}\n */\nconst isStandardBrowserEnv = (() => {\n  let product;\n  if (typeof navigator !== 'undefined' && (\n    (product = navigator.product) === 'ReactNative' ||\n    product === 'NativeScript' ||\n    product === 'NS')\n  ) {\n    return false;\n  }\n\n  return typeof window !== 'undefined' && typeof document !== 'undefined';\n})();\n\n/**\n * Determine if we're running in a standard browser webWorker environment\n *\n * Although the `isStandardBrowserEnv` method indicates that\n * `allows axios to run in a web worker`, the WebWorker will still be\n * filtered out due to its judgment standard\n * `typeof window !== 'undefined' && typeof document !== 'undefined'`.\n * This leads to a problem when axios post `FormData` in webWorker\n */\n const isStandardBrowserWebWorkerEnv = (() => {\n  return (\n    typeof WorkerGlobalScope !== 'undefined' &&\n    // eslint-disable-next-line no-undef\n    self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope &&\n    typeof self.importScripts === 'function'\n  );\n})();\n\n\nexport default {\n  isBrowser: true,\n  classes: {\n    URLSearchParams,\n    FormData,\n    Blob\n  },\n  isStandardBrowserEnv,\n  isStandardBrowserWebWorkerEnv,\n  protocols: ['http', 'https', 'file', 'blob', 'url', 'data']\n};\n","'use strict';\n\nimport AxiosURLSearchParams from '../../../helpers/AxiosURLSearchParams.js';\nexport default typeof URLSearchParams !== 'undefined' ? URLSearchParams : AxiosURLSearchParams;\n","'use strict';\n\nexport default typeof FormData !== 'undefined' ? FormData : null;\n","'use strict'\n\nexport default typeof Blob !== 'undefined' ? Blob : null\n","'use strict';\n\nimport utils from '../utils.js';\n\n/**\n * It takes a string like `foo[x][y][z]` and returns an array like `['foo', 'x', 'y', 'z']\n *\n * @param {string} name - The name of the property to get.\n *\n * @returns An array of strings.\n */\nfunction parsePropPath(name) {\n  // foo[x][y][z]\n  // foo.x.y.z\n  // foo-x-y-z\n  // foo x y z\n  return utils.matchAll(/\\w+|\\[(\\w*)]/g, name).map(match => {\n    return match[0] === '[]' ? '' : match[1] || match[0];\n  });\n}\n\n/**\n * Convert an array to an object.\n *\n * @param {Array<any>} arr - The array to convert to an object.\n *\n * @returns An object with the same keys and values as the array.\n */\nfunction arrayToObject(arr) {\n  const obj = {};\n  const keys = Object.keys(arr);\n  let i;\n  const len = keys.length;\n  let key;\n  for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {\n    key = keys[i];\n    obj[key] = arr[key];\n  }\n  return obj;\n}\n\n/**\n * It takes a FormData object and returns a JavaScript object\n *\n * @param {string} formData The FormData object to convert to JSON.\n *\n * @returns {Object<string, any> | null} The converted object.\n */\nfunction formDataToJSON(formData) {\n  function buildPath(path, value, target, index) {\n    let name = path[index++];\n    const isNumericKey = Number.isFinite(+name);\n    const isLast = index >= path.length;\n    name = !name && utils.isArray(target) ? target.length : name;\n\n    if (isLast) {\n      if (utils.hasOwnProp(target, name)) {\n        target[name] = [target[name], value];\n      } else {\n        target[name] = value;\n      }\n\n      return !isNumericKey;\n    }\n\n    if (!target[name] || !utils.isObject(target[name])) {\n      target[name] = [];\n    }\n\n    const result = buildPath(path, value, target[name], index);\n\n    if (result && utils.isArray(target[name])) {\n      target[name] = arrayToObject(target[name]);\n    }\n\n    return !isNumericKey;\n  }\n\n  if (utils.isFormData(formData) && utils.isFunction(formData.entries)) {\n    const obj = {};\n\n    utils.forEachEntry(formData, (name, value) => {\n      buildPath(parsePropPath(name), value, obj, 0);\n    });\n\n    return obj;\n  }\n\n  return null;\n}\n\nexport default formDataToJSON;\n","'use strict';\n\nimport utils from '../utils.js';\nimport AxiosError from '../core/AxiosError.js';\nimport transitionalDefaults from './transitional.js';\nimport toFormData from '../helpers/toFormData.js';\nimport toURLEncodedForm from '../helpers/toURLEncodedForm.js';\nimport platform from '../platform/index.js';\nimport formDataToJSON from '../helpers/formDataToJSON.js';\n\nconst DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE = {\n  'Content-Type': undefined\n};\n\n/**\n * It takes a string, tries to parse it, and if it fails, it returns the stringified version\n * of the input\n *\n * @param {any} rawValue - The value to be stringified.\n * @param {Function} parser - A function that parses a string into a JavaScript object.\n * @param {Function} encoder - A function that takes a value and returns a string.\n *\n * @returns {string} A stringified version of the rawValue.\n */\nfunction stringifySafely(rawValue, parser, encoder) {\n  if (utils.isString(rawValue)) {\n    try {\n      (parser || JSON.parse)(rawValue);\n      return utils.trim(rawValue);\n    } catch (e) {\n      if (e.name !== 'SyntaxError') {\n        throw e;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  return (encoder || JSON.stringify)(rawValue);\n}\n\nconst defaults = {\n\n  transitional: transitionalDefaults,\n\n  adapter: ['xhr', 'http'],\n\n  transformRequest: [function transformRequest(data, headers) {\n    const contentType = headers.getContentType() || '';\n    const hasJSONContentType = contentType.indexOf('application/json') > -1;\n    const isObjectPayload = utils.isObject(data);\n\n    if (isObjectPayload && utils.isHTMLForm(data)) {\n      data = new FormData(data);\n    }\n\n    const isFormData = utils.isFormData(data);\n\n    if (isFormData) {\n      if (!hasJSONContentType) {\n        return data;\n      }\n      return hasJSONContentType ? JSON.stringify(formDataToJSON(data)) : data;\n    }\n\n    if (utils.isArrayBuffer(data) ||\n      utils.isBuffer(data) ||\n      utils.isStream(data) ||\n      utils.isFile(data) ||\n      utils.isBlob(data)\n    ) {\n      return data;\n    }\n    if (utils.isArrayBufferView(data)) {\n      return data.buffer;\n    }\n    if (utils.isURLSearchParams(data)) {\n      headers.setContentType('application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=utf-8', false);\n      return data.toString();\n    }\n\n    let isFileList;\n\n    if (isObjectPayload) {\n      if (contentType.indexOf('application/x-www-form-urlencoded') > -1) {\n        return toURLEncodedForm(data, this.formSerializer).toString();\n      }\n\n      if ((isFileList = utils.isFileList(data)) || contentType.indexOf('multipart/form-data') > -1) {\n        const _FormData = this.env && this.env.FormData;\n\n        return toFormData(\n          isFileList ? {'files[]': data} : data,\n          _FormData && new _FormData(),\n          this.formSerializer\n        );\n      }\n    }\n\n    if (isObjectPayload || hasJSONContentType ) {\n      headers.setContentType('application/json', false);\n      return stringifySafely(data);\n    }\n\n    return data;\n  }],\n\n  transformResponse: [function transformResponse(data) {\n    const transitional = this.transitional || defaults.transitional;\n    const forcedJSONParsing = transitional && transitional.forcedJSONParsing;\n    const JSONRequested = this.responseType === 'json';\n\n    if (data && utils.isString(data) && ((forcedJSONParsing && !this.responseType) || JSONRequested)) {\n      const silentJSONParsing = transitional && transitional.silentJSONParsing;\n      const strictJSONParsing = !silentJSONParsing && JSONRequested;\n\n      try {\n        return JSON.parse(data);\n      } catch (e) {\n        if (strictJSONParsing) {\n          if (e.name === 'SyntaxError') {\n            throw AxiosError.from(e, AxiosError.ERR_BAD_RESPONSE, this, null, this.response);\n          }\n          throw e;\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    return data;\n  }],\n\n  /**\n   * A timeout in milliseconds to abort a request. If set to 0 (default) a\n   * timeout is not created.\n   */\n  timeout: 0,\n\n  xsrfCookieName: 'XSRF-TOKEN',\n  xsrfHeaderName: 'X-XSRF-TOKEN',\n\n  maxContentLength: -1,\n  maxBodyLength: -1,\n\n  env: {\n    FormData: platform.classes.FormData,\n    Blob: platform.classes.Blob\n  },\n\n  validateStatus: function validateStatus(status) {\n    return status >= 200 && status < 300;\n  },\n\n  headers: {\n    common: {\n      'Accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*'\n    }\n  }\n};\n\nutils.forEach(['delete', 'get', 'head'], function forEachMethodNoData(method) {\n  defaults.headers[method] = {};\n});\n\nutils.forEach(['post', 'put', 'patch'], function forEachMethodWithData(method) {\n  defaults.headers[method] = utils.merge(DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE);\n});\n\nexport default defaults;\n","'use strict';\n\nimport utils from '../utils.js';\nimport toFormData from './toFormData.js';\nimport platform from '../platform/index.js';\n\nexport default function toURLEncodedForm(data, options) {\n  return toFormData(data, new platform.classes.URLSearchParams(), Object.assign({\n    visitor: function(value, key, path, helpers) {\n      if (platform.isNode && utils.isBuffer(value)) {\n        this.append(key, value.toString('base64'));\n        return false;\n      }\n\n      return helpers.defaultVisitor.apply(this, arguments);\n    }\n  }, options));\n}\n","'use strict';\n\nimport utils from './../utils.js';\n\n// RawAxiosHeaders whose duplicates are ignored by node\n// c.f. https://nodejs.org/api/http.html#http_message_headers\nconst ignoreDuplicateOf = utils.toObjectSet([\n  'age', 'authorization', 'content-length', 'content-type', 'etag',\n  'expires', 'from', 'host', 'if-modified-since', 'if-unmodified-since',\n  'last-modified', 'location', 'max-forwards', 'proxy-authorization',\n  'referer', 'retry-after', 'user-agent'\n]);\n\n/**\n * Parse headers into an object\n *\n * ```\n * Date: Wed, 27 Aug 2014 08:58:49 GMT\n * Content-Type: application/json\n * Connection: keep-alive\n * Transfer-Encoding: chunked\n * ```\n *\n * @param {String} rawHeaders Headers needing to be parsed\n *\n * @returns {Object} Headers parsed into an object\n */\nexport default rawHeaders => {\n  const parsed = {};\n  let key;\n  let val;\n  let i;\n\n  rawHeaders && rawHeaders.split('\\n').forEach(function parser(line) {\n    i = line.indexOf(':');\n    key = line.substring(0, i).trim().toLowerCase();\n    val = line.substring(i + 1).trim();\n\n    if (!key || (parsed[key] && ignoreDuplicateOf[key])) {\n      return;\n    }\n\n    if (key === 'set-cookie') {\n      if (parsed[key]) {\n        parsed[key].push(val);\n      } else {\n        parsed[key] = [val];\n      }\n    } else {\n      parsed[key] = parsed[key] ? parsed[key] + ', ' + val : val;\n    }\n  });\n\n  return parsed;\n};\n","'use strict';\n\nimport utils from '../utils.js';\nimport parseHeaders from '../helpers/parseHeaders.js';\n\nconst $internals = Symbol('internals');\n\nfunction normalizeHeader(header) {\n  return header && String(header).trim().toLowerCase();\n}\n\nfunction normalizeValue(value) {\n  if (value === false || value == null) {\n    return value;\n  }\n\n  return utils.isArray(value) ? value.map(normalizeValue) : String(value);\n}\n\nfunction parseTokens(str) {\n  const tokens = Object.create(null);\n  const tokensRE = /([^\\s,;=]+)\\s*(?:=\\s*([^,;]+))?/g;\n  let match;\n\n  while ((match = tokensRE.exec(str))) {\n    tokens[match[1]] = match[2];\n  }\n\n  return tokens;\n}\n\nfunction isValidHeaderName(str) {\n  return /^[-_a-zA-Z]+$/.test(str.trim());\n}\n\nfunction matchHeaderValue(context, value, header, filter, isHeaderNameFilter) {\n  if (utils.isFunction(filter)) {\n    return filter.call(this, value, header);\n  }\n\n  if (isHeaderNameFilter) {\n    value = header;\n  }\n\n  if (!utils.isString(value)) return;\n\n  if (utils.isString(filter)) {\n    return value.indexOf(filter) !== -1;\n  }\n\n  if (utils.isRegExp(filter)) {\n    return filter.test(value);\n  }\n}\n\nfunction formatHeader(header) {\n  return header.trim()\n    .toLowerCase().replace(/([a-z\\d])(\\w*)/g, (w, char, str) => {\n      return char.toUpperCase() + str;\n    });\n}\n\nfunction buildAccessors(obj, header) {\n  const accessorName = utils.toCamelCase(' ' + header);\n\n  ['get', 'set', 'has'].forEach(methodName => {\n    Object.defineProperty(obj, methodName + accessorName, {\n      value: function(arg1, arg2, arg3) {\n        return this[methodName].call(this, header, arg1, arg2, arg3);\n      },\n      configurable: true\n    });\n  });\n}\n\nclass AxiosHeaders {\n  constructor(headers) {\n    headers && this.set(headers);\n  }\n\n  set(header, valueOrRewrite, rewrite) {\n    const self = this;\n\n    function setHeader(_value, _header, _rewrite) {\n      const lHeader = normalizeHeader(_header);\n\n      if (!lHeader) {\n        throw new Error('header name must be a non-empty string');\n      }\n\n      const key = utils.findKey(self, lHeader);\n\n      if(!key || self[key] === undefined || _rewrite === true || (_rewrite === undefined && self[key] !== false)) {\n        self[key || _header] = normalizeValue(_value);\n      }\n    }\n\n    const setHeaders = (headers, _rewrite) =>\n      utils.forEach(headers, (_value, _header) => setHeader(_value, _header, _rewrite));\n\n    if (utils.isPlainObject(header) || header instanceof this.constructor) {\n      setHeaders(header, valueOrRewrite)\n    } else if(utils.isString(header) && (header = header.trim()) && !isValidHeaderName(header)) {\n      setHeaders(parseHeaders(header), valueOrRewrite);\n    } else {\n      header != null && setHeader(valueOrRewrite, header, rewrite);\n    }\n\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  get(header, parser) {\n    header = normalizeHeader(header);\n\n    if (header) {\n      const key = utils.findKey(this, header);\n\n      if (key) {\n        const value = this[key];\n\n        if (!parser) {\n          return value;\n        }\n\n        if (parser === true) {\n          return parseTokens(value);\n        }\n\n        if (utils.isFunction(parser)) {\n          return parser.call(this, value, key);\n        }\n\n        if (utils.isRegExp(parser)) {\n          return parser.exec(value);\n        }\n\n        throw new TypeError('parser must be boolean|regexp|function');\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  has(header, matcher) {\n    header = normalizeHeader(header);\n\n    if (header) {\n      const key = utils.findKey(this, header);\n\n      return !!(key && this[key] !== undefined && (!matcher || matchHeaderValue(this, this[key], key, matcher)));\n    }\n\n    return false;\n  }\n\n  delete(header, matcher) {\n    const self = this;\n    let deleted = false;\n\n    function deleteHeader(_header) {\n      _header = normalizeHeader(_header);\n\n      if (_header) {\n        const key = utils.findKey(self, _header);\n\n        if (key && (!matcher || matchHeaderValue(self, self[key], key, matcher))) {\n          delete self[key];\n\n          deleted = true;\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    if (utils.isArray(header)) {\n      header.forEach(deleteHeader);\n    } else {\n      deleteHeader(header);\n    }\n\n    return deleted;\n  }\n\n  clear(matcher) {\n    const keys = Object.keys(this);\n    let i = keys.length;\n    let deleted = false;\n\n    while (i--) {\n      const key = keys[i];\n      if(!matcher || matchHeaderValue(this, this[key], key, matcher, true)) {\n        delete this[key];\n        deleted = true;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return deleted;\n  }\n\n  normalize(format) {\n    const self = this;\n    const headers = {};\n\n    utils.forEach(this, (value, header) => {\n      const key = utils.findKey(headers, header);\n\n      if (key) {\n        self[key] = normalizeValue(value);\n        delete self[header];\n        return;\n      }\n\n      const normalized = format ? formatHeader(header) : String(header).trim();\n\n      if (normalized !== header) {\n        delete self[header];\n      }\n\n      self[normalized] = normalizeValue(value);\n\n      headers[normalized] = true;\n    });\n\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  concat(...targets) {\n    return this.constructor.concat(this, ...targets);\n  }\n\n  toJSON(asStrings) {\n    const obj = Object.create(null);\n\n    utils.forEach(this, (value, header) => {\n      value != null && value !== false && (obj[header] = asStrings && utils.isArray(value) ? value.join(', ') : value);\n    });\n\n    return obj;\n  }\n\n  [Symbol.iterator]() {\n    return Object.entries(this.toJSON())[Symbol.iterator]();\n  }\n\n  toString() {\n    return Object.entries(this.toJSON()).map(([header, value]) => header + ': ' + value).join('\\n');\n  }\n\n  get [Symbol.toStringTag]() {\n    return 'AxiosHeaders';\n  }\n\n  static from(thing) {\n    return thing instanceof this ? thing : new this(thing);\n  }\n\n  static concat(first, ...targets) {\n    const computed = new this(first);\n\n    targets.forEach((target) => computed.set(target));\n\n    return computed;\n  }\n\n  static accessor(header) {\n    const internals = this[$internals] = (this[$internals] = {\n      accessors: {}\n    });\n\n    const accessors = internals.accessors;\n    const prototype = this.prototype;\n\n    function defineAccessor(_header) {\n      const lHeader = normalizeHeader(_header);\n\n      if (!accessors[lHeader]) {\n        buildAccessors(prototype, _header);\n        accessors[lHeader] = true;\n      }\n    }\n\n    utils.isArray(header) ? header.forEach(defineAccessor) : defineAccessor(header);\n\n    return this;\n  }\n}\n\nAxiosHeaders.accessor(['Content-Type', 'Content-Length', 'Accept', 'Accept-Encoding', 'User-Agent', 'Authorization']);\n\nutils.freezeMethods(AxiosHeaders.prototype);\nutils.freezeMethods(AxiosHeaders);\n\nexport default AxiosHeaders;\n","'use strict';\n\nimport utils from './../utils.js';\nimport defaults from '../defaults/index.js';\nimport AxiosHeaders from '../core/AxiosHeaders.js';\n\n/**\n * Transform the data for a request or a response\n *\n * @param {Array|Function} fns A single function or Array of functions\n * @param {?Object} response The response object\n *\n * @returns {*} The resulting transformed data\n */\nexport default function transformData(fns, response) {\n  const config = this || defaults;\n  const context = response || config;\n  const headers = AxiosHeaders.from(context.headers);\n  let data = context.data;\n\n  utils.forEach(fns, function transform(fn) {\n    data = fn.call(config, data, headers.normalize(), response ? response.status : undefined);\n  });\n\n  headers.normalize();\n\n  return data;\n}\n","'use strict';\n\nexport default function isCancel(value) {\n  return !!(value && value.__CANCEL__);\n}\n","'use strict';\n\nimport AxiosError from '../core/AxiosError.js';\nimport utils from '../utils.js';\n\n/**\n * A `CanceledError` is an object that is thrown when an operation is canceled.\n *\n * @param {string=} message The message.\n * @param {Object=} config The config.\n * @param {Object=} request The request.\n *\n * @returns {CanceledError} The created error.\n */\nfunction CanceledError(message, config, request) {\n  // eslint-disable-next-line no-eq-null,eqeqeq\n  AxiosError.call(this, message == null ? 'canceled' : message, AxiosError.ERR_CANCELED, config, request);\n  this.name = 'CanceledError';\n}\n\nutils.inherits(CanceledError, AxiosError, {\n  __CANCEL__: true\n});\n\nexport default CanceledError;\n","'use strict';\n\nimport utils from './../utils.js';\nimport platform from '../platform/index.js';\n\nexport default platform.isStandardBrowserEnv ?\n\n// Standard browser envs support document.cookie\n  (function standardBrowserEnv() {\n    return {\n      write: function write(name, value, expires, path, domain, secure) {\n        const cookie = [];\n        cookie.push(name + '=' + encodeURIComponent(value));\n\n        if (utils.isNumber(expires)) {\n          cookie.push('expires=' + new Date(expires).toGMTString());\n        }\n\n        if (utils.isString(path)) {\n          cookie.push('path=' + path);\n        }\n\n        if (utils.isString(domain)) {\n          cookie.push('domain=' + domain);\n        }\n\n        if (secure === true) {\n          cookie.push('secure');\n        }\n\n        document.cookie = cookie.join('; ');\n      },\n\n      read: function read(name) {\n        const match = document.cookie.match(new RegExp('(^|;\\\\s*)(' + name + ')=([^;]*)'));\n        return (match ? decodeURIComponent(match[3]) : null);\n      },\n\n      remove: function remove(name) {\n        this.write(name, '', Date.now() - 86400000);\n      }\n    };\n  })() :\n\n// Non standard browser env (web workers, react-native) lack needed support.\n  (function nonStandardBrowserEnv() {\n    return {\n      write: function write() {},\n      read: function read() { return null; },\n      remove: function remove() {}\n    };\n  })();\n","'use strict';\n\nimport isAbsoluteURL from '../helpers/isAbsoluteURL.js';\nimport combineURLs from '../helpers/combineURLs.js';\n\n/**\n * Creates a new URL by combining the baseURL with the requestedURL,\n * only when the requestedURL is not already an absolute URL.\n * If the requestURL is absolute, this function returns the requestedURL untouched.\n *\n * @param {string} baseURL The base URL\n * @param {string} requestedURL Absolute or relative URL to combine\n *\n * @returns {string} The combined full path\n */\nexport default function buildFullPath(baseURL, requestedURL) {\n  if (baseURL && !isAbsoluteURL(requestedURL)) {\n    return combineURLs(baseURL, requestedURL);\n  }\n  return requestedURL;\n}\n","'use strict';\n\n/**\n * Determines whether the specified URL is absolute\n *\n * @param {string} url The URL to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if the specified URL is absolute, otherwise false\n */\nexport default function isAbsoluteURL(url) {\n  // A URL is considered absolute if it begins with \"<scheme>://\" or \"//\" (protocol-relative URL).\n  // RFC 3986 defines scheme name as a sequence of characters beginning with a letter and followed\n  // by any combination of letters, digits, plus, period, or hyphen.\n  return /^([a-z][a-z\\d+\\-.]*:)?\\/\\//i.test(url);\n}\n","'use strict';\n\n/**\n * Creates a new URL by combining the specified URLs\n *\n * @param {string} baseURL The base URL\n * @param {string} relativeURL The relative URL\n *\n * @returns {string} The combined URL\n */\nexport default function combineURLs(baseURL, relativeURL) {\n  return relativeURL\n    ? baseURL.replace(/\\/+$/, '') + '/' + relativeURL.replace(/^\\/+/, '')\n    : baseURL;\n}\n","'use strict';\n\nimport utils from './../utils.js';\nimport platform from '../platform/index.js';\n\nexport default platform.isStandardBrowserEnv ?\n\n// Standard browser envs have full support of the APIs needed to test\n// whether the request URL is of the same origin as current location.\n  (function standardBrowserEnv() {\n    const msie = /(msie|trident)/i.test(navigator.userAgent);\n    const urlParsingNode = document.createElement('a');\n    let originURL;\n\n    /**\n    * Parse a URL to discover it's components\n    *\n    * @param {String} url The URL to be parsed\n    * @returns {Object}\n    */\n    function resolveURL(url) {\n      let href = url;\n\n      if (msie) {\n        // IE needs attribute set twice to normalize properties\n        urlParsingNode.setAttribute('href', href);\n        href = urlParsingNode.href;\n      }\n\n      urlParsingNode.setAttribute('href', href);\n\n      // urlParsingNode provides the UrlUtils interface - http://url.spec.whatwg.org/#urlutils\n      return {\n        href: urlParsingNode.href,\n        protocol: urlParsingNode.protocol ? urlParsingNode.protocol.replace(/:$/, '') : '',\n        host: urlParsingNode.host,\n        search: urlParsingNode.search ? urlParsingNode.search.replace(/^\\?/, '') : '',\n        hash: urlParsingNode.hash ? urlParsingNode.hash.replace(/^#/, '') : '',\n        hostname: urlParsingNode.hostname,\n        port: urlParsingNode.port,\n        pathname: (urlParsingNode.pathname.charAt(0) === '/') ?\n          urlParsingNode.pathname :\n          '/' + urlParsingNode.pathname\n      };\n    }\n\n    originURL = resolveURL(window.location.href);\n\n    /**\n    * Determine if a URL shares the same origin as the current location\n    *\n    * @param {String} requestURL The URL to test\n    * @returns {boolean} True if URL shares the same origin, otherwise false\n    */\n    return function isURLSameOrigin(requestURL) {\n      const parsed = (utils.isString(requestURL)) ? resolveURL(requestURL) : requestURL;\n      return (parsed.protocol === originURL.protocol &&\n          parsed.host === originURL.host);\n    };\n  })() :\n\n  // Non standard browser envs (web workers, react-native) lack needed support.\n  (function nonStandardBrowserEnv() {\n    return function isURLSameOrigin() {\n      return true;\n    };\n  })();\n","'use strict';\n\n/**\n * Calculate data maxRate\n * @param {Number} [samplesCount= 10]\n * @param {Number} [min= 1000]\n * @returns {Function}\n */\nfunction speedometer(samplesCount, min) {\n  samplesCount = samplesCount || 10;\n  const bytes = new Array(samplesCount);\n  const timestamps = new Array(samplesCount);\n  let head = 0;\n  let tail = 0;\n  let firstSampleTS;\n\n  min = min !== undefined ? min : 1000;\n\n  return function push(chunkLength) {\n    const now = Date.now();\n\n    const startedAt = timestamps[tail];\n\n    if (!firstSampleTS) {\n      firstSampleTS = now;\n    }\n\n    bytes[head] = chunkLength;\n    timestamps[head] = now;\n\n    let i = tail;\n    let bytesCount = 0;\n\n    while (i !== head) {\n      bytesCount += bytes[i++];\n      i = i % samplesCount;\n    }\n\n    head = (head + 1) % samplesCount;\n\n    if (head === tail) {\n      tail = (tail + 1) % samplesCount;\n    }\n\n    if (now - firstSampleTS < min) {\n      return;\n    }\n\n    const passed = startedAt && now - startedAt;\n\n    return passed ? Math.round(bytesCount * 1000 / passed) : undefined;\n  };\n}\n\nexport default speedometer;\n","'use strict';\n\nimport utils from './../utils.js';\nimport settle from './../core/settle.js';\nimport cookies from './../helpers/cookies.js';\nimport buildURL from './../helpers/buildURL.js';\nimport buildFullPath from '../core/buildFullPath.js';\nimport isURLSameOrigin from './../helpers/isURLSameOrigin.js';\nimport transitionalDefaults from '../defaults/transitional.js';\nimport AxiosError from '../core/AxiosError.js';\nimport CanceledError from '../cancel/CanceledError.js';\nimport parseProtocol from '../helpers/parseProtocol.js';\nimport platform from '../platform/index.js';\nimport AxiosHeaders from '../core/AxiosHeaders.js';\nimport speedometer from '../helpers/speedometer.js';\n\nfunction progressEventReducer(listener, isDownloadStream) {\n  let bytesNotified = 0;\n  const _speedometer = speedometer(50, 250);\n\n  return e => {\n    const loaded = e.loaded;\n    const total = e.lengthComputable ? e.total : undefined;\n    const progressBytes = loaded - bytesNotified;\n    const rate = _speedometer(progressBytes);\n    const inRange = loaded <= total;\n\n    bytesNotified = loaded;\n\n    const data = {\n      loaded,\n      total,\n      progress: total ? (loaded / total) : undefined,\n      bytes: progressBytes,\n      rate: rate ? rate : undefined,\n      estimated: rate && total && inRange ? (total - loaded) / rate : undefined,\n      event: e\n    };\n\n    data[isDownloadStream ? 'download' : 'upload'] = true;\n\n    listener(data);\n  };\n}\n\nconst isXHRAdapterSupported = typeof XMLHttpRequest !== 'undefined';\n\nexport default isXHRAdapterSupported && function (config) {\n  return new Promise(function dispatchXhrRequest(resolve, reject) {\n    let requestData = config.data;\n    const requestHeaders = AxiosHeaders.from(config.headers).normalize();\n    const responseType = config.responseType;\n    let onCanceled;\n    function done() {\n      if (config.cancelToken) {\n        config.cancelToken.unsubscribe(onCanceled);\n      }\n\n      if (config.signal) {\n        config.signal.removeEventListener('abort', onCanceled);\n      }\n    }\n\n    if (utils.isFormData(requestData) && (platform.isStandardBrowserEnv || platform.isStandardBrowserWebWorkerEnv)) {\n      requestHeaders.setContentType(false); // Let the browser set it\n    }\n\n    let request = new XMLHttpRequest();\n\n    // HTTP basic authentication\n    if (config.auth) {\n      const username = config.auth.username || '';\n      const password = config.auth.password ? unescape(encodeURIComponent(config.auth.password)) : '';\n      requestHeaders.set('Authorization', 'Basic ' + btoa(username + ':' + password));\n    }\n\n    const fullPath = buildFullPath(config.baseURL, config.url);\n\n    request.open(config.method.toUpperCase(), buildURL(fullPath, config.params, config.paramsSerializer), true);\n\n    // Set the request timeout in MS\n    request.timeout = config.timeout;\n\n    function onloadend() {\n      if (!request) {\n        return;\n      }\n      // Prepare the response\n      const responseHeaders = AxiosHeaders.from(\n        'getAllResponseHeaders' in request && request.getAllResponseHeaders()\n      );\n      const responseData = !responseType || responseType === 'text' || responseType === 'json' ?\n        request.responseText : request.response;\n      const response = {\n        data: responseData,\n        status: request.status,\n        statusText: request.statusText,\n        headers: responseHeaders,\n        config,\n        request\n      };\n\n      settle(function _resolve(value) {\n        resolve(value);\n        done();\n      }, function _reject(err) {\n        reject(err);\n        done();\n      }, response);\n\n      // Clean up request\n      request = null;\n    }\n\n    if ('onloadend' in request) {\n      // Use onloadend if available\n      request.onloadend = onloadend;\n    } else {\n      // Listen for ready state to emulate onloadend\n      request.onreadystatechange = function handleLoad() {\n        if (!request || request.readyState !== 4) {\n          return;\n        }\n\n        // The request errored out and we didn't get a response, this will be\n        // handled by onerror instead\n        // With one exception: request that using file: protocol, most browsers\n        // will return status as 0 even though it's a successful request\n        if (request.status === 0 && !(request.responseURL && request.responseURL.indexOf('file:') === 0)) {\n          return;\n        }\n        // readystate handler is calling before onerror or ontimeout handlers,\n        // so we should call onloadend on the next 'tick'\n        setTimeout(onloadend);\n      };\n    }\n\n    // Handle browser request cancellation (as opposed to a manual cancellation)\n    request.onabort = function handleAbort() {\n      if (!request) {\n        return;\n      }\n\n      reject(new AxiosError('Request aborted', AxiosError.ECONNABORTED, config, request));\n\n      // Clean up request\n      request = null;\n    };\n\n    // Handle low level network errors\n    request.onerror = function handleError() {\n      // Real errors are hidden from us by the browser\n      // onerror should only fire if it's a network error\n      reject(new AxiosError('Network Error', AxiosError.ERR_NETWORK, config, request));\n\n      // Clean up request\n      request = null;\n    };\n\n    // Handle timeout\n    request.ontimeout = function handleTimeout() {\n      let timeoutErrorMessage = config.timeout ? 'timeout of ' + config.timeout + 'ms exceeded' : 'timeout exceeded';\n      const transitional = config.transitional || transitionalDefaults;\n      if (config.timeoutErrorMessage) {\n        timeoutErrorMessage = config.timeoutErrorMessage;\n      }\n      reject(new AxiosError(\n        timeoutErrorMessage,\n        transitional.clarifyTimeoutError ? AxiosError.ETIMEDOUT : AxiosError.ECONNABORTED,\n        config,\n        request));\n\n      // Clean up request\n      request = null;\n    };\n\n    // Add xsrf header\n    // This is only done if running in a standard browser environment.\n    // Specifically not if we're in a web worker, or react-native.\n    if (platform.isStandardBrowserEnv) {\n      // Add xsrf header\n      const xsrfValue = (config.withCredentials || isURLSameOrigin(fullPath))\n        && config.xsrfCookieName && cookies.read(config.xsrfCookieName);\n\n      if (xsrfValue) {\n        requestHeaders.set(config.xsrfHeaderName, xsrfValue);\n      }\n    }\n\n    // Remove Content-Type if data is undefined\n    requestData === undefined && requestHeaders.setContentType(null);\n\n    // Add headers to the request\n    if ('setRequestHeader' in request) {\n      utils.forEach(requestHeaders.toJSON(), function setRequestHeader(val, key) {\n        request.setRequestHeader(key, val);\n      });\n    }\n\n    // Add withCredentials to request if needed\n    if (!utils.isUndefined(config.withCredentials)) {\n      request.withCredentials = !!config.withCredentials;\n    }\n\n    // Add responseType to request if needed\n    if (responseType && responseType !== 'json') {\n      request.responseType = config.responseType;\n    }\n\n    // Handle progress if needed\n    if (typeof config.onDownloadProgress === 'function') {\n      request.addEventListener('progress', progressEventReducer(config.onDownloadProgress, true));\n    }\n\n    // Not all browsers support upload events\n    if (typeof config.onUploadProgress === 'function' && request.upload) {\n      request.upload.addEventListener('progress', progressEventReducer(config.onUploadProgress));\n    }\n\n    if (config.cancelToken || config.signal) {\n      // Handle cancellation\n      // eslint-disable-next-line func-names\n      onCanceled = cancel => {\n        if (!request) {\n          return;\n        }\n        reject(!cancel || cancel.type ? new CanceledError(null, config, request) : cancel);\n        request.abort();\n        request = null;\n      };\n\n      config.cancelToken && config.cancelToken.subscribe(onCanceled);\n      if (config.signal) {\n        config.signal.aborted ? onCanceled() : config.signal.addEventListener('abort', onCanceled);\n      }\n    }\n\n    const protocol = parseProtocol(fullPath);\n\n    if (protocol && platform.protocols.indexOf(protocol) === -1) {\n      reject(new AxiosError('Unsupported protocol ' + protocol + ':', AxiosError.ERR_BAD_REQUEST, config));\n      return;\n    }\n\n\n    // Send the request\n    request.send(requestData || null);\n  });\n}\n","'use strict';\n\nimport AxiosError from './AxiosError.js';\n\n/**\n * Resolve or reject a Promise based on response status.\n *\n * @param {Function} resolve A function that resolves the promise.\n * @param {Function} reject A function that rejects the promise.\n * @param {object} response The response.\n *\n * @returns {object} The response.\n */\nexport default function settle(resolve, reject, response) {\n  const validateStatus = response.config.validateStatus;\n  if (!response.status || !validateStatus || validateStatus(response.status)) {\n    resolve(response);\n  } else {\n    reject(new AxiosError(\n      'Request failed with status code ' + response.status,\n      [AxiosError.ERR_BAD_REQUEST, AxiosError.ERR_BAD_RESPONSE][Math.floor(response.status / 100) - 4],\n      response.config,\n      response.request,\n      response\n    ));\n  }\n}\n","'use strict';\n\nexport default function parseProtocol(url) {\n  const match = /^([-+\\w]{1,25})(:?\\/\\/|:)/.exec(url);\n  return match && match[1] || '';\n}\n","import utils from '../utils.js';\nimport httpAdapter from './http.js';\nimport xhrAdapter from './xhr.js';\nimport AxiosError from \"../core/AxiosError.js\";\n\nconst knownAdapters = {\n  http: httpAdapter,\n  xhr: xhrAdapter\n}\n\nutils.forEach(knownAdapters, (fn, value) => {\n  if(fn) {\n    try {\n      Object.defineProperty(fn, 'name', {value});\n    } catch (e) {\n      // eslint-disable-next-line no-empty\n    }\n    Object.defineProperty(fn, 'adapterName', {value});\n  }\n});\n\nexport default {\n  getAdapter: (adapters) => {\n    adapters = utils.isArray(adapters) ? adapters : [adapters];\n\n    const {length} = adapters;\n    let nameOrAdapter;\n    let adapter;\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {\n      nameOrAdapter = adapters[i];\n      if((adapter = utils.isString(nameOrAdapter) ? knownAdapters[nameOrAdapter.toLowerCase()] : nameOrAdapter)) {\n        break;\n      }\n    }\n\n    if (!adapter) {\n      if (adapter === false) {\n        throw new AxiosError(\n          `Adapter ${nameOrAdapter} is not supported by the environment`,\n          'ERR_NOT_SUPPORT'\n        );\n      }\n\n      throw new Error(\n        utils.hasOwnProp(knownAdapters, nameOrAdapter) ?\n          `Adapter '${nameOrAdapter}' is not available in the build` :\n          `Unknown adapter '${nameOrAdapter}'`\n      );\n    }\n\n    if (!utils.isFunction(adapter)) {\n      throw new TypeError('adapter is not a function');\n    }\n\n    return adapter;\n  },\n  adapters: knownAdapters\n}\n","// eslint-disable-next-line strict\nexport default null;\n","'use strict';\n\nimport transformData from './transformData.js';\nimport isCancel from '../cancel/isCancel.js';\nimport defaults from '../defaults/index.js';\nimport CanceledError from '../cancel/CanceledError.js';\nimport AxiosHeaders from '../core/AxiosHeaders.js';\nimport adapters from \"../adapters/adapters.js\";\n\n/**\n * Throws a `CanceledError` if cancellation has been requested.\n *\n * @param {Object} config The config that is to be used for the request\n *\n * @returns {void}\n */\nfunction throwIfCancellationRequested(config) {\n  if (config.cancelToken) {\n    config.cancelToken.throwIfRequested();\n  }\n\n  if (config.signal && config.signal.aborted) {\n    throw new CanceledError(null, config);\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Dispatch a request to the server using the configured adapter.\n *\n * @param {object} config The config that is to be used for the request\n *\n * @returns {Promise} The Promise to be fulfilled\n */\nexport default function dispatchRequest(config) {\n  throwIfCancellationRequested(config);\n\n  config.headers = AxiosHeaders.from(config.headers);\n\n  // Transform request data\n  config.data = transformData.call(\n    config,\n    config.transformRequest\n  );\n\n  if (['post', 'put', 'patch'].indexOf(config.method) !== -1) {\n    config.headers.setContentType('application/x-www-form-urlencoded', false);\n  }\n\n  const adapter = adapters.getAdapter(config.adapter || defaults.adapter);\n\n  return adapter(config).then(function onAdapterResolution(response) {\n    throwIfCancellationRequested(config);\n\n    // Transform response data\n    response.data = transformData.call(\n      config,\n      config.transformResponse,\n      response\n    );\n\n    response.headers = AxiosHeaders.from(response.headers);\n\n    return response;\n  }, function onAdapterRejection(reason) {\n    if (!isCancel(reason)) {\n      throwIfCancellationRequested(config);\n\n      // Transform response data\n      if (reason && reason.response) {\n        reason.response.data = transformData.call(\n          config,\n          config.transformResponse,\n          reason.response\n        );\n        reason.response.headers = AxiosHeaders.from(reason.response.headers);\n      }\n    }\n\n    return Promise.reject(reason);\n  });\n}\n","'use strict';\n\nimport utils from '../utils.js';\nimport AxiosHeaders from \"./AxiosHeaders.js\";\n\nconst headersToObject = (thing) => thing instanceof AxiosHeaders ? thing.toJSON() : thing;\n\n/**\n * Config-specific merge-function which creates a new config-object\n * by merging two configuration objects together.\n *\n * @param {Object} config1\n * @param {Object} config2\n *\n * @returns {Object} New object resulting from merging config2 to config1\n */\nexport default function mergeConfig(config1, config2) {\n  // eslint-disable-next-line no-param-reassign\n  config2 = config2 || {};\n  const config = {};\n\n  function getMergedValue(target, source, caseless) {\n    if (utils.isPlainObject(target) && utils.isPlainObject(source)) {\n      return utils.merge.call({caseless}, target, source);\n    } else if (utils.isPlainObject(source)) {\n      return utils.merge({}, source);\n    } else if (utils.isArray(source)) {\n      return source.slice();\n    }\n    return source;\n  }\n\n  // eslint-disable-next-line consistent-return\n  function mergeDeepProperties(a, b, caseless) {\n    if (!utils.isUndefined(b)) {\n      return getMergedValue(a, b, caseless);\n    } else if (!utils.isUndefined(a)) {\n      return getMergedValue(undefined, a, caseless);\n    }\n  }\n\n  // eslint-disable-next-line consistent-return\n  function valueFromConfig2(a, b) {\n    if (!utils.isUndefined(b)) {\n      return getMergedValue(undefined, b);\n    }\n  }\n\n  // eslint-disable-next-line consistent-return\n  function defaultToConfig2(a, b) {\n    if (!utils.isUndefined(b)) {\n      return getMergedValue(undefined, b);\n    } else if (!utils.isUndefined(a)) {\n      return getMergedValue(undefined, a);\n    }\n  }\n\n  // eslint-disable-next-line consistent-return\n  function mergeDirectKeys(a, b, prop) {\n    if (prop in config2) {\n      return getMergedValue(a, b);\n    } else if (prop in config1) {\n      return getMergedValue(undefined, a);\n    }\n  }\n\n  const mergeMap = {\n    url: valueFromConfig2,\n    method: valueFromConfig2,\n    data: valueFromConfig2,\n    baseURL: defaultToConfig2,\n    transformRequest: defaultToConfig2,\n    transformResponse: defaultToConfig2,\n    paramsSerializer: defaultToConfig2,\n    timeout: defaultToConfig2,\n    timeoutMessage: defaultToConfig2,\n    withCredentials: defaultToConfig2,\n    adapter: defaultToConfig2,\n    responseType: defaultToConfig2,\n    xsrfCookieName: defaultToConfig2,\n    xsrfHeaderName: defaultToConfig2,\n    onUploadProgress: defaultToConfig2,\n    onDownloadProgress: defaultToConfig2,\n    decompress: defaultToConfig2,\n    maxContentLength: defaultToConfig2,\n    maxBodyLength: defaultToConfig2,\n    beforeRedirect: defaultToConfig2,\n    transport: defaultToConfig2,\n    httpAgent: defaultToConfig2,\n    httpsAgent: defaultToConfig2,\n    cancelToken: defaultToConfig2,\n    socketPath: defaultToConfig2,\n    responseEncoding: defaultToConfig2,\n    validateStatus: mergeDirectKeys,\n    headers: (a, b) => mergeDeepProperties(headersToObject(a), headersToObject(b), true)\n  };\n\n  utils.forEach(Object.keys(config1).concat(Object.keys(config2)), function computeConfigValue(prop) {\n    const merge = mergeMap[prop] || mergeDeepProperties;\n    const configValue = merge(config1[prop], config2[prop], prop);\n    (utils.isUndefined(configValue) && merge !== mergeDirectKeys) || (config[prop] = configValue);\n  });\n\n  return config;\n}\n","export const VERSION = \"1.3.4\";","'use strict';\n\nimport {VERSION} from '../env/data.js';\nimport AxiosError from '../core/AxiosError.js';\n\nconst validators = {};\n\n// eslint-disable-next-line func-names\n['object', 'boolean', 'number', 'function', 'string', 'symbol'].forEach((type, i) => {\n  validators[type] = function validator(thing) {\n    return typeof thing === type || 'a' + (i < 1 ? 'n ' : ' ') + type;\n  };\n});\n\nconst deprecatedWarnings = {};\n\n/**\n * Transitional option validator\n *\n * @param {function|boolean?} validator - set to false if the transitional option has been removed\n * @param {string?} version - deprecated version / removed since version\n * @param {string?} message - some message with additional info\n *\n * @returns {function}\n */\nvalidators.transitional = function transitional(validator, version, message) {\n  function formatMessage(opt, desc) {\n    return '[Axios v' + VERSION + '] Transitional option \\'' + opt + '\\'' + desc + (message ? '. ' + message : '');\n  }\n\n  // eslint-disable-next-line func-names\n  return (value, opt, opts) => {\n    if (validator === false) {\n      throw new AxiosError(\n        formatMessage(opt, ' has been removed' + (version ? ' in ' + version : '')),\n        AxiosError.ERR_DEPRECATED\n      );\n    }\n\n    if (version && !deprecatedWarnings[opt]) {\n      deprecatedWarnings[opt] = true;\n      // eslint-disable-next-line no-console\n      console.warn(\n        formatMessage(\n          opt,\n          ' has been deprecated since v' + version + ' and will be removed in the near future'\n        )\n      );\n    }\n\n    return validator ? validator(value, opt, opts) : true;\n  };\n};\n\n/**\n * Assert object's properties type\n *\n * @param {object} options\n * @param {object} schema\n * @param {boolean?} allowUnknown\n *\n * @returns {object}\n */\n\nfunction assertOptions(options, schema, allowUnknown) {\n  if (typeof options !== 'object') {\n    throw new AxiosError('options must be an object', AxiosError.ERR_BAD_OPTION_VALUE);\n  }\n  const keys = Object.keys(options);\n  let i = keys.length;\n  while (i-- > 0) {\n    const opt = keys[i];\n    const validator = schema[opt];\n    if (validator) {\n      const value = options[opt];\n      const result = value === undefined || validator(value, opt, options);\n      if (result !== true) {\n        throw new AxiosError('option ' + opt + ' must be ' + result, AxiosError.ERR_BAD_OPTION_VALUE);\n      }\n      continue;\n    }\n    if (allowUnknown !== true) {\n      throw new AxiosError('Unknown option ' + opt, AxiosError.ERR_BAD_OPTION);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nexport default {\n  assertOptions,\n  validators\n};\n","'use strict';\n\nimport utils from './../utils.js';\nimport buildURL from '../helpers/buildURL.js';\nimport InterceptorManager from './InterceptorManager.js';\nimport dispatchRequest from './dispatchRequest.js';\nimport mergeConfig from './mergeConfig.js';\nimport buildFullPath from './buildFullPath.js';\nimport validator from '../helpers/validator.js';\nimport AxiosHeaders from './AxiosHeaders.js';\n\nconst validators = validator.validators;\n\n/**\n * Create a new instance of Axios\n *\n * @param {Object} instanceConfig The default config for the instance\n *\n * @return {Axios} A new instance of Axios\n */\nclass Axios {\n  constructor(instanceConfig) {\n    this.defaults = instanceConfig;\n    this.interceptors = {\n      request: new InterceptorManager(),\n      response: new InterceptorManager()\n    };\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Dispatch a request\n   *\n   * @param {String|Object} configOrUrl The config specific for this request (merged with this.defaults)\n   * @param {?Object} config\n   *\n   * @returns {Promise} The Promise to be fulfilled\n   */\n  request(configOrUrl, config) {\n    /*eslint no-param-reassign:0*/\n    // Allow for axios('example/url'[, config]) a la fetch API\n    if (typeof configOrUrl === 'string') {\n      config = config || {};\n      config.url = configOrUrl;\n    } else {\n      config = configOrUrl || {};\n    }\n\n    config = mergeConfig(this.defaults, config);\n\n    const {transitional, paramsSerializer, headers} = config;\n\n    if (transitional !== undefined) {\n      validator.assertOptions(transitional, {\n        silentJSONParsing: validators.transitional(validators.boolean),\n        forcedJSONParsing: validators.transitional(validators.boolean),\n        clarifyTimeoutError: validators.transitional(validators.boolean)\n      }, false);\n    }\n\n    if (paramsSerializer !== undefined) {\n      validator.assertOptions(paramsSerializer, {\n        encode: validators.function,\n        serialize: validators.function\n      }, true);\n    }\n\n    // Set config.method\n    config.method = (config.method || this.defaults.method || 'get').toLowerCase();\n\n    let contextHeaders;\n\n    // Flatten headers\n    contextHeaders = headers && utils.merge(\n      headers.common,\n      headers[config.method]\n    );\n\n    contextHeaders && utils.forEach(\n      ['delete', 'get', 'head', 'post', 'put', 'patch', 'common'],\n      (method) => {\n        delete headers[method];\n      }\n    );\n\n    config.headers = AxiosHeaders.concat(contextHeaders, headers);\n\n    // filter out skipped interceptors\n    const requestInterceptorChain = [];\n    let synchronousRequestInterceptors = true;\n    this.interceptors.request.forEach(function unshiftRequestInterceptors(interceptor) {\n      if (typeof interceptor.runWhen === 'function' && interceptor.runWhen(config) === false) {\n        return;\n      }\n\n      synchronousRequestInterceptors = synchronousRequestInterceptors && interceptor.synchronous;\n\n      requestInterceptorChain.unshift(interceptor.fulfilled, interceptor.rejected);\n    });\n\n    const responseInterceptorChain = [];\n    this.interceptors.response.forEach(function pushResponseInterceptors(interceptor) {\n      responseInterceptorChain.push(interceptor.fulfilled, interceptor.rejected);\n    });\n\n    let promise;\n    let i = 0;\n    let len;\n\n    if (!synchronousRequestInterceptors) {\n      const chain = [dispatchRequest.bind(this), undefined];\n      chain.unshift.apply(chain, requestInterceptorChain);\n      chain.push.apply(chain, responseInterceptorChain);\n      len = chain.length;\n\n      promise = Promise.resolve(config);\n\n      while (i < len) {\n        promise = promise.then(chain[i++], chain[i++]);\n      }\n\n      return promise;\n    }\n\n    len = requestInterceptorChain.length;\n\n    let newConfig = config;\n\n    i = 0;\n\n    while (i < len) {\n      const onFulfilled = requestInterceptorChain[i++];\n      const onRejected = requestInterceptorChain[i++];\n      try {\n        newConfig = onFulfilled(newConfig);\n      } catch (error) {\n        onRejected.call(this, error);\n        break;\n      }\n    }\n\n    try {\n      promise = dispatchRequest.call(this, newConfig);\n    } catch (error) {\n      return Promise.reject(error);\n    }\n\n    i = 0;\n    len = responseInterceptorChain.length;\n\n    while (i < len) {\n      promise = promise.then(responseInterceptorChain[i++], responseInterceptorChain[i++]);\n    }\n\n    return promise;\n  }\n\n  getUri(config) {\n    config = mergeConfig(this.defaults, config);\n    const fullPath = buildFullPath(config.baseURL, config.url);\n    return buildURL(fullPath, config.params, config.paramsSerializer);\n  }\n}\n\n// Provide aliases for supported request methods\nutils.forEach(['delete', 'get', 'head', 'options'], function forEachMethodNoData(method) {\n  /*eslint func-names:0*/\n  Axios.prototype[method] = function(url, config) {\n    return this.request(mergeConfig(config || {}, {\n      method,\n      url,\n      data: (config || {}).data\n    }));\n  };\n});\n\nutils.forEach(['post', 'put', 'patch'], function forEachMethodWithData(method) {\n  /*eslint func-names:0*/\n\n  function generateHTTPMethod(isForm) {\n    return function httpMethod(url, data, config) {\n      return this.request(mergeConfig(config || {}, {\n        method,\n        headers: isForm ? {\n          'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data'\n        } : {},\n        url,\n        data\n      }));\n    };\n  }\n\n  Axios.prototype[method] = generateHTTPMethod();\n\n  Axios.prototype[method + 'Form'] = generateHTTPMethod(true);\n});\n\nexport default Axios;\n","'use strict';\n\nimport CanceledError from './CanceledError.js';\n\n/**\n * A `CancelToken` is an object that can be used to request cancellation of an operation.\n *\n * @param {Function} executor The executor function.\n *\n * @returns {CancelToken}\n */\nclass CancelToken {\n  constructor(executor) {\n    if (typeof executor !== 'function') {\n      throw new TypeError('executor must be a function.');\n    }\n\n    let resolvePromise;\n\n    this.promise = new Promise(function promiseExecutor(resolve) {\n      resolvePromise = resolve;\n    });\n\n    const token = this;\n\n    // eslint-disable-next-line func-names\n    this.promise.then(cancel => {\n      if (!token._listeners) return;\n\n      let i = token._listeners.length;\n\n      while (i-- > 0) {\n        token._listeners[i](cancel);\n      }\n      token._listeners = null;\n    });\n\n    // eslint-disable-next-line func-names\n    this.promise.then = onfulfilled => {\n      let _resolve;\n      // eslint-disable-next-line func-names\n      const promise = new Promise(resolve => {\n        token.subscribe(resolve);\n        _resolve = resolve;\n      }).then(onfulfilled);\n\n      promise.cancel = function reject() {\n        token.unsubscribe(_resolve);\n      };\n\n      return promise;\n    };\n\n    executor(function cancel(message, config, request) {\n      if (token.reason) {\n        // Cancellation has already been requested\n        return;\n      }\n\n      token.reason = new CanceledError(message, config, request);\n      resolvePromise(token.reason);\n    });\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Throws a `CanceledError` if cancellation has been requested.\n   */\n  throwIfRequested() {\n    if (this.reason) {\n      throw this.reason;\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Subscribe to the cancel signal\n   */\n\n  subscribe(listener) {\n    if (this.reason) {\n      listener(this.reason);\n      return;\n    }\n\n    if (this._listeners) {\n      this._listeners.push(listener);\n    } else {\n      this._listeners = [listener];\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Unsubscribe from the cancel signal\n   */\n\n  unsubscribe(listener) {\n    if (!this._listeners) {\n      return;\n    }\n    const index = this._listeners.indexOf(listener);\n    if (index !== -1) {\n      this._listeners.splice(index, 1);\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns an object that contains a new `CancelToken` and a function that, when called,\n   * cancels the `CancelToken`.\n   */\n  static source() {\n    let cancel;\n    const token = new CancelToken(function executor(c) {\n      cancel = c;\n    });\n    return {\n      token,\n      cancel\n    };\n  }\n}\n\nexport default CancelToken;\n","const HttpStatusCode = {\n  Continue: 100,\n  SwitchingProtocols: 101,\n  Processing: 102,\n  EarlyHints: 103,\n  Ok: 200,\n  Created: 201,\n  Accepted: 202,\n  NonAuthoritativeInformation: 203,\n  NoContent: 204,\n  ResetContent: 205,\n  PartialContent: 206,\n  MultiStatus: 207,\n  AlreadyReported: 208,\n  ImUsed: 226,\n  MultipleChoices: 300,\n  MovedPermanently: 301,\n  Found: 302,\n  SeeOther: 303,\n  NotModified: 304,\n  UseProxy: 305,\n  Unused: 306,\n  TemporaryRedirect: 307,\n  PermanentRedirect: 308,\n  BadRequest: 400,\n  Unauthorized: 401,\n  PaymentRequired: 402,\n  Forbidden: 403,\n  NotFound: 404,\n  MethodNotAllowed: 405,\n  NotAcceptable: 406,\n  ProxyAuthenticationRequired: 407,\n  RequestTimeout: 408,\n  Conflict: 409,\n  Gone: 410,\n  LengthRequired: 411,\n  PreconditionFailed: 412,\n  PayloadTooLarge: 413,\n  UriTooLong: 414,\n  UnsupportedMediaType: 415,\n  RangeNotSatisfiable: 416,\n  ExpectationFailed: 417,\n  ImATeapot: 418,\n  MisdirectedRequest: 421,\n  UnprocessableEntity: 422,\n  Locked: 423,\n  FailedDependency: 424,\n  TooEarly: 425,\n  UpgradeRequired: 426,\n  PreconditionRequired: 428,\n  TooManyRequests: 429,\n  RequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge: 431,\n  UnavailableForLegalReasons: 451,\n  InternalServerError: 500,\n  NotImplemented: 501,\n  BadGateway: 502,\n  ServiceUnavailable: 503,\n  GatewayTimeout: 504,\n  HttpVersionNotSupported: 505,\n  VariantAlsoNegotiates: 506,\n  InsufficientStorage: 507,\n  LoopDetected: 508,\n  NotExtended: 510,\n  NetworkAuthenticationRequired: 511,\n};\n\nObject.entries(HttpStatusCode).forEach(([key, value]) => {\n  HttpStatusCode[value] = key;\n});\n\nexport default HttpStatusCode;\n","'use strict';\n\nimport utils from './utils.js';\nimport bind from './helpers/bind.js';\nimport Axios from './core/Axios.js';\nimport mergeConfig from './core/mergeConfig.js';\nimport defaults from './defaults/index.js';\nimport formDataToJSON from './helpers/formDataToJSON.js';\nimport CanceledError from './cancel/CanceledError.js';\nimport CancelToken from './cancel/CancelToken.js';\nimport isCancel from './cancel/isCancel.js';\nimport {VERSION} from './env/data.js';\nimport toFormData from './helpers/toFormData.js';\nimport AxiosError from './core/AxiosError.js';\nimport spread from './helpers/spread.js';\nimport isAxiosError from './helpers/isAxiosError.js';\nimport AxiosHeaders from \"./core/AxiosHeaders.js\";\nimport HttpStatusCode from './helpers/HttpStatusCode.js';\n\n/**\n * Create an instance of Axios\n *\n * @param {Object} defaultConfig The default config for the instance\n *\n * @returns {Axios} A new instance of Axios\n */\nfunction createInstance(defaultConfig) {\n  const context = new Axios(defaultConfig);\n  const instance = bind(Axios.prototype.request, context);\n\n  // Copy axios.prototype to instance\n  utils.extend(instance, Axios.prototype, context, {allOwnKeys: true});\n\n  // Copy context to instance\n  utils.extend(instance, context, null, {allOwnKeys: true});\n\n  // Factory for creating new instances\n  instance.create = function create(instanceConfig) {\n    return createInstance(mergeConfig(defaultConfig, instanceConfig));\n  };\n\n  return instance;\n}\n\n// Create the default instance to be exported\nconst axios = createInstance(defaults);\n\n// Expose Axios class to allow class inheritance\naxios.Axios = Axios;\n\n// Expose Cancel & CancelToken\naxios.CanceledError = CanceledError;\naxios.CancelToken = CancelToken;\naxios.isCancel = isCancel;\naxios.VERSION = VERSION;\naxios.toFormData = toFormData;\n\n// Expose AxiosError class\naxios.AxiosError = AxiosError;\n\n// alias for CanceledError for backward compatibility\naxios.Cancel = axios.CanceledError;\n\n// Expose all/spread\naxios.all = function all(promises) {\n  return Promise.all(promises);\n};\n\naxios.spread = spread;\n\n// Expose isAxiosError\naxios.isAxiosError = isAxiosError;\n\n// Expose mergeConfig\naxios.mergeConfig = mergeConfig;\n\naxios.AxiosHeaders = AxiosHeaders;\n\naxios.formToJSON = thing => formDataToJSON(utils.isHTMLForm(thing) ? new FormData(thing) : thing);\n\naxios.HttpStatusCode = HttpStatusCode;\n\naxios.default = axios;\n\n// this module should only have a default export\nexport default axios\n","'use strict';\n\n/**\n * Syntactic sugar for invoking a function and expanding an array for arguments.\n *\n * Common use case would be to use `Function.prototype.apply`.\n *\n *  ```js\n *  function f(x, y, z) {}\n *  var args = [1, 2, 3];\n *  f.apply(null, args);\n *  ```\n *\n * With `spread` this example can be re-written.\n *\n *  ```js\n *  spread(function(x, y, z) {})([1, 2, 3]);\n *  ```\n *\n * @param {Function} callback\n *\n * @returns {Function}\n */\nexport default function spread(callback) {\n  return function wrap(arr) {\n    return callback.apply(null, arr);\n  };\n}\n","'use strict';\n\nimport utils from './../utils.js';\n\n/**\n * Determines whether the payload is an error thrown by Axios\n *\n * @param {*} payload The value to test\n *\n * @returns {boolean} True if the payload is an error thrown by Axios, otherwise false\n */\nexport default function isAxiosError(payload) {\n  return utils.isObject(payload) && (payload.isAxiosError === true);\n}\n","import axios from 'axios';\r\n\r\nconst AIService = {\r\n    getCompletion: async (message, callback = null, errorCallback = null) => {\r\n        await axios.post('/api/gm/', { role: 'user', text: message }).then((response) => {\r\n            if(callback) {\r\n                callback(response.data);\r\n            }\r\n        })\r\n        .catch((error) => {\r\n            if(errorCallback) {\r\n                errorCallback(error);\r\n            }\r\n        })\r\n    },\r\n\r\n    getCompletionWithContext: async(message, context, callback = null, errorCallback = null) => {\r\n        console.info(message, context)\r\n        message += \"\\ncontext:\\n\" + context.map(item => item.content + \"\\n\");\r\n        let data = { role: 'user', text: message }\r\n        await axios.post('/api/gm/', data).then((response) => {\r\n            if(callback) {\r\n                callback(response.data);\r\n            }\r\n        })\r\n        .catch((error) => {\r\n            if(errorCallback) {\r\n                errorCallback(error);\r\n            }\r\n        })\r\n    },\r\n\r\n    appendContext: (entry, role, content) => {\r\n        entry.notes.push({ role: role, text: content });\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport default AIService;","import React, { useState } from 'react';\r\nimport { Button } from 'react-bootstrap';\r\nimport AIService from '../../services/aiService';\r\nimport { JournalType } from './journalHelper';\r\n\r\nconst NewEntityButton = (props) => {\r\n    const [disabled, setDisabled] = useState(false);\r\n    const ENTITY_QUESTION = 'Generate a name, race, class, stats, background, and physical_description for a new entity in a fantasy role-playing game in JSON format.  Escape single and double quote marks.  Do not use blockcode.';\r\n\r\n    const newEntity = () => {\r\n        if(!disabled) {\r\n            setDisabled(true);\r\n            AIService.getCompletion(ENTITY_QUESTION, \r\n                (data) => { \r\n                    console.info(data)\r\n                    let tempEntry = data;\r\n                    tempEntry['icon'] = JournalType.ENTITY.icon;\r\n                    tempEntry['type'] = JournalType.ENTITY.type;\r\n                    tempEntry['notes'] = [{ role: 'assistant', content: data.background }, { role: 'assistant', content: data.physical_description }];\r\n                    tempEntry['transcript'] = [\r\n                        { role: 'user', content: ENTITY_QUESTION },\r\n                        { role: 'assistant', content: JSON.stringify(data) }\r\n                    ]\r\n                    props.addEntry(tempEntry)\r\n                    setDisabled(false);\r\n                },\r\n                (error) => {\r\n                    console.info(error);\r\n                    alert('The GM had his mouth full of Doritos and his response was unintelligible.');\r\n                    setDisabled(false);\r\n                });\r\n        }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return <Button variant=\"light\" onClick={newEntity} title=\"New Entity\" disabled={disabled}>{disabled ? '🚫' : '👤'}</Button>\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport default NewEntityButton;","import React, { useState } from 'react';\r\nimport { Button, Modal } from 'react-bootstrap';\r\n\r\nconst NewQuestionDialog = (props) => {\r\n    const [question, setQuestion] = useState('');\r\n    const [name, setName] = useState('');\r\n\r\n    return (\r\n        <Modal show={props.show} onHide={() => { setQuestion(''); setName(''); props.close(); }} size=\"xl\">\r\n            <Modal.Header closeButton><Modal.Title>Ask a Question</Modal.Title></Modal.Header>\r\n            <Modal.Body>\r\n                Topic: <input value={name} onChange={(event) => { setName(event.target.value) }} /> <br />\r\n                Question: <br />\r\n                <textarea value={question} onChange={(event) => { setQuestion(event.target.value) }}></textarea>\r\n            </Modal.Body>\r\n            <Modal.Footer>\r\n                <Button onClick={() => { props.ask(name, question); props.close(); }}>Ask</Button>\r\n            </Modal.Footer>\r\n        </Modal>\r\n    );\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport default NewQuestionDialog;","import React, { useState } from 'react';\r\nimport { Button } from 'react-bootstrap';\r\nimport AIService from '../../services/aiService';\r\nimport { JournalType } from './journalHelper';\r\nimport NewQuestionDialog from './NewQuestionDialog';\r\n\r\nconst AskButton = (props) => {\r\n    const [disabled, setDisabled] = useState(false);\r\n    const [showNewQuestion, setShowNewQuestion] = useState(false);\r\n\r\n    const newQuestion = (name, question) => {\r\n        setDisabled(true);\r\n        AIService.getCompletion(question,\r\n            (data) => { \r\n                let tempEntry = { \r\n                    name: name, \r\n                    note: data, type: \r\n                    JournalType.NOTE.type, \r\n                    icon: JournalType.NOTE.icon, \r\n                    notes: [\r\n                        { role: 'user', content: question },\r\n                        { role: 'assistant', content: data }\r\n                    ]\r\n                };\r\n                props.addEntry(tempEntry);\r\n                setDisabled(false);\r\n            },\r\n            (error) => {\r\n                console.info(error);\r\n                alert('The GM had his mouth full of Cheeteos and his response was unintelligible.');\r\n                setDisabled(false);\r\n            });\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return (\r\n        <React.Fragment>\r\n            <NewQuestionDialog show={showNewQuestion} ask={newQuestion} close={() => setShowNewQuestion(false)} />\r\n            <Button variant=\"light\" onClick={() => setShowNewQuestion(true)} title=\"New Topic\" disabled={disabled}>{disabled ? '🚫' : '❓'}</Button>\r\n        </React.Fragment>\r\n    );\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport default AskButton;","import React, { useState } from 'react';\r\nimport JournalEntry from './JournalEntry';\r\nimport JournalEntityViewer from './JournalEntityViewer';\r\nimport AddNoteDialog from './AddNoteDialog';\r\nimport AskAboutDialog from './AskAboutDialog';\r\nimport NewEntityButton from './NewEntityButton';\r\nimport AskButton from './AskButton';\r\nimport classes from './Journal.module.css';\r\nimport AIService from '../../services/aiService';\r\n\r\nconst Journal = (props) => {\r\n    const [entries, setEntries] = useState([]);\r\n    const [entry, setEntry] = useState(null);\r\n    const [noteEntry, setNoteEntry] = useState(null);\r\n    const [askEntry, setAskEntry] = useState(null);\r\n    const [pending, setPending] = useState(false);\r\n\r\n    const addEntry = (tempEntry) => {\r\n        let tempEntries = [...entries];\r\n        tempEntries.push(tempEntry);\r\n        setEntries(tempEntries);\r\n    }\r\n    const addNote = (noteTitle, text) => {\r\n        let tempEntries = [...entries];\r\n        let index = tempEntries.findIndex(s => s.name === noteTitle);\r\n        let tempNote = {...tempEntries[index]};\r\n        if(index > -1 && tempNote) {\r\n            if(!tempNote.notes) {\r\n                tempNote[\"notes\"] = [];\r\n            }\r\n            tempNote.notes.push({ role: 'user', content: text });\r\n        }\r\n        tempEntries[index] = tempNote;\r\n        setEntries(tempEntries);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    const askAbout = (noteTitle, question) => {\r\n        setPending(true);\r\n        let tempEntries = [...entries];\r\n        let index = tempEntries.findIndex(s => s.name === noteTitle);\r\n        let tempNote = {...tempEntries[index]};\r\n        console.info('askAbout', noteTitle, index, question, tempNote)\r\n        AIService.getCompletionWithContext(question, tempNote.notes, \r\n            (data) => {\r\n                tempNote.notes.push({ role: 'user', content: question });\r\n                tempNote.notes.push({ role: 'assistant', content: data });\r\n                setPending(false);\r\n            },\r\n            (error) => {\r\n                console.info(error);\r\n                alert('The GM had his mouth full of Cheez-Its and his response was unintelligible.');\r\n                setPending(false);\r\n            }\r\n        );\r\n        tempEntries[index] = tempNote;\r\n        setEntries(tempEntries);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    const entryList = entries.map((item, i) => {\r\n        return <JournalEntry key={i} entry={item} click={(item) => { setEntry(item); }} showAskDialog={() => { setAskEntry(item); }} showNoteDialog={() => { setNoteEntry(item); }} addNote={addNote} askAbout={askAbout} />\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    return (\r\n        <div className={classes.Journal}>\r\n            <div className={classes.JournalTitle}>Journal</div>\r\n            <div className={classes.JournalControls}>\r\n                <NewEntityButton addEntry={addEntry} />\r\n                <AskButton addEntry={addEntry} />\r\n            </div>\r\n            {entryList}\r\n            <JournalEntityViewer entry={entry}  close={() => setEntry(null) } addNote={addNote} askAbout={askAbout} pending={pending} />\r\n            <AddNoteDialog entry={noteEntry} close={() => setNoteEntry(null) } addNote={addNote} show={noteEntry != null} />\r\n            <AskAboutDialog entry={askEntry} close={() => setAskEntry(null) } askAbout={askAbout} show={askEntry != null} />\r\n        </div>\r\n    );\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport default Journal;","import { useState } from 'react';\r\nimport Oracle from './components/Oracle/Oracle';\r\nimport Portent from './components/Portent/Portent';\r\nimport Journal from './components/Journal/Journal';\r\nimport './App.scss';\r\nimport 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css';\r\n\r\n// TODO: \r\n// * Player's Journal:\r\n//    List of \"trackable\" objects (e.g. people, objects, places) that can be added to manually and can alternatively have a description\r\n//    provided by AI and attached to the object.  These can be removed or added any time the players want to keep up with something for\r\n//    consistency and also provide a way to refer back to them for AI interaction.\r\n\r\nfunction App() {\r\n    const [story, setStory] = useState([]);\r\n\r\n    return (\r\n        <div className=\"App\">\r\n            <Oracle story={story} setStory={setStory} />\r\n            <Portent setStory={setStory} />\r\n            <p>\r\n                <span className=\"title\">Full MUNE</span>\r\n            </p>\r\n            <Journal />\r\n        </div>\r\n    );\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport default App;\r\n","const reportWebVitals = onPerfEntry => {\r\n  if (onPerfEntry && onPerfEntry instanceof Function) {\r\n    import('web-vitals').then(({ getCLS, getFID, getFCP, getLCP, getTTFB }) => {\r\n      getCLS(onPerfEntry);\r\n      getFID(onPerfEntry);\r\n      getFCP(onPerfEntry);\r\n      getLCP(onPerfEntry);\r\n      getTTFB(onPerfEntry);\r\n    });\r\n  }\r\n};\r\n\r\nexport default reportWebVitals;\r\n","import React from 'react';\r\nimport ReactDOM from 'react-dom/client';\r\nimport './index.css';\r\nimport App from './App';\r\nimport reportWebVitals from './reportWebVitals';\r\n\r\nconst root = ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById('root'));\r\nroot.render(\r\n  <React.StrictMode>\r\n    <App />\r\n  </React.StrictMode>\r\n);\r\n\r\n// If you want to start measuring performance in your app, pass a function\r\n// to log results (for example: reportWebVitals(console.log))\r\n// or send to an analytics endpoint. Learn more: 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